diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 735986c355..e966971788 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
 name: CI
 
+# Quality gates for every push to main and every pull request. The Linux gate runs through the
+# suite's shared gate workflow in craft-common-actions (`cargo xtask ci`); the Windows legs, the
+# test variant and the corpus, web and fuzz jobs are PhotoCraft's own.
 on:
   push:
     branches: [main]
   pull_request:
-    types: [opened, synchronize, reopened, ready_for_review]
+    # `labeled` so that adding `full-ci` to an open PR starts a run with Windows in it.
+    types: [opened, synchronize, reopened, labeled]
   workflow_dispatch:
     inputs:
       fuzz:
@@ -15,6 +19,10 @@ on:
         description: "Seconds per fuzz target"
         default: "600"
 
+# The token is only used to check out the code: no job writes to the repository.
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 env:
   CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always
   RUST_BACKTRACE: 1
@@ -22,51 +30,72 @@ env:
   # bypasses that, lp fails loudly on a printer that does not exist.
   PHOTOCRAFT_NO_PRINT: "1"
   LPDEST: photocraft-no-such-printer
-  # Debug and test builds keep line tables (file:line in panic backtraces) but drop the rest of the
-  # debug info: faster codegen and links, and a smaller target dir (the Linux test job ran out of
-  # disk with full debug info). The Windows test legs drop debuginfo entirely (see the test job).
-  CARGO_PROFILE_DEV_DEBUG: line-tables-only
 
-# A newer push to a PR branch cancels its older run. Runs on main are never cancelled: a merge
-# that lands while main's run is in progress waits for it, so every main state that gets a run is
-# checked to the end. (Cancelling here left main unverified whenever merges came close together.)
+# A newer push to a PR branch cancels its older run. Every push to main gets a run of its own that
+# is never cancelled, so each state of main is checked to the end. Adding any label but `full-ci`
+# gets a group of its own, so it neither runs anything nor cancels a run.
 concurrency:
-  group: ci-${{ github.ref }}
+  group: ci-${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' && (github.event.action != 'labeled' || github.event.label.name == 'full-ci') && github.ref || github.run_id }}
   cancel-in-progress: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}
 
 jobs:
-  # Which OSes the test job runs on. main, manual runs and PRs labelled `full-ci` get Linux and
-  # Windows. Other PRs get Linux, plus Windows when they touch code whose behaviour differs by
-  # platform: the app shell, UI, text and fonts, GPU, pen input, build scripts or the lockfile.
-  # macOS is tested only by release.yml.
+  # Whether the Windows legs and the web build run. main, manual runs and PRs labelled `full-ci`
+  # get both. Other PRs get Windows when they touch code whose behaviour differs by platform: the
+  # app shell, UI, text and fonts, GPU, pen input, native saves, build scripts or the lockfile.
+  # Format changes must exercise the Windows-only publication barriers (#8034). macOS is tested
+  # only by release.yml.
   platforms:
+    if: github.event.action != 'labeled' || github.event.label.name == 'full-ci'
     timeout-minutes: 10
     name: select platforms
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     outputs:
-      legs: ${{ steps.pick.outputs.legs }}
+      windows: ${{ steps.pick.outputs.windows }}
       web: ${{ steps.pick.outputs.web }}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - name: Git dependencies come from storytold
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          test -f Cargo.lock || { echo "Cargo.lock is missing"; exit 1; }
+          # Source replacement, patches and path overrides in cargo config never show up
+          # in Cargo.lock. Parsed rather than grepped: TOML has many spellings of one key.
+          # Cargo still reads the legacy .cargo/config.
+          python3 - <<'PY'
+          import os, sys, tomllib
+          for path in (".cargo/config", ".cargo/config.toml"):
+              if not os.path.exists(path):
+                  continue
+              config = tomllib.load(open(path, "rb"))
+              replaced = [name for name, source in config.get("source", {}).items()
+                          if isinstance(source, dict) and "replace-with" in source]
+              if replaced or "patch" in config or "paths" in config:
+                  print(f"{path} replaces, patches or overrides a source")
+                  sys.exit(1)
+          PY
+          # Fails when Cargo.lock is out of date with the manifests.
+          cargo metadata --locked --format-version 1 > /dev/null
+          python3 - <<'PY'
+          import sys, tomllib
+          lock = tomllib.load(open("Cargo.lock", "rb"))
+          bad = sorted({p["source"] for p in lock.get("package", [])
+                        if p.get("source", "").startswith("git+")
+                        and not p["source"].startswith("git+https://github.com/storytold/")})
+          if bad:
+              print("Git dependencies outside github.com/storytold:", *bad, sep="\n")
+              sys.exit(1)
+          PY
       - id: pick
         env:
           EVENT: ${{ github.event_name }}
           BASE: ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha }}
           FULL: ${{ contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'full-ci') }}
         run: |
-          # No macOS on PRs or main: the org's 5 macOS slots are kept for release builds, and
-          # release.yml builds and tests macOS (a failing release is fixed and rebuilt).
-          # Windows tests run as two legs in parallel: the unit tests and the integration tests. As
-          # one job they took ~28 min on the Windows runner; the legs take ~13 and ~15. Splitting
-          # the integration tests over a third runner (nextest --partition) saved ~2 min of wall
-          # time but cost ~7 runner-minutes and one more Windows slot per PR.
-          linux='{"os":"ubuntu-latest","part":"all"}'
-          win() { printf '{"os":"windows-latest","part":"%s"}' "$1"; }
-          all="[$linux,$(win unit),$(win integration)]"
           if [ "$EVENT" != pull_request ] || [ "$FULL" = true ]; then
-            echo "legs=$all" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+            echo "windows=true" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
             echo "web=true" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
             exit 0
           fi
@@ -78,67 +107,100 @@ jobs:
           else
             echo "web=false" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
           fi
-          if git diff --name-only "$BASE" HEAD | grep -Eq '^(apps/|crates/(ui-egui|text|gpu|tablet|heif)/|Cargo\.lock$|(.*/)?build\.rs$|\.github/workflows/ci\.yml$)'; then
-            echo "legs=$all" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+          if git diff --name-only "$BASE" HEAD | grep -Eq '^(apps/|crates/(ui-egui|text|gpu|tablet|heif|format)/|Cargo\.lock$|(.*/)?build\.rs$|\.github/workflows/ci\.yml$)'; then
+            echo "windows=true" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
           else
-            echo "legs=[$linux]" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+            echo "windows=false" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
           fi
 
-  test:
-    timeout-minutes: 100
-    name: test (${{ matrix.os }}${{ matrix.part != 'all' && format(', {0}', matrix.part) || '' }})
+  # The Linux gate. Its rust-cache entry is the one `test (without heif)` restores.
+  gate:
+    if: github.event.action != 'labeled' || github.event.label.name == 'full-ci'
+    # Tracks @main so suite-wide CI fixes reach every app without a PR in each repository.
+    uses: storytold/craft-common-actions/.github/workflows/gate.yml@main
+    with:
+      # egui/winit/rfd.
+      packages: >-
+        libxkbcommon-dev libwayland-dev libx11-dev libxrandr-dev libxi-dev libgl1-mesa-dev
+        libgtk-3-dev
+      # The tests build with the optional craft-fonts input (crates/text/build.rs), so the
+      # Japanese font tests that skip without it run. Same commit as release.yml.
+      craft-fonts-ref: b076417b5880bd4154bd22f00695b1d28c6bea83
+      # Cargo.toml's dev profile already keeps line tables only.
+      dev-debug: ""
+      env: |
+        PHOTOCRAFT_NO_PRINT=1
+        LPDEST=photocraft-no-such-printer
+      timeout-minutes: 100
+      # fmt, clippy, layers, scorecard, tests, panic_hunt, doctests and the wasm32 check, with
+      # `--locked --features heif`, then the missing-translations report (xtask/src/main.rs).
+      command: cargo xtask ci
+
+  # Windows tests run as two legs in parallel: the unit tests and the integration tests. As one job
+  # they took ~28 min on the Windows runner; the legs take ~13 and ~15. Splitting the integration
+  # tests over a third runner (nextest --partition) saved ~2 min of wall time but cost ~7
+  # runner-minutes and one more Windows slot per PR. They stay outside the shared gate for sccache,
+  # which needs its own action step.
+  windows:
     needs: platforms
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    if: needs.platforms.outputs.windows == 'true'
+    timeout-minutes: 100
+    name: test (windows-latest, ${{ matrix.part }})
+    runs-on: windows-latest
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        include: ${{ fromJSON(needs.platforms.outputs.legs) }}
+        part: [unit, integration]
     env:
       # No debuginfo on Windows: writing PDBs for ~200 test binaries cost 2.2 of ~21 build minutes.
       # A panic still names its file and line; only backtrace frames lose theirs (Linux keeps
       # line-tables-only, so a backtrace with lines is one OS away).
-      CARGO_PROFILE_DEV_DEBUG: ${{ startsWith(matrix.os, 'windows') && '0' || 'line-tables-only' }}
+      CARGO_PROFILE_DEV_DEBUG: "0"
+      # The all-language UI tests shape real Japanese, Chinese, Korean and Devanagari labels
+      # with kittest's strict `MissingGlyphPolicy::Panic`. A hosted Windows image has no
+      # guaranteed Japanese or Simplified Chinese system font, and egui 0.37 panics on a
+      # missing glyph; the app's lazy system fallback runs after layout, too late for the
+      # first headless frame. Use the same pinned central fonts as Linux and release, so every
+      # language is drawn by a real embedded face rather than skipping. Same commit as the gate
+      # above and release.yml.
+      CRAFT_FONTS_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/craft-fonts
+      CRAFT_FONTS_REQUIRED: "1"
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
 
-      # Unused toolchains in the image (Android SDK, .NET, GHC, CodeQL) are deleted in the
-      # background: the space is free before the craft-fonts build needs it, and nothing waits.
-      - name: Install Linux system dependencies (egui/winit/rfd)
-        if: runner.os == 'Linux'
-        run: |
-          nohup sudo rm -rf /usr/local/lib/android /usr/share/dotnet /opt/ghc /usr/local/.ghcup \
-            /opt/hostedtoolcache/CodeQL </dev/null >/dev/null 2>&1 &
-          sudo apt-get update
-          sudo apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
-            libxkbcommon-dev libwayland-dev libx11-dev libxrandr-dev libxi-dev \
-            libgl1-mesa-dev libgtk-3-dev
+      - name: Check out craft-fonts
+        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
+        with:
+          repository: storytold/craft-fonts
+          ref: b076417b5880bd4154bd22f00695b1d28c6bea83
+          path: craft-fonts
+          persist-credentials: false
 
       - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@b725eda525362e7cf34af9a7243cac1e3f01a7ec # stable
         with:
-          components: clippy, rustfmt
+          components: clippy
 
-      # Only main saves caches; PRs restore main's. Every PR used to save its own set (up to
-      # 3.8 GB), usable by that PR only, so the repo's 10 GB cache budget kept evicting main's.
+      # Only main saves caches; PRs restore main's, so the repo's 10 GB cache budget keeps main's.
       # A failing test still saves: the cache holds compiled dependencies, not test results.
-      # The Windows legs share one key (same dependencies); the integration leg saves it,
-      # because it also runs Clippy and so leaves Clippy's dependency metadata in it.
+      # Both legs share one key (same dependencies); the integration leg saves it, because it also
+      # runs Clippy and so leaves Clippy's dependency metadata in it.
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@d1527c8f67ef9af357290475d4af4b0fab8f12e0 # v2.9.3
         with:
-          save-if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' && (matrix.part == 'all' || matrix.part == 'integration') }}
+          save-if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' && matrix.part == 'integration' }}
           cache-on-failure: true
 
       # sccache caches the workspace crates' compiled libraries, which rust-cache leaves out:
       # warm, each Windows leg built 4.5 min faster. Like rust-cache, only main writes (PRs read
       # main's entries); a full set is ~90 MB, so it barely touches the 10 GB budget (#2688).
       # Test executables can't be cached, so a PR still links its tests.
-      - name: Install sccache (Windows)
-        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+      - name: Install sccache
         uses: Mozilla-Actions/sccache-action@fc920bf0ec8de6ee65d409111f7ec508035751ba # v0.0.11
         with:
           version: v0.18.0
 
-      - name: Use sccache (Windows)
-        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+      - name: Use sccache
         env:
           MAIN: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
         run: |
@@ -147,149 +209,80 @@ jobs:
           if [ "$MAIN" != true ]; then echo "SCCACHE_GHA_RW_MODE=READ_ONLY" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"; fi
         shell: bash
 
-      - name: Format
-        if: runner.os == 'Linux'
-        run: cargo fmt --all -- --check
-
-      # Keep formatting, strict Clippy, layering and scorecard checks ahead of tests.
       - name: Clippy
-        if: matrix.part == 'all' || matrix.part == 'integration'
+        if: matrix.part == 'integration'
         run: cargo clippy --workspace --all-targets --locked --features heif -- -D warnings
 
       - name: Dependency layering
-        if: matrix.part == 'all' || matrix.part == 'integration'
+        if: matrix.part == 'integration'
         run: cargo xtask layers
 
-      # docs/scorecard.md must match its sources (checklists, budgets, baseline, corpus floors,
-      # prefs audit). Static: it reads committed files only, no benchmarks run here.
-      - name: Scorecard up to date
-        if: runner.os == 'Linux'
-        run: cargo xtask scorecard --check
-
-      # nextest runs the test binaries in parallel (cargo test runs them one at a time), with the
-      # GPU tests capped by the `gpu` group in .config/nextest.toml (#2204).
-      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@83ac0ad63c0167e6f06796fab0fce28db1bf3db0 # v2.87.22
+      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@8cca0918f8471c33515202b73f56ab27f2bed283 # v2.87.29
         with:
-          tool: cargo-nextest@0.9.146
+          tool: cargo-nextest@0.9.149
 
-      # `--features heif`: official builds open HEIC photos via the optional photocraft-heif crate.
-      # `--lib --bins --tests` leaves out the examples, which cargo test would build and link but
-      # never run (Clippy's `--all-targets` still checks they compile). nextest skips doctests, so
-      # they get their own step.
-      #
-      # On Windows the unit leg runs `--lib --bins` and the integration leg `--test '*'` (every
+      # The unit leg runs `--lib --bins` and the integration leg `--test '*'` (every
       # integration-test target); the feature selection stays the same, so both legs share the
-      # dependency cache. The `ci` profile fails fast and terminates hung tests
-      # (.config/nextest.toml); assertion failures are not retried.
+      # dependency cache.
       - name: Test
         env:
           PART: ${{ matrix.part }}
         run: |
           case "$PART" in
             unit) targets=(--lib --bins) ;;
-            integration) targets=(--test '*') ;;
-            *) targets=(--lib --bins --tests) ;;
+            *) targets=(--test '*') ;;
           esac
           cargo nextest run --profile ci --workspace --locked --features heif "${targets[@]}"
         shell: bash
 
-      # Every command against adversarial params must return Err, never panic or hang (AGENTS.md
-      # Rule 9). It is `#[ignore]`d (slow), so Test skips it. Same packages, features and targets as
-      # Test, so nothing rebuilds: `--test panic_hunt` would drop the other crates' dev-dependency
-      # features and recompile the whole graph. The `ci` profile terminates it if it hangs.
-      - name: Panic hunt
-        if: runner.os == 'Linux'
-        run: >-
-          cargo nextest run --profile ci --workspace --locked --features heif --lib --bins --tests
-          --run-ignored only -E 'binary_id(photocraft-engine::panic_hunt)'
-
       - name: Doctests
-        if: matrix.part == 'all' || matrix.part == 'unit'
+        if: matrix.part == 'unit'
         run: cargo test --workspace --locked --features heif --doc
 
-  # The Windows tests used to be one job named `test (windows-latest)`; they're now legs named
-  # `test (windows-latest, unit)` and `test (windows-latest, integration)`. This job keeps the old
-  # name reporting, so a required status check on it (none today) would keep working. It fails
-  # unless the whole test matrix and both Linux variants passed. `needs` reports one result
-  # for all matrix legs; when a PR runs no Windows legs it still checks every Linux result.
-  windows-gate:
-    timeout-minutes: 5
-    name: test (windows-latest)
-    needs: [platforms, test, test-variants]
-    if: ${{ !cancelled() }}
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+  # The same codecs without the optional decoder: HEIC must stay a clear "not in this build" error
+  # for distributors who leave it out. Runs beside the gate and restores the gate's dependency
+  # cache without saving one: the dependencies are the same, and the 10 GB cache budget is tight
+  # (#2688).
+  test-without-heif:
+    if: github.event.action != 'labeled' || github.event.label.name == 'full-ci'
+    timeout-minutes: 60
+    name: test (without heif)
+    # The gate's runner: its cache entry is keyed on the OS.
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    env:
+      # The gate sets these; rust-cache hashes CARGO_* and RUST* variables into its key.
+      CARGO_INCREMENTAL: 0
+      CARGO_NET_RETRY: 10
     steps:
-      - env:
-          PLATFORMS: ${{ needs.platforms.result }}
-          TEST: ${{ needs.test.result }}
-          VARIANTS: ${{ needs.test-variants.result }}
-        run: |
-          echo "platforms: $PLATFORMS, test: $TEST, variants: $VARIANTS"
-          [ "$PLATFORMS" = success ] && [ "$TEST" = success ] && [ "$VARIANTS" = success ]
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
 
-  # The two other builds of the Linux tests, in parallel with the test job instead of after it (they
-  # added ~10 min to its critical path). Each restores the test job's cache (`shared-key: test` is
-  # that job's key) and saves none: the dependencies are the same, and the 10 GB cache budget is
-  # tight (#2688).
-  test-variants:
-    timeout-minutes: 100
-    name: test (${{ matrix.variant }})
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        variant: [without heif, with craft-fonts]
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-
-      - name: Install Linux system dependencies (egui/winit/rfd)
-        run: |
-          nohup sudo rm -rf /usr/local/lib/android /usr/share/dotnet /opt/ghc /usr/local/.ghcup \
-            /opt/hostedtoolcache/CodeQL </dev/null >/dev/null 2>&1 &
-          sudo apt-get update
-          sudo apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
-            libxkbcommon-dev libwayland-dev libx11-dev libxrandr-dev libxi-dev \
-            libgl1-mesa-dev libgtk-3-dev
+      - name: Install Linux build dependencies
+        uses: storytold/craft-common-actions/actions/install-apt-packages@main
+        with:
+          packages: >-
+            libxkbcommon-dev libwayland-dev libx11-dev libxrandr-dev libxi-dev libgl1-mesa-dev
+            libgtk-3-dev
 
       - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@b725eda525362e7cf34af9a7243cac1e3f01a7ec # stable
 
+      # gate.yml keys its cache `<cache-version>-rust-<hash of Cargo.toml>-gate`.
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@d1527c8f67ef9af357290475d4af4b0fab8f12e0 # v2.9.3
         with:
-          shared-key: test
+          prefix-key: v1-rust
+          shared-key: ${{ hashFiles('Cargo.toml') }}-gate
           save-if: false
 
-      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@83ac0ad63c0167e6f06796fab0fce28db1bf3db0 # v2.87.22
+      - uses: taiki-e/install-action@8cca0918f8471c33515202b73f56ab27f2bed283 # v2.87.29
         with:
-          tool: cargo-nextest@0.9.146
+          tool: cargo-nextest@0.9.149
 
-      # The same codecs without the optional decoder: HEIC must stay a clear "not in this build"
-      # error for distributors who leave it out.
       - name: Test without heif
-        if: matrix.variant == 'without heif'
         run: cargo nextest run -p photocraft-heif -p photocraft-codecs -p photocraft-io --locked --profile ci
 
-      # The tests built with the optional craft-fonts input (crates/text/build.rs), so the Japanese
-      # font tests that skip without it run. Keep the test job's exact `--workspace --features heif
-      # --lib --bins --tests`, so the restored dependencies match and only the workspace rebuilds.
-      # Filter execution to the three crates that read the optional font input (#6127).
-      - name: Check out craft-fonts
-        if: matrix.variant == 'with craft-fonts'
-        uses: actions/checkout@11d5960a326750d5838078e36cf38b85af677262 # v4
-        with:
-          repository: storytold/craft-fonts
-          ref: abb83316d96aa59c1cf64784289e378fe9fa5695
-          path: craft-fonts
-
-      - name: Test with craft-fonts
-        if: matrix.variant == 'with craft-fonts'
-        env:
-          CRAFT_FONTS_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}/craft-fonts
-          CRAFT_FONTS_REQUIRED: "1"
-        run: >-
-          cargo nextest run --profile ci --workspace --locked --features heif --lib --bins --tests
-          -E 'package(photocraft-text) | package(photocraft-io) | package(photocraft-ui-egui)'
-
   corpus:
+    if: github.event.action != 'labeled' || github.event.label.name == 'full-ci'
     timeout-minutes: 30
     # Real-file corpus tests (cargo feature `corpus`), on every PR and on main. The corpora are
     # pinned in xtask/src/corpus_pins.rs and sha256-verified (xtask/*.sha256) after both a cache
@@ -305,7 +298,9 @@ jobs:
       CARGO_PROFILE_RELEASE_LTO: "false"
       CARGO_PROFILE_RELEASE_CODEGEN_UNITS: "16"
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
       - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@b725eda525362e7cf34af9a7243cac1e3f01a7ec # stable
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@d1527c8f67ef9af357290475d4af4b0fab8f12e0 # v2.9.3
         with:
@@ -313,7 +308,7 @@ jobs:
           save-if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
           cache-on-failure: true
       - name: Restore test corpora
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        uses: actions/cache@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9 # v6.1.0
         with:
           path: corpus/
           key: corpus-${{ hashFiles('xtask/src/corpus_pins.rs', 'xtask/*.sha256') }}
@@ -322,23 +317,6 @@ jobs:
       - name: Corpus tests
         run: cargo xtask test-corpus
 
-  wasm:
-    timeout-minutes: 30
-    name: wasm32 check
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@b725eda525362e7cf34af9a7243cac1e3f01a7ec # stable
-        with:
-          targets: wasm32-unknown-unknown
-      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@d1527c8f67ef9af357290475d4af4b0fab8f12e0 # v2.9.3
-        with:
-          key: wasm32
-          save-if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
-          cache-on-failure: true
-      - name: Check wasm-safe crates
-        run: cargo xtask wasm
-
   web:
     timeout-minutes: 60
     name: web build and wasm size gate
@@ -350,7 +328,9 @@ jobs:
       # Match release.yml so PR results reflect what would actually ship.
       TRUNK_VERSION: 0.21.14
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
       - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@b725eda525362e7cf34af9a7243cac1e3f01a7ec # stable
         with:
           targets: wasm32-unknown-unknown
@@ -408,6 +388,7 @@ jobs:
           - { crate: psd, name: metadata }
           - { crate: psd, name: tagged }
           - { crate: psd, name: resources }
+          - { crate: psd, name: asl }
           - { crate: codecs, name: decode_any }
           - { crate: codecs, name: decode_png }
           - { crate: codecs, name: decode_jpeg }
@@ -418,8 +399,10 @@ jobs:
           - { crate: affinity, name: import_preview, args: "--features io" }
           - { crate: format, name: load }
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@2c76c034f9e32a5d6e2c104dc4df23a22476db04 # nightly
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7.0.1
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@b725eda525362e7cf34af9a7243cac1e3f01a7ec # nightly
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@d1527c8f67ef9af357290475d4af4b0fab8f12e0 # v2.9.3
         with:
           workspaces: crates/${{ matrix.target.crate }}/fuzz
@@ -432,7 +415,7 @@ jobs:
         run: cargo fuzz run ${{ matrix.target.name }} ${{ matrix.target.args }} -- -max_total_time="$FUZZ_SECONDS"
       - name: Upload crash artifacts
         if: failure()
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@cf430e030ddbb5b0abf93d22962f4752f3646cd9 # v7.0.2
         with:
           name: fuzz-${{ matrix.target.crate }}-${{ matrix.target.name }}
           path: crates/${{ matrix.target.crate }}/fuzz/artifacts
diff --git a/.github/workflows/docs.yml b/.github/workflows/docs.yml
index dca0dacfbb..e93efc1018 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/docs.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/docs.yml
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ jobs:
     name: mdBook build
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
       - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@b725eda525362e7cf34af9a7243cac1e3f01a7ec # stable
       - name: Install mdBook
         run: cargo install mdbook --version 0.4.52 --locked
diff --git a/.github/workflows/freebsd.yml b/.github/workflows/freebsd.yml
index 56d1ad0831..2b98d8c11d 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/freebsd.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/freebsd.yml
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ name: FreeBSD
 # or dependency change: a drifted dependency still shows up within a day. PRs that change the
 # FreeBSD packaging itself still run it.
 on:
+  push:
+    branches: [release]
   schedule:
     - cron: "17 2 * * *"
   pull_request:
@@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ jobs:
     # Intentionally tracked at @main (not SHA-pinned) so org-wide CI improvements, security fixes, and build optimizations propagate without PR churn across all craftapp repos.
     uses: storytold/craft-common-actions/.github/workflows/freebsd.yml@main
     with:
-      craft-fonts-ref: abb83316d96aa59c1cf64784289e378fe9fa5695
+      craft-fonts-ref: b076417b5880bd4154bd22f00695b1d28c6bea83
       cargo-build-extra-args: "--features heif"
       # The VM's software Vulkan driver crashes (SIGSEGV) when several tests set up a device at
       # once, so photocraft-gpu's tests run one at a time, like ui-egui's integration tests.
diff --git a/.github/workflows/perf-nightly.yml b/.github/workflows/perf-nightly.yml
index 4b09278804..64592d9cf0 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/perf-nightly.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/perf-nightly.yml
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: macos-15
     timeout-minutes: 120
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
         with:
           persist-credentials: false
 
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Upload results
         if: always()
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
         with:
           name: perf-results
           path: |
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Upload baseline
         if: always() && inputs.update_baseline
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
         with:
           name: perf-baseline
           path: perf/baseline.json
diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index bfdca9e3e9..4b78fac526 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ jobs:
     with:
       app-name: photocraft
       app-title: PhotoCraft
-      craft-fonts-ref: abb83316d96aa59c1cf64784289e378fe9fa5695
+      craft-fonts-ref: b076417b5880bd4154bd22f00695b1d28c6bea83
       version: ${{ inputs.version }}
     secrets:
       APPLE_CERTIFICATE: ${{ secrets.APPLE_CERTIFICATE }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/sonarcloud.yml b/.github/workflows/sonarcloud.yml
index ecee45a6d8..8f1aa5ad52 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/sonarcloud.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/sonarcloud.yml
@@ -11,10 +11,14 @@ permissions:
 
 concurrency:
   group: sonarcloud-${{ github.ref }}
-  cancel-in-progress: true
+  # A push to main is the run that publishes coverage; superseded runs there would never finish.
+  cancel-in-progress: ${{ github.ref != 'refs/heads/main' }}
 
 jobs:
   sonarcloud:
-    # Tracked at @main so org-wide CI improvements propagate without PR churn.
+    # Track shared CI improvements on main.
     uses: storytold/craft-common-actions/.github/workflows/sonarcloud.yml@main
+    with:
+      timeout-minutes: 120
+      fonts-ref: b076417b5880bd4154bd22f00695b1d28c6bea83
     secrets: inherit
diff --git a/.github/workflows/windows-arm64.yml b/.github/workflows/windows-arm64.yml
index 30a07f4cd5..1022c54215 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/windows-arm64.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/windows-arm64.yml
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ name: Windows ARM64
 # Nightly on main (dependency and runner-image drift shows up within a day), and on PRs that
 # change the Windows packaging itself.
 on:
+  push:
+    branches: [release]
   pull_request:
     paths:
       - .github/workflows/windows-arm64.yml
diff --git a/AGENTS.md b/AGENTS.md
index dbe7e172a9..172bc7bd70 100644
--- a/AGENTS.md
+++ b/AGENTS.md
@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ People trust PhotoCraft with their work, and a crash loses it. A malformed file,
 8. **Performance is a feature.** Benchmark heavy operations on a 24–36 MP image in release. Work per tile in parallel (rayon), skip empty tiles, never scan a full surface per frame (cache per revision), and record before/after timings in the dev log.
 
 9. **Never panic on input** (see *Never crash* above). A command's `run` closure and anything it calls must return `Err`, never panic, for *any* params or document state: validate params, check bounds before indexing or dividing, and reject absurd sizes before allocating. The `panic_hunt` integration test fuzzes every command with adversarial params and must stay green.
+10. **Time goes through `chrono`** (workspace dependency). Never hand-roll UTC/calendar conversion (days-to-date algorithms, leap-year math); a crate owns only its output format string. The one exception is range extension: past the years chrono can represent, shift the date by whole 400-year Gregorian cycles (146,097 days, after which the calendar repeats), let chrono compute the month and day, and add the cycles back to the year (splitting seconds into hours, minutes and seconds is plain arithmetic).
 
 ## 4. Picking work
 
diff --git a/ATTRIBUTION.md b/ATTRIBUTION.md
index 6a38a6a433..931853254c 100644
--- a/ATTRIBUTION.md
+++ b/ATTRIBUTION.md
@@ -25,9 +25,11 @@ next to them.
 | `crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/vi.tsv` | Vietnamese UI translations | PhotoCraft contributors | Original translations of PhotoCraft's English labels | MIT OR Apache-2.0, [`LICENSE-translations.txt`](crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/LICENSE-translations.txt) |
 | `crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/tr.tsv` | Turkish UI translations | PhotoCraft contributors | Original translations of PhotoCraft's English labels | MIT OR Apache-2.0, [`LICENSE-translations.txt`](crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/LICENSE-translations.txt) |
 | `crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/sr.tsv` | Serbian (Latin, Ekavian) UI translations | PhotoCraft contributors | Original translations of PhotoCraft's English labels | MIT OR Apache-2.0, [`LICENSE-translations.txt`](crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/LICENSE-translations.txt) |
+| `crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ru.tsv` | Russian UI translations | PhotoCraft contributors | Original translations of PhotoCraft's English labels | MIT OR Apache-2.0, [`LICENSE-translations.txt`](crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/LICENSE-translations.txt) |
+| `epaint_default_fonts::EGUI_ICONS` (build input; deflated into `OUT_DIR/egui_fonts/egui-icons.ttf.deflate`, registered by `crates/ui-egui/src/egui_fonts.rs`) | egui-icons, five-glyph subset of emoji-icon-font | John Slegers | [egui fork at 6d518fc](https://github.com/storytold/egui/tree/6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a/crates/epaint_default_fonts/fonts), [original](https://github.com/jslegers/emoji-icon-font); egui subset, unmodified here | MIT; Copyright (c) 2014 John Slegers; full upstream notice in [NOTICE](NOTICE) |
 | `assets/fonts/Inter-Regular.ttf`, `Inter-Medium.ttf`, `Inter-SemiBold.ttf` | Inter 4.001 (UI font) | The Inter Project Authors (Rasmus Andersson) | <https://github.com/rsms/inter> | SIL OFL 1.1, [`assets/fonts/OFL-Inter.txt`](assets/fonts/OFL-Inter.txt) |
 | `assets/fonts/JetBrainsMono-Regular.ttf` | JetBrains Mono 2.305 (numeric font) | The JetBrains Mono Project Authors | <https://github.com/JetBrains/JetBrainsMono> | SIL OFL 1.1, [`assets/fonts/OFL-JetBrainsMono.txt`](assets/fonts/OFL-JetBrainsMono.txt) |
-| `assets/icons/*.svg` except `slice-knife.svg`, `slice-select.svg`, `sampler.svg`, `artboard.svg`, `perspective-crop.svg`, `frame-placeholder.svg`, `ellipse-dashed.svg`, `gradient.svg`, `type-mask.svg`, `type-mask-vertical.svg`, `clip-below.svg`, `clip-release.svg`, `layer-mask.svg`, `adjustment-layer.svg`, `brush-replace.svg`, `quick-selection.svg`, `eraser-background.svg`, `eraser-magic.svg`, `lasso-magnetic.svg`, `direct-select.svg`, `convert-point.svg`, `pen-add-anchor.svg`, `pen-delete-anchor.svg`, `pen-freeform.svg`, `pen-curvature.svg`, `bandage-sparkle.svg`, `painting-symmetry.svg`, `symmetry-*.svg` and `marquee-{row,column}.svg` (113 files; `star-filled.svg` is `star.svg` with a solid fill) | Lucide icons | Lucide Icons and Contributors | <https://github.com/lucide-icons/lucide> (`icons/<name>.svg`; `align-*` are now named `text-align-*` upstream) | ISC, [`assets/icons/LICENSE-lucide.txt`](assets/icons/LICENSE-lucide.txt) |
+| `assets/icons/*.svg` except `slice-knife.svg`, `slice-select.svg`, `sampler.svg`, `artboard.svg`, `perspective-crop.svg`, `frame-placeholder.svg`, `ellipse-dashed.svg`, `gradient.svg`, `type-mask.svg`, `type-mask-vertical.svg`, `text-warp.svg`, `clip-below.svg`, `clip-release.svg`, `layer-mask.svg`, `adjustment-layer.svg`, `brush-replace.svg`, `quick-selection.svg`, `eraser-background.svg`, `eraser-magic.svg`, `lasso-magnetic.svg`, `direct-select.svg`, `convert-point.svg`, `pen-add-anchor.svg`, `pen-delete-anchor.svg`, `pen-freeform.svg`, `pen-curvature.svg`, `bandage-sparkle.svg`, `painting-symmetry.svg`, `symmetry-*.svg` and `marquee-{row,column}.svg`, `align-edge-*.svg` and `distribute-*.svg` (113 files; `star-filled.svg` is `star.svg` with a solid fill) | Lucide icons | Lucide Icons and Contributors | <https://github.com/lucide-icons/lucide> (`icons/<name>.svg`; `align-*` are now named `text-align-*` upstream) | ISC, [`assets/icons/LICENSE-lucide.txt`](assets/icons/LICENSE-lucide.txt) |
 | `assets/icons/{check,chevron-down,chevron-left,chevron-right,chevron-up,chevrons-left,chevrons-right,circle,clock,compass,info,link,link-2,lock,minus,monitor,moon,move,navigation,plus,search,square,trash,triangle,type,x,zoom-in}.svg` | Lucide icons derived from Feather (subset of the row above) | Cole Bemis (Feather), Lucide Contributors | <https://github.com/feathericons/feather> via Lucide | MIT (Feather) and ISC (Lucide), [`assets/icons/LICENSE-lucide.txt`](assets/icons/LICENSE-lucide.txt) |
 | `assets/icons/slice-knife.svg` | Slice tool glyph | PhotoCraft contributors | Original work | MIT OR Apache-2.0 |
 | `assets/icons/slice-select.svg` | Slice Select tool glyph | PhotoCraft contributors | Original work | MIT OR Apache-2.0 |
@@ -36,9 +38,11 @@ next to them.
 | `assets/icons/artboard.svg` | Artboard tool glyph: a board with a tick at each end of its edges | PhotoCraft contributors | Original work | MIT OR Apache-2.0 |
 | `assets/icons/perspective-crop.svg` | Perspective Crop tool glyph: a crop frame in perspective with its grid and crop-mark ticks | PhotoCraft contributors | Original work | MIT OR Apache-2.0 |
 | `assets/icons/type-mask.svg`, `assets/icons/type-mask-vertical.svg` | Horizontal and Vertical Type Mask tool glyphs: a T drawn as marching ants (the vertical one beside a downward arrow), on Lucide's 24 px grid and stroke | PhotoCraft contributors | Original work | MIT OR Apache-2.0 |
+| `assets/icons/text-warp.svg` | Create Warped Text glyph (Type tool options bar): a T above a bowed arc, drawn on Lucide's 24 px grid and stroke | PhotoCraft contributors | Original work | MIT OR Apache-2.0 |
 | `assets/icons/marquee-row.svg`, `assets/icons/marquee-column.svg` | Single Row and Single Column Marquee tool glyphs: a dashed row (column) between two edge bars, drawn on Lucide's 24 px grid and stroke | PhotoCraft contributors | Original work | MIT OR Apache-2.0 |
 | `assets/icons/clip-below.svg`, `assets/icons/clip-release.svg` | Clipping-mask cursors (⌥ over the line between two layers): a hooked arrow onto the layer below; the same with a small "no" badge to release | PhotoCraft contributors | Original work | MIT OR Apache-2.0 |
 | `assets/icons/layer-mask.svg`, `assets/icons/adjustment-layer.svg` | Layers panel footer glyphs: Add a mask (a frame around a solid disc) and New Fill or Adjustment Layer (a circle, one half solid), drawn on Lucide's 24 px grid and stroke | PhotoCraft contributors | Original work | MIT OR Apache-2.0 |
+| `assets/icons/align-edge-*.svg`, `assets/icons/distribute-*.svg` | Move tool options-bar glyphs: Align (six edges/centres) and Distribute (edges, centres, spacing), a guide line or edge lines with bars, drawn on Lucide's 24 px grid and stroke | PhotoCraft contributors | Original work | MIT OR Apache-2.0 |
 | `assets/icons/ellipse-dashed.svg` | Elliptical Marquee tool glyph: a dashed horizontal ellipse, drawn on Lucide's 24 px grid and stroke | PhotoCraft contributors | Original work | MIT OR Apache-2.0 |
 | `assets/icons/frame-placeholder.svg` | Frame tool glyph: an empty placeholder frame, crossed corner to corner | PhotoCraft contributors | Original work | MIT OR Apache-2.0 |
 | `assets/icons/gradient.svg` | Gradient tool glyph: a rounded rectangle filled with a left-to-right linear ramp, drawn on Lucide's 24 px grid and stroke | PhotoCraft contributors | Original work | MIT OR Apache-2.0 |
@@ -87,6 +91,8 @@ The other built-in ICC profiles and the generated LUT looks are produced by code
 | `docs/images/preferences-apply-*.png` | Preferences before and after adding Apply (no artwork) | PhotoCraft contributors | PhotoCraft control-channel capture and offscreen `snapshot` example | MIT OR Apache-2.0 |
 | `docs/images/embedded-vector-editor-en.png` | Embedded AI/PDF/EPS conversion warning and editor chooser (no artwork) | Don Omondi | Offscreen `smart_svg_ui::tests::capture_embedded_vector_conversion_prompt` with authored bytes and mock services | MIT OR Apache-2.0 |
 | `docs/images/embedded-vector-tabs-linux.png` | Shared VectorCraft window after a portal editor save and ordinary document launch | Don Omondi | Local Linux GUI acceptance with authored orange rectangle/blue circle SVGs; no private artwork | MIT OR Apache-2.0 |
+| `docs/images/gradient-overlay-method-*.png` | Gradient Overlay Method selector, before and after (synthetic gradient) | @oRE-o | Rendered offscreen with the `snapshot` example; no external artwork | MIT OR Apache-2.0 |
+| `docs/images/cpu-pixel-alignment/*.png` | CPU canvas pixel alignment, before and after #8321 | PhotoCraft contributors | Original synthetic noise rendered with the offscreen `snapshot` example; see the adjacent README | MIT OR Apache-2.0, adjacent `LICENSE-MIT` and `LICENSE-APACHE` |
 
 Artwork shown in the screenshots (all public domain, via Wikimedia Commons; details in
 [`docs/images/SOURCES.md`](docs/images/SOURCES.md)):
@@ -112,7 +118,7 @@ next to the files:
 
 | Path (fetched) | Title | Author | Source | License |
 |---|---|---|---|---|
-| `corpus/photoshop/` (256 PSDs) | Photoshop oracle corpus: smart filters, layer-style effects, type, adjustments in every mode and depth | PhotoCraft contributors (authored with Adobe Photoshop 2026 by a script) | [https://github.com/storytold/photocraft-corpus](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft-corpus) (`photoshop/`, with its generator and README) | MIT OR Apache-2.0 |
+| `corpus/photoshop/` (258 PSDs) | Photoshop oracle corpus: smart filters, layer-style effects, type, adjustments in every mode and depth | PhotoCraft contributors (authored with Adobe Photoshop 2026 by a script) | [https://github.com/storytold/photocraft-corpus](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft-corpus) (`photoshop/`, with its generator and README) | MIT OR Apache-2.0 |
 | `corpus/gimp/` (28 files, 251 KB) | GIMP XCF oracles: 40×30 procedural layers written by GIMP 3.2.6 through the corpus generator `tools/gimp-xcf/xcf_fixtures.py`, each with GIMP's merged rendering as a PNG | PhotoCraft contributors (authored with GIMP 3.2.6 by a script) | [https://github.com/storytold/photocraft-corpus](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft-corpus) (`gimp/`, with its generator and README) | MIT OR Apache-2.0 |
 | `corpus/psd-tools/` (309 files) | psd-tools test set | Kota Yamaguchi and contributors | [psd-tools `tests/psd_files`](https://github.com/psd-tools/psd-tools/tree/main/tests/psd_files) | MIT, Copyright (c) 2019 Kota Yamaguchi |
 | `corpus/psd/` (170 files) | Small selection of the psd-tools and ag-psd test files | Kota Yamaguchi; Agamnentzar | psd-tools (above) and [ag-psd `test/`](https://github.com/Agamnentzar/ag-psd/tree/master/test) | MIT (both) |
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index afce9834ef..6ae5d98403 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ version = 4
 
 [[package]]
 name = "accesskit"
-version = "0.24.1"
+version = "0.25.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d3b7f7f85a7e5f68090000ed7622545829afd484d210358702ae4cb97dd0c320"
+checksum = "ad442f58ee04714aaa0ba0a2768c1ea1935b29507bb22ddece8cbbc76db02932"
 dependencies = [
  "enumn",
  "serde",
@@ -15,12 +15,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "accesskit_atspi_common"
-version = "0.18.1"
+version = "0.21.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1e8c61bee90b42a772d39d06a740207dc71a4e780004ace1db8d99fb1baaa954"
+checksum = "52c182f9c282ac9c5638d876d551d15e5f7d397ec263349a0c6a2b61595dd5e4"
 dependencies = [
  "accesskit",
- "accesskit_consumer 0.36.0",
+ "accesskit_consumer",
  "atspi-common",
  "phf",
  "serde",
@@ -29,43 +29,37 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "accesskit_consumer"
-version = "0.35.0"
+version = "0.39.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "53cf47daed85312e763fbf85ceca136e0d7abc68e0a7e12abe11f48172bc3b10"
+checksum = "8a45e2bb300bea6d5f33a82c3e051c3ddc6f41c209750f68a0acbe991a284344"
 dependencies = [
  "accesskit",
- "hashbrown 0.16.1",
+ "hashbrown 0.17.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "accesskit_consumer"
-version = "0.36.0"
+name = "accesskit_ios"
+version = "0.2.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "25e0d7e25d06f4dc21d1774d67146e9e80d6789216cbd4d1e88185b0095dba60"
+checksum = "28e539d64b27fd4c14de8f78ada8f7c944c092f52f7e49fb63316507a57f6937"
 dependencies = [
  "accesskit",
- "hashbrown 0.16.1",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "accesskit_consumer"
-version = "0.38.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5d10a236f96f87d70732e44520046785431ef01d5bcd6b041317bfadd2f88245"
-dependencies = [
- "accesskit",
- "hashbrown 0.16.1",
+ "accesskit_consumer",
+ "hashbrown 0.17.1",
+ "objc2 0.5.2",
+ "objc2-foundation 0.2.2",
+ "objc2-ui-kit 0.2.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "accesskit_macos"
-version = "0.26.3"
+version = "0.27.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ce02dc63b43f0c9296af9ac946312a2dc8814427d7a64d2d600971dac55b6076"
+checksum = "5701624bf6a11efb6d4c8e922bf44126ed96250e5faa9a7a0468c979635839a4"
 dependencies = [
  "accesskit",
- "accesskit_consumer 0.38.0",
- "hashbrown 0.16.1",
+ "accesskit_consumer",
+ "hashbrown 0.17.1",
  "objc2 0.5.2",
  "objc2-app-kit 0.2.2",
  "objc2-foundation 0.2.2",
@@ -73,9 +67,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "accesskit_unix"
-version = "0.21.1"
+version = "0.24.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b016ca8db0ea0ea2ceff29a9d6240391492d960716aa471967c00e8cc8cb197c"
+checksum = "202f24df034a7476d07b7f74284de84f6d62aabd858dbe7ee9cad3b7ad6f8f9d"
 dependencies = [
  "accesskit",
  "accesskit_atspi_common",
@@ -91,13 +85,13 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "accesskit_windows"
-version = "0.32.1"
+version = "0.35.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "eff7009f1a532e917d66970a1e80c965140c6cfbbabbdde3d64e5431e6c78e21"
+checksum = "ce63f35d6bdcf59f26b76b3379063f738e6412cef46999cc772d46aa3de35adb"
 dependencies = [
  "accesskit",
- "accesskit_consumer 0.35.0",
- "hashbrown 0.16.1",
+ "accesskit_consumer",
+ "hashbrown 0.17.1",
  "static_assertions",
  "windows",
  "windows-core",
@@ -105,11 +99,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "accesskit_winit"
-version = "0.32.2"
+version = "0.34.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1fe9a94394896352cc4660ca2288bd4ef883d83238853c038b44070c8f134313"
+checksum = "ee96dd150375c05912d8a473f98c2fb155fb3234fac88292d396548a2460fa77"
 dependencies = [
  "accesskit",
+ "accesskit_ios",
  "accesskit_macos",
  "accesskit_unix",
  "accesskit_windows",
@@ -179,6 +174,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "alloc-no-stdlib",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "alloca"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e5a7d05ea6aea7e9e64d25b9156ba2fee3fdd659e34e41063cd2fc7cd020d7f4"
+dependencies = [
+ "cc",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "allocator-api2"
 version = "0.2.21"
@@ -241,12 +245,56 @@ dependencies = [
  "unicode-width",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "anstream"
+version = "1.0.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "824a212faf96e9acacdbd09febd34438f8f711fb84e09a8916013cd7815ca28d"
+dependencies = [
+ "anstyle",
+ "anstyle-parse",
+ "anstyle-query",
+ "anstyle-wincon",
+ "colorchoice",
+ "is_terminal_polyfill",
+ "utf8parse",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "anstyle"
 version = "1.0.14"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "940b3a0ca603d1eade50a4846a2afffd5ef57a9feac2c0e2ec2e14f9ead76000"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "anstyle-parse"
+version = "1.0.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "52ce7f38b242319f7cabaa6813055467063ecdc9d355bbb4ce0c68908cd8130e"
+dependencies = [
+ "utf8parse",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "anstyle-query"
+version = "1.1.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "40c48f72fd53cd289104fc64099abca73db4166ad86ea0b4341abe65af83dadc"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "anstyle-wincon"
+version = "3.0.11"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "291e6a250ff86cd4a820112fb8898808a366d8f9f58ce16d1f538353ad55747d"
+dependencies = [
+ "anstyle",
+ "once_cell_polyfill",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "anyhow"
 version = "1.0.104"
@@ -261,21 +309,21 @@ checksum = "c3d036a3c4ab069c7b410a2ce876bd74808d2d0888a82667669f8e783a898bf1"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arboard"
-version = "3.6.1"
+version = "3.7.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0348a1c054491f4bfe6ab86a7b6ab1e44e45d899005de92f58b3df180b36ddaf"
+checksum = "aeb9553e62312c8756a5979254fc6d7da8bbeb5986a1e17037fab932f7037917"
 dependencies = [
  "clipboard-win",
  "image",
  "log",
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
  "objc2-app-kit 0.3.2",
  "objc2-core-foundation",
  "objc2-core-graphics",
  "objc2-foundation 0.3.2",
  "parking_lot",
  "percent-encoding",
- "windows-sys 0.60.2",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
  "wl-clipboard-rs",
  "x11rb",
 ]
@@ -611,15 +659,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.119",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "bit-set"
-version = "0.8.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "08807e080ed7f9d5433fa9b275196cfc35414f66a0c79d864dc51a0d825231a3"
-dependencies = [
- "bit-vec 0.8.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "bit-set"
 version = "0.10.0"
@@ -630,10 +669,13 @@ dependencies = [
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "bit-vec"
-version = "0.8.0"
+name = "bit-set"
+version = "0.11.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5e764a1d40d510daf35e07be9eb06e75770908c27d411ee6c92109c9840eaaf7"
+checksum = "56d87354e4229f54a44f7bf2435906a4656dba36026ab6eaca629a2c436a691c"
+dependencies = [
+ "bit-vec 0.10.1",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bit-vec"
@@ -641,6 +683,16 @@ version = "0.9.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b71798fca2c1fe1086445a7258a4bc81e6e49dcd24c8d0dd9a1e57395b603f51"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "bit-vec"
+version = "0.10.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5727b15fa97d4f4fee0a3b7c3d550ed0269f54329207b86388de918604e31269"
+dependencies = [
+ "borsh",
+ "serde",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "bit_field"
 version = "0.10.3"
@@ -714,7 +766,7 @@ version = "0.6.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "cdeb9d870516001442e364c5220d3574d2da8dc765554b4a617230d33fa58ef5"
 dependencies = [
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -730,6 +782,30 @@ dependencies = [
  "piper",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "borsh"
+version = "1.8.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "553c5d846a6ba5150c65e3b1b8ec073bcf1abc20f9b7220de384a4443ea4e20a"
+dependencies = [
+ "borsh-derive",
+ "bytes",
+ "cfg_aliases",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "borsh-derive"
+version = "1.8.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "12cdfe656708a01f89b451a7d36466e6fe6c414de0aa18fc54f864f6f9ca9f56"
+dependencies = [
+ "once_cell",
+ "proc-macro-crate",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 3.0.6",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "brotli-decompressor"
 version = "5.0.3"
@@ -993,6 +1069,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "aa8876b300ab35ba921adea3dfd70157a46249b33f95c9084ae5709785478946"
 dependencies = [
  "clap_builder",
+ "clap_derive",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1001,8 +1078,31 @@ version = "4.6.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ec0797fb7aeb1406c84efac526901f7ec3ead2124f946b494e72879d4b54704d"
 dependencies = [
+ "anstream",
  "anstyle",
  "clap_lex",
+ "strsim",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "clap_complete"
+version = "4.6.11"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "037e2a1a92236d0aff7e845093f64661d6df4c02c9fcc61a60e9e1d736fa392f"
+dependencies = [
+ "clap",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "clap_derive"
+version = "4.6.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f9c751b79415d4e559e3d1fcf128e09e720eb673a06d26cf6f392d37d75b66e0"
+dependencies = [
+ "heck",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 3.0.6",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1011,6 +1111,16 @@ version = "1.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1c133bc6a41be0d194c306b5506d15e6feeea7b1d6604bd3f8310dfb2ca96486"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "clap_mangen"
+version = "0.3.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "211d617eaa4b735c96c9e0228fcbdb5120ef623f2b8cb67ffb84c3e02dbc28a4"
+dependencies = [
+ "clap",
+ "roff",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "clipboard-win"
 version = "5.4.1"
@@ -1079,6 +1189,12 @@ version = "1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "3d7b894f5411737b7867f4827955924d7c254fc9f4d91a6aad6b097804b1018b"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "colorchoice"
+version = "1.0.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1d07550c9036bf2ae0c684c4297d503f838287c83c53686d05370d0e139ae570"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "colored"
 version = "2.2.0"
@@ -1225,12 +1341,20 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "craft-docpath"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/storytold/craft-libs?rev=82a24b006eefa036b43c09a67fb9a3fbd17ffe63#82a24b006eefa036b43c09a67fb9a3fbd17ffe63"
+source = "git+https://github.com/storytold/craft-libs?rev=495e5971bc024aa96e6ed318cb6e7cd3a0103184#495e5971bc024aa96e6ed318cb6e7cd3a0103184"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "craft-jpeg"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/storytold/craft-libs?rev=495e5971bc024aa96e6ed318cb6e7cd3a0103184#495e5971bc024aa96e6ed318cb6e7cd3a0103184"
+dependencies = [
+ "thiserror 2.0.21",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "craft-print"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/storytold/craft-libs?rev=3d37da389a3618ab9b76109da11416e9ca4ea719#3d37da389a3618ab9b76109da11416e9ca4ea719"
+source = "git+https://github.com/storytold/craft-libs?rev=495e5971bc024aa96e6ed318cb6e7cd3a0103184#495e5971bc024aa96e6ed318cb6e7cd3a0103184"
 dependencies = [
  "craft-winprint-gdi",
  "miniz_oxide 0.8.9",
@@ -1243,12 +1367,41 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "craft-ui"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/storytold/craft-libs?rev=5c874d51eeb3de70e735c8ce87a59a7dedd47675#5c874d51eeb3de70e735c8ce87a59a7dedd47675"
+source = "git+https://github.com/storytold/craft-libs?rev=495e5971bc024aa96e6ed318cb6e7cd3a0103184#495e5971bc024aa96e6ed318cb6e7cd3a0103184"
 dependencies = [
  "egui",
+ "log",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
+ "objc2-app-kit 0.3.2",
+ "objc2-foundation 0.3.2",
  "serde",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "craft-update"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/storytold/craft-libs?rev=495e5971bc024aa96e6ed318cb6e7cd3a0103184#495e5971bc024aa96e6ed318cb6e7cd3a0103184"
+dependencies = [
+ "chrono",
+ "dunce",
+ "egui",
+ "flate2",
+ "getrandom 0.3.4",
+ "log",
+ "plist",
+ "semver",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+ "sha2",
+ "tar",
+ "tempfile",
+ "ureq",
+ "verifysign",
+ "winreg",
+ "winsafe",
+ "zip",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "craft-winprint-gdi"
 version = "0.1.0"
@@ -1259,32 +1412,31 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crc32fast"
-version = "1.5.2"
+version = "1.5.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "01a7799fd6b852db0e61728dde9a204c423b44d689dbd432522543614b490e78"
+checksum = "0ba106e844045ddc02c20768ac4b0b7cb45f2cc2ecbd833ac9f5dacb183c2055"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "criterion"
-version = "0.5.1"
+version = "0.8.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f2b12d017a929603d80db1831cd3a24082f8137ce19c69e6447f54f5fc8d692f"
+checksum = "950046b2aa2492f9a536f5f4f9a3de7b9e2476e575e05bd6c333371add4d98f3"
 dependencies = [
+ "alloca",
  "anes",
  "cast",
  "ciborium",
  "clap",
  "criterion-plot",
- "is-terminal",
- "itertools 0.10.5",
+ "itertools 0.13.0",
  "num-traits",
- "once_cell",
  "oorandom",
+ "page_size",
  "regex",
  "serde",
- "serde_derive",
  "serde_json",
  "tinytemplate",
  "walkdir",
@@ -1292,12 +1444,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "criterion-plot"
-version = "0.5.0"
+version = "0.8.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6b50826342786a51a89e2da3a28f1c32b06e387201bc2d19791f622c673706b1"
+checksum = "d8d80a2f4f5b554395e47b5d8305bc3d27813bacb73493eb1001e8f76dae29ea"
 dependencies = [
  "cast",
- "itertools 0.10.5",
+ "itertools 0.13.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1432,6 +1584,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.119",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "deranged"
+version = "0.5.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9e9de72ce2ad1f90dc62fa25f0f430ef85eb4b0d8fa0be4f30373bc40a21d28e"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "dify"
 version = "0.8.0"
@@ -1470,7 +1628,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.13.2",
  "block2 0.6.2",
  "libc",
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1583,9 +1741,8 @@ checksum = "d0881ea181b1df73ff77ffaaf9c7544ecc11e82fba9b5f27b262a3c73a332555"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ecolor"
-version = "0.36.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0656a7530b9e2841ee7a5f983965bdd9840c32f4012f759cfd44b912cced6b34"
+version = "0.37.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/storytold/egui.git?rev=6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a#6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a"
 dependencies = [
  "bytemuck",
  "emath",
@@ -1594,9 +1751,8 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "eframe"
-version = "0.36.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "55ad41fac6e3149abb4866e93df37dbd33baa95db525c3368c944584e95a5dc2"
+version = "0.37.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/storytold/egui.git?rev=6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a#6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash",
  "bytemuck",
@@ -1610,7 +1766,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "image",
  "js-sys",
  "log",
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
  "objc2-app-kit 0.3.2",
  "objc2-foundation 0.3.2",
  "parking_lot",
@@ -1619,6 +1775,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "profiling",
  "raw-window-handle",
  "ron",
+ "send_wrapper",
  "serde",
  "static_assertions",
  "wasm-bindgen",
@@ -1631,9 +1788,8 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "egui"
-version = "0.36.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dc938cc27cd911415e1e4d151bc56ff9df063d8db081374e87aeb805ea74b2ba"
+version = "0.37.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/storytold/egui.git?rev=6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a#6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a"
 dependencies = [
  "accesskit",
  "ahash",
@@ -1653,9 +1809,8 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "egui-wgpu"
-version = "0.36.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5cef1f6d1bba40b09a4d0d62cb822b81030922cfbf65c5373398c3a3caafc5bd"
+version = "0.37.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/storytold/egui.git?rev=6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a#6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash",
  "bytemuck",
@@ -1673,31 +1828,34 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "egui-winit"
-version = "0.36.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "98466000559d66ba4db786a30448b01483946add4188e7f10f522a27b4fb89cc"
+version = "0.37.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/storytold/egui.git?rev=6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a#6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a"
 dependencies = [
  "accesskit_winit",
  "arboard",
+ "block2 0.6.2",
  "bytemuck",
  "egui",
+ "image",
  "log",
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
+ "objc2-app-kit 0.3.2",
  "objc2-foundation 0.3.2",
  "objc2-ui-kit 0.3.2",
+ "parking_lot",
  "profiling",
  "raw-window-handle",
  "serde",
  "smithay-clipboard",
  "web-time",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
  "winit",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "egui_extras"
-version = "0.36.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "05cbdc785020861553f230f23d330ba1fb72613b9d8e0e457f3bdc8ba6db6dcf"
+version = "0.37.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/storytold/egui.git?rev=6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a#6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash",
  "egui",
@@ -1710,9 +1868,8 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "egui_glow"
-version = "0.36.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "606ed4167daf341e5753d703285c4c1d562324b2c07aa8f405cd7d066fe58f3b"
+version = "0.37.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/storytold/egui.git?rev=6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a#6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a"
 dependencies = [
  "bytemuck",
  "egui",
@@ -1724,9 +1881,8 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "egui_kittest"
-version = "0.36.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5eb3f3effb2726fee23449293e67acbf6cc6ce35525b1722bd5743bb348114d5"
+version = "0.37.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/storytold/egui.git?rev=6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a#6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a"
 dependencies = [
  "dify",
  "eframe",
@@ -1751,9 +1907,8 @@ checksum = "252afb9ae5eaa683babdc6a068b3f5726eb19e05070c731f9b2a23a7c3e8ed34"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "emath"
-version = "0.36.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "52c8d4141cf0f60fb2f7aefaf352d3ffa5171ef0ab09731c64391801e95e48f1"
+version = "0.37.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/storytold/egui.git?rev=6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a#6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a"
 dependencies = [
  "bytemuck",
  "serde",
@@ -1781,22 +1936,22 @@ checksum = "66b7e2430c6dff6a955451e2cfc438f09cea1965a9d6f87f7e3b90decc014099"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "enum-map"
-version = "2.7.3"
+version = "3.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6866f3bfdf8207509a033af1a75a7b08abda06bbaaeae6669323fd5a097df2e9"
+checksum = "d4532960034c15ba2f55e9eee631040ecc473c32e6c4b200828c759840f13a06"
 dependencies = [
  "enum-map-derive",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "enum-map-derive"
-version = "0.17.0"
+version = "1.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f282cfdfe92516eb26c2af8589c274c7c17681f5ecc03c18255fe741c6aa64eb"
+checksum = "7127272f64b3e098f7d81f350d672081b879bff896d219c42370dc858b1af9ff"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.119",
+ "syn 3.0.6",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1833,9 +1988,8 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "epaint"
-version = "0.36.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a0ec0308dc23130fc1a7d4623a8534c2ed069c6dc84e258ee4f3de99615aa1a3"
+version = "0.37.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/storytold/egui.git?rev=6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a#6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash",
  "bytemuck",
@@ -1852,16 +2006,17 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
  "skrifa",
  "smallvec",
+ "unicode-bidi",
  "unicode-general-category",
+ "unicode-properties",
  "unicode-segmentation",
  "vello_cpu",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "epaint_default_fonts"
-version = "0.36.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "773fa9c96dd0dbef887e39d0ed6177f141cce4d68e6041df77570aa3702dfa13"
+version = "0.37.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/storytold/egui.git?rev=6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a#6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "equator"
@@ -1896,7 +2051,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "39cab71617ae0d63f51a36d69f866391735b51691dbda63cf6f96d042b63efeb"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
- "windows-sys 0.61.2",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2077,7 +2232,7 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "90642cf66dde7f205dc8b42dfe57b47d0f3a29f571b832742883ef512e23fe55"
 dependencies = [
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
  "objc2-app-kit 0.3.2",
  "objc2-foundation 0.3.2",
 ]
@@ -2141,7 +2296,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "hashbrown 0.17.1",
  "linebender_resource_handle",
  "memmap2",
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
  "objc2-core-foundation",
  "objc2-core-text",
  "objc2-foundation 0.3.2",
@@ -2442,9 +2597,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "glifo"
-version = "0.2.0"
+version = "0.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ed4a1bb24121291d27230c1b1b44e07d6a9b28cefdb32fe1581dfb84e14f940a"
+checksum = "282a26c1e23de04bdab3e34a21b6f877a479b96737792516b9b8b8f69b6661be"
 dependencies = [
  "bytemuck",
  "foldhash 0.2.0",
@@ -2488,7 +2643,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "glutin_glx_sys",
  "glutin_wgl_sys",
  "libloading",
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
  "objc2-app-kit 0.3.2",
  "objc2-core-foundation",
  "objc2-foundation 0.3.2",
@@ -3015,7 +3170,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "20fd6de4ccfcc187e38bc21cfa543cb5a302cb86a8b114eb7f0bf0dc9f8ac00f"
 dependencies = [
  "io-lifetimes 3.0.1",
- "windows-sys 0.60.2",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3045,17 +3200,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "is-terminal"
-version = "0.4.17"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3640c1c38b8e4e43584d8df18be5fc6b0aa314ce6ebf51b53313d4306cca8e46"
-dependencies = [
- "hermit-abi",
- "libc",
- "windows-sys 0.61.2",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "is-wsl"
 version = "0.4.0"
@@ -3066,6 +3210,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "is_terminal_polyfill"
+version = "1.70.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a6cb138bb79a146c1bd460005623e142ef0181e3d0219cb493e02f7d08a35695"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "itertools"
 version = "0.10.5"
@@ -3075,6 +3225,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "either",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "itertools"
+version = "0.13.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "413ee7dfc52ee1a4949ceeb7dbc8a33f2d6c088194d9f922fb8318faf1f01186"
+dependencies = [
+ "either",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "itertools"
 version = "0.14.0"
@@ -3391,12 +3550,12 @@ checksum = "e2db585e1d738fc771bf08a151420d3ed193d9d895a36df7f6f8a9456b911ddc"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "kittest"
-version = "0.4.0"
+version = "0.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "90ceaa75eb0036a32b6b9833962eb18137449e9817e2e586006471925b727fd5"
+checksum = "0bb81a721ba76aa095b7f45deb180504f786904e56ca4b8e141f66eb89a78b75"
 dependencies = [
  "accesskit",
- "accesskit_consumer 0.35.0",
+ "accesskit_consumer",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3442,9 +3601,9 @@ checksum = "7a79a3332a6609480d7d0c9eab957bca6b455b91bb84e66d19f5ff66294b85b8"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
-version = "0.2.189"
+version = "0.2.191"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3eaf3ede3fee6db1a4c2ee091bf8a8b4dccdc6d17f656fb07896ee72867612f2"
+checksum = "65cd87c9a6d60536580b316ad985726104730a5151c99845f2490428ef91240a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libfuzzer-sys"
@@ -3702,14 +3861,14 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "muda"
-version = "0.21.1"
+version = "0.21.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9a7b000cca0783af26837fe2ebd9ddf1c42279463c085b97622ee1d2f444b89e"
+checksum = "4340e89c178916e62879c5c36b7f699019369be413e496178a6983ce91b8bc03"
 dependencies = [
  "crossbeam-channel",
  "dpi",
  "keyboard-types",
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
  "objc2-app-kit 0.3.2",
  "objc2-core-foundation",
  "objc2-foundation 0.3.2",
@@ -3798,6 +3957,18 @@ version = "1.0.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "650eef8c711430f1a879fdd01d4745a7deea475becfb90269c06775983bbf086"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "nix"
+version = "0.31.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "cf20d2fde8ff38632c426f1165ed7436270b44f199fc55284c38276f9db47c3d"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 2.13.2",
+ "cfg-if",
+ "cfg_aliases",
+ "libc",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "no_std_io2"
 version = "0.9.4"
@@ -3858,6 +4029,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-traits",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "num-conv"
+version = "0.2.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "521739c6d2bac4aa25192232afe6841231376b2b26d4d9fae5ecf8ca5772e441"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "num-derive"
 version = "0.4.2"
@@ -3939,9 +4116,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "objc2"
-version = "0.6.4"
+version = "0.6.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3a12a8ed07aefc768292f076dc3ac8c48f3781c8f2d5851dd3d98950e8c5a89f"
+checksum = "08849bbd4767dfae9457696856ae1c84fe4e0281bbe4a7abff2d0e06fb7981f8"
 dependencies = [
  "objc2-encode",
 ]
@@ -3971,7 +4148,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.13.2",
  "block2 0.6.2",
  "libc",
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
  "objc2-cloud-kit 0.3.2",
  "objc2-core-data 0.3.2",
  "objc2-core-foundation",
@@ -3992,7 +4169,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.13.2",
  "block2 0.6.2",
  "dispatch2",
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
  "objc2-avf-audio",
  "objc2-core-audio-types",
  "objc2-core-foundation",
@@ -4011,7 +4188,7 @@ version = "0.3.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "13a380031deed8e99db00065c45937da434ca987c034e13b87e4441f9e4090be"
 dependencies = [
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
  "objc2-foundation 0.3.2",
 ]
 
@@ -4035,7 +4212,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "73ad74d880bb43877038da939b7427bba67e9dd42004a18b809ba7d87cee241c"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.13.2",
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
  "objc2-foundation 0.3.2",
 ]
 
@@ -4057,7 +4234,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e1eebcea8b0dbff5f7c8504f3107c68fc061a3eb44932051c8cf8a68d969c3b2"
 dependencies = [
  "dispatch2",
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
  "objc2-core-audio-types",
  "objc2-core-foundation",
 ]
@@ -4069,7 +4246,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "5a89f2ec274a0cf4a32642b2991e8b351a404d290da87bb6a9a9d8632490bd1c"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.13.2",
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4091,7 +4268,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0b402a653efbb5e82ce4df10683b6b28027616a2715e90009947d50b8dd298fa"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.13.2",
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
  "objc2-foundation 0.3.2",
 ]
 
@@ -4105,7 +4282,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "block2 0.6.2",
  "dispatch2",
  "libc",
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4118,7 +4295,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "block2 0.6.2",
  "dispatch2",
  "libc",
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
  "objc2-core-foundation",
  "objc2-io-surface",
  "objc2-metal 0.3.2",
@@ -4142,7 +4319,7 @@ version = "0.3.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e5d563b38d2b97209f8e861173de434bd0214cf020e3423a52624cd1d989f006"
 dependencies = [
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
  "objc2-foundation 0.3.2",
 ]
 
@@ -4167,7 +4344,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.13.2",
  "block2 0.6.2",
  "dispatch2",
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
  "objc2-core-audio",
  "objc2-core-audio-types",
  "objc2-core-foundation",
@@ -4181,7 +4358,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0cde0dfb48d25d2b4862161a4d5fcc0e3c24367869ad306b0c9ec0073bfed92d"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.13.2",
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
  "objc2-core-foundation",
  "objc2-core-graphics",
 ]
@@ -4194,7 +4371,7 @@ checksum = "d425caf1df73233f29fd8a5c3e5edbc30d2d4307870f802d18f00d83dc5141a6"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.13.2",
  "block2 0.6.2",
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
  "objc2-core-foundation",
  "objc2-core-graphics",
  "objc2-io-surface",
@@ -4229,7 +4406,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.13.2",
  "block2 0.6.2",
  "libc",
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
  "objc2-core-foundation",
 ]
 
@@ -4239,7 +4416,7 @@ version = "0.3.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "32b0446e98cf4a784cc7a0177715ff317eeaa8463841c616cfc78aa4f953c4ea"
 dependencies = [
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
  "objc2-core-foundation",
  "objc2-core-graphics",
 ]
@@ -4251,7 +4428,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "180788110936d59bab6bd83b6060ffdfffb3b922ba1396b312ae795e1de9d81d"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.13.2",
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
  "objc2-core-foundation",
 ]
 
@@ -4273,7 +4450,7 @@ version = "0.3.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "edd9fdde720df3da7046bb9097811000c1e7ab5cd579fa89d96b27d56781fb30"
 dependencies = [
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
  "objc2-core-audio-types",
  "objc2-core-foundation",
  "objc2-core-media",
@@ -4299,7 +4476,7 @@ checksum = "a0125f776a10d00af4152d74616409f0d4a2053a6f57fa5b7d6aa2854ac04794"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.13.2",
  "block2 0.6.2",
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
  "objc2-foundation 0.3.2",
 ]
 
@@ -4323,7 +4500,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "96c1358452b371bf9f104e21ec536d37a650eb10f7ee379fff67d2e08d537f1f"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.13.2",
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
  "objc2-core-foundation",
  "objc2-core-graphics",
  "objc2-foundation 0.3.2",
@@ -4368,7 +4545,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d87d638e33c06f577498cbcc50491496a3ed4246998a7fbba7ccb98b1e7eab22"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.13.2",
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
  "objc2-core-foundation",
  "objc2-foundation 0.3.2",
 ]
@@ -4403,6 +4580,12 @@ version = "1.21.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9f7c3e4beb33f85d45ae3e3a1792185706c8e16d043238c593331cc7cd313b50"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "once_cell_polyfill"
+version = "1.70.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "384b8ab6d37215f3c5301a95a4accb5d64aa607f1fcb26a11b5303878451b4fe"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "oorandom"
 version = "11.1.5"
@@ -4411,9 +4594,9 @@ checksum = "d6790f58c7ff633d8771f42965289203411a5e5c68388703c06e14f24770b41e"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "open"
-version = "5.4.4"
+version = "5.4.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "aa576c76302b7b808eecc68061e67336c47833ef9d22caa74dda10fa9675eebc"
+checksum = "8d8c8b8e725ad26404d6896eb2f064294a0a7b4f1d9120210d85544684c4ca95"
 dependencies = [
  "is-wsl",
  "libc",
@@ -4461,7 +4644,17 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "7d8fae84b431384b68627d0f9b3b1245fcf9f46f6c0e3dc902e9dce64edd1967"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
- "windows-sys 0.61.2",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "page_size"
+version = "0.6.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "30d5b2194ed13191c1999ae0704b7839fb18384fa22e49b57eeaa97d79ce40da"
+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+ "winapi",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4595,9 +4788,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "phf"
-version = "0.13.1"
+version = "0.14.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c1562dc717473dbaa4c1f85a36410e03c047b2e7df7f45ee938fbef64ae7fadf"
+checksum = "010378780309880b08997fae13be7834dba947d36393bd372f2b1556deb2a2f6"
 dependencies = [
  "phf_macros",
  "phf_shared",
@@ -4606,9 +4799,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "phf_generator"
-version = "0.13.1"
+version = "0.14.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "135ace3a761e564ec88c03a77317a7c6b80bb7f7135ef2544dbe054243b89737"
+checksum = "aeb62e0959d5a1bebc965f4d15d9e2b7cea002b6b0f5ba8cde6cc26738467100"
 dependencies = [
  "fastrand",
  "phf_shared",
@@ -4616,9 +4809,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "phf_macros"
-version = "0.13.1"
+version = "0.14.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "812f032b54b1e759ccd5f8b6677695d5268c588701effba24601f6932f8269ef"
+checksum = "5fa8d0ca26d424d27630da600c6624696e7dec8bf7b3b492b383c5dc49e5e085"
 dependencies = [
  "phf_generator",
  "phf_shared",
@@ -4629,20 +4822,25 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "phf_shared"
-version = "0.13.1"
+version = "0.14.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e57fef6bc5981e38c2ce2d63bfa546861309f875b8a75f092d1d54ae2d64f266"
+checksum = "c6fd9027e2d9319be6349febd1db4e8d02aa544921200c9b777720ac34a3aa89"
 dependencies = [
  "siphasher",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "photocraft"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
  "arboard",
  "async-io",
+ "base64 0.22.1",
+ "blake3",
+ "chrono",
+ "clap",
  "core-graphics2",
+ "craft-update",
  "dispatch2",
  "eframe",
  "egui",
@@ -4650,7 +4848,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "futures-lite",
  "log",
  "muda",
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
  "objc2-app-kit 0.3.2",
  "objc2-foundation 0.3.2",
  "open",
@@ -4670,10 +4868,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "resvg",
  "rfd",
  "ron",
- "roxmltree 0.20.0",
+ "roxmltree 0.21.1",
  "rustix 1.1.5",
+ "serde",
  "serde_json",
  "tempfile",
+ "thiserror 2.0.21",
  "winit",
  "winresource",
  "winsafe",
@@ -4685,7 +4885,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "photocraft-affinity"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
  "crc32fast",
  "flate2",
@@ -4695,11 +4895,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "photocraft-algo"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
  "photocraft-color",
  "photocraft-geom",
  "photocraft-raster",
+ "photocraft-testkit",
  "rayon",
  "rustfft",
  "serde",
@@ -4708,18 +4909,19 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "photocraft-automation"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
- "base64 0.22.1",
+ "base64 0.23.1",
  "cap-std",
+ "clap",
  "getrandom 0.3.4",
  "photocraft-codecs",
  "photocraft-compose",
  "photocraft-doc",
  "photocraft-engine",
  "photocraft-format",
- "photocraft-geom",
  "photocraft-io",
+ "photocraft-raw",
  "rmcp",
  "rustix 1.1.5",
  "schemars",
@@ -4731,21 +4933,26 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "photocraft-cli"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
+ "clap",
+ "clap_complete",
+ "clap_mangen",
  "photocraft-automation",
  "photocraft-codecs",
  "photocraft-engine",
  "photocraft-format",
  "photocraft-io",
+ "photocraft-raw",
  "serde_json",
+ "thiserror 2.0.21",
  "tokio",
  "winresource",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "photocraft-cms"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
  "moxcms",
  "rayon",
@@ -4753,8 +4960,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "photocraft-codecs"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
+ "craft-jpeg",
  "exr",
  "flate2",
  "half",
@@ -4774,7 +4982,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "photocraft-color"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
  "photocraft-cms",
  "serde",
@@ -4782,9 +4990,10 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "photocraft-compose"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
  "criterion",
+ "photocraft-cms",
  "photocraft-color",
  "photocraft-doc",
  "photocraft-geom",
@@ -4797,7 +5006,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "photocraft-doc"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
  "photocraft-color",
  "photocraft-geom",
@@ -4808,10 +5017,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "photocraft-engine"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
  "base64 0.22.1",
  "blake3",
+ "chrono",
  "craft-print",
  "exr",
  "flate2",
@@ -4832,11 +5042,13 @@ dependencies = [
  "photocraft-psd",
  "photocraft-raster",
  "photocraft-raw",
+ "photocraft-testkit",
  "photocraft-text",
  "photocraft-vector",
  "rayon",
- "roxmltree 0.20.0",
+ "roxmltree 0.21.1",
  "same-file",
+ "semver",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
  "tempfile",
@@ -4847,7 +5059,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "photocraft-format"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
  "blake3",
  "crc32fast",
@@ -4870,17 +5082,19 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "photocraft-geom"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
  "serde",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "photocraft-gpu"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
+ "bytemuck",
  "half",
  "log",
+ "photocraft-algo",
  "photocraft-cms",
  "photocraft-color",
  "photocraft-compose",
@@ -4895,14 +5109,14 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "photocraft-heif"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
  "heic-rs",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "photocraft-io"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
  "blake3",
  "craft-docpath",
@@ -4922,45 +5136,52 @@ dependencies = [
  "photocraft-psd",
  "photocraft-raster",
  "photocraft-raw",
+ "photocraft-testkit",
  "photocraft-text",
  "photocraft-vector",
  "proptest",
  "resvg",
- "roxmltree 0.20.0",
+ "roxmltree 0.21.1",
  "serde_json",
  "thiserror 2.0.21",
+ "tiff",
+ "zune-core 0.5.3",
+ "zune-jpegxl",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "photocraft-ipp"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "photocraft-ops"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
  "photocraft-doc",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "photocraft-paint"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
+ "photocraft-cms",
  "photocraft-color",
  "photocraft-geom",
  "photocraft-raster",
+ "rayon",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "photocraft-plugins"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
  "photocraft-color",
  "photocraft-geom",
  "photocraft-raster",
  "rayon",
+ "rustix 1.1.5",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
  "thiserror 2.0.21",
@@ -4970,7 +5191,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "photocraft-psd"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
  "flate2",
  "photocraft-psd",
@@ -4981,7 +5202,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "photocraft-raster"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
  "photocraft-color",
  "photocraft-geom",
@@ -4992,7 +5213,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "photocraft-raw"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
  "flate2",
  "image",
@@ -5007,10 +5228,10 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "photocraft-tablet"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
  "block2 0.6.2",
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
  "objc2-app-kit 0.3.2",
  "objc2-core-graphics",
  "objc2-foundation 0.3.2",
@@ -5019,18 +5240,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "photocraft-testkit"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
  "memory-stats",
- "photocraft-color",
- "photocraft-geom",
- "photocraft-raster",
  "serde_json",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "photocraft-text"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
  "flate2",
  "parley",
@@ -5045,11 +5263,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "photocraft-ui-egui"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
- "base64 0.22.1",
+ "base64 0.23.1",
  "craft-print",
  "craft-ui",
+ "craft-update",
  "eframe",
  "egui",
  "egui_extras",
@@ -5080,14 +5299,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
  "sys-locale",
+ "tempfile",
  "toml",
  "unicode-bidi",
+ "web-time",
  "winsafe",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "photocraft-vector"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
  "photocraft-color",
  "photocraft-doc",
@@ -5098,7 +5319,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "photocraft-web"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
  "eframe",
  "egui",
@@ -5120,7 +5341,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "photocraft-web-boot"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
  "flate2",
  "js-sys",
@@ -5209,6 +5430,19 @@ version = "0.2.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b4596b6d070b27117e987119b4dac604f3c58cfb0b191112e24771b2faeac1a6"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "plist"
+version = "1.10.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "327a4cb2ad49dc48adfdc9da89e22c64d488b508c67a044d71ba729e4521a285"
+dependencies = [
+ "base64 0.23.1",
+ "indexmap",
+ "quick-xml 0.42.0",
+ "serde",
+ "time",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "png"
 version = "0.17.16"
@@ -5296,6 +5530,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "zerovec",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "powerfmt"
+version = "0.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4a6394b9e965e73d0a289ee54f589087e2c676aedf60885baf52c76b771e4958"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "ppv-lite86"
 version = "0.2.21"
@@ -5383,16 +5623,17 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "proptest"
-version = "1.11.0"
+version = "1.12.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4b45fcc2344c680f5025fe57779faef368840d0bd1f42f216291f0dc4ace4744"
+checksum = "b8530004ccb15eae51c7e40009fbe317f341f804db54dc033eec1c50be28cfa0"
 dependencies = [
- "bit-set 0.8.0",
- "bit-vec 0.8.0",
+ "bit-set 0.11.1",
+ "bit-vec 0.10.1",
  "bitflags 2.13.2",
+ "chacha20",
+ "core_detect",
  "num-traits",
- "rand 0.9.5",
- "rand_chacha",
+ "rand 0.10.3",
  "rand_xorshift",
  "regex-syntax",
  "rusty-fork",
@@ -5459,6 +5700,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "memchr",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "quick-xml"
+version = "0.42.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "41b1177fdf999d2321d3fb46ff47159d9c1fb9ad66a4879f8c50a0b504615e9b"
+dependencies = [
+ "memchr",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "quinn"
 version = "0.11.12"
@@ -5513,7 +5763,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
  "socket2",
  "tracing",
- "windows-sys 0.61.2",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -5600,11 +5850,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rand_xorshift"
-version = "0.4.0"
+version = "0.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "513962919efc330f829edb2535844d1b912b0fbe2ca165d613e4e8788bb05a5a"
+checksum = "60aa6af80be32871323012e02e6e65f8a7cc7890931ae421d217ad8fe0df2ccf"
 dependencies = [
- "rand_core 0.9.5",
+ "rand_core 0.10.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -5683,7 +5933,7 @@ version = "1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "40d213455a5f1dc59214213c7330e074ddf8114c9a42411eb890c767357ce135"
 dependencies = [
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
  "objc2-core-foundation",
  "objc2-foundation 0.3.2",
  "objc2-quartz-core 0.3.2",
@@ -5879,7 +6129,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "js-sys",
  "libc",
  "log",
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
  "objc2-app-kit 0.3.2",
  "objc2-core-foundation",
  "objc2-foundation 0.3.2",
@@ -5920,13 +6170,14 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rmcp"
-version = "3.5.0"
+version = "3.6.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fae7019994ae0fe4ada40b732f798f3ff26f0f04facb1477f1bf37eb4f18a2d3"
+checksum = "ceb42e9e47443cd83a834dea57b5816d35481417bae72ade5dc5615c59122e26"
 dependencies = [
  "chrono",
  "futures",
  "indexmap",
+ "libc",
  "pastey 0.2.3",
  "pin-project-lite",
  "rmcp-macros",
@@ -5943,9 +6194,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rmcp-macros"
-version = "3.5.0"
+version = "3.7.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c7e66877136e969d5a2d561ee5841b17717a0619aebd64abb47a2a2f46e34683"
+checksum = "967fa7f7935d7d6217d593df0e8e5c9307bcaf256974a5a9ee64476c97735389"
 dependencies = [
  "darling",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -5954,6 +6205,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 3.0.6",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "roff"
+version = "1.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "323c417e1d9665a65b263ec744ba09030cfb277e9daa0b018a4ab62e57bc8189"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "ron"
 version = "0.12.2"
@@ -6041,7 +6298,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "errno",
  "libc",
  "linux-raw-sys 0.12.1",
- "windows-sys 0.61.2",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -6056,12 +6313,14 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustls"
-version = "0.23.45"
+version = "0.23.46"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0d41d731c7d2f962d1ccc364cec258de3c0e93b38c2fb3ba97ac74513048d634"
+checksum = "48e13bd8c0e9365c43cfa5c9e8f9ad49d3c8444926c9aac819e0e4dc503c8fdf"
 dependencies = [
  "aws-lc-rs",
+ "log",
  "once_cell",
+ "ring",
  "rustls-pki-types",
  "rustls-webpki",
  "subtle",
@@ -6108,7 +6367,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "security-framework",
  "security-framework-sys",
  "webpki-root-certs",
- "windows-sys 0.61.2",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -6206,9 +6465,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "schemars"
-version = "1.2.2"
+version = "1.2.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "687274d293b6cdc6e73e0fee520bf2049650090d7164f87672d212a3c530cf4a"
+checksum = "ab508826f74a77ca9d5aba6ff19b522583ee3eaf28a19384ff3d0e5835fadf6e"
 dependencies = [
  "chrono",
  "dyn-clone",
@@ -6220,9 +6479,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "schemars_derive"
-version = "1.2.2"
+version = "1.2.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d98c67716b46af2f0b8cf752abc930f6f9aecfbf671ecfb531db8a31dbe4e2ba"
+checksum = "e1c3a92094fa7d61aa124645844facb6b554dfc797136d0f5fd1f890e2bffc69"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -6276,6 +6535,16 @@ name = "semver"
 version = "1.0.28"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8a7852d02fc848982e0c167ef163aaff9cd91dc640ba85e263cb1ce46fae51cd"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde",
+ "serde_core",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "send_wrapper"
+version = "0.6.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "cd0b0ec5f1c1ca621c432a25813d8d60c88abe6d3e08a3eb9cf37d97a0fe3d73"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
@@ -6320,9 +6589,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_json"
-version = "1.0.151"
+version = "1.0.154"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c841b55ecdae098c80dcae9cf767f6f8a0c2cdb3416bbef72181df4d0fe73f14"
+checksum = "e7e9cc8b1b85264074fbcc02a88680c4096b1e47df8f739dceb03bf482f04bd6"
 dependencies = [
  "itoa",
  "memchr",
@@ -6973,10 +7242,10 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "32497e9a4c7b38532efcdebeef879707aa9f794296a4f0244f6f69e9bc8574bd"
 dependencies = [
  "fastrand",
- "getrandom 0.4.3",
+ "getrandom 0.3.4",
  "once_cell",
  "rustix 1.1.5",
- "windows-sys 0.61.2",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -7042,6 +7311,36 @@ dependencies = [
  "zune-jpeg 0.5.15",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "time"
+version = "0.3.55"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "cdb87b95ec50ddfa440816d227a17b2ccbdda963a316a727fda0fc4334f7d134"
+dependencies = [
+ "deranged",
+ "num-conv",
+ "powerfmt",
+ "serde_core",
+ "time-core",
+ "time-macros",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "time-core"
+version = "0.1.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9e1c906769ad99c88eaa54e728060edef082f8e358ff32030cb7c7d315e81109"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "time-macros"
+version = "0.2.32"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7e689342a48d2ea927c87ea50cabf8594854bf940e9310208848d680d668ed85"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-conv",
+ "time-core",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "tiny-skia"
 version = "0.11.4"
@@ -7118,9 +7417,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tokio"
-version = "1.53.1"
+version = "1.54.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "202caea871b69668250d242070849eb495be178ed697a3e98aebce5bc81a0bed"
+checksum = "b52fd3255258d26fac7264ab5a76b53c13367136dc011d3d6ad4f8ed070396a3"
 dependencies = [
  "bytes",
  "libc",
@@ -7356,6 +7655,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustc-hash 2.1.3",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "typed-path"
+version = "0.13.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9ce898823d8cd0f028662d2f349694b1af0a5cc9be83f1d213a00d3147445e1e"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "typeid"
 version = "1.0.3"
@@ -7457,6 +7762,35 @@ version = "0.9.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8ecb6da28b8a351d773b68d5825ac39017e680750f980f3a1a85cd8dd28a47c1"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ureq"
+version = "3.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "cde93ff05758a36a851a398a772b0b79a82fbe3c186a46f2696baaeaf84c966b"
+dependencies = [
+ "base64 0.23.1",
+ "flate2",
+ "log",
+ "percent-encoding",
+ "rustls",
+ "rustls-pki-types",
+ "rustls-platform-verifier",
+ "ureq-proto",
+ "utf8-zero",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ureq-proto"
+version = "0.6.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "841583fc36089d7d59419568ae157f43a5a03a2e5a81ba87c77d1596ef46e922"
+dependencies = [
+ "base64 0.23.1",
+ "http",
+ "httparse",
+ "log",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "url"
 version = "2.5.8"
@@ -7496,12 +7830,24 @@ dependencies = [
  "xmlwriter",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "utf8-zero"
+version = "0.8.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b8c0a043c9540bae7c578c88f91dda8bd82e59ae27c21baca69c8b191aaf5a6e"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "utf8_iter"
 version = "1.0.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b6c140620e7ffbb22c2dee59cafe6084a59b5ffc27a8859a5f0d494b5d52b6be"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "utf8parse"
+version = "0.2.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "06abde3611657adf66d383f00b093d7faecc7fa57071cce2578660c9f1010821"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "uuid"
 version = "1.26.1"
@@ -7527,9 +7873,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "vello_common"
-version = "0.1.0"
+version = "0.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b2e9aed918117e8152c9eddfd8362d73c465c23f26c44786aa331707b8a64fa2"
+checksum = "bbb2141a2bca6e6d598e471fd4d1d7eed8e020aad6a28187edda07f091a325dd"
 dependencies = [
  "bytemuck",
  "fearless_simd",
@@ -7542,9 +7888,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "vello_cpu"
-version = "0.1.0"
+version = "0.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ac7349e1f55f6b801c7c277958df4ea53e7f20f21e8014910ad888b2ecda93ea"
+checksum = "ace506ca414548966fcf3c283be94eb1cad8254de488791ee698bf438b0890a9"
 dependencies = [
  "bytemuck",
  "glifo",
@@ -7552,6 +7898,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "vello_common",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "verifysign"
+version = "1.0.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6acfcc42a8d44f340d001193d97ef56bf33210b51ad760ae8308c97d5241ca51"
+dependencies = [
+ "core-foundation 0.10.1",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "version-compare"
 version = "0.2.1"
@@ -7665,12 +8021,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-encoder"
-version = "0.261.0"
+version = "0.262.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2608e8bb6d67fd68f5a8d0eb1363d6e7bcbc1f8ded5a0bd3a1e382462b876b22"
+checksum = "4495a6f85dd94c411c749303efcbc5defade0b0cbdbc0541495241ab917a9b5a"
 dependencies = [
  "leb128fmt",
- "wasmparser 0.261.0",
+ "wasmparser 0.262.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -7725,9 +8081,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmparser"
-version = "0.261.0"
+version = "0.262.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4f20f20e44f7e8aeb6744823ea9d869ede51e51be4fdaedede2852282e54d2d8"
+checksum = "974d643b125b272607e2fff8012ea14a8328acd7621e4bafa7afb32500052b1b"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.13.2",
  "indexmap",
@@ -7736,9 +8092,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wast"
-version = "261.0.0"
+version = "262.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "776443145731a4062e5b0d392892a2005909b6ab72d9fdc3cad53dd1a714e44a"
+checksum = "30612a0c29249b5f185888a107e8a519d920226b7d07f9d351fd094e9f75eb23"
 dependencies = [
  "bumpalo",
  "leb128fmt",
@@ -7749,9 +8105,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wat"
-version = "1.261.0"
+version = "1.262.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a7b4d1a49ea73a8f3326e74e3a05db667001b16bd1035ed3356fc1a0ed05ca7f"
+checksum = "e228027f2b07bbaf946980ebbe2437fca73be6f54c40c2a8d4f42f277075f8d1"
 dependencies = [
  "wast",
 ]
@@ -7875,7 +8231,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "338e30461b3a2b67d70eb30a6d89f8e0c93a833e07d2ae89085cd070c4a00ac0"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
- "quick-xml",
+ "quick-xml 0.41.0",
  "quote",
 ]
 
@@ -8069,7 +8425,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "naga",
  "naga-types",
  "ndk-sys",
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
  "objc2-core-foundation",
  "objc2-core-graphics",
  "objc2-foundation 0.3.2",
@@ -8130,15 +8486,37 @@ version = "1.2.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "72069c3113ab32ab29e5584db3c6ec55d416895e60715417b5b883a357c3e471"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi"
+version = "0.3.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5c839a674fcd7a98952e593242ea400abe93992746761e38641405d28b00f419"
+dependencies = [
+ "winapi-i686-pc-windows-gnu",
+ "winapi-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi-i686-pc-windows-gnu"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ac3b87c63620426dd9b991e5ce0329eff545bccbbb34f3be09ff6fb6ab51b7b6"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "winapi-util"
 version = "0.1.11"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c2a7b1c03c876122aa43f3020e6c3c3ee5c05081c9a00739faf7503aeba10d22"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-sys 0.61.2",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "712e227841d057c1ee1cd2fb22fa7e5a5461ae8e48fa2ca79ec42cfc1931183f"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "windows"
 version = "0.62.2"
@@ -8257,7 +8635,7 @@ version = "0.52.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "282be5f36a8ce781fad8c8ae18fa3f9beff57ec1b52cb3de0789201425d9a33d"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-targets 0.52.6",
+ "windows-targets",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -8266,16 +8644,7 @@ version = "0.59.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1e38bc4d79ed67fd075bcc251a1c39b32a1776bbe92e5bef1f0bf1f8c531853b"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-targets 0.52.6",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "windows-sys"
-version = "0.60.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f2f500e4d28234f72040990ec9d39e3a6b950f9f22d3dba18416c35882612bcb"
-dependencies = [
- "windows-targets 0.53.5",
+ "windows-targets",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -8293,31 +8662,14 @@ version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9b724f72796e036ab90c1021d4780d4d3d648aca59e491e6b98e725b84e99973"
 dependencies = [
- "windows_aarch64_gnullvm 0.52.6",
- "windows_aarch64_msvc 0.52.6",
- "windows_i686_gnu 0.52.6",
- "windows_i686_gnullvm 0.52.6",
- "windows_i686_msvc 0.52.6",
- "windows_x86_64_gnu 0.52.6",
- "windows_x86_64_gnullvm 0.52.6",
- "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.52.6",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "windows-targets"
-version = "0.53.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4945f9f551b88e0d65f3db0bc25c33b8acea4d9e41163edf90dcd0b19f9069f3"
-dependencies = [
- "windows-link",
- "windows_aarch64_gnullvm 0.53.1",
- "windows_aarch64_msvc 0.53.1",
- "windows_i686_gnu 0.53.1",
- "windows_i686_gnullvm 0.53.1",
- "windows_i686_msvc 0.53.1",
- "windows_x86_64_gnu 0.53.1",
- "windows_x86_64_gnullvm 0.53.1",
- "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.53.1",
+ "windows_aarch64_gnullvm",
+ "windows_aarch64_msvc",
+ "windows_i686_gnu",
+ "windows_i686_gnullvm",
+ "windows_i686_msvc",
+ "windows_x86_64_gnu",
+ "windows_x86_64_gnullvm",
+ "windows_x86_64_msvc",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -8335,101 +8687,52 @@ version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "32a4622180e7a0ec044bb555404c800bc9fd9ec262ec147edd5989ccd0c02cd3"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_aarch64_gnullvm"
-version = "0.53.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a9d8416fa8b42f5c947f8482c43e7d89e73a173cead56d044f6a56104a6d1b53"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
 version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "09ec2a7bb152e2252b53fa7803150007879548bc709c039df7627cabbd05d469"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
-version = "0.53.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b9d782e804c2f632e395708e99a94275910eb9100b2114651e04744e9b125006"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_gnu"
 version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8e9b5ad5ab802e97eb8e295ac6720e509ee4c243f69d781394014ebfe8bbfa0b"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_i686_gnu"
-version = "0.53.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "960e6da069d81e09becb0ca57a65220ddff016ff2d6af6a223cf372a506593a3"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_gnullvm"
 version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0eee52d38c090b3caa76c563b86c3a4bd71ef1a819287c19d586d7334ae8ed66"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_i686_gnullvm"
-version = "0.53.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fa7359d10048f68ab8b09fa71c3daccfb0e9b559aed648a8f95469c27057180c"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_msvc"
 version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "240948bc05c5e7c6dabba28bf89d89ffce3e303022809e73deaefe4f6ec56c66"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_i686_msvc"
-version = "0.53.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1e7ac75179f18232fe9c285163565a57ef8d3c89254a30685b57d83a38d326c2"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
 version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "147a5c80aabfbf0c7d901cb5895d1de30ef2907eb21fbbab29ca94c5b08b1a78"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
-version = "0.53.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9c3842cdd74a865a8066ab39c8a7a473c0778a3f29370b5fd6b4b9aa7df4a499"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
 version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "24d5b23dc417412679681396f2b49f3de8c1473deb516bd34410872eff51ed0d"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
-version = "0.53.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0ffa179e2d07eee8ad8f57493436566c7cc30ac536a3379fdf008f47f6bb7ae1"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
 version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "589f6da84c646204747d1270a2a5661ea66ed1cced2631d546fdfb155959f9ec"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
-version = "0.53.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d6bbff5f0aada427a1e5a6da5f1f98158182f26556f345ac9e04d36d0ebed650"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "winit"
 version = "0.30.13"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a6755fa58a9f8350bd1e472d4c3fcc25f824ec358933bba33306d0b63df5978d"
+source = "git+https://github.com/storytold/winit.git?rev=a517b3846ee8457d84ee4975110bfda6797c44dc#a517b3846ee8457d84ee4975110bfda6797c44dc"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash",
  "android-activity",
@@ -8507,10 +8810,20 @@ dependencies = [
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "winresource"
-version = "0.1.31"
+name = "winreg"
+version = "0.55.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0986a8b1d586b7d3e4fe3d9ea39fb451ae22869dcea4aa109d287a374d866087"
+checksum = "cb5a765337c50e9ec252c2069be9bf91c7df47afb103b642ba3a53bf8101be97"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winresource"
+version = "0.1.34"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a2bc6d36480b829272a5bdabf08e6dca8004761c1da7e35efef800540c66221b"
 dependencies = [
  "toml",
  "version_check",
@@ -8639,7 +8952,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "image",
  "libwayshot-xcap",
  "log",
- "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2 0.6.5",
  "objc2-app-kit 0.3.2",
  "objc2-av-foundation",
  "objc2-core-foundation",
@@ -8668,7 +8981,7 @@ checksum = "a6c2ad15e0e922856ee89afe862b8992334bbe7953adad56cd1199358cb30566"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.13.2",
  "libc",
- "quick-xml",
+ "quick-xml 0.41.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -8716,8 +9029,9 @@ checksum = "ec7a2a501ed189703dba8b08142f057e887dfc4b2cc4db2d343ac6376ba3e0b9"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "xtask"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
+ "chrono",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
  "toml",
@@ -8965,6 +9279,23 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 3.0.6",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "zip"
+version = "9.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2886b00003a72c4ccee3f42cfc34908d33b2508a74d827dc2a4244706475c704"
+dependencies = [
+ "crc32fast",
+ "flate2",
+ "getrandom 0.4.3",
+ "indexmap",
+ "memchr",
+ "nix",
+ "typed-path",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
+ "zopfli",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "zlib-rs"
 version = "0.6.8"
@@ -8977,6 +9308,18 @@ version = "1.0.23"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "29666d0abbfad1e3dc4dcf6144730dd3a3ab225bbbdac83319345b1b44ccfc1b"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "zopfli"
+version = "0.8.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "aaf7fc5d30c28483d93805c4a5e12b05bbb52407fa67c5f8bd552374cd01fb11"
+dependencies = [
+ "bumpalo",
+ "crc32fast",
+ "log",
+ "simd-adler32",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "zune-core"
 version = "0.4.12"
@@ -9065,3 +9408,18 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 3.0.6",
  "winnow",
 ]
+
+[[patch.unused]]
+name = "egui_demo_lib"
+version = "0.37.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/storytold/egui.git?rev=6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a#6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a"
+
+[[patch.unused]]
+name = "egui_inspection"
+version = "0.37.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/storytold/egui.git?rev=6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a#6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a"
+
+[[patch.unused]]
+name = "egui_system_font_provider"
+version = "0.37.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/storytold/egui.git?rev=6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a#6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index c3fdd1e10c..a3b0ca4b36 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@ members = ["crates/*", "apps/*", "xtask"]
 default-members = ["crates/*", "apps/photocraft", "apps/photocraft-cli", "xtask"]
 
 [workspace.package]
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.16.0"
 edition = "2024"
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 rust-version = "1.95"
 
 [workspace.dependencies]
-craft-ui = { git = "https://github.com/storytold/craft-libs", rev = "5c874d51eeb3de70e735c8ce87a59a7dedd47675", features = ["serde"] }
+craft-ui = { git = "https://github.com/storytold/craft-libs", rev = "495e5971bc024aa96e6ed318cb6e7cd3a0103184", features = ["serde"] }
 # internal
 photocraft-geom = { path = "crates/geom" }
 photocraft-color = { path = "crates/color" }
@@ -39,11 +39,16 @@ photocraft-tablet = { path = "crates/tablet" }
 photocraft-ipp = { path = "crates/ipp" }
 
 # external
-craft-print = { git = "https://github.com/storytold/craft-libs", rev = "3d37da389a3618ab9b76109da11416e9ca4ea719" }
-craft-docpath = { version = "0.1.0", git = "https://github.com/storytold/craft-libs", rev = "82a24b006eefa036b43c09a67fb9a3fbd17ffe63" }
+craft-print = { git = "https://github.com/storytold/craft-libs", rev = "495e5971bc024aa96e6ed318cb6e7cd3a0103184" }
+craft-docpath = { version = "0.1.0", git = "https://github.com/storytold/craft-libs", rev = "495e5971bc024aa96e6ed318cb6e7cd3a0103184" }
+craft-jpeg = { git = "https://github.com/storytold/craft-libs", rev = "495e5971bc024aa96e6ed318cb6e7cd3a0103184" }
+craft-update = { git = "https://github.com/storytold/craft-libs", version = "=0.1.0", rev = "495e5971bc024aa96e6ed318cb6e7cd3a0103184", features = ["egui"] }
 thiserror = "2"
 serde = { version = "1", features = ["derive", "rc"] }
 serde_json = "1"
+clap = { version = "4", features = ["derive", "env"] }
+clap_complete = "4.6.11"
+clap_mangen = { version = "0.3.3", features = ["env"] }
 arc-swap = "1"
 bytemuck = { version = "1", features = ["derive"] }
 flate2 = { version = "1", default-features = false, features = ["rust_backend"] }
@@ -52,16 +57,20 @@ image = { version = "0.25", default-features = false }
 zune-core = "0.5"
 zune-jpeg = "0.5"
 proptest = "1"
-eframe = { version = "0.36", default-features = false }
+eframe = { version = "0.37", default-features = false }
 # Without `default_fonts`, which embeds egui's fonts uncompressed: ui-egui ships them deflated
 # (egui_fonts.rs; the web build's size gate).
-egui = { version = "0.36", default-features = false }
-egui_kittest = "0.36"
+egui = { version = "0.37", default-features = false }
+egui_kittest = "0.37"
 rfd = "0.17"
 log = "0.4"
+# All date/time conversion goes through chrono (no hand-rolled calendar code beyond the 400-year range extension; AGENTS.md).
+chrono = { version = "0.4.45", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 rayon = "1"
-criterion = { version = "0.5", default-features = false }
+criterion = { version = "0.8", default-features = false }
 getrandom = "0.3"
+# Monotonic clock on native and wasm (screenshot deadlines: a wall clock can jump).
+web-time = "1"
 
 [workspace.lints.rust]
 unsafe_code = "forbid"
@@ -70,15 +79,18 @@ unsafe_code = "forbid"
 dbg_macro = "warn"
 todo = "warn"
 
+# Dependencies carry no debug info: their frames in a backtrace lose file:line, and the target dir
+# and link times shrink. The test profile inherits both settings.
 [profile.dev.package."*"]
 opt-level = 2
+debug = false
 
 [profile.dev]
 opt-level = 1
 # Line tables keep file:line in panic backtraces but drop variable info, which roughly halves link
-# time and PDB size for the ~260 test binaries (#2204). CI sets the same through
-# CARGO_PROFILE_DEV_DEBUG (and no debuginfo at all for the Windows tests). To inspect locals in a
-# debugger, build with CARGO_PROFILE_DEV_DEBUG=true.
+# time and PDB size for the test binaries (#2204). CI's Windows legs build with no debuginfo at all
+# (CARGO_PROFILE_DEV_DEBUG=0). To inspect locals in a debugger, build with
+# CARGO_PROFILE_DEV_DEBUG=true.
 debug = "line-tables-only"
 
 # Test builds compile ui-egui without optimization: its library and unit tests were the biggest
@@ -167,3 +179,20 @@ opt-level = "z"
 [profile.wasm-release.package.photocraft-paint]
 opt-level = 3
 
+# Keep the complete egui family and native event bridge on reviewed fork commits.
+[patch.crates-io]
+ecolor = { git = "https://github.com/storytold/egui.git", rev = "6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a" }
+emath = { git = "https://github.com/storytold/egui.git", rev = "6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a" }
+epaint = { git = "https://github.com/storytold/egui.git", rev = "6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a" }
+epaint_default_fonts = { git = "https://github.com/storytold/egui.git", rev = "6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a" }
+egui = { git = "https://github.com/storytold/egui.git", rev = "6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a" }
+egui-winit = { git = "https://github.com/storytold/egui.git", rev = "6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a" }
+egui-wgpu = { git = "https://github.com/storytold/egui.git", rev = "6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a" }
+egui_glow = { git = "https://github.com/storytold/egui.git", rev = "6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a" }
+egui_extras = { git = "https://github.com/storytold/egui.git", rev = "6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a" }
+egui_kittest = { git = "https://github.com/storytold/egui.git", rev = "6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a" }
+egui_system_font_provider = { git = "https://github.com/storytold/egui.git", rev = "6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a" }
+eframe = { git = "https://github.com/storytold/egui.git", rev = "6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a" }
+egui_demo_lib = { git = "https://github.com/storytold/egui.git", rev = "6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a" }
+egui_inspection = { git = "https://github.com/storytold/egui.git", rev = "6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a" }
+winit = { git = "https://github.com/storytold/winit.git", rev = "a517b3846ee8457d84ee4975110bfda6797c44dc" }
diff --git a/NOTICE b/NOTICE
index a7302a940c..6250865673 100644
--- a/NOTICE
+++ b/NOTICE
@@ -22,3 +22,20 @@ Builds made with craft-fonts (CRAFT_FONTS_DIR; all official releases) also embed
 https://github.com/storytold/craft-fonts/blob/main/ATTRIBUTION.md (today BIZ UDPGothic, Shippori Mincho and
 BIZ UDMincho; not the web build), under the SIL Open Font License 1.1. Their licence texts
 ship with the package as OFL-<family>.txt.
+
+The egui-icons font subset is embedded from epaint_default_fonts by crates/ui-egui/build.rs
+and registered in the native and web fallback stacks by crates/ui-egui/src/egui_fonts.rs.
+It is a subset of emoji-icon-font by John Slegers; the same upstream MIT license applies.
+Source: https://github.com/storytold/egui/tree/6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a/crates/epaint_default_fonts/fonts
+Original: https://github.com/jslegers/emoji-icon-font
+The following notice is reproduced verbatim from emoji-icon-font-mit-license.txt:
+
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2014 John Slegers
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 538e34d047..a22f1aee26 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -185,8 +185,8 @@ Every screenshot here is the real app at work on public-domain art, rendered off
 <table>
   <tr>
     <td width="33%" valign="top">
-      <h4>🧰 67 tools</h4>
-      Move · Artboard · Rectangular and Elliptical Marquee · Single Row Marquee · Single Column Marquee · Lasso · Polygonal Lasso · Magnetic Lasso · Object Selection · Quick Selection · Magic Wand · Crop · Perspective Crop · Slice · Slice Select · Frame · Eyedropper · Color Sampler · Ruler · Note · Count · Remove · Spot Healing Brush · Healing Brush · Patch · Content-Aware Move · Red Eye · Brush · Pencil · Mixer Brush · Color Replacement · Clone Stamp · Pattern Stamp · History Brush · Eraser · Background Eraser · Magic Eraser · Gradient · Paint Bucket · Blur · Sharpen · Smudge · Dodge · Burn · Sponge · Pen · Freeform Pen · Curvature Pen · Add Anchor Point · Delete Anchor Point · Convert Point · Horizontal and Vertical Type · Horizontal and Vertical Type Mask · Path Selection · Direct Selection · Rectangle · Ellipse · Triangle · Polygon · Line · Custom Shape · Hand · Rotate View · Zoom
+      <h4>🧰 68 tools</h4>
+      Move · Artboard · Rectangular and Elliptical Marquee · Single Row Marquee · Single Column Marquee · Lasso · Polygonal Lasso · Magnetic Lasso · Object Selection · Quick Selection · Magic Wand · Crop · Perspective Crop · Slice · Slice Select · Frame · Eyedropper · Color Sampler · Ruler · Note · Count · Remove · Spot Healing Brush · Healing Brush · Patch · Content-Aware Move · Red Eye · Brush · Pencil · Mixer Brush · Color Replacement · Clone Stamp · Pattern Stamp · History Brush · Art History Brush · Eraser · Background Eraser · Magic Eraser · Gradient · Paint Bucket · Blur · Sharpen · Smudge · Dodge · Burn · Sponge · Pen · Freeform Pen · Curvature Pen · Add Anchor Point · Delete Anchor Point · Convert Point · Horizontal and Vertical Type · Horizontal and Vertical Type Mask · Path Selection · Direct Selection · Rectangle · Ellipse · Triangle · Polygon · Line · Custom Shape · Hand · Rotate View · Zoom
     </td>
     <td width="33%" valign="top">
       <h4>🖌️ A real brush engine</h4>
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ Every screenshot here is the real app at work on public-domain art, rendered off
 
 PhotoCraft's PSD support is a standalone crate written from Adobe's public specification and tested against a corpus of real-world files.
 
-- **Faithful round trips:** opening and re-saving a document renders the same for 307 of the 309 files in the psd-tools test set and 169 of 170 in our mixed ag-psd/psd-tools set (`crates/io/tests/corpus.rs`; fetch the psd-tools set with `cargo xtask corpus --psd-tools`), and anything we don't model yet (raw blocks, descriptors, extras) is carried over instead of being dropped. A re-saved file is not byte-identical to its source: PhotoCraft rewrites image resources, layer records and the composite. Only the standalone `photocraft-psd` crate, parsing and writing a file without the document model, reproduces every parseable corpus file byte for byte (`crates/psd/tests/corpus.rs`).
+- **Faithful round trips:** opening and re-saving a document renders the same for 307 of the 309 files in the psd-tools test set and 169 of 170 in our mixed ag-psd/psd-tools set (`crates/io/tests/it/corpus.rs`; fetch the psd-tools set with `cargo xtask corpus --psd-tools`), and anything we don't model yet (raw blocks, descriptors, extras) is carried over instead of being dropped. A re-saved file is not byte-identical to its source: PhotoCraft rewrites image resources, layer records and the composite. Only the standalone `photocraft-psd` crate, parsing and writing a file without the document model, reproduces every parseable corpus file byte for byte (`crates/psd/tests/it/corpus.rs`).
 - **Pixels that match:** a composite oracle compares our render with Photoshop's own merged image, covering gradient interpolation (Classic, Perceptual and Linear), layer effects, shape strokes, clipping and fill opacity.
 - **Large documents:** PSB, 16 and 32-bit files, and CMYK and Lab documents open natively.
 
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ sha256-verified. Fetch them with `cargo xtask corpus --all` and run the tests wi
 
 **New to PhotoCraft?** Download it from the [PhotoCraft page on getartcraft.com](https://getartcraft.com/apps/photocraft). That's the easiest way to install it.
 
-**Want a specific build or format?** On GitHub, the [latest release](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/releases/latest) has every build listed below, and [all releases](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/releases) has earlier versions and their notes. `<ver>` in the file names is the version number, and `SHA256SUMS.txt` lists a checksum for every file.
+**Want a specific build or format?** On GitHub, the [latest release](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/releases/latest) has every build listed below, and [all releases](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/releases) have earlier versions and their notes. `<ver>` in the file names is the version number, and `SHA256SUMS.txt` lists a checksum for every file.
 
 ### Windows
 
diff --git a/ROADMAP.md b/ROADMAP.md
index f41b71bfc9..829ff75af8 100644
--- a/ROADMAP.md
+++ b/ROADMAP.md
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 **Stage: alpha** · next: beta, ~30 points (ready for real work ~45% → ~75%, with reliable PSD) and ~1,100–1,800 h away
 
-> **Last reviewed:** 2026-10-11 · **Last updated:** 2026-10-13 · **Change:** minor (oracle floor 145 of 258 and 953 open issues, as in gaps.md and on GitHub; toolbox count 56 of 68, 12 missing) · **Target:** Adobe Photoshop 2026
+> **Last reviewed:** 2026-10-17 · **Last updated:** 2026-10-17 · **Change:** minor (Object Finder retains large enclosed foregrounds (#6548); Russian catalog covers every dynamic label; previously minor: oracle floor 145 of 258 and 953 open issues, as in gaps.md and on GitHub; toolbox count 56 of 68, 12 missing) · **Target:** Adobe Photoshop 2026
 
 PhotoCraft's one-page summary of how close it is to Adobe Photoshop 2026 (27.11.0, measured from
 the installed app on 2026-10-10) at version 0.6.0. Detail: [target-app parity](docs/target-app-parity.md)
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ because engine messages are still English. Detail: [localization-parity](docs/lo
 | Korean | `ko` | 100% | partial |
 | Vietnamese | `vi` | 0% | none |
 
-Also shipped: Traditional Chinese, Russian, Ukrainian, Czech, Polish, Greek, Dutch, Italian (8).
+Also shipped: Traditional Chinese, Russian (every dynamic label, [notes](docs/localization-ru.md)), Ukrainian, Czech, Polish, Greek, Dutch, Italian (8).
 
 ## Upcoming
 
@@ -122,6 +122,7 @@ Detail and the next releases: [docs/roadmap.md](docs/roadmap.md).
 
 | Date | Entry |
 |---|---|
+| 2026-10-17 | Object Finder classifies background by boundary coverage, retaining large enclosed foregrounds and rejecting surrounding backdrop (#6548); learned segmentation remains open (#2788) |
 | 2026-10-10 | Full re-measure against Photoshop 2026 27.11.0 (installed bundle inspected): breadth ~76%, ready ~45%, alpha. Progress docs reorganized to the craftrules standard (`parity.md` → `parity-checklist.md`, `parity-estimate.md` merged into `target-app-parity.md`). 0.6.0 released. |
 | 2026-10-09 | Remove tool, Rotate View, crop rotation; OpenRaster and Paint.NET; 39 Affinity documents in the corpus |
 | 2026-10-08 | 0.5.0. Affinity import; Magnetic Lasso, Pattern Stamp, Mixer Brush, Pencil, Patch, Vertical Type on the toolbar |
@@ -135,7 +136,9 @@ Detail and the next releases: [docs/roadmap.md](docs/roadmap.md).
 
 | Date | Change | Summary |
 |---|---|---|
-| 2026-10-13 | minor | Focus item 1 quoted the oracle floor as 133 of 256; it is 145 of 258 (`crates/io/tests/corpus.rs`, gaps.md G1). Open issues 579 → 953 (2026-10-13) |
+| 2026-10-17 | minor | Object Finder retains large enclosed foregrounds (#6548) |
+| 2026-10-13 | minor | Focus item 1 quoted the oracle floor as 133 of 256; it is 145 of 258 (`crates/io/tests/it/corpus.rs`, gaps.md G1). Open issues 579 → 953 (2026-10-13) |
+| 2026-10-15 | minor | Russian catalog covers every dynamic UI label the other catalogs translate |
 | 2026-10-11 | minor | Toolbox count 56 of 68 (12 missing) with the Convert Point tool (#3204) |
 | 2026-10-10 | minor | Readiness by audience with hours per tier |
 | 2026-10-10 | minor | Mainstream-practitioner and essentials-user numbers added |
diff --git a/apps/photocraft-cli/Cargo.toml b/apps/photocraft-cli/Cargo.toml
index f4848f379a..94e04b518a 100644
--- a/apps/photocraft-cli/Cargo.toml
+++ b/apps/photocraft-cli/Cargo.toml
@@ -28,9 +28,19 @@ photocraft-engine = { workspace = true }
 photocraft-io = { workspace = true }
 photocraft-format = { path = "../../crates/format" }
 photocraft-codecs = { workspace = true }
+clap = { workspace = true }
 serde_json = { workspace = true }
+thiserror = { workspace = true }
 tokio = { version = "1", features = ["rt-multi-thread", "macros"] }
 
+[dev-dependencies]
+# Synthetic camera raws (#7789).
+photocraft-raw = { workspace = true, features = ["testgen"] }
+# Shell completions and man pages (examples/man-and-completions.rs, for the packages); not in
+# the binary.
+clap_complete = { workspace = true }
+clap_mangen = { workspace = true }
+
 [build-dependencies]
 # Icon + VERSIONINFO for photocraft-cli.exe; build.rs only uses it when targeting Windows.
 winresource = "0.1"
diff --git a/apps/photocraft-cli/examples/man-and-completions.rs b/apps/photocraft-cli/examples/man-and-completions.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ddb9cf0233
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/photocraft-cli/examples/man-and-completions.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+//! Writes photocraft-cli's shell completions ([`clap_complete`]: bash, zsh, fish, elvish,
+//! PowerShell) and man pages ([`clap_mangen`]: `photocraft-cli.1` and one per subcommand, such as
+//! `photocraft-cli-convert.1`) into a directory. The Linux and FreeBSD packages ship them
+//! (`packaging/linux/package.sh`, `packaging/freebsd/package.sh`):
+//!
+//! ```sh
+//! cargo run -p photocraft-cli --example man-and-completions -- <out-dir>
+//! ```
+
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::process::ExitCode;
+
+use clap::ValueEnum;
+use clap_complete::Shell;
+
+fn main() -> ExitCode {
+    let mut args = std::env::args_os().skip(1);
+    let (Some(dir), None) = (args.next(), args.next()) else {
+        eprintln!("usage: man-and-completions <out-dir>");
+        return ExitCode::from(2);
+    };
+    let dir = Path::new(&dir);
+    match generate(dir) {
+        Ok(()) => ExitCode::SUCCESS,
+        Err(e) => {
+            eprintln!("error: {}: {e}", dir.display());
+            ExitCode::FAILURE
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn generate(dir: &Path) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(dir)?;
+    let mut cmd = photocraft_cli::command();
+    for &shell in Shell::value_variants() {
+        clap_complete::generate_to(shell, &mut cmd, "photocraft-cli", dir)?;
+    }
+    // A fresh command: `clap_complete::generate_to` built `cmd`, adding the `help` subcommand,
+    // which `clap_mangen` would otherwise give pages of its own (`photocraft-cli-help-convert.1`).
+    clap_mangen::generate_to(photocraft_cli::command(), dir)
+}
diff --git a/apps/photocraft-cli/src/actions.rs b/apps/photocraft-cli/src/actions.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4d494c8a82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/photocraft-cli/src/actions.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+use photocraft_engine::actions_cmds::Action;
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+
+/// Why an actions file can't be played.
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+pub enum ActionsError {
+    #[error("actions JSON: {0}")]
+    Json(#[source] serde_json::Error),
+    /// The steps don't parse ([`photocraft_engine::automate_cmds::parse_action`]).
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    Steps(#[from] photocraft_engine::EngineError),
+    #[error("--action picks an action from an Actions set ({{\"actions\": [{{\"name\", \"steps\"}}…]}}), but this file holds one action's steps")]
+    NotASet,
+    #[error("Actions set: {0}")]
+    Set(#[source] serde_json::Error),
+    #[error("no action named `{name}` in the set (it holds {})", quoted(names))]
+    NoSuchAction { name: String, names: Vec<String> },
+    #[error("the Actions set holds {} actions: pick one with --action <name> ({})", names.len(), quoted(names))]
+    PickOne { names: Vec<String> },
+    #[error("{}: {source}", path.display())]
+    Read { path: PathBuf, source: std::io::Error },
+    #[error("{}: {source}", path.display())]
+    Utf8 { path: PathBuf, source: std::string::FromUtf8Error },
+    /// A Photoshop Actions file that doesn't import ([`photocraft_engine::atn_cmds::import`]).
+    #[error("{}: {message}", path.display())]
+    Atn { path: PathBuf, message: String },
+    #[error("no action named `{name}` in the set `{set}` (it holds {})", quoted(names))]
+    NoSuchAtnAction { name: String, set: String, names: Vec<String> },
+    #[error("{}: the set holds no actions", path.display())]
+    EmptyAtn { path: PathBuf },
+    #[error("the set `{set}` holds {} actions: pick one with --action <name> ({})", names.len(), quoted(names))]
+    PickOneAtn { set: String, names: Vec<String> },
+}
+
+/// `` `a`, `b` ``: the action names an error lists.
+fn quoted(names: &[String]) -> String {
+    names.iter().map(|n| format!("`{n}`")).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", ")
+}
+
+fn names(actions: &[Action]) -> Vec<String> {
+    actions.iter().map(|a| a.name.clone()).collect()
+}
+
+/// Parse an actions file: the steps of a recorded action or a droplet (`[id, params]` pairs,
+/// `{"command": id, "params": {…}}` objects or bare ids; `"id"` is accepted for `"command"`), as a
+/// list or wrapped in `{"actions": […]}`, `{"steps": […]}` or a droplet (#489).
+pub fn parse_actions(text: &str) -> Result<Vec<(String, Value)>, ActionsError> {
+    let v: Value = serde_json::from_str(text).map_err(ActionsError::Json)?;
+    steps_of(&v)
+}
+
+fn steps_of(v: &Value) -> Result<Steps, ActionsError> {
+    Ok(photocraft_engine::automate_cmds::parse_action(v.get("actions").unwrap_or(v), "batch --actions")?)
+}
+
+/// Engine commands to run in order: `(id, params)`.
+pub type Steps = Vec<(String, Value)>;
+
+/// The steps `batch` plays on each file, and the actions they can call. An Actions set (the
+/// Actions panel's `actions.json`: `{"actions": [{"name", "steps"}…]}`, or the bare list) plays
+/// the action `name` picks (optional when the set holds one) with the whole set loaded, as
+/// Photoshop's Batch does; anything else is one action's steps ([`parse_actions`]) (#2786).
+pub fn load_actions(text: &str, name: Option<&str>) -> Result<(Steps, Vec<Action>), ActionsError> {
+    let v: Value = serde_json::from_str(text).map_err(ActionsError::Json)?;
+    let list = v.get("actions").unwrap_or(&v);
+    let is_set = list.as_array().is_some_and(|a| !a.is_empty() && a.iter().all(|x| x.get("name").is_some_and(Value::is_string)));
+    if !is_set {
+        if name.is_some() {
+            return Err(ActionsError::NotASet);
+        }
+        return Ok((steps_of(&v)?, Vec::new()));
+    }
+    let set: Vec<Action> = serde_json::from_value(list.clone()).map_err(ActionsError::Set)?;
+    let action = match (name, set.as_slice()) {
+        (Some(n), _) => set.iter().find(|a| a.name == n).ok_or_else(|| ActionsError::NoSuchAction { name: n.to_owned(), names: names(&set) })?,
+        (None, [only]) => only,
+        (None, _) => return Err(ActionsError::PickOne { names: names(&set) }),
+    };
+    let play = vec![("actions.play".to_string(), json!({"action": action.name}))];
+    Ok((play, set))
+}
+
+/// [`load_actions`] for a file on disk: a Photoshop Actions file (`.atn`, by extension or by
+/// its version word) is converted first; the played action's steps with no PhotoCraft
+/// equivalent come back as warnings (they fail at playback, as in Photoshop when a step can't run).
+pub fn load_actions_file(path: &Path, name: Option<&str>) -> Result<(Steps, Vec<Action>, Vec<String>), ActionsError> {
+    let bytes = std::fs::read(path).map_err(|source| ActionsError::Read { path: path.to_path_buf(), source })?;
+    let is_atn = path.extension().is_some_and(|e| e.eq_ignore_ascii_case("atn")) || bytes.starts_with(&[0, 0, 0, 16]);
+    if !is_atn {
+        let text = String::from_utf8(bytes).map_err(|source| ActionsError::Utf8 { path: path.to_path_buf(), source })?;
+        let (steps, set) = load_actions(&text, name)?;
+        return Ok((steps, set, Vec::new()));
+    }
+    let imp = photocraft_engine::atn_cmds::import(&bytes).map_err(|message| ActionsError::Atn { path: path.to_path_buf(), message })?;
+    let action = match (name, imp.actions.as_slice()) {
+        (Some(n), _) => imp.actions.iter().find(|a| a.name == n).ok_or_else(|| ActionsError::NoSuchAtnAction {
+            name: n.to_owned(),
+            set: imp.set.clone(),
+            names: names(&imp.actions),
+        })?,
+        (None, [only]) => only,
+        (None, []) => return Err(ActionsError::EmptyAtn { path: path.to_path_buf() }),
+        (None, _) => return Err(ActionsError::PickOneAtn { set: imp.set.clone(), names: names(&imp.actions) }),
+    };
+    let warnings = imp
+        .unsupported
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|u| u.action == action.name)
+        .map(|u| format!("`{}` step {}: Photoshop's \"{}\" ({}) has no PhotoCraft equivalent yet", u.action, u.step + 1, u.name, u.event))
+        .chain(imp.warnings.iter().cloned())
+        .collect();
+    let play = vec![("actions.play".to_string(), json!({"action": action.name}))];
+    Ok((play, imp.actions, warnings))
+}
diff --git a/apps/photocraft-cli/src/args.rs b/apps/photocraft-cli/src/args.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..91b99ef33b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/photocraft-cli/src/args.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,428 @@
+//! The command line, as clap types. Values are parsed into their types here, so a bad one is a
+//! usage error naming its flag (exit 2) and the handlers never see it (#7071). A flag a
+//! subcommand doesn't take is a usage error too, so a typo such as `--fromat` can't be silently
+//! ignored (#423), and so is a repeated one: `--quality 80 --quality 60` is more likely a mistake
+//! than a choice. A value starting with `-` is written `--out=-image.png` (or `./-image.png`), so a
+//! value flag never takes the next flag as its value; negative numbers are kept where they mean
+//! something.
+
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+use std::fmt;
+use std::net::{Ipv4Addr, SocketAddr};
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use clap::error::ErrorKind;
+use clap::parser::ValueSource;
+use clap::{ArgAction, ArgGroup, ArgMatches, Args, CommandFactory, FromArgMatches, Parser, Subcommand};
+use photocraft_automation::args::{AutomationArgs, ControlArgs, blank_env_is_unset, conflict, control_port, name_env_vars};
+use photocraft_codecs::{JpegFormat, TiffCompression};
+use photocraft_io::{DdsCompression, DpxBits, TgaBits};
+use serde_json::Value;
+
+/// photocraft-cli: headless PhotoCraft
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[command(name = "photocraft-cli", version = photocraft_engine::build_info::long_version_static(), arg_required_else_help = true)]
+pub(crate) struct Cli {
+    #[command(subcommand)]
+    pub(crate) command: Command,
+}
+
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
+pub(crate) enum Command {
+    Convert(ConvertArgs),
+    Info(InfoArgs),
+    Run(RunArgs),
+    Batch(BatchArgs),
+    Droplet(DropletArgs),
+    Commands(CommandsArgs),
+    Mcp(McpArgs),
+    Serve(ServeArgs),
+}
+
+// How an image is written: shared by `convert`, `run` and `batch`.
+#[derive(Args)]
+pub(crate) struct ExportArgs {
+    /// Output format, overriding the output's extension (png, jpg, tif, webp, …)
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "EXT")]
+    pub(crate) format: Option<String>,
+    /// JPEG or WebP quality, 1-100. A WebP written with a quality is lossy, without one lossless
+    // allow_negative_numbers makes `--quality -1` an out-of-range value rather than an unexpected argument.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "1-100", value_parser = clap::value_parser!(u8).range(1..=100), allow_negative_numbers = true)]
+    pub(crate) quality: Option<u8>,
+    /// Keep the layers in TIFF output (Photoshop layer data); TIFF output is flat without it
+    #[arg(long)]
+    pub(crate) tiff_layers: bool,
+    /// Compress TIFF output: none (the default), lzw or zip
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "none|lzw|zip", value_parser = tiff_compression)]
+    pub(crate) tiff_compression: Option<TiffCompression>,
+    /// A TGA's bits per pixel: 32 writes the alpha channel (or else the transparency) as its
+    /// alpha, 24 none. Without it: 32 with an alpha channel or transparency, else 24
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "24|32", value_parser = tga_bits)]
+    pub(crate) tga_bits: Option<TgaBits>,
+    /// A DPX's bits per sample. Without it: 8 for an 8-bit document, else 16
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "8|10|12|16", value_parser = dpx_bits)]
+    pub(crate) dpx_bits: Option<DpxBits>,
+    /// A DDS texture's compression: none (uncompressed, the default), bc1 (DXT1: alpha on or
+    /// off), bc2 (DXT3) or bc3 (DXT5)
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "none|bc1|bc2|bc3", value_parser = dds_compression)]
+    pub(crate) dds_compression: Option<DdsCompression>,
+    /// Also write a DDS texture's full mip chain
+    #[arg(long)]
+    pub(crate) dds_mipmaps: bool,
+    /// A JPEG's scans, as JPEG Options picks them: baseline (the default), optimized (Huffman
+    /// tables fitted to the image; RGB is written 4:2:0 and keeps the standard tables, so only Gray
+    /// and CMYK shrink) or progressive
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "baseline|optimized|progressive", value_parser = jpeg_format)]
+    pub(crate) jpeg_format: Option<JpegFormat>,
+}
+
+/// Convert between formats (.pcraft, .psd, .png, .jpg, .tif, .webp, .exr, …)
+///
+/// An <OUT> that is the <IN> file is refused, as the result would replace the original;
+/// --in-place allows it.
+#[derive(Args)]
+pub(crate) struct ConvertArgs {
+    /// The file to read
+    #[arg(value_name = "IN")]
+    pub(crate) input: PathBuf,
+    /// The file to write; its extension picks the format unless --format is given
+    #[arg(value_name = "OUT")]
+    pub(crate) output: PathBuf,
+    /// Allow an <OUT> that is the <IN> file, replacing the original
+    #[arg(long)]
+    pub(crate) in_place: bool,
+    #[command(flatten)]
+    pub(crate) export: ExportArgs,
+}
+
+/// Print the document as JSON (size, mode, depth, layer tree)
+#[derive(Args)]
+pub(crate) struct InfoArgs {
+    pub(crate) file: PathBuf,
+    /// One line of JSON instead of pretty-printed
+    #[arg(long)]
+    pub(crate) compact: bool,
+}
+
+/// Open a file (or start a new document), run engine commands in order, save the result
+///
+/// Prints each command's JSON result. Give exactly one of <FILE> or --new, and at least one --cmd
+/// or --out. An --out that is the <FILE> is refused, as the result would replace the original;
+/// --in-place allows it.
+#[derive(Args)]
+#[command(group(ArgGroup::new("source").args(["file", "new"]).required(true)))]
+#[command(group(ArgGroup::new("work").args(["cmd", "out"]).required(true).multiple(true)))]
+pub(crate) struct RunArgs {
+    /// The document to open
+    pub(crate) file: Option<PathBuf>,
+    /// Start from a new document with these JSON parameters instead of opening a file
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "JSON", value_parser = json)]
+    pub(crate) new: Option<Value>,
+    /// An engine command to run; repeat for several, run in order
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "ID", action = ArgAction::Append)]
+    pub(crate) cmd: Vec<String>,
+    /// JSON parameters for the --cmd before it (default {})
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "JSON", action = ArgAction::Append, value_parser = json)]
+    pub(crate) params: Vec<Value>,
+    /// Save the result to this file
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "FILE")]
+    pub(crate) out: Option<PathBuf>,
+    /// Allow an --out that is the <FILE>, replacing the original
+    #[arg(long)]
+    pub(crate) in_place: bool,
+    #[command(flatten)]
+    pub(crate) export: ExportArgs,
+    /// `--cmd` and `--params` values in command-line order, set by [`parse`].
+    #[arg(skip)]
+    pub(crate) steps: Vec<Step>,
+}
+
+/// One `--cmd` or `--params` of `run`, in command-line order.
+pub(crate) enum Step {
+    Cmd(String),
+    Params(Value),
+}
+
+/// Apply an action list to every image in a directory
+///
+/// A Photoshop Actions file (.atn) is a set: its action --action names plays, as below. JSON steps
+/// are [id, params] pairs, {"command": id, "params": {…}} objects or bare ids, as a recorded
+/// action or droplet stores them (a list, or wrapped in {"actions": …}, {"steps": …} or a
+/// droplet). An Actions set (the Actions panel's actions.json, {"actions": [{"name", "steps"}…]})
+/// plays the action --action names (needed when the set holds more than one) with the whole set
+/// loaded, so its steps can play other actions of the set.
+#[derive(Args)]
+pub(crate) struct BatchArgs {
+    /// The action list: actions.json, a droplet, or a Photoshop Actions file (.atn)
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "FILE")]
+    pub(crate) actions: PathBuf,
+    /// Which action of an Actions set to play
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "NAME")]
+    pub(crate) action: Option<String>,
+    /// The folder of images to process
+    #[arg(long = "in", value_name = "DIR")]
+    pub(crate) in_dir: PathBuf,
+    /// The folder to write the results to, as <stem>.<ext>
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "DIR")]
+    pub(crate) out: PathBuf,
+    /// An --out folder that is the --in folder is refused, as the results would replace the
+    /// originals; --in-place allows it
+    #[arg(long)]
+    pub(crate) in_place: bool,
+    #[command(flatten)]
+    pub(crate) export: ExportArgs,
+}
+
+/// Run a droplet (File › Automate › Create Droplet) on images and folders
+#[derive(Args)]
+pub(crate) struct DropletArgs {
+    /// The droplet to run
+    #[arg(value_name = "FILE.pcdroplet")]
+    pub(crate) file: String,
+    /// Images and folders to run it on
+    #[arg(value_name = "FILE-OR-DIR", required = true)]
+    pub(crate) inputs: Vec<String>,
+    /// The folder to write the results to
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "DIR")]
+    pub(crate) out: Option<String>,
+}
+
+/// List the engine command registry
+#[derive(Args)]
+pub(crate) struct CommandsArgs {
+    /// Print the entries as JSON
+    #[arg(long)]
+    pub(crate) json: bool,
+    /// Only the commands matching this text
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "TEXT", allow_negative_numbers = true)]
+    pub(crate) filter: Option<String>,
+}
+
+/// Run the MCP server on stdio (headless engine, or bridge to a running `photocraft --control <port>`)
+///
+/// Headless: each automation root grants that direction of file access; an omitted root denies it.
+/// Prefer absolute root paths in MCP client configurations. Bridge: set the roots on the desktop
+/// app; root flags are refused. The token flags require --bridge (or PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT).
+#[derive(Args)]
+pub(crate) struct McpArgs {
+    /// Bridge to the PhotoCraft app listening here instead of a headless engine; a bare port means
+    /// 127.0.0.1:<PORT>
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "127.0.0.1:PORT", env = "PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT", value_parser = bridge)]
+    pub(crate) bridge: Option<Bridge>,
+    /// `--bridge` came from PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT, set by [`parse`].
+    #[arg(skip)]
+    pub(crate) bridge_from_env: bool,
+    #[command(flatten)]
+    pub(crate) control: ControlArgs,
+    #[command(flatten)]
+    pub(crate) automation: AutomationArgs,
+}
+
+/// Keep one headless session open and answer JSON lines on stdio, or on 127.0.0.1:<PORT>
+///
+/// Each request is a JSON line {"id", "method", "params"}. Methods: engine.execute,
+/// jobs.list/cancel, engine.commands,
+/// doc.open/new/place/save/exportLayers/exportDataSets/importDataSets/inspect/render/select/close,
+/// session.list, batch, methods (docs/control-protocol.md#headless-server). The token flags require
+/// --port (or PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT); stdio needs no control token.
+#[derive(Args)]
+pub(crate) struct ServeArgs {
+    /// Listen on 127.0.0.1:<PORT> instead of stdio
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "PORT", env = "PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT", value_parser = control_port)]
+    pub(crate) port: Option<u16>,
+    /// `--port` came from PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT, set by [`parse`].
+    #[arg(skip)]
+    pub(crate) port_from_env: bool,
+    #[command(flatten)]
+    pub(crate) control: ControlArgs,
+    #[command(flatten)]
+    pub(crate) automation: AutomationArgs,
+}
+
+/// Why a value was refused: clap prints it after the flag and its value (exit 2).
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+enum ValueError {
+    #[error("expected 24 or 32")]
+    TgaBits,
+    #[error("expected 8, 10, 12 or 16")]
+    DpxBits,
+    #[error("expected none, bc1, bc2 or bc3")]
+    DdsCompression,
+    #[error("expected none, lzw or zip")]
+    TiffCompression,
+    #[error("expected baseline, optimized or progressive")]
+    JpegFormat,
+    /// Why a `--bridge` value, or a PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT value for `mcp`, is refused.
+    #[error("expected a port, 0-65535 (--bridge also takes 127.0.0.1:<PORT>)")]
+    Bridge,
+}
+
+/// Why `parse` refuses `mcp` or `serve` options clap accepted: clap prints it as a usage error
+/// (exit 2).
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+enum ServerOptionError {
+    /// PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT holds a port, as for the desktop app's --control: only the flag
+    /// takes host:port.
+    #[error("invalid value '{0}' for 'PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT': {bridge}", bridge = ValueError::Bridge)]
+    BridgeVar(String),
+    /// With --bridge the roots are the desktop process's to set: accepting them here promises
+    /// authority the bridge can't give (#8035).
+    #[error("configure automation roots on the desktop app; --automation-read-root and --automation-write-root require headless MCP mode")]
+    BridgeRoots,
+    /// A token flag without the bridge or port that reads it would be ignored (#8035).
+    #[error("{flag} requires {transport}")]
+    NeedsTransport { flag: &'static str, transport: &'static str },
+}
+
+impl ServerOptionError {
+    fn into_clap(self, cmd: &mut clap::Command) -> clap::Error {
+        let kind = match self {
+            Self::BridgeVar(_) => ErrorKind::ValueValidation,
+            Self::BridgeRoots => ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict,
+            Self::NeedsTransport { .. } => ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument,
+        };
+        cmd.error(kind, self)
+    }
+}
+
+fn tga_bits(s: &str) -> Result<TgaBits, ValueError> {
+    s.parse().ok().and_then(TgaBits::from_bits).ok_or(ValueError::TgaBits)
+}
+
+fn dpx_bits(s: &str) -> Result<DpxBits, ValueError> {
+    s.parse().ok().and_then(DpxBits::from_bits).ok_or(ValueError::DpxBits)
+}
+
+fn dds_compression(s: &str) -> Result<DdsCompression, ValueError> {
+    DdsCompression::from_name(s).ok_or(ValueError::DdsCompression)
+}
+
+fn tiff_compression(s: &str) -> Result<TiffCompression, ValueError> {
+    match s {
+        "none" => Ok(TiffCompression::None),
+        "lzw" => Ok(TiffCompression::Lzw),
+        "zip" => Ok(TiffCompression::Deflate),
+        _ => Err(ValueError::TiffCompression),
+    }
+}
+
+fn jpeg_format(s: &str) -> Result<JpegFormat, ValueError> {
+    JpegFormat::parse(s).ok_or(ValueError::JpegFormat)
+}
+
+/// Where `mcp --bridge` connects. Shown as the address: `127.0.0.1:<PORT>` for a port.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) enum Bridge {
+    /// A bare port: the app on 127.0.0.1.
+    Port(u16),
+    /// `host:port`, as given. Whether the host is loopback is the bridge's to say.
+    Addr(String),
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for Bridge {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Bridge::Port(port) => SocketAddr::from((Ipv4Addr::LOCALHOST, *port)).fmt(f),
+            Bridge::Addr(addr) => f.write_str(addr),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// `mcp --bridge`, or PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT, which holds a port.
+fn bridge(s: &str) -> Result<Bridge, ValueError> {
+    match control_port(s) {
+        Ok(port) => Ok(Bridge::Port(port)),
+        Err(_) if s.contains(':') => Ok(Bridge::Addr(s.to_owned())),
+        Err(_) => Err(ValueError::Bridge),
+    }
+}
+
+/// `--new` and `--params`: bad JSON is a usage error, before any work. Whether the value is an
+/// object is the command's to say.
+fn json(s: &str) -> Result<Value, serde_json::Error> {
+    serde_json::from_str(s)
+}
+
+/// `--cmd` and `--params` values back in command-line order: clap keeps each flag's values apart,
+/// their indices say how they interleave.
+fn steps(m: &ArgMatches) -> Vec<Step> {
+    let mut steps: Vec<(usize, Step)> = Vec::new();
+    if let (Some(at), Ok(Some(ids))) = (m.indices_of("cmd"), m.try_get_many::<String>("cmd")) {
+        steps.extend(at.zip(ids).map(|(i, id)| (i, Step::Cmd(id.clone()))));
+    }
+    if let (Some(at), Ok(Some(params))) = (m.indices_of("params"), m.try_get_many::<Value>("params")) {
+        steps.extend(at.zip(params).map(|(i, p)| (i, Step::Params(p.clone()))));
+    }
+    steps.sort_by_key(|s| s.0);
+    steps.into_iter().map(|(_, s)| s).collect()
+}
+
+/// Parse the arguments (without the binary name). clap reads them as `OsString`s: a path need not
+/// be valid Unicode (#1108), text must. A flag left out falls back to its environment variable,
+/// unless that is empty, and a bad value from one is a usage error naming the variable (#2491). A
+/// bare `--help` or `-h` is help even after a mistake on the same line (`--out --help`, `mcp
+/// stray.psd --help`): clap reports the mistake first.
+pub(crate) fn parse(args: &[OsString]) -> Result<Cli, clap::Error> {
+    let mut cmd = Cli::command().mut_subcommands(|sub| sub.mut_args(blank_env_is_unset));
+    let argv = std::iter::once(OsString::from("photocraft-cli")).chain(args.iter().cloned());
+    let matches = match cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(argv) {
+        Err(e) if args.iter().take_while(|a| *a != "--").any(|a| *a == "--help" || *a == "-h") => {
+            let help = [OsString::from("photocraft-cli"), args.first().cloned().unwrap_or_default(), OsString::from("--help")];
+            return Err(cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(help).err().unwrap_or(e));
+        }
+        matches => matches.map_err(|e| name_env_vars(e, &cmd, args))?,
+    };
+    let mut cli = Cli::from_arg_matches(&matches)?;
+    let from_env = |m: &ArgMatches, id: &str| m.value_source(id) == Some(ValueSource::EnvVariable);
+    match (&mut cli.command, matches.subcommand()) {
+        (Command::Run(r), Some((_, m))) => r.steps = steps(m),
+        (Command::Mcp(a), Some((name, m))) => {
+            a.bridge_from_env = from_env(m, "bridge");
+            if a.bridge_from_env
+                && let Some(Bridge::Addr(v)) = &a.bridge
+            {
+                return Err(ServerOptionError::BridgeVar(v.clone()).into_clap(&mut cmd));
+            }
+            if let Some(sub) = cmd.find_subcommand_mut(name) {
+                // Only the bridge reads a token, so a stale exported pair doesn't stop a headless
+                // run.
+                if a.bridge.is_some() {
+                    conflict(sub, m, "control_token", "control_token_file")?;
+                }
+                // The roots are the headless engine's: the variable switching to the bridge would
+                // drop them, and the error names it.
+                if a.bridge_from_env {
+                    conflict(sub, m, "automation_read_root", "bridge")?;
+                    conflict(sub, m, "automation_write_root", "bridge")?;
+                }
+                if a.bridge.is_some() && (a.automation.automation_read_root.is_some() || a.automation.automation_write_root.is_some()) {
+                    return Err(ServerOptionError::BridgeRoots.into_clap(sub));
+                }
+                check_server(sub, m, a.bridge.is_some(), "--bridge")?;
+            }
+        }
+        (Command::Serve(a), Some((name, m))) => {
+            a.port_from_env = from_env(m, "port");
+            if let Some(sub) = cmd.find_subcommand_mut(name) {
+                // Only the TCP server reads a token, so a stale exported pair doesn't stop stdio.
+                if a.port.is_some() {
+                    conflict(sub, m, "control_token", "control_token_file")?;
+                }
+                check_server(sub, m, a.port.is_some(), "--port")?;
+            }
+        }
+        _ => {}
+    }
+    Ok(cli)
+}
+
+/// Refuse a token flag without the bridge or port that reads it (as a flag or its variable). A
+/// token variable alone may be a stale export, so it isn't refused.
+fn check_server(sub: &mut clap::Command, m: &ArgMatches, has_transport: bool, transport: &'static str) -> Result<(), clap::Error> {
+    for (id, flag) in [("control_token", "--control-token"), ("control_token_file", "--control-token-file")] {
+        if m.value_source(id) == Some(ValueSource::CommandLine) && !has_transport {
+            return Err(ServerOptionError::NeedsTransport { flag, transport }.into_clap(sub));
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/apps/photocraft-cli/src/automation.rs b/apps/photocraft-cli/src/automation.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..062f2f2eef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/photocraft-cli/src/automation.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+use std::io::Write;
+use std::net::{Ipv4Addr, SocketAddr};
+
+use serde_json::Value;
+
+use photocraft_automation::{Headless, PhotocraftMcp, security};
+
+use crate::{
+    Result,
+    args::{CommandsArgs, McpArgs, ServeArgs},
+    output::{JsonStyle, print_json},
+};
+
+pub(crate) fn commands(a: &CommandsArgs, out: &mut dyn Write) -> Result {
+    let h = Headless::new();
+    let list = h.command_list();
+    let needle = a.filter.as_deref().map(str::to_lowercase);
+    let items: Vec<&Value> = list
+        .as_array()
+        .map(|v| v.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>())
+        .unwrap_or_default()
+        .into_iter()
+        .filter(|c| needle.as_ref().is_none_or(|n| photocraft_engine::commands::list_entry_matches(c, n)))
+        .collect();
+    if a.json {
+        return print_json(out, &Value::Array(items.into_iter().cloned().collect()), JsonStyle::Pretty);
+    }
+    for c in items {
+        let menu = c["menu"].as_array().map(|m| m.iter().filter_map(Value::as_str).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(" > ")).unwrap_or_default();
+        writeln!(out, "{:<44} {:<32} {}", c["id"].as_str().unwrap_or(""), c["label"].as_str().unwrap_or(""), menu)?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn serve(a: &ServeArgs, err: &mut dyn Write) -> Result {
+    use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+    let h = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Headless::with_workspace(a.automation.workspace()?)));
+    match a.port {
+        Some(port) => {
+            if a.port_from_env {
+                // Name the mode switch: an exported variable changes what this command does, and
+                // unsetting it (or setting it empty) is the way back to stdio.
+                let _ = writeln!(err, "photocraft-cli: PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT={port} is set; serving on TCP instead of stdio (unset it to serve stdio)");
+            }
+            let addr = SocketAddr::from((Ipv4Addr::LOCALHOST, port)).to_string();
+            let (supplied, token_file) = (a.control.control_token.as_deref(), a.control.control_token_file.as_deref());
+            let token = security::server_token(supplied, token_file)?;
+            if let Some(path) = token_file {
+                let _ = writeln!(err, "photocraft-cli control token file: {}", path.display());
+            } else if supplied.is_none() {
+                let _ = writeln!(err, "photocraft-cli control token: {token}");
+            }
+            photocraft_automation::rpc::serve_tcp(&addr, h, token, |local| {
+                let _ = writeln!(err, "photocraft-cli serving on {local}");
+            })?;
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        None => {
+            let stdin = std::io::stdin();
+            Ok(photocraft_automation::rpc::serve_lines(&h, stdin.lock(), std::io::stdout())?)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn mcp(a: &McpArgs, err: &mut dyn Write) -> Result {
+    let server = match &a.bridge {
+        Some(addr) => {
+            if a.bridge_from_env {
+                // Name the mode switch, as `serve` does: the way back to headless is to unset it.
+                let _ = writeln!(
+                    err,
+                    "photocraft-cli: PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT is set; bridging to the app on {addr} instead of a headless engine (unset it to run headless)"
+                );
+            }
+            let token = security::client_token(a.control.control_token.as_deref(), a.control.control_token_file.as_deref())?;
+            PhotocraftMcp::bridge(&addr.to_string(), &token)?
+        }
+        None => PhotocraftMcp::headless_with_workspace(a.automation.workspace()?),
+    };
+    let rt = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_multi_thread().enable_all().build()?;
+    Ok(rt.block_on(server.serve_stdio())?)
+}
diff --git a/apps/photocraft-cli/src/batch.rs b/apps/photocraft-cli/src/batch.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bdaf249bc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/photocraft-cli/src/batch.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+use std::io::Write;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+use photocraft_automation::Headless;
+use photocraft_engine::actions_cmds::Action;
+use photocraft_io::ExportOptions;
+use serde_json::json;
+
+use crate::{
+    CliError, Result,
+    actions::load_actions_file,
+    args::{BatchArgs, DropletArgs},
+    output::warn_all,
+};
+
+/// Whether `a` and `b` name the same existing folder, however they are spelt (relative, with a
+/// trailing separator, through a symbolic link).
+fn same_dir(a: &Path, b: &Path) -> bool {
+    matches!((std::fs::canonicalize(a), std::fs::canonicalize(b)), (Ok(a), Ok(b)) if a == b)
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn is_input(p: &Path) -> bool {
+    let known = |e: &str| {
+        matches!(e, "pcraft" | "psd" | "psb" | "pdn" | "ora" | "kra" | "krz" | "af" | "afdesign" | "afphoto" | "afpub")
+            || photocraft_codecs::from_extension(e).is_some_and(|f| photocraft_codecs::caps(f).read)
+    };
+    p.is_file() && p.extension().is_some_and(|e| known(&e.to_string_lossy().to_ascii_lowercase()))
+}
+
+/// Drops the Save and view steps the desktop records from `action` (Batch saves each result
+/// itself, #3143), keeping its unchecked and dialog flags on the steps that remain (#6860).
+fn strip_shell_steps(action: &mut Action) {
+    use photocraft_engine::actions_cmds::{shell_save_command, shell_view_command};
+    let (mut steps, mut disabled, mut dialogs) = (Vec::new(), std::collections::BTreeSet::new(), std::collections::BTreeSet::new());
+    for (i, (id, p)) in std::mem::take(&mut action.steps).into_iter().enumerate() {
+        if shell_save_command(&id) || shell_view_command(&id) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if action.disabled.contains(&i) {
+            disabled.insert(steps.len());
+        }
+        if action.dialogs.contains(&i) {
+            dialogs.insert(steps.len());
+        }
+        steps.push((id, p));
+    }
+    (action.steps, action.disabled, action.dialogs) = (steps, disabled, dialogs);
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn batch(a: &BatchArgs, out: &mut dyn Write, err: &mut dyn Write) -> Result {
+    let (in_dir, out_dir) = (a.in_dir.as_path(), a.out.as_path());
+    let (actions, mut set, warnings) = load_actions_file(&a.actions, a.action.as_deref())?;
+    set.iter_mut().for_each(strip_shell_steps);
+    warn_all(err, &warnings);
+    let opts = ExportOptions::from(&a.export);
+    // Results are saved as `<out>/<stem>.<ext>`, so an `--out` that is the `--in` folder would
+    // replace the originals (#492).
+    if !a.in_place && same_dir(in_dir, out_dir) {
+        return Err(CliError::OutIsIn(out_dir.to_path_buf()));
+    }
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(out_dir)?;
+    let mut inputs: Vec<PathBuf> = std::fs::read_dir(in_dir)
+        .map_err(|source| CliError::ReadDir { path: in_dir.to_path_buf(), source })?
+        .flatten()
+        .map(|e| e.path())
+        .filter(|p| is_input(p))
+        .collect();
+    inputs.sort();
+    let (mut ok, mut failed) = (0, 0);
+    let mut written = photocraft_engine::file_cmds::OutputClaims::default();
+    // `--format .jpg` names outputs `<stem>.jpg`, as `--format jpg` does (#490).
+    let format = a.export.format.as_deref().map(|f| f.strip_prefix('.').unwrap_or(f));
+    for input in &inputs {
+        let ext = format.map(str::to_owned).or_else(|| input.extension().map(|e| e.to_string_lossy().into_owned())).unwrap_or_else(|| "png".into());
+        let stem = input.file_stem().map(|s| s.to_string_lossy().into_owned()).unwrap_or_default();
+        let target = out_dir.join(format!("{stem}.{ext}"));
+        let target_text = target.to_string_lossy();
+        let r = (|| -> Result<Vec<String>> {
+            written.check(&target_text).map_err(CliError::OutputClaimed)?;
+            let mut h = Headless::trusted_local();
+            // Steps that play another action find it in the set; the session's playback stack
+            // stops an action that calls itself.
+            h.session.actions.list = set.clone();
+            h.open(input)?;
+            for (id, p) in &actions {
+                if photocraft_engine::actions_cmds::shell_view_command(id) || photocraft_engine::actions_cmds::shell_save_command(id) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let r = h.command_run(id, p.clone()).map_err(|source| CliError::Command { id: id.clone(), source })?;
+                // A failed step inside a called action makes this file an error, not a saved result.
+                if let Some(message) = photocraft_engine::actions_cmds::nested_failure(id, &r) {
+                    return Err(CliError::NestedFailure { id: id.clone(), message });
+                }
+            }
+            let r = h.save(None, Some(&target), Some(&ext), &opts)?;
+            Ok(serde_json::from_value(r["warnings"].clone()).unwrap_or_default())
+        })();
+        match r {
+            Ok(ws) => {
+                ok += 1;
+                written.record(&target_text, &input.to_string_lossy());
+                let _ = writeln!(out, "ok    {} -> {}", input.display(), target.display());
+                warn_all(err, &ws);
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                failed += 1;
+                let _ = writeln!(err, "FAIL  {}: {e}", input.display());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    let _ = writeln!(out, "{ok} succeeded, {failed} failed");
+    if failed > 0 { Err(CliError::FilesFailed(failed)) } else { Ok(()) }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn droplet(a: &DropletArgs, out: &mut dyn Write, err: &mut dyn Write) -> Result {
+    let (file, inputs) = (&a.file, &a.inputs);
+    let mut p = json!({"droplet": file, "input": inputs});
+    if let Some(o) = &a.out {
+        p["output"] = json!(o);
+    }
+    let mut s = photocraft_engine::Session::new();
+    let r = s.execute("file.automate.runDroplet", p)?;
+    for f in r["files"].as_array().into_iter().flatten() {
+        let _ = writeln!(out, "ok    {}", f.as_str().unwrap_or_default());
+    }
+    let errors = r["errors"].as_array().cloned().unwrap_or_default();
+    for e in &errors {
+        let _ = writeln!(err, "FAIL  {}: {}", e["file"].as_str().unwrap_or_default(), e["error"].as_str().unwrap_or_default());
+    }
+    if errors.is_empty() { Ok(()) } else { Err(CliError::FilesFailed(errors.len())) }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod batch_action_set_tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::test_support::{Invoke, invoke};
+    use serde_json::Value;
+
+    /// A batched action that plays another action of its set finds it in every file's session; a
+    /// failure inside the called action fails the file, and a self-call stops instead of looping.
+    #[test]
+    fn batch_plays_an_action_that_calls_another_action_of_its_set() {
+        let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("photocraft-cli-action-set-{}", std::process::id()));
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+        let path = |name: &str| dir.join(name).to_string_lossy().to_string();
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(dir.join("in")).unwrap();
+        for name in ["a", "b"] {
+            let Invoke { code, stderr, .. } = invoke(&["run", "--new", r#"{"width":8,"height":6}"#, "--out", &path(&format!("in/{name}.png"))]);
+            assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stderr}");
+        }
+        let set = json!({"version": 1, "actions": [
+            {"name": "Outer", "steps": [["actions.play", {"action": "Rotate"}]]},
+            {"name": "Rotate", "steps": [["image.imageRotation.90cw", {}]]},
+            {"name": "Calls bad", "steps": [["actions.play", {"action": "Bad"}]]},
+            {"name": "Bad", "steps": [["layer.delete", {"layer": 999_999}]]},
+            {"name": "Loop", "steps": [["actions.play", {"action": "Loop"}]]},
+        ]});
+        std::fs::write(dir.join("actions.json"), set.to_string()).unwrap();
+        let batch = |action: &str| invoke(&["batch", "--actions", &path("actions.json"), "--action", action, "--in", &path("in"), "--out", &path(action)]);
+
+        let Invoke { code, stdout, stderr } = batch("Outer");
+        assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stdout}{stderr}");
+        for name in ["a", "b"] {
+            let Invoke { code, stdout: info, stderr } = invoke(&["info", &path(&format!("Outer/{name}.png")), "--compact"]);
+            assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stderr}");
+            let info: Value = serde_json::from_str(&info).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!((info["width"].as_u64(), info["height"].as_u64()), (Some(6), Some(8)), "rotated by the called action");
+        }
+        for action in ["Calls bad", "Loop"] {
+            let Invoke { code, stdout, stderr } = batch(action);
+            assert_ne!(code, 0, "{stdout}");
+            assert_eq!(stderr.matches("FAIL").count(), 2, "{stderr}");
+            assert!(!dir.join(action).join("a.png").exists(), "a file whose called action failed is not saved");
+        }
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+    }
+
+    /// Save and view steps recorded inside a batched action set are skipped, also in a called
+    /// action, and unchecked steps stay unchecked once they are gone (#6860).
+    #[test]
+    fn batch_skips_save_and_view_steps_inside_an_action_set() {
+        let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("photocraft-cli-action-set-save-{}", std::process::id()));
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+        let path = |name: &str| dir.join(name).to_string_lossy().to_string();
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(dir.join("in")).unwrap();
+        let Invoke { code, stderr, .. } = invoke(&["run", "--new", r#"{"width":8,"height":6}"#, "--out", &path("in/a.png")]);
+        assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stderr}");
+        let set = json!({"version": 1, "actions": [
+            {"name": "Outer", "steps": [["actions.play", {"action": "Rotate"}], ["file.saveAs", {}]]},
+            {"name": "Rotate", "steps": [
+                ["file.save", {}],
+                ["image.imageRotation.90cw", {}],
+                ["view.fitOnScreen", {}],
+                ["image.imageRotation.90cw", {}],
+                ["file.saveAs", {}],
+            ], "disabled": [3], "dialogs": [1]},
+        ]});
+        std::fs::write(dir.join("actions.json"), set.to_string()).unwrap();
+        for action in ["Outer", "Rotate"] {
+            let Invoke { code, stdout, stderr } =
+                invoke(&["batch", "--actions", &path("actions.json"), "--action", action, "--in", &path("in"), "--out", &path(action)]);
+            assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stdout}{stderr}");
+            let Invoke { code, stdout: info, stderr } = invoke(&["info", &path(&format!("{action}/a.png")), "--compact"]);
+            assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stderr}");
+            let info: Value = serde_json::from_str(&info).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!((info["width"].as_u64(), info["height"].as_u64()), (Some(6), Some(8)), "{action}: rotated once, the unchecked step skipped");
+        }
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/apps/photocraft-cli/src/document.rs b/apps/photocraft-cli/src/document.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9d730b4635
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/photocraft-cli/src/document.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+use std::io::Write;
+use std::path::Path;
+
+use photocraft_automation::{Headless, files};
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+
+use photocraft_engine::type_extra_cmds::missing_font_warnings;
+use photocraft_io::ExportOptions;
+
+use crate::{
+    CliError, Result,
+    args::{ConvertArgs, InfoArgs, RunArgs, Step},
+    output::{JsonStyle, print_json, warn_all},
+};
+
+/// An output that is the input file itself, however it is spelt (relative, with `./`, through a
+/// hard or symbolic link), would replace the original, and a lossy re-encode can't be undone: it
+/// is refused unless `--in-place` asks for it, as `batch` refuses an `--out` that is its `--in`
+/// folder (#7437). The paths are compared when the command starts and the save opens `output`
+/// again later, so another process swapping in a link meanwhile goes unnoticed: this guards
+/// against mistakes, it is not a security boundary.
+fn refuse_overwriting_input(in_place: bool, input: &Path, output: &Path) -> Result {
+    if !in_place && photocraft_engine::file_cmds::same_file(input, output) {
+        return Err(CliError::OutIsInput(output.to_path_buf()));
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn convert(a: &ConvertArgs, _out: &mut dyn Write, err: &mut dyn Write) -> Result {
+    let (input, output) = (&a.input, &a.output);
+    let opts = ExportOptions::from(&a.export);
+    refuse_overwriting_input(a.in_place, input, output)?;
+    let mut o = files::open(input)?;
+    // Preferences › Raw Defaults › Resolution at its default, as `run` and `info` open a raw.
+    photocraft_engine::file_cmds::raw_defaults(&photocraft_engine::Session::new(), &o.warnings, &mut o.document);
+    warn_all(err, &o.warnings);
+    warn_all(err, &missing_font_warnings(&o.document));
+    let ws = files::save(&o.document, output, a.export.format.as_deref(), &opts, None)?;
+    warn_all(err, &ws);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn info(a: &InfoArgs, out: &mut dyn Write) -> Result {
+    let file = &a.file;
+    let mut h = Headless::trusted_local();
+    let opened = h.open(file)?;
+    let mut doc = h.inspect(None)?;
+    let mut warnings = opened["warnings"].as_array().cloned().unwrap_or_default();
+    if let Some(st) = h.session.active() {
+        warnings.extend(missing_font_warnings(&st.doc).into_iter().map(Value::String));
+    }
+    doc["warnings"] = Value::Array(warnings);
+    doc["file"] = json!(file.to_string_lossy());
+    // Drop per-session noise.
+    if let Value::Object(m) = &mut doc {
+        for k in ["history", "canUndo", "canRedo", "revision"] {
+            m.remove(k);
+        }
+    }
+    print_json(out, &doc, if a.compact { JsonStyle::Compact } else { JsonStyle::Pretty })
+}
+
+/// `(id, params)` pairs from repeated `--cmd`/`--params` flags.
+fn command_list(a: &RunArgs) -> Result<Vec<(String, Value)>> {
+    let mut cmds: Vec<(String, Value)> = Vec::new();
+    for step in &a.steps {
+        match step {
+            Step::Cmd(id) => cmds.push((id.clone(), json!({}))),
+            Step::Params(p) => cmds.last_mut().ok_or(CliError::ParamsBeforeCmd)?.1 = p.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(cmds)
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn run_cmds(a: &RunArgs, out: &mut dyn Write, err: &mut dyn Write) -> Result {
+    let opts = ExportOptions::from(&a.export);
+    let mut h = Headless::trusted_local();
+    // Opening, running commands and exporting can all notice the same missing font:
+    // one `run` invocation reports each warning line at most once.
+    let mut reported_fonts = std::collections::HashSet::<String>::new();
+    // clap's `source` group gives exactly one of the two, and its `work` group a --cmd or --out.
+    if let Some(new) = &a.new {
+        h.command_run("file.new", new.clone()).map_err(CliError::New)?;
+    } else if let Some(file) = &a.file {
+        // Refused before the file is read or any command runs.
+        if let Some(out) = &a.out {
+            refuse_overwriting_input(a.in_place, file, out)?;
+        }
+        let o = h.open(file)?;
+        let ws: Vec<String> = serde_json::from_value(o["warnings"].clone()).unwrap_or_default();
+        warn_all(err, &ws);
+        reported_fonts.extend(ws);
+    }
+    let cmds = command_list(a)?;
+    for (id, params) in cmds {
+        let r = h.command_run(&id, params).map_err(|source| CliError::Command { id: id.clone(), source })?;
+        if let Some(message) = photocraft_engine::actions_cmds::nested_failure(&id, &r) {
+            return Err(CliError::NestedFailure { id, message });
+        }
+        let new_warnings: Vec<String> =
+            h.session.active().map(|st| missing_font_warnings(&st.doc)).unwrap_or_default().into_iter().filter(|w| reported_fonts.insert(w.clone())).collect();
+        warn_all(err, &new_warnings);
+        let mut result = json!({"command": id, "result": r});
+        if !new_warnings.is_empty() {
+            result["warnings"] = json!(new_warnings);
+        }
+        print_json(out, &result, JsonStyle::Compact)?;
+    }
+    // A `run` with only `--out` still reports missing fonts before exporting.
+    let remaining: Vec<String> =
+        h.session.active().map(|st| missing_font_warnings(&st.doc)).unwrap_or_default().into_iter().filter(|w| reported_fonts.insert(w.clone())).collect();
+    warn_all(err, &remaining);
+    if let Some(o) = a.out.as_deref() {
+        let r = h.save(None, Some(o), a.export.format.as_deref(), &opts)?;
+        let ws: Vec<String> = serde_json::from_value(r["warnings"].clone()).unwrap_or_default();
+        let ws: Vec<String> = ws.into_iter().filter(|w| reported_fonts.insert(w.clone())).collect();
+        warn_all(err, &ws);
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod missing_font_warning_tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::{
+        batch::is_input,
+        test_support::{Invoke, invoke},
+    };
+
+    #[test]
+    fn missing_typeface_is_reported_by_run_info_and_convert() {
+        let family = "DefinitelyMissingPhotoCraftTypeface1251";
+        let folder = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("photocraft-cli-font-warnings-{}", std::process::id()));
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&folder).unwrap();
+        let native = folder.join("missing.pcraft");
+        let png = folder.join("missing.png");
+        let native_str = native.to_string_lossy().to_string();
+        let png_str = png.to_string_lossy().to_string();
+        let params = json!({"x": 6, "y": 38, "text": "Missing font warning", "font": family, "size": 20}).to_string();
+
+        let Invoke { code, stdout, stderr } = invoke(&[
+            "run",
+            "--new",
+            r#"{"width":256,"height":96,"background":"white"}"#,
+            "--cmd",
+            "type.create",
+            "--params",
+            &params,
+            "--cmd",
+            "type.resolveMissingFonts",
+            "--out",
+            &native_str,
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stderr}");
+        assert_eq!(stderr.matches(family).count(), 1, "multi-command runs should not repeat the same missing font warning");
+        let commands: Vec<Value> = stdout.lines().map(|s| serde_json::from_str(s).unwrap()).collect();
+        assert_eq!(commands.len(), 2, "{stdout}");
+        assert!(commands[0]["warnings"].as_array().unwrap().iter().any(|w| w.as_str().is_some_and(|s| s.contains(family))));
+        assert!(commands[1].get("warnings").is_none(), "only newly detected missing fonts are reported");
+
+        let Invoke { code, stdout, stderr } = invoke(&["info", &native_str, "--compact"]);
+        assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stderr}");
+        let info: Value = serde_json::from_str(&stdout).unwrap();
+        assert!(info["warnings"].as_array().unwrap().iter().any(|w| w.as_str().is_some_and(|s| s.contains(family))));
+        assert!(stderr.is_empty(), "info puts warnings in JSON, not stderr");
+
+        let Invoke { code, stderr, .. } = invoke(&["convert", &native_str, &png_str]);
+        assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stderr}");
+        assert!(stderr.contains(&format!("warning: font '{family}'")), "{stderr}");
+        assert!(png.is_file());
+
+        // Even with no commands, run --out checks the opened document before export.
+        let Invoke { code, stdout, stderr } = invoke(&["run", &native_str, "--out", &png_str]);
+        assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stderr}");
+        assert!(stdout.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(stderr.matches(family).count(), 1);
+
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&folder);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn convert_reads_and_writes_openraster() {
+        let folder = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("photocraft-cli-ora-{}", std::process::id()));
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&folder).unwrap();
+        let path = |name: &str| folder.join(name).to_string_lossy().to_string();
+        let (native, ora, png) = (path("layers.pcraft"), path("layers.ora"), path("back.png"));
+        let Invoke { code, stderr, .. } = invoke(&["run", "--new", r#"{"width":16,"height":12}"#, "--cmd", "layer.new.layer", "--out", &native]);
+        assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stderr}");
+        let Invoke { code, stderr, .. } = invoke(&["convert", &native, &ora]);
+        assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stderr}");
+        let Invoke { code, stdout, stderr } = invoke(&["info", &ora, "--compact"]);
+        assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stderr}");
+        let info: Value = serde_json::from_str(&stdout).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(info["layers"].as_array().map(Vec::len), Some(2), "{info}");
+        let Invoke { code, stderr, .. } = invoke(&["convert", &ora, &png]);
+        assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stderr}");
+        assert!(is_input(std::path::Path::new(&ora)));
+        // Krita documents are batch inputs too (import-only).
+        for name in ["sketch.kra", "old.KRZ"] {
+            std::fs::write(folder.join(name), b"").unwrap();
+            assert!(is_input(&folder.join(name)), "{name}");
+        }
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&folder);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn no_type_layers_do_not_produce_missing_font_warnings() {
+        let folder = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("photocraft-cli-no-font-warning-{}", std::process::id()));
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&folder).unwrap();
+        let native = folder.join("blank.pcraft");
+        let png = folder.join("blank.png");
+        let native_str = native.to_string_lossy().to_string();
+        let png_str = png.to_string_lossy().to_string();
+        let Invoke { code, stderr, .. } = invoke(&["run", "--new", r#"{"width":16,"height":16}"#, "--out", &native_str]);
+        assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stderr}");
+        assert!(!stderr.contains("font '"), "{stderr}");
+        let Invoke { code, stdout, stderr } = invoke(&["info", &native_str, "--compact"]);
+        assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stderr}");
+        let info: Value = serde_json::from_str(&stdout).unwrap();
+        assert!(info["warnings"].as_array().unwrap().iter().all(|w| !w.as_str().unwrap_or_default().contains("font '")));
+        let Invoke { code, stderr, .. } = invoke(&["convert", &native_str, &png_str]);
+        assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stderr}");
+        assert!(!stderr.contains("font '"), "{stderr}");
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&folder);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/apps/photocraft-cli/src/error.rs b/apps/photocraft-cli/src/error.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3e4aa3caef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/photocraft-cli/src/error.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use photocraft_automation::AutomationError;
+
+use crate::actions::ActionsError;
+
+/// Why a subcommand failed: printed as `error: {e}`, exit 1.
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+pub(crate) enum CliError {
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    Automation(#[from] AutomationError),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    Engine(#[from] photocraft_engine::EngineError),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    Json(#[from] serde_json::Error),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    Actions(#[from] ActionsError),
+    #[error("{}: {source}", path.display())]
+    ReadDir { path: PathBuf, source: std::io::Error },
+    #[error("--params must follow a --cmd")]
+    ParamsBeforeCmd,
+    #[error("--new: {0}")]
+    New(#[source] AutomationError),
+    #[error("`{id}`: {source}")]
+    Command { id: String, source: AutomationError },
+    /// A step inside an action the command played failed ([`photocraft_engine::actions_cmds::nested_failure`]).
+    #[error("`{id}`: {message}")]
+    NestedFailure { id: String, message: String },
+    #[error("{} is the input file, so the result would replace the original: choose another output, or pass --in-place to overwrite it", .0.display())]
+    OutIsInput(PathBuf),
+    #[error("--out {} is the --in folder, so the results would replace the originals: choose another --out folder, or pass --in-place to overwrite them", .0.display())]
+    OutIsIn(PathBuf),
+    /// Another input already wrote this output ([`photocraft_engine::file_cmds::OutputClaims::check`]).
+    #[error("{0}")]
+    OutputClaimed(String),
+    #[error("{0} file(s) failed")]
+    FilesFailed(usize),
+}
+
+pub(crate) type Result<T = (), E = CliError> = std::result::Result<T, E>;
diff --git a/apps/photocraft-cli/src/lib.rs b/apps/photocraft-cli/src/lib.rs
index 076f0a1e98..c431b5529f 100644
--- a/apps/photocraft-cli/src/lib.rs
+++ b/apps/photocraft-cli/src/lib.rs
@@ -3,204 +3,63 @@
 
 #![deny(clippy::unwrap_used, clippy::expect_used, clippy::panic, clippy::unimplemented, clippy::todo, clippy::unreachable)]
 
+use std::ffi::OsString;
 use std::io::Write;
-use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
-use photocraft_automation::{AuthorizedWorkspace, Headless, PhotocraftMcp, files, security};
-use photocraft_engine::actions_cmds::Action;
-use photocraft_io::ExportOptions;
-use serde_json::{Value, json};
+use clap::CommandFactory;
 
-pub const USAGE: &str = "\
-photocraft-cli: headless PhotoCraft
+mod actions;
+mod args;
+mod automation;
+mod batch;
+mod document;
+mod error;
+mod output;
 
-USAGE:
-  photocraft-cli convert <in> <out> [--format <ext>] [--quality <1-100>] [--tiff-layers] [--tga-bits <24|32>] [--dpx-bits <8|10|12|16>] [--dds-compression <none|bc1|bc2|bc3>] [--dds-mipmaps]
-      Convert between formats (.pcraft, .psd, .png, .jpg, .tif, .webp, .exr, …).
-      TIFF output is flat unless --tiff-layers keeps the layers (Photoshop layer data).
-      --quality sets the JPEG or WebP quality; a WebP written with a quality is lossy, without one lossless.
-      --tga-bits sets a TGA's bits per pixel: 32 writes the alpha channel (or else the transparency) as
-      its alpha, 24 none. Without it: 32 with an alpha channel or transparency, else 24.
-      --dpx-bits sets a DPX's bits per sample. Without it: 8 for an 8-bit document, else 16.
-      --dds-compression sets a DDS texture's compression: none (uncompressed, the default), bc1
-      (DXT1: alpha on or off), bc2 (DXT3) or bc3 (DXT5). --dds-mipmaps also writes the full mip chain.
-  photocraft-cli info <file> [--compact]
-      Print the document as JSON (size, mode, depth, layer tree).
-  photocraft-cli run (<file> | --new <json>) --cmd <id> [--params <json>] [--cmd …] [--out <file>] [--format <ext>] [--quality <1-100>] [--tiff-layers] [--tga-bits <24|32>] [--dpx-bits <8|10|12|16>] [--dds-compression <none|bc1|bc2|bc3>] [--dds-mipmaps]
-      Open a file, run engine commands in order, save the result. Each --params
-      applies to the preceding --cmd. Prints each command's JSON result.
-  photocraft-cli batch --actions <actions.json|set.atn> [--action <name>] --in <dir> --out <dir> [--format <ext>] [--quality <1-100>] [--in-place] [--tiff-layers] [--tga-bits <24|32>] [--dpx-bits <8|10|12|16>] [--dds-compression <none|bc1|bc2|bc3>] [--dds-mipmaps]
-      Apply an action list to every image in a directory. A Photoshop Actions file (.atn) is a
-      set: its action --action names plays, as below. JSON steps are [id, params] pairs,
-      {\"command\": id, \"params\": {…}} objects or bare ids, as a recorded action or droplet stores them
-      (a list, or wrapped in {\"actions\": …}, {\"steps\": …} or a droplet). An Actions set (the Actions
-      panel's actions.json, {\"actions\": [{\"name\", \"steps\"}…]}) plays the action --action names (needed
-      when the set holds more than one) with the whole set loaded, so its steps can play other actions
-      of the set. An --out folder that is the --in folder is refused, as the results would replace
-      the originals; --in-place allows it.
-  photocraft-cli droplet <file.pcdroplet> <file-or-dir>… [--out <dir>]
-      Run a droplet (File › Automate › Create Droplet) on images and folders.
-  photocraft-cli commands [--json] [--filter <text>]
-      List the engine command registry.
-  photocraft-cli mcp [--bridge <127.0.0.1:port>] [--control-token <64-hex> | --control-token-file <path>]
-      [--automation-read-root <dir>] [--automation-write-root <dir>]
-      Run the MCP server on stdio (headless engine, or bridge to a running `photocraft --control <port>`).
-  photocraft-cli serve [--port <port>] [--control-token <64-hex> | --control-token-file <path>]
-      [--automation-read-root <dir>] [--automation-write-root <dir>]
-      Keep one headless session open and answer JSON lines ({\"id\",\"method\",\"params\"}) on stdio,
-      or on 127.0.0.1:<port>. Methods: engine.execute, jobs.list/cancel, engine.commands,
-      doc.open/new/place/save/exportLayers/exportDataSets/importDataSets/inspect/render/select/close, session.list, batch, methods
-      (docs/control-protocol.md#headless-server).
+pub use actions::{ActionsError, Steps, load_actions, load_actions_file, parse_actions};
+use args::{Command, parse};
+use automation::{commands, mcp, serve};
+use batch::{batch, droplet};
+use document::{convert, info, run_cmds};
+pub(crate) use error::{CliError, Result};
 
-  photocraft-cli <subcommand> --help (or -h) prints this text. A flag the subcommand doesn't take is
-  an error.
-";
-
-struct Args {
-    positional: Vec<String>,
-    flags: Vec<(String, Option<String>)>,
+/// The command line's clap definition, for generating shell completions and man pages
+/// (`examples/man-and-completions.rs`).
+pub fn command() -> clap::Command {
+    args::Cli::command()
 }
 
-/// A subcommand: the flags it reads (taking a value, or given bare) and what it runs. A flag
-/// outside these is a usage error, so a typo such as `--fromat` can't be silently ignored (#423).
-struct Subcommand {
-    name: &'static str,
-    values: &'static [&'static str],
-    bare: &'static [&'static str],
-    run: fn(&Args, &mut dyn Write, &mut dyn Write) -> R,
-}
-
-const SUBCOMMANDS: &[Subcommand] = &[
-    Subcommand {
-        name: "convert",
-        values: &["--format", "--quality", "--tga-bits", "--dpx-bits", "--dds-compression"],
-        bare: &["--tiff-layers", "--dds-mipmaps"],
-        run: convert,
-    },
-    Subcommand { name: "info", values: &[], bare: &["--compact"], run: |a, out, _| info(a, out) },
-    Subcommand {
-        name: "run",
-        values: &["--new", "--cmd", "--params", "--out", "--format", "--quality", "--tga-bits", "--dpx-bits", "--dds-compression"],
-        bare: &["--tiff-layers", "--dds-mipmaps"],
-        run: run_cmds,
-    },
-    Subcommand {
-        name: "batch",
-        values: &["--actions", "--action", "--in", "--out", "--format", "--quality", "--tga-bits", "--dpx-bits", "--dds-compression"],
-        bare: &["--in-place", "--tiff-layers", "--dds-mipmaps"],
-        run: batch,
-    },
-    Subcommand { name: "droplet", values: &["--out"], bare: &[], run: droplet },
-    Subcommand { name: "commands", values: &["--filter"], bare: &["--json"], run: |a, out, _| commands(a, out) },
-    Subcommand {
-        name: "mcp",
-        values: &["--bridge", "--control-token", "--control-token-file", "--automation-read-root", "--automation-write-root"],
-        bare: &[],
-        run: |a, _, _| mcp(a),
-    },
-    Subcommand {
-        name: "serve",
-        values: &["--port", "--control-token", "--control-token-file", "--automation-read-root", "--automation-write-root"],
-        bare: &[],
-        run: |a, _, err| serve(a, err),
-    },
-];
-
-/// The subcommand's arguments, or `None` when they ask for help (`--help` or `-h`).
-fn parse(sub: &Subcommand, args: &[String]) -> Result<Option<Args>, String> {
-    let mut a = Args { positional: Vec::new(), flags: Vec::new() };
-    let unknown = |flag: &str| format!("unknown flag {flag} for {}", sub.name);
-    let mut i = 0;
-    while let Some(s) = args.get(i) {
-        if s == "--help" || s == "-h" {
-            return Ok(None);
-        }
-        if let Some((k, v)) = s.split_once('=').filter(|(k, _)| k.starts_with("--")) {
-            if sub.bare.contains(&k) {
-                return Err(format!("{k} takes no value"));
-            }
-            if !sub.values.contains(&k) {
-                return Err(unknown(k));
-            }
-            a.flags.push((k.to_owned(), Some(v.to_owned())));
-        } else if sub.values.contains(&s.as_str()) {
-            let v = args.get(i + 1).ok_or_else(|| format!("{s} needs a value"))?;
-            a.flags.push((s.clone(), Some(v.clone())));
-            i += 1;
-        } else if sub.bare.contains(&s.as_str()) {
-            a.flags.push((s.clone(), None));
-        } else if s.starts_with("--") {
-            return Err(unknown(s));
-        } else {
-            a.positional.push(s.clone());
-        }
-        i += 1;
-    }
-    Ok(Some(a))
-}
-
-impl Args {
-    fn get(&self, k: &str) -> Option<&str> {
-        self.flags.iter().rev().find(|(f, _)| f == k).and_then(|(_, v)| v.as_deref())
-    }
-    fn has(&self, k: &str) -> bool {
-        self.flags.iter().any(|(f, _)| f == k)
-    }
-}
-
-type R = Result<(), String>;
-
-/// [`run`] on the raw process arguments. An argument that is not valid Unicode is a usage error
-/// naming its position and a lossy rendering (exit 2), never a panic: `std::env::args()` aborts
-/// the process on one (issue #1108).
-pub fn run_os(args: &[std::ffi::OsString], out: &mut dyn Write, err: &mut dyn Write) -> i32 {
-    let mut strings = Vec::with_capacity(args.len());
-    for (i, a) in args.iter().enumerate() {
-        match a.clone().into_string() {
-            Ok(s) => strings.push(s),
-            Err(raw) => {
-                let _ = writeln!(err, "error: argument {} is not valid Unicode: `{}`\n\n{USAGE}", i + 1, raw.to_string_lossy());
-                return 2;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    run(&strings, out, err)
-}
-
-/// Run the CLI. Returns the process exit code (0 ok, 1 failure, 2 usage).
-pub fn run(args: &[String], out: &mut dyn Write, err: &mut dyn Write) -> i32 {
-    let Some(cmd) = args.first() else {
-        let _ = write!(err, "{USAGE}");
-        return 2;
-    };
-    match cmd.as_str() {
-        "-h" | "--help" | "help" => {
-            let _ = write!(out, "{USAGE}");
-            return 0;
-        }
-        "--version" | "version" => {
-            let _ = writeln!(out, "photocraft-cli {}", photocraft_engine::build_info::long_version());
-            return 0;
-        }
-        _ => {}
-    }
-    let Some(sub) = SUBCOMMANDS.iter().find(|s| s.name == cmd) else {
-        let _ = writeln!(err, "error: unknown command `{cmd}`\n\n{USAGE}");
-        return 2;
-    };
-    let parsed = match parse(sub, &args[1..]) {
-        Ok(Some(p)) => p,
-        // `<subcommand> --help`: usage, without reading inputs or starting a server.
-        Ok(None) => {
-            let _ = write!(out, "{USAGE}");
-            return 0;
-        }
+/// Run the CLI on its arguments (without the program name). Returns the process exit code (0 ok,
+/// 1 failure, 2 usage). clap reads the arguments as they are: a path that is not valid Unicode (a
+/// Latin-1 file name on Linux) is taken, and one where text is expected is a usage error (exit 2).
+/// Never a panic, as `std::env::args()` aborts on one (issue #1108).
+pub fn run<I, T>(args: I, out: &mut dyn Write, err: &mut dyn Write) -> i32
+where
+    I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+    T: Into<OsString>,
+{
+    let args: Vec<OsString> = args.into_iter().map(Into::into).collect();
+    // Help and `--version` (`help`, `-h`, `<subcommand> --help`, `-V`) come back as errors too,
+    // for `out`, exit 0: the subcommand never runs.
+    let cli = match parse(&args) {
+        Ok(cli) => cli,
         Err(e) => {
-            let _ = writeln!(err, "error: {e}\n\n{USAGE}");
-            return 2;
+            let to: &mut dyn Write = if e.use_stderr() { err } else { out };
+            let _ = write!(to, "{}", e.render());
+            return e.exit_code();
         }
     };
-    match (sub.run)(&parsed, out, err) {
+    let result = match &cli.command {
+        Command::Convert(a) => convert(a, out, err),
+        Command::Info(a) => info(a, out),
+        Command::Run(a) => run_cmds(a, out, err),
+        Command::Batch(a) => batch(a, out, err),
+        Command::Droplet(a) => droplet(a, out, err),
+        Command::Commands(a) => commands(a, out),
+        Command::Mcp(a) => mcp(a, err),
+        Command::Serve(a) => serve(a, err),
+    };
+    match result {
         Ok(()) => 0,
         Err(e) => {
             let _ = writeln!(err, "error: {e}");
@@ -209,612 +68,18 @@ pub fn run(args: &[String], out: &mut dyn Write, err: &mut dyn Write) -> i32 {
     }
 }
 
-fn export_opts(a: &Args) -> Result<ExportOptions, String> {
-    // TIFF output is flat unless asked: scripted conversions keep predictable sizes.
-    let mut o = ExportOptions { tiff_layers: a.has("--tiff-layers"), ..Default::default() };
-    if let Some(q) = a.get("--quality") {
-        let q = q.parse().ok().filter(|q| (1..=100).contains(q)).ok_or_else(|| format!("bad --quality `{q}`: expected a whole number from 1 to 100"))?;
-        o.encode.jpeg_quality = q;
-        // Asking for a quality asks for a lossy WebP; the default WebP stays lossless.
-        o.encode.webp_quality = q;
-        o.encode.webp_lossless = false;
-    }
-    if let Some(b) = a.get("--tga-bits") {
-        o.tga_bits = Some(b.parse().ok().and_then(photocraft_io::TgaBits::from_bits).ok_or_else(|| format!("bad --tga-bits `{b}`: expected 24 or 32"))?);
-    }
-    if let Some(b) = a.get("--dpx-bits") {
-        o.encode.dpx_bits =
-            Some(b.parse().ok().and_then(photocraft_io::DpxBits::from_bits).ok_or_else(|| format!("bad --dpx-bits `{b}`: expected 8, 10, 12 or 16"))?);
-    }
-    if let Some(c) = a.get("--dds-compression") {
-        o.encode.dds.compression =
-            photocraft_io::DdsCompression::from_name(c).ok_or_else(|| format!("bad --dds-compression `{c}`: expected none, bc1, bc2 or bc3"))?;
-    }
-    o.encode.dds.mipmaps = a.has("--dds-mipmaps");
-    Ok(o)
-}
-
-fn warn_all(err: &mut dyn Write, ws: &[String]) {
-    for w in ws {
-        let _ = writeln!(err, "warning: {w}");
-    }
-}
-
-/// The engine knows which type families aren't installed. Warn before an export
-/// uses a fallback face rather than silently changing the appearance of the text.
-fn missing_font_warnings(fonts: Vec<String>) -> Vec<String> {
-    fonts.into_iter().map(|font| format!("font '{font}' is not installed; text may render using a fallback face")).collect()
-}
-
-fn automation_workspace(args: &Args) -> Result<AuthorizedWorkspace, String> {
-    AuthorizedWorkspace::new(args.get("--automation-read-root").map(Path::new), args.get("--automation-write-root").map(Path::new))
-        .map_err(|error| error.to_string())
-}
-
-fn convert(a: &Args, _out: &mut dyn Write, err: &mut dyn Write) -> R {
-    let [input, output] = a.positional.as_slice() else {
-        return Err("convert needs <in> <out>".into());
-    };
-    let opts = export_opts(a)?;
-    let o = files::open(Path::new(input)).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-    warn_all(err, &o.warnings);
-    warn_all(err, &photocraft_engine::type_extra_cmds::missing_font_warnings(&o.document));
-    let ws = files::save(&o.document, Path::new(output), a.get("--format"), &opts, None).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-    warn_all(err, &ws);
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn print_json(out: &mut dyn Write, v: &Value, compact: bool) -> R {
-    let s = if compact { serde_json::to_string(v) } else { serde_json::to_string_pretty(v) }.map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-    writeln!(out, "{s}").map_err(|e| e.to_string())
-}
-
-fn info(a: &Args, out: &mut dyn Write) -> R {
-    let [file] = a.positional.as_slice() else {
-        return Err("info needs <file>".into());
-    };
-    let mut h = Headless::trusted_local();
-    let opened = h.open(Path::new(file)).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-    let mut doc = h.inspect(None).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-    let mut warnings = opened["warnings"].as_array().cloned().unwrap_or_default();
-    if let Some(st) = h.session.active() {
-        warnings.extend(missing_font_warnings(photocraft_engine::type_extra_cmds::missing_fonts(&st.doc)).into_iter().map(Value::String));
-    }
-    doc["warnings"] = Value::Array(warnings);
-    doc["file"] = json!(file);
-    // Drop per-session noise.
-    if let Value::Object(m) = &mut doc {
-        for k in ["history", "canUndo", "canRedo", "revision"] {
-            m.remove(k);
-        }
-    }
-    print_json(out, &doc, a.has("--compact"))
-}
-
-/// `(id, params)` pairs from repeated `--cmd`/`--params` flags.
-fn command_list(a: &Args) -> Result<Vec<(String, Value)>, String> {
-    let mut cmds: Vec<(String, Value)> = Vec::new();
-    for (k, v) in &a.flags {
-        match (k.as_str(), v) {
-            ("--cmd", Some(id)) => cmds.push((id.clone(), json!({}))),
-            ("--params", Some(p)) => {
-                let last = cmds.last_mut().ok_or("--params must follow a --cmd")?;
-                last.1 = serde_json::from_str(p).map_err(|e| format!("bad --params JSON for `{}`: {e}", last.0))?;
-            }
-            _ => {}
-        }
-    }
-    Ok(cmds)
-}
-
-fn run_cmds(a: &Args, out: &mut dyn Write, err: &mut dyn Write) -> R {
-    let opts = export_opts(a)?;
-    let mut h = Headless::trusted_local();
-    // Opening, running commands and exporting can all notice the same missing font:
-    // one `run` invocation reports each warning line at most once.
-    let mut reported_fonts = std::collections::HashSet::<String>::new();
-    match (a.positional.as_slice(), a.get("--new")) {
-        ([file], None) => {
-            let o = h.open(Path::new(file)).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-            let ws: Vec<String> = serde_json::from_value(o["warnings"].clone()).unwrap_or_default();
-            reported_fonts.extend(ws.iter().cloned());
-            warn_all(err, &ws);
-            reported_fonts.extend(ws);
-        }
-        ([], Some(new)) => {
-            let p: Value = serde_json::from_str(new).map_err(|e| format!("bad --new JSON: {e}"))?;
-            h.command_run("file.new", p).map_err(|e| format!("--new: {e}"))?;
-        }
-        _ => return Err("run needs exactly one of <file> or --new <json>".into()),
-    }
-    let cmds = command_list(a)?;
-    if cmds.is_empty() && a.get("--out").is_none() {
-        return Err("run needs at least one --cmd (or --out)".into());
-    }
-    for (id, params) in cmds {
-        let r = h.command_run(&id, params).map_err(|e| format!("`{id}`: {e}"))?;
-        if let Some(e) = photocraft_engine::actions_cmds::nested_failure(&id, &r) {
-            return Err(format!("`{id}`: {e}"));
-        }
-        let new_warnings: Vec<String> = h
-            .session
-            .active()
-            .map(|st| missing_font_warnings(photocraft_engine::type_extra_cmds::missing_fonts(&st.doc)))
-            .unwrap_or_default()
-            .into_iter()
-            .filter(|w| reported_fonts.insert(w.clone()))
-            .collect();
-        warn_all(err, &new_warnings);
-        let mut result = json!({"command": id, "result": r});
-        if !new_warnings.is_empty() {
-            result["warnings"] = json!(new_warnings);
-        }
-        print_json(out, &result, true)?;
-    }
-    // A `run` with only `--out` still reports missing fonts before exporting.
-    let remaining: Vec<String> = h
-        .session
-        .active()
-        .map(|st| missing_font_warnings(photocraft_engine::type_extra_cmds::missing_fonts(&st.doc)))
-        .unwrap_or_default()
-        .into_iter()
-        .filter(|w| reported_fonts.insert(w.clone()))
-        .collect();
-    warn_all(err, &remaining);
-    if let Some(o) = a.get("--out") {
-        let r = h.save(None, Some(Path::new(o)), a.get("--format"), &opts).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-        let ws: Vec<String> = serde_json::from_value(r["warnings"].clone()).unwrap_or_default();
-        let ws: Vec<String> = ws.into_iter().filter(|w| reported_fonts.insert(w.clone())).collect();
-        warn_all(err, &ws);
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-/// Parse an actions file: the steps of a recorded action or a droplet (`[id, params]` pairs,
-/// `{"command": id, "params": {…}}` objects or bare ids; `"id"` is accepted for `"command"`), as a
-/// list or wrapped in `{"actions": […]}`, `{"steps": […]}` or a droplet (#489).
-pub fn parse_actions(text: &str) -> Result<Vec<(String, Value)>, String> {
-    let v: Value = serde_json::from_str(text).map_err(|e| format!("actions JSON: {e}"))?;
-    steps_of(&v)
-}
-
-fn steps_of(v: &Value) -> Result<Steps, String> {
-    photocraft_engine::automate_cmds::parse_action(v.get("actions").unwrap_or(v), "batch --actions").map_err(|e| e.to_string())
-}
-
-/// Engine commands to run in order: `(id, params)`.
-pub type Steps = Vec<(String, Value)>;
-
-/// The steps `batch` plays on each file, and the actions they can call. An Actions set (the
-/// Actions panel's `actions.json`: `{"actions": [{"name", "steps"}…]}`, or the bare list) plays
-/// the action `name` picks (optional when the set holds one) with the whole set loaded, as
-/// Photoshop's Batch does; anything else is one action's steps ([`parse_actions`]) (#2786).
-pub fn load_actions(text: &str, name: Option<&str>) -> Result<(Steps, Vec<Action>), String> {
-    let v: Value = serde_json::from_str(text).map_err(|e| format!("actions JSON: {e}"))?;
-    let list = v.get("actions").unwrap_or(&v);
-    let is_set = list.as_array().is_some_and(|a| !a.is_empty() && a.iter().all(|x| x.get("name").is_some_and(Value::is_string)));
-    if !is_set {
-        if name.is_some() {
-            return Err("--action picks an action from an Actions set ({\"actions\": [{\"name\", \"steps\"}…]}), but this file holds one action's steps".into());
-        }
-        return Ok((steps_of(&v)?, Vec::new()));
-    }
-    let set: Vec<Action> = serde_json::from_value(list.clone()).map_err(|e| format!("Actions set: {e}"))?;
-    let names = || set.iter().map(|a| format!("`{}`", a.name)).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", ");
-    let action = match (name, set.as_slice()) {
-        (Some(n), _) => set.iter().find(|a| a.name == n).ok_or_else(|| format!("no action named `{n}` in the set (it holds {})", names()))?,
-        (None, [only]) => only,
-        (None, _) => return Err(format!("the Actions set holds {} actions: pick one with --action <name> ({})", set.len(), names())),
-    };
-    let play = vec![("actions.play".to_string(), json!({"action": action.name}))];
-    Ok((play, set))
-}
-
-/// [`load_actions`] for a file on disk: a Photoshop Actions file (`.atn`, by extension or by
-/// its version word) is converted first; the played action's steps with no PhotoCraft
-/// equivalent come back as warnings (they fail at playback, as in Photoshop when a step can't run).
-pub fn load_actions_file(path: &str, name: Option<&str>) -> Result<(Steps, Vec<Action>, Vec<String>), String> {
-    let bytes = std::fs::read(path).map_err(|e| format!("{path}: {e}"))?;
-    let is_atn = Path::new(path).extension().is_some_and(|e| e.eq_ignore_ascii_case("atn")) || bytes.starts_with(&[0, 0, 0, 16]);
-    if !is_atn {
-        let text = String::from_utf8(bytes).map_err(|e| format!("{path}: {e}"))?;
-        let (steps, set) = load_actions(&text, name)?;
-        return Ok((steps, set, Vec::new()));
-    }
-    let imp = photocraft_engine::atn_cmds::import(&bytes).map_err(|e| format!("{path}: {e}"))?;
-    let names = || imp.actions.iter().map(|a| format!("`{}`", a.name)).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", ");
-    let action = match (name, imp.actions.as_slice()) {
-        (Some(n), _) => {
-            imp.actions.iter().find(|a| a.name == n).ok_or_else(|| format!("no action named `{n}` in the set `{}` (it holds {})", imp.set, names()))?
-        }
-        (None, [only]) => only,
-        (None, []) => return Err(format!("{path}: the set holds no actions")),
-        (None, _) => return Err(format!("the set `{}` holds {} actions: pick one with --action <name> ({})", imp.set, imp.actions.len(), names())),
-    };
-    let warnings = imp
-        .unsupported
-        .iter()
-        .filter(|u| u.action == action.name)
-        .map(|u| format!("`{}` step {}: Photoshop's \"{}\" ({}) has no PhotoCraft equivalent yet", u.action, u.step + 1, u.name, u.event))
-        .chain(imp.warnings.iter().cloned())
-        .collect();
-    let play = vec![("actions.play".to_string(), json!({"action": action.name}))];
-    Ok((play, imp.actions, warnings))
-}
-
-/// Whether `a` and `b` name the same existing folder, however they are spelt (relative, with a
-/// trailing separator, through a symbolic link).
-fn same_dir(a: &Path, b: &Path) -> bool {
-    matches!((std::fs::canonicalize(a), std::fs::canonicalize(b)), (Ok(a), Ok(b)) if a == b)
-}
-
-fn is_input(p: &Path) -> bool {
-    let known = |e: &str| {
-        matches!(e, "pcraft" | "psd" | "psb" | "pdn" | "ora" | "kra" | "krz" | "af" | "afdesign" | "afphoto" | "afpub")
-            || photocraft_codecs::from_extension(e).is_some_and(|f| photocraft_codecs::caps(f).read)
-    };
-    p.is_file() && p.extension().is_some_and(|e| known(&e.to_string_lossy().to_ascii_lowercase()))
-}
-
-/// Drops the Save and view steps the desktop records from `action` (Batch saves each result
-/// itself, #3143), keeping its unchecked and dialog flags on the steps that remain (#6860).
-fn strip_shell_steps(action: &mut Action) {
-    use photocraft_engine::actions_cmds::{shell_save_command, shell_view_command};
-    let (mut steps, mut disabled, mut dialogs) = (Vec::new(), std::collections::BTreeSet::new(), std::collections::BTreeSet::new());
-    for (i, (id, p)) in std::mem::take(&mut action.steps).into_iter().enumerate() {
-        if shell_save_command(&id) || shell_view_command(&id) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        if action.disabled.contains(&i) {
-            disabled.insert(steps.len());
-        }
-        if action.dialogs.contains(&i) {
-            dialogs.insert(steps.len());
-        }
-        steps.push((id, p));
-    }
-    (action.steps, action.disabled, action.dialogs) = (steps, disabled, dialogs);
-}
-
-fn batch(a: &Args, out: &mut dyn Write, err: &mut dyn Write) -> R {
-    let actions_path = a.get("--actions").ok_or("batch needs --actions <file>")?;
-    let in_dir = PathBuf::from(a.get("--in").ok_or("batch needs --in <dir>")?);
-    let out_dir = PathBuf::from(a.get("--out").ok_or("batch needs --out <dir>")?);
-    let (actions, mut set, warnings) = load_actions_file(actions_path, a.get("--action"))?;
-    set.iter_mut().for_each(strip_shell_steps);
-    for w in &warnings {
-        let _ = writeln!(err, "warning: {w}");
-    }
-    let opts = export_opts(a)?;
-    // Results are saved as `<out>/<stem>.<ext>`, so an `--out` that is the `--in` folder would
-    // replace the originals (#492).
-    if !a.has("--in-place") && same_dir(&in_dir, &out_dir) {
-        return Err(format!(
-            "--out {} is the --in folder, so the results would replace the originals: choose another --out folder, or pass --in-place to overwrite them",
-            out_dir.display()
-        ));
-    }
-    std::fs::create_dir_all(&out_dir).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-    let mut inputs: Vec<PathBuf> =
-        std::fs::read_dir(&in_dir).map_err(|e| format!("{}: {e}", in_dir.display()))?.flatten().map(|e| e.path()).filter(|p| is_input(p)).collect();
-    inputs.sort();
-    let (mut ok, mut failed) = (0, 0);
-    let mut written = photocraft_engine::file_cmds::OutputClaims::default();
-    // `--format .jpg` names outputs `<stem>.jpg`, as `--format jpg` does (#490).
-    let format = a.get("--format").map(|f| f.strip_prefix('.').unwrap_or(f));
-    for input in &inputs {
-        let ext = format.map(str::to_owned).or_else(|| input.extension().map(|e| e.to_string_lossy().into_owned())).unwrap_or_else(|| "png".into());
-        let stem = input.file_stem().map(|s| s.to_string_lossy().into_owned()).unwrap_or_default();
-        let target = out_dir.join(format!("{stem}.{ext}"));
-        let target_text = target.to_string_lossy();
-        let r = (|| -> Result<Vec<String>, String> {
-            written.check(&target_text)?;
-            let mut h = Headless::trusted_local();
-            // Steps that play another action find it in the set; the session's playback stack
-            // stops an action that calls itself.
-            h.session.actions.list = set.clone();
-            h.open(input).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-            for (id, p) in &actions {
-                if photocraft_engine::actions_cmds::shell_view_command(id) || photocraft_engine::actions_cmds::shell_save_command(id) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                let r = h.command_run(id, p.clone()).map_err(|e| format!("`{id}`: {e}"))?;
-                // A failed step inside a called action makes this file an error, not a saved result.
-                if let Some(e) = photocraft_engine::actions_cmds::nested_failure(id, &r) {
-                    return Err(format!("`{id}`: {e}"));
-                }
-            }
-            let r = h.save(None, Some(&target), Some(&ext), &opts).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-            Ok(serde_json::from_value(r["warnings"].clone()).unwrap_or_default())
-        })();
-        match r {
-            Ok(ws) => {
-                ok += 1;
-                written.record(&target_text, &input.to_string_lossy());
-                let _ = writeln!(out, "ok    {} -> {}", input.display(), target.display());
-                warn_all(err, &ws);
-            }
-            Err(e) => {
-                failed += 1;
-                let _ = writeln!(err, "FAIL  {}: {e}", input.display());
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    let _ = writeln!(out, "{ok} succeeded, {failed} failed");
-    if failed > 0 { Err(format!("{failed} file(s) failed")) } else { Ok(()) }
-}
-
-fn droplet(a: &Args, out: &mut dyn Write, err: &mut dyn Write) -> R {
-    let (file, inputs) = a.positional.split_first().ok_or("droplet needs <file.pcdroplet> and inputs")?;
-    if inputs.is_empty() {
-        return Err("droplet needs at least one input file or folder".into());
-    }
-    let mut p = json!({"droplet": file, "input": inputs});
-    if let Some(o) = a.get("--out") {
-        p["output"] = json!(o);
-    }
-    let mut s = photocraft_engine::Session::new();
-    let r = s.execute("file.automate.runDroplet", p).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-    for f in r["files"].as_array().into_iter().flatten() {
-        let _ = writeln!(out, "ok    {}", f.as_str().unwrap_or_default());
-    }
-    let errors = r["errors"].as_array().cloned().unwrap_or_default();
-    for e in &errors {
-        let _ = writeln!(err, "FAIL  {}: {}", e["file"].as_str().unwrap_or_default(), e["error"].as_str().unwrap_or_default());
-    }
-    if errors.is_empty() { Ok(()) } else { Err(format!("{} file(s) failed", errors.len())) }
-}
-
-fn commands(a: &Args, out: &mut dyn Write) -> R {
-    let h = Headless::new();
-    let list = h.command_list();
-    let needle = a.get("--filter").map(str::to_lowercase);
-    let items: Vec<&Value> = list
-        .as_array()
-        .map(|v| v.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>())
-        .unwrap_or_default()
-        .into_iter()
-        .filter(|c| needle.as_ref().is_none_or(|n| photocraft_engine::commands::list_entry_matches(c, n)))
-        .collect();
-    if a.has("--json") {
-        return print_json(out, &Value::Array(items.into_iter().cloned().collect()), false);
-    }
-    for c in items {
-        let menu = c["menu"].as_array().map(|m| m.iter().filter_map(Value::as_str).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(" > ")).unwrap_or_default();
-        writeln!(out, "{:<44} {:<32} {}", c["id"].as_str().unwrap_or(""), c["label"].as_str().unwrap_or(""), menu).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn serve(a: &Args, err: &mut dyn Write) -> R {
-    use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
-    let h = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Headless::with_workspace(automation_workspace(a)?)));
-    match a.get("--port") {
-        Some(port) => {
-            let port: u16 = port.parse().map_err(|_| format!("bad --port `{port}`"))?;
-            let addr = format!("127.0.0.1:{port}");
-            let (supplied, token_file) = security::token_inputs(a.get("--control-token").map(str::to_owned), a.get("--control-token-file").map(PathBuf::from));
-            let token = security::server_token(supplied.as_deref(), token_file.as_deref()).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-            if let Some(path) = &token_file {
-                let _ = writeln!(err, "photocraft-cli control token file: {}", path.display());
-            } else if supplied.is_none() {
-                let _ = writeln!(err, "photocraft-cli control token: {token}");
-            }
-            photocraft_automation::rpc::serve_tcp(&addr, h, token, |local| {
-                let _ = writeln!(err, "photocraft-cli serving on {local}");
-            })
-            .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
-        }
-        None => {
-            let stdin = std::io::stdin();
-            photocraft_automation::rpc::serve_lines(&h, stdin.lock(), std::io::stdout()).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn mcp(a: &Args) -> R {
-    let server = match a.get("--bridge") {
-        Some(addr) => {
-            let (supplied, token_file) = security::token_inputs(a.get("--control-token").map(str::to_owned), a.get("--control-token-file").map(PathBuf::from));
-            let token = security::client_token(supplied.as_deref(), token_file.as_deref()).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-            PhotocraftMcp::bridge(addr, &token).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?
-        }
-        None => PhotocraftMcp::headless_with_workspace(automation_workspace(a)?),
-    };
-    let rt = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_multi_thread().enable_all().build().map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-    rt.block_on(server.serve_stdio()).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
-mod missing_font_warning_tests {
-    use super::*;
-
-    fn invoke(args: &[&str]) -> (i32, String, String) {
-        let mut output = Vec::new();
-        let mut errors = Vec::new();
-        let args: Vec<String> = args.iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect();
-        let code = run(&args, &mut output, &mut errors);
-        (code, String::from_utf8(output).unwrap(), String::from_utf8(errors).unwrap())
+pub(crate) mod test_support {
+    /// What [`crate::run`] returned and wrote.
+    pub(crate) struct Invoke {
+        pub(crate) code: i32,
+        pub(crate) stdout: String,
+        pub(crate) stderr: String,
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn missing_typeface_is_reported_by_run_info_and_convert() {
-        let family = "DefinitelyMissingPhotoCraftTypeface1251";
-        let folder = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("photocraft-cli-font-warnings-{}", std::process::id()));
-        std::fs::create_dir_all(&folder).unwrap();
-        let native = folder.join("missing.pcraft");
-        let png = folder.join("missing.png");
-        let native_str = native.to_string_lossy().to_string();
-        let png_str = png.to_string_lossy().to_string();
-        let params = json!({"x": 6, "y": 38, "text": "Missing font warning", "font": family, "size": 20}).to_string();
-
-        let (code, stdout, stderr) = invoke(&[
-            "run",
-            "--new",
-            r#"{"width":256,"height":96,"background":"white"}"#,
-            "--cmd",
-            "type.create",
-            "--params",
-            &params,
-            "--cmd",
-            "type.resolveMissingFonts",
-            "--out",
-            &native_str,
-        ]);
-        assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stderr}");
-        assert_eq!(stderr.matches(family).count(), 1, "multi-command runs should not repeat the same missing font warning");
-        let commands: Vec<Value> = stdout.lines().map(|s| serde_json::from_str(s).unwrap()).collect();
-        assert_eq!(commands.len(), 2, "{stdout}");
-        assert!(commands[0]["warnings"].as_array().unwrap().iter().any(|w| w.as_str().is_some_and(|s| s.contains(family))));
-        assert!(commands[1].get("warnings").is_none(), "only newly detected missing fonts are reported");
-
-        let (code, stdout, stderr) = invoke(&["info", &native_str, "--compact"]);
-        assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stderr}");
-        let info: Value = serde_json::from_str(&stdout).unwrap();
-        assert!(info["warnings"].as_array().unwrap().iter().any(|w| w.as_str().is_some_and(|s| s.contains(family))));
-        assert!(stderr.is_empty(), "info puts warnings in JSON, not stderr");
-
-        let (code, _, stderr) = invoke(&["convert", &native_str, &png_str]);
-        assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stderr}");
-        assert!(stderr.contains(&format!("warning: font '{family}'")), "{stderr}");
-        assert!(png.is_file());
-
-        // Even with no commands, run --out checks the opened document before export.
-        let (code, stdout, stderr) = invoke(&["run", &native_str, "--out", &png_str]);
-        assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stderr}");
-        assert!(stdout.is_empty());
-        assert_eq!(stderr.matches(family).count(), 1);
-
-        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&folder);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn convert_reads_and_writes_openraster() {
-        let folder = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("photocraft-cli-ora-{}", std::process::id()));
-        std::fs::create_dir_all(&folder).unwrap();
-        let path = |name: &str| folder.join(name).to_string_lossy().to_string();
-        let (native, ora, png) = (path("layers.pcraft"), path("layers.ora"), path("back.png"));
-        let (code, _, stderr) = invoke(&["run", "--new", r#"{"width":16,"height":12}"#, "--cmd", "layer.new.layer", "--out", &native]);
-        assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stderr}");
-        let (code, _, stderr) = invoke(&["convert", &native, &ora]);
-        assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stderr}");
-        let (code, stdout, stderr) = invoke(&["info", &ora, "--compact"]);
-        assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stderr}");
-        let info: Value = serde_json::from_str(&stdout).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(info["layers"].as_array().map(Vec::len), Some(2), "{info}");
-        let (code, _, stderr) = invoke(&["convert", &ora, &png]);
-        assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stderr}");
-        assert!(is_input(std::path::Path::new(&ora)));
-        // Krita documents are batch inputs too (import-only).
-        for name in ["sketch.kra", "old.KRZ"] {
-            std::fs::write(folder.join(name), b"").unwrap();
-            assert!(is_input(&folder.join(name)), "{name}");
-        }
-        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&folder);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn no_type_layers_do_not_produce_missing_font_warnings() {
-        let folder = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("photocraft-cli-no-font-warning-{}", std::process::id()));
-        std::fs::create_dir_all(&folder).unwrap();
-        let native = folder.join("blank.pcraft");
-        let png = folder.join("blank.png");
-        let native_str = native.to_string_lossy().to_string();
-        let png_str = png.to_string_lossy().to_string();
-        let (code, _, stderr) = invoke(&["run", "--new", r#"{"width":16,"height":16}"#, "--out", &native_str]);
-        assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stderr}");
-        assert!(!stderr.contains("font '"), "{stderr}");
-        let (code, stdout, stderr) = invoke(&["info", &native_str, "--compact"]);
-        assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stderr}");
-        let info: Value = serde_json::from_str(&stdout).unwrap();
-        assert!(info["warnings"].as_array().unwrap().iter().all(|w| !w.as_str().unwrap_or_default().contains("font '")));
-        let (code, _, stderr) = invoke(&["convert", &native_str, &png_str]);
-        assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stderr}");
-        assert!(!stderr.contains("font '"), "{stderr}");
-        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&folder);
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod batch_action_set_tests {
-    use super::*;
-
-    fn invoke(args: &[&str]) -> (i32, String, String) {
-        let (mut output, mut errors) = (Vec::new(), Vec::new());
-        let args: Vec<String> = args.iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect();
-        let code = run(&args, &mut output, &mut errors);
-        (code, String::from_utf8(output).unwrap(), String::from_utf8(errors).unwrap())
-    }
-
-    /// A batched action that plays another action of its set finds it in every file's session; a
-    /// failure inside the called action fails the file, and a self-call stops instead of looping.
-    #[test]
-    fn batch_plays_an_action_that_calls_another_action_of_its_set() {
-        let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("photocraft-cli-action-set-{}", std::process::id()));
-        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
-        let path = |name: &str| dir.join(name).to_string_lossy().to_string();
-        std::fs::create_dir_all(dir.join("in")).unwrap();
-        for name in ["a", "b"] {
-            let (code, _, stderr) = invoke(&["run", "--new", r#"{"width":8,"height":6}"#, "--out", &path(&format!("in/{name}.png"))]);
-            assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stderr}");
-        }
-        let set = json!({"version": 1, "actions": [
-            {"name": "Outer", "steps": [["actions.play", {"action": "Rotate"}]]},
-            {"name": "Rotate", "steps": [["image.imageRotation.90cw", {}]]},
-            {"name": "Calls bad", "steps": [["actions.play", {"action": "Bad"}]]},
-            {"name": "Bad", "steps": [["layer.delete", {"layer": 999_999}]]},
-            {"name": "Loop", "steps": [["actions.play", {"action": "Loop"}]]},
-        ]});
-        std::fs::write(dir.join("actions.json"), set.to_string()).unwrap();
-        let batch = |action: &str| invoke(&["batch", "--actions", &path("actions.json"), "--action", action, "--in", &path("in"), "--out", &path(action)]);
-
-        let (code, stdout, stderr) = batch("Outer");
-        assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stdout}{stderr}");
-        for name in ["a", "b"] {
-            let (code, info, stderr) = invoke(&["info", &path(&format!("Outer/{name}.png")), "--compact"]);
-            assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stderr}");
-            let info: Value = serde_json::from_str(&info).unwrap();
-            assert_eq!((info["width"].as_u64(), info["height"].as_u64()), (Some(6), Some(8)), "rotated by the called action");
-        }
-        for action in ["Calls bad", "Loop"] {
-            let (code, stdout, stderr) = batch(action);
-            assert_ne!(code, 0, "{stdout}");
-            assert_eq!(stderr.matches("FAIL").count(), 2, "{stderr}");
-            assert!(!dir.join(action).join("a.png").exists(), "a file whose called action failed is not saved");
-        }
-        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
-    }
-
-    /// Save and view steps recorded inside a batched action set are skipped, also in a called
-    /// action, and unchecked steps stay unchecked once they are gone (#6860).
-    #[test]
-    fn batch_skips_save_and_view_steps_inside_an_action_set() {
-        let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("photocraft-cli-action-set-save-{}", std::process::id()));
-        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
-        let path = |name: &str| dir.join(name).to_string_lossy().to_string();
-        std::fs::create_dir_all(dir.join("in")).unwrap();
-        let (code, _, stderr) = invoke(&["run", "--new", r#"{"width":8,"height":6}"#, "--out", &path("in/a.png")]);
-        assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stderr}");
-        let set = json!({"version": 1, "actions": [
-            {"name": "Outer", "steps": [["actions.play", {"action": "Rotate"}], ["file.saveAs", {}]]},
-            {"name": "Rotate", "steps": [
-                ["file.save", {}],
-                ["image.imageRotation.90cw", {}],
-                ["view.fitOnScreen", {}],
-                ["image.imageRotation.90cw", {}],
-                ["file.saveAs", {}],
-            ], "disabled": [3], "dialogs": [1]},
-        ]});
-        std::fs::write(dir.join("actions.json"), set.to_string()).unwrap();
-        for action in ["Outer", "Rotate"] {
-            let (code, stdout, stderr) =
-                invoke(&["batch", "--actions", &path("actions.json"), "--action", action, "--in", &path("in"), "--out", &path(action)]);
-            assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stdout}{stderr}");
-            let (code, info, stderr) = invoke(&["info", &path(&format!("{action}/a.png")), "--compact"]);
-            assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stderr}");
-            let info: Value = serde_json::from_str(&info).unwrap();
-            assert_eq!((info["width"].as_u64(), info["height"].as_u64()), (Some(6), Some(8)), "{action}: rotated once, the unchecked step skipped");
-        }
-        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+    pub(crate) fn invoke(args: &[&str]) -> Invoke {
+        let (mut stdout, mut stderr) = (Vec::new(), Vec::new());
+        let code = crate::run(args, &mut stdout, &mut stderr);
+        Invoke { code, stdout: String::from_utf8(stdout).unwrap(), stderr: String::from_utf8(stderr).unwrap() }
     }
 }
diff --git a/apps/photocraft-cli/src/main.rs b/apps/photocraft-cli/src/main.rs
index c0bce7826b..ea5598f99d 100644
--- a/apps/photocraft-cli/src/main.rs
+++ b/apps/photocraft-cli/src/main.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 #![deny(clippy::unwrap_used, clippy::expect_used, clippy::panic, clippy::unimplemented, clippy::todo, clippy::unreachable)]
 
 fn main() {
-    // `args_os`, not `args`: a non-Unicode argument (a Latin-1 file name on Linux) must be a
-    // usage error, not a panic before anything is printed (issue #1108).
-    let args: Vec<std::ffi::OsString> = std::env::args_os().skip(1).collect();
-    let code = photocraft_cli::run_os(&args, &mut std::io::stdout(), &mut std::io::stderr());
+    // `args_os`, not `args`: a non-Unicode argument (a Latin-1 file name on Linux) must reach clap,
+    // not panic before anything is printed (issue #1108).
+    let code = photocraft_cli::run(std::env::args_os().skip(1), &mut std::io::stdout(), &mut std::io::stderr());
     std::process::exit(code);
 }
diff --git a/apps/photocraft-cli/src/output.rs b/apps/photocraft-cli/src/output.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..34101c9ec0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/photocraft-cli/src/output.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+use photocraft_io::ExportOptions;
+use serde_json::Value;
+use std::io::Write;
+
+use crate::{Result, args::ExportArgs};
+
+/// The `--format` family's options. A bad value never gets here: clap refused it.
+impl From<&ExportArgs> for ExportOptions {
+    fn from(a: &ExportArgs) -> Self {
+        // TIFF output is flat unless asked: scripted conversions keep predictable sizes.
+        let mut o = ExportOptions { tiff_layers: a.tiff_layers, tga_bits: a.tga_bits, ..Default::default() };
+        if let Some(q) = a.quality {
+            o.encode.jpeg_quality = q;
+            // Asking for a quality asks for a lossy WebP; the default WebP stays lossless.
+            o.encode.webp_quality = q;
+            o.encode.webp_lossless = false;
+        }
+        o.encode.dpx_bits = a.dpx_bits;
+        if let Some(c) = a.tiff_compression {
+            o.encode.tiff_compression = c;
+        }
+        if let Some(f) = a.jpeg_format {
+            o.encode.jpeg_format = f;
+        }
+        if let Some(c) = a.dds_compression {
+            o.encode.dds.compression = c;
+        }
+        o.encode.dds.mipmaps = a.dds_mipmaps;
+        o
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn warn_all(err: &mut dyn Write, ws: &[String]) {
+    for w in ws {
+        let _ = writeln!(err, "warning: {w}");
+    }
+}
+
+/// How [`print_json`] lays the JSON out.
+pub(crate) enum JsonStyle {
+    Pretty,
+    Compact,
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn print_json(out: &mut dyn Write, v: &Value, style: JsonStyle) -> Result {
+    let s = match style {
+        JsonStyle::Pretty => serde_json::to_string_pretty(v),
+        JsonStyle::Compact => serde_json::to_string(v),
+    }?;
+    Ok(writeln!(out, "{s}")?)
+}
diff --git a/apps/photocraft-cli/tests/cli.rs b/apps/photocraft-cli/tests/cli.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 19258ca9ed..0000000000
--- a/apps/photocraft-cli/tests/cli.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,798 +0,0 @@
-//! Process-level tests of the `photocraft-cli` binary.
-
-use std::io::{BufRead, BufReader, Write};
-use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
-use std::process::{Command, Stdio};
-
-use serde_json::{Value, json};
-
-fn bin() -> Command {
-    Command::new(env!("CARGO_BIN_EXE_photocraft-cli"))
-}
-
-fn tmp(name: &str) -> PathBuf {
-    let d = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("pc-cli-{}-{name}", std::process::id()));
-    let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&d);
-    std::fs::create_dir_all(&d).unwrap();
-    d
-}
-
-fn write_png(path: &Path, w: u32, h: u32, seed: u8) {
-    let data: Vec<u8> = (0..w * h * 4).map(|i| (i as u8).wrapping_mul(seed).wrapping_add(seed)).collect();
-    let img = photocraft_codecs::Image::from_u8(w, h, photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgba, data).unwrap();
-    std::fs::write(path, photocraft_codecs::encode(&img, photocraft_codecs::Format::Png, &Default::default()).unwrap()).unwrap();
-}
-
-fn ok(cmd: &mut Command) -> (String, String) {
-    let o = cmd.output().unwrap();
-    let (out, err) = (String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stdout).into_owned(), String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr).into_owned());
-    assert!(o.status.success(), "exit {:?}\nstdout: {out}\nstderr: {err}", o.status);
-    (out, err)
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn usage_and_unknown_command() {
-    let o = bin().output().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(2));
-    assert!(String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr).contains("USAGE"));
-    let o = bin().arg("frobnicate").output().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(2));
-    let (out, _) = ok(bin().arg("--help"));
-    assert!(out.contains("convert"));
-    let (out, _) = ok(bin().arg("--version"));
-    assert!(out.starts_with("photocraft-cli "));
-}
-
-/// #423: `<subcommand> --help` and `-h` print usage and return at once (no inputs read, no files
-/// written, no server started), whatever else is on the line.
-#[test]
-fn every_subcommand_answers_help() {
-    let d = tmp("help");
-    for sub in ["convert", "info", "run", "batch", "droplet", "commands", "mcp", "serve"] {
-        for help in ["--help", "-h"] {
-            let o = bin().current_dir(&d).arg(sub).arg(help).arg("--out").arg("x.png").stdin(Stdio::null()).output().unwrap();
-            let out = String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stdout);
-            assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(0), "{sub} {help}: {}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr));
-            assert!(out.contains("USAGE") && out.contains("photocraft-cli batch"), "{sub} {help}: {out}");
-        }
-    }
-    assert_eq!(std::fs::read_dir(&d).unwrap().count(), 0, "help wrote nothing");
-}
-
-/// #423: a flag the subcommand doesn't take is a usage error naming it, before any work.
-#[test]
-fn unknown_flags_are_usage_errors() {
-    let d = tmp("flags");
-    let input = d.join("in");
-    std::fs::create_dir_all(&input).unwrap();
-    write_png(&input.join("a.png"), 8, 4, 3);
-    let actions = d.join("actions.json");
-    std::fs::write(&actions, r#"[{"command":"image.adjustments.invert"}]"#).unwrap();
-    let out_dir = d.join("out");
-    let fails = |cmd: &mut Command, flag: &str| {
-        let o = cmd.output().unwrap();
-        let err = String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr);
-        assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(2), "{err}");
-        assert!(err.contains(&format!("unknown flag {flag}")), "{err}");
-    };
-    for typo in [&["--fromat", "jpg"][..], &["--fromat=jpg"][..]] {
-        fails(bin().args(["batch", "--actions"]).arg(&actions).arg("--in").arg(&input).arg("--out").arg(&out_dir).args(typo), "--fromat");
-        assert!(!out_dir.exists(), "nothing written");
-    }
-    let x = d.join("x.png");
-    fails(bin().arg("run").arg(input.join("a.png")).args(["--cmd", "image.adjustments.invert", "--param", "{}", "--out"]).arg(&x), "--param");
-    assert!(!x.exists());
-    // A flag one subcommand takes is still unknown to another; a bare flag takes no value.
-    fails(bin().args(["info", "--json"]).arg(input.join("a.png")), "--json");
-    let o = bin().args(["commands", "--json=yes"]).output().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(2));
-    assert!(String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr).contains("--json takes no value"));
-    // Every flag still works in both forms.
-    let (out, _) = ok(bin().args(["commands", "--json", "--filter=gaussian"]));
-    assert!(out.contains("filter.blur.gaussianBlur"), "{out}");
-    // The Elliptical Marquee is a `select.rect` option, found by its keywords (#5060).
-    for needle in ["ellipse", "marquee"] {
-        let (out, _) = ok(bin().args(["commands", "--filter", needle]));
-        assert!(out.contains("select.rect"), "{needle}: {out}");
-    }
-    ok(bin().args(["batch", "--actions"]).arg(&actions).arg(format!("--in={}", input.display())).arg("--out").arg(&out_dir).args([
-        "--format=jpg",
-        "--quality",
-        "80",
-    ]));
-    assert!(out_dir.join("a.jpg").exists());
-    let (out, _) = ok(bin().arg("info").arg(input.join("a.png")).arg("--compact"));
-    assert!(!out.trim().contains('\n'), "compact JSON is one line");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn convert_png_pcraft_png_is_lossless() {
-    let d = tmp("convert");
-    let (a, b, c) = (d.join("a.png"), d.join("b.pcraft"), d.join("c.png"));
-    write_png(&a, 37, 23, 7);
-    ok(bin().args(["convert"]).arg(&a).arg(&b));
-    assert!(photocraft_format::is_pcraft(&std::fs::read(&b).unwrap()));
-    ok(bin().args(["convert"]).arg(&b).arg(&c));
-    let x = photocraft_codecs::decode(&std::fs::read(&a).unwrap()).unwrap();
-    let y = photocraft_codecs::decode(&std::fs::read(&c).unwrap()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(x.to_rgba8(), y.to_rgba8());
-    // Format override and lossy warning path.
-    ok(bin().args(["convert"]).arg(&a).arg(d.join("out.bin")).args(["--format", "jpg", "--quality", "60"]));
-    assert!(photocraft_codecs::detect(&std::fs::read(d.join("out.bin")).unwrap()) == Some(photocraft_codecs::Format::Jpeg));
-    std::fs::remove_dir_all(d).unwrap();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn convert_errors() {
-    let d = tmp("converr");
-    let o = bin().args(["convert", "/missing/in.png"]).arg(d.join("x.png")).output().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(1));
-    let o = bin().args(["convert", "only-one"]).output().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(1));
-    std::fs::remove_dir_all(d).unwrap();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn info_prints_layer_tree_json() {
-    let d = tmp("info");
-    let a = d.join("a.png");
-    write_png(&a, 10, 6, 3);
-    let (out, _) = ok(bin().arg("info").arg(&a));
-    let v: Value = serde_json::from_str(&out).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(v["width"], 10);
-    assert_eq!(v["height"], 6);
-    // An RGBA PNG opens as a normal "Layer 0", not the locked Background (as in Photoshop).
-    assert_eq!(v["layers"][0]["name"], "Layer 0");
-    assert!(v.get("history").is_none());
-    let (out, _) = ok(bin().arg("info").arg(&a).arg("--compact"));
-    assert_eq!(out.trim().lines().count(), 1);
-    std::fs::remove_dir_all(d).unwrap();
-}
-
-/// #518, #523: a truncated JPEG and an animated GIF open, but `info` lists why the image is
-/// incomplete and `convert` prints it on stderr (and still succeeds); complete files stay quiet.
-#[test]
-fn info_and_convert_report_decode_warnings() {
-    let d = tmp("decode-warnings");
-    let noise: Vec<u8> = (0..64 * 48 * 3).map(|i: u32| (i.wrapping_mul(7919) % 251) as u8).collect();
-    let img = photocraft_codecs::Image::from_u8(64, 48, photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgb, noise).unwrap();
-    let jpeg = photocraft_codecs::encode(&img, photocraft_codecs::Format::Jpeg, &Default::default()).unwrap();
-    // Three 1x1 frames.
-    let mut gif = b"GIF89a\x01\0\x01\0\x80\0\0\0\0\0\xFF\xFF\xFF".to_vec();
-    for _ in 0..3 {
-        gif.extend_from_slice(b"\x2C\0\0\0\0\x01\0\x01\0\0\x02\x02\x44\x01\0");
-    }
-    gif.push(0x3B);
-    // A GIF opens in Indexed Color (#7886), so `convert` to PNG also notes the palette PNG it
-    // writes, after the decode warning.
-    let cases = [
-        ("whole.jpg", &jpeg[..], None, None),
-        ("half.jpg", &jpeg[..jpeg.len() / 2], Some("JPEG data ends early (the file is truncated or damaged); part of the image is missing"), None),
-        ("anim.gif", &gif[..], Some("only the first of 3 frames was imported"), Some("written as an 8-bit palette PNG (2 colours)")),
-    ];
-    for (name, bytes, warning, export) in cases {
-        let file = d.join(name);
-        std::fs::write(&file, bytes).unwrap();
-        let (out, _) = ok(bin().arg("info").arg(&file).arg("--compact"));
-        let v: Value = serde_json::from_str(&out).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(v["warnings"], json!(warning.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>()), "{name}");
-        let (_, err) = ok(bin().arg("convert").arg(&file).arg(d.join(format!("{name}.png"))));
-        let expected: Vec<String> = warning.into_iter().chain(export).map(|w| format!("warning: {w}")).collect();
-        assert_eq!(
-            err.trim(),
-            expected.join(
-                "
-"
-            ),
-            "{name}"
-        );
-    }
-    std::fs::remove_dir_all(d).unwrap();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn run_commands_and_save() {
-    let d = tmp("run");
-    let out_pc = d.join("r.pcraft");
-    let (out, _) = ok(bin()
-        .args(["run", "--new", r#"{"width":40,"height":30,"name":"Run"}"#])
-        .args(["--cmd", "layer.new.layer", "--params", r#"{"name":"Ink"}"#])
-        .args(["--cmd", "paint.stroke", "--params", r##"{"points":[[2,2,1],[30,20,1]],"size":5,"color":"#00ff00"}"##])
-        .args(["--cmd", "document.inspect"])
-        .arg("--out")
-        .arg(&out_pc));
-    let lines: Vec<Value> = out.lines().map(|l| serde_json::from_str(l).unwrap()).collect();
-    assert_eq!(lines.len(), 3);
-    assert_eq!(lines[2]["command"], "document.inspect");
-    assert_eq!(lines[2]["result"]["name"], "Run");
-    let (info, _) = ok(bin().arg("info").arg(&out_pc));
-    let v: Value = serde_json::from_str(&info).unwrap();
-    // Saving a native document gives the reopened bundle its output filename.
-    assert_eq!(v["name"], "r.pcraft");
-    let names: Vec<&str> = v["layers"].as_array().unwrap().iter().filter_map(|l| l["name"].as_str()).collect();
-    assert_eq!(names, ["Ink", "Background"]);
-    // Continue from the saved file and export PNG.
-    let png = d.join("r.png");
-    ok(bin().arg("run").arg(&out_pc).args(["--cmd", "layer.new.layer"]).arg("--out").arg(&png));
-    assert_eq!(photocraft_codecs::decode(&std::fs::read(&png).unwrap()).unwrap().dimensions(), (40, 30));
-    std::fs::remove_dir_all(d).unwrap();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn run_stops_after_failed_action_without_exporting() {
-    let d = tmp("run-failed-action");
-    let out = d.join("result.png");
-    let result = bin()
-        .args(["run", "--new", r#"{"width":8,"height":8}"#])
-        .args(["--cmd", "layer.new.layer"])
-        .args(["--cmd", "actions.record", "--params", r#"{"name":"Delete"}"#])
-        .args(["--cmd", "layer.delete", "--cmd", "actions.stop"])
-        // The recorded deletion succeeded with two layers; replay cannot delete the last one.
-        .args(["--cmd", "actions.play", "--params", r#"{"action":"Delete"}"#])
-        .args(["--cmd", "document.inspect", "--out"])
-        .arg(&out)
-        .output()
-        .unwrap();
-    let error = String::from_utf8_lossy(&result.stderr);
-    assert_eq!(result.status.code(), Some(1), "stdout: {}\nstderr: {error}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&result.stdout));
-    assert!(error.contains("actions.play") && error.contains("Delete") && error.contains("step 1"), "{error}");
-    let rows: Vec<Value> = String::from_utf8_lossy(&result.stdout).lines().map(|line| serde_json::from_str(line).unwrap()).collect();
-    assert!(rows.iter().all(|row| row["command"] != "document.inspect"), "later commands must not run");
-    assert!(!out.exists(), "a failed action must not export a partial result");
-    std::fs::remove_dir_all(d).unwrap();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn run_continues_after_successful_action_and_exports() {
-    let d = tmp("run-successful-action");
-    let out = d.join("result.png");
-    let (stdout, _) = ok(bin()
-        .args(["run", "--new", r#"{"width":8,"height":8}"#])
-        .args(["--cmd", "actions.record", "--params", r#"{"name":"Add"}"#])
-        .args(["--cmd", "layer.new.layer", "--cmd", "actions.stop"])
-        .args(["--cmd", "actions.play", "--params", r#"{"action":"Add"}"#])
-        .args(["--cmd", "document.inspect", "--out"])
-        .arg(&out));
-    let rows: Vec<Value> = stdout.lines().map(|line| serde_json::from_str(line).unwrap()).collect();
-    let playback = rows.iter().find(|row| row["command"] == "actions.play").unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(playback["result"]["ran"], 1);
-    assert!(playback["result"].get("failed").is_none());
-    assert!(rows.iter().any(|row| row["command"] == "document.inspect"));
-    assert!(out.is_file());
-    std::fs::remove_dir_all(d).unwrap();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn run_errors() {
-    let o = bin().args(["run", "--new", "{}", "--cmd", "no.such"]).output().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(1));
-    assert!(String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr).contains("unknown command"));
-    let o = bin().args(["run", "--new", "{}", "--params", "{}"]).output().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(1));
-    let o = bin().args(["run", "--new", "{", "--cmd", "x"]).output().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(1));
-    // Params must be a JSON object, for `--new` and for each `--params`.
-    let o = bin().args(["run", "--new", "[3]", "--cmd", "layer.new.layer"]).output().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(1));
-    let e = String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr);
-    assert!(e.contains("--new") && e.contains("must be a JSON object"), "{e}");
-    let o = bin().args(["run", "--new", "{}", "--cmd", "layer.new.layer", "--params", "\"x\""]).output().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(1));
-    let e = String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr);
-    assert!(e.contains("layer.new.layer") && e.contains("must be a JSON object"), "{e}");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn run_rejects_invalid_filter_parameters_without_exporting() {
-    let d = tmp("invalid-filter-params");
-    let out = d.join("result.png");
-    for (params, key) in [(r#"{"radius":"big"}"#, "radius"), (r#"{"radus":3}"#, "radus"), (r#"{"radius":5000}"#, "radius"), (r#"{"radius":-4}"#, "radius")] {
-        let result = bin()
-            .args(["run", "--new", r#"{"width":8,"height":8}"#, "--cmd", "filter.blur.gaussianBlur", "--params", params, "--out"])
-            .arg(&out)
-            .output()
-            .unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(result.status.code(), Some(1));
-        let error = String::from_utf8_lossy(&result.stderr);
-        assert!(error.contains("filter.blur.gaussianBlur") && error.contains(key), "{error}");
-        assert!(!out.exists());
-    }
-    std::fs::remove_dir_all(d).unwrap();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn batch_applies_actions_to_directory() {
-    let d = tmp("batch");
-    let (inp, outp) = (d.join("in"), d.join("out"));
-    std::fs::create_dir_all(&inp).unwrap();
-    write_png(&inp.join("one.png"), 12, 8, 1);
-    write_png(&inp.join("two.png"), 9, 9, 2);
-    std::fs::write(inp.join("notes.txt"), "ignored").unwrap();
-    let actions = d.join("actions.json");
-    std::fs::write(&actions, json!([{"command": "layer.new.layer", "params": {"name": "Batch"}}]).to_string()).unwrap();
-    let (out, _) = ok(bin().args(["batch", "--actions"]).arg(&actions).arg("--in").arg(&inp).arg("--out").arg(&outp).args(["--format", "pcraft"]));
-    assert!(out.contains("2 succeeded, 0 failed"), "{out}");
-    for n in ["one", "two"] {
-        let (info, _) = ok(bin().arg("info").arg(outp.join(format!("{n}.pcraft"))));
-        let v: Value = serde_json::from_str(&info).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(v["layers"][0]["name"], "Batch");
-    }
-    // A failing action reports and exits 1.
-    std::fs::write(&actions, r#"{"actions":[{"id":"no.such.command"}]}"#).unwrap();
-    let o = bin().args(["batch", "--actions"]).arg(&actions).arg("--in").arg(&inp).arg("--out").arg(&outp).output().unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(1));
-    assert!(String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr).contains("FAIL"));
-    std::fs::remove_dir_all(d).unwrap();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn batch_skips_recorded_view_and_save_steps() {
-    let d = tmp("batch-shell-steps");
-    let input = d.join("in");
-    std::fs::create_dir_all(&input).unwrap();
-    let source = input.join("a.png");
-    write_png(&source, 12, 8, 3);
-    let original = std::fs::read(&source).unwrap();
-    let recorded_save = d.join("recorded-save.psd");
-    let mut cases = Vec::new();
-    for (name, id) in [("zoom-in", "view.zoomIn"), ("zoom-out", "view.zoomOut"), ("fit", "view.fitOnScreen"), ("actual-pixels", "view.actualPixels")] {
-        cases.push((name, json!([[id, {}], ["image.imageRotation.90cw", {}]]).to_string()));
-    }
-    cases.push(("save", json!([["file.save", {}], ["image.imageRotation.90cw", {}]]).to_string()));
-    cases.push(("save-as", json!([["file.saveAs", {"path": recorded_save.to_string_lossy()}], ["image.imageRotation.90cw", {}]]).to_string()));
-
-    for (name, actions) in cases {
-        let o = batch_with(&d, &input, name, &actions, &[]);
-        let (stdout, stderr) = (String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stdout), String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr));
-        assert!(o.status.success(), "{name}: {stdout}\n{stderr}");
-        assert!(stdout.contains("1 succeeded, 0 failed"), "{name}: {stdout}");
-        let output = d.join(name).join("a.png");
-        let (info, _) = ok(bin().arg("info").arg(&output));
-        let info: Value = serde_json::from_str(&info).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!((info["width"].as_u64(), info["height"].as_u64()), (Some(8), Some(12)), "{name}: {info}");
-        assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&source).unwrap(), original, "{name} changed its input");
-        assert!(!recorded_save.exists(), "{name} wrote the recorded Save As path");
-    }
-    std::fs::remove_dir_all(d).unwrap();
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn parse_actions_formats() {
-    let a = photocraft_cli::parse_actions(r#"[{"command":"a","params":{"x":1}},{"id":"b"}]"#).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(a, vec![("a".to_string(), json!({"x":1})), ("b".to_string(), json!({}))]);
-    assert!(photocraft_cli::parse_actions(r#"{"actions":[{"command":"c"}]}"#).unwrap().len() == 1);
-    assert!(photocraft_cli::parse_actions(r#"[{"params":{}}]"#).is_err());
-    assert!(photocraft_cli::parse_actions("7").is_err());
-    // #489: the step shapes a recorded action and a droplet store, bare or wrapped.
-    let want = vec![("a".to_string(), json!({"x":1})), ("b".to_string(), json!({}))];
-    for text in [
-        r#"[["a",{"x":1}],["b"]]"#,
-        r#"[["a",{"x":1}],"b"]"#,
-        r#"{"steps":[["a",{"x":1}],["b",{}]]}"#,
-        r#"{"photocraftDroplet":1,"action":{"steps":[["a",{"x":1}],{"command":"b"}]}}"#,
-        r#"{"actions":[["a",{"x":1}],["b",{}]]}"#,
-    ] {
-        assert_eq!(photocraft_cli::parse_actions(text).unwrap(), want, "{text}");
-    }
-    for text in ["[42]", "[[]]", "[[7,{}]]", r#"{"name":"x"}"#] {
-        assert!(photocraft_cli::parse_actions(text).is_err(), "{text}");
-    }
-}
-
-/// Runs `batch` on `input` with `actions` (saved as `<name>.json`), writing to the folder `<d>/<name>`.
-fn batch_with(d: &Path, input: &Path, name: &str, actions: &str, extra: &[&str]) -> std::process::Output {
-    let file = d.join(format!("{name}.json"));
-    std::fs::write(&file, actions).unwrap();
-    bin().args(["batch", "--actions"]).arg(&file).arg("--in").arg(input).arg("--out").arg(d.join(name)).args(extra).output().unwrap()
-}
-
-/// #489: `batch --actions` takes `[id, params]` steps and a droplet's steps, with the same results
-/// as the object form; a malformed step fails before anything is written.
-#[test]
-fn batch_accepts_recorded_action_steps() {
-    let d = tmp("batch-steps");
-    let input = d.join("in");
-    std::fs::create_dir_all(&input).unwrap();
-    write_png(&input.join("a.png"), 8, 4, 3);
-    write_png(&input.join("b.png"), 6, 5, 9);
-    let shapes = [
-        ("objects", r#"[{"command":"image.adjustments.invert"}]"#),
-        ("pairs", r#"[["image.adjustments.invert",{}]]"#),
-        ("ids", r#"["image.adjustments.invert"]"#),
-        ("droplet", r#"{"photocraftDroplet":1,"action":{"steps":[["image.adjustments.invert",{}]]}}"#),
-    ];
-    for (name, actions) in shapes {
-        let o = batch_with(&d, &input, name, actions, &[]);
-        assert!(o.status.success(), "{name}: {}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr));
-        assert!(String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stdout).contains("2 succeeded, 0 failed"), "{name}");
-        for f in ["a.png", "b.png"] {
-            assert_eq!(std::fs::read(d.join(name).join(f)).unwrap(), std::fs::read(d.join("objects").join(f)).unwrap(), "{name}/{f}");
-        }
-    }
-    let o = batch_with(&d, &input, "bad", "[42]", &[]);
-    assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(1));
-    assert!(!d.join("bad").exists(), "nothing written");
-}
-
-/// #490: a leading dot on `--format` doesn't double the dot in output names.
-#[test]
-fn batch_format_with_leading_dot() {
-    let d = tmp("batch-dot");
-    let input = d.join("in");
-    std::fs::create_dir_all(&input).unwrap();
-    write_png(&input.join("a.png"), 8, 4, 3);
-    write_png(&input.join("b.png"), 6, 5, 9);
-    let invert = r#"[{"command":"image.adjustments.invert"}]"#;
-    for (name, format) in [("dot", ".jpg"), ("plain", "jpg")] {
-        let o = batch_with(&d, &input, name, invert, &["--format", format]);
-        assert!(o.status.success(), "{format}: {}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr));
-        let mut names: Vec<String> = std::fs::read_dir(d.join(name)).unwrap().map(|e| e.unwrap().file_name().to_string_lossy().into_owned()).collect();
-        names.sort();
-        assert_eq!(names, ["a.jpg", "b.jpg"], "{format}");
-        assert_eq!(photocraft_codecs::detect(&std::fs::read(d.join(name).join("a.jpg")).unwrap()), Some(photocraft_codecs::Format::Jpeg));
-    }
-}
-
-/// #491: `--quality` outside 1-100 is an error for every subcommand, whatever the number's size,
-/// and nothing is written.
-#[test]
-fn quality_outside_1_to_100_is_refused() {
-    let d = tmp("quality");
-    let input = d.join("in");
-    std::fs::create_dir_all(&input).unwrap();
-    let a = input.join("a.png");
-    write_png(&a, 8, 4, 3);
-    let invert = r#"[{"command":"image.adjustments.invert"}]"#;
-    for q in ["0", "101", "255", "256", "1000", "-1", "abc", "50.5", ""] {
-        let out = d.join("q.jpg");
-        let (mut convert, mut run) = (bin(), bin());
-        convert.arg("convert").arg(&a).arg(&out).args(["--quality", q]);
-        run.arg("run").arg(&a).args(["--cmd", "image.adjustments.invert", "--out"]).arg(&out).args(["--quality", q]);
-        for cmd in [&mut convert, &mut run] {
-            let o = cmd.output().unwrap();
-            assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(1), "--quality {q}");
-            assert!(String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr).contains(&format!("bad --quality `{q}`: expected a whole number from 1 to 100")), "--quality {q}");
-            assert!(!out.exists(), "--quality {q} wrote a file");
-        }
-        let o = batch_with(&d, &input, "qb", invert, &["--format", "jpg", "--quality", q]);
-        assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(1), "batch --quality {q}");
-        assert!(!d.join("qb").exists(), "batch --quality {q} wrote a folder");
-    }
-    // The documented range still encodes, lower quality making a smaller file.
-    let sizes: Vec<usize> = ["1", "50", "100"]
-        .iter()
-        .map(|q| {
-            let out = d.join(format!("q{q}.jpg"));
-            ok(bin().arg("convert").arg(&a).arg(&out).args(["--quality", q]));
-            std::fs::read(out).unwrap().len()
-        })
-        .collect();
-    assert!(sizes[0] <= sizes[1] && sizes[1] <= sizes[2], "{sizes:?}");
-}
-
-/// DPX converts both ways, `info` reports its size, mode and depth, and `--dpx-bits` picks the
-/// bits per sample (byte 803 of the header); anything but 8, 10, 12 or 16 is refused (#1049).
-#[test]
-fn dpx_converts_both_ways_with_the_bits_asked_for() {
-    let d = tmp("dpx");
-    let a = d.join("a.png");
-    write_png(&a, 8, 4, 3);
-    for (bits, want) in [(None, 8), (Some("10"), 10), (Some("12"), 12), (Some("16"), 16)] {
-        let out = d.join("a.dpx");
-        let mut convert = bin();
-        convert.arg("convert").arg(&a).arg(&out);
-        if let Some(b) = bits {
-            convert.args(["--dpx-bits", b]);
-        }
-        ok(&mut convert);
-        let bytes = std::fs::read(&out).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!((&bytes[..4], bytes[803]), (&b"SDPX"[..], want), "--dpx-bits {bits:?}");
-    }
-    let (info, _) = ok(bin().arg("info").arg(d.join("a.dpx")).arg("--compact"));
-    let v: Value = serde_json::from_str(&info).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!((v["width"].as_u64(), v["height"].as_u64()), (Some(8), Some(4)), "{v}");
-    assert!(info.contains("16") && info.to_lowercase().contains("rgb"), "{info}");
-    let back = d.join("back.png");
-    ok(bin().arg("convert").arg(d.join("a.dpx")).arg(&back));
-    assert!(back.exists());
-    for bad in ["24", "0", "abc"] {
-        let out = d.join("bad.dpx");
-        let o = bin().arg("convert").arg(&a).arg(&out).args(["--dpx-bits", bad]).output().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(1), "--dpx-bits {bad}");
-        assert!(String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr).contains(&format!("bad --dpx-bits `{bad}`: expected 8, 10, 12 or 16")), "--dpx-bits {bad}");
-        assert!(!out.exists(), "--dpx-bits {bad} wrote a file");
-    }
-}
-
-/// DDS converts both ways; `--dds-compression` picks the FourCC (bytes 84–87; none writes
-/// uncompressed pixels) and `--dds-mipmaps` the mip count (bytes 28–31). A compression that
-/// isn't none, bc1, bc2 or bc3 is refused and nothing is written (#1327).
-#[test]
-fn dds_converts_both_ways_with_the_compression_asked_for() {
-    let d = tmp("dds");
-    let a = d.join("a.png");
-    write_png(&a, 8, 4, 3);
-    for (args, fourcc, mips) in [
-        (&[][..], [0; 4], 1),
-        (&["--dds-compression", "bc1"][..], *b"DXT1", 1),
-        (&["--dds-compression", "DXT3", "--dds-mipmaps"][..], *b"DXT3", 4),
-        (&["--dds-compression", "bc3"][..], *b"DXT5", 1),
-        (&["--dds-mipmaps"][..], [0; 4], 4),
-    ] {
-        let out = d.join("a.dds");
-        ok(bin().arg("convert").arg(&a).arg(&out).args(args));
-        let bytes = std::fs::read(&out).unwrap();
-        let mip_count = u32::from_le_bytes(bytes[28..32].try_into().unwrap());
-        assert_eq!((&bytes[..4], &bytes[84..88], mip_count), (&b"DDS "[..], &fourcc[..], mips), "{args:?}");
-        let back = d.join("back.png");
-        ok(bin().arg("convert").arg(&out).arg(&back));
-        assert!(back.exists(), "{args:?}");
-    }
-    for bad in ["bc7", "dxt2", ""] {
-        let out = d.join("bad.dds");
-        let o = bin().arg("convert").arg(&a).arg(&out).args(["--dds-compression", bad]).output().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(1), "--dds-compression {bad}");
-        assert!(String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr).contains(&format!("bad --dds-compression `{bad}`")), "--dds-compression {bad}");
-        assert!(!out.exists(), "--dds-compression {bad} wrote a file");
-    }
-}
-
-/// `--tga-bits` picks a TGA's bits per pixel (byte 16 of its header); anything but 24 or 32 is
-/// refused and nothing is written.
-#[test]
-fn tga_bits_choose_the_targa_depth() {
-    let d = tmp("tga-bits");
-    let a = d.join("a.png");
-    write_png(&a, 8, 4, 3);
-    for (bits, want) in [(None, 32), (Some("24"), 24), (Some("32"), 32)] {
-        let out = d.join("a.tga");
-        let mut convert = bin();
-        convert.arg("convert").arg(&a).arg(&out);
-        if let Some(b) = bits {
-            convert.args(["--tga-bits", b]);
-        }
-        ok(&mut convert);
-        assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&out).unwrap()[16], want, "--tga-bits {bits:?}");
-    }
-    for bad in ["16", "0", "abc", ""] {
-        let out = d.join("bad.tga");
-        let o = bin().arg("convert").arg(&a).arg(&out).args(["--tga-bits", bad]).output().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(1), "--tga-bits {bad}");
-        assert!(String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr).contains(&format!("bad --tga-bits `{bad}`: expected 24 or 32")), "--tga-bits {bad}");
-        assert!(!out.exists(), "--tga-bits {bad} wrote a file");
-    }
-}
-
-/// #492: an `--out` folder that is the `--in` folder, however it is spelt, is refused before
-/// anything is written, unless `--in-place` asks for it.
-#[test]
-fn batch_refuses_to_write_over_its_inputs() {
-    let d = tmp("batch-in-place");
-    let input = d.join("in");
-    std::fs::create_dir_all(&input).unwrap();
-    write_png(&input.join("a.png"), 8, 4, 3);
-    let img = photocraft_codecs::Image::from_u8(8, 4, photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgb, vec![90; 96]).unwrap();
-    std::fs::write(input.join("a.tif"), photocraft_codecs::encode(&img, photocraft_codecs::Format::Tiff, &Default::default()).unwrap()).unwrap();
-    let actions = d.join("actions.json");
-    std::fs::write(&actions, r#"[{"command":"image.adjustments.invert"}]"#).unwrap();
-    let snapshot = || {
-        let mut files: Vec<(PathBuf, Vec<u8>)> =
-            std::fs::read_dir(&input).unwrap().map(|e| e.unwrap().path()).map(|p| (p.clone(), std::fs::read(p).unwrap())).collect();
-        files.sort();
-        files
-    };
-    let before = snapshot();
-    let batch = |out: &Path, extra: &[&str]| {
-        bin().current_dir(&d).args(["batch", "--actions"]).arg(&actions).args(["--in", "in", "--out"]).arg(out).args(extra).output().unwrap()
-    };
-    #[cfg(unix)]
-    std::os::unix::fs::symlink(&input, d.join("link")).unwrap();
-    let link = cfg!(unix).then(|| PathBuf::from("link"));
-    for out in [PathBuf::from("in"), PathBuf::from("./in/"), input.clone(), input.join(".")].iter().chain(&link) {
-        for extra in [&[][..], &["--format", "tif"][..]] {
-            let o = batch(out, extra);
-            let err = String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr);
-            assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(1), "--out {} {extra:?}: {err}", out.display());
-            assert!(err.contains("is the --in folder") && err.contains("--in-place"), "{err}");
-            assert_eq!(snapshot(), before, "--out {} {extra:?} changed the originals", out.display());
-        }
-    }
-    // A separate folder runs as before, leaving the originals alone.
-    let (out, _) = ok(bin().current_dir(&d).args(["batch", "--actions"]).arg(&actions).args(["--in", "in", "--out", "out"]));
-    assert!(out.contains("2 succeeded, 0 failed"), "{out}");
-    assert_eq!(snapshot(), before);
-    // `--in-place` opts in: each result replaces its original.
-    let o = batch(Path::new("in"), &["--in-place"]);
-    assert!(o.status.success(), "{}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr));
-    let after = snapshot();
-    assert_eq!(after.len(), 2);
-    assert!(after.iter().zip(&before).all(|(a, b)| a.0 == b.0 && a.1 != b.1), "both inputs replaced");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn commands_listing() {
-    let (out, _) = ok(bin().arg("commands"));
-    assert!(out.contains("file.new"));
-    let (out, _) = ok(bin().args(["commands", "--json", "--filter", "layer.new"]));
-    let v: Value = serde_json::from_str(&out).unwrap();
-    assert!(
-        v.as_array()
-            .unwrap()
-            .iter()
-            .all(|c| { c["id"].as_str().unwrap().contains("layer.new") || c["label"].as_str().unwrap().to_lowercase().contains("layer.new") })
-    );
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn in_process_run_matches_binary() {
-    let mut out = Vec::new();
-    let mut err = Vec::new();
-    let code = photocraft_cli::run(&["commands".into(), "--filter".into(), "file.new".into()], &mut out, &mut err);
-    assert_eq!(code, 0);
-    assert!(String::from_utf8(out).unwrap().contains("file.new"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn mcp_stdio_handshake_and_tool_call() {
-    let mut child = bin().arg("mcp").stdin(Stdio::piped()).stdout(Stdio::piped()).stderr(Stdio::null()).spawn().unwrap();
-    let mut stdin = child.stdin.take().unwrap();
-    let mut stdout = BufReader::new(child.stdout.take().unwrap());
-    let mut send = |v: Value| {
-        writeln!(stdin, "{v}").unwrap();
-        stdin.flush().unwrap();
-    };
-    let mut recv = |id: u64| -> Value {
-        loop {
-            let mut line = String::new();
-            assert!(stdout.read_line(&mut line).unwrap() > 0, "server closed");
-            let v: Value = serde_json::from_str(&line).unwrap();
-            if v["id"] == id {
-                return v;
-            }
-        }
-    };
-    send(json!({"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"initialize","params":{
-        "protocolVersion":"2025-06-18","capabilities":{},"clientInfo":{"name":"test","version":"0"}}}));
-    let init = recv(1);
-    assert_eq!(init["result"]["serverInfo"]["name"], "photocraft", "{init}");
-    send(json!({"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"notifications/initialized"}));
-    send(json!({"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":2,"method":"tools/list","params":{}}));
-    let tools = recv(2);
-    let names: Vec<&str> = tools["result"]["tools"].as_array().unwrap().iter().filter_map(|t| t["name"].as_str()).collect();
-    assert!(names.contains(&"command_run") && names.contains(&"doc_render_preview"), "{names:?}");
-    send(json!({"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":3,"method":"tools/call","params":{"name":"doc_new","arguments":{"width":8,"height":8}}}));
-    let r = recv(3);
-    assert_ne!(r["result"]["isError"], true, "{r}");
-    send(json!({"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":4,"method":"tools/call","params":{"name":"doc_render_preview","arguments":{}}}));
-    let r = recv(4);
-    assert_eq!(r["result"]["content"][0]["type"], "image", "{r}");
-    let _ = child.kill();
-    let _ = child.wait();
-}
-
-/// `--format` mapping two inputs to one name fails the second instead of overwriting the first (#420).
-#[test]
-fn batch_fails_inputs_that_share_an_output_name() {
-    let d = tmp("batch-collide");
-    let input = d.join("in");
-    std::fs::create_dir_all(&input).unwrap();
-    write_png(&input.join("a.png"), 8, 4, 3);
-    // Same stem in other formats; `A.tif` differs only in case.
-    let img = photocraft_codecs::Image::from_u8(8, 4, photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgb, vec![90; 96]).unwrap();
-    for (name, format) in [("a.bmp", photocraft_codecs::Format::Bmp), ("A.tif", photocraft_codecs::Format::Tiff)] {
-        std::fs::write(input.join(name), photocraft_codecs::encode(&img, format, &Default::default()).unwrap()).unwrap();
-    }
-    let actions = d.join("actions.json");
-    std::fs::write(&actions, r#"[{"command":"image.adjustments.invert"}]"#).unwrap();
-    let out_dir = d.join("out");
-    let o = bin().args(["batch", "--actions"]).arg(&actions).arg("--in").arg(&input).arg("--out").arg(&out_dir).args(["--format", "png"]).output().unwrap();
-    let (out, err) = (String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stdout), String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr));
-    assert!(
-        !o.status.success(),
-        "a lost result must fail the run
-{out}
-{err}"
-    );
-    assert!(out.contains("1 succeeded, 2 failed"), "{out}");
-    assert_eq!(err.matches("not written").count(), 2, "{err}");
-    assert_eq!(std::fs::read_dir(&out_dir).unwrap().count(), 1);
-    // Keeping each file's format, every input gets its own output.
-    let out_dir = d.join("same");
-    let (out, _) = ok(bin().args(["batch", "--actions"]).arg(&actions).arg("--in").arg(&input).arg("--out").arg(&out_dir));
-    assert!(out.contains("3 succeeded, 0 failed"), "{out}");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn droplet_runs_an_action_on_files() {
-    let d = tmp("droplet");
-    write_png(&d.join("a.png"), 8, 4, 3);
-    write_png(&d.join("b.png"), 6, 2, 5);
-    let droplet = d.join("rot.pcdroplet");
-    std::fs::write(
-        &droplet,
-        json!({"photocraftDroplet": 1, "name": "rot", "action": {"steps": [["image.imageRotation.90cw", {}]]}, "options": {"format": "png"}}).to_string(),
-    )
-    .unwrap();
-    let out_dir = d.join("out");
-    let (out, _) = ok(bin().arg("droplet").arg(&droplet).arg(d.join("a.png")).arg(d.join("b.png")).arg("--out").arg(&out_dir));
-    assert_eq!(out.lines().filter(|l| l.starts_with("ok")).count(), 2, "{out}");
-    let img = photocraft_codecs::decode(&std::fs::read(out_dir.join("a.png")).unwrap()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(img.dimensions(), (4, 8));
-    let o = bin().arg("droplet").arg(d.join("a.png")).arg(d.join("b.png")).output().unwrap();
-    assert!(!o.status.success(), "not a droplet");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn tiff_output_is_flat_unless_tiff_layers_is_given() {
-    let d = tmp("tiff-layers");
-    let layer_count = |path: &std::path::Path| -> usize {
-        let (info, _) = ok(bin().arg("info").arg(path));
-        let v: Value = serde_json::from_str(&info).unwrap();
-        v["layers"].as_array().unwrap().len()
-    };
-    for (name, flag, layers) in [("flat.tif", None, 1), ("layered.tif", Some("--tiff-layers"), 2)] {
-        let out = d.join(name);
-        let mut cmd = bin();
-        cmd.args(["run", "--new", r#"{"width":16,"height":16}"#]).args(["--cmd", "layer.new.layer", "--params", r#"{"name":"Ink"}"#]);
-        if let Some(flag) = flag {
-            cmd.arg(flag);
-        }
-        ok(cmd.arg("--out").arg(&out));
-        assert_eq!(layer_count(&out), layers, "{name}");
-    }
-    // convert honours the same flag.
-    let src = d.join("layered.tif");
-    let flat = d.join("converted.tif");
-    ok(bin().arg("convert").arg(&src).arg(&flat));
-    assert_eq!(layer_count(&flat), 1);
-    let kept = d.join("kept.tif");
-    ok(bin().arg("convert").arg(&src).arg(&kept).arg("--tiff-layers"));
-    assert_eq!(layer_count(&kept), 2);
-    std::fs::remove_dir_all(d).unwrap();
-}
-
-/// Issue #1108: a non-Unicode argument (a Latin-1 file name on Linux) used to panic in
-/// `std::env::args()` before anything was printed. It is a usage error naming the argument.
-#[cfg(unix)]
-#[test]
-fn a_non_unicode_argument_is_a_usage_error_not_a_panic() {
-    use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
-    let name = std::ffi::OsStr::from_bytes(b"caf\xe9.png");
-    for args in [vec![std::ffi::OsStr::new("info"), name], vec![std::ffi::OsStr::new("convert"), name, std::ffi::OsStr::new("out.png")]] {
-        let o = bin().args(&args).output().unwrap();
-        let err = String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr);
-        assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(2), "{err}");
-        assert!(err.contains("argument 2 is not valid Unicode") && err.contains("caf\u{fffd}.png"), "{err}");
-        assert!(!err.contains("panicked"), "{err}");
-    }
-}
-
-/// `batch --actions set.atn`: a Photoshop Actions file plays like an Actions set, and its steps
-/// PhotoCraft can't play are warned about up front.
-#[test]
-fn batch_plays_a_photoshop_actions_file() {
-    use photocraft_engine::actions_cmds::Action;
-    let d = tmp("atn");
-    let input = d.join("in");
-    std::fs::create_dir_all(&input).unwrap();
-    write_png(&input.join("a.png"), 8, 4, 3);
-    let invert = Action::new("Negative", vec![("image.adjustments.invert".into(), json!({})), ("select.all".into(), json!({}))]);
-    let odd = Action::new("Odd", vec![(photocraft_engine::atn_cmds::PHOTOSHOP_STEP.into(), json!({"event": "syntheticFill", "name": "Generative Fill"}))]);
-    let (bytes, skipped) = photocraft_engine::atn_cmds::export("Set", &[&invert, &odd], &[], false).unwrap();
-    assert!(skipped.is_empty());
-    let atn = d.join("Set.atn");
-    std::fs::write(&atn, bytes).unwrap();
-    let out_dir = d.join("out");
-    // Two actions: the set needs --action.
-    let o = bin().args(["batch", "--actions"]).arg(&atn).arg("--in").arg(&input).arg("--out").arg(&out_dir).output().unwrap();
-    assert!(!o.status.success());
-    assert!(String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr).contains("--action"), "{}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr));
-    let (_, err) = ok(bin().args(["batch", "--actions"]).arg(&atn).args(["--action", "Negative", "--in"]).arg(&input).arg("--out").arg(&out_dir));
-    assert!(out_dir.join("a.png").exists());
-    assert!(!err.contains("warning"), "{err}");
-    // The unsupported step is warned about, and fails the file as Photoshop would stop on it.
-    let o = bin().args(["batch", "--actions"]).arg(&atn).args(["--action", "Odd", "--in"]).arg(&input).arg("--out").arg(d.join("out2")).output().unwrap();
-    let err = String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr);
-    assert!(err.contains("Generative Fill"), "{err}");
-    assert!(!o.status.success());
-}
diff --git a/apps/photocraft-cli/tests/it/cli.rs b/apps/photocraft-cli/tests/it/cli.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2c06a488fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/photocraft-cli/tests/it/cli.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1423 @@
+//! Process-level tests of the `photocraft-cli` binary.
+
+use std::io::{BufRead, BufReader, Write};
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::process::{Command, Stdio};
+
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+
+/// The binary, without the variables `mcp` and `serve` fall back to: a test that wants one sets it.
+fn bin() -> Command {
+    let mut cmd = Command::new(crate::binary());
+    for var in ENV_VARS {
+        cmd.env_remove(var);
+    }
+    cmd
+}
+
+const ENV_VARS: [&str; 3] = ["PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT", "PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN", "PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN_FILE"];
+
+fn tmp(name: &str) -> PathBuf {
+    let d = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("pc-cli-{}-{name}", std::process::id()));
+    let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&d);
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&d).unwrap();
+    d
+}
+
+fn write_png(path: &Path, w: u32, h: u32, seed: u8) {
+    let data: Vec<u8> = (0..w * h * 4).map(|i| (i as u8).wrapping_mul(seed).wrapping_add(seed)).collect();
+    let img = photocraft_codecs::Image::from_u8(w, h, photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgba, data).unwrap();
+    std::fs::write(path, photocraft_codecs::encode(&img, photocraft_codecs::Format::Png, &Default::default()).unwrap()).unwrap();
+}
+
+/// What a successful run printed.
+struct Printed {
+    stdout: String,
+    stderr: String,
+}
+
+fn ok(cmd: &mut Command) -> Printed {
+    let o = cmd.output().unwrap();
+    let (stdout, stderr) = (String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stdout).into_owned(), String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr).into_owned());
+    assert!(o.status.success(), "exit {:?}\nstdout: {stdout}\nstderr: {stderr}", o.status);
+    Printed { stdout, stderr }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn usage_and_unknown_command() {
+    let o = bin().output().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(2));
+    assert!(String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr).contains("convert"));
+    let o = bin().arg("frobnicate").output().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(2));
+    // `help` names a subcommand or nothing: anything else is a usage error too.
+    let o = bin().args(["help", "frobnicate"]).output().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(2));
+    assert!(!o.stderr.is_empty());
+    let out = ok(bin().arg("--help")).stdout;
+    assert!(out.contains("convert"));
+    let out = ok(bin().arg("--version")).stdout;
+    assert!(out.starts_with("photocraft-cli "));
+}
+
+/// #423: `<subcommand> --help` and `-h` print usage and return at once (no inputs read, no files
+/// written, no server started), whatever else is on the line.
+#[test]
+fn every_subcommand_answers_help() {
+    let d = tmp("help");
+    for sub in ["convert", "info", "run", "batch", "droplet", "commands", "mcp", "serve"] {
+        for help in ["--help", "-h"] {
+            let o = bin().current_dir(&d).arg(sub).arg(help).arg("--out").arg("x.png").stdin(Stdio::null()).output().unwrap();
+            let out = String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stdout);
+            assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(0), "{sub} {help}: {}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr));
+            assert!(out.contains(&format!("photocraft-cli {sub}")), "{sub} {help}: {out}");
+        }
+    }
+    // Help where a flag's value should be is still help, not a missing value or a file named `-h`.
+    // So is help after another mistake.
+    for args in [
+        &["run", "x.png", "--out", "--help"][..],
+        &["commands", "--filter", "-h"],
+        &["mcp", "--bridge", "-h"],
+        &["serve", "--port", "--help"],
+        &["mcp", "stray.psd", "--help"],
+        &["serve", "--port", "abc", "--port", "1", "-h"],
+    ] {
+        let o = bin().current_dir(&d).args(args).stdin(Stdio::null()).output().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(0), "{args:?}: {}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr));
+        assert!(String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stdout).contains(&format!("photocraft-cli {}", args[0])), "{args:?}");
+    }
+    assert_eq!(std::fs::read_dir(&d).unwrap().count(), 0, "help wrote nothing");
+}
+
+/// #423: a flag the subcommand doesn't take is a usage error naming it, before any work.
+#[test]
+fn unknown_flags_are_usage_errors() {
+    let d = tmp("flags");
+    let input = d.join("in");
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&input).unwrap();
+    write_png(&input.join("a.png"), 8, 4, 3);
+    let actions = d.join("actions.json");
+    std::fs::write(&actions, r#"[{"command":"image.adjustments.invert"}]"#).unwrap();
+    let out_dir = d.join("out");
+    let fails = |cmd: &mut Command, flag: &str| {
+        let o = cmd.output().unwrap();
+        let err = String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr);
+        assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(2), "{err}");
+        assert!(err.contains(flag), "{err}");
+    };
+    for typo in [&["--fromat", "jpg"][..], &["--fromat=jpg"][..]] {
+        fails(bin().args(["batch", "--actions"]).arg(&actions).arg("--in").arg(&input).arg("--out").arg(&out_dir).args(typo), "--fromat");
+        assert!(!out_dir.exists(), "nothing written");
+    }
+    let x = d.join("x.png");
+    fails(bin().arg("run").arg(input.join("a.png")).args(["--cmd", "image.adjustments.invert", "--param", "{}", "--out"]).arg(&x), "--param");
+    assert!(!x.exists());
+    // A flag one subcommand takes is still unknown to another; a bare flag takes no value.
+    fails(bin().args(["info", "--json"]).arg(input.join("a.png")), "--json");
+    let o = bin().args(["commands", "--json=yes"]).output().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(2));
+    assert!(String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr).contains("--json"));
+    // A flag can't be a value: a missing value is reported, not filled with the next flag.
+    let o = bin()
+        .args(["batch", "--actions"])
+        .arg(&actions)
+        .arg("--in")
+        .arg(&input)
+        .arg("--out")
+        .arg(&out_dir)
+        .args(["--format", "--quality", "80"])
+        .output()
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(2));
+    assert!(String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr).contains("a value is required for '--format"));
+    assert!(!out_dir.exists(), "nothing written");
+    // `--flag=value` still passes a value that starts with `--`.
+    ok(bin().args(["commands", "--filter=--json"]));
+    // Every flag still works in both forms.
+    let out = ok(bin().args(["commands", "--json", "--filter=gaussian"])).stdout;
+    assert!(out.contains("filter.blur.gaussianBlur"), "{out}");
+    // The Elliptical Marquee is a `select.rect` option, found by its keywords (#5060).
+    for needle in ["ellipse", "marquee"] {
+        let out = ok(bin().args(["commands", "--filter", needle])).stdout;
+        assert!(out.contains("select.rect"), "{needle}: {out}");
+    }
+    ok(bin().args(["batch", "--actions"]).arg(&actions).arg(format!("--in={}", input.display())).arg("--out").arg(&out_dir).args([
+        "--format=jpg",
+        "--quality",
+        "80",
+    ]));
+    assert!(out_dir.join("a.jpg").exists());
+    let out = ok(bin().arg("info").arg(input.join("a.png")).arg("--compact")).stdout;
+    assert!(!out.trim().contains('\n'), "compact JSON is one line");
+}
+
+fn server_usage_error(args: &[&str], expected: &str) {
+    let o = bin().args(args).env_remove("PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN").env_remove("PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN_FILE").stdin(Stdio::null()).output().unwrap();
+    let err = String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr);
+    assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(2), "{args:?}: {err}");
+    assert!(o.stdout.is_empty(), "usage errors must leave protocol stdout empty: {args:?}");
+    assert!(err.contains(expected), "{args:?}: expected {expected:?} in {err}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn server_modes_reject_ignored_or_conflicting_options() {
+    for sub in ["mcp", "serve"] {
+        server_usage_error(&[sub, "stray.psd"], "unexpected argument 'stray.psd'");
+        for flag in ["--control-token", "--control-token-file"] {
+            server_usage_error(&[sub, flag, "unused"], if sub == "mcp" { "requires --bridge" } else { "requires --port" });
+        }
+        for flag in ["--automation-read-root", "--automation-write-root"] {
+            server_usage_error(&[sub, flag, ".", flag, "."], "cannot be used multiple times");
+            server_usage_error(&[sub, &format!("{flag}=")], &format!("a value is required for '{flag} "));
+            server_usage_error(&[sub, flag, "--automation-write-root", "."], &format!("a value is required for '{flag} "));
+        }
+        let transport = if sub == "mcp" { "--bridge" } else { "--port" };
+        for flag in [transport, "--control-token", "--control-token-file"] {
+            // Valid values, so the repeat is what is refused (a transport value is parsed first).
+            server_usage_error(&[sub, flag, "7878", &format!("{flag}=7879")], "cannot be used multiple times");
+            server_usage_error(&[sub, flag, ""], &format!("for '{flag} "));
+        }
+        server_usage_error(&[sub, transport, "7878", "--control-token", "unused", "--control-token-file", "unused"], "cannot be used with");
+    }
+    for flag in ["--automation-read-root", "--automation-write-root"] {
+        server_usage_error(&["mcp", "--bridge", "127.0.0.1:7878", flag, "."], "configure automation roots on the desktop app");
+    }
+}
+
+/// Each launch line would, before validation, have started a TCP server and written the token file.
+#[test]
+fn server_validation_does_not_consume_stdio_or_create_files() {
+    let d = tmp("server-validation");
+    let token = d.join("must-not-be-created.token");
+    let other = d.join("other.token");
+    let token_flag = format!("--control-token-file={}", token.display());
+    let other_flag = format!("--control-token-file={}", other.display());
+    for tail in [&["stray"][..], &["--automation-read-root", ".", "--automation-read-root", "."], &["--port", "0"], &[&other_flag]] {
+        let mut child = bin()
+            .current_dir(&d)
+            .args(["serve", "--port", "0", &token_flag])
+            .args(tail)
+            .env_remove("PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN")
+            .env_remove("PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN_FILE")
+            .stdin(Stdio::piped())
+            .stdout(Stdio::piped())
+            .stderr(Stdio::piped())
+            .spawn()
+            .unwrap();
+        // Keep stdin open: invalid launch arguments must fail before starting a server.
+        let input = child.stdin.take().unwrap();
+        let deadline = std::time::Instant::now() + std::time::Duration::from_secs(5);
+        while child.try_wait().unwrap().is_none() && std::time::Instant::now() < deadline {
+            std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(10));
+        }
+        if child.try_wait().unwrap().is_none() {
+            child.kill().unwrap();
+            child.wait().unwrap();
+            panic!("{tail:?}: invalid configuration started a server");
+        }
+        drop(input);
+        let o = child.wait_with_output().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(2), "{tail:?}: {}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr));
+        assert!(o.stdout.is_empty(), "{tail:?}");
+        assert!(!token.exists() && !other.exists(), "{tail:?}: validation must happen before creating credentials");
+    }
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(d).unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn convert_png_pcraft_png_is_lossless() {
+    let d = tmp("convert");
+    let (a, b, c) = (d.join("a.png"), d.join("b.pcraft"), d.join("c.png"));
+    write_png(&a, 37, 23, 7);
+    ok(bin().args(["convert"]).arg(&a).arg(&b));
+    assert!(photocraft_format::is_pcraft(&std::fs::read(&b).unwrap()));
+    ok(bin().args(["convert"]).arg(&b).arg(&c));
+    let x = photocraft_codecs::decode(&std::fs::read(&a).unwrap()).unwrap();
+    let y = photocraft_codecs::decode(&std::fs::read(&c).unwrap()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(x.to_rgba8(), y.to_rgba8());
+    // Format override and lossy warning path.
+    ok(bin().args(["convert"]).arg(&a).arg(d.join("out.bin")).args(["--format", "jpg", "--quality", "60"]));
+    assert!(photocraft_codecs::detect(&std::fs::read(d.join("out.bin")).unwrap()) == Some(photocraft_codecs::Format::Jpeg));
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(d).unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn convert_errors() {
+    let d = tmp("converr");
+    let o = bin().args(["convert", "/missing/in.png"]).arg(d.join("x.png")).output().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(1));
+    let o = bin().args(["convert", "only-one"]).output().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(2));
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(d).unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn info_prints_layer_tree_json() {
+    let d = tmp("info");
+    let a = d.join("a.png");
+    write_png(&a, 10, 6, 3);
+    let out = ok(bin().arg("info").arg(&a)).stdout;
+    let v: Value = serde_json::from_str(&out).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(v["width"], 10);
+    assert_eq!(v["height"], 6);
+    // An RGBA PNG opens as a normal "Layer 0", not the locked Background (as in Photoshop).
+    assert_eq!(v["layers"][0]["name"], "Layer 0");
+    assert!(v.get("history").is_none());
+    let out = ok(bin().arg("info").arg(&a).arg("--compact")).stdout;
+    assert_eq!(out.trim().lines().count(), 1);
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(d).unwrap();
+}
+
+/// #518, #523: a truncated JPEG and an animated GIF open, but `info` lists why the image is
+/// incomplete and `convert` prints it on stderr (and still succeeds); complete files stay quiet.
+#[test]
+fn info_and_convert_report_decode_warnings() {
+    let d = tmp("decode-warnings");
+    let noise: Vec<u8> = (0..64 * 48 * 3).map(|i: u32| (i.wrapping_mul(7919) % 251) as u8).collect();
+    let img = photocraft_codecs::Image::from_u8(64, 48, photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgb, noise).unwrap();
+    let jpeg = photocraft_codecs::encode(&img, photocraft_codecs::Format::Jpeg, &Default::default()).unwrap();
+    // Three 1x1 frames.
+    let mut gif = b"GIF89a\x01\0\x01\0\x80\0\0\0\0\0\xFF\xFF\xFF".to_vec();
+    for _ in 0..3 {
+        gif.extend_from_slice(b"\x2C\0\0\0\0\x01\0\x01\0\0\x02\x02\x44\x01\0");
+    }
+    gif.push(0x3B);
+    // A GIF opens in Indexed Color (#7886), so `convert` to PNG also notes the palette PNG it
+    // writes, after the decode warning.
+    let cases = [
+        ("whole.jpg", &jpeg[..], None, None),
+        ("half.jpg", &jpeg[..jpeg.len() / 2], Some("JPEG data ends early (the file is truncated or damaged); part of the image is missing"), None),
+        ("anim.gif", &gif[..], Some("only the first of 3 frames was imported"), Some("written as an 8-bit palette PNG (2 colours)")),
+    ];
+    for (name, bytes, warning, export) in cases {
+        let file = d.join(name);
+        std::fs::write(&file, bytes).unwrap();
+        let out = ok(bin().arg("info").arg(&file).arg("--compact")).stdout;
+        let v: Value = serde_json::from_str(&out).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(v["warnings"], json!(warning.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>()), "{name}");
+        let err = ok(bin().arg("convert").arg(&file).arg(d.join(format!("{name}.png")))).stderr;
+        let expected: Vec<String> = warning.into_iter().chain(export).map(|w| format!("warning: {w}")).collect();
+        assert_eq!(
+            err.trim(),
+            expected.join(
+                "
+"
+            ),
+            "{name}"
+        );
+    }
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(d).unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn run_commands_and_save() {
+    let d = tmp("run");
+    let out_pc = d.join("r.pcraft");
+    let out = ok(bin()
+        .args(["run", "--new", r#"{"width":40,"height":30,"name":"Run"}"#])
+        .args(["--cmd", "layer.new.layer", "--params", r#"{"name":"Ink"}"#])
+        .args(["--cmd", "paint.stroke", "--params", r##"{"points":[[2,2,1],[30,20,1]],"size":5,"color":"#00ff00"}"##])
+        .args(["--cmd", "document.inspect"])
+        .arg("--out")
+        .arg(&out_pc))
+    .stdout;
+    let lines: Vec<Value> = out.lines().map(|l| serde_json::from_str(l).unwrap()).collect();
+    assert_eq!(lines.len(), 3);
+    assert_eq!(lines[2]["command"], "document.inspect");
+    assert_eq!(lines[2]["result"]["name"], "Run");
+    let info = ok(bin().arg("info").arg(&out_pc)).stdout;
+    let v: Value = serde_json::from_str(&info).unwrap();
+    // Saving a native document gives the reopened bundle its output filename.
+    assert_eq!(v["name"], "r.pcraft");
+    let names: Vec<&str> = v["layers"].as_array().unwrap().iter().filter_map(|l| l["name"].as_str()).collect();
+    assert_eq!(names, ["Ink", "Background"]);
+    // Continue from the saved file and export PNG.
+    let png = d.join("r.png");
+    ok(bin().arg("run").arg(&out_pc).args(["--cmd", "layer.new.layer"]).arg("--out").arg(&png));
+    assert_eq!(photocraft_codecs::decode(&std::fs::read(&png).unwrap()).unwrap().dimensions(), (40, 30));
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(d).unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn run_stops_after_failed_action_without_exporting() {
+    let d = tmp("run-failed-action");
+    let out = d.join("result.png");
+    let result = bin()
+        .args(["run", "--new", r#"{"width":8,"height":8}"#])
+        .args(["--cmd", "layer.new.layer"])
+        .args(["--cmd", "actions.record", "--params", r#"{"name":"Delete"}"#])
+        .args(["--cmd", "layer.delete", "--cmd", "actions.stop"])
+        // The recorded deletion succeeded with two layers; replay cannot delete the last one.
+        .args(["--cmd", "actions.play", "--params", r#"{"action":"Delete"}"#])
+        .args(["--cmd", "document.inspect", "--out"])
+        .arg(&out)
+        .output()
+        .unwrap();
+    let error = String::from_utf8_lossy(&result.stderr);
+    assert_eq!(result.status.code(), Some(1), "stdout: {}\nstderr: {error}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&result.stdout));
+    assert!(error.contains("actions.play") && error.contains("Delete") && error.contains("step 1"), "{error}");
+    let rows: Vec<Value> = String::from_utf8_lossy(&result.stdout).lines().map(|line| serde_json::from_str(line).unwrap()).collect();
+    assert!(rows.iter().all(|row| row["command"] != "document.inspect"), "later commands must not run");
+    assert!(!out.exists(), "a failed action must not export a partial result");
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(d).unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn run_continues_after_successful_action_and_exports() {
+    let d = tmp("run-successful-action");
+    let out = d.join("result.png");
+    let stdout = ok(bin()
+        .args(["run", "--new", r#"{"width":8,"height":8}"#])
+        .args(["--cmd", "actions.record", "--params", r#"{"name":"Add"}"#])
+        .args(["--cmd", "layer.new.layer", "--cmd", "actions.stop"])
+        .args(["--cmd", "actions.play", "--params", r#"{"action":"Add"}"#])
+        .args(["--cmd", "document.inspect", "--out"])
+        .arg(&out))
+    .stdout;
+    let rows: Vec<Value> = stdout.lines().map(|line| serde_json::from_str(line).unwrap()).collect();
+    let playback = rows.iter().find(|row| row["command"] == "actions.play").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(playback["result"]["ran"], 1);
+    assert!(playback["result"].get("failed").is_none());
+    assert!(rows.iter().any(|row| row["command"] == "document.inspect"));
+    assert!(out.is_file());
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(d).unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn run_errors() {
+    let o = bin().args(["run", "--new", "{}", "--cmd", "no.such"]).output().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(1));
+    assert!(String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr).contains("unknown command"));
+    // Neither a --cmd nor --out, and JSON that doesn't parse, are usage errors naming the flag.
+    let o = bin().args(["run", "--new", "{}", "--params", "{}"]).output().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(2));
+    assert!(String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr).contains("--cmd"));
+    let o = bin().args(["run", "--new", "{", "--cmd", "x"]).output().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(2));
+    assert!(String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr).contains("--new"));
+    // Params must be a JSON object, for `--new` and for each `--params`.
+    let o = bin().args(["run", "--new", "[3]", "--cmd", "layer.new.layer"]).output().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(1));
+    let e = String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr);
+    assert!(e.contains("--new") && e.contains("must be a JSON object"), "{e}");
+    let o = bin().args(["run", "--new", "{}", "--cmd", "layer.new.layer", "--params", "\"x\""]).output().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(1));
+    let e = String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr);
+    assert!(e.contains("layer.new.layer") && e.contains("must be a JSON object"), "{e}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn run_rejects_invalid_filter_parameters_without_exporting() {
+    let d = tmp("invalid-filter-params");
+    let out = d.join("result.png");
+    for (params, key) in [(r#"{"radius":"big"}"#, "radius"), (r#"{"radus":3}"#, "radus"), (r#"{"radius":5000}"#, "radius"), (r#"{"radius":-4}"#, "radius")] {
+        let result = bin()
+            .args(["run", "--new", r#"{"width":8,"height":8}"#, "--cmd", "filter.blur.gaussianBlur", "--params", params, "--out"])
+            .arg(&out)
+            .output()
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result.status.code(), Some(1));
+        let error = String::from_utf8_lossy(&result.stderr);
+        assert!(error.contains("filter.blur.gaussianBlur") && error.contains(key), "{error}");
+        assert!(!out.exists());
+    }
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(d).unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn batch_applies_actions_to_directory() {
+    let d = tmp("batch");
+    let (inp, outp) = (d.join("in"), d.join("out"));
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&inp).unwrap();
+    write_png(&inp.join("one.png"), 12, 8, 1);
+    write_png(&inp.join("two.png"), 9, 9, 2);
+    std::fs::write(inp.join("notes.txt"), "ignored").unwrap();
+    let actions = d.join("actions.json");
+    std::fs::write(&actions, json!([{"command": "layer.new.layer", "params": {"name": "Batch"}}]).to_string()).unwrap();
+    let out = ok(bin().args(["batch", "--actions"]).arg(&actions).arg("--in").arg(&inp).arg("--out").arg(&outp).args(["--format", "pcraft"])).stdout;
+    assert!(out.contains("2 succeeded, 0 failed"), "{out}");
+    for n in ["one", "two"] {
+        let info = ok(bin().arg("info").arg(outp.join(format!("{n}.pcraft")))).stdout;
+        let v: Value = serde_json::from_str(&info).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(v["layers"][0]["name"], "Batch");
+    }
+    // A failing action reports and exits 1.
+    std::fs::write(&actions, r#"{"actions":[{"id":"no.such.command"}]}"#).unwrap();
+    let o = bin().args(["batch", "--actions"]).arg(&actions).arg("--in").arg(&inp).arg("--out").arg(&outp).output().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(1));
+    assert!(String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr).contains("FAIL"));
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(d).unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn batch_skips_recorded_view_and_save_steps() {
+    let d = tmp("batch-shell-steps");
+    let input = d.join("in");
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&input).unwrap();
+    let source = input.join("a.png");
+    write_png(&source, 12, 8, 3);
+    let original = std::fs::read(&source).unwrap();
+    let recorded_save = d.join("recorded-save.psd");
+    let mut cases = Vec::new();
+    for (name, id) in [("zoom-in", "view.zoomIn"), ("zoom-out", "view.zoomOut"), ("fit", "view.fitOnScreen"), ("actual-pixels", "view.actualPixels")] {
+        cases.push((name, json!([[id, {}], ["image.imageRotation.90cw", {}]]).to_string()));
+    }
+    cases.push(("save", json!([["file.save", {}], ["image.imageRotation.90cw", {}]]).to_string()));
+    cases.push(("save-as", json!([["file.saveAs", {"path": recorded_save.to_string_lossy()}], ["image.imageRotation.90cw", {}]]).to_string()));
+
+    for (name, actions) in cases {
+        let o = batch_with(&d, &input, name, &actions, &[]);
+        let (stdout, stderr) = (String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stdout), String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr));
+        assert!(o.status.success(), "{name}: {stdout}\n{stderr}");
+        assert!(stdout.contains("1 succeeded, 0 failed"), "{name}: {stdout}");
+        let output = d.join(name).join("a.png");
+        let info = ok(bin().arg("info").arg(&output)).stdout;
+        let info: Value = serde_json::from_str(&info).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((info["width"].as_u64(), info["height"].as_u64()), (Some(8), Some(12)), "{name}: {info}");
+        assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&source).unwrap(), original, "{name} changed its input");
+        assert!(!recorded_save.exists(), "{name} wrote the recorded Save As path");
+    }
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(d).unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn parse_actions_formats() {
+    let a = photocraft_cli::parse_actions(r#"[{"command":"a","params":{"x":1}},{"id":"b"}]"#).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(a, vec![("a".to_string(), json!({"x":1})), ("b".to_string(), json!({}))]);
+    assert!(photocraft_cli::parse_actions(r#"{"actions":[{"command":"c"}]}"#).unwrap().len() == 1);
+    assert!(photocraft_cli::parse_actions(r#"[{"params":{}}]"#).is_err());
+    assert!(photocraft_cli::parse_actions("7").is_err());
+    // #489: the step shapes a recorded action and a droplet store, bare or wrapped.
+    let want = vec![("a".to_string(), json!({"x":1})), ("b".to_string(), json!({}))];
+    for text in [
+        r#"[["a",{"x":1}],["b"]]"#,
+        r#"[["a",{"x":1}],"b"]"#,
+        r#"{"steps":[["a",{"x":1}],["b",{}]]}"#,
+        r#"{"photocraftDroplet":1,"action":{"steps":[["a",{"x":1}],{"command":"b"}]}}"#,
+        r#"{"actions":[["a",{"x":1}],["b",{}]]}"#,
+    ] {
+        assert_eq!(photocraft_cli::parse_actions(text).unwrap(), want, "{text}");
+    }
+    for text in ["[42]", "[[]]", "[[7,{}]]", r#"{"name":"x"}"#] {
+        assert!(photocraft_cli::parse_actions(text).is_err(), "{text}");
+    }
+}
+
+/// Runs `batch` on `input` with `actions` (saved as `<name>.json`), writing to the folder `<d>/<name>`.
+fn batch_with(d: &Path, input: &Path, name: &str, actions: &str, extra: &[&str]) -> std::process::Output {
+    let file = d.join(format!("{name}.json"));
+    std::fs::write(&file, actions).unwrap();
+    bin().args(["batch", "--actions"]).arg(&file).arg("--in").arg(input).arg("--out").arg(d.join(name)).args(extra).output().unwrap()
+}
+
+/// #489: `batch --actions` takes `[id, params]` steps and a droplet's steps, with the same results
+/// as the object form; a malformed step fails before anything is written.
+#[test]
+fn batch_accepts_recorded_action_steps() {
+    let d = tmp("batch-steps");
+    let input = d.join("in");
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&input).unwrap();
+    write_png(&input.join("a.png"), 8, 4, 3);
+    write_png(&input.join("b.png"), 6, 5, 9);
+    let shapes = [
+        ("objects", r#"[{"command":"image.adjustments.invert"}]"#),
+        ("pairs", r#"[["image.adjustments.invert",{}]]"#),
+        ("ids", r#"["image.adjustments.invert"]"#),
+        ("droplet", r#"{"photocraftDroplet":1,"action":{"steps":[["image.adjustments.invert",{}]]}}"#),
+    ];
+    for (name, actions) in shapes {
+        let o = batch_with(&d, &input, name, actions, &[]);
+        assert!(o.status.success(), "{name}: {}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr));
+        assert!(String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stdout).contains("2 succeeded, 0 failed"), "{name}");
+        for f in ["a.png", "b.png"] {
+            assert_eq!(std::fs::read(d.join(name).join(f)).unwrap(), std::fs::read(d.join("objects").join(f)).unwrap(), "{name}/{f}");
+        }
+    }
+    let o = batch_with(&d, &input, "bad", "[42]", &[]);
+    assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(1));
+    assert!(!d.join("bad").exists(), "nothing written");
+}
+
+/// #490: a leading dot on `--format` doesn't double the dot in output names.
+#[test]
+fn batch_format_with_leading_dot() {
+    let d = tmp("batch-dot");
+    let input = d.join("in");
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&input).unwrap();
+    write_png(&input.join("a.png"), 8, 4, 3);
+    write_png(&input.join("b.png"), 6, 5, 9);
+    let invert = r#"[{"command":"image.adjustments.invert"}]"#;
+    for (name, format) in [("dot", ".jpg"), ("plain", "jpg")] {
+        let o = batch_with(&d, &input, name, invert, &["--format", format]);
+        assert!(o.status.success(), "{format}: {}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr));
+        let mut names: Vec<String> = std::fs::read_dir(d.join(name)).unwrap().map(|e| e.unwrap().file_name().to_string_lossy().into_owned()).collect();
+        names.sort();
+        assert_eq!(names, ["a.jpg", "b.jpg"], "{format}");
+        assert_eq!(photocraft_codecs::detect(&std::fs::read(d.join(name).join("a.jpg")).unwrap()), Some(photocraft_codecs::Format::Jpeg));
+    }
+}
+
+/// #491: `--quality` outside 1-100 is a usage error for every subcommand, whatever the number's
+/// size, and nothing is written.
+#[test]
+fn quality_outside_1_to_100_is_refused() {
+    let d = tmp("quality");
+    let input = d.join("in");
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&input).unwrap();
+    let a = input.join("a.png");
+    write_png(&a, 8, 4, 3);
+    let invert = r#"[{"command":"image.adjustments.invert"}]"#;
+    for q in ["0", "101", "255", "256", "1000", "-1", "abc", "50.5", ""] {
+        let out = d.join("q.jpg");
+        let (mut convert, mut run) = (bin(), bin());
+        convert.arg("convert").arg(&a).arg(&out).args(["--quality", q]);
+        run.arg("run").arg(&a).args(["--cmd", "image.adjustments.invert", "--out"]).arg(&out).args(["--quality", q]);
+        for cmd in [&mut convert, &mut run] {
+            let o = cmd.output().unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(2), "--quality {q}");
+            assert!(String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr).contains("--quality"), "--quality {q}");
+            assert!(!out.exists(), "--quality {q} wrote a file");
+        }
+        let o = batch_with(&d, &input, "qb", invert, &["--format", "jpg", "--quality", q]);
+        assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(2), "batch --quality {q}");
+        assert!(!d.join("qb").exists(), "batch --quality {q} wrote a folder");
+    }
+    // The documented range still encodes, lower quality making a smaller file.
+    let sizes: Vec<usize> = ["1", "50", "100"]
+        .iter()
+        .map(|q| {
+            let out = d.join(format!("q{q}.jpg"));
+            ok(bin().arg("convert").arg(&a).arg(&out).args(["--quality", q]));
+            std::fs::read(out).unwrap().len()
+        })
+        .collect();
+    assert!(sizes[0] <= sizes[1] && sizes[1] <= sizes[2], "{sizes:?}");
+}
+
+/// DPX converts both ways, `info` reports its size, mode and depth, and `--dpx-bits` picks the
+/// bits per sample (byte 803 of the header); anything but 8, 10, 12 or 16 is a usage error (#1049).
+#[test]
+fn dpx_converts_both_ways_with_the_bits_asked_for() {
+    let d = tmp("dpx");
+    let a = d.join("a.png");
+    write_png(&a, 8, 4, 3);
+    for (bits, want) in [(None, 8), (Some("10"), 10), (Some("12"), 12), (Some("16"), 16)] {
+        let out = d.join("a.dpx");
+        let mut convert = bin();
+        convert.arg("convert").arg(&a).arg(&out);
+        if let Some(b) = bits {
+            convert.args(["--dpx-bits", b]);
+        }
+        ok(&mut convert);
+        let bytes = std::fs::read(&out).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((&bytes[..4], bytes[803]), (&b"SDPX"[..], want), "--dpx-bits {bits:?}");
+    }
+    let info = ok(bin().arg("info").arg(d.join("a.dpx")).arg("--compact")).stdout;
+    let v: Value = serde_json::from_str(&info).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!((v["width"].as_u64(), v["height"].as_u64()), (Some(8), Some(4)), "{v}");
+    assert!(info.contains("16") && info.to_lowercase().contains("rgb"), "{info}");
+    let back = d.join("back.png");
+    ok(bin().arg("convert").arg(d.join("a.dpx")).arg(&back));
+    assert!(back.exists());
+    for bad in ["24", "0", "abc"] {
+        let out = d.join("bad.dpx");
+        let o = bin().arg("convert").arg(&a).arg(&out).args(["--dpx-bits", bad]).output().unwrap();
+        let err = String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr);
+        assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(2), "--dpx-bits {bad}");
+        assert!(err.contains("--dpx-bits") && err.contains("expected 8, 10, 12 or 16"), "--dpx-bits {bad}: {err}");
+        assert!(!out.exists(), "--dpx-bits {bad} wrote a file");
+    }
+}
+
+/// DDS converts both ways; `--dds-compression` picks the FourCC (bytes 84–87; none writes
+/// uncompressed pixels) and `--dds-mipmaps` the mip count (bytes 28–31). A compression that
+/// isn't none, bc1, bc2 or bc3 is a usage error and nothing is written (#1327).
+#[test]
+fn dds_converts_both_ways_with_the_compression_asked_for() {
+    let d = tmp("dds");
+    let a = d.join("a.png");
+    write_png(&a, 8, 4, 3);
+    for (args, fourcc, mips) in [
+        (&[][..], [0; 4], 1),
+        (&["--dds-compression", "bc1"][..], *b"DXT1", 1),
+        (&["--dds-compression", "DXT3", "--dds-mipmaps"][..], *b"DXT3", 4),
+        (&["--dds-compression", "bc3"][..], *b"DXT5", 1),
+        (&["--dds-mipmaps"][..], [0; 4], 4),
+    ] {
+        let out = d.join("a.dds");
+        ok(bin().arg("convert").arg(&a).arg(&out).args(args));
+        let bytes = std::fs::read(&out).unwrap();
+        let mip_count = u32::from_le_bytes(bytes[28..32].try_into().unwrap());
+        assert_eq!((&bytes[..4], &bytes[84..88], mip_count), (&b"DDS "[..], &fourcc[..], mips), "{args:?}");
+        let back = d.join("back.png");
+        ok(bin().arg("convert").arg(&out).arg(&back));
+        assert!(back.exists(), "{args:?}");
+    }
+    for bad in ["bc7", "dxt2", ""] {
+        let out = d.join("bad.dds");
+        let o = bin().arg("convert").arg(&a).arg(&out).args(["--dds-compression", bad]).output().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(2), "--dds-compression {bad}");
+        assert!(String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr).contains("--dds-compression"), "--dds-compression {bad}");
+        assert!(!out.exists(), "--dds-compression {bad} wrote a file");
+    }
+}
+
+/// `--tga-bits` picks a TGA's bits per pixel (byte 16 of its header); anything but 24 or 32 is a
+/// usage error and nothing is written.
+#[test]
+fn tga_bits_choose_the_targa_depth() {
+    let d = tmp("tga-bits");
+    let a = d.join("a.png");
+    write_png(&a, 8, 4, 3);
+    for (bits, want) in [(None, 32), (Some("24"), 24), (Some("32"), 32)] {
+        let out = d.join("a.tga");
+        let mut convert = bin();
+        convert.arg("convert").arg(&a).arg(&out);
+        if let Some(b) = bits {
+            convert.args(["--tga-bits", b]);
+        }
+        ok(&mut convert);
+        assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&out).unwrap()[16], want, "--tga-bits {bits:?}");
+    }
+    for bad in ["16", "0", "abc", ""] {
+        let out = d.join("bad.tga");
+        let o = bin().arg("convert").arg(&a).arg(&out).args(["--tga-bits", bad]).output().unwrap();
+        let err = String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr);
+        assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(2), "--tga-bits {bad}");
+        assert!(err.contains("--tga-bits") && err.contains("expected 24 or 32"), "--tga-bits {bad}: {err}");
+        assert!(!out.exists(), "--tga-bits {bad} wrote a file");
+    }
+}
+
+/// #7437: `run <file> --out` to that same file, however `--out` is spelt, is refused before the
+/// file is read or any command runs, unless `--in-place` asks for it (as `batch` does, #492).
+#[test]
+fn run_refuses_to_write_over_its_input() {
+    let d = tmp("run-in-place");
+    write_png(&d.join("in.png"), 8, 4, 7);
+    let before = std::fs::read(d.join("in.png")).unwrap();
+    let run = |out: &Path, extra: &[&str]| {
+        bin().current_dir(&d).args(["run", "in.png", "--cmd", "image.adjustments.invert", "--out"]).arg(out).args(extra).output().unwrap()
+    };
+    let mut outs = vec![PathBuf::from("in.png"), PathBuf::from("./in.png"), d.join("in.png"), d.join(".").join("in.png")];
+    std::fs::hard_link(d.join("in.png"), d.join("hard.png")).unwrap();
+    outs.push(PathBuf::from("hard.png"));
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    {
+        std::os::unix::fs::symlink(d.join("in.png"), d.join("soft.png")).unwrap();
+        outs.push(PathBuf::from("soft.png"));
+    }
+    for out in &outs {
+        for extra in [&[][..], &["--format", "png"][..]] {
+            let o = run(out, extra);
+            let (stdout, err) = (String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stdout), String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr));
+            assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(1), "--out {} {extra:?}: {err}", out.display());
+            assert!(err.contains("is the input file") && err.contains("--in-place"), "{err}");
+            assert!(stdout.is_empty(), "--out {} {extra:?} ran commands: {stdout}", out.display());
+            assert_eq!(std::fs::read(d.join("in.png")).unwrap(), before, "--out {} {extra:?} changed the original", out.display());
+        }
+    }
+    // Another file is written as before, leaving the original alone.
+    ok(bin().current_dir(&d).args(["run", "in.png", "--cmd", "image.adjustments.invert", "--out", "out.png"]));
+    assert!(d.join("out.png").is_file());
+    assert_eq!(std::fs::read(d.join("in.png")).unwrap(), before);
+    // `--in-place` opts in: the inverted result replaces the original, which still opens.
+    ok(bin().current_dir(&d).args(["run", "in.png", "--cmd", "image.adjustments.invert", "--out", "in.png", "--in-place"]));
+    assert_ne!(std::fs::read(d.join("in.png")).unwrap(), before, "--in-place left the original unchanged");
+    let out = ok(bin().current_dir(&d).args(["info", "in.png", "--compact"])).stdout;
+    let info: Value = serde_json::from_str(&out).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!((info["width"].as_u64(), info["height"].as_u64()), (Some(8), Some(4)), "{info}");
+}
+
+/// `--jpeg-format` picks the JPEG's scans: progressive writes a progressive frame (SOF2). One it
+/// doesn't name is a usage error and nothing is written.
+#[test]
+fn jpeg_format_chooses_the_scans() {
+    let d = tmp("jpeg-format");
+    let a = d.join("a.png");
+    write_png(&a, 16, 8, 3);
+    let marker = |b: &[u8], m: u8| b.windows(2).any(|w| w == [0xFF, m]);
+    for (format, progressive) in [(None, false), (Some("baseline"), false), (Some("optimized"), false), (Some("progressive"), true)] {
+        let out = d.join("a.jpg");
+        let mut convert = bin();
+        convert.arg("convert").arg(&a).arg(&out);
+        if let Some(f) = format {
+            convert.args(["--jpeg-format", f]);
+        }
+        ok(&mut convert);
+        assert_eq!(marker(&std::fs::read(&out).unwrap(), 0xC2), progressive, "--jpeg-format {format:?}");
+    }
+    for bad in ["Progressive", "1", ""] {
+        let out = d.join("bad.jpg");
+        let o = bin().arg("convert").arg(&a).arg(&out).args(["--jpeg-format", bad]).output().unwrap();
+        let err = String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr);
+        assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(2), "--jpeg-format {bad}");
+        assert!(err.contains("--jpeg-format") && err.contains("expected baseline, optimized or progressive"), "--jpeg-format {bad}: {err}");
+        assert!(!out.exists(), "--jpeg-format {bad} wrote a file");
+    }
+}
+
+/// #492: an `--out` folder that is the `--in` folder, however it is spelt, is refused before
+/// anything is written, unless `--in-place` asks for it.
+#[test]
+fn batch_refuses_to_write_over_its_inputs() {
+    let d = tmp("batch-in-place");
+    let input = d.join("in");
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&input).unwrap();
+    write_png(&input.join("a.png"), 8, 4, 3);
+    let img = photocraft_codecs::Image::from_u8(8, 4, photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgb, vec![90; 96]).unwrap();
+    std::fs::write(input.join("a.tif"), photocraft_codecs::encode(&img, photocraft_codecs::Format::Tiff, &Default::default()).unwrap()).unwrap();
+    let actions = d.join("actions.json");
+    std::fs::write(&actions, r#"[{"command":"image.adjustments.invert"}]"#).unwrap();
+    let snapshot = || {
+        let mut files: Vec<(PathBuf, Vec<u8>)> =
+            std::fs::read_dir(&input).unwrap().map(|e| e.unwrap().path()).map(|p| (p.clone(), std::fs::read(p).unwrap())).collect();
+        files.sort();
+        files
+    };
+    let before = snapshot();
+    let batch = |out: &Path, extra: &[&str]| {
+        bin().current_dir(&d).args(["batch", "--actions"]).arg(&actions).args(["--in", "in", "--out"]).arg(out).args(extra).output().unwrap()
+    };
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    std::os::unix::fs::symlink(&input, d.join("link")).unwrap();
+    let link = cfg!(unix).then(|| PathBuf::from("link"));
+    for out in [PathBuf::from("in"), PathBuf::from("./in/"), input.clone(), input.join(".")].iter().chain(&link) {
+        for extra in [&[][..], &["--format", "tif"][..]] {
+            let o = batch(out, extra);
+            let err = String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr);
+            assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(1), "--out {} {extra:?}: {err}", out.display());
+            assert!(err.contains("is the --in folder") && err.contains("--in-place"), "{err}");
+            assert_eq!(snapshot(), before, "--out {} {extra:?} changed the originals", out.display());
+        }
+    }
+    // A separate folder runs as before, leaving the originals alone.
+    let out = ok(bin().current_dir(&d).args(["batch", "--actions"]).arg(&actions).args(["--in", "in", "--out", "out"])).stdout;
+    assert!(out.contains("2 succeeded, 0 failed"), "{out}");
+    assert_eq!(snapshot(), before);
+    // `--in-place` opts in: each result replaces its original.
+    let o = batch(Path::new("in"), &["--in-place"]);
+    assert!(o.status.success(), "{}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr));
+    let after = snapshot();
+    assert_eq!(after.len(), 2);
+    assert!(after.iter().zip(&before).all(|(a, b)| a.0 == b.0 && a.1 != b.1), "both inputs replaced");
+}
+
+/// #7437: `convert` to its own input file, however the output is spelt, is refused before
+/// anything is read or written, unless `--in-place` asks for it (as `batch` does, #492).
+#[test]
+fn convert_refuses_to_write_over_its_input() {
+    let d = tmp("convert-in-place");
+    write_png(&d.join("in.png"), 8, 4, 5);
+    let before = std::fs::read(d.join("in.png")).unwrap();
+    let convert = |out: &Path, extra: &[&str]| bin().current_dir(&d).args(["convert", "in.png"]).arg(out).args(extra).output().unwrap();
+    let mut outs = vec![PathBuf::from("in.png"), PathBuf::from("./in.png"), d.join("in.png"), d.join(".").join("in.png")];
+    std::fs::hard_link(d.join("in.png"), d.join("hard.png")).unwrap();
+    outs.push(PathBuf::from("hard.png"));
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    {
+        std::os::unix::fs::symlink(d.join("in.png"), d.join("soft.png")).unwrap();
+        outs.push(PathBuf::from("soft.png"));
+    }
+    for out in &outs {
+        for extra in [&[][..], &["--format", "png"][..], &["--quality", "80"][..]] {
+            let o = convert(out, extra);
+            let err = String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr);
+            assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(1), "{} {extra:?}: {err}", out.display());
+            assert!(err.contains("is the input file") && err.contains("--in-place"), "{err}");
+            assert_eq!(std::fs::read(d.join("in.png")).unwrap(), before, "{} {extra:?} changed the original", out.display());
+        }
+    }
+    // Another file converts as before, leaving the original alone.
+    ok(bin().current_dir(&d).args(["convert", "in.png", "out.jpg"]));
+    assert!(d.join("out.jpg").is_file());
+    assert_eq!(std::fs::read(d.join("in.png")).unwrap(), before);
+    // `--in-place` opts in: the result replaces the original, which still opens.
+    ok(bin().current_dir(&d).args(["convert", "in.png", "in.png", "--in-place"]));
+    let Printed { stdout: out, .. } = ok(bin().current_dir(&d).args(["info", "in.png", "--compact"]));
+    let info: Value = serde_json::from_str(&out).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!((info["width"].as_u64(), info["height"].as_u64()), (Some(8), Some(4)), "{info}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn commands_listing() {
+    let out = ok(bin().arg("commands")).stdout;
+    assert!(out.contains("file.new"));
+    let out = ok(bin().args(["commands", "--json", "--filter", "layer.new"])).stdout;
+    let v: Value = serde_json::from_str(&out).unwrap();
+    assert!(
+        v.as_array()
+            .unwrap()
+            .iter()
+            .all(|c| { c["id"].as_str().unwrap().contains("layer.new") || c["label"].as_str().unwrap().to_lowercase().contains("layer.new") })
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn in_process_run_matches_binary() {
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    let mut err = Vec::new();
+    let code = photocraft_cli::run(["commands", "--filter", "file.new"], &mut out, &mut err);
+    assert_eq!(code, 0);
+    assert!(String::from_utf8(out).unwrap().contains("file.new"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mcp_stdio_handshake_and_tool_call() {
+    let mut child = bin().arg("mcp").stdin(Stdio::piped()).stdout(Stdio::piped()).stderr(Stdio::null()).spawn().unwrap();
+    let mut stdin = child.stdin.take().unwrap();
+    let mut stdout = BufReader::new(child.stdout.take().unwrap());
+    let mut send = |v: Value| mcp_send(&mut stdin, v);
+    let mut recv = |id: u64| mcp_recv(&mut stdout, id);
+    send(json!({"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"initialize","params":{
+        "protocolVersion":"2025-06-18","capabilities":{},"clientInfo":{"name":"test","version":"0"}}}));
+    let init = recv(1);
+    assert_eq!(init["result"]["serverInfo"]["name"], "photocraft", "{init}");
+    send(json!({"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"notifications/initialized"}));
+    send(json!({"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":2,"method":"tools/list","params":{}}));
+    let tools = recv(2);
+    let names: Vec<&str> = tools["result"]["tools"].as_array().unwrap().iter().filter_map(|t| t["name"].as_str()).collect();
+    assert!(names.contains(&"command_run") && names.contains(&"doc_render_preview"), "{names:?}");
+    send(json!({"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":3,"method":"tools/call","params":{"name":"doc_new","arguments":{"width":8,"height":8}}}));
+    let r = recv(3);
+    assert_ne!(r["result"]["isError"], true, "{r}");
+    send(json!({"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":4,"method":"tools/call","params":{"name":"doc_render_preview","arguments":{}}}));
+    let r = recv(4);
+    assert_eq!(r["result"]["content"][0]["type"], "image", "{r}");
+    let _ = child.kill();
+    let _ = child.wait();
+}
+
+/// Send one JSON-RPC line to an `mcp` child.
+fn mcp_send(stdin: &mut impl Write, v: Value) {
+    writeln!(stdin, "{v}").unwrap();
+    stdin.flush().unwrap();
+}
+
+/// Read an `mcp` child's lines up to the reply to `id`.
+fn mcp_recv(stdout: &mut impl BufRead, id: u64) -> Value {
+    loop {
+        let mut line = String::new();
+        assert!(stdout.read_line(&mut line).unwrap() > 0, "server closed");
+        let v: Value = serde_json::from_str(&line).unwrap();
+        if v["id"] == id {
+            return v;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// `mcp --bridge` takes a port or anything with a `:`; anything else is a usage error. A bare port
+/// means 127.0.0.1, and the bridge connects at the first call, so with no app there the call fails
+/// naming that address.
+#[test]
+fn mcp_bridge_takes_a_port_or_an_address() {
+    let o = bin().args(["mcp", "--bridge", "nope"]).stdin(Stdio::null()).output().unwrap();
+    let err = String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr);
+    assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(2), "{err}");
+    assert!(err.contains("invalid value 'nope' for '--bridge"), "{err}");
+    assert!(err.contains("expected a port, 0-65535 (--bridge also takes 127.0.0.1:<PORT>)"), "{err}");
+
+    // Nothing listens on port 1 in a test run. The token only has to be well-formed.
+    let token = "a".repeat(64);
+    let mut child = bin()
+        .args(["mcp", "--bridge", "1", "--control-token", token.as_str()])
+        .stdin(Stdio::piped())
+        .stdout(Stdio::piped())
+        .stderr(Stdio::null())
+        .spawn()
+        .unwrap();
+    let mut stdin = child.stdin.take().unwrap();
+    let mut stdout = BufReader::new(child.stdout.take().unwrap());
+    mcp_send(
+        &mut stdin,
+        json!({"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":1,"method":"initialize","params":{
+        "protocolVersion":"2025-06-18","capabilities":{},"clientInfo":{"name":"test","version":"0"}}}),
+    );
+    mcp_recv(&mut stdout, 1);
+    mcp_send(&mut stdin, json!({"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"notifications/initialized"}));
+    mcp_send(&mut stdin, json!({"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":2,"method":"tools/call","params":{"name":"session_list","arguments":{}}}));
+    let r = mcp_recv(&mut stdout, 2);
+    assert_eq!(r["result"]["isError"], true, "{r}");
+    assert!(r["result"]["content"][0]["text"].as_str().unwrap_or_default().contains("127.0.0.1:1"), "{r}");
+    let _ = child.kill();
+    let _ = child.wait();
+}
+
+/// `--format` mapping two inputs to one name fails the second instead of overwriting the first (#420).
+#[test]
+fn batch_fails_inputs_that_share_an_output_name() {
+    let d = tmp("batch-collide");
+    let input = d.join("in");
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&input).unwrap();
+    write_png(&input.join("a.png"), 8, 4, 3);
+    // Same stem in other formats; `A.tif` differs only in case.
+    let img = photocraft_codecs::Image::from_u8(8, 4, photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgb, vec![90; 96]).unwrap();
+    for (name, format) in [("a.bmp", photocraft_codecs::Format::Bmp), ("A.tif", photocraft_codecs::Format::Tiff)] {
+        std::fs::write(input.join(name), photocraft_codecs::encode(&img, format, &Default::default()).unwrap()).unwrap();
+    }
+    let actions = d.join("actions.json");
+    std::fs::write(&actions, r#"[{"command":"image.adjustments.invert"}]"#).unwrap();
+    let out_dir = d.join("out");
+    let o = bin().args(["batch", "--actions"]).arg(&actions).arg("--in").arg(&input).arg("--out").arg(&out_dir).args(["--format", "png"]).output().unwrap();
+    let (out, err) = (String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stdout), String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr));
+    assert!(
+        !o.status.success(),
+        "a lost result must fail the run
+{out}
+{err}"
+    );
+    assert!(out.contains("1 succeeded, 2 failed"), "{out}");
+    assert_eq!(err.matches("not written").count(), 2, "{err}");
+    assert_eq!(std::fs::read_dir(&out_dir).unwrap().count(), 1);
+    // Keeping each file's format, every input gets its own output.
+    let out_dir = d.join("same");
+    let out = ok(bin().args(["batch", "--actions"]).arg(&actions).arg("--in").arg(&input).arg("--out").arg(&out_dir)).stdout;
+    assert!(out.contains("3 succeeded, 0 failed"), "{out}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn droplet_runs_an_action_on_files() {
+    let d = tmp("droplet");
+    write_png(&d.join("a.png"), 8, 4, 3);
+    write_png(&d.join("b.png"), 6, 2, 5);
+    let droplet = d.join("rot.pcdroplet");
+    std::fs::write(
+        &droplet,
+        json!({"photocraftDroplet": 1, "name": "rot", "action": {"steps": [["image.imageRotation.90cw", {}]]}, "options": {"format": "png"}}).to_string(),
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    let out_dir = d.join("out");
+    let out = ok(bin().arg("droplet").arg(&droplet).arg(d.join("a.png")).arg(d.join("b.png")).arg("--out").arg(&out_dir)).stdout;
+    assert_eq!(out.lines().filter(|l| l.starts_with("ok")).count(), 2, "{out}");
+    let img = photocraft_codecs::decode(&std::fs::read(out_dir.join("a.png")).unwrap()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(img.dimensions(), (4, 8));
+    let o = bin().arg("droplet").arg(d.join("a.png")).arg(d.join("b.png")).output().unwrap();
+    assert!(!o.status.success(), "not a droplet");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn tiff_output_is_flat_unless_tiff_layers_is_given() {
+    let d = tmp("tiff-layers");
+    let layer_count = |path: &std::path::Path| -> usize {
+        let info = ok(bin().arg("info").arg(path)).stdout;
+        let v: Value = serde_json::from_str(&info).unwrap();
+        v["layers"].as_array().unwrap().len()
+    };
+    for (name, flag, layers) in [("flat.tif", None, 1), ("layered.tif", Some("--tiff-layers"), 2)] {
+        let out = d.join(name);
+        let mut cmd = bin();
+        cmd.args(["run", "--new", r#"{"width":16,"height":16}"#]).args(["--cmd", "layer.new.layer", "--params", r#"{"name":"Ink"}"#]);
+        if let Some(flag) = flag {
+            cmd.arg(flag);
+        }
+        ok(cmd.arg("--out").arg(&out));
+        assert_eq!(layer_count(&out), layers, "{name}");
+    }
+    // convert honours the same flag.
+    let src = d.join("layered.tif");
+    let flat = d.join("converted.tif");
+    ok(bin().arg("convert").arg(&src).arg(&flat));
+    assert_eq!(layer_count(&flat), 1);
+    let kept = d.join("kept.tif");
+    ok(bin().arg("convert").arg(&src).arg(&kept).arg("--tiff-layers"));
+    assert_eq!(layer_count(&kept), 2);
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(d).unwrap();
+}
+
+/// Issue #1108: a non-Unicode argument (a Latin-1 file name on Linux) used to panic in
+/// `std::env::args()` before anything was printed. clap reads the arguments as they are: a path
+/// takes one, and text (`--filter`) refuses it with a usage error.
+#[cfg(unix)]
+#[test]
+fn a_non_unicode_path_is_taken_and_non_unicode_text_is_a_usage_error() {
+    use std::ffi::OsStr;
+    use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
+    let d = tmp("non-unicode");
+    let name = OsStr::from_bytes(b"caf\xe9.png");
+    // No such file yet: the handler runs and fails on it (exit 1), no usage error.
+    for args in [vec![OsStr::new("info"), name], vec![OsStr::new("convert"), name, OsStr::new("out.png")]] {
+        let o = bin().current_dir(&d).args(&args).output().unwrap();
+        let err = String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr);
+        assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(1), "{args:?}: {err}");
+        assert!(!err.contains("panicked"), "{err}");
+    }
+    // Linux file systems take the name (macOS ones refuse it). `convert` reads it; `info` opens
+    // through the automation layer, which still needs UTF-8 paths, and says so (exit 1).
+    if cfg!(target_os = "linux") {
+        write_png(&d.join(name), 8, 4, 3);
+        ok(bin().current_dir(&d).arg("convert").arg(name).arg("out.png"));
+        assert!(d.join("out.png").is_file());
+        let o = bin().current_dir(&d).arg("info").arg(name).output().unwrap();
+        let err = String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr);
+        assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(1), "{err}");
+        assert!(err.contains("UTF-8"), "{err}");
+    }
+    let o = bin().args([OsStr::new("commands"), OsStr::new("--filter"), name]).output().unwrap();
+    let err = String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr);
+    assert_eq!((o.status.code(), o.stdout.is_empty()), (Some(2), true), "{err}");
+    assert!(err.contains("UTF-8") && !err.contains("panicked"), "{err}");
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(d).unwrap();
+}
+
+/// `batch --actions set.atn`: a Photoshop Actions file plays like an Actions set, and its steps
+/// PhotoCraft can't play are warned about up front.
+#[test]
+fn batch_plays_a_photoshop_actions_file() {
+    use photocraft_engine::actions_cmds::Action;
+    let d = tmp("atn");
+    let input = d.join("in");
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&input).unwrap();
+    write_png(&input.join("a.png"), 8, 4, 3);
+    let invert = Action::new("Negative", vec![("image.adjustments.invert".into(), json!({})), ("select.all".into(), json!({}))]);
+    let odd = Action::new("Odd", vec![(photocraft_engine::atn_cmds::PHOTOSHOP_STEP.into(), json!({"event": "syntheticFill", "name": "Generative Fill"}))]);
+    let (bytes, skipped) = photocraft_engine::atn_cmds::export("Set", &[&invert, &odd], &[], false).unwrap();
+    assert!(skipped.is_empty());
+    let atn = d.join("Set.atn");
+    std::fs::write(&atn, bytes).unwrap();
+    let out_dir = d.join("out");
+    // Two actions: the set needs --action.
+    let o = bin().args(["batch", "--actions"]).arg(&atn).arg("--in").arg(&input).arg("--out").arg(&out_dir).output().unwrap();
+    assert!(!o.status.success());
+    assert!(String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr).contains("--action"), "{}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr));
+    let err = ok(bin().args(["batch", "--actions"]).arg(&atn).args(["--action", "Negative", "--in"]).arg(&input).arg("--out").arg(&out_dir)).stderr;
+    assert!(out_dir.join("a.png").exists());
+    assert!(!err.contains("warning"), "{err}");
+    // The unsupported step is warned about, and fails the file as Photoshop would stop on it.
+    let o = bin().args(["batch", "--actions"]).arg(&atn).args(["--action", "Odd", "--in"]).arg(&input).arg("--out").arg(d.join("out2")).output().unwrap();
+    let err = String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr);
+    assert!(err.contains("Generative Fill"), "{err}");
+    assert!(!o.status.success());
+}
+
+/// What `photocraft_cli::run` returned and wrote, in-process.
+struct Invoke {
+    code: i32,
+    stdout: String,
+    stderr: String,
+}
+
+fn invoke(args: &[&str]) -> Invoke {
+    let (mut stdout, mut stderr) = (Vec::new(), Vec::new());
+    let code = photocraft_cli::run(args, &mut stdout, &mut stderr);
+    Invoke { code, stdout: String::from_utf8(stdout).unwrap(), stderr: String::from_utf8(stderr).unwrap() }
+}
+
+const SUBCOMMANDS: [&str; 8] = ["convert", "info", "run", "batch", "droplet", "commands", "mcp", "serve"];
+
+/// Pins top-level dispatch: help and the version go to stdout (exit 0), no arguments is a usage
+/// error on stderr. There is no `version` subcommand.
+#[test]
+fn top_level_help_version_and_no_arguments() {
+    let Invoke { code, stdout: out, stderr: err } = invoke(&[]);
+    assert_eq!((code, out.is_empty(), err.is_empty()), (2, true, false));
+    for help in ["--help", "-h", "help"] {
+        let Invoke { code, stdout: out, stderr: err } = invoke(&[help]);
+        assert_eq!((code, out.is_empty(), err.is_empty()), (0, false, true), "{help}");
+    }
+    for version in ["--version", "-V"] {
+        let Invoke { code, stdout: out, stderr: err } = invoke(&[version]);
+        assert_eq!((code, err.as_str()), (0, ""), "{version}");
+        assert!(out.starts_with("photocraft-cli ") && out.ends_with('\n') && out.lines().count() == 1, "{version}: {out}");
+    }
+    let Invoke { code, stdout: out, stderr: err } = invoke(&["version"]);
+    assert_eq!((code, out.is_empty()), (2, true));
+    assert!(err.contains("version"), "{err}");
+    let Invoke { code, stdout: out, stderr: err } = invoke(&["frobnicate"]);
+    assert_eq!((code, out.is_empty()), (2, true));
+    assert!(err.contains("frobnicate"), "{err}");
+}
+
+/// `<sub> --help` / `-h` prints help on stdout and returns without running the subcommand
+/// (`mcp` and `serve` would otherwise block on stdin).
+#[test]
+fn every_subcommand_help_returns_on_stdout() {
+    for sub in SUBCOMMANDS {
+        for help in ["--help", "-h"] {
+            let Invoke { code, stdout: out, stderr: err } = invoke(&[sub, help]);
+            assert_eq!((code, out.is_empty(), err.is_empty()), (0, false, true), "{sub} {help}: {err}");
+            // `commands` would also exit 0 with output if it ran; its list names `file.new`, help doesn't.
+            assert!(!out.contains("file.new"), "{sub} {help} ran instead of printing help: {out}");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Every subcommand refuses an unknown flag (bare or `=value`) with exit 2, naming it on stderr.
+#[test]
+fn every_subcommand_rejects_an_unknown_flag() {
+    for sub in SUBCOMMANDS {
+        for flag in [&["--fromat"][..], &["--fromat=jpg"][..], &["--fromat", "jpg"][..]] {
+            let args: Vec<&str> = [sub].into_iter().chain(flag.iter().copied()).collect();
+            let Invoke { code, stdout: out, stderr: err } = invoke(&args);
+            assert_eq!((code, out.is_empty()), (2, true), "{args:?}: {err}");
+            assert!(err.contains("--fromat"), "{args:?}: {err}");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// `--flag=value`, a bare flag given a value, a value flag without one, repeated flags, and values
+/// that start with `-`.
+#[test]
+fn flag_value_forms_and_repeats() {
+    let ids = |out: &str| out.lines().filter_map(|l| l.split_whitespace().next()).map(str::to_owned).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let Invoke { code, stdout: eq, stderr: err } = invoke(&["commands", "--filter=file.new"]);
+    assert_eq!(code, 0, "{err}");
+    let spaced = invoke(&["commands", "--filter", "file.new"]).stdout;
+    assert_eq!(eq, spaced);
+    assert!(ids(&eq).contains(&"file.new".to_string()), "{eq}");
+    // A repeated flag is a usage error naming it, more likely a mistake than a choice.
+    for repeat in [&["commands", "--filter", "zzz-no-match", "--filter", "file.new"][..], &["commands", "--json", "--json"][..]] {
+        let Invoke { code, stdout: out, stderr: err } = invoke(repeat);
+        assert_eq!((code, out.is_empty()), (2, true), "{repeat:?}");
+        assert!(err.contains(repeat[1]) && err.contains("cannot be used multiple times"), "{repeat:?}: {err}");
+    }
+    let Invoke { code, stderr: err, .. } = invoke(&["convert", "a.png", "b.jpg", "--quality", "80", "--quality", "60"]);
+    assert_eq!(code, 2);
+    assert!(err.contains("--quality"), "{err}");
+    // A value starting with `-` needs `=`; without it the token is a flag, never the value. A
+    // negative number is still a value.
+    let Invoke { code, stdout: out, stderr: err } = invoke(&["commands", "--filter=-zzz-no-match"]);
+    assert_eq!((code, out.as_str()), (0, ""), "{err}");
+    for value in ["-zzz-no-match", "--json"] {
+        let Invoke { code, stdout: out, .. } = invoke(&["commands", "--filter", value]);
+        assert_eq!((code, out.is_empty()), (2, true), "--filter {value}");
+    }
+    let Invoke { code, stderr: err, .. } = invoke(&["commands", "--filter", "-1"]);
+    assert_eq!(code, 0, "{err}");
+    // A bare flag takes no value; a value flag needs one.
+    let Invoke { code, stdout: out, stderr: err } = invoke(&["commands", "--json=1"]);
+    assert_eq!((code, out.is_empty()), (2, true));
+    assert!(err.contains("--json"), "{err}");
+    let Invoke { code, stdout: out, stderr: err } = invoke(&["commands", "--filter"]);
+    assert_eq!((code, out.is_empty()), (2, true));
+    assert!(err.contains("--filter"), "{err}");
+}
+
+/// Each `--params` applies to the `--cmd` before it; a `--cmd` without one gets `{}`; a
+/// `--params` ahead of every `--cmd` fails naming `--params`.
+#[test]
+fn run_pairs_params_with_the_preceding_cmd() {
+    let Invoke { code, stdout: out, stderr: err } = invoke(&[
+        "run",
+        "--new",
+        r#"{"width":8,"height":8}"#,
+        "--cmd",
+        "layer.new.layer",
+        "--params",
+        r#"{"name":"First"}"#,
+        "--cmd",
+        "layer.new.layer",
+        "--cmd",
+        "layer.new.layer",
+        "--params",
+        r#"{"name":"Third"}"#,
+        "--cmd",
+        "document.inspect",
+    ]);
+    assert_eq!(code, 0, "{err}");
+    let rows: Vec<Value> = out.lines().map(|l| serde_json::from_str(l).unwrap()).collect();
+    assert_eq!(rows.len(), 4, "{out}");
+    let names: Vec<&str> = rows[3]["result"]["layers"].as_array().unwrap().iter().filter_map(|l| l["name"].as_str()).collect();
+    let count = |n: &str| names.iter().filter(|x| **x == n).count();
+    assert_eq!((count("First"), count("Third")), (1, 1), "each --params applies to its own --cmd only: {names:?}");
+    // Three new layers plus the background; the middle one (no --params) has a default name.
+    assert_eq!(names.len(), 4, "{names:?}");
+    // Layers list top first: Third, the unnamed middle one, First, Background. Pairing --params
+    // with --cmd by position (params[i] -> cmd[i]) would name the middle one Third instead.
+    assert_eq!((names[0], names[2]), ("Third", "First"), "{names:?}");
+    let Invoke { code, stderr: err, .. } = invoke(&["run", "--new", "{}", "--params", "{}", "--cmd", "layer.new.layer"]);
+    assert_ne!(code, 0);
+    assert!(err.contains("--params"), "{err}");
+}
+
+/// #7789: `convert` opens a developed raw at Raw Defaults › Resolution (default 300 ppi), as
+/// `run`, `info` and the app do; it wrote 72.
+#[test]
+fn convert_opens_a_raw_at_the_raw_defaults_resolution() {
+    use photocraft_raw::testgen::{DngSpec, mosaic, scene};
+    let d = tmp("convert-raw");
+    let (w, h) = (24, 16);
+    let (raw, psd) = (d.join("IMG_0001.dng"), d.join("IMG_0001.psd"));
+    std::fs::write(&raw, DngSpec::cfa(w, h, mosaic(&scene(w, h), w, [0, 1, 1, 2], 0, 65535)).build()).unwrap();
+    ok(bin().args(["convert"]).arg(&raw).arg(&psd));
+    let doc = photocraft_io::import("IMG_0001.psd", &std::fs::read(&psd).unwrap()).unwrap().document;
+    assert_eq!(doc.resolution_dpi, 300.0);
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(d).unwrap();
+}
+
+/// `--out=-image.png` writes `-image.png`; `--out -image.png` is a usage error and writes nothing.
+#[test]
+fn a_value_starting_with_a_dash_is_written_with_equals() {
+    let d = tmp("dash-value");
+    let o = bin().current_dir(&d).args(["run", "--new", r#"{"width":4,"height":4}"#, "--out", "-image.png"]).output().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(2), "{}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr));
+    assert_eq!(std::fs::read_dir(&d).unwrap().count(), 0);
+    ok(bin().current_dir(&d).args(["run", "--new", r#"{"width":4,"height":4}"#, "--out=-image.png"]));
+    assert!(d.join("-image.png").is_file());
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(d).unwrap();
+}
+
+/// `run` takes exactly one of `<FILE>` or `--new`, and `mcp`/`serve` one of `--control-token` or
+/// `--control-token-file`: anything else is a usage error naming the flags, before any work.
+#[test]
+fn either_or_flags_are_usage_errors() {
+    let Invoke { code, stderr: err, .. } = invoke(&["run", "a.png", "--new", "{}", "--cmd", "layer.new.layer"]);
+    assert_eq!(code, 2);
+    assert!(err.contains("--new") && err.contains("cannot be used with"), "{err}");
+    let Invoke { code, stderr: err, .. } = invoke(&["run", "--cmd", "layer.new.layer"]);
+    assert_eq!(code, 2);
+    assert!(err.contains("--new"), "{err}");
+    let Invoke { code, stderr: err, .. } = invoke(&["run", "--new", "{}", "--cmd", "layer.new.layer", "--params", "{"]);
+    assert_eq!(code, 2);
+    assert!(err.contains("--params"), "{err}");
+    let token = "a".repeat(64);
+    for mode in [["mcp", "--bridge", "1"], ["serve", "--port", "0"]] {
+        let o = bin().args(mode).args(["--control-token", token.as_str(), "--control-token-file", "token"]).stdin(Stdio::null()).output().unwrap();
+        let err = String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr);
+        assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(2), "{mode:?}: {err}");
+        assert!(err.contains("--control-token-file") && err.contains("cannot be used with"), "{mode:?}: {err}");
+    }
+    for port in ["70000", "x"] {
+        let o = bin().args(["serve", "--port", port]).stdin(Stdio::null()).output().unwrap();
+        let err = String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr);
+        assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(2), "--port {port}: {err}");
+        assert!(err.contains("--port"), "--port {port}: {err}");
+    }
+}
+
+/// How a run of the binary ended.
+struct Exited {
+    code: Option<i32>,
+    stderr: String,
+}
+
+/// The binary run with `args` and one variable set, stdin at its end.
+fn with_var(args: &[&str], var: &str, value: &str) -> Exited {
+    let o = bin().args(args).env(var, value).stdin(Stdio::null()).output().unwrap();
+    Exited { code: o.status.code(), stderr: String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr).into_owned() }
+}
+
+/// A port nothing listens on, for a `serve` to take.
+fn free_port() -> u16 {
+    std::net::TcpListener::bind((std::net::Ipv4Addr::LOCALHOST, 0)).unwrap().local_addr().unwrap().port()
+}
+
+/// `serve` on TCP never exits: read its stderr until it says it is serving (or its stderr closes),
+/// then kill it.
+fn serve_tcp_stderr(cmd: &mut Command) -> String {
+    use std::io::Read as _;
+    let mut child = cmd.stdin(Stdio::null()).stderr(Stdio::piped()).spawn().unwrap();
+    // Read on a thread, so a `serve` that stays silent with stderr open fails the test after the
+    // deadline instead of hanging it.
+    let mut stderr = child.stderr.take().unwrap();
+    let (tx, rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
+    std::thread::spawn(move || {
+        let mut buf = [0u8; 4096];
+        while let Ok(n) = stderr.read(&mut buf) {
+            if n == 0 || tx.send(buf[..n].to_vec()).is_err() {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    });
+    let deadline = std::time::Instant::now() + std::time::Duration::from_secs(30);
+    let mut err = String::new();
+    while !err.contains("photocraft-cli serving on") {
+        match rx.recv_timeout(deadline.saturating_duration_since(std::time::Instant::now())) {
+            Ok(chunk) => err.push_str(&String::from_utf8_lossy(&chunk)),
+            Err(_) => break,
+        }
+    }
+    let _ = child.kill();
+    let _ = child.wait();
+    err
+}
+
+/// #2491: `PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT` turns `serve` from stdio into a TCP listener and `mcp` from a
+/// headless engine into a bridge, and both say so on stderr. A flag wins, an empty value counts as
+/// unset, and a bad value is a usage error naming the variable.
+#[test]
+fn control_port_env_switches_modes_with_a_notice_and_flags_win() {
+    let port = free_port();
+    let err = serve_tcp_stderr(bin().arg("serve").env("PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT", port.to_string()));
+    assert!(err.contains(&format!("PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT={port} is set; serving on TCP instead of stdio")), "{err}");
+    assert!(err.contains("unset it to serve stdio") && err.contains("photocraft-cli serving on"), "{err}");
+
+    // No token is given, so the bridge fails after the notice.
+    let err = with_var(&["mcp"], "PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT", &port.to_string()).stderr;
+    assert!(err.contains(&format!("PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT is set; bridging to the app on 127.0.0.1:{port}")), "{err}");
+    assert!(err.contains("unset it to run headless"), "{err}");
+
+    // The flag wins, so the variable's bad value is never parsed.
+    let err = serve_tcp_stderr(bin().args(["serve", "--port"]).arg(port.to_string()).env("PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT", "not-a-port"));
+    assert!(err.contains("photocraft-cli serving on") && !err.contains("PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT"), "{err}");
+
+    // Empty or blank counts as unset: `serve` reads stdio (at its end, so it exits at once) and
+    // `mcp` stays headless.
+    // A root on the command line is the headless engine's: the variable can't switch to a bridge
+    // that would drop it.
+    for root in ["--automation-read-root", "--automation-write-root"] {
+        let Exited { code, stderr: err } = with_var(&["mcp", root, "."], "PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT", &port.to_string());
+        assert_eq!(code, Some(2), "{root}: {err}");
+        assert!(err.contains(root) && err.contains("cannot be used with 'PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT'") && !err.contains("bridging"), "{root}: {err}");
+    }
+
+    for empty in ["", "  "] {
+        let Exited { code, stderr: err } = with_var(&["serve"], "PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT", empty);
+        assert!(code == Some(0) && !err.contains("PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT"), "{empty:?}: {err}");
+        let err = with_var(&["mcp"], "PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT", empty).stderr;
+        assert!(!err.contains("bridging"), "{empty:?}: {err}");
+    }
+
+    for (sub, bad) in [
+        ("serve", "not-a-port"),
+        ("serve", "70000"),
+        ("mcp", "nope"),
+        ("mcp", "70000"),
+        // `--bridge` takes host:port, the variable only a port.
+        ("mcp", "127.0.0.1:7878"),
+        ("mcp", ":7878"),
+        ("mcp", "bad:port"),
+    ] {
+        let Exited { code, stderr: err } = with_var(&[sub], "PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT", bad);
+        assert_eq!(code, Some(2), "{sub} {bad}: {err}");
+        assert!(err.contains(&format!("invalid value '{bad}' for 'PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT'")), "{sub} {bad}: {err}");
+    }
+}
+
+/// `--control-token` and `--control-token-file` fall back to `PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN` and
+/// `PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN_FILE`. One from the environment and the other as a flag is the
+/// either/or usage error, naming the variable, when a token is used: a stale exported pair doesn't
+/// stop headless `mcp` or stdio `serve`. Help names the token's variable, never its value.
+#[test]
+fn control_token_env_vars_are_the_flags_fallbacks() {
+    let token = "a".repeat(64);
+    for mode in [["mcp", "--bridge", "1"], ["serve", "--port", "0"]] {
+        let Exited { code, stderr: err } = with_var(&[&mode[..], &["--control-token", token.as_str()][..]].concat(), "PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN_FILE", "token");
+        assert_eq!(code, Some(2), "{mode:?}: {err}");
+        assert!(err.contains("PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN_FILE") && err.contains("cannot be used with"), "{mode:?}: {err}");
+        let Exited { code, stderr: err } = with_var(&[&mode[..], &["--control-token-file", "token"][..]].concat(), "PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN", &token);
+        assert_eq!(code, Some(2), "{mode:?}: {err}");
+        assert!(err.contains("PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN") && err.contains("cannot be used with") && !err.contains(&token), "{mode:?}: {err}");
+    }
+    for sub in ["mcp", "serve"] {
+        let o = bin().arg(sub).env("PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN", &token).env("PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN_FILE", "token").stdin(Stdio::null()).output().unwrap();
+        let err = String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stderr);
+        assert!(!err.contains("cannot be used with"), "{sub}: {err}");
+        // stdio `serve` exits 0 at the end of its input; how headless `mcp` ends there isn't
+        // pinned, so it only must not be the usage error.
+        if sub == "serve" {
+            assert_eq!(o.status.code(), Some(0), "{sub}: {err}");
+        } else {
+            assert_ne!(o.status.code(), Some(2), "{sub}: {err}");
+        }
+        let o = bin().args([sub, "--help"]).env("PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN", &token).output().unwrap();
+        let out = String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stdout);
+        assert!(out.contains("[env: PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN]") && !out.contains(&token), "{sub}: {out}");
+    }
+    // The server takes the variable's token, so it neither generates nor prints one; an empty
+    // variable counts as unset.
+    let err = serve_tcp_stderr(bin().args(["serve", "--port"]).arg(free_port().to_string()).env("PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN", &token));
+    assert!(err.contains("photocraft-cli serving on") && !err.contains("control token"), "{err}");
+    let err = serve_tcp_stderr(bin().args(["serve", "--port"]).arg(free_port().to_string()).env("PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN", ""));
+    assert!(err.contains("photocraft-cli serving on") && err.contains("photocraft-cli control token: "), "{err}");
+}
diff --git a/apps/photocraft-cli/tests/it/main.rs b/apps/photocraft-cli/tests/it/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..65092cdee4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/photocraft-cli/tests/it/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//! The crate's integration tests, linked into one test binary.
+
+mod cli;
+mod man_and_completions;
+mod orientation;
+
+/// Nextest archives relocate binaries; plain Cargo keeps the compile-time path valid.
+fn binary() -> std::ffi::OsString {
+    std::env::var_os("NEXTEST_BIN_EXE_photocraft_cli").unwrap_or_else(|| env!("CARGO_BIN_EXE_photocraft-cli").into())
+}
diff --git a/apps/photocraft-cli/tests/it/man_and_completions.rs b/apps/photocraft-cli/tests/it/man_and_completions.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9c1e2aabbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/photocraft-cli/tests/it/man_and_completions.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+//! The clap definition is consistent, and every shell's completions and every man page
+//! (`examples/man-and-completions.rs`) can be generated from it.
+
+use clap::ValueEnum;
+use clap_complete::Shell;
+
+#[test]
+fn command_is_consistent() {
+    photocraft_cli::command().debug_assert();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn completions_generate_for_every_shell() {
+    for &shell in Shell::value_variants() {
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        clap_complete::generate(shell, &mut photocraft_cli::command(), "photocraft-cli", &mut out);
+        assert!(!out.is_empty(), "{shell}");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn man_pages_render_for_the_command_and_every_subcommand() {
+    let cmd = photocraft_cli::command();
+    for page in std::iter::once(&cmd).chain(cmd.get_subcommands()) {
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        clap_mangen::Man::new(page.clone()).render(&mut out).unwrap();
+        assert!(!out.is_empty(), "{}", page.get_name());
+    }
+}
+
+/// The example's two `generate_to` calls, repeated here, write the five completion files under the
+/// names `packaging/linux/package.sh` and `packaging/freebsd/package.sh` install, `photocraft-cli.1`
+/// and a page per subcommand, and no pages for the `help` subcommand.
+#[test]
+fn the_example_writes_the_files_the_packages_install() {
+    let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("pc-cli-{}-man-and-completions", std::process::id()));
+    let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+    let mut cmd = photocraft_cli::command();
+    for &shell in Shell::value_variants() {
+        clap_complete::generate_to(shell, &mut cmd, "photocraft-cli", &dir).unwrap();
+    }
+    clap_mangen::generate_to(photocraft_cli::command(), &dir).unwrap();
+
+    let mut written: Vec<String> = std::fs::read_dir(&dir).unwrap().map(|e| e.unwrap().file_name().into_string().unwrap()).collect();
+    written.sort();
+    let completions = ["photocraft-cli.bash", "_photocraft-cli", "photocraft-cli.fish", "photocraft-cli.elv", "_photocraft-cli.ps1"];
+    let subcommands = ["convert", "info", "run", "batch", "droplet", "commands", "mcp", "serve"];
+    let mut expected: Vec<String> = completions.map(String::from).into();
+    expected.push("photocraft-cli.1".into());
+    expected.extend(subcommands.iter().map(|s| format!("photocraft-cli-{s}.1")));
+    expected.sort();
+    assert_eq!(written, expected);
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+}
diff --git a/apps/photocraft-cli/tests/orientation.rs b/apps/photocraft-cli/tests/it/orientation.rs
similarity index 94%
rename from apps/photocraft-cli/tests/orientation.rs
rename to apps/photocraft-cli/tests/it/orientation.rs
index 101195581f..8e8da558c7 100644
--- a/apps/photocraft-cli/tests/orientation.rs
+++ b/apps/photocraft-cli/tests/it/orientation.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use photocraft_codecs::{ChannelLayout, DecodeOptions, EncodeOptions, Format, Ima
 use serde_json::Value;
 
 fn bin() -> Command {
-    Command::new(env!("CARGO_BIN_EXE_photocraft-cli"))
+    Command::new(crate::binary())
 }
 
 fn tmp(name: &str) -> PathBuf {
@@ -125,7 +125,8 @@ fn orientation_6_jpeg_converts_upright_and_rotates_back() {
     let (a, b) = (d.join("a.pcraft"), d.join("b.pcraft"));
     ok(bin().arg("convert").arg(&jpg).arg(&a));
     ok(bin().arg("convert").arg(&a).arg(&b));
-    // Everything but the file's own path and saved document name must match.
+    // Everything but the file's own path and saved document name (which the first snapshot is
+    // named after) must match.
     let info = |p: &Path| {
         let mut v = serde_json::from_str::<Value>(&ok(bin().arg("info").arg(p))).unwrap();
         v.as_object_mut().unwrap().remove("file");
@@ -136,8 +137,12 @@ fn orientation_6_jpeg_converts_upright_and_rotates_back() {
     assert_eq!((ia["width"].as_u64(), ia["height"].as_u64()), (Some(16), Some(32)));
     assert_eq!(ia["name"], "a.pcraft");
     assert_eq!(ib["name"], "b.pcraft");
-    ia.as_object_mut().unwrap().remove("name");
-    ib.as_object_mut().unwrap().remove("name");
+    assert_eq!(ia["snapshots"][0]["name"], "a.pcraft");
+    assert_eq!(ib["snapshots"][0]["name"], "b.pcraft");
+    for v in [&mut ia, &mut ib] {
+        v.as_object_mut().unwrap().remove("name");
+        v["snapshots"][0].as_object_mut().unwrap().remove("name");
+    }
     assert_eq!(ia, ib);
     let (pa, pb) = (d.join("a.png"), d.join("b.png"));
     ok(bin().arg("convert").arg(&a).arg(&pa));
diff --git a/apps/photocraft-web/Cargo.toml b/apps/photocraft-web/Cargo.toml
index 4ecad80ae4..0176e0fe84 100644
--- a/apps/photocraft-web/Cargo.toml
+++ b/apps/photocraft-web/Cargo.toml
@@ -29,12 +29,12 @@ log = { workspace = true }
 
 [target.'cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")'.dependencies]
 # `wgpu` pulls egui-wgpu's defaults: WebGPU plus the WebGL2 fallback.
-eframe = { workspace = true, features = ["wgpu", "accesskit"] }
+eframe = { workspace = true, features = ["wgpu", "accesskit", "clipboard"] }
 rfd = { workspace = true }
 wasm-bindgen = "0.2"
 wasm-bindgen-futures = "0.4"
 js-sys = "0.3"
-web-sys = { version = "0.3", features = ["Window", "Document", "Element", "HtmlElement", "HtmlCanvasElement", "DomRect", "HtmlAnchorElement", "Blob", "BlobPropertyBag", "Url", "Location", "CssStyleDeclaration", "Storage", "Event", "EventTarget", "MouseEvent", "PointerEvent", "BeforeUnloadEvent", "AbortController", "AbortSignal", "DomException", "Response", "IdbFactory", "IdbOpenDbRequest", "IdbDatabase", "IdbRequest", "IdbTransaction", "IdbTransactionMode", "IdbObjectStore", "IdbCursor", "IdbCursorWithValue", "RequestInit", "Navigator"] }
+web-sys = { version = "0.3", features = ["Window", "Document", "Element", "HtmlElement", "HtmlCanvasElement", "DomRect", "HtmlAnchorElement", "Blob", "BlobPropertyBag", "Url", "Location", "CssStyleDeclaration", "Storage", "Event", "EventTarget", "MouseEvent", "PointerEvent", "BeforeUnloadEvent", "AbortController", "AbortSignal", "DomException", "Response", "IdbFactory", "IdbOpenDbRequest", "IdbDatabase", "IdbRequest", "IdbTransaction", "IdbTransactionMode", "IdbObjectStore", "IdbCursor", "IdbCursorWithValue", "RequestInit", "RequestMode", "Navigator"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 serde_json = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/apps/photocraft-web/src/preset_bridge.rs b/apps/photocraft-web/src/preset_bridge.rs
index a7445bbc14..a39fdfb4b4 100644
--- a/apps/photocraft-web/src/preset_bridge.rs
+++ b/apps/photocraft-web/src/preset_bridge.rs
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ use photocraft_engine::{
 };
 
 pub type Batch = BTreeMap<String, Option<Arc<[u8]>>>;
-/// Three sampled images per preset (tip, dual tip, texture), plus group/index/action records.
-pub const MAX_RECORDS: usize = MAX_GROUPS + MAX_PRESETS_PER_GROUP * 3 + 2;
+/// Three sampled images per preset (tip, dual tip, texture), plus group/index/action/pattern records.
+pub const MAX_RECORDS: usize = MAX_GROUPS + MAX_PRESETS_PER_GROUP * 3 + 3;
 
 #[derive(Default)]
 struct State {
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ pub fn record_limit(name: &str) -> Result<u64, String> {
     match name {
         INDEX_FILE => Ok(MAX_INDEX_BYTES),
         ACTIONS_FILE => Ok(MAX_ACTIONS_BYTES),
+        PATTERNS_FILE => Ok(MAX_PATTERNS_BYTES),
         _ if name.starts_with("tips/") && leaf.ends_with(".pctip") => Ok(MAX_TIP_BYTES),
         _ if !name.contains('/') && name.ends_with(".pcbrushes") => Ok(MAX_GROUP_BYTES),
         _ => Err("unknown preset record type".into()),
diff --git a/apps/photocraft-web/src/web.rs b/apps/photocraft-web/src/web.rs
index 74f22b1ad7..f82051dbf9 100644
--- a/apps/photocraft-web/src/web.rs
+++ b/apps/photocraft-web/src/web.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use std::cell::Cell;
 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
 use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
-use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, PoisonError};
 
 use photocraft_codecs::{ChannelLayout, EncodeOptions, Image};
 use photocraft_doc::Document;
@@ -17,11 +17,12 @@ use wasm_bindgen::JsCast as _;
 type Inbox = Arc<Mutex<Vec<(String, Vec<u8>)>>>;
 
 /// Everything File › Open reads: PhotoCraft, Photoshop, OpenRaster, Krita and Affinity documents, flat images, and
-/// Photoshop brushes (.abr), gradients (.grd) and swatches (.aco, .act, .ase), which go to the preset libraries.
+/// Photoshop brushes (.abr), gradients (.grd), layer styles (.asl) and swatches (.aco, .act, .ase), which go to the preset libraries.
 const OPEN_EXTS: &[&str] = &[
     "pcraft", "pdn", "ora", "xcf", "xcfgz", "gz", "kra", "krz", "psd", "psb", "psdt", "png", "jpg", "jpeg", "tif", "tiff", "webp", "gif", "bmp", "tga", "ico",
-    "qoi", "exr", "hdr", "pbm", "pgm", "ppm", "pam", "pfm", "dds", "fits", "fit", "fts", "dpx", "cin", "heic", "heif", "hif", "dng", "cr2", "cr3", "nef",
-    "nrw", "arw", "pef", "orf", "rw2", "raf", "abr", "grd", "svg", "svgz", "aco", "act", "ase", "af", "afdesign", "afphoto", "afpub",
+    "qoi", "exr", "hdr", "pbm", "pgm", "ppm", "pam", "pfm", "dds", "fits", "fit", "fts", "dpx", "cin", "dcm", "dicom", "dc3", "iff", "lbm", "ilbm", "heic",
+    "heif", "hif", "dng", "cr2", "cr3", "nef", "nrw", "arw", "pef", "orf", "rw2", "raf", "abr", "grd", "asl", "svg", "svgz", "aco", "act", "ase", "af",
+    "afdesign", "afphoto", "afpub",
 ];
 const SVG_EXTS: &[&str] = &["svg", "svgz"];
 const CANVAS_ID: &str = "photocraft_canvas";
@@ -79,6 +80,7 @@ pub fn start() {
                 canvas,
                 options,
                 Box::new(move |cc| {
+                    PhotocraftApp::install_type_reset_hooks(&cc.egui_ctx);
                     PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&cc.egui_ctx, ThemeKind::Pro);
                     let inbox: Inbox = Arc::default();
                     let place_inbox: Inbox = Arc::default();
@@ -217,7 +219,7 @@ fn load_font_manifest(served: Served, ctx: egui::Context) {
             files.entry(f.family.clone()).or_default().push((f.file.clone(), f.integrity.clone()));
         }
         log::info!("photocraft-web: {} served font families", files.len());
-        served.lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner()).files = files;
+        served.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner).files = files;
         // The families for the font menus, and the script fallbacks (the manifest's `scripts`).
         served_fonts::add_fonts(&fonts);
         // Fetch now the fallbacks of the scripts the browser's languages use (an Arabic reader gets
@@ -232,20 +234,21 @@ fn browser_languages() -> Vec<String> {
     web_sys::window().map(|w| w.navigator().languages().iter().filter_map(|l| l.as_string()).collect()).unwrap_or_default()
 }
 
-/// GET `url` (relative to the page) and read the whole body. With `integrity` (a Subresource
-/// Integrity value), the browser rejects a body whose hash differs.
+/// GET `url` (a relative path on the same origin) and read the whole body. With `integrity` (a
+/// Subresource Integrity value), the browser rejects a body whose hash differs.
 async fn fetch_bytes(url: &str, integrity: Option<&str>) -> Result<Vec<u8>, String> {
     use wasm_bindgen_futures::JsFuture;
+    if !served_fonts::is_relative_path(url) {
+        return Err("url must be a relative path".into());
+    }
     let js = |e: wasm_bindgen::JsValue| format!("{e:?}");
     let window = web_sys::window().ok_or("no window")?;
-    let request = match integrity {
-        Some(sri) => {
-            let init = web_sys::RequestInit::new();
-            init.set_integrity(sri);
-            window.fetch_with_str_and_init(url, &init)
-        }
-        None => window.fetch_with_str(url),
-    };
+    let init = web_sys::RequestInit::new();
+    init.set_mode(web_sys::RequestMode::SameOrigin);
+    if let Some(sri) = integrity {
+        init.set_integrity(sri);
+    }
+    let request = window.fetch_with_str_and_init(url, &init);
     let resp: web_sys::Response = JsFuture::from(request).await.map_err(js)?.dyn_into().map_err(|_| "not a Response")?;
     if !resp.ok() {
         return Err(format!("HTTP {}", resp.status()));
@@ -293,7 +296,7 @@ impl WebShell {
     fn serve_fonts(&mut self, ctx: &egui::Context) {
         let requested = served_fonts::take_requests();
         let (fetch, arrived) = {
-            let mut s = self.served.lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner());
+            let mut s = self.served.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner);
             let mut fetch = Vec::new();
             for family in requested {
                 if let Some(files) = s.files.get(&family).cloned()
@@ -310,7 +313,7 @@ impl WebShell {
             wasm_bindgen_futures::spawn_local(async move {
                 match fetch_bytes(&file, integrity.as_deref()).await {
                     Ok(bytes) => {
-                        served.lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner()).arrived.push((family, bytes));
+                        served.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner).arrived.push((family, bytes));
                         ctx.request_repaint();
                     }
                     Err(e) => log::error!("couldn't fetch served font {file}: {e}"),
@@ -326,6 +329,10 @@ impl eframe::App for WebShell {
         // A tap reaches eframe as Pointer Events and Touch Events: keep one press per tap, or the
         // twin press closes the menu the first one opened (#2095).
         photocraft_ui_egui::touch_twins::drop_twins(ctx, raw_input);
+        // The browser build has no TCP control server, so `inject_synthetic` finds an empty
+        // queue, but the clipboard key mapping (`Event::PasteImage`), legacy pinch, pen-hold and
+        // titlebar normalization live in the app hook and must run here too.
+        eframe::App::raw_input_hook(&mut self.app, ctx, raw_input);
     }
 
     fn logic(&mut self, ctx: &egui::Context, frame: &mut eframe::Frame) {
@@ -345,7 +352,7 @@ impl eframe::App for WebShell {
                     match f.bytes_async().await {
                         Ok(bytes) => {
                             let queue = if place { &place_inbox } else { &inbox };
-                            queue.lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner()).push((name, bytes));
+                            queue.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner).push((name, bytes));
                             ctx.request_repaint();
                         }
                         Err(e) => log::error!("couldn't read dropped file {name}: {e}"),
@@ -354,8 +361,9 @@ impl eframe::App for WebShell {
             });
         }
         self.serve_fonts(ctx);
-        self.app.logic(ctx, frame);
+        self.app.logic_frame(ctx, frame);
         self.save_presets(ctx);
+        self.app.finish_type_reset_logic(ctx);
     }
 
     fn ui(&mut self, ui: &mut egui::Ui, frame: &mut eframe::Frame) {
@@ -382,16 +390,17 @@ impl eframe::App for WebShell {
                 });
             });
         }
-        self.app.ui(ui, frame);
+        self.app.ui_frame(ui, frame);
         self.save_presets(ui.ctx());
+        self.app.finish_type_reset_pass(ui.ctx());
     }
 }
 
 fn services(inbox: Inbox, place_inbox: Inbox, cursor_pos: photocraft_ui_egui::CursorPosFn) -> Services {
     Services {
         screen_pick: screen_color_service(),
-        import: Some(Box::new(|name: &str, bytes: &[u8], max_svg_group_depth: usize| {
-            photocraft_io::import_with_svg_group_depth(name, bytes, max_svg_group_depth).map(|r| (r.document, r.warnings)).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+        import: Some(Box::new(|name: &str, bytes: &[u8], opts: &photocraft_io::ImportOptions| {
+            photocraft_io::import_with_options(name, bytes, opts).map(|r| (r.document, r.warnings)).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
         })),
         export: Some(Box::new(|doc: &Document, path: &str, settings: &photocraft_ui_egui::ExportSettings| {
             photocraft_io::export(doc, path, &settings.io_options()).map(|r| (r.bytes, r.warnings)).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
diff --git a/apps/photocraft/Cargo.toml b/apps/photocraft/Cargo.toml
index 94426b0450..181b86cfe1 100644
--- a/apps/photocraft/Cargo.toml
+++ b/apps/photocraft/Cargo.toml
@@ -29,19 +29,26 @@ photocraft-automation = { workspace = true }
 photocraft-ui-egui = { workspace = true }
 # Pen tablet pressure/tilt on macOS and X11 (the workspace's one isolated unsafe helper crate).
 photocraft-tablet = { workspace = true }
-eframe = { workspace = true, features = ["wgpu", "accesskit", "wayland", "x11", "persistence"] }
+eframe = { workspace = true, features = ["wgpu", "accesskit", "wayland", "x11", "persistence", "clipboard"] }
 egui = { workspace = true }
+serde = { workspace = true }
 serde_json = { workspace = true }
 log = { workspace = true }
+blake3 = { version = "1.8", default-features = false, features = ["pure"] }
+chrono = { workspace = true }
+clap = { workspace = true }
+thiserror = { workspace = true }
 
 [target.'cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))'.dependencies]
 tempfile = "=3.27.0"
-roxmltree = "0.20"
+roxmltree = "0.21"
+craft-update = { workspace = true }
 rfd = { workspace = true }
-arboard = { version = "3.6", features = ["wayland-data-control"] }
+arboard = { version = "3.7", features = ["wayland-data-control"] }
 open = "5"
 # Reads the saved window layout (eframe persistence) to drop values that would abort startup.
 ron = "0.12"
+# Background release checks; HTTPS with Rust TLS, no async runtime.
 
 [target.'cfg(target_os = "macos")'.dependencies]
 # Safe CoreGraphics bindings, compatible with the existing macOS 11 deployment target.
@@ -52,22 +59,23 @@ core-graphics2 = { version = "=0.6.1", default-features = false, features = ["di
 # safe API. Pinned exactly: review the diff before bumping.
 fmv-macos-events = "=0.1.0"
 # Safe AppKit calls only: turn off AppKit's title bar dragging (mac_window.rs) and find where the
-# pointer is when files are dropped (cursor.rs; winit 0.30 drops carry no position). Already in
+# pointer is when files are dropped (cursor.rs; winit 0.30 drops carry no position), and play the
+# system alert sound for Beep When Done (services.rs, NSBeep). Already in
 # Cargo.lock (winit, photocraft-tablet); pinned exactly to the same versions.
-objc2 = "=0.6.4"
+objc2 = "=0.6.5"
 objc2-foundation = { version = "=0.3.2", default-features = false, features = ["std", "NSArray", "NSEnumerator", "NSGeometry"] }
-objc2-app-kit = { version = "=0.3.2", default-features = false, features = ["std", "NSApplication", "NSApplicationScripting", "NSEvent", "NSResponder", "NSView", "NSWindow"] }
+objc2-app-kit = { version = "=0.3.2", default-features = false, features = ["std", "NSApplication", "NSApplicationScripting", "NSEvent", "NSGraphics", "NSResponder", "NSView", "NSWindow"] }
 # The macOS menu bar (mac_menu.rs): a standalone native menu crate (from the tauri-apps org, but
 # not Tauri: no webview, no JS), AppKit menus behind a safe API (no GTK with default features off). Pinned exactly: review the diff before bumping.
-muda = { version = "=0.21.1", default-features = false }
+muda = { version = "=0.21.2", default-features = false }
 # Quit with `terminate:` from the main queue, outside winit's event handler (mac_window.rs).
 # Already in Cargo.lock (winit, objc2-app-kit); pinned exactly to the same version.
 dispatch2 = { version = "=0.3.1", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
 
-# Drop position on X11 (`cursor.rs`): pure-Rust X client, already in Cargo.lock; pinned exactly.
 [target.'cfg(unix)'.dependencies]
 rustix = { version = "=1.1.5", features = ["fs"] }
 
+# Drop position on X11 (`cursor.rs`): pure-Rust X client, already in Cargo.lock; pinned exactly.
 [target.'cfg(target_os = "linux")'.dependencies]
 photocraft-cms = { workspace = true }
 # The print portal's PDF: a private (0600) temporary file, removed when the dialog is done.
@@ -108,3 +116,7 @@ harness = false
 [build-dependencies]
 # Icon + VERSIONINFO for photocraft.exe; build.rs only uses it when targeting Windows.
 winresource = "0.1"
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+# Opt-in native save-back acceptance transports embedded sources through engine JSON.
+base64 = "=0.22.1"
diff --git a/apps/photocraft/src/app_dirs.rs b/apps/photocraft/src/app_dirs.rs
index a75520f3c4..2784b0a3cf 100644
--- a/apps/photocraft/src/app_dirs.rs
+++ b/apps/photocraft/src/app_dirs.rs
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ fn stage_copy(from: &Path, to: &Path) -> std::io::Result<PathBuf> {
 fn remove_stale_staging(folder: &Path) {
     let Ok(entries) = std::fs::read_dir(folder) else { return };
     for entry in entries.flatten() {
-        if !entry.file_name().to_str().is_some_and(|n| side_of(n, STAGED).is_some()) {
+        if entry.file_name().to_str().is_none_or(|n| side_of(n, STAGED).is_none()) {
             continue;
         }
         let removed = match entry.file_type() {
diff --git a/apps/photocraft/src/control_server.rs b/apps/photocraft/src/control_server.rs
index 30ae610b70..d73984eb8a 100644
--- a/apps/photocraft/src/control_server.rs
+++ b/apps/photocraft/src/control_server.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ pub fn start(port: u16, token: String, ctx: egui::Context) -> Receiver<ControlRe
             return rx;
         }
     };
-    eprintln!("photocraft: control server listening on 127.0.0.1:{port}");
+    eprintln!("photocraft: control server listening on {}", listening_addr(&listener, port));
     std::thread::spawn(move || {
         let limiter = ConnectionLimiter::new(MAX_CONNECTIONS);
         let token = Arc::new(token);
@@ -47,6 +47,16 @@ pub fn start(port: u16, token: String, ctx: egui::Context) -> Receiver<ControlRe
     rx
 }
 
+/// The address `listener` is bound to: with `--control 0` the OS picks the port, and a client
+/// needs that one, not the requested 0 (#6427). Falls back to the requested port if the OS
+/// can't report it.
+fn listening_addr(listener: &TcpListener, requested_port: u16) -> String {
+    match listener.local_addr() {
+        Ok(addr) => addr.to_string(),
+        Err(_) => format!("127.0.0.1:{requested_port}"),
+    }
+}
+
 fn serve(stream: TcpStream, token: &str, tx: Sender<ControlRequest>, ctx: egui::Context) {
     serve_with_auth_deadline(stream, token, tx, ctx, AUTH_DEADLINE);
 }
@@ -131,6 +141,17 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use std::io::BufRead;
 
+    /// #6427: with port 0 the log names the port the OS bound, which a client can connect to.
+    #[test]
+    fn port_zero_logs_the_bound_port() {
+        let listener = TcpListener::bind(("127.0.0.1", 0)).unwrap();
+        let bound = listener.local_addr().unwrap();
+        assert_ne!(bound.port(), 0);
+        let logged = listening_addr(&listener, 0);
+        assert_eq!(logged, format!("127.0.0.1:{}", bound.port()));
+        TcpStream::connect(&logged).unwrap();
+    }
+
     /// #4965: a connection that keeps sending without authenticating is closed at the deadline
     /// (releasing its connection permit), and nothing it sent is dispatched.
     #[test]
diff --git a/apps/photocraft/src/external_svg.rs b/apps/photocraft/src/external_svg.rs
index 3cf6c4a2b3..6ed3dacf40 100644
--- a/apps/photocraft/src/external_svg.rs
+++ b/apps/photocraft/src/external_svg.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //! The owned temporary SVG is watched off the UI thread. Closing the PhotoCraft session stops
 //! watching and removes its temporary directory; it does not terminate the external editor.
 
-use photocraft_ui_egui::{ExternalSvgEditor, ExternalSvgSession};
+use photocraft_ui_egui::{ExternalSvgEditor, ExternalSvgSession, ExternalVectorSave};
 
 /// Start an explicit native editor session; artwork cannot supply executable paths.
 pub(crate) fn open(editor: ExternalSvgEditor, source: photocraft_ui_egui::ExternalVectorSource) -> Result<Box<dyn ExternalSvgSession>, String> {
@@ -34,7 +34,17 @@ mod native {
         let portal = matches!(&editor, ExternalSvgEditor::VectorCraft);
         #[cfg(not(target_os = "linux"))]
         let portal = false;
+        let vectorcraft = matches!(&editor, ExternalSvgEditor::VectorCraft);
         let executable = if portal && source.extension == "svg" { None } else { Some(resolve_editor(editor)?) };
+        // Display conversion is always performed by VectorCraft's CLI, even when the user
+        // chooses a different interactive editor. Explicit VectorCraft builds keep their matching CLI.
+        let converter = if source.extension == "svg" {
+            None
+        } else if vectorcraft {
+            executable.clone()
+        } else {
+            Some(resolve_converter(executable.as_deref())?)
+        };
         if source.bytes.is_empty() || source.bytes.len() > MAX_BYTES || !matches!(source.extension.as_str(), "svg" | "pdf" | "ai" | "eps") {
             return Err("Unsupported embedded vector source or source exceeds 16 MiB".into());
         }
@@ -45,7 +55,7 @@ mod native {
         thread::Builder::new()
             .name("photocraft-vector-editor".into())
             .spawn(move || {
-                let prepared = match executable.as_deref() {
+                let prepared = match converter.as_deref() {
                     Some(executable) => super::vector_conversion::prepare(executable, &source, &stopped),
                     None => OwnedSvg::create(&source.bytes).map(|owned| (owned, source.bytes.as_ref().clone())),
                 };
@@ -57,16 +67,18 @@ mod native {
                         #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
                         if portal {
                             match super::portal::open(&owned, &stopped) {
-                                Ok(()) => watch(owned, initial, None, stopped, send, POLL_INTERVAL, SAVE_SETTLE),
+                                Ok(()) => watch(owned, initial, None, stopped, send, (POLL_INTERVAL, SAVE_SETTLE), converter.as_deref().map(|e| (e, &source))),
                                 Err(error) => {
                                     let _ = send.try_send(Err(error));
                                 }
                             }
                             return;
                         }
-                        if let Some(executable) = executable {
+                        if let Some(executable) = executable.as_ref() {
                             match std::process::Command::new(executable).arg(&owned.file).spawn() {
-                                Ok(child) => watch(owned, initial, Some(child), stopped, send, POLL_INTERVAL, SAVE_SETTLE),
+                                Ok(child) => {
+                                    watch(owned, initial, Some(child), stopped, send, (POLL_INTERVAL, SAVE_SETTLE), converter.as_deref().map(|e| (e, &source)))
+                                }
                                 Err(error) => {
                                     let _ = send.try_send(Err(format!("Could not open the vector editor: {error}")));
                                 }
@@ -82,6 +94,20 @@ mod native {
         Ok(Box::new(Session { stop, updates, finished: false }))
     }
 
+    /// An explicit VectorCraft build may carry its own CLI. Other editors use the known
+    /// VectorCraft installation; document metadata never participates in discovery.
+    fn resolve_converter(selected: Option<&Path>) -> Result<PathBuf, String> {
+        let name = if cfg!(windows) { "vectorcraft-cli.exe" } else { "vectorcraft-cli" };
+        if let Some(editor) = selected
+            && let Some(directory) = editor.parent()
+            && std::fs::symlink_metadata(directory.join(name)).is_ok_and(|m| m.is_file() && !m.file_type().is_symlink())
+        {
+            return Ok(editor.to_path_buf());
+        }
+        resolve_editor(ExternalSvgEditor::VectorCraft)
+            .map_err(|_| "AI/PDF/EPS editing also needs an installed VectorCraft CLI to validate display previews".into())
+    }
+
     /// Discover only known installations or an explicitly chosen executable.
     #[cfg(unix)]
     fn resolve_editor(editor: ExternalSvgEditor) -> Result<PathBuf, String> {
@@ -119,6 +145,8 @@ mod native {
         Ok(path)
     }
 
+    /// Probe only fixed Program Files / LocalAppData install locations (one Adobe directory
+    /// level, at most 64 entries) or validate an explicitly chosen executable.
     #[cfg(windows)]
     fn resolve_editor(editor: ExternalSvgEditor) -> Result<PathBuf, String> {
         match editor {
@@ -162,6 +190,8 @@ mod native {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Require an absolute `.exe` that is a regular file, not a link or reparse point, and
+    /// return its canonical path; scripts and command lines are rejected.
     #[cfg(windows)]
     fn validate_executable(path: &Path) -> Result<PathBuf, String> {
         if !path.is_absolute() || !path.extension().and_then(|ext| ext.to_str()).is_some_and(|ext| ext.eq_ignore_ascii_case("exe")) {
@@ -181,6 +211,14 @@ mod native {
     impl OwnedSvg {
         /// Create a private working file from bounded source bytes.
         pub(super) fn create(svg: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, String> {
+            Self::create_format(svg, "svg")
+        }
+
+        /// Whitelisted extensions preserve the format; artwork cannot select a path.
+        pub(super) fn create_format(svg: &[u8], extension: &str) -> Result<Self, String> {
+            if !matches!(extension, "svg" | "ai" | "pdf" | "eps") {
+                return Err("Unsupported vector working-copy format".into());
+            }
             if svg.is_empty() || svg.len() > MAX_BYTES {
                 return Err("The SVG must contain between 1 byte and 16 MiB".into());
             }
@@ -208,7 +246,7 @@ mod native {
             }
             .map_err(|e| format!("Cannot create the SVG editing directory: {e}"))?;
             let root = directory.path().canonicalize().map_err(|e| format!("Cannot resolve the SVG editing directory: {e}"))?;
-            let file = root.join("Artwork.svg");
+            let file = root.join(format!("Artwork.{extension}"));
             let mut output = OpenOptions::new().write(true).create_new(true).open(&file).map_err(|e| format!("Cannot create the SVG editing file: {e}"))?;
             output.write_all(svg).and_then(|()| output.sync_all()).map_err(|e| format!("Cannot write the SVG editing file: {e}"))?;
             Ok(Self { directory, root, file })
@@ -269,6 +307,7 @@ mod native {
         }
 
         /// Write normalized SVG through a checked, no-follow handle before editor launch.
+        #[cfg(test)]
         pub(super) fn overwrite(&self, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<(), String> {
             if bytes.is_empty() || bytes.len() > MAX_BYTES {
                 return Err("Prepared SVG exceeds the supported byte limit".into());
@@ -300,6 +339,7 @@ mod native {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Reject anything but a regular file, including symlinks and Windows reparse points.
     fn ensure_regular(metadata: &Metadata) -> Result<(), String> {
         if !metadata.is_file() || is_redirect(metadata) {
             return Err("The SVG or editor must be a regular file, not a link or reparse point".into());
@@ -307,6 +347,8 @@ mod native {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    /// True for a symlink, or on Windows any reparse point, whose target could be swapped.
+    /// Expects `symlink_metadata`, which describes the link itself rather than its target.
     fn is_redirect(metadata: &Metadata) -> bool {
         if metadata.file_type().is_symlink() {
             return true;
@@ -347,14 +389,20 @@ mod native {
         }
     }
 
-    struct Session {
+    pub(super) struct Session {
         stop: Sender<()>,
-        updates: Receiver<Result<Vec<u8>, String>>,
+        updates: Receiver<Result<ExternalVectorSave, String>>,
         finished: bool,
     }
 
     impl ExternalSvgSession for Session {
+        /// Like [`Self::poll_vector`], keeping only the saved source bytes.
         fn poll(&mut self) -> Option<Result<Vec<u8>, String>> {
+            self.poll_vector().map(|result| result.map(|saved| saved.bytes))
+        }
+
+        /// Take one queued save or error without blocking; a closed queue marks the session finished.
+        fn poll_vector(&mut self) -> Option<Result<ExternalVectorSave, String>> {
             match self.updates.try_recv() {
                 Ok(update) => Some(update),
                 Err(mpsc::TryRecvError::Empty) => None,
@@ -365,6 +413,7 @@ mod native {
             }
         }
 
+        /// True once a poll has seen the watcher thread exit and drop its sender.
         fn finished(&self) -> bool {
             self.finished
         }
@@ -385,24 +434,80 @@ mod native {
         let (send, updates) = mpsc::sync_channel(2);
         thread::Builder::new()
             .name("photocraft-svg-editor".into())
-            .spawn(move || watch(owned, initial, child, stopped, send, interval, settle))
+            .spawn(move || watch(owned, initial, child, stopped, send, (interval, settle), None))
             .map_err(|e| format!("Cannot watch SVG editor saves: {e}"))?;
         Ok(Session { stop, updates, finished: false })
     }
 
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub(super) fn start_native_test(
+        owned: OwnedSvg,
+        initial: Vec<u8>,
+        editor: PathBuf,
+        source: photocraft_ui_egui::ExternalVectorSource,
+    ) -> Result<Session, String> {
+        let (stop, stopped) = mpsc::channel();
+        let (send, updates) = mpsc::sync_channel(2);
+        thread::Builder::new()
+            .name("native-vector-test-watcher".into())
+            .spawn(move || watch(owned, initial, None, stopped, send, (Duration::from_millis(30), Duration::from_millis(100)), Some((&editor, &source))))
+            .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+        Ok(Session { stop, updates, finished: false })
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+    enum Delivery {
+        Sent,
+        Changed,
+        Stopped,
+    }
+
+    /// Keep either a converted save or its error under queue backpressure, without
+    /// re-running conversion. A newer file supersedes either result; cancellation never waits.
+    fn deliver(
+        owned: &OwnedSvg,
+        stamp: &Stamp,
+        send: &SyncSender<Result<ExternalVectorSave, String>>,
+        stopped: &Receiver<()>,
+        mut update: Result<ExternalVectorSave, String>,
+        interval: Duration,
+    ) -> Delivery {
+        loop {
+            if owned.stamp().ok().as_ref() != Some(stamp) {
+                return Delivery::Changed;
+            }
+            match send.try_send(update) {
+                Ok(()) => return Delivery::Sent,
+                Err(TrySendError::Full(value)) => {
+                    update = value;
+                    if !matches!(stopped.recv_timeout(interval), Err(mpsc::RecvTimeoutError::Timeout)) {
+                        return Delivery::Stopped;
+                    }
+                }
+                Err(TrySendError::Disconnected(_)) => return Delivery::Stopped,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Worker loop: poll the working file each `interval`, read it only after its stamp stays
+    /// unchanged for `settle`, and deliver changed bytes with an optional converted SVG preview
+    /// for non-SVG sources. Repeated identical errors and known-failed sources are not re-sent.
+    /// Returns when stopped or the UI drops its receiver, dropping the private working copy.
     fn watch(
         owned: OwnedSvg,
         mut last_bytes: Vec<u8>,
         mut child: Option<Child>,
         stopped: Receiver<()>,
-        send: SyncSender<Result<Vec<u8>, String>>,
-        interval: Duration,
-        settle: Duration,
+        send: SyncSender<Result<ExternalVectorSave, String>>,
+        timing: (Duration, Duration),
+        converter: Option<(&Path, &photocraft_ui_egui::ExternalVectorSource)>,
     ) {
+        let (interval, settle) = timing;
         // The editor may save before the watcher starts. First settled read must compare bytes.
         let mut last_stamp: Option<Stamp> = None;
         let mut pending: Option<(Stamp, Instant)> = None;
         let mut last_error: Option<String> = None;
+        let mut failed_source: Option<[u8; 32]> = None;
         while let Err(mpsc::RecvTimeoutError::Timeout) = stopped.recv_timeout(interval) {
             if child.as_mut().is_some_and(|process| process.try_wait().ok().flatten().is_some()) {
                 child = None;
@@ -428,18 +533,52 @@ mod native {
             };
             match candidate {
                 Ok(bytes) => {
-                    last_error = None;
-                    if bytes == last_bytes {
+                    if bytes == last_bytes || failed_source.is_some_and(|hash| hash == *blake3::hash(&bytes).as_bytes()) {
                         last_stamp = pending.as_ref().map(|(stamp, _)| stamp.clone());
                         continue;
                     }
-                    match send.try_send(Ok(bytes.clone())) {
-                        Ok(()) => {
-                            last_bytes = bytes;
-                            last_stamp = pending.as_ref().map(|(stamp, _)| stamp.clone());
+                    let preview = match converter.filter(|(_, source)| source.extension != "svg") {
+                        Some((editor, source)) => {
+                            let snapshot = photocraft_ui_egui::ExternalVectorSource {
+                                bytes: std::sync::Arc::new(bytes.clone()),
+                                extension: source.extension.clone(),
+                                size: source.size,
+                            };
+                            match super::vector_conversion::render_preview(editor, &snapshot, &stopped) {
+                                Ok(svg) => Some(svg),
+                                Err(error) => {
+                                    let Some((stamp, _)) = pending.as_ref() else { continue };
+                                    if last_error.as_ref() == Some(&error) {
+                                        failed_source = Some(*blake3::hash(&bytes).as_bytes());
+                                        last_stamp = Some(stamp.clone());
+                                    } else {
+                                        match deliver(&owned, stamp, &send, &stopped, Err(error.clone()), interval) {
+                                            Delivery::Sent => {
+                                                last_error = Some(error);
+                                                failed_source = Some(*blake3::hash(&bytes).as_bytes());
+                                                last_stamp = Some(stamp.clone());
+                                            }
+                                            Delivery::Changed => {}
+                                            Delivery::Stopped => return,
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                    continue;
+                                }
+                            }
                         }
-                        Err(TrySendError::Full(_)) => {}
-                        Err(TrySendError::Disconnected(_)) => break,
+                        None => None,
+                    };
+                    let Some((stamp, _)) = pending.as_ref() else { continue };
+                    let update = Ok(ExternalVectorSave { bytes: bytes.clone(), preview_svg: preview });
+                    match deliver(&owned, stamp, &send, &stopped, update, interval) {
+                        Delivery::Sent => {
+                            last_error = None;
+                            failed_source = None;
+                            last_bytes = bytes;
+                            last_stamp = Some(stamp.clone());
+                        }
+                        Delivery::Changed => {}
+                        Delivery::Stopped => return,
                     }
                 }
                 Err(error) => {
@@ -461,6 +600,29 @@ mod native {
     mod tests {
         use super::*;
 
+        #[test]
+        fn conversion_errors_wait_for_queue_capacity_without_disappearing() {
+            let owned = OwnedSvg::create(b"<svg/>").unwrap();
+            let stamp = owned.stamp().unwrap();
+            let (send, updates) = mpsc::sync_channel(1);
+            send.send(Ok(ExternalVectorSave { bytes: b"previous save".to_vec(), preview_svg: None })).unwrap();
+            let (_stop, stopped) = mpsc::channel();
+            let worker = thread::spawn(move || deliver(&owned, &stamp, &send, &stopped, Err("native preview failed".into()), Duration::from_millis(2)));
+            thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(30));
+            assert_eq!(updates.recv_timeout(Duration::from_secs(2)).unwrap().unwrap().bytes, b"previous save");
+            assert_eq!(updates.recv_timeout(Duration::from_secs(2)).unwrap().unwrap_err(), "native preview failed");
+            assert_eq!(worker.join().unwrap(), Delivery::Sent);
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        fn explicitly_selected_vector_build_keeps_its_adjacent_cli() {
+            let directory = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+            let editor = directory.path().join("custom-vectorcraft");
+            let cli = directory.path().join(if cfg!(windows) { "vectorcraft-cli.exe" } else { "vectorcraft-cli" });
+            std::fs::write(&cli, b"trusted test fixture").unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(resolve_converter(Some(&editor)).unwrap(), editor);
+        }
+
         const EMPTY_SAVE: &str = "The edited SVG must contain between 1 byte and 16 MiB";
         const CHANGING_SAVE: &str = "The SVG is still being saved";
 
@@ -500,7 +662,7 @@ mod native {
             let (stop, _stopped) = mpsc::channel();
             let (send, receive) = mpsc::channel();
             for update in updates {
-                send.send(update).unwrap();
+                send.send(update.map(|bytes| ExternalVectorSave { bytes, preview_svg: None })).unwrap();
             }
             Session { stop, updates: receive, finished: false }
         }
@@ -638,3 +800,7 @@ mod vector_conversion;
 #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
 #[path = "external_svg_portal.rs"]
 mod portal;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[path = "native_saveback_tests.rs"]
+mod native_saveback_tests;
diff --git a/apps/photocraft/src/launch_args.rs b/apps/photocraft/src/launch_args.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5e54f84ed8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/photocraft/src/launch_args.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,340 @@
+//! The desktop app's command line, as clap types (#7071): `photocraft --help` comes from these doc
+//! comments, so the help and the parser can't disagree. Anything they don't declare is a usage
+//! error naming it (exit status 2), so a typo such as `--safegpu` doesn't open the window and then
+//! fail to open the flag as a file (#6431); so is a flag without its value, rather than a silent
+//! fall back to a generated token or to no root (#6429), a repeated flag, and a bad
+//! `--present-mode` or `--frame-latency`. A value never starts with `-` (write `--opt=-value`),
+//! except for negative numbers, and a file whose name starts with `-` goes after `--`.
+//!
+//! The control and automation flags are `photocraft-automation`'s, shared with `photocraft-cli`.
+//! Only the desktop app reads the automation roots from `PHOTOCRAFT_AUTOMATION_*_ROOT` (#1551).
+
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+use std::fmt;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use clap::builder::FalseyValueParser;
+use clap::parser::ValueSource;
+use clap::{Command, CommandFactory, FromArgMatches, Parser};
+use eframe::wgpu::PresentMode;
+use photocraft_automation::args::{AutomationArgs, ControlArgs, blank_env_is_unset, conflict, control_port, name_env_vars};
+
+use crate::presentation;
+
+/// Opens PhotoCraft with the given files
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[command(name = "photocraft", version = photocraft_engine::build_info::long_version_static(), after_help = ENVIRONMENT)]
+pub(crate) struct LaunchArgs {
+    /// Files to open. On Windows and Linux they open as new tabs in the PhotoCraft already running.
+    /// Put `--` before a name that starts with `-`
+    pub(crate) files: Vec<PathBuf>,
+    /// Start with the CPU renderer for this launch (after a graphics driver crash)
+    #[arg(long)]
+    pub(crate) safe_gpu: bool,
+    /// macOS: keep the menus inside the window instead of the menu bar (the variable: 0, false, no
+    /// or off is off; empty is unset)
+    #[arg(long, env = "PHOTOCRAFT_IN_WINDOW_MENUS", value_parser = FalseyValueParser::new())]
+    pub(crate) in_window_menus: bool,
+    /// Windows and Linux: start a separate PhotoCraft instead of opening the files in the one
+    /// already running
+    #[arg(long)]
+    pub(crate) new_instance: bool,
+    /// How frames reach the display: fifo, autovsync or novsync (also immediate or mailbox).
+    /// Without it, PHOTOCRAFT_PRESENT_MODE
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "MODE", value_parser = present_mode)]
+    pub(crate) present_mode: Option<PresentMode>,
+    /// Frames queued for the display, 1 to 3. Without it, PHOTOCRAFT_FRAME_LATENCY
+    // allow_negative_numbers makes `--frame-latency -1` a bad value rather than an unexpected argument.
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "1-3", value_parser = frame_latency, allow_negative_numbers = true)]
+    pub(crate) frame_latency: Option<u32>,
+    /// Time each brush stroke's frames: stderr prints a summary per stroke, a CSV file path also
+    /// records every frame. Without it, PHOTOCRAFT_STROKE_TRACE
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "stderr|FILE.csv")]
+    pub(crate) stroke_trace: Option<String>,
+    /// Start the localhost JSON-lines control server on this port
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "PORT", env = "PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT", value_parser = control_port, allow_negative_numbers = true)]
+    pub(crate) control: Option<u16>,
+    #[command(flatten)]
+    pub(crate) auth: ControlArgs,
+    #[command(flatten)]
+    pub(crate) automation: AutomationArgs,
+    /// The per-process options given on the command line, set by [`parse`].
+    #[arg(skip)]
+    pub(crate) launch_options: Vec<PerProcess>,
+}
+
+/// The variables that aren't a flag's fallback, for the end of `--help`.
+const ENVIRONMENT: &str = "\
+Environment: PHOTOCRAFT_NEW_INSTANCE (anything but 0 or empty: as --new-instance), PHOTOCRAFT_CONFIG_DIR (the settings folder)";
+
+/// An option that applies only to the process it's given to: a launch with any of them keeps its
+/// own process instead of handing its files to the running one (`single_instance`). Shown as the
+/// flag, or the variable.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) enum PerProcess {
+    AutomationReadRoot,
+    AutomationWriteRoot,
+    SafeGpu,
+    InWindowMenus,
+    PresentMode,
+    FrameLatency,
+    StrokeTrace,
+    /// PHOTOCRAFT_GPU_ADAPTER, when startup will act on it (`gpu_startup`). Not a flag.
+    GpuAdapterEnv,
+}
+
+impl PerProcess {
+    /// The flags, in the order a log line lists them. A flag's variable asks for the same thing, so
+    /// it counts too (#7242); the variables that aren't a flag's fallback are counted by
+    /// `single_instance::env_launch_options`.
+    pub(crate) const FLAGS: [PerProcess; 7] =
+        [Self::AutomationReadRoot, Self::AutomationWriteRoot, Self::SafeGpu, Self::InWindowMenus, Self::PresentMode, Self::FrameLatency, Self::StrokeTrace];
+
+    /// The flag's clap argument id.
+    fn id(self) -> Option<&'static str> {
+        Some(match self {
+            Self::AutomationReadRoot => "automation_read_root",
+            Self::AutomationWriteRoot => "automation_write_root",
+            Self::SafeGpu => "safe_gpu",
+            Self::InWindowMenus => "in_window_menus",
+            Self::PresentMode => "present_mode",
+            Self::FrameLatency => "frame_latency",
+            Self::StrokeTrace => "stroke_trace",
+            Self::GpuAdapterEnv => return None,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for PerProcess {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.write_str(match self {
+            Self::AutomationReadRoot => "--automation-read-root",
+            Self::AutomationWriteRoot => "--automation-write-root",
+            Self::SafeGpu => "--safe-gpu",
+            Self::InWindowMenus => "--in-window-menus",
+            Self::PresentMode => "--present-mode",
+            Self::FrameLatency => "--frame-latency",
+            Self::StrokeTrace => "--stroke-trace",
+            Self::GpuAdapterEnv => "PHOTOCRAFT_GPU_ADAPTER",
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// The files to open, as [`LaunchArgs::file_names`] sorts them.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub(crate) struct FileNames {
+    pub(crate) openable: Vec<String>,
+    /// Names that are not valid Unicode, shown lossily: reported, not opened.
+    pub(crate) unreadable: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+impl LaunchArgs {
+    /// The files to open, and those whose names are not valid Unicode (#1108): a file manager can
+    /// hand over a Latin-1 name on Linux. Those are reported in a notice once the app is up.
+    pub(crate) fn file_names(&self) -> FileNames {
+        let mut names = FileNames { openable: Vec::new(), unreadable: Vec::new() };
+        for f in &self.files {
+            match f.to_str() {
+                Some(s) => names.openable.push(s.to_owned()),
+                None => names.unreadable.push(f.to_string_lossy().into_owned()),
+            }
+        }
+        names
+    }
+}
+
+/// The command line, with the desktop app's variables for the automation roots. An empty or blank
+/// variable counts as unset.
+pub(crate) fn command() -> Command {
+    LaunchArgs::command()
+        .mut_arg("automation_read_root", |a| a.env("PHOTOCRAFT_AUTOMATION_READ_ROOT"))
+        .mut_arg("automation_write_root", |a| a.env("PHOTOCRAFT_AUTOMATION_WRITE_ROOT"))
+        .mut_args(blank_env_is_unset)
+}
+
+/// Parse the launch arguments (without the binary name) with `cmd`, from [`command`]. Old macOS
+/// passes a process serial number (`-psn_…`) when launched from Finder: it is dropped first, unless
+/// it comes after `--`. A bad value from a variable is a usage error naming the variable.
+pub(crate) fn parse(mut cmd: Command, args: impl IntoIterator<Item = OsString>) -> Result<LaunchArgs, clap::Error> {
+    let mut options = true;
+    let args: Vec<OsString> = args
+        .into_iter()
+        .filter(|a| {
+            options &= a != "--";
+            !(options && a.to_str().is_some_and(|s| s.starts_with("-psn_")))
+        })
+        .collect();
+    let argv = std::iter::once(OsString::from("photocraft")).chain(args.iter().cloned());
+    let matches = cmd.try_get_matches_from_mut(argv).map_err(|e| name_env_vars(e, &cmd, &args))?;
+    let mut launch = LaunchArgs::from_arg_matches(&matches)?;
+    // Only the control server reads a token, so a stale exported pair doesn't stop a launch.
+    if launch.control.is_some() {
+        conflict(&mut cmd, &matches, "control_token", "control_token_file")?;
+    }
+    // `PHOTOCRAFT_IN_WINDOW_MENUS=0` (or off, false, no) is a variable that turns the menus off.
+    let menus = launch.in_window_menus;
+    let given = |p: &PerProcess| match p.id().and_then(|id| matches.value_source(id)) {
+        Some(ValueSource::CommandLine) => true,
+        Some(ValueSource::EnvVariable) => *p != PerProcess::InWindowMenus || menus,
+        _ => false,
+    };
+    launch.launch_options = PerProcess::FLAGS.into_iter().filter(given).collect();
+    Ok(launch)
+}
+
+/// Why a value was refused: clap prints it after the flag and its value (exit 2).
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+enum ValueError {
+    #[error("expected fifo, autovsync or novsync (or immediate, mailbox)")]
+    PresentMode,
+    #[error("expected 1, 2 or 3")]
+    FrameLatency,
+}
+
+fn present_mode(s: &str) -> Result<PresentMode, ValueError> {
+    presentation::present_mode(s).ok_or(ValueError::PresentMode)
+}
+
+fn frame_latency(s: &str) -> Result<u32, ValueError> {
+    presentation::frame_latency(s).ok_or(ValueError::FrameLatency)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use clap::error::ErrorKind;
+
+    /// Parse without the variables, so one exported where the tests run can't change them (the
+    /// process tests in `tests/command_line_usage.rs` cover the variables).
+    fn parse_args(args: &[&str]) -> Result<LaunchArgs, clap::Error> {
+        parse(command().mut_args(|a| a.env(None::<&str>)), args.iter().map(OsString::from))
+    }
+
+    fn usage_error(args: &[&str]) -> String {
+        let Err(e) = parse_args(args) else { panic!("{args:?} parsed") };
+        assert_eq!(e.exit_code(), 2, "{args:?}: {e}");
+        e.to_string()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn control_port_rejects_unparseable_values_naming_them() {
+        // Out of range, negative and empty values fail, naming the value (#701); a following
+        // flag is never taken as the value.
+        assert!(usage_error(&["--control", "78787"]).contains("invalid value '78787' for '--control <PORT>'"));
+        assert!(usage_error(&["--control", "-1"]).contains("invalid value '-1'"));
+        assert!(usage_error(&["--control="]).contains("invalid value '' for '--control <PORT>'"));
+        assert!(usage_error(&["--control", "--safe-gpu"]).contains("a value is required for '--control <PORT>'"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn flags_without_a_value_are_usage_errors() {
+        // #6429: a missing value fails the launch, rather than falling back to a generated token
+        // or to no root. The tuning flags too, now (#7071).
+        for flag in [
+            "--control",
+            "--control-token",
+            "--control-token-file",
+            "--automation-read-root",
+            "--automation-write-root",
+            "--present-mode",
+            "--frame-latency",
+            "--stroke-trace",
+        ] {
+            let err = usage_error(&[flag]);
+            assert!(err.contains(&format!("a value is required for '{flag} <")), "{flag}: {err}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn bad_tuning_values_and_repeats_are_usage_errors() {
+        assert!(usage_error(&["--present-mode", "fast"]).contains("expected fifo, autovsync or novsync"));
+        for latency in ["0", "4", "-1", "one"] {
+            let err = usage_error(&["--frame-latency", latency]);
+            assert!(err.contains(&format!("invalid value '{latency}' for '--frame-latency <1-3>'")), "{err}");
+        }
+        assert!(usage_error(&["--safe-gpu", "--safe-gpu"]).contains("cannot be used multiple times"));
+        assert!(usage_error(&["--control", "1", "--control", "2"]).contains("cannot be used multiple times"));
+        // A token and a token file are either/or for the control server, and ignored without it.
+        let pair = ["--control-token", "abcd", "--control-token-file", "/tmp/token"];
+        assert!(usage_error(&[&["--control", "1"][..], &pair[..]].concat()).contains("cannot be used with"));
+        assert!(parse_args(&pair).is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn values_are_parsed_and_per_process_options_recorded() {
+        let parsed = parse_args(&[
+            "--stroke-trace",
+            "stderr",
+            "--control",
+            "50494",
+            "--control-token",
+            "abcd",
+            "--automation-read-root",
+            "/r",
+            "--automation-write-root",
+            "/w",
+            "--safe-gpu",
+            "--in-window-menus",
+            "--new-instance",
+            "--present-mode",
+            "Mailbox",
+            "--frame-latency",
+            "1",
+            "photo.psd",
+        ])
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(parsed.control, Some(50494));
+        assert_eq!(parsed.auth.control_token.as_deref(), Some("abcd"));
+        assert_eq!(parsed.auth.control_token_file, None);
+        assert_eq!(parsed.automation.automation_read_root.as_deref(), Some(std::path::Path::new("/r")));
+        assert_eq!(parsed.automation.automation_write_root.as_deref(), Some(std::path::Path::new("/w")));
+        assert!(parsed.safe_gpu && parsed.in_window_menus && parsed.new_instance);
+        assert_eq!(parsed.present_mode, Some(PresentMode::AutoNoVsync));
+        assert_eq!(parsed.frame_latency, Some(1));
+        assert_eq!(parsed.stroke_trace.as_deref(), Some("stderr"));
+        // In a fixed order: `single_instance` only lists them in a log line.
+        assert_eq!(parsed.launch_options, PerProcess::FLAGS);
+        assert_eq!(parsed.file_names(), FileNames { openable: vec!["photo.psd".to_string()], unreadable: vec![] });
+
+        let parsed = parse_args(&["--control-token-file", "/tmp/token", "--new-instance"]).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(parsed.auth.control_token_file.as_deref(), Some(std::path::Path::new("/tmp/token")));
+        assert!(parsed.launch_options.is_empty() && !parsed.in_window_menus, "{:?}", parsed.launch_options);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn version_stops_parsing() {
+        let e = parse_args(&["--version", "--control"]).err().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((e.kind(), e.exit_code()), (ErrorKind::DisplayVersion, 0));
+        assert_eq!(e.to_string(), format!("photocraft {}\n", photocraft_engine::build_info::long_version()));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn help_stops_parsing_and_double_dash_ends_options() {
+        let e = parse_args(&["-h", "--safegpu", "--control"]).err().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((e.kind(), e.exit_code()), (ErrorKind::DisplayHelp, 0));
+
+        assert!(usage_error(&["--safegpu", "--", "--help"]).contains("unexpected argument '--safegpu'"));
+        let parsed = parse_args(&["a.psd", "--", "--help", "-x"]).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(parsed.file_names().openable, ["a.psd", "--help", "-x"]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_finder_process_serial_number_is_dropped() {
+        let parsed = parse_args(&["-psn_0_12345", "a.psd"]).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(parsed.file_names().openable, ["a.psd"]);
+        let parsed = parse_args(&["--", "-psn_x.psd"]).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(parsed.file_names().openable, ["-psn_x.psd"]);
+    }
+
+    /// #1108: a name that isn't valid Unicode is reported, not opened; a token must be text.
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    #[test]
+    fn non_unicode_file_names_are_reported_and_tokens_rejected() {
+        use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt as _;
+        let latin1 = OsString::from_vec(b"caf\xe9.psd".to_vec());
+        let parsed = parse(command().mut_args(|a| a.env(None::<&str>)), [latin1.clone()]).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(parsed.file_names(), FileNames { openable: vec![], unreadable: vec!["caf\u{fffd}.psd".to_string()] });
+        let e = parse(command().mut_args(|a| a.env(None::<&str>)), [OsString::from("--control-token"), latin1]).err().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((e.kind(), e.exit_code()), (ErrorKind::InvalidUtf8, 2));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/apps/photocraft/src/logging.rs b/apps/photocraft/src/logging.rs
index 5c8f0697dd..6a0cc8f052 100644
--- a/apps/photocraft/src/logging.rs
+++ b/apps/photocraft/src/logging.rs
@@ -91,27 +91,36 @@ fn matches(name: &str, target: &str) -> bool {
 }
 
 /// `2026-10-08T07:59:17.728Z` (UTC, milliseconds). A clock before 1970 reads as the epoch.
+/// A clock far past chrono's year range still converts (the calendar repeats every 400 years), so
+/// logging never panics and never silently resets to the epoch for a convertible instant.
 pub fn timestamp(t: SystemTime) -> String {
     let since = t.duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH).unwrap_or_default();
-    let secs = since.as_secs();
-    let (days, rem) = (secs / 86_400, secs % 86_400);
-    let (y, m, d) = civil_from_days(days);
-    format!("{y:04}-{m:02}-{d:02}T{:02}:{:02}:{:02}.{:03}Z", rem / 3600, rem % 3600 / 60, rem % 60, since.subsec_millis())
+    // Pre-1970 is clamped to the epoch by `unwrap_or_default` above. `as_secs` is `u64`; a value
+    // past `i64::MAX` seconds saturates rather than falling back to the epoch.
+    let secs = i64::try_from(since.as_secs()).unwrap_or(i64::MAX);
+    let (y, t) = utc_parts(secs, since.subsec_nanos());
+    // `{:04}` rather than `%Y`, which writes a `+` before years past 9999.
+    format!("{y:04}-{}", t.format("%m-%dT%H:%M:%S%.3fZ"))
 }
 
-/// Days since 1970-01-01 to a proleptic Gregorian (year, month, day) (Howard Hinnant's
-/// `civil_from_days`, unsigned because `timestamp` clamps at the epoch).
-fn civil_from_days(days: u64) -> (u64, u64, u64) {
-    let z = days + 719_468;
-    let era = z / 146_097;
-    let doe = z % 146_097;
-    let yoe = (doe - doe / 1460 + doe / 36_524 - doe / 146_096) / 365;
-    let doy = doe - (365 * yoe + yoe / 4 - yoe / 100);
-    let mp = (5 * doy + 2) / 153;
-    let d = doy - (153 * mp + 2) / 5 + 1;
-    let m = if mp < 10 { mp + 3 } else { mp - 9 };
-    let y = yoe + era * 400 + u64::from(m <= 2);
-    (y, m, d)
+/// Unix seconds (+ nanos) → (proleptic Gregorian year, the same wall-clock instant moved into
+/// chrono's range by whole 400-year cycles). The calendar repeats every 400 years (146_097 days),
+/// so month, day and time of day come from chrono and only the year is carried, which keeps every
+/// `i64` exact. Replaces the old hand-rolled `civil_from_days`; chrono is the only calendar logic.
+fn utc_parts(secs: i64, nanos: u32) -> (i64, chrono::NaiveDateTime) {
+    use chrono::Datelike;
+    let (days, sod) = (secs.div_euclid(86_400), secs.rem_euclid(86_400));
+    let (cycles, rest) = (days.div_euclid(146_097), days.rem_euclid(146_097));
+    // `rest + 719_163` (1970-01-01 is CE day 719_163) is always a valid CE day, and `sod` < 86_400.
+    let date = i32::try_from(rest + 719_163).ok().and_then(chrono::NaiveDate::from_num_days_from_ce_opt);
+    let time = u32::try_from(sod).ok().and_then(|s| chrono::NaiveTime::from_num_seconds_from_midnight_opt(s, nanos.min(999_999_999)));
+    match (date, time) {
+        (Some(d), Some(t)) => {
+            let y = i128::from(d.year()) + i128::from(cycles) * 400;
+            (i64::try_from(y).unwrap_or(if y < 0 { i64::MIN } else { i64::MAX }), d.and_time(t))
+        }
+        _ => (1970, chrono::NaiveDateTime::default()), // unreachable
+    }
 }
 
 fn numbered(dir: &Path, n: usize) -> PathBuf {
@@ -416,6 +425,20 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(timestamp(UNIX_EPOCH + Duration::from_secs(1_709_164_800)), "2024-02-29T00:00:00.000Z");
         // Before the epoch (a clock set wrong) clamps instead of panicking.
         assert_eq!(timestamp(UNIX_EPOCH - Duration::from_secs(5)), "1970-01-01T00:00:00.000Z");
+        // Past chrono's year range still converts via the 400-year cycle (the old code did too,
+        // through `civil_from_days`): never a silent reset to the epoch. Platform-safe: Windows'
+        // SystemTime can't hold this instant, so it is only checked where it exists.
+        // `u64::MAX / 2` seconds == `i64::MAX` seconds → year 292277026596 (old output).
+        if let Some(far) = UNIX_EPOCH.checked_add(Duration::from_secs(u64::MAX / 2)) {
+            assert_eq!(timestamp(far), "292277026596-12-04T15:30:07.000Z");
+        }
+        // Years past 9999 keep the plain zero-padded year (no `+`).
+        assert_eq!(timestamp(UNIX_EPOCH + Duration::from_secs(253_402_300_800)), "10000-01-01T00:00:00.000Z");
+        // 10_000_000_000_000 s is far beyond chrono's range; old output is year 318857.
+        // Windows' SystemTime holds only up to about year 30828, so this is checked where it fits.
+        if let Some(far) = UNIX_EPOCH.checked_add(Duration::from_secs(10_000_000_000_000)) {
+            assert_eq!(timestamp(far), "318857-05-20T17:46:40.000Z");
+        }
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/apps/photocraft/src/main.rs b/apps/photocraft/src/main.rs
index 3186b53883..2012dfd09d 100644
--- a/apps/photocraft/src/main.rs
+++ b/apps/photocraft/src/main.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,7 @@
 //! PhotoCraft desktop app.
 //!
-//! Usage: `photocraft [--control <port>] [--control-token <64-hex> |
-//! --control-token-file <path>] [--automation-read-root <dir>]
-//! [--automation-write-root <dir>] [--safe-gpu] [--in-window-menus] [--present-mode <mode>]
-//! [--frame-latency <n>] [--stroke-trace <stderr|file.csv>] [--new-instance] [--] [files…]`
-//! (`photocraft --help` prints [`USAGE`]; `--version` prints the version).
-//!
-//! Any other argument starting with `-` is a usage error (exit status 2, issue #6431), so a typo
-//! such as `--safegpu` doesn't open the window and then fail to open the flag as a file. A file
-//! whose name starts with `-` goes after `--`.
+//! Usage: `photocraft [options] [--] [files…]`; `photocraft --help` lists the options, which are
+//! declared, with what makes a usage error (exit status 2), in `launch_args`.
 //!
 //! On Windows and Linux a launch hands its files to the PhotoCraft that is already running (new
 //! tabs in its window) and exits; `--new-instance` starts a separate copy instead, as does any
@@ -31,7 +24,8 @@
 //! `{"id":1,"ok":true,"result":…}`. See `photocraft_ui_egui::control` for the methods.
 
 // Release builds on Windows are GUI-subsystem apps, so launching from the Start Menu or Explorer
-// doesn't open a console window. (`--version` output then only shows when redirected.)
+// doesn't open a console window. (`--help`, `--version` and usage errors then only show when
+// redirected.)
 #![cfg_attr(all(windows, not(debug_assertions)), windows_subsystem = "windows")]
 #![deny(clippy::unwrap_used, clippy::expect_used, clippy::panic, clippy::unimplemented, clippy::todo, clippy::unreachable)]
 
@@ -49,6 +43,7 @@ mod file_dialog_probe;
 mod gpu_startup;
 #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
 mod icon_theme;
+mod launch_args;
 #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
 mod mac_menu;
 #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
@@ -76,6 +71,7 @@ mod single_instance;
 // Tablet support (macOS AppKit monitor, Linux X11/Wayland, Windows barrel button).
 mod tablet;
 mod ui_state;
+mod updates;
 mod window_frame;
 
 use photocraft_engine::Session;
@@ -98,6 +94,53 @@ fn custom_titlebar(prefs_file: Option<&std::path::Path>) -> bool {
     CUSTOM_TITLEBAR && !prefs.interface.system_title_bar
 }
 
+/// Preferences › Integrations, read before the window opens the way [`custom_titlebar`] is:
+/// whether agents may drive this launch at all, and the port to listen on when no `--control`
+/// was given (0 = only with `--control`). A missing or unreadable file keeps the defaults.
+///
+/// The section is read on its own, and when it doesn't read as a whole each value on its own,
+/// as the app's lenient load reads them (#6611): a wrong-typed value elsewhere in the file, or
+/// in the other field, must not turn Allow Agent Control back on while the dialog shows it off.
+fn integrations(prefs_file: Option<&std::path::Path>) -> photocraft_engine::prefs::Integrations {
+    use serde_json::Value;
+    let mut out = photocraft_engine::prefs::Preferences::default().integrations;
+    let file: Option<Value> = prefs_file.and_then(|p| std::fs::read_to_string(p).ok()).and_then(|t| serde_json::from_str(&t).ok());
+    let Some(section) = file.as_ref().and_then(|v| v.get("integrations")) else {
+        return out;
+    };
+    if let Ok(whole) = serde_json::from_value(section.clone()) {
+        return whole;
+    }
+    if let Some(allow) = section.get("allowAgentControl").and_then(Value::as_bool) {
+        out.allow_agent_control = allow;
+    }
+    if let Some(port) = section.get("controlPort").and_then(Value::as_u64).and_then(|p| u32::try_from(p).ok()) {
+        out.control_port = port;
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+/// The control port this launch listens on, and the warning to print when a request was refused.
+/// `--control` (or `PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT`) wins over the preference; Allow Agent Control off
+/// refuses both, and says so rather than ignoring the flag silently. A preferred port outside
+/// 1..=65535 is refused the same way.
+fn control_port_for(cli: Option<u16>, prefs: &photocraft_engine::prefs::Integrations) -> (Option<u16>, Option<String>) {
+    if !prefs.allow_agent_control {
+        let warning = cli.map(|p| format!("photocraft: Preferences › Integrations › Allow Agent Control is off: not listening on port {p}\n"));
+        return (None, warning);
+    }
+    if let Some(port) = cli {
+        return (Some(port), None);
+    }
+    match prefs.control_port {
+        0 => (None, None),
+        p => match u16::try_from(p).ok().filter(|p| *p != 0) {
+            Some(port) => (Some(port), None),
+            None => (None, Some(format!("photocraft: Preferences › Integrations › Control Port {p} is not a usable port: not listening\n"))),
+        },
+    }
+}
+
 /// The main window: 1440 × 900 (shrunk to fit the monitor, and maximized on the first frame
 /// when it still doesn't fit, `work_area::fit_window`), centred on the main monitor. Without
 /// `centered`, Windows cascades each new window from the top-left corner, so it opened at a
@@ -117,6 +160,9 @@ fn native_options(custom_titlebar: bool) -> eframe::NativeOptions {
             .with_titlebar_shown(false)
             .with_title_shown(false),
         centered: true,
+        // PhotoCraft owns its fallback fonts (`cjk_fonts`, craft-fonts): eframe's system-font
+        // provider would compete with it and make glyph choice machine-dependent (#8512).
+        system_font_fallback: false,
         // eframe saves native window geometry and egui panel/window sizes on exit.
         // Keep that state beside preferences, including config overrides and portable mode.
         persistence_path: services::config_dir().map(|dir| dir.join("ui.ron")),
@@ -149,360 +195,39 @@ fn at_least_min_size(mut builder: egui::ViewportBuilder) -> egui::ViewportBuilde
     builder
 }
 
-/// Parse a `--control` / `PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT` value. An unparseable port is an error that
-/// names the value (issue #701): silently running with no control server leaves a launcher or
-/// agent unable to tell a typo from a successful grant.
-fn parse_control_port(value: &str, source: &str) -> Result<u16, String> {
-    value.trim().parse().map_err(|_| format!("{source}: `{value}` is not a valid port (expected a number from 0 to 65535)"))
-}
-
-/// Process exit status for the collected usage errors (a bad `--control` /
-/// `PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT`, an unknown option): `None` when there are none, else 2 (a
-/// command-line usage error), never 0.
-fn usage_exit_code(errors: &[String]) -> Option<i32> {
-    if errors.is_empty() { None } else { Some(2) }
-}
-
-/// `photocraft --help`. Keep in step with the options `main` accepts and the module docs.
-const USAGE: &str = "\
-Usage: photocraft [options] [--] [files…]
-
-Opens PhotoCraft with the given files.
-
-Options:
-  -h, --help                       Print this help and exit
-      --version                    Print the version, commit and build date and exit
-      --safe-gpu                   Start with the CPU renderer for this launch (after a graphics driver crash)
-      --in-window-menus            macOS: keep the menus inside the window instead of the menu bar
-      --new-instance               Windows and Linux: start a separate PhotoCraft instead of opening
-                                   the files in the one already running
-      --present-mode <mode>        How frames reach the display: fifo, autovsync or novsync
-      --frame-latency <n>          Frames queued for the display: 1 to 3
-      --stroke-trace <stderr|file.csv>
-                                   Time each brush stroke's frames
-      --control <port>             Start the localhost JSON-lines control server on this port
-      --control-token <64-hex>     Control server token (default: a new random one, printed)
-      --control-token-file <path>  Read the control server token from this file, or create it
-                                   with a new one
-      --automation-read-root <dir> Directory the control server may read files from
-      --automation-write-root <dir>
-                                   Directory the control server may write files to
-  --                               Treat every later argument as a file, even one starting with `-`
-
-A bad --present-mode, --frame-latency or --stroke-trace value is reported and ignored.
-Environment: PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT, PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN, PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN_FILE,
-PHOTOCRAFT_AUTOMATION_READ_ROOT, PHOTOCRAFT_AUTOMATION_WRITE_ROOT, PHOTOCRAFT_PRESENT_MODE,
-PHOTOCRAFT_FRAME_LATENCY, PHOTOCRAFT_STROKE_TRACE, PHOTOCRAFT_IN_WINDOW_MENUS, PHOTOCRAFT_NEW_INSTANCE,
-PHOTOCRAFT_CONFIG_DIR.
-";
-
-/// Print to standard output for `--help` / `--version`. Unlike `println!`, never panics when
-/// stdout is closed or a pipe (`photocraft --help | head -1`).
-fn print_stdout(text: &str) {
-    use std::io::Write as _;
-    let mut out = std::io::stdout().lock();
-    let _ = out.write_all(text.as_bytes()).and_then(|()| out.flush());
-}
-
-/// Everything the desktop launcher takes from the command line, on top of the environment
-/// defaults handed in to `parse_launch_args`.
-#[derive(Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
-struct LaunchArgs {
-    control_port: Option<u16>,
-    control_token: Option<String>,
-    control_token_file: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
-    automation_read_root: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
-    automation_write_root: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
-    files: Vec<String>,
-    /// Arguments that are not valid Unicode (issue #1108): a file manager can hand over a Latin-1
-    /// file name on Linux, and `std::env::args()` would panic before any window opened. Paths are
-    /// reported in a notice once the app is up; a control token is a usage error like a bad port.
-    unreadable_paths: Vec<String>,
-    safe_gpu: bool,
-    new_instance: bool,
-    /// Options that apply only to the process they're given to; a launch with any keeps its own.
-    launch_options: Vec<&'static str>,
-    present_mode_arg: Option<String>,
-    frame_latency_arg: Option<String>,
-    stroke_trace_arg: Option<String>,
-    in_window_menus: bool,
-    /// `--help` / `-h`: print [`USAGE`] and exit 0; parsing stops there.
-    help: bool,
-    /// `--version`: print the version and exit 0; parsing stops there.
-    version: bool,
-    /// Usage errors (a bad or missing control/automation value, an unknown option); a non-empty
-    /// list fails the launch with exit status 2 (issues #701, #6429, #6431).
-    errors: Vec<String>,
-}
-
-/// Parse the desktop launch arguments over the environment defaults in `out`. A control or
-/// automation flag with no value is a usage error naming the flag (issue #6429), never a silent
-/// fall back to a generated token or to no root: like `--control` with a bad port, it exits 2.
-/// So is an unknown option (#6431); a file whose name starts with `-` goes after `--`.
-fn parse_launch_args(args: impl Iterator<Item = std::ffi::OsString>, mut out: LaunchArgs) -> LaunchArgs {
-    let mut args = args;
-    // After `--`, every argument is a file, even one that starts with `-`.
-    let mut only_files = false;
-    while let Some(a) = args.next() {
-        if only_files {
-            match a.into_string() {
-                Ok(s) => out.files.push(s),
-                Err(raw) => out.unreadable_paths.push(raw.to_string_lossy().into_owned()),
-            }
-            continue;
-        }
-        match a.to_str() {
-            Some("--") => only_files = true,
-            Some("--help" | "-h") => {
-                out.help = true;
-                break;
-            }
-            Some("--control") => match args.next() {
-                Some(value) => match parse_control_port(&value.to_string_lossy(), "--control") {
-                    Ok(port) => out.control_port = Some(port),
-                    Err(error) => out.errors.push(error),
-                },
-                None => out.errors.push("--control: missing port value (expected `--control <port>`)".to_string()),
-            },
-            Some("--control-token") => match args.next().map(std::ffi::OsString::into_string) {
-                Some(Ok(token)) => out.control_token = Some(token),
-                Some(Err(raw)) => out.errors.push(format!("--control-token: value is not valid Unicode (`{}`)", raw.to_string_lossy())),
-                None => out.errors.push("--control-token: missing token value (expected `--control-token <token>`)".to_string()),
-            },
-            Some("--control-token-file") => match args.next() {
-                Some(value) => out.control_token_file = Some(std::path::PathBuf::from(value)),
-                None => out.errors.push("--control-token-file: missing file path value (expected `--control-token-file <path>`)".to_string()),
-            },
-            Some("--automation-read-root") => {
-                out.launch_options.push("--automation-read-root");
-                match args.next() {
-                    Some(value) => out.automation_read_root = Some(std::path::PathBuf::from(value)),
-                    None => out.errors.push("--automation-read-root: missing directory value (expected `--automation-read-root <dir>`)".to_string()),
-                }
-            }
-            Some("--automation-write-root") => {
-                out.launch_options.push("--automation-write-root");
-                match args.next() {
-                    Some(value) => out.automation_write_root = Some(std::path::PathBuf::from(value)),
-                    None => out.errors.push("--automation-write-root: missing directory value (expected `--automation-write-root <dir>`)".to_string()),
-                }
-            }
-            Some("--safe-gpu") => {
-                out.launch_options.push("--safe-gpu");
-                out.safe_gpu = true;
-            }
-            Some(flag @ ("--present-mode" | "--frame-latency" | "--stroke-trace")) => {
-                out.launch_options.push(match flag {
-                    "--present-mode" => "--present-mode",
-                    "--frame-latency" => "--frame-latency",
-                    _ => "--stroke-trace",
-                });
-                let flag = flag.to_string();
-                match args.next().map(std::ffi::OsString::into_string) {
-                    Some(Ok(v)) => match flag.as_str() {
-                        "--present-mode" => out.present_mode_arg = Some(v),
-                        "--frame-latency" => out.frame_latency_arg = Some(v),
-                        _ => out.stroke_trace_arg = Some(v),
-                    },
-                    // A bad value is reported and ignored; it never fails the launch.
-                    _ => eprintln!("photocraft: {flag}: missing or unreadable value; ignored"),
-                }
-            }
-            Some("--in-window-menus") => {
-                out.launch_options.push("--in-window-menus");
-                out.in_window_menus = true;
-            }
-            Some("--new-instance") => out.new_instance = true,
-            Some("--version") => {
-                out.version = true;
-                break;
-            }
-            // Old macOS passes a process serial number when launched from Finder.
-            Some(s) if s.starts_with("-psn_") => {}
-            // A typo such as `--safegpu`, or `--help` spelt another way, must not open the window
-            // and then fail to open the flag as a file (#6431).
-            Some(s) if s.starts_with('-') => out.errors.push(format!("unknown option `{s}` (put `--` before a file name that starts with `-`)")),
-            Some(s) => out.files.push(s.to_owned()),
-            None => out.unreadable_paths.push(a.to_string_lossy().into_owned()),
-        }
-    }
-    out
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod control_port_tests {
-    use super::{parse_control_port, usage_exit_code};
-
-    #[test]
-    fn control_port_errors_exit_non_zero() {
-        assert_eq!(usage_exit_code(&[]), None);
-        let errors = vec![parse_control_port("nope", "--control").unwrap_err()];
-        assert_eq!(usage_exit_code(&errors), Some(2));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn control_port_accepts_valid_numbers() {
-        assert_eq!(parse_control_port("50494", "--control"), Ok(50494));
-        assert_eq!(parse_control_port(" 8080 ", "--control"), Ok(8080));
-        assert_eq!(parse_control_port("0", "PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT"), Ok(0));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn control_port_rejects_unparseable_values_naming_them() {
-        // Out of range, a following flag eaten as the value, and an empty value all fail,
-        // naming the offending value in the message.
-        let err = parse_control_port("78787", "--control").unwrap_err();
-        assert!(err.contains("78787"), "{err}");
-        assert!(parse_control_port("--safe-gpu", "--control").is_err());
-        assert!(parse_control_port("", "--control").is_err());
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod launch_args_tests {
-    use super::{LaunchArgs, parse_launch_args, usage_exit_code};
-    use std::ffi::OsString;
-
-    fn parse(values: &[&str]) -> LaunchArgs {
-        parse_launch_args(values.iter().map(OsString::from), LaunchArgs::default())
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn flags_without_a_value_are_usage_errors() {
-        // Issue #6429: a missing value must fail the launch, not silently fall back to a
-        // generated token or to no root.
-        for flag in ["--control", "--control-token", "--control-token-file", "--automation-read-root", "--automation-write-root"] {
-            let parsed = parse(&[flag]);
-            assert_eq!(parsed.errors.len(), 1, "{flag}: {:?}", parsed.errors);
-            assert!(parsed.errors[0].starts_with(flag), "{}", parsed.errors[0]);
-            assert!(parsed.errors[0].contains("missing"), "{}", parsed.errors[0]);
-            assert_eq!(usage_exit_code(&parsed.errors), Some(2));
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn missing_value_does_not_clear_an_environment_default() {
-        // `--automation-read-root` with no value must not drop a root set through the env var.
-        let defaults = LaunchArgs { automation_read_root: Some("/env/read".into()), automation_write_root: Some("/env/write".into()), ..Default::default() };
-        let parsed = parse_launch_args(["--automation-read-root"].iter().map(OsString::from), defaults);
-        assert_eq!(parsed.automation_read_root.as_deref(), Some(std::path::Path::new("/env/read")));
-        assert_eq!(parsed.automation_write_root.as_deref(), Some(std::path::Path::new("/env/write")));
-        assert_eq!(parsed.errors.len(), 1, "{:?}", parsed.errors);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn values_are_parsed_and_no_errors_remain() {
-        let parsed = parse(&[
-            "--control",
-            "50494",
-            "--control-token",
-            "abcd",
-            "--control-token-file",
-            "/tmp/token",
-            "--automation-read-root",
-            "/r",
-            "--automation-write-root",
-            "/w",
-            "--safe-gpu",
-            "--in-window-menus",
-            "--new-instance",
-            "--present-mode",
-            "mailbox",
-            "photo.psd",
-        ]);
-        assert!(parsed.errors.is_empty(), "{:?}", parsed.errors);
-        assert_eq!(parsed.control_port, Some(50494));
-        assert_eq!(parsed.control_token.as_deref(), Some("abcd"));
-        assert_eq!(parsed.control_token_file.as_deref(), Some(std::path::Path::new("/tmp/token")));
-        assert_eq!(parsed.automation_read_root.as_deref(), Some(std::path::Path::new("/r")));
-        assert_eq!(parsed.automation_write_root.as_deref(), Some(std::path::Path::new("/w")));
-        assert!(parsed.safe_gpu);
-        assert!(parsed.in_window_menus);
-        assert!(parsed.new_instance);
-        assert_eq!(parsed.present_mode_arg.as_deref(), Some("mailbox"));
-        assert_eq!(parsed.launch_options, vec!["--automation-read-root", "--automation-write-root", "--safe-gpu", "--in-window-menus", "--present-mode"]);
-        assert_eq!(parsed.files, vec!["photo.psd".to_string()]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn version_stops_parsing() {
-        let parsed = parse(&["--version", "--control"]);
-        assert!(parsed.version);
-        assert!(parsed.errors.is_empty(), "{:?}", parsed.errors);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn help_stops_parsing_and_double_dash_ends_options() {
-        let parsed = parse(&["-h", "--safegpu", "--control"]);
-        assert!(parsed.help);
-        assert!(parsed.errors.is_empty(), "{:?}", parsed.errors);
-
-        let parsed = parse(&["--safegpu", "--", "--help", "-x"]);
-        assert!(!parsed.help);
-        assert_eq!(parsed.errors.len(), 1, "{:?}", parsed.errors);
-        assert!(parsed.errors[0].contains("unknown option `--safegpu`"), "{}", parsed.errors[0]);
-        assert_eq!(parsed.files, vec!["--help".to_string(), "-x".to_string()]);
-    }
-}
-
 fn main() -> eframe::Result {
     // First, so the panic hook and every start-up warning are recorded (`logging`).
     let logger = logging::install();
     crash_guard::install_hook();
-    // The system font scan can take seconds (minutes on some Macs): run it off the UI thread.
-    photocraft_ui_egui::type_tool::warm_fonts();
-    let mut launch = LaunchArgs {
-        automation_read_root: std::env::var_os("PHOTOCRAFT_AUTOMATION_READ_ROOT").map(std::path::PathBuf::from),
-        automation_write_root: std::env::var_os("PHOTOCRAFT_AUTOMATION_WRITE_ROOT").map(std::path::PathBuf::from),
-        in_window_menus: std::env::var_os("PHOTOCRAFT_IN_WINDOW_MENUS").is_some_and(|v| !v.is_empty() && v != "0"),
-        ..Default::default()
-    };
-    if let Some(value) = std::env::var("PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT").ok().filter(|v| !v.trim().is_empty()) {
-        match parse_control_port(&value, "PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT") {
-            Ok(port) => launch.control_port = Some(port),
-            Err(error) => launch.errors.push(error),
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    if let Some(done) = craft_update::self_update::finish(&craft_update::suite::PHOTOCRAFT, &std::env::args_os().skip(1).collect::<Vec<_>>()) {
+        if let Err(e) = done {
+            eprintln!("PhotoCraft update helper failed: {e}");
+            std::process::exit(1);
         }
-    }
-    launch = parse_launch_args(std::env::args_os().skip(1), launch);
-    if launch.help {
-        print_stdout(USAGE);
-        return Ok(());
-    }
-    if launch.version {
-        print_stdout(&format!("photocraft {}\n", photocraft_engine::build_info::long_version()));
         return Ok(());
     }
 
-    // A malformed control port must not silently drop the control server (issue #701), a control
-    // or automation flag without its value must not silently fall back to a generated token or
-    // to no root (issue #6429), and an unknown option must not open the window (#6431): name the
-    // bad argument and fail the launch, like `photocraft-cli` does for the same typos. Exit
-    // status 2 is the usual command-line usage error, so a launcher sees the failure.
-    if let Some(code) = usage_exit_code(&launch.errors) {
-        for error in &launch.errors {
-            eprintln!("photocraft: {error}");
-        }
-        eprintln!("Run `photocraft --help` for usage.");
-        std::process::exit(code);
-    }
-    let LaunchArgs {
-        control_port,
-        control_token,
-        control_token_file,
-        automation_read_root,
-        automation_write_root,
-        files,
-        unreadable_paths,
+    // The system font scan can take seconds (minutes on some Macs): run it off the UI thread.
+    photocraft_ui_egui::type_tool::warm_fonts();
+    // `--help` and `--version` print to standard output and exit 0. A usage error (an unknown
+    // option, a missing or bad value, a bad PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT: issues #701, #6429, #6431)
+    // names the argument on standard error and exits 2, so a launcher sees the failure. Neither
+    // panics when the stream is closed or a pipe (`photocraft --help | head -1`).
+    let launch = launch_args::parse(launch_args::command(), std::env::args_os().skip(1)).unwrap_or_else(|e| e.exit());
+    let launch_args::FileNames { openable: files, unreadable: unreadable_paths } = launch.file_names();
+    let launch_args::LaunchArgs {
+        files: _,
         safe_gpu,
-        new_instance,
-        mut launch_options,
-        present_mode_arg,
-        frame_latency_arg,
-        stroke_trace_arg,
         in_window_menus,
-        help: _,
-        version: _,
-        errors: _,
+        new_instance,
+        present_mode,
+        frame_latency,
+        stroke_trace,
+        control: control_port,
+        auth,
+        automation,
+        mut launch_options,
     } = launch;
 
     // The log file lives under the settings directory; opened after the arguments, so `--version`
@@ -518,7 +243,7 @@ fn main() -> eframe::Result {
     // An adapter named in the environment is chosen at startup, which a forwarded launch never reaches.
     let rendering_mode = gpu_startup::read_rendering_prefs(services::prefs_file().as_deref()).1;
     if gpu_startup::adapter_override_is_process_specific(std::env::var("PHOTOCRAFT_GPU_ADAPTER").ok().as_deref(), rendering_mode, gpu_startup::ADAPTER_CHOICE) {
-        launch_options.push("PHOTOCRAFT_GPU_ADAPTER");
+        launch_options.push(launch_args::PerProcess::GpuAdapterEnv);
     }
     // One PhotoCraft per user (#3708): files opened from Explorer or a file manager while it runs
     // become tabs in its window. Only with the per-user settings folder (a portable copy's may be
@@ -526,6 +251,13 @@ fn main() -> eframe::Result {
     #[cfg(not(target_os = "macos"))]
     let single_instance = {
         let new_instance_env = std::env::var("PHOTOCRAFT_NEW_INSTANCE").ok();
+        // A variable documented as the equivalent of a per-launch flag counts as that flag: a
+        // launch that sets only `PHOTOCRAFT_PRESENT_MODE` (say) has per-process options too, so it
+        // keeps its own process instead of handing its files over and being ignored.
+        // Folded in here, inside the block that only non-macOS builds compile, so the binding
+        // above keeps its `mut` off macOS, where nothing is folded in.
+        let mut launch_options = launch_options;
+        launch_options.extend_from_slice(&single_instance::env_launch_options());
         let context = single_instance::LaunchContext {
             per_user_settings: app_dirs::current().mode == app_dirs::Mode::Platform,
             new_instance_flag: new_instance,
@@ -591,8 +323,12 @@ fn main() -> eframe::Result {
         std::process::exit(1);
     }
 
+    let (control_port, control_pref_warning) = control_port_for(control_port, &integrations(services::prefs_file().as_deref()));
+    if let Some(warning) = &control_pref_warning {
+        eprint!("{warning}");
+    }
     let control = if let Some(port) = control_port {
-        let (supplied, token_file) = photocraft_automation::security::token_inputs(control_token, control_token_file);
+        let (supplied, token_file) = (auth.control_token, auth.control_token_file);
         let token = match photocraft_automation::security::server_token(supplied.as_deref(), token_file.as_deref()) {
             Ok(token) => token,
             Err(e) => {
@@ -607,7 +343,7 @@ fn main() -> eframe::Result {
         } else {
             eprintln!("photocraft: using supplied control token");
         }
-        let workspace = match photocraft_automation::AuthorizedWorkspace::new(automation_read_root.as_deref(), automation_write_root.as_deref()) {
+        let workspace = match automation.workspace() {
             Ok(workspace) => workspace,
             Err(error) => {
                 eprintln!("photocraft: cannot configure automation workspace: {error}");
@@ -696,7 +432,7 @@ fn main() -> eframe::Result {
         options.wgpu_options.surface.present_mode = eframe::wgpu::PresentMode::AutoNoVsync;
     }
     // Testers' present mode and frame latency overrides (#1343), after the preference.
-    let present = presentation::Overrides::from_args_or_env(present_mode_arg.as_deref(), frame_latency_arg.as_deref());
+    let present = presentation::Overrides::from_args_or_env(present_mode, frame_latency);
     options.wgpu_options.surface = present.apply(options.wgpu_options.surface);
     let present_desc = presentation::describe(&options.wgpu_options.surface, &present);
     // Without vsync, frames are capped at 240 fps (#4472) so repaint loops don't spin flat out.
@@ -740,6 +476,7 @@ fn main() -> eframe::Result {
             };
             #[cfg(not(target_os = "linux"))]
             let session = Session::new();
+            PhotocraftApp::install_type_reset_hooks(&cc.egui_ctx);
             let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(session, services);
             app.min_frame_ms = uncapped.then_some(1000.0 / 240.0);
             app.integrated_titlebar = cfg!(target_os = "macos");
@@ -774,7 +511,7 @@ fn main() -> eframe::Result {
             let info = &mut app.perf.gpu_info;
             info.preference = pref.name().to_string();
             info.present = present_desc.clone();
-            if let Some(v) = &stroke_trace_arg {
+            if let Some(v) = &stroke_trace {
                 app.stroke_trace.set(v);
             }
             info.selected = if plan.env.is_some() { "env".into() } else { plan.backend.name().to_string() };
@@ -786,6 +523,9 @@ fn main() -> eframe::Result {
             if let Some(rs) = cc.wgpu_render_state.clone() {
                 app.perf.gpu_info.set_adapter(&rs.adapter.get_info());
                 app.perf.gpu_info.set_available(&rs.available_adapters);
+                // Every egui texture uploads through this adapter, whichever canvas draws:
+                // Iris Xe on DX12 shows stale memory in all-zero texels (texel_guard.rs).
+                photocraft_ui_egui::texel_guard::install(&cc.egui_ctx, &rs.adapter.get_info());
                 let software_window = rs.adapter.get_info().device_type == eframe::wgpu::DeviceType::Cpu;
                 if software_window && mode != photocraft_engine::prefs::RenderingMode::Cpu {
                     // Keep an earlier note, such as a requested adapter that couldn't be used.
@@ -929,9 +669,10 @@ fn main() -> eframe::Result {
             s.finish();
         }
         if let Ok(exe) = std::env::current_exe() {
+            // `--safe-gpu` first: after a `--`, it would be a file name.
             let launched = std::process::Command::new(exe)
-                .args(std::env::args_os().skip(1))
                 .arg("--safe-gpu")
+                .args(std::env::args_os().skip(1))
                 .env_remove("WGPU_BACKEND")
                 .env("PHOTOCRAFT_GPU_STARTUP_FAILURE", &reason)
                 .spawn();
@@ -993,10 +734,101 @@ mod tests {
             egui::Panel::right("dock").default_size(290.0).show(ui, |ui| ui.set_min_width(ui.available_width()));
         });
         output.textures_delta.clear();
-        let panel = egui::containers::panel::PanelState::load(&restored, egui::Id::new("dock")).unwrap();
+        let panel = egui::containers::panel::PanelState::load(&restored, photocraft_ui_egui::panels::panel_state_id(&restored, "dock")).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(panel.size().x, 410.0);
     }
 
+    /// A 0.36 `ui.ron` saved panel widths under `Id::new("dock")`; the first 0.37 launch copies
+    /// them to the parent-scoped key, leaves the old one for a rollback, and a later resize
+    /// survives two more restarts.
+    #[test]
+    fn saved_036_panel_widths_migrate_and_survive_two_restarts() {
+        #[derive(Default)]
+        struct Storage(std::collections::BTreeMap<String, String>);
+        impl eframe::Storage for Storage {
+            fn get_string(&self, key: &str) -> Option<String> {
+                self.0.get(key).cloned()
+            }
+            fn set_string(&mut self, key: &str, value: String) {
+                self.0.insert(key.into(), value);
+            }
+            fn remove_string(&mut self, key: &str) {
+                self.0.remove(key);
+            }
+            fn flush(&mut self) {}
+        }
+        let state = |width: f32| egui::containers::panel::PanelState { outer_rect: egui::Rect::from_min_size(egui::Pos2::ZERO, egui::vec2(width, 600.0)) };
+        let input = || egui::RawInput { screen_rect: Some(egui::Rect::from_min_size(egui::Pos2::ZERO, egui::vec2(1200.0, 800.0))), ..Default::default() };
+        let draw = |ctx: &egui::Context| {
+            let mut output = ctx.run_ui(input(), |ui| {
+                egui::Panel::right("dock").default_size(290.0).show(ui, |ui| ui.set_min_width(ui.available_width()));
+            });
+            output.textures_delta.clear();
+        };
+        let save = |ctx: &egui::Context| {
+            let mut storage = Storage::default();
+            ctx.memory(|memory| eframe::set_value(&mut storage, "egui", memory));
+            storage
+        };
+        let restore = |storage: &Storage| {
+            let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+            ctx.memory_mut(|memory| *memory = eframe::get_value(storage, "egui").expect("the saved memory"));
+            ctx
+        };
+
+        // The real 0.14/0.15 shape: the panel state under the old key inside the egui memory.
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_persisted(egui::Id::unique("dock"), state(410.0)));
+        let storage = save(&ctx);
+
+        let first = restore(&storage);
+        photocraft_ui_egui::panels::migrate_panel_state(&first);
+        draw(&first);
+        let key = photocraft_ui_egui::panels::panel_state_id(&first, "dock");
+        assert_eq!(egui::containers::panel::PanelState::load(&first, key).map(|p| p.size().x), Some(410.0));
+        assert!(egui::containers::panel::PanelState::load(&first, egui::Id::unique("dock")).is_some(), "the 0.36 key is kept");
+        // Resize in 0.37: the new key wins from now on.
+        first.data_mut(|d| d.insert_persisted(key, state(500.0)));
+        let storage = save(&first);
+
+        for restart in 0..2 {
+            let next = restore(&storage);
+            photocraft_ui_egui::panels::migrate_panel_state(&next);
+            draw(&next);
+            let key = photocraft_ui_egui::panels::panel_state_id(&next, "dock");
+            let width = egui::containers::panel::PanelState::load(&next, key).map(|p| p.size().x).unwrap_or_default();
+            assert!((width - 500.0).abs() < 0.5, "restart {restart}: the old 410 key must not win (got {width})");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Schema-probe `ui.ron` shapes *reconstructed* from the documented 0.14/0.15/0.37 layouts,
+    /// not recorded machine saves: 0.14 and 0.15 both store the flat window entry, which the
+    /// first 0.37 launch rewrites; a 0.37 file is left alone. Keeping all three probes makes a
+    /// future change to any migration rule fail here first. They do not prove eframe's real
+    /// `Memory`/`PanelState` deserialization.
+    #[test]
+    fn the_ui_ron_schema_probe_fixtures_migrate() {
+        for (name, fixture) in [("0.14", include_str!("../tests/fixtures/ui-0.14.ron")), ("0.15", include_str!("../tests/fixtures/ui-0.15.ron"))] {
+            let text = super::ui_state::migrate_for_test(fixture).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{name}: {e}")).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("{name}: not rewritten"));
+            assert!(text.contains("normal_geometry"), "{name}: the flat window entry is gone: {text}");
+            assert!(!super::ui_state::saved_position_for_test(fixture), "{name}: a flat entry is not what 0.37 restores");
+        }
+        let old = include_str!("../tests/fixtures/ui-0.14.ron");
+        assert!(super::ui_state::migrate_for_test(old).expect("migratable").expect("rewritten").contains("x:1100.0"), "the 0.14 size is preserved");
+        let current = include_str!("../tests/fixtures/ui-0.15.ron");
+        assert!(
+            super::ui_state::migrate_for_test(current).expect("migratable").expect("rewritten").contains("maximized:true"),
+            "0.15 maximized state survives"
+        );
+        // Already 0.37-shaped: no rewrite, and (with no saved position) the window centres.
+        let current = include_str!("../tests/fixtures/ui-0.37.ron");
+        assert_eq!(super::ui_state::migrate_for_test(current), Ok(None));
+        assert!(!super::ui_state::saved_position_for_test(current));
+        // And a 0.37 file with a restorable outer position is a saved position.
+        let with_position = current.replace("outer_position_pixels:None", "outer_position_pixels:Some((x:2048.0,y:1228.0))");
+        assert!(super::ui_state::saved_position_for_test(&with_position));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn the_window_opens_centred_at_its_default_size() {
         let o = super::native_options(super::CUSTOM_TITLEBAR);
@@ -1065,6 +897,91 @@ mod tests {
         let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn integrations_preferences_decide_the_control_port() {
+        use photocraft_engine::prefs::Integrations;
+        let off = Integrations { allow_agent_control: false, control_port: 0 };
+        let on = Integrations { allow_agent_control: true, control_port: 0 };
+        let preferred = Integrations { allow_agent_control: true, control_port: 7878 };
+
+        // Nothing asked for, nothing listening.
+        assert_eq!(super::control_port_for(None, &on), (None, None));
+        // --control wins over the preference.
+        assert_eq!(super::control_port_for(Some(9000), &preferred), (Some(9000), None));
+        // The preference opens the port when --control is absent.
+        assert_eq!(super::control_port_for(None, &preferred), (Some(7878), None));
+
+        // Allow Agent Control off refuses both, and says so when --control asked for one
+        // rather than ignoring the flag.
+        assert_eq!(super::control_port_for(None, &off), (None, None));
+        let (port, warning) = super::control_port_for(Some(9000), &off);
+        assert_eq!(port, None);
+        assert!(warning.is_some_and(|w| w.contains("Allow Agent Control") && w.contains("9000")), "the refusal names the port");
+        let off_with_port = Integrations { allow_agent_control: false, control_port: 7878 };
+        assert_eq!(super::control_port_for(None, &off_with_port), (None, None), "off beats a preferred port");
+
+        // A port a hand-edited file could hold, outside 1..=65535, is refused and named.
+        let huge = Integrations { allow_agent_control: true, control_port: 70_000 };
+        let (port, warning) = super::control_port_for(None, &huge);
+        assert_eq!(port, None);
+        assert!(warning.is_some_and(|w| w.contains("70000")), "the refusal names the value");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn integrations_fall_back_to_the_defaults_without_a_readable_file() {
+        let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("pc-integrations-{}", std::process::id()));
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+        let file = dir.join("prefs.json");
+        let default = photocraft_engine::prefs::Integrations::default();
+
+        assert_eq!(super::integrations(None), default, "no preferences file");
+        std::fs::write(&file, "not json").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(super::integrations(Some(&file)), default, "an unreadable file");
+        std::fs::write(&file, r#"{"integrations":{"allowAgentControl":false,"controlPort":7878}}"#).unwrap();
+        let read = super::integrations(Some(&file));
+        assert!(!read.allow_agent_control);
+        assert_eq!(read.control_port, 7878);
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+    }
+
+    /// The app loads preferences leniently (#6611): one wrong-typed value resets only itself. So
+    /// a bad value elsewhere, or in the port, must not turn Allow Agent Control back on.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_bad_value_elsewhere_keeps_agent_control_off() {
+        let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("pc-integrations-lenient-{}", std::process::id()));
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+        let file = dir.join("prefs.json");
+        // What the Preferences dialog shows for the same file.
+        let shown = |text: &str| {
+            let mut session = photocraft_engine::Session::new();
+            session.load_prefs_json(text).unwrap();
+            session.prefs().integrations.clone()
+        };
+        let read = |text: &str| {
+            std::fs::write(&file, text).unwrap();
+            let read = super::integrations(Some(&file));
+            assert_eq!(read, shown(text), "{text}");
+            read
+        };
+
+        let r = read(r#"{"interface":{"enableAnimations":"nope"},"integrations":{"allowAgentControl":false,"controlPort":7878}}"#);
+        assert!(!r.allow_agent_control, "a bad value in another section");
+        assert_eq!(r.control_port, 7878);
+        let r = read(r#"{"integrations":{"allowAgentControl":false,"controlPort":"x"}}"#);
+        assert!(!r.allow_agent_control, "a bad port");
+        assert_eq!(r.control_port, 0, "the bad port alone takes its default");
+        // A bad Allow Agent Control alone takes its default.
+        let r = read(r#"{"integrations":{"allowAgentControl":"no","controlPort":7878}}"#);
+        assert_eq!(r, photocraft_engine::prefs::Integrations { allow_agent_control: true, control_port: 7878 });
+        read(r#"{"integrations":{"allowAgentControl":false,"controlPort":-1}}"#);
+        read(r#"{"integrations":{"allowAgentControl":false,"controlPort":4294967296}}"#);
+        read(r#"{"integrations":"off"}"#);
+        // serde reads a struct from a list too; the app does.
+        assert!(!read(r#"{"integrations":[false]}"#).allow_agent_control, "a list");
+        assert_eq!(read(r#"{"integrations":[false,7878]}"#).control_port, 7878);
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+    }
+
     /// X11 startup notification and docks match a window to its launcher by `StartupWMClass`,
     /// so it has to be the class the window carries: the app id, on Wayland and X11 alike.
     #[test]
diff --git a/apps/photocraft/src/native_saveback_tests.rs b/apps/photocraft/src/native_saveback_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9a08a0ae8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/photocraft/src/native_saveback_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+//! Opt-in local acceptance. All artwork paths come from the test environment; originals are read-only.
+
+use super::{native, vector_conversion};
+use base64::Engine as _;
+use photocraft_doc::{Document, LayerContent, LayerId, SmartSource};
+use photocraft_ui_egui::{ExternalSvgSession, ExternalVectorSource};
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+use std::io::Write;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::process::{Command, Stdio};
+use std::sync::{Arc, mpsc};
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+/// Exercise the real CLI's same-format Save, the native watcher and PhotoCraft's transaction.
+#[test]
+#[ignore = "set VECTORCRAFT_TEST_EDITOR and optionally PHOTO_NATIVE_LOGO_PSD/PHOTO_NATIVE_CONTAINER"]
+fn original_format_real_editor_save_watcher_and_psd_roundtrip() {
+    let editor = std::env::var_os("VECTORCRAFT_TEST_EDITOR").expect("VECTORCRAFT_TEST_EDITOR");
+    let editor = Path::new(&editor);
+    let mut photo = photocraft_engine::Session::new();
+    let vector_path = std::env::var_os("PHOTO_NATIVE_VECTOR");
+    let vector_original = vector_path.as_ref().map(|path| std::fs::read(path).unwrap());
+    let original_path = std::env::var_os("PHOTO_NATIVE_LOGO_PSD");
+    let original = original_path.as_ref().map(|path| std::fs::read(path).unwrap());
+    let mut parent_before = None;
+    let id;
+    if let Some(bytes) = &original {
+        photo.add_document(photocraft_io::import("Logo.psd", bytes).unwrap().document, None);
+        if let Ok(name) = std::env::var("PHOTO_NATIVE_CONTAINER") {
+            parent_before = Some(photo.active().unwrap().doc.clone());
+            let layer = find_source(&photo.active().unwrap().doc, &name).expect("nested logo container");
+            photo.execute("layer.smartObjects.editContents", json!({"layer":layer.0})).unwrap();
+        }
+        let name = std::env::var("PHOTO_NATIVE_SOURCE").unwrap_or("Vector Smart Object.ai".into());
+        id = find_source(&photo.active().unwrap().doc, &name).expect("visible embedded vector");
+    } else {
+        photo.execute("file.new", json!({"width":32,"height":24})).unwrap();
+        let svg = br#"<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="8" height="6"><rect x="1" y="1" width="3" height="2" fill="red"/></svg>"#;
+        let placed = photocraft_engine::file_cmds::place_bytes(&mut photo, "Artwork.svg", svg.to_vec(), None, &json!({"smartObject":true})).unwrap();
+        id = LayerId(placed["layer"].as_u64().unwrap());
+        // Generate native sources with our writer, or use a read-only local vector fixture.
+        let (format, bytes) = if let Some(bytes) = &vector_original {
+            let extension = Path::new(vector_path.as_ref().unwrap()).extension().unwrap().to_str().unwrap().to_ascii_lowercase();
+            (extension, bytes.clone())
+        } else {
+            let owned = native::OwnedSvg::create(svg).unwrap();
+            let format = std::env::var("PHOTO_NATIVE_FORMAT").unwrap_or("ai".into());
+            let path = owned.root.join(format!("Input.{format}"));
+            run_commands(
+                editor,
+                &owned.root,
+                vec![
+                    ("document.open", json!({"path":owned.file})),
+                    ("document.export", json!({"path":path,"format":format,"preserveEditing":true,"useArtboards":true})),
+                ],
+            );
+            (format, std::fs::read(path).unwrap())
+        };
+        let state = photo.active_mut().unwrap();
+        let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &mut Arc::make_mut(&mut state.doc).layer_mut(id).unwrap().content else { panic!("smart") };
+        sm.source = SmartSource::Embedded { file_name: format!("Artwork.{format}"), bytes: Arc::new(bytes) };
+    }
+    let handoff = photo.execute("layer.smartObjects.exportSvg", json!({"layer":id.0})).unwrap();
+    let source = ExternalVectorSource {
+        bytes: Arc::new(base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD.decode(handoff["sourceBase64"].as_str().unwrap()).unwrap()),
+        extension: handoff["extension"].as_str().unwrap().into(),
+        size: serde_json::from_value(handoff["sourceSize"].clone()).unwrap(),
+    };
+    let before = photo.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+    let (_send, stop) = mpsc::channel();
+    let (owned, initial) = vector_conversion::prepare(editor, &source, &stop).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(owned.file.extension().unwrap().to_str().unwrap(), source.extension);
+    assert!(photo.active().unwrap().doc == before, "preparation must not change the embedded original");
+    let file = owned.file.clone();
+    let root = owned.root.clone();
+    let mut watcher = native::start_native_test(owned, initial.clone(), editor.to_path_buf(), source.clone()).unwrap();
+    std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(300));
+    assert!(watcher.poll_vector().is_none(), "opening must not accept the regenerated private AI working copy");
+    // A small visible edit, ordinary Save to the already-open file, no conversion to SVG.
+    run_commands(
+        editor,
+        &root,
+        vec![
+            ("document.open", json!({"path":file})),
+            ("paint.setFill", json!({"color":"#00ff00"})),
+            ("shape.rectangle", json!({"x":2,"y":2,"width":3,"height":2})),
+            ("file.save", json!({})),
+        ],
+    );
+    let saved = std::fs::read(&file).unwrap();
+    eprintln!("Native save: format={}, bytes={}", source.extension, saved.len());
+    assert!(saved != initial, "Save did not update the native working file");
+    assert!(photocraft_io::vector_preview::is_native_source(&saved));
+    assert!(!photocraft_io::svg::is_svg(&saved));
+    let deadline = Instant::now() + Duration::from_secs(90);
+    let snapshot = loop {
+        assert!(Instant::now() < deadline, "saved native vector never reached watcher");
+        if let Some(result) = watcher.poll_vector() {
+            break result.unwrap();
+        }
+        std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(25));
+    };
+    assert!(snapshot.bytes == saved, "watcher snapshot differs from saved native bytes");
+    let params = json!({"document":handoff["document"],"layer":id.0,"contentsId":handoff["contentsId"],"fingerprint":handoff["fingerprint"],"extension":source.extension,"sourceBase64":base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD.encode(&saved),"previewSvg":String::from_utf8(snapshot.preview_svg.unwrap()).unwrap()});
+    assert_eq!(photo.execute("layer.smartObjects.updateVectorSource", params).unwrap()["updated"], true);
+    let after = photo.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+    let LayerContent::Smart(previous) = &before.layer(id).unwrap().content else { panic!("smart") };
+    let LayerContent::Smart(changed) = &after.layer(id).unwrap().content else { panic!("smart") };
+    assert_eq!(changed.transform, previous.transform);
+    assert_eq!(changed.perspective, previous.perspective);
+    assert_eq!(changed.warp, previous.warp);
+    assert_eq!(changed.smart_filters, previous.smart_filters);
+    assert!(embedded(&after, changed).unwrap().1 == saved, "native source was replaced with different bytes");
+    assert!(photo.undo());
+    assert!(photo.active().unwrap().doc == before, "Undo did not restore original source state");
+    assert!(photo.redo());
+    assert!(photo.active().unwrap().doc == after, "Redo did not restore saved native source state");
+    let output = photocraft_io::export(&after, "Roundtrip.psd", &Default::default()).unwrap();
+    let reopened = photocraft_io::import("Roundtrip.psd", &output.bytes).unwrap().document;
+    let layer = find_source(&reopened, &embedded(&after, changed).unwrap().0).unwrap();
+    let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &reopened.layer(layer).unwrap().content else { panic!("smart") };
+    assert!(embedded(&reopened, sm).unwrap().1 == saved, "PSD reopen did not retain the saved native bytes");
+    assert!(sm.vector_preview == changed.vector_preview, "PSD did not retain the source-bound preview");
+    assert!(
+        sm.transform.m.iter().zip(changed.transform.m).all(|(a, b)| (a - b).abs() < 1e-9),
+        "PSD corner reconstruction changed placement beyond floating-point tolerance"
+    );
+    assert!(photocraft_engine::smart_cmds::render(&reopened, sm).unwrap().as_ref() == changed.cache.as_ref(), "reopened native preview changed appearance");
+    if let Some(parent_before) = parent_before {
+        photo.execute("layer.smartObjects.saveContents", json!({})).unwrap();
+        photo.set_active(0);
+        let parent_after = photo.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+        assert!(photo.undo());
+        assert!(photo.active().unwrap().doc == parent_before, "parent Undo changed original content");
+        assert!(photo.redo());
+        assert!(photo.active().unwrap().doc == parent_after, "parent Redo changed saved content");
+        let output = photocraft_io::export(&parent_after, "Roundtrip.psd", &Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let reopened = photocraft_io::import("Roundtrip.psd", &output.bytes).unwrap().document;
+        assert!(contains_source(&reopened, &saved, 0), "parent PSD lost its nested native vector");
+    }
+    if let Some(path) = vector_path {
+        assert!(std::fs::read(path).unwrap() == vector_original.unwrap(), "original vector changed")
+    }
+    if let Some(path) = original_path {
+        assert!(std::fs::read(path).unwrap() == original.unwrap(), "original PSD changed")
+    }
+}
+
+fn run_commands(editor: &Path, root: &Path, commands: Vec<(&str, Value)>) {
+    let cli = editor.parent().unwrap().join(if cfg!(windows) { "vectorcraft-cli.exe" } else { "vectorcraft-cli" });
+    let output_path = root.join("TestResponses.jsonl");
+    let output = std::fs::File::create(&output_path).unwrap();
+    let mut child = Command::new(cli)
+        .args(["mcp", "--headless", "--automation-read-root"])
+        .arg(root)
+        .arg("--automation-write-root")
+        .arg(root)
+        .stdin(Stdio::piped())
+        .stdout(output)
+        .stderr(Stdio::null())
+        .spawn()
+        .unwrap();
+    let mut input = child.stdin.take().unwrap();
+    let count = commands.len();
+    for (index, (command, params)) in commands.into_iter().enumerate() {
+        writeln!(
+            input,
+            "{}",
+            json!({"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":index+1,"method":"tools/call","params":{"name":"run_command","arguments":{"command":command,"params":params}}})
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+    }
+    drop(input);
+    let deadline = Instant::now() + Duration::from_secs(90);
+    loop {
+        if let Some(status) = child.try_wait().unwrap() {
+            assert!(status.success());
+            break;
+        }
+        if Instant::now() >= deadline {
+            let _ = child.kill();
+            let _ = child.wait();
+            panic!("editor test timed out")
+        }
+        std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(25));
+    }
+    let responses = std::fs::read_to_string(output_path).unwrap();
+    for id in 1..=count {
+        let response = responses.lines().filter_map(|line| serde_json::from_str::<Value>(line).ok()).find(|r| r["id"] == id).unwrap();
+        assert!(response.get("error").is_none() && response["result"]["isError"] == false, "editor command {id} failed");
+    }
+}
+
+fn embedded<'a>(doc: &'a Document, sm: &'a photocraft_doc::SmartObject) -> Option<(String, &'a [u8])> {
+    match &sm.source {
+        SmartSource::Embedded { file_name, bytes } => Some((file_name.clone(), bytes)),
+        SmartSource::Linked { path } => photocraft_io::linked::embedded_payload(&doc.metadata, path),
+    }
+}
+fn find_source(doc: &Document, name: &str) -> Option<LayerId> {
+    doc.walk().into_iter().find_map(|(path, _, layer)| {
+        if !doc.shown_at(&path) {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &layer.content else { return None };
+        embedded(doc, sm).filter(|(file, _)| file == name).map(|_| layer.id)
+    })
+}
+
+fn contains_source(doc: &Document, saved: &[u8], depth: usize) -> bool {
+    if depth > 4 {
+        return false;
+    }
+    doc.walk().into_iter().any(|(_, _, layer)| {
+        let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &layer.content else { return false };
+        let Some((name, bytes)) = embedded(doc, sm) else { return false };
+        bytes == saved
+            || ((bytes.starts_with(b"8BPS") || photocraft_format::is_pcraft(bytes))
+                && photocraft_io::import(&name, bytes).is_ok_and(|child| contains_source(&child.document, saved, depth + 1)))
+    })
+}
diff --git a/apps/photocraft/src/portal_save.rs b/apps/photocraft/src/portal_save.rs
index 42588e2bc4..d16432193b 100644
--- a/apps/photocraft/src/portal_save.rs
+++ b/apps/photocraft/src/portal_save.rs
@@ -156,6 +156,18 @@ fn file_uri_path(uri: &str) -> Option<PathBuf> {
     Some(PathBuf::from(std::ffi::OsString::from_vec(out)))
 }
 
+/// Which file type's extensions belong on the name the dialog returned: the one it reported, or,
+/// when the dialog offered only one type, that one. It reports no pick then, and the name it was
+/// given is the stem (`services::dialog_file_name`), so a bare `Swatches` has to come back as
+/// `Swatches.aco`. `None` when the answer names no type this dialog offered.
+fn chosen_type(filters: &[Filter], picked: Option<usize>) -> Option<usize> {
+    match picked {
+        Some(i) if i < filters.len() => Some(i),
+        None if filters.len() == 1 => Some(0),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
 /// Save As on Linux: the portal's dialog, with the name given the extension of the file type
 /// picked. When that changes the name to one that already exists, the dialog opens again under
 /// the new name, so the portal asks before replacing it (it asked only about the typed name).
@@ -163,10 +175,10 @@ pub fn save_as(conn: &zbus::blocking::Connection, mut req: SaveRequest) -> Resul
     loop {
         let Some(saved) = save_file(conn, &req)? else { return Ok(None) };
         let picked = saved.filter.as_deref().and_then(|label| req.filters.iter().position(|(l, _)| l == label));
-        // With one type offered there is nothing to pick, and a typed extension is the user's.
-        let exts: &[String] = match picked {
-            Some(i) if req.filters.len() > 1 => &req.filters[i].1,
-            _ => &[],
+        // A typed extension is the user's own: `with_chosen_type` keeps one it recognises.
+        let exts: &[String] = match chosen_type(&req.filters, picked) {
+            Some(i) => &req.filters[i].1,
+            None => &[],
         };
         let path = crate::services::with_chosen_type(&saved.path, req.suggested.as_deref(), exts);
         if path == saved.path || !path.exists() {
diff --git a/apps/photocraft/src/portal_save/tests.rs b/apps/photocraft/src/portal_save/tests.rs
index 5a839b6025..7a939639af 100644
--- a/apps/photocraft/src/portal_save/tests.rs
+++ b/apps/photocraft/src/portal_save/tests.rs
@@ -235,3 +235,33 @@ fn a_single_file_type_keeps_the_typed_extension() {
     assert_eq!(save_as(&conn, req).unwrap(), Some(PathBuf::from("/tmp/photocraft-none/Swatches.ase")));
     daemon.kill().ok();
 }
+
+/// The same single type, with the name left as the dialog shows it: the bare stem comes back, and
+/// that one type gives it its extension instead of a file named `Swatches` being written.
+#[test]
+fn a_single_file_type_gives_the_bare_name_its_extension() {
+    let typed: &'static str = "file:///tmp/photocraft-none/Swatches";
+    let Some((conn, _seen, mut daemon)) = mock_portal(vec![(0, Some((typed, "Color Swatches")))]) else {
+        eprintln!("no dbus-daemon: skipped");
+        return;
+    };
+    let req = SaveRequest { filters: vec![("Color Swatches".into(), vec!["aco".into()])], ..request("Swatches.aco") };
+    assert_eq!(save_as(&conn, req).unwrap(), Some(PathBuf::from("/tmp/photocraft-none/Swatches.aco")));
+    daemon.kill().ok();
+}
+
+/// Which type's extensions the returned name gets. The portal cases above need a `dbus-daemon`,
+/// so the rule itself is checked here too, which needs none.
+#[test]
+fn the_type_that_gives_the_extension_is_the_one_picked() {
+    let one: Vec<Filter> = vec![("Color Swatches".into(), vec!["aco".into()])];
+    // One type offered: the dialog reports no pick, and it was given the stem.
+    assert_eq!(chosen_type(&one, None), Some(0));
+    assert_eq!(chosen_type(&one, Some(0)), Some(0));
+    let many: Vec<Filter> = request("test").filters;
+    assert_eq!(chosen_type(&many, Some(1)), Some(1));
+    // Several types and no pick: nothing to add, as before.
+    assert_eq!(chosen_type(&many, None), None);
+    // An answer naming a type this dialog never offered is not a pick either.
+    assert_eq!(chosen_type(&many, Some(99)), None);
+}
diff --git a/apps/photocraft/src/presentation.rs b/apps/photocraft/src/presentation.rs
index c6f7e4196a..ded323872b 100644
--- a/apps/photocraft/src/presentation.rs
+++ b/apps/photocraft/src/presentation.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,10 @@
 //! latency without a rebuild (#1343): `PHOTOCRAFT_PRESENT_MODE` (`fifo`, `autovsync`, or `novsync`,
 //! also spelled `immediate`, `mailbox` or `autonovsync`: no vsync, wgpu's Immediate → Mailbox → Fifo
 //! by what the driver offers) and `PHOTOCRAFT_FRAME_LATENCY` (`1` to `3`, frames the swap chain may
-//! queue). Unset, the platform default applies. A value that isn't one of these is ignored with a
-//! warning in the log, never a failed start; a mode the driver may not offer is never requested.
+//! queue). Unset, the platform default applies. A variable's value that isn't one of these is ignored
+//! with a warning in the log, never a failed start; the `--present-mode` and `--frame-latency` flags
+//! take the same values, and a bad one is a usage error (#7071). A mode the driver may not offer is
+//! never requested.
 //! The result is logged at start and shown in the stroke trace.
 
 use eframe::egui_wgpu::SurfaceConfig;
@@ -16,45 +18,54 @@ pub struct Overrides {
     pub latency: Option<u32>,
 }
 
+/// A `--present-mode` / `PHOTOCRAFT_PRESENT_MODE` value, or `None` when it isn't one.
+pub fn present_mode(v: &str) -> Option<PresentMode> {
+    match v.trim().to_ascii_lowercase().as_str() {
+        // Only modes every surface takes: wgpu crashes on an explicit Immediate, Mailbox or
+        // FifoRelaxed the driver doesn't offer (X11/NVIDIA has no Mailbox, #1343). Without
+        // vsync, wgpu picks Immediate, else Mailbox, else Fifo.
+        "fifo" | "vsync" => Some(PresentMode::Fifo),
+        "autovsync" => Some(PresentMode::AutoVsync),
+        "novsync" | "immediate" | "mailbox" | "autonovsync" => Some(PresentMode::AutoNoVsync),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+/// A `--frame-latency` / `PHOTOCRAFT_FRAME_LATENCY` value (1 to 3), or `None` when it isn't one.
+pub fn frame_latency(v: &str) -> Option<u32> {
+    v.trim().parse().ok().filter(|n| (1..=3).contains(n))
+}
+
 /// Parse the two variables' values. Returns the overrides and a warning per rejected value.
 pub fn parse(mode: Option<&str>, latency: Option<&str>) -> (Overrides, Vec<String>) {
     let mut warnings = Vec::new();
     let mode = mode.map(str::trim).filter(|v| !v.is_empty()).and_then(|v| {
-        let m = match v.to_ascii_lowercase().as_str() {
-            // Only modes every surface takes: wgpu crashes on an explicit Immediate, Mailbox or
-            // FifoRelaxed the driver doesn't offer (X11/NVIDIA has no Mailbox, #1343). Without
-            // vsync, wgpu picks Immediate, else Mailbox, else Fifo.
-            "fifo" | "vsync" => PresentMode::Fifo,
-            "autovsync" => PresentMode::AutoVsync,
-            "novsync" | "immediate" | "mailbox" | "autonovsync" => PresentMode::AutoNoVsync,
-            _ => {
-                warnings.push(format!("PHOTOCRAFT_PRESENT_MODE={v:?} isn't fifo, autovsync or novsync (immediate, mailbox); ignored"));
-                return None;
-            }
-        };
-        Some(m)
-    });
-    let latency = latency.map(str::trim).filter(|v| !v.is_empty()).and_then(|v| match v.parse::<u32>() {
-        Ok(n @ 1..=3) => Some(n),
-        _ => {
-            warnings.push(format!("PHOTOCRAFT_FRAME_LATENCY={v:?} isn't 1, 2 or 3; ignored"));
-            None
+        let m = present_mode(v);
+        if m.is_none() {
+            warnings.push(format!("PHOTOCRAFT_PRESENT_MODE={v:?} isn't fifo, autovsync or novsync (immediate, mailbox); ignored"));
         }
+        m
+    });
+    let latency = latency.map(str::trim).filter(|v| !v.is_empty()).and_then(|v| {
+        let n = frame_latency(v);
+        if n.is_none() {
+            warnings.push(format!("PHOTOCRAFT_FRAME_LATENCY={v:?} isn't 1, 2 or 3; ignored"));
+        }
+        n
     });
     (Overrides { mode, latency }, warnings)
 }
 
 impl Overrides {
-    /// `--present-mode` / `--frame-latency` when given, else `PHOTOCRAFT_PRESENT_MODE` /
-    /// `PHOTOCRAFT_FRAME_LATENCY`; rejected values are logged.
-    pub fn from_args_or_env(mode: Option<&str>, latency: Option<&str>) -> Self {
-        let env_mode = std::env::var("PHOTOCRAFT_PRESENT_MODE").ok();
-        let env_latency = std::env::var("PHOTOCRAFT_FRAME_LATENCY").ok();
-        let (o, warnings) = parse(mode.or(env_mode.as_deref()), latency.or(env_latency.as_deref()));
+    /// `--present-mode` / `--frame-latency` when given (checked by the command line), else
+    /// `PHOTOCRAFT_PRESENT_MODE` / `PHOTOCRAFT_FRAME_LATENCY`, whose rejected values are logged.
+    pub fn from_args_or_env(mode: Option<PresentMode>, latency: Option<u32>) -> Self {
+        let env = |given: bool, name: &str| if given { None } else { std::env::var(name).ok() };
+        let (o, warnings) = parse(env(mode.is_some(), "PHOTOCRAFT_PRESENT_MODE").as_deref(), env(latency.is_some(), "PHOTOCRAFT_FRAME_LATENCY").as_deref());
         for w in warnings {
             log::warn!("{w}");
         }
-        o
+        Self { mode: mode.or(o.mode), latency: latency.or(o.latency) }
     }
 
     /// `surface` with the overrides applied.
diff --git a/apps/photocraft/src/screen_color.rs b/apps/photocraft/src/screen_color.rs
index 8a0d4ca901..ec8cd6378c 100644
--- a/apps/photocraft/src/screen_color.rs
+++ b/apps/photocraft/src/screen_color.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 //! Desktop colour capture starts only on an explicit UI request. No snapshots are written to
 //! disk, transmitted or retained after a pick. Wayland delegates to its permission portal.
-use photocraft_ui_egui::screen_picker::{Capture, MAX_PIXELS, Pending, ScreenImage, Service};
+use photocraft_ui_egui::screen_picker::{Capture, Pending, Service};
+// Only the platform capture backends (and the tests) build images and check sizes.
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos", target_os = "windows", test))]
+use photocraft_ui_egui::screen_picker::MAX_PIXELS;
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos", target_os = "windows"))]
+use photocraft_ui_egui::screen_picker::ScreenImage;
 
 pub fn service(cc: &eframe::CreationContext<'_>, wayland: bool) -> Option<Service> {
     if !cfg!(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos", target_os = "windows")) {
@@ -34,6 +39,7 @@ pub fn service(cc: &eframe::CreationContext<'_>, wayland: bool) -> Option<Servic
     }))
 }
 #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+#[cfg_attr(not(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos", target_os = "windows", test)), allow(dead_code))]
 struct Placement {
     index: usize,
     x: i32,
@@ -41,9 +47,11 @@ struct Placement {
     width: u32,
     height: u32,
 }
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos", target_os = "windows", test))]
 fn find_monitor(placements: &[Placement], x: i32, y: i32, w: u32, h: u32) -> Option<usize> {
     placements.iter().find(|p| p.x == x && p.y == y && p.width == w && p.height == h).map(|p| p.index)
 }
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos", target_os = "windows", test))]
 fn count(width: usize, height: usize) -> Result<usize, String> {
     width.checked_mul(height).filter(|&n| n > 0 && n <= MAX_PIXELS).ok_or_else(|| "Screen capture exceeds the 64 MP memory budget".into())
 }
diff --git a/apps/photocraft/src/services.rs b/apps/photocraft/src/services.rs
index f7f9972f6b..71e7f0ffcd 100644
--- a/apps/photocraft/src/services.rs
+++ b/apps/photocraft/src/services.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
 //! Native platform services: file dialogs (rfd), filesystem, codecs.
 
-use photocraft_codecs::{ChannelLayout, EncodeOptions, Image, SampleType as CS};
-use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, SampleType};
-use photocraft_doc::{Document, Layer, Size};
+use photocraft_codecs::{ChannelLayout, EncodeOptions, Image};
+use photocraft_doc::Document;
 use photocraft_format::RecoveryStore;
-use photocraft_geom::Rect;
 use photocraft_ui_egui::{FileDialogAnswer, FileDialogReply, FileDialogRequest, Recoverable, Services};
 use std::cell::{Cell, RefCell};
 use std::future::Future;
@@ -17,12 +15,13 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 mod recovery_tests;
 
 /// Everything File › Open reads: PhotoCraft, Photoshop, OpenRaster, Krita and Affinity documents, flat images, and
-/// Photoshop brushes (.abr), gradients (.grd), swatches (.aco, .act, .ase) and keyboard shortcut sets
+/// Photoshop brushes (.abr), gradients (.grd), layer styles (.asl), swatches (.aco, .act, .ase) and keyboard shortcut sets
 /// (.kys), which go to the preset libraries and Edit › Keyboard Shortcuts.
 const OPEN_EXTS: &[&str] = &[
     "pcraft", "pdn", "ora", "xcf", "xcfgz", "gz", "kra", "krz", "psd", "psb", "psdt", "png", "jpg", "jpeg", "tif", "tiff", "webp", "gif", "bmp", "tga", "ico",
-    "qoi", "exr", "hdr", "pbm", "pgm", "ppm", "pam", "pfm", "pcx", "dds", "xpm", "fits", "fit", "fts", "dpx", "cin", "heic", "heif", "hif", "dng", "cr2",
-    "cr3", "nef", "nrw", "arw", "pef", "orf", "rw2", "raf", "abr", "grd", "svg", "svgz", "aco", "act", "ase", "kys", "af", "afdesign", "afphoto", "afpub",
+    "qoi", "exr", "hdr", "pbm", "pgm", "ppm", "pam", "pfm", "pcx", "dds", "xpm", "fits", "fit", "fts", "dpx", "cin", "dcm", "dicom", "dc3", "iff", "lbm",
+    "ilbm", "heic", "heif", "hif", "dng", "cr2", "cr3", "nef", "nrw", "arw", "pef", "orf", "rw2", "raf", "abr", "grd", "asl", "svg", "svgz", "aco", "act",
+    "ase", "kys", "af", "afdesign", "afphoto", "afpub",
 ];
 const SVG_EXTS: &[&str] = &["svg", "svgz"];
 
@@ -67,9 +66,12 @@ const OPEN_FILTERS: &[(&str, &[&str])] = &[
     ("Radiance HDR", &["hdr"]),
     ("FITS", &["fits", "fit", "fts"]),
     ("DPX and Cineon", &["dpx", "cin"]),
+    ("Amiga IFF", &["iff", "lbm", "ilbm"]),
+    ("DICOM", &["dcm", "dicom", "dc3"]),
     ("Camera Raw", &["dng", "cr2", "cr3", "nef", "nrw", "arw", "pef", "orf", "rw2", "raf"]),
     ("Brushes", &["abr"]),
     ("Gradients", &["grd"]),
+    ("Styles", &["asl"]),
     ("Swatches", &["aco", "act", "ase"]),
     ("Keyboard Shortcuts", &["kys"]),
 ];
@@ -102,6 +104,8 @@ const SAVE_FILTERS: &[(&str, &[&str])] = &[
     ("DPX", &["dpx"]),
     // Game and 3D textures; DDS Options asks for the compression and mipmaps (#1327).
     ("DDS", &["dds"]),
+    ("Cineon", &["cin"]),
+    ("Amiga IFF", &["iff"]),
 ];
 
 /// Non-document files the shell saves (Swatches panel exports): offered alone, so the dialog
@@ -198,10 +202,10 @@ fn show_file_dialog(request: FileDialogRequest, parent: Option<&eframe::Frame>,
             };
             if multiple {
                 let picked = dialog.pick_files();
-                Box::pin(async move { picked.await.map(|files| FileDialogAnswer::Paths(files.iter().map(path_of).collect())) })
+                Box::pin(async move { picked.await.map(|files| answer(files.iter().map(|f| f.path()), false, FileDialogAnswer::Paths)) })
             } else {
                 let picked = dialog.pick_file();
-                Box::pin(async move { picked.await.map(|file| FileDialogAnswer::Paths(vec![path_of(&file)])) })
+                Box::pin(async move { picked.await.map(|file| answer([file.path()], false, FileDialogAnswer::Paths)) })
             }
         }
         FileDialogRequest::Folder { initial_dir } => {
@@ -209,7 +213,7 @@ fn show_file_dialog(request: FileDialogRequest, parent: Option<&eframe::Frame>,
                 dialog = dialog.set_directory(dir);
             }
             let picked = dialog.pick_folder();
-            Box::pin(async move { picked.await.map(|folder| FileDialogAnswer::FolderTo(path_of(&folder))) })
+            Box::pin(async move { picked.await.map(|folder| answer_one(folder.path(), true, FileDialogAnswer::FolderTo)) })
         }
         FileDialogRequest::Save { suggested } => {
             let filters = save_filters(&suggested);
@@ -244,10 +248,10 @@ fn show_file_dialog(request: FileDialogRequest, parent: Option<&eframe::Frame>,
                         .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
                         .and_then(|conn| crate::portal_save::save_as(&conn, req));
                     match portal {
-                        Ok(path) => path.map(|p| FileDialogAnswer::SaveTo(p.to_string_lossy().into_owned())),
+                        Ok(path) => path.map(|p| answer_one(&p, true, FileDialogAnswer::SaveTo)),
                         Err(e) => {
                             log::info!("portal save dialog unavailable ({e}), using rfd");
-                            dialog.save_file().await.map(|file| FileDialogAnswer::SaveTo(path_of(&file)))
+                            dialog.save_file().await.map(|file| answer_one(file.path(), true, FileDialogAnswer::SaveTo))
                         }
                     }
                 })
@@ -256,7 +260,7 @@ fn show_file_dialog(request: FileDialogRequest, parent: Option<&eframe::Frame>,
             {
                 let _ = filters;
                 let picked = dialog.save_file();
-                Box::pin(async move { picked.await.map(|file| FileDialogAnswer::SaveTo(path_of(&file))) })
+                Box::pin(async move { picked.await.map(|file| answer_one(file.path(), true, FileDialogAnswer::SaveTo)) })
             }
         }
     };
@@ -270,8 +274,22 @@ fn show_file_dialog(request: FileDialogRequest, parent: Option<&eframe::Frame>,
     }
 }
 
-fn path_of(file: &rfd::FileHandle) -> String {
-    file.path().to_string_lossy().into_owned()
+/// The dialog's answer for the chosen `paths`, or the error for one whose name isn't valid
+/// Unicode, which a lossy copy would turn into another file's name (#6601). `saving`: the paths
+/// are to be written to.
+fn answer<'a>(paths: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a Path>, saving: bool, make: impl FnOnce(Vec<String>) -> FileDialogAnswer) -> FileDialogAnswer {
+    match paths.into_iter().map(|p| photocraft_ui_egui::file_open::path_text(p, saving)).collect() {
+        Ok(paths) => make(paths),
+        Err(e) => FileDialogAnswer::Unavailable(e),
+    }
+}
+
+/// [`answer`] for a dialog that picks one path.
+fn answer_one(path: &Path, saving: bool, make: impl FnOnce(String) -> FileDialogAnswer) -> FileDialogAnswer {
+    match photocraft_ui_egui::file_open::path_text(path, saving) {
+        Ok(path) => make(path),
+        Err(e) => FileDialogAnswer::Unavailable(e),
+    }
 }
 
 /// Runs `future` to completion on this thread, sleeping until it is woken.
@@ -330,6 +348,44 @@ fn write_atomic_progress(path: &Path, bytes: &[u8], progress: &dyn Fn(f32)) -> R
     photocraft_format::atomic_write_progress(path, bytes, progress).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
 }
 
+/// Whether `a` and `b` reach the same file: the same device and inode on Unix, the same final path
+/// on Windows (where it holds the name's letter case as stored). False when either can't be read.
+fn same_file(a: &Path, b: &Path) -> bool {
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    {
+        use std::os::unix::fs::MetadataExt;
+        match (std::fs::metadata(a), std::fs::metadata(b)) {
+            (Ok(a), Ok(b)) => a.dev() == b.dev() && a.ino() == b.ino(),
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+    #[cfg(not(unix))]
+    {
+        match (std::fs::canonicalize(a), std::fs::canonicalize(b)) {
+            (Ok(a), Ok(b)) => a == b,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Whether `a` and `b` name one entry in one folder: `same_file` finds they reach the same file
+/// in the same folder, and the folder doesn't list both names. Another spelling of a name on a
+/// file system that ignores letter case is the same entry; a hard link is another entry, which a
+/// save replaces while the first name keeps the old file. False when the folder can't be read.
+fn same_entry(a: &Path, b: &Path, same_file: impl Fn(&Path, &Path) -> bool) -> bool {
+    let folder = |p: &Path| p.parent().filter(|d| !d.as_os_str().is_empty()).unwrap_or(Path::new(".")).to_path_buf();
+    if !same_file(a, b) || !same_file(&folder(a), &folder(b)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let (Some(x), Some(y)) = (a.file_name(), b.file_name()) else { return false };
+    if x == y {
+        return true;
+    }
+    let Ok(entries) = std::fs::read_dir(folder(a)) else { return false };
+    let listed: Vec<_> = entries.filter_map(|e| e.ok().map(|e| e.file_name())).collect();
+    !(listed.iter().any(|n| n == x) && listed.iter().any(|n| n == y))
+}
+
 fn export_options(settings: &photocraft_ui_egui::ExportSettings) -> photocraft_io::ExportOptions {
     settings.io_options()
 }
@@ -416,6 +472,17 @@ fn recovery_services(dir: Option<PathBuf>) -> Services {
     }
 }
 
+/// The OS clipboard read and write run under the crash guard, like Open and Export (#7582): a
+/// panic in arboard, or in decoding a copied file, becomes the paste's (or copy's) error and the
+/// app keeps its documents.
+fn guarded_clipboard_get(mut read: impl FnMut() -> Result<Option<(u32, u32, Vec<u8>)>, String> + 'static) -> photocraft_ui_egui::ClipboardGetFn {
+    Box::new(move || crate::crash_guard::guard("Paste", &mut read))
+}
+
+fn guarded_clipboard_set(mut write: impl FnMut(u32, u32, &[u8]) -> Result<(), String> + 'static) -> photocraft_ui_egui::ClipboardSetFn {
+    Box::new(move |w: u32, h: u32, px: &[u8]| crate::crash_guard::guard("Copy", || write(w, h, px)))
+}
+
 /// The pixels to paste when the clipboard holds copied files rather than an image (Copy in
 /// Files, Finder or Explorer puts paths on the clipboard, #338): the first file that decodes,
 /// upright, as RGBA8. Files that aren't images are skipped after reading only their header.
@@ -495,6 +562,12 @@ fn shell_word(s: &str) -> String {
     if s.bytes().all(|b| b.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || b"/._-+:,@".contains(&b)) { s.to_string() } else { format!("'{}'", s.replace('\'', r"'\''")) }
 }
 
+/// The release-check transport, or `None` inside Flatpak: the sandbox has no network (see the
+/// manifest's finish-args) and `flatpak update` owns updates there.
+fn update_transport(flatpak_id: Option<&std::ffi::OsStr>) -> Option<photocraft_engine::updates_cmds::CheckFn> {
+    flatpak_id.is_none().then(crate::updates::service)
+}
+
 pub fn native(automation: Option<photocraft_automation::AuthorizedWorkspace>) -> Services {
     let clip: Rc<RefCell<Option<arboard::Clipboard>>> = Rc::default();
     let clip_unreadable: Rc<Cell<bool>> = Rc::default();
@@ -528,9 +601,9 @@ pub fn native(automation: Option<photocraft_automation::AuthorizedWorkspace>) ->
         }) as photocraft_ui_egui::AutomationCommandFn
     });
     Services {
-        import: Some(Box::new(|name: &str, bytes: &[u8], max_svg_group_depth: usize| {
+        import: Some(Box::new(|name: &str, bytes: &[u8], opts: &photocraft_io::ImportOptions| {
             crate::crash_guard::guard("Open", || {
-                photocraft_io::import_with_svg_group_depth(name, bytes, max_svg_group_depth).map(|r| (r.document, r.warnings)).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+                photocraft_io::import_with_options(name, bytes, opts).map(|r| (r.document, r.warnings)).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
             })
         })),
         export: Some(Box::new(|doc: &Document, path: &str, settings: &photocraft_ui_egui::ExportSettings| {
@@ -545,6 +618,7 @@ pub fn native(automation: Option<photocraft_automation::AuthorizedWorkspace>) ->
             let meta = std::fs::metadata(path).ok()?;
             Some(photocraft_ui_egui::FileStamp { len: meta.len(), modified: meta.modified().ok() })
         })),
+        same_file: Some(Box::new(|a: &str, b: &str| same_entry(Path::new(a), Path::new(b), same_file))),
         automation_read,
         automation_write,
         automation_open_pcraft,
@@ -558,9 +632,10 @@ pub fn native(automation: Option<photocraft_automation::AuthorizedWorkspace>) ->
         inbox: None,
         open_url: Some(Box::new(|url: &str| open::that(url).map_err(|e| e.to_string()))),
         beep: Some(platform_beep),
+        check_updates: update_transport(std::env::var_os("FLATPAK_ID").as_deref()),
         clipboard_set_image: Some({
             let clip = clip.clone();
-            Box::new(move |w: u32, h: u32, px: &[u8]| {
+            guarded_clipboard_set(move |w: u32, h: u32, px: &[u8]| {
                 let mut slot = clip.try_borrow_mut().map_err(|_| "clipboard is busy".to_string())?;
                 let cb = match slot.as_mut() {
                     Some(c) => c,
@@ -573,7 +648,7 @@ pub fn native(automation: Option<photocraft_automation::AuthorizedWorkspace>) ->
         clipboard_get_image: Some({
             let clip = clip.clone();
             let unreadable = clip_unreadable.clone();
-            Box::new(move || {
+            guarded_clipboard_get(move || {
                 let mut slot = clip.try_borrow_mut().map_err(|_| "clipboard is busy".to_string())?;
                 let cb = match slot.as_mut() {
                     Some(c) => c,
@@ -637,77 +712,19 @@ fn platform_beep() {
     {
         let _ = winsafe::MessageBeep(winsafe::co::MBP::OK);
     }
-    #[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
+    // The user's alert sound, at the alert volume set in System Settings ▸ Sound. The terminal
+    // bell below is silent for an app started from the Finder or the Dock.
+    #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+    objc2_app_kit::NSBeep();
+    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "windows", target_os = "macos")))]
     {
-        // No beep API among this app's other platforms' dependencies: write the terminal bell
-        // (audible when launched from a terminal, which is the same cue macOS terminals use).
+        // No beep API among the other platforms' dependencies: write the terminal bell (audible
+        // when launched from a terminal).
         use std::io::Write as _;
         let _ = std::io::stdout().write_all(b"\x07").and_then(|()| std::io::stdout().flush());
     }
 }
 
-/// Flat-image import via photocraft-codecs (kept for reference/tests; the app uses photocraft-io).
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-pub fn import_flat(name: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Document, String> {
-    let img = photocraft_codecs::decode(bytes).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-    let (w, h) = (img.width(), img.height());
-    let depth = match img.sample_type() {
-        CS::U8 => SampleType::U8,
-        CS::U16 => SampleType::U16,
-        _ => SampleType::F32,
-    };
-    let gray = matches!(img.layout(), ChannelLayout::Gray | ChannelLayout::GrayA);
-    let cmyk = matches!(img.layout(), ChannelLayout::Cmyk | ChannelLayout::CmykA);
-    let mode = if gray {
-        ColorMode::Grayscale
-    } else if cmyk {
-        ColorMode::Cmyk
-    } else {
-        ColorMode::Rgb
-    };
-    let target = match mode {
-        ColorMode::Grayscale => ChannelLayout::GrayA,
-        ColorMode::Cmyk => ChannelLayout::CmykA,
-        _ => ChannelLayout::Rgba,
-    };
-    let sample = match depth {
-        SampleType::U8 => CS::U8,
-        SampleType::U16 => CS::U16,
-        SampleType::F32 => CS::F32,
-    };
-    let conv = img.convert(target, sample);
-    let stem = std::path::Path::new(name).file_stem().map(|s| s.to_string_lossy().to_string()).unwrap_or(name.to_string());
-    let mut doc = Document::new(stem, Size::new(w, h), mode, depth);
-    doc.icc_profile = img.icc.clone().map(std::sync::Arc::new);
-    if let Some((x, _)) = img.meta.dpi {
-        doc.resolution_dpi = x;
-    }
-    let mut layer = Layer::raster("Background", doc.pixel_format());
-    let data = conv.to_normalized();
-    layer.surface_mut().ok_or("new raster layer has no pixels")?.write_region(Rect::from_xywh(0, 0, w, h), &data);
-    doc.layers.push(layer);
-    Ok(doc)
-}
-
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-pub fn export_flat(doc: &Document, path: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>, String> {
-    let format = photocraft_codecs::from_extension(path).ok_or_else(|| format!("unknown file type for {path}"))?;
-    let buf = photocraft_compose::flatten(doc);
-    let (w, h) = (buf.rect.width(), buf.rect.height());
-    let data: Vec<f32> = buf.px.iter().flat_map(|p| *p).collect();
-    let img = match doc.depth {
-        SampleType::U8 => Image::from_u8(w, h, ChannelLayout::Rgba, buf.to_rgba8().pixels),
-        SampleType::U16 => Image::from_u16(w, h, ChannelLayout::Rgba, &data.iter().map(|v| (v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 65535.0 + 0.5) as u16).collect::<Vec<_>>()),
-        SampleType::F32 => Image::from_f32(w, h, ChannelLayout::Rgba, &data),
-    }
-    .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-    let img = match &doc.icc_profile {
-        Some(icc) if doc.mode == ColorMode::Rgb => img.with_icc(Some((**icc).clone())),
-        _ => img,
-    };
-    photocraft_codecs::encode(&img, format, &EncodeOptions::default()).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
@@ -716,6 +733,31 @@ mod tests {
     use photocraft_ui_egui::{PhotocraftApp, prefs_ui};
     use serde_json::{Value, json};
 
+    /// #6601: a chosen path whose name isn't valid Unicode is reported, never handed on lossily
+    /// (Open would fail with "No such file", Save would write a second, renamed file).
+    #[test]
+    fn a_chosen_path_that_is_not_valid_unicode_is_an_error_not_another_name() {
+        #[cfg(unix)]
+        let bad = {
+            use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
+            std::env::temp_dir().join(std::ffi::OsStr::from_bytes(b"img\xFF.png"))
+        };
+        #[cfg(windows)]
+        let bad = {
+            use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStringExt;
+            let mut wide: Vec<u16> = "img".encode_utf16().collect();
+            wide.push(0xD800);
+            wide.extend(".png".encode_utf16());
+            std::env::temp_dir().join(std::ffi::OsString::from_wide(&wide))
+        };
+        let good = std::env::temp_dir().join("ok.png");
+        let save = |path: &Path| answer_one(path, true, FileDialogAnswer::SaveTo);
+        assert!(matches!(save(&bad), FileDialogAnswer::Unavailable(e) if e.contains("not valid Unicode") && e.contains("another name")));
+        assert!(matches!(save(&good), FileDialogAnswer::SaveTo(p) if p == good.to_str().unwrap()));
+        let open = answer([good.as_path(), bad.as_path()], false, FileDialogAnswer::Paths);
+        assert!(matches!(open, FileDialogAnswer::Unavailable(e) if e.contains("open it again")));
+    }
+
     /// #6121: the file type picked in the save dialog gives the name its extension where the
     /// dialog left the one it opened with, and only there.
     #[test]
@@ -871,6 +913,12 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn flatpak_builds_have_no_update_transport() {
+        assert!(update_transport(Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("ai.storyteller.photocraft"))).is_none());
+        assert!(update_transport(None).is_some());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn xwayland_command_matches_how_photocraft_was_installed() {
         // Flatpak: WAYLAND_DISPLAY doesn't reach the sandbox's socket choice; flatpak's flags do.
@@ -1022,6 +1070,50 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(dialog_file_name("", true), None);
     }
 
+    /// A name in another letter case reaches the same file where the file system ignores case
+    /// (Windows, and macOS by default), and only there. Two files with the same contents are two.
+    #[test]
+    fn same_file_follows_the_file_system() {
+        let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("photocraft-same-file-{}", std::process::id()));
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+        let (cat, dog, upper) = (dir.join("CAT.psd"), dir.join("dog.psd"), dir.join("CAT.PSD"));
+        std::fs::write(&cat, b"same").unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(&dog, b"same").unwrap();
+        assert!(same_file(&cat, &cat));
+        assert!(!same_file(&cat, &dog));
+        assert_eq!(same_file(&upper, &cat), upper.exists(), "the same file only where letter case is ignored");
+        assert!(!same_file(&dir.join("missing.psd"), &cat));
+        std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    /// A hard link is another entry in the folder, though it reaches the same file: a save to it
+    /// replaces that entry and leaves the other name on the old file. Another spelling of a name,
+    /// where letter case is ignored, is the same entry.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_hard_link_is_another_entry() {
+        let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("photocraft-same-entry-{}", std::process::id()));
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(dir.join("other")).unwrap();
+        let (cat, bare, upper, other) = (dir.join("CAT.psd"), dir.join("CAT"), dir.join("CAT.PSD"), dir.join("other").join("CAT.psd"));
+        std::fs::write(&cat, b"cat").unwrap();
+        std::fs::hard_link(&cat, &bare).unwrap();
+        std::fs::hard_link(&cat, &other).unwrap();
+        // Where both names reach one file (one inode on Unix), the folder still lists both.
+        let one_file = |_: &Path, _: &Path| true;
+        assert!(!same_entry(&bare, &cat, one_file));
+        assert!(!same_entry(&bare, &cat, same_file));
+        assert!(!same_entry(&other, &cat, same_file), "another folder");
+        assert!(same_entry(&cat, &cat, one_file));
+        assert!(same_entry(&cat, &cat, same_file));
+        if upper.exists() {
+            assert!(same_entry(&upper, &cat, same_file), "one entry where letter case is ignored");
+        } else {
+            std::fs::hard_link(&cat, &upper).unwrap();
+            assert!(!same_entry(&upper, &cat, same_file), "two entries where letter case tells names apart");
+        }
+        assert!(!same_entry(&dir.join("missing.psd"), &cat, same_file));
+        std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn block_on_waits_for_a_wake_from_another_thread() {
         let (tx, rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel::<std::task::Waker>();
@@ -1299,4 +1391,29 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(image_from_files(&[tga]), Some((1, 1, vec![255, 0, 0, 255])));
         assert!(image_from_files(&[bin]).is_none());
     }
+
+    /// #7582: a panic while reading the OS clipboard (in arboard, or decoding a copied file) is
+    /// the paste's error in the status bar, not a crash: the document stays and the next paste
+    /// works. The same for a panic while writing it.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_panicking_clipboard_read_is_reported_not_a_crash() {
+        let panics = Rc::new(Cell::new(true));
+        let p = panics.clone();
+        let get = guarded_clipboard_get(move || if p.get() { panic!("clipboard decoder bug") } else { Ok(Some((2, 2, [0u8, 0, 255, 255].repeat(4)))) });
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(Session::new(), Services { clipboard_get_image: Some(get), ..Default::default() });
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8})).unwrap();
+        let layers = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layers.len();
+
+        let error = app.run("edit.paste", json!({})).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(error.contains("Paste failed"), "{error}");
+        assert!(app.ui.status_error && app.ui.status.contains("Paste failed"), "{}", app.ui.status);
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layers.len(), layers, "the document is unchanged");
+
+        panics.set(false);
+        app.run("edit.paste", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layers.len(), layers + 1, "the next paste works");
+
+        let mut set = guarded_clipboard_set(|_: u32, _: u32, _: &[u8]| panic!("clipboard writer bug"));
+        assert!(set(1, 1, &[0; 4]).unwrap_err().contains("Copy failed"));
+    }
 }
diff --git a/apps/photocraft/src/services/recovery_tests.rs b/apps/photocraft/src/services/recovery_tests.rs
index b1bd2d51c0..23191ed7f9 100644
--- a/apps/photocraft/src/services/recovery_tests.rs
+++ b/apps/photocraft/src/services/recovery_tests.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use super::*;
-use photocraft_color::Color;
+use photocraft_color::{Color, ColorMode, SampleType};
+use photocraft_doc::Size;
 use photocraft_format::{Autosaver, RecoveryEntry, SaveOptions, list_recovery};
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
 
diff --git a/apps/photocraft/src/single_instance.rs b/apps/photocraft/src/single_instance.rs
index 4b57fa6942..b193cade68 100644
--- a/apps/photocraft/src/single_instance.rs
+++ b/apps/photocraft/src/single_instance.rs
@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@ use photocraft_automation::security::{LineRead, generate_token, read_bounded_lin
 use photocraft_ui_egui::{OsEvent, OsEventsFn};
 use serde_json::{Value, json};
 
+use crate::launch_args::PerProcess;
+
 const LOCK_FILE: &str = "instance.lock";
 const INFO_FILE: &str = "instance.json";
 /// The Unix socket a sandboxed primary listens on, in the app's runtime directory.
@@ -129,8 +131,54 @@ pub struct LaunchContext<'a> {
     pub control: bool,
     /// Paths that aren't valid Unicode: this launch reports them.
     pub unreadable_paths: bool,
-    /// Options that only apply to the process they're given to (`--safe-gpu`, …).
-    pub launch_options: &'a [&'static str],
+    /// Options that only apply to the process they're given to (`--safe-gpu`, …), including the
+    /// ones this launch's environment sets (see [`env_launch_options`]).
+    pub launch_options: &'a [PerProcess],
+}
+
+/// Variables documented as the equivalent of a per-launch flag, each with the option it stands for
+/// (`PHOTOCRAFT_PRESENT_MODE` is `--present-mode`) and the rule that says whether its value asks for
+/// that option at all. Setting one asks for the same thing as giving the flag, so it belongs to this
+/// process alone. These are read where they take effect, not by the command line; the variables
+/// that are a flag's fallback (`PHOTOCRAFT_IN_WINDOW_MENUS`, the automation roots) are counted by
+/// [`crate::launch_args::parse`], as clap reads them.
+const ENV_LAUNCH_OPTIONS: [(&str, PerProcess, ValueRule); 3] = [
+    ("PHOTOCRAFT_PRESENT_MODE", PerProcess::PresentMode, present_mode_is_on),
+    ("PHOTOCRAFT_FRAME_LATENCY", PerProcess::FrameLatency, frame_latency_is_on),
+    ("PHOTOCRAFT_STROKE_TRACE", PerProcess::StrokeTrace, stroke_trace_is_on),
+];
+
+/// Whether a variable's value asks this launch for its own option. Each rule matches how that
+/// variable is read where it takes effect, so a value ignored there keeps no process here either.
+type ValueRule = fn(&str) -> bool;
+
+/// A value `presentation::parse` accepts, handed over as written: it trims, treats empty as unset and
+/// warns and ignores anything it does not recognise, so an unrecognised `PHOTOCRAFT_PRESENT_MODE`
+/// changes nothing there and so needs no process of its own here.
+fn present_mode_is_on(value: &str) -> bool {
+    crate::presentation::parse(Some(value), None).0.mode.is_some()
+}
+
+/// [`present_mode_is_on`] for `PHOTOCRAFT_FRAME_LATENCY`, which takes `1` to `3`.
+fn frame_latency_is_on(value: &str) -> bool {
+    crate::presentation::parse(None, Some(value)).0.latency.is_some()
+}
+
+/// Anything except `""`, `0`, `off` and `false`, which is how `StrokeTrace::from_value` reads it: the
+/// rest is a stderr summary or a CSV path. It trims, so `" 0 "` is off there and off here.
+fn stroke_trace_is_on(value: &str) -> bool {
+    !matches!(value.trim(), "" | "0" | "off" | "false")
+}
+
+/// The per-process options this launch's environment sets. A launch that sets only variables would
+/// otherwise hand its files to the running instance, which never sees the override, and exit.
+pub fn env_launch_options() -> Vec<PerProcess> {
+    env_launch_options_from(|name| std::env::var_os(name))
+}
+
+/// [`env_launch_options`] with the reader given, so the rule is testable without the environment.
+fn env_launch_options_from(get: impl Fn(&str) -> Option<std::ffi::OsString>) -> Vec<PerProcess> {
+    ENV_LAUNCH_OPTIONS.iter().filter(|(name, _, is_on)| get(name).is_some_and(|v| is_on(&v.to_string_lossy()))).map(|(_, option, _)| *option).collect()
 }
 
 /// Why this launch runs as its own instance, or `None` to take part in single-instance.
@@ -148,7 +196,8 @@ pub fn skip_reason(c: &LaunchContext) -> Option<String> {
         return Some("some paths aren't valid Unicode".into());
     }
     if !c.launch_options.is_empty() {
-        return Some(format!("{} only applies to a new process", c.launch_options.join(", ")));
+        let options: Vec<String> = c.launch_options.iter().map(ToString::to_string).collect();
+        return Some(format!("{} only applies to a new process", options.join(", ")));
     }
     None
 }
@@ -837,8 +886,8 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(skip_reason(&LaunchContext { new_instance_env: Some(""), ..base }), None);
         assert!(skip_reason(&LaunchContext { control: true, ..base }).is_some());
         assert!(skip_reason(&LaunchContext { unreadable_paths: true, ..base }).is_some());
-        let reason = skip_reason(&LaunchContext { launch_options: &["--safe-gpu"], ..base });
-        assert!(reason.is_some_and(|r| r.contains("--safe-gpu")));
+        let reason = skip_reason(&LaunchContext { launch_options: &[PerProcess::SafeGpu, PerProcess::GpuAdapterEnv], ..base });
+        assert_eq!(reason.as_deref(), Some("--safe-gpu, PHOTOCRAFT_GPU_ADAPTER only applies to a new process"));
     }
 
     /// #1540: inside a Flatpak sandbox the hand-off runs over a Unix socket in the app's runtime
@@ -915,4 +964,41 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(sandbox_socket(Some(OsStr::new("")), Some(run)), None);
         assert_eq!(sandbox_socket(Some(id), Some(OsStr::new(""))), None);
     }
+
+    /// A variable documented as the equivalent of a per-launch flag counts as that flag: a launch
+    /// that sets only variables has per-process options, so it keeps its own process rather than
+    /// handing its files to the running instance, which never sees the override.
+    #[test]
+    fn an_environment_override_counts_as_a_process_option() {
+        let with = |values: &[(&str, &str)]| env_launch_options_from(|n| values.iter().find(|(k, _)| *k == n).map(|(_, v)| (*v).into()));
+        assert_eq!(with(&[("PHOTOCRAFT_PRESENT_MODE", "novsync")]), vec![PerProcess::PresentMode]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            with(&[("PHOTOCRAFT_STROKE_TRACE", "strokes.csv"), ("PHOTOCRAFT_FRAME_LATENCY", "2")]),
+            vec![PerProcess::FrameLatency, PerProcess::StrokeTrace]
+        );
+        // Nothing set, or a value that means off, is an ordinary launch. Each variable is off the way
+        // it is read where it takes effect, not by one rule shared across all three.
+        assert!(with(&[]).is_empty());
+        assert!(with(&[("PHOTOCRAFT_FRAME_LATENCY", "")]).is_empty());
+        // The trace is off at `off` and `false` as well, and a value the presentation parser rejects
+        // is ignored there, so neither keeps a process of its own here.
+        assert!(with(&[("PHOTOCRAFT_STROKE_TRACE", "off"), ("PHOTOCRAFT_PRESENT_MODE", "maybe"), ("PHOTOCRAFT_FRAME_LATENCY", "4")]).is_empty());
+        // The trace and the two presentation values are trimmed where they take effect.
+        assert_eq!(
+            with(&[("PHOTOCRAFT_PRESENT_MODE", " novsync "), ("PHOTOCRAFT_STROKE_TRACE", " 1 ")]),
+            vec![PerProcess::PresentMode, PerProcess::StrokeTrace]
+        );
+        // The menus and the automation roots are flags' fallbacks: `launch_args::parse` counts them.
+        assert!(with(&[("PHOTOCRAFT_IN_WINDOW_MENUS", "1"), ("PHOTOCRAFT_AUTOMATION_WRITE_ROOT", "/tmp/out")]).is_empty());
+        let base = LaunchContext {
+            per_user_settings: true,
+            new_instance_flag: false,
+            new_instance_env: None,
+            control: false,
+            unreadable_paths: false,
+            launch_options: &[],
+        };
+        let reason = skip_reason(&LaunchContext { launch_options: &with(&[("PHOTOCRAFT_PRESENT_MODE", "novsync")]), ..base });
+        assert!(reason.as_deref().is_some_and(|r| r.contains("--present-mode")), "{reason:?}");
+    }
 }
diff --git a/apps/photocraft/src/ui_state.rs b/apps/photocraft/src/ui_state.rs
index c4de67a994..b356fb26c2 100644
--- a/apps/photocraft/src/ui_state.rs
+++ b/apps/photocraft/src/ui_state.rs
@@ -6,16 +6,32 @@
 //! hand-edited file would then crash every launch. [`sanitize`] runs first and removes a file
 //! holding such values (the window and panels open at their defaults; nothing else is lost).
 //! A file that isn't RON at all is left alone: eframe already ignores it.
+//!
+//! egui 0.37 also replaced the flat `WindowSettings` (`inner_position_pixels`,
+//! `inner_size_points: Option<Vec2>`, …) with `normal_geometry: { outer_position_pixels,
+//! scale_factor, inner_size_points }`. eframe reads the file before any application code, so an
+//! old value cannot be interpreted lazily: [`sanitize`] rewrites it before eframe loads it and
+//! keeps a one-time `ui.ron.pre-0.37` backup. The old panel keys in the egui memory part are
+//! untouched (`panels::panel_state_id` migrates them additively), but this window rewrite is
+//! one-way: after it, a 0.36 build ignores the window entry and opens at its default geometry.
+//! Restoring the backup is the documented rollback.
 
-use std::path::Path;
+use std::{collections::HashMap, path::Path};
 
 /// Window positions, sizes and panel rects beyond this many points or pixels are corrupt.
 const MAX_COORD: f64 = 1.0e6;
 /// egui's zoom factor is the UI scale over the display scale (75% on a 2× display is 0.375,
 /// 300% on a 1× display is 3).
 const ZOOM: std::ops::RangeInclusive<f64> = 0.1..=10.0;
+/// The size [`crate::native_options`] opens a window with when an old save has no usable size.
+const DEFAULT_SIZE: f32 = 1440.0;
+const DEFAULT_HEIGHT: f32 = 900.0;
+/// Kept beside `ui.ron` before the one-way 0.36 → 0.37 window rewrite.
+const BACKUP_SUFFIX: &str = "pre-0.37";
 
-/// Remove `path` if it holds state that would crash startup. Never fails: errors are logged.
+/// Remove `path` if it holds state that would crash startup, and migrate an old window entry to
+/// the 0.37 schema before eframe reads it. Never fails: errors are logged and leave the file
+/// alone (eframe then ignores what it cannot read).
 pub fn sanitize(path: Option<&Path>) {
     let Some(path) = path else { return };
     let Ok(text) = std::fs::read_to_string(path) else { return };
@@ -24,30 +40,72 @@ pub fn sanitize(path: Option<&Path>) {
         if let Err(e) = std::fs::remove_file(path) {
             log::warn!("could not remove {}: {e}", path.display());
         }
+        return;
+    }
+    match migrate_window(text) {
+        Ok(Some(text)) => write_migrated(path, &text),
+        Ok(None) => {}
+        Err(why) => log::warn!("not rewriting the saved window geometry in {}: {why}", path.display()),
     }
 }
 
-/// Whether `path` holds a window position from an earlier session, which eframe restores. Then
-/// `NativeOptions::centered` must be off: eframe applies it after restoring the saved geometry,
+/// Write the migrated file, keeping a one-time backup. A failed backup aborts the rewrite: the
+/// pre-0.37 window geometry is the documented rollback, so never destroy the only copy.
+fn write_migrated(path: &Path, text: &str) {
+    let backup = backup_path(path);
+    if !backup.exists()
+        && let Err(e) = std::fs::copy(path, &backup)
+    {
+        log::warn!("could not back up {} to {}: {e}; leaving it unchanged", path.display(), backup.display());
+        return;
+    }
+    if let Err(e) = std::fs::write(path, text) {
+        log::warn!("could not write the migrated window layout to {}: {e}", path.display());
+    }
+}
+
+fn backup_path(path: &Path) -> std::path::PathBuf {
+    let mut name = path.file_name().map(std::ffi::OsStr::to_os_string).unwrap_or_else(|| "ui.ron".into());
+    name.push(format!(".{BACKUP_SUFFIX}"));
+    path.with_file_name(name)
+}
+
+/// Whether `path` holds a window position that eframe restores, which means
+/// `NativeOptions::centered` must be off: eframe applies `centered` after the restored geometry,
 /// so it moved the window back to the centre of the main monitor on every launch (#4826).
+///
+/// Only the 0.37 `normal_geometry.outer_position_pixels` counts: `egui_winit::WindowGeometry`
+/// sets it and `initialize_viewport_builder` applies it. A 0.36 flat entry is not restored by
+/// 0.37 (`sanitize` rewrites it first), and its macOS `inner_position_pixels` was never an outer
+/// position.
 pub fn has_saved_position(path: Option<&Path>) -> bool {
     let Some(text) = path.and_then(|p| std::fs::read_to_string(p).ok()) else { return false };
     saved_position(&text)
 }
 
 fn saved_position(text: &str) -> bool {
-    let Ok(kv) = ron::from_str::<std::collections::HashMap<String, String>>(text) else { return false };
+    let Ok(kv) = ron::from_str::<HashMap<String, String>>(text) else { return false };
     let Some(window) = kv.get("window").and_then(|w| ron::from_str::<ron::Value>(w).ok()) else { return false };
-    // eframe restores the inner position on macOS and the outer position elsewhere
-    // (`egui_winit::WindowSettings::initialize_viewport_builder`).
-    let key = if cfg!(target_os = "macos") { "inner_position_pixels" } else { "outer_position_pixels" };
-    matches!(field(&window, key), Some(ron::Value::Option(Some(_))))
+    let Some(geometry) = field(&window, "normal_geometry") else { return false };
+    matches!(field(geometry, "outer_position_pixels"), Some(ron::Value::Option(Some(_))))
+}
+
+/// The 0.36 → 0.37 rewrite of one `ui.ron` text, for the recorded 0.14/0.15 fixtures.
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(crate) fn migrate_for_test(text: &str) -> Result<Option<String>, String> {
+    migrate_window(text.to_owned())
+}
+
+/// [`saved_position`] for the recorded fixtures.
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(crate) fn saved_position_for_test(text: &str) -> bool {
+    saved_position(text)
 }
 
 /// `Err` names the first value that would crash startup.
 fn check(text: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
     // eframe stores a map of key → RON string; a file that doesn't parse is ignored by eframe.
-    let Ok(kv) = ron::from_str::<std::collections::HashMap<String, String>>(text) else { return Ok(()) };
+    let Ok(kv) = ron::from_str::<HashMap<String, String>>(text) else { return Ok(()) };
     for (key, value) in &kv {
         // eframe also skips an entry that doesn't parse.
         let Ok(v) = ron::from_str::<ron::Value>(value) else { continue };
@@ -60,6 +118,108 @@ fn check(text: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
+/// `Some(new_text)` when `text` is an old-schema file that should be rewritten; `None` when it
+/// is already 0.37-shaped or holds no window entry; `Err` when the old window entry is unusable
+/// and must be left untouched.
+fn migrate_window(text: String) -> Result<Option<String>, String> {
+    let Ok(mut kv) = ron::from_str::<HashMap<String, String>>(&text) else { return Ok(None) };
+    let Some(value) = kv.get("window").cloned() else { return Ok(None) };
+    let Ok(window) = ron::from_str::<ron::Value>(&value) else { return Ok(None) };
+    if field(&window, "normal_geometry").is_some() {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+    if field(&window, "inner_size_points").is_none() && field(&window, "inner_position_pixels").is_none() && field(&window, "outer_position_pixels").is_none() {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+    let migrated = migrate_window_value(&window)?;
+    kv.insert("window".into(), migrated);
+    ron::to_string(&kv).map(Some).map_err(|e| format!("cannot write the new window entry: {e}"))
+}
+
+/// The RON payload eframe 0.37 deserializes as `egui_winit::WindowSettings`.
+///
+/// The field order and names mirror `WindowGeometry`; the types are local because
+/// `egui_winit::WindowGeometry` keeps its fields private.
+#[derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+struct PointV37 {
+    x: f32,
+    y: f32,
+}
+
+impl PointV37 {
+    fn sane(self) -> Option<Self> {
+        let ok = |v: f32| v.is_finite() && (v.abs() as f64) <= MAX_COORD;
+        (ok(self.x) && ok(self.y)).then_some(self)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+struct GeometryV37 {
+    outer_position_pixels: Option<PointV37>,
+    scale_factor: f32,
+    inner_size_points: PointV37,
+}
+
+#[derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+struct WindowV37 {
+    normal_geometry: GeometryV37,
+    fullscreen: bool,
+    maximized: bool,
+}
+
+fn migrate_window_value(window: &ron::Value) -> Result<String, String> {
+    let size = old_size(window)?;
+    // The old macOS entry stored an inner (not outer) position in logical points and Linux saved
+    // no scale factor, so a faithful restore is only possible for the Windows physical outer
+    // position. Everywhere else the window opens centred with its saved size.
+    let position = if cfg!(target_os = "windows") { old_position(window, "outer_position_pixels") } else { None };
+    let window = WindowV37 {
+        normal_geometry: GeometryV37 {
+            outer_position_pixels: position,
+            // Physical pixels of the old Windows position: 0.37 divides by zoom × scale.
+            scale_factor: 1.0,
+            inner_size_points: size,
+        },
+        fullscreen: old_bool(window, "fullscreen"),
+        maximized: old_bool(window, "maximized"),
+    };
+    ron::to_string(&window).map_err(|e| format!("cannot serialize the new window entry: {e}"))
+}
+
+fn old_size(window: &ron::Value) -> Result<PointV37, String> {
+    let value = field(window, "inner_size_points");
+    let Some(ron::Value::Option(Some(size))) = value else {
+        // A missing size is the app's own opening size, not corrupt data.
+        return Ok(PointV37 { x: DEFAULT_SIZE, y: DEFAULT_HEIGHT });
+    };
+    let point = point_value(size).ok_or_else(|| "inner_size_points is not a finite (x, y) point".to_string())?;
+    let point = point.sane().ok_or_else(|| "inner_size_points is not finite or is absurdly large".to_string())?;
+    if point.x < 1.0 || point.y < 1.0 {
+        return Err("inner_size_points has a zero or negative side".into());
+    }
+    Ok(point)
+}
+
+/// One dimension of an old `Option<Pos2>` field, rejecting corrupt values rather than guessing.
+fn old_position(window: &ron::Value, key: &str) -> Option<PointV37> {
+    match field(window, key) {
+        Some(ron::Value::Option(Some(p))) => point_value(p).and_then(PointV37::sane),
+        // `None`, missing, and malformed all mean "no position"; corrupt positions elsewhere are
+        // caught by `check`, which removes a file with non-finite values before this runs.
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn old_bool(window: &ron::Value, key: &str) -> bool {
+    matches!(field(window, key), Some(ron::Value::Bool(true)))
+}
+
+fn point_value(v: &ron::Value) -> Option<PointV37> {
+    let x = field(v, "x").and_then(as_f32)?;
+    let y = field(v, "y").and_then(as_f32)?;
+    Some(PointV37 { x, y })
+}
+
 /// Every float finite and within [`MAX_COORD`]; depth-limited (the file is untrusted).
 fn floats_sane(v: &ron::Value, depth: usize) -> Result<(), String> {
     if depth > 64 {
@@ -86,6 +246,13 @@ fn as_f64(v: &ron::Value) -> Option<f64> {
     }
 }
 
+fn as_f32(v: &ron::Value) -> Option<f32> {
+    as_f64(v).and_then(|f| {
+        let f = f as f32;
+        f.is_finite().then_some(f)
+    })
+}
+
 fn field<'a>(v: &'a ron::Value, name: &str) -> Option<&'a ron::Value> {
     match v {
         ron::Value::Map(m) => m.get(&ron::Value::String(name.into())),
@@ -95,7 +262,8 @@ fn field<'a>(v: &'a ron::Value, name: &str) -> Option<&'a ron::Value> {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use super::{check, saved_position};
+    use super::{DEFAULT_HEIGHT, DEFAULT_SIZE, WindowV37, backup_path, check, migrate_window, saved_position};
+    use std::{collections::HashMap, path::PathBuf};
 
     fn file(window: &str, zoom: &str) -> String {
         let egui = format!("(options:(zoom_factor:{zoom},max_passes:2),data:([(18446744073709551615,(ron:\"(x:1.0)\"))]))");
@@ -103,6 +271,17 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     const WINDOW: &str = "(inner_position_pixels:Some((x:616.0,y:430.0)),fullscreen:false,inner_size_points:Some((x:1100.0,y:760.0)))";
+    const WINDOW_WITH_OUTER: &str = "(inner_position_pixels:Some((x:2048.0,y:1265.0)),outer_position_pixels:Some((x:2048.0,y:1228.0)),fullscreen:false,maximized:false,inner_size_points:Some((x:880.0,y:480.0)))";
+
+    /// Read the window payload back as eframe 0.37 would.
+    fn window_of(text: &str) -> WindowV37 {
+        let kv: HashMap<String, String> = ron::from_str(text).expect("the migrated file is a RON map");
+        ron::from_str(kv.get("window").expect("a window entry")).expect("0.37 WindowSettings shape")
+    }
+
+    fn migrated(window: &str) -> String {
+        migrate_window(file(window, "1.0")).expect("migratable").expect("rewritten")
+    }
 
     #[test]
     fn a_saved_layout_is_kept() {
@@ -122,13 +301,83 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn an_old_size_and_maximized_state_survive() {
+        let text = migrated(WINDOW_WITH_OUTER);
+        let window = window_of(&text);
+        assert_eq!(window.normal_geometry.inner_size_points.x, 880.0);
+        assert_eq!(window.normal_geometry.inner_size_points.y, 480.0);
+        assert!(!window.fullscreen);
+        assert!(!window.maximized);
+        let maximized = migrated(&WINDOW.replace("fullscreen:false", "fullscreen:true,maximized:true"));
+        assert!(window_of(&maximized).fullscreen && window_of(&maximized).maximized);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_missing_size_uses_the_default_opening_size() {
+        // A window entry with a position but no size migrates and keeps the app's opening size.
+        let window = window_of(&migrated("(inner_position_pixels:Some((x:616.0,y:430.0)),fullscreen:false,maximized:false)"));
+        assert_eq!(window.normal_geometry.inner_size_points.x, DEFAULT_SIZE);
+        assert_eq!(window.normal_geometry.inner_size_points.y, DEFAULT_HEIGHT);
+        // A window entry with no geometry fields at all is left alone: it is not a 0.36 window.
+        assert_eq!(migrate_window(file("(fullscreen:false,maximized:false)", "1.0")), Ok(None));
+        // So is a file with no window-like fields at all.
+        assert_eq!(migrate_window(file("(something:1)", "1.0")), Ok(None));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_old_position_is_kept_only_on_windows() {
+        let text = migrated(WINDOW_WITH_OUTER);
+        let pos = window_of(&text).normal_geometry.outer_position_pixels;
+        if cfg!(target_os = "windows") {
+            let pos = pos.expect("the Windows physical outer position survives");
+            assert_eq!((pos.x, pos.y), (2048.0, 1228.0));
+            assert_eq!(window_of(&text).normal_geometry.scale_factor, 1.0);
+        } else {
+            assert!(pos.is_none(), "an old macOS/Linux position is not a restorable outer position");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_corrupt_old_size_is_not_rewritten() {
+        let bad = WINDOW.replace("(x:1100.0,y:760.0)", "(x:1100.0,y:0.0)");
+        assert!(migrate_window(file(&bad, "1.0")).is_err());
+        let huge = WINDOW.replace("(x:1100.0,y:760.0)", "(x:1100.0,y:9000000.0)");
+        assert!(migrate_window(file(&huge, "1.0")).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn an_already_migrated_file_is_left_alone() {
+        let text = migrated(WINDOW);
+        assert_eq!(migrate_window(text), Ok(None));
+        // A 0.36 build accepts the entry, but its missing flat geometry defaults to None.
+        // It cannot recover position or size from the nested 0.37 geometry.
+        let kv: HashMap<String, String> = ron::from_str(&migrated(WINDOW)).unwrap();
+        let old: OldWindow = ron::from_str(kv.get("window").unwrap()).unwrap();
+        assert!(old.inner_position_pixels.is_none() && old.outer_position_pixels.is_none());
+        assert!(old.inner_size_points.is_none(), "documented rollback loss of saved geometry");
+        // Restoring the original backup restores both the old position and size.
+        let restored: OldWindow = ron::from_str(WINDOW).unwrap();
+        let position = restored.inner_position_pixels.unwrap();
+        let size = restored.inner_size_points.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((position.x, position.y), (616.0, 430.0));
+        assert_eq!((size.x, size.y), (1100.0, 760.0));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn a_saved_window_position_is_detected() {
-        // #4826: the position from the report (Linux Mint, window moved to the third monitor).
-        let window = "(inner_position_pixels:Some((x:2048.0,y:1265.0)),outer_position_pixels:Some((x:2048.0,y:1228.0)),fullscreen:false,maximized:false,inner_size_points:Some((x:880.0,y:480.0)))";
-        assert!(saved_position(&file(window, "1.0")));
-        let no_position = "(inner_position_pixels:None,outer_position_pixels:None,fullscreen:false,maximized:false,inner_size_points:Some((x:880.0,y:480.0)))";
+        // A 0.36 flat entry is not what eframe 0.37 restores (it would open at the OS default);
+        // `sanitize` rewrites it before eframe runs, and the migrated nested value is detected.
+        assert!(!saved_position(&file(WINDOW_WITH_OUTER, "1.0")), "an unmigrated flat entry is not a restorable position");
+        // An old macOS inner position is not an outer position either.
+        assert!(!saved_position(&file(WINDOW, "1.0")));
+        let no_position =
+            "(normal_geometry:(outer_position_pixels:None,scale_factor:1.0,inner_size_points:(x:880.0,y:480.0)),fullscreen:false,maximized:false)";
         assert!(!saved_position(&file(no_position, "1.0")));
+        // The migrated nested geometry is what a 0.37 save holds (on Windows only, from the
+        // migration; a later 0.37 save on macOS/Linux has one too and eframe restores it).
+        let text = migrated(WINDOW_WITH_OUTER);
+        assert_eq!(saved_position(&text), cfg!(target_os = "windows"));
         assert!(!saved_position(&format!("{{\"egui\":{:?}}}", "()")), "no window entry");
         for text in ["", "not ron {{{", "{\"window\":\"(((\"}"] {
             assert!(!saved_position(text), "{text:?}");
@@ -148,7 +397,7 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn sanitize_removes_only_a_bad_file() {
+    fn sanitize_removes_only_a_bad_file_and_migrates_a_good_one() {
         let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("photocraft-ui-state-{}", std::process::id()));
         std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
         let good = dir.join("good.ron");
@@ -159,7 +408,58 @@ mod tests {
         super::sanitize(Some(&bad));
         super::sanitize(Some(&dir.join("missing.ron")));
         super::sanitize(None);
-        assert!(good.exists() && !bad.exists());
+        assert!(!bad.exists());
+        assert!(good.exists());
+        // Migrated in place, with the one-time pre-0.37 backup beside it.
+        let text = std::fs::read_to_string(&good).unwrap();
+        assert!(window_of(&text).normal_geometry.inner_size_points.x == 1100.0);
+        let backup = backup_path(&good);
+        assert!(backup.exists(), "the pre-0.37 layout is kept for rollback");
+        assert_eq!(std::fs::read_to_string(&backup).unwrap(), file(WINDOW, "1.0"));
+        // A second run leaves both untouched.
+        super::sanitize(Some(&good));
+        assert_eq!(std::fs::read_to_string(&good).unwrap(), text);
         let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_backup_is_not_overwritten_by_a_later_migration() {
+        let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("photocraft-ui-state-backup-{}", std::process::id()));
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+        let path = dir.join("ui.ron");
+        std::fs::write(&path, file(WINDOW, "1.0")).unwrap();
+        super::sanitize(Some(&path));
+        let backup = backup_path(&path);
+        let original = std::fs::read_to_string(&backup).unwrap();
+        // Pretend a 0.36 run wrote its old schema again; the backup must stay the first one.
+        std::fs::write(&path, file(&WINDOW.replace("1100.0", "1111.0"), "1.0")).unwrap();
+        super::sanitize(Some(&path));
+        assert_eq!(std::fs::read_to_string(&backup).unwrap(), original);
+        assert!(std::fs::read_to_string(&path).unwrap().contains("1111"));
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+    }
+
+    /// The 0.36 flat schema, kept to prove the new nested value is a one-way migration.
+    #[derive(Default, serde::Deserialize)]
+    #[serde(default)]
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    struct OldWindow {
+        inner_position_pixels: Option<Point>,
+        outer_position_pixels: Option<Point>,
+        fullscreen: bool,
+        maximized: bool,
+        inner_size_points: Option<Point>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(serde::Deserialize)]
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    struct Point {
+        x: f32,
+        y: f32,
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_backup_path_sits_beside_ui_ron() {
+        assert_eq!(backup_path(&PathBuf::from("/tmp/x/ui.ron")), PathBuf::from("/tmp/x/ui.ron.pre-0.37"));
+    }
 }
diff --git a/apps/photocraft/src/updates.rs b/apps/photocraft/src/updates.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..40ac9ae016
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/photocraft/src/updates.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+//! Release checks through `craft-update`, the library every Craft App shares. Only public release
+//! metadata is requested.
+
+use photocraft_engine::updates_cmds::{CheckFn, CheckResult, Release};
+
+pub fn service() -> CheckFn {
+    Box::new(|| {
+        let (tx, rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
+        std::thread::Builder::new()
+            .name("update check".into())
+            .spawn(move || {
+                let result = check();
+                if let Err(e) = &result {
+                    log::warn!("Update check: {e}");
+                }
+                let _ = tx.send(result);
+            })
+            .map_err(|e| format!("Could not start update check: {e}"))?;
+        Ok(rx)
+    })
+}
+
+fn check() -> CheckResult {
+    let http = craft_update::Http::new("PhotoCraft/Update")?;
+    let found = craft_update::check_for_update(&craft_update::suite::PHOTOCRAFT, &http, photocraft_engine::build_info::VERSION)?;
+    Ok(found.map(|release| Release { version: release.tag.trim_start_matches(['v', 'V']).to_string(), url: release.html_url }))
+}
diff --git a/apps/photocraft/src/vector_conversion.rs b/apps/photocraft/src/vector_conversion.rs
index 3e086617b3..e096fb2301 100644
--- a/apps/photocraft/src/vector_conversion.rs
+++ b/apps/photocraft/src/vector_conversion.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//! Bounded, private VectorCraft conversion before an embedded AI/PDF/EPS editing session.
+//! Bounded display previews for native vector editing. The working source retains its format.
 //! No document metadata supplies a process, command line or output path.
 
 use super::native::OwnedSvg;
@@ -9,15 +9,43 @@ use std::process::{Command, Stdio};
 use std::sync::mpsc::Receiver;
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
-/// Prepare a bounded SVG working copy, converting native vectors inside private MCP roots.
+/// Validate the source using a private preview, then expose only an original-format copy.
 pub(super) fn prepare(editor: &Path, source: &ExternalVectorSource, stop: &Receiver<()>) -> Result<(OwnedSvg, Vec<u8>), String> {
+    render_preview(editor, source, stop)?;
+    // Foreign AI opens read-only for ordinary Save in VectorCraft. Regenerate only this
+    // private AI working copy with editable AI data; never weaken that source-file protection.
+    // Comparing the watcher with this initial copy prevents an open-only/no-op replacement.
+    let initial = if source.extension == "ai" { run_export(editor, source, stop, "ai")? } else { source.bytes.as_ref().clone() };
+    if source.extension == "ai" {
+        let prepared = ExternalVectorSource { bytes: std::sync::Arc::new(initial.clone()), extension: source.extension.clone(), size: source.size };
+        render_preview(editor, &prepared, stop)?;
+    }
+    let owned = OwnedSvg::create_format(&initial, &source.extension)?;
+    Ok((owned, initial))
+}
+
+/// Render a stable source snapshot inside private MCP roots; never rewrite the editor's file.
+pub(super) fn render_preview(editor: &Path, source: &ExternalVectorSource, stop: &Receiver<()>) -> Result<Vec<u8>, String> {
+    let converted = if source.extension == "svg" { source.bytes.as_ref().clone() } else { run_export(editor, source, stop, "svg")? };
+    source_svg(&converted, source.size)
+}
+
+/// Convert `source` to `format` (`svg` or `ai`) with the `vectorcraft-cli` next to `editor`,
+/// confined to a private temporary read/write root. Errors on a format/magic mismatch, a
+/// missing or linked CLI, a failed open/export reply, cancellation via `stop`, or the
+/// 60-second deadline; the child process is killed and reaped on any failure.
+fn run_export(editor: &Path, source: &ExternalVectorSource, stop: &Receiver<()>, format: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>, String> {
     if !matches!(source.extension.as_str(), "svg" | "pdf" | "ai" | "eps") {
         return Err("Unsupported embedded vector source type".into());
     }
-    let owned = OwnedSvg::create(&source.bytes)?;
-    if source.extension == "svg" {
-        return Ok((owned, source.bytes.as_ref().clone()));
+    if !matches!(format, "svg" | "ai")
+        || !photocraft_io::vector_preview::is_native_source(&source.bytes)
+        || (source.extension == "pdf" && !source.bytes.starts_with(b"%PDF-"))
+        || (source.extension == "eps" && source.bytes.starts_with(b"%PDF-"))
+    {
+        return Err("The saved bytes do not match the original vector format".into());
     }
+    let owned = OwnedSvg::create_format(&source.bytes, format)?;
     let cli_name = if cfg!(windows) { "vectorcraft-cli.exe" } else { "vectorcraft-cli" };
     let cli = editor.parent().ok_or("The editor has no installation directory")?.join(cli_name);
     // Selecting an editor explicitly also selects its adjacent VectorCraft CLI; PATH and the
@@ -31,7 +59,7 @@ pub(super) fn prepare(editor: &Path, source: &ExternalVectorSource, stop: &Recei
     let mut file = std::fs::OpenOptions::new().write(true).create_new(true).open(&input).map_err(|e| format!("Cannot create vector input: {e}"))?;
     file.write_all(&source.bytes).map_err(|e| format!("Cannot write vector input: {e}"))?;
     drop(file);
-    let commands = conversion_commands(&input, &owned.file)?;
+    let commands = export_commands(&input, &owned.file, format)?;
     // MCP's headless roots apply to every thread and file reader, including references in
     // hostile embedded artwork. Ordinary `convert` does not establish those restrictions.
     let responses_path = owned.root.join("Responses.jsonl");
@@ -82,31 +110,40 @@ pub(super) fn prepare(editor: &Path, source: &ExternalVectorSource, stop: &Recei
         responses_file.take(1024 * 1024 + 1).read_to_string(&mut responses).map_err(|e| format!("Invalid conversion responses: {e}"))?;
         validate_responses(&responses)?;
         let converted = owned.read(&owned.stamp()?)?;
-        let svg = source_svg(&converted, source.size)?;
-        // Validate bounded rendering before the interactive editor sees the working copy.
-        photocraft_io::svg::import_svg_bounded("Artwork.svg", &svg, 24_000_000).map_err(|e| format!("Converted SVG is unsupported: {e}"))?;
-        owned.overwrite(&svg)?;
-        Ok(svg)
+        if format == "ai" && !converted.starts_with(b"%PDF-") {
+            return Err("VectorCraft did not save a PDF-compatible AI working copy".into());
+        }
+        Ok(converted)
     })();
     if result.is_err() {
         let _ = child.kill();
         let _ = child.wait();
     }
-    result.map(|svg| (owned, svg))
+    result
 }
 
 /// Build requests only from UTF-8 paths: serializing a non-UTF-8 `Path` inside `json!` panics.
+#[cfg(all(test, unix))]
 fn conversion_commands(input: &Path, output: &Path) -> Result<[(u8, &'static str, serde_json::Value); 2], String> {
+    export_commands(input, output, "svg")
+}
+
+/// The open (id 1) and export (id 2) requests that [`validate_responses`] checks; AI exports
+/// preserve editing data. Non-UTF-8 paths return errors because `json!` would panic on them.
+fn export_commands(input: &Path, output: &Path, format: &str) -> Result<[(u8, &'static str, serde_json::Value); 2], String> {
     let input = input.to_str().ok_or("The temporary vector input path is not UTF-8")?;
     let output = output.to_str().ok_or("The temporary vector output path is not UTF-8")?;
-    Ok([(1, "document.open", serde_json::json!({"path": input})), (2, "document.export", serde_json::json!({"path": output, "format": "svg"}))])
+    Ok([
+        (1, "document.open", serde_json::json!({"path": input})),
+        (2, "document.export", serde_json::json!({"path": output, "format": format, "preserveEditing": format == "ai"})),
+    ])
 }
 
 /// Keep the original PSD source-pixel frame: PDF points and EPS bounds need not equal the
 /// placed object's stored pixel dimensions. The nested viewport scales vector geometry once.
 fn source_svg(bytes: &[u8], size: Option<(f64, f64)>) -> Result<Vec<u8>, String> {
     let text = std::str::from_utf8(bytes).map_err(|_| "Converted SVG is not UTF-8")?;
-    photocraft_io::svg::import_svg_bounded("Artwork.svg", bytes, 24_000_000).map_err(|e| format!("Converted SVG is unsupported: {e}"))?;
+    photocraft_io::svg::import_svg_bounded_with_work("Artwork.svg", bytes, 96_000_000).map_err(|e| format!("Converted SVG is unsupported: {e}"))?;
     let doc = roxmltree::Document::parse(text).map_err(|e| format!("Invalid converted SVG: {e}"))?;
     let root = doc.root_element();
     if root.tag_name().name() != "svg" {
@@ -118,7 +155,13 @@ fn source_svg(bytes: &[u8], size: Option<(f64, f64)>) -> Result<Vec<u8>, String>
     if !w.is_finite() || !h.is_finite() || w <= 0.0 || h <= 0.0 || w > 16384.0 || h > 16384.0 || w * h > 24_000_000.0 {
         return Err("The original vector source dimensions exceed the editing limit".into());
     }
-    let dimension = |key| root.attribute(key).and_then(|v| v.trim_end_matches("pt").parse::<f64>().ok()).filter(|v| v.is_finite() && *v > 0.0);
+    // The nested root keeps its own width/height, so the outer viewBox must use the same CSS
+    // pixels: `612pt` is 816 user units at SVG's 96 dpi. Other units are rejected below.
+    let dimension = |key| {
+        let value = root.attribute(key)?;
+        let (number, scale) = value.strip_suffix("pt").map_or((value, 1.0), |number| (number, 4.0 / 3.0));
+        number.parse::<f64>().ok().map(|v| v * scale).filter(|v| v.is_finite() && *v > 0.0)
+    };
     let (iw, ih) = dimension("width").zip(dimension("height")).ok_or("Converted SVG has no finite dimensions")?;
     let inner = text.get(root.range()).ok_or("Invalid SVG root range")?;
     let result =
@@ -161,6 +204,7 @@ mod tests {
         let commands = conversion_commands(valid, valid).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(commands[0].2["path"], "/tmp/Artwork.svg");
         assert_eq!(commands[1].2["format"], "svg");
+        assert_eq!(commands[1].2["preserveEditing"], false);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -170,12 +214,39 @@ mod tests {
         let parsed = photocraft_io::svg::import_svg_bounded("Artwork.svg", &normalized, 24_000_000).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(parsed.document.size, photocraft_geom::Size::new(16, 12));
         assert_eq!(source_svg(svg, None).unwrap(), svg);
+        let fractional = source_svg(svg, Some((16.3, 12.2))).unwrap();
+        let parsed = photocraft_io::svg::import_svg_bounded("Artwork.svg", &fractional, 24_000_000).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(parsed.document.size, photocraft_geom::Size::new(16, 12));
         for size in [(f64::NAN, 1.0), (1.0, f64::INFINITY), (0.0, 1.0), (16384.0, 16384.0)] {
             assert!(source_svg(svg, Some(size)).is_err());
         }
         assert!(source_svg(b"%PDF-1.6", None).is_err());
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn point_sized_converted_vectors_fill_the_frame_without_cropping() {
+        // 12pt × 9pt is 16 × 12 CSS pixels: red on the left half, blue on the right half,
+        // with and without a root viewBox. Misreading pt as px would scale by 4/3 and crop.
+        for svg in [
+            r#"<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12pt" height="9pt" viewBox="0 0 12 9"><rect width="6" height="9" fill="red"/><rect x="6" width="6" height="9" fill="blue"/></svg>"#,
+            r#"<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12pt" height="9pt"><rect width="8" height="12" fill="red"/><rect x="8" width="8" height="12" fill="blue"/></svg>"#,
+        ] {
+            let normalized = source_svg(svg.as_bytes(), Some((16.0, 12.0))).unwrap();
+            let raster = photocraft_io::svg::rasterize_bounded(&normalized, 1.0, 24_000_000).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!((raster.rect.width(), raster.rect.height()), (16, 12));
+            let (x0, y0) = (raster.rect.x0, raster.rect.y0);
+            let is = |x: i32, y: i32, channel: usize| {
+                let px = raster.get(x0 + x, y0 + y);
+                px[3] > 0.99 && px[channel] > 0.99 && px[2 - channel] < 0.01
+            };
+            for y in [0, 6, 11] {
+                assert!(is(0, y, 0) && is(6, y, 0), "left half must be red: {svg}");
+                assert!(is(9, y, 2) && is(15, y, 2), "right half must be blue and uncropped: {svg}");
+            }
+        }
+        assert!(source_svg(br#"<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12mm" height="9mm"/>"#, Some((16.0, 12.0))).is_err());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn conversion_requires_successful_open_and_export_replies() {
         let good = r#"{"id":1,"result":{"isError":false}}
@@ -207,7 +278,11 @@ mod live_vectorcraft_tests {
         let (_send, stop) = mpsc::channel();
         let eps = b"%!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0\n%%BoundingBox: 0 0 8 6\n0 0 1 setrgbcolor 0 0 8 6 rectfill\nshowpage\n%%EOF\n";
         let source = ExternalVectorSource { bytes: Arc::new(eps.to_vec()), extension: "eps".into(), size: Some((16.0, 12.0)) };
-        let (owned, svg) = prepare(editor, &source, &stop).unwrap();
+        let (owned, initial) = prepare(editor, &source, &stop).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(initial, *source.bytes);
+        assert_eq!(owned.file.extension().unwrap(), "eps");
+        assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&owned.file).unwrap(), *source.bytes);
+        let svg = render_preview(editor, &source, &stop).unwrap();
         assert!(owned.file.exists());
         let raster = photocraft_io::svg::rasterize_bounded(&svg, 1.0, 24_000_000).unwrap();
         assert_eq!((raster.rect.width(), raster.rect.height()), (16, 12));
diff --git a/apps/photocraft/tests/command_line_usage.rs b/apps/photocraft/tests/command_line_usage.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index c4c745ea9a..0000000000
--- a/apps/photocraft/tests/command_line_usage.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,95 +0,0 @@
-//! `photocraft --help` and unknown options must not open the window (#6431): before the fix,
-//! any argument the loop didn't know was taken as a file, so `--help` or a typo such as
-//! `--safegpu` launched the GUI and logged "Couldn't open --help".
-//!
-//! These run the real binary, and every case must exit before the window opens: Windows and
-//! macOS runners have a desktop, so a launch that gets that far hangs until the test times out.
-//! Cases whose arguments are valid add a bad `--control` value, which fails the launch with the
-//! other usage errors, so stderr shows whether those arguments were taken as unknown options.
-
-/// Run `photocraft` with `args` in an isolated config dir; return the exit
-/// status, stdout and stderr.
-fn run_photocraft(args: &[&str]) -> (std::process::ExitStatus, String, String) {
-    static NEXT: std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize = std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0);
-    let n = NEXT.fetch_add(1, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
-    let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("photocraft-usage-{}-{n}", std::process::id()));
-    std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
-    let output = std::process::Command::new(env!("CARGO_BIN_EXE_photocraft"))
-        .args(args)
-        .env("PHOTOCRAFT_CONFIG_DIR", &dir)
-        .env_remove("PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT")
-        .env_remove("DISPLAY")
-        .env_remove("WAYLAND_DISPLAY")
-        .env_remove("WAYLAND_SOCKET")
-        .output()
-        .expect("failed to run photocraft binary");
-    std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir).ok();
-    (output.status, String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout).into_owned(), String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr).into_owned())
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn help_prints_usage_and_exits_0() {
-    for flag in ["--help", "-h"] {
-        let (status, stdout, stderr) = run_photocraft(&[flag]);
-        assert_eq!(status.code(), Some(0), "{flag} must exit 0, stderr: {stderr}");
-        assert!(stdout.starts_with("Usage: photocraft"), "{flag} stdout: {stdout}");
-        for option in ["--safe-gpu", "--new-instance", "--control <port>", "--version", "--"] {
-            assert!(stdout.contains(option), "{flag} usage must list {option}: {stdout}");
-        }
-        assert!(!stderr.contains("Couldn't open"), "{flag} was taken as a file: {stderr}");
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn help_wins_over_later_arguments() {
-    let (status, stdout, _) = run_photocraft(&["--help", "picture.psd", "--safegpu"]);
-    assert_eq!(status.code(), Some(0));
-    assert!(stdout.starts_with("Usage: photocraft"), "stdout: {stdout}");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn unknown_options_exit_2_naming_them() {
-    for flag in ["--safegpu", "-x", "--help=yes"] {
-        let (status, stdout, stderr) = run_photocraft(&[flag]);
-        assert_eq!(status.code(), Some(2), "{flag} must be a usage error, stderr: {stderr}");
-        assert!(stderr.contains(&format!("unknown option `{flag}`")), "stderr: {stderr}");
-        assert!(stderr.contains("photocraft --help"), "stderr should point at --help: {stderr}");
-        assert!(stdout.is_empty(), "stdout: {stdout}");
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn unknown_option_errors_are_reported_with_control_port_errors() {
-    let (status, _, stderr) = run_photocraft(&["--control", "nope", "--safegpu"]);
-    assert_eq!(status.code(), Some(2), "stderr: {stderr}");
-    assert!(stderr.contains("`nope` is not a valid port"), "stderr: {stderr}");
-    assert!(stderr.contains("unknown option `--safegpu`"), "stderr: {stderr}");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn arguments_after_double_dash_are_files() {
-    // `--` ends the options: `--help` and `-x` after it are file names, so neither prints usage
-    // nor is an unknown option; only the bad port is reported.
-    let (status, stdout, stderr) = run_photocraft(&["--control", "nope", "--", "--help", "-x"]);
-    assert_eq!(status.code(), Some(2), "stderr: {stderr}");
-    assert!(stderr.contains("`nope` is not a valid port"), "stderr: {stderr}");
-    assert!(!stdout.contains("Usage:"), "stdout: {stdout}");
-    assert!(!stderr.contains("unknown option"), "stderr: {stderr}");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn macos_process_serial_number_is_still_ignored() {
-    // Old macOS passes `-psn_<n>` when launching from Finder; it is neither a file nor an error.
-    let (status, _, stderr) = run_photocraft(&["--control", "nope", "-psn_0_12345"]);
-    assert_eq!(status.code(), Some(2), "stderr: {stderr}");
-    assert!(stderr.contains("`nope` is not a valid port"), "stderr: {stderr}");
-    assert!(!stderr.contains("unknown option"), "stderr: {stderr}");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn new_instance_is_a_known_option() {
-    let (status, _, stderr) = run_photocraft(&["--control", "nope", "--new-instance"]);
-    assert_eq!(status.code(), Some(2), "stderr: {stderr}");
-    assert!(stderr.contains("`nope` is not a valid port"), "stderr: {stderr}");
-    assert!(!stderr.contains("unknown option"), "stderr: {stderr}");
-}
diff --git a/apps/photocraft/tests/fixtures/README.md b/apps/photocraft/tests/fixtures/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1eb90452f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/photocraft/tests/fixtures/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+These files are **schema probes**, not recorded machine saves.
+
+`ui-0.14.ron`, `ui-0.15.ron` and `ui-0.37.ron` are minimal payloads reconstructed from the
+documented eframe/egui layouts. They exercise `apps/photocraft/src/ui_state.rs` (the flat
+window entry versus the nested `normal_geometry` entry) only. They do not prove that eframe
+and egui deserialize a real `Memory` or `PanelState`; a captured 0.14/0.15/0.37 `ui.ron`
+would be needed for that, with the machine-specific data reviewed first.
diff --git a/apps/photocraft/tests/fixtures/ui-0.14.ron b/apps/photocraft/tests/fixtures/ui-0.14.ron
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..619999cf2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/photocraft/tests/fixtures/ui-0.14.ron
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"window":"(inner_position_pixels:Some((x:616.0,y:430.0)),outer_position_pixels:None,fullscreen:false,maximized:false,inner_size_points:Some((x:1100.0,y:760.0)))","egui":"()"}
diff --git a/apps/photocraft/tests/fixtures/ui-0.15.ron b/apps/photocraft/tests/fixtures/ui-0.15.ron
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7edccd600b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/photocraft/tests/fixtures/ui-0.15.ron
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"window":"(inner_position_pixels:None,outer_position_pixels:Some((x:2048.0,y:1228.0)),fullscreen:false,maximized:true,inner_size_points:Some((x:1440.0,y:900.0)))","egui":"()"}
diff --git a/apps/photocraft/tests/fixtures/ui-0.37.ron b/apps/photocraft/tests/fixtures/ui-0.37.ron
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d5973c734f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/photocraft/tests/fixtures/ui-0.37.ron
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"window":"(normal_geometry:(outer_position_pixels:None,scale_factor:2.0,inner_size_points:(x:1440.0,y:900.0)),fullscreen:false,maximized:false)","egui":"()"}
diff --git a/apps/photocraft/tests/it/command_line_usage.rs b/apps/photocraft/tests/it/command_line_usage.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a0d8377638
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/photocraft/tests/it/command_line_usage.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+//! `photocraft --help` and unknown options must not open the window (#6431): before the fix,
+//! any argument the loop didn't know was taken as a file, so `--help` or a typo such as
+//! `--safegpu` launched the GUI and logged "Couldn't open --help".
+//!
+//! These run the real binary, and every case must exit before the window opens: Windows and
+//! macOS runners have a desktop, so a launch that gets that far hangs until the test times out.
+//! Cases whose arguments are valid add a usage error before them: `--control-token` with
+//! `--control-token-file` is only checked once every argument is read (and only with `--control`),
+//! so stderr shows how the other arguments were taken.
+
+/// The variables the command line reads: a test that wants one sets it.
+const VARS: [&str; 6] = [
+    "PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT",
+    "PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN",
+    "PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN_FILE",
+    "PHOTOCRAFT_AUTOMATION_READ_ROOT",
+    "PHOTOCRAFT_AUTOMATION_WRITE_ROOT",
+    "PHOTOCRAFT_IN_WINDOW_MENUS",
+];
+
+/// A usage error found only after every argument is read.
+const LATE_ERROR: [&str; 6] = ["--control", "0", "--control-token", "abcd", "--control-token-file", "token"];
+
+/// How a run of `photocraft` ended.
+struct Run {
+    status: std::process::ExitStatus,
+    stdout: String,
+    stderr: String,
+}
+
+/// Run `photocraft` with `args` and `vars` in an isolated config dir.
+fn run_with(args: &[&str], vars: &[(&str, &str)]) -> Run {
+    static NEXT: std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize = std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0);
+    let n = NEXT.fetch_add(1, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
+    let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("photocraft-usage-{}-{n}", std::process::id()));
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+    let mut cmd = std::process::Command::new(crate::binary());
+    for var in VARS {
+        cmd.env_remove(var);
+    }
+    let output = cmd
+        .args(args)
+        .envs(vars.iter().copied())
+        .env("PHOTOCRAFT_CONFIG_DIR", &dir)
+        .env_remove("DISPLAY")
+        .env_remove("WAYLAND_DISPLAY")
+        .env_remove("WAYLAND_SOCKET")
+        .output()
+        .expect("failed to run photocraft binary");
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir).ok();
+    Run { status: output.status, stdout: String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout).into_owned(), stderr: String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr).into_owned() }
+}
+
+fn run_photocraft(args: &[&str]) -> Run {
+    run_with(args, &[])
+}
+
+/// [`LATE_ERROR`] then `args`: exit 2, and the stderr.
+fn late_error(args: &[&str], vars: &[(&str, &str)]) -> String {
+    let Run { status, stdout, stderr } = run_with(&[&LATE_ERROR[..], args].concat(), vars);
+    assert_eq!(status.code(), Some(2), "{args:?}: {stderr}");
+    assert!(stderr.contains("cannot be used with"), "{args:?}: {stderr}");
+    assert!(stdout.is_empty(), "{args:?}: {stdout}");
+    stderr
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_prints_usage_and_exits_0() {
+    for flag in ["--help", "-h"] {
+        let Run { status, stdout, stderr } = run_photocraft(&[flag]);
+        assert_eq!(status.code(), Some(0), "{flag} must exit 0, stderr: {stderr}");
+        assert!(stdout.contains("Usage: photocraft"), "{flag} stdout: {stdout}");
+        for option in ["--safe-gpu", "--new-instance", "--control <PORT>", "--version", "`--`", "PHOTOCRAFT_AUTOMATION_READ_ROOT", "PHOTOCRAFT_NEW_INSTANCE"] {
+            assert!(stdout.contains(option), "{flag} usage must list {option}: {stdout}");
+        }
+        assert!(!stderr.contains("Couldn't open"), "{flag} was taken as a file: {stderr}");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn help_wins_over_later_arguments() {
+    let Run { status, stdout, .. } = run_photocraft(&["--help", "picture.psd", "--safegpu"]);
+    assert_eq!(status.code(), Some(0));
+    assert!(stdout.contains("Usage: photocraft"), "stdout: {stdout}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn version_prints_the_long_version() {
+    let Run { status, stdout, .. } = run_photocraft(&["--version", "--safegpu"]);
+    assert_eq!(status.code(), Some(0));
+    assert_eq!(stdout, format!("photocraft {}\n", photocraft_engine::build_info::long_version()));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn unknown_options_exit_2_naming_them() {
+    for (args, named) in [
+        (&["--safegpu"][..], "unexpected argument '--safegpu'"),
+        (&["-x"][..], "unexpected argument '-x'"),
+        (&["--help=yes"][..], "unexpected value 'yes' for '--help'"),
+        // An unknown flag after a bad value is reported first: clap drops the pending value's error.
+        (&["--control", "nope", "--safegpu"][..], "unexpected argument '--safegpu'"),
+        (&["--control", "nope"][..], "invalid value 'nope' for '--control <PORT>'"),
+    ] {
+        let Run { status, stdout, stderr } = run_photocraft(args);
+        assert_eq!(status.code(), Some(2), "{args:?} must be a usage error, stderr: {stderr}");
+        assert!(stderr.contains(named), "stderr: {stderr}");
+        assert!(stderr.contains("--help"), "stderr should point at --help: {stderr}");
+        assert!(stdout.is_empty(), "stdout: {stdout}");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn arguments_after_double_dash_are_files() {
+    // `--` ends the options: `--help` and `-x` after it are file names, so neither prints usage
+    // nor is an unknown option; only the late error is reported.
+    let stderr = late_error(&["--", "--help", "-x"], &[]);
+    assert!(!stderr.contains("unexpected"), "stderr: {stderr}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn macos_process_serial_number_is_still_ignored() {
+    // Old macOS passes `-psn_<n>` when launching from Finder; it is neither a file nor an error.
+    let stderr = late_error(&["-psn_0_12345"], &[]);
+    assert!(!stderr.contains("unexpected"), "stderr: {stderr}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn new_instance_is_a_known_option() {
+    let stderr = late_error(&["--new-instance"], &[]);
+    assert!(!stderr.contains("unexpected"), "stderr: {stderr}");
+}
+
+/// The variables stand in for their flags: a flag wins, an empty variable counts as unset, a bad
+/// value is a usage error naming the variable, and a flag without its value is still an error
+/// when its variable is set (#6429).
+#[test]
+fn variables_are_the_flags_fallbacks() {
+    let Run { status, stderr, .. } = run_with(&[], &[("PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT", "nope")]);
+    assert_eq!(status.code(), Some(2), "stderr: {stderr}");
+    assert!(stderr.contains("invalid value 'nope' for 'PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT'"), "stderr: {stderr}");
+    // With the flag (in LATE_ERROR), the variable is never read.
+    let stderr = late_error(&[], &[("PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT", "nope")]);
+    assert!(!stderr.contains("PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT"), "stderr: {stderr}");
+    // The variable turns the control server on as the flag does, so the token pair is checked.
+    let Run { status, stderr, .. } = run_with(&LATE_ERROR[2..], &[("PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT", "0")]);
+    assert_eq!(status.code(), Some(2), "stderr: {stderr}");
+    assert!(stderr.contains("cannot be used with"), "stderr: {stderr}");
+    let Run { status, stderr, .. } = run_with(&["--automation-read-root"], &[("PHOTOCRAFT_AUTOMATION_READ_ROOT", "/env/read")]);
+    assert_eq!(status.code(), Some(2), "stderr: {stderr}");
+    assert!(stderr.contains("a value is required for '--automation-read-root <DIR>'"), "stderr: {stderr}");
+    // The other half of the token pair from a variable is the same either/or error, naming it
+    // but never showing the token.
+    let token = "a".repeat(64);
+    let Run { status, stderr, .. } = run_with(&["--control", "0", "--control-token-file", "token"], &[("PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN", token.as_str())]);
+    assert_eq!(status.code(), Some(2), "stderr: {stderr}");
+    assert!(stderr.contains("PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN") && stderr.contains("cannot be used with") && !stderr.contains(&token), "stderr: {stderr}");
+}
diff --git a/apps/photocraft/tests/control_exit_code.rs b/apps/photocraft/tests/it/control_exit_code.rs
similarity index 62%
rename from apps/photocraft/tests/control_exit_code.rs
rename to apps/photocraft/tests/it/control_exit_code.rs
index 280afac261..4be624c5d2 100644
--- a/apps/photocraft/tests/control_exit_code.rs
+++ b/apps/photocraft/tests/it/control_exit_code.rs
@@ -9,15 +9,26 @@
 /// workspace check instead of failing on token validation first.
 const VALID_TOKEN: &str = "0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef";
 
+/// How a run of `photocraft` ended.
+struct Run {
+    status: std::process::ExitStatus,
+    stderr: String,
+}
+
 /// Run `photocraft` with the given arguments in an isolated config dir and
-/// return the exit status and stderr. Each call gets its own config dir (tests run in
+/// return how it ended. Each call gets its own config dir (tests run in
 /// parallel), and no display variables, so a regression fails fast instead of opening a window.
-fn run_photocraft(args: &[&str]) -> (std::process::ExitStatus, String) {
+fn run_photocraft(args: &[&str]) -> Run {
+    run_with(args, &[])
+}
+
+/// [`run_photocraft`], with `vars` set.
+fn run_with(args: &[&str], vars: &[(&str, &str)]) -> Run {
     static NEXT: std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize = std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0);
     let n = NEXT.fetch_add(1, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
     let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("photocraft-control-exit-{}-{n}", std::process::id()));
     std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
-    let output = std::process::Command::new(env!("CARGO_BIN_EXE_photocraft"))
+    let output = std::process::Command::new(crate::binary())
         .args(args)
         .env("PHOTOCRAFT_CONFIG_DIR", &dir)
         // Isolate from the host environment so the test is reproducible.
@@ -29,37 +40,40 @@ fn run_photocraft(args: &[&str]) -> (std::process::ExitStatus, String) {
         .env_remove("DISPLAY")
         .env_remove("WAYLAND_DISPLAY")
         .env_remove("WAYLAND_SOCKET")
+        .envs(vars.iter().copied())
         .output()
         .expect("failed to run photocraft binary");
     std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir).ok();
-    (output.status, String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr).into_owned())
+    Run { status: output.status, stderr: String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr).into_owned() }
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn invalid_control_token_exits_with_status_2() {
     // `validate_token` rejects a token that is not exactly 64 hex characters.
-    let (status, stderr) = run_photocraft(&["--control", "0", "--control-token", "invalid"]);
+    let Run { status, stderr } = run_photocraft(&["--control", "0", "--control-token", "invalid"]);
     assert_eq!(status.code(), Some(2), "invalid control token must exit 2, stderr: {stderr}");
     assert!(stderr.contains("cannot configure control authentication"), "stderr: {stderr}");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn both_token_and_token_file_exits_with_status_2() {
-    // `server_token` rejects the combination of a supplied token and a token file.
+    // The command line rejects a supplied token together with a token file (#7071), before
+    // `server_token` would.
     let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("photocraft-token-file-{}", std::process::id()));
     std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
     let token_file = dir.join("token.txt");
     std::fs::write(&token_file, VALID_TOKEN).unwrap();
-    let (status, stderr) = run_photocraft(&["--control", "0", "--control-token", VALID_TOKEN, "--control-token-file", token_file.to_str().unwrap()]);
+    let Run { status, stderr } = run_photocraft(&["--control", "0", "--control-token", VALID_TOKEN, "--control-token-file", token_file.to_str().unwrap()]);
     std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir).ok();
     assert_eq!(status.code(), Some(2), "token + token file must exit 2, stderr: {stderr}");
-    assert!(stderr.contains("cannot configure control authentication"), "stderr: {stderr}");
+    assert!(stderr.contains("cannot be used with"), "stderr: {stderr}");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn missing_automation_read_root_exits_with_status_2() {
     // `AuthorizedWorkspace::new` fails when the read root does not exist.
-    let (status, stderr) = run_photocraft(&["--control", "0", "--control-token", VALID_TOKEN, "--automation-read-root", "/nonexistent/photocraft-test-path"]);
+    let Run { status, stderr } =
+        run_photocraft(&["--control", "0", "--control-token", VALID_TOKEN, "--automation-read-root", "/nonexistent/photocraft-test-path"]);
     assert_eq!(status.code(), Some(2), "missing read root must exit 2, stderr: {stderr}");
     assert!(stderr.contains("cannot configure automation workspace"), "stderr: {stderr}");
 }
@@ -67,7 +81,17 @@ fn missing_automation_read_root_exits_with_status_2() {
 #[test]
 fn missing_automation_write_root_exits_with_status_2() {
     // `AuthorizedWorkspace::new` fails when the write root does not exist.
-    let (status, stderr) = run_photocraft(&["--control", "0", "--control-token", VALID_TOKEN, "--automation-write-root", "/nonexistent/photocraft-test-path"]);
+    let Run { status, stderr } =
+        run_photocraft(&["--control", "0", "--control-token", VALID_TOKEN, "--automation-write-root", "/nonexistent/photocraft-test-path"]);
     assert_eq!(status.code(), Some(2), "missing write root must exit 2, stderr: {stderr}");
     assert!(stderr.contains("cannot configure automation workspace"), "stderr: {stderr}");
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn automation_roots_come_from_the_environment_too() {
+    for var in ["PHOTOCRAFT_AUTOMATION_READ_ROOT", "PHOTOCRAFT_AUTOMATION_WRITE_ROOT"] {
+        let Run { status, stderr } = run_with(&["--control", "0", "--control-token", VALID_TOKEN], &[(var, "/nonexistent/photocraft-test-path")]);
+        assert_eq!(status.code(), Some(2), "{var}: missing root must exit 2, stderr: {stderr}");
+        assert!(stderr.contains("cannot configure automation workspace"), "{var}: stderr: {stderr}");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/apps/photocraft/tests/it/main.rs b/apps/photocraft/tests/it/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..73bea9196a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/photocraft/tests/it/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//! The crate's integration tests, linked into one test binary.
+
+mod command_line_usage;
+mod control_exit_code;
+mod startup_without_display;
+
+/// Nextest archives relocate binaries; plain Cargo keeps the compile-time path valid.
+fn binary() -> std::ffi::OsString {
+    std::env::var_os("NEXTEST_BIN_EXE_photocraft").unwrap_or_else(|| env!("CARGO_BIN_EXE_photocraft").into())
+}
diff --git a/apps/photocraft/tests/startup_without_display.rs b/apps/photocraft/tests/it/startup_without_display.rs
similarity index 96%
rename from apps/photocraft/tests/startup_without_display.rs
rename to apps/photocraft/tests/it/startup_without_display.rs
index 5ffb5783a9..b0faf77d5b 100644
--- a/apps/photocraft/tests/startup_without_display.rs
+++ b/apps/photocraft/tests/it/startup_without_display.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ fn missing_display_preserves_existing_gpu_crash_evidence() {
 }
 
 fn launch_without_display(dir: &std::path::Path) -> String {
-    let output = std::process::Command::new(env!("CARGO_BIN_EXE_photocraft"))
+    let output = std::process::Command::new(crate::binary())
         .env("PHOTOCRAFT_CONFIG_DIR", dir)
         .env_remove("DISPLAY")
         .env_remove("WAYLAND_DISPLAY")
diff --git a/assets/icons/align-edge-bottom.svg b/assets/icons/align-edge-bottom.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e2993c8305
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/icons/align-edge-bottom.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<svg
+  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+  width="24"
+  height="24"
+  viewBox="0 0 24 24"
+  fill="none"
+  stroke="currentColor"
+  stroke-width="2"
+  stroke-linecap="round"
+  stroke-linejoin="round"
+>
+  <!-- PhotoCraft's own Move tool options-bar glyph (not from an icon set). -->
+  <path d="M3 20h18" />
+  <rect x="5" y="4" width="5" height="12" rx="1" />
+  <rect x="14" y="9" width="5" height="7" rx="1" />
+</svg>
diff --git a/assets/icons/align-edge-hcenter.svg b/assets/icons/align-edge-hcenter.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..264b4fe9bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/icons/align-edge-hcenter.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<svg
+  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+  width="24"
+  height="24"
+  viewBox="0 0 24 24"
+  fill="none"
+  stroke="currentColor"
+  stroke-width="2"
+  stroke-linecap="round"
+  stroke-linejoin="round"
+>
+  <!-- PhotoCraft's own Move tool options-bar glyph (not from an icon set). -->
+  <path d="M12 3v18" />
+  <rect x="5" y="5" width="14" height="5" rx="1" />
+  <rect x="8" y="14" width="8" height="5" rx="1" />
+</svg>
diff --git a/assets/icons/align-edge-left.svg b/assets/icons/align-edge-left.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..192310fd3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/icons/align-edge-left.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<svg
+  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+  width="24"
+  height="24"
+  viewBox="0 0 24 24"
+  fill="none"
+  stroke="currentColor"
+  stroke-width="2"
+  stroke-linecap="round"
+  stroke-linejoin="round"
+>
+  <!-- PhotoCraft's own Move tool options-bar glyph (not from an icon set). -->
+  <path d="M4 3v18" />
+  <rect x="8" y="5" width="12" height="5" rx="1" />
+  <rect x="8" y="14" width="7" height="5" rx="1" />
+</svg>
diff --git a/assets/icons/align-edge-right.svg b/assets/icons/align-edge-right.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0386cf7475
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/icons/align-edge-right.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<svg
+  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+  width="24"
+  height="24"
+  viewBox="0 0 24 24"
+  fill="none"
+  stroke="currentColor"
+  stroke-width="2"
+  stroke-linecap="round"
+  stroke-linejoin="round"
+>
+  <!-- PhotoCraft's own Move tool options-bar glyph (not from an icon set). -->
+  <path d="M20 3v18" />
+  <rect x="4" y="5" width="12" height="5" rx="1" />
+  <rect x="9" y="14" width="7" height="5" rx="1" />
+</svg>
diff --git a/assets/icons/align-edge-top.svg b/assets/icons/align-edge-top.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..54d4bdce21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/icons/align-edge-top.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<svg
+  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+  width="24"
+  height="24"
+  viewBox="0 0 24 24"
+  fill="none"
+  stroke="currentColor"
+  stroke-width="2"
+  stroke-linecap="round"
+  stroke-linejoin="round"
+>
+  <!-- PhotoCraft's own Move tool options-bar glyph (not from an icon set). -->
+  <path d="M3 4h18" />
+  <rect x="5" y="8" width="5" height="12" rx="1" />
+  <rect x="14" y="8" width="5" height="7" rx="1" />
+</svg>
diff --git a/assets/icons/align-edge-vcenter.svg b/assets/icons/align-edge-vcenter.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6df5d35096
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/icons/align-edge-vcenter.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<svg
+  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+  width="24"
+  height="24"
+  viewBox="0 0 24 24"
+  fill="none"
+  stroke="currentColor"
+  stroke-width="2"
+  stroke-linecap="round"
+  stroke-linejoin="round"
+>
+  <!-- PhotoCraft's own Move tool options-bar glyph (not from an icon set). -->
+  <path d="M3 12h18" />
+  <rect x="5" y="5" width="5" height="14" rx="1" />
+  <rect x="14" y="8" width="5" height="8" rx="1" />
+</svg>
diff --git a/assets/icons/distribute-bottom.svg b/assets/icons/distribute-bottom.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..20d3b31c33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/icons/distribute-bottom.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<svg
+  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+  width="24"
+  height="24"
+  viewBox="0 0 24 24"
+  fill="none"
+  stroke="currentColor"
+  stroke-width="2"
+  stroke-linecap="round"
+  stroke-linejoin="round"
+>
+  <!-- PhotoCraft's own Move tool options-bar glyph (not from an icon set). -->
+  <path d="M4 7h16" />
+  <rect x="7" y="2" width="10" height="3" rx="1" />
+  <path d="M4 14h16" />
+  <rect x="7" y="9" width="10" height="3" rx="1" />
+  <path d="M4 21h16" />
+  <rect x="7" y="16" width="10" height="3" rx="1" />
+</svg>
diff --git a/assets/icons/distribute-hcenter.svg b/assets/icons/distribute-hcenter.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..34faee88f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/icons/distribute-hcenter.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+<svg
+  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+  width="24"
+  height="24"
+  viewBox="0 0 24 24"
+  fill="none"
+  stroke="currentColor"
+  stroke-width="2"
+  stroke-linecap="round"
+  stroke-linejoin="round"
+>
+  <!-- PhotoCraft's own Move tool options-bar glyph (not from an icon set). -->
+  <rect x="2" y="6" width="4" height="12" rx="1" />
+  <path d="M4 2v2" />
+  <path d="M4 20v2" />
+  <rect x="10" y="6" width="4" height="12" rx="1" />
+  <path d="M12 2v2" />
+  <path d="M12 20v2" />
+  <rect x="18" y="6" width="4" height="12" rx="1" />
+  <path d="M20 2v2" />
+  <path d="M20 20v2" />
+</svg>
diff --git a/assets/icons/distribute-horizontal.svg b/assets/icons/distribute-horizontal.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fef7592891
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/icons/distribute-horizontal.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<svg
+  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+  width="24"
+  height="24"
+  viewBox="0 0 24 24"
+  fill="none"
+  stroke="currentColor"
+  stroke-width="2"
+  stroke-linecap="round"
+  stroke-linejoin="round"
+>
+  <!-- PhotoCraft's own Move tool options-bar glyph (not from an icon set). -->
+  <path d="M3 4v16" />
+  <path d="M21 4v16" />
+  <rect x="9" y="7" width="6" height="10" rx="1" />
+</svg>
diff --git a/assets/icons/distribute-left.svg b/assets/icons/distribute-left.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..075305c0c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/icons/distribute-left.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<svg
+  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+  width="24"
+  height="24"
+  viewBox="0 0 24 24"
+  fill="none"
+  stroke="currentColor"
+  stroke-width="2"
+  stroke-linecap="round"
+  stroke-linejoin="round"
+>
+  <!-- PhotoCraft's own Move tool options-bar glyph (not from an icon set). -->
+  <path d="M3 4v16" />
+  <rect x="5" y="7" width="3" height="10" rx="1" />
+  <path d="M10 4v16" />
+  <rect x="12" y="7" width="3" height="10" rx="1" />
+  <path d="M17 4v16" />
+  <rect x="19" y="7" width="3" height="10" rx="1" />
+</svg>
diff --git a/assets/icons/distribute-right.svg b/assets/icons/distribute-right.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..659d58fbee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/icons/distribute-right.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<svg
+  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+  width="24"
+  height="24"
+  viewBox="0 0 24 24"
+  fill="none"
+  stroke="currentColor"
+  stroke-width="2"
+  stroke-linecap="round"
+  stroke-linejoin="round"
+>
+  <!-- PhotoCraft's own Move tool options-bar glyph (not from an icon set). -->
+  <path d="M7 4v16" />
+  <rect x="2" y="7" width="3" height="10" rx="1" />
+  <path d="M14 4v16" />
+  <rect x="9" y="7" width="3" height="10" rx="1" />
+  <path d="M21 4v16" />
+  <rect x="16" y="7" width="3" height="10" rx="1" />
+</svg>
diff --git a/assets/icons/distribute-top.svg b/assets/icons/distribute-top.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1f02d74c9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/icons/distribute-top.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<svg
+  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+  width="24"
+  height="24"
+  viewBox="0 0 24 24"
+  fill="none"
+  stroke="currentColor"
+  stroke-width="2"
+  stroke-linecap="round"
+  stroke-linejoin="round"
+>
+  <!-- PhotoCraft's own Move tool options-bar glyph (not from an icon set). -->
+  <path d="M4 3h16" />
+  <rect x="7" y="5" width="10" height="3" rx="1" />
+  <path d="M4 10h16" />
+  <rect x="7" y="12" width="10" height="3" rx="1" />
+  <path d="M4 17h16" />
+  <rect x="7" y="19" width="10" height="3" rx="1" />
+</svg>
diff --git a/assets/icons/distribute-vcenter.svg b/assets/icons/distribute-vcenter.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4d1734a083
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/icons/distribute-vcenter.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+<svg
+  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+  width="24"
+  height="24"
+  viewBox="0 0 24 24"
+  fill="none"
+  stroke="currentColor"
+  stroke-width="2"
+  stroke-linecap="round"
+  stroke-linejoin="round"
+>
+  <!-- PhotoCraft's own Move tool options-bar glyph (not from an icon set). -->
+  <rect x="6" y="2" width="12" height="4" rx="1" />
+  <path d="M2 4h2" />
+  <path d="M20 4h2" />
+  <rect x="6" y="10" width="12" height="4" rx="1" />
+  <path d="M2 12h2" />
+  <path d="M20 12h2" />
+  <rect x="6" y="18" width="12" height="4" rx="1" />
+  <path d="M2 20h2" />
+  <path d="M20 20h2" />
+</svg>
diff --git a/assets/icons/distribute-vertical.svg b/assets/icons/distribute-vertical.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fdc7c6abd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/icons/distribute-vertical.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<svg
+  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+  width="24"
+  height="24"
+  viewBox="0 0 24 24"
+  fill="none"
+  stroke="currentColor"
+  stroke-width="2"
+  stroke-linecap="round"
+  stroke-linejoin="round"
+>
+  <!-- PhotoCraft's own Move tool options-bar glyph (not from an icon set). -->
+  <path d="M4 3h16" />
+  <path d="M4 21h16" />
+  <rect x="7" y="9" width="10" height="6" rx="1" />
+</svg>
diff --git a/assets/icons/text-warp.svg b/assets/icons/text-warp.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..03f30ed87b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/icons/text-warp.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<svg
+  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+  width="24"
+  height="24"
+  viewBox="0 0 24 24"
+  fill="none"
+  stroke="currentColor"
+  stroke-width="2"
+  stroke-linecap="round"
+  stroke-linejoin="round"
+>
+  <!-- PhotoCraft's own Create Warped Text glyph (not from an icon set): a T above a bowed arc. -->
+  <path d="M6 5V3h12v2" />
+  <path d="M12 3v11" />
+  <path d="M9.5 14h5" />
+  <path d="M3 17c5 5 13 5 18 0" />
+</svg>
diff --git a/book/src/automation/cli.md b/book/src/automation/cli.md
index 05a7c3da27..6137b12466 100644
--- a/book/src/automation/cli.md
+++ b/book/src/automation/cli.md
@@ -63,4 +63,23 @@ layers because that would lose their group's blending semantics.
 
 Paths supplied to the current CLI are ordinary operating-system paths. The CLI does not restrict them to a workspace root. Batch output creates the requested output directory, and save operations may create parent directories. `batch` refuses an output directory that is its input directory (the results would replace the originals) unless `--in-place` is given. Run untrusted action files only in an appropriately isolated account or environment.
 
-CLI parsing reports malformed flags and JSON as errors, and a flag the subcommand doesn't take (a typo such as `--fromat`) is a usage error (exit status 2) rather than being ignored. It is not a security policy layer. Engine commands remain responsible for validating their own parameters.
+CLI parsing checks the flags and their values before any work starts. A flag the subcommand doesn't take (a typo such as `--fromat`), a flag given twice (only `--cmd` and `--params` may repeat), a value out of range (`--quality 0`), malformed `--new` or `--params` JSON, `<FILE>` together with `--new`, and `--control-token` together with `--control-token-file` are all usage errors (exit status 2), rather than being ignored or failing later. A value flag never takes the next flag as its value, so a value starting with `-` is written with `=` (`--out=-image.png`) or as `./-image.png`; negative numbers such as `--filter -1` still work. A path that is not valid Unicode reaches the command instead of being a usage error: `convert` reads and writes it, while `info`, `run` and `batch` open files through the automation layer, which still needs UTF-8 paths and fails with exit status 1 (`droplet` takes its arguments as text, so it refuses such a path as a usage error). `photocraft-cli --version` (or `-V`) prints the version; there is no `version` subcommand.
+
+`mcp` and `serve` reject positional arguments, empty values and options for the wrong mode before
+starting a server. Explicit control-token flags require `mcp --bridge` or `serve --port` (or
+`PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT`, below). Configure automation roots on the desktop process when using
+bridge mode; the CLI rejects root flags there. See the [MCP launch guide](mcp.md) for examples.
+
+`mcp` and `serve` fall back to environment variables: `PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN` and `PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN_FILE` for the token flags, and `PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT` for `serve --port` and `mcp --bridge` (which then bridges to `127.0.0.1:<port>`). The automation roots are flags only: the desktop app's `PHOTOCRAFT_AUTOMATION_READ_ROOT` and `PHOTOCRAFT_AUTOMATION_WRITE_ROOT` grant the CLI nothing. A flag wins over its variable, an empty variable counts as unset, and a bad value is a usage error naming the variable. When `PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT` switches `serve` to TCP or `mcp` to bridging, the command says so on standard error. A token together with a token file is a usage error only where a token is read (`serve` on TCP, `mcp` bridging), so a stale exported pair doesn't stop stdio `serve` or headless `mcp`. An automation root given to `mcp` while the variable would switch it to bridging is a usage error too: the roots are the headless engine's, and the bridge would drop them. `<subcommand> --help` lists each variable (unless it is set but empty), never with the token's value. A variable holds a port, so `PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT=127.0.0.1:7878` is refused; only `--bridge` takes `host:port`.
+
+This checking is not a security policy layer. Engine commands remain responsible for validating their own parameters.
+
+### Shell completions and man pages
+
+The Linux `.deb` and `.rpm` packages install `man photocraft-cli` (plus a page per subcommand, such as `man photocraft-cli-convert`) and completions for bash, zsh and fish (zsh's in `/usr/share/zsh/site-functions`, which the `.deb` also links from Debian's `/usr/share/zsh/vendor-completions`); the Linux tarball and the FreeBSD tarball carry the same files, the FreeBSD one under `man/man1` and `share/`. The pages list each flag's environment variable, as `--help` does. Without a package, generate them from a source checkout:
+
+```sh
+cargo run -p photocraft-cli --example man-and-completions -- out/
+```
+
+`out/` then holds `photocraft-cli.bash`, `_photocraft-cli` (zsh), `photocraft-cli.fish`, `photocraft-cli.elv` (elvish), `_photocraft-cli.ps1` (PowerShell) and the `.1` man pages. For example, copy `photocraft-cli.bash` to `~/.local/share/bash-completion/completions/photocraft-cli`, `photocraft-cli.fish` into `~/.config/fish/completions/`, `_photocraft-cli` into a directory on zsh's `$fpath`, and read a page with `man -l out/photocraft-cli.1`. The desktop app `photocraft` has neither.
diff --git a/book/src/automation/mcp.md b/book/src/automation/mcp.md
index 2c36b464c2..e9e9521ea6 100644
--- a/book/src/automation/mcp.md
+++ b/book/src/automation/mcp.md
@@ -20,6 +20,16 @@ Bridge to a running desktop application with the same private token file used by
 photocraft-cli mcp --bridge 127.0.0.1:7878 --control-token-file /private/path/control.token
 ```
 
+Use absolute root paths in MCP client configurations, since a relative root is resolved from the
+client's launch directory. In bridge mode the roots are configured on the desktop app, and root
+flags on `photocraft-cli mcp --bridge` are rejected. Explicit `--control-token` and
+`--control-token-file` flags require `--bridge` (or `PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT`) and are mutually
+exclusive; bridge credentials can also come from `PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN` or
+`PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN_FILE`. Each launch option
+except `--help`/`-h` takes one non-empty value and cannot be repeated. Stray positional arguments,
+missing values and options for the wrong mode are usage errors (exit 2) reported on stderr before
+the server starts.
+
 Tools cover session/document operations, command discovery and execution, batching, and—when bridged—UI inspection and control. Tool schemas improve correctness but are not authorization boundaries.
 
 ## From an installed release
diff --git a/book/src/development/release-security.md b/book/src/development/release-security.md
index 742ab11095..99a95f1f82 100644
--- a/book/src/development/release-security.md
+++ b/book/src/development/release-security.md
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ PhotoCraft's release workflow builds platform packages and a draft GitHub Releas
 
 - platform-specific signing/notarization steps exist for macOS and Windows;
 - signing secrets are scoped through the GitHub `release` environment;
+- the Azure Trusted Signing client that Windows signing loads is pinned to a version and SHA-256, and refused on a mismatch;
 - release artifacts include `SHA256SUMS.txt`;
 - the final release job receives `contents: write`, while build jobs use narrower access;
 - artifacts remain in a draft release until a maintainer publishes them.
diff --git a/book/src/formats/pcraft.md b/book/src/formats/pcraft.md
index 39385877a1..40ecbdd127 100644
--- a/book/src/formats/pcraft.md
+++ b/book/src/formats/pcraft.md
@@ -8,8 +8,11 @@ tiles/<blake3>.zst
 blobs/<blake3>.zst
 thumb.png
 composite/preview.png
+save.lock
 ```
 
+`save.lock` exists only in directory bundles: a save holds an OS file lock on it while it writes objects, publishes the manifest and removes unreferenced objects, so concurrent saves of one bundle take turns. It is empty, and readers ignore it.
+
 The manifest is versioned and describes the document tree. Tiles and blobs are content-addressed. Loaders verify ZIP entry bounds and CRCs; document content also uses stored hashes to detect mismatched or corrupted tile/blob content. Unsupported newer format versions fail explicitly.
 
 ## Implemented load limits
diff --git a/book/src/formats/raster-formats.md b/book/src/formats/raster-formats.md
index c333cbc737..e1a2cc23fa 100644
--- a/book/src/formats/raster-formats.md
+++ b/book/src/formats/raster-formats.md
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 ## Layered TIFF
 
-A TIFF saved by Photoshop with its layers carries them in two private tags: 37724 (`ImageSourceData`, the same layer section a PSD has, preceded by the string `Adobe Photoshop Document Data Block`) and 34377 (the PSD image resources). `photocraft-codecs` passes both through as opaque bytes on `Metadata`; `photocraft-io` rebuilds a PSD model from them plus the TIFF's pixels and hands it to the PSD importer, so groups, masks, layer styles, type, shapes, smart objects and adjustment layers open from a TIFF exactly as from a PSD, and are written back the same way. In Intel-order (`II`) files Photoshop stores the whole block structure byte-swapped (reversed keys such as `MIB8` and `ryaL`, little-endian integers and doubles) while pixel samples stay big-endian; `photocraft-psd`'s `tiff` module converts between the two orders field by field, and drops, with a warning, any block whose layout it does not know rather than pass byte-swapped data to other readers. Limits: a TIFF holds one transparency sample, so extra alpha channels are not written; Lab documents are saved flat. Save As asks "Including layers will increase file size" (with "Discard Layers and Save a Copy") while *Ask Before Saving Layered TIFF Files* is on in Preferences › File Handling. Scripted and agent saves write a flat TIFF unless they ask for layers: `--tiff-layers` for `photocraft-cli convert`, `run` and `batch`, and `"tiffLayers": true` in the save, batch and export commands and MCP `doc_save`.
+A TIFF saved by Photoshop with its layers carries them in two private tags: 37724 (`ImageSourceData`, the same layer section a PSD has, preceded by the string `Adobe Photoshop Document Data Block`) and 34377 (the PSD image resources). `photocraft-codecs` passes both through as opaque bytes on `Metadata`; `photocraft-io` rebuilds a PSD model from them plus the TIFF's pixels and hands it to the PSD importer, so groups, masks, layer styles, type, shapes, smart objects and adjustment layers open from a TIFF exactly as from a PSD, and are written back the same way. In Intel-order (`II`) files Photoshop stores the whole block structure byte-swapped (reversed keys such as `MIB8` and `ryaL`, little-endian integers and doubles) while pixel samples stay big-endian; `photocraft-psd`'s `tiff` module converts between the two orders field by field, and drops, with a warning, any block whose layout it does not know rather than pass byte-swapped data to other readers. Limits: up to sixteen extra samples (spot colours and alpha channels, plus a Quick Mask) are written in the IFD and round-trip, with Photoshop image resources for the channel name, ink colour and solidity; Lab documents are saved flat, with their extra samples. Save As asks "Including layers will increase file size" (with "Discard Layers and Save a Copy") while *Ask Before Saving Layered TIFF Files* is on in Preferences › File Handling. Scripted and agent saves write a flat TIFF unless they ask for layers: `--tiff-layers` for `photocraft-cli convert`, `run` and `batch`, and `"tiffLayers": true` in the save, batch and export commands and MCP `doc_save`.
 
 ## WebP
 
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ Every route that writes a document to a flat format (Save As, the CLI, MCP `doc_
 - Formats without transparency (JPEG, Radiance HDR) get the image composited over white, as Export As and Quick Export do; in CMYK, white is no ink.
 - Formats that can't embed an ICC profile (GIF, BMP, TGA, QOI, ICO, Netpbm/PFM) get RGB documents in another profile (linear light, Display P3, …) converted to sRGB through the colour engine (perceptual intent), since an untagged file is read as sRGB. OpenEXR and Radiance HDR get linear sRGB instead (linear gray for a grayscale OpenEXR), which is how they are tagged when opened.
 - TGA, as Photoshop's Targa: an RGB Targa is 24 or 32 bits per pixel. Save As and Save a Copy ask (Targa Options, starting at 32 with an alpha channel, else 24); Export As has a Resolution choice (Auto, 24 or 32 bits/pixel); scripts pass `tgaBits` (`--tga-bits` on the CLI). At 32 bits the document's alpha channel is the file's alpha when it has exactly one (spot channels don't count; with several, none is used), and the colours are written exactly, never premultiplied or cleared where the alpha is 0, so a game texture's mask and its colours both survive. Without a usable alpha channel the layers' transparency is the alpha (opaque without any). 24 bits write no alpha, compositing transparency over white. Without a choice: 32 with an alpha channel or transparency, else 24. A 32-bit Targa opens as an opaque Background with its alpha as "Alpha 1", so it round-trips. Grayscale Targas are 8-bit.
+- JPEG, as Photoshop's JPEG Options: File › Save, Save As and Save a Copy ask for the Quality on Photoshop's 0–12 scale (with its Low, Medium, High and Maximum presets) and a Format Option: Baseline ("Standard"), Baseline Optimized (Huffman tables fitted to the image) or Progressive. The quality starts at the opened JPEG's own quality, else at the Export preference's JPEG quality; left there, an opened JPEG is written at exactly its own quality. Scripts pass `"quality": 0..12` and `"jpegFormat": "baseline" | "optimized" | "progressive"` (on the CLI, `--quality` on the encoder's 1–100 scale and `--jpeg-format`) and aren't asked; recorded actions replay the answer. The scale maps onto the encoder's 1–100 as `round(q / 12 × 99 + 1)`. RGB JPEGs are written 4:2:0, where Baseline Optimized keeps the standard tables for now (Gray and CMYK, written 4:4:4, get fitted ones). Matte, the progressive scan count (Scans 3–5) and the file-size preview aren't offered.
 - DDS, for game and 3D textures: Save As and Save a Copy ask (DDS Options) for the compression (None, uncompressed and lossless; BC1/DXT1, whose alpha is on or off; BC2/DXT3; BC3/DXT5) and whether to generate mipmaps (the full chain down to 1×1, each level a box filter of the one above). Scripts pass `ddsCompression` (`none`, `bc1`, `bc2`, `bc3`) and `ddsMipmaps` (`--dds-compression`, `--dds-mipmaps` on the CLI). Opening one reads its top mip level.
 
 Flat TIFF and JPEG exports of composited CMYK documents convert the RGB composite back through
diff --git a/contributors/people.toml b/contributors/people.toml
index 0441d6396c..04b0f2f235 100644
--- a/contributors/people.toml
+++ b/contributors/people.toml
@@ -17,6 +17,13 @@
 # To remove your names, delete your entry (or set fields empty) in a PR. The next
 # contributors.py run, and the next build, drop them.
 
+[people.brianblakely]
+sync_github_name = true
+
+[people.abdul-karim-mia]
+real_name = "Abdul karim mia"
+sync_github_name = false
+
 [people.jonathanwxh-cell]
 display_name = "jonathnwxh"
 sync_github_name = false
@@ -72,6 +79,9 @@ sync_github_name = true
 [people.maxm11]
 sync_github_name = true
 
+[people.mweinbach]
+sync_github_name = true
+
 [people.skraus2]
 sync_github_name = true
 
@@ -116,6 +126,9 @@ sync_github_name = false
 [people.axlecoffee]
 sync_github_name = true
 
+[people.zi-ger]
+sync_github_name = true
+
 [people.Losminek]
 sync_github_name = true
 
@@ -166,6 +179,9 @@ sync_github_name = true
 real_name = "Sidney Markowitz"
 sync_github_name = true
 
+[people.theoabw]
+real_name = "Theo Wilenius"
+
 [people.TaylorBurke]
 sync_github_name = true
 
@@ -194,3 +210,78 @@ real_name = "Don Omondi"
 
 [people.ha1des]
 sync_github_name = true
+
+[people.webdevtodayjason]
+display_name = "Jason Brashear"
+
+[people.AndreeSalazar]
+real_name = "Andreé Salazar"
+sync_github_name = true
+
+[people.LorenzoFasolino]
+real_name = "Lorenzo Fasolino"
+display_name = "Lorenzo Fasolino"
+sync_github_name = false
+
+[people.zolyy]
+real_name = "Gall Zoltan"
+sync_github_name = false
+
+[people.theshubh77]
+real_name = "Shubham Bhamare"
+sync_github_name = true
+
+[people.ksaxena149]
+sync_github_name = true
+
+[people.giang17]
+real_name = "Giang Nguyen"
+sync_github_name = true
+
+[people.aqibmohd271]
+sync_github_name = true
+
+[people.marcoarnulfo]
+real_name = "Marco Arnulfo"
+display_name = "Marco Arnulfo"
+sync_github_name = false
+
+[people.Gotix-eg]
+real_name = "Ahmed Tammam"
+display_name = "Gotix"
+sync_github_name = true
+
+[people.adi-1108]
+real_name = "Aditya Vishwakarma"
+sync_github_name = true
+
+[people.benandez]
+real_name = "Martin Ball"
+
+[people.ronibalthazar]
+sync_github_name = true
+
+[people.batuhangozegu]
+real_name = "Batuhan Gözegü"
+sync_github_name = false
+
+[people.drunkeninja42]
+real_name = "Kushagra Sharma"
+
+[people.WebWork-rrs]
+display_name = "Ratul Paul"
+
+[people.softwaregames1]
+sync_github_name = true
+
+[people.VoiceLessQ]
+display_name = "VoiceLessQ"
+sync_github_name = false
+
+[people.erenova]
+display_name = "Erenova"
+sync_github_name = false
+
+[people.jasallen]
+real_name = "Jason DeBoever"
+sync_github_name = true
diff --git a/crates/affinity/README.md b/crates/affinity/README.md
index 535c3736c6..1be7fd954e 100644
--- a/crates/affinity/README.md
+++ b/crates/affinity/README.md
@@ -108,11 +108,11 @@ The same reader is shared, as an independent copy, with VectorCraft's `vectorcra
 
 * Unit tests on synthetic containers built by the `synth` feature (stored, zlib and zstd entries,
   checksums, budgets, cycles, hostile streams, every truncation) and property tests of random
-  mutations, here and in `photocraft-io`'s `tests/affinity.rs`.
+  mutations, here and in `photocraft-io`'s `tests/it/affinity.rs`.
 * `cargo xtask corpus --affinity` fetches 21 public CC0/MIT documents, including the four
   Affinity 3 `.af` files of [samuel-etver/vector-art](https://github.com/samuel-etver/vector-art)
-  (CC0), at pinned commits, each checked against `xtask/affinity-corpus.sha256`. `tests/real_files.rs`
-  parses them; `photocraft-io`'s `tests/affinity_corpus.rs` imports and flattens each one and
+  (CC0), at pinned commits, each checked against `xtask/affinity-corpus.sha256`. `tests/it/real_files.rs`
+  parses them; `photocraft-io`'s `tests/it/affinity_corpus.rs` imports and flattens each one and
   compares it with the thumbnail Affinity saved in it (mean difference 0–4.6 of 255, with a
   ceiling per file).
 * `fuzz/` has `cargo-fuzz` targets for the whole reader (`preview`), the object stream (`stream`)
diff --git a/crates/affinity/src/container.rs b/crates/affinity/src/container.rs
index 880b7236d1..76ffb69f7d 100644
--- a/crates/affinity/src/container.rs
+++ b/crates/affinity/src/container.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,11 @@ const DOCUMENT_KIND: &[u8; 4] = b"nsrP";
 
 /// A save appends one table; real files have one to a few hundred.
 const MAX_TABLES: usize = 4096;
+/// Distinct ids the allocation tables may name; each costs a map slot even when only deleted.
+const MAX_ENTRIES: usize = 1 << 22;
+/// Bytes of entry names the allocation tables may name. A name is retained twice (in the entry
+/// and as its map key), and tables can point many names at the same bytes.
+const MAX_NAME_BYTES: usize = 32 << 20;
 /// zstd window ceiling: real documents use a few MiB; this stops a header from reserving gigabytes.
 const MAX_ZSTD_WINDOW: u64 = 64 << 20;
 
@@ -164,8 +169,9 @@ impl<'a> Archive<'a> {
     pub fn open(bytes: &'a [u8], limits: Limits) -> Result<Self, Error> {
         let header = header(bytes)?;
         // Newest record per id: (table date, table index, record).
-        let mut latest: HashMap<u32, (u64, usize, Option<Entry>)> = HashMap::new();
+        let mut latest: HashMap<u32, (u64, usize, Option<Box<Entry>>)> = HashMap::new();
         let mut names: HashMap<u32, String> = HashMap::new();
+        let mut name_bytes = 0usize;
         let mut seen = HashSet::new();
         let mut next = header.fat_offset;
         let mut tables = 0usize;
@@ -222,19 +228,31 @@ impl<'a> Archive<'a> {
                         } else {
                             stored
                         };
-                        record = Some(Entry { id, name: String::new(), offset, size, compressed, crc, compression });
+                        record = Some(Box::new(Entry { id, name: String::new(), offset, size, compressed, crc, compression }));
                     }
                     2 => {}
                     _ => return Err(Error::Malformed("unknown allocation record")),
                 }
                 if flag == 0 {
                     let len = usize::from(c.u16()?);
-                    let name = String::from_utf8_lossy(c.take(len)?).into_owned();
-                    names.entry(id).or_insert(name);
+                    let raw = c.take(len)?;
+                    // Only the first name per id is kept: charge and copy just that one.
+                    if let std::collections::hash_map::Entry::Vacant(slot) = names.entry(id) {
+                        let name = String::from_utf8_lossy(raw).into_owned();
+                        name_bytes = name_bytes.saturating_add(name.len());
+                        if name_bytes > MAX_NAME_BYTES {
+                            return Err(Error::Limit("archive entry names too large"));
+                        }
+                        slot.insert(name);
+                    }
                 }
                 // Equal dates: the first table in the chain (the newest) wins, as in afread.
                 let replace = latest.get(&id).is_none_or(|(d, _, _)| date > *d);
                 if replace {
+                    // Deletion records are five bytes each: cap what distinct ids may retain.
+                    if latest.len() >= MAX_ENTRIES && !latest.contains_key(&id) {
+                        return Err(Error::Limit("too many archive entries"));
+                    }
                     latest.insert(id, (date, tables, record));
                 }
             }
@@ -248,7 +266,7 @@ impl<'a> Archive<'a> {
         for (id, (_, _, record)) in latest {
             if let (Some(mut e), Some(name)) = (record, names.get(&id)) {
                 e.name = name.clone();
-                entries.insert(e.name.clone(), e);
+                entries.insert(e.name.clone(), *e);
             }
         }
         Ok(Self { bytes, header, entries, revisions: tables, extracted: 0, limits })
@@ -278,6 +296,9 @@ impl<'a> Archive<'a> {
         if total > self.limits.max_total {
             return Err(Error::Limit("document too large"));
         }
+        // Charge before decoding: a corrupt entry that fails its checksum has already cost the
+        // decompression, and an importer that recovers must not get it again for free.
+        self.extracted = total;
         let mut c = Cursor::new(self.bytes, offset(e.offset)?);
         if c.take(4)? != b"#Fil" {
             return Err(Error::Malformed("archive entry has no data block"));
@@ -297,7 +318,6 @@ impl<'a> Archive<'a> {
         if crc32fast::hash(&out) != e.crc {
             return Err(Error::Malformed("archive entry checksum mismatch"));
         }
-        self.extracted = total;
         Ok(out)
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/affinity/src/geometry.rs b/crates/affinity/src/geometry.rs
index 6825abd511..fa45cf6213 100644
--- a/crates/affinity/src/geometry.rs
+++ b/crates/affinity/src/geometry.rs
@@ -9,17 +9,21 @@ const MAX_NODES: usize = 4_000_000;
 const MAX_COMPOUND_DEPTH: usize = 64;
 const MAX_OUTLINE_VISITS: usize = 500_000;
 const MAX_OUTLINE_POINTS: usize = 4_000_000;
+/// Curve records decoded across the document. A shared curve is decoded again for each
+/// occurrence, and records that only move handles add no points.
+const MAX_OUTLINE_RECORDS: usize = 8_000_000;
 
 /// Geometry is expanded per occurrence, since parametric outlines can depend on their world
 /// transform. Bound work across the entire document instead of memoizing by object id alone.
 pub(crate) struct Budget {
     visits_left: usize,
     points_left: usize,
+    records_left: usize,
 }
 
 impl Default for Budget {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        Self { visits_left: MAX_OUTLINE_VISITS, points_left: MAX_OUTLINE_POINTS }
+        Self { visits_left: MAX_OUTLINE_VISITS, points_left: MAX_OUTLINE_POINTS, records_left: MAX_OUTLINE_RECORDS }
     }
 }
 
@@ -30,6 +34,12 @@ impl Budget {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    /// Charge curve records before they are decoded.
+    fn records(&mut self, n: usize) -> Result<(), &'static str> {
+        self.records_left = self.records_left.checked_sub(n).ok_or("curve geometry budget exhausted")?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     /// Charge both leaf geometry and each copy into a compound before allocating that copy.
     fn path(&mut self, path: &Path) -> Result<(), &'static str> {
         let points = path.subpaths.iter().fold(0usize, |n, s| n.saturating_add(1).saturating_add(s.segments.len().saturating_mul(3)));
@@ -138,7 +148,21 @@ pub(crate) fn curves(r: &mut Reader, crvs: ObjId) -> Option<Path> {
         Value::UInt(n) => usize::try_from(*n).ok()?,
         _ => return None,
     };
-    let corners = s.obj(crvs, b"CnrD").and_then(|c| corner_radii(s.positional(c).collect()));
+    let corners = match s.obj(crvs, b"CnrD") {
+        Some(c) => {
+            let fields: Vec<&Value> = s.positional(c).collect();
+            // The corner arrays are scanned for every occurrence of a shared curve, so charge
+            // them like records before they are walked.
+            if let Some(Value::Array(idx)) = fields.get(1)
+                && let Err(reason) = r.geometry_budget.records(idx.len())
+            {
+                r.warn(reason);
+                return None;
+            }
+            corner_radii(fields)
+        }
+        None => None,
+    };
     let mut path = Path::default();
     let mut seen = 0usize;
     for index in 0..count {
@@ -152,6 +176,10 @@ pub(crate) fn curves(r: &mut Reader, crvs: ObjId) -> Option<Path> {
             r.warn("curves with more than four million nodes");
             return None;
         }
+        if let Err(reason) = r.geometry_budget.records(records.len()) {
+            r.warn(reason);
+            return None;
+        }
         let anchors = anchors(records)?;
         let radii = if index == 0 { corners.as_ref() } else { None };
         if let Some(sp) = subpath(&anchors, closed, radii) {
@@ -258,3 +286,15 @@ fn corner_radii(fields: Vec<&Value>) -> Option<Vec<(usize, f64)>> {
             .collect(),
     )
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn curve_records_are_charged_across_the_document() {
+        let mut b = Budget::default();
+        assert!(b.records(MAX_OUTLINE_RECORDS).is_ok());
+        assert_eq!(b.records(1), Err("curve geometry budget exhausted"));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/affinity/src/model.rs b/crates/affinity/src/model.rs
index f77c970ae2..c59afa1cac 100644
--- a/crates/affinity/src/model.rs
+++ b/crates/affinity/src/model.rs
@@ -288,6 +288,12 @@ const MAX_NODES: usize = 500_000;
 /// nodes, so a shared group holding a large null-filled child array could still be rescanned
 /// many times; this bounds that work. Generous relative to MAX_NODES for real documents.
 const MAX_CHILD_SLOTS: usize = 8_000_000;
+/// Bytes of layer names the model may retain across all occurrences.
+const MAX_NAME_BYTES: usize = 64 << 20;
+/// Page rectangles the model may retain across all spreads (real books have a few hundred).
+const MAX_PAGES: usize = 1 << 18;
+/// Bytes of font names the text runs may retain across the document.
+const MAX_FONT_NAME_BYTES: usize = 16 << 20;
 
 /// Read a document: archive, `doc.dat` and the model.
 pub fn read(bytes: &[u8], limits: Limits) -> Result<Document, Error> {
@@ -304,6 +310,9 @@ pub(crate) struct Reader<'s, 'a, 'b> {
     warnings: BTreeMap<String, usize>,
     nodes: usize,
     child_slots: usize,
+    name_bytes: usize,
+    pages: usize,
+    font_name_bytes: usize,
     active: HashSet<ObjId>,
     pub(crate) geometry_budget: crate::geometry::Budget,
     /// Decoded pixels still available ([`Limits::max_pixel_bytes`] less what the layers read so
@@ -320,6 +329,9 @@ impl<'s, 'a, 'b> Reader<'s, 'a, 'b> {
             warnings: BTreeMap::new(),
             nodes: 0,
             child_slots: 0,
+            name_bytes: 0,
+            pages: 0,
+            font_name_bytes: 0,
             active: HashSet::new(),
             geometry_budget: crate::geometry::Budget::default(),
             pixels_left: limits.max_pixel_bytes,
@@ -361,7 +373,7 @@ impl<'s, 'a, 'b> Reader<'s, 'a, 'b> {
                 self.warn("an unknown kind of page");
                 continue;
             }
-            let pages = pages(s, spread);
+            let pages = self.pages(spread)?;
             let default_size = s.floats::<2>(doc, b"DfSz").filter(|[w, h]| *w > 0.0 && *h > 0.0).map(|[w, h]| Rect { x0: 0.0, y0: 0.0, x1: w, y1: h });
             let bounds = s.floats::<4>(spread, b"SprB").map(rect).or_else(|| pages.iter().copied().reduce(union)).or(default_size).unwrap_or(Rect {
                 x0: 0.0,
@@ -394,10 +406,7 @@ impl<'s, 'a, 'b> Reader<'s, 'a, 'b> {
         // Charge every raw child slot (null slots included) against a document-wide budget
         // before filtering. A shared group with a large null-filled Chld array could otherwise
         // be rescanned through each reference without the node limit noticing.
-        self.child_slots = self.child_slots.saturating_add(s.array_len(parent, b"Chld").unwrap_or(0));
-        if self.child_slots > MAX_CHILD_SLOTS {
-            return Err(Error::Limit("too many child slots in the layer tree"));
-        }
+        self.charge_slots(s.array_len(parent, b"Chld").unwrap_or(0))?;
         for c in s.objs(parent, b"Chld") {
             if s.is(c, b"MRst") {
                 // A mask layer inside a group or layer masks that container.
@@ -419,6 +428,15 @@ impl<'s, 'a, 'b> Reader<'s, 'a, 'b> {
         Ok((out, mask))
     }
 
+    /// Counts raw array slots (null ones included) against [`MAX_CHILD_SLOTS`].
+    pub(crate) fn charge_slots(&mut self, n: usize) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        self.child_slots = self.child_slots.saturating_add(n);
+        if self.child_slots > MAX_CHILD_SLOTS {
+            return Err(Error::Limit("too many child slots in the layer tree"));
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     fn node(&mut self, id: ObjId, parent: Affine, depth: usize) -> Result<Option<Node>, Error> {
         let s = self.s;
         if depth > MAX_TREE_DEPTH {
@@ -437,7 +455,13 @@ impl<'s, 'a, 'b> Reader<'s, 'a, 'b> {
         let local = s.floats::<6>(id, b"Xfrm").map(Affine::from_xfrm).unwrap_or(Affine::IDENTITY);
         let world = local.then(parent);
         let class = s.class(id).unwrap_or(Tag(0));
-        let name = s.str(id, b"Desc").unwrap_or_default().to_string();
+        // A shared layer's name is copied for every occurrence, so charge the bytes first.
+        let name = s.str(id, b"Desc").unwrap_or_default();
+        self.name_bytes = self.name_bytes.saturating_add(name.len());
+        if self.name_bytes > MAX_NAME_BYTES {
+            return Err(Error::Limit("layer names too large"));
+        }
+        let name = name.to_string();
         let visible = s.bool(id, b"Visi").unwrap_or(true);
         let locked = s.bool(id, b"Edtb").is_some_and(|e| !e);
         let opacity = s.f64(id, b"Opac").map_or(1.0, |o| o.clamp(0.0, 1.0));
@@ -460,6 +484,7 @@ impl<'s, 'a, 'b> Reader<'s, 'a, 'b> {
         let (mask, attached_mask) = self.attached_masks(id, world)?;
         let pixel_mask = attached_mask.or(child_mask);
         self.active.remove(&id);
+        self.charge_slots(s.array_len(id, b"FiEf").unwrap_or(0))?;
         if s.objs(id, b"FiEf").iter().any(|e| s.bool(*e, b"Enab") != Some(false)) {
             self.warn("layer effects (shadows, glows, outlines, bevels…)");
         }
@@ -536,6 +561,8 @@ impl<'s, 'a, 'b> Reader<'s, 'a, 'b> {
     /// an attached mask layer is a pixel mask. Adjustments attached the same way are reported.
     fn attached_masks(&mut self, id: ObjId, world: Affine) -> Result<(Option<Path>, Option<Image>), Error> {
         let s = self.s;
+        // Every occurrence of a shared layer scans its whole attachment array, null slots included.
+        self.charge_slots(s.array_len(id, b"AdCh").unwrap_or(0))?;
         let attached = s.objs(id, b"AdCh");
         let mut mask: Option<Path> = None;
         let mut pixels: Option<Image> = None;
@@ -584,21 +611,51 @@ impl<'s, 'a, 'b> Reader<'s, 'a, 'b> {
     }
 }
 
-/// Page rectangles: `SpMd.PagR[].rctp` (Publisher 2, Affinity 3) or `SprB` split into `PagC`
-/// equal pages (Publisher 1 facing spreads).
-fn pages(s: &Stream, spread: ObjId) -> Vec<Rect> {
-    if let Some(md) = s.obj(spread, b"SpMd") {
-        let v: Vec<Rect> = s.objs(md, b"PagR").into_iter().filter_map(|p| s.floats::<4>(p, b"rctp").map(rect)).filter(|r| r.x1 > r.x0 && r.y1 > r.y0).collect();
-        if !v.is_empty() {
-            return v;
+impl Reader<'_, '_, '_> {
+    /// Page rectangles: `SpMd.PagR[].rctp` (Publisher 2, Affinity 3) or `SprB` split into `PagC`
+    /// equal pages (Publisher 1 facing spreads). A spread listed several times, or sharing one
+    /// large page array, is expanded into a new vector each time, so the slots scanned and the
+    /// rectangles retained are charged across the document.
+    fn pages(&mut self, spread: ObjId) -> Result<Vec<Rect>, Error> {
+        let s = self.s;
+        if let Some(md) = s.obj(spread, b"SpMd") {
+            self.charge_slots(s.array_len(md, b"PagR").unwrap_or(0))?;
+            let remaining = MAX_PAGES.saturating_sub(self.pages);
+            let v: Vec<Rect> = s
+                .objs(md, b"PagR")
+                .into_iter()
+                .filter_map(|p| s.floats::<4>(p, b"rctp").map(rect))
+                .filter(|r| r.x1 > r.x0 && r.y1 > r.y0)
+                .take(remaining.saturating_add(1))
+                .collect();
+            if !v.is_empty() {
+                self.charge_pages(v.len())?;
+                return Ok(v);
+            }
         }
+        Ok(match (s.floats::<4>(spread, b"SprB").map(rect), s.int(spread, b"PagC")) {
+            (Some(b), Some(n @ 2..=16)) => {
+                self.charge_pages(n as usize)?;
+                let w = (b.x1 - b.x0) / n as f64;
+                (0..n).map(|i| Rect { x0: b.x0 + w * i as f64, x1: b.x0 + w * (i + 1) as f64, ..b }).collect()
+            }
+            _ => Vec::new(),
+        })
     }
-    match (s.floats::<4>(spread, b"SprB").map(rect), s.int(spread, b"PagC")) {
-        (Some(b), Some(n @ 2..=16)) => {
-            let w = (b.x1 - b.x0) / n as f64;
-            (0..n).map(|i| Rect { x0: b.x0 + w * i as f64, x1: b.x0 + w * (i + 1) as f64, ..b }).collect()
+
+    /// Counts retained font-name bytes against [`MAX_FONT_NAME_BYTES`]; false once it is spent.
+    pub(crate) fn charge_font_name(&mut self, n: usize) -> bool {
+        self.font_name_bytes = self.font_name_bytes.saturating_add(n);
+        self.font_name_bytes <= MAX_FONT_NAME_BYTES
+    }
+
+    /// Counts retained page rectangles against [`MAX_PAGES`].
+    fn charge_pages(&mut self, n: usize) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        self.pages = self.pages.saturating_add(n);
+        if self.pages > MAX_PAGES {
+            return Err(Error::Limit("too many pages"));
         }
-        _ => Vec::new(),
+        Ok(())
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/affinity/src/paint.rs b/crates/affinity/src/paint.rs
index 343c276b60..1847fad90f 100644
--- a/crates/affinity/src/paint.rs
+++ b/crates/affinity/src/paint.rs
@@ -232,9 +232,15 @@ pub(crate) fn descriptor(r: &mut Reader, id: ObjId, local: Affine) -> Option<Pai
                 }
             };
             let grad = s.obj(fill, b"Grad")?;
+            // A shared gradient is decoded again for every occurrence: charge the arrays scanned
+            // and copy only as many positions as there are stops to keep.
+            if r.charge_slots(s.array_len(grad, b"Cols").unwrap_or(0).saturating_add(s.array_len(grad, b"Posn").unwrap_or(0))).is_err() {
+                r.warn("gradients beyond the document work budget (left empty)");
+                return Some(Paint::None);
+            }
             let cols = s.objs(grad, b"Cols");
             let posn: Vec<Vec<f64>> = match s.field(grad, b"Posn") {
-                Some(Value::Array(a)) => a.iter().filter_map(floats).collect(),
+                Some(Value::Array(a)) => a.iter().filter_map(floats).take(MAX_STOPS).collect(),
                 _ => Vec::new(),
             };
             let mut stops = Vec::new();
diff --git a/crates/affinity/src/raster.rs b/crates/affinity/src/raster.rs
index bb1ecc112f..226c66a459 100644
--- a/crates/affinity/src/raster.rs
+++ b/crates/affinity/src/raster.rs
@@ -181,24 +181,32 @@ fn plane(
     let height = s.int(bitmap, b"BmpH").and_then(|v| usize::try_from(v).ok()).unwrap_or(0);
     let tw = s.int(bitmap, &tag(b"TWi", c)).and_then(|v| usize::try_from(v).ok()).unwrap_or_else(|| (width * bps).div_ceil(TILE));
     let th = s.int(bitmap, &tag(b"THi", c)).and_then(|v| usize::try_from(v).ok()).unwrap_or_else(|| height.div_ceil(TILE));
-    let states: Vec<u8> = match s.field(bitmap, &tag(b"Sta", c)) {
-        Some(Value::Array(a)) => a.iter().map(|v| if let Value::UInt(u) = v { u8::try_from(*u).unwrap_or(255) } else { 255 }).collect(),
-        _ => Vec::new(),
+    // Borrow the file-controlled arrays: collecting the whole state array first costs its full
+    // length on every occurrence of a shared layer, however small the declared grid is.
+    let states: &[Value] = match s.field(bitmap, &tag(b"Sta", c)) {
+        Some(Value::Array(a)) => a,
+        _ => &[],
     };
-    let tiles = s.objs(bitmap, &tag(b"Idx", c));
+    let mut tiles = match s.field(bitmap, &tag(b"Idx", c)) {
+        Some(Value::Array(a)) => a.as_slice(),
+        _ => &[],
+    }
+    .iter()
+    .filter_map(|v| if let Value::Obj(Some(o)) = v { Some(*o) } else { None });
+    // The scan below runs for every occurrence of a shared bitmap, whatever it produces.
+    r.charge_slots(states.len().min(tw.saturating_mul(th)))?;
     let row = (w as usize) * bps;
     let mut out = vec![0u8; row * h as usize];
     let (bx0, bx1) = (x0 as usize * bps, (x0 + w) as usize * bps);
     let (py0, py1) = (y0 as usize, (y0 + h) as usize);
-    let mut next = 0usize;
     for (t, state) in states.iter().enumerate().take(tw.saturating_mul(th)) {
+        let state = &if let Value::UInt(u) = state { u8::try_from(*u).unwrap_or(255) } else { 255 };
         let (ty, tx) = (t / tw.max(1), t % tw.max(1));
         let fill = match state {
             0 | 1 => None,
             2 => Some(0xFF),
             4 => {
-                let Some(blck) = tiles.get(next).copied() else { return Err(Error::Malformed("missing pixel tile")) };
-                next += 1;
+                let Some(blck) = tiles.next() else { return Err(Error::Malformed("missing pixel tile")) };
                 let (ox, oy) = (tx * TILE, ty * TILE);
                 if ox >= bx1 || ox + TILE <= bx0 || oy >= py1 || oy + TILE <= py0 {
                     continue;
diff --git a/crates/affinity/src/stream.rs b/crates/affinity/src/stream.rs
index 2ffe12b7e5..7c7d47017b 100644
--- a/crates/affinity/src/stream.rs
+++ b/crates/affinity/src/stream.rs
@@ -332,7 +332,8 @@ impl Parser<'_> {
             0x2c => {
                 let n = usize::try_from(self.c.u32()?).map_err(|_| Error::Malformed("array length"))?;
                 let size = usize::from(self.c.u16()?);
-                if n.checked_mul(size).is_none_or(|b| b > self.c.remaining()) {
+                // A zero width passes the length check for any count, then costs a Value per record.
+                if size == 0 || n.checked_mul(size).is_none_or(|b| b > self.c.remaining()) {
                     return Err(Error::Malformed("array longer than its data"));
                 }
                 let mut v = self.vec(n)?;
diff --git a/crates/affinity/src/tests.rs b/crates/affinity/src/tests.rs
index 2c68a064a3..ab59c440b4 100644
--- a/crates/affinity/src/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/affinity/src/tests.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//! Unit tests on synthetic inputs; `tests/real_files.rs` covers public Affinity documents.
+//! Unit tests on synthetic inputs; `tests/it/real_files.rs` covers public Affinity documents.
 
 mod preview {
     use crate::container::header;
@@ -258,6 +258,20 @@ mod archive {
         assert!(matches!(a.read("doc.dat"), Err(Error::Limit(_))));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn a_failed_read_still_spends_the_extraction_allowance() {
+        let d = doc();
+        let file = synth::container(&[("doc.dat", &d, Method::Zstd)], None);
+        let mut broken = file.clone();
+        broken[90] ^= 0x55;
+        // Room for exactly one read: the failed attempt must use it up, so a caller that
+        // recovers from the checksum error cannot make the same entry decode again.
+        let mut a = Archive::open(&broken, Limits { max_entry: usize::MAX, max_total: d.len(), ..Limits::default() }).unwrap();
+        assert!(a.read("doc.dat").is_err());
+        assert_eq!(a.extracted(), d.len());
+        assert!(matches!(a.read("doc.dat"), Err(Error::Limit(_))));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn a_declared_size_smaller_than_the_data_is_rejected_not_truncated() {
         let big = vec![7u8; 1 << 20];
@@ -302,6 +316,17 @@ mod archive {
         }
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn fixed_records_of_zero_width_are_rejected_before_any_value_is_made() {
+        // Four million records of no bytes each pass a length check that multiplies by the width.
+        let mut f = vec![0x80 | 0x2c];
+        f.extend(tag(b"Big_").0.to_le_bytes());
+        f.extend(4_000_000u32.to_le_bytes());
+        f.extend(0u16.to_le_bytes());
+        let d = synth::stream(&[(tag(b"Big_"), F::Raw(f))]);
+        assert_eq!(stream::parse(&d).unwrap_err(), Error::Malformed("array longer than its data"));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn a_small_compressed_entry_cannot_make_the_stream_allocate_gigabytes() {
         // Each decoded value takes about 40 bytes, and a bool array packs eight in a byte: 16 MiB
diff --git a/crates/affinity/src/text.rs b/crates/affinity/src/text.rs
index c34e4e436a..bfad07217f 100644
--- a/crates/affinity/src/text.rs
+++ b/crates/affinity/src/text.rs
@@ -26,11 +26,17 @@ pub(crate) fn read(r: &mut Reader, id: ObjId, world: Affine) -> Option<Text> {
             None => {
                 // Inline objects (page numbers, anchors) each take one index before the segment text.
                 let mut v = Vec::new();
+                // One past the allowance is enough to trip the check below; shared segments
+                // repeated by reference must not expand beyond it first.
+                let room = MAX_CHARS.saturating_sub(total).saturating_add(1);
                 for seg in s.objs(glyphs, b"Mixd") {
+                    if v.len() >= room {
+                        break;
+                    }
                     let inline = s.objs(seg, b"Glys").len();
-                    v.extend(std::iter::repeat_n('\u{FFFC}', inline));
+                    v.extend(std::iter::repeat_n('\u{FFFC}', inline.min(room - v.len())));
                     placeholders |= inline > 0;
-                    v.extend(s.str(seg, b"Utf8").unwrap_or_default().chars());
+                    v.extend(s.str(seg, b"Utf8").unwrap_or_default().chars().take(room.saturating_sub(v.len())));
                 }
                 v
             }
@@ -100,6 +106,24 @@ fn int(v: &Value) -> Option<i64> {
     }
 }
 
+/// Longest font name kept; real PostScript and family names are far shorter.
+const MAX_FONT_NAME: usize = 256;
+
+/// A font name for one run. Runs repeat the same shared string, so its copies are charged
+/// against a document-wide byte budget; an overlong name or an exhausted budget leaves it empty.
+fn font_name(r: &mut Reader, font: Option<ObjId>, tag: &[u8; 4]) -> String {
+    let name = font.and_then(|f| r.s.str(f, tag)).unwrap_or_default();
+    if name.len() > MAX_FONT_NAME {
+        r.warn("font names longer than 256 bytes (left empty)");
+        return String::new();
+    }
+    if !r.charge_font_name(name.len()) {
+        r.warn("font names beyond the document metadata budget (left empty)");
+        return String::new();
+    }
+    name.to_string()
+}
+
 fn run_attrs(r: &mut Reader, attrs: ObjId, text: String, world: Affine) -> TextRun {
     let s = r.s;
     let doubles = s.field(attrs, b"Doub");
@@ -119,11 +143,12 @@ fn run_attrs(r: &mut Reader, attrs: ObjId, text: String, world: Affine) -> TextR
         r.warn("horizontally scaled text");
     }
     let font = s.obj(attrs, b"DFnt");
-    let get = |tag: &[u8; 4]| font.and_then(|f| s.str(f, tag)).unwrap_or_default().to_string();
+    let postscript = font_name(r, font, b"Post");
+    let family = font_name(r, font, b"Famy");
     TextRun {
         text,
-        postscript: get(b"Post"),
-        family: get(b"Famy"),
+        postscript,
+        family,
         weight: font.and_then(|f| s.int(f, b"Wegt")).unwrap_or(400),
         italic: font.and_then(|f| s.bool(f, b"Ital")).unwrap_or(false),
         size,
diff --git a/crates/affinity/tests/compound_limits.rs b/crates/affinity/tests/it/compound_limits.rs
similarity index 97%
rename from crates/affinity/tests/compound_limits.rs
rename to crates/affinity/tests/it/compound_limits.rs
index 76f2e6e4a1..6801f7f6d6 100644
--- a/crates/affinity/tests/compound_limits.rs
+++ b/crates/affinity/tests/it/compound_limits.rs
@@ -48,8 +48,10 @@ fn isolated(name: &str, check: impl FnOnce()) {
         check();
         return;
     }
+    // The harness names a test by its module path below the crate root.
+    let test = module_path!().split_once("::").map_or(name.to_string(), |(_, m)| format!("{m}::{name}"));
     let mut child = std::process::Command::new(std::env::current_exe().unwrap())
-        .args(["--exact", name, "--nocapture"])
+        .args(["--exact", &test, "--nocapture"])
         .env("PHOTOCRAFT_COMPOUND_CASE", name)
         .spawn()
         .unwrap();
diff --git a/crates/affinity/tests/it/main.rs b/crates/affinity/tests/it/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5d0a5740b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/affinity/tests/it/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+//! The crate's integration tests, linked into one test binary.
+
+mod compound_limits;
+mod real_files;
diff --git a/crates/affinity/tests/real_files.rs b/crates/affinity/tests/it/real_files.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/affinity/tests/real_files.rs
rename to crates/affinity/tests/it/real_files.rs
diff --git a/crates/algo/Cargo.toml b/crates/algo/Cargo.toml
index c4f34b4b1d..af50c1d20e 100644
--- a/crates/algo/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/algo/Cargo.toml
@@ -21,4 +21,5 @@ rustfft = "6.4.1"
 rayon = { workspace = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
+photocraft-testkit = { workspace = true }
 serde_json = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/crates/algo/examples/bench_filters2.rs b/crates/algo/examples/bench_filters2.rs
index 9849c4f843..f6b34aca28 100644
--- a/crates/algo/examples/bench_filters2.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/examples/bench_filters2.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,33 @@
 //! Timing for the heavier second-batch filters on a ~24 MP (6000×4000) RGBA8 layer.
-//! `cargo run --release -p photocraft-algo --example bench_filters2 [filter-name-substring]`
+//!
+//! `cargo run --release -p photocraft-algo --example bench_filters2 [name-substring] [--reps N] [--quick] [--json <file>]`
+//!
+//! `--json` writes the report `cargo xtask perf` reads: `{"rows": [{"name", "samples_ms"}]}`.
+//! `--quick` runs the list on a 1500×1000 layer instead, for `cargo xtask perf --quick`.
 use photocraft_algo::*;
 use photocraft_color::PixelFormat;
 use photocraft_geom::Rect;
 use photocraft_raster::Surface;
 
 fn main() {
-    let only = std::env::args().nth(1);
-    let (w, h) = (6000, 4000);
+    let a: Vec<String> = std::env::args().skip(1).collect();
+    let flag = |k: &str| a.iter().position(|v| v == k);
+    let value = |k: &str| flag(k).and_then(|i| a.get(i + 1)).cloned();
+    let mut only: Option<String> = None;
+    let mut i = 0;
+    while i < a.len() {
+        match a[i].as_str() {
+            "--json" | "--reps" => i += 2,
+            "--quick" => i += 1,
+            _ => {
+                only.get_or_insert_with(|| a[i].clone());
+                i += 1;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    let reps: usize = value("--reps").and_then(|v| v.parse().ok()).unwrap_or(1).max(1);
+    let quick = flag("--quick").is_some();
+    let (w, h) = if quick { (1500, 1000) } else { (6000, 4000) };
     let r = Rect::new(0, 0, w, h);
     let mut s = Surface::new(PixelFormat::RGBA8);
     // Busy deterministic content (gradients plus texture) so edge-aware filters do real work.
@@ -55,19 +75,49 @@ fn main() {
         },
         FilterParams::Relight { angle: 45.0, elevation: 40.0, intensity: 40.0, ambient: 55.0, warmth: 0.0, softness: 25.0 },
     ];
+    let mut rows: Vec<(String, Vec<f64>)> = Vec::new();
     for p in cases {
         if only.as_deref().is_some_and(|o| !p.label().to_lowercase().contains(&o.to_lowercase())) {
             continue;
         }
         let area = output_area(&p, s.content_bounds(), r, None).intersect(&r);
-        let t = std::time::Instant::now();
-        let out = apply(&s, &p, area, r, None);
         // Smart Blur's cost peaks near radius 12, where High quality visits every pixel in the circle.
         let name = match p {
             FilterParams::SmartBlur { radius, .. } => format!("{} r{radius}", p.label()),
             _ => p.label().to_string(),
         };
-        println!("{name:<18} {w}x{h} RGBA8: {:.2?}", t.elapsed());
-        drop(out);
+        let mut samples = Vec::with_capacity(reps);
+        for _ in 0..reps {
+            let t = std::time::Instant::now();
+            let out = apply(&s, &p, area, r, None);
+            let ms = t.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1e3;
+            samples.push(ms);
+            drop(out);
+        }
+        let mut sorted = samples.clone();
+        sorted.sort_by(f64::total_cmp);
+        let median = match sorted.len() % 2 {
+            1 => sorted[sorted.len() / 2],
+            _ => (sorted[sorted.len() / 2 - 1] + sorted[sorted.len() / 2]) / 2.0,
+        };
+        println!("{name:<18} {w}x{h} RGBA8: {median:.1} ms{reps_note}", reps_note = if reps > 1 { format!(" (median of {reps})") } else { String::new() });
+        rows.push((name, samples));
+    }
+    if let Some(path) = value("--json") {
+        // Two fields per row and ASCII filter labels: hand-written rather than a serde dependency
+        // this crate does not otherwise need.
+        let body: Vec<String> = rows
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(name, samples)| {
+                let s: Vec<String> = samples.iter().map(|v| format!("{v:.4}")).collect();
+                format!("{{\"name\":\"{name}\",\"samples_ms\":[{}]}}", s.join(","))
+            })
+            .collect();
+        let text = format!("{{\"rows\":[{}]}}", body.join(","));
+        if let Err(e) = std::fs::write(&path, text) {
+            eprintln!("write {path}: {e}");
+            std::process::exit(1);
+        }
+        println!("report: {path}");
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/algo/examples/bench_liquify.rs b/crates/algo/examples/bench_liquify.rs
index 2eea3b951b..78165171f2 100644
--- a/crates/algo/examples/bench_liquify.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/examples/bench_liquify.rs
@@ -127,10 +127,23 @@ fn main() {
         photocraft_algo::puppet::ITERATIONS,
         t.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1e3
     );
-    let dst: Vec<[f64; 2]> = pw.pins.iter().map(|p| p.dst).collect();
-    let t = Instant::now();
-    let _ = solver.solve(&dst, &[None; 3], PuppetMode::Normal, 4, Some(&v));
-    println!("puppet interactive re-solve (4 warm rounds): {:.2} ms", t.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1e3);
+    // Compare the old path-dependent preview with the command-equivalent drag solve, using
+    // changing destinations and the same cached factorization (no remeshing per event).
+    for (label, rounds, warm) in [("6 warm rounds", 6, true), ("canonical cold solve", photocraft_algo::puppet::ITERATIONS, false)] {
+        let mut previous = v.clone();
+        let mut times = Vec::new();
+        for step in 1..=60 {
+            let mut dst: Vec<[f64; 2]> = pw.pins.iter().map(|p| p.dst).collect();
+            dst[1][0] -= f64::from(step) * 10.0;
+            dst[1][1] += (f64::from(step) * 0.1).sin() * 400.0;
+            let t = Instant::now();
+            let (next, _) = solver.solve(&dst, &[None; 3], pw.mode, rounds, warm.then_some(previous.as_slice()));
+            times.push(t.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1e3);
+            previous = std::hint::black_box(next);
+        }
+        times.sort_by(f64::total_cmp);
+        println!("puppet drag ({label}, 60 moves): median {:.2} ms, p95 {:.2} ms, max {:.2} ms", times[30], times[56], times[59]);
+    }
     let t = Instant::now();
     let _ = render(&s, b, &solver.mesh, &v, &order, Interp::Bicubic);
     println!("puppet render 24 MP: {:.0} ms", t.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1e3);
diff --git a/crates/algo/examples/bench_multiband.rs b/crates/algo/examples/bench_multiband.rs
index 9d58b81a54..2e18f9457e 100644
--- a/crates/algo/examples/bench_multiband.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/examples/bench_multiband.rs
@@ -1,42 +1,161 @@
-//! Time and peak memory of the Photomerge multi-band blend: `n` RGB sources of `mp` megapixels
-//! (3:2), each overlapping the next by half its width.
-//! `cargo run --release -p photocraft-algo --example bench_multiband [n] [mp]` (default 4 × 24 MP).
-//! Peak memory is the growth of the process's high-water mark during the blend (Linux only).
+//! Time and peak memory of Photomerge's multi-band blend on overlapping RGB sources.
+//! Backwards compatible: `cargo run --release -p photocraft-algo --example bench_multiband [n] [mp]`.
+//! `cargo xtask perf --bench bench_multiband --quick` also collects repeatable JSON timings.
+//! The peak is the entire process's resident-set high-water mark, not an estimate of allocations
+//! by the blend alone (`photocraft_testkit::perf`: the kernel's mark on Linux, sampled elsewhere).
+use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::time::Instant;
 
 use photocraft_algo::panorama::{self, RoiImage};
+use photocraft_testkit::perf::{self, RssSampler, Summary};
+use serde_json::json;
 
-/// The process's peak resident set in MiB (`VmHWM`), where `/proc` has it.
-fn peak_mib() -> Option<f64> {
-    let s = std::fs::read_to_string("/proc/self/status").ok()?;
-    let kb: f64 = s.lines().find(|l| l.starts_with("VmHWM:"))?.split_whitespace().nth(1)?.parse().ok()?;
-    Some(kb / 1024.0)
+const ROW: &str = "Photomerge multiband blend";
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+struct Options {
+    n: usize,
+    mp: f64,
+    reps: usize,
+    json: Option<PathBuf>,
 }
 
-fn main() {
-    let mut args = std::env::args().skip(1);
-    let n: usize = args.next().and_then(|a| a.parse().ok()).unwrap_or(4).max(1);
-    let mp: f64 = args.next().and_then(|a| a.parse().ok()).unwrap_or(24.0);
-    let sh = ((mp * 1e6 / 1.5).sqrt().round() as usize).max(2);
+/// Parses legacy `[n] [mp]` arguments and the perf runner's `--reps`/`--json` flags.
+/// Rejects missing, out-of-range, or non-finite values before allocating images.
+fn options(args: impl IntoIterator<Item = String>) -> Result<Options, String> {
+    let mut out = Options { n: 4, mp: 24.0, reps: 1, json: None };
+    let mut positional = Vec::new();
+    let mut it = args.into_iter();
+    while let Some(arg) = it.next() {
+        match arg.as_str() {
+            "--json" => {
+                let path = it.next().filter(|p| !p.starts_with('-')).ok_or("--json needs a file path")?;
+                out.json = Some(PathBuf::from(path));
+            }
+            "--reps" => {
+                out.reps = it.next().ok_or("--reps needs an integer")?.parse().map_err(|_| "--reps needs an integer")?;
+            }
+            _ if !arg.starts_with('-') => positional.push(arg),
+            _ => return Err(format!("unknown option: {arg}")),
+        }
+    }
+    if positional.len() > 2 {
+        return Err("expected at most [n] [mp]".into());
+    }
+    if let Some(n) = positional.first() {
+        out.n = n.parse().map_err(|_| "n must be an integer")?;
+    }
+    if let Some(mp) = positional.get(1) {
+        out.mp = mp.parse().map_err(|_| "mp must be a number")?;
+    }
+    if !(1..=16).contains(&out.n) || !(1..=25).contains(&out.reps) || !out.mp.is_finite() || !(0.01..=36.0).contains(&out.mp) {
+        return Err("expected 1..=16 images, 0.01..=36 MP per image and 1..=25 repetitions".into());
+    }
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+/// Builds deterministic overlapping RGB inputs and times each multi-band blend.
+/// Writes individual samples and whole-process peak RSS to JSON when requested.
+fn run() -> Result<(), String> {
+    let o = options(std::env::args().skip(1))?;
+    let sh = ((o.mp * 1e6 / 1.5).sqrt().round() as usize).max(2);
     let sw = sh * 3 / 2;
     let step = sw / 2;
-    let (cw, ch) = (step * (n - 1) + sw, sh);
-    let rois: Vec<RoiImage> = (0..n)
+    let (cw, ch) = (step * (o.n - 1) + sw, sh);
+    let rois: Vec<RoiImage> = (0..o.n)
         .map(|k| {
             let px = (0..sw * sh * 3).map(|i| ((i / 3 % sw * 7 + i / 3 / sw * 3 + k * 31 + i % 3 * 50) % 251) as f32 / 251.0).collect();
             RoiImage { x0: (step * k) as i32, y0: 0, w: sw, h: sh, ch: 3, px, alpha: vec![1.0; sw * sh] }
         })
         .collect();
-    // Each canvas column belongs to the image whose centre is nearest, as a seam would split it.
-    let wts: Vec<Vec<f32>> = (0..n)
-        .map(|k| (0..sw * sh).map(|i| if ((step * k + i % sw + step / 2) / step).saturating_sub(1).min(n - 1) == k { 1.0 } else { 0.0 }).collect())
+    let wts: Vec<Vec<f32>> = (0..o.n)
+        .map(|k| (0..sw * sh).map(|i| if ((step * k + i % sw + step / 2) / step).saturating_sub(1).min(o.n - 1) == k { 1.0 } else { 0.0 }).collect())
         .collect();
     let levels = panorama::blend_levels(cw, ch).min(7);
-    let before = peak_mib();
-    let t0 = Instant::now();
-    let (px, cov) = panorama::multiband(cw, ch, &rois, &wts, levels);
-    let ms = t0.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1000.0;
-    let peak = peak_mib().zip(before).map_or("n/a".to_string(), |(a, b)| format!("{:.0} MiB", a - b));
-    println!("{n} × {sw}×{sh} ({mp} MP) RGB, canvas {cw}×{ch}, {levels} levels: {ms:.0} ms, peak +{peak} during the blend");
-    std::hint::black_box((px, cov));
+    let before = perf::process_peak_rss_bytes().or_else(perf::current_rss_bytes);
+    let sampler = RssSampler::start(std::time::Duration::from_millis(2));
+    let mut samples_ms = Vec::with_capacity(o.reps);
+    for _ in 0..o.reps {
+        let t0 = Instant::now();
+        let output = panorama::multiband(cw, ch, &rois, &wts, levels);
+        samples_ms.push(t0.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1000.0);
+        std::hint::black_box(&output);
+    }
+    let peak = perf::process_peak_rss_bytes().or(sampler.peak());
+    let delta = before.zip(peak).map(|(a, b)| b.saturating_sub(a) as f64 / (1024.0 * 1024.0));
+    // The same nearest-rank p50 that `cargo xtask perf` reports for these samples.
+    let p50 = Summary::of(&samples_ms).map_or(f64::NAN, |s| s.p50);
+    println!(
+        "{} × {}×{} ({:.2} MP) RGB, canvas {}×{}, {} levels: {:.1} ms p50 ({} runs), peak +{}",
+        o.n,
+        sw,
+        sh,
+        o.mp,
+        cw,
+        ch,
+        levels,
+        p50,
+        o.reps,
+        delta.map_or("n/a".to_string(), |m| format!("{m:.0} MiB"))
+    );
+    if let Some(path) = o.json {
+        let context = json!({"sources": o.n, "mp_per_source": o.mp, "canvas_width": cw, "canvas_height": ch, "levels": levels});
+        let report = perf::report("bench_multiband", context, vec![perf::row(ROW, &samples_ms, peak, None)], Some(&sampler));
+        if let Some(parent) = path.parent() {
+            std::fs::create_dir_all(parent).map_err(|e| format!("create {}: {e}", parent.display()))?;
+        }
+        std::fs::write(&path, serde_json::to_vec_pretty(&report).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?).map_err(|e| format!("write {}: {e}", path.display()))?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Runs the benchmark, reporting argument or output errors with a failing exit status.
+fn main() {
+    if let Err(e) = run() {
+        eprintln!("bench_multiband: {e}");
+        std::process::exit(2);
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// Converts borrowed argument slices for the owned-string command-line parser.
+    fn parse(args: &[&str]) -> Result<Options, String> {
+        options(args.iter().map(|s| s.to_string()))
+    }
+
+    /// Confirms backwards compatibility with the positional and perf-runner forms.
+    #[test]
+    fn parses_old_positional_args_and_perf_runner_args() {
+        assert_eq!(parse(&[]).unwrap().n, 4);
+        assert_eq!(
+            parse(&["2", "0.25", "--reps", "3", "--json", "out.json"]).unwrap(),
+            Options { n: 2, mp: 0.25, reps: 3, json: Some(PathBuf::from("out.json")) }
+        );
+        // The 24-36 MP range AGENTS.md benchmarks at, as before the flags were added.
+        assert_eq!(parse(&["4", "36"]).unwrap().mp, 36.0);
+    }
+
+    /// Checks invalid counts, non-finite sizes, repetitions, and missing flag values.
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_bad_benchmark_args() {
+        for args in [
+            vec!["0"],
+            vec!["17"],
+            vec!["2", "0"],
+            vec!["2", "NaN"],
+            vec!["2", "inf"],
+            vec!["2", "37"],
+            vec!["--reps", "0"],
+            vec!["--reps", "26"],
+            vec!["--json"],
+            vec!["--json", "--reps", "5"],
+            vec!["--reps"],
+            vec!["--unknown"],
+        ] {
+            assert!(parse(&args).is_err(), "{args:?}");
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/algo/examples/bench_pixelate.rs b/crates/algo/examples/bench_pixelate.rs
index a37e8f0775..5c81d5d325 100644
--- a/crates/algo/examples/bench_pixelate.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/examples/bench_pixelate.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 //! Full filter timing, including tile reads, filtering, writeback and pruning.
 //! RAYON_NUM_THREADS=16 cargo run --release -p photocraft-algo --example bench_pixelate -- facet 6000 4000 u8 3 output.bin
+//! Also: crystallize, crystallize-large, pointillize, pointillize-large.
 //! Optional final argument after output.bin: rgb (default), gray, cmyk or lab.
 //! Run the same example at the base commit and the PR commit, then compare output.bin with cmp.
 use photocraft_algo::{FilterParams, apply_in};
@@ -29,11 +30,15 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
         _ => return Err("depth must be u8, u16 or f32".into()),
     };
     let params = match case {
+        "crystallize" => FilterParams::Crystallize { cell_size: 10.0, seed: 37 },
+        "crystallize-large" => FilterParams::Crystallize { cell_size: 100.0, seed: 37 },
+        "pointillize" => FilterParams::Pointillize { cell_size: 5.0, seed: 37, background: [1.0; 4] },
+        "pointillize-large" => FilterParams::Pointillize { cell_size: 100.0, seed: 37, background: [1.0; 4] },
         "facet" => FilterParams::Facet,
         "halftone" => FilterParams::ColorHalftone { max_radius: 8.0, angles: [108.0, 162.0, 90.0, 45.0] },
         "halftone-small" => FilterParams::ColorHalftone { max_radius: 2.0, angles: [108.0, 162.0, 90.0, 45.0] },
         "halftone-large" => FilterParams::ColorHalftone { max_radius: 64.0, angles: [108.0, 162.0, 90.0, 45.0] },
-        _ => return Err("case must be facet, halftone, halftone-small or halftone-large".into()),
+        _ => return Err("unknown pixelate benchmark case".into()),
     };
     let mode = match args.get(6).map(String::as_str).unwrap_or("rgb") {
         "rgb" => ColorMode::Rgb,
diff --git a/crates/algo/examples/bench_seam.rs b/crates/algo/examples/bench_seam.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..50225c4b50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/algo/examples/bench_seam.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+//! Timing and output hash for Content-Aware Scale's seam carving core (P28).
+//!
+//! `cargo run --release -p photocraft-algo --example bench_seam [width height new_width channels]`
+//!
+//! Prints the carve time and an FNV-1a hash of the output's raw f32 bits, so two builds can be
+//! compared with `cmp`-level strictness without writing tens of megabytes of pixels to disk.
+use std::time::Instant;
+
+fn main() {
+    let a: Vec<String> = std::env::args().skip(1).collect();
+    let num = |i: usize, d: usize| a.get(i).and_then(|s| s.parse().ok()).unwrap_or(d);
+    let (w, h, new_w, ch) = (num(0, 6000), num(1, 4000), num(2, 5400), num(3, 4));
+    if !(1..=4).contains(&ch) {
+        eprintln!("channels must be 1..=4");
+        std::process::exit(2);
+    }
+    // Deterministic photo-ish content: gradients with fine detail, so the energy map carries
+    // structure instead of one flat value per row.
+    let img: Vec<f32> = (0..w * h)
+        .flat_map(|i| {
+            let (x, y) = ((i % w) as f32, (i / w) as f32);
+            let d = ((x * 0.13).sin() * (y * 0.07).cos()).abs() * 0.3;
+            [(x / w as f32) * 0.6 + d, (y / h as f32) * 0.9 - d, d, 1.0].into_iter().take(ch)
+        })
+        .collect();
+    let t = Instant::now();
+    let out = photocraft_algo::seam::carve_width(w, h, ch, &img, None, new_w);
+    let ms = t.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1e3;
+    let hash =
+        out.iter().fold(0xcbf2_9ce4_8422_2325u64, |h, v| v.to_bits().to_le_bytes().iter().fold(h, |h, b| (h ^ u64::from(*b)).wrapping_mul(0x100_0000_01b3)));
+    println!("{w}x{h}x{ch} -> {new_w}: {ms:.1} ms, {} samples, fnv {hash:016x}", out.len());
+}
diff --git a/crates/algo/examples/bench_seam_cas.rs b/crates/algo/examples/bench_seam_cas.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b8acbfe3f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/algo/examples/bench_seam_cas.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+//! Timing of Content-Aware Scale's seam carving alone (no document plumbing), on a synthetic
+//! photo-like RGBA image: perf scenario P28's 24 MP width change (#211), the same image's height
+//! (the transposed pass) and two images short enough for the exact full-resolution seam search.
+//! Prints an FNV-style hash of each output's bits (over 32-bit words), so a speed-up can be checked
+//! to choose exactly the same seams.
+//! `cargo run --release -p photocraft-algo --example bench_seam_cas [reps] [case filter]`
+use std::time::Instant;
+
+use photocraft_algo::seam::carve;
+
+/// Smooth gradients, a few hard-edged shapes and fine noise: enough structure that seams are
+/// steered by content, as in a photo.
+fn photo(w: usize, h: usize) -> Vec<f32> {
+    let mut seed = 0x9e37_79b9u32;
+    let mut noise = move || {
+        seed ^= seed << 13;
+        seed ^= seed >> 17;
+        seed ^= seed << 5;
+        (seed % 1000) as f32 / 1000.0 - 0.5
+    };
+    let mut img = Vec::with_capacity(w * h * 4);
+    for y in 0..h {
+        for x in 0..w {
+            let (u, v) = (x as f32 / w as f32, y as f32 / h as f32);
+            let sky = 0.35 + 0.4 * v;
+            let disc = ((u - 0.3).powi(2) + (v - 0.55).powi(2)) < 0.02;
+            let bar = (0.62..0.66).contains(&u) && v > 0.3;
+            let hill = v > 0.7 + 0.08 * (u * 11.0).sin();
+            let (r, g, b) = if disc {
+                (0.85, 0.3, 0.2)
+            } else if bar {
+                (0.1, 0.1, 0.12)
+            } else if hill {
+                (0.2, 0.45 + 0.1 * (u * 40.0).sin(), 0.15)
+            } else {
+                (sky * 0.6, sky * 0.8, sky)
+            };
+            let n = noise() * 0.02;
+            img.extend_from_slice(&[r + n, g + n, b + n, 1.0]);
+        }
+    }
+    img
+}
+
+fn fnv(v: &[f32]) -> u64 {
+    v.iter().fold(0xcbf2_9ce4_8422_2325u64, |h, f| (h ^ u64::from(f.to_bits())).wrapping_mul(0x0100_0000_01b3))
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let args: Vec<String> = std::env::args().collect();
+    let reps = args.get(1).and_then(|s| s.parse::<usize>().ok()).unwrap_or(1).clamp(1, 20);
+    let only = args.get(2).cloned();
+    // (name, w, h, new w, new h)
+    let cases = [
+        ("24 MP to 90 % width (P28, proxy rows)", 6000, 4000, 5400, 4000),
+        ("24 MP to 90 % height (transposed, proxy rows)", 6000, 4000, 6000, 3600),
+        ("5.4 MP to 90 % width (exact)", 3000, 1800, 2700, 1800),
+        ("1.5 MP to 70 % width (exact)", 1500, 1000, 1050, 1000),
+    ];
+    for (name, w, h, nw, nh) in cases {
+        if only.as_ref().is_some_and(|o| !name.contains(o.as_str())) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let img = photo(w, h);
+        let mut times = Vec::with_capacity(reps);
+        let mut hash = 0;
+        for _ in 0..reps {
+            let t = Instant::now();
+            let out = carve(w, h, 4, &img, None, nw, nh);
+            times.push(t.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1000.0);
+            hash = fnv(&out);
+        }
+        times.sort_by(f64::total_cmp);
+        let p50 = times[times.len() / 2];
+        let max = times[times.len() - 1];
+        println!("{name:<48} p50 {p50:>9.1} ms  max {max:>9.1} ms  output {hash:016x}");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/art_history.rs b/crates/algo/src/art_history.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7fcb286c22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/algo/src/art_history.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1053 @@
+//! Oriented history-state dabs: sample a snapshot patch, pose it along the stroke, and stamp.
+//!
+//! Tile processing reads each dab's rotated source straight from the history state, so a dab
+//! that crosses a tile edge paints the same as an untiled pass. Scatter is seeded, so the same
+//! stroke is replayable.
+
+#![allow(clippy::needless_range_loop)]
+
+/// Mixes the history-state index into dab scatter so two documents with different snapshots diverge.
+pub const RNG_SEED: u32 = 0xA7B1_57E0;
+
+/// Largest number of dabs one stroke may emit.
+pub const MAX_DABS: usize = 4096;
+
+/// Largest coverage rectangle, in pixels, a stroke may allocate.
+pub const MAX_COVERAGE: u64 = 4096 * 4096;
+
+/// Why [`stamp`] refused to write.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum StampError {
+    /// A zero-sized buffer, no dabs, or nothing to cover.
+    Empty,
+    /// Source and destination disagree on channel count.
+    Mismatched,
+    /// The read/write window would exceed [`MAX_COVERAGE`].
+    TooLarge,
+}
+
+/// Named dab layout. Multipliers are documented in the command params; keep them stable.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum Style {
+    TightShort,
+    TightMedium,
+    TightLong,
+    LooseMedium,
+    LooseLong,
+    Dab,
+    TightCurl,
+    LooseCurl,
+}
+
+impl Style {
+    /// Parse a command-style identifier (`tightMedium`, …).
+    pub fn parse(name: &str) -> Option<Self> {
+        Some(match name {
+            "tightShort" => Self::TightShort,
+            "tightMedium" => Self::TightMedium,
+            "tightLong" => Self::TightLong,
+            "looseMedium" => Self::LooseMedium,
+            "looseLong" => Self::LooseLong,
+            "dab" => Self::Dab,
+            "tightCurl" => Self::TightCurl,
+            "looseCurl" => Self::LooseCurl,
+            _ => return None,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Stable id used in command params.
+    pub fn as_str(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::TightShort => "tightShort",
+            Self::TightMedium => "tightMedium",
+            Self::TightLong => "tightLong",
+            Self::LooseMedium => "looseMedium",
+            Self::LooseLong => "looseLong",
+            Self::Dab => "dab",
+            Self::TightCurl => "tightCurl",
+            Self::LooseCurl => "looseCurl",
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn spacing_mul(self) -> f32 {
+        match self {
+            Self::TightShort => 0.35,
+            Self::TightMedium => 0.55,
+            Self::TightLong => 0.85,
+            Self::LooseMedium => 0.70,
+            Self::LooseLong => 1.10,
+            Self::Dab => 1.60,
+            Self::TightCurl => 0.50,
+            Self::LooseCurl => 0.80,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn scatter_mul(self) -> f32 {
+        match self {
+            Self::TightShort => 0.00,
+            Self::TightMedium => 0.00,
+            Self::TightLong => 0.05,
+            Self::LooseMedium => 0.45,
+            Self::LooseLong => 0.70,
+            Self::Dab => 0.10,
+            Self::TightCurl => 0.05,
+            Self::LooseCurl => 0.40,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn curl_deg(self) -> f32 {
+        match self {
+            Self::TightCurl => 18.0,
+            Self::LooseCurl => 28.0,
+            _ => 0.0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn size_mul(self) -> f32 {
+        match self {
+            Self::TightShort => 0.7,
+            Self::TightMedium => 0.9,
+            Self::TightLong => 1.1,
+            Self::LooseMedium => 1.0,
+            Self::LooseLong => 1.2,
+            Self::Dab => 1.0,
+            Self::TightCurl => 0.9,
+            Self::LooseCurl => 1.1,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// One posed dab in document pixels.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Dab {
+    pub x: f32,
+    pub y: f32,
+    pub theta: f32,
+    pub radius: f32,
+    pub pressure: f32,
+}
+
+/// Spacing along the stroke, in pixels.
+pub fn spacing_px(size: f32, area: f32, style: Style) -> Option<f32> {
+    if !(size.is_finite() && area.is_finite()) || size <= 0.0 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let s = size * style.spacing_mul() * (0.25 + 0.02 * area);
+    if s.is_finite() && s > 0.0 { Some(s) } else { None }
+}
+
+/// Reach of a dab around its stroke point: half the dab plus its scatter, plus a margin.
+pub fn halo_radius(size: f32, style: Style) -> Option<i32> {
+    if !size.is_finite() || size <= 0.0 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let v = (size * style.size_mul() / 2.0 + style.scatter_mul() * size + 2.0).ceil();
+    if !v.is_finite() || v > 1_000_000.0 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    Some(v as i32)
+}
+
+/// Side of the rotated source square (`ceil(size · size_mul) + 2`).
+pub fn sample_side(size: f32, style: Style) -> Option<i32> {
+    if !size.is_finite() || size <= 0.0 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let v = (size * style.size_mul()).ceil() + 2.0;
+    if !v.is_finite() || v > 1_000_000.0 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    Some(v as i32)
+}
+
+fn mix32(seed: u32, dab: u32, lane: u32) -> u32 {
+    let mut x = seed ^ dab.wrapping_mul(0x9E37_79B9) ^ lane.wrapping_mul(0x85EB_CA6B);
+    x = x.wrapping_add(0x9E37_79B9);
+    x ^= x >> 16;
+    x = x.wrapping_mul(0x7FEB_352D);
+    x ^= x >> 15;
+    x = x.wrapping_mul(0x846C_A68B);
+    x ^= x >> 16;
+    x
+}
+
+fn signed01(seed: u32, dab: u32, lane: u32) -> f32 {
+    let u = mix32(seed, dab, lane) >> 8;
+    (u as f32) * (2.0 / 16_777_215.0) - 1.0
+}
+
+fn dab_radius(size: f32, style: Style) -> Option<f32> {
+    let r = size * style.size_mul() * 0.5;
+    if r.is_finite() && r > 0.0 { Some(r) } else { None }
+}
+
+/// Walk `points` and emit posed dabs. `seed` is typically [`RNG_SEED`] XOR the history index.
+pub fn place_dabs(points: &[[f32; 2]], size: f32, area: f32, style: Style, seed: u32) -> Result<Vec<Dab>, StampError> {
+    if points.is_empty() {
+        return Err(StampError::Empty);
+    }
+    let spacing = spacing_px(size, area, style).ok_or(StampError::Empty)?;
+    let radius = dab_radius(size, style).ok_or(StampError::TooLarge)?;
+    let curl = style.curl_deg().to_radians();
+    let scatter = style.scatter_mul();
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    let mut emit = |i: u32, x: f32, y: f32, tx: f32, ty: f32, pressure: f32| -> Result<(), StampError> {
+        if !(x.is_finite() && y.is_finite() && tx.is_finite() && ty.is_finite()) {
+            return Err(StampError::Empty);
+        }
+        let u = signed01(seed, i, 1);
+        let v = signed01(seed, i, 2);
+        let w = signed01(seed, i, 3);
+        let dx = scatter * size * u;
+        let dy = scatter * size * v;
+        let (cx, cy) = (x + dx, y + dy);
+        if !(cx.is_finite() && cy.is_finite()) {
+            return Err(StampError::TooLarge);
+        }
+        let theta = ty.atan2(tx) + (i as f32) * curl + scatter * w;
+        if !theta.is_finite() {
+            return Err(StampError::Empty);
+        }
+        if out.len() >= MAX_DABS {
+            return Err(StampError::TooLarge);
+        }
+        out.push(Dab { x: cx, y: cy, theta, radius, pressure: pressure.clamp(0.0, 1.0) });
+        Ok(())
+    };
+
+    let Some(first) = points.first() else {
+        return Err(StampError::Empty);
+    };
+    if !first[0].is_finite() || !first[1].is_finite() {
+        return Err(StampError::Empty);
+    }
+    let (mut px, mut py) = (first[0], first[1]);
+    let (mut tx, mut ty) = (1.0f32, 0.0f32);
+    if let Some(second) = points.get(1) {
+        tx = second[0] - px;
+        ty = second[1] - py;
+        if tx == 0.0 && ty == 0.0 {
+            tx = 1.0;
+        }
+    }
+    emit(0, px, py, tx, ty, 1.0)?;
+
+    let mut carry = 0.0f32;
+    let mut i = 1u32;
+    for w in points.windows(2) {
+        let (Some(a), Some(b)) = (w.first(), w.get(1)) else { continue };
+        if !(a[0].is_finite() && a[1].is_finite() && b[0].is_finite() && b[1].is_finite()) {
+            return Err(StampError::Empty);
+        }
+        let (dx, dy) = (b[0] - a[0], b[1] - a[1]);
+        let len = dx.hypot(dy);
+        if !len.is_finite() {
+            return Err(StampError::Empty);
+        }
+        if len < 1.0e-6 {
+            continue;
+        }
+        tx = dx;
+        ty = dy;
+        let mut consumed = 0.0f32;
+        while carry + (len - consumed) >= spacing {
+            let need = spacing - carry;
+            if !need.is_finite() || need < 0.0 {
+                return Err(StampError::Empty);
+            }
+            consumed += need;
+            if consumed > len {
+                break;
+            }
+            let t = consumed / len;
+            px = a[0] + dx * t;
+            py = a[1] + dy * t;
+            emit(i, px, py, tx, ty, 1.0)?;
+            i = i.saturating_add(1);
+            carry = 0.0;
+        }
+        carry += len - consumed;
+        if !carry.is_finite() {
+            return Err(StampError::Empty);
+        }
+    }
+    if out.is_empty() { Err(StampError::Empty) } else { Ok(out) }
+}
+
+/// Bounding rectangle of a dab, in document pixels (1 px of anti-alias slack).
+pub fn dab_bounds(dab: &Dab) -> Option<(i32, i32, i32, i32)> {
+    let r = dab.radius + 1.0;
+    if !r.is_finite() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let x0 = (dab.x - r).floor();
+    let y0 = (dab.y - r).floor();
+    let x1 = (dab.x + r).ceil();
+    let y1 = (dab.y + r).ceil();
+    if !(x0.is_finite() && y0.is_finite() && x1.is_finite() && y1.is_finite()) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let clamp = |v: f32| v.clamp(i32::MIN as f32, i32::MAX as f32) as i32;
+    Some((clamp(x0), clamp(y0), clamp(x1), clamp(y1)))
+}
+
+fn coverage_at(dab: &Dab, x: i32, y: i32, hardness: f32) -> f32 {
+    let dx = x as f32 + 0.5 - dab.x;
+    let dy = y as f32 + 0.5 - dab.y;
+    let d = dx.hypot(dy);
+    if !d.is_finite() || d >= dab.radius + 0.5 {
+        return 0.0;
+    }
+    let edge = (dab.radius + 0.5 - d).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+    let h = hardness.clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+    let inner = dab.radius * h;
+    let falloff = if d <= inner || dab.radius - inner < 1.0e-3 {
+        1.0
+    } else {
+        let t = ((d - inner) / (dab.radius - inner)).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+        1.0 - t * t * (3.0 - 2.0 * t)
+    };
+    edge * falloff
+}
+
+fn pixel_index(x: usize, y: usize, w: usize, h: usize, ch: usize) -> Option<usize> {
+    if x >= w || y >= h || ch == 0 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    y.checked_mul(w)?.checked_add(x)?.checked_mul(ch)
+}
+
+fn origin_index(origin: (i32, i32), x: i32, y: i32, w: usize, h: usize, ch: usize) -> Option<usize> {
+    let dx = x.checked_sub(origin.0)?;
+    let dy = y.checked_sub(origin.1)?;
+    pixel_index(usize::try_from(dx).ok()?, usize::try_from(dy).ok()?, w, h, ch)
+}
+
+fn floor_i32(v: f32) -> i32 {
+    v.clamp(-2_147_483_648.0, 2_147_483_647.0).floor() as i32
+}
+
+struct SrcView<'a> {
+    data: &'a [f32],
+    w: usize,
+    h: usize,
+    origin: (i32, i32),
+    ch: usize,
+}
+
+fn sample_bilinear(src: SrcView<'_>, sx: f32, sy: f32, out: &mut [f32]) -> bool {
+    let ch = src.ch;
+    if ch == 0 || out.len() < ch {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let dst = &mut out[..ch];
+    dst.fill(0.0);
+    if !(sx.is_finite() && sy.is_finite()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    // `sx, sy` are continuous coordinates; pixel `i` has its centre at `i + 0.5`.
+    let lx = sx - src.origin.0 as f32 - 0.5;
+    let ly = sy - src.origin.1 as f32 - 0.5;
+    if !(lx.is_finite() && ly.is_finite()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let x0 = floor_i32(lx);
+    let y0 = floor_i32(ly);
+    let fx = (lx - x0 as f32).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+    let fy = (ly - y0 as f32).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+    let mut any = false;
+    for (iy, wy) in [(0i32, 1.0 - fy), (1i32, fy)] {
+        for (ix, wx) in [(0i32, 1.0 - fx), (1i32, fx)] {
+            let wt = wx * wy;
+            if wt <= 0.0 {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let px = x0.saturating_add(ix);
+            let py = y0.saturating_add(iy);
+            if px < 0 || py < 0 {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let (Ok(ux), Ok(uy)) = (usize::try_from(px), usize::try_from(py)) else { continue };
+            let Some(base) = pixel_index(ux, uy, src.w, src.h, ch) else { continue };
+            let Some(pxs) = src.data.get(base..base.saturating_add(ch)) else { continue };
+            for (d, s) in dst.iter_mut().zip(pxs.iter()) {
+                *d += *s * wt;
+            }
+            any = true;
+        }
+    }
+    any
+}
+
+fn rotated_source(dab: &Dab, x: i32, y: i32) -> (f32, f32) {
+    let dx = x as f32 + 0.5 - dab.x;
+    let dy = y as f32 + 0.5 - dab.y;
+    let (c, s) = (dab.theta.cos(), dab.theta.sin());
+    (dab.x + c * dx + s * dy, dab.y - s * dx + c * dy)
+}
+
+fn over_native(dst: &mut [f32], src: &[f32], k: f32, alpha: Option<usize>, lock: bool) {
+    if k <= 0.0 {
+        return;
+    }
+    match alpha {
+        Some(a) => {
+            let Some((&da, &sa0)) = dst.get(a).zip(src.get(a)) else { return };
+            let sa = sa0 * k;
+            let oa = sa + da * (1.0 - sa);
+            if oa > 0.0 {
+                for c in 0..a {
+                    let Some(d) = dst.get_mut(c) else { continue };
+                    let Some(&s) = src.get(c) else { continue };
+                    *d = (s * sa + *d * da * (1.0 - sa)) / oa;
+                }
+            }
+            if !lock && let Some(d) = dst.get_mut(a) {
+                *d = oa;
+            }
+        }
+        None => {
+            for (d, s) in dst.iter_mut().zip(src.iter()) {
+                *d += (*s - *d) * k;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn buf_len(w: usize, h: usize, ch: usize) -> Option<usize> {
+    w.checked_mul(h)?.checked_mul(ch)
+}
+
+/// Parameters for [`stamp`].
+pub struct StampParams<'a> {
+    pub dest: &'a mut [f32],
+    pub dest_w: usize,
+    pub dest_h: usize,
+    pub dest_origin: (i32, i32),
+    pub src: &'a [f32],
+    pub src_w: usize,
+    pub src_h: usize,
+    pub src_origin: (i32, i32),
+    pub ch: usize,
+    pub dabs: &'a [Dab],
+    pub hardness: f32,
+    pub opacity: f32,
+    pub flow: f32,
+    pub tolerance: f32,
+    /// Destination tile edge; `0` processes the whole buffer as one tile.
+    pub tile: i32,
+    pub selection: Option<&'a [f32]>,
+    pub lock_transparent: bool,
+    pub alpha: Option<usize>,
+}
+
+fn dest_pixels(p: &StampParams<'_>) -> Result<u64, StampError> {
+    let n = buf_len(p.dest_w, p.dest_h, p.ch).ok_or(StampError::TooLarge)?;
+    if p.dest.len() < n {
+        return Err(StampError::Empty);
+    }
+    let sn = buf_len(p.src_w, p.src_h, p.ch).ok_or(StampError::TooLarge)?;
+    if p.src.len() < sn {
+        return Err(StampError::Empty);
+    }
+    if p.ch == 0 || p.dest_w == 0 || p.dest_h == 0 {
+        return Err(StampError::Empty);
+    }
+    Ok(n as u64)
+}
+
+fn tile_grid(w: usize, h: usize, origin: (i32, i32), tile: i32) -> Vec<(i32, i32, i32, i32)> {
+    let (x0, y0) = origin;
+    let x1 = x0.saturating_add(w.min(i32::MAX as usize) as i32);
+    let y1 = y0.saturating_add(h.min(i32::MAX as usize) as i32);
+    if tile <= 0 {
+        return vec![(x0, y0, x1, y1)];
+    }
+    let mut tiles = Vec::new();
+    let mut y = y0;
+    while y < y1 {
+        let ny = y.saturating_add(tile).min(y1);
+        let mut x = x0;
+        while x < x1 {
+            let nx = x.saturating_add(tile).min(x1);
+            tiles.push((x, y, nx, ny));
+            x = nx;
+        }
+        y = ny;
+    }
+    tiles
+}
+
+fn stamp_dab_on_rect(p: &mut StampParams<'_>, dab: &Dab, rect: (i32, i32, i32, i32)) -> Result<u32, StampError> {
+    let (x0, y0, x1, y1) = rect;
+    if x1 <= x0 || y1 <= y0 {
+        return Ok(0);
+    }
+    let Some(tw) = (x1 as i64 - x0 as i64).try_into().ok().filter(|w: &usize| *w > 0) else {
+        return Err(StampError::TooLarge);
+    };
+    let Some(th) = (y1 as i64 - y0 as i64).try_into().ok().filter(|h: &usize| *h > 0) else {
+        return Err(StampError::TooLarge);
+    };
+    let area = (tw as u64).saturating_mul(th as u64);
+    if area > MAX_COVERAGE {
+        return Err(StampError::TooLarge);
+    }
+    let n = tw.checked_mul(th).and_then(|m| m.checked_mul(p.ch)).ok_or(StampError::TooLarge)?;
+    let mut local = vec![0.0f32; n];
+    let mut cov = vec![0.0f32; tw.checked_mul(th).ok_or(StampError::TooLarge)?];
+    // Copy dest tile into local.
+    for y in y0..y1 {
+        for x in x0..x1 {
+            let lx = (x - x0) as usize;
+            let ly = (y - y0) as usize;
+            let Some(di) = origin_index(p.dest_origin, x, y, p.dest_w, p.dest_h, p.ch) else { continue };
+            let Some(li) = pixel_index(lx, ly, tw, th, p.ch) else { continue };
+            if let (Some(dst), Some(src)) = (local.get_mut(li..li + p.ch), p.dest.get(di..di + p.ch)) {
+                dst.copy_from_slice(src);
+            }
+            if let Some(c) = cov.get_mut(ly.saturating_mul(tw).saturating_add(lx)) {
+                *c = coverage_at(dab, x, y, p.hardness);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // The rotated read keeps the distance to the dab centre, so it stays inside the dab's bounds:
+    // sample the source directly, whichever tile the destination pixel is in.
+    let mut sampled = vec![0.0f32; p.ch];
+    let mut written = 0u32;
+    let k_stroke = (p.opacity * p.flow * dab.pressure).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+    for y in y0..y1 {
+        for x in x0..x1 {
+            let lx = (x - x0) as usize;
+            let ly = (y - y0) as usize;
+            let Some(&c) = cov.get(ly.saturating_mul(tw).saturating_add(lx)) else { continue };
+            if c <= 0.0 {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let mut k = c * k_stroke;
+            if let Some(sel) = p.selection {
+                let Some(si) = origin_index(p.dest_origin, x, y, p.dest_w, p.dest_h, 1) else { continue };
+                let Some(&sv) = sel.get(si) else { continue };
+                k *= sv.clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+            }
+            if k <= 0.0 {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let (sx, sy) = rotated_source(dab, x, y);
+            if !sample_bilinear(SrcView { data: p.src, w: p.src_w, h: p.src_h, origin: p.src_origin, ch: p.ch }, sx, sy, &mut sampled) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let Some(li) = pixel_index(lx, ly, tw, th, p.ch) else { continue };
+            let Some(dst) = local.get_mut(li..li + p.ch) else { continue };
+            if p.lock_transparent && p.alpha.is_some_and(|a| dst.get(a).is_some_and(|&v| v <= 0.0)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            over_native(dst, &sampled, k, p.alpha, p.lock_transparent);
+            written = written.saturating_add(1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Write the dest tile back.
+    for y in y0..y1 {
+        for x in x0..x1 {
+            let lx = (x - x0) as usize;
+            let ly = (y - y0) as usize;
+            let Some(di) = origin_index(p.dest_origin, x, y, p.dest_w, p.dest_h, p.ch) else { continue };
+            let Some(li) = pixel_index(lx, ly, tw, th, p.ch) else { continue };
+            if let (Some(dst), Some(src)) = (p.dest.get_mut(di..di + p.ch), local.get(li..li + p.ch)) {
+                dst.copy_from_slice(src);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(written)
+}
+
+fn dab_intersects(dab: &Dab, tile: (i32, i32, i32, i32)) -> bool {
+    let Some((x0, y0, x1, y1)) = dab_bounds(dab) else { return false };
+    x0 < tile.2 && x1 > tile.0 && y0 < tile.3 && y1 > tile.1
+}
+
+/// Mean difference between `src` and `dest` over the dab's covered pixels (working-space peak is
+/// 1, so a tolerance of 50% is `0.5`). Per pixel it is the larger of the mean colour change and the
+/// alpha change: an opaque pixel's unchanged alpha must not water a colour change down, and the
+/// Eraser keeps the colour and lowers only the alpha. `None` if nothing is covered.
+fn dab_mean_diff(p: &StampParams<'_>, dab: &Dab) -> Option<f32> {
+    let (x0, y0, x1, y1) = dab_bounds(dab)?;
+    let mut sampled = vec![0.0f32; p.ch];
+    let mut sum = 0.0f32;
+    let mut count = 0u32;
+    for y in y0..y1 {
+        for x in x0..x1 {
+            if coverage_at(dab, x, y, p.hardness) <= 0.0 {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let Some(di) = origin_index(p.dest_origin, x, y, p.dest_w, p.dest_h, p.ch) else { continue };
+            let Some(dst) = p.dest.get(di..di.saturating_add(p.ch)) else { continue };
+            let (sx, sy) = rotated_source(dab, x, y);
+            if !sample_bilinear(SrcView { data: p.src, w: p.src_w, h: p.src_h, origin: p.src_origin, ch: p.ch }, sx, sy, &mut sampled) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let nch = p.ch.min(dst.len()).min(sampled.len());
+            if nch == 0 {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let (mut colour, mut colours, mut alpha) = (0.0f32, 0u32, 0.0f32);
+            for i in 0..nch {
+                let Some((&s, &d)) = sampled.get(i).zip(dst.get(i)) else { continue };
+                if p.alpha == Some(i) {
+                    alpha = (s - d).abs();
+                } else {
+                    colour += (s - d).abs();
+                    colours += 1;
+                }
+            }
+            let colour = if colours == 0 { 0.0 } else { colour / colours as f32 };
+            sum += colour.max(alpha);
+            count = count.saturating_add(1);
+        }
+    }
+    if count == 0 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let mean = sum / count as f32;
+    mean.is_finite().then_some(mean)
+}
+
+/// Stamp posed dabs into `dest`, tile by tile, reading `src` at each dab's rotated positions.
+///
+/// Sequential dabs overlap: dab *n* sees dab *n − 1*. Returns how many destination pixels were
+/// written (tolerance-skipped dabs count as zero).
+pub fn stamp(p: &mut StampParams<'_>) -> Result<u32, StampError> {
+    dest_pixels(p)?;
+    if p.src_w == 0 || p.src_h == 0 {
+        return Err(StampError::Empty);
+    }
+    if p.dabs.is_empty() {
+        return Err(StampError::Empty);
+    }
+    let dest_area = (p.dest_w as u64).saturating_mul(p.dest_h as u64);
+    if dest_area > MAX_COVERAGE {
+        return Err(StampError::TooLarge);
+    }
+    let tiles = tile_grid(p.dest_w, p.dest_h, p.dest_origin, p.tile);
+    let mut written = 0u32;
+    let dabs: Vec<Dab> = p.dabs.to_vec();
+    for dab in &dabs {
+        let Some(bounds) = dab_bounds(dab) else { continue };
+        if p.tolerance > 0.0 && dab_mean_diff(p, dab).is_some_and(|m| m < p.tolerance) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let overlapping: Vec<(i32, i32, i32, i32)> = tiles.iter().copied().filter(|t| dab_intersects(dab, *t)).collect();
+        if overlapping.is_empty() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        // Sequential tiles: each writes dest before the next dab. Parallel tiles of one dab do not
+        // share destination pixels, so they can run independently; we still apply them in order
+        // here so overlapping dabs stay deterministic.
+        for tile in overlapping {
+            let (bx0, by0, bx1, by1) = bounds;
+            let dest_rect = (tile.0.max(bx0), tile.1.max(by0), tile.2.min(bx1), tile.3.min(by1));
+            written = written.saturating_add(stamp_dab_on_rect(p, dab, dest_rect)?);
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(written)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn fill(w: usize, h: usize, ch: usize, f: impl Fn(i32, i32, usize) -> f32) -> Vec<f32> {
+        let mut v = vec![0.0; w * h * ch];
+        for y in 0..h {
+            for x in 0..w {
+                for c in 0..ch {
+                    v[(y * w + x) * ch + c] = f(x as i32, y as i32, c);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        v
+    }
+
+    fn horizontal(len: f32) -> Vec<[f32; 2]> {
+        vec![[10.0, 32.0], [10.0 + len, 32.0]]
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tight_short_emits_more_dabs_than_tight_long() {
+        let pts = horizontal(100.0);
+        let short = place_dabs(&pts, 10.0, 50.0, Style::TightShort, RNG_SEED).unwrap();
+        let long = place_dabs(&pts, 10.0, 50.0, Style::TightLong, RNG_SEED).unwrap();
+        assert!(short.len() > long.len(), "short {} long {}", short.len(), long.len());
+        let s = spacing_px(10.0, 50.0, Style::TightShort).unwrap();
+        let l = spacing_px(10.0, 50.0, Style::TightLong).unwrap();
+        assert!(s < l, "{s} {l}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tight_curl_angles_increase_and_loose_curl_scatters() {
+        let pts = horizontal(80.0);
+        let tight = place_dabs(&pts, 12.0, 50.0, Style::TightCurl, RNG_SEED).unwrap();
+        let loose = place_dabs(&pts, 12.0, 50.0, Style::LooseCurl, RNG_SEED).unwrap();
+        assert!(tight.len() >= 3 && loose.len() >= 3);
+        let dt: Vec<f32> = tight.windows(2).map(|w| w[1].theta - w[0].theta).collect();
+        assert!(dt.iter().all(|d| *d > 0.05), "tight curl steps {dt:?}");
+        let dl: Vec<f32> = loose.windows(2).map(|w| w[1].theta - w[0].theta).collect();
+        let mean = |v: &[f32]| v.iter().sum::<f32>() / v.len() as f32;
+        assert!(mean(&dl) > mean(&dt), "loose curl {dl:?} vs tight {dt:?}");
+        let scatter_t: f32 = tight.iter().map(|d| (d.y - 32.0).abs()).sum();
+        let scatter_l: f32 = loose.iter().map(|d| (d.y - 32.0).abs()).sum();
+        assert!(scatter_l > scatter_t, "loose scatter {scatter_l} tight {scatter_t}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn seeded_scatter_is_replayable() {
+        let pts = horizontal(60.0);
+        let a = place_dabs(&pts, 16.0, 40.0, Style::LooseMedium, RNG_SEED ^ 3).unwrap();
+        let b = place_dabs(&pts, 16.0, 40.0, Style::LooseMedium, RNG_SEED ^ 3).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(a, b);
+        let c = place_dabs(&pts, 16.0, 40.0, Style::LooseMedium, RNG_SEED ^ 4).unwrap();
+        assert_ne!(a, c);
+    }
+
+    fn fixture(ch: usize) -> (usize, usize, Vec<f32>, Vec<f32>, Dab) {
+        let (w, h) = (128usize, 96usize);
+        let src = fill(w, h, ch, |x, y, c| if c + 1 == ch && ch > 1 { 1.0 } else { ((x * 13 + y * 7 + c as i32 * 3).rem_euclid(251) as f32) / 255.0 });
+        let dest0 = fill(w, h, ch, |_, _, c| if c + 1 == ch && ch > 1 { 1.0 } else { 0.1 });
+        // Centre 1 px inside a 64-tile so the rotated read crosses the seam.
+        let dab = Dab { x: 63.0, y: 40.0, theta: 0.4, radius: 18.0, pressure: 1.0 };
+        (w, h, src, dest0, dab)
+    }
+
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    fn stamp_run(w: usize, h: usize, ch: usize, src: &[f32], dest: &mut [f32], dab: &Dab, tile: i32) -> u32 {
+        stamp_dabs(w, h, ch, src, dest, std::slice::from_ref(dab), tile)
+    }
+
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    fn stamp_dabs(w: usize, h: usize, ch: usize, src: &[f32], dest: &mut [f32], dabs: &[Dab], tile: i32) -> u32 {
+        let mut p = StampParams {
+            dest,
+            dest_w: w,
+            dest_h: h,
+            dest_origin: (0, 0),
+            src,
+            src_w: w,
+            src_h: h,
+            src_origin: (0, 0),
+            ch,
+            dabs,
+            hardness: 1.0,
+            opacity: 1.0,
+            flow: 1.0,
+            tolerance: 0.0,
+            tile,
+            selection: None,
+            lock_transparent: false,
+            alpha: (ch > 1).then_some(ch - 1),
+        };
+        stamp(&mut p).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn max_abs(a: &[f32], b: &[f32]) -> f32 {
+        a.iter().zip(b).fold(0.0f32, |m, (x, y)| m.max((x - y).abs()))
+    }
+
+    fn max_u8(a: &[f32], b: &[f32]) -> i32 {
+        a.iter()
+            .zip(b)
+            .map(|(x, y)| {
+                let q = |v: f32| (v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 255.0).round() as i32;
+                (q(*x) - q(*y)).abs()
+            })
+            .max()
+            .unwrap_or(0)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tiled_stamp_matches_untiled_at_a_tile_seam() {
+        let (w, h, src, dest0, dab) = fixture(4);
+        let mut tiled = dest0.clone();
+        let mut flat = dest0.clone();
+        let n_t = stamp_run(w, h, 4, &src, &mut tiled, &dab, 64);
+        let n_f = stamp_run(w, h, 4, &src, &mut flat, &dab, 0);
+        assert!(n_t > 0 && n_f > 0, "wrote {n_t} tiled / {n_f} flat");
+        assert_eq!(max_u8(&tiled, &flat), 0, "8-bit seam");
+        assert!(max_abs(&tiled, &flat) <= 1.0 / 32_767.0, "16-bit seam {}", max_abs(&tiled, &flat));
+        assert!(max_abs(&tiled, &flat) <= 1.0e-5, "32f seam {}", max_abs(&tiled, &flat));
+
+        let (w, h, src, dest0, dab) = fixture(1);
+        let mut tiled = dest0.clone();
+        let mut flat = dest0;
+        stamp_run(w, h, 1, &src, &mut tiled, &dab, 64);
+        stamp_run(w, h, 1, &src, &mut flat, &dab, 0);
+        assert_eq!(max_u8(&tiled, &flat), 0, "gray 8-bit seam");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn leftward_and_curl_strokes_match_untiled_across_a_tile_edge() {
+        let (w, h, ch) = (128usize, 96usize, 4);
+        let src = fill(w, h, ch, |x, y, c| if c == 3 { 1.0 } else { ((x * 13 + y * 7 + c as i32 * 3).rem_euclid(251) as f32) / 255.0 });
+        let dest0 = fill(w, h, ch, |_, _, c| if c == 3 { 1.0 } else { 0.1 });
+        for style in [Style::TightMedium, Style::TightCurl, Style::LooseCurl] {
+            let dabs = place_dabs(&[[110.0, 40.0], [20.0, 40.0]], 40.0, 50.0, style, RNG_SEED).unwrap();
+            let mut tiled = dest0.clone();
+            let mut flat = dest0.clone();
+            stamp_dabs(w, h, ch, &src, &mut tiled, &dabs, 64);
+            stamp_dabs(w, h, ch, &src, &mut flat, &dabs, 0);
+            assert_eq!(max_abs(&tiled, &flat), 0.0, "{} seam at x = 64", style.as_str());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A dab at angle 0 copies the history pixel under each covered pixel, not a blend of it
+    /// and its lower-right neighbours.
+    #[test]
+    fn unrotated_dab_restores_the_source_pixel() {
+        let (w, h, ch) = (48usize, 48usize, 4);
+        let src = fill(w, h, ch, |x, y, c| if c == 3 { 1.0 } else { ((x * 37 + y * 11 + c as i32 * 5).rem_euclid(97) as f32) / 96.0 });
+        let mut dest = fill(w, h, ch, |_, _, c| if c == 3 { 1.0 } else { 0.5 });
+        let dab = Dab { x: 24.0, y: 24.0, theta: 0.0, radius: 8.0, pressure: 1.0 };
+        stamp_run(w, h, ch, &src, &mut dest, &dab, 0);
+        for (x, y) in [(24usize, 24usize), (20, 22), (27, 26)] {
+            let i = (y * w + x) * ch;
+            assert_eq!(&dest[i..i + ch], &src[i..i + ch], "pixel {x},{y}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn halo_covers_rotated_read_reach() {
+        let size = 40.0;
+        for style in
+            [Style::TightShort, Style::TightMedium, Style::TightLong, Style::LooseMedium, Style::LooseLong, Style::Dab, Style::TightCurl, Style::LooseCurl]
+        {
+            let halo = halo_radius(size, style).unwrap();
+            let side = sample_side(size, style).unwrap();
+            let reach = (side + 1) / 2;
+            assert!(halo >= reach, "{:?}: halo {halo} < reach {reach} (side {side})", style.as_str());
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tolerance_skips_an_unchanged_layer() {
+        let (w, h, ch) = (48usize, 48usize, 4);
+        let src = fill(w, h, ch, |x, y, c| if c == 3 { 1.0 } else { (x + y) as f32 / 100.0 });
+        let mut dest = src.clone();
+        let dab = Dab { x: 24.0, y: 24.0, theta: 0.0, radius: 8.0, pressure: 1.0 };
+        let mut p = StampParams {
+            dest: &mut dest,
+            dest_w: w,
+            dest_h: h,
+            dest_origin: (0, 0),
+            src: &src,
+            src_w: w,
+            src_h: h,
+            src_origin: (0, 0),
+            ch,
+            dabs: std::slice::from_ref(&dab),
+            hardness: 1.0,
+            opacity: 1.0,
+            flow: 1.0,
+            tolerance: 1.0,
+            tile: 0,
+            selection: None,
+            lock_transparent: false,
+            alpha: Some(3),
+        };
+        let n = stamp(&mut p).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(n, 0);
+        assert_eq!(dest, src);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tolerance_zero_writes_where_history_differs() {
+        let (w, h, ch) = (48usize, 48usize, 4);
+        let src = fill(w, h, ch, |_, _, c| if c == 3 { 1.0 } else { 0.9 });
+        let mut dest = fill(w, h, ch, |_, _, c| if c == 3 { 1.0 } else { 0.1 });
+        let dab = Dab { x: 24.0, y: 24.0, theta: 0.0, radius: 8.0, pressure: 1.0 };
+        let mut p = StampParams {
+            dest: &mut dest,
+            dest_w: w,
+            dest_h: h,
+            dest_origin: (0, 0),
+            src: &src,
+            src_w: w,
+            src_h: h,
+            src_origin: (0, 0),
+            ch,
+            dabs: std::slice::from_ref(&dab),
+            hardness: 1.0,
+            opacity: 1.0,
+            flow: 1.0,
+            tolerance: 0.0,
+            tile: 0,
+            selection: None,
+            lock_transparent: false,
+            alpha: Some(3),
+        };
+        let n = stamp(&mut p).unwrap();
+        assert!(n > 0);
+        let i = (24 * w + 24) * ch;
+        assert!((dest[i] - 0.9).abs() < 1.0e-5, "{}", dest[i]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tolerance_ignores_unchanged_alpha() {
+        // Colour moved by 0.3 and alpha did not: the 0.25 threshold must not see a 0.225 average.
+        let (w, h, ch) = (48usize, 48usize, 4);
+        let src = fill(w, h, ch, |_, _, c| if c == 3 { 1.0 } else { 0.6 });
+        let dest0 = fill(w, h, ch, |_, _, c| if c == 3 { 1.0 } else { 0.3 });
+        let dab = Dab { x: 24.0, y: 24.0, theta: 0.0, radius: 8.0, pressure: 1.0 };
+        for (tolerance, paints) in [(0.25, true), (0.35, false)] {
+            let mut dest = dest0.clone();
+            let mut p = StampParams {
+                dest: &mut dest,
+                dest_w: w,
+                dest_h: h,
+                dest_origin: (0, 0),
+                src: &src,
+                src_w: w,
+                src_h: h,
+                src_origin: (0, 0),
+                ch,
+                dabs: std::slice::from_ref(&dab),
+                hardness: 1.0,
+                opacity: 1.0,
+                flow: 1.0,
+                tolerance,
+                tile: 0,
+                selection: None,
+                lock_transparent: false,
+                alpha: Some(3),
+            };
+            let n = stamp(&mut p).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(n > 0, paints, "tolerance {tolerance}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The Eraser keeps the colour and lowers only the alpha: an erased patch differs from the
+    /// history state and is painted back with a tolerance above 0.
+    #[test]
+    fn tolerance_sees_an_erased_patch() {
+        let (w, h, ch) = (48usize, 48usize, 4);
+        let src = fill(w, h, ch, |_, _, c| if c == 0 || c == 3 { 1.0 } else { 0.0 });
+        let mut dest = fill(w, h, ch, |_, _, c| match c {
+            0 => 1.0,
+            3 => 0.6,
+            _ => 0.0,
+        });
+        let dab = Dab { x: 24.0, y: 24.0, theta: 0.0, radius: 8.0, pressure: 1.0 };
+        let mut p = StampParams {
+            dest: &mut dest,
+            dest_w: w,
+            dest_h: h,
+            dest_origin: (0, 0),
+            src: &src,
+            src_w: w,
+            src_h: h,
+            src_origin: (0, 0),
+            ch,
+            dabs: std::slice::from_ref(&dab),
+            hardness: 1.0,
+            opacity: 1.0,
+            flow: 1.0,
+            tolerance: 0.25,
+            tile: 0,
+            selection: None,
+            lock_transparent: false,
+            alpha: Some(3),
+        };
+        assert!(stamp(&mut p).unwrap() > 0, "alpha 1 -> 0.6 is over tolerance 0.25");
+        let i = (24 * w + 24) * ch;
+        assert!((dest[i + 3] - 1.0).abs() < 1.0e-5, "alpha restored, got {}", dest[i + 3]);
+    }
+    #[test]
+    fn empty_or_mismatched_buffers_error() {
+        let mut dest = vec![0.0f32; 16];
+        let src = vec![0.0f32; 16];
+        let dab = Dab { x: 1.0, y: 1.0, theta: 0.0, radius: 1.0, pressure: 1.0 };
+        let mut p = StampParams {
+            dest: &mut dest,
+            dest_w: 0,
+            dest_h: 4,
+            dest_origin: (0, 0),
+            src: &src,
+            src_w: 4,
+            src_h: 4,
+            src_origin: (0, 0),
+            ch: 1,
+            dabs: std::slice::from_ref(&dab),
+            hardness: 1.0,
+            opacity: 1.0,
+            flow: 1.0,
+            tolerance: 0.0,
+            tile: 0,
+            selection: None,
+            lock_transparent: false,
+            alpha: None,
+        };
+        assert_eq!(stamp(&mut p), Err(StampError::Empty));
+        let mut dest = vec![0.0f32; 16];
+        let src = vec![0.0f32; 8];
+        let mut p = StampParams {
+            dest: &mut dest,
+            dest_w: 4,
+            dest_h: 4,
+            dest_origin: (0, 0),
+            src: &src,
+            src_w: 2,
+            src_h: 2,
+            src_origin: (0, 0),
+            ch: 4,
+            dabs: std::slice::from_ref(&dab),
+            hardness: 1.0,
+            opacity: 1.0,
+            flow: 1.0,
+            tolerance: 0.0,
+            tile: 0,
+            selection: None,
+            lock_transparent: false,
+            alpha: None,
+        };
+        assert!(stamp(&mut p).is_err());
+        assert!(place_dabs(&[], 10.0, 50.0, Style::TightMedium, 0).is_err());
+        assert!(Style::parse("nope").is_none());
+        assert_eq!(Style::parse("tightMedium"), Some(Style::TightMedium));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn two_stamps_with_the_same_seed_match() {
+        let pts = horizontal(50.0);
+        let dabs = place_dabs(&pts, 12.0, 50.0, Style::LooseCurl, RNG_SEED).unwrap();
+        let (w, h, ch) = (80usize, 64usize, 4);
+        let src = fill(w, h, ch, |x, y, c| if c == 3 { 1.0 } else { (x + 3 * y) as f32 / 200.0 });
+        let dest0 = fill(w, h, ch, |_, _, c| if c == 3 { 1.0 } else { 0.2 });
+        let run = |dest: &mut [f32]| {
+            let mut p = StampParams {
+                dest,
+                dest_w: w,
+                dest_h: h,
+                dest_origin: (0, 0),
+                src: &src,
+                src_w: w,
+                src_h: h,
+                src_origin: (0, 0),
+                ch,
+                dabs: &dabs,
+                hardness: 0.8,
+                opacity: 1.0,
+                flow: 1.0,
+                tolerance: 0.0,
+                tile: 64,
+                selection: None,
+                lock_transparent: false,
+                alpha: Some(3),
+            };
+            stamp(&mut p).unwrap()
+        };
+        let mut a = dest0.clone();
+        let mut b = dest0;
+        assert_eq!(run(&mut a), run(&mut b));
+        assert_eq!(a, b);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/camera_raw.rs b/crates/algo/src/camera_raw.rs
index 3cadd1d20c..5bd0c8ab06 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/camera_raw.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/camera_raw.rs
@@ -56,8 +56,11 @@ pub fn validate_curve(points: &[[f32; 2]]) -> Result<(), String> {
 use crate::photo_util::{hash01, linear_to_srgb, par_rows, srgb_to_linear};
 
 mod local_tone;
+mod per_pixel;
 mod whites_blacks;
 
+pub use per_pixel::{CURVE_LUT, Grade, Grain, PerPixel, Vignette, VignetteStyle, WB_STEPS, WhitesBlacks, per_pixel, white_black_points};
+
 /// How the pixels encode light: the sRGB curve (gamma 0) or a pure power law (ProPhoto's 1.8,
 /// Adobe RGB's 2.2). The tone controls work on light, so the document's own curve decodes it.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
@@ -166,6 +169,13 @@ pub struct CameraRaw {
     /// The document's transfer curve: 0 for sRGB's, else the gamma of a power-law space (1.8
     /// for ProPhoto). Set from the document's profile; Whites and Blacks act on light.
     pub encoding_gamma: f32,
+    // Calibration (Camera Raw's Calibration panel)
+    /// Shadows › Tint: −100 (green) … 100 (magenta), strongest in the darkest tones.
+    pub shadow_tint: f32,
+    /// Red, Green and Blue Primary › Hue: −100 … 100, the primary turned towards its neighbours.
+    pub calibration_hue: [f32; 3],
+    /// Red, Green and Blue Primary › Saturation: −100 (grey) … 100 (purer).
+    pub calibration_sat: [f32; 3],
 }
 
 impl Default for CameraRaw {
@@ -222,6 +232,9 @@ impl Default for CameraRaw {
             seed: 0,
             pixel_scale: 1.0,
             encoding_gamma: 0.0,
+            shadow_tint: 0.0,
+            calibration_hue: [0.0; 3],
+            calibration_sat: [0.0; 3],
         }
     }
 }
@@ -229,6 +242,90 @@ impl Default for CameraRaw {
 /// Hue band centres of the Color Mixer (degrees).
 pub const HSL_BANDS: [f32; 8] = [0.0, 30.0, 60.0, 120.0, 180.0, 240.0, 270.0, 300.0];
 
+/// How far a primary turns at Hue ±100 (degrees), as the Color Mixer's hue sliders do.
+const CALIBRATION_TURN: f32 = 30.0;
+
+/// How much of each primary (red, green, blue) a hue is made of: triangular weights around
+/// 0°, 120° and 240° that sum to one, so a colour between two primaries follows both.
+pub fn calibration_weights(hue: f32) -> [f32; 3] {
+    let h = hue.rem_euclid(360.0);
+    let mut w = [0.0f32; 3];
+    for (i, centre) in [0.0f32, 120.0, 240.0].iter().enumerate() {
+        let d = (h - centre).abs().min(360.0 - (h - centre).abs());
+        w[i] = (1.0 - d / 120.0).max(0.0);
+    }
+    let sum: f32 = w.iter().sum();
+    if sum > 1e-6 { w.map(|v| v / sum) } else { [1.0, 0.0, 0.0] }
+}
+
+/// The Calibration panel's primaries on one linear-light pixel: its hue turns by the weighted
+/// Hue of the primaries it is made of (±100 is ±30°, positive towards the next primary) and its
+/// saturation scales by their weighted Saturation (−100 greys it); the luminance is kept, so
+/// neutrals are untouched.
+fn calibrate(c: [f32; 3], hue: [f32; 3], sat: [f32; 3]) -> [f32; 3] {
+    let [h, s, v] = rgb_to_hsv(c.map(|x| x.max(0.0)));
+    if s <= 1e-5 || v <= 1e-6 {
+        return c;
+    }
+    let w = calibration_weights(h);
+    let (mut dh, mut ds) = (0.0f32, 0.0f32);
+    for i in 0..3 {
+        dh += w[i] * hue[i].clamp(-100.0, 100.0);
+        ds += w[i] * sat[i].clamp(-100.0, 100.0);
+    }
+    let nh = h + dh / 100.0 * CALIBRATION_TURN;
+    let ns = (s * (1.0 + ds / 100.0)).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+    let out = hsv_to_rgb(nh, ns, v);
+    let (l0, l1) = (luma(c), luma(out));
+    if l1 > 1e-6 { out.map(|x| x * l0 / l1) } else { out }
+}
+
+/// Shadows › Tint on one linear-light pixel: `tint` −1 (green) … 1 (magenta), weighted by how
+/// dark the pixel is; the luminance is kept.
+fn shadow_tint(c: [f32; 3], tint: f32) -> [f32; 3] {
+    let l = luma(c).max(0.0);
+    // Linear 0.18 is middle grey: full strength below it, fading out towards white.
+    let weight = (1.0 - (l / 0.18).sqrt().min(1.0)).powi(2) * 0.5 + (1.0 - l.min(1.0)).powi(4) * 0.5;
+    let k = tint * 0.12 * weight * (l + 0.02);
+    let o = [c[0] + k, c[1] - k, c[2] + k].map(|v| v.max(0.0));
+    let l2 = luma(o);
+    if l2 > 1e-6 { o.map(|v| v * l / l2) } else { o }
+}
+
+/// Camera Raw's Auto for the Light panel: Exposure, Contrast, Highlights, Shadows, Whites and
+/// Blacks from the image's luminance histogram (`px` in the document's encoding). A well
+/// exposed image gets near-zero settings; a dark one more exposure and lifted shadows; one
+/// with a crushed or blown end gets Blacks or Whites back from the edge. The other panels are
+/// left alone, as Camera Raw's Auto leaves them.
+pub fn auto_tone(px: &[[f32; 4]], p: &mut CameraRaw) {
+    if px.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+    let mut lum: Vec<f32> = px.iter().map(|q| luma([q[0], q[1], q[2]]).clamp(0.0, 1.0)).collect();
+    lum.sort_by(|a, b| a.total_cmp(b));
+    let at = |f: f32| lum[((lum.len() - 1) as f32 * f).round() as usize];
+    let (black, shadow, median, light, white) = (at(0.001), at(0.1), at(0.5), at(0.9), at(0.999));
+    // Exposure: the median towards middle grey (sRGB 0.46), damped so flat scenes aren't
+    // forced to it.
+    let median_lin = srgb_to_linear(median).max(1e-4);
+    p.exposure = (0.6 * (0.18f32 / median_lin).log2()).clamp(-2.0, 2.0);
+    // Blacks and Whites bring the ends to the edges without clipping more than Camera Raw does.
+    p.blacks = ((0.04 - black) * 400.0).clamp(-40.0, 40.0);
+    p.whites = ((0.96 - white) * 300.0).clamp(-40.0, 40.0);
+    // Shadows up when the darker tenth is crushed, highlights down when the brighter tenth is
+    // near white.
+    p.shadows = ((0.25 - shadow) * 200.0).clamp(0.0, 50.0);
+    p.highlights = ((light - 0.85) * -300.0).clamp(-50.0, 0.0);
+    // A little contrast for a flat histogram.
+    let spread = (light - shadow).max(0.0);
+    p.contrast = ((0.6 - spread) * 60.0).clamp(0.0, 25.0);
+    // Shown as Camera Raw shows them: Exposure to a hundredth of a stop, the others whole.
+    p.exposure = (p.exposure * 100.0).round() / 100.0;
+    for v in [&mut p.blacks, &mut p.whites, &mut p.shadows, &mut p.highlights, &mut p.contrast] {
+        *v = v.round();
+    }
+}
+
 fn luma(c: [f32; 3]) -> f32 {
     0.2126 * c[0] + 0.7152 * c[1] + 0.0722 * c[2]
 }
@@ -534,6 +631,10 @@ impl CameraRaw {
     fn grade_neutral(&self) -> bool {
         self.grade_shadows.neutral() && self.grade_midtones.neutral() && self.grade_highlights.neutral() && self.grade_global.neutral()
     }
+    /// The Calibration panel at rest.
+    fn calibration_neutral(&self) -> bool {
+        self.shadow_tint == 0.0 && self.calibration_hue.iter().chain(&self.calibration_sat).all(|v| *v == 0.0)
+    }
     fn curves_neutral(&self) -> bool {
         [self.curve_highlights, self.curve_lights, self.curve_darks, self.curve_shadows].iter().all(|v| *v == 0.0)
             && [&self.point_curve, &self.point_curve_red, &self.point_curve_green, &self.point_curve_blue].iter().all(|c| is_linear(c))
@@ -541,6 +642,7 @@ impl CameraRaw {
     /// True when every control is neutral (the filter is an identity).
     pub fn is_identity(&self) -> bool {
         self.wb_neutral()
+            && self.calibration_neutral()
             && self.tone_neutral()
             && self.dehaze == 0.0
             && self.vibrance == 0.0
@@ -580,14 +682,27 @@ pub fn develop(px: &mut [[f32; 4]], w: usize, h: usize, p: &CameraRaw, float: bo
     let ps = p.pixel_scale.clamp(0.01, 1.0);
     let long = w.max(h) as f32;
     // 1. White balance + exposure in linear light.
-    if !p.wb_neutral() {
-        let mut g = white_balance_gains(p.temperature, p.tint);
-        let norm = luma(g);
-        g = g.map(|v| v / norm * 2f32.powf(p.exposure));
+    if let Some(g) = per_pixel::gains(p) {
         par_rows(px, w, 1, |_, row| {
             for q in row.iter_mut() {
-                for c in 0..3 {
-                    q[c] = linear_to_srgb((srgb_to_linear(q[c]) * g[c]).max(0.0));
+                *q = balance(*q, g);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+    // 1b. Calibration: the primaries turned and purer or greyer, and the shadows tinted, in
+    // linear light (the camera's primaries are what Camera Raw's panel calibrates).
+    if !p.calibration_neutral() {
+        let primaries = p.calibration_hue.iter().chain(&p.calibration_sat).any(|v| *v != 0.0);
+        let tint = p.shadow_tint.clamp(-100.0, 100.0) / 100.0;
+        par_rows(px, w, 1, |_, row| {
+            for q in row.iter_mut() {
+                let c = [srgb_to_linear(q[0]), srgb_to_linear(q[1]), srgb_to_linear(q[2])];
+                let mut o = if primaries { calibrate(c, p.calibration_hue, p.calibration_sat) } else { c };
+                if tint != 0.0 {
+                    o = shadow_tint(o, tint);
+                }
+                for k in 0..3 {
+                    q[k] = linear_to_srgb(o[k].max(0.0));
                 }
             }
         });
@@ -606,7 +721,6 @@ pub fn develop(px: &mut [[f32; 4]], w: usize, h: usize, p: &CameraRaw, float: bo
         let clar = (p.clarity != 0.0).then(|| guided_fast(&lc, &lc, w, h, ((long * 0.02) as usize).max(3), 0.005));
         let tex = (p.texture != 0.0).then(|| gauss(&lc, w, h, (long * 0.002).max(1.5 * ps)));
         let k_con = p.contrast / 100.0 * 0.6;
-        let tau = std::f32::consts::TAU;
         par_rows(px, w, 1, |y, row| {
             for (x, q) in row.iter_mut().enumerate() {
                 let i = y * w + x;
@@ -619,22 +733,14 @@ pub fn develop(px: &mut [[f32; 4]], w: usize, h: usize, p: &CameraRaw, float: bo
                 if let Some(t) = &tex {
                     lv += p.texture / 100.0 * 0.9 * (lc[i] - t[i]).clamp(-0.1, 0.1);
                 }
-                if k_con != 0.0 {
-                    let xx = lv.clamp(0.0, 1.0);
-                    lv += -k_con * (tau * xx).sin() / tau;
-                }
-                let lv = lv.max(0.0) + (l0 - lc[i]);
-                let ratio = if l0 > 1e-5 { lv / l0 } else { 1.0 };
-                for c in 0..3 {
-                    q[c] = if l0 > 1e-5 { q[c] * ratio } else { q[c] + (lv - l0) };
-                }
+                *q = tone(*q, l0, lc[i], lv, k_con);
             }
         });
     }
     // 3b. Whites and Blacks: global curves adapted to the image's black and white points.
     if p.whites != 0.0 || p.blacks != 0.0 {
         let enc = Encoding::of(p.encoding_gamma);
-        let (bp, wp) = luminance_points(px, w, h, enc);
+        let (bp, wp) = luminance_points(px, w, h, enc, |q| q);
         let (xw, xb) = whites_blacks::amounts(p.whites.clamp(-100.0, 100.0), p.blacks.clamp(-100.0, 100.0), bp, wp);
         whites_blacks::apply(px, w, xw, xb, enc);
     }
@@ -646,14 +752,7 @@ pub fn develop(px: &mut [[f32; 4]], w: usize, h: usize, p: &CameraRaw, float: bo
         let (master, cr, cg, cb) = (pts(&p.point_curve), pts(&p.point_curve_red), pts(&p.point_curve_green), pts(&p.point_curve_blue));
         let hsl = !p.hsl_neutral();
         let grade = !p.grade_neutral();
-        let wheel_tint = |wh: &Wheel| -> [f32; 3] {
-            let c = hsv_to_rgb(wh.hue, 1.0, 1.0);
-            let l = luma(c);
-            [c[0] - l, c[1] - l, c[2] - l].map(|v| v * wh.sat / 100.0 * 0.3)
-        };
-        let tints = [wheel_tint(&p.grade_shadows), wheel_tint(&p.grade_midtones), wheel_tint(&p.grade_highlights), wheel_tint(&p.grade_global)];
-        let blend = 0.15 + p.grade_blending.clamp(0.0, 100.0) / 100.0 * 0.35;
-        let bal = p.grade_balance.clamp(-100.0, 100.0) / 100.0 * 0.25;
+        let Grade { tints, lums, blend, balance: bal } = Grade::new(p);
         par_rows(px, w, 1, |_, row| {
             for q in row.iter_mut() {
                 let mut c = [q[0], q[1], q[2]];
@@ -706,7 +805,6 @@ pub fn develop(px: &mut [[f32; 4]], w: usize, h: usize, p: &CameraRaw, float: bo
                     let hi = smoothstep(0.5 + bal - blend, 1.0, l);
                     let mid = (1.0 - sh - hi).max(0.0);
                     let masks = [sh, mid, hi, 1.0];
-                    let lums = [p.grade_shadows.lum, p.grade_midtones.lum, p.grade_highlights.lum, p.grade_global.lum];
                     for k in 0..4 {
                         for ch in 0..3 {
                             c[ch] += masks[k] * tints[k][ch];
@@ -732,11 +830,7 @@ pub fn develop(px: &mut [[f32; 4]], w: usize, h: usize, p: &CameraRaw, float: bo
         vignette(px, w, h, p);
     }
     if p.grain_amount > 0.0 {
-        let cell = 1.0 + p.grain_size / 25.0;
-        let rough = p.grain_roughness / 100.0;
-        let amt = p.grain_amount / 100.0 * 0.12;
-        let seed = p.seed as u64;
-        let pscale = 1.0 / ps;
+        let Grain { cell, roughness: rough, amount: amt, seed, scale: pscale } = Grain::new(p);
         par_rows(px, w, 1, |y, row| {
             for (x, q) in row.iter_mut().enumerate() {
                 // Sample in full-resolution coordinates so previews match the result.
@@ -759,24 +853,60 @@ pub fn develop(px: &mut [[f32; 4]], w: usize, h: usize, p: &CameraRaw, float: bo
     }
 }
 
+/// The end of stage 3 on one pixel: Contrast (strength `k_con`) on the luminance `lv` that
+/// Clarity and Texture left, then the pixel rescaled to it. `l0` is its luminance, `lc` that
+/// clipped to 1.
+fn tone(mut q: [f32; 4], l0: f32, lc: f32, mut lv: f32, k_con: f32) -> [f32; 4] {
+    if k_con != 0.0 {
+        let tau = std::f32::consts::TAU;
+        let xx = lv.clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+        lv += -k_con * (tau * xx).sin() / tau;
+    }
+    let lv = lv.max(0.0) + (l0 - lc);
+    let ratio = if l0 > 1e-5 { lv / l0 } else { 1.0 };
+    for c in 0..3 {
+        q[c] = if l0 > 1e-5 { q[c] * ratio } else { q[c] + (lv - l0) };
+    }
+    q
+}
+
+/// Stage 3 on one pixel when Contrast is its only control.
+fn contrast(q: [f32; 4], k_con: f32) -> [f32; 4] {
+    let l0 = luma([q[0], q[1], q[2]]).max(0.0);
+    let lc = l0.min(1.0);
+    tone(q, l0, lc, lc, k_con)
+}
+
+/// Stage 1 on one pixel: white balance and exposure `gains` in linear light.
+fn balance(mut q: [f32; 4], g: [f32; 3]) -> [f32; 4] {
+    for c in 0..3 {
+        q[c] = linear_to_srgb((srgb_to_linear(q[c]) * g[c]).max(0.0));
+    }
+    q
+}
+
 /// The image's black and white points as sRGB-encoded grey levels: the 3rd percentile of the
 /// luminance and the 99.5th of the brightest channel, on a copy at most 256 pixels across (so a
-/// preview proxy and the full image agree).
-fn luminance_points(px: &[[f32; 4]], w: usize, h: usize, enc: Encoding) -> (f32, f32) {
+/// preview proxy and the full image agree). `map` is applied to each pixel first.
+fn luminance_points(px: &[[f32; 4]], w: usize, h: usize, enc: Encoding, map: impl Fn([f32; 4]) -> [f32; 4] + Sync) -> (f32, f32) {
     let f = w.max(h).div_ceil(256).max(1);
     let (sw, sh) = (w.div_ceil(f), h.div_ceil(f));
-    let mut sum = vec![[0.0f64; 4]; sw * sh];
-    for y in 0..h {
-        for x in 0..w {
-            let q = px[y * w + x];
-            let s = &mut sum[(y / f) * sw + x / f];
-            for c in 0..3 {
-                s[c] += f64::from(enc.decode(q[c]).clamp(0.0, 1.0));
+    // Each band of `f` rows sums into its own row of cells, in the same order as one pass would.
+    let bands = crate::photo_util::par_map(sh, |sy| {
+        let mut sum = vec![[0.0f64; 4]; sw];
+        for y in sy * f..((sy + 1) * f).min(h) {
+            for x in 0..w {
+                let q = map(px[y * w + x]);
+                let s = &mut sum[x / f];
+                for c in 0..3 {
+                    s[c] += f64::from(enc.decode(q[c]).clamp(0.0, 1.0));
+                }
+                s[3] += 1.0;
             }
-            s[3] += 1.0;
         }
-    }
-    let cells: Vec<[f32; 3]> = sum.iter().filter(|s| s[3] > 0.0).map(|s| [0, 1, 2].map(|c| (s[c] / s[3]) as f32)).collect();
+        sum
+    });
+    let cells: Vec<[f32; 3]> = bands.iter().flatten().filter(|s| s[3] > 0.0).map(|s| [0, 1, 2].map(|c| (s[c] / s[3]) as f32)).collect();
     if cells.is_empty() {
         return (0.0, 1.0);
     }
@@ -818,23 +948,25 @@ fn dehaze(px: &mut [[f32; 4]], w: usize, h: usize, amount: f32) {
         *s = s.map(|v| v / c.max(1.0));
     }
     let r = (sw.max(sh) / 60).max(2);
-    let min_filter = |v: &[f32]| -> Vec<f32> {
+    // The minimum (or, with `f32::max`, maximum) over each (2r + 1)² window.
+    let rank_filter = |v: &[f32], start: f32, pick: fn(f32, f32) -> f32| -> Vec<f32> {
         let mut a = vec![0.0f32; sw * sh];
         for y in 0..sh {
             for x in 0..sw {
                 let (x0, x1) = (x.saturating_sub(r), (x + r).min(sw - 1));
-                a[y * sw + x] = (x0..=x1).map(|xx| v[y * sw + xx]).fold(f32::MAX, f32::min);
+                a[y * sw + x] = (x0..=x1).map(|xx| v[y * sw + xx]).fold(start, pick);
             }
         }
         let mut b = vec![0.0f32; sw * sh];
         for y in 0..sh {
             for x in 0..sw {
                 let (y0, y1) = (y.saturating_sub(r), (y + r).min(sh - 1));
-                b[y * sw + x] = (y0..=y1).map(|yy| a[yy * sw + x]).fold(f32::MAX, f32::min);
+                b[y * sw + x] = (y0..=y1).map(|yy| a[yy * sw + x]).fold(start, pick);
             }
         }
         b
     };
+    let min_filter = |v: &[f32]| rank_filter(v, f32::MAX, f32::min);
     let dark = min_filter(&small.iter().map(|c| c[0].min(c[1]).min(c[2])).collect::<Vec<_>>());
     // Atmospheric light: mean colour of the brightest 0.1 % of the dark channel.
     let mut idx: Vec<usize> = (0..sw * sh).collect();
@@ -848,7 +980,15 @@ fn dehaze(px: &mut [[f32; 4]], w: usize, h: usize, amount: f32) {
     }
     let air = air.map(|v| v.max(0.2));
     let norm_dark = min_filter(&small.iter().map(|c| (c[0] / air[0]).min(c[1] / air[1]).min(c[2] / air[2])).collect::<Vec<_>>());
-    let t_raw: Vec<f32> = norm_dark.iter().map(|d| 1.0 - 0.95 * d).collect();
+    // Opened (a maximum filter of the same radius after the minimum): the minimum grows every
+    // dark object by `r`, so sky beside a dark building took its dark channel, counted as
+    // haze-free and kept a bright halo (#9273). Opening shrinks dark regions back to their
+    // outline and is still a lower bound of the dark channel over the window. It raises the dark
+    // channel on average, so the 0.95 weight is scaled to keep the slider's overall strength.
+    let opened = rank_filter(&norm_dark, f32::MIN, f32::max);
+    let mean = |v: &[f32]| v.iter().sum::<f32>() / v.len().max(1) as f32;
+    let weight = 0.95 * mean(&norm_dark) / mean(&opened).max(1e-6);
+    let t_raw: Vec<f32> = opened.iter().map(|d| 1.0 - weight * d).collect();
     let guide: Vec<f32> = small.iter().map(|c| luma(*c)).collect();
     let t = guided(&guide, &t_raw, sw, sh, r * 2, 1e-3);
     let ks = k as f32;
@@ -923,24 +1063,7 @@ fn detail(px: &mut [[f32; 4]], w: usize, h: usize, p: &CameraRaw, ps: f32) {
 }
 
 fn vignette(px: &mut [[f32; 4]], w: usize, h: usize, p: &CameraRaw) {
-    let amt = p.vignette_amount / 100.0;
-    let mid = p.vignette_midpoint.clamp(0.0, 100.0) / 100.0;
-    let feather = p.vignette_feather.clamp(0.0, 100.0) / 100.0;
-    let round = p.vignette_roundness.clamp(-100.0, 100.0) / 100.0;
-    let hl = p.vignette_highlights.clamp(0.0, 100.0) / 100.0;
-    let style = p.vignette_style.as_str();
-    let (cx, cy) = (w as f32 / 2.0, h as f32 / 2.0);
-    // Roundness: 0 follows the frame's aspect, +1 a circle, −1 a rounded rectangle.
-    let (ax, ay) = if round >= 0.0 {
-        let r = cx.min(cy) + (cx.max(cy) - cx.min(cy)) * (1.0 - round);
-        (if cx >= cy { r } else { cx }, if cy > cx { r } else { cy })
-    } else {
-        (cx, cy)
-    };
-    let pw = 2.0 + (-round).max(0.0) * 6.0;
-    let inner = 1.0 - mid * 0.8;
-    let edge0 = inner - feather * 0.5 * inner;
-    let edge1 = inner + feather * 0.5 * (1.4 - inner) + 0.02;
+    let Vignette { amount: amt, highlights: hl, style, centre: [cx, cy], axes: [ax, ay], power: pw, edges: [edge0, edge1] } = Vignette::new(w, h, p);
     par_rows(px, w, 1, |y, row| {
         for (x, q) in row.iter_mut().enumerate() {
             let (dx, dy) = (((x as f32 + 0.5 - cx) / ax).abs(), ((y as f32 + 0.5 - cy) / ay).abs());
@@ -951,7 +1074,7 @@ fn vignette(px: &mut [[f32; 4]], w: usize, h: usize, p: &CameraRaw) {
             }
             let l = luma([q[0], q[1], q[2]]).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
             match style {
-                "paintOverlay" => {
+                VignetteStyle::PaintOverlay => {
                     let target = if amt < 0.0 { 0.0 } else { 1.0 };
                     let k = m * amt.abs();
                     for c in 0..3 {
@@ -965,7 +1088,7 @@ fn vignette(px: &mut [[f32; 4]], w: usize, h: usize, p: &CameraRaw) {
                         let protect = smoothstep(0.6, 1.0, l) * hl;
                         k += (1.0 - k) * protect;
                     }
-                    if style == "colorPriority" {
+                    if style == VignetteStyle::ColorPriority {
                         let nl = l * k;
                         for c in 0..3 {
                             q[c] += nl - l;
@@ -985,6 +1108,37 @@ fn vignette(px: &mut [[f32; 4]], w: usize, h: usize, p: &CameraRaw) {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    /// #9273: Dehaze clears the haze evenly over a sky, right up to a dark building, instead of
+    /// leaving a bright halo of uncorrected haze around it. Synthetic scene: a clear sky and a
+    /// dark tower, hazed with `I = J·t + A·(1 − t)`.
+    #[test]
+    fn dehaze_leaves_no_halo_beside_dark_objects() {
+        let (w, h) = (600usize, 400usize);
+        let tower = |x: usize, y: usize| (250..350).contains(&x) && y >= 120;
+        let (t, air) = (0.55f32, [0.9f32, 0.9, 0.9]);
+        let mut px: Vec<[f32; 4]> = (0..w * h)
+            .map(|i| {
+                let (x, y) = (i % w, i / w);
+                let j = if tower(x, y) { [0.06, 0.06, 0.07] } else { [0.35 + 0.1 * y as f32 / h as f32, 0.5, 0.8] };
+                let c: [f32; 3] = std::array::from_fn(|k| j[k] * t + air[k] * (1.0 - t));
+                [c[0], c[1], c[2], 1.0]
+            })
+            .collect();
+        dehaze(&mut px, w, h, 1.0);
+        let sky = |xs: std::ops::Range<usize>| {
+            let v: Vec<f32> =
+                (150..390).flat_map(|y| xs.clone().map(move |x| (x, y))).map(|(x, y)| luma([px[y * w + x][0], px[y * w + x][1], px[y * w + x][2]])).collect();
+            v.iter().sum::<f32>() / v.len() as f32
+        };
+        // Sky 1–8 px from the tower against open sky: the haze left beside it, in 8-bit levels.
+        let halo = (sky(242..250) - sky(20..80)) * 255.0;
+        // 6.4 levels before the dark channel was opened, under 1 after.
+        assert!(halo < 3.0, "a {halo:.1}-level halo beside the tower");
+        // The open sky is still cleared: darker than the hazy input.
+        let hazy = luma(std::array::from_fn(|k| [0.4, 0.5, 0.8][k] * t + air[k] * (1.0 - t)));
+        assert!(sky(20..80) < hazy - 0.02, "{} vs hazy {hazy}", sky(20..80));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn new_curves_are_validated_but_saved_curves_still_load_and_render() {
         for field in ["pointCurve", "pointCurveRed", "pointCurveGreen", "pointCurveBlue"] {
@@ -1144,6 +1298,105 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(v[0][0] < 0.35 && (v[(h / 2) * w + w / 2][0] - 0.5).abs() < 0.01, "{:?}", v[0]);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn calibration_keeps_the_develop_off_the_per_pixel_gpu_stages() {
+        // The per-pixel stages (the Camera Raw dialog's GPU preview) don't run Calibration, so
+        // settings with it must fall back to the CPU develop instead of previewing without it.
+        for p in [
+            CameraRaw { shadow_tint: 40.0, ..Default::default() },
+            CameraRaw { calibration_hue: [0.0, 0.0, 30.0], whites: 20.0, ..Default::default() },
+            CameraRaw { calibration_sat: [-50.0, 0.0, 0.0], exposure: 0.5, ..Default::default() },
+        ] {
+            assert!(!p.spatial());
+            assert!(per_pixel(&p, 2, 2, false, Some((0.0, 1.0))).is_none(), "{p:?}");
+        }
+        assert!(per_pixel(&CameraRaw { exposure: 0.5, ..Default::default() }, 2, 2, false, None).is_some());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn calibration_turns_primaries_keeps_neutrals_and_tints_shadows() {
+        let w = calibration_weights(0.0);
+        assert!((w[0] - 1.0).abs() < 1e-6, "pure red is all red primary: {w:?}");
+        let w = calibration_weights(60.0);
+        assert!((w[0] - 0.5).abs() < 1e-6 && (w[1] - 0.5).abs() < 1e-6, "yellow is half red, half green: {w:?}");
+        let w = calibration_weights(300.0);
+        assert!((w[2] - 0.5).abs() < 1e-6 && (w[0] - 0.5).abs() < 1e-6, "magenta wraps round: {w:?}");
+        let (none, zero) = ([0.0f32; 3], [0.0f32; 3]);
+        let grey = calibrate([0.3, 0.3, 0.3], [100.0, -100.0, 50.0], [100.0, -100.0, 100.0]);
+        assert!(grey.iter().all(|v| (v - 0.3).abs() < 1e-5), "greys are untouched: {grey:?}");
+        // Red turned towards green: it gains green, keeps its luminance.
+        let red = calibrate([0.5, 0.0, 0.0], [100.0, 0.0, 0.0], zero);
+        assert!(red[1] > 0.05 && (red[1] / red[0] - 0.5).abs() < 0.02 && red[2] < 1e-6, "red turns 30° towards green (orange): {red:?}");
+        assert!((luma(red) - luma([0.5, 0.0, 0.0])).abs() < 1e-4, "luminance kept: {red:?}");
+        // Blue at saturation −100 is grey; green at −50 is paler.
+        let blue = calibrate([0.0, 0.0, 0.8], none, [0.0, 0.0, -100.0]);
+        assert!((blue[0] - blue[1]).abs() < 1e-5 && (blue[1] - blue[2]).abs() < 1e-5, "blue at −100 saturation is grey: {blue:?}");
+        let green = calibrate([0.2, 0.8, 0.2], none, [0.0, -50.0, 0.0]);
+        assert!(green[0] > 0.2 && green[1] < 0.8, "green at −50 is paler: {green:?}");
+        // A primary's sliders leave the other primaries alone.
+        let unchanged = calibrate([0.0, 0.0, 0.8], [100.0, 100.0, 0.0], [100.0, 100.0, 0.0]);
+        assert!(unchanged.iter().zip([0.0, 0.0, 0.8]).all(|(a, b)| (a - b).abs() < 1e-5), "{unchanged:?}");
+        // Shadows tint: magenta lifts red and blue over green in a dark pixel, keeps luminance,
+        // and leaves white alone.
+        let dark = shadow_tint([0.02, 0.02, 0.02], 1.0);
+        assert!(dark[0] > dark[1] && dark[2] > dark[1], "{dark:?}");
+        assert!((luma(dark) - 0.02).abs() < 1e-4, "luminance kept: {dark:?}");
+        let green = shadow_tint([0.02, 0.02, 0.02], -1.0);
+        assert!(green[1] > green[0], "{green:?}");
+        let white = shadow_tint([1.0, 1.0, 1.0], 1.0);
+        assert!(white.iter().all(|v| (v - 1.0).abs() < 1e-3), "white is not tinted: {white:?}");
+        // Through develop: neutral settings are an identity, a tint changes dark pixels only.
+        let mut p = CameraRaw::default();
+        assert!(p.is_identity());
+        p.shadow_tint = 100.0;
+        assert!(!p.is_identity());
+        let mut px = vec![[0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 1.0], [0.95, 0.95, 0.95, 1.0]];
+        develop(&mut px, 2, 1, &p, false);
+        assert!(px[0][0] > px[0][1], "dark grey turns magenta: {:?}", px[0]);
+        assert!((px[1][0] - px[1][1]).abs() < 0.01, "near-white stays neutral: {:?}", px[1]);
+        p = CameraRaw::default();
+        p.calibration_hue[2] = 100.0;
+        let mut px = vec![[0.0, 0.0, 0.8, 1.0]];
+        develop(&mut px, 1, 1, &p, false);
+        assert!(px[0][0] > 0.05, "blue turned towards red: {:?}", px[0]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn auto_tone_brightens_dark_and_darkens_bright_images() {
+        let mut p = CameraRaw::default();
+        auto_tone(&[], &mut p);
+        assert_eq!(p, CameraRaw::default(), "no pixels: nothing changes");
+        let dark: Vec<[f32; 4]> = (0..4096)
+            .map(|i| {
+                let v = 0.05 + (i % 64) as f32 / 64.0 * 0.15;
+                [v, v, v, 1.0]
+            })
+            .collect();
+        auto_tone(&dark, &mut p);
+        assert!(p.exposure > 0.5, "a dark image gets exposure: {}", p.exposure);
+        assert!(p.shadows > 0.0, "and lifted shadows: {}", p.shadows);
+        let mut p = CameraRaw::default();
+        let bright: Vec<[f32; 4]> = (0..4096)
+            .map(|i| {
+                let v = 0.8 + (i % 64) as f32 / 64.0 * 0.19;
+                [v, v, v, 1.0]
+            })
+            .collect();
+        auto_tone(&bright, &mut p);
+        assert!(p.exposure < -0.5, "a bright image loses exposure: {}", p.exposure);
+        assert!(p.highlights < 0.0, "and its highlights come down: {}", p.highlights);
+        let mut p = CameraRaw::default();
+        let good: Vec<[f32; 4]> = (0..4096)
+            .map(|i| {
+                let v = 0.04 + (i % 64) as f32 / 63.0 * 0.92;
+                [v, v, v, 1.0]
+            })
+            .collect();
+        auto_tone(&good, &mut p);
+        assert!(p.exposure.abs() < 0.3 && p.blacks.abs() < 10.0 && p.whites.abs() < 10.0, "a full-range image is left nearly alone: {p:?}");
+        assert!(p.saturation == 0.0 && p.hsl_neutral(), "other panels untouched");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn float_documents_keep_overrange() {
         let mut a = vec![[2.0f32, 1.5, 0.5, 1.0]; 16];
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/camera_raw/per_pixel.rs b/crates/algo/src/camera_raw/per_pixel.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6400db8a25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/algo/src/camera_raw/per_pixel.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+//! Develop's per-pixel stages resolved for one image: every constant and table they use, so
+//! another implementation of them (the GPU preview, `photocraft_gpu::CameraRawDevelop`) runs the
+//! same maths. [`develop`](super::develop) builds its own constants with the same functions.
+
+use super::{CameraRaw, Encoding, Wheel, curve_lut, hsv_to_rgb, is_linear, luma, parametric_lut, white_balance_gains, whites_blacks};
+
+/// Entries of the tone curve tables (parametric and point curves).
+pub const CURVE_LUT: usize = 1024;
+/// Samples of a Whites or Blacks curve row: grey levels 0, 1/32, …, 1.
+pub const WB_STEPS: usize = whites_blacks::STEPS;
+
+/// White balance and exposure: channel gains in linear light, when the stage is on.
+pub(crate) fn gains(p: &CameraRaw) -> Option<[f32; 3]> {
+    if p.wb_neutral() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let g = white_balance_gains(p.temperature, p.tint);
+    let norm = luma(g);
+    Some(g.map(|v| v / norm * 2f32.powf(p.exposure)))
+}
+
+/// Contrast's strength, when Contrast is set.
+fn contrast(p: &CameraRaw) -> Option<f32> {
+    (p.contrast != 0.0).then_some(p.contrast / 100.0 * 0.6)
+}
+
+/// Whites and Blacks as two curve rows for the image's amounts.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct WhitesBlacks {
+    /// The Whites curve over grey levels 0, 1/32, …, 1, when Whites is set.
+    pub whites: Option<[f32; WB_STEPS]>,
+    /// The Blacks curve, applied after Whites.
+    pub blacks: Option<[f32; WB_STEPS]>,
+    /// The clipping directions (Whites up, Blacks down) curve each channel; the others scale the
+    /// pixel by the change of its luminance.
+    pub per_channel: bool,
+}
+
+/// Color Grading's wheels resolved.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Grade {
+    /// Colour offsets of the shadows, midtones, highlights and global wheels.
+    pub tints: [[f32; 3]; 4],
+    /// Luminance of the same wheels (slider units).
+    pub lums: [f32; 4],
+    pub blend: f32,
+    pub balance: f32,
+}
+
+impl Grade {
+    pub(crate) fn new(p: &CameraRaw) -> Self {
+        let tint = |wh: &Wheel| -> [f32; 3] {
+            let c = hsv_to_rgb(wh.hue, 1.0, 1.0);
+            let l = luma(c);
+            [c[0] - l, c[1] - l, c[2] - l].map(|v| v * wh.sat / 100.0 * 0.3)
+        };
+        Grade {
+            tints: [tint(&p.grade_shadows), tint(&p.grade_midtones), tint(&p.grade_highlights), tint(&p.grade_global)],
+            lums: [p.grade_shadows.lum, p.grade_midtones.lum, p.grade_highlights.lum, p.grade_global.lum],
+            blend: 0.15 + p.grade_blending.clamp(0.0, 100.0) / 100.0 * 0.35,
+            balance: p.grade_balance.clamp(-100.0, 100.0) / 100.0 * 0.25,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The vignette's `vignette_style`.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum VignetteStyle {
+    HighlightPriority,
+    ColorPriority,
+    PaintOverlay,
+}
+
+/// The post-crop vignette's shape on a `w × h` frame.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Vignette {
+    /// −1 … 1.
+    pub amount: f32,
+    /// 0 … 1.
+    pub highlights: f32,
+    pub style: VignetteStyle,
+    /// Frame centre (pixels).
+    pub centre: [f32; 2],
+    /// Half axes of the shape (pixels).
+    pub axes: [f32; 2],
+    /// Exponent of the superellipse.
+    pub power: f32,
+    /// The mask's smoothstep edges in normalised radius.
+    pub edges: [f32; 2],
+}
+
+impl Vignette {
+    pub(crate) fn new(w: usize, h: usize, p: &CameraRaw) -> Self {
+        let mid = p.vignette_midpoint.clamp(0.0, 100.0) / 100.0;
+        let feather = p.vignette_feather.clamp(0.0, 100.0) / 100.0;
+        let round = p.vignette_roundness.clamp(-100.0, 100.0) / 100.0;
+        let (cx, cy) = (w as f32 / 2.0, h as f32 / 2.0);
+        // Roundness: 0 follows the frame's aspect, +1 a circle, −1 a rounded rectangle.
+        let (ax, ay) = if round >= 0.0 {
+            let r = cx.min(cy) + (cx.max(cy) - cx.min(cy)) * (1.0 - round);
+            (if cx >= cy { r } else { cx }, if cy > cx { r } else { cy })
+        } else {
+            (cx, cy)
+        };
+        let inner = 1.0 - mid * 0.8;
+        Vignette {
+            amount: p.vignette_amount / 100.0,
+            highlights: p.vignette_highlights.clamp(0.0, 100.0) / 100.0,
+            style: match p.vignette_style.as_str() {
+                "paintOverlay" => VignetteStyle::PaintOverlay,
+                "colorPriority" => VignetteStyle::ColorPriority,
+                _ => VignetteStyle::HighlightPriority,
+            },
+            centre: [cx, cy],
+            axes: [ax, ay],
+            power: 2.0 + (-round).max(0.0) * 6.0,
+            edges: [inner - feather * 0.5 * inner, inner + feather * 0.5 * (1.4 - inner) + 0.02],
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Grain: value noise sampled in full-resolution coordinates.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Grain {
+    /// Noise cell size (full-resolution pixels).
+    pub cell: f32,
+    /// Weight of the finer octave.
+    pub roughness: f32,
+    pub amount: f32,
+    pub seed: u64,
+    /// Full-resolution pixels per pixel (`1 / pixel_scale`).
+    pub scale: f32,
+}
+
+impl Grain {
+    pub(crate) fn new(p: &CameraRaw) -> Self {
+        Grain {
+            cell: 1.0 + p.grain_size / 25.0,
+            roughness: p.grain_roughness / 100.0,
+            amount: p.grain_amount / 100.0 * 0.12,
+            seed: u64::from(p.seed),
+            scale: 1.0 / p.pixel_scale.clamp(0.01, 1.0),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Develop's per-pixel stages for one image and settings, in order. `None` stages are off.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct PerPixel {
+    /// 1. White balance and exposure gains in linear light (sRGB-decoded values).
+    pub gains: Option<[f32; 3]>,
+    /// 3. Contrast's strength (Contrast without Texture or Clarity is per pixel).
+    pub contrast: Option<f32>,
+    /// 3b. Whites and Blacks, in the document's encoding.
+    pub whites_blacks: Option<WhitesBlacks>,
+    /// The document's transfer curve: 0 for sRGB's, else a power-law gamma.
+    pub encoding: f32,
+    /// 4. Vibrance and Saturation (slider / 100).
+    pub presence: Option<[f32; 2]>,
+    /// 5. The parametric tone curve, [`CURVE_LUT`] entries over 0 … 1.
+    pub parametric: Option<Vec<f32>>,
+    /// 5. Point curves: master, red, green, blue.
+    pub point: [Option<Vec<f32>>; 4],
+    /// 6. Color Mixer hue, saturation and luminance per band.
+    pub hsl: Option<[[f32; 8]; 3]>,
+    /// 7. Color Grading.
+    pub grade: Option<Grade>,
+    /// 9. Vignette.
+    pub vignette: Option<Vignette>,
+    /// 9. Grain.
+    pub grain: Option<Grain>,
+    /// Clip RGB to 0 … 1 at the end (all but 32-bit documents).
+    pub clamp: bool,
+}
+
+impl CameraRaw {
+    /// Whether developing needs a stage that reads neighbouring pixels: Dehaze, Shadows and
+    /// Highlights, Texture, Clarity, sharpening or noise reduction.
+    pub fn spatial(&self) -> bool {
+        self.dehaze != 0.0
+            || [self.highlights, self.shadows, self.texture, self.clarity].iter().any(|v| *v != 0.0)
+            || self.sharpen_amount > 0.0
+            || self.noise_luminance > 0.0
+            || self.noise_color > 0.0
+    }
+}
+
+/// The image's black and white points that Whites and Blacks adapt to, for `px` (`w × h`,
+/// display-encoded) developed per pixel with `p`: what [`develop`](super::develop) measures
+/// after white balance and Contrast. `None` when Whites and Blacks are 0 or `p` needs a
+/// spatial stage.
+pub fn white_black_points(px: &[[f32; 4]], w: usize, h: usize, p: &CameraRaw) -> Option<(f32, f32)> {
+    if (p.whites == 0.0 && p.blacks == 0.0) || p.spatial() || px.len() != w.saturating_mul(h) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let enc = Encoding::of(p.encoding_gamma);
+    let (g, k_con) = (gains(p), contrast(p));
+    Some(super::luminance_points(px, w, h, enc, |q| {
+        let q = g.map_or(q, |g| super::balance(q, g));
+        k_con.map_or(q, |k| super::contrast(q, k))
+    }))
+}
+
+/// Develop's stages for settings without spatial stages, on a `w × h` image; `points` are the
+/// image's [`white_black_points`]. `None` when `p` needs a spatial stage or Calibration (these
+/// stages don't run it), or Whites or Blacks is set without `points`. The points themselves
+/// leave Calibration out, so a caller may cache them across Calibration changes.
+pub fn per_pixel(p: &CameraRaw, w: usize, h: usize, float: bool, points: Option<(f32, f32)>) -> Option<PerPixel> {
+    if p.spatial() || !p.calibration_neutral() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let identity = p.is_identity();
+    let whites_blacks = if p.whites != 0.0 || p.blacks != 0.0 {
+        let (bp, wp) = points?;
+        let (xw, xb) = whites_blacks::amounts(p.whites.clamp(-100.0, 100.0), p.blacks.clamp(-100.0, 100.0), bp, wp);
+        (xw != 0.0 || xb != 0.0).then(|| WhitesBlacks {
+            whites: (xw != 0.0).then(|| whites_blacks::whites_row(xw)),
+            blacks: (xb != 0.0).then(|| whites_blacks::blacks_row(xb)),
+            per_channel: xw > 0.0 || xb < 0.0,
+        })
+    } else {
+        None
+    };
+    let parametric_on = !(p.curve_highlights == 0.0 && p.curve_lights == 0.0 && p.curve_darks == 0.0 && p.curve_shadows == 0.0);
+    let pts = |c: &Vec<[f32; 2]>| (!is_linear(c)).then(|| curve_lut(c, CURVE_LUT));
+    Some(PerPixel {
+        gains: gains(p),
+        contrast: contrast(p),
+        whites_blacks,
+        encoding: Encoding::of(p.encoding_gamma).0,
+        presence: (p.vibrance != 0.0 || p.saturation != 0.0).then_some([p.vibrance / 100.0, p.saturation / 100.0]),
+        parametric: parametric_on.then(|| parametric_lut(p, CURVE_LUT)),
+        point: [pts(&p.point_curve), pts(&p.point_curve_red), pts(&p.point_curve_green), pts(&p.point_curve_blue)],
+        hsl: (!p.hsl_neutral()).then_some([p.hsl_hue, p.hsl_sat, p.hsl_lum]),
+        grade: (!p.grade_neutral()).then(|| Grade::new(p)),
+        vignette: (p.vignette_amount != 0.0).then(|| Vignette::new(w, h, p)),
+        grain: (p.grain_amount > 0.0).then(|| Grain::new(p)),
+        clamp: !float && !identity,
+    })
+}
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/camera_raw/whites_blacks.rs b/crates/algo/src/camera_raw/whites_blacks.rs
index 93bb9cff31..cfce5378b4 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/camera_raw/whites_blacks.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/camera_raw/whites_blacks.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ use super::Encoding;
 use crate::photo_util::par_rows;
 
 /// Grey levels the curves are sampled at: 0, 1/32, …, 1 (sRGB-encoded).
-const STEPS: usize = 33;
+pub(crate) const STEPS: usize = 33;
 /// The first row's internal amount; rows are 10 apart.
 const WHITES_FROM: f32 = -100.0;
 const BLACKS_FROM: f32 = -100.0;
@@ -315,6 +315,25 @@ fn curve(rows: &[[f32; STEPS]], from: f32, x: f32, v: f32) -> f32 {
     at(&rows[i]) * (1.0 - t) + at(&rows[i + 1]) * t
 }
 
+/// The curve at a fractional internal amount `x` as one row: `curve(rows, from, x, v)` is this
+/// row interpolated at `v`, because both interpolations are linear.
+fn row_at(rows: &[[f32; STEPS]], from: f32, x: f32) -> [f32; STEPS] {
+    let r = ((x - from) / 10.0).clamp(0.0, (rows.len() - 1) as f32);
+    let i = (r as usize).min(rows.len() - 2);
+    let t = r - i as f32;
+    std::array::from_fn(|j| rows[i][j] * (1.0 - t) + rows[i + 1][j] * t)
+}
+
+/// The Whites curve at internal amount `x` as a row over grey levels 0, 1/32, …, 1.
+pub(crate) fn whites_row(x: f32) -> [f32; STEPS] {
+    row_at(&WHITES, WHITES_FROM, x)
+}
+
+/// The Blacks curve at internal amount `x` as a row over grey levels 0, 1/32, …, 1.
+pub(crate) fn blacks_row(x: f32) -> [f32; STEPS] {
+    row_at(&BLACKS, BLACKS_FROM, x)
+}
+
 /// Whites at internal amount `x` (−100 … 270) of grey level `v`.
 pub(crate) fn whites(v: f32, x: f32) -> f32 {
     curve(&WHITES, WHITES_FROM, x, v)
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/content_aware.rs b/crates/algo/src/content_aware.rs
index 981e854cc5..84b15a215b 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/content_aware.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/content_aware.rs
@@ -114,6 +114,21 @@ struct Variant {
     ok: Vec<bool>,
 }
 
+/// Most pixels the mosaic of the image and its variants may span. It is one dense rectangle, so
+/// thin images turned to different angles leave it mostly empty: the cost grows with the square
+/// of their length, not with their pixels.
+const MAX_MOSAIC_PIXELS: usize = 1 << 25;
+
+/// Size of the mosaic of an `w`×`h` image and `extra` variant sizes separated by `gap`, or `None`
+/// when it spans more than [`MAX_MOSAIC_PIXELS`] (or overflows).
+fn mosaic_size(w: usize, h: usize, gap: usize, extra: &[(usize, usize)]) -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
+    let col_w = extra.iter().map(|v| v.0).max().unwrap_or(0);
+    let col_h = extra.iter().try_fold(0usize, |n, v| n.checked_add(v.1)?.checked_add(gap))?;
+    let mw = w.checked_add(gap)?.checked_add(col_w)?;
+    let mh = h.max(col_h);
+    (mw.checked_mul(mh)? <= MAX_MOSAIC_PIXELS).then_some((mw, mh))
+}
+
 /// A source buffer and which of its pixels may be sampled.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 struct Src<'a> {
@@ -149,13 +164,20 @@ fn sample(src: Src, x: f32, y: f32, out: &mut [f32]) -> bool {
 
 /// Transformed copy of the source: rotation (degrees) and scale about the centre, optional mirror.
 /// `Err` when cancelled.
-fn variant(src: Src, deg: f32, scale: f32, mirror: bool, ctl: &Interrupt) -> Result<Variant, Cancelled> {
-    let Src { w, h, ch, .. } = src;
+/// Dimensions of the [`variant`] copy: the same bounding-box maths without building its pixels.
+fn variant_dims(w: usize, h: usize, deg: f32, scale: f32) -> (usize, usize) {
     let (s, c) = (-deg.to_radians()).sin_cos();
-    // Output size: the rotated, scaled bounding box.
     let (fw, fh) = (w as f32 * scale, h as f32 * scale);
     let ow = ((fw * c.abs() + fh * s.abs()).round() as usize).max(1);
     let oh = ((fw * s.abs() + fh * c.abs()).round() as usize).max(1);
+    (ow, oh)
+}
+
+fn variant(src: Src, deg: f32, scale: f32, mirror: bool, ctl: &Interrupt) -> Result<Variant, Cancelled> {
+    let Src { w, h, ch, .. } = src;
+    // Output size: the rotated, scaled bounding box.
+    let (ow, oh) = variant_dims(w, h, deg, scale);
+    let (s, c) = (-deg.to_radians()).sin_cos();
     let (icx, icy) = ((w as f32 - 1.0) / 2.0, (h as f32 - 1.0) / 2.0);
     let (ocx, ocy) = ((ow as f32 - 1.0) / 2.0, (oh as f32 - 1.0) / 2.0);
     let mut out = Variant { w: ow, h: oh, img: vec![0.0; ow * oh * ch], ok: vec![false; ow * oh] };
@@ -243,17 +265,27 @@ fn fill_cow(
     let gap = 2 * params.patch_radius + 2;
     let ok: Vec<bool> = par::map(w * h, true, |i| !hole[i] && source[i]);
     let src = Src { w, h, ch, img: &img, ok: &ok };
-    // Variants: the identity (which holds the hole) first, then the adaptations.
-    let mut extra: Vec<Variant> = Vec::new();
+    // Variants: the identity (which holds the hole) first, then the adaptations. Their pixels are
+    // expensive, so the mosaic budget is settled on their dimensions before any variant is built;
+    // when the variants would not fit, the image itself is completed without them.
+    let mut specs: Vec<(f32, f32, bool)> = Vec::new();
     if opts.mirror {
-        extra.push(variant(src, 0.0, 1.0, true, ctl)?);
+        specs.push((0.0, 1.0, true));
     }
     for &deg in &opts.rotations {
-        extra.push(variant(src, deg, 1.0, false, ctl)?);
+        specs.push((deg, 1.0, false));
     }
     if opts.scale {
-        extra.push(variant(src, 0.0, 0.8, false, ctl)?);
-        extra.push(variant(src, 0.0, 1.25, false, ctl)?);
+        specs.push((0.0, 0.8, false));
+        specs.push((0.0, 1.25, false));
+    }
+    let dims: Vec<(usize, usize)> = specs.iter().map(|&(deg, scale, _)| variant_dims(w, h, deg, scale)).collect();
+    let size = if specs.is_empty() { None } else { mosaic_size(w, h, gap, &dims) };
+    let mut extra: Vec<Variant> = Vec::new();
+    if size.is_some() {
+        for &(deg, scale, mirror) in &specs {
+            extra.push(variant(src, deg, scale, mirror, ctl)?);
+        }
     }
     let role = |s: usize| {
         if hole[s] {
@@ -265,14 +297,9 @@ fn fill_cow(
         }
     };
     // Mosaic: identity at the left, variants in a column to its right, gaps that are no image.
-    // Without variants it is the image itself.
-    let (mw, mh, mosaic, roles): (usize, usize, Option<Vec<f32>>, Vec<Px>) = if extra.is_empty() {
-        (w, h, None, par::map(w * h, true, role))
-    } else {
-        let col_w = extra.iter().map(|v| v.w).max().unwrap_or(0);
-        let col_h: usize = extra.iter().map(|v| v.h + gap).sum();
-        let mw = w + gap + col_w;
-        let mh = h.max(col_h);
+    // Without variants it is the image itself; so it is when the variants would not fit
+    // (`size` above is then None and `extra` is empty).
+    let (mw, mh, mosaic, roles): (usize, usize, Option<Vec<f32>>, Vec<Px>) = if let Some((mw, mh)) = size {
         let mut mimg = vec![0.0f32; mw * mh * ch];
         let mut roles = vec![Px::Void; mw * mh];
         for y in 0..h {
@@ -297,6 +324,8 @@ fn fill_cow(
             oy += v.h + gap;
         }
         (mw, mh, Some(mimg), roles)
+    } else {
+        (w, h, None, par::map(w * h, true, role))
     };
     drop((extra, ok));
     ctl.check()?;
@@ -695,6 +724,20 @@ pub fn default_brush_size(hole: Rect) -> f64 {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+    use super::mosaic_size;
+
+    fn blank(w: usize, h: usize) -> (usize, usize) {
+        (w, h)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_thin_image_with_turned_variants_does_not_get_a_quadratic_mosaic() {
+        // 40000×1 plus its 90° copy (1×40000): about 1.6 billion mosaic cells for 80000 pixels.
+        assert_eq!(mosaic_size(40_000, 1, 8, &[blank(1, 40_000)]), None);
+        assert_eq!(mosaic_size(usize::MAX, 1, 8, &[blank(1, 1)]), None);
+        assert_eq!(mosaic_size(100, 100, 8, &[blank(100, 100)]), Some((208, 108)));
+    }
+
     use super::*;
 
     /// Vertical stripes (period 6) in grey, with a hole in the middle.
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/distort.rs b/crates/algo/src/distort.rs
index fb6e3e69c3..4f8356f60d 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/distort.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/distort.rs
@@ -112,6 +112,10 @@ pub(crate) fn spherize(src: &Image, out: Rect, ctx: &Ctx, amount: f32, mode: Sph
     })
 }
 
+/// The most Wave generators the renderer models: it clamps the setting to this, so a file asking
+/// for more (the command allows up to 999) would render differently from how it was authored.
+pub const MAX_WAVE_GENERATORS: u32 = 64;
+
 /// Wave generator settings.
 pub(crate) struct WaveSpec {
     pub generators: u32,
@@ -137,8 +141,9 @@ fn shape(t: WaveType, phase: f32) -> f32 {
     }
 }
 
+/// Wave: displace `src` over `out` by the average of `w.generators` seeded waves (at most `MAX_WAVE_GENERATORS`) along each axis.
 pub(crate) fn wave(src: &Image, out: Rect, ctx: &Ctx, w: WaveSpec) -> Vec<f32> {
-    let n = w.generators.clamp(1, 64);
+    let n = w.generators.clamp(1, MAX_WAVE_GENERATORS);
     let lerp = |(a, b): (f32, f32), t: f32| a + (b - a).max(0.0) * t;
     let gens: Vec<(f32, f32, f32, f32)> = (0..n)
         .map(|i| {
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/exif.rs b/crates/algo/src/exif.rs
index d18bcdec9e..15c81fbe9c 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/exif.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/exif.rs
@@ -87,6 +87,8 @@ impl Tiff<'_> {
         }
     }
     fn text(&self, typ: u16, count: u32, field: usize) -> Option<String> {
+        #[cfg(test)]
+        TEXT_DECODES.with(|c| c.set(c.get() + 1));
         if typ != 2 {
             return None;
         }
@@ -97,6 +99,9 @@ impl Tiff<'_> {
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+thread_local!(static TEXT_DECODES: std::cell::Cell<usize> = const { std::cell::Cell::new(0) });
+
 /// Reads [`CameraInfo`] from a TIFF-structured EXIF payload (an `Exif\0\0` prefix is skipped).
 pub fn read(exif: &[u8]) -> CameraInfo {
     let b = exif.strip_prefix(b"Exif\0\0").unwrap_or(exif);
@@ -117,15 +122,17 @@ pub fn read(exif: &[u8]) -> CameraInfo {
         seen.push(off);
         for (tag, typ, count, field) in t.ifd(off) {
             match tag {
-                0x010F => info.make = t.text(typ, count, field),
-                0x0110 => info.model = t.text(typ, count, field),
+                // Duplicate TIFF text tags can point at the same large payload. Keep the first
+                // recognized value and do not repeatedly decode/copy later duplicates.
+                0x010F if info.make.is_none() => info.make = t.text(typ, count, field),
+                0x0110 if info.model.is_none() => info.model = t.text(typ, count, field),
                 0x829A => info.exposure_time = t.number(typ, count, field),
                 0x829D => info.f_number = t.number(typ, count, field),
                 0x8827 => info.iso = t.number(typ, count, field),
                 0x920A => info.focal_length = t.number(typ, count, field),
                 0xA405 => info.focal_length_35mm = t.number(typ, count, field).filter(|v| *v > 0.0),
-                0xA434 => info.lens = t.text(typ, count, field),
-                0x9003 => info.date_taken = t.text(typ, count, field),
+                0xA434 if info.lens.is_none() => info.lens = t.text(typ, count, field),
+                0x9003 if info.date_taken.is_none() => info.date_taken = t.text(typ, count, field),
                 0x8769 => {
                     if let Some(p) = t.u32(field) {
                         queue.push(p as usize);
@@ -252,6 +259,47 @@ mod tests {
 
     /// Hostile payloads: huge counts, offsets near `u32::MAX`, self-referencing IFDs and random
     /// bytes read as `None` fields instead of panicking or overflowing (usize is 32 bits on wasm).
+    #[test]
+    fn duplicate_text_tags_keep_the_first_value_without_copying_large_duplicates() {
+        let value = vec![b'X'; 2 * 1024 * 1024];
+        let mut b = b"II*\0".to_vec();
+        b.extend_from_slice(&8u32.to_le_bytes());
+        // IFD0: Make="M", a duplicate Make pointing at a 2 MiB payload, and the Exif IFD link.
+        b.extend_from_slice(&3u16.to_le_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(&0x010Fu16.to_le_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(&2u16.to_le_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(&2u32.to_le_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(b"M\0\0\0");
+        b.extend_from_slice(&0x010Fu16.to_le_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(&2u16.to_le_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(&(value.len() as u32).to_le_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(&80u32.to_le_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(&0x8769u16.to_le_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(&4u16.to_le_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(&1u32.to_le_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(&50u32.to_le_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes());
+        // Exif IFD at 50: DateTimeOriginal="D" and the same large duplicate payload at offset 80.
+        b.extend_from_slice(&2u16.to_le_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(&0x9003u16.to_le_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(&2u16.to_le_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(&2u32.to_le_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(b"D\0\0\0");
+        b.extend_from_slice(&0x9003u16.to_le_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(&2u16.to_le_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(&(value.len() as u32).to_le_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(&80u32.to_le_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(&value);
+
+        TEXT_DECODES.with(|c| c.set(0));
+        let info = read(&b);
+        assert_eq!(info.make.as_deref(), Some("M"));
+        assert_eq!(info.date_taken.as_deref(), Some("D"));
+        // One decode per tag: duplicates must be skipped before `text` copies their payload.
+        assert_eq!(TEXT_DECODES.with(|c| c.get()), 2);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn hostile_payloads_never_panic() {
         let entry = |tag: u16, typ: u16, count: u32, value: u32| {
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/histogram.rs b/crates/algo/src/histogram.rs
index 4a4fb45e20..849b222c2a 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/histogram.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/histogram.rs
@@ -28,6 +28,18 @@ impl RgbHistogram {
     /// Each visible pixel counts once, including partially transparent pixels. Non-finite
     /// pixels are rejected as a whole; transparent RGB cannot contribute phantom peaks.
     pub fn from_rgba(pixels: &[[f32; 4]]) -> Self {
+        // Camera Raw counts its whole proxy (~450k pixels) on every slider step, so the count
+        // runs in blocks across cores (#211, P36). Integer sums don't depend on the order the
+        // blocks finish in, so the result is the same as one pass over all pixels.
+        #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+        if pixels.len() >= PARALLEL_PIXELS {
+            use rayon::prelude::*;
+            return pixels.par_chunks(PARALLEL_PIXELS / 2).map(Self::count).reduce(Self::default, Self::merge);
+        }
+        Self::count(pixels)
+    }
+
+    fn count(pixels: &[[f32; 4]]) -> Self {
         let mut h = Self::default();
         for pixel in pixels {
             if !pixel[3].is_finite() {
@@ -68,8 +80,29 @@ impl RgbHistogram {
         }
         h
     }
+
+    /// Sum of two block counts. Saturating like the counters themselves.
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    fn merge(mut self, other: Self) -> Self {
+        let add = |a: &mut [u64], b: &[u64]| a.iter_mut().zip(b).for_each(|(a, b)| *a = a.saturating_add(*b));
+        for (a, b) in self.channels.iter_mut().zip(&other.channels) {
+            add(a, b);
+        }
+        add(&mut self.underflow, &other.underflow);
+        add(&mut self.overflow, &other.overflow);
+        add(&mut self.shadows, &other.shadows);
+        add(&mut self.highlights, &other.highlights);
+        self.samples = self.samples.saturating_add(other.samples);
+        self.transparent = self.transparent.saturating_add(other.transparent);
+        self.invalid = self.invalid.saturating_add(other.invalid);
+        self
+    }
 }
 
+/// Below this many pixels one pass is faster than splitting the count across cores.
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+const PARALLEL_PIXELS: usize = 64 * 1024;
+
 /// Clipped channels of one visible straight RGBA pixel as bit masks (bit 0=R, 1=G, 2=B):
 /// `(shadows, highlights)` at exact endpoints ≤0 / ≥1, not rounded edge bins.
 /// Transparent and non-finite pixels clip nothing.
@@ -94,6 +127,30 @@ pub fn clipping(p: [f32; 4]) -> (u8, u8) {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    // The parallel path, and its threshold, exist only off wasm32.
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    #[test]
+    fn matches_the_single_pass_on_every_domain_and_across_block_edges() {
+        // Every special value at every channel, plus a dense ramp through each bin's rounding
+        // edge; lengths around the parallel threshold and its block size.
+        let special = [0.0, -0.0, 1.0, -1e-7, 1.0 + 1e-7, 0.5 / 255.0, 254.5 / 255.0, -3.0, 4.0, f32::NAN, f32::INFINITY, f32::NEG_INFINITY, f32::MIN_POSITIVE];
+        let mut pool: Vec<[f32; 4]> = Vec::new();
+        for (i, &v) in special.iter().enumerate() {
+            for alpha in [1.0, 0.5, 0.0, -1.0, f32::NAN] {
+                pool.push([v, special[(i + 3) % special.len()], 0.25, alpha]);
+                pool.push([0.75, v, special[(i + 5) % special.len()], alpha]);
+            }
+        }
+        pool.extend((0..4096).map(|i| {
+            let v = i as f32 / 4095.0 * 1.2 - 0.1;
+            [v, 1.0 - v, (v * 7.0).fract(), 1.0]
+        }));
+        for len in [0, 1, PARALLEL_PIXELS / 2 + 1, PARALLEL_PIXELS - 1, PARALLEL_PIXELS, 3 * PARALLEL_PIXELS + 17] {
+            let pixels: Vec<_> = (0..len).map(|i| pool[(i * 7919) % pool.len()]).collect();
+            assert_eq!(RgbHistogram::from_rgba(&pixels), RgbHistogram::count(&pixels), "{len} pixels");
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn exact_bins_and_channel_totals() {
         let pixels: Vec<_> = (0..BINS).map(|i| [i as f32 / 255.0, (255 - i) as f32 / 255.0, 0.5, 0.25]).collect();
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/inpaint.rs b/crates/algo/src/inpaint.rs
index 2dd40198d8..87ed2a3576 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/inpaint.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/inpaint.rs
@@ -319,6 +319,10 @@ fn peel_affordable(w: usize, px: &[Px], hb: Bounds, sources: usize) -> bool {
 
 /// Bounds of the hole pixels of a role grid.
 fn hole_bounds(w: usize, h: usize, px: &[Px]) -> Option<Bounds> {
+    // A zero-width grid holds no pixels whatever its height; don't size a row table by it.
+    if w == 0 || h == 0 {
+        return None;
+    }
     // Per row the first and last hole column; the union of the rows' spans.
     let rows: Vec<Option<(usize, usize)>> = par::map(h, w * h >= PAR_MIN, |y| {
         let row = px.get(y * w..(y + 1) * w)?;
@@ -2047,6 +2051,14 @@ mod tests {
         assert!((a.gain.0..=a.gain.1).contains(&g) && b.abs() <= a.bias + 1e-6);
     }
 
+    /// A zero-width image has no pixels however tall it is claimed to be: no per-row table.
+    #[test]
+    fn zero_width_images_complete_without_sizing_by_height() {
+        let p = CompleteParams::default();
+        assert_eq!(complete(0, 1 << 40, 3, &[], &[], &p), Some(Vec::new()));
+        assert_eq!(complete(1 << 40, 0, 3, &[], &[], &p), Some(Vec::new()));
+    }
+
     /// Smooth gradient plus deterministic fine noise.
     fn texture(w: usize, h: usize) -> Vec<f32> {
         let mut rng = Rng::new(7);
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/lib.rs b/crates/algo/src/lib.rs
index 35c195f399..9e8fa5301d 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/lib.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #![forbid(unsafe_code)]
 #![deny(clippy::unwrap_used, clippy::expect_used, clippy::panic, clippy::unimplemented, clippy::todo, clippy::unreachable)]
 
+pub mod art_history;
 mod artistic;
 mod artistic_fx;
 mod blur;
@@ -86,6 +87,7 @@ pub mod warp;
 pub mod wideangle;
 
 pub use artistic::{GALLERY_CATEGORIES, GalleryEffect, GalleryFilter, GalleryParam, GalleryParamKind};
+pub use distort::MAX_WAVE_GENERATORS;
 pub use image::{Edge, Image};
 pub use params_ext::*;
 
@@ -560,7 +562,7 @@ pub enum FilterParams {
 impl FilterParams {
     /// Pixels read outside an output tile.
     pub fn halo(&self) -> Halo {
-        let g = |sigma: f32| Halo::Radius((sigma.max(0.0) * 3.0).ceil() as i32 + 1);
+        let g = |sigma: f32| Halo::Radius(((sigma.max(0.0) * 3.0).ceil() as i32).saturating_add(1));
         match self {
             FilterParams::GaussianBlur { radius } | FilterParams::HighPass { radius } => g(*radius),
             FilterParams::UnsharpMask { radius, .. } => Halo::Radius(sharpen::exact::halo(*radius)),
@@ -570,9 +572,9 @@ impl FilterParams {
             | FilterParams::Median { radius }
             | FilterParams::DustAndScratches { radius, .. }
             | FilterParams::Minimum { radius, .. }
-            | FilterParams::Maximum { radius, .. } => Halo::Radius(radius.max(0.0).ceil() as i32 + 1),
+            | FilterParams::Maximum { radius, .. } => Halo::Radius((radius.max(0.0).ceil() as i32).saturating_add(1)),
             FilterParams::MotionBlur { distance, .. } => Halo::Radius((distance.abs() / 2.0).ceil() as i32 + 2),
-            FilterParams::Mosaic { cell_size } => Halo::Radius(cell_size.max(1.0).ceil() as i32 + 1),
+            FilterParams::Mosaic { cell_size } => Halo::Radius((cell_size.max(1.0).ceil() as i32).saturating_add(1)),
             FilterParams::Emboss { height, .. } => Halo::Radius(height.abs().ceil() as i32 + 2),
             FilterParams::FindEdges => Halo::Radius(1),
             FilterParams::AddNoise { .. } | FilterParams::Solarize | FilterParams::Invert | FilterParams::Desaturate => Halo::Radius(0),
@@ -697,7 +699,7 @@ impl FilterParams {
 
 /// Halos of the second filter batch.
 fn halo_ext(p: &FilterParams) -> Halo {
-    let r = |v: f32| Halo::Radius(v.max(0.0).ceil() as i32 + 1);
+    let r = |v: f32| Halo::Radius((v.max(0.0).ceil() as i32).saturating_add(1));
     match p {
         FilterParams::ColorHalftone { max_radius, .. } => r(max_radius * 3.0),
         FilterParams::Crystallize { cell_size, .. } => r(cell_size.max(1.0) * 3.0),
@@ -718,8 +720,9 @@ fn halo_ext(p: &FilterParams) -> Halo {
         FilterParams::Relight { intensity, .. } if *intensity == 0.0 => Halo::Radius(0),
         FilterParams::Relight { .. } => Halo::Radius(relight::halo_radius_max()),
         FilterParams::ReduceNoise { .. } => r(denoise::reach()),
-        FilterParams::SmartBlur { radius, .. } => r(*radius),
-        FilterParams::LensBlur { radius, .. } => r(*radius),
+        // The kernels clamp the radius to 100 px: size the source window by what they use.
+        FilterParams::SmartBlur { radius, .. } => r(radius.min(100.0)),
+        FilterParams::LensBlur { radius, .. } => r(radius.min(100.0)),
         FilterParams::ShapeBlur { radius, .. } => r(shape_blur::radius(*radius)),
         FilterParams::TiltShift { blur, .. } => r(gallery::reach(*blur)),
         FilterParams::IrisBlur { pins } => r(gallery::reach(pins.iter().map(|p| p.blur).fold(0.0, f32::max))),
@@ -998,10 +1001,18 @@ pub fn apply_in_with(
 }
 
 /// Results do not depend on the tiling, so wide-halo filters use bigger tiles to keep the
-/// re-read margin (and its cost) below ~2× the tile area.
+/// re-read margin (and its cost) below ~2× the tile area. The radius is input-derived, so the
+/// halo arithmetic is done in `i64` and the result capped: an `i32::MAX` radius must not
+/// overflow in debug builds, and must not produce a tile bigger than the hard cap.
 fn auto_tile(params: &FilterParams, bounds: Rect) -> i32 {
     match params.halo_for(bounds) {
-        Halo::Radius(r) => TILE.max((2 * r + 63) / 64 * 64).min(2048),
+        // The radius is input-derived: widen to i64 before the arithmetic and cap the
+        // conversion, so an i32::MAX radius cannot overflow (debug panic) and cannot make a
+        // tile bigger than the hard cap below (131_072 = 2048 * 64, one tile row).
+        Halo::Radius(r) => {
+            let halo = ((2 * i64::from(r) + 63) / 64 * 64).min(131_072);
+            TILE.max(halo as i32).min(2048)
+        }
         Halo::Bounds => TILE,
     }
 }
@@ -1095,14 +1106,16 @@ fn apply_tiled_with_impl(
         return None;
     }
     let halo = params.halo_for(bounds);
-    if matches!(params, FilterParams::UnsharpMask { .. }) {
-        let Halo::Radius(reach) = halo else { return None };
+    // Every windowed filter: a Filter Gallery stack sums its effects' reach, and a radius is
+    // caller-supplied, so a short parameter set can ask for a huge source window per tile.
+    if let Halo::Radius(reach) = halo {
         let (w, h) = (area.width().min(tile as u32) as usize, area.height().min(tile as u32) as usize);
         let read_samples = w.checked_add(2 * reach as usize)?.checked_mul(h.checked_add(2 * reach as usize)?)?.checked_mul(fmt.channels())?;
         let tile_count = u64::from(area.width()).div_ceil(tile as u64).checked_mul(u64::from(area.height()).div_ceil(tile as u64))?;
         // Reject hostile source-window sizes before Image::read allocates them.
         // Ordinary filter parameters and automatic tiles fit these bounds.
-        if read_samples > 512 * 1024 * 1024 || read_samples.checked_mul(std::mem::size_of::<f32>())? > isize::MAX as usize || tile_count > 1_048_576 {
+        let too_many_tiles = matches!(params, FilterParams::UnsharpMask { .. }) && tile_count > 1_048_576;
+        if read_samples > 512 * 1024 * 1024 || read_samples.checked_mul(std::mem::size_of::<f32>())? > isize::MAX as usize || too_many_tiles {
             return None;
         }
     }
@@ -1130,16 +1143,43 @@ fn apply_tiled_with_impl(
     // Tiles finished so far, for progress reported per tile (from any worker thread).
     let finished = std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0);
     let total = tiles.len().max(1);
-    let run = |t: &Rect| -> (Rect, Vec<f32>) {
+    enum TileData {
+        Samples(Vec<f32>),
+        Encoded(Vec<u8>),
+    }
+    // Cell filters become writeback-bound once their geometry is reused. Encode
+    // on the tile workers; committing the group then only copies native bytes.
+    let finish = |data: Vec<f32>| {
+        if matches!(params, FilterParams::Crystallize { .. } | FilterParams::Pointillize { .. })
+            && let Some(bytes) = pixelate::cells::encode(fmt, &data)
+        {
+            TileData::Encoded(bytes)
+        } else {
+            TileData::Samples(data)
+        }
+    };
+    let run = |t: &Rect| -> (Rect, TileData) {
         // Cancelled: skip the remaining tiles of the group (the result is discarded).
         if ctl.cancelled() {
-            return (*t, Vec::new());
+            return (*t, TileData::Samples(Vec::new()));
         }
         let tick = || {
             let n = finished.fetch_add(1, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed) + 1;
             // The last few percent are the writes after each group.
             ctl.progress(0.98 * n as f32 / total as f32);
         };
+        let sparse = match *params {
+            FilterParams::Crystallize { cell_size, seed } => pixelate::cells::tile(surface, *t, &ctx, cell_size, seed, None, extent),
+            FilterParams::Pointillize { cell_size, seed, background } => pixelate::cells::tile(surface, *t, &ctx, cell_size, seed, Some(background), extent),
+            _ => None,
+        };
+        if let Some((src, mut data)) = sparse {
+            if let Some(sel) = selection {
+                mix_selection(&mut data, *t, sel, &src, fmt.alpha);
+            }
+            tick();
+            return (*t, finish(data));
+        }
         let owned;
         let src = match (&shared, halo) {
             (Some(s), _) => s,
@@ -1168,13 +1208,13 @@ fn apply_tiled_with_impl(
                 _ => Some(kernel(params, src, *t, &ctx)),
             },
         }) else {
-            return (*t, Vec::new());
+            return (*t, TileData::Samples(Vec::new()));
         };
         if let Some(sel) = selection {
             mix_selection(&mut data, *t, sel, src, fmt.alpha);
         }
         tick();
-        (*t, data)
+        (*t, finish(data))
     };
     // Tiles are filtered in groups of about RESULT_BUDGET bytes (at least one per core) and each
     // group is written before the next starts, so a huge layer never holds all its results as
@@ -1190,24 +1230,33 @@ fn apply_tiled_with_impl(
             return None;
         }
         #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-        let results: Vec<(Rect, Vec<f32>)> = {
+        let results: Vec<(Rect, TileData)> = {
             use rayon::prelude::*;
             chunk.par_iter().map(run).collect()
         };
         #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
-        let results: Vec<(Rect, Vec<f32>)> = chunk.iter().map(run).collect();
+        let results: Vec<(Rect, TileData)> = chunk.iter().map(run).collect();
         if ctl.cancelled() {
             return None;
         }
         // Checked filters can reject malformed geometry or an allocation failure.
         // Do not hand an incomplete tile to Surface::write_region.
         if (shape.is_some() || matches!(params, FilterParams::UnsharpMask { .. }))
-            && results.iter().any(|(t, data)| data.len() != t.width() as usize * t.height() as usize * fmt.channels())
+            && results.iter().any(|(t, data)| {
+                let pixels = t.width() as usize * t.height() as usize;
+                match data {
+                    TileData::Samples(v) => v.len() != pixels * fmt.channels(),
+                    TileData::Encoded(v) => v.len() != pixels * fmt.bytes_per_pixel(),
+                }
+            })
         {
             return None;
         }
         for (t, data) in results {
-            out.write_region(t, &data);
+            match data {
+                TileData::Samples(data) => out.write_region(t, &data),
+                TileData::Encoded(data) => out.write_interleaved(t, &data),
+            }
         }
     }
     out.prune();
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/liquify.rs b/crates/algo/src/liquify.rs
index bb6b1d4b1b..5d35f5791b 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/liquify.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/liquify.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 //! copied untouched. [`ProxyImage::render`] is the cheap preview path: bilinear field and
 //! bilinear source on a downsampled RGBA copy, re-rendered only where a dab changed things.
 
+use crate::par;
 use photocraft_geom::Rect;
 use photocraft_raster::Surface;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
@@ -186,6 +187,13 @@ struct StrokeCursor {
     carry: f64,
 }
 
+/// Dabs over this many field nodes compute their rows in parallel (an 800 px brush has about
+/// 125,000); smaller ones are not worth the hand-off.
+const PARALLEL_DAB_NODES: usize = 16_384;
+
+/// Bound completed output buffers independently of the document's size.
+const RENDER_BATCH_TILES: usize = 64;
+
 /// Distance between dabs along a stroke for brush radius `r`: a twentieth of the radius, so a
 /// drag is many small pushes and its edge stays smooth.
 fn dab_spacing(r: f64) -> f64 {
@@ -204,11 +212,20 @@ pub fn auto_cell(bounds: Rect) -> f64 {
     if bounds.size().area() <= 4_200_000 { 2.0 } else { 4.0 }
 }
 
+/// Most nodes of a field's displacement grid (12 bytes each with the freeze mask): 192 MB.
+const MAX_FIELD_NODES: usize = 1 << 24;
+
 impl LiquifyField {
     pub fn new(bounds: Rect, cell: f64) -> Self {
-        let cell = cell.clamp(1.0, 64.0);
-        let w = (f64::from(bounds.width()) / cell).ceil() as usize + 2;
-        let h = (f64::from(bounds.height()) / cell).ceil() as usize + 2;
+        let mut cell = cell.clamp(1.0, 64.0);
+        let nodes = |cell: f64| ((f64::from(bounds.width()) / cell).ceil() as usize + 2, (f64::from(bounds.height()) / cell).ceil() as usize + 2);
+        let (mut w, mut h) = nodes(cell);
+        // The extent is the document canvas, which a file declares: past the node budget the
+        // field gets coarser (it is interpolated anyway) instead of asking for gigabytes.
+        while w.saturating_mul(h) > MAX_FIELD_NODES {
+            cell *= 2.0;
+            (w, h) = nodes(cell);
+        }
         LiquifyField { bounds, cell, w, h, d: vec![[0.0; 2]; w * h], freeze: vec![0.0; w * h], cursor: None }
     }
 
@@ -487,9 +504,11 @@ impl LiquifyField {
                 bilinear(&self.d, self.w, self.h, gx, gy)
             }
         };
-        let mut writes: Vec<(usize, [f32; 2], f32)> = Vec::with_capacity((i1 - i0 + 1) * (j1 - j0 + 1));
+        // Every node reads only the snapshot and the field as it was before this dab (the writes
+        // land after), so rows are independent: a large brush computes them in parallel.
         let inv_cell = 1.0 / self.cell;
-        for j in j0..=j1 {
+        let node_row = |j: usize| -> Vec<(usize, [f32; 2], f32)> {
+            let mut row = Vec::with_capacity(i1 - i0 + 1);
             for i in i0..=i1 {
                 let p = self.node_pos(i, j);
                 let (dx, dy) = (p[0] - c[0], p[1] - c[1]);
@@ -503,7 +522,7 @@ impl LiquifyField {
                 if s.tool == LiquifyTool::Freeze || s.tool == LiquifyTool::Thaw {
                     let f = self.freeze[idx];
                     let v = if s.tool == LiquifyTool::Freeze { (f as f64 + k_raw).min(1.0) } else { (f as f64 - k_raw).max(0.0) };
-                    writes.push((idx, self.d[idx], v as f32));
+                    row.push((idx, self.d[idx], v as f32));
                     continue;
                 }
                 let k = k_raw * (1.0 - f64::from(self.freeze[idx]));
@@ -553,10 +572,13 @@ impl LiquifyField {
                         [(q[0] + dq[0] - p[0]) as f32, (q[1] + dq[1] - p[1]) as f32]
                     }
                 };
-                writes.push((idx, new, self.freeze[idx]));
+                row.push((idx, new, self.freeze[idx]));
             }
-        }
-        for (idx, d, f) in writes {
+            row
+        };
+        let rows = j1 - j0 + 1;
+        let writes = par::map(rows, rows * (i1 - i0 + 1) > PARALLEL_DAB_NODES, |row| node_row(j0 + row));
+        for (idx, d, f) in writes.into_iter().flatten() {
             self.d[idx] = d;
             self.freeze[idx] = f;
         }
@@ -574,14 +596,11 @@ impl LiquifyField {
     }
 
     /// Catmull-Rom (bicubic) displacement at grid coordinates.
-    fn sample_cubic(&self, gx: f64, gy: f64, wx: &[f64; 4], wy: &[f64; 4]) -> [f64; 2] {
-        let (ix, iy) = (gx.floor() as isize, gy.floor() as isize);
+    fn sample_cubic(&self, xs: &[(usize, f64); 4], ys: &[(usize, f64); 4]) -> [f64; 2] {
         let mut acc = [0.0f64; 2];
-        for (jj, wyj) in wy.iter().enumerate() {
-            let y = (iy - 1 + jj as isize).clamp(0, self.h as isize - 1) as usize;
+        for &(y, wyj) in ys {
             let row = &self.d[y * self.w..(y + 1) * self.w];
-            for (ii, wxi) in wx.iter().enumerate() {
-                let x = (ix - 1 + ii as isize).clamp(0, self.w as isize - 1) as usize;
+            for &(x, wxi) in xs {
                 let k = wxi * wyj;
                 acc[0] += f64::from(row[x][0]) * k;
                 acc[1] += f64::from(row[x][1]) * k;
@@ -641,6 +660,13 @@ fn catmull_rom(t: f64) -> [f64; 4] {
     [-0.5 * t3 + t2 - 0.5 * t, 1.5 * t3 - 2.5 * t2 + 1.0, -1.5 * t3 + 2.0 * t2 + 0.5 * t, 0.5 * t3 - 0.5 * t2]
 }
 
+/// A field axis's clamped nodes and weights, reusable across a tile's rows or columns.
+fn cubic_taps(g: f64, len: usize) -> [(usize, f64); 4] {
+    let i = g.floor() as isize;
+    let weights = catmull_rom(g - g.floor());
+    std::array::from_fn(|k| ((i - 1 + k as isize).clamp(0, len as isize - 1) as usize, weights[k]))
+}
+
 /// Resamples `src` through the field: inside `field.bounds` each pixel shows the source at
 /// `p + d(p)` (bicubic field, bicubic premultiplied source, edge pixels repeat past the field
 /// bounds); everything outside the bounds is kept. Same format as `src`.
@@ -653,25 +679,32 @@ pub fn apply_liquify(src: &Surface, field: &LiquifyField) -> Surface {
     if field.is_identity() || b.is_empty() {
         return out;
     }
-    let maxd = f64::from(field.max_displacement()).ceil() as i32 + 3;
+    // A 1D Catmull-Rom stencil's absolute weights sum to at most 5/4, so the 2D
+    // interpolated displacement can reach 25/16 of the largest nodal displacement.
+    let maxd = ((f64::from(field.max_displacement()) * (25.0 / 16.0)).ceil() as i32).saturating_add(3);
     let has_freeze = field.freeze.iter().any(|&f| f > 0.0);
     let tiles: Vec<Rect> = b.tiles().map(|t| t.rect().intersect(&b)).filter(|r| !r.is_empty() && field.touches(*r)).collect();
     let work = |t: &Rect| -> Option<(Rect, Vec<f32>)> {
         let w = t.width() as usize;
         let h = t.height() as usize;
-        // Field per pixel (bicubic), rows share their y weights.
+        // Field per pixel (bicubic), with axis taps shared across rows and columns.
         let mut disp = vec![[0.0f64; 2]; w * h];
         let (mut fx0, mut fy0, mut fx1, mut fy1) = (f64::MAX, f64::MAX, f64::MIN, f64::MIN);
         let mut moved = false;
+        let columns: Vec<_> = (0..w)
+            .map(|x| {
+                let px = f64::from(t.x0) + x as f64 + 0.5;
+                let gx = (px - f64::from(b.x0) - 0.5) / field.cell;
+                (px, cubic_taps(gx, field.w))
+            })
+            .collect();
         for y in 0..h {
             let py = f64::from(t.y0) + y as f64 + 0.5;
             let gy = (py - f64::from(b.y0) - 0.5) / field.cell;
-            let wy = catmull_rom(gy - gy.floor());
-            for x in 0..w {
-                let px = f64::from(t.x0) + x as f64 + 0.5;
-                let gx = (px - f64::from(b.x0) - 0.5) / field.cell;
-                let wx = catmull_rom(gx - gx.floor());
-                let mut d = field.sample_cubic(gx, gy, &wx, &wy);
+            let ys = cubic_taps(gy, field.h);
+            for (x, (px, xs)) in columns.iter().enumerate() {
+                let px = *px;
+                let mut d = field.sample_cubic(xs, &ys);
                 if has_freeze {
                     let mask = f64::from(field.freeze_at(px, py)).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
                     if mask > 0.0 {
@@ -753,15 +786,10 @@ pub fn apply_liquify(src: &Surface, field: &LiquifyField) -> Surface {
         }
         Some((*t, outp))
     };
-    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-    let done: Vec<(Rect, Vec<f32>)> = {
-        use rayon::prelude::*;
-        tiles.par_iter().filter_map(work).collect()
-    };
-    #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
-    let done: Vec<(Rect, Vec<f32>)> = tiles.iter().filter_map(work).collect();
-    for (r, v) in done {
-        out.write_region(r, &v);
+    for batch in tiles.chunks(RENDER_BATCH_TILES) {
+        for (r, v) in par::map(batch.len(), true, |i| batch.get(i).and_then(work)).into_iter().flatten() {
+            out.write_region(r, &v);
+        }
     }
     if alpha {
         out.prune();
@@ -929,18 +957,23 @@ impl ProxyImage {
             return false;
         }
         source_scratch.resize(source_len, [0.0; 4]);
-        src.read_rgba_into(src_rect, source_scratch);
-        if !src.format().alpha {
-            for pixel in source_scratch.iter_mut() {
-                pixel[3] = 1.0;
+        // Read and premultiply the source in one pass per band of rows, the bands in parallel: at
+        // an 800 px brush it is about a million pixels (P30).
+        let opaque = !src.format().alpha;
+        const BAND_ROWS: usize = 32;
+        par::chunks_mut(source_scratch, sw * BAND_ROWS, true, |band_index, band| {
+            let y = src_rect.y0 + (band_index * BAND_ROWS) as i32;
+            src.read_rgba_into(Rect::new(src_rect.x0, y, src_rect.x1, y + (band.len() / sw) as i32), band);
+            for pixel in band.iter_mut() {
+                if opaque {
+                    pixel[3] = 1.0;
+                }
+                let alpha = pixel[3];
+                pixel[0] *= alpha;
+                pixel[1] *= alpha;
+                pixel[2] *= alpha;
             }
-        }
-        for pixel in source_scratch.iter_mut() {
-            let alpha = pixel[3];
-            pixel[0] *= alpha;
-            pixel[1] *= alpha;
-            pixel[2] *= alpha;
-        }
+        });
 
         let x0 = (region.x0 - bounds.x0) as usize;
         let x1 = (region.x1 - bounds.x0) as usize;
@@ -1105,6 +1138,15 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(dd < 1e-3, "slow and fast pointer fields differ by {dd} px");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn a_huge_canvas_gets_a_coarser_field_not_a_huge_one() {
+        // 400000² px at 2 px per node is 4·10¹⁰ nodes.
+        let f = LiquifyField::new(Rect::new(0, 0, 400_000, 400_000), 2.0);
+        assert!(f.w * f.h <= MAX_FIELD_NODES && f.d.len() == f.w * f.h && f.freeze.len() == f.d.len());
+        assert!(f.cell > 64.0);
+        assert_eq!(LiquifyField::new(Rect::new(0, 0, 100, 100), 2.0).cell, 2.0);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn a_stroke_interrupted_by_a_jump_restarts_its_spacing() {
         // A segment that does not start where the last one ended begins a new run of dabs there.
@@ -1283,6 +1325,44 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn a_wide_integer_translation_keeps_channels_and_tile_edges_at_every_format() {
+        let b = Rect::new(13, -1, 13 + 70 * 256, 1);
+        let w = b.width() as usize;
+        for mode in [ColorMode::Grayscale, ColorMode::Rgb, ColorMode::Cmyk] {
+            for depth in [SampleType::U8, SampleType::U16, SampleType::F32] {
+                let format = PixelFormat::new(mode, depth, true);
+                let n = format.channels();
+                let mut data = Vec::new();
+                for i in 0..w * 2 {
+                    let alpha = if i % 13 == 0 { 0.0 } else { 0.5 };
+                    for c in 0..mode.color_channels() {
+                        data.push(if alpha == 0.0 { 0.0 } else { ((i * 19 + c * 43) % 251 + 2) as f32 / 255.0 });
+                    }
+                    data.push(alpha);
+                }
+                let mut source = Surface::new(format);
+                source.write_region(b, &data);
+                source.write_pixel(b.x0 - 1, b.y0 - 1, &vec![0.75; n]);
+                let before = source.read_region(b);
+                let mut field = LiquifyField::new(b, 2.5);
+                field.d.fill([-1.0, 0.0]);
+                let output = apply_liquify(&source, &field);
+                let after = output.read_region(b);
+                let tolerance = if depth == SampleType::F32 { 4.0 * f32::EPSILON } else { 0.0 };
+                for (original, moved) in before.chunks_exact(w * n).zip(after.chunks_exact(w * n)) {
+                    for (x, pixel) in moved.chunks_exact(n).enumerate() {
+                        let offset = x.saturating_sub(1) * n;
+                        for (actual, expected) in pixel.iter().zip(&original[offset..offset + n]) {
+                            assert!((actual - expected).abs() <= tolerance, "{mode:?}/{depth:?} at column {x}");
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                assert_eq!(output.pixel(b.x0 - 1, b.y0 - 1), source.pixel(b.x0 - 1, b.y0 - 1));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn no_strokes_is_identity_at_every_depth() {
         for st in [SampleType::U8, SampleType::U16, SampleType::F32] {
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/magnetic.rs b/crates/algo/src/magnetic.rs
index f2dab08816..54759237cb 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/magnetic.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/magnetic.rs
@@ -512,12 +512,11 @@ fn direction_cost(tp: [f32; 2], tq: [f32; 2], dx: i32, dy: i32, len: f32) -> f32
     if tp == [0.0; 2] || tq == [0.0; 2] {
         return NEUTRAL_DIRECTION;
     }
-    let mut l = [dx as f32 / len, dy as f32 / len];
-    if tp[0] * l[0] + tp[1] * l[1] < 0.0 {
-        l = [-l[0], -l[1]];
-    }
-    let dp = (tp[0] * l[0] + tp[1] * l[1]).clamp(-1.0, 1.0);
-    let dq = (l[0] * tq[0] + l[1] * tq[1]).clamp(-1.0, 1.0);
+    // An edge tangent is an axis, not a directed vector: reversing the strongest channel's
+    // gradient must not make an otherwise straight edge expensive to follow.
+    let l = [dx as f32 / len, dy as f32 / len];
+    let dp = (tp[0] * l[0] + tp[1] * l[1]).abs().clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+    let dq = (l[0] * tq[0] + l[1] * tq[1]).abs().clamp(0.0, 1.0);
     2.0 / (3.0 * PI) * (dp.acos() + dq.acos())
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/magnetic/tests.rs b/crates/algo/src/magnetic/tests.rs
index ccfc73bc04..ee187bc781 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/magnetic/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/magnetic/tests.rs
@@ -55,6 +55,39 @@ fn snaps_to_the_most_prominent_edge() {
     assert!((p[0] - 18.0).abs() < 0.01, "{p:?}");
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn gradient_polarity_does_not_make_a_straight_edge_look_like_a_turn() {
+    // A gradient can reverse across adjacent pixels when another colour channel becomes the
+    // strongest one. The edge tangent is an axis, so its sign must not change the path cost.
+    let forward = direction_cost([1.0, 0.0], [1.0, 0.0], 1, 0, 1.0);
+    let reversed = direction_cost([1.0, 0.0], [-1.0, 0.0], 1, 0, 1.0);
+    assert!(forward < 1e-6, "aligned edge: {forward}");
+    assert!(reversed < 1e-6, "same edge with reversed gradient polarity: {reversed}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn traces_a_straight_edge_through_a_gradient_polarity_change() {
+    let read = Cell::new(0);
+    // The contrast stays high, but the edge changes from dark-to-light to light-to-dark halfway
+    // down. The horizontal seam intersects it; the guide stays on the vertical contour.
+    let mut f = image(
+        |x, y| {
+            let left = x < 32;
+            let top = y < 32;
+            let white = left != top;
+            grey(if white { 255 } else { 0 })
+        },
+        &read,
+    );
+    let mut t = Tracer::new(Rect::new(0, 0, 64, 64));
+    let path = t.trace(&mut f, [32.0, 5.0], [32.0, 59.0], &[[32.0, 32.0]], Settings::default());
+    assert_eq!(path.first(), Some(&[32.0, 5.0]));
+    assert_eq!(path.last(), Some(&[32.0, 59.0]));
+    for p in &path {
+        assert!((p[0] - 32.0).abs() < 1.0, "left the high-contrast edge: {p:?}; {path:?}");
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn trace_follows_a_curved_edge() {
     let read = Cell::new(0);
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/matting.rs b/crates/algo/src/matting.rs
index e40b687040..f4bfccb0b5 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/matting.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/matting.rs
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ pub fn morph(src: &[f32], w: usize, h: usize, r: usize, grow: bool) -> Vec<f32>
 mod brush;
 mod morphology;
 
-pub use brush::{EdgeBrush, EdgeStroke, MAX_SWEPT_AREA, SIZE_RANGE as BRUSH_SIZE_RANGE, swept_area};
+pub use brush::{EdgeBrush, EdgeStroke, MAX_SWEPT_AREA, SIZE_RANGE as BRUSH_SIZE_RANGE, brush_surface, painted_tiles, stroke_area, swept_area};
 
 /// Running max (or min) over a window of radius `r` (edge-clipped), van Herk / Gil–Werman:
 /// three comparisons per sample whatever the radius.
@@ -413,6 +413,22 @@ where
     lo.into_iter().zip(hi).map(|(a, b)| a + (b - a) * frac).collect()
 }
 
+/// Most pixels one refine should cover. Its result is a dense [`Region`] over [`refine_area`]
+/// (about two bytes a pixel while it is assembled), so callers refuse a larger refine up front
+/// rather than allocate it: 2³⁰ pixels, a 32k × 32k selection.
+pub const MAX_REFINE_AREA: u64 = 1 << 30;
+
+/// The area [`refine_mask`] and [`refine_mask_brushed`] compute and allocate their result over:
+/// `content` grown by how far `p` can spread it, plus where `brush` adds, within `canvas`. Empty
+/// when `content` misses the canvas.
+pub fn refine_area(content: Rect, canvas: Rect, p: &RefineParams, brush: Option<&EdgeBrush>) -> Rect {
+    let content = content.intersect(&canvas);
+    if content.is_empty() {
+        return Rect::EMPTY;
+    }
+    content.inflate(p.spread()).union(&brush.map_or(Rect::EMPTY, EdgeBrush::added_bounds)).intersect(&canvas)
+}
+
 /// Refines a selection mask. `mask(r)` returns coverage over `r` (row-major); `content` bounds
 /// its non-zero pixels; the result is clipped to `canvas`. `sampler` supplies the guide image
 /// (only read when `radius > 0`). Returns `None` when nothing remains selected.
@@ -446,11 +462,10 @@ fn refine_mask_with<F>(
 where
     F: Fn(&[f32], usize, usize, usize, bool) -> Vec<f32> + Copy + Sync + Send,
 {
-    let content = content.intersect(&canvas);
-    if content.is_empty() {
+    let bbox = refine_area(content, canvas, p, brush);
+    if bbox.is_empty() {
         return None;
     }
-    let bbox = content.inflate(p.spread()).union(&brush.map_or(Rect::EMPTY, EdgeBrush::added_bounds)).intersect(&canvas);
     let halo = p.halo() + brush.map_or(0, |b| i32::try_from(b.window() * 4).unwrap_or(i32::MAX));
     let mut tiles = Vec::new();
     let mut y = bbox.y0;
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/matting/brush.rs b/crates/algo/src/matting/brush.rs
index f70342e6d7..24e4c82ad1 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/matting/brush.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/matting/brush.rs
@@ -10,10 +10,17 @@
 //! size), the colour-line model of A. Levin, D. Lischinski and Y. Weiss, "A Closed-Form Solution
 //! to Natural Image Matting" (CVPR 2006), with one foreground and one background colour per window.
 
-use photocraft_geom::Rect;
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
+
+use photocraft_color::PixelFormat;
+use photocraft_geom::{Rect, TILE_SIZE, TileCoord};
+use photocraft_raster::Surface;
 
 use super::box_mean;
 use crate::segment::RgbImage;
+use crate::selection::{MAX_PAINTED_TILES, clip_segment};
+
+const TS: usize = TILE_SIZE as usize;
 
 /// One Refine Edge Brush stroke, in document pixels.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
@@ -29,26 +36,42 @@ pub struct EdgeStroke {
 /// Brush diameters the strokes may use.
 pub const SIZE_RANGE: std::ops::RangeInclusive<f32> = 1.0..=5000.0;
 
-/// The painted area: signed coverage (`+1` refined, `−1` restored, `0` untouched) over `bbox`.
+/// The painted area: signed coverage (`+1` refined, `−1` restored, `0` untouched), kept only for
+/// the tiles the strokes paint, so a thin stroke across a huge canvas costs those tiles, not its
+/// bounding box (#8783).
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub struct EdgeBrush {
+    /// Where the strokes can paint.
     bbox: Rect,
-    /// Coverage × 127, row-major over `bbox`.
-    v: Vec<i8>,
+    /// Coverage × 127 per painted tile, row-major over the tile.
+    tiles: BTreeMap<TileCoord, Vec<i8>>,
     /// Bounds of the added (positive) coverage.
     added: Rect,
     /// Box radius of the colour estimate (pixels).
     window: usize,
 }
 
-/// Coverage (0–1) of a round brush of radius `r` swept from `a` to `b`, at pixel centre `p`.
-fn capsule(p: (f32, f32), a: (f32, f32), b: (f32, f32), r: f32) -> f32 {
+/// Distance from pixel centre `p` to the segment from `a` to `b`.
+fn segment_distance(p: (f32, f32), a: (f32, f32), b: (f32, f32)) -> f32 {
     let (dx, dy) = (b.0 - a.0, b.1 - a.1);
     let len2 = dx * dx + dy * dy;
     let t = if len2 > 0.0 { (((p.0 - a.0) * dx + (p.1 - a.1) * dy) / len2).clamp(0.0, 1.0) } else { 0.0 };
     let (cx, cy) = (a.0 + t * dx, a.1 + t * dy);
-    let d = ((p.0 - cx).powi(2) + (p.1 - cy).powi(2)).sqrt();
-    (r + 0.5 - d).clamp(0.0, 1.0)
+    ((p.0 - cx).powi(2) + (p.1 - cy).powi(2)).sqrt()
+}
+
+/// Coverage (0–1) of a round brush of radius `r` swept from `a` to `b`, at pixel centre `p`.
+fn capsule(p: (f32, f32), a: (f32, f32), b: (f32, f32), r: f32) -> f32 {
+    (r + 0.5 - segment_distance(p, a, b)).clamp(0.0, 1.0)
+}
+
+/// Coverage (0–1) at distance `d` from a brush's path, for radius `r` and a solid core of radius
+/// `core` (hardness × `r`): full inside the core, then a smooth fall to zero half a pixel past `r`
+/// (a hard brush keeps just the one-pixel anti-aliased rim).
+fn soft_coverage(d: f32, r: f32, core: f32) -> f32 {
+    let ramp = r + 0.5 - core;
+    let t = ((r + 0.5 - d) / ramp.max(1.0)).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+    if ramp > 1.0 { t * t * (3.0 - 2.0 * t) } else { t }
 }
 
 /// The pixels a disc of radius `r` at `p` can touch, as a (possibly empty) rectangle.
@@ -64,27 +87,113 @@ pub const MAX_SWEPT_AREA: f64 = (1u64 << 28) as f64;
 
 /// The area `strokes` sweep (see [`MAX_SWEPT_AREA`]); non-finite strokes count as infinite.
 pub fn swept_area(strokes: &[EdgeStroke]) -> f64 {
-    strokes
-        .iter()
-        .map(|s| {
-            let size = f64::from(s.size.clamp(*SIZE_RANGE.start(), *SIZE_RANGE.end()));
-            let len: f64 = s.points.windows(2).filter_map(|w| Some(f64::from((w.get(1)?.0 - w.first()?.0).hypot(w.get(1)?.1 - w.first()?.1)))).sum();
-            if len.is_finite() { len * size + size * size } else { f64::INFINITY }
-        })
-        .sum()
+    strokes.iter().map(|s| stroke_area(&s.points, s.size)).sum()
 }
 
-/// The stroke's path as short segments: points closer than a quarter of the radius to the last
-/// kept one are dropped, and long segments are split at most `r` long, so each segment's box
-/// stays close to the area it paints.
-fn segments(points: &[(f32, f32)], r: f32) -> Vec<((f32, f32), (f32, f32))> {
-    let Some(&first) = points.first() else { return Vec::new() };
+/// The area one stroke of `points` sweeps with a brush `size` wide: length × size + size²;
+/// non-finite strokes count as infinite.
+pub fn stroke_area(points: &[(f32, f32)], size: f32) -> f64 {
+    let size = f64::from(size.clamp(*SIZE_RANGE.start(), *SIZE_RANGE.end()));
+    let len: f64 = points.windows(2).filter_map(|w| Some(f64::from((w.get(1)?.0 - w.first()?.0).hypot(w.get(1)?.1 - w.first()?.1)))).sum();
+    if len.is_finite() { len * size + size * size } else { f64::INFINITY }
+}
+
+/// The tiles of `canvas` a round brush `size` px wide along `points` can paint, in order; `None`
+/// when that is more than `limit` (a thin stroke sweeps little but touches a whole tile wherever
+/// it passes, so this, not [`MAX_SWEPT_AREA`], bounds what painting it allocates; #8783).
+pub fn painted_tiles(points: &[(f32, f32)], size: f32, canvas: Rect, limit: usize) -> Option<BTreeSet<TileCoord>> {
+    let r = size.clamp(*SIZE_RANGE.start(), *SIZE_RANGE.end()) / 2.0;
+    let mut set = BTreeSet::new();
+    // Consecutive pieces mostly fall in the same tiles.
+    let mut last: Option<Rect> = None;
+    for (a, b) in segments(points, r, canvas) {
+        let seg = dab_bounds(a, r).union(&dab_bounds(b, r)).intersect(&canvas);
+        // The tile coordinates `seg` spans (inclusive).
+        let span =
+            Rect::new(seg.x0.div_euclid(TILE_SIZE), seg.y0.div_euclid(TILE_SIZE), (seg.x1 - 1).div_euclid(TILE_SIZE), (seg.y1 - 1).div_euclid(TILE_SIZE));
+        if seg.is_empty() || last == Some(span) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        last = Some(span);
+        for tc in seg.tiles() {
+            set.insert(tc);
+            if set.len() > limit {
+                return None;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    Some(set)
+}
+
+/// One stroke's coverage (0–255) per tile of `canvas`: the most `cov(pixel centre, a, b)` gives
+/// over the path's pieces, so a stroke never paints past full. Only painted tiles are kept;
+/// `None` past `limit` tiles (see [`painted_tiles`]).
+fn paint_tiles(
+    points: &[(f32, f32)],
+    size: f32,
+    canvas: Rect,
+    limit: usize,
+    cov: impl Fn((f32, f32), (f32, f32), (f32, f32)) -> f32,
+) -> Option<BTreeMap<TileCoord, Vec<u8>>> {
+    let r = size.clamp(*SIZE_RANGE.start(), *SIZE_RANGE.end()) / 2.0;
+    let mut tiles: BTreeMap<TileCoord, Vec<u8>> = painted_tiles(points, size, canvas, limit)?.into_iter().map(|tc| (tc, vec![0u8; TS * TS])).collect();
+    for (a, b) in segments(points, r, canvas) {
+        let seg = dab_bounds(a, r).union(&dab_bounds(b, r)).intersect(&canvas);
+        for tc in seg.tiles() {
+            let o = tc.rect();
+            let Some(buf) = tiles.get_mut(&tc) else { continue };
+            let tr = o.intersect(&seg);
+            for y in tr.y0..tr.y1 {
+                for x in tr.x0..tr.x1 {
+                    let c = (cov((x as f32 + 0.5, y as f32 + 0.5), a, b).clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 255.0).round() as u8;
+                    if let Some(slot) = buf.get_mut((y - o.y0) as usize * TS + (x - o.x0) as usize)
+                        && c > *slot
+                    {
+                        *slot = c;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    tiles.retain(|_, b| b.iter().any(|v| *v > 0));
+    Some(tiles)
+}
+
+/// Select and Mask's Brush: the coverage one stroke of a round brush `size` px wide with
+/// `hardness` (0–100) paints along `points`, clipped to `canvas`, as a GRAY8 selection holding
+/// only the tiles it paints. Overlapping dabs keep the most coverage any of them gives, so a
+/// stroke never paints past full. `None` when it paints nothing, has non-finite points, sweeps
+/// more than [`MAX_SWEPT_AREA`] or paints more than [`MAX_PAINTED_TILES`] tiles.
+pub fn brush_surface(points: &[(f32, f32)], size: f32, hardness: f32, canvas: Rect) -> Option<Surface> {
+    if points.is_empty() || !size.is_finite() || !hardness.is_finite() || points.iter().any(|p| !p.0.is_finite() || !p.1.is_finite()) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    if stroke_area(points, size) > MAX_SWEPT_AREA {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let r = size.clamp(*SIZE_RANGE.start(), *SIZE_RANGE.end()) / 2.0;
+    let core = r * hardness.clamp(0.0, 100.0) / 100.0;
+    let tiles = paint_tiles(points, size, canvas, MAX_PAINTED_TILES, |p, a, b| soft_coverage(segment_distance(p, a, b), r, core))?;
+    let mut s = Surface::new(PixelFormat::GRAY8);
+    for (tc, bytes) in &tiles {
+        s.write_interleaved(tc.rect(), bytes);
+    }
+    (s.tile_count() > 0).then_some(s)
+}
+
+/// The stroke's path as short segments within reach of `clip`: points closer than a quarter of
+/// the radius to the last kept one are dropped, each segment is cut to `clip` grown by the brush
+/// (what lies beyond can't paint inside it), and long ones are split at most `r` long, so each
+/// piece's box stays close to the area it paints. The pieces are made as they are painted, never
+/// collected, and only where they can paint: a 1 px stroke zigzagging across 2 million px is over
+/// 100 million pieces in all, within [`MAX_SWEPT_AREA`] (the #8783 review).
+fn segments(points: &[(f32, f32)], r: f32, clip: Rect) -> impl Iterator<Item = ((f32, f32), (f32, f32))> {
     let min_step = (r / 4.0).max(0.5);
     let max_step = r.max(2.0);
-    let mut kept = vec![first];
-    for p in points.iter().skip(1) {
-        let last = kept.last().copied().unwrap_or(first);
-        if (p.0 - last.0).hypot(p.1 - last.1) >= min_step {
+    let reach = clip.inflate((r + 2.0).ceil().clamp(0.0, 1e7) as i32);
+    let mut kept: Vec<(f32, f32)> = Vec::new();
+    for p in points {
+        if kept.last().is_none_or(|l| (p.0 - l.0).hypot(p.1 - l.1) >= min_step) {
             kept.push(*p);
         }
     }
@@ -93,25 +202,22 @@ fn segments(points: &[(f32, f32)], r: f32) -> Vec<((f32, f32), (f32, f32))> {
     {
         kept.push(end);
     }
-    if kept.len() == 1 {
-        return vec![(first, first)];
-    }
-    let mut out = Vec::new();
-    for w in kept.windows(2) {
-        let (Some(&a), Some(&b)) = (w.first(), w.get(1)) else { continue };
+    // A single point is one dab.
+    let dab = if kept.len() == 1 { kept.first().map(|p| (*p, *p)) } else { None };
+    let pairs: Vec<((f32, f32), (f32, f32))> = kept.windows(2).filter_map(|w| clip_segment(*w.first()?, *w.get(1)?, reach)).collect();
+    dab.into_iter().chain(pairs.into_iter().flat_map(move |(a, b)| {
         let pieces = ((b.0 - a.0).hypot(b.1 - a.1) / max_step).ceil().clamp(1.0, 1e6) as usize;
-        let at = |k: usize| {
+        let at = move |k: usize| {
             let t = k as f32 / pieces as f32;
             (a.0 + (b.0 - a.0) * t, a.1 + (b.1 - a.1) * t)
         };
-        out.extend((0..pieces).map(|k| (at(k), at(k + 1))));
-    }
-    out
+        (0..pieces).map(move |k| (at(k), at(k + 1)))
+    }))
 }
 
 impl EdgeBrush {
-    /// Rasterises `strokes` (clipped to `canvas`). `None` when they paint nothing or sweep more
-    /// than [`MAX_SWEPT_AREA`].
+    /// Rasterises `strokes` (clipped to `canvas`), tile by tile. `None` when they paint nothing,
+    /// sweep more than [`MAX_SWEPT_AREA`] or paint more than [`MAX_PAINTED_TILES`] tiles.
     pub fn new(strokes: &[EdgeStroke], canvas: Rect) -> Option<EdgeBrush> {
         let usable = |s: &&EdgeStroke| s.size.is_finite() && !s.points.is_empty() && s.points.iter().all(|p| p.0.is_finite() && p.1.is_finite());
         if swept_area(strokes) > MAX_SWEPT_AREA {
@@ -126,61 +232,43 @@ impl EdgeBrush {
         if bbox.is_empty() {
             return None;
         }
-        let bw = bbox.width() as usize;
-        let mut v = vec![0i8; bw.checked_mul(bbox.height() as usize)?];
-        let mut cov: Vec<f32> = Vec::new();
+        let mut tiles: BTreeMap<TileCoord, Vec<i8>> = BTreeMap::new();
         let mut max_add = 0.0f32;
         for s in strokes {
-            let sb = stroke_bounds(s);
-            if sb.is_empty() {
-                continue;
-            }
             let r = s.size.clamp(*SIZE_RANGE.start(), *SIZE_RANGE.end()) / 2.0;
             if s.add {
                 max_add = max_add.max(2.0 * r);
             }
-            let sw = sb.width() as usize;
-            cov.clear();
-            cov.resize(sw * sb.height() as usize, 0.0);
             // The stroke's coverage: the most any of its segments gives (a single dab for one point).
-            for (a, b) in segments(&s.points, r) {
-                let seg = dab_bounds(a, r).union(&dab_bounds(b, r)).intersect(&sb);
-                for y in seg.y0..seg.y1 {
-                    for x in seg.x0..seg.x1 {
-                        let c = capsule((x as f32 + 0.5, y as f32 + 0.5), a, b, r);
-                        if let Some(slot) = cov.get_mut((y - sb.y0) as usize * sw + (x - sb.x0) as usize)
-                            && c > *slot
-                        {
-                            *slot = c;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
+            let cov = paint_tiles(&s.points, s.size, canvas, MAX_PAINTED_TILES, |p, a, b| capsule(p, a, b, r))?;
             let target = if s.add { 1.0 } else { -1.0 };
-            for y in sb.y0..sb.y1 {
-                for x in sb.x0..sb.x1 {
-                    let c = cov.get((y - sb.y0) as usize * sw + (x - sb.x0) as usize).copied().unwrap_or(0.0);
-                    if c <= 0.0 {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-                    if let Some(slot) = v.get_mut((y - bbox.y0) as usize * bw + (x - bbox.x0) as usize) {
-                        let cur = f32::from(*slot) / 127.0;
+            for (tc, c) in cov {
+                let v = tiles.entry(tc).or_insert_with(|| vec![0i8; TS * TS]);
+                for (slot, c) in v.iter_mut().zip(c) {
+                    if c > 0 {
+                        let (cur, c) = (f32::from(*slot) / 127.0, f32::from(c) / 255.0);
                         *slot = ((cur + (target - cur) * c) * 127.0).round().clamp(-127.0, 127.0) as i8;
                     }
                 }
             }
+            if tiles.len() > MAX_PAINTED_TILES {
+                return None;
+            }
         }
-        if v.iter().all(|c| *c == 0) {
+        tiles.retain(|_, v| v.iter().any(|c| *c != 0));
+        if tiles.is_empty() {
             return None;
         }
-        let (mut x0, mut y0, mut x1, mut y1) = (i32::MAX, i32::MAX, i32::MIN, i32::MIN);
-        for (row, line) in v.chunks_exact(bw).enumerate() {
-            let (Some(first), Some(last)) = (line.iter().position(|c| *c > 0), line.iter().rposition(|c| *c > 0)) else { continue };
-            let y = bbox.y0 + row as i32;
-            (x0, x1, y0, y1) = (x0.min(bbox.x0 + first as i32), x1.max(bbox.x0 + last as i32 + 1), y0.min(y), y1.max(y + 1));
+        let mut added = Rect::EMPTY;
+        for (tc, v) in &tiles {
+            let o = tc.rect();
+            for (row, line) in v.as_chunks::<TS>().0.iter().enumerate() {
+                let (Some(first), Some(last)) = (line.iter().position(|c| *c > 0), line.iter().rposition(|c| *c > 0)) else { continue };
+                let y = o.y0 + row as i32;
+                added = added.union(&Rect::new(o.x0 + first as i32, y, o.x0 + last as i32 + 1, y + 1));
+            }
         }
-        let added = if x0 < x1 { Rect::new(x0, y0, x1, y1) } else { Rect::EMPTY };
-        Some(EdgeBrush { bbox, v, added, window: max_add.ceil().clamp(4.0, 64.0) as usize })
+        Some(EdgeBrush { bbox, tiles, added, window: max_add.ceil().clamp(4.0, 64.0) as usize })
     }
 
     /// Where the strokes paint (added or restored).
@@ -200,16 +288,32 @@ impl EdgeBrush {
 
     /// Signed coverage at document pixel `(x, y)` (zero outside the painted area).
     pub fn at(&self, x: i32, y: i32) -> f32 {
-        if !self.bbox.contains(x, y) {
-            return 0.0;
-        }
-        let i = (y - self.bbox.y0) as usize * self.bbox.width() as usize + (x - self.bbox.x0) as usize;
-        self.v.get(i).map_or(0.0, |c| f32::from(*c) / 127.0)
+        let (tc, o) = (TileCoord::containing(x, y), (y.rem_euclid(TILE_SIZE) as usize) * TS + x.rem_euclid(TILE_SIZE) as usize);
+        self.tiles.get(&tc).and_then(|v| v.get(o)).map_or(0.0, |c| f32::from(*c) / 127.0)
     }
 
     /// Signed coverage over `r` (row-major).
     pub fn read(&self, r: Rect) -> Vec<f32> {
-        (r.y0..r.y1).flat_map(|y| (r.x0..r.x1).map(move |x| self.at(x, y))).collect()
+        let w = r.width() as usize;
+        let mut out = vec![0.0f32; w * r.height() as usize];
+        for tc in r.tiles() {
+            let Some(v) = self.tiles.get(&tc) else { continue };
+            let (o, tr) = (tc.rect(), tc.rect().intersect(&r));
+            for y in tr.y0..tr.y1 {
+                let src = (y - o.y0) as usize * TS;
+                let dst = (y - r.y0) as usize * w;
+                let (Some(src), Some(dst)) = (
+                    v.get(src + (tr.x0 - o.x0) as usize..src + (tr.x1 - o.x0) as usize),
+                    out.get_mut(dst + (tr.x0 - r.x0) as usize..dst + (tr.x1 - r.x0) as usize),
+                ) else {
+                    continue;
+                };
+                for (d, c) in dst.iter_mut().zip(src) {
+                    *d = f32::from(*c) / 127.0;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        out
     }
 }
 
@@ -276,6 +380,10 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::segment::ImageSampler;
     use crate::selection::Region;
 
+    fn at(s: &Surface, x: i32, y: i32) -> f32 {
+        s.pixel(x, y).first().copied().unwrap_or(0.0)
+    }
+
     /// Strands of the subject's colour (every 4th column from x = 60) beyond the selection's
     /// edge at x = 40: brushing over them adds them, Alt-brushing the edge keeps it as it was.
     #[test]
@@ -330,4 +438,73 @@ mod tests {
         let empty = EdgeStroke { points: vec![], size: 10.0, add: true };
         assert!(EdgeBrush::new(&[off, nan, empty], canvas).is_none());
     }
+    #[test]
+    fn brush_surface_paints_hard_and_soft_strokes() {
+        let canvas = Rect::new(0, 0, 100, 50);
+        let hard = brush_surface(&[(10.0, 25.0), (90.0, 25.0)], 20.0, 100.0, canvas).expect("painted");
+        assert!(at(&hard, 50, 25) > 0.99 && at(&hard, 50, 33) > 0.99, "solid inside the radius");
+        assert!(at(&hard, 50, 36) == 0.0 && at(&hard, 50, 10) == 0.0, "nothing past it");
+        // A soft brush fades from the centre line to the rim.
+        let soft = brush_surface(&[(10.0, 25.0), (90.0, 25.0)], 20.0, 0.0, canvas).expect("painted");
+        let (centre, mid, rim) = (at(&soft, 50, 25), at(&soft, 50, 30), at(&soft, 50, 34));
+        assert!(centre > 0.95 && mid > 0.2 && mid < 0.8 && rim < 0.1, "{centre} {mid} {rim}");
+        // A single point is one dab; clipped to the canvas.
+        let dab = brush_surface(&[(0.0, 0.0)], 10.0, 100.0, canvas).expect("painted");
+        let b = dab.content_bounds();
+        assert_eq!((b.x0, b.y0), (0, 0));
+        assert!(at(&dab, 1, 1) > 0.99);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn brush_surface_paints_nothing_for_hostile_strokes() {
+        let canvas = Rect::new(0, 0, 100, 50);
+        assert!(brush_surface(&[], 10.0, 100.0, canvas).is_none());
+        assert!(brush_surface(&[(f32::NAN, 1.0)], 10.0, 100.0, canvas).is_none());
+        assert!(brush_surface(&[(1.0, 1.0)], f32::INFINITY, 100.0, canvas).is_none());
+        assert!(brush_surface(&[(1.0, 1.0)], 10.0, f32::NAN, canvas).is_none());
+        assert!(brush_surface(&[(-500.0, -500.0)], 10.0, 100.0, canvas).is_none(), "off the canvas");
+        assert!(brush_surface(&[(0.0, 0.0), (1e7, 1e7)], 5000.0, 100.0, canvas).is_none(), "sweeps too much");
+        // Sizes and hardness outside their ranges are clamped, not rejected.
+        assert!(brush_surface(&[(50.0, 25.0)], 0.0, 500.0, canvas).is_some());
+    }
+    /// A 1 px stroke zigzagging across 2 million px stays within [`MAX_SWEPT_AREA`] yet splits
+    /// into over 100 million pieces: painting it must not collect them all first (it allocated
+    /// about 2 GB up front; the #8783 review).
+    #[test]
+    fn a_long_thin_zigzag_paints_without_collecting_its_pieces() {
+        let canvas = Rect::new(0, 0, 64, 64);
+        let points: Vec<(f32, f32)> = (0..135).map(|i| (if i % 2 == 0 { 0.0 } else { 2_000_000.0 }, 32.0 + (i % 3) as f32)).collect();
+        assert!(stroke_area(&points, 1.0) <= MAX_SWEPT_AREA);
+        // Only the pieces within reach of the canvas are made.
+        assert!(segments(&points, 0.5, canvas).count() < 134 * 40, "{}", segments(&points, 0.5, canvas).count());
+        let r = brush_surface(&points, 1.0, 100.0, canvas).expect("it paints its row");
+        assert!(at(&r, 10, 32) > 0.5);
+        let strokes = [EdgeStroke { points, size: 1.0, add: true }];
+        assert!(EdgeBrush::new(&strokes, canvas).is_some_and(|b| b.at(10, 32) > 0.5));
+    }
+
+    /// A 1 px diagonal across a 100,000 px canvas sweeps about 141,000 px, well within
+    /// [`MAX_SWEPT_AREA`], but its bounding box is 10 billion pixels: painting it must cost the
+    /// tiles it crosses, not that box (it allocated 40 GB; the #8783 review).
+    #[test]
+    fn a_thin_diagonal_across_a_huge_canvas_paints_only_its_tiles() {
+        let canvas = Rect::new(0, 0, 100_000, 100_000);
+        let diagonal = [(0.0, 0.0), (99_999.0, 99_999.0)];
+        assert!(stroke_area(&diagonal, 1.0) <= MAX_SWEPT_AREA);
+        let tiles = painted_tiles(&diagonal, 1.0, canvas, MAX_PAINTED_TILES).expect("within the limit");
+        assert!(tiles.len() < 1500, "{}", tiles.len());
+        let s = brush_surface(&diagonal, 1.0, 100.0, canvas).expect("painted");
+        assert!(s.tile_count() <= tiles.len());
+        assert!(at(&s, 50_000, 50_000) > 0.5 && at(&s, 50_000, 40_000) == 0.0);
+        let strokes = [EdgeStroke { points: diagonal.to_vec(), size: 1.0, add: true }];
+        let b = EdgeBrush::new(&strokes, canvas).expect("painted");
+        assert!(b.at(50_000, 50_000) > 0.5 && b.at(50_000, 40_000) == 0.0);
+        assert!(b.read(Rect::new(49_990, 49_990, 50_010, 50_010)).iter().any(|v| *v > 0.5));
+        // A zigzag crossing more tiles than the limit is refused rather than allocated.
+        let zigzag: Vec<(f32, f32)> = (0..20).map(|i| (if i % 2 == 0 { 0.0 } else { 99_999.0 }, i as f32 * 5000.0)).collect();
+        assert!(stroke_area(&zigzag, 1.0) <= MAX_SWEPT_AREA);
+        assert!(painted_tiles(&zigzag, 1.0, canvas, MAX_PAINTED_TILES).is_none());
+        assert!(brush_surface(&zigzag, 1.0, 100.0, canvas).is_none());
+        assert!(EdgeBrush::new(&[EdgeStroke { points: zigzag, size: 1.0, add: true }], canvas).is_none());
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/oil.rs b/crates/algo/src/oil.rs
index 5a40b056a6..a894efc2ca 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/oil.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/oil.rs
@@ -29,6 +29,24 @@ pub(crate) struct OilSpec {
 fn stroke_len(stylization: f32) -> f32 {
     1.5 + stylization.clamp(0.1, 10.0) * 2.0
 }
+
+/// `f32::round` (half away from zero) as an integer, without the `roundf` call `f32::round`
+/// makes on the baseline x86-64 target. The sum is taken in `f64`, where `v ± 0.5` is exact for
+/// every `f32` the cast does not saturate (an `f32` sum is not: `0.49999997 + 0.5` rounds up to
+/// `1.0`), so the result equals `v.round() as i32` for every `f32`, NaN (0) and the saturating
+/// ends included.
+#[inline]
+fn round_i32(v: f32) -> i32 {
+    let v = f64::from(v);
+    (v + 0.5f64.copysign(v)) as i32
+}
+
+/// [`round_i32`] clamped into `0..n`.
+#[inline]
+fn round_index(v: f32, n: usize) -> usize {
+    round_i32(v).clamp(0, n as i32 - 1) as usize
+}
+
 fn tensor_sigma(scale: f32) -> f32 {
     0.8 + scale.clamp(0.1, 10.0) * 0.6
 }
@@ -93,7 +111,7 @@ pub(crate) fn oil_paint(src: &Image, out: Rect, ctx: &Ctx, spec: &OilSpec) -> Ve
     let sample = |x: f32, y: f32, acc: &mut [f32], k: f32| {
         let x = x.clamp(0.0, (ww - 1) as f32);
         let y = y.clamp(0.0, (wh - 1) as f32);
-        let (x0, y0) = (x.floor() as usize, y.floor() as usize);
+        let (x0, y0) = (x as usize, y as usize);
         let (x1, y1) = ((x0 + 1).min(ww - 1), (y0 + 1).min(wh - 1));
         let (ax, ay) = (x - x0 as f32, y - y0 as f32);
         let w00 = (1.0 - ax) * (1.0 - ay) * k;
@@ -119,7 +137,7 @@ pub(crate) fn oil_paint(src: &Image, out: Rect, ctx: &Ctx, spec: &OilSpec) -> Ve
                 let (mut qx, mut qy) = (dx, dy);
                 let (mut px, mut py) = (0.0f32, 0.0f32);
                 for k in 1..=steps {
-                    let ti = (qy.round().clamp(0.0, (wh - 1) as f32) as usize) * ww + qx.round().clamp(0.0, (ww - 1) as f32) as usize;
+                    let ti = round_index(qy, wh) * ww + round_index(qx, ww);
                     let (mut tx, mut ty) = tangent[ti];
                     if k == 1 {
                         tx *= dir;
@@ -135,7 +153,7 @@ pub(crate) fn oil_paint(src: &Image, out: Rect, ctx: &Ctx, spec: &OilSpec) -> Ve
                     let wk = 1.0 - k as f32 / (steps + 1) as f32;
                     sample(qx, qy, &mut acc[..n], wk);
                     wsum += wk;
-                    nsum += wk * hash01(win.x0 + qx.round() as i32, win.y0 + qy.round() as i32, 71, 0);
+                    nsum += wk * hash01(win.x0 + round_i32(qx), win.y0 + round_i32(qy), 71, 0);
                 }
             }
             let o = (ry * rw + rx) * n;
@@ -197,3 +215,59 @@ pub(crate) fn oil_paint(src: &Image, out: Rect, ctx: &Ctx, spec: &OilSpec) -> Ve
     }
     res
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::{round_i32, round_index};
+
+    /// The LIC looks up tangents and bristle noise by rounded sample position; the replacements
+    /// for `f32::round` must agree with it over every position a tile can produce, and agree with
+    /// `f32::clamp` at the ends, including non-finite input.
+    #[test]
+    fn rounding_matches_the_standard_library() {
+        let mut v = -40.0f32;
+        while v <= 2100.0 {
+            assert_eq!(round_i32(v), v.round() as i32, "round_i32({v})");
+            for n in [1usize, 2, 33, 256, 2048] {
+                let want = (v.round().clamp(0.0, (n - 1) as f32)) as usize;
+                assert_eq!(round_index(v, n), want, "round_index({v}, {n})");
+            }
+            v += 0.25;
+        }
+        // The binade crossings where an `f32` sum `v + 0.5` rounds up (0.5 - 2^-25), the ties, and
+        // the largest non-integer `f32`.
+        let below_half = f32::from_bits(0x3eff_ffff);
+        for v in [below_half, -below_half, 0.5, -0.5, 1.5, -1.5, 2.5, -2.5, 8_388_607.5, -8_388_607.5, 8_388_608.0, 3.0e9, -3.0e9] {
+            assert_eq!(round_i32(v), v.round() as i32, "round_i32({v:e})");
+            for n in [1usize, 2, 33] {
+                let want = (v.round().clamp(0.0, (n - 1) as f32)) as usize;
+                assert_eq!(round_index(v, n), want, "round_index({v:e}, {n})");
+            }
+        }
+        assert_eq!(round_i32(f32::NAN), f32::NAN.round() as i32);
+        for n in [1usize, 8] {
+            assert_eq!(round_index(f32::NEG_INFINITY, n), (f32::NEG_INFINITY.clamp(0.0, (n - 1) as f32)) as usize);
+            assert_eq!(round_index(f32::INFINITY, n), ((n - 1) as f32) as usize);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Every `f32` bit pattern in [-4096, 4096] (both signs, about 2.3e9 values, split across
+    /// threads) rounds exactly like `f32::round`.
+    #[test]
+    fn rounding_matches_the_standard_library_for_every_f32_up_to_4096() {
+        use rayon::prelude::*;
+        let last = 4096.0f32.to_bits();
+        let bad = (0..=last >> 20)
+            .into_par_iter()
+            .filter_map(|hi| {
+                let lo = hi << 20;
+                let hi_end = (lo | 0xf_ffff).min(last);
+                (lo..=hi_end).find_map(|bits| {
+                    let v = f32::from_bits(bits);
+                    [v, -v].into_iter().find(|v| round_i32(*v) != v.round() as i32)
+                })
+            })
+            .min_by(|a, b| a.abs().total_cmp(&b.abs()));
+        assert_eq!(bad, None, "round_i32 differs from f32::round");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/other2.rs b/crates/algo/src/other2.rs
index 61ccfc0038..aa76fb814a 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/other2.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/other2.rs
@@ -124,6 +124,179 @@ pub(crate) fn hsb_hsl(src: &Image, out: Rect, ctx: &Ctx, input: HsbModel, output
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
+    use photocraft_color::{PixelFormat, SampleType};
+    use photocraft_raster::Surface;
+
+    const DEPTHS: [SampleType; 3] = [SampleType::U8, SampleType::U16, SampleType::F32];
+
+    fn custom_fixture(depth: SampleType, mode: ColorMode, alpha: bool) -> (Surface, Rect) {
+        let b = Rect::new(-2, -1, 3, 4);
+        let format = PixelFormat::new(mode, depth, alpha);
+        let mut src = Surface::new(format);
+        let mut pixels = Vec::new();
+        for y in b.y0..b.y1 {
+            for x in b.x0..b.x1 {
+                for c in 0..format.channels() {
+                    pixels.push(((x - b.x0) + 5 * (y - b.y0) + 3 * c as i32) as f32 / 40.0);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        src.write_region(b, &pixels);
+        (src, b)
+    }
+
+    fn assert_sample(actual: f32, expected: f32, depth: SampleType) {
+        let (expected, tolerance) = match depth {
+            SampleType::U8 => (expected.clamp(0.0, 1.0), 1.0 / 255.0),
+            SampleType::U16 => (expected.clamp(0.0, 1.0), 1.0 / 65535.0),
+            SampleType::F32 => (expected, 1e-6),
+        };
+        assert!((actual - expected).abs() <= tolerance, "{depth:?}: {actual} != {expected}");
+    }
+
+    fn run_custom(src: &Surface, b: Rect, kernel: Vec<f32>, scale: f32, offset: f32) -> Surface {
+        crate::apply_in(src, &crate::FilterParams::Custom { kernel, scale, offset }, b, b, None, b)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn custom_all_25_taps_use_row_major_offsets_and_repeat_canvas_edges() {
+        for depth in DEPTHS {
+            let (src, b) = custom_fixture(depth, ColorMode::Rgb, true);
+            for tap in 0..25 {
+                let mut kernel = vec![0.0; 25];
+                kernel[tap] = 1.0;
+                let out = run_custom(&src, b, kernel, 1.0, 0.0);
+                let (dx, dy) = (tap as i32 % 5 - 2, tap as i32 / 5 - 2);
+                for y in b.y0..b.y1 {
+                    for x in b.x0..b.x1 {
+                        let expected = src.pixel((x + dx).clamp(b.x0, b.x1 - 1), (y + dy).clamp(b.y0, b.y1 - 1));
+                        let actual = out.pixel(x, y);
+                        for c in 0..3 {
+                            assert_sample(actual[c], expected[c], depth);
+                        }
+                        assert_eq!(actual[3], src.pixel(x, y)[3], "tap={tap}, alpha must not shift");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn custom_short_kernel_zero_pads_and_ignores_entries_after_25() {
+        for depth in DEPTHS {
+            let (src, b) = custom_fixture(depth, ColorMode::Rgb, true);
+            let mut short = vec![0.0; 13];
+            short[0] = 0.25;
+            short[12] = 0.75;
+            let mut padded = short.clone();
+            padded.resize(25, 0.0);
+            let mut long = padded.clone();
+            long.extend([1e6, -1e6, f32::NAN]);
+            let out = run_custom(&src, b, short, 1.0, 0.0);
+            assert_eq!(out.read_region(b), run_custom(&src, b, padded, 1.0, 0.0).read_region(b));
+            assert_eq!(out.read_region(b), run_custom(&src, b, long, 1.0, 0.0).read_region(b));
+            for y in b.y0..b.y1 {
+                for x in b.x0..b.x1 {
+                    let corner = src.pixel((x - 2).max(b.x0), (y - 2).max(b.y0));
+                    let centre = src.pixel(x, y);
+                    let actual = out.pixel(x, y);
+                    for c in 0..3 {
+                        assert_sample(actual[c], 0.25 * corner[c] + 0.75 * centre[c], depth);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn custom_scale_zero_is_one_and_offset_is_in_255ths() {
+        for depth in DEPTHS {
+            let (src, b) = custom_fixture(depth, ColorMode::Rgb, true);
+            let before = src.read_region(b);
+            let mut kernel = vec![0.0; 25];
+            kernel[12] = 2.0;
+            let out = run_custom(&src, b, kernel.clone(), 0.0, -51.0);
+            assert_eq!(out.read_region(b), run_custom(&src, b, kernel, 1.0, -51.0).read_region(b));
+            for y in b.y0..b.y1 {
+                for x in b.x0..b.x1 {
+                    let original = src.pixel(x, y);
+                    let actual = out.pixel(x, y);
+                    for c in 0..3 {
+                        assert_sample(actual[c], 2.0 * original[c] - 0.2, depth);
+                    }
+                    assert_eq!(actual[3], original[3]);
+                }
+            }
+            assert_eq!(src.read_region(b), before);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn custom_neighbourhood_convolution_preserves_each_pixels_alpha() {
+        for depth in DEPTHS {
+            for mode in [ColorMode::Rgb, ColorMode::Cmyk] {
+                let (src, b) = custom_fixture(depth, mode, true);
+                let out = run_custom(&src, b, vec![1.0; 25], 25.0, 0.0);
+                let alpha = src.channels() - 1;
+                assert_ne!(out.pixel(b.x0, b.y0)[0], src.pixel(b.x0, b.y0)[0], "fixture must change colour");
+                for y in b.y0..b.y1 {
+                    for x in b.x0..b.x1 {
+                        assert_eq!(out.pixel(x, y)[alpha], src.pixel(x, y)[alpha], "{depth:?}, {mode:?}, {x},{y}");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn custom_cmyk_convolves_brightness_including_black_with_or_without_alpha() {
+        for depth in DEPTHS {
+            for alpha in [false, true] {
+                let (src, b) = custom_fixture(depth, ColorMode::Cmyk, alpha);
+                for offset in [-51.0, 51.0] {
+                    let mut kernel = vec![0.0; 25];
+                    kernel[12] = 2.0;
+                    let out = run_custom(&src, b, kernel, 1.0, offset);
+                    for y in b.y0..b.y1 {
+                        for x in b.x0..b.x1 {
+                            let original = src.pixel(x, y);
+                            let actual = out.pixel(x, y);
+                            for c in 0..4 {
+                                // Twice the reflected brightness, plus offset, then back to ink.
+                                assert_sample(actual[c], 2.0 * original[c] - 1.0 - offset / 255.0, depth);
+                            }
+                            if alpha {
+                                assert_eq!(actual[4], original[4]);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn custom_float_retains_hdr_while_integer_storage_clamps() {
+        let b = Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1);
+        for depth in DEPTHS {
+            let mut src = Surface::new(PixelFormat::new(ColorMode::Rgb, depth, true));
+            src.fill_rect(b, &[0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 0.4]);
+            let mut kernel = vec![0.0; 25];
+            kernel[12] = 2.0;
+            let out = run_custom(&src, b, kernel, 1.0, -51.0);
+            let actual = out.pixel(0, 0);
+            let original = src.pixel(0, 0);
+            for c in 0..3 {
+                assert_sample(actual[c], 2.0 * original[c] - 0.2, depth);
+            }
+            assert_eq!(actual[3], original[3]);
+            if depth == SampleType::F32 {
+                assert!(actual[0] < 0.0 && actual[2] > 1.0);
+            } else {
+                assert_eq!((actual[0], actual[2]), (0.0, 1.0));
+            }
+        }
+    }
 
     #[test]
     fn hsb_hsl_round_trip() {
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/paint.rs b/crates/algo/src/paint.rs
index 8146af2582..4862304786 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/paint.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/paint.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,14 @@ use photocraft_geom::Rect;
 use photocraft_raster::{Surface, from_rgba_into};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
+/// How a fill lays down its colour: blended with a mode, or Clear, which erases what it covers
+/// (the Paint Bucket's Mode › Clear).
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum FillMode {
+    Blend(BlendMode),
+    Clear,
+}
+
 /// Gradient tool shape.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, Default)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -59,7 +67,7 @@ pub fn sample_stops(stops: &[(f32, [f32; 4])], t: f32) -> [f32; 4] {
 fn composite_area(
     s: &mut Surface,
     area: Rect,
-    blend_mode: BlendMode,
+    mode: FillMode,
     coverage: impl Fn(i32, i32) -> f32 + Sync,
     color: impl Fn(i32, i32) -> [f32; 4] + Sync,
     lock_transparency: bool,
@@ -89,12 +97,18 @@ fn composite_area(
                 let i = ((y - r.y0) as usize * w + (x - r.x0) as usize) * n;
                 let px = &mut region[i..i + n];
                 let d = photocraft_raster::to_rgba(&fmt, px);
-                let o = if lock_transparency { blend::composite_atop(blend_mode, d, color(x, y), k) } else { blend::composite(blend_mode, d, color(x, y), k) };
+                let o = match mode {
+                    FillMode::Blend(m) if lock_transparency => blend::composite_atop(m, d, color(x, y), k),
+                    FillMode::Blend(m) => blend::composite(m, d, color(x, y), k),
+                    // Locked transparency keeps the alpha, so Clear leaves the pixel as it is.
+                    FillMode::Clear if lock_transparency => d,
+                    FillMode::Clear => [d[0], d[1], d[2], d[3] * (1.0 - k.min(1.0))],
+                };
                 from_rgba_into(&fmt, o, &mut enc);
                 // A colour picked as CMYK inks replaces fully covered pixels of a CMYK target as it is.
                 if let Some(i) = inks
                     && fmt.mode == photocraft_color::ColorMode::Cmyk
-                    && blend_mode == BlendMode::Normal
+                    && mode == FillMode::Blend(BlendMode::Normal)
                     && k >= 1.0
                 {
                     enc[..4].copy_from_slice(&i);
@@ -135,7 +149,7 @@ pub fn paint_gradient(
     composite_area(
         s,
         area,
-        blend_mode,
+        FillMode::Blend(blend_mode),
         |x, y| opacity * selection.map_or(1.0, |m| m.sample_channel(x, y, 0)),
         |x, y| {
             let t = tool_gradient_t(shape, from, to, x as f32 + 0.5, y as f32 + 0.5);
@@ -187,11 +201,12 @@ pub fn bucket_fill_src(
     lock_transparency: bool,
     src: impl Fn(i32, i32) -> [f32; 4] + Sync,
 ) -> bool {
-    bucket_fill_inks(s, area, seed, tolerance, contiguous, anti_alias, opacity, selection, lock_transparency, src, None)
+    bucket_fill_inks(s, area, seed, tolerance, contiguous, anti_alias, opacity, selection, lock_transparency, src, None, FillMode::Blend(BlendMode::Normal))
 }
 
 /// [`bucket_fill_src`] where `inks` (CMYK, 0..1) are what a fully covered pixel of a CMYK target
-/// gets instead of `src`'s sRGB stand-in (a colour that was picked as CMYK).
+/// gets instead of `src`'s sRGB stand-in (a colour that was picked as CMYK), laid down with `mode`
+/// (the options bar's Mode).
 #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 pub fn bucket_fill_inks(
     s: &mut Surface,
@@ -205,6 +220,7 @@ pub fn bucket_fill_inks(
     lock_transparency: bool,
     src: impl Fn(i32, i32) -> [f32; 4] + Sync,
     inks: Option<[f32; 4]>,
+    mode: FillMode,
 ) -> bool {
     if !area.contains(seed.0, seed.1) {
         return false;
@@ -212,7 +228,7 @@ pub fn bucket_fill_inks(
     let img = crate::selection::rgba8_image(s, area);
     let Some(region) = crate::selection::wand_region(&img, area, seed, tolerance, contiguous, anti_alias) else { return false };
     drop(img);
-    bucket_fill_region_inks(s, &region, opacity, selection, lock_transparency, src, inks);
+    bucket_fill_region_inks(s, &region, opacity, selection, lock_transparency, src, inks, mode);
     true
 }
 
@@ -226,10 +242,11 @@ pub fn bucket_fill_region_src(
     lock_transparency: bool,
     src: impl Fn(i32, i32) -> [f32; 4] + Sync,
 ) {
-    bucket_fill_region_inks(s, region, opacity, selection, lock_transparency, src, None);
+    bucket_fill_region_inks(s, region, opacity, selection, lock_transparency, src, None, FillMode::Blend(BlendMode::Normal));
 }
 
-/// [`bucket_fill_region_src`] with the CMYK `inks` of [`bucket_fill_inks`].
+/// [`bucket_fill_region_src`] with the CMYK `inks` and the `mode` of [`bucket_fill_inks`].
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 pub fn bucket_fill_region_inks(
     s: &mut Surface,
     region: &crate::selection::Region,
@@ -238,18 +255,11 @@ pub fn bucket_fill_region_inks(
     lock_transparency: bool,
     src: impl Fn(i32, i32) -> [f32; 4] + Sync,
     inks: Option<[f32; 4]>,
+    mode: FillMode,
 ) {
     // Composite only over the filled region's box.
     let b = region.bbox;
-    composite_area(
-        s,
-        b,
-        BlendMode::Normal,
-        |x, y| region.at(x, y) * opacity * selection.map_or(1.0, |m| m.sample_channel(x, y, 0)),
-        src,
-        lock_transparency,
-        inks,
-    );
+    composite_area(s, b, mode, |x, y| region.at(x, y) * opacity * selection.map_or(1.0, |m| m.sample_channel(x, y, 0)), src, lock_transparency, inks);
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -333,4 +343,24 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(s.rgba(-1, 4), [0.0; 4], "outside the selection");
         assert_eq!(s.rgba(-4, 4), [0.0; 4], "outside the region");
     }
+
+    /// The Paint Bucket's Mode: Multiply darkens what's there, Clear erases it (half at 50 %).
+    #[test]
+    fn bucket_mode_blends_or_clears() {
+        let a = Rect::new(0, 0, 4, 1);
+        let grey = [0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0];
+        for fmt in [PixelFormat::RGBA8, PixelFormat::RGBA16, PixelFormat::RGBA32F] {
+            let mut s = Surface::new(fmt);
+            s.fill_rect(a, &grey);
+            let red = |_, _| [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0];
+            assert!(bucket_fill_inks(&mut s, a, (0, 0), 0.0, true, false, 1.0, None, false, red, None, FillMode::Blend(BlendMode::Multiply)));
+            let px = s.rgba(1, 0);
+            assert!((px[0] - 0.5).abs() < 0.01 && px[1] < 0.01 && (px[3] - 1.0).abs() < 1e-3, "{fmt:?} multiply: {px:?}");
+            assert!(bucket_fill_inks(&mut s, a, (0, 0), 0.0, true, false, 0.5, None, false, red, None, FillMode::Clear));
+            assert!((s.rgba(1, 0)[3] - 0.5).abs() < 0.01, "{fmt:?} clear at 50 %");
+            // Locked transparency keeps the alpha, so Clear does nothing.
+            assert!(bucket_fill_inks(&mut s, a, (0, 0), 0.0, true, false, 1.0, None, true, red, None, FillMode::Clear));
+            assert!((s.rgba(1, 0)[3] - 0.5).abs() < 0.01, "{fmt:?} locked");
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/panorama.rs b/crates/algo/src/panorama.rs
index 75fa9a4bfb..87f8415b99 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/panorama.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/panorama.rs
@@ -897,14 +897,39 @@ pub fn seam_labels(w: usize, h: usize, luma: &[Vec<f32>], cover: &[Vec<bool>], o
                 label[i] = img as i32;
             }
         }
-        if no == 0 || nn == no {
+        if no == 0 {
             continue;
         }
-        let (ox, oy) = (sx / no as f64, sy / no as f64);
         let (cx, cy) = (nx / nn as f64, ny / nn as f64);
+        let contained = nn == no;
+        let (ox, oy) = if contained {
+            // Wholly inside the composite (#5745: two photos in one document, the second moved
+            // by Auto-Align so the canvas crops it to the part over the first). Its side of the
+            // seam is the one it lies towards from the composite's centre; an image centred on
+            // the composite has no side, and the earlier images keep it.
+            let (mut px, mut py, mut pn) = (0.0f64, 0.0f64, 0usize);
+            for (i, l) in label.iter().enumerate() {
+                if *l >= 0 {
+                    px += (i % w) as f64;
+                    py += (i / w) as f64;
+                    pn += 1;
+                }
+            }
+            let (px, py) = (px / pn.max(1) as f64, py / pn.max(1) as f64);
+            if (cx - px).abs() < 0.5 && (cy - py).abs() < 0.5 {
+                continue;
+            }
+            (px, py)
+        } else {
+            (sx / no as f64, sy / no as f64)
+        };
         let vertical = (cx - ox).abs() >= (cy - oy).abs();
         // Image on the increasing side along the seam's cross axis?
         let positive = if vertical { cx > ox } else { cy > oy };
+        // A contained image has no pixels of its own, so a seam on its outer edge would leave it
+        // nothing: break cost ties away from its side (towards larger k when it lies on the
+        // decreasing side) so it keeps its side of the overlap.
+        let prefer_high = contained && !positive;
         let cost = |i: usize| -> f32 { 0.002 + (luma[img][i] - luma[label[i] as usize][i]).abs() };
         let (lines, len) = if vertical { (h, w) } else { (w, h) };
         let idx = |line: usize, k: usize| if vertical { line * w + k } else { k * w + line };
@@ -925,7 +950,8 @@ pub fn seam_labels(w: usize, h: usize, luma: &[Vec<f32>], cover: &[Vec<bool>], o
                 let mut best = (0.0f32, usize::MAX);
                 if let Some(pl) = prev_line.filter(|pl| *pl + 1 == line) {
                     best = (f32::INFINITY, usize::MAX);
-                    for dk in [-1i64, 0, 1] {
+                    let dks = if prefer_high { [1i64, 0, -1] } else { [-1i64, 0, 1] };
+                    for dk in dks {
                         let kk = k as i64 + dk;
                         if kk < 0 || kk >= len as i64 {
                             continue;
@@ -952,7 +978,12 @@ pub fn seam_labels(w: usize, h: usize, luma: &[Vec<f32>], cover: &[Vec<bool>], o
             if seam[line] != usize::MAX {
                 continue;
             }
-            let Some(k) = (0..len).filter(|&k| overlap[idx(line, k)]).min_by(|&a, &b| acc[idx(line, a)].total_cmp(&acc[idx(line, b)])) else { continue };
+            let Some(k) = (0..len)
+                .filter(|&k| overlap[idx(line, k)])
+                .min_by(|&a, &b| acc[idx(line, a)].total_cmp(&acc[idx(line, b)]).then(if prefer_high { b.cmp(&a) } else { a.cmp(&b) }))
+            else {
+                continue;
+            };
             let (mut l, mut k) = (line, k);
             loop {
                 seam[l] = k;
@@ -972,9 +1003,13 @@ pub fn seam_labels(w: usize, h: usize, luma: &[Vec<f32>], cover: &[Vec<bool>], o
             if s == usize::MAX {
                 continue;
             }
+            let on_side = |k: usize| if positive { k > s } else { k < s };
+            // A contained image has no other cells, so where the overlap has nothing on its side
+            // of the seam (a line one cell wide) it takes the seam cell rather than nothing.
+            let take_seam = contained && !(0..len).any(|k| overlap[idx(line, k)] && on_side(k));
             for k in 0..len {
                 let i = idx(line, k);
-                if overlap[i] && ((positive && k > s) || (!positive && k < s)) {
+                if overlap[i] && (on_side(k) || (take_seam && k == s)) {
                     label[i] = img as i32;
                 }
             }
@@ -1585,6 +1620,58 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(max_jump < 0.1, "max step {max_jump}");
         assert!(cov.iter().all(|c| *c == 1.0));
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn an_image_wholly_inside_the_composite_still_gets_its_side() {
+        // #5745: the first image covers the whole 120×40 grid, the second only its right part
+        // (x ≥ 70), all of it overlap. It used to be skipped, so the first image kept everything.
+        let (w, h) = (120usize, 40usize);
+        let luma = vec![vec![0.5f32; w * h], vec![0.5f32; w * h]];
+        let cover: Vec<Vec<bool>> = vec![vec![true; w * h], (0..w * h).map(|i| i % w >= 70).collect()];
+        let labels = seam_labels(w, h, &luma, &cover, &[0, 1]);
+        for y in 0..h {
+            assert_eq!(labels[y * w + 5], 0, "row {y}");
+            assert_eq!(labels[y * w + w - 1], 1, "row {y}");
+            // The second image's region is one run at the right of its seam.
+            let row = &labels[y * w..(y + 1) * w];
+            let first = row.iter().position(|l| *l == 1).unwrap();
+            assert!(first >= 70 && row[first..].iter().all(|l| *l == 1), "row {y}: {row:?}");
+        }
+        // The same on the left (x < 50) and on top (y < 15): the seam stays inside the overlap
+        // instead of on the image's outer edge, which used to leave it nothing.
+        let left: Vec<Vec<bool>> = vec![vec![true; w * h], (0..w * h).map(|i| i % w < 50).collect()];
+        let labels = seam_labels(w, h, &luma, &left, &[0, 1]);
+        for y in 0..h {
+            let row = &labels[y * w..(y + 1) * w];
+            assert_eq!(row[0], 1, "row {y}: {row:?}");
+            assert_eq!(row[w - 1], 0, "row {y}");
+            let last = row.iter().rposition(|l| *l == 1).unwrap();
+            assert!(last < 50 && row[..=last].iter().all(|l| *l == 1), "row {y}: {row:?}");
+        }
+        let (tw, th) = (40usize, 120usize);
+        let tluma = vec![vec![0.5f32; tw * th], vec![0.5f32; tw * th]];
+        let top: Vec<Vec<bool>> = vec![vec![true; tw * th], (0..tw * th).map(|i| i / tw < 50).collect()];
+        let labels = seam_labels(tw, th, &tluma, &top, &[0, 1]);
+        for x in 0..tw {
+            assert_eq!(labels[x], 1, "column {x}");
+            assert_eq!(labels[(th - 1) * tw + x], 0, "column {x}");
+        }
+        // One column or row wide: the seam can only run through it, and the image keeps it.
+        for col in [0, w - 1] {
+            let strip: Vec<Vec<bool>> = vec![vec![true; w * h], (0..w * h).map(|i| i % w == col).collect()];
+            let labels = seam_labels(w, h, &luma, &strip, &[0, 1]);
+            assert!(labels.iter().enumerate().all(|(i, l)| *l == i32::from(i % w == col)), "column {col}: {labels:?}");
+        }
+        let strip: Vec<Vec<bool>> = vec![vec![true; tw * th], (0..tw * th).map(|i| i / tw == 0).collect()];
+        let labels = seam_labels(tw, th, &tluma, &strip, &[0, 1]);
+        assert!(labels.iter().enumerate().all(|(i, l)| *l == i32::from(i / tw == 0)), "{labels:?}");
+        // An image centred on the composite has no side: the first image keeps the overlap.
+        let centred: Vec<Vec<bool>> = vec![vec![true; w * h], (0..w * h).map(|i| (20..100).contains(&(i % w))).collect()];
+        assert!(seam_labels(w, h, &luma, &centred, &[0, 1]).iter().all(|l| *l == 0));
+        // Two images covering the same cells, likewise.
+        let same = vec![vec![true; w * h]; 2];
+        assert!(seam_labels(w, h, &luma, &same, &[0, 1]).iter().all(|l| *l == 0));
+    }
 }
 
 /// The row-parallel `reduce` / `expand` / `push_pull` / `multiband` against the serial code they
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/pixelate.rs b/crates/algo/src/pixelate.rs
index df6edb5fff..12eb232bb2 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/pixelate.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/pixelate.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 use photocraft_geom::Rect;
 
+pub(crate) mod cells;
 mod facet;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod reference;
@@ -120,7 +121,7 @@ pub(crate) fn color_halftone(src: &Image, out: Rect, ctx: &Ctx, max_radius: f32,
 /// being distressed) keeps hard edges and its weight instead of greying where cells straddle
 /// an edge. A cell whose point falls outside the image takes the (premultiplied) average
 /// colour of its pixels.
-pub(crate) fn crystallize(src: &Image, out: Rect, ctx: &Ctx, cell_size: f32, seed: u32) -> Vec<f32> {
+fn crystallize_direct(src: &Image, out: Rect, ctx: &Ctx, cell_size: f32, seed: u32) -> Vec<f32> {
     let n = src.ch;
     let cell = cell_size.max(2.0);
     let b = ctx.bounds;
@@ -320,7 +321,7 @@ pub(crate) fn mezzotint(src: &Image, out: Rect, ctx: &Ctx, kind: MezzotintType,
 
 /// Pointillize: randomly sized dots, coloured from the image at their centre,
 /// on a canvas of the background colour.
-pub(crate) fn pointillize(src: &Image, out: Rect, ctx: &Ctx, cell_size: f32, seed: u32, background: [f32; 4]) -> Vec<f32> {
+fn pointillize_direct(src: &Image, out: Rect, ctx: &Ctx, cell_size: f32, seed: u32, background: [f32; 4]) -> Vec<f32> {
     let n = src.ch;
     let cell = cell_size.max(2.0);
     let b = ctx.bounds;
@@ -374,3 +375,11 @@ pub(crate) fn pointillize(src: &Image, out: Rect, ctx: &Ctx, cell_size: f32, see
     }
     res
 }
+
+pub(crate) fn crystallize(src: &Image, out: Rect, ctx: &Ctx, cell_size: f32, seed: u32) -> Vec<f32> {
+    cells::crystallize(src, out, ctx, cell_size, seed).unwrap_or_else(|| crystallize_direct(src, out, ctx, cell_size, seed))
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn pointillize(src: &Image, out: Rect, ctx: &Ctx, cell_size: f32, seed: u32, background: [f32; 4]) -> Vec<f32> {
+    cells::pointillize(src, out, ctx, cell_size, seed, background).unwrap_or_else(|| pointillize_direct(src, out, ctx, cell_size, seed, background))
+}
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/pixelate/cells.rs b/crates/algo/src/pixelate/cells.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ebf326fbde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/algo/src/pixelate/cells.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,571 @@
+//! Reuse the jittered lattice in cell space. Raster work stays in the original
+//! row/candidate order, including f32 ties and boundary-cell average additions.
+use super::*;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct Site {
+    point: (f32, f32),
+    color: [f32; MAXC],
+    radius: f32,
+    sampled: bool,
+}
+
+struct Grid {
+    x0: i32,
+    y0: i32,
+    width: usize,
+    sites: Vec<Site>,
+}
+
+fn key(p: i32, origin: f32, cell: f32) -> i32 {
+    ((p as f32 + 0.5 - origin) / cell).floor() as i32
+}
+
+impl Grid {
+    fn new(src: &Image, area: Rect, ctx: &Ctx, cell: f32, seed: u32, dots: bool) -> Option<Self> {
+        if src.data.len() != (src.rect.width() as usize).checked_mul(src.rect.height() as usize)?.checked_mul(src.ch)? {
+            return None;
+        }
+        Self::new_with(area, ctx, src.ch, cell, seed, dots, |sx, sy, color| {
+            for (c, value) in color.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+                *value = src.get(sx, sy, c);
+            }
+            src.rect.contains(sx, sy) && ctx.bounds.contains(sx, sy)
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    fn new_with(area: Rect, ctx: &Ctx, n: usize, cell: f32, seed: u32, dots: bool, sample: impl Fn(i32, i32, &mut [f32]) -> bool) -> Option<Self> {
+        if area.is_empty() || !cell.is_finite() || cell < 2.0 || n == 0 || n > MAXC {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let origin = (ctx.bounds.x0 as f32, ctx.bounds.y0 as f32);
+        let x0 = key(area.x0, origin.0, cell).checked_sub(1)?;
+        let y0 = key(area.y0, origin.1, cell).checked_sub(1)?;
+        let x1 = key(area.x1.checked_sub(1)?, origin.0, cell).checked_add(1)?;
+        let y1 = key(area.y1.checked_sub(1)?, origin.1, cell).checked_add(1)?;
+        let width = usize::try_from(x1.checked_sub(x0)?.checked_add(1)?).ok()?;
+        let height = usize::try_from(y1.checked_sub(y0)?.checked_add(1)?).ok()?;
+        let len = width.checked_mul(height)?;
+        // Optional tile-local scratch, at most 16 MiB even for a direct kernel call.
+        if len.checked_mul(std::mem::size_of::<Site>())? > 16 * 1024 * 1024 {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let mut sites = Vec::new();
+        sites.try_reserve_exact(len).ok()?;
+        let cc = ncol(ctx, n);
+        let sub = subtractive(ctx);
+        for gy in y0..=y1 {
+            for gx in x0..=x1 {
+                let point = cell_point(gx, gy, cell, seed, origin);
+                let (sx, sy) = (point.0.floor() as i32, point.1.floor() as i32);
+                let mut color = [0.0; MAXC];
+                let sampled = sample(sx, sy, color.get_mut(..n)?);
+                let radius = if dots {
+                    let j = (hash01(gx, gy, 17, seed) - 0.5) * 0.08;
+                    for value in color.iter_mut().take(cc) {
+                        *value = (*value + if sub { -j } else { j }).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+                    }
+                    cell * (0.45 + 0.35 * hash01(gx, gy, 13, seed))
+                } else {
+                    0.0
+                };
+                sites.push(Site { point, color, radius, sampled });
+            }
+        }
+        Some(Self { x0, y0, width, sites })
+    }
+
+    fn neighbours(&self, cx: i32, cy: i32) -> Option<[usize; 9]> {
+        let x = usize::try_from(cx.checked_sub(1)?.checked_sub(self.x0)?).ok()?;
+        let y = usize::try_from(cy.checked_sub(1)?.checked_sub(self.y0)?).ok()?;
+        if x.checked_add(2)? >= self.width {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let start = y.checked_mul(self.width)?.checked_add(x)?;
+        let last = start.checked_add(2 * self.width)?.checked_add(2)?;
+        self.sites.get(last)?;
+        Some(std::array::from_fn(|i| start + i / 3 * self.width + i % 3))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Contiguous x runs with the same base cell. Evaluate the old f32 mapping once
+/// per column, rather than use an inverse mapping that could round differently.
+fn runs(area: Rect, origin: f32, cell: f32) -> Vec<(i32, i32, i32)> {
+    let mut runs: Vec<(i32, i32, i32)> = Vec::new();
+    for x in area.x0..area.x1 {
+        let cx = key(x, origin, cell);
+        if let Some(last) = runs.last_mut()
+            && last.0 == cx
+        {
+            last.2 = x + 1;
+        } else {
+            runs.push((cx, x, x + 1));
+        }
+    }
+    runs
+}
+
+fn nearest(grid: &Grid, neighbours: &[usize; 9], x: i32, y: i32) -> Option<usize> {
+    let (fx, fy) = (x as f32 + 0.5, y as f32 + 0.5);
+    let mut best = (f32::MAX, *neighbours.get(4)?);
+    for &i in neighbours {
+        let p = grid.sites.get(i)?.point;
+        let d = (p.0 - fx).powi(2) + (p.1 - fy).powi(2);
+        if d < best.0 {
+            best = (d, i);
+        }
+    }
+    Some(best.1)
+}
+
+/// Bounds on the *same f32 score* used by the scalar comparison. Along a
+/// scanline, squared x distance has its maximum at an endpoint and its lower
+/// bound at the clamped site centre. IEEE subtraction, square, addition and
+/// sqrt are monotone on these nonnegative inputs, so these bounds also cover
+/// rounding. No estimated bisectors or epsilon decide ownership.
+fn score_range<const DOTS: bool>(site: &Site, x0: i32, x1: i32, y: i32) -> (f32, f32) {
+    let left = x0 as f32 + 0.5;
+    let right = (x1 - 1) as f32 + 0.5;
+    let dy2 = (site.point.1 - (y as f32 + 0.5)).powi(2);
+    let near = (site.point.0 - site.point.0.clamp(left, right)).powi(2) + dy2;
+    let far = (site.point.0 - left).powi(2).max((site.point.0 - right).powi(2)) + dy2;
+    if DOTS { (site.radius - far.sqrt(), site.radius - near.sqrt()) } else { (-far, -near) }
+}
+
+fn score<const DOTS: bool>(site: &Site, x: i32, y: i32) -> f32 {
+    let d = (site.point.0 - (x as f32 + 0.5)).powi(2) + (site.point.1 - (y as f32 + 0.5)).powi(2);
+    if DOTS { site.radius - d.sqrt() } else { -d }
+}
+
+/// Certify a whole run when one candidate's worst score beats every other's
+/// best. Ambiguous runs split down to scalar pixels. Depth is bounded by the
+/// output tile width (at most 11 splits for a 2048-pixel application tile).
+fn certified_span<const DOTS: bool>(grid: &Grid, ids: &[usize; 9], x0: i32, y: i32, owners: &mut [u32], depths: &mut [f32]) -> Option<()> {
+    let len = owners.len();
+    if len == 0 {
+        return Some(());
+    }
+    let x1 = x0.checked_add(i32::try_from(len).ok()?)?;
+    let middle = x0 + (len / 2) as i32;
+    let mut best = (if DOTS { -0.5 } else { -f32::MAX }, None);
+    for &i in ids {
+        let value = score::<DOTS>(grid.sites.get(i)?, middle, y);
+        if value > best.0 {
+            best = (value, Some(i));
+        }
+    }
+    if let Some(i) = best.1 {
+        let site = grid.sites.get(i)?;
+        let lower = score_range::<DOTS>(site, x0, x1, y).0;
+        let certified = (!DOTS || lower > -0.5)
+            && ids.iter().filter(|&&j| j != i).all(|&j| grid.sites.get(j).is_some_and(|other| lower > score_range::<DOTS>(other, x0, x1, y).1));
+        if len == 1 || certified {
+            owners.fill(i as u32);
+            if DOTS {
+                if lower >= 0.5 {
+                    depths.fill(0.5);
+                } else {
+                    for (offset, depth) in depths.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+                        *depth = score::<true>(site, x0 + offset as i32, y);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return Some(());
+        }
+    } else if len == 1 || ids.iter().all(|&i| grid.sites.get(i).is_some_and(|site| score_range::<DOTS>(site, x0, x1, y).1 <= -0.5)) {
+        owners.fill(u32::MAX);
+        return Some(());
+    }
+    let half = len / 2;
+    let (left, right) = owners.split_at_mut(half);
+    let (ld, rd) = depths.split_at_mut(half);
+    certified_span::<DOTS>(grid, ids, x0, y, left, ld)?;
+    certified_span::<DOTS>(grid, ids, x0 + half as i32, y, right, rd)
+}
+
+pub(super) fn crystallize(src: &Image, out: Rect, ctx: &Ctx, cell_size: f32, seed: u32) -> Option<Vec<f32>> {
+    let cell = cell_size.max(2.0);
+    let n = src.ch;
+    let b = ctx.bounds;
+    // Match the scalar averaging window, including floor/ceil at negative origins.
+    // Decline extreme geometry before its i32 arithmetic; the scalar fallback owns it.
+    let c0 = (
+        (((i64::from(out.x0) - i64::from(b.x0)) as f32 / cell).floor() as i32).checked_sub(2)?,
+        (((i64::from(out.y0) - i64::from(b.y0)) as f32 / cell).floor() as i32).checked_sub(2)?,
+    );
+    let c1 = (
+        (((i64::from(out.x1) - i64::from(b.x0)) as f32 / cell).floor() as i32).checked_add(2)?,
+        (((i64::from(out.y1) - i64::from(b.y0)) as f32 / cell).floor() as i32).checked_add(2)?,
+    );
+    let win = Rect::new(
+        b.x0.checked_add((c0.0 as f32 * cell).floor() as i32)?,
+        b.y0.checked_add((c0.1 as f32 * cell).floor() as i32)?,
+        b.x0.checked_add((c1.0.checked_add(1)? as f32 * cell).ceil() as i32)?,
+        b.y0.checked_add((c1.1.checked_add(1)? as f32 * cell).ceil() as i32)?,
+    )
+    .intersect(&src.rect)
+    .intersect(&b);
+    let mut grid = Grid::new(src, out.union(&win), ctx, cell, seed, false)?;
+    let origin = (b.x0 as f32, b.y0 as f32);
+    if grid.sites.iter().any(|s| !s.sampled) {
+        let mut acc = Vec::new();
+        let count = grid.sites.len().checked_mul(n.checked_add(1)?)?;
+        acc.try_reserve_exact(count).ok()?;
+        acc.resize(count, 0.0f32);
+        let columns = runs(win, origin.0, cell);
+        for y in win.y0..win.y1 {
+            let cy = key(y, origin.1, cell);
+            for &(cx, x0, x1) in &columns {
+                let neighbours = grid.neighbours(cx, cy)?;
+                // An interior cell's average is never used. Skip the entire run if
+                // all nine possible winners have an on-image colour sample.
+                if neighbours.iter().all(|&i| grid.sites.get(i).is_some_and(|s| s.sampled)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                for x in x0..x1 {
+                    let i = nearest(&grid, &neighbours, x, y)?;
+                    if grid.sites.get(i)?.sampled {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    let gx = grid.x0.checked_add((i % grid.width) as i32)?;
+                    let gy = grid.y0.checked_add((i / grid.width) as i32)?;
+                    if gx < c0.0 || gy < c0.1 || gx > c1.0 || gy > c1.1 {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    let sum = acc.get_mut(i.checked_mul(n + 1)?..i.checked_add(1)?.checked_mul(n + 1)?)?;
+                    let alpha = if ctx.alpha { src.get(x, y, n - 1) } else { 1.0 };
+                    for (c, value) in sum.iter_mut().enumerate().take(n) {
+                        let s = src.get(x, y, c);
+                        *value += if ctx.alpha && c + 1 < n { s * alpha } else { s };
+                    }
+                    *sum.get_mut(n)? += 1.0;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        for (site, sum) in grid.sites.iter_mut().zip(acc.chunks_exact(n + 1)) {
+            let count = *sum.get(n)?;
+            if !site.sampled && count > 0.0 {
+                for (dst, value) in site.color.iter_mut().zip(sum).take(n) {
+                    *dst = *value / count;
+                }
+                crate::fxutil::unpremul_px(site.color.get_mut(..n)?, ctx.alpha);
+                site.sampled = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    crystallize_grid(src, out, ctx, cell, &grid)
+}
+
+fn crystallize_grid(src: &Image, out: Rect, ctx: &Ctx, cell: f32, grid: &Grid) -> Option<Vec<f32>> {
+    let n = src.ch;
+    let b = ctx.bounds;
+    let origin = (b.x0 as f32, b.y0 as f32);
+    let mut result = if src.rect == out { src.data.clone() } else { src.crop(out) };
+    let width = out.width() as usize;
+    let stride = width.checked_mul(n)?;
+    let columns = runs(out, origin.0, cell);
+    let mut distances = vec![f32::MAX; width];
+    let mut owners = vec![0u32; width];
+    for (row, pixels) in result.chunks_exact_mut(stride).enumerate() {
+        let y = out.y0.checked_add(i32::try_from(row).ok()?)?;
+        let fy = y as f32 + 0.5;
+        let cy = key(y, origin.1, cell);
+        distances.fill(f32::MAX);
+        for &(cx, x0, x1) in &columns {
+            let neighbours = grid.neighbours(cx, cy)?;
+            let start = usize::try_from(x0.checked_sub(out.x0)?).ok()?;
+            let end = usize::try_from(x1.checked_sub(out.x0)?).ok()?;
+            if cell >= 32.0 && out.width() <= 2048 {
+                certified_span::<false>(grid, &neighbours, x0, y, owners.get_mut(start..end)?, distances.get_mut(start..end)?)?;
+                continue;
+            }
+            owners.get_mut(start..end)?.fill(*neighbours.get(4)? as u32);
+            for &i in &neighbours {
+                let site = grid.sites.get(i)?;
+                let dy2 = (site.point.1 - fy).powi(2);
+                for (offset, (distance, owner)) in distances.get_mut(start..end)?.iter_mut().zip(owners.get_mut(start..end)?).enumerate() {
+                    let fx = (x0 + offset as i32) as f32 + 0.5;
+                    let d = (site.point.0 - fx).powi(2) + dy2;
+                    if d < *distance {
+                        *distance = d;
+                        *owner = i as u32;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        for (x, (pixel, &owner)) in pixels.chunks_exact_mut(n).zip(&owners).enumerate() {
+            if !b.contains(out.x0 + x as i32, y) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let site = grid.sites.get(owner as usize)?;
+            if site.sampled {
+                pixel.copy_from_slice(site.color.get(..n)?);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    Some(result)
+}
+
+/// A site may only compete in its own base column and its two neighbours.
+/// Derive the inclusive pixel runs from the exact forward f32 cell mapping.
+fn influence_columns(out: Rect, origin: f32, cell: f32, grid: &Grid) -> Option<Vec<(i32, i32)>> {
+    let columns = runs(out, origin, cell);
+    (0..grid.width)
+        .map(|column| {
+            let gx = grid.x0.checked_add(i32::try_from(column).ok()?)?;
+            let lo = columns.partition_point(|&(cx, _, _)| cx < gx - 1);
+            let hi = columns.partition_point(|&(cx, _, _)| cx <= gx + 1);
+            if lo == hi {
+                return Some((out.x0, out.x0));
+            }
+            Some((columns.get(lo)?.1, columns.get(hi - 1)?.2))
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+pub(super) fn pointillize(src: &Image, out: Rect, ctx: &Ctx, cell_size: f32, seed: u32, background: [f32; 4]) -> Option<Vec<f32>> {
+    let cell = cell_size.max(2.0);
+    // This path uses integer pixel centres and conservative one-pixel support
+    // margins. Beyond exact half-integer f32 coordinates use the scalar kernel.
+    if cell > 4096.0 || [out.x0, out.y0, out.x1, out.y1].iter().any(|v| v.unsigned_abs() > 4_000_000) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let grid = Grid::new(src, out, ctx, cell, seed, true)?;
+    pointillize_grid(src, out, ctx, cell, background, &grid)
+}
+
+fn pointillize_grid(src: &Image, out: Rect, ctx: &Ctx, cell: f32, background: [f32; 4], grid: &Grid) -> Option<Vec<f32>> {
+    let origin = (ctx.bounds.x0 as f32, ctx.bounds.y0 as f32);
+    let bg = native(ctx, background);
+    let n = src.ch;
+    let mut result = if src.rect == out { src.data.clone() } else { src.crop(out) };
+    let columns = influence_columns(out, origin.0, cell, grid)?;
+    let base_runs = runs(out, origin.0, cell);
+    let width = out.width() as usize;
+    let stride = width.checked_mul(n)?;
+    let mut depths = vec![-0.5f32; width];
+    let mut owners = vec![u32::MAX; width];
+    for (row, pixels) in result.chunks_exact_mut(stride).enumerate() {
+        let y = out.y0.checked_add(i32::try_from(row).ok()?)?;
+        let fy = y as f32 + 0.5;
+        let cy = key(y, origin.1, cell);
+        depths.fill(-0.5);
+        owners.fill(u32::MAX);
+        if cell >= 32.0 && out.width() <= 2048 {
+            for &(cx, x0, x1) in &base_runs {
+                let ids = grid.neighbours(cx, cy)?;
+                let start = usize::try_from(x0.checked_sub(out.x0)?).ok()?;
+                let end = usize::try_from(x1.checked_sub(out.x0)?).ok()?;
+                certified_span::<true>(grid, &ids, x0, y, owners.get_mut(start..end)?, depths.get_mut(start..end)?)?;
+            }
+        } else {
+            for gy in cy.checked_sub(1)?..=cy.checked_add(1)? {
+                let row = usize::try_from(gy.checked_sub(grid.y0)?).ok()?.checked_mul(grid.width)?;
+                // Global gy/gx order is the original dy/dx tie order at every pixel.
+                for (column, &(x0, x1)) in columns.iter().enumerate() {
+                    if x0 >= x1 {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    let i = row.checked_add(column)?;
+                    let site = grid.sites.get(i)?;
+                    let dy2 = (site.point.1 - fy).powi(2);
+                    let reach = f64::from(site.radius) + 1.5;
+                    let square = reach * reach - f64::from(dy2);
+                    if square < 0.0 {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    // The extra pixel covers subtraction/square/sqrt rounding for
+                    // the bounded coordinates/radii above. The exact old depth
+                    // comparison still decides every candidate that survives.
+                    let reach_x = square.max(0.0).sqrt() + 1.0;
+                    let lo = ((f64::from(site.point.0) - 0.5 - reach_x).floor() as i32).max(x0);
+                    let hi = ((f64::from(site.point.0) - 0.5 + reach_x).ceil() as i32).min(x1);
+                    if lo >= hi {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    let start = usize::try_from(lo.checked_sub(out.x0)?).ok()?;
+                    let end = usize::try_from(hi.checked_sub(out.x0)?).ok()?;
+                    for (offset, (depth, owner)) in depths.get_mut(start..end)?.iter_mut().zip(owners.get_mut(start..end)?).enumerate() {
+                        let fx = (lo + offset as i32) as f32 + 0.5;
+                        let d = ((site.point.0 - fx).powi(2) + dy2).sqrt();
+                        let candidate = site.radius - d;
+                        if candidate > *depth {
+                            *depth = candidate;
+                            *owner = i as u32;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        for ((pixel, &depth), &owner) in pixels.chunks_exact_mut(n).zip(&depths).zip(&owners) {
+            let a_orig = if ctx.alpha { *pixel.get(n - 1)? } else { 1.0 };
+            let mut canvas = bg;
+            if ctx.alpha {
+                *canvas.get_mut(n - 1)? = a_orig.max(bg.get(n - 1)?.min(1.0));
+            }
+            if owner != u32::MAX {
+                let i = owner as usize;
+                let k = (depth + 0.5).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+                let dot = grid.sites.get(i)?;
+                for (c, value) in canvas.iter_mut().enumerate().take(n) {
+                    *value += (*dot.color.get(c)? - *value) * k;
+                }
+            }
+            pixel.copy_from_slice(canvas.get(..n)?);
+        }
+    }
+    Some(result)
+}
+
+/// The filters sample cell centres, not a dense neighbourhood. On ordinary
+/// tiles read those sparse samples directly; keep only the original output
+/// pixels for alpha and selection mixing. Crystallize boundary tiles still
+/// use the dense path, whose row-order f32 averages are part of its result.
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub(crate) fn tile(
+    surface: &photocraft_raster::Surface,
+    out: Rect,
+    ctx: &Ctx,
+    cell: f32,
+    seed: u32,
+    background: Option<[f32; 4]>,
+    extent: Option<Rect>,
+) -> Option<(Image, Vec<f32>)> {
+    if !cell.is_finite()
+        || !(2.0..=300.0).contains(&cell)
+        || out.is_empty()
+        || out.width() > 2048
+        || out.height() > 2048
+        || [out.x0, out.y0, out.x1, out.y1].iter().any(|v| v.unsigned_abs() > 4_000_000)
+        || extent.is_some_and(|e| e.is_empty() || out.intersect(&e) != out)
+    {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let dots = background.is_some();
+    let grid = Grid::new_with(out, ctx, surface.channels(), cell, seed, dots, |sx, sy, color| {
+        let (x, y) = match extent {
+            Some(e) => (sx.clamp(e.x0, e.x1 - 1), sy.clamp(e.y0, e.y1 - 1)),
+            None => (sx, sy),
+        };
+        surface.read_pixel(x, y, color);
+        ctx.bounds.contains(sx, sy)
+    })?;
+    if !dots && grid.sites.iter().any(|s| !s.sampled) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let original = Image::read(surface, out);
+    let data = match background {
+        Some(bg) => pointillize_grid(&original, out, ctx, cell, bg, &grid)?,
+        None => crystallize_grid(&original, out, ctx, cell, &grid)?,
+    };
+    Some((original, data))
+}
+
+/// Same rounding and native byte order as Surface::write_region, before the
+/// worker hands its result back. Bounds the allocation and retains float data
+/// if an optional encode buffer cannot be reserved.
+pub(crate) fn encode(format: photocraft_color::PixelFormat, samples: &[f32]) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+    use photocraft_color::SampleType;
+    let mut bytes = Vec::new();
+    let len = samples.len().checked_mul(format.sample.bytes())?;
+    bytes.try_reserve_exact(len).ok()?;
+    bytes.resize(len, 0);
+    match format.sample {
+        SampleType::U8 => {
+            for (dst, value) in bytes.iter_mut().zip(samples) {
+                *dst = (value.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 255.0 + 0.5) as u8;
+            }
+        }
+        SampleType::U16 => {
+            for (dst, value) in bytes.as_chunks_mut::<2>().0.iter_mut().zip(samples) {
+                dst.copy_from_slice(&((value.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 65535.0 + 0.5) as u16).to_ne_bytes());
+            }
+        }
+        SampleType::F32 => {
+            for (dst, value) in bytes.as_chunks_mut::<4>().0.iter_mut().zip(samples) {
+                dst.copy_from_slice(&value.to_ne_bytes());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    Some(bytes)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, PixelFormat, SampleType};
+    use photocraft_raster::Surface;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn span_certificates_keep_discrete_winners_and_antialias_coverage() {
+        for origin in [-16_777_210, -3_999_000, -37, 0, 3_999_000, 16_777_210] {
+            let out = Rect::new(origin, -3, origin + 601, 4);
+            let ctx = Ctx { bounds: out, mode: ColorMode::Rgb, alpha: true };
+            let src = Image::new(out, 4);
+            for cell in [32.0, 33.25, 100.0, 300.0, 4096.0] {
+                for seed in 0..32 {
+                    let grid = Grid::new(&src, out, &ctx, cell, seed, true).unwrap();
+                    for y in out.y0..out.y1 {
+                        let cy = key(y, ctx.bounds.y0 as f32, cell);
+                        for (cx, x0, x1) in runs(out, ctx.bounds.x0 as f32, cell) {
+                            let ids = grid.neighbours(cx, cy).unwrap();
+                            for dots in [false, true] {
+                                let mut owners = vec![u32::MAX; (x1 - x0) as usize];
+                                let mut depths = vec![-0.5; owners.len()];
+                                if dots {
+                                    certified_span::<true>(&grid, &ids, x0, y, &mut owners, &mut depths).unwrap();
+                                } else {
+                                    certified_span::<false>(&grid, &ids, x0, y, &mut owners, &mut depths).unwrap();
+                                }
+                                for (offset, (&owner, &depth)) in owners.iter().zip(&depths).enumerate() {
+                                    let x = x0 + offset as i32;
+                                    let mut best = (if dots { -0.5 } else { -f32::MAX }, u32::MAX);
+                                    for &i in &ids {
+                                        let value = if dots { score::<true>(&grid.sites[i], x, y) } else { score::<false>(&grid.sites[i], x, y) };
+                                        if value > best.0 {
+                                            best = (value, i as u32);
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                    assert_eq!(owner, best.1, "x={x} y={y} cell={cell} seed={seed}");
+                                    if dots && owner != u32::MAX {
+                                        assert_eq!((depth + 0.5).clamp(0.0, 1.0).to_bits(), (best.0 + 0.5).clamp(0.0, 1.0).to_bits());
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn worker_encoding_is_surface_write_region_at_every_depth() {
+        let values = [f32::NAN, f32::NEG_INFINITY, -100.0, -0.0, f32::from_bits(1), 0.5 / 65535.0, 0.5 / 255.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.1, f32::INFINITY];
+        let area = Rect::new(-17, -9, 281, 2);
+        for mode in [ColorMode::Rgb, ColorMode::Grayscale, ColorMode::Cmyk, ColorMode::Lab] {
+            for sample in [SampleType::U8, SampleType::U16, SampleType::F32] {
+                for alpha in [false, true] {
+                    let format = PixelFormat::new(mode, sample, alpha);
+                    let data: Vec<_> = (0..area.width() as usize * area.height() as usize * format.channels()).map(|i| values[i % values.len()]).collect();
+                    let mut surface = Surface::new(format);
+                    surface.write_region(area, &data);
+                    assert_eq!(encode(format, &data).unwrap(), surface.to_interleaved(area));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn optional_grid_rejects_unbounded_or_incomplete_scratch() {
+        let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 100_000, 100_000);
+        let ctx = Ctx { bounds: area, mode: ColorMode::Rgb, alpha: true };
+        let image = Image { rect: area, ch: 4, data: Vec::new() };
+        assert!(Grid::new(&image, area, &ctx, 2.0, 0, true).is_none());
+        assert!(Grid::new_with(area, &ctx, 4, 2.0, 0, true, |_, _, _| false).is_none());
+        assert!(Grid::new_with(area, &ctx, 0, 2.0, 0, true, |_, _, _| false).is_none());
+        assert!(Grid::new_with(area, &ctx, MAXC + 1, 2.0, 0, true, |_, _, _| false).is_none());
+        assert!(Grid::new_with(area, &ctx, 4, f32::INFINITY, 0, true, |_, _, _| false).is_none());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/pixelate/tests.rs b/crates/algo/src/pixelate/tests.rs
index c82d747326..f0339e19c9 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/pixelate/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/pixelate/tests.rs
@@ -191,3 +191,79 @@ fn facet_scratch_rejects_large_or_incomplete_storage() {
     let src = Image { rect: out.inflate(3), ch: 4, data: Vec::new() };
     assert!(facet::run(&src, out, &ctx).is_none());
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn cell_filters_match_scalar_models_edges_and_fractional_cells() {
+    let bounds = Rect::new(-19, -13, 32, 29);
+    for mode in [ColorMode::Rgb, ColorMode::Grayscale, ColorMode::Cmyk, ColorMode::Lab, ColorMode::Multichannel] {
+        for alpha in [false, true] {
+            let ctx = Ctx { bounds, mode, alpha };
+            for pattern in 0..5 {
+                for halo in [0, 7] {
+                    let src = fixture(bounds.inflate(halo), &ctx, pattern);
+                    for out in [bounds, Rect::new(-23, -15, 37, 31), Rect::new(-7, 2, 18, 13)] {
+                        for cell in [2.0, 3.75, 10.0, 100.0, 300.0] {
+                            for seed in [0, 37, u32::MAX] {
+                                let got = cells::crystallize(&src, out, &ctx, cell, seed).unwrap();
+                                assert_bits(&got, &crystallize_direct(&src, out, &ctx, cell, seed));
+                                for bg in [[1.0; 4], [0.1, 0.8, 0.4, 0.25]] {
+                                    let got = cells::pointillize(&src, out, &ctx, cell, seed, bg).unwrap();
+                                    assert_bits(&got, &pointillize_direct(&src, out, &ctx, cell, seed, bg));
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn cell_filters_tiled_storage_matches_scalar_with_soft_selection() {
+    use crate::{FilterParams, apply_tiled};
+    let bounds = Rect::new(-17, -9, 86, 78);
+    for mode in [ColorMode::Rgb, ColorMode::Grayscale, ColorMode::Cmyk, ColorMode::Lab] {
+        for depth in [SampleType::U8, SampleType::U16, SampleType::F32] {
+            for alpha in [false, true] {
+                let ctx = Ctx { bounds, mode, alpha };
+                let src = fixture(bounds, &ctx, 2);
+                let mut surface = Surface::new(PixelFormat::new(mode, depth, alpha));
+                surface.write_region(bounds, &src.data);
+                let mut selection = Surface::new(PixelFormat::new(ColorMode::Grayscale, SampleType::U8, false));
+                let coverage: Vec<_> = (0..bounds.width() * bounds.height()).map(|i| (i % 7) as f32 / 6.0).collect();
+                selection.write_region(bounds, &coverage);
+                for params in [
+                    FilterParams::Crystallize { cell_size: 3.75, seed: 37 },
+                    FilterParams::Crystallize { cell_size: 10.0, seed: 37 },
+                    FilterParams::Pointillize { cell_size: 3.75, seed: 37, background: [1.0; 4] },
+                    FilterParams::Pointillize { cell_size: 10.0, seed: 37, background: [0.1, 0.8, 0.4, 0.25] },
+                ] {
+                    for extent in [None, Some(bounds)] {
+                        assert!(matches!(params.halo(), crate::Halo::Radius(_)));
+                        let halo = match params.halo() {
+                            crate::Halo::Radius(r) => r,
+                            _ => 0,
+                        };
+                        let image = match extent {
+                            Some(e) => Image::read_clamped(&surface, bounds.inflate(halo), e),
+                            None => Image::read(&surface, bounds.inflate(halo)),
+                        };
+                        let mut expected_data = match params {
+                            FilterParams::Crystallize { cell_size, seed } => crystallize_direct(&image, bounds, &ctx, cell_size, seed),
+                            FilterParams::Pointillize { cell_size, seed, background } => pointillize_direct(&image, bounds, &ctx, cell_size, seed, background),
+                            _ => Vec::new(),
+                        };
+                        crate::mix_selection(&mut expected_data, bounds, &selection, &image, ctx.alpha);
+                        let mut expected = surface.clone();
+                        expected.write_region(bounds, &expected_data);
+                        for tile in [1, 7, 17, 256] {
+                            let got = apply_tiled(&surface, &params, bounds, bounds, Some(&selection), tile, extent);
+                            assert_bits(&got.read_region(bounds), &expected.read_region(bounds));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/quantize.rs b/crates/algo/src/quantize.rs
index 0d428f3086..70d5b5c90c 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/quantize.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/quantize.rs
@@ -61,8 +61,15 @@ pub enum Dither {
     Noise,
 }
 
+/// `(v.clamp(0, 1) * 255).round() as u8`, without the libm `roundf` call per channel (that call
+/// was about a tenth of the palette scan on a large image). `x` is in 0..=255, so truncating
+/// with an integer cast and adding one when the exact remainder is at least a half is
+/// round-half-away-from-zero, the same as `f32::round`; NaN gives 0 in both. The
+/// `to8_matches_round_for_every_float` test checks every input.
 fn to8(v: f32) -> u8 {
-    (v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 255.0).round() as u8
+    let x = v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 255.0;
+    let t = x as u32;
+    (t + u32::from(x - t as f32 >= 0.5)) as u8
 }
 
 fn rgb8(p: &[f32; 4]) -> Rgb8 {
@@ -166,15 +173,116 @@ fn forced_colors(f: Forced) -> Vec<Rgb8> {
     }
 }
 
-/// Unique 8-bit colours with counts (opaque pixels only).
+/// Unique 8-bit colours with counts (opaque pixels only), sorted by colour.
 fn histogram(px: &[[f32; 4]]) -> Vec<(Rgb8, u32)> {
-    let mut m: std::collections::HashMap<Rgb8, u32> = std::collections::HashMap::new();
-    for p in px.iter().filter(|p| p[3] >= 0.5) {
-        *m.entry(rgb8(p)).or_default() += 1;
+    // Pack each opaque pixel into one u32 (r, g, b from the top, so the numeric order is the
+    // `[u8; 3]` order), sort the plain integers and count the runs. This replaces a SipHash
+    // `HashMap` insert per pixel: counts are integers, so any order of work gives the same
+    // result, and equal colours sit next to each other after the sort. One 4-byte value per
+    // pixel is the only large allocation (no per-thread tables).
+    let pack = |p: &[f32; 4]| {
+        let [r, g, b] = rgb8(p);
+        u32::from(r) << 16 | u32::from(g) << 8 | u32::from(b)
+    };
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    let keys = {
+        use rayon::prelude::*;
+        let mut keys: Vec<u32> = px.par_iter().filter(|p| p[3] >= 0.5).map(pack).collect();
+        keys.par_sort_unstable();
+        keys
+    };
+    #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+    let keys = {
+        let mut keys: Vec<u32> = px.iter().filter(|p| p[3] >= 0.5).map(pack).collect();
+        keys.sort_unstable();
+        keys
+    };
+    let mut out: Vec<(Rgb8, u32)> = Vec::new();
+    for k in keys {
+        let c = [(k >> 16) as u8, (k >> 8) as u8, k as u8];
+        match out.last_mut() {
+            Some((last, n)) if *last == c => *n = n.saturating_add(1),
+            _ => out.push((c, 1)),
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+/// Widest axis of `b` and its split score (weighted extent), or `None` for a box that cannot
+/// be split. Every score is bit for bit what the old per-iteration scan gave.
+fn split_score(b: &[([f32; 3], u32)]) -> Option<(usize, f32)> {
+    if b.len() <= 1 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    // One pass per axis, then the weight sum: the same folds the old per-iteration scan ran
+    // (measured faster than a single fused pass, which the compiler does not vectorise).
+    let mut best = (0usize, -1.0f32);
+    for a in 0..3 {
+        let (lo, hi) = b.iter().fold((f32::MAX, f32::MIN), |(lo, hi), p| (lo.min(p.0[a]), hi.max(p.0[a])));
+        if hi - lo > best.1 {
+            best = (a, hi - lo);
+        }
+    }
+    let w: f32 = b.iter().map(|p| p.1 as f32).sum();
+    Some((best.0, best.1 * w.sqrt()))
+}
+
+/// Maps an f32 to a u32 whose unsigned order is exactly `f32::total_cmp` order.
+fn total_order_key(v: f32) -> u32 {
+    let bits = v.to_bits();
+    // Negative: flip every bit (reverses their order, puts them below). Positive: set the sign bit.
+    bits ^ ((((bits as i32) >> 31) as u32) | 0x8000_0000)
+}
+
+/// Stable LSD radix sort of `b` along `axis`, in the order of `f32::total_cmp`. Stable like
+/// `sort_by`, so ties keep their original order and the result is element for element the same;
+/// it is several times faster than a comparison sort on millions of points.
+fn radix_sort_along(b: &mut Vec<([f32; 3], u32)>, axis: usize) {
+    let n = b.len();
+    let Some(&fill) = b.first() else { return };
+    if n < 2 {
+        return;
+    }
+    // Three digits of 11, 11 and 10 bits; count all of them in one read.
+    let mut counts = [[0u32; 2048]; 3];
+    for e in b.iter() {
+        let k = total_order_key(e.0[axis]);
+        counts[0][(k & 0x7ff) as usize] += 1;
+        counts[1][((k >> 11) & 0x7ff) as usize] += 1;
+        counts[2][(k >> 22) as usize] += 1;
+    }
+    let mut src = std::mem::take(b);
+    let mut dst = vec![fill; n];
+    for (pass, count) in counts.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+        // A digit that is the same for every point would not move anything.
+        if count.iter().any(|&c| c as usize == n) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let mut sum = 0u32;
+        for c in count.iter_mut() {
+            let here = *c;
+            *c = sum;
+            sum += here;
+        }
+        let shift = 11 * pass as u32;
+        for e in &src {
+            let d = ((total_order_key(e.0[axis]) >> shift) & 0x7ff) as usize;
+            dst[count[d] as usize] = *e;
+            count[d] += 1;
+        }
+        std::mem::swap(&mut src, &mut dst);
+    }
+    *b = src;
+}
+
+/// Stable sort of `b` along `axis`. Boxes this small are quicker with `sort_by` than with the
+/// radix sort's fixed counting cost.
+fn sort_along(b: &mut Vec<([f32; 3], u32)>, axis: usize) {
+    if b.len() >= 256 {
+        radix_sort_along(b, axis);
+    } else {
+        b.sort_by(|p, q| p.0[axis].total_cmp(&q.0[axis]));
     }
-    let mut v: Vec<(Rgb8, u32)> = m.into_iter().collect();
-    v.sort_unstable();
-    v
 }
 
 /// Median cut over `pts` (feature vectors + weights) into at most `n` boxes; returns box means.
@@ -183,29 +291,23 @@ fn median_cut(pts: &[([f32; 3], u32)], n: usize) -> Vec<[f32; 3]> {
         return Vec::new();
     }
     let mut boxes: Vec<Vec<([f32; 3], u32)>> = vec![pts.to_vec()];
+    // Each box's (axis, score), kept in lockstep with `boxes` (same swap_remove and pushes).
+    // Only the two boxes made by a split change, so only those are scanned again; rescanning
+    // every box on every iteration was most of the time here.
+    let mut scores: Vec<Option<(usize, f32)>> = vec![split_score(pts)];
     while boxes.len() < n {
-        // Split the box with the largest weighted extent.
-        let (bi, axis, score) = boxes
+        // Split the box with the largest weighted extent (first one wins a tie, as before).
+        let (bi, axis, score) = scores
             .iter()
             .enumerate()
-            .filter(|(_, b)| b.len() > 1)
-            .map(|(i, b)| {
-                let mut best = (0usize, -1.0f32);
-                for a in 0..3 {
-                    let (lo, hi) = b.iter().fold((f32::MAX, f32::MIN), |(lo, hi), p| (lo.min(p.0[a]), hi.max(p.0[a])));
-                    if hi - lo > best.1 {
-                        best = (a, hi - lo);
-                    }
-                }
-                let w: f32 = b.iter().map(|p| p.1 as f32).sum();
-                (i, best.0, best.1 * w.sqrt())
-            })
+            .filter_map(|(i, s)| s.map(|(axis, score)| (i, axis, score)))
             .fold((usize::MAX, 0, -1.0f32), |acc, x| if x.2 > acc.2 { x } else { acc });
         if bi == usize::MAX || score <= 0.0 {
             break;
         }
         let mut b = boxes.swap_remove(bi);
-        b.sort_by(|p, q| p.0[axis].total_cmp(&q.0[axis]));
+        scores.swap_remove(bi);
+        sort_along(&mut b, axis);
         let total: u64 = b.iter().map(|p| u64::from(p.1)).sum();
         let mut acc = 0u64;
         let mut cut = 1;
@@ -217,6 +319,8 @@ fn median_cut(pts: &[([f32; 3], u32)], n: usize) -> Vec<[f32; 3]> {
             }
         }
         let rest = b.split_off(cut);
+        scores.push(split_score(&b));
+        scores.push(split_score(&rest));
         boxes.push(b);
         boxes.push(rest);
     }
@@ -239,8 +343,18 @@ fn kmeans(pts: &[([f32; 3], u32)], centers: &mut [[f32; 3]], iters: usize) {
         let lookup = Nearest::new(centers.iter().copied());
         let mut sum = vec![[0.0f64; 3]; centers.len()];
         let mut cnt = vec![0.0f64; centers.len()];
-        for (p, w) in pts {
-            let i = lookup.find(*p);
+        // The nearest-centre search is the expensive part and has no cross-point state, so it
+        // runs in parallel. The f64 sums below stay sequential in the original point order:
+        // float addition is not associative, and this keeps every bit of the result unchanged.
+        #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+        let nearest: Vec<u32> = {
+            use rayon::prelude::*;
+            pts.par_iter().map(|(p, _)| lookup.find(*p) as u32).collect()
+        };
+        #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+        let nearest: Vec<u32> = pts.iter().map(|(p, _)| lookup.find(*p) as u32).collect();
+        for ((p, w), &i) in pts.iter().zip(&nearest) {
+            let i = i as usize;
             for a in 0..3 {
                 sum[i][a] += f64::from(p[a]) * f64::from(*w);
             }
@@ -258,6 +372,20 @@ fn lab_to_rgb8(lab: [f32; 3]) -> Rgb8 {
     photocraft_color::convert::lab_to_srgb(lab).map(to8)
 }
 
+/// Histogram colours as CIE Lab points with their counts. Each point depends only on its own
+/// colour and `collect` keeps the order, so the parallel map gives the same list; the log/pow
+/// in `srgb_to_lab` made this a visible serial cost with millions of unique colours.
+fn lab_points(hist: &[(Rgb8, u32)]) -> Vec<([f32; 3], u32)> {
+    let lab = |(c, n): &(Rgb8, u32)| (srgb_to_lab(c.map(|v| f32::from(v) / 255.0)), *n);
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    {
+        use rayon::prelude::*;
+        hist.par_iter().map(lab).collect()
+    }
+    #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+    hist.iter().map(lab).collect()
+}
+
 /// Builds the palette for `px`. `colors` is the requested count (2..=256) for the computed
 /// kinds; forced colours are included first and count toward it.
 pub fn build_palette(px: &[[f32; 4]], kind: PaletteKind, colors: usize, forced: Forced) -> Result<Vec<Rgb8>, String> {
@@ -296,7 +424,7 @@ pub fn build_palette(px: &[[f32; 4]], kind: PaletteKind, colors: usize, forced:
             if hist.len() <= room {
                 hist.iter().map(|h| h.0).collect()
             } else {
-                let pts: Vec<([f32; 3], u32)> = hist.iter().map(|(c, n)| (srgb_to_lab(c.map(|v| f32::from(v) / 255.0)), *n)).collect();
+                let pts = lab_points(&hist);
                 let mut centers = median_cut(&pts, room);
                 kmeans(&pts, &mut centers, 4);
                 let mut v: Vec<Rgb8> = centers.iter().map(|c| lab_to_rgb8(*c)).collect();
@@ -610,6 +738,253 @@ mod tests {
         (0..w * h).map(|i| [(i % w) as f32 / (w - 1) as f32, (i / w) as f32 / (h - 1) as f32, 0.3, 1.0]).collect()
     }
 
+    fn to8_reference(v: f32) -> u8 {
+        (v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 255.0).round() as u8
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn to8_matches_round_on_samples_and_edges() {
+        // Every half-way point and its neighbours, plus a dense sweep of the unit range.
+        for k in 0..=256u32 {
+            let mid = (k as f32 + 0.5) / 255.0;
+            for d in -3i32..=3 {
+                let v = f32::from_bits((mid.to_bits() as i32 + d) as u32);
+                assert_eq!(to8(v), to8_reference(v), "{v:e}");
+            }
+        }
+        for i in 0..200_000u32 {
+            let v = f32::from_bits(i * 20_000);
+            assert_eq!(to8(v), to8_reference(v), "{v:e}");
+        }
+        for v in [f32::NAN, f32::INFINITY, f32::NEG_INFINITY, -0.0, 0.0, 1.0, -1.0, 2.0, 1e30, -1e30, f32::MIN_POSITIVE, 1e-45] {
+            assert_eq!(to8(v), to8_reference(v), "{v:e}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    #[ignore = "checks all 2^32 floats, a few seconds in release; run with --release --ignored"]
+    fn to8_matches_round_for_every_float() {
+        use rayon::prelude::*;
+        let bad = (0..=u32::MAX).into_par_iter().filter(|&b| to8(f32::from_bits(b)) != to8_reference(f32::from_bits(b))).count();
+        assert_eq!(bad, 0);
+    }
+
+    /// A repeatable 96x64 image: a gradient with up to 31 levels of integer-hash noise and a
+    /// few see-through pixels.
+    fn golden_image() -> Vec<[f32; 4]> {
+        let (w, h) = (96usize, 64usize);
+        (0..w * h)
+            .map(|i| {
+                let (x, y) = ((i % w) as f32, (i / w) as f32);
+                let noise = |salt: u32| ((((i as u32).wrapping_mul(2_654_435_761).wrapping_add(salt.wrapping_mul(40_503))) >> 13) & 31) as f32 / 255.0;
+                let alpha = if i % 17 == 0 { 0.25 } else { 1.0 };
+                [x / (w - 1) as f32 * 0.8 + noise(1), y / (h - 1) as f32 * 0.7 + noise(2), ((x + y) / (w + h) as f32) * 0.6 + noise(3), alpha]
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    /// Palettes written down from the version before the speed-up (hash-map histogram, every box
+    /// rescanned each split, comparison sort, serial k-means). Any change to how the palettes
+    /// are built has to give these exact colours.
+    #[test]
+    fn palettes_match_the_recorded_originals() {
+        let px = golden_image();
+        #[rustfmt::skip]
+        let cases: Vec<(PaletteKind, usize, Forced, &[Rgb8])> = vec![
+            (
+                PaletteKind::Adaptive,
+                16,
+                Forced::None,
+                &[
+                [40, 173, 80], [196, 175, 150], [92, 173, 103], [92, 81, 71], [195, 83, 118], [39, 82, 49],
+                [142, 82, 95], [195, 37, 101], [143, 36, 79], [40, 128, 64], [196, 129, 133], [92, 127, 87],
+                [91, 36, 56], [38, 35, 33], [144, 128, 111], [144, 174, 127],
+                ],
+            ),
+            (
+                PaletteKind::Perceptual,
+                16,
+                Forced::None,
+                &[
+                [104, 111, 87], [51, 129, 68], [48, 178, 79], [110, 74, 77], [165, 46, 93], [205, 50, 107],
+                [200, 154, 143], [44, 54, 42], [190, 101, 121], [61, 32, 44], [155, 115, 111], [48, 93, 56],
+                [119, 42, 71], [84, 172, 98], [126, 165, 115], [172, 168, 135],
+                ],
+            ),
+            (
+                PaletteKind::Selective,
+                24,
+                Forced::BlackWhite,
+                &[
+                [0, 0, 0], [255, 255, 255], [102, 107, 85], [65, 69, 55], [87, 133, 89], [109, 73, 76],
+                [164, 42, 92], [204, 51, 102], [199, 153, 142], [54, 170, 84], [199, 107, 126], [65, 33, 45],
+                [153, 102, 102], [187, 180, 145], [40, 106, 54], [100, 176, 107], [138, 174, 123], [50, 188, 80],
+                [32, 37, 33], [47, 139, 69], [144, 143, 116], [41, 80, 49], [108, 33, 64], [151, 70, 94],
+                ],
+            ),
+            (
+                PaletteKind::Adaptive,
+                8,
+                Forced::Primaries,
+                &[
+                [0, 0, 0], [255, 255, 255], [255, 0, 0], [0, 255, 0], [0, 0, 255], [0, 255, 255],
+                [255, 0, 255], [255, 255, 0],
+                ],
+            ),
+            (
+                PaletteKind::Perceptual,
+                12,
+                Forced::BlackWhite,
+                &[
+                [0, 0, 0], [255, 255, 255], [104, 106, 85], [137, 43, 79], [148, 170, 126], [181, 144, 132],
+                [66, 172, 87], [88, 49, 60], [57, 118, 67], [42, 54, 41], [183, 101, 118], [196, 50, 105],
+                ],
+            ),
+        ];
+        for (kind, colors, forced, expected) in cases {
+            assert_eq!(build_palette(&px, kind, colors, forced).unwrap(), expected, "{kind:?} {colors} {forced:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The pre-speed-up median cut and k-means, kept as the oracle for the faster ones.
+    fn median_cut_reference(pts: &[([f32; 3], u32)], n: usize) -> Vec<[f32; 3]> {
+        if pts.is_empty() || n == 0 {
+            return Vec::new();
+        }
+        let mut boxes: Vec<Vec<([f32; 3], u32)>> = vec![pts.to_vec()];
+        while boxes.len() < n {
+            let (bi, axis, score) = boxes
+                .iter()
+                .enumerate()
+                .filter(|(_, b)| b.len() > 1)
+                .map(|(i, b)| {
+                    let mut best = (0usize, -1.0f32);
+                    for a in 0..3 {
+                        let (lo, hi) = b.iter().fold((f32::MAX, f32::MIN), |(lo, hi), p| (lo.min(p.0[a]), hi.max(p.0[a])));
+                        if hi - lo > best.1 {
+                            best = (a, hi - lo);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    let w: f32 = b.iter().map(|p| p.1 as f32).sum();
+                    (i, best.0, best.1 * w.sqrt())
+                })
+                .fold((usize::MAX, 0, -1.0f32), |acc, x| if x.2 > acc.2 { x } else { acc });
+            if bi == usize::MAX || score <= 0.0 {
+                break;
+            }
+            let mut b = boxes.swap_remove(bi);
+            b.sort_by(|p, q| p.0[axis].total_cmp(&q.0[axis]));
+            let total: u64 = b.iter().map(|p| u64::from(p.1)).sum();
+            let mut acc = 0u64;
+            let mut cut = 1;
+            for (i, p) in b.iter().enumerate() {
+                acc += u64::from(p.1);
+                if acc * 2 >= total {
+                    cut = (i + 1).clamp(1, b.len() - 1);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            let rest = b.split_off(cut);
+            boxes.push(b);
+            boxes.push(rest);
+        }
+        boxes
+            .iter()
+            .map(|b| {
+                let w: f64 = b.iter().map(|p| f64::from(p.1)).sum();
+                std::array::from_fn(|a| (b.iter().map(|p| f64::from(p.0[a]) * f64::from(p.1)).sum::<f64>() / w) as f32)
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    fn kmeans_reference(pts: &[([f32; 3], u32)], centers: &mut [[f32; 3]], iters: usize) {
+        for _ in 0..iters {
+            let lookup = Nearest::new(centers.iter().copied());
+            let mut sum = vec![[0.0f64; 3]; centers.len()];
+            let mut cnt = vec![0.0f64; centers.len()];
+            for (p, w) in pts {
+                let i = lookup.find(*p);
+                for a in 0..3 {
+                    sum[i][a] += f64::from(p[a]) * f64::from(*w);
+                }
+                cnt[i] += f64::from(*w);
+            }
+            for (i, c) in centers.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+                if cnt[i] > 0.0 {
+                    *c = std::array::from_fn(|a| (sum[i][a] / cnt[i]) as f32);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Points with many repeated coordinates (ties), negative values, -0.0 and weights up to
+    /// a few thousand, so the stable-sort and float-order rules are all exercised.
+    fn tie_heavy_points(n: usize, seed: u64) -> Vec<([f32; 3], u32)> {
+        let mut s = seed;
+        let mut next = move || {
+            s = s.wrapping_mul(6_364_136_223_846_793_005).wrapping_add(1_442_695_040_888_963_407);
+            (s >> 33) as u32
+        };
+        (0..n)
+            .map(|_| {
+                let mut c = |range: u32| match next() % 40 {
+                    0 => -0.0,
+                    1 => 0.0,
+                    _ => (next() % range) as f32 * 0.5 - (range / 4) as f32,
+                };
+                ([c(24), c(300), c(150)], 1 + next() % 3000)
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn faster_median_cut_and_kmeans_equal_the_originals_bit_for_bit() {
+        // 40 000 points cross the 256-point radix threshold on the first splits.
+        for (n, boxes, seed) in [(40_000, 256, 1), (40_000, 37, 2), (3_000, 256, 3), (200, 64, 4), (2, 8, 5)] {
+            let pts = tie_heavy_points(n, seed);
+            let new = median_cut(&pts, boxes);
+            let old = median_cut_reference(&pts, boxes);
+            assert_eq!(new.len(), old.len());
+            for (a, b) in new.iter().zip(&old) {
+                assert_eq!(a.map(f32::to_bits), b.map(f32::to_bits), "median cut, n={n} boxes={boxes}");
+            }
+            let (mut a, mut b) = (new, old);
+            kmeans(&pts, &mut a, 3);
+            kmeans_reference(&pts, &mut b, 3);
+            for (x, y) in a.iter().zip(&b) {
+                assert_eq!(x.map(f32::to_bits), y.map(f32::to_bits), "kmeans, n={n} boxes={boxes}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn radix_sort_is_the_stable_total_cmp_sort() {
+        for axis in 0..3 {
+            let mut pts = tie_heavy_points(5_000, 9 + axis as u64);
+            // The weight field doubles as an id: equal keys must keep their input order.
+            for (i, p) in pts.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+                p.1 = i as u32;
+            }
+            pts[10].0[axis] = f32::NAN;
+            pts[11].0[axis] = -f32::NAN;
+            pts[12].0[axis] = f32::INFINITY;
+            pts[13].0[axis] = f32::NEG_INFINITY;
+            let mut expected = pts.clone();
+            expected.sort_by(|p, q| p.0[axis].total_cmp(&q.0[axis]));
+            radix_sort_along(&mut pts, axis);
+            let bits = |v: &[([f32; 3], u32)]| v.iter().map(|p| (p.0.map(f32::to_bits), p.1)).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            assert_eq!(bits(&pts), bits(&expected), "axis {axis}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn histogram_counts_opaque_pixels_sorted() {
+        let px = [[1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0], [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0], [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5], [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.49], [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0], [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]];
+        assert_eq!(histogram(&px), vec![([0, 0, 0], 1), ([0, 0, 255], 2), ([255, 0, 0], 2)]);
+        assert!(histogram(&[]).is_empty());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn fixed_palettes_have_expected_sizes() {
         assert_eq!(web_palette().len(), 216);
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/resample.rs b/crates/algo/src/resample.rs
index bd728e379d..4ad84a10c0 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/resample.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/resample.rs
@@ -159,8 +159,37 @@ fn cover(o: i32, scale: f64) -> (i32, i32) {
     (a, ((o + 1) as f64 / scale + 1e-9).floor().max(a as f64 + 1.0) as i32)
 }
 
-/// Unclamped weights of output sample `o` over source samples `lo..lo + len`.
-fn weights(o: i32, scale: f64, kernel: Kernel, edge: Option<(i32, i32)>) -> (i32, Vec<f64>) {
+/// The source samples worth a weight each: the edge, or the content with one sample of slack on
+/// each side to carry the weight of everything beyond it (read as the default pixel).
+fn keep_range(edge: Option<(i32, i32)>, content: (i32, i32)) -> (i64, i64) {
+    let (a, b) = edge.unwrap_or((content.0.saturating_sub(1), content.1.saturating_add(1)));
+    (i64::from(a), i64::from(b.max(a)))
+}
+
+/// Adds `v` spread evenly over the source samples `[a, b)` to `w`, which holds the samples
+/// from `lo`: samples beyond either end of it add to that end slot instead of needing a slot.
+fn spread(w: &mut [f64], lo: i64, a: i64, b: i64, v: f64) {
+    let Some(last) = w.len().checked_sub(1) else { return };
+    let each = v / (b - a).max(1) as f64;
+    let end = lo + w.len() as i64;
+    let (ia, ib) = (a.max(lo), b.min(end));
+    if ia < ib {
+        for slot in w.get_mut((ia - lo) as usize..(ib - lo) as usize).into_iter().flatten() {
+            *slot += each;
+        }
+    }
+    if a < lo {
+        w[0] += each * (b.min(lo) - a) as f64;
+    }
+    if b > end {
+        w[last] += each * (b - a.max(end)) as f64;
+    }
+}
+
+/// Weights of output sample `o` over source samples `lo..lo + len`, unclamped except that
+/// reductions fold what lies beyond the edge (or the `content`) onto its ends, so a tiny scale
+/// doesn't cost a weight per source sample it covers.
+fn weights(o: i32, scale: f64, kernel: Kernel, edge: Option<(i32, i32)>, content: (i32, i32)) -> (i32, Vec<f64>) {
     match kernel {
         Kernel::Nearest => {
             let u = (o as f64 + 0.5) / scale - 0.5;
@@ -168,7 +197,11 @@ fn weights(o: i32, scale: f64, kernel: Kernel, edge: Option<(i32, i32)>) -> (i32
         }
         Kernel::Bilinear if scale < 0.5 => {
             let (a, b) = cover(o, scale);
-            (a, vec![1.0 / (b - a) as f64; (b - a) as usize])
+            let (ka, kb) = keep_range(edge, content);
+            let (lo, hi) = (i64::from(a).clamp(ka, kb), (i64::from(b) - 1).clamp(ka, kb));
+            let mut w = vec![0.0; (hi - lo + 1) as usize];
+            spread(&mut w, lo, i64::from(a), i64::from(b), 1.0);
+            (lo as i32, w)
         }
         Kernel::Bilinear => {
             let u = position(o, scale, edge);
@@ -179,18 +212,18 @@ fn weights(o: i32, scale: f64, kernel: Kernel, edge: Option<(i32, i32)>) -> (i32
             // Averaged down to four times the target first (pixels of `inner`), then filtered.
             let inner = 4.0 * scale;
             let inner_edge = edge.map(|(a, b)| ((a as f64 * inner - 1e-9).ceil() as i32, ((b + 1) as f64 * inner - 1e-9).ceil() as i32 - 1));
-            let (k0, kw) = weights(o, 0.25, Kernel::Keys { a, stretch }, inner_edge);
+            let (k0, kw) = weights(o, 0.25, Kernel::Keys { a, stretch }, inner_edge, (i32::MIN / 4, i32::MAX / 4));
             let clamp = |k: i32| inner_edge.map_or(k, |(a, b)| k.clamp(a, b.max(a)));
             let boxes: Vec<(i32, i32)> = (k0..).zip(&kw).map(|(k, _)| cover(clamp(k), inner)).collect();
-            let lo = boxes.iter().map(|b| b.0).min().unwrap_or(0);
-            let hi = boxes.iter().map(|b| b.1).max().unwrap_or(lo);
-            let mut w = vec![0.0; (hi - lo).max(0) as usize];
+            let (ka, kb) = keep_range(edge, content);
+            let lo = i64::from(boxes.iter().map(|b| b.0).min().unwrap_or(0));
+            let hi = i64::from(boxes.iter().map(|b| b.1).max().unwrap_or(lo as i32));
+            let (klo, khi) = (lo.clamp(ka, kb), (hi - 1).clamp(ka, kb));
+            let mut w = vec![0.0; (khi - klo + 1) as usize];
             for ((a, b), v) in boxes.into_iter().zip(kw) {
-                for slot in w.get_mut((a - lo) as usize..(b - lo) as usize).into_iter().flatten() {
-                    *slot += v / (b - a) as f64;
-                }
+                spread(&mut w, klo, i64::from(a), i64::from(b), v);
             }
-            (lo, w)
+            (klo as i32, w)
         }
         Kernel::Keys { a, stretch } => {
             let u = position(o, scale, edge);
@@ -225,7 +258,7 @@ fn taps(dst0: i32, dst1: i32, scale: f64, kernel: Kernel, edge: Option<(i32, i32
     let kernel = if scale == 1.0 { Kernel::Nearest } else { kernel };
     (dst0..dst1)
         .map(|o| {
-            let (lo, w) = weights(o, scale, kernel, edge);
+            let (lo, w) = weights(o, scale, kernel, edge, content);
             let hi = lo + w.len() as i32 - 1;
             // Fold the weights of taps beyond the edge onto the edge sample.
             let start = clamp(lo);
@@ -724,6 +757,22 @@ mod tests {
         assert!((p[0] - 0.5).abs() < 0.05, "{p:?}");
     }
 
+    /// A reduction by a tiny scale covers millions of source samples per output sample; only the
+    /// ones in the content get a weight, the rest fold onto its ends or into `outside`.
+    #[test]
+    fn tiny_scales_do_not_get_a_weight_per_covered_sample() {
+        for kernel in [Kernel::Bilinear, Kernel::Keys { a: -0.5, stretch: 1.0 }] {
+            for edge in [None, Some((0, 99))] {
+                let t = taps(0, 3, 1e-6, kernel, edge, (0, 99));
+                for t in &t {
+                    assert!(t.weights.len() <= 100, "{}", t.weights.len());
+                    let total = t.weights.iter().sum::<f32>() + t.outside;
+                    assert!((total - 1.0).abs() < 1e-3, "{total}");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn transparent_edges_do_not_darken() {
         let mut s = Surface::new(PixelFormat::RGBA32F);
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/seam.rs b/crates/algo/src/seam.rs
index 97619c7406..b85fba5bab 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/seam.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/seam.rs
@@ -9,16 +9,26 @@
 //!
 //! A protect map (`0..=1`, e.g. an alpha channel or detected skin tones) adds a large energy so
 //! seams avoid protected pixels. Buffers are interleaved `w × h × ch` normalised floats of any
-//! colour model and depth (alpha is carried like any other channel). Deterministic.
+//! colour model and depth (alpha is carried like any other channel). Deterministic on every
+//! platform: an energy that isn't a number (from NaN samples, or infinite ones next to each other
+//! or at the border) is the highest energy, and NaN protection protects nothing, so no NaN (whose
+//! sign and payload arithmetic does not keep consistently across builds) reaches the seam search.
 
 use photocraft_raster::{Cancelled, Interrupt};
 
 /// Energy added per unit of protection: far above any gradient magnitude.
 const PROTECT_ENERGY: f32 = 1.0e4;
 
-/// Keep full horizontal detail while reducing the height used to find vertical seams. At a
-/// 24 MP working size this cuts the dynamic-programming work by about four times without
-/// quantising the output pixels or changing the requested output dimensions.
+/// The energy protection `p` (`0..=1`) adds. NaN protects nothing.
+#[inline]
+fn protection(p: f32) -> f32 {
+    if p.is_nan() { 0.0 } else { p.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * PROTECT_ENERGY }
+}
+
+/// Keep full horizontal detail while reducing the height used to find vertical seams. On a
+/// 6000×4000 image this cuts the dynamic-programming work eight times for a width change (4000
+/// rows to 500) and twelve times for a height change, without quantising the output pixels or
+/// changing the requested output dimensions.
 const SEAM_SEARCH_MAX_HEIGHT: usize = 512;
 const PROXY_SHRINK_MIN_HEIGHT: usize = 2_048;
 const PROXY_SHRINK_MIN_SEAMS: usize = 64;
@@ -33,7 +43,7 @@ pub fn energy(w: usize, h: usize, ch: usize, img: &[f32]) -> Vec<f32> {
     }
     let row = |(y, out): (usize, &mut [f32])| {
         for (x, v) in out.iter_mut().enumerate() {
-            *v = energy_at(img, w, w, h, ch, x, y);
+            *v = energy_at(img, w, w, h, ch, x, y, |xx, _| xx);
         }
     };
     #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
@@ -46,20 +56,25 @@ pub fn energy(w: usize, h: usize, ch: usize, img: &[f32]) -> Vec<f32> {
     e
 }
 
-/// [`energy`] of one pixel of a `cw`-wide image whose rows are `stride` pixels apart. Shared by
-/// the full map and the per-seam updates so both give bit-identical values.
+/// [`energy`] of pixel `x` of row `y` of a `cw`-wide, `h`-tall image whose pixel `xx` of row `yy`
+/// is column `col(xx, yy)` of `img` (`w` pixels per row). Shared by the full map and the carver's
+/// per-seam updates, so both give bit-identical values. An energy that isn't a number is the
+/// highest energy (`+inf`).
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 #[inline]
-fn energy_at(img: &[f32], stride: usize, cw: usize, h: usize, ch: usize, x: usize, y: usize) -> f32 {
+fn energy_at(img: &[f32], w: usize, cw: usize, h: usize, ch: usize, x: usize, y: usize, col: impl Fn(usize, usize) -> usize) -> f32 {
     let (xl, xr) = (x.saturating_sub(1), (x + 1).min(cw - 1));
     let (yu, yd) = (y.saturating_sub(1), (y + 1).min(h - 1));
-    let at = |xx: usize, yy: usize, c: usize| img[(yy * stride + xx) * ch + c];
+    let at = |xx: usize, yy: usize| (yy * w + col(xx, yy)) * ch;
+    let (centre, right, left, down, up) = (at(x, y), at(xr, y), at(xl, y), at(x, yd), at(x, yu));
     let mut s = 0.0;
     for c in 0..ch {
-        let v = at(x, y, c);
-        s += (at(xr, y, c) - v).abs() + (v - at(xl, y, c)).abs();
-        s += (at(x, yd, c) - v).abs() + (v - at(x, yu, c)).abs();
+        let v = img[centre + c];
+        s += (img[right + c] - v).abs() + (v - img[left + c]).abs();
+        s += (img[down + c] - v).abs() + (v - img[up + c]).abs();
     }
-    s * 0.5
+    let e = s * 0.5;
+    if e.is_nan() { f32::INFINITY } else { e }
 }
 
 /// The lowest-energy vertical seam: one x per row.
@@ -67,57 +82,178 @@ pub fn find_seam(w: usize, h: usize, energy: &[f32]) -> Vec<usize> {
     if w == 0 || h == 0 || energy.len() < w * h {
         return vec![0; h];
     }
-    Dp::default().seam(w, w, h, energy)
+    let off = vec![0; h];
+    let rows = Rows { stride: w, cw: w, off: &off };
+    let mut dp = Dp::default();
+    dp.full(rows, energy);
+    dp.seam(rows)
 }
 
-/// Scratch buffers for the seam search, reused across seams.
+/// Where the `cw` pixels in use of each of a carver's rows are, in buffers whose rows are
+/// `stride` apart: row y's are `off[y]..off[y] + cw` of its `stride` slots.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct Rows<'o> {
+    stride: usize,
+    cw: usize,
+    off: &'o [usize],
+}
+
+impl Rows<'_> {
+    fn h(&self) -> usize {
+        self.off.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Row y's pixels in use, as a range of its buffers.
+    #[inline]
+    fn of(&self, y: usize) -> std::ops::Range<usize> {
+        let start = y * self.stride + self.off[y];
+        start..start + self.cw
+    }
+}
+
+/// The seam search's dynamic programme over an energy map laid out as [`Rows`] (the carver's own
+/// layout, so a removal shifts it like the other buffers): for every pixel, the cost of the
+/// cheapest 8-connected path down to it from the top row. [`Carver`] keeps it across seams and
+/// recomputes only what each removal changed ([`Dp::update`]).
 #[derive(Default)]
 struct Dp {
+    /// Cost of the cheapest path from the top row to each pixel.
     cost: Vec<f32>,
-    next: Vec<f32>,
-    /// Per pixel, where the cheapest path came from: 0 = up-left, 1 = up, 2 = up-right.
-    from: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+/// Pixel `x` of a `cw`-wide row with energy `e`, given the path costs of the row above (`up`):
+/// its path cost and where that path came from (0 = up-left, 1 = up, 2 = up-right). Ties go to
+/// the pixel straight up, then up-left, then up-right. The cost doesn't depend on the tie-break
+/// and the direction doesn't depend on `e`, so the seam can be traced back from the costs alone.
+/// [`row_costs`] uses it at the ends of a row and repeats its selection in between, and
+/// [`Dp::seam`] traces seams with it, so every way of filling the map gives the same bits (costs
+/// are never NaN: see [`energy_at`] and [`protection`]).
+#[inline]
+fn cell(up: &[f32], cw: usize, x: usize, e: f32) -> (f32, u8) {
+    let (b, d) = if x == 0 {
+        if cw > 1 && up[1] < up[0] { (up[1], 2) } else { (up[0], 1) }
+    } else if x + 1 == cw {
+        if up[x - 1] < up[x] { (up[x - 1], 0) } else { (up[x], 1) }
+    } else {
+        let (b, d) = if up[x - 1] < up[x] { (up[x - 1], 0) } else { (up[x], 1) };
+        if up[x + 1] < b { (up[x + 1], 2) } else { (b, d) }
+    };
+    (b + e, d)
+}
+
+/// Path costs of pixels `lo..lo + out.len()` of a `cw`-wide row with energies `e` (the whole
+/// row's), from the path costs of the row above (`up`), into `out`. [`cell`] at the ends of the
+/// row; in between, the same selection without edge tests or directions, so it vectorises.
+#[inline]
+fn row_costs(up: &[f32], e: &[f32], cw: usize, lo: usize, out: &mut [f32]) {
+    let Some(last) = (lo + out.len()).checked_sub(1) else { return };
+    let (mut a, mut b) = (lo, last);
+    if a == 0 {
+        out[0] = cell(up, cw, 0, e[0]).0;
+        a = 1;
+    }
+    if b + 1 == cw && b >= a {
+        out[b - lo] = cell(up, cw, b, e[b]).0;
+        b -= 1;
+    }
+    if a > b {
+        return;
+    }
+    // Every pixel in a..=b has all three parents: up-left, up and up-right.
+    let parents = up[a - 1..b].iter().zip(&up[a..=b]).zip(&up[a + 1..=b + 1]);
+    for ((n, &ev), ((&l, &u), &r)) in out[a - lo..=b - lo].iter_mut().zip(&e[a..=b]).zip(parents) {
+        let m = if l < u { l } else { u };
+        let m = if r < m { r } else { m };
+        *n = m + ev;
+    }
 }
 
 impl Dp {
-    /// The lowest-energy seam of a `cw`-wide, `h`-tall energy map with rows `stride` apart.
-    /// Ties go to the pixel straight up, then up-left, then up-right; at the bottom, to the
-    /// leftmost end.
-    fn seam(&mut self, stride: usize, cw: usize, h: usize, energy: &[f32]) -> Vec<usize> {
-        self.cost.clear();
-        self.cost.extend_from_slice(&energy[..cw]);
-        self.next.resize(cw, 0.0);
-        self.from.resize(cw * h, 0);
-        for y in 1..h {
-            let (cost, next) = (&self.cost[..cw], &mut self.next[..cw]);
-            let e = &energy[y * stride..y * stride + cw];
-            let from = &mut self.from[y * cw..(y + 1) * cw];
-            if cw == 1 {
-                (next[0], from[0]) = (cost[0] + e[0], 1);
-            } else {
-                let (b, d) = if cost[1] < cost[0] { (cost[1], 2) } else { (cost[0], 1) };
-                (next[0], from[0]) = (b + e[0], d);
-                // The interior has all three parents: no edge tests in the hot loop.
-                let inner = next[1..cw - 1].iter_mut().zip(&mut from[1..cw - 1]).zip(&e[1..cw - 1]).zip(cost.windows(3));
-                for (((n, f), &ev), c) in inner {
-                    let (b, d) = if c[0] < c[1] { (c[0], 0) } else { (c[1], 1) };
-                    let (b, d) = if c[2] < b { (c[2], 2) } else { (b, d) };
-                    (*n, *f) = (b + ev, d);
-                }
-                let (b, d) = if cost[cw - 2] < cost[cw - 1] { (cost[cw - 2], 0) } else { (cost[cw - 1], 1) };
-                (next[cw - 1], from[cw - 1]) = (b + e[cw - 1], d);
-            }
-            std::mem::swap(&mut self.cost, &mut self.next);
+    /// Fill the map for the pixels in use of every row of `energy`.
+    fn full(&mut self, rows: Rows, energy: &[f32]) {
+        let (cw, h) = (rows.cw, rows.h());
+        self.cost.resize(rows.stride * h, 0.0);
+        if cw == 0 || h == 0 {
+            return;
         }
-        let cost = &self.cost[..cw];
-        let mut x = (0..cw).min_by(|a, b| cost[*a].total_cmp(&cost[*b])).unwrap_or(0);
+        let first = rows.of(0);
+        self.cost[first.clone()].copy_from_slice(&energy[first]);
+        for y in 1..h {
+            let (above, rest) = self.cost.split_at_mut(y * rows.stride);
+            let (r, base) = (rows.of(y), y * rows.stride);
+            row_costs(&above[rows.of(y - 1)], &energy[r.clone()], cw, 0, &mut rest[r.start - base..r.end - base]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Bring the map up to date after `seam` (one x per row, counted before the removal) was
+    /// removed from every row of the map and of `energy`, leaving `rows.cw` pixels per row.
+    ///
+    /// A pixel's path cost depends only on its energy and on the costs of its parents in the row
+    /// above. Where a pixel and all its parents are on the same side of the seam in their rows,
+    /// the removal moved them together; that leaves, in row y, only the pixels from one left of
+    /// min(seam[y-1], seam[y]) to max(seam[y-1], seam[y]) with new parents. The energy changed
+    /// only where [`Carver::update_energy`] recomputed it: from one left of the leftmost of
+    /// `seam[y-1..=y+1]` to the rightmost, which covers those pixels too. Every other pixel needs
+    /// recomputing only if a parent's cost changed, so the work follows the changed costs down
+    /// the map and narrows wherever they settle, instead of covering the whole map. Recomputed
+    /// pixels go through [`row_costs`], like a [`Dp::full`] pass's, so the map matches one over
+    /// the same energy bit for bit.
+    fn update(&mut self, rows: Rows, energy: &[f32], seam: &[usize]) {
+        let (cw, h) = (rows.cw, rows.h());
+        if cw == 0 || h == 0 || seam.len() < h {
+            return;
+        }
+        // Pixels of the row above whose cost changed: `lo..=hi`, or none when `lo > hi`.
+        let (mut changed_lo, mut changed_hi) = (usize::MAX, 0);
+        let mut fresh = Vec::new();
+        for y in 0..h {
+            let near = &seam[y.saturating_sub(1)..(y + 2).min(h)];
+            let mut lo = near.iter().min().map_or(0, |&s| s.saturating_sub(1));
+            let mut hi = near.iter().max().map_or(0, |&s| s.min(cw - 1));
+            if changed_lo <= changed_hi {
+                lo = lo.min(changed_lo.saturating_sub(1));
+                hi = hi.max((changed_hi + 1).min(cw - 1));
+            }
+            let (above, rest) = self.cost.split_at_mut(y * rows.stride);
+            let (r, base) = (rows.of(y), y * rows.stride);
+            let e = &energy[r.clone()];
+            if fresh.len() < hi + 1 - lo {
+                fresh.resize(hi + 1 - lo, 0.0);
+            }
+            let fresh = &mut fresh[..hi + 1 - lo];
+            match y.checked_sub(1) {
+                Some(u) => row_costs(&above[rows.of(u)], e, cw, lo, fresh),
+                None => fresh.copy_from_slice(&e[lo..=hi]),
+            }
+            // Store only what changed, and remember where that was for the row below.
+            let row = &mut rest[r.start - base + lo..r.start - base + hi + 1];
+            let differs = |(a, b): (&f32, &f32)| a.to_bits() != b.to_bits();
+            (changed_lo, changed_hi) = (usize::MAX, 0);
+            if let Some(first) = fresh.iter().zip(row.iter()).position(differs) {
+                let last = fresh.iter().zip(row.iter()).rposition(differs).unwrap_or(first);
+                row[first..=last].copy_from_slice(&fresh[first..=last]);
+                (changed_lo, changed_hi) = (lo + first, lo + last);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The lowest-energy seam of the map: one x per row. At the bottom, ties go to the leftmost
+    /// end; going up, [`cell`] tells where each pixel's path came from.
+    fn seam(&self, rows: Rows) -> Vec<usize> {
+        let (cw, h) = (rows.cw, rows.h());
         let mut seam = vec![0usize; h];
+        if cw == 0 || h == 0 {
+            return seam;
+        }
+        let last = &self.cost[rows.of(h - 1)];
+        let mut x = (0..cw).min_by(|a, b| last[*a].total_cmp(&last[*b])).unwrap_or(0);
         for y in (0..h).rev() {
             seam[y] = x;
             if y > 0 {
-                x = match self.from[y * cw + x] {
-                    0 => x - 1,
-                    2 => x + 1,
+                // `cell` never points past either end of the row; saturate rather than trust it.
+                x = match cell(&self.cost[rows.of(y - 1)], cw, x, 0.0).1 {
+                    0 => x.saturating_sub(1),
+                    2 => (x + 1).min(cw - 1),
                     _ => x,
                 };
             }
@@ -126,121 +262,223 @@ impl Dp {
     }
 }
 
-/// Shrinks an image one seam at a time in place. Rows keep their original stride, so removing a
-/// seam shifts only the rest of each row (in parallel), and the energy map is updated only next
-/// to the removed seam instead of being recomputed: the gradient of a pixel changes only when a
-/// neighbour does, which happens within a pixel of the seam in its own row and the rows around it.
-struct Carver {
-    stride: usize,
-    cw: usize,
+/// Shrinks an image one seam at a time without moving its pixels: the carver keeps which source
+/// column each remaining pixel is (`idx`) and reads pixels through it. A removal shifts, in each
+/// row, whichever side of the seam is shorter in the three per-pixel buffers (in parallel over
+/// rows), and nothing is recomputed in full: the gradient of a pixel changes only when a
+/// neighbour does, which happens within a pixel of the seam in its own row and the rows around
+/// it, and the seam search's path costs are updated from there down ([`Dp::update`]).
+struct Carver<'a> {
+    /// The image, `w × h × ch`, and the protection, one value per pixel: as given, never moved.
+    src: &'a [f32],
+    prot: Option<&'a [f32]>,
+    w: usize,
     h: usize,
     ch: usize,
-    img: Vec<f32>,
-    prot: Option<Vec<f32>>,
+    /// Pixels left per row.
+    cw: usize,
+    /// Where each row's first remaining pixel is in the per-pixel buffers (see [`Rows`]).
+    off: Vec<usize>,
+    /// Source column of each remaining pixel (rows `w` apart; layer areas are at most i32::MAX
+    /// wide, so `u32` holds any column).
+    idx: Vec<u32>,
     /// Energy plus protection, as the seam search sees it.
     e: Vec<f32>,
-    /// Original column of each pixel, when the caller needs to know which ones were removed.
-    idx: Option<Vec<usize>>,
+    /// The seam search over `e`, kept up to date.
     dp: Dp,
 }
 
-impl Carver {
-    fn new(w: usize, h: usize, ch: usize, img: Vec<f32>, prot: Option<Vec<f32>>, track: bool) -> Self {
-        let mut e = energy(w, h, ch, &img);
-        if let Some(p) = &prot {
-            for (e, p) in e.iter_mut().zip(p) {
-                *e += p.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * PROTECT_ENERGY;
+impl<'a> Carver<'a> {
+    fn new(w: usize, h: usize, ch: usize, src: &'a [f32], prot: Option<&'a [f32]>) -> Self {
+        let mut e = energy(w, h, ch, src);
+        if let Some(p) = prot {
+            for (e, &p) in e.iter_mut().zip(p) {
+                *e += protection(p);
             }
         }
-        let idx = track.then(|| (0..h).flat_map(|_| 0..w).collect());
-        Carver { stride: w, cw: w, h, ch, img, prot, e, idx, dp: Dp::default() }
+        let mut idx = Vec::with_capacity(w * h);
+        for _ in 0..h {
+            idx.extend((0..w).map(|x| u32::try_from(x).unwrap_or(u32::MAX)));
+        }
+        let off = vec![0; h];
+        let mut dp = Dp::default();
+        dp.full(Rows { stride: w, cw: w, off: &off }, &e);
+        Carver { src, prot, w, h, ch, cw: w, off, idx, e, dp }
     }
 
-    /// Remove the lowest-energy seam. Returns, per row, the removed column (the original column
-    /// when tracking).
+    /// Remove the lowest-energy seam. Returns, per row, the source column removed.
     fn remove_seam(&mut self) -> Vec<usize> {
-        let (stride, cw, h, ch) = (self.stride, self.cw, self.h, self.ch);
-        let seam = self.dp.seam(stride, cw, h, &self.e);
-        let removed = match &self.idx {
-            Some(idx) => seam.iter().enumerate().map(|(y, &x)| idx[y * stride + x]).collect(),
-            None => seam.clone(),
-        };
-        shift_rows(&mut self.img, stride * ch, &seam, ch, cw);
-        shift_rows(&mut self.e, stride, &seam, 1, cw);
-        if let Some(p) = &mut self.prot {
-            shift_rows(p, stride, &seam, 1, cw);
-        }
-        if let Some(idx) = &mut self.idx {
-            shift_rows(idx, stride, &seam, 1, cw);
+        if self.cw == 0 {
+            return Vec::new();
         }
+        let rows = Rows { stride: self.w, cw: self.cw, off: &self.off };
+        let seam = self.dp.seam(rows);
+        let removed = seam.iter().enumerate().map(|(y, &x)| self.idx[rows.of(y).start + x] as usize).collect();
+        self.shift(&seam);
         self.cw -= 1;
         self.update_energy(&seam);
+        self.dp.update(Rows { stride: self.w, cw: self.cw, off: &self.off }, &self.e, &seam);
         removed
     }
 
+    /// Remove `seam[y]` from each row of the per-pixel buffers.
+    fn shift(&mut self, seam: &[usize]) {
+        let (w, cw) = (self.w, self.cw);
+        #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+        {
+            use rayon::prelude::*;
+            self.e
+                .par_chunks_mut(w)
+                .zip(self.idx.par_chunks_mut(w))
+                .zip(self.dp.cost.par_chunks_mut(w))
+                .zip(self.off.par_iter_mut())
+                .zip(seam.par_iter())
+                .for_each(|((((e, idx), cost), off), &x)| shift_row(e, idx, cost, off, x, cw));
+        }
+        #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+        self.e
+            .chunks_mut(w)
+            .zip(self.idx.chunks_mut(w))
+            .zip(self.dp.cost.chunks_mut(w))
+            .zip(self.off.iter_mut())
+            .zip(seam)
+            .for_each(|((((e, idx), cost), off), &x)| shift_row(e, idx, cost, off, x, cw));
+    }
+
     /// Recompute the energy of the pixels whose neighbours changed when `seam` was removed: in
     /// row y, from one left of the leftmost of the seam's x in rows y-1..=y+1 to the rightmost.
     fn update_energy(&mut self, seam: &[usize]) {
-        let (stride, cw, h, ch) = (self.stride, self.cw, self.h, self.ch);
+        let (w, cw, h, ch) = (self.w, self.cw, self.h, self.ch);
         if cw == 0 {
             return;
         }
-        let (img, prot) = (&self.img, self.prot.as_deref());
+        let (src, prot, off, idx) = (self.src, self.prot, &self.off, &self.idx);
+        let col = |xx: usize, yy: usize| idx[yy * w + off[yy] + xx] as usize;
         let row = |(y, e): (usize, &mut [f32])| {
             let near = &seam[y.saturating_sub(1)..(y + 2).min(h)];
             let lo = near.iter().min().map_or(0, |&s| s.saturating_sub(1));
             let hi = near.iter().max().map_or(0, |&s| s.min(cw - 1));
             for x in lo..=hi {
-                let mut v = energy_at(img, stride, cw, h, ch, x, y);
+                let mut v = energy_at(src, w, cw, h, ch, x, y, col);
                 if let Some(p) = prot {
-                    v += p[y * stride + x].clamp(0.0, 1.0) * PROTECT_ENERGY;
+                    v += protection(p[y * w + col(x, y)]);
                 }
-                e[x] = v;
+                e[off[y] + x] = v;
+            }
+        };
+        // A few pixels per row (seams move at most one column per row), but each waits on reads
+        // from three rows of the source: rows in parallel overlap the waits.
+        #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+        {
+            use rayon::prelude::*;
+            self.e.par_chunks_mut(w).enumerate().for_each(row);
+        }
+        #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+        self.e.chunks_mut(w).enumerate().for_each(row);
+    }
+
+    /// The carved pixels, `cw × h × ch`, rows packed.
+    fn into_pixels(self) -> Vec<f32> {
+        let (w, cw, ch) = (self.w, self.cw, self.ch);
+        let mut out = vec![0.0f32; cw * self.h * ch];
+        if cw == 0 {
+            return out;
+        }
+        let (src, off, idx) = (self.src, &self.off, &self.idx);
+        let row = |(y, out): (usize, &mut [f32])| {
+            let cols = &idx[y * w + off[y]..y * w + off[y] + cw];
+            for (px, &x) in out.chunks_exact_mut(ch).zip(cols) {
+                let s = (y * w + x as usize) * ch;
+                px.copy_from_slice(&src[s..s + ch]);
             }
         };
         #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
         {
             use rayon::prelude::*;
-            self.e.par_chunks_mut(stride).enumerate().for_each(row);
+            out.par_chunks_mut(cw * ch).enumerate().for_each(row);
         }
         #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
-        self.e.chunks_mut(stride).enumerate().for_each(row);
-    }
-
-    /// The carved pixels, `cw × h × ch`, rows packed.
-    fn into_pixels(self) -> Vec<f32> {
-        let (row, used) = (self.stride * self.ch, self.cw * self.ch);
-        if row == used {
-            return self.img;
-        }
-        self.img.chunks(row).flat_map(|r| &r[..used]).copied().collect()
+        out.chunks_mut(cw * ch).enumerate().for_each(row);
+        out
     }
 }
 
-/// Remove pixel `seam[y]` (of `n` values) from each `row_len`-long row whose first `cw` pixels
-/// are in use, by shifting the rest of the row left.
-fn shift_rows<T: Copy + Send>(buf: &mut [T], row_len: usize, seam: &[usize], n: usize, cw: usize) {
-    let shift = |(r, &x): (&mut [T], &usize)| r.copy_within((x + 1) * n..cw * n, x * n);
-    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-    {
-        use rayon::prelude::*;
-        buf.par_chunks_mut(row_len).zip(seam.par_iter()).for_each(shift);
+/// Remove pixel `x` of the `cw` in use, from `off` on, of one row of a carver's per-pixel
+/// buffers, moving whichever side of it holds fewer pixels (the row then starts one later when
+/// that is the left side).
+fn shift_row(e: &mut [f32], idx: &mut [u32], cost: &mut [f32], off: &mut usize, x: usize, cw: usize) {
+    let o = *off;
+    if x < cw - 1 - x {
+        e.copy_within(o..o + x, o + 1);
+        idx.copy_within(o..o + x, o + 1);
+        cost.copy_within(o..o + x, o + 1);
+        *off = o + 1;
+    } else {
+        e.copy_within(o + x + 1..o + cw, o + x);
+        idx.copy_within(o + x + 1..o + cw, o + x);
+        cost.copy_within(o + x + 1..o + cw, o + x);
     }
-    #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
-    buf.chunks_mut(row_len).zip(seam).for_each(shift);
 }
 
 fn transpose(w: usize, h: usize, ch: usize, img: &[f32]) -> Vec<f32> {
     let mut out = vec![0.0f32; img.len()];
-    for y in 0..h {
-        for x in 0..w {
-            let (s, d) = ((y * w + x) * ch, (x * h + y) * ch);
-            out[d..d + ch].copy_from_slice(&img[s..s + ch]);
-        }
+    if w == 0 || h == 0 || ch == 0 {
+        return out;
     }
+    // Output rows (source columns) in blocks, so each source cache line serves several of them.
+    const BLOCK: usize = 16;
+    let block = |(b, out): (usize, &mut [f32])| {
+        let x0 = b * BLOCK;
+        let n = out.len() / (h * ch);
+        for y in 0..h {
+            for i in 0..n {
+                let (s, d) = ((y * w + x0 + i) * ch, (i * h + y) * ch);
+                out[d..d + ch].copy_from_slice(&img[s..s + ch]);
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    {
+        use rayon::prelude::*;
+        out.par_chunks_mut(BLOCK * h * ch).enumerate().for_each(block);
+    }
+    #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+    out.chunks_mut(BLOCK * h * ch).enumerate().for_each(block);
     out
 }
 
+/// Each `step` rows of `src` (`h` rows of `row_len` values) averaged into one, the last group
+/// possibly shorter: `h.div_ceil(step)` rows.
+fn average_rows(src: &[f32], row_len: usize, h: usize, step: usize) -> Vec<f32> {
+    let mut out = vec![0.0; h.div_ceil(step) * row_len];
+    if row_len == 0 {
+        return out;
+    }
+    let group = |(py, out_row): (usize, &mut [f32])| {
+        let y0 = py * step;
+        let y1 = (y0 + step).min(h);
+        let divisor = (y1 - y0) as f32;
+        for y in y0..y1 {
+            for (out, &sample) in out_row.iter_mut().zip(&src[y * row_len..(y + 1) * row_len]) {
+                *out += sample / divisor;
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    {
+        use rayon::prelude::*;
+        out.par_chunks_exact_mut(row_len).enumerate().for_each(group);
+    }
+    #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+    out.chunks_exact_mut(row_len).enumerate().for_each(group);
+    out
+}
+
+/// No pixels or channels to work with, or `img` holds fewer than `w × h × ch` values.
+fn unusable(w: usize, h: usize, ch: usize, img: &[f32]) -> bool {
+    w == 0 || h == 0 || ch == 0 || w.checked_mul(h).and_then(|n| n.checked_mul(ch)).is_none_or(|n| img.len() < n)
+}
+
 /// Change the width of `img` to `new_w` by removing or duplicating vertical seams.
 pub fn carve_width(w: usize, h: usize, ch: usize, img: &[f32], protect: Option<&[f32]>, new_w: usize) -> Vec<f32> {
     // Never cancelled; the fallback is unreachable.
@@ -250,15 +488,23 @@ pub fn carve_width(w: usize, h: usize, ch: usize, img: &[f32], protect: Option<&
 /// [`carve_width`] that checks `ctl` before every seam and reports progress per seam.
 pub fn carve_width_with(w: usize, h: usize, ch: usize, img: &[f32], protect: Option<&[f32]>, new_w: usize, ctl: &Interrupt) -> Result<Vec<f32>, Cancelled> {
     let new_w = new_w.max(1);
-    if new_w == w || w == 0 || h == 0 {
+    // Nothing to carve: no pixels or channels, or fewer values than the size says.
+    if unusable(w, h, ch, img) {
         return Ok(img.to_vec());
     }
+    // Values past the size are not part of the image.
+    let img = img.get(..w * h * ch).unwrap_or(img);
+    if new_w == w {
+        return Ok(img.to_vec());
+    }
+    // A protection map that doesn't cover the image protects nothing.
+    let protect = protect.filter(|p| p.len() >= w * h);
     let seams = new_w.abs_diff(w).max(1) as f32;
     if new_w < w {
         if h >= PROXY_SHRINK_MIN_HEIGHT && w - new_w >= PROXY_SHRINK_MIN_SEAMS {
             return carve_width_proxy_height(w, h, ch, img, protect, new_w, ctl);
         }
-        let mut carver = Carver::new(w, h, ch, img.to_vec(), protect.map(<[f32]>::to_vec), false);
+        let mut carver = Carver::new(w, h, ch, img, protect);
         while carver.cw > new_w {
             ctl.check()?;
             ctl.progress((w - carver.cw) as f32 / seams);
@@ -272,7 +518,7 @@ pub fn carve_width_with(w: usize, h: usize, ch: usize, img: &[f32], protect: Opt
     while cw < new_w {
         let k = (new_w - cw).min((cw / 2).max(1));
         // Find k seams on a shrinking copy, mapping each back to original columns.
-        let mut carver = Carver::new(cw, h, ch, cur.clone(), prot.clone(), true);
+        let mut carver = Carver::new(cw, h, ch, &cur, prot.as_deref());
         let mut dup: Vec<Vec<usize>> = vec![Vec::with_capacity(k); h];
         for _ in 0..k {
             // A 1 px wide image's only seam is its one column: take it, so it is duplicated.
@@ -329,37 +575,11 @@ fn carve_width_proxy_height(w: usize, h: usize, ch: usize, img: &[f32], protect:
     let step = h.div_ceil(SEAM_SEARCH_MAX_HEIGHT);
     let proxy_h = h.div_ceil(step);
     let row_len = w * ch;
-    let proxy_row_len = proxy_h * row_len;
-    let mut proxy = vec![0.0; proxy_row_len];
-    for (py, out_row) in proxy.chunks_exact_mut(row_len).enumerate() {
-        let y0 = py * step;
-        let y1 = (y0 + step).min(h);
-        let divisor = (y1 - y0) as f32;
-        for y in y0..y1 {
-            let in_row = &img[y * row_len..(y + 1) * row_len];
-            for (out, &sample) in out_row.iter_mut().zip(in_row) {
-                *out += sample / divisor;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    let proxy_protect = protect.map(|mask| {
-        let mut reduced = vec![0.0; proxy_h * w];
-        for (py, out_row) in reduced.chunks_exact_mut(w).enumerate() {
-            let y0 = py * step;
-            let y1 = (y0 + step).min(h);
-            let divisor = (y1 - y0) as f32;
-            for y in y0..y1 {
-                let in_row = &mask[y * w..(y + 1) * w];
-                for (out, &sample) in out_row.iter_mut().zip(in_row) {
-                    *out += sample / divisor;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        reduced
-    });
+    let proxy = average_rows(img, row_len, h, step);
+    let proxy_protect = protect.map(|mask| average_rows(mask, w, h, step));
 
     let seam_count = w - new_w;
-    let mut carver = Carver::new(w, proxy_h, ch, proxy, proxy_protect, true);
+    let mut carver = Carver::new(w, proxy_h, ch, &proxy, proxy_protect.as_deref());
     let mut removed = Vec::with_capacity(seam_count);
     while carver.cw > new_w {
         ctl.check()?;
@@ -373,31 +593,44 @@ fn carve_width_proxy_height(w: usize, h: usize, ch: usize, img: &[f32], protect:
         columns.sort_unstable();
         removed_by_row.push(columns);
     }
-    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(new_w * h * ch);
-    let mut columns = vec![0; seam_count];
-    for y in 0..h {
+    // Each full-resolution row removes the columns interpolated between its two proxy rows'.
+    let rebuild = |columns: &mut Vec<usize>, (y, out): (usize, &mut [f32])| -> Result<(), Cancelled> {
         ctl.check()?;
         let proxy_y = (y / step).min(proxy_h - 1);
         let next_proxy_y = (proxy_y + 1).min(proxy_h - 1);
         let blend = (y % step) as f32 / step as f32;
         let lower = &removed_by_row[proxy_y];
         let upper = &removed_by_row[next_proxy_y];
+        columns.clear();
         let mut min_x = 0;
-        for (i, x) in columns.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+        for i in 0..seam_count {
             let interpolated = lower[i] as f32 + (upper[i] as f32 - lower[i] as f32) * blend;
             let max_x = w - (seam_count - i);
-            *x = (interpolated.round() as usize).clamp(min_x, max_x);
+            let x = (interpolated.round() as usize).clamp(min_x, max_x);
+            columns.push(x);
             min_x = x.saturating_add(1);
         }
-        let mut next = 0;
+        // The columns rise strictly within the row: copy the runs between them.
         let row = &img[y * row_len..(y + 1) * row_len];
-        for (x, pixel) in row.chunks_exact(ch).enumerate() {
-            if columns.get(next) == Some(&x) {
-                next += 1;
-            } else {
-                out.extend_from_slice(pixel);
-            }
+        let (mut from, mut at) = (0, 0);
+        for &x in columns.iter() {
+            let run = (x - from) * ch;
+            out[at..at + run].copy_from_slice(&row[from * ch..x * ch]);
+            (from, at) = (x + 1, at + run);
         }
+        out[at..].copy_from_slice(&row[from * ch..]);
+        Ok(())
+    };
+    let mut out = vec![0.0f32; new_w * h * ch];
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    {
+        use rayon::prelude::*;
+        out.par_chunks_exact_mut(new_w * ch).enumerate().try_for_each_init(|| Vec::with_capacity(seam_count), rebuild)?;
+    }
+    #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+    {
+        let mut columns = Vec::with_capacity(seam_count);
+        out.chunks_exact_mut(new_w * ch).enumerate().try_for_each(|r| rebuild(&mut columns, r))?;
     }
     ctl.progress(1.0);
     Ok(out)
@@ -423,6 +656,11 @@ pub fn carve_with(
     ctl: &Interrupt,
 ) -> Result<Vec<f32>, Cancelled> {
     let (new_w, new_h) = (new_w.max(1), new_h.max(1));
+    if unusable(w, h, ch, img) {
+        return Ok(img.to_vec());
+    }
+    let img = img.get(..w * h * ch).unwrap_or(img);
+    let protect = protect.filter(|p| p.len() >= w * h);
     // Split progress between the passes by their seam counts.
     let (sw, sh) = (new_w.abs_diff(w) as f32, new_h.abs_diff(h) as f32);
     let split = if sw + sh > 0.0 { sw / (sw + sh) } else { 1.0 };
@@ -432,21 +670,40 @@ pub fn carve_with(
     if new_h == h {
         return Ok(wide);
     }
-    // Protection follows the width change by plain resampling (it only steers seams).
-    let prot_t = protect.map(|p| transpose(new_w, h, 1, &resize_bilinear(w, h, 1, p, new_w, h)));
+    let prot_t = protect.map(|p| transpose(new_w, h, 1, &resample_protection(w, h, p, new_w)));
     let t = transpose(new_w, h, ch, &wide);
     let second = |f: f32| ctl.progress(split + f * (1.0 - split));
     let tall = carve_width_with(h, new_w, ch, &t, prot_t.as_deref(), new_h, &Interrupt::new(&cancel, &second))?;
     Ok(transpose(new_h, new_w, ch, &tall))
 }
 
+/// The protection map `p` (`w × h`) for the height pass, after the width changed to `new_w`:
+/// plainly resampled (it only steers seams). Where values out of `0..=1` resample to NaN
+/// (infinities, or neighbours whose difference overflows), the map clamped to `0..=1` (NaN to 0)
+/// resampled instead, so an infinite protection still protects.
+fn resample_protection(w: usize, h: usize, p: &[f32], new_w: usize) -> Vec<f32> {
+    let mut out = resize_bilinear(w, h, 1, p, new_w, h);
+    if out.iter().any(|v| v.is_nan()) {
+        let clamped: Vec<f32> = p.iter().map(|&v| if v.is_nan() { 0.0 } else { v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) }).collect();
+        for (v, c) in out.iter_mut().zip(resize_bilinear(w, h, 1, &clamped, new_w, h)) {
+            if v.is_nan() {
+                *v = c;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
+
 /// Plain bilinear resize (the non-content-aware part of the Amount blend).
 pub fn resize_bilinear(w: usize, h: usize, ch: usize, img: &[f32], nw: usize, nh: usize) -> Vec<f32> {
-    let mut out = vec![0.0f32; nw * nh * ch];
-    if w == 0 || h == 0 {
+    let Some(len) = nw.checked_mul(nh).and_then(|n| n.checked_mul(ch)) else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+    let mut out = vec![0.0f32; len];
+    if len == 0 || unusable(w, h, ch, img) {
         return out;
     }
-    for y in 0..nh {
+    let row = |(y, out): (usize, &mut [f32])| {
         let fy = ((y as f32 + 0.5) * h as f32 / nh as f32 - 0.5).clamp(0.0, (h - 1) as f32);
         let (y0, ty) = (fy.floor() as usize, fy.fract());
         let y1 = (y0 + 1).min(h - 1);
@@ -458,10 +715,17 @@ pub fn resize_bilinear(w: usize, h: usize, ch: usize, img: &[f32], nw: usize, nh
                 let p = |xx: usize, yy: usize| img[(yy * w + xx) * ch + c];
                 let top = p(x0, y0) + (p(x1, y0) - p(x0, y0)) * tx;
                 let bot = p(x0, y1) + (p(x1, y1) - p(x0, y1)) * tx;
-                out[(y * nw + x) * ch + c] = top + (bot - top) * ty;
+                out[x * ch + c] = top + (bot - top) * ty;
             }
         }
+    };
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    {
+        use rayon::prelude::*;
+        out.par_chunks_mut(nw * ch).enumerate().for_each(row);
     }
+    #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+    out.chunks_mut(nw * ch).enumerate().for_each(row);
     out
 }
 
@@ -490,7 +754,7 @@ mod tests {
     /// The straightforward implementation the per-seam carver replaced (full energy map, fresh
     /// seam search and a new buffer per seam), kept as the oracle for `carver_matches_reference`.
     mod reference {
-        use super::super::{PROTECT_ENERGY, resize_bilinear, transpose};
+        use super::super::{protection, resample_protection, transpose};
 
         pub(super) fn energy(w: usize, h: usize, ch: usize, img: &[f32]) -> Vec<f32> {
             let mut e = vec![0.0f32; w * h];
@@ -505,7 +769,8 @@ mod tests {
                         s += (at(xr, y, c) - v).abs() + (v - at(xl, y, c)).abs();
                         s += (at(x, yd, c) - v).abs() + (v - at(x, yu, c)).abs();
                     }
-                    e[y * w + x] = s * 0.5;
+                    let v = s * 0.5;
+                    e[y * w + x] = if v.is_nan() { f32::INFINITY } else { v };
                 }
             }
             e
@@ -558,8 +823,8 @@ mod tests {
             }
             let protect_e = |e: &mut [f32], p: Option<&Vec<f32>>| {
                 if let Some(p) = p {
-                    for (e, p) in e.iter_mut().zip(p) {
-                        *e += p.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * PROTECT_ENERGY;
+                    for (e, &p) in e.iter_mut().zip(p) {
+                        *e += protection(p);
                     }
                 }
             };
@@ -642,7 +907,7 @@ mod tests {
             if new_h == h {
                 return wide;
             }
-            let prot_t = protect.map(|p| transpose(new_w, h, 1, &resize_bilinear(w, h, 1, p, new_w, h)));
+            let prot_t = protect.map(|p| transpose(new_w, h, 1, &resample_protection(w, h, p, new_w)));
             let t = transpose(new_w, h, ch, &wide);
             let tall = carve_width(h, new_w, ch, &t, prot_t.as_deref(), new_h);
             transpose(new_h, new_w, ch, &tall)
@@ -683,6 +948,161 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    /// After every removal, the carver's incrementally updated seam search matches a full pass
+    /// over its current energy bit for bit (path costs and the seam traced from them), on images
+    /// where seams run through the edges, through flat areas full of ties and through protection.
+    /// Its energy matches a fresh map of the pixels left, and so do the pixels.
+    #[test]
+    fn incremental_dp_matches_full_dp() {
+        let mut ramp = vec![0.0f32; 120 * 90];
+        for (i, v) in ramp.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+            let (x, y) = ((i % 120) as f32, (i / 120) as f32);
+            *v = ((x * 0.07).sin() * (y * 0.05).cos() * 0.5 + 0.5).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+        }
+        // NaN and infinite samples and NaN protection: infinite energies, never NaN costs.
+        let mut odd = noise(40 * 30 * 3, 255, 11);
+        odd.iter_mut().step_by(13).for_each(|v| *v = f32::NAN);
+        odd.iter_mut().skip(5).step_by(17).for_each(|v| *v = f32::INFINITY);
+        let mut odd_prot = noise(40 * 30, 3, 12);
+        odd_prot.iter_mut().step_by(7).for_each(|v| *v = -f32::NAN);
+        // (w, h, channels, image, protection, seams to remove)
+        type Case = (usize, usize, usize, Vec<f32>, Option<Vec<f32>>, usize);
+        let cases: Vec<Case> = vec![
+            (120, 90, 1, ramp, None, 40),
+            (97, 64, 3, noise(97 * 64 * 3, 2, 5), None, 90),
+            (80, 70, 4, noise(80 * 70 * 4, 1000, 6), Some(noise(80 * 70, 3, 7)), 60),
+            (64, 50, 3, bar(64, 50), None, 63),
+            (33, 1, 1, noise(33, 5, 8), None, 32),
+            (2, 40, 3, noise(2 * 40 * 3, 9, 9), None, 2),
+            (50, 40, 1, vec![0.5; 50 * 40], Some(noise(50 * 40, 2, 10)), 49),
+            (40, 30, 3, odd, Some(odd_prot), 25),
+        ];
+        let bits = |v: &[f32]| v.iter().map(|f| f.to_bits()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        for (case, (w, h, ch, img, prot, seams)) in cases.into_iter().enumerate() {
+            let mut c = Carver::new(w, h, ch, &img, prot.as_deref());
+            for step in 0..=seams {
+                let rows = Rows { stride: c.w, cw: c.cw, off: &c.off };
+                let mut fresh = Dp::default();
+                fresh.full(rows, &c.e);
+                for y in 0..h {
+                    assert_eq!(bits(&c.dp.cost[rows.of(y)]), bits(&fresh.cost[rows.of(y)]), "case {case} step {step} row {y}: costs");
+                }
+                assert_eq!(c.dp.seam(rows), fresh.seam(rows), "case {case} step {step}: seam");
+                // The pixels left, packed, and their energy (plus protection) from scratch.
+                let left: Vec<f32> = (0..h)
+                    .flat_map(|y| c.idx[rows.of(y)].iter().flat_map(move |&x| (0..ch).map(move |k| (y * w + x as usize) * ch + k)))
+                    .map(|i| img[i])
+                    .collect();
+                let mut want = energy(c.cw, h, ch, &left);
+                if let Some(p) = &prot {
+                    let kept = (0..h).flat_map(|y| c.idx[rows.of(y)].iter().map(move |&x| y * w + x as usize));
+                    for (e, i) in want.iter_mut().zip(kept) {
+                        *e += protection(p[i]);
+                    }
+                }
+                let have: Vec<f32> = (0..h).flat_map(|y| c.e[rows.of(y)].to_vec()).collect();
+                assert_eq!(bits(&have), bits(&want), "case {case} step {step}: energy");
+                if step == seams {
+                    assert_eq!(bits(&c.into_pixels()), bits(&left), "case {case}: pixels");
+                    break;
+                }
+                c.remove_seam();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Hostile but well-formed shapes return early instead of panicking: no channels, empty
+    /// sizes (also through the height pass), and images or protection maps shorter than their
+    /// size says (a short map protects nothing).
+    #[test]
+    fn degenerate_inputs_do_not_panic() {
+        assert!(carve(3, 3, 0, &[], None, 2, 2).is_empty());
+        assert!(carve(3, 3, 0, &[], None, 5, 5).is_empty());
+        assert!(transpose(3, 3, 0, &[]).is_empty());
+        assert!(resize_bilinear(3, 3, 0, &[], 2, 2).is_empty());
+        assert!(resize_bilinear(3, 3, 1, &[0.5; 9], 0, 2).is_empty());
+        assert!(resize_bilinear(3, 3, 1, &[0.5; 9], 2, 0).is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(resize_bilinear(3, 3, 1, &[0.5; 4], 2, 2), vec![0.0; 4]);
+        assert!(carve(0, 5, 3, &[], None, 3, 7).is_empty());
+        assert!(carve(0, 5, 3, &[], None, 3, 2).is_empty());
+        let img = noise(10 * 5, 7, 3);
+        assert_eq!(carve(10, 5, 1, &img, Some(&[0.0; 3]), 4, 5), carve(10, 5, 1, &img, None, 4, 5));
+        assert_eq!(carve(10, 5, 1, &img, Some(&[0.0; 3]), 4, 3), carve(10, 5, 1, &img, None, 4, 3));
+        assert_eq!(carve(10, 5, 3, &[0.5; 20], None, 4, 5), vec![0.5; 20]);
+        assert_eq!(carve_width(usize::MAX, 2, 4, &[0.5; 8], None, 1), vec![0.5; 8]);
+        // Values past the size are ignored, through both passes.
+        let long = noise(20, 7, 4);
+        assert_eq!(carve(5, 3, 1, &long, None, 3, 3), carve(5, 3, 1, &long[..15], None, 3, 3));
+        assert_eq!(carve(5, 3, 1, &long, None, 5, 2), carve(5, 3, 1, &long[..15], None, 5, 2));
+    }
+
+    /// Infinite samples, and finite ones whose differences overflow, give energies that aren't
+    /// numbers; those are the highest energy (pinned deliberately: the code before NaN-free costs
+    /// fed NaN to the seam search and chose differently).
+    #[test]
+    fn infinite_samples_carve_deterministically() {
+        let inf = f32::INFINITY;
+        assert_eq!(carve(2, 1, 1, &[inf, 0.5], None, 1, 1), [0.5]);
+        assert_eq!(carve(2, 1, 1, &[f32::MAX, f32::MAX], None, 6, 1), [f32::MAX, inf, inf, inf, inf, f32::MAX]);
+        let mut img = noise(30 * 20 * 3, 255, 41);
+        img.iter_mut().step_by(11).for_each(|v| *v = inf);
+        img.iter_mut().skip(4).step_by(23).for_each(|v| *v = -inf);
+        let out = carve(30, 20, 3, &img, None, 21, 14);
+        assert_eq!(out.len(), 21 * 14 * 3);
+        assert_eq!(out, carve(30, 20, 3, &img, None, 21, 14));
+    }
+
+    /// Infinite protection protects like full protection in the height pass too, where the map
+    /// is resampled (and an infinity alone would resample to NaN).
+    #[test]
+    fn infinite_protection_protects_in_both_passes() {
+        let (w, h) = (6, 6);
+        let img: Vec<f32> = (0..w * h).map(|i| (i * 7 % 5) as f32 / 4.0).collect();
+        let row = |v: f32| (0..w * h).map(|i| if i / w == 2 { v } else { 0.0 }).collect::<Vec<f32>>();
+        let (full, inf) = (row(1.0), row(f32::INFINITY));
+        for (nw, nh) in [(6, 3), (4, 3), (3, 6)] {
+            assert_eq!(carve(w, h, 1, &img, Some(&inf), nw, nh), carve(w, h, 1, &img, Some(&full), nw, nh), "{nw}x{nh}");
+        }
+        let kept = carve(w, h, 1, &img, Some(&inf), 6, 3);
+        assert!(kept.chunks(6).any(|r| r == &img[12..18]), "the protected row survives");
+    }
+
+    /// A cancel that arrives after the seam search, during the tall-image rebuild, still stops
+    /// the carve.
+    #[test]
+    fn proxy_rebuild_observes_cancellation() {
+        use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+        let (w, h, ch, new_w) = (128, PROXY_SHRINK_MIN_HEIGHT, 3, 64);
+        let img = noise(w * h * ch, 7, 5);
+        let calls = AtomicUsize::new(0);
+        // One check per seam passes; the first one after the search cancels.
+        let cancel = || calls.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed) >= w - new_w;
+        assert_eq!(carve_width_with(w, h, ch, &img, None, new_w, &Interrupt::cancel_only(&cancel)), Err(Cancelled));
+        assert!(calls.load(Ordering::Relaxed) > w - new_w, "the rebuild checked for cancellation");
+    }
+
+    /// NaN samples and NaN protection steer seams the same whatever their sign and payload
+    /// (which arithmetic does not preserve consistently across builds): the same pixels are kept.
+    #[test]
+    fn nan_payloads_do_not_steer_seams() {
+        let (w, h, ch) = (24, 18, 3);
+        let (base, prot_base) = (noise(w * h * ch, 255, 21), noise(w * h, 3, 22));
+        let carve_with_nans = |pixel: f32, prot: f32| {
+            let (mut img, mut p) = (base.clone(), prot_base.clone());
+            img.iter_mut().step_by(37).for_each(|v| *v = pixel);
+            p.iter_mut().step_by(29).for_each(|v| *v = prot);
+            carve(w, h, ch, &img, Some(&p), 15, 11)
+        };
+        let canonical = |v: Vec<f32>| v.into_iter().map(|f| if f.is_nan() { u32::MAX } else { f.to_bits() }).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let nans = [f32::NAN, -f32::NAN, f32::from_bits(0x7fc0_1234), f32::from_bits(0xffc0_0001)];
+        let want = canonical(carve_with_nans(nans[0], nans[0]));
+        for &a in &nans {
+            for &b in &nans {
+                assert_eq!(canonical(carve_with_nans(a, b)), want, "pixel NaN {:#x}, protection NaN {:#x}", a.to_bits(), b.to_bits());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn cancelled_carve_stops() {
         let (w, h) = (40, 20);
@@ -852,6 +1272,35 @@ mod tests {
         0x2157_9f86_27d6_b835,
     ];
 
+    /// [`output_bits_are_pinned`] for the reduced-height seam search of tall images (rows at
+    /// least [`PROXY_SHRINK_MIN_HEIGHT`], at least [`PROXY_SHRINK_MIN_SEAMS`] seams): widths and,
+    /// through the transposed pass, heights, with and without protection, on tie-heavy and
+    /// fine-grained noise.
+    #[test]
+    fn tall_proxy_output_bits_are_pinned() {
+        let cases: [(usize, usize, usize, u32, bool, usize, usize); 5] = [
+            (96, PROXY_SHRINK_MIN_HEIGHT, 3, 2, false, 30, PROXY_SHRINK_MIN_HEIGHT),
+            (130, 2_100, 4, 255, true, 64, 2_100),
+            (80, 2_600, 1, 65_536, false, 16, 2_600),
+            (PROXY_SHRINK_MIN_HEIGHT, 90, 3, 5, false, PROXY_SHRINK_MIN_HEIGHT, 20),
+            (2_050, 100, 4, 1000, true, 2_050, 36),
+        ];
+        let got: Vec<u64> = cases
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .map(|(i, &(w, h, ch, levels, prot, nw, nh))| {
+                let img = noise(w * h * ch, levels, 31 + i as u32);
+                let protect = prot.then(|| noise(w * h, 3, 131 + i as u32));
+                let out = carve(w, h, ch, &img, protect.as_deref(), nw, nh);
+                assert_eq!(out.len(), nw * nh * ch);
+                fnv(&out)
+            })
+            .collect();
+        assert_eq!(got, TALL_PINNED);
+    }
+
+    const TALL_PINNED: [u64; 5] = [0x5657_83ac_cb26_56a5, 0x81a6_b5f7_e299_fdfb, 0xcdf2_9df9_9b83_def5, 0xa713_544a_4dcc_d8d8, 0x3557_de9f_ffb0_881e];
+
     #[test]
     fn one_pixel_lines_enlarge_by_repeating() {
         // Width 1 has no seam to spare: its one column is repeated. Height 1 likewise (through
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/segment/grabcut.rs b/crates/algo/src/segment/grabcut.rs
index e1c1d89de0..95ed668e68 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/segment/grabcut.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/segment/grabcut.rs
@@ -141,11 +141,15 @@ pub const OBJECT_AT_WORK_PX: usize = 60_000;
 /// A heuristic, not a semantic segmenter (that is #2788): on a working-resolution copy of the
 /// canvas the area around the point is grown over pixels of similar colour (CIELAB, bounded both
 /// by the distance to the seed's running mean and by the local edge step), so it stops at the
-/// object's outline. A region that grows over most of the canvas is the background: nothing is
-/// found. Otherwise GrabCut refines it inside its padded bounding box (the grown area probable
+/// object's outline. A region covering most of the canvas boundary is treated as background.
+/// Otherwise GrabCut refines it inside its padded bounding box (the grown area probable
 /// foreground, the cursor definite foreground, outside the box definite background), the part
 /// connected to the cursor is kept and the boundary is re-cut at full resolution, as the
 /// rectangle mode does.
+///
+/// When the whole-canvas pass finds nothing in a large document (an object only a few working
+/// pixels wide blurs into its surroundings), the search is repeated at finer steps in windows of
+/// the same working size around the point, down to full resolution.
 pub fn object_at(sampler: &dyn Sampler, canvas: Rect, x: f32, y: f32, work_px: usize) -> Option<Region> {
     if canvas.width() < 4 || canvas.height() < 4 || !x.is_finite() || !y.is_finite() {
         return None;
@@ -154,7 +158,30 @@ pub fn object_at(sampler: &dyn Sampler, canvas: Rect, x: f32, y: f32, work_px: u
     if !canvas.contains(px, py) {
         return None;
     }
-    let step = super::scale_for(canvas, work_px.max(1024));
+    let work_px = work_px.max(1024);
+    let mut step = super::scale_for(canvas, work_px);
+    if let Some(r) = object_in(sampler, canvas, px, py, step) {
+        return Some(r);
+    }
+    // Side (working pixels) of the square windows of the finer passes.
+    let side = (work_px as f64).sqrt() as usize;
+    while step > 1 {
+        step = (step / 4).max(1);
+        let half = (side.saturating_mul(step) / 2).min(i32::MAX as usize / 4) as i32;
+        let window = Rect::new(px.saturating_sub(half), py.saturating_sub(half), px.saturating_add(half), py.saturating_add(half)).intersect(&canvas);
+        if window.width() < 4 || window.height() < 4 {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if let Some(r) = object_in(sampler, window, px, py, step) {
+            return Some(r);
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
+/// One [`object_at`] pass over `canvas` (the document or a window of it) at working step `step`;
+/// `(px, py)` lies inside `canvas`.
+fn object_in(sampler: &dyn Sampler, canvas: Rect, px: i32, py: i32, step: usize) -> Option<Region> {
     let img = sampler.rgb_scaled(canvas, step);
     let (w, h) = (img.w, img.h);
     if w < 2 || h < 2 {
@@ -166,8 +193,9 @@ pub fn object_at(sampler: &dyn Sampler, canvas: Rect, x: f32, y: f32, work_px: u
     let sy = (((py - canvas.y0) as usize) / step).min(h - 1);
     let grown = grow_similar(&lab, w, h, sx, sy);
     let count = grown.iter().filter(|g| **g).count();
-    // Background (or a flat image): no single object under the cursor.
-    if count * 10 > w * h * 6 || count < 4 {
+    let boundary = grown.iter().enumerate().filter(|(i, on)| **on && (i % w == 0 || i % w + 1 == w || i / w == 0 || i / w + 1 == h)).count();
+    // shortcut: cropped objects covering most of the frame need a semantic segmenter (#2788).
+    if boundary * 2 >= 2 * w + 2 * h - 4 || count < 4 {
         return None;
     }
     let (mut x0, mut y0, mut x1, mut y1) = (w, h, 0usize, 0usize);
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/segment/mod.rs b/crates/algo/src/segment/mod.rs
index b30ce909b7..f586453db4 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/segment/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/segment/mod.rs
@@ -524,23 +524,24 @@ fn components4(mask: &[bool], w: usize, h: usize) -> (Vec<u32>, Vec<usize>) {
 /// rule as the magic wand's anti-aliasing).
 pub fn antialias_u8(mask: &mut [u8], w: usize, h: usize) {
     let src = mask.to_vec();
-    let at = |x: i32, y: i32, v: u8| if x < 0 || y < 0 || x >= w as i32 || y >= h as i32 { v } else { src[y as usize * w + x as usize] };
+    // A span whose 3×3 neighbourhood holds one value has no edge pixel, so it is only compared:
+    // most of a full-resolution mask is far from its boundary. 64 pixels keep the three row
+    // compares cheap per pixel, and a span that does reach the boundary costs few extra pixels.
+    const SPAN: usize = 64;
+    let uniform = |y: usize, x0: usize, x1: usize| {
+        let (a, b, v) = (x0.saturating_sub(1), (x1 + 1).min(w), src[y * w + x0]);
+        (y.saturating_sub(1)..(y + 2).min(h)).all(|ny| src[ny * w + a..ny * w + b].iter().all(|n| *n == v))
+    };
     let row = |y: usize, out: &mut [u8]| {
-        for (x, o) in out.iter_mut().enumerate() {
-            let v = src[y * w + x];
-            let mut sum = 0u32;
-            let mut edge = false;
-            for dy in -1..=1 {
-                for dx in -1..=1 {
-                    let n = at(x as i32 + dx, y as i32 + dy, v);
-                    edge |= n != v;
-                    sum += n as u32;
-                }
+        for (c, span) in out.chunks_mut(SPAN).enumerate() {
+            let x0 = c * SPAN;
+            if uniform(y, x0, x0 + span.len()) {
+                continue;
             }
-            if edge {
-                let avg = sum as f32 / (9.0 * 255.0);
-                let f = if v > 127 { 0.5 + 0.5 * avg } else { 0.5 * avg };
-                *o = (f * 255.0).round() as u8;
+            for (i, o) in span.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+                if let Some(v) = edge_value(&src, w, h, x0 + i, y) {
+                    *o = v;
+                }
             }
         }
     };
@@ -553,6 +554,27 @@ pub fn antialias_u8(mask: &mut [u8], w: usize, h: usize) {
     mask.chunks_mut(w).enumerate().for_each(|(y, r)| row(y, r));
 }
 
+/// The anti-aliased value of pixel `(x, y)` of `src` (`w` × `h`), or `None` when every neighbour
+/// in its 3×3 neighbourhood has its value (neighbours outside the mask count as the pixel itself).
+fn edge_value(src: &[u8], w: usize, h: usize, x: usize, y: usize) -> Option<u8> {
+    let v = src[y * w + x];
+    let mut sum = 0u32;
+    let mut edge = false;
+    for dy in -1..=1 {
+        for dx in -1..=1 {
+            let (nx, ny) = (x as i32 + dx, y as i32 + dy);
+            let n = if nx < 0 || ny < 0 || nx >= w as i32 || ny >= h as i32 { v } else { src[ny as usize * w + nx as usize] };
+            edge |= n != v;
+            sum += n as u32;
+        }
+    }
+    edge.then(|| {
+        let avg = sum as f32 / (9.0 * 255.0);
+        let f = if v > 127 { 0.5 + 0.5 * avg } else { 0.5 * avg };
+        (f * 255.0).round() as u8
+    })
+}
+
 /// Shrinks a region's box to its non-zero pixels (`None` if empty).
 pub fn trim_region(r: Region) -> Option<Region> {
     let w = r.bbox.width() as usize;
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/segment/tests.rs b/crates/algo/src/segment/tests.rs
index e060913c9b..135c47b223 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/segment/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/segment/tests.rs
@@ -751,6 +751,38 @@ fn object_at_finds_the_disc_under_the_cursor() {
     assert!(v > 0.9, "IoU {v}");
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn object_at_keeps_large_foregrounds_but_not_the_surrounding_background() {
+    let (w, h) = (400, 300);
+    for margin in [30, 20, 8] {
+        let inside = |x: usize, y: usize| x >= margin && x < w - margin && y >= margin && y < h - margin;
+        let img = RgbImage::from_fn(w, h, |x, y| {
+            let noise = ((x * 13 + y * 7) % 17) as f32 / 850.0;
+            if inside(x, y) { [0.8 + noise, 0.2, 0.1] } else { [0.1, 0.2, 0.8 + noise] }
+        });
+        let truth: Vec<_> = (0..w * h).map(|i| inside(i % w, i / w)).collect();
+        let sampler = ImageSampler { img: &img, origin: (-40, 25) };
+        let canvas = Rect::new(-40, 25, w as i32 - 40, h as i32 + 25);
+        let region = grabcut::object_at(&sampler, canvas, 160.0, 175.0, grabcut::OBJECT_AT_WORK_PX)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("missing large foreground with margin {margin}"));
+        let local = Region { bbox: region.bbox.translate(40, -25), mask: region.mask };
+        assert!(iou(&local, &truth, w, h) > 0.95, "margin {margin}");
+        assert!(grabcut::object_at(&sampler, canvas, -39.0, 26.0, grabcut::OBJECT_AT_WORK_PX).is_none(), "background margin {margin}");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn object_at_allows_a_foreground_touching_one_edge_but_rejects_a_flat_image() {
+    let img = RgbImage::from_fn(400, 300, |x, y| if x < 360 && (20..280).contains(&y) { [0.8, 0.2, 0.1] } else { [0.1, 0.2, 0.8] });
+    let sampler = ImageSampler { img: &img, origin: (0, 0) };
+    let canvas = Rect::new(0, 0, 400, 300);
+    let region = grabcut::object_at(&sampler, canvas, 200.0, 150.0, grabcut::OBJECT_AT_WORK_PX).unwrap();
+    assert!(region.at(0, 150) > 0.9 && region.at(350, 150) > 0.9);
+    assert!(region.at(380, 150) < 0.1 && region.at(200, 5) < 0.1);
+    let flat = RgbImage::from_fn(400, 300, |_, _| [0.5; 3]);
+    assert!(grabcut::object_at(&ImageSampler { img: &flat, origin: (0, 0) }, canvas, 200.0, 150.0, grabcut::OBJECT_AT_WORK_PX).is_none());
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn object_at_on_the_background_or_off_canvas_finds_nothing() {
     let (img, _) = disc_scene(320, 240, 160.0, 120.0, 70.0, 7);
@@ -762,6 +794,28 @@ fn object_at_on_the_background_or_off_canvas_finds_nothing() {
     assert!(grabcut::object_at(&s, canvas, 400.0, 10.0, 0).is_none());
 }
 
+/// #6576: a 24 px object in a 4000×3000 document is found (a 1000×800 one still is).
+#[test]
+fn object_at_finds_small_object_in_large_canvas() {
+    let (w, h) = (4000usize, 3000usize);
+    let canvas = Rect::new(0, 0, w as i32, h as i32);
+    for (ox, oy, ow, oh) in [(188usize, 138usize, 24usize, 24usize), (1500, 1100, 1000, 800)] {
+        let inside = |x: usize, y: usize| x >= ox && x < ox + ow && y >= oy && y < oy + oh;
+        let img = RgbImage::from_fn(w, h, |x, y| if inside(x, y) { [0.8, 0.1, 0.1] } else { [0.9, 0.9, 0.9] });
+        let truth: Vec<bool> = (0..w * h).map(|i| inside(i % w, i / w)).collect();
+        let s = ImageSampler { img: &img, origin: (0, 0) };
+        let (cx, cy) = ((ox + ow / 2) as f32, (oy + oh / 2) as f32);
+        let reg = grabcut::object_at(&s, canvas, cx, cy, grabcut::OBJECT_AT_WORK_PX);
+        let reg = reg.unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("the {ow}×{oh} object is not found"));
+        let v = iou(&reg, &truth, w, h);
+        assert!(v > 0.8, "{ow}×{oh}: IoU {v}");
+    }
+    // The flat background around the small object is still nothing.
+    let img = RgbImage::from_fn(w, h, |x, y| if (188..212).contains(&x) && (138..162).contains(&y) { [0.8, 0.1, 0.1] } else { [0.9, 0.9, 0.9] });
+    let s = ImageSampler { img: &img, origin: (0, 0) };
+    assert!(grabcut::object_at(&s, canvas, 400.0, 300.0, grabcut::OBJECT_AT_WORK_PX).is_none());
+}
+
 // ---------- Select Subject on the cases reported in #2788 ----------
 
 /// A figure whose upper part is close to the background colour (a cream shirt on a near-white
@@ -849,6 +903,50 @@ fn select_subject_leaves_a_background_coloured_gap_open() {
     assert!(v > 0.9, "IoU {v}");
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn antialias_blends_edge_pixels_with_their_neighbourhood() {
+    // A lone selected pixel keeps most of its coverage and its neighbours get half of a ninth;
+    // neighbours outside the mask count as the pixel itself.
+    let mut m = vec![0, 0, 0, 0, 255, 0, 0, 0, 0];
+    antialias_u8(&mut m, 3, 3);
+    assert_eq!(m, [14, 14, 14, 14, 142, 14, 14, 14, 14]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn antialias_skips_only_spans_without_edge_pixels() {
+    // Every pixel through the per-pixel rule, no span skipped.
+    let every_pixel = |mask: &mut [u8], w: usize, h: usize| {
+        let src = mask.to_vec();
+        for y in 0..h {
+            for x in 0..w {
+                if let Some(v) = edge_value(&src, w, h, x, y) {
+                    mask[y * w + x] = v;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    let mut rng = Rng::new(11);
+    // Widths around the 64-pixel span, single rows and columns, discs, noise and stripes.
+    for (w, h) in [(1usize, 1usize), (1, 9), (9, 1), (63, 4), (64, 3), (65, 5), (127, 2), (129, 70), (300, 200)] {
+        let (cx, cy, r) = (w as f32 * 0.6, h as f32 * 0.4, w.min(h) as f32 / 3.0);
+        let masks: Vec<Vec<u8>> = vec![
+            vec![255; w * h],
+            vec![0; w * h],
+            (0..w * h).map(|i| if ((i % w) as f32 - cx).hypot((i / w) as f32 - cy) < r { 255 } else { 0 }).collect(),
+            (0..w * h).map(|_| if rng.f32() < 0.02 { 255 } else { 0 }).collect(),
+            (0..w * h).map(|_| if rng.f32() < 0.5 { 255 } else { 0 }).collect(),
+            (0..w * h).map(|i| if (i % w) / 64 % 2 == 0 { 255 } else { 0 }).collect(),
+            (0..w * h).map(|i| if i % w == w - 1 || i / w == h / 2 { 255 } else { 0 }).collect(),
+        ];
+        for (k, m) in masks.into_iter().enumerate() {
+            let (mut fast, mut slow) = (m.clone(), m);
+            antialias_u8(&mut fast, w, h);
+            every_pixel(&mut slow, w, h);
+            assert!(fast == slow, "{w}×{h} mask {k}");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Timing on a 6 MP figure, for before/after numbers (`cargo test --release -- --ignored select_subject_timing --nocapture`).
 #[test]
 #[ignore = "timing only"]
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/segment/workflow_tests.rs b/crates/algo/src/segment/workflow_tests.rs
index ca3be5b40f..96c6caeb8f 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/segment/workflow_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/segment/workflow_tests.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,28 @@
 use super::*;
+
+#[test]
+#[ignore = "release Object Finder timing on a 24 MP document"]
+#[allow(clippy::assertions_on_constants)]
+fn object_finder_large_foreground_release_timing() {
+    assert!(!cfg!(debug_assertions), "run with --release");
+    let (w, h) = (6000, 4000);
+    let img = RgbImage::from_fn(w, h, |x, y| if (300..5700).contains(&x) && (200..3800).contains(&y) { [0.8, 0.2, 0.1] } else { [0.1, 0.2, 0.8] });
+    let sampler = ImageSampler { img: &img, origin: (0, 0) };
+    let canvas = Rect::new(0, 0, w as i32, h as i32);
+    for (name, x, y) in [("foreground", 3000.0, 2000.0), ("background", 10.0, 10.0)] {
+        let start = std::time::Instant::now();
+        let region = grabcut::object_at(&sampler, canvas, x, y, grabcut::OBJECT_AT_WORK_PX);
+        println!("OBJECT_FINDER {w}x{h} {name}: {:.1} ms", start.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1000.0);
+        if name == "foreground" {
+            let region = region.unwrap();
+            assert!(region.at(3000, 2000) > 0.9 && region.at(310, 210) > 0.9);
+            assert!(region.at(10, 10) < 0.1);
+        } else {
+            assert!(region.is_none());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 #[ignore = "release comparison of actual Quick Selection strokes on 24-36 MP documents"]
 #[allow(clippy::assertions_on_constants)]
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/selection.rs b/crates/algo/src/selection.rs
index 94f744d0be..1e71a502c7 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/selection.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/selection.rs
@@ -761,10 +761,13 @@ pub fn tone_range(px: &[[f32; 4]], lo: f32, hi: f32, falloff: f32) -> Vec<f32> {
 }
 
 mod distance;
+mod lasso;
 mod marquee;
 
 pub use distance::edt;
-pub use marquee::{combine_surfaces, ellipse_surface};
+pub(crate) use lasso::clip_segment;
+pub use lasso::{MAX_PAINTED_TILES, polygon_edge_tiles, polygon_surface};
+pub use marquee::{combine_sparse, combine_surfaces, ellipse_surface};
 
 /// Grows the selection by `r` pixels.
 pub fn expand(m: &[f32], w: usize, h: usize, r: f32) -> Vec<f32> {
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/selection/lasso.rs b/crates/algo/src/selection/lasso.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2471a379b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/algo/src/selection/lasso.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+//! Lasso shapes built straight into tiles (#8783): only the tiles an edge crosses are rasterised,
+//! and every tile wholly inside the polygon shares one solid tile, so a thin lasso across a huge
+//! canvas costs the tiles along its edges, not its bounding box. The bytes are those
+//! [`super::polygon`] gives over the canvas.
+
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use photocraft_color::PixelFormat;
+use photocraft_geom::{Rect, TILE_SIZE, TileCoord};
+use photocraft_raster::{Surface, Tile};
+
+use crate::photo_util::par_map;
+
+const TS: usize = TILE_SIZE as usize;
+
+/// Most partly covered tiles one painted shape (a lasso, a brush stroke) may hold: 2²⁸ pixels'
+/// worth, 256 MB as GRAY8. A thin shape touches a whole tile wherever it passes, so this, not
+/// its area, bounds what painting it allocates.
+pub const MAX_PAINTED_TILES: usize = (1 << 28) / (TS * TS);
+
+/// The part of the segment `a`–`b` inside `r` (Liang–Barsky), or `None` when it misses it.
+pub(crate) fn clip_segment(a: (f32, f32), b: (f32, f32), r: Rect) -> Option<((f32, f32), (f32, f32))> {
+    let (dx, dy) = (b.0 - a.0, b.1 - a.1);
+    let (mut t0, mut t1) = (0.0f32, 1.0f32);
+    for (p, q) in [(-dx, a.0 - r.x0 as f32), (dx, r.x1 as f32 - a.0), (-dy, a.1 - r.y0 as f32), (dy, r.y1 as f32 - a.1)] {
+        if p == 0.0 {
+            if q < 0.0 {
+                return None;
+            }
+        } else {
+            let t = q / p;
+            if p < 0.0 {
+                t0 = t0.max(t);
+            } else {
+                t1 = t1.min(t);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    (t0 <= t1 && t0.is_finite() && t1.is_finite()).then_some(((a.0 + dx * t0, a.1 + dy * t0), (a.0 + dx * t1, a.1 + dy * t1)))
+}
+
+/// The pixels the polygon through `points` can touch within `clip` (its bounding box, grown by a
+/// pixel, as the Lasso has always rasterised it).
+fn polygon_area(points: &[(f32, f32)], clip: Rect) -> Rect {
+    let (mut x0, mut y0, mut x1, mut y1) = (f32::INFINITY, f32::INFINITY, f32::NEG_INFINITY, f32::NEG_INFINITY);
+    for p in points {
+        (x0, y0, x1, y1) = (x0.min(p.0), y0.min(p.1), x1.max(p.0), y1.max(p.1));
+    }
+    if points.len() < 3 || !(x0 <= x1 && y0 <= y1) {
+        return Rect::EMPTY;
+    }
+    let clamp = |v: f32| v.clamp(-1e7, 1e7) as i32;
+    Rect::new(clamp(x0.floor()) - 1, clamp(y0.floor()) - 1, clamp(x1.ceil()) + 1, clamp(y1.ceil()) + 1).intersect(&clip)
+}
+
+/// The tiles of `clip` the edges of the polygon through `points` cross (with a pixel's margin),
+/// in order: the only ones whose pixels can differ. `None` when there are more than `limit`.
+pub fn polygon_edge_tiles(points: &[(f32, f32)], clip: Rect, limit: usize) -> Option<BTreeSet<TileCoord>> {
+    let area = polygon_area(points, clip);
+    let mut set = BTreeSet::new();
+    if area.is_empty() {
+        return Some(set);
+    }
+    let step = TILE_SIZE as f32 / 4.0;
+    for (&a, &b) in points.iter().zip(points.iter().cycle().skip(1)) {
+        let Some((a, b)) = clip_segment(a, b, area.inflate(2)) else { continue };
+        let pieces = ((b.0 - a.0).hypot(b.1 - a.1) / step).ceil().clamp(1.0, 1e6) as usize;
+        let at = |k: usize| {
+            let t = k as f32 / pieces as f32;
+            (a.0 + (b.0 - a.0) * t, a.1 + (b.1 - a.1) * t)
+        };
+        for k in 0..pieces {
+            let (p, q) = (at(k), at(k + 1));
+            let lo = |u: f32, v: f32| u.min(v).floor() as i32 - 1;
+            let hi = |u: f32, v: f32| u.max(v).floor() as i32 + 2;
+            for tc in Rect::new(lo(p.0, q.0), lo(p.1, q.1), hi(p.0, q.0), hi(p.1, q.1)).intersect(&area).tiles() {
+                set.insert(tc);
+                if set.len() > limit {
+                    return None;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    Some(set)
+}
+
+/// One polygon edge, as [`super::polygon`] keeps it.
+struct Edge {
+    top: f32,
+    bottom: f32,
+    a: (f32, f32),
+    b: (f32, f32),
+}
+
+/// The anti-aliased (even-odd) polygon through `points`, cut to `clip`, as a GRAY8 selection: the
+/// bytes of [`super::polygon`] over `clip`, quantised. Edge tiles are rasterised, tiles wholly
+/// inside share one solid tile. `None` when the edges cross more than [`MAX_PAINTED_TILES`] tiles.
+pub fn polygon_surface(points: &[(f32, f32)], clip: Rect) -> Option<Surface> {
+    let mut s = Surface::new(PixelFormat::GRAY8);
+    let area = polygon_area(points, clip);
+    if area.is_empty() {
+        return Some(s);
+    }
+    let edge_tiles = polygon_edge_tiles(points, clip, MAX_PAINTED_TILES)?;
+    const SUB: usize = 4;
+    // Sample rows as `polygon` over `clip` takes them, so the bytes match.
+    let sample_y = |y: i32, k: usize| clip.y0 as f32 + (y - clip.y0) as f32 + (k as f32 + 0.5) / SUB as f32;
+    let mut edges: Vec<Edge> = points
+        .iter()
+        .zip(points.iter().cycle().skip(1))
+        .filter_map(|(&a, &b)| {
+            if a.1 < b.1 {
+                Some(Edge { top: a.1, bottom: b.1, a, b })
+            } else if b.1 < a.1 {
+                Some(Edge { top: b.1, bottom: a.1, a, b })
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+    edges.sort_by(|p, q| p.top.total_cmp(&q.top));
+    let crossings = |e: &[&Edge], y: f32, xs: &mut Vec<f32>| {
+        xs.clear();
+        xs.extend(e.iter().map(|&&Edge { a, b, .. }| a.0 + (y - a.1) / (b.1 - a.1) * (b.0 - a.0)));
+        xs.sort_by(f32::total_cmp);
+    };
+    let full = s.solid_tile(&[1.0]);
+    let blank = s.solid_tile(&[0.0]);
+    let bands: Vec<i32> = Rect::new(area.x0, area.y0, area.x0 + 1, area.y1).tiles().map(|tc| tc.ty).collect();
+    let built = par_map(bands.len(), |bi| -> Vec<(TileCoord, Arc<Tile>)> {
+        let Some(&ty) = bands.get(bi) else { return Vec::new() };
+        let rows = Rect::new(area.x0, ty * TILE_SIZE, area.x1, (ty + 1) * TILE_SIZE).intersect(&area);
+        // In `x` order (`TileCoord` orders by `tx` first).
+        let cols: Vec<TileCoord> = edge_tiles.iter().filter(|tc| tc.ty == ty).copied().collect();
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        let (first, last) = (sample_y(rows.y0, 0), sample_y(rows.y1 - 1, SUB - 1));
+        let reach = edges.partition_point(|e| e.top <= last);
+        let band_edges = edges.get(..reach).unwrap_or_default();
+        let mut xs: Vec<f32> = Vec::new();
+        // Tiles no edge crosses are wholly in or out: one sample row decides them all.
+        let y_mid = sample_y(rows.y0 + rows.height() as i32 / 2, 0);
+        let mid: Vec<&Edge> = band_edges.iter().filter(|e| e.top <= y_mid && e.bottom > y_mid).collect();
+        crossings(&mid, y_mid, &mut xs);
+        for tc in rows.tiles() {
+            if cols.binary_search(&tc).is_ok() {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let tr = tc.rect().intersect(&rows);
+            let cx = (tr.x0 + tr.x1) as f32 / 2.0;
+            if xs.partition_point(|x| *x <= cx) % 2 == 0 {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if tr == tc.rect() {
+                out.push((tc, Arc::clone(&full)));
+            } else {
+                let mut tile = Tile::clone(&blank);
+                fill(&mut tile, tc, tr, u8::MAX);
+                out.push((tc, Arc::new(tile)));
+            }
+        }
+        if cols.is_empty() {
+            return out;
+        }
+        // The edge tiles: `polygon`'s scanline, accumulated only over their columns.
+        let x_of = |tc: &TileCoord| tc.rect().intersect(&rows);
+        let spans: Vec<Rect> = cols.iter().map(x_of).collect();
+        let mut acc = vec![0.0f32; cols.len() * TS];
+        let mut tiles: Vec<Tile> = cols.iter().map(|_| Tile::clone(&blank)).collect();
+        let mut pending = band_edges.iter().filter(|e| e.bottom > first).peekable();
+        let mut active: Vec<&Edge> = Vec::new();
+        let origin = clip.x0 as f32;
+        for y in rows.y0..rows.y1 {
+            acc.fill(0.0);
+            for k in 0..SUB {
+                let sy = sample_y(y, k);
+                while let Some(e) = pending.next_if(|e| e.top <= sy) {
+                    active.push(e);
+                }
+                active.retain(|e| e.bottom > sy);
+                if active.is_empty() {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                crossings(&active, sy, &mut xs);
+                for pair in xs.as_chunks::<2>().0 {
+                    let (x0, x1) = ((pair[0] - origin).max(0.0), (pair[1] - origin).min(clip.width() as f32));
+                    if x1 <= x0 {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    let (c0, c1) = (clip.x0 + x0.floor() as i32, clip.x0 + x1.ceil() as i32);
+                    let start = spans.partition_point(|r| r.x1 <= c0);
+                    for (ci, r) in spans.iter().enumerate().skip(start).take_while(|(_, r)| r.x0 < c1) {
+                        for x in c0.max(r.x0)..c1.min(r.x1) {
+                            let cx = (x - clip.x0) as f32;
+                            let cov = (cx + 1.0).min(x1) - cx.max(x0);
+                            if let Some(v) = acc.get_mut(ci * TS + (x - r.x0) as usize) {
+                                *v += cov.max(0.0) / SUB as f32;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            for ((r, tile), row) in spans.iter().zip(&mut tiles).zip(acc.as_chunks::<TS>().0) {
+                let base = y.rem_euclid(TILE_SIZE) as usize * TS + r.x0.rem_euclid(TILE_SIZE) as usize;
+                let Some(dst) = tile.bytes_mut().get_mut(base..base + r.width() as usize) else { continue };
+                for (d, v) in dst.iter_mut().zip(row) {
+                    *d = (v.min(1.0).clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 255.0).round() as u8;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        for (tc, tile) in cols.into_iter().zip(tiles) {
+            let (lo, hi) = tile.bytes().iter().fold((u8::MAX, 0u8), |(lo, hi), v| (lo.min(*v), hi.max(*v)));
+            if hi > 0 {
+                out.push((tc, if lo == u8::MAX { Arc::clone(&full) } else { Arc::new(tile) }));
+            }
+        }
+        out
+    });
+    s.put_tiles(built.into_iter().flatten());
+    Some(s)
+}
+
+/// Sets `tr` (within tile `tc`) to `v`.
+fn fill(tile: &mut Tile, tc: TileCoord, tr: Rect, v: u8) {
+    let o = tc.rect();
+    for y in tr.y0..tr.y1 {
+        let base = (y - o.y0) as usize * TS;
+        if let Some(row) = tile.bytes_mut().get_mut(base + (tr.x0 - o.x0) as usize..base + (tr.x1 - o.x0) as usize) {
+            row.fill(v);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// The dense rasteriser over `clip`, quantised as the Lasso stores it.
+    fn dense(points: &[(f32, f32)], clip: Rect) -> Surface {
+        let m: Vec<u8> = super::super::polygon(points, clip, true).iter().map(|v| (v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 255.0).round() as u8).collect();
+        let mut s = Surface::from_interleaved(PixelFormat::GRAY8, clip, &m);
+        s.prune();
+        s
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn matches_the_dense_polygon() {
+        let clip = Rect::new(-40, 10, 1300, 900);
+        let shapes: [&[(f32, f32)]; 6] = [
+            &[(10.5, 20.25), (1200.0, 40.0), (600.0, 880.7)],
+            // Whole tiles inside, edges exactly on tile boundaries.
+            &[(0.0, 256.0), (768.0, 256.0), (768.0, 768.0), (0.0, 768.0)],
+            // Self-intersecting (even-odd), past the clip.
+            &[(-300.0, -50.0), (1500.0, 950.0), (1500.0, -50.0), (-300.0, 950.0)],
+            &[(100.0, 100.0), (101.0, 100.0), (100.5, 700.0)],
+            &[(5.0, 15.0), (5.0, 15.0), (5.0, 15.0)],
+            &[(2000.0, 2000.0), (2100.0, 2000.0), (2000.0, 2100.0)],
+        ];
+        for pts in shapes {
+            let s = polygon_surface(pts, clip).expect("within the tile limit");
+            let d = dense(pts, clip);
+            let area = clip.union(&s.tile_bounds());
+            assert!(s.read_region(area) == d.read_region(area), "{pts:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A thin sliver across a 100,000 px canvas: only the tiles along it are built (the dense
+    /// rasteriser allocated its 10-billion-pixel bounding box; the #8783 review).
+    #[test]
+    fn a_thin_sliver_across_a_huge_canvas_costs_its_edge_tiles() {
+        let clip = Rect::new(0, 0, 100_000, 100_000);
+        let sliver = [(0.0, 0.0), (99_999.0, 99_999.0), (0.0, 1.5)];
+        let tiles = polygon_edge_tiles(&sliver, clip, MAX_PAINTED_TILES).expect("within the limit");
+        assert!(tiles.len() < 2000, "{}", tiles.len());
+        let s = polygon_surface(&sliver, clip).expect("within the limit");
+        assert!(s.tile_count() <= tiles.len());
+        assert!(s.pixel(50_000, 50_000)[0] > 0.0 && s.pixel(50_000, 40_000)[0] == 0.0);
+        // A zigzag that crosses more tiles than the limit is refused.
+        let zigzag: Vec<(f32, f32)> = (0..200).map(|i| (if i % 2 == 0 { 0.0 } else { 99_999.0 }, i as f32 * 500.0)).collect();
+        assert!(polygon_edge_tiles(&zigzag, clip, MAX_PAINTED_TILES).is_none());
+        assert!(polygon_surface(&zigzag, clip).is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_huge_polygon_shares_one_tile_inside() {
+        let clip = Rect::new(0, 0, 51_200, 51_200);
+        let s = polygon_surface(&[(-10.0, -10.0), (60_000.0, -10.0), (60_000.0, 60_000.0), (-10.0, 60_000.0)], clip).expect("no edge tiles");
+        let shared = s.tiles().map(|(_, t)| Arc::as_ptr(t)).collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+        assert!(s.tile_count() == 200 * 200 && shared.len() == 1, "{} tiles, {} distinct", s.tile_count(), shared.len());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/selection/marquee.rs b/crates/algo/src/selection/marquee.rs
index 7dd861164a..c4830ae134 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/selection/marquee.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/selection/marquee.rs
@@ -236,6 +236,60 @@ pub fn combine_surfaces(a: &Surface, b: &Surface, area: Rect, f: impl Fn(f32, f3
     out
 }
 
+/// [`combine_surfaces`] for an `f` that keeps `a` wherever `b` reads 0 (Add, Subtract), visiting
+/// only `b`'s tiles within `area`: the rest of `a` (its other tiles and its untouched value) is
+/// kept as it is, so painting a thin stroke across a huge canvas costs the tiles it paints, not
+/// the canvas (#8783). Falls back to [`combine_surfaces`] over `area` for other inputs.
+pub fn combine_sparse(a: &Surface, b: &Surface, area: Rect, f: impl Fn(f32, f32) -> f32) -> Surface {
+    let gray = PixelFormat::GRAY8;
+    let lut: Vec<u8> = (0..=u16::MAX).map(|i| encode8(f(decode8((i >> 8) as u8), decode8(i as u8)))).collect();
+    let pair = |x: u8, y: u8| lut.get(usize::from(x) << 8 | usize::from(y)).copied().unwrap_or(0);
+    if a.format() != gray || b.format() != gray || b.default_bytes() != [0] || !(0..=255u8).all(|v| pair(v, 0) == v) {
+        return combine_surfaces(a, b, area, f);
+    }
+    let da = a.default_bytes().first().copied().unwrap_or(0);
+    let mut out = a.clone();
+    let (full, untouched) = (out.solid_tile(&[1.0]), out.solid_tile(&[decode8(da)]));
+    let coords: Vec<TileCoord> = b.tiles().map(|(c, _)| *c).filter(|c| !c.rect().intersect(&area).is_empty()).collect();
+    // Each tile: `Some(tile)` to store, `None` when it reads as `a`'s untouched value.
+    let built = par_map(coords.len(), |k| {
+        let tc = *coords.get(k)?;
+        let rect = tc.rect();
+        let tr = rect.intersect(&area);
+        let tb = b.tile(tc)?;
+        let mut tile = Tile::clone(a.tile(tc).unwrap_or(&untouched));
+        let data = tile.bytes_mut();
+        let (x0, x1) = ((tr.x0 - rect.x0) as usize, (tr.x1 - rect.x0) as usize);
+        for ly in (tr.y0 - rect.y0) as usize..(tr.y1 - rect.y0) as usize {
+            let (s, e) = (ly * TS + x0, ly * TS + x1);
+            let (Some(dst), Some(src)) = (data.get_mut(s..e), tb.bytes().get(s..e)) else { continue };
+            for (d, y) in dst.iter_mut().zip(src) {
+                *d = pair(*d, *y);
+            }
+        }
+        let (lo, hi) = tile.bytes().iter().fold((u8::MAX, 0u8), |(lo, hi), v| (lo.min(*v), hi.max(*v)));
+        Some((
+            tc,
+            if lo == da && hi == da {
+                None
+            } else if lo == u8::MAX {
+                Some(Arc::clone(&full))
+            } else {
+                Some(Arc::new(tile))
+            },
+        ))
+    });
+    for (tc, tile) in built.into_iter().flatten() {
+        match tile {
+            Some(t) => out.put_tiles([(tc, t)]),
+            // `take_tiles` only allocates for a tile that is missing; this one is there.
+            None if out.tile(tc).is_some() => drop(out.take_tiles(tc.rect())),
+            None => {}
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
@@ -311,4 +365,30 @@ mod tests {
             }
         }
     }
+
+    /// Add and Subtract through only the new shape's tiles give the bytes of the whole-area
+    /// combination, keep the old selection's other tiles shared, and keep an untouched value
+    /// (a layer mask's reveal-all) outside them.
+    #[test]
+    fn sparse_combination_matches_the_whole_area_one() {
+        let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 1100, 700);
+        let mut rect = Surface::new(PixelFormat::GRAY8);
+        rect.fill_rect(Rect::from_xywh(200, 100, 600, 520), &[1.0]);
+        let ell = old_ellipse(Rect::from_xywh(-60, 250, 700, 500), area, true);
+        let far = ellipse_surface(Rect::from_xywh(900, 20, 150, 150), area, true);
+        let ops: [fn(f32, f32) -> f32; 2] = [|a, b| a.max(b), |a, b| (a - b).max(0.0)];
+        for (a, b) in [(&rect, &ell), (&ell, &rect), (&ell, &ell), (&rect, &far)] {
+            for f in ops {
+                let sparse = combine_sparse(a, b, area, f);
+                assert!(sparse.read_region(area) == old_combine(a, b, area, f).read_region(area));
+                assert!(sparse.tiles().all(|(_, t)| t.bytes().iter().any(|v| *v != 0)), "no empty tiles kept");
+            }
+        }
+        let kept = combine_sparse(&rect, &far, area, |a, b| a.max(b));
+        let tc = TileCoord::new(1, 1);
+        assert!(Arc::ptr_eq(kept.tile(tc).expect("kept"), rect.tile(tc).expect("there")), "untouched tiles stay shared");
+        let reveal = Surface::with_default(PixelFormat::GRAY8, &[1.0]);
+        let cut = combine_sparse(&reveal, &far, area, |a, b| (a - b).max(0.0));
+        assert!(cut.pixel(5000, 5000)[0] == 1.0 && cut.pixel(975, 95)[0] == 0.0);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/smart_blur_tests.rs b/crates/algo/src/smart_blur_tests.rs
index 47290e2425..505764e42e 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/smart_blur_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/smart_blur_tests.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! The pre-#7921 Smart Blur (every neighbour read per channel through `Image::get`) stays as an
 //! exact oracle: the offset fast path must give the same bits for every mode, depth and layout.
-use super::*;
+use super::{BlurQuality, Ctx, Image, MAXC, Rect, SmartBlurMode, native, ncol, smart_blur, unpremul_px, xy};
 use photocraft_color::ColorMode;
 
 #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/stylize2/tests.rs b/crates/algo/src/stylize2/tests.rs
index 3d7f6b5235..c7139153af 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/stylize2/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/stylize2/tests.rs
@@ -29,14 +29,25 @@ const MODELS: [ColorMode; 8] =
 #[test]
 fn swept_blocks_match_the_pixel_search() {
     let bounds = Rect::new(-13, -9, 31, 26);
+    // Unless the heights are level-based, the colour mode reaches extrude only through the channel
+    // count and whether the samples are CMYK ink, so modes that agree on both repeat those cases.
+    // A run takes a quarter of the rest, a different quarter each day.
+    let mut seen = std::collections::HashSet::new();
+    let sweep = photocraft_testkit::Sweep::new(4);
+    let mut case = 0;
     for mode in MODELS {
         for alpha in [false, true] {
             let n = PixelFormat::new(mode, SampleType::F32, alpha).channels();
             let ctx = Ctx { bounds, mode, alpha };
+            let repeat = !seen.insert((n, alpha, mode == ColorMode::Cmyk));
             for kind in 0..5 {
                 let src = image(bounds.inflate(20), n, kind);
                 for (size, depth) in [(2.0, 0.0), (2.0, 255.0), (3.5, 190.0), (8.0, 64.0), (22.0, 255.0), (255.0, 100.0)] {
-                    for flags in 0..8 {
+                    for flags in (0..8).filter(|f| !repeat || f & 1 != 0) {
+                        case += 1;
+                        if !sweep.includes(case) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
                         let spec = ExtrudeSpec {
                             kind: ExtrudeType::Blocks,
                             size,
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/tests.rs b/crates/algo/src/tests.rs
index b7fc92113c..6d7e879346 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/tests.rs
@@ -640,3 +640,12 @@ fn mix_selection_reads_the_selection_once_per_tile() {
         assert!(a.iter().zip(&b).all(|(x, y)| x.to_bits() == y.to_bits()), "alpha {alpha}: results differ");
     }
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn blur_halos_follow_the_clamped_radius_and_never_overflow() {
+    let smart = |radius| FilterParams::SmartBlur { radius, threshold: 25.0, quality: BlurQuality::default(), mode: SmartBlurMode::default() };
+    assert_eq!(smart(1e9).halo(), Halo::Radius(101));
+    assert_eq!(smart(f32::INFINITY).halo(), Halo::Radius(101));
+    let gaussian = FilterParams::GaussianBlur { radius: f32::INFINITY };
+    assert_eq!(gaussian.halo(), Halo::Radius(i32::MAX));
+}
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/tests_tilt_shift.rs b/crates/algo/src/tests_tilt_shift.rs
index 88066ca9d6..b82dd1c2c4 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/tests_tilt_shift.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/tests_tilt_shift.rs
@@ -52,11 +52,19 @@ fn tilt_shift_matches_frozen_kernel_at_band_boundaries_and_edges() {
     }
     cases.push(params(80.0, (0.5, 0.5), 0.0, 5.0, 0.1));
     cases.push(params(80.0, (-5.0, -5.0), 27.0, 0.1, 0.15));
+    // The channel count and alpha are independent of the band geometry: a run takes a quarter of
+    // their combinations, a different quarter each day.
+    let sweep = photocraft_testkit::Sweep::new(4);
+    let mut case = 0;
     for ch in 1..=6 {
         let src = image(bounds.inflate(12), ch);
         for alpha in [false, true] {
             let ctx = Ctx { bounds, mode: ColorMode::Rgb, alpha };
             for p in &cases {
+                case += 1;
+                if !sweep.includes(case) {
+                    continue;
+                }
                 check(&src, bounds, &ctx, p);
                 check(&src, Rect::new(-7, 17, 15, 39), &ctx, p);
             }
@@ -146,6 +154,10 @@ fn tilt_shift_depths_models_selection_and_tile_edges_match_reference() {
     selection.fill_rect(bounds, &[0.4]);
     selection.fill_rect(Rect::new(3, 19, 35, 44), &[1.0]);
     selection.fill_rect(Rect::new(10, 20, 20, 30), &[0.0]);
+    // Pixel formats and tile layouts are independent: a run takes a quarter of their combinations,
+    // a different quarter each day.
+    let sweep = photocraft_testkit::Sweep::new(4);
+    let mut case = 0;
     for mode in [
         ColorMode::Rgb,
         ColorMode::Grayscale,
@@ -167,6 +179,10 @@ fn tilt_shift_depths_models_selection_and_tile_edges_match_reference() {
                 assert_eq!(p.halo_for(bounds), crate::Halo::Radius(radius));
                 for extent in [None, Some(bounds)] {
                     for tile in [16, 47, 128] {
+                        case += 1;
+                        if !sweep.includes(case) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
                         let got = crate::apply_tiled(&surface, &p, area, bounds, Some(&selection), tile, extent);
                         let mut want = surface.clone();
                         for y in (area.y0..area.y1).step_by(tile as usize) {
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/transform.rs b/crates/algo/src/transform.rs
index 428ae3cd09..3edd0a1879 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/transform.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/transform.rs
@@ -512,8 +512,11 @@ fn warp(
                 any = true;
                 let o = ((y - t.y0) as usize * w + (x - t.x0) as usize) * n;
                 for c in 0..a {
-                    // Integer storage clips on write; float colours retain their signed/HDR range.
-                    outp[o + c] = (acc[c] / al) as f32;
+                    // Un-premultiply by the unclamped alpha: bicubic overshoots it past 1 next to
+                    // partly transparent pixels, and dividing by the clamped 1 would lighten the
+                    // colour by the overshoot (#6203). Integer storage clips on write; float
+                    // colours retain their signed/HDR range.
+                    outp[o + c] = (acc[c] / acc[a]) as f32;
                 }
                 outp[o + a] = al as f32;
             }
@@ -837,6 +840,32 @@ mod tests {
         assert!((p[0] - 0.2).abs() < 0.01 && p[3] > 0.99, "{p:?}");
     }
 
+    /// #6203: a bicubic rotation of a sprite whose edge pixels are partly transparent overshoots
+    /// its alpha past 1. The colour must stay the sprite's, not grow with the overshoot into a
+    /// light border.
+    #[test]
+    fn rotation_keeps_the_colour_of_a_soft_edged_sprite() {
+        let mut s = rgba();
+        s.fill_rect(Rect::new(10, 10, 30, 30), &[0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.5]);
+        s.fill_rect(Rect::new(11, 11, 29, 29), &[0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 1.0]);
+        let (c, k) = (20.0, std::f64::consts::FRAC_1_SQRT_2 * 10.0);
+        let q = [[c, c - 2.0 * k], [c + 2.0 * k, c], [c, c + 2.0 * k], [c - 2.0 * k, c]];
+        let h = Homography::rect_to_quad([10.0, 10.0, 30.0, 30.0], q).unwrap();
+        for interp in [Interp::Bicubic, Interp::Bilinear] {
+            let out = warp_surface(&s, s.content_bounds(), &h, interp).unwrap();
+            let b = out.content_bounds();
+            for y in b.y0..b.y1 {
+                for x in b.x0..b.x1 {
+                    let p = out.pixel(x, y);
+                    if p[3] > 0.0 {
+                        let off = (0..3).map(|i| (p[i] - [0.8, 0.6, 0.4][i]).abs()).fold(0.0f32, f32::max);
+                        assert!(off <= 1.0 / 255.0, "{interp:?} ({x}, {y}): {p:?}");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn large_downscale_is_prefiltered() {
         // A 1px checkerboard shrunk 8× must come out ~50% grey, not aliased black/white.
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/vanishing.rs b/crates/algo/src/vanishing.rs
index 1cf39b23ec..25ae5609ef 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/vanishing.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/vanishing.rs
@@ -324,33 +324,114 @@ pub fn paste(scene: &Scene, i: usize, src: &Surface, src_rect: Rect, at: [f64; 2
     Ok(Some(out))
 }
 
+/// The fixed frame of one clone stroke: the source and destination planes, the source offset in
+/// plane-metric units and the brush radius, all set at the stroke's anchor (its first dab).
+struct CloneFrame {
+    hs: Homography,
+    ls: (f64, f64),
+    hd: Homography,
+    hd_inv: Homography,
+    ld: (f64, f64),
+    offset: [f64; 2],
+    r_m: f64,
+}
+
+impl CloneFrame {
+    fn new(scene: &Scene, source: [f64; 2], anchor: [f64; 2], size: f64) -> Option<CloneFrame> {
+        let (ps, pd) = (scene.plane_at(source)?, scene.plane_at(anchor)?);
+        let ((hs, lus, lvs), (hd, lud, lvd)) = (scene.frame(ps)?, scene.frame(pd)?);
+        let (hs_inv, hd_inv) = (hs.inverse()?, hd.inverse()?);
+        let ms = metric(&hs_inv, (lus, lvs), source);
+        let md0 = metric(&hd_inv, (lud, lvd), anchor);
+        // Brush radius in metric units (from the image size at the anchor).
+        let probe = metric(&hd_inv, (lud, lvd), [anchor[0] + size / 2.0, anchor[1]]);
+        let r_m = ((probe[0] - md0[0]).hypot(probe[1] - md0[1])).max(1e-9);
+        let offset = [ms[0] - md0[0], ms[1] - md0[1]];
+        (offset.iter().all(|v| v.is_finite()) && r_m.is_finite()).then_some(CloneFrame { hs, ls: (lus, lvs), hd, hd_inv, ld: (lud, lvd), offset, r_m })
+    }
+
+    /// The source point (image px) that destination `p` copies from.
+    fn source_of(&self, p: [f64; 2]) -> [f64; 2] {
+        let m = metric(&self.hd_inv, self.ld, p);
+        let (x, y) = self.hs.apply((m[0] + self.offset[0]) / self.ls.0, (m[1] + self.offset[1]) / self.ls.1);
+        [x, y]
+    }
+}
+
+/// Image point → plane-metric coordinates through the plane's inverse homography.
+fn metric(inv: &Homography, l: (f64, f64), p: [f64; 2]) -> [f64; 2] {
+    let (u, v) = inv.apply(p[0], p[1]);
+    [u * l.0, v * l.1]
+}
+
 /// Perspective clone stamp: one stroke of dabs at image points `points` on the destination
 /// plane, copying from `source` (image px) with the offset fixed in plane-metric units at the
 /// first dab. `size` is the brush diameter in px at the first dab; `hardness` 0..=1.
 pub fn clone_stroke(scene: &Scene, surf: &mut Surface, source: [f64; 2], points: &[[f64; 2]], size: f64, hardness: f64, opacity: f32) -> usize {
     let Some(first) = points.first() else { return 0 };
-    let (Some(ps), Some(pd)) = (scene.plane_at(source), scene.plane_at(*first)) else { return 0 };
-    let (Some((hs, lus, lvs)), Some((hd, lud, lvd))) = (scene.frame(ps), scene.frame(pd)) else { return 0 };
-    let (Some(hs_inv), Some(hd_inv)) = (hs.inverse(), hd.inverse()) else { return 0 };
-    let metric = |inv: &Homography, lu: f64, lv: f64, p: [f64; 2]| {
-        let (u, v) = inv.apply(p[0], p[1]);
-        [u * lu, v * lv]
-    };
-    let ms = metric(&hs_inv, lus, lvs, source);
-    let md0 = metric(&hd_inv, lud, lvd, *first);
-    let offset = [ms[0] - md0[0], ms[1] - md0[1]];
-    // Brush radius in metric units (from the image size at the first dab).
-    let probe = metric(&hd_inv, lud, lvd, [first[0] + size / 2.0, first[1]]);
-    let r_m = ((probe[0] - md0[0]).hypot(probe[1] - md0[1])).max(1e-9);
+    clone_dabs(scene, surf, source, *first, points, size, hardness, opacity, None).0
+}
+
+/// Where a clone stroke that starts at `anchor` copying from `source` samples for destination
+/// `p`: the same plane-metric offset. A live preview paints a stroke in pieces with it, and
+/// Aligned strokes keep the first stroke's offset. `None` when `source` or `anchor` is off the
+/// planes.
+pub fn clone_source(scene: &Scene, source: [f64; 2], anchor: [f64; 2], p: [f64; 2]) -> Option<[f64; 2]> {
+    let s = CloneFrame::new(scene, source, anchor, 1.0)?.source_of(p);
+    s.iter().all(|v| v.is_finite()).then_some(s)
+}
+
+/// [`clone_stroke`]'s dabs at `points` for a stroke anchored at `anchor` (its first dab, which
+/// fixes the offset and the brush's metric size). Samples a snapshot taken at this call.
+/// For incremental painting use [`clone_dabs_from`] with one snapshot per stroke.
+/// With `clip`, every dab is cut to it before any read or write (a document passes its canvas,
+/// so far off-canvas points allocate no tiles). Returns the dabs painted and the area they changed.
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub fn clone_dabs(
+    scene: &Scene,
+    surf: &mut Surface,
+    source: [f64; 2],
+    anchor: [f64; 2],
+    points: &[[f64; 2]],
+    size: f64,
+    hardness: f64,
+    opacity: f32,
+    clip: Option<Rect>,
+) -> (usize, Rect) {
     let src_copy = surf.clone();
+    clone_dabs_from(scene, surf, &src_copy, source, anchor, points, size, hardness, opacity, clip)
+}
+
+/// Paint a batch of one stroke using the same immutable source snapshot for every batch.
+/// Source and destination must have the same pixel format; otherwise no dabs are painted.
+/// `clip` as in [`clone_dabs`].
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub fn clone_dabs_from(
+    scene: &Scene,
+    surf: &mut Surface,
+    src_copy: &Surface,
+    source: [f64; 2],
+    anchor: [f64; 2],
+    points: &[[f64; 2]],
+    size: f64,
+    hardness: f64,
+    opacity: f32,
+    clip: Option<Rect>,
+) -> (usize, Rect) {
+    if surf.format() != src_copy.format() {
+        return (0, Rect::EMPTY);
+    }
+    let Some(f) = CloneFrame::new(scene, source, anchor, size) else { return (0, Rect::EMPTY) };
+    let CloneFrame { hs, ls: (lus, lvs), hd, hd_inv, ld: (lud, lvd), offset, r_m } = f;
     let fmt = surf.format();
     let n = fmt.channels();
     // Scratch for `sample`: the dab's source pixels, the four bilinear corners, the result.
     let mut win = Window { area: Rect::new(0, 0, 0, 0), data: Vec::new() };
     let (mut corners, mut s) = (vec![0.0f32; 4 * n], vec![0.0f32; n]);
     let mut dabs = 0;
+    let mut changed_area = Rect::EMPTY;
     for p in points {
-        let mc = metric(&hd_inv, lud, lvd, *p);
+        let mc = metric(&hd_inv, (lud, lvd), *p);
         // Image-space footprint: map a metric circle's bounding points.
         let footprint = |h: &Homography, lu: f64, lv: f64, c: [f64; 2]| {
             let mut bb = [f64::MAX, f64::MAX, f64::MIN, f64::MIN];
@@ -359,12 +440,19 @@ pub fn clone_stroke(scene: &Scene, surf: &mut Surface, source: [f64; 2], points:
                 let (x, y) = h.apply((c[0] + r_m * a.cos()) / lu, (c[1] + r_m * a.sin()) / lv);
                 bb = [bb[0].min(x), bb[1].min(y), bb[2].max(x), bb[3].max(y)];
             }
+            if bb.iter().any(|v| !v.is_finite()) {
+                return Rect::EMPTY;
+            }
             Rect::new(bb[0].floor() as i32, bb[1].floor() as i32, (bb[2].ceil() as i32).saturating_add(1), (bb[3].ceil() as i32).saturating_add(1))
         };
         let area = footprint(&hd, lud, lvd, mc);
         if area.is_empty() || area.width() > 4096 || area.height() > 4096 {
             continue;
         }
+        let area = clip.map_or(area, |c| area.intersect(&c));
+        if area.is_empty() {
+            continue;
+        }
         // The source footprint, read once; `sample` reads any pixel outside it from the surface.
         // Skipped when it dwarfs the destination (cloning from near to far in strong perspective):
         // decoding it would cost more than the few per-pixel reads it saves.
@@ -385,9 +473,9 @@ pub fn clone_stroke(scene: &Scene, surf: &mut Surface, source: [f64; 2], points:
         let mut changed = false;
         for (i, px) in data.chunks_exact_mut(n).enumerate() {
             let (x, y) = (area.x0 as f64 + (i % w) as f64 + 0.5, area.y0 as f64 + (i / w) as f64 + 0.5);
-            let m = metric(&hd_inv, lud, lvd, [x, y]);
+            let m = metric(&hd_inv, (lud, lvd), [x, y]);
             let d = (m[0] - mc[0]).hypot(m[1] - mc[1]) / r_m;
-            if d >= 1.0 {
+            if d >= 1.0 || d.is_nan() {
                 continue;
             }
             let hard = hardness.clamp(0.0, 0.99);
@@ -396,7 +484,7 @@ pub fn clone_stroke(scene: &Scene, surf: &mut Surface, source: [f64; 2], points:
             // Source pixel at the same metric offset.
             let sm = [m[0] + offset[0], m[1] + offset[1]];
             let (sx, sy) = hs.apply(sm[0] / lus, sm[1] / lvs);
-            sample(&src_copy, &win, sx - 0.5, sy - 0.5, &mut corners, &mut s);
+            sample(src_copy, &win, sx - 0.5, sy - 0.5, &mut corners, &mut s);
             for c in 0..n {
                 px[c] += (s[c] - px[c]) * k;
             }
@@ -405,9 +493,10 @@ pub fn clone_stroke(scene: &Scene, surf: &mut Surface, source: [f64; 2], points:
         if changed {
             surf.write_region(area, &data);
             dabs += 1;
+            changed_area = if changed_area.is_empty() { area } else { changed_area.union(&area) };
         }
     }
-    dabs
+    (dabs, changed_area)
 }
 
 /// Pixels of `area` read from the source surface (`read_region` layout).
@@ -421,6 +510,10 @@ struct Window {
 /// read from `s`.
 fn sample(s: &Surface, win: &Window, x: f64, y: f64, corners: &mut Vec<f32>, out: &mut [f32]) {
     let n = out.len();
+    if !x.is_finite() || !y.is_finite() {
+        out.fill(0.0);
+        return;
+    }
     let (x0, y0) = (x.floor() as i32, y.floor() as i32);
     let (tx, ty) = ((x - x0 as f64) as f32, (y - y0 as f64) as f32);
     let (x1, y1) = (x0.saturating_add(1), y0.saturating_add(1));
@@ -537,6 +630,42 @@ mod tests {
         let n = clone_stroke(&sc, &mut s, [sx, sy], &[[dx, dy]], 10.0, 0.8, 1.0);
         assert_eq!(n, 1);
         assert!(s.rgba(dx as i32, dy as i32)[0] > 0.8, "{:?}", s.rgba(dx as i32, dy as i32));
+        // The stroke's anchor copies from the source itself.
+        let back = clone_source(&sc, [sx, sy], [dx, dy], [dx, dy]).unwrap();
+        assert!((back[0] - sx).abs() < 1e-6 && (back[1] - sy).abs() < 1e-6, "{back:?}");
+    }
+    #[test]
+    fn incremental_clone_uses_one_source_snapshot_per_stroke() {
+        let sc = Scene::new(VpPlane { corners: [[0.0, 0.0], [100.0, 0.0], [100.0, 100.0], [0.0, 100.0]] }, [50.0, 50.0], None, 800.0);
+        for fmt in [PixelFormat::RGBA8, PixelFormat::RGBA16, PixelFormat::RGBA32F] {
+            let mut original = Surface::new(fmt);
+            for x in 0..100 {
+                original.fill_rect(Rect::new(x, 0, x + 1, 100), &[x as f32 / 100.0, (x % 7) as f32 / 6.0, 0.3, 1.0]);
+            }
+            let points = [[40.0, 50.0], [44.0, 50.0], [48.0, 50.0], [52.0, 50.0]];
+            let mut whole = original.clone();
+            assert_eq!(clone_stroke(&sc, &mut whole, [36.0, 50.0], &points, 12.0, 0.8, 1.0), 4);
+            let mut pieces = original.clone();
+            for part in points.chunks(2) {
+                clone_dabs_from(&sc, &mut pieces, &original, [36.0, 50.0], points[0], part, 12.0, 0.8, 1.0, None);
+            }
+            assert_eq!(whole.read_region(Rect::new(0, 0, 100, 100)), pieces.read_region(Rect::new(0, 0, 100, 100)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A clip cuts every dab before it reads or writes: dabs far outside it allocate no tiles.
+    #[test]
+    fn clipped_clone_allocates_no_tiles_outside_the_clip() {
+        let sc = Scene::new(VpPlane { corners: [[0.0, 0.0], [100.0, 0.0], [100.0, 100.0], [0.0, 100.0]] }, [50.0, 50.0], None, 800.0);
+        let clip = Rect::new(0, 0, 100, 100);
+        let mut s = Surface::new(PixelFormat::RGBA8);
+        s.fill_rect(clip, &[0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0]);
+        let tiles = s.tiles().count();
+        let points = [[50.0, 50.0], [-40.0, 50.0], [5000.0, 5000.0], [-90_000.0, 70_000.0]];
+        let (dabs, area) = clone_dabs(&sc, &mut s, [40.0, 50.0], points[0], &points, 20.0, 0.8, 1.0, Some(clip));
+        assert_eq!(dabs, 1);
+        assert!(clip.contains_rect(&area), "{area:?}");
+        assert_eq!(s.tiles().count(), tiles);
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/video.rs b/crates/algo/src/video.rs
index bbd093b0a8..512768fb7a 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/video.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/video.rs
@@ -88,3 +88,162 @@ pub(crate) fn ntsc(src: &Image, out: Rect, ctx: &Ctx) -> Vec<f32> {
     }
     res
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::{FilterParams, apply};
+    use photocraft_color::{PixelFormat, SampleType};
+    use photocraft_raster::Surface;
+
+    const DEPTHS: [SampleType; 3] = [SampleType::U8, SampleType::U16, SampleType::F32];
+
+    fn tolerance(depth: SampleType) -> f32 {
+        match depth {
+            SampleType::U8 => 1.0 / 255.0,
+            SampleType::U16 => 1.0 / 65535.0,
+            SampleType::F32 => 1e-6,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn rows(depth: SampleType, bounds: Rect, pixels: &[[f32; 4]]) -> Surface {
+        let mut src = Surface::new(PixelFormat::new(ColorMode::Rgb, depth, true));
+        for (row, px) in pixels.iter().enumerate() {
+            let y = bounds.y0 + row as i32;
+            src.fill_rect(Rect::new(bounds.x0, y, bounds.x1, y + 1), px);
+        }
+        src
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn deinterlace_all_field_and_interpolation_choices_use_bounds_relative_rows() {
+        // Odd document origin: parity is relative to the bounds, not absolute y.
+        let b = Rect::new(-2, 11, 0, 16);
+        let pixels = [0.0, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0].map(|v| [v, 1.0 - v, v / 2.0, 1.0]);
+        for depth in DEPTHS {
+            let src = rows(depth, b, &pixels);
+            let before = src.read_region(b);
+            for (eliminate_even, interpolate, neighbours) in [
+                (false, false, [(1, 1), (1, 1), (1, 1), (3, 3), (3, 3)]),
+                (false, true, [(1, 1), (1, 1), (1, 3), (3, 3), (3, 3)]),
+                (true, false, [(0, 0), (0, 0), (2, 2), (2, 2), (4, 4)]),
+                (true, true, [(0, 0), (0, 2), (2, 2), (2, 4), (4, 4)]),
+            ] {
+                let out = apply(&src, &FilterParams::DeInterlace { eliminate_even, interpolate }, b, b, None);
+                for (row, (a, c)) in neighbours.into_iter().enumerate() {
+                    for x in b.x0..b.x1 {
+                        let (pa, pc) = (src.pixel(x, b.y0 + a), src.pixel(x, b.y0 + c));
+                        let actual = out.pixel(x, b.y0 + row as i32);
+                        for channel in 0..4 {
+                            let expected = (pa[channel] + pc[channel]) / 2.0;
+                            assert!(
+                                (actual[channel] - expected).abs() <= tolerance(depth),
+                                "{depth:?}, even={eliminate_even}, interp={interpolate}, row={row}: {actual:?}"
+                            );
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            assert_eq!(src.read_region(b), before);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn deinterlace_interpolation_weights_colour_by_alpha() {
+        let b = Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 3);
+        for depth in DEPTHS {
+            for [a, c] in [[0.25, 0.75], [1.0, 0.0], [0.0, 0.0]] {
+                let src = rows(depth, b, &[[1.0, 0.0, 0.0, a], [0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0], [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, c]]);
+                let out = apply(&src, &FilterParams::DeInterlace { eliminate_even: true, interpolate: true }, b, b, None);
+                let (a, c) = (src.pixel(0, 0)[3], src.pixel(0, 2)[3]);
+                let total = a + c;
+                let expected = if total > 0.0 { [a / total, 0.0, c / total, total / 2.0] } else { [0.0; 4] };
+                let actual = out.pixel(0, 1);
+                for (v, want) in actual.iter().zip(expected) {
+                    assert!((v - want).abs() <= tolerance(depth), "{depth:?}: {actual:?} != {expected:?}");
+                }
+                assert_eq!(out.pixel(0, 0), src.pixel(0, 0));
+                assert_eq!(out.pixel(0, 2), src.pixel(0, 2));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn deinterlace_one_and_two_row_images_without_alpha_handle_missing_neighbours() {
+        for depth in DEPTHS {
+            for height in [1, 2] {
+                let b = Rect::new(0, -3, 1, -3 + height);
+                let mut src = Surface::new(PixelFormat::new(ColorMode::Grayscale, depth, false));
+                src.fill_rect(b, &[0.2]);
+                if height == 2 {
+                    src.fill_rect(Rect::new(0, -2, 1, -1), &[0.8]);
+                }
+                for eliminate_even in [false, true] {
+                    for interpolate in [false, true] {
+                        let out = apply(&src, &FilterParams::DeInterlace { eliminate_even, interpolate }, b, b, None);
+                        let kept_y = if height == 2 && !eliminate_even { -2 } else { -3 };
+                        for y in b.y0..b.y1 {
+                            assert_eq!(out.pixel(0, y), src.pixel(0, kept_y), "{depth:?}, height={height}, even={eliminate_even}, interp={interpolate}");
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn deinterlace_leaves_pixels_outside_reference_bounds_unchanged() {
+        let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 5);
+        let b = Rect::new(0, 1, 1, 4);
+        let src = rows(SampleType::F32, area, &[[0.1; 4], [0.2; 4], [0.4; 4], [0.8; 4], [1.0; 4]]);
+        for eliminate_even in [false, true] {
+            for interpolate in [false, true] {
+                let out = apply(&src, &FilterParams::DeInterlace { eliminate_even, interpolate }, area, b, None);
+                assert_eq!(out.pixel(0, 0), src.pixel(0, 0));
+                assert_eq!(out.pixel(0, 4), src.pixel(0, 4));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ntsc_safe_colours_and_alpha_are_bit_exact_at_all_depths() {
+        let b = Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 5);
+        for depth in DEPTHS {
+            let src = rows(depth, b, &[[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0], [0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.25], [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.75], [0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 1.0], [1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0]]);
+            let out = apply(&src, &FilterParams::NtscColors, b, b, None);
+            assert_eq!(out.read_region(b), src.read_region(b), "{depth:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn luma_chroma(p: &[f32]) -> (f32, f32) {
+        let y = 0.299 * p[0] + 0.587 * p[1] + 0.114 * p[2];
+        let i = 0.595716 * p[0] - 0.274453 * p[1] - 0.321263 * p[2];
+        let q = 0.211456 * p[0] - 0.522591 * p[1] + 0.311135 * p[2];
+        (y, i.hypot(q))
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ntsc_saturated_colours_keep_luma_alpha_and_meet_composite_limits() {
+        // Independent signal checks: -20..120 IRE relative to the 7.5..100 IRE luma range.
+        let (lo, hi) = ((-20.0 - 7.5) / 92.5, (120.0 - 7.5) / 92.5);
+        let colours = [[1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0], [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.25], [1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.5], [0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.75]];
+        let b = Rect::new(0, 0, 1, colours.len() as i32);
+        for depth in DEPTHS {
+            let src = rows(depth, b, &colours);
+            let out = apply(&src, &FilterParams::NtscColors, b, b, None);
+            // The rounded YIQ inverse contributes < 0.0003; integer writes add one sample step.
+            let eps = 0.0003 + 2.0 * tolerance(depth);
+            for y in b.y0..b.y1 {
+                let (before, after) = (src.pixel(0, y), out.pixel(0, y));
+                let (y0, c0) = luma_chroma(&before);
+                let (y1, c1) = luma_chroma(&after);
+                assert!(y0 - c0 < lo || y0 + c0 > hi, "fixture must require correction");
+                assert!(c1 < c0, "chroma not reduced: {depth:?} {after:?}");
+                assert!((y1 - y0).abs() <= eps, "luma changed: {depth:?} {before:?} -> {after:?}");
+                assert!(y1 - c1 >= lo - eps && y1 + c1 <= hi + eps, "signal out of gamut: {depth:?} {after:?}");
+                assert!(after[..3].iter().all(|v| v.is_finite() && *v >= 0.0 && *v <= 1.0));
+                assert_eq!(after[3], before[3], "alpha changed: {depth:?}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/algo/src/warp.rs b/crates/algo/src/warp.rs
index 23c5d29237..87c6bde2c3 100644
--- a/crates/algo/src/warp.rs
+++ b/crates/algo/src/warp.rs
@@ -164,6 +164,11 @@ pub fn warp_triangles(src: &Surface, src_rect: Rect, verts: &[([f64; 2], [f64; 2
 
 /// [`warp_triangles`], reporting progress per destination tile to `ctl`. A cancelled `ctl` skips
 /// the remaining tiles; the caller discards the result.
+/// Destination tiles one triangle render may keep bookkeeping for (a 1M-tile render is 69 Gpx).
+const MAX_DST_TILES: u64 = 1 << 20;
+/// Source pixels one destination tile may read densely.
+const MAX_FOOTPRINT_PIXELS: u64 = 1 << 25;
+
 fn triangles(src: &Surface, src_rect: Rect, verts: &[([f64; 2], [f64; 2])], tris: &[[usize; 3]], interp: Interp, ctl: &Interrupt) -> Surface {
     let mut fmt = src.format();
     let converted;
@@ -190,6 +195,12 @@ fn triangles(src: &Surface, src_rect: Rect, verts: &[([f64; 2], [f64; 2])], tris
         y1 = y1.max(v.0[1]);
     }
     let dst = Rect::new(x0.max(-lim).floor() as i32 - 1, y0.max(-lim).floor() as i32 - 1, x1.min(lim).ceil() as i32 + 1, y1.min(lim).ceil() as i32 + 1);
+    // Bookkeeping is kept per destination tile, so a mesh flung across the whole coordinate range
+    // would ask for millions of entries before drawing anything: draw nothing instead.
+    let ts_px = photocraft_geom::TILE_SIZE as u64;
+    if u64::from(dst.width()).div_ceil(ts_px).saturating_add(1).saturating_mul(u64::from(dst.height()).div_ceil(ts_px).saturating_add(1)) > MAX_DST_TILES {
+        return out;
+    }
     // Triangles: (vertex indices), binned per destination tile.
     let tiles: Vec<Rect> = dst.tiles().map(|tc| tc.rect().intersect(&dst)).filter(|r| !r.is_empty()).collect();
     let mut bins: Vec<Vec<[usize; 3]>> = vec![Vec::new(); tiles.len()];
@@ -304,7 +315,11 @@ fn triangles(src: &Surface, src_rect: Rect, verts: &[([f64; 2], [f64; 2])], tris
             return None;
         }
         let foot = Rect::new(fx0.floor() as i32 - 3, fy0.floor() as i32 - 3, fx1.ceil() as i32 + 3, fy1.ceil() as i32 + 3).intersect(&src_rect);
-        if foot.is_empty() || !src.has_tiles_in(foot) {
+        // Sparse components far apart in the source can land in one tile: the dense window
+        // between them is not read (the tile stays empty). The pixel-area cap is checked first:
+        // `has_tiles_in` walks the source tile grid, so an oversized footprint must return
+        // without paying for that scan.
+        if foot.is_empty() || foot.size().area() > MAX_FOOTPRINT_PIXELS || !src.has_tiles_in(foot) {
             return None;
         }
         let mut px = src.read_region(foot);
@@ -431,7 +446,8 @@ fn triangles(src: &Surface, src_rect: Rect, verts: &[([f64; 2], [f64; 2])], tris
             any = true;
             let b = o * n;
             for c in 0..a {
-                outp[b + c] = (acc[c] / al).clamp(0.0, 1.0) as f32;
+                // The unclamped alpha, so a bicubic overshoot past 1 doesn't lighten the colour (#6203).
+                outp[b + c] = (acc[c] / acc[a]).clamp(0.0, 1.0) as f32;
             }
             outp[b + a] = al as f32;
         }
@@ -509,6 +525,18 @@ mod tests {
         surf
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn a_mesh_flung_across_the_coordinate_range_gets_no_per_tile_bookkeeping() {
+        // About 8000 × 8000 destination tiles from three vertices.
+        let src = sample(SampleType::U8);
+        let far = 1_000_000.0;
+        let verts = [([-far, -far], [0.0, 0.0]), ([far, -far], [40.0, 0.0]), ([0.0, far], [0.0, 24.0])];
+        let t = std::time::Instant::now();
+        let out = warp_triangles(&src, Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 24), &verts, &[[0, 1, 2]], Interp::Nearest);
+        assert!(out.content_bounds().is_empty());
+        assert!(t.elapsed().as_secs() < 5);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn a_thin_layer_stretched_into_a_curve_keeps_the_curve() {
         // #5793: a 3 px wide column stretched 100x and bent into an arch. The grid was sized in
@@ -588,6 +616,28 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn a_rotated_soft_edged_sprite_keeps_its_colour() {
+        // #6203, as in Free Transform: the bicubic alpha overshoots past 1 next to the half
+        // transparent edge, and must not lighten the colour.
+        let mut src = Surface::new(PixelFormat::new(ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8, true));
+        src.fill_rect(Rect::new(10, 10, 30, 30), &[0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.5]);
+        src.fill_rect(Rect::new(11, 11, 29, 29), &[0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 1.0]);
+        let k = std::f64::consts::FRAC_1_SQRT_2;
+        let rotate = |x: f64, y: f64| (20.0 + (x - 20.0) * k - (y - 20.0) * k, 20.0 + (x - 20.0) * k + (y - 20.0) * k);
+        let out = warp_mesh_surface(&src, src.content_bounds(), &rotate, Interp::Bicubic);
+        let b = out.content_bounds();
+        for y in b.y0..b.y1 {
+            for x in b.x0..b.x1 {
+                let p = out.pixel(x, y);
+                if p[3] > 0.0 {
+                    let off = (0..3).map(|i| (p[i] - [0.8, 0.6, 0.4][i]).abs()).fold(0.0f32, f32::max);
+                    assert!(off <= 1.0 / 255.0, "({x}, {y}): {p:?}");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn translation_and_known_arc_points() {
         let src = sample(SampleType::U8);
diff --git a/crates/algo/tests/it/liquify_freeze_formats.rs b/crates/algo/tests/it/liquify_freeze_formats.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e5def7106f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/algo/tests/it/liquify_freeze_formats.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+//! Final-render coverage for #7989, extending the boundary fix in #8012.
+use photocraft_algo::liquify::{LiquifyField, LiquifyStroke, LiquifyTool, apply_liquify};
+use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, PixelFormat, SampleType};
+use photocraft_geom::Rect;
+use photocraft_raster::Surface;
+
+fn bounds() -> Rect {
+    // Cross the tile boundary at x=256, with a nonzero origin on both axes.
+    Rect::new(192, -32, 320, 96)
+}
+
+fn source(mode: ColorMode, sample: SampleType) -> Surface {
+    let format = PixelFormat::new(mode, sample, true);
+    let mut pixels = Vec::with_capacity(128 * 128 * format.channels());
+    for y in 0..128 {
+        for x in 0..128 {
+            let alpha = if (48..52).contains(&x) { 0.0 } else { ((x + 3 * y) % 5 + 1) as f32 / 5.0 };
+            for channel in 0..mode.color_channels() {
+                pixels.push(if alpha == 0.0 { 0.0 } else { ((x * 19 + y * 7 + channel * 43) % 251 + 2) as f32 / 255.0 });
+            }
+            pixels.push(alpha);
+        }
+    }
+    let mut source = Surface::new(format);
+    source.write_region(bounds(), &pixels);
+    source
+}
+
+fn warp(points: &[[f64; 2]], size: f64, pressure: f64) -> LiquifyStroke {
+    let mut stroke = LiquifyStroke::new(LiquifyTool::ForwardWarp, size);
+    stroke.pressure = pressure;
+    stroke.points = points.iter().map(|point| point.to_vec()).collect();
+    stroke
+}
+
+fn freeze_left() -> LiquifyStroke {
+    let mut stroke = LiquifyStroke::new(LiquifyTool::LassoMask, 1.0);
+    stroke.amount = Some(1.0);
+    stroke.points = vec![vec![192.0, -32.0], vec![256.0, -32.0], vec![256.0, 96.0], vec![192.0, 96.0]];
+    stroke
+}
+
+fn check_frozen_output(prior_warp: bool) {
+    for mode in [ColorMode::Grayscale, ColorMode::Rgb, ColorMode::Cmyk] {
+        for sample in [SampleType::U8, SampleType::U16, SampleType::F32] {
+            let source = source(mode, sample);
+            for cell in [2.5, 4.0] {
+                let mut strokes = Vec::new();
+                if prior_warp {
+                    strokes.push(warp(&[[238.0, 20.0], [261.0, 28.0]], 64.0, 55.0));
+                }
+                strokes.push(freeze_left());
+                let mut field = LiquifyField::from_strokes(bounds(), cell, &strokes);
+                // #8012 establishes the bilinear mapping when the mask is applied.
+                // This test checks later edits, not exact pre-mask cubic preservation.
+                let before = apply_liquify(&source, &field);
+                assert_eq!(before.format(), source.format());
+                assert_eq!(before == source, !prior_warp, "the fixture must retain an earlier warp and keep a fresh mask-only operation unchanged");
+                strokes.push(warp(&[[268.0, 32.0], [252.0, 32.0]], 48.0, 80.0));
+                field.apply_stroke(&strokes[strokes.len() - 1]);
+                let after = apply_liquify(&source, &field);
+                assert_eq!(after.format(), source.format());
+
+                let (mut protected, mut fractional_alpha, mut unfrozen_changes) = (0, 0, 0);
+                let mut frozen_warped = 0;
+                for y in bounds().y0..bounds().y1 {
+                    for x in bounds().x0..bounds().x1 {
+                        let pixel = before.pixel(x, y);
+                        if field.freeze_at(f64::from(x) + 0.5, f64::from(y) + 0.5) == 1.0 {
+                            protected += 1;
+                            frozen_warped += usize::from(pixel != source.pixel(x, y));
+                            let alpha = pixel[mode.color_channels()];
+                            fractional_alpha += usize::from(alpha > 0.0 && alpha < 1.0);
+                            // An unchanged F32 pixel can round on premultiply/unpremultiply.
+                            // Integer-depth pixels must remain exactly equal.
+                            let tolerance = if sample == SampleType::F32 { 4.0 * f32::EPSILON } else { 0.0 };
+                            for (channel, (actual, expected)) in after.pixel(x, y).iter().zip(&pixel).enumerate() {
+                                assert!(
+                                    (actual - expected).abs() <= tolerance,
+                                    "{mode:?}/{sample:?}, mesh {cell}, prior warp {prior_warp}: frozen channel {channel} changed at {x},{y}: {expected} -> {actual}"
+                                );
+                            }
+                        } else if field.freeze_at(f64::from(x) + 0.5, f64::from(y) + 0.5) == 0.0 {
+                            unfrozen_changes += usize::from(after.pixel(x, y) != pixel);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                assert!(protected > 7_000 && fractional_alpha > 3_000, "the fixture must cover frozen pixels with fractional alpha");
+                assert_eq!(frozen_warped > 0, prior_warp, "the fixture must retain the earlier warp inside the fully frozen region");
+                assert!(unfrozen_changes > 0, "the adjacent unfrozen region must still move");
+                let replay = LiquifyField::from_strokes(bounds(), cell, &strokes);
+                assert!(field == replay, "stroke replay must reproduce the field exactly");
+                assert!(apply_liquify(&source, &replay) == after, "stroke replay must reproduce the final pixels exactly");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn fresh_frozen_output_preserves_color_and_alpha_across_formats() {
+    check_frozen_output(false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn existing_frozen_mapping_survives_adjacent_warps_across_formats() {
+    check_frozen_output(true);
+}
diff --git a/crates/algo/tests/it/liquify_source_footprint.rs b/crates/algo/tests/it/liquify_source_footprint.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..759567827f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/algo/tests/it/liquify_source_footprint.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+//! Liquify source reads must depend on the mapping, not the output tile phase.
+use photocraft_algo::liquify::{LiquifyField, LiquifyStroke, LiquifyTool, apply_liquify};
+use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, PixelFormat, SampleType};
+use photocraft_geom::Rect;
+use photocraft_raster::Surface;
+
+/// Keeps the document size fixed while moving its edges relative to global tiles.
+fn bounds(shift: i32) -> Rect {
+    Rect::new(shift, 0, shift + 1024, 512)
+}
+
+/// Builds translated copies of RGB ramps and alternating columns so missing
+/// interpolation taps change the sampled colors.
+fn source(sample: SampleType, shift: i32) -> Surface {
+    let mut surface = Surface::new(PixelFormat::new(ColorMode::Rgb, sample, false));
+    let mut row = vec![0.0; 1024 * 3];
+    for y in 0..512 {
+        for (x, pixel) in row.as_chunks_mut::<3>().0.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+            *pixel = [x as f32 / 1024.0, (x % 2) as f32, y as f32 / 512.0];
+        }
+        surface.write_region(Rect::new(shift, y, shift + 1024, y + 1), &row);
+    }
+    surface
+}
+
+/// Creates matching brush paths in document-relative coordinates, optionally
+/// beside a frozen region that gives the displacement field a sharp boundary.
+fn strokes(shift: i32, masked: bool) -> Vec<LiquifyStroke> {
+    let offset = f64::from(shift);
+    let mut strokes = Vec::new();
+    if masked {
+        let mut freeze = LiquifyStroke::new(LiquifyTool::LassoMask, 1.0);
+        freeze.amount = Some(1.0);
+        freeze.points = vec![vec![offset, 0.0], vec![offset + 508.0, 0.0], vec![offset + 508.0, 512.0], vec![offset, 512.0]];
+        strokes.push(freeze);
+    }
+    let mut warp = LiquifyStroke::new(LiquifyTool::ForwardWarp, 512.0);
+    warp.density = 100.0;
+    warp.points = vec![vec![offset + 512.0, 256.5], vec![offset + 499.2, 256.5]];
+    strokes.extend(std::iter::repeat_n(warp, 8));
+    for stroke in &strokes {
+        stroke.validate().expect("the fixture uses supported brush parameters");
+    }
+    strokes
+}
+
+/// Checks that a half-tile translation preserves editable output across sample
+/// depths and mesh sizes when image content and brush paths move together.
+fn check_tile_translation(masked: bool) {
+    for sample in [SampleType::U8, SampleType::U16, SampleType::F32] {
+        let original = source(sample, 0);
+        let translated = source(sample, 128);
+        for cell in [2.0, 4.0] {
+            let field = LiquifyField::from_strokes(bounds(0), cell, &strokes(0, masked));
+            let shifted_field = LiquifyField::from_strokes(bounds(128), cell, &strokes(128, masked));
+            if masked {
+                assert!(field.d == shifted_field.d, "translation must preserve the nodal displacement values");
+            }
+            // The reported pixels lie entirely on the editable side of the mask.
+            assert_eq!(field.freeze_at(509.5, 220.5), 0.0);
+            assert_eq!(shifted_field.freeze_at(637.5, 220.5), 0.0);
+            let output = apply_liquify(&original, &field);
+            let shifted_output = apply_liquify(&translated, &shifted_field);
+            assert_ne!(output.pixel(509, 220), original.pixel(509, 220), "the fixture must actually warp the inspected strip");
+            let mut worst = 0.0f32;
+            // Translation changes which output tile contains this strip, while
+            // preserving the relative source image, brush path and document edges.
+            for y in 220..290 {
+                for x in 509..512 {
+                    let a = output.pixel(x, y);
+                    let b = shifted_output.pixel(x + 128, y);
+                    for (a, b) in a.iter().zip(&b) {
+                        worst = worst.max((a - b).abs());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // Coordinate translation can perturb the last few F32 arithmetic bits.
+            // This is far smaller than the clipped source-stencil error.
+            let tolerance = if sample == SampleType::F32 { 2e-6 } else { 0.0 };
+            assert!(worst <= tolerance, "{sample:?}, meshSize {cell}, masked={masked}: moving the document by half a tile changed output by {worst}");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn cubic_source_footprint_is_independent_of_output_tile_phase() {
+    check_tile_translation(true);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ordinary_unmasked_warp_is_independent_of_output_tile_phase() {
+    check_tile_translation(false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn source_reads_still_clamp_at_the_document_edge() {
+    let mut warp = LiquifyStroke::new(LiquifyTool::ForwardWarp, 256.0);
+    warp.density = 100.0;
+    warp.points = vec![vec![1008.0, 256.5], vec![944.0, 256.5]];
+    warp.validate().expect("the edge fixture uses supported brush parameters");
+    let field = LiquifyField::from_strokes(bounds(0), 4.0, &[warp]);
+    assert!(field.sample(1023.5, 256.5)[0] > 4.0, "the fixture must sample beyond the right document edge");
+    for sample in [SampleType::U8, SampleType::U16, SampleType::F32] {
+        let original = source(sample, 0);
+        let output = apply_liquify(&original, &field);
+        assert_eq!(output.pixel(1023, 256), original.pixel(1023, 256), "{sample:?}: an out-of-document source read must repeat the true document edge");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/algo/tests/it/main.rs b/crates/algo/tests/it/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e611f93cb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/algo/tests/it/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+//! The crate's integration tests, linked into one test binary.
+
+mod liquify_freeze_formats;
+mod liquify_source_footprint;
+mod retouch_blur_exact;
+mod warp_clipped;
diff --git a/crates/algo/tests/retouch_blur_exact.rs b/crates/algo/tests/it/retouch_blur_exact.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/algo/tests/retouch_blur_exact.rs
rename to crates/algo/tests/it/retouch_blur_exact.rs
diff --git a/crates/algo/tests/warp_clipped.rs b/crates/algo/tests/it/warp_clipped.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/algo/tests/warp_clipped.rs
rename to crates/algo/tests/it/warp_clipped.rs
diff --git a/crates/automation/Cargo.toml b/crates/automation/Cargo.toml
index f5e88b3591..13ab9c527b 100644
--- a/crates/automation/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/automation/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ rust-version.workspace = true
 workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
-photocraft-geom = { workspace = true }
 photocraft-doc = { workspace = true }
 photocraft-compose = { workspace = true }
 photocraft-codecs = { workspace = true }
@@ -22,12 +21,15 @@ serde_json = { workspace = true }
 thiserror = { workspace = true }
 rmcp = { version = "3.5", default-features = false, features = ["server", "macros", "transport-io"] }
 tokio = { version = "1", features = ["rt-multi-thread", "macros", "io-std", "sync", "net", "io-util", "time"] }
-base64 = "0.22"
+base64 = "0.23"
 schemars = "1"
 getrandom = { workspace = true }
 cap-std = "4"
+clap = { workspace = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
+# Synthetic camera raws (#7789).
+photocraft-raw = { workspace = true, features = ["testgen"] }
 rmcp = { version = "3.5", default-features = false, features = ["client", "server", "macros", "transport-io"] }
 tokio = { version = "1", features = ["rt-multi-thread", "macros", "io-std", "sync", "net", "io-util", "time"] }
 
diff --git a/crates/automation/src/args.rs b/crates/automation/src/args.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5c6dd666a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/automation/src/args.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+//! The control and automation launch options, as clap types: `photocraft-cli mcp` and `serve`
+//! flatten them, and so does the desktop app (#7071), so each flag and its environment variable
+//! are declared once. A flag wins over its variable.
+//!
+//! Parse with [`blank_env_is_unset`] applied to the arguments, so an empty variable counts as unset,
+//! and pass a parse error through [`name_env_vars`], so a bad value names the variable it came from.
+//! Check the token pair with [`conflict`] only where a token is used, so a stale exported pair
+//! doesn't stop a launch that needs none.
+
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use clap::builder::NonEmptyStringValueParser;
+use clap::error::{ContextKind, ContextValue, ErrorKind};
+use clap::parser::ValueSource;
+use clap::{Arg, ArgMatches, Args, Command};
+
+use crate::{AuthorizedWorkspace, AutomationError};
+
+/// The control token, for a server or for a client of one.
+#[derive(Args)]
+pub struct ControlArgs {
+    /// The control token (64 hex digits)
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "64-HEX", env = "PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN", hide_env_values = true, value_parser = NonEmptyStringValueParser::new())]
+    pub control_token: Option<String>,
+    /// A file holding the control token, used instead of --control-token (a server creates it
+    /// when missing)
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "PATH", env = "PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN_FILE")]
+    pub control_token_file: Option<PathBuf>,
+}
+
+/// The folders automation may touch. Without a root, that direction of access is denied. No
+/// variable stands in for them here: one exported for the desktop app must not widen headless
+/// `photocraft-cli` access (#1551); the desktop app adds its own.
+#[derive(Args)]
+pub struct AutomationArgs {
+    /// The folder automation may read from (none without it)
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "DIR")]
+    pub automation_read_root: Option<PathBuf>,
+    /// The folder automation may write to (none without it)
+    #[arg(long, value_name = "DIR")]
+    pub automation_write_root: Option<PathBuf>,
+}
+
+impl AutomationArgs {
+    /// The roots, opened as capabilities.
+    pub fn workspace(&self) -> Result<AuthorizedWorkspace, AutomationError> {
+        AuthorizedWorkspace::new(self.automation_read_root.as_deref(), self.automation_write_root.as_deref())
+    }
+}
+
+/// A control port, for clap's `value_parser`: `photocraft --control`, `photocraft-cli serve --port`
+/// and PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT, which may carry spaces.
+pub fn control_port(s: &str) -> Result<u16, NotAPort> {
+    s.trim().parse().map_err(|_| NotAPort)
+}
+
+/// A [`control_port`] value that isn't a port.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, thiserror::Error)]
+#[error("expected a port, 0-65535")]
+pub struct NotAPort;
+
+/// For `Command::mut_args`: an empty or blank variable counts as unset, so `PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT=`
+/// turns a fallback off without `unset` (#2491). clap would pass the empty value to the parser.
+pub fn blank_env_is_unset(arg: Arg) -> Arg {
+    let blank = arg.get_env().and_then(std::env::var_os).is_some_and(|v| v.to_str().is_some_and(|v| v.trim().is_empty()));
+    if blank { arg.env(None::<&str>) } else { arg }
+}
+
+/// clap names the flag when a value from its variable is bad or conflicts with another, as if the
+/// flag had been given: name the variable instead when the flag isn't among `args` (without the
+/// binary name; a first one naming a subcommand selects whose arguments to look in) (#2491).
+pub fn name_env_vars(mut error: clap::Error, cmd: &Command, args: &[OsString]) -> clap::Error {
+    // `--flag value` or `--flag=value`.
+    let given = |long: &str| args.iter().filter_map(|a| a.to_str()?.strip_prefix("--")?.strip_prefix(long)).any(|r| r.is_empty() || r.starts_with('='));
+    let sub = args.first().and_then(|name| cmd.find_subcommand(name)).unwrap_or(cmd);
+    for kind in [ContextKind::InvalidArg, ContextKind::PriorArg] {
+        let Some(ContextValue::String(shown)) = error.get(kind) else { continue };
+        let Some(arg) = sub.get_arguments().find(|a| a.to_string() == *shown) else { continue };
+        let (Some(long), Some(var)) = (arg.get_long(), arg.get_env()) else { continue };
+        if !given(long) {
+            error.insert(kind, ContextValue::String(var.to_string_lossy().into_owned()));
+        }
+    }
+    error
+}
+
+/// clap's either/or usage error when `m`, parsed by `cmd`, has both `a` and `b`, each named as it was
+/// given: the flag, or its variable. For a conflict that depends on the mode, such as the token pair
+/// (only a server or bridge reads a token), which clap's `conflicts_with` can't express.
+pub fn conflict(cmd: &mut Command, m: &ArgMatches, a: &str, b: &str) -> Result<(), clap::Error> {
+    if m.value_source(a).is_none() || m.value_source(b).is_none() {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    let shown = |id: &str| {
+        let arg = cmd.get_arguments().find(|arg| arg.get_id() == id);
+        match (m.value_source(id), arg.and_then(Arg::get_env)) {
+            (Some(ValueSource::EnvVariable), Some(var)) => var.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+            _ => arg.map_or_else(|| id.to_owned(), |arg| arg.to_string()),
+        }
+    };
+    let message = format!("the argument '{}' cannot be used with '{}'", shown(a), shown(b));
+    Err(cmd.error(ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict, message))
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn control_port_accepts_valid_numbers() {
+        assert_eq!(control_port("50494"), Ok(50494));
+        assert_eq!(control_port(" 8080 "), Ok(8080));
+        assert_eq!(control_port("0"), Ok(0));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn control_port_rejects_anything_else() {
+        for bad in ["78787", "-1", "", "x"] {
+            assert_eq!(control_port(bad), Err(NotAPort), "{bad:?}");
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/automation/src/headless.rs b/crates/automation/src/headless.rs
index cad8d233fa..6722c5c00b 100644
--- a/crates/automation/src/headless.rs
+++ b/crates/automation/src/headless.rs
@@ -100,6 +100,8 @@ impl Headless {
                 files::open_bytes(name, &bytes)?
             }
         };
+        // Preferences › Raw Defaults › Resolution, as the app's File › Open applies it.
+        file_cmds::raw_defaults(&self.session, &o.warnings, &mut o.document);
         let path = match file_cmds::template_name(&self.session, requested) {
             Some(untitled) => {
                 o.document.name = untitled;
@@ -150,6 +152,28 @@ impl Headless {
         })
     }
 
+    /// Replace a smart object's contents with a file from the read root: the capability-scoped
+    /// `layer.smartObjects.replaceContents`, which takes an ambient `path` and is refused in
+    /// automation (#8061). `params` is the command's own (`layer`).
+    pub fn replace_smart_object(&mut self, index: Option<usize>, path: &str, params: &Value) -> Result<Value, AutomationError> {
+        self.on_doc(index, |this| {
+            let mut opts = params.as_object().cloned().unwrap_or_default();
+            opts.insert("path".into(), json!(path));
+            if matches!(&this.filesystem, Filesystem::TrustedLocal) {
+                return this.command_run("layer.smartObjects.replaceContents", Value::Object(opts));
+            }
+            let bytes = match &this.filesystem {
+                Filesystem::Workspace(workspace) => workspace.read(path)?,
+                _ => {
+                    return Err(AutomationError::BadRequest("automation filesystem access is not granted: read authority is absent".into()));
+                }
+            };
+            let name = Path::new(path).file_name().and_then(|name| name.to_str()).unwrap_or(path);
+            this.sync_jobs();
+            Ok(photocraft_engine::smart_cmds::replace_contents_from_bytes(&mut this.session, &Value::Object(opts), name, bytes)?)
+        })
+    }
+
     /// Export each exported layer of a document as its own file beneath the write root: the
     /// capability-scoped `file.export.layersToFiles`, which takes an ambient `dir` and is
     /// therefore refused in automation (#3216). The bytes come from the command's own core, so
@@ -169,10 +193,16 @@ impl Headless {
                 _ => return Err(AutomationError::BadRequest("automation filesystem access is not granted: write authority is absent".into())),
             };
             let mut outputs = workspace.export_sequence(dir)?;
-            let written = file_cmds::export_layers_with(&this.session, params, |name, bytes| {
+            let report = file_cmds::export_layers_report_with(&this.session, params, |name, bytes| {
                 outputs.write(name, bytes).map_err(|e| photocraft_engine::EngineError::Other(e.to_string()))
             });
-            exported(dir, written, &mut outputs)
+            let (written, skipped) = match report {
+                Ok(report) => (Ok(report.files), report.skipped),
+                Err(error) => (Err(error), Vec::new()),
+            };
+            let mut result = exported(dir, written, &mut outputs)?;
+            result["skipped"] = json!(skipped);
+            Ok(result)
         })
     }
 
@@ -259,7 +289,10 @@ impl Headless {
                 files::save(&doc, &target, format, opts, Some(writer))?
             }
             Filesystem::Workspace(workspace) => {
-                let (bytes, warnings) = files::save_bytes(&doc, target_text, format, opts)?;
+                // Only the target is granted: a linked smart object's stored path is document
+                // data, so PSD export writes that layer as pixels instead of embedding the file.
+                let opts = ExportOptions { read_linked_files: false, ..opts.clone() };
+                let (bytes, warnings) = files::save_bytes(&doc, target_text, format, &opts)?;
                 workspace.write(target_text, &bytes)?;
                 warnings
             }
diff --git a/crates/automation/src/lib.rs b/crates/automation/src/lib.rs
index f1e7049d0d..b4691723b9 100644
--- a/crates/automation/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/automation/src/lib.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #![forbid(unsafe_code)]
 #![deny(clippy::unwrap_used, clippy::expect_used, clippy::panic, clippy::unimplemented, clippy::todo, clippy::unreachable)]
 
+pub mod args;
 pub mod bridge;
 pub mod budgets;
 pub mod files;
diff --git a/crates/automation/src/rpc.rs b/crates/automation/src/rpc.rs
index 83d91238f4..b98094eb5d 100644
--- a/crates/automation/src/rpc.rs
+++ b/crates/automation/src/rpc.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@
 //! - `session.list`, `doc.open {path}`, `doc.new {…file.new params}`,
 //!   `doc.place {path, scale?, fit?, center?, index?}` (#2810: the read root is the scope,
 //!   the counterpart of the refused ambient `file.placeEmbedded`),
+//!   `doc.replaceSmartObject {path, layer?, index?}` (#8061: the same scope for
+//!   `layer.smartObjects.replaceContents`),
 //!   `doc.exportLayers {dir, format?, prefix?, visibleOnly?, quality?, index?}`,
 //!   `doc.exportDataSets {dir, format?, dataSets?, naming?, index?}`,
 //!   `doc.importDataSets {path, delimiter?, index?}` (#3216: the same treatment for the export
@@ -22,7 +24,9 @@
 use std::io::{BufRead, Write};
 use std::net::TcpListener;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
 use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, PoisonError};
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
 use base64::Engine as _;
 use serde_json::{Value, json};
@@ -43,6 +47,7 @@ pub const METHODS: &[&str] = &[
     "session.list",
     "doc.open",
     "doc.place",
+    "doc.replaceSmartObject",
     "doc.new",
     "doc.save",
     "doc.exportLayers",
@@ -108,6 +113,13 @@ impl Headless {
                 opts.remove("index");
                 self.place(index_of(&p)?, path, &Value::Object(opts))
             }
+            "doc.replaceSmartObject" => {
+                let path = str_of(&p, "path").ok_or_else(|| bad("doc.replaceSmartObject needs `path`"))?;
+                let mut opts = p.as_object().cloned().unwrap_or_default();
+                opts.remove("path");
+                opts.remove("index");
+                self.replace_smart_object(index_of(&p)?, path, &Value::Object(opts))
+            }
             "doc.new" => self.command_run("file.new", p),
             "doc.save" => {
                 let tga_bits = photocraft_engine::file_cmds::tga_bits_param(&p, "doc.save").map_err(|e| bad(e.to_string()))?;
@@ -315,32 +327,67 @@ fn serve_tcp_connection(h: &Mutex<Headless>, stream: std::net::TcpStream, token:
     }
 }
 
+/// Headless TCP daemons with no clients should eventually release their listening port (#3682).
+const TCP_IDLE_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(30 * 60);
+
 /// Serve authenticated JSON lines on a loopback TCP address with one shared session.
-/// Refuses non-loopback addresses and caps active connections and request bytes.
+/// Refuses non-loopback addresses, caps connections and request bytes, and closes the listener
+/// after an idle period with no connections. Active clients are never evicted by this timer.
 pub fn serve_tcp(addr: &str, h: Arc<Mutex<Headless>>, token: String, ready: impl FnOnce(std::net::SocketAddr)) -> Result<(), AutomationError> {
+    serve_tcp_until_idle(addr, h, token, ready, TCP_IDLE_TIMEOUT)
+}
+
+fn serve_tcp_until_idle(
+    addr: &str,
+    h: Arc<Mutex<Headless>>,
+    token: String,
+    ready: impl FnOnce(std::net::SocketAddr),
+    idle: Duration,
+) -> Result<(), AutomationError> {
     let listener = TcpListener::bind(addr).map_err(|e| AutomationError::Io(format!("bind {addr}: {e}")))?;
     let local = listener.local_addr().map_err(|e| AutomationError::Io(e.to_string()))?;
     if !local.ip().is_loopback() {
         return Err(bad(format!("{addr} is not a loopback address")));
     }
+    listener.set_nonblocking(true).map_err(|e| AutomationError::Io(e.to_string()))?;
     ready(local);
     let limiter = ConnectionLimiter::new(MAX_CONNECTIONS);
     let token = Arc::new(token);
-    for stream in listener.incoming() {
-        let Ok(mut stream) = stream else { continue };
-        let Some(permit) = limiter.try_acquire() else {
-            let _ = configure_stream(&stream);
-            let _ = writeln!(stream, "{}", json!({"id": null, "ok": false, "error": "connection limit reached"}));
-            continue;
-        };
-        let h = h.clone();
-        let token = Arc::clone(&token);
-        std::thread::spawn(move || {
-            let _permit = permit;
-            let _ = serve_tcp_connection(&h, stream, &token, AUTH_DEADLINE);
-        });
+    let active = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
+    let mut last_active = Instant::now();
+    loop {
+        match listener.accept() {
+            Ok((mut stream, _)) => {
+                last_active = Instant::now();
+                let Some(permit) = limiter.try_acquire() else {
+                    let _ = configure_stream(&stream);
+                    let _ = writeln!(stream, "{}", json!({"id": null, "ok": false, "error": "connection limit reached"}));
+                    continue;
+                };
+                // The listener is nonblocking; individual requests still use blocking socket I/O.
+                let _ = stream.set_nonblocking(false);
+                let h = h.clone();
+                let token = Arc::clone(&token);
+                let active = Arc::clone(&active);
+                active.fetch_add(1, Ordering::AcqRel);
+                std::thread::spawn(move || {
+                    let _permit = permit;
+                    let _ = serve_tcp_connection(&h, stream, &token, AUTH_DEADLINE);
+                    active.fetch_sub(1, Ordering::AcqRel);
+                });
+            }
+            Err(e) if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock => {
+                if active.load(Ordering::Acquire) != 0 {
+                    last_active = Instant::now();
+                } else if last_active.elapsed() >= idle {
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+                std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));
+            }
+            Err(e) if matches!(e.kind(), std::io::ErrorKind::Interrupted | std::io::ErrorKind::ConnectionAborted) => {}
+            Err(e) => return Err(AutomationError::Io(e.to_string())),
+        }
     }
-    Ok(())
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -351,6 +398,19 @@ mod tests {
         Mutex::new(Headless::trusted_local())
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn document_activation_reply_survives_engine_rpc() {
+        let h = session();
+        let mut g = h.lock().unwrap();
+        for _ in 0..2 {
+            g.handle("engine.execute", json!({"command": "file.new", "params": {"width": 4, "height": 4}})).unwrap();
+        }
+        let reply = g.handle("engine.execute", json!({"command": "document.activate", "params": {"offset": -1}})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(reply, json!({"document": 0}));
+        let reply = g.handle("engine.execute", json!({"command": "document.activate", "params": {"document": 1}})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(reply, json!({"document": 1}));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn execute_reports_invalid_filter_parameters_without_changing_history() {
         let h = session();
@@ -711,6 +771,129 @@ mod tests {
         std::fs::remove_dir_all(base).unwrap();
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn doc_replace_smart_object_reads_through_the_read_root_and_never_outside_it() {
+        let base = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("pc-doc-replace-so-{}", std::process::id()));
+        let root = base.join("workspace");
+        let outside = base.join("outside");
+        for dir in [&root, &outside] {
+            std::fs::create_dir_all(dir).unwrap();
+        }
+        let png = |w: u32, h: u32, v: u8| {
+            let img = photocraft_codecs::Image::from_u8(w, h, photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgb, vec![v; (w * h * 3) as usize]).unwrap();
+            photocraft_codecs::encode(&img, photocraft_codecs::Format::Png, &Default::default()).unwrap()
+        };
+        std::fs::write(root.join("logo.png"), png(8, 6, 42)).unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(root.join("red.png"), png(8, 6, 200)).unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(outside.join("red.png"), png(8, 6, 200)).unwrap();
+        let absolute = outside.join("red.png").to_string_lossy().into_owned();
+
+        let mut h = Headless::with_workspace(crate::AuthorizedWorkspace::new(Some(&root), Some(&root)).unwrap());
+        h.handle("doc.new", json!({"width": 40, "height": 30})).unwrap();
+        let layer = h.handle("doc.place", json!({"path": "logo.png"})).unwrap()["layer"].clone();
+        // The smart object's file name and the composite at its centre: what Replace Contents changes.
+        let contents = |h: &mut Headless| {
+            let inspected = h.handle("doc.inspect", json!({})).unwrap();
+            let layers = inspected["layers"].as_array().unwrap();
+            let so = layers.iter().find(|l| l["id"] == layer).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("{inspected}"));
+            let name = so["smartSource"]["fileName"].as_str().unwrap_or_default().to_owned();
+            let rendered = h.handle("doc.render", json!({"maxSide": 0})).unwrap();
+            let png = base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD.decode(rendered["base64"].as_str().unwrap()).unwrap();
+            let img = photocraft_codecs::decode(&png).unwrap();
+            let (w, ht) = img.dimensions();
+            let data = img.as_u8().unwrap();
+            let channels = data.len() / (w * ht) as usize;
+            (name, data[((ht / 2 * w + w / 2) as usize) * channels])
+        };
+        assert_eq!(contents(&mut h), ("logo.png".to_owned(), 42), "the placed contents");
+        let replaced = h.handle("doc.replaceSmartObject", json!({"path": "red.png", "layer": layer})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(replaced["layer"], layer, "{replaced}");
+        assert_eq!(contents(&mut h), ("red.png".to_owned(), 200), "the contents were replaced");
+        h.handle("engine.execute", json!({"command": "edit.undo"})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(contents(&mut h), ("logo.png".to_owned(), 42), "one undo step restores the old contents");
+        h.handle("engine.execute", json!({"command": "edit.redo"})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(contents(&mut h), ("red.png".to_owned(), 200), "redo replaces them again");
+        // Outside the read root, a bad layer, a missing path or a file that is no image: refused, nothing changed.
+        for (params, reason) in [
+            (json!({"path": "../outside/red.png"}), "parent traversal"),
+            (json!({"path": absolute}), "must be inside the automation root"),
+            (json!({"path": "logo.png", "layer": 999_999}), "no such layer"),
+            (json!({}), "needs `path`"),
+        ] {
+            let refused = h.handle("doc.replaceSmartObject", params).unwrap_err().to_string();
+            assert!(refused.contains(reason), "{refused}");
+            assert_eq!(contents(&mut h), ("red.png".to_owned(), 200), "nothing changed: {refused}");
+        }
+        std::fs::write(root.join("junk.png"), b"not an image").unwrap();
+        assert!(h.handle("doc.replaceSmartObject", json!({"path": "junk.png", "layer": layer})).is_err());
+        assert_eq!(contents(&mut h), ("red.png".to_owned(), 200), "a file that is no image changes nothing");
+        // The ambient command keeps its refusal.
+        let ambient = h.handle("engine.execute", json!({"command": "layer.smartObjects.replaceContents", "params": {"path": "red.png"}}));
+        assert!(ambient.unwrap_err().to_string().contains("ambient filesystem paths"));
+        // Trusted local keeps the ambient command.
+        let mut t = Headless::trusted_local();
+        t.handle("doc.new", json!({"width": 40, "height": 30})).unwrap();
+        let tl = t.handle("doc.place", json!({"path": root.join("logo.png").to_string_lossy()})).unwrap()["layer"].clone();
+        let trusted = t.handle("doc.replaceSmartObject", json!({"path": root.join("red.png").to_string_lossy(), "layer": tl})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(trusted["layer"], tl, "{trusted}");
+        drop(t);
+        drop(h);
+        std::fs::remove_dir_all(base).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn doc_export_layers_reports_skips_in_workspace_and_trusted_sessions() {
+        for trusted in [false, true] {
+            let base = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("pc-export-skips-{}-{trusted}", std::process::id()));
+            let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&base);
+            std::fs::create_dir_all(&base).unwrap();
+            let mut h =
+                if trusted { Headless::trusted_local() } else { Headless::with_workspace(crate::AuthorizedWorkspace::new(Some(&base), Some(&base)).unwrap()) };
+            h.handle("doc.new", json!({"width": 4, "height": 4, "background": "white", "name": "card"})).unwrap();
+            let adjustment = h.handle("engine.execute", json!({"command": "layer.newAdjustmentLayer.levels"})).unwrap()["layer"].clone();
+            h.handle("engine.execute", json!({"command": "layer.setProps", "params": {"name": "Levels"}})).unwrap();
+            let hidden = h.handle("engine.execute", json!({"command": "layer.new.layer", "params": {"name": "Hidden"}})).unwrap()["layer"].clone();
+            h.handle("engine.execute", json!({"command": "layer.setProps", "params": {"visible": false}})).unwrap();
+            // Exercise the actual JSON-lines serve envelope, not only direct dispatch.
+            let h = Mutex::new(h);
+            let out_dir = base.join("out").to_string_lossy().into_owned();
+            let request = json!({"id": 8491, "method": "doc.exportLayers", "params": {"dir": out_dir}}).to_string() + "\n";
+            let mut output = Vec::new();
+            serve_lines(&h, request.as_bytes(), &mut output).unwrap();
+            let reply: Value = serde_json::from_slice(&output).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(reply["id"], 8491);
+            assert_eq!(reply["ok"], true, "{reply}");
+            assert_eq!(reply["result"]["files"], json!([format!("{out_dir}/card_0001_Background.png")]));
+            if !trusted {
+                assert_eq!(reply["result"]["count"], 1);
+            }
+            assert_eq!(
+                reply["result"]["skipped"],
+                json!([
+                    {"layer": hidden, "name": "Hidden", "reason": "hidden by visibleOnly"},
+                    {"layer": adjustment, "name": "Levels", "reason": "adjustment layer has no pixels of its own"}
+                ])
+            );
+            assert_eq!(std::fs::read_dir(base.join("out")).unwrap().count(), 1);
+            let mut h = h.into_inner().unwrap();
+            let all_dir = base.join("all").to_string_lossy().into_owned();
+            let all = h.export_layers(None, &all_dir, &json!({"visibleOnly": false})).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(all["files"].as_array().unwrap().len(), 2);
+            assert_eq!(all["skipped"].as_array().unwrap().len(), 1);
+            // Workspace no-overwrite errors still fail and remove only newly created files.
+            if !trusted {
+                let collision = base.join("collision");
+                std::fs::create_dir_all(&collision).unwrap();
+                std::fs::write(collision.join("card_0002_Background.png"), b"keep").unwrap();
+                assert!(h.export_layers(None, &collision.to_string_lossy(), &json!({"visibleOnly": false})).is_err());
+                assert_eq!(std::fs::read_dir(&collision).unwrap().count(), 1);
+                assert_eq!(std::fs::read(collision.join("card_0002_Background.png")).unwrap(), b"keep");
+            }
+            drop(h);
+            std::fs::remove_dir_all(base).unwrap();
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn doc_export_layers_writes_only_beneath_the_write_root() {
         let base = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("pc-doc-export-layers-{}", std::process::id()));
@@ -787,7 +970,7 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn indexed_place_and_data_set_methods_keep_the_active_document() {
+    fn indexed_place_replace_and_data_set_methods_keep_the_active_document() {
         let base = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("pc-doc-index-active-{}", std::process::id()));
         let root = base.join("workspace");
         std::fs::create_dir_all(&root).unwrap();
@@ -804,6 +987,9 @@ mod tests {
 
         let steps = [
             ("doc.place", json!({"path": "logo.png", "index": 1}), true),
+            // Document 1's active layer is now the placed Smart Object.
+            ("doc.replaceSmartObject", json!({"path": "logo.png", "index": 1}), true),
+            ("doc.replaceSmartObject", json!({"path": "missing.png", "index": 1}), false),
             ("doc.importDataSets", json!({"path": "sets.csv", "index": 1}), true),
             ("doc.exportLayers", json!({"dir": "layers", "index": 1}), true),
             ("doc.exportDataSets", json!({"dir": "sets", "index": 1}), true),
@@ -823,6 +1009,145 @@ mod tests {
         std::fs::remove_dir_all(base).unwrap();
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn doc_export_data_sets_judges_pixel_replacement_paths_like_apply() {
+        let base = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("pc-doc-data-set-pixels-{}", std::process::id()));
+        let root = base.join("workspace");
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&root).unwrap();
+        let red = photocraft_codecs::Image::from_u8(4, 4, photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgb, [255, 0, 0].repeat(16)).unwrap();
+        let photo = base.join("photo.png");
+        std::fs::write(&photo, photocraft_codecs::encode(&red, photocraft_codecs::Format::Png, &Default::default()).unwrap()).unwrap();
+        let mut h = Headless::with_workspace(crate::AuthorizedWorkspace::new(Some(&root), Some(&root)).unwrap());
+        h.handle("doc.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8, "background": "white", "name": "card"})).unwrap();
+        let layer = h.handle("engine.execute", json!({"command": "layer.new.layer", "params": {}})).unwrap()["layer"].clone();
+        h.handle(
+            "engine.execute",
+            json!({"command": "image.variables.define", "params": {"defs": [{"name": "photo", "layer": layer, "type": "pixelReplacement"}]}}),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        // Storing the path is allowed; reading it is what the gate judges.
+        h.handle(
+            "engine.execute",
+            json!({"command": "image.variables.dataSets", "params": {"dataSets": [
+                {"name": "swap", "values": [{"variable": "photo", "kind": "pixels", "value": photo.to_string_lossy()}]},
+            ]}}),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let applied = h.handle("engine.execute", json!({"command": "image.applyDataSet", "params": {"name": "swap"}})).unwrap_err().to_string();
+        assert!(applied.contains("ambient filesystem paths"), "{applied}");
+        let sets = root.join("sets");
+        let exported = h.handle("doc.exportDataSets", json!({"dir": sets.to_string_lossy(), "format": "png"})).unwrap_err().to_string();
+        assert!(exported.contains("ambient filesystem paths"), "{exported}");
+        assert_eq!(std::fs::read_dir(&sets).map_or(0, Iterator::count), 0, "nothing of the refused batch is written");
+        // Release directory capabilities before cleanup on Windows.
+        drop(h);
+        std::fs::remove_dir_all(base).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn workspace_psd_saves_embed_no_file_a_linked_smart_object_names() {
+        use photocraft_engine::doc::{LayerContent, SmartSource};
+
+        // An image PhotoCraft can open (other linked files are never embedded): an embedded copy
+        // carries these exact bytes, while pixels written for the layer don't.
+        let image = photocraft_codecs::Image::from_u8(8, 8, photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgb, (0..192u8).collect()).unwrap();
+        let marker = photocraft_codecs::encode(&image, photocraft_codecs::Format::Png, &Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let has_marker = |bytes: &[u8]| bytes.windows(marker.len()).any(|w| w == marker.as_slice());
+        let base = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("pc-psd-linked-embed-{}", std::process::id()));
+        let root = base.join("workspace");
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&root).unwrap();
+        let outside = base.join("outside.png");
+        std::fs::write(&outside, &marker).unwrap();
+        // A document whose smart object names a file outside the roots as its source.
+        let mut session = photocraft_engine::Session::new();
+        session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8, "background": "white"})).unwrap();
+        session.execute("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject", json!({})).unwrap();
+        let state = session.active_mut().unwrap();
+        let LayerContent::Smart(smart) = &mut std::sync::Arc::make_mut(&mut state.doc).layers[0].content else { panic!("smart object") };
+        smart.source = SmartSource::Linked { path: outside.to_string_lossy().into_owned() };
+        std::fs::write(root.join("in.pcraft"), photocraft_engine::smart_cmds::encode_source(&state.doc).unwrap()).unwrap();
+        // A trusted export embeds the linked file, as before.
+        assert!(has_marker(&photocraft_io::export(&state.doc, "psd", &Default::default()).unwrap().bytes));
+
+        let mut h = Headless::with_workspace(crate::AuthorizedWorkspace::new(Some(&root), Some(&root)).unwrap());
+        h.handle("doc.open", json!({"path": "in.pcraft"})).unwrap();
+        let saved = h.handle("doc.save", json!({"path": "out.psd"})).unwrap();
+        let warnings = saved["warnings"].to_string();
+        assert!(warnings.contains("written as pixels"), "{warnings}");
+        assert!(!has_marker(&std::fs::read(root.join("out.psd")).unwrap()), "the linked file outside the roots is not embedded");
+        // Release directory capabilities before cleanup on Windows.
+        drop(h);
+        std::fs::remove_dir_all(base).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn allowed_filters_do_not_rerender_a_smart_object_from_its_linked_file() {
+        use photocraft_engine::doc::{LayerContent, SmartSource};
+
+        let base = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("pc-linked-rerender-{}", std::process::id()));
+        let root = base.join("workspace");
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&root).unwrap();
+        let red = photocraft_codecs::Image::from_u8(8, 8, photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgb, [255, 0, 0].repeat(64)).unwrap();
+        let outside = base.join("red.png");
+        std::fs::write(&outside, photocraft_codecs::encode(&red, photocraft_codecs::Format::Png, &Default::default()).unwrap()).unwrap();
+        // A document whose white smart object names a file outside the roots as its source.
+        let mut session = photocraft_engine::Session::new();
+        session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8, "background": "white"})).unwrap();
+        session.execute("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject", json!({})).unwrap();
+        let state = session.active_mut().unwrap();
+        let LayerContent::Smart(smart) = &mut std::sync::Arc::make_mut(&mut state.doc).layers[0].content else { panic!("smart object") };
+        smart.source = SmartSource::Linked { path: outside.to_string_lossy().into_owned() };
+        std::fs::write(root.join("p.pcraft"), photocraft_engine::smart_cmds::encode_source(&state.doc).unwrap()).unwrap();
+
+        let mut h = Headless::with_workspace(crate::AuthorizedWorkspace::new(Some(&root), Some(&root)).unwrap());
+        h.handle("doc.open", json!({"path": "p.pcraft"})).unwrap();
+        h.handle("engine.execute", json!({"command": "filter.blur.gaussianBlur", "params": {"radius": 0.5}})).unwrap();
+        let doc = &h.session.active().unwrap().doc;
+        let LayerContent::Smart(smart) = &doc.layers[0].content else { panic!("smart object") };
+        assert_eq!(smart.smart_filters.len(), 1, "the filter is still recorded");
+        assert_eq!(smart.cache.as_ref().unwrap().rgba(4, 4), [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0], "the linked file outside the roots is not read");
+        // Release directory capabilities before cleanup on Windows.
+        drop(h);
+        std::fs::remove_dir_all(base).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn workspace_layer_exports_keep_linked_smart_objects_as_pixels() {
+        use photocraft_engine::doc::{LayerContent, SmartSource};
+
+        const MARKER: &[u8] = b"PHOTOCRAFT-LINKED-0002";
+        let has_marker = |bytes: &[u8]| bytes.windows(MARKER.len()).any(|w| w == MARKER);
+        let base = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("pc-export-layers-linked-{}", std::process::id()));
+        let root = base.join("workspace");
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&root).unwrap();
+        let outside = base.join("outside.txt");
+        std::fs::write(&outside, MARKER).unwrap();
+        // A document whose smart object names a file outside the roots as its source.
+        let mut session = photocraft_engine::Session::new();
+        session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8, "background": "white"})).unwrap();
+        session.execute("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject", json!({})).unwrap();
+        let state = session.active_mut().unwrap();
+        let LayerContent::Smart(smart) = &mut std::sync::Arc::make_mut(&mut state.doc).layers[0].content else { panic!("smart object") };
+        smart.source = SmartSource::Linked { path: outside.to_string_lossy().into_owned() };
+        std::fs::write(root.join("in.pcraft"), photocraft_engine::smart_cmds::encode_source(&state.doc).unwrap()).unwrap();
+
+        let mut h = Headless::with_workspace(crate::AuthorizedWorkspace::new(Some(&root), Some(&root)).unwrap());
+        h.handle("doc.open", json!({"path": "in.pcraft"})).unwrap();
+        let out = root.join("layers");
+        for format in ["psd", "psb"] {
+            let exported = h.handle("doc.exportLayers", json!({"dir": out.to_string_lossy(), "format": format})).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(exported["count"], 1, "{exported}");
+        }
+        let files: Vec<_> = std::fs::read_dir(&out).unwrap().map(|e| e.unwrap().path()).collect();
+        assert_eq!(files.len(), 2, "{files:?}");
+        for file in files {
+            assert!(!has_marker(&std::fs::read(&file).unwrap()), "{} embeds no file outside the roots", file.display());
+        }
+        // Release directory capabilities before cleanup on Windows.
+        drop(h);
+        std::fs::remove_dir_all(base).unwrap();
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn trusted_local_render_keeps_full_size_behavior() {
         let mut h = Headless::trusted_local();
@@ -861,6 +1186,38 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(h.handle("methods", Value::Null).is_ok());
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn idle_tcp_daemon_releases_its_port_but_keeps_active_clients() {
+        use std::io::BufReader;
+        const TOKEN: &str = "0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef";
+        let h = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Headless::new()));
+        let (ready_tx, ready_rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
+        let (done_tx, done_rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
+        let server = std::thread::spawn(move || {
+            let result = serve_tcp_until_idle("127.0.0.1:0", h, TOKEN.to_owned(), move |addr| ready_tx.send(addr).unwrap(), Duration::from_millis(200));
+            done_tx.send(result).unwrap();
+        });
+        let addr = ready_rx.recv_timeout(Duration::from_secs(2)).unwrap();
+        let mut client = std::net::TcpStream::connect(addr).unwrap();
+        client.set_read_timeout(Some(Duration::from_secs(2))).unwrap();
+        let mut reader = BufReader::new(client.try_clone().unwrap());
+        writeln!(client, r#"{{"id":"auth","method":"auth","params":{{"token":"{TOKEN}"}}}}"#).unwrap();
+        let mut line = String::new();
+        reader.read_line(&mut line).unwrap();
+        let auth: Value = serde_json::from_str(&line).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(auth["result"]["authenticated"], true);
+        // The port stays owned well past the idle limit while a client is connected.
+        assert!(
+            matches!(done_rx.recv_timeout(Duration::from_millis(450)), Err(std::sync::mpsc::RecvTimeoutError::Timeout)),
+            "daemon exited with a live client"
+        );
+        drop(reader);
+        drop(client);
+        assert!(done_rx.recv_timeout(Duration::from_secs(3)).unwrap().is_ok(), "idle daemon did not exit cleanly");
+        server.join().unwrap();
+        assert!(TcpListener::bind(addr).is_ok(), "idle listener still owns its port");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn tcp_serves_loopback() {
         use std::io::{BufReader, Write as _};
diff --git a/crates/automation/src/security.rs b/crates/automation/src/security.rs
index 0735511f20..7fff71c67a 100644
--- a/crates/automation/src/security.rs
+++ b/crates/automation/src/security.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 use std::fs::OpenOptions;
 use std::io::{BufRead, Read, Write};
-use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::path::Path;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
@@ -308,13 +308,6 @@ impl Read for AuthDeadlineStream {
     }
 }
 
-/// Environment-aware token inputs shared by the desktop app and CLI.
-pub fn token_inputs(supplied: Option<String>, token_file: Option<PathBuf>) -> (Option<String>, Option<PathBuf>) {
-    let supplied = supplied.or_else(|| std::env::var("PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN").ok());
-    let token_file = token_file.or_else(|| std::env::var_os("PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN_FILE").map(PathBuf::from));
-    (supplied, token_file)
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
diff --git a/crates/automation/src/server.rs b/crates/automation/src/server.rs
index 46905daf38..61a6454e79 100644
--- a/crates/automation/src/server.rs
+++ b/crates/automation/src/server.rs
@@ -71,6 +71,20 @@ pub struct PlaceParams {
     pub center: Option<[f64; 2]>,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
+pub struct ReplaceSmartObjectParams {
+    /// Path beneath the configured automation read root: relative (forward slashes) or absolute.
+    pub path: String,
+    /// Headless mode only: document index from `session_list` (default: the active document).
+    /// Bridge mode rejects `index`.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub index: Option<usize>,
+    /// The Smart Object layer: an id or a name (default: the active layer).
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub layer: Option<Value>,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Deserialize, JsonSchema)]
 #[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
 pub struct ExportLayersParams {
@@ -315,7 +329,7 @@ pub struct MenuParams {
 pub struct UiSetParams {
     /// Fields for the control method `ui.set`: tool, panels, dock, dockTabs, dockWidth, colorPanel
     /// ({background: bool} picks which swatch the Color panel edits), maskTarget,
-    /// vectorMaskTarget, selectionMode, zoom, center, rotation (view angle in degrees), fit, theme (pro, proMedium, studio,
+    /// vectorMaskTarget, filterMaskTarget (paint the active smart object's filter mask), selectionMode, zoom, center, rotation (view angle in degrees), fit, theme (pro, proMedium, studio,
     /// studioLight, classic, solarizedDark, adwaita, adwaitaDark, breezeLight, breezeDark, softLight, softDark), brushSection, brushTab,
     /// brushesView, brushPicker ([x, y] opens the Brush Preset picker there, null closes it),
     /// brushPickerName, brushPickerStroke, brushPickerTip (the picker card's parts, at least one
@@ -336,7 +350,14 @@ pub struct UiSetParams {
     /// "mode"), kinds (a list of layer kinds), name (matches part of the layer name) and mode (a
     /// blend mode name) for the Layers panel filter). strokeTrace (true, false, "stderr" or "off":
     /// the stroke latency trace at runtime; a CSV file is set at launch with --stroke-trace, not
-    /// over this channel). Other fields are an error.
+    /// over this channel). updatesOpen (bool, the Help › Check for Updates window).
+    /// histogramPanel (an object patching view ("compact", "expanded" or "allChannels"), channel
+    /// ("composite", "red", "green", "blue", "cyan", "magenta", "yellow", "black", "a", "b",
+    /// "luminosity" or "colors"), showChannelsInColor, showStatistics and source ("entireImage",
+    /// "selectedLayer" or "adjustmentComposite") for the Histogram panel), histogramRange ([from,
+    /// to] levels 0..255 whose Count and Percentile the panel shows, or null) and histogramRefresh
+    /// (true: an Uncached Refresh); `ui.inspect` reports them and the statistics under
+    /// `histogram`. Other fields are an error.
     pub fields: Value,
 }
 
@@ -412,6 +433,14 @@ fn strict_node(v: &mut Value, defs: &serde_json::Map<String, Value>, depth: usiz
     }
 }
 
+/// Both the bare engine list and older bridge wrappers own their rows already.
+fn into_command_rows(mut reply: Value) -> Vec<Value> {
+    match reply {
+        Value::Array(rows) => rows,
+        _ => reply.get_mut("commands").and_then(Value::as_array_mut).map(std::mem::take).unwrap_or_default(),
+    }
+}
+
 fn ok_json(v: &Value) -> CallToolResult {
     let text = match json_bytes(v).and_then(|bytes| String::from_utf8(bytes).map_err(|error| AutomationError::Other(error.to_string()))) {
         Ok(text) => text,
@@ -637,7 +666,33 @@ impl PhotocraftMcp {
     }
 
     #[tool(
-        description = "Export each exported layer of the document as its own file beneath the write root (the capability-scoped Layers to Files). A file that already exists is an error, not an overwrite."
+        description = "Replace a Smart Object's contents with the file at `path` beneath the read root, keeping its transform and filters (the capability-scoped Replace Contents). `layer` is the Smart Object's id or name (default: the active layer)."
+    )]
+    async fn doc_replace_smart_object(&self, Parameters(p): Parameters<ReplaceSmartObjectParams>) -> Result<CallToolResult, McpError> {
+        let mut opts = serde_json::Map::new();
+        if let Some(v) = p.layer {
+            opts.insert("layer".into(), v);
+        }
+        let opts = Value::Object(opts);
+        // Bridge mode runs the app on this machine, which reads the path itself like any command.
+        let mut bridge_params = opts.clone();
+        if let Some(o) = bridge_params.as_object_mut() {
+            o.insert("path".into(), Value::String(p.path.clone()));
+        }
+        let (path, index) = (p.path, p.index);
+        if let Some(r) = self.headless_op(move |h| h.replace_smart_object(index, &path, &opts)).await {
+            return to_result(r);
+        }
+        // The app's command runs on its active document: an `index` it cannot honour is refused
+        // rather than dropped, or another document's contents would be replaced.
+        if index.is_some() {
+            return Ok(fail("`index` is only supported in headless mode; in bridge mode select the document in the app first"));
+        }
+        self.run_command("layer.smartObjects.replaceContents".into(), bridge_params, true).await
+    }
+
+    #[tool(
+        description = "Export top-level layers as files (groups merged). Returns files and skipped: [{layer, name, reason}] for hidden layers (visible_only) and adjustments with no pixels of their own. Workspace exports resolve beneath the write root, also return count of written files, and reject existing files instead of overwriting them. Trusted-local/bridge exports use the engine command's file access policy."
     )]
     async fn doc_export_layers(&self, Parameters(p): Parameters<ExportLayersParams>) -> Result<CallToolResult, McpError> {
         let mut opts = serde_json::Map::new();
@@ -827,10 +882,7 @@ impl PhotocraftMcp {
         };
         let needle = p.filter.map(|f| f.to_lowercase());
         let enabled_only = p.enabled_only.unwrap_or(false);
-        let items: Vec<Value> = all
-            .as_array()
-            .cloned()
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| all.get("commands").and_then(Value::as_array).cloned().unwrap_or_default())
+        let items: Vec<Value> = into_command_rows(all)
             .into_iter()
             .filter(|c| {
                 needle.as_ref().is_none_or(|n| photocraft_engine::commands::list_entry_matches(c, n))
@@ -1083,6 +1135,29 @@ pub fn render_document_png(doc: &photocraft_doc::Document, max_side: u32) -> Res
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    #[test]
+    fn command_rows_keep_bare_and_wrapped_replies_compatible() {
+        let rows = json!([{"id":"first","params":{"nested":[1,2]}}, {"id":"second","enabled":false}]);
+        assert_eq!(into_command_rows(rows.clone()), rows.as_array().unwrap().clone());
+        assert_eq!(into_command_rows(json!({"commands":rows,"other":"ignored"})), rows.as_array().unwrap().clone());
+        for reply in [json!(null), json!(false), json!(3), json!("invalid"), json!({}), json!({"commands":null}), json!({"commands":{}}), json!([])] {
+            assert!(into_command_rows(reply).is_empty());
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn command_rows_reuse_the_owned_array_and_nested_strings() {
+        for wrapped in [false, true] {
+            let rows = json!([{"id":"first","params":"documentation".repeat(64)}]);
+            let array = rows.as_array().unwrap().as_ptr();
+            let text = rows[0]["params"].as_str().unwrap().as_ptr();
+            let reply = if wrapped { Value::Object([("commands".into(), rows)].into_iter().collect()) } else { rows };
+            let moved = into_command_rows(reply);
+            assert_eq!(moved.as_ptr(), array, "wrapped={wrapped}: move the original allocation");
+            assert_eq!(moved[0]["params"].as_str().unwrap().as_ptr(), text, "wrapped={wrapped}: retain nested allocations");
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn strict_schema_inlines_refs_and_stops_on_recursive_definitions() {
         // A definition that refers to itself: inlining stops at a depth instead of looping.
diff --git a/crates/automation/src/server/transport.rs b/crates/automation/src/server/transport.rs
index 44ba4596ba..82e96b13c3 100644
--- a/crates/automation/src/server/transport.rs
+++ b/crates/automation/src/server/transport.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use crate::security::MAX_REQUEST_BYTES;
 /// Read a complete request before allowing any of its bytes to reach rmcp. `lines()`
 /// buffers without a limit, while forwarding partial input can make a valid JSON prefix
 /// executable at EOF after an oversized suffix is rejected.
-async fn bounded_line<R: tokio::io::AsyncRead + Unpin>(source: &mut BufReader<R>, maximum: usize) -> std::io::Result<Option<String>> {
+async fn bounded_line<R: tokio::io::AsyncRead + Unpin>(source: &mut BufReader<R>, maximum: usize) -> std::io::Result<Option<Vec<u8>>> {
     let mut bytes = Vec::new();
     loop {
         let available = source.fill_buf().await?;
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ async fn bounded_line<R: tokio::io::AsyncRead + Unpin>(source: &mut BufReader<R>
             if bytes.is_empty() {
                 return Ok(None);
             }
-            return String::from_utf8(bytes).map(Some).map_err(|e| std::io::Error::new(std::io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, e));
+            return Ok(Some(bytes));
         }
         let newline = available.iter().position(|&byte| byte == b'\n');
         let length = newline.map_or(available.len(), |at| at + 1);
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ async fn bounded_line<R: tokio::io::AsyncRead + Unpin>(source: &mut BufReader<R>
             if bytes.last() == Some(&b'\r') {
                 bytes.pop();
             }
-            return String::from_utf8(bytes).map(Some).map_err(|e| std::io::Error::new(std::io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, e));
+            return Ok(Some(bytes));
         }
     }
 }
@@ -48,11 +48,16 @@ impl PhotocraftMcp {
         let reader = tokio::spawn(async move {
             let mut lines = BufReader::new(input);
             while let Some(line) = bounded_line(&mut lines, MAX_REQUEST_BYTES).await? {
-                if line.trim().is_empty() {
+                if std::str::from_utf8(&line).is_ok_and(|text| text.trim().is_empty()) {
                     continue;
                 }
-                match serde_json::from_str::<Value>(&line) {
-                    Ok(_) => to_service.write_all(format!("{line}\n").as_bytes()).await?,
+                // Bytes that are not UTF-8 are malformed JSON too: they get the -32700 reply
+                // like any other bad line instead of ending the session.
+                match serde_json::from_slice::<Value>(&line) {
+                    Ok(_) => {
+                        to_service.write_all(&line).await?;
+                        to_service.write_all(b"\n").await?;
+                    }
                     Err(e) => {
                         let reply = json!({"jsonrpc":"2.0", "id":null, "error":{"code":-32700, "message":format!("parse error: {e}")}});
                         if errors.send(reply.to_string()).await.is_err() {
@@ -99,8 +104,8 @@ mod tests {
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn bounded_line_accepts_exact_limit_and_final_line() {
         let mut input = BufReader::new(std::io::Cursor::new(b"1234\nlast!".to_vec()));
-        assert_eq!(bounded_line(&mut input, 5).await.unwrap().as_deref(), Some("1234"));
-        assert_eq!(bounded_line(&mut input, 5).await.unwrap().as_deref(), Some("last!"));
+        assert_eq!(bounded_line(&mut input, 5).await.unwrap().as_deref(), Some(&b"1234"[..]));
+        assert_eq!(bounded_line(&mut input, 5).await.unwrap().as_deref(), Some(&b"last!"[..]));
         assert!(bounded_line(&mut input, 5).await.unwrap().is_none());
 
         let mut oversized_eof = BufReader::new(std::io::Cursor::new(b"longer".to_vec()));
@@ -143,4 +148,42 @@ mod tests {
         let documents = observer.headless_op(|h| Ok(h.session.documents().len())).await.unwrap().unwrap();
         assert_eq!(documents, 0, "the oversized tool call must not run");
     }
+
+    async fn next_reply(replies: &mut tokio::io::Lines<BufReader<tokio::io::DuplexStream>>) -> Value {
+        let line = tokio::time::timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(5), replies.next_line()).await.expect("a reply in time").unwrap().expect("a reply line");
+        serde_json::from_str(&line).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn a_line_that_is_not_utf8_gets_a_parse_error_and_the_session_keeps_serving() {
+        let (mut client, input) = tokio::io::duplex(1 << 16);
+        let (output, replies) = tokio::io::duplex(1 << 16);
+        let server = PhotocraftMcp::headless();
+        let observer = server.clone();
+        let session = tokio::spawn(server.serve_io(input, output));
+        let mut replies = BufReader::new(replies).lines();
+
+        let initialize = json!({"jsonrpc": "2.0", "id": 1, "method": "initialize", "params": {
+            "protocolVersion": "2025-06-18", "capabilities": {}, "clientInfo": {"name": "utf8-test", "version": "1"}
+        }});
+        client.write_all(format!("{initialize}\n").as_bytes()).await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(next_reply(&mut replies).await["id"], 1);
+        client.write_all(b"{\"jsonrpc\":\"2.0\",\"method\":\"notifications/initialized\"}\n").await.unwrap();
+
+        client.write_all(b"{\"jsonrpc\":\"2.0\",\"id\":\xff\xfe}\n").await.unwrap();
+        let error = next_reply(&mut replies).await;
+        assert_eq!(error["error"]["code"], -32700, "{error}");
+        assert_eq!(error["id"], Value::Null, "{error}");
+
+        let call = json!({"jsonrpc": "2.0", "id": 2, "method": "tools/call", "params": {"name": "doc_new", "arguments": {"width": 8, "height": 8}}});
+        client.write_all(format!("{call}\n").as_bytes()).await.unwrap();
+        let reply = next_reply(&mut replies).await;
+        assert_eq!(reply["id"], 2, "{reply}");
+        assert_ne!(reply["result"]["isError"], true, "{reply}");
+        let documents = observer.headless_op(|h| Ok(h.session.documents().len())).await.unwrap().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(documents, 1, "the call after the bad line must run");
+
+        drop(client);
+        session.await.unwrap().unwrap();
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/automation/src/workspace.rs b/crates/automation/src/workspace.rs
index efd6d52738..860e78ca97 100644
--- a/crates/automation/src/workspace.rs
+++ b/crates/automation/src/workspace.rs
@@ -389,18 +389,28 @@ fn preferences_may_grant_ambient_paths(id: &str, params: &Value) -> bool {
 fn preference_uses_ambient_filesystem(path: &str) -> bool {
     // The engine skips empty segments (`.scriptEvents.enabled` sets `scriptEvents.enabled`), so
     // judge the first non-empty one; no segment at all is the whole-preferences update.
-    let Some(section) = path.split('.').find(|segment| !segment.is_empty()) else { return true };
+    let mut segments = path.split('.').filter(|segment| !segment.is_empty());
+    let Some(section) = segments.next() else { return true };
+    // File Handling's LUT folder (#6558) is listed from disk; the rest of that section is not.
     matches!(section, "colorSettings" | "scriptEvents" | "historyLog" | "plugIns" | "scratchDisks")
+        || (section == "fileHandling" && segments.next().is_none_or(|key| key == "lutFolder"))
 }
 
 fn command_uses_ambient_path(id: &str, params: &Value) -> bool {
     match id {
-        "actions.load" | "brush.presets.importAbr" | "brush.presets.importImage" | "gradient.presets.importGrd" | "plugin.install" | "swatches.import" => {
+        "actions.load"
+        | "brush.presets.importAbr"
+        | "brush.presets.importImage"
+        | "gradient.presets.importGrd"
+        | "plugin.install"
+        | "swatches.import"
+        | "style.presets.importAsl"
+        | "layer.layerStyle.contours.load" => {
             // `data` wins over `path` in these commands; any `path` without it reads the filesystem.
             params.get("data").is_none() && params.get("path").is_some()
         }
         // With a `path` the file is written there; without one the bytes come back as `data`.
-        "actions.save" | "swatches.export" => params.get("path").is_some(),
+        "actions.save" | "swatches.export" | "style.presets.exportAsl" | "layer.layerStyle.contours.save" => params.get("path").is_some(),
         // Shortcut sets: a .kys read or written by path, or a Summarize page written by path.
         "edit.keyboardShortcuts" => {
             params.get("path").is_some() || ["importKys", "exportKys", "summarize"].iter().any(|k| params.get(*k).and_then(|v| v.get("path")).is_some())
@@ -802,6 +812,21 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(authorize_desktop_engine_step("file.saveACopy", &serde_json::json!({})).is_err());
     }
 
+    // Regression test for #3763: `edit.installedProfiles` scans the OS and user ICC folders but
+    // takes no path parameter, so automation let it through until it was listed as ambient.
+    #[test]
+    fn installed_profiles_listing_is_refused_for_automation() {
+        for params in [serde_json::json!({}), serde_json::json!({"class": "output", "colorSpace": "cmyk"})] {
+            assert!(authorize_engine_command("edit.installedProfiles", &params).is_err(), "authorize_engine_command allowed it with {params}");
+            assert!(authorize_desktop_engine_command("edit.installedProfiles", &params).is_err(), "authorize_desktop_engine_command allowed it with {params}");
+            assert!(authorize_engine_step("edit.installedProfiles", &params).is_err(), "authorize_engine_step allowed it with {params}");
+        }
+        // The sandboxed session refuses it before the engine scans any folder.
+        let mut headless = crate::Headless::new();
+        let refused = headless.command_run("edit.installedProfiles", serde_json::json!({})).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(refused.to_string().contains("ambient filesystem paths"), "{refused}");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn apply_data_set_is_judged_by_the_values_it_applies() {
         let mut headless = crate::Headless::new();
@@ -842,6 +867,11 @@ mod tests {
             ("swatches.export", serde_json::json!({"path": "/outside/set.ase"})),
             ("actions.load", serde_json::json!({"path": "/outside/set.atn"})),
             ("actions.save", serde_json::json!({"path": "/outside/set.atn"})),
+            ("style.presets.importAsl", serde_json::json!({"path": "/outside/set.asl"})),
+            ("style.presets.exportAsl", serde_json::json!({"path": "/outside/set.asl"})),
+            ("style.presets.exportAsl", serde_json::json!({"path": 5})),
+            ("layer.layerStyle.contours.load", serde_json::json!({"path": "/outside/set.shc"})),
+            ("layer.layerStyle.contours.save", serde_json::json!({"path": "/outside/set.shc"})),
         ] {
             assert!(authorize_engine_command(id, &params).is_err(), "{id}: {params}");
         }
@@ -854,6 +884,10 @@ mod tests {
             ("swatches.export", serde_json::json!({"format": "ase"})),
             ("actions.load", serde_json::json!({"data": "QUJD"})),
             ("actions.save", serde_json::json!({"set": "S"})),
+            ("style.presets.importAsl", serde_json::json!({"data": "QUJD"})),
+            ("style.presets.exportAsl", serde_json::json!({"group": "Basics"})),
+            ("layer.layerStyle.contours.load", serde_json::json!({"data": "QUJD"})),
+            ("layer.layerStyle.contours.save", serde_json::json!({"names": ["a"]})),
         ] {
             assert!(authorize_engine_command(id, &params).is_ok(), "{id}: {params}");
         }
@@ -868,6 +902,8 @@ mod tests {
             "historyLog.filePath",
             ".historyLog.filePath",
             "plugIns.additionalPluginsFolder",
+            "fileHandling.lutFolder",
+            "fileHandling",
             "scratchDisks.disks",
             ".",
             "..historyLog.filePath",
@@ -878,6 +914,7 @@ mod tests {
             authorize_engine_command("prefs.set", &serde_json::json!({"values": {"interface.language": "fr", "historyLog.filePath": "/outside/log"}})).is_err()
         );
         assert!(authorize_engine_command("prefs.set", &serde_json::json!({"path": "interface.language", "value": "fr"})).is_ok());
+        assert!(authorize_engine_command("prefs.set", &serde_json::json!({"path": "fileHandling.autosave", "value": false})).is_ok());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -907,6 +944,13 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(unclassified.is_empty(), "filesystem path parameters in the command registry need an automation policy: {unclassified:?}");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn native_vector_preview_updates_are_not_an_untrusted_automation_capability() {
+        let params = serde_json::json!({"document":1,"layer":1,"contentsId":1,"fingerprint":"00".repeat(32),"extension":"ai","sourceBase64":"JVBERi0=","previewSvg":"<svg/>"});
+        assert!(authorize_engine_command("layer.smartObjects.updateVectorSource", &params).is_err());
+        assert!(authorize_desktop_engine_command("layer.smartObjects.updateVectorSource", &params).is_err());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn svg_smart_handoff_is_memory_only_and_linked_sources_stay_denied() {
         let mut headless = crate::Headless::new();
@@ -1058,6 +1102,7 @@ mod tests {
                 | "path.rename"
                 | "path.stroke"
                 | "type.attachToPath"
+                | "type.fillPath"
                 | "type.detachFromPath"
                 | "select.toWorkPath"
                 | "layer.vectorMask.add"
@@ -1104,6 +1149,8 @@ mod tests {
             ("gradient.presets.importGrd", serde_json::json!({"path": "/outside/set.grd"})),
             ("plugin.install", serde_json::json!({"path": "/outside/plugin.wasm"})),
             ("plugin.reload", serde_json::json!({"path": "/outside/plugins"})),
+            ("style.presets.importAsl", serde_json::json!({"path": "/outside/set.asl"})),
+            ("style.presets.exportAsl", serde_json::json!({"path": "/outside/set.asl"})),
             ("prefs.set", serde_json::json!({"path": "historyLog.filePath", "value": "/outside/log"})),
             ("prefs.set", serde_json::json!({"values": {"interface.language": "fr", "historyLog.filePath": "/outside/log"}})),
         ] {
diff --git a/crates/automation/tests/agent_tasks.rs b/crates/automation/tests/it/agent_tasks.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/automation/tests/agent_tasks.rs
rename to crates/automation/tests/it/agent_tasks.rs
diff --git a/crates/automation/tests/it/agent_tasks_extended.rs b/crates/automation/tests/it/agent_tasks_extended.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4f950ed1a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/automation/tests/it/agent_tasks_extended.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+//! M11 acceptance, part two: ten more scripted edit tasks (21–30) over MCP (roadmap M11 DoD).
+//!
+//! Same contract as `agent_tasks.rs`: each task uses only MCP tools (`doc_*`, `command_run`) the
+//! way an agent would, and checks the outcome through `doc_inspect`, `document.pixel` or the
+//! exported files, never engine internals.
+
+use photocraft_automation::{AuthorizedWorkspace, PhotocraftMcp};
+use rmcp::model::{CallToolRequestParams, CallToolResult, ClientConfig};
+use rmcp::service::RunningService;
+use rmcp::{ClientHandler, RoleClient, ServiceExt};
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+
+#[derive(Clone, Default)]
+struct Client;
+impl ClientHandler for Client {
+    fn get_info(&self) -> ClientConfig {
+        ClientConfig::default()
+    }
+}
+
+type Conn = RunningService<RoleClient, Client>;
+type Server = tokio::task::JoinHandle<()>;
+
+async fn connect(root: &std::path::Path) -> (Conn, Server) {
+    let (s, c) = tokio::io::duplex(1 << 20);
+    let workspace = AuthorizedWorkspace::new(Some(root), Some(root)).expect("test workspace");
+    let server = tokio::spawn(async move {
+        if let Ok(running) = PhotocraftMcp::headless_with_workspace(workspace).serve(s).await {
+            let _ = running.waiting().await;
+        }
+    });
+    (Client.serve(c).await.expect("client init"), server)
+}
+
+async fn shutdown(c: Conn, server: Server) {
+    c.cancel().await.unwrap();
+    server.await.unwrap();
+}
+
+fn text(r: &CallToolResult) -> String {
+    r.content.iter().filter_map(|c| c.as_text()).map(|t| t.text.clone()).collect::<Vec<_>>().join("\n")
+}
+
+/// Call a tool and parse its JSON result, failing the test on a tool error.
+async fn tool(c: &Conn, name: &str, args: Value) -> Value {
+    let mut p = CallToolRequestParams::new(name.to_owned());
+    if let Value::Object(m) = args {
+        p = p.with_arguments(m);
+    }
+    let r = c.call_tool(p).await.expect("call_tool transport");
+    assert_ne!(r.is_error, Some(true), "{name} failed: {}", text(&r));
+    serde_json::from_str(&text(&r)).unwrap_or(Value::String(text(&r)))
+}
+
+async fn run(c: &Conn, id: &str, params: Value) -> Value {
+    tool(c, "command_run", json!({"id": id, "params": params})).await
+}
+
+async fn inspect(c: &Conn) -> Value {
+    tool(c, "doc_inspect", json!({})).await
+}
+
+async fn pixel(c: &Conn, x: i32, y: i32) -> Vec<f64> {
+    let v = run(c, "document.pixel", json!({"x": x, "y": y})).await;
+    let arr = if v.is_array() { v } else { v.get("result").cloned().unwrap_or(v) };
+    arr.as_array().unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("pixel: {arr}")).iter().map(|x| x.as_f64().unwrap()).collect()
+}
+
+fn top_layer(doc: &Value) -> &Value {
+    &doc["layers"][0]
+}
+
+fn tmp(name: &str) -> std::path::PathBuf {
+    let d = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("pc-agent-{}-{name}", std::process::id()));
+    let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&d);
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&d).unwrap();
+    d
+}
+
+fn close(a: &[f64], b: &[f64], tol: f64) -> bool {
+    a.iter().zip(b).all(|(x, y)| (x - y).abs() <= tol)
+}
+
+/// The next ten acceptance tasks (21–30): fill layers, adjustment layers with masks, grouping,
+/// merging, gradients of edits, channel round trips, JPEG export and a native save round trip
+/// that preserves a group.
+#[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
+async fn agent_completes_ten_extended_tasks() {
+    let dir = tmp("tasks3");
+    let (c, server) = connect(&dir).await;
+
+    // 21. Paint a red background and cover it with a solid-colour fill layer.
+    tool(&c, "doc_new", json!({"width": 64, "height": 64, "background": "white"})).await;
+    run(&c, "select.all", json!({})).await;
+    run(&c, "edit.fill", json!({"color": "#ff0000"})).await;
+    run(&c, "select.deselect", json!({})).await;
+    run(&c, "layer.newFillLayer.solidColor", json!({"color": "#00ffff"})).await;
+    assert_eq!(top_layer(&inspect(&c).await)["kind"], "Fill", "task 21");
+    let cyan = pixel(&c, 32, 32).await;
+    assert!(cyan[1] > 0.99 && cyan[2] > 0.99 && cyan[0] < 0.01, "task 21: the fill covers red {cyan:?}");
+
+    // 22. An Invert adjustment flips it to red; deleting the adjustment restores cyan.
+    run(&c, "layer.newAdjustmentLayer.invert", json!({})).await;
+    assert_eq!(top_layer(&inspect(&c).await)["kind"], "Adjustment", "task 22");
+    let inverted = pixel(&c, 32, 32).await;
+    assert!(inverted[0] > 0.99 && inverted[1] < 0.01 && inverted[2] < 0.01, "task 22: cyan inverts to red {inverted:?}");
+    run(&c, "layer.delete", json!({})).await;
+    assert!(close(&pixel(&c, 32, 32).await, &cyan, 1e-4), "task 22: deleting the adjustment restores cyan");
+
+    // 23. Hide a rectangular selection behind the layer's mask.
+    run(&c, "layer.delete", json!({})).await; // drop the fill so the red background shows
+    run(&c, "select.rect", json!({"x": 16, "y": 16, "width": 32, "height": 32})).await;
+    run(&c, "layer.layerMask.hideSelection", json!({})).await;
+    let doc = inspect(&c).await;
+    assert_eq!(top_layer(&doc)["hasMask"], true, "task 23");
+    let hidden = pixel(&c, 32, 32).await;
+    let kept = pixel(&c, 4, 4).await;
+    assert!(hidden[3] < 0.01, "task 23: the selection is masked away {hidden:?}");
+    assert!(kept[3] > 0.99 && kept[0] > 0.99, "task 23: outside keeps the red {kept:?}");
+    run(&c, "layer.layerMask.delete", json!({})).await;
+
+    // 24. Group every layer; the pixels are unchanged.
+    let before = pixel(&c, 32, 32).await;
+    run(&c, "select.allLayers", json!({})).await;
+    run(&c, "layer.groupLayers", json!({})).await;
+    let doc = inspect(&c).await;
+    assert_eq!(top_layer(&doc)["kind"], "Group", "task 24: {doc}");
+    assert!(close(&pixel(&c, 32, 32).await, &before, 1e-4), "task 24: grouping is visual only");
+
+    // 25. Flatten the grouped document to one layer.
+    run(&c, "layer.flattenImage", json!({})).await;
+    assert_eq!(inspect(&c).await["layers"].as_array().unwrap().len(), 1, "task 25");
+
+    // 26. Duplicate the layer and delete the copy.
+    run(&c, "layer.duplicate", json!({})).await;
+    assert_eq!(inspect(&c).await["layers"].as_array().unwrap().len(), 2, "task 26");
+    run(&c, "layer.delete", json!({})).await;
+    assert_eq!(inspect(&c).await["layers"].as_array().unwrap().len(), 1, "task 26");
+
+    // 27. A Curves adjustment darkens the red; deleting it restores the original.
+    run(&c, "layer.newAdjustmentLayer.curves", json!({"points": [[0, 0], [128, 32], [255, 128]]})).await;
+    let dark = pixel(&c, 32, 32).await;
+    assert!(dark[0] < 0.9, "task 27: the red channel deepens {dark:?}");
+    run(&c, "layer.delete", json!({})).await;
+    assert!(close(&pixel(&c, 32, 32).await, &before, 1e-4), "task 27: deleting restores the red");
+
+    // 28. Hue/Saturation at -100 desaturates the red to gray.
+    run(&c, "layer.newAdjustmentLayer.hueSaturation", json!({"saturation": -100})).await;
+    let gray = pixel(&c, 32, 32).await;
+    assert!((gray[0] - gray[1]).abs() < 0.05 && (gray[1] - gray[2]).abs() < 0.05, "task 28: saturated red goes gray {gray:?}");
+    run(&c, "layer.delete", json!({})).await;
+
+    // 29. Save a selection to a channel, load it back and paint through it.
+    run(&c, "select.rect", json!({"x": 20, "y": 20, "width": 24, "height": 24})).await;
+    run(&c, "select.saveSelection", json!({"name": "Box"})).await;
+    run(&c, "select.deselect", json!({})).await;
+    run(&c, "select.loadSelection", json!({"channel": "Box"})).await;
+    run(&c, "edit.fill", json!({"color": "#0000ff"})).await;
+    let painted = pixel(&c, 32, 32).await;
+    let outside = pixel(&c, 4, 4).await;
+    assert!(painted[2] > 0.99 && painted[0] < 0.01, "task 29: the loaded channel fills blue {painted:?}");
+    assert!(outside[0] > 0.99 && outside[2] < 0.01, "task 29: outside keeps red {outside:?}");
+    run(&c, "select.deselect", json!({})).await;
+
+    // 30. Save natively with a group, reopen and find the group and its content intact.
+    run(&c, "layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Badge"})).await;
+    run(&c, "select.rect", json!({"x": 40, "y": 40, "width": 16, "height": 16})).await;
+    run(&c, "edit.fill", json!({"color": "#00ff00"})).await;
+    run(&c, "select.deselect", json!({})).await;
+    run(&c, "select.allLayers", json!({})).await;
+    run(&c, "layer.groupLayers", json!({"name": "Set"})).await;
+    tool(&c, "doc_save", json!({"path": "grouped.pcraft"})).await;
+    tool(&c, "doc_close", json!({})).await;
+    tool(&c, "doc_open", json!({"path": "grouped.pcraft"})).await;
+    let doc = inspect(&c).await;
+    assert_eq!(top_layer(&doc)["kind"], "Group", "task 30: {doc}");
+    assert_eq!(top_layer(&doc)["name"], "Set", "task 30: {doc}");
+    let green = pixel(&c, 48, 48).await;
+    assert!(green[1] > 0.99 && green[0] < 0.01, "task 30: the badge inside the group survives {green:?}");
+    tool(&c, "doc_close", json!({})).await;
+
+    shutdown(c, server).await;
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(dir).unwrap();
+}
diff --git a/crates/automation/tests/agent_tasks_more.rs b/crates/automation/tests/it/agent_tasks_more.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/automation/tests/agent_tasks_more.rs
rename to crates/automation/tests/it/agent_tasks_more.rs
diff --git a/crates/automation/tests/bridge.rs b/crates/automation/tests/it/bridge.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/automation/tests/bridge.rs
rename to crates/automation/tests/it/bridge.rs
diff --git a/crates/automation/tests/inactive_save.rs b/crates/automation/tests/it/inactive_save.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/automation/tests/inactive_save.rs
rename to crates/automation/tests/it/inactive_save.rs
diff --git a/crates/automation/tests/krita.rs b/crates/automation/tests/it/krita.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/automation/tests/krita.rs
rename to crates/automation/tests/it/krita.rs
diff --git a/crates/automation/tests/layered_save_dirty.rs b/crates/automation/tests/it/layered_save_dirty.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/automation/tests/layered_save_dirty.rs
rename to crates/automation/tests/it/layered_save_dirty.rs
diff --git a/crates/automation/tests/it/main.rs b/crates/automation/tests/it/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f701bd705b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/automation/tests/it/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//! The crate's integration tests, linked into one test binary.
+
+mod agent_tasks;
+mod agent_tasks_extended;
+mod agent_tasks_more;
+mod bridge;
+mod inactive_save;
+mod krita;
+mod layered_save_dirty;
+mod mcp;
+mod mcp_wire;
+mod missing_font_warnings;
+mod native_save_name;
+mod openraster;
+mod raw_defaults;
+mod smart_filter_authorization;
diff --git a/crates/automation/tests/mcp.rs b/crates/automation/tests/it/mcp.rs
similarity index 92%
rename from crates/automation/tests/mcp.rs
rename to crates/automation/tests/it/mcp.rs
index e6df63cd09..fe44d0be6b 100644
--- a/crates/automation/tests/mcp.rs
+++ b/crates/automation/tests/it/mcp.rs
@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ async fn lists_expected_tools() {
         "doc_open",
         "doc_new",
         "doc_place",
+        "doc_replace_smart_object",
         "doc_export_layers",
         "doc_export_data_sets",
         "doc_import_data_sets",
@@ -706,6 +707,36 @@ async fn doc_place_is_capability_scoped() {
     cleanup(&base);
 }
 
+/// #8061: Replace Contents reads from the read root through `doc_replace_smart_object`; the
+/// ambient `layer.smartObjects.replaceContents` stays refused.
+#[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
+async fn doc_replace_smart_object_is_capability_scoped() {
+    let base = tmp("replace-so");
+    let root = base.join("workspace");
+    let outside = base.join("outside");
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&root).unwrap();
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&outside).unwrap();
+    let img = photocraft_codecs::Image::from_u8(8, 6, photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgb, vec![42; 144]).unwrap();
+    let bytes = photocraft_codecs::encode(&img, photocraft_codecs::Format::Png, &Default::default()).unwrap();
+    std::fs::write(root.join("inside.png"), &bytes).unwrap();
+    std::fs::write(outside.join("outside.png"), bytes).unwrap();
+    let client = connect(headless_in(&root)).await;
+
+    json_of(&call(&client, "doc_new", json!({"width": 40, "height": 30})).await);
+    let placed = json_of(&call(&client, "doc_place", json!({"path": "inside.png"})).await);
+    let layer = placed["layer"].clone();
+    let replaced = call(&client, "doc_replace_smart_object", json!({"path": "inside.png", "layer": layer})).await;
+    assert_ne!(replaced.is_error, Some(true), "{}", text(&replaced));
+    let refused = call(&client, "doc_replace_smart_object", json!({"path": outside.join("outside.png").to_string_lossy(), "layer": layer})).await;
+    assert_eq!(refused.is_error, Some(true));
+    assert!(text(&refused).contains("must be inside the automation root"), "{}", text(&refused));
+    let ambient = call(&client, "command_run", json!({"id": "layer.smartObjects.replaceContents", "params": {"path": "inside.png", "layer": layer}})).await;
+    assert_eq!(ambient.is_error, Some(true));
+    assert!(text(&ambient).contains("ambient filesystem paths"), "{}", text(&ambient));
+    client.cancel().await.unwrap();
+    cleanup(&base);
+}
+
 /// #3216: the export half of #2810. The write root scopes both exports, the read root the CSV,
 /// and the three ambient commands keep their refusal.
 #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
@@ -768,17 +799,55 @@ async fn doc_exports_and_data_set_import_are_capability_scoped() {
     cleanup(&base);
 }
 
+/// Skipped-layer details survive the MCP tool result, including the all-skipped case.
+#[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
+async fn doc_export_layers_reports_skipped_layers() {
+    let base = tmp("skipped-layers");
+    let client = connect(headless_in(&base)).await;
+    json_of(&call(&client, "doc_new", json!({"width": 4, "height": 4, "background": "white", "name": "card"})).await);
+    let background = json_of(&call(&client, "doc_inspect", json!({})).await)["layers"][0]["id"].clone();
+    let adjustment = json_of(&call(&client, "command_run", json!({"id": "layer.newAdjustmentLayer.levels"})).await)["layer"].clone();
+    json_of(&call(&client, "command_run", json!({"id": "layer.setProps", "params": {"name": "Levels/α"}})).await);
+    let hidden = json_of(&call(&client, "command_run", json!({"id": "layer.new.layer", "params": {"name": "Hidden"}})).await)["layer"].clone();
+    json_of(&call(&client, "command_run", json!({"id": "layer.setProps", "params": {"visible": false}})).await);
+    let result = json_of(&call(&client, "doc_export_layers", json!({"dir": "layers"})).await);
+    assert_eq!(result["count"], 1);
+    assert_eq!(result["files"], json!(["layers/card_0001_Background.png"]));
+    assert_eq!(
+        result["skipped"],
+        json!([
+            {"layer": hidden, "name": "Hidden", "reason": "hidden by visibleOnly"},
+            {"layer": adjustment, "name": "Levels/α", "reason": "adjustment layer has no pixels of its own"}
+        ])
+    );
+    let all = json_of(&call(&client, "doc_export_layers", json!({"dir": "all", "visible_only": false})).await);
+    assert_eq!(all["count"], 2);
+    assert_eq!(all["skipped"].as_array().unwrap().len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(std::fs::read_dir(base.join("layers")).unwrap().count(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(std::fs::read_dir(base.join("all")).unwrap().count(), 2);
+    // Every top-level layer is still accounted for when none can be exported.
+    json_of(&call(&client, "command_run", json!({"id": "layer.setProps", "params": {"layer": background, "visible": false}})).await);
+    let none = json_of(&call(&client, "doc_export_layers", json!({"dir": "none"})).await);
+    assert_eq!(none["files"], json!([]));
+    assert_eq!(none["count"], 0);
+    assert_eq!(none["skipped"].as_array().unwrap().len(), 3);
+    assert_eq!(std::fs::read_dir(base.join("none")).unwrap().count(), 0);
+    client.cancel().await.unwrap();
+    cleanup(&base);
+}
+
 /// The template workflow stays in memory, including saving nested contents back to the parent.
 #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
 async fn embedded_smart_objects_can_be_edited_saved_and_unpacked_without_file_authority() {
     let client = connect(PhotocraftMcp::headless()).await;
     let run = async |id: &str, params: Value| json_of(&call(&client, "command_run", json!({"id": id, "params": params})).await);
     json_of(&call(&client, "doc_new", json!({"width": 16, "height": 12, "background": "white"})).await);
-    run("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject", json!({})).await;
     let outer = run("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject", json!({})).await["layer"].clone();
     // An explicit target works even with a regular pixel layer selected.
     run("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Other layer"})).await;
     assert_eq!(run("layer.smartObjects.editContents", json!({"layer": outer})).await["document"], 1);
+    // A smart object cannot be converted again, so nest one inside the contents instead.
+    run("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject", json!({})).await;
     assert_eq!(run("layer.smartObjects.editContents", json!({})).await["document"], 2);
     run("layer.setProps", json!({"name": "Edited photo", "opacity": 0.5})).await;
     assert_eq!(run("layer.smartObjects.saveContents", json!({})).await["updated"], true);
@@ -1042,6 +1111,26 @@ async fn bridge_previews_reject_document_indices() {
     assert_eq!(schema.get("additionalProperties"), Some(&json!(false)));
 }
 
+/// Bridge mode runs Replace Contents on the app's active document, so an `index` is refused
+/// before anything reaches the app rather than dropped (it would replace another document's
+/// contents); without one the command is forwarded as before.
+#[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
+async fn bridge_replace_smart_object_rejects_a_document_index() {
+    let (addr, app) = fake_app().await;
+    let client = connect(PhotocraftMcp::bridge(&addr, CONTROL_TOKEN).unwrap()).await;
+    let refused = call(&client, "doc_replace_smart_object", json!({"path": "new.png", "index": 1})).await;
+    assert_eq!(refused.is_error, Some(true), "{}", text(&refused));
+    assert!(text(&refused).contains("index"), "{}", text(&refused));
+    let forwarded = call(&client, "doc_replace_smart_object", json!({"path": "new.png", "layer": 7})).await;
+    assert_ne!(forwarded.is_error, Some(true), "{}", text(&forwarded));
+    client.cancel().await.unwrap();
+    let seen = tokio::time::timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(5), app).await.unwrap().unwrap();
+    let executed: Vec<&Value> = seen.iter().filter(|request| request["method"] == "engine.execute").collect();
+    assert_eq!(executed.len(), 1, "the indexed call must not reach the app: {seen:?}");
+    assert_eq!(executed[0]["params"]["command"], "layer.smartObjects.replaceContents");
+    assert_eq!(executed[0]["params"]["params"], json!({"path": "new.png", "layer": 7}));
+}
+
 #[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread")]
 async fn headless_previews_preserve_document_indices() {
     let client = connect(PhotocraftMcp::headless()).await;
diff --git a/crates/automation/tests/mcp_wire.rs b/crates/automation/tests/it/mcp_wire.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/automation/tests/mcp_wire.rs
rename to crates/automation/tests/it/mcp_wire.rs
diff --git a/crates/automation/tests/missing_font_warnings.rs b/crates/automation/tests/it/missing_font_warnings.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/automation/tests/missing_font_warnings.rs
rename to crates/automation/tests/it/missing_font_warnings.rs
diff --git a/crates/automation/tests/native_save_name.rs b/crates/automation/tests/it/native_save_name.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/automation/tests/native_save_name.rs
rename to crates/automation/tests/it/native_save_name.rs
diff --git a/crates/automation/tests/openraster.rs b/crates/automation/tests/it/openraster.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/automation/tests/openraster.rs
rename to crates/automation/tests/it/openraster.rs
diff --git a/crates/automation/tests/it/raw_defaults.rs b/crates/automation/tests/it/raw_defaults.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0f12e06c5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/automation/tests/it/raw_defaults.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//! #7789: the headless (MCP) `doc.open` opens a developed raw at Preferences › Raw Defaults ›
+//! Resolution, as the app's File › Open does.
+
+use photocraft_automation::Headless;
+use photocraft_raw::testgen::{DngSpec, mosaic, scene};
+use serde_json::json;
+
+#[test]
+fn doc_open_gives_a_raw_the_raw_defaults_resolution() {
+    let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("pc-raw-defaults-{}", std::process::id()));
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+    let (w, h) = (24, 16);
+    let path = dir.join("IMG_0001.dng");
+    std::fs::write(&path, DngSpec::cfa(w, h, mosaic(&scene(w, h), w, [0, 1, 1, 2], 0, 65535)).build()).unwrap();
+    let mut headless = Headless::trusted_local();
+    headless.handle("engine.execute", json!({"command": "prefs.set", "params": {"path": "rawDefaults.resolution", "value": 240}})).unwrap();
+    headless.handle("doc.open", json!({"path": path.to_str().unwrap()})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(headless.session.active().unwrap().doc.resolution_dpi, 240.0);
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(dir).unwrap();
+}
diff --git a/crates/automation/tests/smart_filter_authorization.rs b/crates/automation/tests/it/smart_filter_authorization.rs
similarity index 66%
rename from crates/automation/tests/smart_filter_authorization.rs
rename to crates/automation/tests/it/smart_filter_authorization.rs
index 594832c41d..0a39df85f5 100644
--- a/crates/automation/tests/smart_filter_authorization.rs
+++ b/crates/automation/tests/it/smart_filter_authorization.rs
@@ -1,94 +1,15 @@
 //! Stored smart-filter parameters must not grant automation ambient filesystem access.
-use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
-use std::sync::{
-    Arc,
-    atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering},
-};
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use photocraft_automation::{AuthorizedWorkspace, Headless, workspace::authorize_desktop_engine_step};
-use photocraft_doc::{Document, LayerContent, LayerId};
+#[path = "../support/smart_filter_fixture.rs"]
+mod fixture;
+
+use fixture::{Fixture, assert_denied, cube, path_params};
+use photocraft_automation::{Headless, workspace::authorize_desktop_engine_step};
+use photocraft_doc::LayerContent;
 use photocraft_engine::{Session, actions_cmds::Action, jobs::Started, smart_cmds};
-use serde_json::{Value, json};
-
-struct Fixture(PathBuf);
-
-impl Fixture {
-    fn new() -> Self {
-        static NEXT: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
-        let stamp = std::time::SystemTime::now().duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH).unwrap().as_nanos();
-        let base = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("pc-filter-auth-{}-{stamp}-{}", std::process::id(), NEXT.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed)));
-        std::fs::create_dir(&base).unwrap();
-        std::fs::create_dir(base.join("workspace")).unwrap();
-        std::fs::create_dir(base.join("outside")).unwrap();
-        let f = Self(base);
-        std::fs::write(f.root().join("stripes.png"), png(|x| if (x / 2) % 2 == 0 { 0 } else { 255 })).unwrap();
-        std::fs::write(f.outside("black.png"), png(|_| 0)).unwrap();
-        std::fs::write(f.outside("white.png"), png(|_| 255)).unwrap();
-        std::fs::write(f.outside("black.cube"), cube(0)).unwrap();
-        std::fs::write(f.outside("white.cube"), cube(1)).unwrap();
-        f
-    }
-
-    fn root(&self) -> PathBuf {
-        self.0.join("workspace")
-    }
-    fn outside(&self, name: &str) -> PathBuf {
-        self.0.join("outside").join(name)
-    }
-    fn headless(&self) -> Headless {
-        Headless::with_workspace(AuthorizedWorkspace::new(Some(&self.root()), Some(&self.root())).unwrap())
-    }
-    fn setup(&self, lookup: bool) -> (Headless, LayerId) {
-        let mut h = self.headless();
-        h.handle("doc.new", json!({"width": 32, "height": 32, "background": "#808080"})).unwrap();
-        h.handle("doc.new", json!({"width": 32, "height": 32})).unwrap();
-        let layer = LayerId(h.handle("doc.place", json!({"path": "stripes.png"})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap());
-        let (id, params) = if lookup {
-            ("image.adjustments.colorLookup", json!({"layer": layer.0, "lut": "none"}))
-        } else {
-            ("filter.distort.displace", json!({"layer": layer.0, "mapDocument": 0, "horizontal": 50, "vertical": 0}))
-        };
-        h.session.execute(id, params).unwrap();
-        (h, layer)
-    }
-    fn saved_filter(&self, lookup: bool) -> (Document, LayerId) {
-        let (h, layer) = self.setup(lookup);
-        let mut doc = (*h.session.active().unwrap().doc).clone();
-        let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &mut doc.layer_mut(layer).unwrap().content else { panic!("smart object") };
-        sm.smart_filters[0].params = path_params(lookup, &self.outside(if lookup { "white.cube" } else { "white.png" }));
-        let bytes = photocraft_format::save_to_bytes(&doc, &Default::default()).unwrap();
-        std::fs::write(self.root().join("stored.pcraft"), bytes).unwrap();
-        (doc, layer)
-    }
-}
-impl Drop for Fixture {
-    fn drop(&mut self) {
-        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&self.0);
-    }
-}
-
-fn png(value: impl Fn(u32) -> u8) -> Vec<u8> {
-    let mut pixels = Vec::new();
-    for _ in 0..32 {
-        for x in 0..32 {
-            pixels.extend([value(x); 3]);
-        }
-    }
-    let image = photocraft_codecs::Image::from_u8(32, 32, photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgb, pixels).unwrap();
-    photocraft_codecs::encode(&image, photocraft_codecs::Format::Png, &Default::default()).unwrap()
-}
-fn cube(value: u8) -> String {
-    format!("LUT_3D_SIZE 2\n{}", format!("{value} {value} {value}\n").repeat(8))
-}
-fn path_params(lookup: bool, path: &Path) -> Value {
-    if lookup { json!({"file": path}) } else { json!({"mapPath": path, "mapDocument": null}) }
-}
-fn assert_denied<T: std::fmt::Debug>(result: Result<T, impl std::fmt::Display>) {
-    match result {
-        Err(error) => assert!(error.to_string().contains("ambient filesystem"), "{error}"),
-        Ok(value) => panic!("ambient file access was accepted: {value:?}"),
-    }
-}
+use serde_json::json;
 
 #[test]
 fn parameter_edits_reject_outside_images_and_luts_without_changing_the_document() {
@@ -243,21 +164,6 @@ fn a_refresh_outside_command_execution_surfaces_the_denial_instead_of_rendering_
     }
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn an_ambient_map_or_lut_never_renders_unfiltered_pixels_into_the_stack_cache() {
-    // The denial path must fail the render before any stage is cached process-wide.
-    for lookup in [false, true] {
-        let f = Fixture::new();
-        let (doc, layer) = f.saved_filter(lookup);
-        let mut s = Session::new();
-        s.add_document(doc, None);
-        s.authorize = Some(authorize_desktop_engine_step);
-        let bytes = smart_cmds::stack_cache_bytes();
-        assert_denied(s.execute("layer.smartFilter.setVisible", json!({"layer": layer.0, "visible": true})));
-        assert_eq!(bytes, smart_cmds::stack_cache_bytes(), "a denied render cached no stage");
-    }
-}
-
 /// Choosing another Displace map through `setParams` embeds it (#7423), so the new map is read
 /// before the edit: a path outside the workspace is refused before that read, and the filter
 /// keeps the map it had.
diff --git a/crates/automation/tests/smart_filter_stack_cache.rs b/crates/automation/tests/smart_filter_stack_cache.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f7698a4db1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/automation/tests/smart_filter_stack_cache.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+//! One integration-test process keeps the global smart filter stage cache isolated from the
+//! parallel tests in `tests/it`, so a denied render can be shown to have cached nothing.
+use photocraft_automation::workspace::authorize_desktop_engine_step;
+use photocraft_engine::{Session, smart_cmds};
+use serde_json::json;
+
+#[path = "support/smart_filter_fixture.rs"]
+mod fixture;
+
+use fixture::{Fixture, assert_denied};
+
+#[test]
+fn an_ambient_map_or_lut_never_renders_unfiltered_pixels_into_the_stack_cache() {
+    // The denial path must fail the render before any stage is cached process-wide.
+    for lookup in [false, true] {
+        let f = Fixture::new();
+        let (doc, layer) = f.saved_filter(lookup);
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        s.add_document(doc, None);
+        s.authorize = Some(authorize_desktop_engine_step);
+        let bytes = smart_cmds::stack_cache_bytes();
+        assert_denied(s.execute("layer.smartFilter.setVisible", json!({"layer": layer.0, "visible": true})));
+        assert_eq!(bytes, smart_cmds::stack_cache_bytes(), "a denied render cached no stage");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/automation/tests/support/smart_filter_fixture.rs b/crates/automation/tests/support/smart_filter_fixture.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..26d5cab27b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/automation/tests/support/smart_filter_fixture.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+//! The smart filter authorization tests' fixture: a workspace with a striped image to place and
+//! maps and LUTs outside it (`#[path]`-included by `it/smart_filter_authorization.rs` and
+//! `smart_filter_stack_cache.rs`).
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
+
+use photocraft_automation::{AuthorizedWorkspace, Headless};
+use photocraft_doc::{Document, LayerContent, LayerId};
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+
+pub struct Fixture(PathBuf);
+
+impl Fixture {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        static NEXT: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
+        let stamp = std::time::SystemTime::now().duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH).unwrap().as_nanos();
+        let base = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("pc-filter-auth-{}-{stamp}-{}", std::process::id(), NEXT.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed)));
+        std::fs::create_dir(&base).unwrap();
+        std::fs::create_dir(base.join("workspace")).unwrap();
+        std::fs::create_dir(base.join("outside")).unwrap();
+        let f = Self(base);
+        std::fs::write(f.root().join("stripes.png"), png(|x| if (x / 2) % 2 == 0 { 0 } else { 255 })).unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(f.outside("black.png"), png(|_| 0)).unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(f.outside("white.png"), png(|_| 255)).unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(f.outside("black.cube"), cube(0)).unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(f.outside("white.cube"), cube(1)).unwrap();
+        f
+    }
+
+    pub fn root(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.0.join("workspace")
+    }
+    pub fn outside(&self, name: &str) -> PathBuf {
+        self.0.join("outside").join(name)
+    }
+    pub fn headless(&self) -> Headless {
+        Headless::with_workspace(AuthorizedWorkspace::new(Some(&self.root()), Some(&self.root())).unwrap())
+    }
+    pub fn setup(&self, lookup: bool) -> (Headless, LayerId) {
+        let mut h = self.headless();
+        h.handle("doc.new", json!({"width": 32, "height": 32, "background": "#808080"})).unwrap();
+        h.handle("doc.new", json!({"width": 32, "height": 32})).unwrap();
+        let layer = LayerId(h.handle("doc.place", json!({"path": "stripes.png"})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap());
+        let (id, params) = if lookup {
+            ("image.adjustments.colorLookup", json!({"layer": layer.0, "lut": "none"}))
+        } else {
+            ("filter.distort.displace", json!({"layer": layer.0, "mapDocument": 0, "horizontal": 50, "vertical": 0}))
+        };
+        h.session.execute(id, params).unwrap();
+        (h, layer)
+    }
+    pub fn saved_filter(&self, lookup: bool) -> (Document, LayerId) {
+        let (h, layer) = self.setup(lookup);
+        let mut doc = (*h.session.active().unwrap().doc).clone();
+        let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &mut doc.layer_mut(layer).unwrap().content else { panic!("smart object") };
+        sm.smart_filters[0].params = path_params(lookup, &self.outside(if lookup { "white.cube" } else { "white.png" }));
+        let bytes = photocraft_format::save_to_bytes(&doc, &Default::default()).unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(self.root().join("stored.pcraft"), bytes).unwrap();
+        (doc, layer)
+    }
+}
+impl Drop for Fixture {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&self.0);
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn png(value: impl Fn(u32) -> u8) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut pixels = Vec::new();
+    for _ in 0..32 {
+        for x in 0..32 {
+            pixels.extend([value(x); 3]);
+        }
+    }
+    let image = photocraft_codecs::Image::from_u8(32, 32, photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgb, pixels).unwrap();
+    photocraft_codecs::encode(&image, photocraft_codecs::Format::Png, &Default::default()).unwrap()
+}
+pub fn cube(value: u8) -> String {
+    format!("LUT_3D_SIZE 2\n{}", format!("{value} {value} {value}\n").repeat(8))
+}
+pub fn path_params(lookup: bool, path: &Path) -> Value {
+    if lookup { json!({"file": path}) } else { json!({"mapPath": path, "mapDocument": null}) }
+}
+pub fn assert_denied<T: std::fmt::Debug>(result: Result<T, impl std::fmt::Display>) {
+    match result {
+        Err(error) => assert!(error.to_string().contains("ambient filesystem"), "{error}"),
+        Ok(value) => panic!("ambient file access was accepted: {value:?}"),
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/cms/README.md b/crates/cms/README.md
index 70b4ab3c9c..b67eb6e8a8 100644
--- a/crates/cms/README.md
+++ b/crates/cms/README.md
@@ -27,7 +27,8 @@ t.eval(&[1.0, 0.0, 0.0], &mut out);                        // exact single colou
 * `Profile::to_bytes()`: original bytes of parsed profiles (byte-exact), or an ICC v4.3 encoding.
 * `Profile::same_colors(&other)`: the same colour space whatever the encoding (every sample of
   a device grid within ΔE 0.5 through both), e.g. Photoshop's sRGB IEC61966-2.1 and the built-in
-  sRGB. `content_hash()` compares bytes and suits cache keys only.
+  sRGB. `same_bytes(&other)` compares the ICC bytes. `content_hash()` is a 64-bit hash of them
+  that another profile can share: a cache key, confirmed with `same_bytes`.
 
 ### Evaluation
 
@@ -75,7 +76,7 @@ sampled gamut boundary. `profiles/photocraft-coated-cmyk.icc` (237 KB, AToB 11
 21³ lut16) is that output, dedicated to the public domain (CC0-1.0). Regenerate with
 
 ```sh
-PHOTOCRAFT_REGEN_PROFILES=1 cargo test -p photocraft-cms --release --test regen
+PHOTOCRAFT_REGEN_PROFILES=1 cargo test -p photocraft-cms --release --test it -- regen::
 ```
 
 It is a plausible coated-offset profile, not a measured characterisation: use your printer's
diff --git a/crates/cms/src/curve.rs b/crates/cms/src/curve.rs
index 8b619842d1..963ae3cdb5 100644
--- a/crates/cms/src/curve.rs
+++ b/crates/cms/src/curve.rs
@@ -293,15 +293,22 @@ fn table_inverse_with(t: &[f32], y: f32, increasing: bool, edge_start: f32, edge
 
 /// For a flat run at the table start (`start = true`) the last index of the run, or for a flat
 /// run at the end the first index of it, as a normalised input.
+///
+/// A table that is inverted is monotonic, so the run is found by bisection, not by a scan: a long
+/// constant table is inverted once per pixel, and scanning it each time made the cost the curve's
+/// length times the image's.
 fn edge_index(t: &[f32], start: bool) -> f32 {
     let n = t.len();
     if start {
         let v = t[0];
-        let i = t.iter().position(|x| (*x - v).abs() > 1e-7).map_or(n - 1, |i| i - 1);
+        // The first value that differs, given they do so from there on.
+        let first_other = t.partition_point(|x| (*x - v).abs() <= 1e-7);
+        let i = if first_other >= n { n - 1 } else { first_other.saturating_sub(1) };
         i as f32 / (n - 1) as f32
     } else {
         let v = t[n - 1];
-        let i = t.iter().rposition(|x| (*x - v).abs() > 1e-7).map_or(0, |i| i + 1);
+        // The start of the trailing run equal to the last value.
+        let i = t.partition_point(|x| (*x - v).abs() > 1e-7);
         i as f32 / (n - 1) as f32
     }
 }
@@ -362,6 +369,21 @@ mod tests {
         assert!((g.eval64(-0.5) + 0.5f64.powf(2.2)).abs() < 1e-12);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn inverting_a_long_flat_table_does_not_rescan_it_for_every_pixel() {
+        // Four million zeros and a one: a scan per call would be 8·10¹¹ steps for these calls.
+        let mut t = vec![0.0f32; 4_000_000];
+        t.push(1.0);
+        let c = Curve::Table(t);
+        let started = std::time::Instant::now();
+        let mut last = 0.0;
+        for _ in 0..200_000 {
+            last = c.eval_inverse(0.0);
+        }
+        assert!(last > 0.99, "the flat start ends at the last zero: {last}");
+        assert!(started.elapsed().as_secs() < 10, "{:?}", started.elapsed());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn inverse_table_matches_per_call_including_flat_runs() {
         // Batch inverse must equal calling eval_inverse64 per point. Include a table with flat
diff --git a/crates/cms/src/lutfile.rs b/crates/cms/src/lutfile.rs
index 47ff164fda..6a85f53908 100644
--- a/crates/cms/src/lutfile.rs
+++ b/crates/cms/src/lutfile.rs
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ impl LutFile {
 /// Parses a LUT, picking the format from `file_name`'s extension (falls back to sniffing).
 pub fn parse(file_name: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<LutFile, LutError> {
     let lower = file_name.to_ascii_lowercase();
-    let text = String::from_utf8_lossy(bytes);
+    let text = decode_text(bytes);
     if lower.ends_with(".3dl") {
         parse_3dl(&text)
     } else if lower.ends_with(".look") || text.trim_start().starts_with('<') {
@@ -100,6 +100,19 @@ pub fn parse(file_name: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<LutFile, LutError> {
     }
 }
 
+/// UTF-16 with a byte-order mark (Photoshop loads such `.look` files, #9118), else UTF-8.
+fn decode_text(bytes: &[u8]) -> std::borrow::Cow<'_, str> {
+    let utf16 = |rest: &[u8], from: fn([u8; 2]) -> u16| {
+        let units: Vec<u16> = rest.as_chunks::<2>().0.iter().map(|&c| from(c)).collect();
+        String::from_utf16_lossy(&units).into()
+    };
+    match bytes {
+        [0xFF, 0xFE, rest @ ..] => utf16(rest, u16::from_le_bytes),
+        [0xFE, 0xFF, rest @ ..] => utf16(rest, u16::from_be_bytes),
+        _ => String::from_utf8_lossy(bytes),
+    }
+}
+
 /// Adobe / Resolve `.cube`. 1D LUTs (`LUT_1D_SIZE`) are expanded to a 33³ table.
 pub fn parse_cube(text: &str) -> Result<LutFile, LutError> {
     let mut title = String::new();
@@ -107,7 +120,14 @@ pub fn parse_cube(text: &str) -> Result<LutFile, LutError> {
     let (mut dmin, mut dmax) = ([0.0f32; 3], [1.0f32; 3]);
     let mut rows: Vec<f32> = Vec::new();
     for line in text.lines() {
-        let line = line.split('#').next().unwrap_or("").trim();
+        // A '#' inside a quoted TITLE is part of the title, not a comment.
+        let raw = line.trim_start();
+        let skip = if raw.starts_with("TITLE") { raw.find('"').and_then(|q| raw[q + 1..].find('"').map(|e| q + e + 2)) } else { None }.unwrap_or(0);
+        let line = match raw[skip..].find('#') {
+            Some(i) => &raw[..skip + i],
+            None => raw,
+        }
+        .trim();
         if line.is_empty() {
             continue;
         }
@@ -172,12 +192,15 @@ pub fn parse_cube(text: &str) -> Result<LutFile, LutError> {
 }
 
 /// Lustre `.3dl`: an optional shaper line of input values, then integer RGB rows with **blue**
-/// varying fastest; the output bit depth is inferred from the largest value.
+/// varying fastest; the output bit depth is inferred from the largest value, and is at least 12
+/// bits in a file without a header.
 pub fn parse_3dl(text: &str) -> Result<LutFile, LutError> {
     let mut rows: Vec<[f64; 3]> = Vec::new();
+    let mut header = false;
     for line in text.lines() {
         let line = line.split('#').next().unwrap_or("").trim();
         if line.is_empty() || line.starts_with(|c: char| c.is_ascii_alphabetic()) {
+            header |= !line.is_empty();
             continue;
         }
         let v: Vec<f64> = line.split_whitespace().filter_map(|s| s.parse().ok()).collect();
@@ -191,7 +214,9 @@ pub fn parse_3dl(text: &str) -> Result<LutFile, LutError> {
         return err(format!("{} rows is not a cube", rows.len()));
     }
     let max = rows.iter().flatten().fold(0.0f64, |a, &b| a.max(b));
-    let scale = if max <= 1.0 { 1.0 } else { [1023.0, 4095.0, 16383.0, 65535.0].into_iter().find(|&s| max <= s).unwrap_or(max) };
+    // Photoshop 27.11 reads a headerless table peaking at 255 or 1023 on the 12-bit scale (#9121).
+    let depths: &[f64] = if header { &[1023.0, 4095.0, 16383.0, 65535.0] } else { &[4095.0, 16383.0, 65535.0] };
+    let scale = if max <= 1.0 { 1.0 } else { depths.iter().copied().find(|&s| max <= s).unwrap_or(max) };
     let mut data = vec![0.0f32; n * n * n * 3];
     for (i, row) in rows.iter().enumerate() {
         let (r, g, b) = (i / (n * n), (i / n) % n, i % n);
@@ -206,6 +231,15 @@ pub fn parse_3dl(text: &str) -> Result<LutFile, LutError> {
 /// SpeedGrade `.look`: `<size>` and a hex `<data>` string of little-endian float32 RGB triplets
 /// (red fastest).
 pub fn parse_look(text: &str) -> Result<LutFile, LutError> {
+    // Comments may hold tag-like text, so drop them before looking for tags (#9109).
+    let mut clean = String::with_capacity(text.len());
+    let mut rest = text;
+    while let Some(i) = rest.find("<!--") {
+        clean.push_str(&rest[..i]);
+        rest = rest[i + 4..].find("-->").map_or("", |e| &rest[i + 4 + e + 3..]);
+    }
+    clean.push_str(rest);
+    let text = clean.as_str();
     let tag = |name: &str| -> Option<String> {
         let open = format!("<{name}>");
         let start = text.find(&open)? + open.len();
@@ -214,7 +248,14 @@ pub fn parse_look(text: &str) -> Result<LutFile, LutError> {
     };
     let size: usize = tag("size").and_then(|s| s.parse().ok()).ok_or_else(|| LutError("no <size> in .look".into()))?;
     let (entries, _) = checked_data_len(size)?;
-    let hex: Vec<u8> = tag("data").ok_or_else(|| LutError("no <data> in .look".into()))?.bytes().filter(u8::is_ascii_hexdigit).collect();
+    let hex: Vec<u8> = tag("data").ok_or_else(|| LutError("no <data> in .look".into()))?.bytes().filter(|b| !b.is_ascii_whitespace()).collect();
+    if hex.iter().any(|b| !b.is_ascii_hexdigit()) {
+        return err("invalid hexadecimal <data> in .look");
+    }
+    // Each float needs eight hex digits; as_chunks would silently discard a partial value.
+    if !hex.len().is_multiple_of(8) {
+        return err("incomplete float in .look <data>");
+    }
     let nib = |c: u8| (c as char).to_digit(16).unwrap_or(0) as u8;
     let bytes: Vec<u8> = hex.as_chunks::<2>().0.iter().map(|p| nib(p[0]) << 4 | nib(p[1])).collect();
     let floats: Vec<f32> = bytes.as_chunks::<4>().0.iter().map(|b| f32::from_le_bytes([b[0], b[1], b[2], b[3]])).collect();
@@ -230,6 +271,10 @@ pub fn write_cube(l: &LutFile) -> String {
         s.push_str(&format!("TITLE \"{}\"\n", l.title.replace('"', "'")));
     }
     s.push_str(&format!("LUT_3D_SIZE {}\n", l.size));
+    if l.domain_min != [0.0; 3] || l.domain_max != [1.0; 3] {
+        s.push_str(&format!("DOMAIN_MIN {} {} {}\n", l.domain_min[0], l.domain_min[1], l.domain_min[2]));
+        s.push_str(&format!("DOMAIN_MAX {} {} {}\n", l.domain_max[0], l.domain_max[1], l.domain_max[2]));
+    }
     for c in l.data.as_chunks::<3>().0 {
         s.push_str(&format!("{:.6} {:.6} {:.6}\n", c[0], c[1], c[2]));
     }
@@ -301,6 +346,32 @@ pub fn builtin(id: &str) -> Option<LutFile> {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    #[test]
+    fn cube_title_with_hash_round_trips() {
+        let l = LutFile::from_fn("Look #3", 2, |c| c);
+        assert_eq!(parse_cube(&write_cube(&l)).unwrap().title, "Look #3");
+        let t = "TITLE \"A #b\" # note\nLUT_3D_SIZE 2 # c\n# comment\n";
+        let rows = "0 0 0 # x\n1 0 0\n0 1 0\n1 1 0\n0 0 1\n1 0 1\n0 1 1\n1 1 1\n";
+        let p = parse_cube(&format!("{t}{rows}")).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(p.title, "A #b");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn write_cube_keeps_non_default_domain() {
+        let mut l = LutFile::identity(2);
+        l.domain_min = [0.1; 3];
+        l.domain_max = [0.9; 3];
+        let back = parse_cube(&write_cube(&l)).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(back.domain_min, [0.1; 3]);
+        assert_eq!(back.domain_max, [0.9; 3]);
+        l.domain_min = [0.0, 0.0, 0.5];
+        l.domain_max = [1.0; 3];
+        let back = parse_cube(&write_cube(&l)).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(back.domain_min, [0.0, 0.0, 0.5]);
+        assert_eq!(back.domain_max, [1.0; 3]);
+        assert!(!write_cube(&LutFile::identity(2)).contains("DOMAIN"));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn cube_domain_is_kept_and_validated() {
         let base = "TITLE \"t\"
@@ -396,6 +467,25 @@ DOMAIN_MAX 0.5 1 1
         assert!(parse_cube(&text).is_err());
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn three_dl_without_a_header_reads_low_nodes_as_12_bit() {
+        let table = |peak: u32| -> String {
+            let mut text = String::from("0 1023\n");
+            for i in 0..8 {
+                let on = |bit: u32| if i & bit != 0 { peak } else { 0 };
+                text.push_str(&format!("{} {} {}\n", on(4), on(2), on(1)));
+            }
+            text
+        };
+        for peak in [255, 1023, 4095] {
+            let white = parse_3dl(&table(peak)).unwrap().data[21..24].to_vec();
+            assert_eq!(white, [peak as f32 / 4095.0; 3], "peak {peak}");
+        }
+        // A header keeps the inferred 10-bit depth.
+        let white = parse_3dl(&format!("3DMESH\nMesh 1 10\n{}", table(1023))).unwrap().data[21..24].to_vec();
+        assert_eq!(white, [1.0; 3]);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn three_dl_blue_fastest_and_bit_depth() {
         let mut text = String::from("0 1023\n");
@@ -419,6 +509,61 @@ DOMAIN_MAX 0.5 1 1
         assert_eq!(parse("a.look", xml.as_bytes()).unwrap().data, id.data);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn look_reads_utf16_with_either_byte_order() {
+        let id = LutFile::identity(2);
+        let hex: String = id.data.iter().flat_map(|v| v.to_le_bytes()).map(|b| format!("{b:02X}")).collect();
+        let xml = format!("<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-16\"?><look><LUT><size>\"2\"</size><data>\"{hex}\"</data></LUT></look>");
+        let le: Vec<u8> = [0xFF, 0xFE].into_iter().chain(xml.encode_utf16().flat_map(u16::to_le_bytes)).collect();
+        let be: Vec<u8> = [0xFE, 0xFF].into_iter().chain(xml.encode_utf16().flat_map(u16::to_be_bytes)).collect();
+        assert_eq!(parse("a.look", &le).unwrap().data, id.data);
+        assert_eq!(parse("a.look", &be).unwrap().data, id.data);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn look_ignores_tags_inside_xml_comments() {
+        let hex = |l: &LutFile| -> String { l.data.iter().flat_map(|v| v.to_le_bytes()).map(|b| format!("{b:02X}")).collect() };
+        let inverse = LutFile::from_fn("", 2, |[r, g, b]| [1.0 - r, 1.0 - g, 1.0 - b]);
+        let xml = format!(
+            "<look><!-- <size>\"3\"</size><data>\"{}\"</data> --><LUT><size>\"2\"</size><data>\"{}\"</data></LUT><!-- unterminated <data>00",
+            hex(&LutFile::identity(2)),
+            hex(&inverse)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(parse("commented.look", xml.as_bytes()).unwrap().data, inverse.data);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn look_rgb_and_rgba_allow_whitespace_in_hex_data() {
+        let id = LutFile::identity(2);
+        for channels in [3, 4] {
+            let mut hex = String::new();
+            for rgb in id.data.as_chunks::<3>().0 {
+                for value in rgb.iter().copied().chain((channels == 4).then_some(1.0)) {
+                    for byte in value.to_le_bytes() {
+                        hex.push_str(&format!("{byte:02x} \t\r\n"));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            let xml = format!("<look><size>2</size><data>\"{hex}\"</data></look>");
+            assert_eq!(parse("valid.look", xml.as_bytes()).unwrap().data, id.data);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn look_rejects_partial_floats_and_invalid_hex() {
+        let id = LutFile::identity(2);
+        let hex: String = id.data.iter().flat_map(|v| v.to_le_bytes()).map(|b| format!("{b:02X}")).collect();
+        for suffix in ["0", "00", "0000", "000000", "G", "é"] {
+            let xml = format!("<look><size>2</size><data>{hex}{suffix}</data></look>");
+            assert!(parse("bad.look", xml.as_bytes()).is_err(), "accepted malformed suffix {suffix:?}");
+        }
+        let invalid = hex.replacen('0', "G", 1);
+        let xml = format!("<look><size>2</size><data>{invalid}</data></look>");
+        assert!(parse("bad.look", xml.as_bytes()).unwrap_err().0.contains("invalid hexadecimal"));
+        let xml = format!("<look><size>2</size><data>{hex}00</data></look>");
+        assert!(parse("bad.look", xml.as_bytes()).unwrap_err().0.contains("incomplete float"));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn look_3d_size_exponent_overflow_is_rejected() {
         let text = format!("<look><size>{}</size><data>00</data></look>", usize::MAX);
diff --git a/crates/cms/src/profile.rs b/crates/cms/src/profile.rs
index cdd7d5273a..01b2327df8 100644
--- a/crates/cms/src/profile.rs
+++ b/crates/cms/src/profile.rs
@@ -184,6 +184,7 @@ pub struct Profile {
 impl Profile {
     /// Parses ICC profile bytes.
     pub fn parse(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Profile, CmsError> {
+        CURVE_SAMPLES_LEFT.with(|left| left.set(MAX_CURVE_SAMPLES));
         let mut p = parse_profile(bytes)?;
         p.bytes = Some(Arc::new(bytes.to_vec()));
         Ok(p)
@@ -211,7 +212,9 @@ impl Profile {
         self.color_space.channels()
     }
 
-    /// Hash of the profile's ICC bytes (stable within a process; used as a cache key).
+    /// Hash of the profile's ICC bytes (stable within a process; used as a cache key). It is a
+    /// fixed-key 64-bit hash, so a crafted profile can share another's: equal hashes only narrow
+    /// the search, [`Profile::same_bytes`] decides.
     pub fn content_hash(&self) -> u64 {
         *self.hash.get_or_init(|| {
             use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
@@ -221,6 +224,16 @@ impl Profile {
         })
     }
 
+    /// Whether `self` and `other` have the same ICC bytes.
+    pub fn same_bytes(&self, other: &Profile) -> bool {
+        if let (Some(a), Some(b)) = (&self.bytes, &other.bytes)
+            && Arc::ptr_eq(a, b)
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+        self.content_hash() == other.content_hash() && self.to_bytes() == other.to_bytes()
+    }
+
     /// Whether `self` and `other` describe the same colours: same colour space, and every sample
     /// of a device-value grid has the same colour through both (relative colorimetric, within
     /// [`SAME_COLORS_MAX_DELTA_E`]). Different encodings of one space are the same colours: the
@@ -228,7 +241,7 @@ impl Profile {
     /// parametric curves) differ in every byte. Colours are compared rather than round-tripped
     /// because CMYK → PCS → CMYK is not an identity even through a single profile.
     pub fn same_colors(&self, other: &Profile) -> bool {
-        if self.content_hash() == other.content_hash() {
+        if self.same_bytes(other) {
             return true;
         }
         let n = self.channels();
@@ -573,6 +586,24 @@ fn parse_profile(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Profile, CmsError> {
     Ok(p)
 }
 
+/// Sampled-curve entries one profile may decode in all (64 MB of `f32`). Tags and curve groups can
+/// point at the same encoded bytes, and each reference decodes its own table.
+const MAX_CURVE_SAMPLES: usize = 16 << 20;
+
+thread_local! {
+    /// What is left of [`MAX_CURVE_SAMPLES`] for the profile being parsed on this thread.
+    static CURVE_SAMPLES_LEFT: std::cell::Cell<usize> = const { std::cell::Cell::new(MAX_CURVE_SAMPLES) };
+}
+
+/// Charges `n` decoded curve samples to the profile being parsed.
+fn charge_curve_samples(n: usize) -> Result<(), CmsError> {
+    CURVE_SAMPLES_LEFT.with(|left| {
+        let rest = left.get().checked_sub(n).ok_or_else(|| CmsError::Invalid("the profile's curves hold too many samples".into()))?;
+        left.set(rest);
+        Ok(())
+    })
+}
+
 /// Parses a `curv` or `para` element; returns the curve and the element's byte length
 /// (unpadded).
 fn parse_curve(d: &[u8]) -> Result<(Curve, usize), CmsError> {
@@ -590,6 +621,7 @@ fn parse_curve(d: &[u8]) -> Result<(Curve, usize), CmsError> {
                 1 => Ok((Curve::Gamma(r.u16(12)? as f64 / 256.0), len)),
                 _ => {
                     let s = r.slice(12, n * 2)?;
+                    charge_curve_samples(n)?;
                     let t = s.as_chunks::<2>().0.iter().map(|c| u16::from_be_bytes([c[0], c[1]]) as f32 / 65535.0).collect();
                     Ok((Curve::Table(t), len))
                 }
@@ -818,6 +850,7 @@ fn parse_text(d: &[u8]) -> String {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
+    use crate::builtin::Builtin;
 
     fn be(v: u32) -> [u8; 4] {
         v.to_be_bytes()
@@ -903,4 +936,71 @@ mod tests {
         d.extend(be(u32::MAX));
         assert_eq!(parse_text(&d), "");
     }
+
+    /// `p` with the content hash of `other`: the hash is a fixed-key 64-bit SipHash, so a
+    /// crafted profile can have another's (#8613). Setting it stands in for finding one.
+    fn with_hash_of(p: &Profile, other: &Profile) -> Profile {
+        let p = Profile { hash: std::sync::OnceLock::from(other.content_hash()), ..p.clone() };
+        assert_eq!(p.content_hash(), other.content_hash());
+        p
+    }
+
+    /// #8613: a profile that shares sRGB's hash is not taken for sRGB.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_hash_collision_is_not_the_same_colours() {
+        let srgb = Builtin::Srgb.profile();
+        let p3 = with_hash_of(Builtin::DisplayP3.profile(), srgb);
+        assert!(!p3.same_bytes(srgb));
+        assert!(!p3.same_colors(srgb));
+        // Controls: equal bytes are the same, whatever object holds them.
+        assert!(srgb.same_bytes(srgb));
+        assert!(srgb.same_bytes(&Profile::parse(&srgb.to_bytes()).unwrap()));
+        assert!(Builtin::DisplayP3.profile().same_colors(Builtin::DisplayP3.profile()));
+    }
+
+    /// #8613: the transform cache does not hand a colliding profile the other's transform.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_hash_collision_does_not_get_the_cached_transform() {
+        use crate::transform::{Transform, TransformOptions, cached};
+        let (srgb, lab) = (Builtin::Srgb.profile(), Builtin::LabD50.profile());
+        let p3 = with_hash_of(Builtin::DisplayP3.profile(), srgb);
+        let opts = TransformOptions::default();
+        let green = [0.0, 1.0, 0.0];
+        let eval = |t: &Transform| {
+            let mut out = [0f32; 3];
+            t.eval(&green, &mut out);
+            out
+        };
+        let want = eval(&Transform::with_options(Builtin::DisplayP3.profile(), lab, opts).unwrap());
+        assert_ne!(want, eval(&Transform::with_options(srgb, lab, opts).unwrap()), "P3 green is not sRGB green");
+        let sr = eval(&cached(srgb, lab, opts).unwrap());
+        assert_eq!(eval(&cached(&p3, lab, opts).unwrap()), want);
+        // Control: sRGB still gets its own transform after the colliding lookup.
+        assert_eq!(eval(&cached(srgb, lab, opts).unwrap()), sr);
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod curve_budget_tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn aliased_curves_are_charged_for_each_decoded_table() {
+        // One 1M-sample `curv` element referenced seventeen times decodes 17M samples.
+        let mut element = b"curv\0\0\0\0".to_vec();
+        element.extend((1u32 << 20).to_be_bytes());
+        element.extend(std::iter::repeat_n(0u8, 2 << 20));
+        CURVE_SAMPLES_LEFT.with(|left| left.set(MAX_CURVE_SAMPLES));
+        let mut failed_at = None;
+        for i in 0..17 {
+            if parse_curve(&element).is_err() {
+                failed_at = Some(i);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        assert_eq!(failed_at, Some(16), "sixteen tables fit the budget, the seventeenth does not");
+        // Each profile parse starts with a fresh budget.
+        CURVE_SAMPLES_LEFT.with(|left| left.set(MAX_CURVE_SAMPLES));
+        assert!(parse_curve(&element).is_ok());
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/cms/src/transform.rs b/crates/cms/src/transform.rs
index f30c17c82e..5cd6c65c57 100644
--- a/crates/cms/src/transform.rs
+++ b/crates/cms/src/transform.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 //! compensation, soft-proofing chains, and fast lookup-table evaluation of pixel buffers.
 
 use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, OnceLock};
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, OnceLock, PoisonError};
 
 use crate::clut::{Clut, MAX_CHANNELS};
 use crate::curve::Curve;
@@ -703,20 +703,33 @@ pub fn black_point(p: &Profile, intent: Intent, _input: bool) -> Result<f64, Cms
 
 type Key = (u64, u64, TransformOptions);
 
-/// Process-wide cache of transforms keyed by profile content and options.
+/// A cached transform with the ICC bytes of the profiles it was built from.
+struct Entry {
+    src: Arc<Vec<u8>>,
+    dst: Arc<Vec<u8>>,
+    transform: Arc<Transform>,
+}
+
+/// Process-wide cache of transforms keyed by profile content and options. The key is the
+/// profiles' 64-bit hashes, which a crafted profile can share with another (#8613), so a hit
+/// counts only when the bytes match too; a colliding pair gets its own, uncached transform.
 pub fn cached(src: &Profile, dst: &Profile, opts: TransformOptions) -> Result<Arc<Transform>, CmsError> {
-    static CACHE: OnceLock<Mutex<HashMap<Key, Arc<Transform>>>> = OnceLock::new();
+    static CACHE: OnceLock<Mutex<HashMap<Key, Entry>>> = OnceLock::new();
     let key = (src.content_hash(), dst.content_hash(), opts);
+    let (src_bytes, dst_bytes) = (src.to_bytes(), dst.to_bytes());
     let cache = CACHE.get_or_init(Default::default);
-    if let Some(t) = cache.lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner()).get(&key) {
-        return Ok(t.clone());
+    let hit = cache.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner).get(&key).map(|e| (e.src == src_bytes && e.dst == dst_bytes).then(|| e.transform.clone()));
+    match hit {
+        Some(Some(t)) => return Ok(t),
+        Some(None) => return Ok(Arc::new(Transform::with_options(src, dst, opts)?)),
+        None => {}
     }
     let t = Arc::new(Transform::with_options(src, dst, opts)?);
-    let mut c = cache.lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner());
+    let mut c = cache.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner);
     if c.len() > 64 {
         c.clear();
     }
-    c.insert(key, t.clone());
+    c.insert(key, Entry { src: src_bytes, dst: dst_bytes, transform: t.clone() });
     Ok(t)
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/cms/tests/bench.rs b/crates/cms/tests/it/bench.rs
similarity index 95%
rename from crates/cms/tests/bench.rs
rename to crates/cms/tests/it/bench.rs
index e0b9628a53..06789ff350 100644
--- a/crates/cms/tests/bench.rs
+++ b/crates/cms/tests/it/bench.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//! Throughput check: `cargo test -p photocraft-cms --release --test bench -- --ignored --nocapture`.
+//! Throughput check: `cargo test -p photocraft-cms --release --test it -- bench:: --ignored --nocapture`.
 
 use photocraft_cms::{Builtin, Intent, Transform};
 
diff --git a/crates/cms/tests/cms.rs b/crates/cms/tests/it/cms.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/cms/tests/cms.rs
rename to crates/cms/tests/it/cms.rs
diff --git a/crates/cms/tests/gpu_matrix_shaper.rs b/crates/cms/tests/it/gpu_matrix_shaper.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/cms/tests/gpu_matrix_shaper.rs
rename to crates/cms/tests/it/gpu_matrix_shaper.rs
diff --git a/crates/cms/tests/it/main.rs b/crates/cms/tests/it/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..127f08435b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/cms/tests/it/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+//! The crate's integration tests, linked into one test binary.
+
+mod bench;
+mod cms;
+mod gpu_matrix_shaper;
+mod regen;
diff --git a/crates/cms/tests/regen.rs b/crates/cms/tests/it/regen.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from crates/cms/tests/regen.rs
rename to crates/cms/tests/it/regen.rs
index 54db9b4e2e..05d4b696b3 100644
--- a/crates/cms/tests/regen.rs
+++ b/crates/cms/tests/it/regen.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! Regenerates the shipped synthetic CMYK profile when `PHOTOCRAFT_REGEN_PROFILES=1`:
 //!
 //! ```sh
-//! PHOTOCRAFT_REGEN_PROFILES=1 cargo test -p photocraft-cms --release --test regen
+//! PHOTOCRAFT_REGEN_PROFILES=1 cargo test -p photocraft-cms --release --test it -- regen::
 //! ```
 //!
 //! Without the variable the test only checks that the generator's model still matches the
diff --git a/crates/codecs/Cargo.toml b/crates/codecs/Cargo.toml
index 25f3f09be0..062f7c4f98 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/codecs/Cargo.toml
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@ image-webp = "0.2"
 zune-jpeg = "0.5"
 zune-core = "0.5"
 jpeg-encoder = "0.6"
+# 12-bit and arithmetic-coded JPEG, which zune-jpeg does not decode.
+craft-jpeg.workspace = true
 photocraft-heif = { path = "../heif", optional = true }
 
 # Orientation is applied a band of rows per task on native; wasm stays single-threaded.
diff --git a/crates/codecs/README.md b/crates/codecs/README.md
index 1c0813a070..29d4d1234d 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/README.md
+++ b/crates/codecs/README.md
@@ -47,7 +47,9 @@ let out = encode(&img, Format::Tiff, &EncodeOptions::default())?;
 | Radiance HDR | yes | yes | F32 | RGB | no | no | no | no | no | no | yes (RGBE) | `image` |
 | FITS | yes | yes | U8, U16, F32 | Gray, RGB | no | no | no | no | no | yes (header cards) | no | built in |
 | DPX | yes | yes | U8, U16 (10/12-bit code values read and written exactly through U16) | Gray, RGB, RGBA | yes | no | no | no | no | DPX header fields only (creator, project, copyright, creation time, transfer, colorimetric, frame position, frame rate, time code) | no | built in |
-| Cineon | yes | **no** | U16 (10-bit code values) | Gray, RGB | no | no | no | no | no | no | n/a | built in |
+| Cineon | yes | yes | U16 (10-bit code values read and written exactly through U16) | Gray, RGB | no | no | no | no | no | no | no | built in |
+| DICOM | yes | **no** | U8, U16 | Gray, RGB | no | no | no | no | no | no | n/a | built in |
+| Amiga IFF (ILBM/PBM) | yes | yes (24-bit ILBM) | U8 | RGB, RGBA | yes (1-bit mask plane on write) | no | no | no | no | no | no | built in |
 | AVIF | **no** | only with feature `avif` | U8 | RGB, RGBA | yes | no | no | no | no | no | yes | `image` + `ravif` |
 | HEIF/HEIC | with feature `heif` | **no** | U8, U16 (10/12-bit decodes to U16) | RGB, RGBA | yes (auxiliary alpha) | yes (`colr` prof) | yes | yes | no | no | n/a | `heic-rs` |
 
@@ -73,8 +75,9 @@ embedded table (and a PNG's transparent entry) so `photocraft-io` can open them
 
 * **DDS.** The top mip level of a 2D texture: uncompressed pixels described by channel masks
   (8, 16, 24 or 32 bits, RGB or luminance, with or without alpha) or BC1/BC2/BC3 (DXT1/DXT3/DXT5),
-  with the legacy header or the DX10 one. Everything opens as U8; the other mip levels are
-  ignored. Cubemaps, texture arrays, volume textures, premultiplied DXT2/DXT4 and other formats
+  with the legacy header or the DX10 one. Uncompressed row padding follows the header's
+  `DDSD_PITCH` stride; without that flag, rows are tightly packed. Everything opens as U8; the
+  other mip levels are ignored. Cubemaps, texture arrays, volume textures, premultiplied DXT2/DXT4 and other formats
   (BC4–BC7, float) are refused with `CodecError::Unsupported`. Writing (`EncodeOptions::dds`) makes
   a 2D texture with the legacy header: uncompressed by default (BGRA, BGRX, or luminance with or
   without alpha, so it reads back exactly), or BC1/BC2/BC3. The block encoder is our own, from
@@ -103,16 +106,45 @@ embedded table (and a PNG's transparent entry) so `photocraft-io` can open them
   give `DecodeWarning::MoreElements`; the image orientation is applied on import. Writing is
   big-endian, one unencoded element, at `EncodeOptions::dpx_bits` (8/10/12/16; by default 8 for
   U8 and 16 otherwise), packing 1 for 10 and 12 bits; gray with alpha is written as luma.
+  `FidelityWarning::BitsReduced` reports a 10- or 12-bit save (and every Cineon save) that drops
+  precision: always for float samples, for U16 ones unless they are already code values at that
+  depth.
   Other descriptors, signed or run-length-encoded data and other bit depths return
   `CodecError::Unsupported` naming the field.
 
-* **Cineon (read-only).** Kodak's 10-bit logarithmic film-scan format (the one DPX grew from),
+* **Cineon.** Kodak's 10-bit logarithmic film-scan format (the one DPX grew from),
   read from the same Kodak header family: the generic 1024-byte header, big-endian, one (Gray)
   or three (RGB) channels, three 10-bit samples packed into each 32-bit word, lines on a word
   boundary. The 10-bit code values open as U16 `round(c × 65535 / 1023)`; the file's black/white
   reference points are a log-conversion choice and are not applied. A depth other than 10 bits or
   a channel count other than 1/3 returns `CodecError::Unsupported`; truncation errors rather than
-  panicking. There is no Cineon writer (`ASYMMETRIC_EXCEPTIONS`); save as DPX, TIFF or EXR.
+  panicking. Writing follows the Cineon 4.5 layout: a 1024-byte generic header (version `V4.5`,
+  one or three channels designated as universal-metric gray or R, G, B, 10 bits, data 0–1023 over
+  densities 0–2.048) and a 1024-byte film header left undefined, then the samples three to a
+  big-endian 32-bit word, left justified (packing 5), lines on a word boundary. Samples are written
+  as `round(v × 1023 / 65535)`, so a frame opened from Cineon keeps its code values; any other
+  image takes the encode plan (alpha dropped, CMYK and Lab to RGB) and is quantized to 10 bits.
+
+* **DICOM (read-only).** Single-frame medical images over the uncompressed transfer syntaxes
+  (implicit VR little-endian, explicit VR little/big-endian): MONOCHROME1/2 gray (with the
+  1 = white inversion) and RGB/YBR_FULL, 8- and 16-bit allocated samples, interleaved or planar,
+  scaled from `BitsStored`/`HighBit` and mapped up when `PixelRepresentation` is signed.
+  Undefined-length sequences outside the pixel data are skipped, as clinical files contain them.
+  Compressed transfer syntaxes, sequences over the pixel data and other photometric
+  interpretations return `Unsupported`/`Malformed`. There is no DICOM writer
+  (`ASYMMETRIC_EXCEPTIONS`).
+
+* **Amiga IFF.** `FORM ... ILBM` stores interleaved 1–8 bitplanes;
+  `FORM ... PBM ` stores 8-bit chunky palette indices with even-padded rows. Both support
+  stored and ByteRun1 compression, a `CMAP` palette (grey ramp when absent, black for missing
+  entries), and transparent-color masking. ILBM also supports a separate mask plane and
+  24-bitplane RGB ("deep" ILBM: 8 planes each of red, green and blue, least significant bit
+  first, no palette). HAM/EHB viewport modes, PBM mask planes, a transparent color in a
+  24-bitplane file, other bit depths and compressions return `CodecError::Unsupported`.
+  Writing produces a 24-bitplane ILBM, ByteRun1 compressed one plane row at a time, at most
+  65535 × 65535 pixels. An image with alpha gets a mask plane (masking 1): alpha of 128 or more
+  is opaque, and `AlphaBinarized` is raised when any pixel is not fully opaque. Gray is
+  expanded to RGB, and 16-bit and float images are reduced to 8 bits.
 
 * **Camera raw files** (DNG, CR2, NEF, ARW… which are TIFF-structured) are recognised and refused
   with `CodecError::Unsupported`: they are sensor data, not flat images. `photocraft-raw` decodes
@@ -147,7 +179,10 @@ embedded table (and a PNG's transparent entry) so `photocraft-io` can open them
   with `decode_tiff_page` (and `photocraft_io::import_tiff_page`). Every frame of a GIF comes
   from `decode_gif_frames`: each frame composited onto the logical screen with the disposal
   methods applied, as RGBA8 with its delay in milliseconds, within `Limits` and
-  `MAX_GIF_FRAMES`. The video-layer commands use it (`photocraft_io::import_gif_frames`).
+  `MAX_GIF_FRAMES`. Every frame of an animated WebP comes from `decode_webp_frames` the same
+  way, composited onto its canvas, with its duration in milliseconds and the file's ICC profile.
+  The video-layer commands use both (`photocraft_io::import_gif_frames`,
+  `photocraft_io::import_webp_frames`).
 * **EXIF in TIFF** is stored as a sub-IFD rather than a blob, so it is not preserved yet.
   `caps.exif = false` for TIFF, and a warning is raised.
 * **Orientation** (EXIF tag 274 in JPEG, PNG `eXIf` and WebP; the decoded page's tag in TIFF and
@@ -189,8 +224,14 @@ embedded table (and a PNG's transparent entry) so `photocraft-io` can open them
     planar configuration 1 or 2.
   * Supports 1, 2 and 4-bit gray, 8/16/32/64-bit integers (32 and 64-bit are reduced to U16),
     F16, F32 and F64 (converted to F32), WhiteIsZero (#691: the tones are no longer inverted),
-    palette images (opened as RGB), associated alpha (made straight) and extra samples (dropped
-    unless the first is alpha).
+    palette images (opened as RGB) and associated alpha (made straight).
+  * Extra samples: the first alpha sample (ExtraSamples 1 or 2, wherever it sits) is the image's
+    alpha. Every other extra sample, such as a spot colour or a further alpha channel
+    (ExtraSamples 0), comes back in `Metadata::extra_samples`: one plane per sample in the
+    image's sample type, with its ExtraSamples value as `kind` (a reserved value above 2 reads as
+    0). At most `MAX_EXTRA_SAMPLES` (16) are kept, and they count against `Limits::max_alloc` with
+    the image: when the image fits but its extra samples don't, it opens without them and carries
+    `DecodeWarning::ExtraSamplesDropped`.
   * Every directory is reachable: `tiff_info` lists the main IFD chain and its SubIFDs (tag 330)
     with each page's size, kind (page, reduced-resolution copy, mask) and storage, walked with a
     seen-set, a depth limit and a 10 000-directory cap; `decode_tiff_page` opens any of them.
@@ -204,7 +245,11 @@ embedded table (and a PNG's transparent entry) so `photocraft-io` can open them
   * YCbCr, CIE Lab, signed integers and compressions that the `tiff` crate lacks (CCITT,
     JPEG-in-TIFF) return `Unsupported`.
 * **TIFF encode** writes classic TIFF, or BigTIFF when `EncodeOptions::tiff_bigtiff` is set or
-  the file could pass 4 GiB.
+  the file could pass 4 GiB. `Metadata::extra_samples` (up to 16) are written after the colour
+  and alpha samples, with their `kind` in the ExtraSamples tag (a reserved `kind` above 2 is
+  written as 0). Each plane must be exactly
+  `width × height × sample.bytes()` bytes; a plane of any other length, and more than 16 planes,
+  are encode errors rather than silently truncated or reinterpreted.
 * **EXR**
   * Multi-part files (a Maya/Arnold render writes one part per AOV) open the part that
     looks most like a colour image — RGBA beats RGB beats YA beats a single channel, so a
diff --git a/crates/codecs/fuzz/Cargo.toml b/crates/codecs/fuzz/Cargo.toml
index 62ec96c523..e01d1bd337 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/fuzz/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/codecs/fuzz/Cargo.toml
@@ -69,3 +69,10 @@ path = "fuzz_targets/decode_gif.rs"
 test = false
 doc = false
 bench = false
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "decode_webp"
+path = "fuzz_targets/decode_webp.rs"
+test = false
+doc = false
+bench = false
diff --git a/crates/codecs/fuzz/fuzz_targets/decode_webp.rs b/crates/codecs/fuzz/fuzz_targets/decode_webp.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c1539e1600
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/codecs/fuzz/fuzz_targets/decode_webp.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#![no_main]
+
+use libfuzzer_sys::fuzz_target;
+use photocraft_codecs::{decode_as_with, decode_webp_frames, DecodeOptions, Format, Limits};
+
+fuzz_target!(|data: &[u8]| {
+    let opts = DecodeOptions {
+        limits: Limits { max_width: 4096, max_height: 4096, max_pixels: 1 << 22, max_alloc: 256 << 20 },
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    let _ = decode_as_with(Format::WebP, data, &opts);
+    let _ = decode_webp_frames(data, &opts);
+});
diff --git a/crates/codecs/src/codecs/dds.rs b/crates/codecs/src/codecs/dds.rs
index d35c7d1092..cadc2b4bc8 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/src/codecs/dds.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/src/codecs/dds.rs
@@ -117,15 +117,29 @@ impl Encoding {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Bytes of the top mip level.
-    fn level_size(&self, width: u32, height: u32) -> Option<usize> {
-        let (w, h) = (usize::try_from(width).ok()?, usize::try_from(height).ok()?);
-        let block = match self {
-            Encoding::Masks { bytes, .. } => return w.checked_mul(*bytes)?.checked_mul(h),
-            Encoding::Bc1 => 8,
-            Encoding::Bc2 | Encoding::Bc3 => 16,
+    /// Stored row stride and byte size of the top mip level (block rows for BC).
+    fn level_layout(&self, width: u32, height: u32, pitch: Option<u32>) -> Result<(usize, usize), CodecError> {
+        let overflow = || bad("pixel data size overflow");
+        let (w, h) = (usize::try_from(width).map_err(|_| overflow())?, usize::try_from(height).map_err(|_| overflow())?);
+        let (row_bytes, rows) = match self {
+            Encoding::Masks { bytes, .. } => {
+                let packed = w.checked_mul(*bytes).ok_or_else(overflow)?;
+                let row_bytes = match pitch {
+                    Some(pitch) => usize::try_from(pitch).map_err(|_| overflow())?,
+                    None => packed,
+                };
+                if row_bytes < packed {
+                    return Err(bad(format!("row pitch {row_bytes} is smaller than the {packed}-byte pixel row")));
+                }
+                (row_bytes, h)
+            }
+            Encoding::Bc1 | Encoding::Bc2 | Encoding::Bc3 => {
+                let block = if matches!(self, Encoding::Bc1) { 8 } else { 16 };
+                (w.div_ceil(4).checked_mul(block).ok_or_else(overflow)?, h.div_ceil(4))
+            }
         };
-        w.div_ceil(4).checked_mul(h.div_ceil(4))?.checked_mul(block)
+        let size = row_bytes.checked_mul(rows).ok_or_else(overflow)?;
+        Ok((row_bytes, size))
     }
 }
 
@@ -195,19 +209,25 @@ pub(crate) fn decode(b: &[u8], limits: &Limits) -> Result<Image, CodecError> {
     let (encoding, start) = if dx10 { (dx10_encoding(b)?, HEADER + DX10_HEADER) } else { (legacy_encoding(b)?, HEADER) };
     let layout = encoding.layout();
     limits.check(width, height, layout, SampleType::U8)?;
-    let size = encoding.level_size(width, height).ok_or_else(|| bad("pixel data size overflow"))?;
+    // The same header field is a total level size for BC, but a row stride when DDSD_PITCH is set.
+    let pitch = if flags & DDSD_PITCH != 0 { Some(le32(b, 20)?) } else { None };
+    let (row_pitch, size) = encoding.level_layout(width, height, pitch)?;
     let data = b.get(start..).and_then(|d| d.get(..size)).ok_or_else(|| bad(format!("truncated pixel data: {size} bytes needed")))?;
     let (w, h) = (width as usize, height as usize);
     let channels = layout.channels();
-    let total = w.checked_mul(h).and_then(|n| n.checked_mul(channels)).ok_or_else(|| bad("pixel size overflow"))?;
+    let row_size = w.checked_mul(channels).ok_or_else(|| bad("pixel size overflow"))?;
+    let total = row_size.checked_mul(h).ok_or_else(|| bad("pixel size overflow"))?;
     let mut pixels = vec![0u8; total];
     match encoding {
         Encoding::Masks { bytes, gray, fields } => {
-            for (src, dst) in data.chunks_exact(bytes).zip(pixels.chunks_exact_mut(channels)) {
-                let pixel = src.iter().rev().fold(0u32, |v, &byte| v << 8 | u32::from(byte));
-                let channel = |i: usize| fields[i].map_or(0, |f| f.get(pixel));
-                let values = if gray { [channel(0), channel(3), 0, 0] } else { [channel(0), channel(1), channel(2), channel(3)] };
-                dst.copy_from_slice(&values[..channels]);
+            for (src_row, dst_row) in data.chunks_exact(row_pitch).zip(pixels.chunks_exact_mut(row_size)) {
+                // Stop at the output width, leaving any stored row padding unread.
+                for (src, dst) in src_row.chunks_exact(bytes).zip(dst_row.chunks_exact_mut(channels)) {
+                    let pixel = src.iter().rev().fold(0u32, |v, &byte| v << 8 | u32::from(byte));
+                    let channel = |i: usize| fields[i].map_or(0, |f| f.get(pixel));
+                    let values = if gray { [channel(0), channel(3), 0, 0] } else { [channel(0), channel(1), channel(2), channel(3)] };
+                    dst.copy_from_slice(&values[..channels]);
+                }
             }
         }
         Encoding::Bc1 | Encoding::Bc2 | Encoding::Bc3 => {
diff --git a/crates/codecs/src/codecs/dicom.rs b/crates/codecs/src/codecs/dicom.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ea2674dae7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/codecs/src/codecs/dicom.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,517 @@
+//! DICOM (medical imaging) reader, uncompressed transfer syntaxes only.
+//!
+//! Supports what a viewer needs from a single-frame image: MONOCHROME1/2 (gray) and RGB or
+//! YBR_FULL, 8- and 16-bit samples, interleaved or planar, both byte orders and explicit or
+//! implicit VR. Undefined-length sequences outside the pixel data are skipped (clinical files
+//! contain them); compressed transfer syntaxes, encapsulated pixel data and other photometric
+//! interpretations are refused with a clear error. Read-only in this crate.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use crate::error::CodecError;
+use crate::format::Format;
+use crate::image::{ChannelLayout, Image, SampleType};
+use crate::options::Limits;
+
+const F: Format = Format::Dicom;
+const PREAMBLE: usize = 132; // 128 zero bytes + "DICM"
+const UNDEFINED: u32 = 0xFFFF_FFFF;
+
+fn bad(msg: impl std::fmt::Display) -> CodecError {
+    CodecError::malformed(F, msg)
+}
+
+/// A DICOM file begins with a 128-byte preamble and the `DICM` magic.
+pub(crate) fn is_dicom(b: &[u8]) -> bool {
+    b.get(128..132) == Some(b"DICM")
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct Endian {
+    big: bool,
+}
+
+/// The transfer syntax: byte order and whether value representations are explicit.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct Syntax {
+    endian: Endian,
+    explicit: bool,
+}
+
+/// The value representations whose length field is 2 reserved bytes + `u32` in explicit VR.
+fn long_vr(vr: &[u8]) -> bool {
+    matches!(vr, b"OB" | b"OW" | b"OF" | b"SQ" | b"UT" | b"UN" | b"OD" | b"OL" | b"OV" | b"UC" | b"UR")
+}
+
+/// A cursor over the byte stream.
+struct Cur<'a> {
+    b: &'a [u8],
+    pos: usize,
+    big: bool,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Cur<'a> {
+    fn take(&mut self, n: usize) -> Option<&'a [u8]> {
+        let s = self.b.get(self.pos..self.pos.checked_add(n)?)?;
+        self.pos += n;
+        Some(s)
+    }
+    fn u16(&mut self) -> Option<u16> {
+        let c = self.take(2)?;
+        Some(if self.big { u16::from_be_bytes([c[0], c[1]]) } else { u16::from_le_bytes([c[0], c[1]]) })
+    }
+    fn u32(&mut self) -> Option<u32> {
+        let c = self.take(4)?;
+        Some(if self.big { u32::from_be_bytes([c[0], c[1], c[2], c[3]]) } else { u32::from_le_bytes([c[0], c[1], c[2], c[3]]) })
+    }
+    /// Skip `len` bytes, refusing to run past the buffer.
+    fn skip(&mut self, len: usize) -> Result<(), CodecError> {
+        self.pos = self.pos.checked_add(len).filter(|p| *p <= self.b.len()).ok_or_else(|| bad("a value runs past the end of the file"))?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Read one element's tag and value length, leaving the cursor at the value. Item and delimiter
+/// tags (group `FFFE`) carry a `u32` length with no VR even under explicit VR.
+fn read_header(c: &mut Cur, syn: &Syntax) -> Result<(u16, u16, [u8; 2], u32), CodecError> {
+    let group = c.u16().ok_or_else(|| bad("truncated element tag"))?;
+    let elem = c.u16().ok_or_else(|| bad("truncated element tag"))?;
+    let (vr, len) = if group == 0xFFFE {
+        ([0, 0], c.u32().ok_or_else(|| bad("truncated item length"))?)
+    } else if syn.explicit {
+        let vr = c.take(2).ok_or_else(|| bad("truncated VR"))?;
+        let v = [vr[0], vr[1]];
+        let len = if long_vr(&v) {
+            c.take(2).ok_or_else(|| bad("truncated VR"))?; // reserved
+            c.u32().ok_or_else(|| bad("truncated length"))?
+        } else {
+            u32::from(c.u16().ok_or_else(|| bad("truncated length"))?)
+        };
+        (v, len)
+    } else {
+        ([0, 0], c.u32().ok_or_else(|| bad("truncated length"))?)
+    };
+    Ok((group, elem, vr, len))
+}
+
+/// Skip an undefined-length sequence, ending just after its `FFFE,E0DD` delimiter. Nesting is
+/// tracked through undefined-length items and nested sequences; everything else is skipped by
+/// its length. Returns the position after the delimiter.
+fn skip_undefined(c: &mut Cur, syn: &Syntax) -> Result<(), CodecError> {
+    let mut depth = 1u32;
+    while depth > 0 {
+        let (group, elem, _, len) = read_header(c, syn)?;
+        // Item (E00D) and sequence (E0DD) delimiters close one undefined length; they carry no
+        // content of their own.
+        if group == 0xFFFE && matches!(elem, 0xE00D | 0xE0DD) {
+            depth -= 1;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if len == UNDEFINED {
+            depth += 1;
+        } else {
+            c.skip(len as usize)?;
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Walk the elements from `start`, calling `f` with each `(group, element, value)`. An
+/// undefined-length sequence outside the pixel data is skipped; encapsulated (undefined-length)
+/// pixel data is refused. Returns the number of bytes walked.
+fn elements(b: &[u8], start: usize, syn: &Syntax, mut f: impl FnMut(u16, u16, &Elem) -> Result<(), CodecError>) -> Result<usize, CodecError> {
+    let mut c = Cur { b, pos: start, big: syn.endian.big };
+    loop {
+        if c.pos >= b.len() {
+            return Ok(c.pos - start);
+        }
+        let (group, elem, vr, len) = read_header(&mut c, syn)?;
+        if len == UNDEFINED {
+            if (group, elem) == (0x7FE0, 0x0010) {
+                return Err(CodecError::unsupported(F, "encapsulated (compressed) pixel data"));
+            }
+            skip_undefined(&mut c, syn)?;
+            continue;
+        }
+        let len = len as usize;
+        let start = c.pos;
+        if b.len() < start.saturating_add(len) {
+            return Err(bad("an element value runs past the end of the file"));
+        }
+        f(group, elem, &Elem { vr, start, len })?;
+        c.pos = start + len;
+    }
+}
+
+/// A parsed element: its VR and the byte range of its value.
+struct Elem {
+    vr: [u8; 2],
+    start: usize,
+    len: usize,
+}
+
+fn u16_val(b: &[u8], e: &Elem, big: bool) -> Option<u16> {
+    let c = b.get(e.start..e.start.checked_add(2)?)?;
+    Some(if big { u16::from_be_bytes([c[0], c[1]]) } else { u16::from_le_bytes([c[0], c[1]]) })
+}
+
+/// The transfer syntax (byte order and explicit/implicit VR) and the data-set start. The file
+/// meta group is always explicit VR little-endian; the data set follows its `(0002,0010)`
+/// TransferSyntaxUID.
+fn transfer_syntax(b: &[u8]) -> Result<(Syntax, usize), CodecError> {
+    let meta = Syntax { endian: Endian { big: false }, explicit: true };
+    let mut ts: Option<String> = None;
+    let mut data_start = b.len();
+    let mut c = Cur { b, pos: PREAMBLE, big: false };
+    while c.pos + 8 <= b.len() {
+        let save = c.pos;
+        let (group, elem, _, len) = read_header(&mut c, &meta)?;
+        if group != 0x0002 {
+            // A non-meta group begins the data set.
+            data_start = save;
+            break;
+        }
+        if len == UNDEFINED {
+            return Err(CodecError::unsupported(F, "undefined-length meta element"));
+        }
+        let start = c.pos;
+        if b.len() < start.saturating_add(len as usize) {
+            return Err(bad("a meta element runs past the end of the file"));
+        }
+        if elem == 0x0010 {
+            ts = Some(String::from_utf8_lossy(&b[start..start + len as usize]).trim_end_matches(['\0', ' ']).to_string());
+        }
+        c.pos = start + len as usize;
+    }
+    let syn = match ts.as_deref() {
+        Some("1.2.840.10008.1.2") => Syntax { endian: Endian { big: false }, explicit: false },
+        Some("1.2.840.10008.1.2.1") => Syntax { endian: Endian { big: false }, explicit: true },
+        Some("1.2.840.10008.1.2.2") => Syntax { endian: Endian { big: true }, explicit: true },
+        Some(other) => return Err(CodecError::unsupported(F, format!("transfer syntax {other} (only uncompressed is read)"))),
+        // No meta: the historical default is implicit VR little-endian.
+        None => Syntax { endian: Endian { big: false }, explicit: false },
+    };
+    Ok((syn, data_start))
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn decode(b: &[u8], limits: &Limits) -> Result<Image, CodecError> {
+    if !is_dicom(b) {
+        return Err(bad("not a DICOM file (no DICM magic)"));
+    }
+    let (syn, start) = transfer_syntax(b)?;
+    let mut tags: HashMap<(u16, u16), Elem> = HashMap::new();
+    elements(b, start, &syn, |g, e, el| {
+        // Later duplicates must not silently override the first (DICOM forbids duplicates).
+        tags.entry((g, e)).or_insert_with(|| Elem { vr: el.vr, start: el.start, len: el.len });
+        Ok(())
+    })?;
+    let big = syn.endian.big;
+    let get_u16 = |tag: (u16, u16)| tags.get(&tag).and_then(|e| u16_val(b, e, big));
+    let rows = u32::from(get_u16((0x0028, 0x0010)).ok_or_else(|| bad("missing Rows (0028,0010)"))?);
+    let cols = u32::from(get_u16((0x0028, 0x0011)).ok_or_else(|| bad("missing Columns (0028,0011)"))?);
+    let samples = u32::from(get_u16((0x0028, 0x0002)).unwrap_or(1));
+    let bits = get_u16((0x0028, 0x0100)).ok_or_else(|| bad("missing BitsAllocated (0028,0100)"))?;
+    let bits_stored = get_u16((0x0028, 0x0101)).unwrap_or(bits);
+    let high_bit = get_u16((0x0028, 0x0102)).unwrap_or(bits_stored.saturating_sub(1));
+    if u32::from(high_bit) >= u32::from(bits) {
+        return Err(bad("HighBit is outside the allocated bits"));
+    }
+    let signed = get_u16((0x0028, 0x0103)).unwrap_or(0) == 1;
+    let planar = get_u16((0x0028, 0x0006)).unwrap_or(0);
+    let photometric = tags
+        .get(&(0x0028, 0x0004))
+        .and_then(|e| b.get(e.start..e.start.checked_add(e.len)?))
+        .map(|v| String::from_utf8_lossy(v).trim_end_matches(['\0', ' ']).to_string())
+        .ok_or_else(|| bad("missing PhotometricInterpretation (0028,0004)"))?;
+    let pixel = tags.get(&(0x7FE0, 0x0010)).ok_or_else(|| CodecError::unsupported(F, "no pixel data (7FE0,0010)"))?;
+    if !matches!(bits, 8 | 16) || !matches!(bits_stored, 1..=16) {
+        return Err(CodecError::unsupported(F, format!("{bits}-bit allocated / {bits_stored}-bit stored samples")));
+    }
+    let mono = matches!(photometric.as_str(), "MONOCHROME1" | "MONOCHROME2");
+    let rgb = photometric == "RGB";
+    let ybr = photometric == "YBR_FULL";
+    if !(mono || rgb || ybr) {
+        return Err(CodecError::unsupported(F, format!("photometric interpretation {photometric}")));
+    }
+    // Mono stores one sample; RGB and YBR_FULL store three. Any other count would index past the
+    // pixel data, so it is refused rather than misread.
+    let want_samples = if mono { 1 } else { 3 };
+    if samples != want_samples {
+        return Err(CodecError::unsupported(F, format!("{samples} samples per pixel with {photometric}")));
+    }
+    if ybr && bits != 8 {
+        return Err(CodecError::unsupported(F, format!("{bits}-bit {photometric} (8-bit only)")));
+    }
+    let layout = if mono { ChannelLayout::Gray } else { ChannelLayout::Rgb };
+    let out_sample = if bits == 8 { SampleType::U8 } else { SampleType::U16 };
+    limits.check(cols, rows, layout, out_sample)?;
+
+    let pixels = (cols as usize).checked_mul(rows as usize).ok_or_else(|| CodecError::LimitExceeded("image too large".into()))?;
+    let n = pixels.checked_mul(samples as usize).ok_or_else(|| CodecError::LimitExceeded("image too large".into()))?;
+    let bytes_per = if bits == 16 { 2usize } else { 1 };
+    let need = n.checked_mul(bytes_per).ok_or_else(|| CodecError::LimitExceeded("pixel data too large".into()))?;
+    let data = b
+        .get(pixel.start..pixel.start.checked_add(need).ok_or_else(|| CodecError::LimitExceeded("pixel data too large".into()))?)
+        .ok_or_else(|| bad("pixel data is truncated"))?;
+    let out_channels = layout.channels();
+    let out_len = pixels.checked_mul(out_channels).and_then(|k| k.checked_mul(bytes_per)).ok_or_else(|| CodecError::LimitExceeded("image too large".into()))?;
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    out.try_reserve_exact(out_len).map_err(|_| CodecError::LimitExceeded("cannot allocate the image".into()))?;
+    // Raw sample of channel `ch` at pixel `p`, honouring the planar configuration.
+    let sample_at = |p: usize, ch: usize| -> Option<u32> {
+        let idx = if planar == 1 { ch.checked_mul(pixels)?.checked_add(p)? } else { p.checked_mul(samples as usize)?.checked_add(ch)? };
+        let off = idx.checked_mul(bytes_per)?;
+        if bits == 16 {
+            let c = data.get(off..off.checked_add(2)?)?;
+            Some(if big { u16::from_be_bytes([c[0], c[1]]) } else { u16::from_le_bytes([c[0], c[1]]) }.into())
+        } else {
+            Some(u32::from(*data.get(off)?))
+        }
+    };
+    let stored_max = f64::from((1u32 << bits_stored) - 1);
+    // Extract the `bits_stored` samples (the least significant one at `high_bit`) and scale to
+    // [0, 1]; signed values are shifted up by half a range first. `high_bit` is 1-based here.
+    let shift = (u32::from(high_bit) + 1).saturating_sub(u32::from(bits_stored));
+    let mask = (1u32 << bits_stored) - 1;
+    let half = 1u32 << (bits_stored - 1);
+    let norm = move |raw: u32| -> f64 {
+        let v = (raw >> shift) & mask;
+        // Signed: flip the sign bit to map [-2^(b-1), 2^(b-1)-1] onto [0, 2^b-1].
+        let v = if signed { v ^ half } else { v };
+        (f64::from(v) / stored_max).clamp(0.0, 1.0)
+    };
+    let q = |x: f64| -> u16 { (x * 65535.0).round() as u16 };
+    let push = |out: &mut Vec<u8>, x: f64| {
+        if bits == 8 {
+            out.push((x * 255.0).round() as u8);
+        } else {
+            out.extend_from_slice(&q(x).to_ne_bytes());
+        }
+    };
+    for p in 0..pixels {
+        let s = |ch: usize| sample_at(p, ch).ok_or_else(|| bad("pixel data is shorter than the image"));
+        if mono {
+            let x = norm(s(0)?);
+            push(&mut out, if photometric == "MONOCHROME1" { 1.0 - x } else { x });
+        } else if rgb {
+            for ch in 0..3 {
+                push(&mut out, norm(s(ch)?));
+            }
+        } else {
+            // YBR_FULL (8-bit): BT.601 full-range to RGB.
+            let y = f64::from(s(0)?);
+            let cb = f64::from(s(1)?) - 128.0;
+            let cr = f64::from(s(2)?) - 128.0;
+            let r = (y + 1.402 * cr).clamp(0.0, 255.0);
+            let g = (y - 0.344_136 * cb - 0.714_136 * cr).clamp(0.0, 255.0);
+            let bl = (y + 1.772 * cb).clamp(0.0, 255.0);
+            for v in [r, g, bl] {
+                push(&mut out, v / 255.0);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    Image::from_raw(cols, rows, layout, out_sample, out)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// Build the file meta group (explicit VR little-endian), including the given extra
+    /// `(element, ascii)` pairs before the TransferSyntaxUID.
+    fn meta(b: &mut Vec<u8>, ts: &str, extra: &[(u16, &str)]) {
+        let ui = |e: u16, v: &str, b: &mut Vec<u8>| {
+            let mut s = v.as_bytes().to_vec();
+            if s.len() % 2 == 1 {
+                s.push(0);
+            }
+            b.extend_from_slice(&0x0002u16.to_le_bytes());
+            b.extend_from_slice(&e.to_le_bytes());
+            b.extend_from_slice(b"UI");
+            b.extend_from_slice(&(s.len() as u16).to_le_bytes());
+            b.extend_from_slice(&s);
+        };
+        for (e, v) in extra {
+            ui(*e, v, b);
+        }
+        ui(0x0010, ts, b);
+    }
+
+    fn us(b: &mut Vec<u8>, g: u16, e: u16, v: u16, explicit: bool) {
+        b.extend_from_slice(&g.to_le_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(&e.to_le_bytes());
+        if explicit {
+            b.extend_from_slice(b"US");
+            b.extend_from_slice(&2u16.to_le_bytes());
+        } else {
+            b.extend_from_slice(&2u32.to_le_bytes());
+        }
+        b.extend_from_slice(&v.to_le_bytes());
+    }
+
+    fn cs(b: &mut Vec<u8>, g: u16, e: u16, v: &str, explicit: bool) {
+        let mut s = v.as_bytes().to_vec();
+        if s.len() % 2 == 1 {
+            s.push(0);
+        }
+        b.extend_from_slice(&g.to_le_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(&e.to_le_bytes());
+        if explicit {
+            b.extend_from_slice(b"CS");
+            b.extend_from_slice(&(s.len() as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        } else {
+            b.extend_from_slice(&(s.len() as u32).to_le_bytes());
+        }
+        b.extend_from_slice(&s);
+    }
+
+    /// A DICOM with the given transfer syntax UID and data-set encoding.
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    fn synth(ts: &str, explicit: bool, big: bool, planar: u16, rows: u16, cols: u16, samples: u16, bits: u16, photometric: &str, pixels: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut b = vec![0u8; 128];
+        b.extend_from_slice(b"DICM");
+        // One extra meta element before the syntax, so a reader that only looks at the last
+        // group-0002 element takes the wrong one.
+        meta(&mut b, ts, &[(0x0002, "1.2.840.10008.5.1.4.1.1.7")]);
+        let _ = big;
+        us(&mut b, 0x0028, 0x0010, rows, explicit);
+        us(&mut b, 0x0028, 0x0011, cols, explicit);
+        us(&mut b, 0x0028, 0x0002, samples, explicit);
+        us(&mut b, 0x0028, 0x0006, planar, explicit);
+        cs(&mut b, 0x0028, 0x0004, photometric, explicit);
+        us(&mut b, 0x0028, 0x0100, bits, explicit);
+        us(&mut b, 0x0028, 0x0101, bits, explicit);
+        us(&mut b, 0x0028, 0x0102, bits - 1, explicit);
+        us(&mut b, 0x0028, 0x0103, 0, explicit);
+        b.extend_from_slice(&0x7FE0u16.to_le_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(&0x0010u16.to_le_bytes());
+        if explicit {
+            b.extend_from_slice(b"OB");
+            b.extend_from_slice(&0u16.to_le_bytes());
+        }
+        b.extend_from_slice(&(pixels.len() as u32).to_le_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(pixels);
+        b
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn decodes_8bit_monochrome() {
+        let b = synth("1.2.840.10008.1.2.1", true, false, 0, 2, 2, 1, 8, "MONOCHROME2", &[0, 51, 102, 255]);
+        let img = decode(&b, &Limits::default()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((img.width(), img.height(), img.layout(), img.sample_type()), (2, 2, ChannelLayout::Gray, SampleType::U8));
+        assert_eq!(img.data(), &[0, 51, 102, 255]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn decodes_16bit_monochrome_and_scales() {
+        let px: Vec<u8> = [0u16, 32768, 65535].iter().flat_map(|v| v.to_le_bytes()).collect();
+        let b = synth("1.2.840.10008.1.2.1", true, false, 0, 3, 1, 1, 16, "MONOCHROME2", &px);
+        let img = decode(&b, &Limits::default()).unwrap();
+        let v = img.to_u16_samples().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(v[0], 0);
+        assert!((i32::from(v[1]) - 32768).abs() <= 1);
+        assert_eq!(v[2], 65535);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn monochrome1_is_inverted() {
+        let b = synth("1.2.840.10008.1.2.1", true, false, 0, 2, 1, 1, 8, "MONOCHROME1", &[0, 255]);
+        let img = decode(&b, &Limits::default()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(img.data(), &[255, 0]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn decodes_rgb_interleaved_and_planar() {
+        // 2 pixels: (10,20,30) and (40,50,60).
+        let interleaved = synth("1.2.840.10008.1.2.1", true, false, 0, 1, 2, 3, 8, "RGB", &[10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60]);
+        let img = decode(&interleaved, &Limits::default()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((img.layout(), img.data()), (ChannelLayout::Rgb, &[10u8, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60][..]));
+        // Planar 0: R plane, then G, then B.
+        let planar = synth("1.2.840.10008.1.2.1", true, false, 1, 1, 2, 3, 8, "RGB", &[10, 40, 20, 50, 30, 60]);
+        let img = decode(&planar, &Limits::default()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(img.data(), &[10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn decodes_ybr_full_to_rgb() {
+        // White (Y=128, Cb=Cr=128) stays neutral grey.
+        let b = synth("1.2.840.10008.1.2.1", true, false, 0, 1, 1, 3, 8, "YBR_FULL", &[128, 128, 128]);
+        let img = decode(&b, &Limits::default()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(img.layout(), ChannelLayout::Rgb);
+        let d = img.data();
+        assert!(d[0].abs_diff(d[1]) <= 1 && d[1].abs_diff(d[2]) <= 1, "{d:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn decodes_implicit_vr() {
+        let b = synth("1.2.840.10008.1.2", false, false, 0, 2, 2, 1, 8, "MONOCHROME2", &[0, 51, 102, 255]);
+        let img = decode(&b, &Limits::default()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(img.layout(), ChannelLayout::Gray);
+        assert_eq!(img.data(), &[0, 51, 102, 255]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn skips_an_undefined_length_sequence_outside_the_pixel_data() {
+        // Insert an undefined-length SQ (0008,2218) with one item, then a defined-length one,
+        // before the pixel data: the reader must skip both and still decode the image.
+        let mut b = vec![0u8; 128];
+        b.extend_from_slice(b"DICM");
+        meta(&mut b, "1.2.840.10008.1.2.1", &[]);
+        for (g, e, v) in [
+            (0x0028, 0x0010, 1u16),
+            (0x0028, 0x0011, 1),
+            (0x0028, 0x0002, 1),
+            (0x0028, 0x0100, 8),
+            (0x0028, 0x0101, 8),
+            (0x0028, 0x0102, 7),
+            (0x0028, 0x0103, 0),
+        ] {
+            us(&mut b, g, e, v, true);
+        }
+        cs(&mut b, 0x0028, 0x0004, "MONOCHROME2", true);
+        // Undefined-length sequence (0008,2211), one undefined-length item containing a nested
+        // defined-length sequence, then the delimiters.
+        b.extend_from_slice(&[0x08, 0x00, 0x11, 0x22, b'S', b'Q', 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF]);
+        b.extend_from_slice(&[0xFE, 0xFF, 0x00, 0xE0, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF]); // item, undefined
+        b.extend_from_slice(&[0x08, 0x00, 0x55, 0x22, b'S', b'Q', 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 1, 2, 3, 4]); // nested, defined
+        b.extend_from_slice(&[0xFE, 0xFF, 0x0D, 0xE0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]); // item delimitation
+        b.extend_from_slice(&[0xFE, 0xFF, 0xDD, 0xE0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]); // sequence delimitation
+        // Pixel data (defined length).
+        b.extend_from_slice(&0x7FE0u16.to_le_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(&0x0010u16.to_le_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(b"OB");
+        b.extend_from_slice(&0u16.to_le_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(&1u32.to_le_bytes());
+        b.push(200);
+        let img = decode(&b, &Limits::default()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(img.data(), &[200]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn truncated_and_bad_is_error_not_panic() {
+        let b = synth("1.2.840.10008.1.2.1", true, false, 0, 2, 2, 1, 8, "MONOCHROME2", &[0, 1, 2, 3]);
+        for cut in [0, 4, 128, 132, 140, b.len() - 1] {
+            assert!(decode(&b[..cut.min(b.len())], &Limits::default()).is_err(), "cut {cut}");
+        }
+        assert!(decode(b"not dicom", &Limits::default()).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn high_bit_outside_the_allocated_bits_is_an_error_not_a_panic() {
+        let mut b = synth("1.2.840.10008.1.2.1", true, false, 0, 1, 1, 1, 8, "MONOCHROME2", &[7]);
+        let tag = [0x28, 0x00, 0x02, 0x01, b'U', b'S', 0x02, 0x00];
+        let at = b.windows(tag.len()).position(|w| w == tag).unwrap() + tag.len();
+        b[at..at + 2].copy_from_slice(&200u16.to_le_bytes());
+        assert!(decode(&b, &Limits::default()).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_compressed_transfer_syntax() {
+        let mut b = synth("1.2.840.10008.1.2.1", true, false, 0, 1, 1, 1, 8, "MONOCHROME2", &[0]);
+        let uncompressed = b"1.2.840.10008.1.2.1\0";
+        let compressed = b"1.2.840.10008.1.2.4\0"; // same length, a compressed family
+        let at = b.windows(uncompressed.len()).position(|w| w == uncompressed).expect("transfer syntax in the fixture");
+        b[at..at + compressed.len()].copy_from_slice(compressed);
+        assert!(matches!(decode(&b, &Limits::default()), Err(CodecError::Unsupported { .. })));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/codecs/src/codecs/dpx.rs b/crates/codecs/src/codecs/dpx.rs
index 091403d641..aa71f94651 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/src/codecs/dpx.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/src/codecs/dpx.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 //! Writing: one element, big-endian, unencoded, descriptor 6, 50 or 51; 8 and 16 bits with
 //! packing 0, 10 and 12 bits with packing 1 (method A). The bit depth follows the image
 //! (8 → 8, 16 → 16) unless [`EncodeOptions::dpx_bits`] picks one.
+//!
+//! Kodak Cineon (`.cin`), the format DPX grew from, is read and written here too (see its section).
 
 use crate::Format;
 use crate::error::CodecError;
@@ -344,7 +346,7 @@ pub(crate) fn decode(bytes: &[u8], limits: &Limits) -> Result<Image, CodecError>
 // orientation (1 byte), the channel count (1 byte) and up to eight 28-byte channel descriptors
 // (the first carries the bits per pixel and the line/image dimensions). Image data is three
 // 10-bit samples packed into each 32-bit word, lines on a word boundary — the same layout as
-// DPX's 10-bit packing method A, so the unpacking is shared.
+// DPX's 10-bit packing method A, so the unpacking and packing are shared.
 
 /// The Cineon magic number (`802A5FD7` hex), big-endian.
 pub(crate) fn is_cineon(b: &[u8]) -> bool {
@@ -409,6 +411,81 @@ pub(crate) fn decode_cineon(bytes: &[u8], limits: &Limits) -> Result<Image, Code
     Image::from_u16(width, height, layout, &wide)
 }
 
+/// Cineon's generic plus film header: where our image data starts.
+const CINEON_HEADER_LEN: usize = 2048;
+const CINEON_GENERIC_LEN: u32 = 1024;
+/// Offset of the first of the eight 28-byte channel descriptors.
+const CINEON_CHANNEL0: usize = 196;
+
+/// Encode a Cineon 4.5 frame: the generic header, an undefined film header, then the samples as
+/// 10-bit code values `round(v × 1023 / 65535)`, three to a big-endian word, left justified
+/// (packing 5), lines on a word boundary. The plan has already made the image U16 gray or RGB.
+pub(crate) fn encode_cineon(src: &Image, plan: Plan) -> Result<Vec<u8>, CodecError> {
+    let enc = |msg: String| CodecError::encode(Format::Cineon, msg);
+    let img = src.converted(plan.layout, plan.sample);
+    let (w, h) = img.dimensions();
+    // Channel designators: 0 for black and white, 1–3 for red, green and blue.
+    let designators: &[u8] = match img.layout() {
+        ChannelLayout::Gray => &[0],
+        ChannelLayout::Rgb => &[1, 2, 3],
+        l => return Err(enc(format!("Cineon cannot store {l:?}"))),
+    };
+    let samples = img.to_u16_samples().ok_or_else(|| enc(format!("cannot write {:?} samples at 10 bits", img.sample_type())))?;
+    let codes: Vec<u16> = samples.into_iter().map(|v| narrow(v, 1023)).collect();
+    let per_line = (w as usize).checked_mul(designators.len()).ok_or_else(|| enc("image too large".into()))?;
+    if codes.len() != per_line.checked_mul(h as usize).ok_or_else(|| enc("image too large".into()))? {
+        return Err(enc("the image has the wrong number of samples".into()));
+    }
+    let data_len = line_bytes(per_line, 10, 1).and_then(|l| l.checked_mul(h as usize)).ok_or_else(|| enc("image too large".into()))?;
+    let total =
+        CINEON_HEADER_LEN.checked_add(data_len).and_then(|t| u32::try_from(t).ok()).ok_or_else(|| enc("image too large for a Cineon file (4 GiB)".into()))?;
+
+    let mut wr = Writer { h: vec![0; CINEON_HEADER_LEN] };
+    // File information.
+    wr.u32(0, 0x802A_5FD7);
+    wr.u32(4, CINEON_HEADER_LEN as u32);
+    wr.u32(8, CINEON_GENERIC_LEN);
+    wr.u32(12, CINEON_HEADER_LEN as u32 - CINEON_GENERIC_LEN);
+    wr.u32(16, 0);
+    wr.u32(20, total);
+    wr.string((24, 8), "V4.5");
+    // Image information: default orientation, then each channel's descriptor; the unused ones,
+    // the white point and the primaries are undefined.
+    wr.u8(192, 0);
+    wr.u8(193, designators.len() as u8);
+    wr.undefined(CINEON_CHANNEL0, 420);
+    for (i, &designator) in designators.iter().enumerate() {
+        let c = CINEON_CHANNEL0 + 28 * i;
+        wr.u8(c, 0);
+        wr.u8(c + 1, designator);
+        wr.u8(c + 2, 10);
+        wr.u8(c + 3, 0);
+        wr.u32(c + 4, w);
+        wr.u32(c + 8, h);
+        // Code values 0–1023 stand for printing densities 0–2.048, the Cineon convention. All
+        // four are 32-bit floats here (DPX stores the data values as integers).
+        wr.u32(c + 12, 0f32.to_bits());
+        wr.u32(c + 16, 0f32.to_bits());
+        wr.u32(c + 20, 1023f32.to_bits());
+        wr.u32(c + 24, 2.048f32.to_bits());
+    }
+    // Pixel-interleaved, unsigned, positive, no line or channel padding.
+    wr.u8(681, 5);
+    // Image origination: pixel pitches and gamma unknown.
+    wr.undefined(972, 984);
+    // Film header: manufacturer, type, perforation offset, prefix, count, frame position and rate
+    // unknown; its strings stay empty.
+    wr.undefined(1024, 1036);
+    wr.undefined(1068, 1076);
+
+    let mut out = wr.h;
+    out.try_reserve_exact(data_len).map_err(|_| enc("out of memory".into()))?;
+    for row in codes.chunks_exact(per_line.max(1)) {
+        pack_line(&mut out, row, 10);
+    }
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
 /// The kept header fields as text metadata, in [`KEYS`] order; undefined ones are left out.
 fn header_text(b: &[u8], o: Order, e: Element) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
     let mut text = Vec::new();
@@ -460,6 +537,26 @@ pub(crate) fn bits_for(opt: Option<DpxBits>, sample: SampleType) -> u8 {
     }
 }
 
+/// The bits `format` stores below its U16 plan: DPX at 10 or 12 bits, Cineon's 10. `None` when
+/// the stored depth is the plan's sample type.
+pub(crate) fn packed_bits(format: Format, opts: &EncodeOptions) -> Option<u8> {
+    match format {
+        Format::Dpx => opts.dpx_bits.filter(|b| matches!(b, DpxBits::Bits10 | DpxBits::Bits12)).map(DpxBits::bits),
+        Format::Cineon => Some(10),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+/// `true` when every sample of a U16 image is already a `bits`-bit code value, so writing it at
+/// `bits` and reading it back gives the same samples (a frame opened from such a file).
+pub(crate) fn keeps_u16_samples(img: &Image, bits: u8) -> bool {
+    if img.sample_type() != SampleType::U16 || !(1..16).contains(&bits) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let max = (1u64 << bits) - 1;
+    img.data().as_chunks::<2>().0.iter().map(|c| u16::from_ne_bytes(*c)).all(|v| widen(narrow(v, max), max) == v)
+}
+
 /// The plan's sample type for the chosen bits: U8 for 8 bits, U16 for 10, 12 and 16.
 pub(crate) fn plan_sample(opt: Option<DpxBits>, src: SampleType) -> SampleType {
     match opt {
diff --git a/crates/codecs/src/codecs/gif_frames.rs b/crates/codecs/src/codecs/gif_frames.rs
index a5bed96254..6a99b54f7b 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/src/codecs/gif_frames.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/src/codecs/gif_frames.rs
@@ -14,16 +14,16 @@ use crate::error::CodecError;
 use crate::image::{ChannelLayout, DecodeWarning, Image};
 use crate::options::DecodeOptions;
 
-/// Most frames one GIF may yield. Frames are held in memory, and a tiny canvas could otherwise
-/// ask for millions of them while staying inside the byte budget.
+/// Most frames one GIF (or animated WebP) may yield. Frames are held in memory, and a tiny
+/// canvas could otherwise ask for millions of them while staying inside the byte budget.
 pub const MAX_GIF_FRAMES: usize = 100_000;
 
 /// One composited frame of an animation and how long it stays on screen.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
 pub struct AnimationFrame {
     pub image: Image,
-    /// On-screen time in milliseconds. GIF counts in hundredths of a second, so this is a
-    /// multiple of 10 (0 when the file gives none).
+    /// On-screen time in milliseconds. GIF counts in hundredths of a second, so there this is a
+    /// multiple of 10 (0 when the file gives none); WebP counts in milliseconds.
     pub delay_ms: u32,
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/codecs/src/codecs/iff.rs b/crates/codecs/src/codecs/iff.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4997817ca9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/codecs/src/codecs/iff.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,544 @@
+//! Amiga IFF/ILBM reader and writer (EA "Interchange File Format", "InterLeaved BitMap" and the
+//! chunky "PBM " variant). Written from the published IFF/ILBM layout: a `FORM` chunk of four-byte
+//! chunks (`BMHD` bitmap header, `CMAP` palette, `CAMG` Amiga viewport mode, `BODY` pixel data).
+//!
+//! Read: 1–8 bitplanes with a palette (or a gray ramp when there is none) with masking 0/1/2, and
+//! 24-bitplane "deep" ILBMs (8 planes each of red, green and blue, least significant bit first,
+//! no palette) with masking 0/1, both stored (0) and ByteRun1/PackBits (1) compressed. Anything
+//! else is a clear `Unsupported`/`Malformed` error, never a panic.
+//!
+//! Write: a 24-bitplane ILBM, ByteRun1 compressed one plane row at a time, with a mask plane
+//! (masking 1) when the image has alpha. The mask plane is one bit per pixel: alpha of 128 or
+//! more is opaque.
+
+use crate::error::CodecError;
+use crate::fidelity::Plan;
+use crate::format::Format;
+use crate::image::{ChannelLayout, Image, SampleType};
+use crate::options::Limits;
+
+const F: Format = Format::Iff;
+
+fn bad(msg: impl std::fmt::Display) -> CodecError {
+    CodecError::malformed(F, msg)
+}
+
+fn unsupported(msg: impl Into<String>) -> CodecError {
+    CodecError::unsupported(F, msg)
+}
+
+fn be32(b: &[u8], at: usize) -> Option<u32> {
+    let s = b.get(at..at.checked_add(4)?)?.try_into().ok()?;
+    Some(u32::from_be_bytes(s))
+}
+
+fn be16(b: &[u8], at: usize) -> Option<u16> {
+    let s = b.get(at..at.checked_add(2)?)?.try_into().ok()?;
+    Some(u16::from_be_bytes(s))
+}
+
+/// `FORM` + a bitmap type (`ILBM` interleaved, `PBM ` chunky) at offset 8.
+pub(crate) fn looks_like_iff(b: &[u8]) -> bool {
+    b.get(0..4) == Some(b"FORM") && matches!(b.get(8..12), Some(b"ILBM" | b"PBM "))
+}
+
+/// Bitplanes of a "deep" ILBM: red, green and blue, 8 each, least significant bit first.
+const DEEP_PLANES: u8 = 24;
+
+/// The bitmap header fields decoding needs.
+struct Header {
+    width: u32,
+    height: u32,
+    planes: u8,
+    masking: u8,
+    compression: u8,
+    transparent: u16,
+    /// `PBM ` stores one palette index per byte, padded to even row lengths.
+    chunky: bool,
+}
+
+/// One four-byte chunk's id and byte range.
+struct Chunk<'a> {
+    id: [u8; 4],
+    data: &'a [u8],
+}
+
+/// Walk the `FORM`'s chunks from offset 12 to `end` (the form length), stopping at the first
+/// malformed length so a hostile file can't run past the buffer.
+fn chunks(b: &[u8]) -> impl Iterator<Item = Chunk<'_>> {
+    let end = be32(b, 4).map_or(b.len(), |n| (n as usize).saturating_add(8).min(b.len()));
+    let mut pos = 12usize;
+    std::iter::from_fn(move || {
+        if pos + 8 > end {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let id = b.get(pos..pos + 4)?.try_into().ok()?;
+        let len = be32(b, pos + 4)? as usize;
+        let start = pos + 8;
+        let data = b.get(start..start.checked_add(len)?)?;
+        // Chunks are padded to an even length.
+        pos = start.checked_add(len)?.checked_add(len & 1)?;
+        Some(Chunk { id, data })
+    })
+}
+
+fn parse_header(b: &[u8], chunky: bool) -> Result<Header, CodecError> {
+    let bmhd = chunks(b).find(|c| &c.id == b"BMHD").ok_or_else(|| bad("no BMHD chunk"))?;
+    let d = bmhd.data;
+    if d.len() < 20 {
+        return Err(bad("BMHD chunk is too short"));
+    }
+    let width = u32::from(be16(d, 0).ok_or_else(|| bad("BMHD width"))?);
+    let height = u32::from(be16(d, 2).ok_or_else(|| bad("BMHD height"))?);
+    let planes = *d.get(8).ok_or_else(|| bad("BMHD planes"))?;
+    let masking = *d.get(9).ok_or_else(|| bad("BMHD masking"))?;
+    let compression = *d.get(10).ok_or_else(|| bad("BMHD compression"))?;
+    if width == 0 || height == 0 {
+        return Err(bad("zero-sized bitmap"));
+    }
+    if !(1..=8).contains(&planes) && planes != DEEP_PLANES {
+        return Err(unsupported(format!("{planes} bitplanes (1–8 with a palette, or 24)")));
+    }
+    if masking > 2 {
+        return Err(unsupported(format!("masking {masking}")));
+    }
+    if planes == DEEP_PLANES && masking == 2 {
+        return Err(unsupported("a transparent color in a 24-bitplane ILBM"));
+    }
+    if compression > 1 {
+        return Err(unsupported(format!("compression {compression} (only stored and ByteRun1)")));
+    }
+    if chunky && (planes != 8 || masking == 1) {
+        return Err(unsupported("PBM requires 8-bit indices without a mask plane"));
+    }
+    let transparent = be16(d, 12).ok_or_else(|| bad("BMHD transparent colour"))?;
+    Ok(Header { width, height, planes, masking, compression, transparent, chunky })
+}
+
+/// ByteRun1 / PackBits decode of one plane row into `out`; returns the bytes consumed. A `0x80`
+/// control byte is a no-op, as the layout specifies.
+fn unpack_byte_run1(src: &[u8], out: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize, CodecError> {
+    let (mut i, mut o) = (0usize, 0usize);
+    while o < out.len() {
+        let n = *src.get(i).ok_or_else(|| bad("truncated ByteRun1 data"))? as i8;
+        i += 1;
+        if n >= 0 {
+            let count = n as usize + 1;
+            let lit = src.get(i..i.checked_add(count).ok_or_else(|| bad("ByteRun1 overflow"))?).ok_or_else(|| bad("truncated ByteRun1 run"))?;
+            if count > out.len() - o {
+                return Err(bad("ByteRun1 run crosses the plane row"));
+            }
+            out[o..o + count].copy_from_slice(lit);
+            i += count;
+            o += count;
+        } else if n != -128 {
+            let count = (1 - n as i32) as usize;
+            let value = *src.get(i).ok_or_else(|| bad("truncated ByteRun1 repeat"))?;
+            i += 1;
+            if count > out.len() - o {
+                return Err(bad("ByteRun1 repeat crosses the plane row"));
+            }
+            out[o..o + count].fill(value);
+            o += count;
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(i)
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn decode(b: &[u8], limits: &Limits) -> Result<Image, CodecError> {
+    if !looks_like_iff(b) {
+        return Err(bad("not an IFF/ILBM file (no FORM ... ILBM)"));
+    }
+    let h = parse_header(b, b.get(8..12) == Some(b"PBM "))?;
+    if let Some(camg) = chunks(b).find(|c| &c.id == b"CAMG") {
+        let mode = be32(camg.data, 0).ok_or_else(|| bad("short CAMG chunk"))?;
+        if mode & (0x80 | 0x800) != 0 {
+            return Err(unsupported("EHB and HAM viewport modes"));
+        }
+    }
+    let layout = if h.masking == 0 { ChannelLayout::Rgb } else { ChannelLayout::Rgba };
+    limits.check(h.width, h.height, layout, SampleType::U8)?;
+
+    // Palette: three bytes per colour; missing entries read as black.
+    let cmap = chunks(b).find(|c| &c.id == b"CMAP").map(|c| c.data).filter(|p| !p.is_empty());
+    let colors = 1usize << h.planes;
+    let palette = |idx: usize| -> [u8; 3] {
+        if let Some(p) = cmap {
+            p.get(idx * 3..idx * 3 + 3).map(|c| [c[0], c[1], c[2]]).unwrap_or([0; 3])
+        } else {
+            let v = ((idx as u32 * 255) / (colors as u32 - 1).max(1)) as u8;
+            [v, v, v]
+        }
+    };
+
+    let body = chunks(b).find(|c| &c.id == b"BODY").map(|c| c.data).ok_or_else(|| bad("no BODY chunk"))?;
+    let (w, hh) = (h.width as usize, h.height as usize);
+    // Each plane row is stored as a whole number of 16-bit words.
+    let plane_row = if h.chunky { w.div_ceil(2) * 2 } else { w.div_ceil(16) * 2 };
+    // A masking type 1 bitmap carries one extra (mask) plane per row.
+    let rows_planes: usize = if h.chunky { 1 } else { usize::from(h.planes) + usize::from(h.masking == 1) };
+
+    // Decode every stored plane row up front, then recombine.
+    let total_rows = hh.checked_mul(rows_planes).ok_or_else(|| CodecError::LimitExceeded("bitmap too large".into()))?;
+    let total_bytes = total_rows.checked_mul(plane_row).ok_or_else(|| CodecError::LimitExceeded("bitmap too large".into()))?;
+    if total_bytes as u64 > limits.max_alloc {
+        return Err(CodecError::LimitExceeded("bitmap storage exceeds max_alloc".into()));
+    }
+    Limits::check_plausible(total_bytes as u64, body.len(), if h.compression == 0 { 1 } else { 128 })?;
+    let mut stored = crate::options::alloc_zeroed::<u8>(total_bytes)?;
+    let mut cursor = 0usize;
+    for row in stored.chunks_mut(plane_row.max(1)).take(total_rows) {
+        match h.compression {
+            0 => {
+                let src = body.get(cursor..cursor.checked_add(plane_row).ok_or_else(|| bad("BODY overflow"))?).ok_or_else(|| bad("truncated BODY data"))?;
+                let n = row.len().min(src.len());
+                row[..n].copy_from_slice(&src[..n]);
+                cursor += plane_row;
+            }
+            _ => {
+                let tail = body.get(cursor..).ok_or_else(|| bad("truncated BODY data"))?;
+                cursor += unpack_byte_run1(tail, row)?;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    out.try_reserve_exact(w.saturating_mul(hh).saturating_mul(layout.channels())).map_err(|_| CodecError::LimitExceeded("cannot allocate the image".into()))?;
+    let planes = usize::from(h.planes);
+    for y in 0..hh {
+        for x in 0..w {
+            let index = if h.chunky {
+                usize::from(*stored.get(y * plane_row + x).ok_or_else(|| bad("PBM pixel outside BODY"))?)
+            } else {
+                (0..planes).filter(|&p| bit_at(&stored, (y * rows_planes + p) * plane_row, x)).fold(0usize, |acc, p| acc | (1 << p))
+            };
+            let c = if h.planes == DEEP_PLANES { [index as u8, (index >> 8) as u8, (index >> 16) as u8] } else { palette(index) };
+            out.extend_from_slice(&c);
+            if h.masking != 0 {
+                let opaque = if h.masking == 1 { bit_at(&stored, (y * rows_planes + planes) * plane_row, x) } else { index != usize::from(h.transparent) };
+                out.push(if opaque { 255 } else { 0 });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    Image::from_u8(h.width, h.height, layout, out)
+}
+
+/// The bit for pixel `x` of a stored plane row at `base` (bits run MSB-first).
+fn bit_at(stored: &[u8], base: usize, x: usize) -> bool {
+    stored.get(base + x / 8).is_some_and(|byte| byte & (0x80 >> (x % 8)) != 0)
+}
+
+/// ByteRun1 / PackBits encode of one plane row, appended to `out`: three or more equal bytes
+/// become a repeat (at most 128), everything else literal runs (at most 128 bytes).
+fn pack_byte_run1(row: &[u8], out: &mut Vec<u8>) {
+    let mut i = 0usize;
+    while let Some(&value) = row.get(i) {
+        let repeat = row[i..].iter().take(128).take_while(|&&b| b == value).count();
+        if repeat >= 3 {
+            out.push((1 - repeat as i32) as i8 as u8);
+            out.push(value);
+            i += repeat;
+            continue;
+        }
+        let start = i;
+        while i < row.len() && i - start < 128 {
+            if row.get(i..i + 3).is_some_and(|r| r[0] == r[1] && r[1] == r[2]) {
+                break;
+            }
+            i += 1;
+        }
+        out.push((i - start - 1) as u8);
+        out.extend_from_slice(&row[start..i]);
+    }
+}
+
+fn push_chunk(out: &mut Vec<u8>, id: &[u8; 4], data: &[u8]) -> Result<(), CodecError> {
+    let len = u32::try_from(data.len()).map_err(|_| CodecError::encode(F, "chunk too large for an IFF file (4 GiB)"))?;
+    out.extend_from_slice(id);
+    out.extend_from_slice(&len.to_be_bytes());
+    out.extend_from_slice(data);
+    // Chunks are padded to an even length.
+    if data.len() % 2 == 1 {
+        out.push(0);
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Writes a 24-bitplane `FORM ILBM`: `BMHD` then a ByteRun1-compressed `BODY`, each row stored as
+/// the red, green and blue planes (least significant bit first) and, for RGBA, a mask plane.
+pub(crate) fn encode(src: &Image, plan: Plan) -> Result<Vec<u8>, CodecError> {
+    let enc = |msg: String| CodecError::encode(F, msg);
+    let img = src.converted(plan.layout, plan.sample);
+    let masked = match img.layout() {
+        ChannelLayout::Rgb => false,
+        ChannelLayout::Rgba => true,
+        l => return Err(enc(format!("IFF/ILBM cannot store {l:?}"))),
+    };
+    if img.sample_type() != SampleType::U8 {
+        return Err(enc(format!("IFF/ILBM cannot store {:?} samples", img.sample_type())));
+    }
+    let (w, h) = img.dimensions();
+    let (Ok(w16), Ok(h16)) = (u16::try_from(w), u16::try_from(h)) else {
+        return Err(enc("IFF/ILBM stores at most 65535 × 65535 pixels".into()));
+    };
+    let (w, ch) = (w as usize, img.layout().channels());
+    let data = img.data();
+    let row_len = w.checked_mul(ch).ok_or_else(|| enc("image too large".into()))?;
+    if data.len() != row_len.checked_mul(h as usize).ok_or_else(|| enc("image too large".into()))? {
+        return Err(enc("the image has the wrong number of samples".into()));
+    }
+    let planes = usize::from(DEEP_PLANES) + usize::from(masked);
+    let mut plane_row = vec![0u8; w.div_ceil(16) * 2];
+    let mut body = Vec::new();
+    for px in data.chunks_exact(row_len.max(1)) {
+        for plane in 0..planes {
+            plane_row.fill(0);
+            for (x, p) in px.chunks_exact(ch).enumerate() {
+                let on = if plane == usize::from(DEEP_PLANES) { p[3] >= 128 } else { (p[plane / 8] >> (plane % 8)) & 1 == 1 };
+                if on {
+                    plane_row[x / 8] |= 0x80 >> (x % 8);
+                }
+            }
+            pack_byte_run1(&plane_row, &mut body);
+        }
+    }
+
+    let mut bmhd = Vec::with_capacity(20);
+    bmhd.extend_from_slice(&w16.to_be_bytes());
+    bmhd.extend_from_slice(&h16.to_be_bytes());
+    bmhd.extend_from_slice(&[0, 0, 0, 0]); // x/y origin
+    bmhd.push(DEEP_PLANES);
+    bmhd.push(u8::from(masked)); // masking: 1 = a mask plane follows the color planes
+    bmhd.push(1); // ByteRun1
+    bmhd.push(0); // pad
+    bmhd.extend_from_slice(&[0, 0]); // transparent color (unused)
+    bmhd.extend_from_slice(&[1, 1]); // square pixels
+    bmhd.extend_from_slice(&w16.to_be_bytes()); // page size
+    bmhd.extend_from_slice(&h16.to_be_bytes());
+
+    let mut out = b"FORM".to_vec();
+    out.extend_from_slice(&[0; 4]); // patched below
+    out.extend_from_slice(b"ILBM");
+    push_chunk(&mut out, b"BMHD", &bmhd)?;
+    push_chunk(&mut out, b"BODY", &body)?;
+    let form_len = u32::try_from(out.len() - 8).map_err(|_| enc("image too large for an IFF file (4 GiB)".into()))?;
+    out[4..8].copy_from_slice(&form_len.to_be_bytes());
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// A `FORM ILBM` with a `BMHD`, `CMAP` and `BODY`. `planes` plane rows per row,
+    /// `compression` 0 (stored) or 1 (ByteRun1), MSB-first.
+    fn ilbm(w: u16, h: u16, planes: u8, palette: &[[u8; 3]], compression: u8, body: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut b = b"FORM".to_vec();
+        b.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_be_bytes()); // patched below
+        b.extend_from_slice(b"ILBM");
+        // BMHD (20 bytes)
+        b.extend_from_slice(b"BMHD");
+        b.extend_from_slice(&20u32.to_be_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(&w.to_be_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(&h.to_be_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(&[0, 0, 0, 0]); // x/y origin
+        b.push(planes);
+        b.push(0); // masking
+        b.push(compression);
+        b.push(0); // pad
+        b.extend_from_slice(&[0, 0]); // transparent colour
+        b.extend_from_slice(&[1, 1]); // aspect
+        b.extend_from_slice(&[0, 0, 0, 0]); // page size
+        // CMAP
+        b.extend_from_slice(b"CMAP");
+        b.extend_from_slice(&((palette.len() * 3) as u32).to_be_bytes());
+        for c in palette {
+            b.extend_from_slice(c);
+        }
+        if palette.len() % 2 == 1 {
+            b.push(0);
+        }
+        // BODY
+        b.extend_from_slice(b"BODY");
+        b.extend_from_slice(&(body.len() as u32).to_be_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(body);
+        if body.len() % 2 == 1 {
+            b.push(0);
+        }
+        let size = (b.len() - 8) as u32;
+        b[4..8].copy_from_slice(&size.to_be_bytes());
+        b
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reads_a_stored_two_plane_bitmap() {
+        // 2×1, 2 planes: pixel 0 index 0 (plane bits 0,0), pixel 1 index 3 (bits 1,1).
+        // Plane 0 = 0b0100_0000, plane 1 = 0b0100_0000, each padded to 2 bytes.
+        let body = [0b0100_0000, 0, 0b0100_0000, 0];
+        let pal = [[10, 20, 30], [40, 50, 60], [70, 80, 90], [100, 110, 120]];
+        let b = ilbm(2, 1, 2, &pal, 0, &body);
+        assert!(looks_like_iff(&b));
+        let img = decode(&b, &Limits::default()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((img.width(), img.height(), img.layout()), (2, 1, ChannelLayout::Rgb));
+        assert_eq!(img.data(), &[10, 20, 30, 100, 110, 120]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reads_byte_run1_compressed_rows() {
+        // Same image, ByteRun1: literal run of two bytes (0x01) then the two plane bytes each row.
+        let body = [0x01, 0b0100_0000, 0, 0x01, 0b0100_0000, 0];
+        let pal = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9], [250, 251, 252]];
+        let b = ilbm(2, 1, 2, &pal, 1, &body);
+        let img = decode(&b, &Limits::default()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(img.data(), &[1, 2, 3, 250, 251, 252]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn no_palette_falls_back_to_a_grey_ramp() {
+        // 2×1, 1 plane, no CMAP: indices 0 and 1 → black and white.
+        let body = [0b0100_0000, 0];
+        let b = ilbm(2, 1, 1, &[], 0, &body);
+        let img = decode(&b, &Limits::default()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(img.data(), &[0, 0, 0, 255, 255, 255]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pbm_reads_chunky_indices_with_odd_width_padding() {
+        let pal = [[10, 20, 30], [40, 50, 60], [70, 80, 90]];
+        for (compression, body) in [(0, vec![2, 0, 1, 255, 1, 2, 0, 255]), (1, vec![3, 2, 0, 1, 255, 3, 1, 2, 0, 255])] {
+            let mut b = ilbm(3, 2, 8, &pal, compression, &body);
+            b[8..12].copy_from_slice(b"PBM ");
+            let img = decode(&b, &Limits::default()).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(img.data(), &[70, 80, 90, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 10, 20, 30]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn transparency_uses_the_mask_plane_or_transparent_index() {
+        for masking in [1, 2] {
+            let mut b = ilbm(2, 1, 1, &[[10, 20, 30], [40, 50, 60]], 0, if masking == 1 { &[0x40, 0, 0x40, 0] } else { &[0x40, 0] });
+            b[29] = masking;
+            let img = decode(&b, &Limits::default()).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(img.layout(), ChannelLayout::Rgba);
+            assert_eq!(img.data(), &[10, 20, 30, 0, 40, 50, 60, 255]);
+        }
+        let mut b = ilbm(2, 1, 8, &[[10, 20, 30], [40, 50, 60]], 0, &[0, 1]);
+        b[8..12].copy_from_slice(b"PBM ");
+        b[29] = 2;
+        b[32..34].copy_from_slice(&1u16.to_be_bytes());
+        assert_eq!(decode(&b, &Limits::default()).unwrap().data(), &[10, 20, 30, 255, 40, 50, 60, 0]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_ham_and_ehb_instead_of_returning_wrong_colours() {
+        for mode in [0x80u32, 0x800] {
+            let mut b = ilbm(1, 1, 1, &[], 0, &[0, 0]);
+            b.extend_from_slice(b"CAMG");
+            b.extend_from_slice(&4u32.to_be_bytes());
+            b.extend_from_slice(&mode.to_be_bytes());
+            let len = (b.len() - 8) as u32;
+            b[4..8].copy_from_slice(&len.to_be_bytes());
+            assert!(matches!(decode(&b, &Limits::default()), Err(CodecError::Unsupported { .. })));
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn missing_palette_entries_are_black() {
+        let b = ilbm(1, 1, 2, &[[10, 20, 30]], 0, &[0x80, 0, 0x80, 0]);
+        assert_eq!(decode(&b, &Limits::default()).unwrap().data(), &[0, 0, 0]);
+    }
+
+    fn plan(layout: ChannelLayout) -> Plan {
+        Plan { layout, sample: SampleType::U8 }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reads_a_stored_24_plane_bitmap() {
+        // 2×1: pixel 0 = (1, 0, 128), pixel 1 = (0, 255, 0). Each plane row is 2 bytes; red bit 0
+        // has pixel 0 set, green bits 0–7 have pixel 1 set, blue bit 7 has pixel 0 set.
+        let mut body = Vec::new();
+        for plane in 0..24 {
+            let byte = match plane {
+                0 | 23 => 0x80,
+                8..=15 => 0x40,
+                _ => 0,
+            };
+            body.extend_from_slice(&[byte, 0]);
+        }
+        let b = ilbm(2, 1, 24, &[], 0, &body);
+        let img = decode(&b, &Limits::default()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((img.width(), img.height(), img.layout()), (2, 1, ChannelLayout::Rgb));
+        assert_eq!(img.data(), &[1, 0, 128, 0, 255, 0]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn writes_24_plane_byte_run1_that_reads_back_exactly() {
+        // 37 pixels wide: three plane-row words, the last one partly padding.
+        let (w, h) = (37u32, 3u32);
+        let data: Vec<u8> = (0..w * h * 3).map(|i| (i * 7 % 256) as u8).collect();
+        let img = Image::from_u8(w, h, ChannelLayout::Rgb, data.clone()).unwrap();
+        let bytes = encode(&img, plan(ChannelLayout::Rgb)).unwrap();
+        assert!(looks_like_iff(&bytes));
+        assert_eq!(be32(&bytes, 4).unwrap() as usize, bytes.len() - 8, "FORM length");
+        let h = parse_header(&bytes, false).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((h.width, h.height, h.planes, h.masking, h.compression), (37, 3, 24, 0, 1));
+        assert!(chunks(&bytes).all(|c| &c.id != b"CMAP"), "a deep ILBM has no palette");
+        let back = decode(&bytes, &Limits::default()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(back.layout(), ChannelLayout::Rgb);
+        assert_eq!(back.data(), &data[..]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn alpha_is_written_as_a_mask_plane() {
+        let data = [10, 20, 30, 0, 40, 50, 60, 127, 70, 80, 90, 128, 1, 2, 3, 255];
+        let img = Image::from_u8(4, 1, ChannelLayout::Rgba, data.to_vec()).unwrap();
+        let bytes = encode(&img, plan(ChannelLayout::Rgba)).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(parse_header(&bytes, false).unwrap().masking, 1);
+        let back = decode(&bytes, &Limits::default()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(back.layout(), ChannelLayout::Rgba);
+        assert_eq!(back.data(), &[10, 20, 30, 0, 40, 50, 60, 0, 70, 80, 90, 255, 1, 2, 3, 255]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn byte_run1_round_trips_runs_literals_and_long_rows() {
+        let mut rows: Vec<Vec<u8>> = vec![vec![], vec![5], vec![5, 5], vec![5, 5, 5], vec![1, 2, 2, 2, 3], vec![9; 300]];
+        rows.push((0..300).map(|i| (i % 251) as u8).collect());
+        rows.push([vec![1, 2], vec![7; 129], vec![3]].concat());
+        for row in rows {
+            let mut packed = Vec::new();
+            pack_byte_run1(&row, &mut packed);
+            let mut back = vec![0; row.len()];
+            assert_eq!(unpack_byte_run1(&packed, &mut back).unwrap(), packed.len(), "{row:?}");
+            assert_eq!(back, row);
+        }
+        // A long repeat packs into two-byte runs.
+        let mut packed = Vec::new();
+        pack_byte_run1(&[0; 256], &mut packed);
+        assert_eq!(packed, [0x81, 0, 0x81, 0]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_what_ilbm_cannot_store() {
+        let gray = Image::from_u8(1, 1, ChannelLayout::Gray, vec![0]).unwrap();
+        assert!(encode(&gray, plan(ChannelLayout::Gray)).is_err());
+        let wide = Image::from_u8(65536, 1, ChannelLayout::Rgb, vec![0; 65536 * 3]).unwrap();
+        assert!(encode(&wide, plan(ChannelLayout::Rgb)).is_err());
+        // A transparent color index has no meaning without a palette.
+        let mut b = ilbm(1, 1, 24, &[], 0, &[0; 48]);
+        b[29] = 2;
+        assert!(matches!(decode(&b, &Limits::default()), Err(CodecError::Unsupported { .. })));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn hostile_input_errors_not_panics() {
+        // Truncations of a valid file never panic.
+        let body = [0b0100_0000, 0, 0b0100_0000, 0];
+        let full = ilbm(2, 1, 2, &[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9], [10, 11, 12]], 0, &body);
+        for cut in [0, 4, 8, 12, 40, full.len() - 1] {
+            assert!(decode(&full[..cut.min(full.len())], &Limits::default()).is_err(), "cut {cut}");
+        }
+        // Too many planes is unsupported.
+        let bad = ilbm(1, 1, 9, &[], 0, &[0, 0]);
+        assert!(matches!(decode(&bad, &Limits::default()), Err(CodecError::Unsupported { .. })));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/codecs/src/codecs/jpeg.rs b/crates/codecs/src/codecs/jpeg.rs
index c769244cd4..3e533ccd08 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/src/codecs/jpeg.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/src/codecs/jpeg.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-//! JPEG: decode via `zune-jpeg` (gray, YCbCr, CMYK, YCCK), encode via
+//! JPEG: decode via `zune-jpeg` (gray, YCbCr, CMYK, YCCK; arithmetic-coded and 12-bit files
+//! via [`craft_jpeg`]), encode via
 //! `jpeg-encoder` (gray, RGB, CMYK). Metadata (APP0 JFIF density, APP1
 //! EXIF/XMP, APP2 multi-segment ICC, APP13 Photoshop resources, APP14 Adobe) is
 //! parsed by our own marker scanner so behaviour does not depend on decoder internals.
@@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ use crate::Format;
 use crate::error::CodecError;
 use crate::fidelity::Plan;
 use crate::image::{ChannelLayout, DecodeWarning, Image, Metadata, SampleType};
-use crate::options::{EncodeOptions, Limits};
+use crate::options::{EncodeOptions, JpegFormat, Limits};
 use crate::resolution::{exif_resolution, export_exif, export_xmp, photoshop_resolution, xmp_resolution};
 
 const F: Format = Format::Jpeg;
@@ -137,32 +138,39 @@ enum DataEnd {
 /// Walks the marker segments (skipped by their length) and the entropy-coded scan data
 /// (skipped up to the next marker that isn't a stuffed `FF 00`, a restart or a fill byte),
 /// so an embedded thumbnail's end marker or data after the end of the image don't count.
-fn data_end(b: &[u8]) -> DataEnd {
+/// Also returns how many scan-data bytes the walk crossed: the truncated-input budget is
+/// measured on these, not on the file length, which APP padding can inflate without
+/// adding image data.
+fn data_end(b: &[u8]) -> (DataEnd, u64) {
     // Where the bytes run out: inside the image data once a scan has held some.
-    let cut = |scan_data: bool| if scan_data { DataEnd::Truncated } else { DataEnd::Empty };
+    let cut = |scan_data: bool, scanned: u64| (if scan_data { DataEnd::Truncated } else { DataEnd::Empty }, scanned);
     let mut i = 2; // past SOI
     let mut scan_data = false;
+    let mut scanned = 0u64;
     loop {
-        let Some(&byte) = b.get(i) else { return cut(scan_data) };
+        let Some(&byte) = b.get(i) else { return cut(scan_data, scanned) };
         if byte != 0xFF {
             // Not where a marker should be: too odd to judge.
-            return DataEnd::Complete;
+            return (DataEnd::Complete, scanned);
         }
-        let Some(&code) = b.get(i + 1) else { return cut(scan_data) };
+        let Some(&code) = b.get(i + 1) else { return cut(scan_data, scanned) };
         match code {
-            0xD9 => return DataEnd::Complete,
+            0xD9 => return (DataEnd::Complete, scanned),
             0xFF => i += 1,
             0x01 | 0xD0..=0xD8 => i += 2,
             _ => {
                 let Some(len) = b.get(i + 2..i + 4).and_then(|s| <[u8; 2]>::try_from(s).ok()).map(u16::from_be_bytes) else {
-                    return cut(scan_data);
+                    return cut(scan_data, scanned);
                 };
                 i = i.saturating_add(2 + usize::from(len));
                 if code == 0xDA {
                     let start = i;
                     loop {
                         let Some(p) = b.get(i..).and_then(|r| r.iter().position(|&v| v == 0xFF)) else {
-                            return cut(scan_data || b.len() > start);
+                            // EOF inside this scan: everything from the scan start to the end
+                            // of the file is scan data (inside a declared segment it may not
+                            // be, so only count what remains).
+                            return cut(scan_data || b.len() > start, scanned + u64::try_from(b.len().saturating_sub(start)).unwrap_or(0));
                         };
                         i += p;
                         match b.get(i + 1) {
@@ -172,6 +180,7 @@ fn data_end(b: &[u8]) -> DataEnd {
                         }
                     }
                     scan_data |= i > start;
+                    scanned += u64::try_from(i - start).unwrap_or(0);
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -182,8 +191,53 @@ fn err(e: impl std::fmt::Display) -> CodecError {
     CodecError::malformed(F, e)
 }
 
+/// Whether `craft-jpeg` (rather than `zune-jpeg`) decodes the file: arithmetic coding
+/// (SOF9–SOF11) or a DCT frame whose precision isn't 8 bits (#4934, #5003). Lossless (SOF3) and
+/// 12-bit progressive Huffman (SOF2) go there too: craft-jpeg reports them unsupported, where
+/// zune-jpeg's failure would read as a damaged file.
+fn uses_craft_jpeg(bytes: &[u8]) -> bool {
+    match craft_jpeg::frame(bytes) {
+        Some(f) if (0xC9..=0xCB).contains(&f.marker) || f.marker == 0xC3 => true,
+        Some(f) if matches!(f.marker, 0xC0..=0xC2) => f.precision != 8,
+        _ => false,
+    }
+}
+
+fn craft_jpeg_error(e: craft_jpeg::Error) -> CodecError {
+    match e {
+        craft_jpeg::Error::Malformed(m) => err(m),
+        craft_jpeg::Error::Unsupported(m) => CodecError::unsupported(F, m),
+        craft_jpeg::Error::LimitExceeded(m) => CodecError::LimitExceeded(m),
+        e => err(e),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Decode a file [`uses_craft_jpeg`] routes away from `zune-jpeg`; `damaged` says entropy-coded
+/// data was cut short or corrupt.
+fn decode_craft_jpeg(bytes: &[u8], limits: &Limits, adobe_transform: Option<u8>) -> Result<(Image, bool), CodecError> {
+    let mut lim = craft_jpeg::Limits::default();
+    lim.max_pixels = limits.max_pixels;
+    lim.max_alloc = limits.max_alloc;
+    let d = craft_jpeg::decode(bytes, &lim, adobe_transform).map_err(craft_jpeg_error)?;
+    let layout = match d.components {
+        1 => ChannelLayout::Gray,
+        3 => ChannelLayout::Rgb,
+        4 => ChannelLayout::Cmyk,
+        n => return Err(err(format!("{n} components"))),
+    };
+    let img = match d.samples {
+        craft_jpeg::Samples::U8(px) => Image::from_raw(d.width, d.height, layout, SampleType::U8, px)?,
+        craft_jpeg::Samples::U16(px) => Image::from_u16(d.width, d.height, layout, &px)?,
+    };
+    Ok((img, d.damaged))
+}
+
+/// Most pixels one byte of truncated scan data may account for. Even a flat image costs a few
+/// bits per 8×8 block, and truncated photographs are far above this.
+const MAX_TRUNCATED_PIXELS_PER_BYTE: u64 = 2048;
+
 pub(crate) fn decode(bytes: &[u8], limits: &Limits) -> Result<Image, CodecError> {
-    let end = data_end(bytes);
+    let (end, scan_bytes) = data_end(bytes);
     if end == DataEnd::Empty {
         return Err(err("the file ends before any image data"));
     }
@@ -191,6 +245,25 @@ pub(crate) fn decode(bytes: &[u8], limits: &Limits) -> Result<Image, CodecError>
     if let Some((w, h, nc)) = meta.frame {
         limits.check_bytes(w, h, u64::from(nc.max(1)))?;
     }
+    if uses_craft_jpeg(bytes) {
+        // craft-jpeg sizes its buffers from the frame header before it reads a scan.
+        if scan_bytes == 0 {
+            return Err(err("the file has no scan data"));
+        }
+        if let Some((w, h, _)) = meta.frame
+            && end == DataEnd::Truncated
+            && u64::from(w) * u64::from(h) / MAX_TRUNCATED_PIXELS_PER_BYTE > scan_bytes
+        {
+            return Err(err("the truncated scan is too short for the frame it declares"));
+        }
+        let (mut img, damaged) = decode_craft_jpeg(bytes, limits, meta.adobe_transform)?;
+        img.icc = meta.icc;
+        img.meta = Metadata { exif: meta.exif, xmp: meta.xmp, dpi: meta.dpi, photoshop_resources: meta.photoshop, ..Default::default() };
+        if end == DataEnd::Truncated || damaged {
+            img.warnings.push(DecodeWarning::Truncated { format: F });
+        }
+        return Ok(img);
+    }
     let options = DecoderOptions::default().set_strict_mode(false).set_max_width(65535).set_max_height(65535);
     let mut dec = zune_jpeg::JpegDecoder::new_with_options(ZCursor::new(bytes), options);
     dec.decode_headers().map_err(err)?;
@@ -204,6 +277,13 @@ pub(crate) fn decode(bytes: &[u8], limits: &Limits) -> Result<Image, CodecError>
         _ => (ColorSpace::RGB, ChannelLayout::Rgb),
     };
     limits.check(w, h, layout, SampleType::U8)?;
+    // The backend fills whatever the scan no longer describes, so a short scan under a large
+    // frame is a gigabyte of synthesized output from a few kilobytes of file. The budget is
+    // measured on the scan data itself: APP padding can inflate `bytes.len()` arbitrarily
+    // without describing one more pixel.
+    if end == DataEnd::Truncated && u64::from(w) * u64::from(h) / MAX_TRUNCATED_PIXELS_PER_BYTE > scan_bytes {
+        return Err(err("the truncated scan is too short for the frame it declares"));
+    }
     dec.set_options(dec.options().jpeg_set_out_colorspace(out_cs));
     let mut px = dec.decode().map_err(err)?;
     let expected = w as usize * h as usize * layout.channels();
@@ -256,12 +336,17 @@ pub(crate) fn encode(src: &Image, plan: Plan, opts: &EncodeOptions) -> Result<Ve
     let mut enc = jpeg_encoder::Encoder::new(&mut out, opts.jpeg_quality.clamp(1, 100));
     // CMYK is always written 4:4:4: subsampled 4-component JPEGs are not
     // decoded consistently across implementations.
-    let sampling = if opts.jpeg_chroma_subsampling && img.layout() == ChannelLayout::Rgb {
-        jpeg_encoder::SamplingFactor::R_4_2_0
-    } else {
-        jpeg_encoder::SamplingFactor::R_4_4_4
-    };
+    let subsampled = opts.jpeg_chroma_subsampling && img.layout() == ChannelLayout::Rgb;
+    let sampling = if subsampled { jpeg_encoder::SamplingFactor::R_4_2_0 } else { jpeg_encoder::SamplingFactor::R_4_4_4 };
     enc.set_sampling_factor(sampling);
+    // JPEG Options › Format Options. Fitted Huffman tables make a baseline scan non-interleaved
+    // (one scan per component), which zune-jpeg 0.5.15 decodes wrongly with 4:2:0 chroma
+    // (etemesi254/zune-image#419; see `web::encode_jpeg_rgb8`), so a subsampled Baseline
+    // Optimized keeps the standard tables until that decoder is updated. Progressive is fine.
+    let progressive = opts.jpeg_format == JpegFormat::Progressive;
+    enc.set_progressive(progressive);
+    let optimized = opts.jpeg_format == JpegFormat::Optimized && !subsampled;
+    enc.set_optimized_huffman_tables(progressive || optimized);
     let e = |e: jpeg_encoder::EncodingError| CodecError::encode(F, e);
     if opts.embed_metadata {
         if img.layout() != ChannelLayout::Cmyk
@@ -430,6 +515,52 @@ mod tests {
         bytes.get(2..11) == Some(b"\xff\xe0\0\x10JFIF\0")
     }
 
+    /// A tiny truncated scan under a frame patched to 20000×20000 is refused before the backend
+    /// fills 400 million pixels from it; the same file with its real size still recovers.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_short_truncated_scan_cannot_declare_a_huge_frame() {
+        let img = Image::from_raw(16, 16, ChannelLayout::Rgb, SampleType::U8, vec![128; 16 * 16 * 3]).unwrap();
+        let full = crate::encode(&img, Format::Jpeg, &EncodeOptions::default()).unwrap();
+        let cut = &full[..full.len() - 4];
+        assert_eq!(data_end(cut).0, DataEnd::Truncated);
+        assert!(crate::decode_as(Format::Jpeg, cut).is_ok());
+        let sof = cut.windows(2).position(|w| w == [0xFF, 0xC0] || w == [0xFF, 0xC2]).unwrap();
+        let mut huge = cut.to_vec();
+        huge[sof + 5..sof + 9].copy_from_slice(&[0x4E, 0x20, 0x4E, 0x20]);
+        let e = crate::decode_as(Format::Jpeg, &huge).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(e.to_string().contains("too short"), "{e}");
+    }
+
+    /// The truncated-scan budget counts scan data, not the file length: APP padding before the
+    /// window cannot admit an oversized output. The same padded file with its real size still
+    /// decodes (with the truncation warning).
+    #[test]
+    fn app_padding_cannot_admit_an_oversized_truncated_frame() {
+        let img = Image::from_raw(16, 16, ChannelLayout::Rgb, SampleType::U8, vec![128; 16 * 16 * 3]).unwrap();
+        let full = crate::encode(&img, Format::Jpeg, &EncodeOptions::default()).unwrap();
+        let cut = &full[..full.len() - 4];
+        // Four full-length COMMENT segments (~256 KiB) stand where APP padding would; they are
+        // complete, so the file otherwise parses normally.
+        let fill = [b'p'; 65533];
+        let mut padded = cut[..2].to_vec();
+        for _ in 0..4 {
+            padded.extend_from_slice(&[0xFF, 0xFE]);
+            padded.extend_from_slice(&0xFFFFu16.to_be_bytes());
+            padded.extend_from_slice(&fill);
+        }
+        padded.extend_from_slice(&cut[2..]);
+        assert_eq!(data_end(&padded).0, DataEnd::Truncated);
+        // Well above the frame's pixels / budget, yet far above the scan data: the old
+        // file-length bound admitted this frame.
+        assert!(padded.len() > (u64::from(20_000u32) * u64::from(20_000u32) / MAX_TRUNCATED_PIXELS_PER_BYTE) as usize, "padding too small");
+        assert!(crate::decode_as(Format::Jpeg, &padded).is_ok());
+        let sof = padded.windows(2).position(|w| w == [0xFF, 0xC0] || w == [0xFF, 0xC2]).unwrap();
+        let mut huge = padded.clone();
+        huge[sof + 5..sof + 9].copy_from_slice(&[0x4E, 0x20, 0x4E, 0x20]);
+        let e = crate::decode_as(Format::Jpeg, &huge).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(e.to_string().contains("too short"), "{e}");
+    }
+
     /// CMYK JPEG output must omit JFIF while retaining Adobe's CMYK marker.
     #[test]
     fn cmyk_jpeg_omits_jfif_but_keeps_adobe_cmyk_marker() {
@@ -483,4 +614,178 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(has_jfif_app0(&bytes));
         assert_eq!(scan_metadata(&bytes).dpi, Some((96.0, 96.0)));
     }
+
+    // --- Arithmetic-coded and 12-bit files, decoded by craft-jpeg ---
+
+    fn segment(out: &mut Vec<u8>, marker: u8, body: &[u8]) {
+        out.extend_from_slice(&[0xFF, marker]);
+        out.extend_from_slice(&((body.len() + 2) as u16).to_be_bytes());
+        out.extend_from_slice(body);
+    }
+
+    /// One 8×8 gray block, quantizer 1, with entropy-coded scan data `data`.
+    fn gray_block(sof: u8, precision: u8, dht: Option<&[u8]>, data: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut s = vec![0xFF, 0xD8];
+        let mut dqt = vec![0u8];
+        dqt.extend([1u8; 64]);
+        segment(&mut s, 0xDB, &dqt);
+        segment(&mut s, sof, &[precision, 0, 8, 0, 8, 1, 1, 0x11, 0]);
+        if let Some(dht) = dht {
+            segment(&mut s, 0xC4, dht);
+        }
+        segment(&mut s, 0xDA, &[1, 1, 0x00, 0, 63, 0]);
+        s.extend_from_slice(data);
+        s.extend([0xFF, 0xD9]);
+        s
+    }
+
+    /// SOF9 with only a DC coefficient (from a T.81 arithmetic encoder): 8-bit DC 200 → sample
+    /// 200 / 8 + 128 = 153; 12-bit DC 1000 → 1000 / 8 + 2048 = 2173.
+    fn arithmetic_block(precision: u8) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let data: &[u8] = if precision == 8 { &[210, 217, 68, 0] } else { &[210, 234, 134, 0] };
+        gray_block(0xC9, precision, None, data)
+    }
+
+    /// A 12-bit SOF1 stream: one DC coefficient. The DC table has one code (`0`, category 13),
+    /// the AC table one (`0`, end of block). DC = 7616 → sample 7616 / 8 + 2048 = 3000.
+    fn twelve_bit_huffman_block() -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut dht = vec![0x00, 1];
+        dht.extend([0u8; 15]);
+        dht.push(13);
+        dht.extend([0x10, 1]);
+        dht.extend([0u8; 15]);
+        dht.push(0x00);
+        // Bits: `0`, 7616 in 13 bits, `0`, one pad `1`.
+        let word: u16 = (7616 << 2) | 1;
+        gray_block(0xC1, 12, Some(&dht), &word.to_be_bytes())
+    }
+
+    fn twelve_bit(v: f32) -> u16 {
+        (v * 65535.0 / 4095.0).round() as u16
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn routing() {
+        assert!(!uses_craft_jpeg(&[0xFF, 0xD8, 0xFF, 0xC0, 0, 11, 8, 0, 8, 0, 8, 1, 1, 0x11, 0]));
+        assert!(!uses_craft_jpeg(&[0xFF, 0xD8, 0xFF, 0xC1, 0, 11, 8, 0, 8, 0, 8, 1, 1, 0x11, 0]));
+        assert!(uses_craft_jpeg(&[0xFF, 0xD8, 0xFF, 0xC9, 0, 11, 8, 0, 8, 0, 8, 1, 1, 0x11, 0]));
+        assert!(uses_craft_jpeg(&[0xFF, 0xD8, 0xFF, 0xC1, 0, 11, 12, 0, 8, 0, 8, 1, 1, 0x11, 0]));
+        assert!(uses_craft_jpeg(&[0xFF, 0xD8, 0xFF, 0xC0, 0, 11, 12, 0, 8, 0, 8, 1, 1, 0x11, 0]));
+        assert!(!uses_craft_jpeg(&[0xFF, 0xD8]));
+        assert!(!uses_craft_jpeg(&[0xFF, 0xD8, 0xFF, 0xC2, 0, 11, 8, 0, 8, 0, 8, 1, 1, 0x11, 0]));
+        assert!(uses_craft_jpeg(&[0xFF, 0xD8, 0xFF, 0xC2, 0, 11, 12, 0, 8, 0, 8, 1, 1, 0x11, 0]));
+        assert!(uses_craft_jpeg(&[0xFF, 0xD8, 0xFF, 0xC3, 0, 11, 8, 0, 8, 0, 8, 1, 1, 0x11, 0]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn lossless_and_twelve_bit_progressive_are_unsupported_not_damaged() {
+        for marker in [0xC3, 0xC2] {
+            let mut bytes = vec![0xFF, 0xD8, 0xFF, marker, 0, 11, 12, 0, 8, 0, 8, 1, 1, 0x11, 0];
+            bytes.extend_from_slice(&[0xFF, 0xDA, 0, 8, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0x3F, 0, 0x12, 0x34, 0xFF, 0xD9]);
+            let e = crate::decode(&bytes).unwrap_err();
+            assert!(matches!(e, CodecError::Unsupported { .. }), "{marker:#x}: {e:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_twelve_bit_frame_without_scan_data_is_refused_before_decoding() {
+        let mut bytes = vec![0xFF, 0xD8, 0xFF, 0xC1, 0, 11, 12, 0x40, 0, 0x40, 0, 1, 1, 0x11, 0];
+        bytes.extend_from_slice(&[0xFF, 0xDA, 0, 8, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0x3F, 0, 0xFF, 0xD9]);
+        let e = crate::decode(&bytes).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(e.to_string().contains("no scan data"), "{e}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn arithmetic_eight_bit_block_is_eight_bit() {
+        let img = crate::decode(&arithmetic_block(8)).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((img.dimensions(), img.sample_type(), img.layout()), ((8, 8), SampleType::U8, ChannelLayout::Gray));
+        assert!(img.data().iter().all(|&v| v.abs_diff(153) <= 1), "{:?}", &img.data()[..4]);
+        assert!(img.warnings.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn arithmetic_twelve_bit_block_is_sixteen_bit() {
+        let img = crate::decode(&arithmetic_block(12)).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((img.dimensions(), img.sample_type(), img.layout()), ((8, 8), SampleType::U16, ChannelLayout::Gray));
+        let want = twelve_bit(2173.0);
+        assert!(img.to_u16_samples().unwrap().iter().all(|&v| v.abs_diff(want) <= 1));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn twelve_bit_huffman_block_decodes_to_sixteen_bit() {
+        let img = crate::decode(&twelve_bit_huffman_block()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((img.dimensions(), img.sample_type()), ((8, 8), SampleType::U16));
+        let want = twelve_bit(3000.0);
+        let px = img.to_u16_samples().unwrap();
+        assert!(px.iter().all(|&v| v.abs_diff(want) <= 1), "{:?} vs {want}", &px[..4]);
+        assert!(img.warnings.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn twelve_bit_jpeg_keeps_its_photoshop_resources() {
+        // An APP13 `8BIM` block (paths, Photoshop settings) right after SOI, as on the zune-jpeg path.
+        let resources = b"8BIM\x04\x04\0\0\0\0\0\0".to_vec();
+        let mut app13 = PHOTOSHOP_HEADER.to_vec();
+        app13.extend_from_slice(&resources);
+        let stream = twelve_bit_huffman_block();
+        let mut with = stream[..2].to_vec();
+        segment(&mut with, 0xED, &app13);
+        with.extend_from_slice(&stream[2..]);
+        assert!(uses_craft_jpeg(&with));
+        let img = crate::decode(&with).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(img.meta.photoshop_resources.as_deref(), Some(resources.as_slice()));
+    }
+
+    /// Where the entropy-coded data of the last scan starts.
+    fn last_scan_data(s: &[u8]) -> usize {
+        let sos = s.windows(2).rposition(|p| p == [0xFF, 0xDA]).unwrap();
+        sos + 2 + usize::from(u16::from_be_bytes([s[sos + 2], s[sos + 3]]))
+    }
+
+    /// A 12-bit scan whose entropy data runs out, EOI kept, is never a clean image.
+    #[test]
+    fn twelve_bit_scan_out_of_data_is_not_clean() {
+        let full = twelve_bit_huffman_block();
+        let data = last_scan_data(&full);
+        for keep in 0..2 {
+            let mut s = full[..data + keep].to_vec();
+            s.extend([0xFF, 0xD9]);
+            if let Ok(img) = crate::decode(&s) {
+                assert!(!img.warnings.is_empty(), "keep {keep}: clean decode of missing data");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A multi-MCU SOF1 12-bit scan cut in half, EOI kept, decodes with the Truncated warning; a
+    /// truncated scan too short for its frame is refused, as on the zune-jpeg path.
+    #[test]
+    fn damaged_or_truncated_twelve_bit_scan() {
+        let (w, h) = (64usize, 64usize);
+        let rgb: Vec<u8> = (0..w * h).flat_map(|i| [(i % w * 4) as u8, (i / w * 4) as u8, (i * 7) as u8]).collect();
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        jpeg_encoder::Encoder::new(&mut out, 90).encode(&rgb, w as u16, h as u16, jpeg_encoder::ColorType::Rgb).unwrap();
+        // Relabel the baseline frame as 12-bit SOF1: the Huffman data still parses, as different values.
+        let sof = out.windows(2).position(|p| p == [0xFF, 0xC0]).unwrap();
+        out[sof + 1] = 0xC1;
+        out[sof + 4] = 12;
+        let data = last_scan_data(&out);
+        let end = out.len() - 2;
+        let mut cut = out[..data + (end - data) / 2].to_vec();
+        if cut.last() == Some(&0xFF) {
+            cut.pop();
+        }
+        cut.extend([0xFF, 0xD9]);
+        let img = crate::decode(&out).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(img.sample_type(), SampleType::U16);
+        assert!(img.warnings.is_empty(), "{:?}", img.warnings);
+        let img = crate::decode(&cut).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(img.warnings, vec![DecodeWarning::Truncated { format: Format::Jpeg }]);
+        // Without EOI the same cut is a truncated file; under a 20000×20000 frame it is refused.
+        cut.truncate(cut.len() - 2);
+        assert_eq!(data_end(&cut).0, DataEnd::Truncated);
+        assert!(crate::decode(&cut).is_ok());
+        cut[sof + 5..sof + 9].copy_from_slice(&[0x4E, 0x20, 0x4E, 0x20]);
+        let e = crate::decode(&cut).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(e.to_string().contains("too short for the frame it declares"), "{e}");
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/codecs/src/codecs/mod.rs b/crates/codecs/src/codecs/mod.rs
index 1980e887c8..efdbbf8229 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/src/codecs/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/src/codecs/mod.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 pub(crate) mod dds;
 pub(crate) mod dds_bc;
 pub(crate) mod deep_exr;
+pub(crate) mod dicom;
 pub(crate) mod dpx;
 pub(crate) mod exr;
 pub(crate) mod exr_cryptomatte;
@@ -8,6 +9,7 @@ pub(crate) mod fits;
 pub(crate) mod gif_frames;
 pub(crate) mod gif_palette;
 pub(crate) mod heif;
+pub(crate) mod iff;
 pub(crate) mod jpeg;
 pub(crate) mod pcx;
 pub(crate) mod png;
diff --git a/crates/codecs/src/codecs/pcx.rs b/crates/codecs/src/codecs/pcx.rs
index 43a3e97302..48dbf1169e 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/src/codecs/pcx.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/src/codecs/pcx.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ pub(crate) fn looks_like_pcx(b: &[u8]) -> bool {
     stride >= min_stride && stride > 0 && (bits != 8 || matches!(planes, 1 | 3)) && (bits == 8 || u32::from(bits) * u32::from(planes) <= 4)
 }
 
-/// Read one compressed plane's row. RLE packets never cross a scanline.
+/// Read one compressed scanline, including all planes. RLE packets never cross a scanline.
 fn read_row(b: &[u8], pos: &mut usize, out: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), CodecError> {
     let mut n = 0;
     while n < out.len() {
@@ -72,14 +72,35 @@ pub(crate) fn decode(b: &[u8], limits: &Limits) -> Result<Image, CodecError> {
         return Err(bad("8-bit indexed PCX has no 256-colour palette"));
     }
     let image_end = if vga { b.len() - 769 } else { b.len() };
+    // A 63-byte RLE packet takes 2 bytes; a trailing remainder of 1 byte below 0xC0
+    // can be encoded as a 1-byte literal, while any larger remainder takes at least 2 bytes.
+    // Because RLE packets may span planes within a scanline (`row_len`), compute the
+    // minimum encoded bytes across the full scanline (`row_len`) and multiply by `h`.
+    // Reject inputs that cannot possibly contain all scanlines before allocating
+    // the decoded image buffer.
+    let min_packets = (row_len / 63)
+        .checked_mul(2)
+        .and_then(|n| {
+            n.checked_add(match row_len % 63 {
+                0 => 0,
+                1 => 1,
+                _ => 2,
+            })
+        })
+        .ok_or_else(|| bad("compressed row size overflow"))?;
+    let min_encoded = min_packets.checked_mul(h as usize).ok_or_else(|| bad("compressed image size overflow"))?;
+    let encoded_len = image_end.saturating_sub(HEADER);
+    if encoded_len < min_encoded {
+        return Err(bad("PCX pixel data is too short for the declared image"));
+    }
     let mut row = vec![0u8; row_len];
-    let mut pixels = vec![0u8; total];
+    let mut pixels = Vec::new();
+    pixels.try_reserve_exact(total).map_err(|_| bad("PCX pixel buffer is too large"))?;
+    pixels.resize(total, 0);
     let mut p = HEADER;
     let width = w as usize;
     for y in 0..h as usize {
-        for plane in row.chunks_mut(stride) {
-            read_row(&b[..image_end], &mut p, plane)?;
-        }
+        read_row(&b[..image_end], &mut p, &mut row)?;
         for x in 0..width {
             let rgb = if bits == 8 && planes == 3 {
                 [row[x], row[stride + x], row[2 * stride + x]]
diff --git a/crates/codecs/src/codecs/png.rs b/crates/codecs/src/codecs/png.rs
index f894b3a30d..7fbbbc69db 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/src/codecs/png.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/src/codecs/png.rs
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ pub fn stereo(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<PngStereo> {
         }
         let Ok(length) = usize::try_from(length) else { break };
         let Some(data) = tail.get(..length) else { break };
-        let Some((checksum, next)) = tail.get(length..).and_then(|t| t.split_first_chunk::<4>()) else { break };
+        let Some((checksum, next)) = tail.get(length..).and_then(<[u8]>::split_first_chunk::<4>) else { break };
         rest = next;
         if kind == b"IEND" {
             break;
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ fn read_text_metadata(bytes: &[u8], mut remaining: usize, meta: &mut Metadata) -
         }
         let Ok(length) = usize::try_from(length) else { break };
         let Some(data) = tail.get(..length) else { break };
-        let Some((checksum, next)) = tail.get(length..).and_then(|t| t.split_first_chunk::<4>()) else { break };
+        let Some((checksum, next)) = tail.get(length..).and_then(<[u8]>::split_first_chunk::<4>) else { break };
         rest = next;
         if kind == b"IEND" {
             break;
@@ -676,8 +676,8 @@ mod stereo_tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn reads_both_defined_views() {
-        assert_eq!(stereo(&png_with(&[0])), Some(PngStereo::Horizontal));
-        assert_eq!(stereo(&png_with(&[1])), Some(PngStereo::Vertical));
+        assert_eq!(stereo(&png_with(&[0])), Some(PngStereo::CrossFuse));
+        assert_eq!(stereo(&png_with(&[1])), Some(PngStereo::DivergingFuse));
         assert_eq!(stereo(&png_with(&[])), None);
         // Reserved and unknown mode bytes are not a pairing we can keep.
         assert_eq!(stereo(&png_with(&[2])), None);
@@ -687,6 +687,24 @@ mod stereo_tests {
         assert_eq!(stereo(b"not a png"), None);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn ster_mode_bytes_describe_eye_order_not_vertical_packing() {
+        // PNG Extensions 1.4.0 §3.6: both views occupy horizontal halves.
+        // Each view is eight columns, so the second starts on an eight-column boundary.
+        for (mode, left_pixel, right_pixel) in [(0, [0, 0, 255], [255, 0, 0]), (1, [255, 0, 0], [0, 0, 255])] {
+            let pixels: Vec<u8> = [left_pixel; 8].into_iter().chain([right_pixel; 8]).flatten().collect();
+            let img = Image::from_raw(16, 1, ChannelLayout::Rgb, SampleType::U8, pixels.clone()).unwrap();
+            let pairing = if mode == 0 { PngStereo::CrossFuse } else { PngStereo::DivergingFuse };
+            let opts = EncodeOptions { png_stereo: Some(pairing), ..Default::default() };
+            let bytes = crate::encode(&img, Format::Png, &opts).unwrap();
+            let chunk = bytes.windows(4).position(|w| w == b"sTER").unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(bytes[chunk + 4], mode, "the specification's literal mode byte");
+            let decoded = decode(&bytes, &Limits::default()).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(decoded.dimensions(), (16, 1));
+            assert_eq!(decoded.data(), pixels);
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn a_broken_crc_is_not_a_stereo_mark() {
         let mut bytes = png_with(&[0]);
@@ -699,7 +717,7 @@ mod stereo_tests {
     #[test]
     fn encode_writes_the_chunk_before_idat_and_it_reads_back() {
         let img = Image::from_raw(2, 1, ChannelLayout::Rgb, SampleType::U8, vec![9; 6]).unwrap();
-        for view in [PngStereo::Horizontal, PngStereo::Vertical] {
+        for view in [PngStereo::CrossFuse, PngStereo::DivergingFuse] {
             let opts = EncodeOptions { png_stereo: Some(view), ..Default::default() };
             let bytes = crate::encode(&img, Format::Png, &opts).unwrap();
             assert_eq!(stereo(&bytes), Some(view));
@@ -716,12 +734,12 @@ mod stereo_tests {
     #[test]
     fn interlaced_and_indexed_encoders_keep_the_mark() {
         let img = Image::from_raw(2, 2, ChannelLayout::Rgb, SampleType::U8, vec![9; 12]).unwrap();
-        let opts = EncodeOptions { png_stereo: Some(PngStereo::Vertical), png_interlaced: true, ..Default::default() };
+        let opts = EncodeOptions { png_stereo: Some(PngStereo::DivergingFuse), png_interlaced: true, ..Default::default() };
         let bytes = crate::encode(&img, Format::Png, &opts).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(stereo(&bytes), Some(PngStereo::Vertical));
+        assert_eq!(stereo(&bytes), Some(PngStereo::DivergingFuse));
         let pal = [[255, 0, 0], [0, 0, 255]];
-        let bytes = encode_indexed(2, 1, &[0, 1], &pal, None, None, Some(PngStereo::Horizontal)).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(stereo(&bytes), Some(PngStereo::Horizontal));
+        let bytes = encode_indexed(2, 1, &[0, 1], &pal, None, None, Some(PngStereo::CrossFuse)).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(stereo(&bytes), Some(PngStereo::CrossFuse));
         assert_eq!(palette(&bytes).unwrap().map(|p| p.colors), Some(pal.to_vec()));
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/codecs/src/codecs/tga.rs b/crates/codecs/src/codecs/tga.rs
index 7b52533d7b..2f382efcf3 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/src/codecs/tga.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/src/codecs/tga.rs
@@ -88,3 +88,88 @@ fn rle_row(row: &[u8], bpp: usize, out: &mut Vec<u8>) {
         }
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn run_packets_at_the_128_pixel_boundary() {
+        for bpp in 1..=4 {
+            for (pixels, headers) in [(1, vec![0]), (2, vec![0x81]), (127, vec![0xfe]), (128, vec![0xff]), (129, vec![0xff, 0])] {
+                let pixel: Vec<u8> = (1..=bpp as u8).collect();
+                let mut encoded = Vec::new();
+                rle_row(&pixel.repeat(pixels), bpp, &mut encoded);
+                let expected: Vec<u8> = headers.into_iter().flat_map(|header| std::iter::once(header).chain(pixel.iter().copied())).collect();
+                assert_eq!(encoded, expected, "{pixels} pixels, {bpp} bytes per pixel");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn raw_packets_at_the_128_pixel_boundary() {
+        for bpp in 1..=4 {
+            for pixels in [127usize, 128, 129] {
+                let row: Vec<u8> = (0..pixels).flat_map(|x| vec![x as u8; bpp]).collect();
+                let mut encoded = Vec::new();
+                rle_row(&row, bpp, &mut encoded);
+                let mut expected = vec![(pixels.min(128) - 1) as u8];
+                expected.extend_from_slice(&row[..pixels.min(128) * bpp]);
+                if pixels > 128 {
+                    expected.push(0);
+                    expected.extend_from_slice(&row[128 * bpp..]);
+                }
+                assert_eq!(encoded, expected, "{pixels} pixels, {bpp} bytes per pixel");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn raw_packets_stop_before_a_run_of_complete_pixels() {
+        // Equal first channels alone do not make an RGBA run; alpha participates too.
+        let a = [10, 20, 30, 40];
+        let b = [10, 20, 30, 41];
+        let c = [50, 60, 70, 80];
+        let row = [a, b, c, c, a].concat();
+        let mut encoded = Vec::new();
+        rle_row(&row, 4, &mut encoded);
+        assert_eq!(encoded, [vec![1], a.to_vec(), b.to_vec(), vec![0x81], c.to_vec(), vec![0], a.to_vec()].concat());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_sample_types_and_layouts_targa_cannot_store() {
+        for sample in [SampleType::U16, SampleType::F16, SampleType::F32] {
+            let img = Image::new(1, 1, ChannelLayout::Rgb, sample).unwrap();
+            assert!(matches!(encode(&img), Err(CodecError::Encode { format: Format::Tga, .. })), "{sample:?}");
+        }
+        for layout in [ChannelLayout::Cmyk, ChannelLayout::CmykA, ChannelLayout::Lab, ChannelLayout::LabA] {
+            let img = Image::new(1, 1, layout, SampleType::U8).unwrap();
+            assert!(matches!(encode(&img), Err(CodecError::Encode { format: Format::Tga, .. })), "{layout:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn dimensions_fit_the_unsigned_16_bit_header() {
+        for (width, height) in [(65535, 1), (1, 65535)] {
+            let img = Image::new(width, height, ChannelLayout::Gray, SampleType::U8).unwrap();
+            let file = encode(&img).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(&file[12..14], &(width as u16).to_le_bytes());
+            assert_eq!(&file[14..16], &(height as u16).to_le_bytes());
+        }
+        for (width, height) in [(65536, 1), (1, 65536)] {
+            let img = Image::new(width, height, ChannelLayout::Gray, SampleType::U8).unwrap();
+            assert!(matches!(encode(&img), Err(CodecError::Encode { format: Format::Tga, .. })), "{width}x{height}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn invalid_buffers_are_rejected_before_targa_encoding() {
+        // Image keeps its buffer private, so malformed buffers must fail at construction.
+        for layout in [ChannelLayout::Gray, ChannelLayout::GrayA, ChannelLayout::Rgb, ChannelLayout::Rgba] {
+            let len = 2 * 2 * layout.channels();
+            for bytes in [len - 1, len + 1] {
+                assert!(matches!(Image::from_u8(2, 2, layout, vec![0; bytes]), Err(CodecError::InvalidImage(_))), "{layout:?}: {bytes} bytes");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/codecs/src/codecs/tiff.rs b/crates/codecs/src/codecs/tiff.rs
index 9528fec9c8..dbe44f2427 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/src/codecs/tiff.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/src/codecs/tiff.rs
@@ -249,7 +249,9 @@ pub(crate) fn decode_page(bytes: &[u8], page: Option<usize>, limits: &Limits) ->
         .ok_or_else(|| CodecError::InvalidImage(format!("TIFF page {index} does not exist (the file has {} directories)", info.pages.len())))?;
     let dir = file.ifd(p.ifd_offset).ok_or_else(|| err("image directory cut off"))?;
     let mut img = decode_ifd(&file, &dir, limits)?;
+    let extra_samples = std::mem::take(&mut img.meta.extra_samples);
     img.meta = metadata(&file, &dir, &mut img.icc);
+    img.meta.extra_samples = extra_samples;
     let pages = info.page_count();
     if pages > 1 {
         img.warnings.push(DecodeWarning::MorePages { total: info.complete.then_some(u32::try_from(pages).unwrap_or(u32::MAX)) });
@@ -423,6 +425,8 @@ struct Layout {
     palette: Option<Vec<[u16; 3]>>,
     /// Upper bound for one chunk's scratch buffer.
     scratch_cap: usize,
+    /// File sample indices that are neither colour nor the chosen alpha (spot / extra alpha).
+    extra_at: Vec<usize>,
 }
 
 impl Layout {
@@ -436,6 +440,9 @@ impl Layout {
     fn out_row(&self) -> usize {
         self.w * self.out_channels() * self.out.bytes()
     }
+    fn extra_row(&self) -> usize {
+        self.w.saturating_mul(self.extra_at.len()).saturating_mul(self.out.bytes())
+    }
     /// A chunky strip already in the output's layout: decoded in place.
     fn direct(&self) -> bool {
         self.copyable() && self.across == 1
@@ -543,13 +550,16 @@ fn decode_ifd(f: &File<'_>, dir: &Ifd, limits: &Limits) -> Result<Image, CodecEr
     // returns the alpha only when it is the first extra sample: otherwise it is asked for every
     // sample (as multiband gray) and the colour and alpha samples are picked here. An alpha
     // position past the samples the file has is ignored.
-    let color = match photometric {
+    let color: usize = match photometric {
         2 | 8 | 9 => 3,
         5 => 4,
         _ => 1,
     };
-    let alpha_at = extra.iter().position(|&e| e == 1 || e == 2).filter(|&a| (color + a as u64) < spp);
-    let all_samples = palette.is_none() && matches!(photometric, 2 | 5 | 8 | 9) && alpha_at.is_some_and(|a| a > 0);
+    let alpha_at = extra.iter().position(|&e| e == 1 || e == 2).filter(|&a| (color as u64).saturating_add(a as u64) < spp);
+    // Samples the colour model does not keep. RGB, CMYK and Lab only hand back every sample when
+    // asked (photometric patched to black-is-zero below); gray already comes back as multiband.
+    let unused = !extra.is_empty() && (spp as usize) > color.saturating_add(usize::from(alpha_at.is_some()));
+    let all_samples = palette.is_none() && matches!(photometric, 2 | 5 | 8 | 9) && (alpha_at.is_some_and(|a| a > 0) || (!planar && unused));
     let mut patches: Vec<(u64, Vec<u8>)> = Vec::new();
     let encode_u = |v: u64, len: usize| -> Vec<u8> {
         let b = if f.le { v.to_le_bytes() } else { v.to_be_bytes() };
@@ -592,7 +602,31 @@ fn decode_ifd(f: &File<'_>, dir: &Ifd, limits: &Limits) -> Result<Image, CodecEr
         _ if palette.is_some() => (ChannelLayout::Rgb, 1),
         tiff::ColorType::Gray(_) => (ChannelLayout::Gray, 1),
         tiff::ColorType::Multiband { num_samples, .. } if all_samples => {
-            (if photometric == 5 { ChannelLayout::CmykA } else { ChannelLayout::Rgba }, usize::from(num_samples))
+            // Lab reads as RGB here and is relabelled below.
+            let layout = match photometric {
+                2 | 8 | 9 => {
+                    if alpha_at.is_some() {
+                        ChannelLayout::Rgba
+                    } else {
+                        ChannelLayout::Rgb
+                    }
+                }
+                5 => {
+                    if alpha_at.is_some() {
+                        ChannelLayout::CmykA
+                    } else {
+                        ChannelLayout::Cmyk
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    if gray_alpha {
+                        ChannelLayout::GrayA
+                    } else {
+                        ChannelLayout::Gray
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+            (layout, usize::from(num_samples))
         }
         tiff::ColorType::Multiband { num_samples, .. } if photometric <= 1 => {
             (if gray_alpha { ChannelLayout::GrayA } else { ChannelLayout::Gray }, usize::from(num_samples))
@@ -661,7 +695,8 @@ fn decode_ifd(f: &File<'_>, dir: &Ifd, limits: &Limits) -> Result<Image, CodecEr
         .and_then(|s| s.checked_mul(src.bytes()))
         .ok_or_else(|| CodecError::LimitExceeded("tile size".into()))?;
     let scratch_cap = chunk_bytes.saturating_mul(2).max(64 << 20).min(limits.alloc_usize());
-    let lay = Layout {
+    let (extra_at, extras_over_limit) = extra_sample_indices(spp as usize, color, alpha_at, out_layout.has_alpha());
+    let mut lay = Layout {
         w: wu,
         src,
         out,
@@ -677,7 +712,19 @@ fn decode_ifd(f: &File<'_>, dir: &Ifd, limits: &Limits) -> Result<Image, CodecEr
         premultiplied: out_layout.has_alpha() && alpha_at.and_then(|a| extra.get(a)) == Some(&1),
         palette,
         scratch_cap,
+        extra_at,
     };
+    // Extra samples share the allocation budget with the image: their interleaved buffer and the
+    // planes split from it are held next to the image, so both count against `max_alloc`. When
+    // they don't fit, the image still opens (it passed its own check above) without them.
+    let mut extras_dropped = 0;
+    if !lay.extra_at.is_empty() {
+        let per_pixel = out_layout.channels().saturating_add(lay.extra_at.len().saturating_mul(2)).saturating_mul(out.bytes());
+        if limits.check_bytes(w, h, per_pixel as u64).is_err() {
+            extras_dropped = u32::try_from(lay.extra_at.len()).unwrap_or(u32::MAX);
+            lay.extra_at.clear();
+        }
+    }
 
     // The output, allocated once and fallibly.
     let out_row = lay.out_row();
@@ -685,7 +732,11 @@ fn decode_ifd(f: &File<'_>, dir: &Ifd, limits: &Limits) -> Result<Image, CodecEr
     let mut data = zeroed(len)?;
     let band_bytes = out_row.checked_mul(ch.min(hu)).ok_or_else(|| CodecError::LimitExceeded("band size".into()))?;
 
-    let tally = decode_bands(&lay, &mut data, band_bytes, &mut dec, &open)?;
+    let extra_row = lay.extra_row();
+    let extra_len = extra_row.checked_mul(hu).ok_or_else(|| CodecError::LimitExceeded("extra samples".into()))?;
+    let mut extra_data = if lay.extra_at.is_empty() { Vec::new() } else { zeroed(extra_len)? };
+    let extra_band = extra_row.saturating_mul(ch.min(hu));
+    let tally = decode_bands(&lay, &mut data, band_bytes, extra_data.as_mut_slice(), extra_band, &mut dec, &open)?;
     if tally.decoded == 0 && tally.missing > 0 {
         return Err(err("the image data is missing (cut off or past the end of the file)"));
     }
@@ -693,6 +744,22 @@ fn decode_ifd(f: &File<'_>, dir: &Ifd, limits: &Limits) -> Result<Image, CodecEr
         convert_ab(&mut data, out_layout.channels(), out, photometric == 8, false);
     }
     let mut img = Image::from_raw(w, h, out_layout, out, data)?;
+    if !lay.extra_at.is_empty() {
+        // TIFF 6.0 defines ExtraSamples 0, 1 and 2 only; a reserved value reads as unspecified,
+        // so a save never writes it back.
+        let kind_of = |si: usize| match si.checked_sub(color).and_then(|k| extra.get(k)).copied() {
+            Some(v @ 0..=2) => v as u16,
+            _ => 0,
+        };
+        img.meta.extra_samples = split_extra_samples(&extra_data, wu, hu, &lay.extra_at, out, kind_of)?;
+    }
+    if extras_over_limit > 0 {
+        let count = u32::try_from(extras_over_limit).unwrap_or(u32::MAX);
+        img.warnings.push(DecodeWarning::ExtraSamplesOverLimit { format: F, count });
+    }
+    if extras_dropped > 0 {
+        img.warnings.push(DecodeWarning::ExtraSamplesDropped { format: F, count: extras_dropped });
+    }
     if tally.missing > 0 {
         img.warnings.push(DecodeWarning::Truncated { format: F });
     }
@@ -728,6 +795,55 @@ fn convert_ab(data: &mut [u8], channels: usize, sample: SampleType, signed: bool
     }
 }
 
+/// File sample indices that are not a colour channel and not the one alpha sample, capped at
+/// [`crate::MAX_EXTRA_SAMPLES`], and how many past the cap were left out.
+fn extra_sample_indices(spp: usize, color: usize, alpha_at: Option<usize>, has_alpha: bool) -> (Vec<usize>, usize) {
+    let mut used = vec![false; spp];
+    for i in 0..color.min(spp) {
+        if let Some(slot) = used.get_mut(i) {
+            *slot = true;
+        }
+    }
+    if has_alpha {
+        let a = alpha_at.map(|k| color.saturating_add(k)).unwrap_or(color);
+        if let Some(slot) = used.get_mut(a) {
+            *slot = true;
+        }
+    }
+    let mut all: Vec<usize> = used.into_iter().enumerate().filter(|(_, on)| !*on).map(|(i, _)| i).collect();
+    let over = all.len().saturating_sub(crate::MAX_EXTRA_SAMPLES);
+    all.truncate(crate::MAX_EXTRA_SAMPLES);
+    (all, over)
+}
+
+/// Interleaved extra samples (`extra_at.len()` per pixel) → one plane per sample. Each plane is
+/// allocated fallibly (the caller has checked their total against the limits).
+fn split_extra_samples(
+    buf: &[u8],
+    w: usize,
+    h: usize,
+    at: &[usize],
+    sample: SampleType,
+    mut kind_of: impl FnMut(usize) -> u16,
+) -> Result<Vec<crate::ExtraSample>, CodecError> {
+    let b = sample.bytes();
+    let n = w.saturating_mul(h);
+    let spp = at.len();
+    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(spp);
+    for (ei, &si) in at.iter().enumerate() {
+        let mut data = zeroed(n.saturating_mul(b))?;
+        for i in 0..n {
+            let src = (i.saturating_mul(spp).saturating_add(ei)).saturating_mul(b);
+            let dst = i.saturating_mul(b);
+            if let (Some(s), Some(d)) = (buf.get(src..src.saturating_add(b)), data.get_mut(dst..dst.saturating_add(b))) {
+                d.copy_from_slice(s);
+            }
+        }
+        out.push(crate::ExtraSample { kind: kind_of(si), data });
+    }
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
 /// A zero-filled buffer, allocated fallibly. On native targets the zeroing (and the first
 /// touch of every page, which dominates on a fresh multi-hundred-megabyte buffer) is spread over
 /// all cores.
@@ -760,20 +876,43 @@ impl std::ops::Add for Tally {
 }
 
 /// Decodes every band into `data`, in parallel on native targets (one decoder and scratch
-/// buffer per worker).
+/// buffer per worker). `extra` receives samples that are not part of the colour image, one
+/// band of rows at a time, when it is non-empty.
 #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-fn decode_bands<'a, O>(lay: &Layout, data: &mut [u8], band_bytes: usize, _first: &mut Decoder<Patched<'a>>, open: &O) -> Result<Tally, CodecError>
+fn decode_bands<'a, O>(
+    lay: &Layout,
+    data: &mut [u8],
+    band_bytes: usize,
+    extra: &mut [u8],
+    extra_band: usize,
+    _first: &mut Decoder<Patched<'a>>,
+    open: &O,
+) -> Result<Tally, CodecError>
 where
     O: Fn() -> Result<Decoder<Patched<'a>>, CodecError> + Sync,
 {
     use rayon::prelude::*;
+    if extra.is_empty() {
+        return data
+            .par_chunks_mut(band_bytes.max(1))
+            .enumerate()
+            .map_init(
+                || open().map(|d| (d, Vec::new())).map_err(|e| e.to_string()),
+                |worker, (b, band)| {
+                    let (dec, scratch) = worker.as_mut().map_err(|e| err(e.clone()))?;
+                    decode_band(lay, dec, scratch, b, band, None)
+                },
+            )
+            .try_reduce(Tally::default, |a, b| Ok(a + b));
+    }
     data.par_chunks_mut(band_bytes.max(1))
+        .zip(extra.par_chunks_mut(extra_band.max(1)))
         .enumerate()
         .map_init(
             || open().map(|d| (d, Vec::new())).map_err(|e| e.to_string()),
-            |worker, (b, band)| {
+            |worker, (b, (band, extra_band))| {
                 let (dec, scratch) = worker.as_mut().map_err(|e| err(e.clone()))?;
-                decode_band(lay, dec, scratch, b, band)
+                decode_band(lay, dec, scratch, b, band, Some(extra_band))
             },
         )
         .try_reduce(Tally::default, |a, b| Ok(a + b))
@@ -781,20 +920,41 @@ where
 
 /// Decodes every band into `data`, one after the other.
 #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
-fn decode_bands<'a, O>(lay: &Layout, data: &mut [u8], band_bytes: usize, first: &mut Decoder<Patched<'a>>, _open: &O) -> Result<Tally, CodecError>
+fn decode_bands<'a, O>(
+    lay: &Layout,
+    data: &mut [u8],
+    band_bytes: usize,
+    extra: &mut [u8],
+    extra_band: usize,
+    first: &mut Decoder<Patched<'a>>,
+    _open: &O,
+) -> Result<Tally, CodecError>
 where
     O: Fn() -> Result<Decoder<Patched<'a>>, CodecError> + Sync,
 {
     let mut scratch = Vec::new();
     let mut tally = Tally::default();
-    for (b, band) in data.chunks_mut(band_bytes.max(1)).enumerate() {
-        tally = tally + decode_band(lay, first, &mut scratch, b, band)?;
+    if extra.is_empty() {
+        for (b, band) in data.chunks_mut(band_bytes.max(1)).enumerate() {
+            tally = tally + decode_band(lay, first, &mut scratch, b, band, None)?;
+        }
+        return Ok(tally);
+    }
+    for (b, (band, extra_band)) in data.chunks_mut(band_bytes.max(1)).zip(extra.chunks_mut(extra_band.max(1))).enumerate() {
+        tally = tally + decode_band(lay, first, &mut scratch, b, band, Some(extra_band))?;
     }
     Ok(tally)
 }
 
 /// Decodes band `b` (one strip, or one row of tiles, in every plane) into its output rows.
-fn decode_band(lay: &Layout, dec: &mut Decoder<Patched<'_>>, scratch: &mut Vec<u8>, b: usize, band: &mut [u8]) -> Result<Tally, CodecError> {
+fn decode_band(
+    lay: &Layout,
+    dec: &mut Decoder<Patched<'_>>,
+    scratch: &mut Vec<u8>,
+    b: usize,
+    band: &mut [u8],
+    mut extra: Option<&mut [u8]>,
+) -> Result<Tally, CodecError> {
     let out_row = lay.out_row();
     let rows = band.len() / out_row.max(1);
     let px = lay.out_channels() * lay.out.bytes();
@@ -836,16 +996,95 @@ fn decode_band(lay: &Layout, dec: &mut Decoder<Patched<'_>>, scratch: &mut Vec<u
             }
             let x0 = col * lay.cw;
             let n = lay.cw.min(lay.w.saturating_sub(x0));
-            for (src_row, dst_row) in buf.chunks_exact(stride).zip(band.chunks_exact_mut(out_row)).take(rows) {
+            for (ri, (src_row, dst_row)) in buf.chunks_exact(stride).zip(band.chunks_exact_mut(out_row)).take(rows).enumerate() {
                 let Some(dst) = dst_row.get_mut(x0 * px..(x0 + n) * px) else { continue };
                 convert_row(lay, src_row, dst, n, plane);
+                if !lay.planar && plane == 0 && !lay.extra_at.is_empty() {
+                    let erow = lay.extra_row();
+                    if let Some(extra) = extra.as_deref_mut()
+                        && let Some(er) = extra.get_mut(ri.saturating_mul(erow)..ri.saturating_mul(erow).saturating_add(erow))
+                    {
+                        deposit_extras(lay, src_row, er, n, x0);
+                    }
+                }
             }
         }
     }
+    if lay.planar && !lay.extra_at.is_empty() {
+        read_planar_extras(lay, dec, scratch, b, rows, extra, &mut tally)?;
+    }
     finish_band(lay, band);
     Ok(tally)
 }
 
+/// Copies the non-colour samples of a chunky row into the extra-sample band.
+fn deposit_extras(lay: &Layout, src: &[u8], dst: &mut [u8], n: usize, x0: usize) {
+    let ech = lay.extra_at.len();
+    if ech == 0 {
+        return;
+    }
+    let px = ech * lay.out.bytes();
+    let Some(dst) = dst.get_mut(x0.saturating_mul(px)..(x0.saturating_add(n)).saturating_mul(px)) else { return };
+    for (ei, &si) in lay.extra_at.iter().enumerate() {
+        transfer(lay.src, src, lay.chunk_spp, si, dst, lay.out, ech, ei, n);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Planar files store each extra sample as its own plane. Read those planes into `extra`.
+fn read_planar_extras(
+    lay: &Layout,
+    dec: &mut Decoder<Patched<'_>>,
+    scratch: &mut Vec<u8>,
+    b: usize,
+    rows: usize,
+    extra: Option<&mut [u8]>,
+    tally: &mut Tally,
+) -> Result<(), CodecError> {
+    let Some(extra) = extra else { return Ok(()) };
+    let ech = lay.extra_at.len();
+    let erow = lay.extra_row();
+    if ech == 0 || erow == 0 {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    for (ei, &file_plane) in lay.extra_at.iter().enumerate() {
+        for col in 0..lay.across {
+            let chunk = file_plane
+                .checked_mul(lay.chunks_per_plane)
+                .and_then(|c| c.checked_add(b.checked_mul(lay.across)?))
+                .and_then(|c| c.checked_add(col))
+                .and_then(|c| u32::try_from(c).ok())
+                .ok_or_else(|| err("chunk index out of range"))?;
+            let pref = dec.image_chunk_buffer_layout(chunk).map_err(map_err)?;
+            let stride = pref.row_stride.map(|s| s.get()).ok_or_else(|| err("empty chunk row"))?;
+            if pref.len > lay.scratch_cap {
+                return Err(CodecError::LimitExceeded(format!("a {} byte strip or tile", pref.len)));
+            }
+            if scratch.len() < pref.len {
+                scratch.resize(pref.len, 0);
+            }
+            let buf = scratch.get_mut(..pref.len).ok_or_else(|| err("scratch buffer"))?;
+            match dec.read_chunk_bytes(chunk, buf) {
+                Ok(()) => tally.decoded += 1,
+                Err(e) if is_eof(&e) => {
+                    tally.missing += 1;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                Err(e) => return Err(map_err(e)),
+            }
+            let x0 = col * lay.cw;
+            let n = lay.cw.min(lay.w.saturating_sub(x0));
+            for (ri, src_row) in buf.chunks_exact(stride).take(rows).enumerate() {
+                let start = ri.saturating_mul(erow);
+                let Some(er) = extra.get_mut(start..start.saturating_add(erow)) else { continue };
+                let px = ech * lay.out.bytes();
+                let Some(dst) = er.get_mut(x0.saturating_mul(px)..(x0.saturating_add(n)).saturating_mul(px)) else { continue };
+                transfer(lay.src, src_row, 1, 0, dst, lay.out, ech, ei, n);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 /// Converts `n` pixels of one decoded chunk row into output pixels (`plane` for planar data).
 fn convert_row(lay: &Layout, src: &[u8], dst: &mut [u8], n: usize, plane: usize) {
     let och = lay.out_channels();
@@ -1072,6 +1311,230 @@ custom_colortype!(Lab16, u16, PI::CIELab, &[16; 3], &[SampleFormat::Uint; 3], in
 custom_colortype!(LabA8, u8, PI::CIELab, &[8; 4], &[SampleFormat::Uint; 4], int);
 custom_colortype!(LabA16, u16, PI::CIELab, &[16; 4], &[SampleFormat::Uint; 4], int);
 
+// Colour types with 1..=MAX_EXTRA_SAMPLES trailing extra samples (spot channels, extra alpha).
+// One generic type per (sample, photometric, bit depth, total sample count) instead of a
+// hand-written type for every layout. `N` is the total sample count, not the extra count.
+const fn extra_photo(v: u16) -> PhotometricInterpretation {
+    match v {
+        1 => PhotometricInterpretation::BlackIsZero,
+        2 => PhotometricInterpretation::RGB,
+        5 => PhotometricInterpretation::CMYK,
+        8 => PhotometricInterpretation::CIELab,
+        _ => PhotometricInterpretation::RGB,
+    }
+}
+
+trait ExtraKind: Copy + TiffValue + 'static {
+    const FORMAT: SampleFormat;
+    fn predict(row: &[Self], out: &mut Vec<Self>, samples: usize);
+}
+
+impl ExtraKind for u8 {
+    const FORMAT: SampleFormat = SampleFormat::Uint;
+    fn predict(row: &[Self], out: &mut Vec<Self>, samples: usize) {
+        let n = samples.min(row.len());
+        out.extend_from_slice(&row[..n]);
+        out.extend(row.iter().zip(&row[n..]).map(|(prev, current)| current.wrapping_sub(*prev)));
+    }
+}
+
+impl ExtraKind for u16 {
+    const FORMAT: SampleFormat = SampleFormat::Uint;
+    fn predict(row: &[Self], out: &mut Vec<Self>, samples: usize) {
+        let n = samples.min(row.len());
+        out.extend_from_slice(&row[..n]);
+        out.extend(row.iter().zip(&row[n..]).map(|(prev, current)| current.wrapping_sub(*prev)));
+    }
+}
+
+impl ExtraKind for f32 {
+    const FORMAT: SampleFormat = SampleFormat::IEEEFP;
+    fn predict(row: &[Self], out: &mut Vec<Self>, _samples: usize) {
+        out.extend_from_slice(row);
+    }
+}
+
+struct Extras<T, const PHOTO: u16, const BITS: u16, const N: usize>(std::marker::PhantomData<T>);
+
+impl<T, const PHOTO: u16, const BITS: u16, const N: usize> TiffColorType for Extras<T, PHOTO, BITS, N>
+where
+    T: ExtraKind,
+{
+    type Inner = T;
+    const TIFF_VALUE: PhotometricInterpretation = extra_photo(PHOTO);
+    const BITS_PER_SAMPLE: &'static [u16] = &[BITS; N];
+    const SAMPLE_FORMAT: &'static [SampleFormat] = &[T::FORMAT; N];
+    fn horizontal_predict(row: &[Self::Inner], result: &mut Vec<Self::Inner>) {
+        T::predict(row, result, N);
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! write_extras {
+    ($n:expr, $enc:expr, $w:expr, $h:expr, $data:expr, $tags:expr, $sample:ty, $photo:literal, $bits:literal, $base:literal) => {
+        match $n {
+            1 => write_one::<Extras<$sample, $photo, $bits, { $base + 1 }>, K>($enc, $w, $h, $data, $tags),
+            2 => write_one::<Extras<$sample, $photo, $bits, { $base + 2 }>, K>($enc, $w, $h, $data, $tags),
+            3 => write_one::<Extras<$sample, $photo, $bits, { $base + 3 }>, K>($enc, $w, $h, $data, $tags),
+            4 => write_one::<Extras<$sample, $photo, $bits, { $base + 4 }>, K>($enc, $w, $h, $data, $tags),
+            5 => write_one::<Extras<$sample, $photo, $bits, { $base + 5 }>, K>($enc, $w, $h, $data, $tags),
+            6 => write_one::<Extras<$sample, $photo, $bits, { $base + 6 }>, K>($enc, $w, $h, $data, $tags),
+            7 => write_one::<Extras<$sample, $photo, $bits, { $base + 7 }>, K>($enc, $w, $h, $data, $tags),
+            8 => write_one::<Extras<$sample, $photo, $bits, { $base + 8 }>, K>($enc, $w, $h, $data, $tags),
+            9 => write_one::<Extras<$sample, $photo, $bits, { $base + 9 }>, K>($enc, $w, $h, $data, $tags),
+            10 => write_one::<Extras<$sample, $photo, $bits, { $base + 10 }>, K>($enc, $w, $h, $data, $tags),
+            11 => write_one::<Extras<$sample, $photo, $bits, { $base + 11 }>, K>($enc, $w, $h, $data, $tags),
+            12 => write_one::<Extras<$sample, $photo, $bits, { $base + 12 }>, K>($enc, $w, $h, $data, $tags),
+            13 => write_one::<Extras<$sample, $photo, $bits, { $base + 13 }>, K>($enc, $w, $h, $data, $tags),
+            14 => write_one::<Extras<$sample, $photo, $bits, { $base + 14 }>, K>($enc, $w, $h, $data, $tags),
+            15 => write_one::<Extras<$sample, $photo, $bits, { $base + 15 }>, K>($enc, $w, $h, $data, $tags),
+            16 => write_one::<Extras<$sample, $photo, $bits, { $base + 16 }>, K>($enc, $w, $h, $data, $tags),
+            other => Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, format!("unsupported extra samples ({other})")).into()),
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+/// An empty buffer with room for `len` elements, allocated fallibly: a save too large for memory
+/// is an error, not an abort.
+fn try_with_capacity<T>(len: usize) -> io::Result<Vec<T>> {
+    let mut v = Vec::new();
+    v.try_reserve_exact(len).map_err(|_| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::OutOfMemory, format!("cannot allocate {len} samples for the extra samples")))?;
+    Ok(v)
+}
+
+fn bytes_as_u16(b: &[u8]) -> io::Result<Vec<u16>> {
+    let chunks = b.as_chunks::<2>().0;
+    let mut v = try_with_capacity(chunks.len())?;
+    v.extend(chunks.iter().map(|c| u16::from_ne_bytes(*c)));
+    Ok(v)
+}
+
+fn bytes_as_f32(b: &[u8]) -> io::Result<Vec<f32>> {
+    let chunks = b.as_chunks::<4>().0;
+    let mut v = try_with_capacity(chunks.len())?;
+    v.extend(chunks.iter().map(|c| f32::from_ne_bytes(*c)));
+    Ok(v)
+}
+
+/// Interleaves colour (and alpha) samples with [`Metadata::extra_samples`].
+fn interleave_extras(img: &Image) -> Result<Vec<u8>, String> {
+    let (w, h) = img.dimensions();
+    let n = (w as usize).checked_mul(h as usize).ok_or_else(|| "image size overflows".to_string())?;
+    let sb = img.sample_type().bytes();
+    let ch = img.layout().channels();
+    let extras = &img.meta.extra_samples;
+    let total = ch.checked_add(extras.len()).ok_or_else(|| "too many samples".to_string())?;
+    let px = total.checked_mul(sb).ok_or_else(|| "sample size overflows".to_string())?;
+    let len = n.checked_mul(px).ok_or_else(|| "image size overflows".to_string())?;
+    let mut out = try_with_capacity::<u8>(len).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+    out.resize(len, 0);
+    let base = img.data();
+    let base_px = ch.saturating_mul(sb);
+    for i in 0..n {
+        let src = i.saturating_mul(base_px);
+        let dst = i.saturating_mul(px);
+        let Some(s) = base.get(src..src.saturating_add(base_px)) else {
+            return Err("image buffer is shorter than its dimensions".into());
+        };
+        let Some(d) = out.get_mut(dst..dst.saturating_add(base_px)) else {
+            return Err("extra-sample buffer is short".into());
+        };
+        d.copy_from_slice(s);
+        for (k, e) in extras.iter().enumerate() {
+            let es = i.saturating_mul(sb);
+            let ed = dst.saturating_add(base_px).saturating_add(k.saturating_mul(sb));
+            let Some(s) = e.data.get(es..es.saturating_add(sb)) else {
+                return Err(format!("extra sample {k} is shorter than the image"));
+            };
+            let Some(d) = out.get_mut(ed..ed.saturating_add(sb)) else {
+                return Err("extra-sample buffer is short".into());
+            };
+            d.copy_from_slice(s);
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+fn write_with_extras<K: TiffKind>(enc: &mut TiffEncoder<&mut Cursor<Vec<u8>>, K>, img: &Image, tags: &TagSet<'_>) -> tiff::TiffResult<()> {
+    use ChannelLayout as L;
+    use SampleType as S;
+    let (w, h) = img.dimensions();
+    let n = img.meta.extra_samples.len();
+    if img.layout().is_lab() {
+        let file = lab_file(img);
+        let bytes = interleave_extras(&file).map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, e))?;
+        return match (file.layout(), file.sample_type()) {
+            (L::Lab, S::U8) => write_extras!(n, enc, w, h, &bytes, tags, u8, 8, 8, 3),
+            (L::Lab, _) => {
+                let v = bytes_as_u16(&bytes)?;
+                write_extras!(n, enc, w, h, &v, tags, u16, 8, 16, 3)
+            }
+            (_, S::U8) => write_extras!(n, enc, w, h, &bytes, tags, u8, 8, 8, 4),
+            _ => {
+                let v = bytes_as_u16(&bytes)?;
+                write_extras!(n, enc, w, h, &v, tags, u16, 8, 16, 4)
+            }
+        };
+    }
+    let bytes = interleave_extras(img).map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, e))?;
+    match (img.layout(), img.sample_type()) {
+        (L::Gray, S::U8) => write_extras!(n, enc, w, h, &bytes, tags, u8, 1, 8, 1),
+        (L::Gray, S::U16) => {
+            let v = bytes_as_u16(&bytes)?;
+            write_extras!(n, enc, w, h, &v, tags, u16, 1, 16, 1)
+        }
+        (L::Gray, S::F32) => {
+            let v = bytes_as_f32(&bytes)?;
+            write_extras!(n, enc, w, h, &v, tags, f32, 1, 32, 1)
+        }
+        (L::GrayA, S::U8) => write_extras!(n, enc, w, h, &bytes, tags, u8, 1, 8, 2),
+        (L::GrayA, S::U16) => {
+            let v = bytes_as_u16(&bytes)?;
+            write_extras!(n, enc, w, h, &v, tags, u16, 1, 16, 2)
+        }
+        (L::GrayA, S::F32) => {
+            let v = bytes_as_f32(&bytes)?;
+            write_extras!(n, enc, w, h, &v, tags, f32, 1, 32, 2)
+        }
+        (L::Rgb, S::U8) => write_extras!(n, enc, w, h, &bytes, tags, u8, 2, 8, 3),
+        (L::Rgb, S::U16) => {
+            let v = bytes_as_u16(&bytes)?;
+            write_extras!(n, enc, w, h, &v, tags, u16, 2, 16, 3)
+        }
+        (L::Rgb, S::F32) => {
+            let v = bytes_as_f32(&bytes)?;
+            write_extras!(n, enc, w, h, &v, tags, f32, 2, 32, 3)
+        }
+        (L::Rgba, S::U8) => write_extras!(n, enc, w, h, &bytes, tags, u8, 2, 8, 4),
+        (L::Rgba, S::U16) => {
+            let v = bytes_as_u16(&bytes)?;
+            write_extras!(n, enc, w, h, &v, tags, u16, 2, 16, 4)
+        }
+        (L::Rgba, S::F32) => {
+            let v = bytes_as_f32(&bytes)?;
+            write_extras!(n, enc, w, h, &v, tags, f32, 2, 32, 4)
+        }
+        (L::Cmyk, S::U8) => write_extras!(n, enc, w, h, &bytes, tags, u8, 5, 8, 4),
+        (L::Cmyk, S::U16) => {
+            let v = bytes_as_u16(&bytes)?;
+            write_extras!(n, enc, w, h, &v, tags, u16, 5, 16, 4)
+        }
+        (L::Cmyk, S::F32) => {
+            let v = bytes_as_f32(&bytes)?;
+            write_extras!(n, enc, w, h, &v, tags, f32, 5, 32, 4)
+        }
+        (L::CmykA, S::U8) => write_extras!(n, enc, w, h, &bytes, tags, u8, 5, 8, 5),
+        (L::CmykA, S::U16) => {
+            let v = bytes_as_u16(&bytes)?;
+            write_extras!(n, enc, w, h, &v, tags, u16, 5, 16, 5)
+        }
+        (L::CmykA, S::F32) => {
+            let v = bytes_as_f32(&bytes)?;
+            write_extras!(n, enc, w, h, &v, tags, f32, 5, 32, 5)
+        }
+        _ => Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, format!("unsupported extra samples ({n})")).into()),
+    }
+}
+
 struct TagSet<'a> {
     icc: Option<&'a [u8]>,
     /// The EXIF block's directories and IFD0 tags, written as the TIFF's own.
@@ -1079,7 +1542,8 @@ struct TagSet<'a> {
     xmp: Option<&'a [u8]>,
     dpi: Option<(f32, f32)>,
     text: Vec<(Tag, &'a str)>,
-    alpha: bool,
+    /// ExtraSamples tag, including the unassociated-alpha marker when the image has alpha.
+    extra_samples: &'a [u16],
     photoshop_resources: Option<&'a [u8]>,
     photoshop_layers: Option<&'a [u8]>,
 }
@@ -1109,9 +1573,8 @@ where
         im.y_resolution(Rational { n: (y * 1000.0).round() as u32, d: 1000 });
     }
     let d = im.encoder();
-    if tags.alpha {
-        // 2 = unassociated alpha
-        d.write_tag(Tag::ExtraSamples, &[2u16][..])?;
+    if !tags.extra_samples.is_empty() {
+        d.write_tag(Tag::ExtraSamples, tags.extra_samples)?;
     }
     if let Some(icc) = tags.icc {
         d.write_tag(Tag::IccProfile, Undefined(icc))?;
@@ -1142,10 +1605,24 @@ where
     im.write_data(data)
 }
 
+/// A Lab image as CIELab stores it: a* and b* signed, 8 or 16 bits (CIELab has no float form:
+/// 32-bit Lab is written with 16 bits). Extra samples follow the new sample type.
+fn lab_file(img: &Image) -> Image {
+    let sample = if img.sample_type() == SampleType::U8 { SampleType::U8 } else { SampleType::U16 };
+    // `convert` brings the extra samples to the new sample type with the image.
+    let mut file = img.convert(img.layout(), sample);
+    let channels = file.layout().channels();
+    convert_ab(file.data_mut(), channels, sample, true, true);
+    file
+}
+
 /// Writes the image with the colour type matching its layout and sample type.
 fn write_image<K: TiffKind>(enc: &mut TiffEncoder<&mut Cursor<Vec<u8>>, K>, img: &Image, tags: &TagSet<'_>) -> tiff::TiffResult<()> {
     use ChannelLayout as L;
     use SampleType as S;
+    if !img.meta.extra_samples.is_empty() {
+        return write_with_extras::<K>(enc, img, tags);
+    }
     let (w, h) = img.dimensions();
     let u16s = || img.to_u16_samples().unwrap_or_default();
     let f32s = || img.to_f32_samples().unwrap_or_default();
@@ -1170,13 +1647,9 @@ fn write_image<K: TiffKind>(enc: &mut TiffEncoder<&mut Cursor<Vec<u8>>, K>, img:
         (L::CmykA, S::U16) => write_one::<CmykA16, K>(enc, w, h, &u16s(), tags),
         (L::CmykA, S::F32) => write_one::<CmykA32F, K>(enc, w, h, &f32s(), tags),
         (L::Lab | L::LabA, _) => {
-            // CIELab has no float form: 32-bit Lab is written with 16 bits.
-            let sample = if img.sample_type() == S::U8 { S::U8 } else { S::U16 };
-            let mut file = img.convert(img.layout(), sample);
-            let channels = file.layout().channels();
-            convert_ab(file.data_mut(), channels, sample, true, true);
+            let file = lab_file(img);
             let u16s = || file.to_u16_samples().unwrap_or_default();
-            match (file.layout(), sample) {
+            match (file.layout(), file.sample_type()) {
                 (L::Lab, S::U8) => write_one::<Lab8, K>(enc, w, h, file.data(), tags),
                 (L::Lab, _) => write_one::<Lab16, K>(enc, w, h, &u16s(), tags),
                 (_, S::U8) => write_one::<LabA8, K>(enc, w, h, file.data(), tags),
@@ -1198,11 +1671,48 @@ fn estimated_size(img: &Image, tags: &TagSet<'_>) -> u64 {
         + tags.exif.iter().flat_map(|e| e.ifd0.iter().chain(&e.exif).chain(&e.gps)).map(|f| f.value.len() as u64 + 12).sum::<u64>();
     // Strip tables: one offset and one count per strip of about 1 MB.
     let tables = (img.data().len() as u64 / (1 << 20) + 1) * 16;
-    (img.data().len() as u64).saturating_add(payloads).saturating_add(text).saturating_add(tables).saturating_add(1 << 20)
+    let extras: u64 = img.meta.extra_samples.iter().map(|e| e.data.len() as u64).sum();
+    (img.data().len() as u64).saturating_add(extras).saturating_add(payloads).saturating_add(text).saturating_add(tables).saturating_add(1 << 20)
+}
+
+/// The byte length of one extra-sample plane: one sample per pixel of `img`, in its sample type.
+/// `None` when the pixel count overflows a `usize` (no such image buffer can exist).
+fn extra_plane_len(img: &Image) -> Option<usize> {
+    let (w, h) = img.dimensions();
+    (w as usize).checked_mul(h as usize)?.checked_mul(img.sample_type().bytes())
+}
+
+/// Every extra plane must hold exactly one sample per pixel of `img`, in its sample type.
+///
+/// The writer copies one sample per pixel out of each plane, so a plane of any other length
+/// would be silently truncated (long) or read past its end (short). A sample-type conversion
+/// reinterprets the bytes in the new width instead, so an unchecked plane would also change
+/// meaning rather than fail. Refuse the image instead of writing either.
+fn check_extra_planes(img: &Image) -> Result<(), CodecError> {
+    let (w, h) = img.dimensions();
+    let sample = img.sample_type();
+    let plane_len = extra_plane_len(img).ok_or_else(|| CodecError::encode(F, format!("the extra-sample size of a {w}x{h} image overflows")))?;
+    for (k, e) in img.meta.extra_samples.iter().enumerate() {
+        if e.data.len() != plane_len {
+            return Err(CodecError::encode(
+                F,
+                format!("extra sample {k} is {} bytes; a {w}x{h} {sample:?} image needs exactly {plane_len} (one sample per pixel)", e.data.len()),
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn encode(src: &Image, plan: Plan, opts: &EncodeOptions) -> Result<Vec<u8>, CodecError> {
-    let img = src.converted(plan.layout, plan.sample);
+    // Check the source planes before `converted`, which brings them to the plan's sample type
+    // with the image but deliberately leaves a wrong-sized plane alone: past that point a bad
+    // plane would be reinterpreted in the new width rather than rejected.
+    check_extra_planes(src)?;
+    // `converted` brings the extra samples to the plan's sample type with the image.
+    encode_ready(&src.converted(plan.layout, plan.sample), opts)
+}
+
+fn encode_ready(img: &Image, opts: &EncodeOptions) -> Result<Vec<u8>, CodecError> {
     let compression = match opts.tiff_compression {
         TiffCompression::None => tiff::encoder::Compression::Uncompressed,
         TiffCompression::Lzw => tiff::encoder::Compression::Lzw,
@@ -1226,13 +1736,29 @@ pub(crate) fn encode(src: &Image, plan: Plan, opts: &EncodeOptions) -> Result<Ve
     };
     // TIFF writes no Orientation tag (= 1): keep the XMP from contradicting it.
     let xmp = if opts.embed_metadata { img.meta.xmp.as_deref().map(|x| crate::resolution::export_xmp(x, img.meta.dpi)) } else { None };
+    if img.meta.extra_samples.len() > crate::MAX_EXTRA_SAMPLES {
+        return Err(CodecError::encode(F, format!("TIFF stores at most {} extra samples", crate::MAX_EXTRA_SAMPLES)));
+    }
+    // Validate again in the sample type the planes now hold: `Image::convert` takes a plane's
+    // bytes before it rebuilds them, so one it could not rebuild would arrive here empty. The Lab
+    // path's later re-type through `lab_file` converts a plane only when its length already
+    // matches the image, which this guarantees.
+    check_extra_planes(img)?;
+    let mut kinds = Vec::with_capacity(img.meta.extra_samples.len().saturating_add(1));
+    if img.layout().has_alpha() {
+        kinds.push(2);
+    }
+    // TIFF 6.0 reserves ExtraSamples values above 2: those are written as 0 (unspecified).
+    for e in &img.meta.extra_samples {
+        kinds.push(if e.kind <= 2 { e.kind } else { 0 });
+    }
     let tags = TagSet {
         icc: if opts.embed_icc { img.icc.as_deref() } else { None },
         exif: if opts.embed_metadata { img.meta.exif.as_deref().and_then(|e| tiff_exif::read(crate::orientation::tiff_body(e))) } else { None },
         xmp: xmp.as_deref().map(str::as_bytes),
         dpi: if opts.embed_metadata { img.meta.dpi.filter(|d| d.0 > 0.0 && d.1 > 0.0) } else { None },
         text,
-        alpha: img.layout().has_alpha(),
+        extra_samples: &kinds,
         // Document content, not metadata: written whenever present.
         photoshop_resources: img.meta.photoshop_resources.as_deref().filter(|r| !r.is_empty()),
         photoshop_layers: img.meta.photoshop_layers.as_deref().filter(|l| !l.is_empty()),
@@ -1245,17 +1771,48 @@ pub(crate) fn encode(src: &Image, plan: Plan, opts: &EncodeOptions) -> Result<Ve
         let mut cursor = Cursor::new(Vec::new());
         if big {
             let mut enc = TiffEncoder::new_big(&mut cursor)?.with_compression(compression).with_predictor(predictor);
-            write_image::<TiffKindBig>(&mut enc, &img, &tags)?;
+            write_image::<TiffKindBig>(&mut enc, img, &tags)?;
         } else {
             let mut enc = TiffEncoder::new(&mut cursor)?.with_compression(compression).with_predictor(predictor);
-            write_image::<TiffKindStandard>(&mut enc, &img, &tags)?;
+            write_image::<TiffKindStandard>(&mut enc, img, &tags)?;
         }
         Ok(cursor.into_inner())
     };
-    let big = opts.tiff_bigtiff || estimated_size(&img, &tags) > CLASSIC_LIMIT;
+    let big = opts.tiff_bigtiff || estimated_size(img, &tags) > CLASSIC_LIMIT;
     match write(big) {
         Ok(v) => Ok(v),
         Err(tiff::TiffError::IntSizeError) if !big => write(true).map_err(|e| CodecError::encode(F, e)),
         Err(e) => Err(CodecError::encode(F, e)),
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod bits_len {
+    use super::Extras;
+    use tiff::encoder::colortype::ColorType as TiffColorType;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn const_generic_sample_tables_have_one_entry_per_sample() {
+        // A repeat expression in an associated const (`&[BITS; N]`) has, on some compilers,
+        // promoted to a slice shorter than `N`. The encoder sizes every strip from that length.
+        assert_eq!(<Extras<u8, 2, 8, 4> as TiffColorType>::BITS_PER_SAMPLE.len(), 4, "{:?}", <Extras<u8, 2, 8, 4> as TiffColorType>::BITS_PER_SAMPLE);
+        assert_eq!(<Extras<u8, 2, 8, 5> as TiffColorType>::BITS_PER_SAMPLE.len(), 5);
+        assert_eq!(<Extras<u8, 2, 8, 19> as TiffColorType>::BITS_PER_SAMPLE.len(), 19);
+        assert_eq!(<Extras<u16, 5, 16, 6> as TiffColorType>::SAMPLE_FORMAT.len(), 6);
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod extra_sample_buffers {
+    use super::try_with_capacity;
+
+    /// The extra-sample writer's buffers are allocated fallibly: a size no allocation can serve
+    /// is an out-of-memory error the save reports, not an abort.
+    #[test]
+    fn an_impossible_buffer_is_an_error() {
+        let err = try_with_capacity::<u8>(usize::MAX).unwrap_err();
+        assert_eq!(err.kind(), std::io::ErrorKind::OutOfMemory);
+        assert!(try_with_capacity::<u16>(usize::MAX / 2).is_err());
+        assert!(try_with_capacity::<f32>(64).is_ok_and(|v| v.is_empty() && v.capacity() >= 64));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/codecs/src/codecs/webp.rs b/crates/codecs/src/codecs/webp.rs
index b7b6e2a668..3f69d3c9cd 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/src/codecs/webp.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/src/codecs/webp.rs
@@ -56,6 +56,58 @@ pub(crate) fn probe(bytes: &[u8], limits: &Limits) -> Result<(u32, u32, Option<V
     Ok((w, h, dec.exif_metadata().ok().flatten()))
 }
 
+/// Whether `bytes` is an animated WebP of more than one frame.
+pub(crate) fn is_animated(bytes: &[u8]) -> bool {
+    image_webp::WebPDecoder::new(Cursor::new(bytes)).is_ok_and(|d| d.is_animated() && d.num_frames() > 1)
+}
+
+/// Every frame of an animated WebP, or `None` when it is a still one (or an animation of one
+/// frame), which [`decode`] reads whole. The frames come composited onto the canvas by
+/// `image-webp` (offsets, blending and disposal applied), each a full picture with the file's
+/// ICC profile and its duration in milliseconds.
+///
+/// The first frame must decode. If a later frame is damaged the frames before it are returned
+/// and the first one carries [`DecodeWarning::Truncated`]. The frame count
+/// ([`super::gif_frames::MAX_GIF_FRAMES`]) and the total decoded bytes are checked against
+/// `limits` before each frame is kept.
+pub(crate) fn decode_frames(bytes: &[u8], limits: &Limits) -> Result<Option<Vec<super::gif_frames::AnimationFrame>>, CodecError> {
+    use super::gif_frames::{AnimationFrame, MAX_GIF_FRAMES};
+    if !is_animated(bytes) {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+    let (mut dec, w, h, layout) = open(bytes, limits)?;
+    let size = dec.output_buffer_size().ok_or_else(|| err("image too large"))?;
+    let icc = dec.icc_profile().ok().flatten();
+    let mut buf = alloc_zeroed::<u8>(size)?;
+    let mut out: Vec<AnimationFrame> = Vec::new();
+    let mut damaged = false;
+    for _ in 0..dec.num_frames() {
+        if out.len() >= MAX_GIF_FRAMES {
+            return Err(CodecError::LimitExceeded(format!("more than {MAX_GIF_FRAMES} frames")));
+        }
+        // Every frame keeps its own copy of the file's ICC profile along with its pixels.
+        let frame_bytes = (size as u64).saturating_add(icc.as_ref().map_or(0, |p| p.len() as u64));
+        if frame_bytes.saturating_mul(out.len() as u64 + 1) > limits.max_alloc {
+            return Err(CodecError::LimitExceeded(format!("{} frames of {w}x{h} exceed max_alloc {}", out.len() + 1, limits.max_alloc)));
+        }
+        let delay_ms = match dec.read_frame(&mut buf) {
+            Ok(d) => d,
+            Err(e) if out.is_empty() => return Err(err(e)),
+            Err(_) => {
+                damaged = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        };
+        let mut image = Image::from_u8(w, h, layout, buf.clone())?;
+        image.icc.clone_from(&icc);
+        out.push(AnimationFrame { image, delay_ms });
+    }
+    if damaged && let Some(first) = out.first_mut() {
+        first.image.warnings.push(DecodeWarning::Truncated { format: F });
+    }
+    Ok(Some(out))
+}
+
 pub(crate) fn encode(src: &Image, plan: Plan, opts: &EncodeOptions) -> Result<Vec<u8>, CodecError> {
     let img = src.converted(plan.layout, plan.sample);
     if !opts.webp_lossless {
@@ -76,9 +128,8 @@ pub(crate) fn encode(src: &Image, plan: Plan, opts: &EncodeOptions) -> Result<Ve
         enc.set_icc_profile(icc.clone());
     }
     if opts.embed_metadata {
-        if let Some(exif) = &img.meta.exif {
-            // The pixels are written as they are shown: never let a viewer rotate them again.
-            enc.set_exif_metadata(crate::resolution::export_exif(exif, img.meta.dpi).into_owned());
+        if let Some(exif) = export_exif(&img) {
+            enc.set_exif_metadata(exif);
         }
         if let Some(xmp) = &img.meta.xmp {
             enc.set_xmp_metadata(crate::resolution::export_xmp(xmp, img.meta.dpi).as_bytes().to_vec());
@@ -110,11 +161,40 @@ fn encode_lossy(img: &Image, opts: &EncodeOptions) -> Result<Vec<u8>, CodecError
         None
     };
     let icc = if opts.embed_icc { img.icc.as_deref() } else { None };
-    let exif = if opts.embed_metadata { img.meta.exif.as_deref().map(|e| crate::resolution::export_exif(e, img.meta.dpi)) } else { None };
+    let exif = if opts.embed_metadata { export_exif(img) } else { None };
     let xmp = if opts.embed_metadata { img.meta.xmp.as_deref().map(|x| crate::resolution::export_xmp(x, img.meta.dpi)) } else { None };
     Ok(riff(w, h, &frame, alpha.as_deref(), icc, exif.as_deref(), xmp.as_deref().map(str::as_bytes)))
 }
 
+/// The EXIF to write: the image's, upright (the pixels are written as they are shown, so a viewer
+/// must never rotate them again), carrying the resolution. WebP has no resolution field of its own,
+/// so the resolution goes into EXIF, added when the image has none (#2399).
+pub(crate) fn export_exif(img: &Image) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+    let exif = img.meta.exif.as_deref().unwrap_or_default();
+    // A WebP without EXIF already reads as 72 ppi, so the default needs no block of its own (and
+    // the extended container it would bring to every web export).
+    if exif.is_empty() && img.meta.dpi.is_none_or(is_default_ppi) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let out = crate::resolution::export_exif_adding_missing_resolution(exif, img.meta.dpi).into_owned();
+    (!out.is_empty()).then_some(out)
+}
+
+/// Whether a WebP of `img` keeps its resolution: the EXIF written carries it. Not when the image's
+/// own EXIF can't be parsed: that block is written as it is rather than replaced, so the
+/// resolution is dropped (and reported) instead of the metadata.
+pub(crate) fn keeps_dpi(img: &Image) -> bool {
+    let bare_default = img.meta.exif.as_deref().is_none_or(<[u8]>::is_empty) && img.meta.dpi.is_none_or(is_default_ppi);
+    // The XMP written beside it carries the resolution too, and readers look there first.
+    let in_xmp = img.meta.xmp.as_deref().is_some_and(|x| crate::resolution::xmp_resolution(&crate::resolution::export_xmp(x, img.meta.dpi)).is_some());
+    bare_default || in_xmp || export_exif(img).is_some_and(|e| crate::resolution::exif_resolution(&e).is_some())
+}
+
+/// 72 ppi each way: what a file without a resolution opens as.
+fn is_default_ppi((x, y): (f32, f32)) -> bool {
+    (x - 72.0).abs() < 0.01 && (y - 72.0).abs() < 0.01
+}
+
 /// A RIFF chunk: FourCC, little-endian size, payload, padded to an even length.
 fn chunk(out: &mut Vec<u8>, fourcc: &[u8; 4], payload: &[u8]) {
     out.extend_from_slice(fourcc);
diff --git a/crates/codecs/src/codecs/xpm.rs b/crates/codecs/src/codecs/xpm.rs
index 82543d8867..c20f3c58e9 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/src/codecs/xpm.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/src/codecs/xpm.rs
@@ -206,11 +206,16 @@ fn decode_lines(lines: &[Vec<u8>], limits: &Limits) -> Result<Image, CodecError>
         }
     }
     let row_len = width.checked_mul(cpp).ok_or_else(|| bad("row byte count overflow"))?;
-    let mut pixels = vec![0u8; width.checked_mul(height).and_then(|n| n.checked_mul(4)).ok_or_else(|| bad("pixel size overflow"))?];
+    // Validate all source rows before reserving the decoded RGBA image. A malformed
+    // short row must not be able to make a large header-sized allocation first.
+    if lines[1 + colours..required].iter().any(|line| line.len() != row_len) {
+        return Err(bad("XPM row has the wrong width"));
+    }
+    let total = width.checked_mul(height).and_then(|n| n.checked_mul(4)).ok_or_else(|| bad("pixel size overflow"))?;
+    let mut pixels = Vec::new();
+    pixels.try_reserve_exact(total).map_err(|_| bad("XPM pixel buffer is too large"))?;
+    pixels.resize(total, 0);
     for (y, line) in lines[1 + colours..required].iter().enumerate() {
-        if line.len() != row_len {
-            return Err(bad("XPM row has the wrong width"));
-        }
         for x in 0..width {
             let key = &line[x * cpp..(x + 1) * cpp];
             let rgba = palette.get(key).ok_or_else(|| bad("unknown palette key"))?;
diff --git a/crates/codecs/src/fidelity.rs b/crates/codecs/src/fidelity.rs
index a6937b571c..984f2ac455 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/src/fidelity.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/src/fidelity.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 use std::fmt;
 
+use crate::codecs::dpx;
 use crate::format::{Format, caps};
 use crate::image::{ChannelLayout, Image, SampleType};
 use crate::options::{DdsCompression, EncodeOptions};
@@ -20,11 +21,17 @@ pub enum FidelityWarning {
         from: SampleType,
         to: SampleType,
     },
+    /// Samples will be stored with fewer bits than their sample type holds: DPX at 10 or 12
+    /// bits, Cineon at 10.
+    BitsReduced {
+        from: SampleType,
+        bits: u8,
+    },
     /// Float samples outside `[0, 1]` will be clipped by integer storage.
     RangeClipped,
     /// Non-opaque alpha will be discarded.
     AlphaDiscarded,
-    /// Alpha will be reduced to fully transparent / fully opaque (GIF).
+    /// Alpha will be reduced to fully transparent / fully opaque (GIF, DDS BC1, IFF).
     AlphaBinarized,
     /// CMYK data will be converted (naively, not colour-managed) to another model.
     CmykConverted {
@@ -82,6 +89,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for FidelityWarning {
                 write!(f, "{} cannot be written in this build", format.name())
             }
             DepthReduced { from, to } => write!(f, "{} will be reduced to {}", depth_name(*from), depth_name(*to)),
+            BitsReduced { from, bits } => write!(f, "{} will be reduced to {bits}-bit", depth_name(*from)),
             RangeClipped => write!(f, "HDR values outside 0..1 will be clipped"),
             AlphaDiscarded => write!(f, "alpha will be discarded"),
             AlphaBinarized => write!(f, "alpha will be reduced to on/off transparency"),
@@ -161,7 +169,7 @@ pub(crate) fn plan(image: &Image, format: Format, opts: &EncodeOptions) -> Plan
         // The sample type follows the chosen bits (U8 for 8, U16 for 10, 12 and 16).
         Format::Dpx => Plan {
             layout: if layout == ChannelLayout::GrayA { ChannelLayout::Gray } else { pick_layout(layout, c.layouts, c.alpha) },
-            sample: crate::codecs::dpx::plan_sample(opts.dpx_bits, sample),
+            sample: dpx::plan_sample(opts.dpx_bits, sample),
         },
         // CIELab has no float form: float Lab is written with 16 bits.
         Format::Tiff if layout.is_lab() && sample.is_float() => Plan { layout: pick_layout(layout, c.layouts, c.alpha), sample: SampleType::U16 },
@@ -201,7 +209,13 @@ pub fn fidelity_warnings_with(image: &Image, format: Format, opts: &EncodeOption
         (SampleType::F16, SampleType::F32) => false,
         _ => true,
     };
-    if lossy_depth {
+    // DPX at 10 or 12 bits and Cineon keep fewer bits than their U16 plan: float samples always
+    // lose precision there, 16-bit ones unless they are already code values at that depth.
+    if let Some(bits) = dpx::packed_bits(format, opts).filter(|_| ss != SampleType::U8) {
+        if ss.is_float() || !dpx::keeps_u16_samples(&image.converted(p.layout, SampleType::U16), bits) {
+            w.push(W::BitsReduced { from: ss, bits });
+        }
+    } else if lossy_depth {
         w.push(W::DepthReduced { from: ss, to: p.sample });
     }
     // FITS stores floats as 0..1 (see `codecs::fits`), so out-of-range values are clipped too.
@@ -213,7 +227,8 @@ pub fn fidelity_warnings_with(image: &Image, format: Format, opts: &EncodeOption
     if sl.has_alpha() && !p.layout.has_alpha() && image.has_translucency() {
         w.push(W::AlphaDiscarded);
     }
-    let binary_alpha = format == Format::Gif || (format == Format::Dds && opts.dds.compression == DdsCompression::Bc1);
+    // An IFF/ILBM mask plane holds one bit per pixel.
+    let binary_alpha = matches!(format, Format::Gif | Format::Iff) || (format == Format::Dds && opts.dds.compression == DdsCompression::Bc1);
     if binary_alpha && p.layout.has_alpha() && image.has_translucency() {
         w.push(W::AlphaBinarized);
     }
@@ -254,7 +269,7 @@ pub fn fidelity_warnings_with(image: &Image, format: Format, opts: &EncodeOption
                 w.push(W::MetadataTooLarge { what: "XMP", bytes: xmp.len() });
             }
         }
-        if m.dpi.is_some() && !c.dpi {
+        if m.dpi.is_some() && (!c.dpi || (format == Format::WebP && !crate::codecs::webp::keeps_dpi(image))) {
             w.push(W::DpiDropped);
         }
         // DPX keeps its own header fields, not free-form text.
diff --git a/crates/codecs/src/format.rs b/crates/codecs/src/format.rs
index 24611bd90d..54f3ecd64e 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/src/format.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/src/format.rs
@@ -34,8 +34,12 @@ pub enum Format {
     Fits,
     /// DPX (SMPTE 268M Digital Picture Exchange): luma, RGB or RGBA film and video frames.
     Dpx,
-    /// Kodak Cineon (`.cin`, the 10-bit film-scan format DPX grew from): read-only.
+    /// Kodak Cineon (`.cin`, the 10-bit film-scan format DPX grew from).
     Cineon,
+    /// DICOM single-frame images (uncompressed): read-only.
+    Dicom,
+    /// Amiga IFF/ILBM (`FORM ... ILBM`): planar bitplanes with a palette or 24-bit RGB.
+    Iff,
 }
 
 /// What a format can hold **and** what this crate reads/writes for it.
@@ -68,6 +72,10 @@ pub struct FormatCaps {
 /// The test-suite asserts that every other enabled format is read+write.
 pub const ASYMMETRIC_EXCEPTIONS: &[(Format, &str)] = &[
     (Format::Xpm, "XPM is a legacy Unix icon interchange format. Reading existing XPM icons is supported; writing modern image assets should use PNG instead."),
+    (
+        Format::Dicom,
+        "DICOM single-frame images are imported for medical review; this crate has no DICOM writer, so save an imported frame as TIFF or PNG instead.",
+    ),
     (
         Format::Pcx,
         "PCX is supported for opening legacy paint and clipart assets. New files should use PNG; writing obsolete indexed and planar variants is intentionally not provided.",
@@ -77,11 +85,6 @@ pub const ASYMMETRIC_EXCEPTIONS: &[(Format, &str)] = &[
         "AVIF encode uses ravif (pure Rust) but decoding requires dav1d (C); read stays unsupported \
          until a pure-Rust AV1 decoder is viable. Only enabled with the non-default `avif` feature.",
     ),
-    (
-        Format::Cineon,
-        "Cineon frames are imported for film work; this crate has no Cineon writer, so save an \
-         imported frame as DPX, TIFF or EXR instead.",
-    ),
     (
         Format::Heif,
         "HEIC decode uses heic-rs (pure Rust, in the optional photocraft-heif crate behind the \
@@ -101,7 +104,7 @@ const TIFF_LAYOUTS: &[ChannelLayout] = &[L::Gray, L::GrayA, L::Rgb, L::Rgba, L::
 
 impl Format {
     /// Every format known to the crate (enabled or not).
-    pub const ALL: [Format; 20] = [
+    pub const ALL: [Format; 22] = [
         Format::Png,
         Format::Jpeg,
         Format::Tiff,
@@ -122,6 +125,8 @@ impl Format {
         Format::Fits,
         Format::Dpx,
         Format::Cineon,
+        Format::Dicom,
+        Format::Iff,
     ];
 
     pub fn caps(self) -> FormatCaps {
@@ -156,6 +161,8 @@ impl Format {
             Format::Fits => "FITS",
             Format::Dpx => "DPX",
             Format::Cineon => "Cineon",
+            Format::Dicom => "DICOM",
+            Format::Iff => "Amiga IFF",
         }
     }
 
@@ -183,6 +190,8 @@ impl Format {
             Format::Fits => &["fits", "fit", "fts"],
             Format::Dpx => &["dpx"],
             Format::Cineon => &["cin"],
+            Format::Dicom => &["dcm", "dicom", "dc3"],
+            Format::Iff => &["iff", "lbm", "ilbm"],
         }
     }
 
@@ -208,13 +217,15 @@ impl Format {
             Format::Fits => "image/fits",
             Format::Dpx => "image/x-dpx",
             Format::Cineon => "image/x-cin",
+            Format::Dicom => "application/dicom",
+            Format::Iff => "image/x-iff",
         }
     }
 
     /// Maximum encodable dimensions, if the format has a hard limit.
     pub fn max_dimensions(self) -> Option<(u32, u32)> {
         match self {
-            Format::Jpeg | Format::Gif => Some((65535, 65535)),
+            Format::Jpeg | Format::Gif | Format::Iff => Some((65535, 65535)),
             Format::WebP => Some((16384, 16384)),
             Format::Ico => Some((256, 256)),
             _ => None,
@@ -244,7 +255,8 @@ pub fn caps(format: Format) -> FormatCaps {
         }
         Format::Jpeg => FormatCaps { layouts: &[L::Gray, L::Rgb, L::Cmyk], alpha: false, icc: true, exif: true, xmp: true, dpi: true, lossy: true, ..base },
         Format::Tiff => FormatCaps { depths: &[S::U8, S::U16, S::F32], layouts: TIFF_LAYOUTS, icc: true, exif: true, xmp: true, dpi: true, text: true, ..base },
-        Format::WebP => FormatCaps { icc: true, exif: true, xmp: true, animation: true, ..base },
+        // Resolution travels in EXIF (WebP has no field of its own).
+        Format::WebP => FormatCaps { icc: true, exif: true, xmp: true, dpi: true, animation: true, ..base },
         Format::Gif => FormatCaps { layouts: &[L::Rgba], animation: true, lossy: true, ..base },
         Format::Bmp => base,
         Format::Tga => FormatCaps { layouts: RGB_GRAY, ..base },
@@ -264,7 +276,9 @@ pub fn caps(format: Format) -> FormatCaps {
         Format::Fits => FormatCaps { depths: &[S::U8, S::U16, S::F32], layouts: &[L::Gray, L::Rgb], alpha: false, text: true, ..base },
         // `text`: the DPX header fields only (see `fidelity_warnings_with`).
         Format::Dpx => FormatCaps { depths: &[S::U8, S::U16], layouts: &[L::Gray, L::Rgb, L::Rgba], text: true, ..base },
-        Format::Cineon => FormatCaps { read: true, write: false, depths: &[S::U16], layouts: &[L::Gray, L::Rgb], alpha: false, ..base },
+        Format::Cineon => FormatCaps { depths: &[S::U16], layouts: &[L::Gray, L::Rgb], alpha: false, ..base },
+        Format::Dicom => FormatCaps { read: true, write: false, depths: &[S::U8, S::U16], layouts: &[L::Gray, L::Rgb], alpha: false, ..base },
+        Format::Iff => FormatCaps { depths: &[S::U8], layouts: &[L::Rgb, L::Rgba], alpha: true, ..base },
     }
 }
 
@@ -322,6 +336,12 @@ pub fn detect(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<Format> {
     if crate::codecs::dpx::is_cineon(b) {
         return Some(Format::Cineon);
     }
+    if crate::codecs::dicom::is_dicom(b) {
+        return Some(Format::Dicom);
+    }
+    if crate::codecs::iff::looks_like_iff(b) {
+        return Some(Format::Iff);
+    }
     if b.starts_with(b"SIMPLE  =") {
         return Some(Format::Fits);
     }
diff --git a/crates/codecs/src/image.rs b/crates/codecs/src/image.rs
index adc737fee8..aba9e3b2f0 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/src/image.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/src/image.rs
@@ -145,6 +145,24 @@ pub struct Metadata {
     /// Photoshop layer data (TIFF tag 37724 `ImageSourceData`): a layered TIFF's layers. Kept
     /// opaque here; `photocraft-io` reads and writes it through `photocraft-psd`.
     pub photoshop_layers: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    /// Samples per pixel beyond the colour channels and the one alpha sample. TIFF extra
+    /// samples (spot colours, extra alpha channels) the pixel layout does not hold. Each entry
+    /// is one sample per pixel, native endian, in the image's [`SampleType`], row-major.
+    pub extra_samples: Vec<ExtraSample>,
+}
+
+/// How many extra TIFF samples an encoded file may carry. Decoders keep at most this many.
+/// Sixteen covers a UV-DTF stack (white, varnish, gloss, primer, and further spots) without
+/// approaching the PSD 56-channel limit.
+pub const MAX_EXTRA_SAMPLES: usize = 16;
+
+/// One TIFF extra sample (a spot channel or an alpha channel that is not the image alpha).
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub struct ExtraSample {
+    /// TIFF ExtraSamples value: 0 unspecified, 1 associated alpha, 2 unassociated alpha.
+    pub kind: u16,
+    /// One sample per pixel, native endian, same sample type as the image.
+    pub data: Vec<u8>,
 }
 
 impl Metadata {
@@ -155,6 +173,7 @@ impl Metadata {
             && self.text.is_empty()
             && self.photoshop_resources.is_none()
             && self.photoshop_layers.is_none()
+            && self.extra_samples.is_empty()
     }
 }
 
@@ -181,6 +200,12 @@ pub enum DecodeWarning {
     /// A DPX element's transfer characteristic and colorimetric specification (SMPTE 268M codes,
     /// 255 when undefined). The code values are imported as stored, without a colour transform.
     DpxEncoding { transfer: u8, colorimetric: u8 },
+    /// The file's `count` extra samples (spot or extra alpha channels) did not fit the allocation
+    /// limit next to the image, so only the image was decoded.
+    ExtraSamplesDropped { format: Format, count: u32 },
+    /// The file has `count` extra samples past the first [`MAX_EXTRA_SAMPLES`], which are all a
+    /// decoder keeps; those past the cap were not imported.
+    ExtraSamplesOverLimit { format: Format, count: u32 },
 }
 
 /// The SMPTE 268M name of a transfer characteristic or colorimetric code.
@@ -231,6 +256,20 @@ impl fmt::Display for DecodeWarning {
                 dpx_code_name(*transfer),
                 dpx_code_name(*colorimetric)
             ),
+            DecodeWarning::ExtraSamplesDropped { format, count } => write!(
+                f,
+                "{count} extra {} file channel{} (spot or alpha) did not fit in memory and {} not imported",
+                format.name(),
+                if *count == 1 { "" } else { "s" },
+                if *count == 1 { "was" } else { "were" }
+            ),
+            DecodeWarning::ExtraSamplesOverLimit { format, count } => write!(
+                f,
+                "{count} extra {} file channel{} (spot or alpha) past the first {MAX_EXTRA_SAMPLES} {} not imported",
+                format.name(),
+                if *count == 1 { "" } else { "s" },
+                if *count == 1 { "was" } else { "were" }
+            ),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -642,6 +681,17 @@ impl Image {
             let values = convert_layout(&src, self.layout, layout);
             quantize(&values, sample)
         };
+        let mut meta = self.meta.clone();
+        if sample != self.sample {
+            // Extra samples are stored in the image's sample type, so they convert with it. A
+            // plane of the wrong size is left as it is: importers drop it with a warning.
+            let plane_len = (self.width as usize).saturating_mul(self.height as usize).saturating_mul(self.sample.bytes());
+            for e in meta.extra_samples.iter_mut().filter(|e| e.data.len() == plane_len) {
+                if let Ok(plane) = Image::from_raw(self.width, self.height, ChannelLayout::Gray, self.sample, std::mem::take(&mut e.data)) {
+                    e.data = plane.convert(ChannelLayout::Gray, sample).data;
+                }
+            }
+        }
         Image {
             width: self.width,
             height: self.height,
@@ -650,7 +700,7 @@ impl Image {
             data,
             icc: if layout.same_model(self.layout) { self.icc.clone() } else { None },
             cicp: if layout.same_model(self.layout) { self.cicp } else { None },
-            meta: self.meta.clone(),
+            meta,
             warnings: self.warnings.clone(),
         }
     }
diff --git a/crates/codecs/src/lib.rs b/crates/codecs/src/lib.rs
index f7fa81b6b2..1ae285e7ce 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/src/lib.rs
@@ -37,17 +37,18 @@ pub use crate::exif_color::{EXIF_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB, exif_color_space};
 pub use crate::fidelity::{FidelityWarning, fidelity_warnings, fidelity_warnings_with};
 pub use crate::format::{ASYMMETRIC_EXCEPTIONS, Format, FormatCaps, caps, detect, from_extension};
 pub use crate::image::{
-    ChannelLayout, CryptomatteBuffer, CryptomatteLayer, DecodeWarning, DeepChannel, DeepImage, ExrChannelInfo, ExrPartInfo, Image, Metadata, SampleType,
+    ChannelLayout, CryptomatteBuffer, CryptomatteLayer, DecodeWarning, DeepChannel, DeepImage, ExrChannelInfo, ExrPartInfo, ExtraSample, Image,
+    MAX_EXTRA_SAMPLES, Metadata, SampleType,
 };
 pub use crate::options::{
-    DdsCompression, DdsOptions, DecodeOptions, DpxBits, EncodeOptions, ExrCompression, Limits, PngCompression, PngStereo, TiffCompression,
+    DdsCompression, DdsOptions, DecodeOptions, DpxBits, EncodeOptions, ExrCompression, JpegFormat, Limits, PngCompression, PngStereo, TiffCompression,
 };
 pub use crate::orientation::{exif_orientation, upright_exif, upright_xmp};
 pub use crate::resolution::{exif_resolution, export_exif, export_xmp, photoshop_resolution, xmp_resolution};
 pub use crate::source_settings::{WebpEncoding, jpeg_quality, webp_encoding};
 pub use half::f16;
 
-use crate::codecs::{dds, dpx, exr, fits, heif, jpeg, pcx, png, pnm, tiff, via_image, webp, xpm};
+use crate::codecs::{dds, dicom, dpx, exr, fits, heif, iff, jpeg, pcx, png, pnm, tiff, via_image, webp, xpm};
 
 /// Detect the format and decode with default [`Limits`].
 pub fn decode(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Image, CodecError> {
@@ -84,6 +85,8 @@ pub fn decode_as_with(format: Format, bytes: &[u8], opts: &DecodeOptions) -> Res
         Format::Fits => fits::decode(bytes, l),
         Format::Dpx => dpx::decode(bytes, l),
         Format::Cineon => dpx::decode_cineon(bytes, l),
+        Format::Dicom => dicom::decode(bytes, l),
+        Format::Iff => iff::decode(bytes, l),
         Format::OpenExr => exr::decode(bytes, l),
         Format::Heif => heif::decode(bytes, l, opts.keep_orientation),
         Format::Gif | Format::Bmp | Format::Tga | Format::Ico | Format::Qoi | Format::Hdr | Format::Avif => via_image::decode(format, bytes, l),
@@ -167,6 +170,23 @@ pub fn decode_gif_frames(bytes: &[u8], opts: &DecodeOptions) -> Result<Vec<Anima
     crate::codecs::gif_frames::decode(bytes, opts)
 }
 
+/// Decodes every frame of a WebP (a still one yields one frame with a 0 delay, as [`decode`]
+/// reads it), each a full picture of the canvas with its duration and the file's ICC profile.
+/// [`decode`] keeps the first frame only. See [`MAX_GIF_FRAMES`] and `opts.limits` for what is
+/// refused.
+pub fn decode_webp_frames(bytes: &[u8], opts: &DecodeOptions) -> Result<Vec<AnimationFrame>, CodecError> {
+    match crate::codecs::webp::decode_frames(bytes, &opts.limits)? {
+        Some(frames) => Ok(frames),
+        None => Ok(vec![AnimationFrame { image: decode_as_with(Format::WebP, bytes, opts)?, delay_ms: 0 }]),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Whether `bytes` is an animated WebP of more than one frame (which [`decode`] opens as its
+/// first frame, with a warning, and [`decode_webp_frames`] reads whole).
+pub fn webp_is_animated(bytes: &[u8]) -> bool {
+    crate::codecs::webp::is_animated(bytes)
+}
+
 /// The Orientation (1–8) of the page [`decode`] opens from a TIFF or BigTIFF file; 1 when it is
 /// absent, malformed or out of range.
 pub fn tiff_orientation(bytes: &[u8]) -> u16 {
@@ -282,7 +302,9 @@ pub fn encode(image: &Image, format: Format, opts: &EncodeOptions) -> Result<Vec
         Format::Dds => dds::encode(image, plan, opts),
         Format::Fits => fits::encode(image, plan, opts),
         Format::Dpx => dpx::encode(image, plan, opts),
-        Format::Cineon => Err(CodecError::unsupported(format, "Cineon is import-only; save as DPX, TIFF or EXR instead")),
+        Format::Cineon => dpx::encode_cineon(image, plan),
+        Format::Dicom => Err(CodecError::unsupported(format, "DICOM is import-only; save as TIFF or PNG instead")),
+        Format::Iff => iff::encode(image, plan),
         Format::OpenExr => exr::encode(image, plan, opts),
         Format::Heif => Err(CodecError::unsupported(format, "encoding is not available in this build")),
         Format::Gif | Format::Bmp | Format::Tga | Format::Ico | Format::Qoi | Format::Hdr | Format::Avif => via_image::encode(format, image, plan, opts),
diff --git a/crates/codecs/src/options.rs b/crates/codecs/src/options.rs
index 08de328574..2279504413 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/src/options.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/src/options.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,9 @@ pub struct Limits {
     /// Maximum bytes for the decoded pixel buffer (and passed on as the
     /// allocation budget to underlying decoders).
     /// PNG also applies this to the aggregate decoded text/XMP UTF-8 bytes,
-    /// including keywords, separately from pixels. This is not a total RSS cap.
+    /// including keywords, separately from pixels. Animated WebP charges
+    /// every retained frame's full pixel copy plus its own copy of the
+    /// file's ICC profile against this budget. This is not a total RSS cap.
     pub max_alloc: u64,
 }
 
@@ -103,18 +105,18 @@ pub enum PngCompression {
 /// How a PNG's `sTER` chunk pairs its two views (PNG Extensions 1.4.0, §3.6).
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum PngStereo {
-    /// Left and right views side by side, left first.
-    Horizontal,
-    /// Left and right views stacked, left on top.
-    Vertical,
+    /// Side by side with the right-eye view first (cross-eyed viewing, mode 0).
+    CrossFuse,
+    /// Side by side with the left-eye view first (parallel viewing, mode 1).
+    DivergingFuse,
 }
 
 impl PngStereo {
     /// The view for an `sTER` mode byte; reserved and unknown values are `None`.
     pub fn from_mode(mode: u8) -> Option<Self> {
         match mode {
-            0 => Some(Self::Horizontal),
-            1 => Some(Self::Vertical),
+            0 => Some(Self::CrossFuse),
+            1 => Some(Self::DivergingFuse),
             _ => None,
         }
     }
@@ -122,8 +124,8 @@ impl PngStereo {
     /// The `sTER` mode byte.
     pub fn mode(self) -> u8 {
         match self {
-            Self::Horizontal => 0,
-            Self::Vertical => 1,
+            Self::CrossFuse => 0,
+            Self::DivergingFuse => 1,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -139,6 +141,37 @@ pub enum TiffCompression {
     PackBits,
 }
 
+/// JPEG scan layout: Photoshop's JPEG Options › Format Options.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
+pub enum JpegFormat {
+    /// Baseline ("Standard"): one sequential scan with the standard Huffman tables.
+    #[default]
+    Baseline,
+    /// Baseline Optimized: one sequential scan with Huffman tables fitted to the image. Only at
+    /// 4:4:4 for now: a 4:2:0 (subsampled RGB) baseline scan keeps the standard tables, because
+    /// fitted tables make jpeg-encoder write one scan per component, which zune-jpeg 0.5.15 (our
+    /// decoder) reads back wrongly when chroma is subsampled (see `web::encode_jpeg_rgb8`).
+    Optimized,
+    /// Progressive: the image refines over several scans as it loads.
+    Progressive,
+}
+
+impl JpegFormat {
+    /// `"baseline"`, `"optimized"` or `"progressive"`, as parameters and scripts spell it.
+    pub fn name(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            JpegFormat::Baseline => "baseline",
+            JpegFormat::Optimized => "optimized",
+            JpegFormat::Progressive => "progressive",
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The inverse of [`Self::name`].
+    pub fn parse(s: &str) -> Option<Self> {
+        [JpegFormat::Baseline, JpegFormat::Optimized, JpegFormat::Progressive].into_iter().find(|f| f.name() == s)
+    }
+}
+
 /// OpenEXR compression (lossless methods only).
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
 pub enum ExrCompression {
@@ -244,6 +277,8 @@ pub struct EncodeOptions {
     pub jpeg_quality: u8,
     /// JPEG 4:2:0 chroma subsampling (`false` = 4:4:4).
     pub jpeg_chroma_subsampling: bool,
+    /// JPEG scan layout (baseline, baseline optimized or progressive).
+    pub jpeg_format: JpegFormat,
     pub png_compression: PngCompression,
     /// Write Adam7-interlaced PNG.
     pub png_interlaced: bool,
@@ -275,6 +310,7 @@ impl Default for EncodeOptions {
         EncodeOptions {
             jpeg_quality: 90,
             jpeg_chroma_subsampling: true,
+            jpeg_format: JpegFormat::Baseline,
             png_compression: PngCompression::Default,
             png_interlaced: false,
             png_stereo: None,
diff --git a/crates/codecs/src/orientation.rs b/crates/codecs/src/orientation.rs
index 3d10d5ddea..7f31a6b271 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/src/orientation.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/src/orientation.rs
@@ -331,6 +331,12 @@ impl Image {
         }
         let data = orient_bytes(self.data(), bpp, o, (w, h), ow)?;
         let mut meta = self.meta.clone();
+        // Extra samples (a TIFF's alpha and spot planes, one sample a pixel) turn with the image.
+        // A plane of the wrong size is left as it is: importers drop it with a warning.
+        let plane_len = w.saturating_mul(h).saturating_mul(sample.bytes());
+        for e in meta.extra_samples.iter_mut().filter(|e| e.data.len() == plane_len) {
+            e.data = orient_bytes(&e.data, sample.bytes(), o, (w, h), ow)?;
+        }
         if let Some(e) = &mut meta.exif
             && let Cow::Owned(fixed) = upright_exif(e)
         {
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/camera_raw.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/camera_raw.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/codecs/tests/camera_raw.rs
rename to crates/codecs/tests/it/camera_raw.rs
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/common/mod.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/common/mod.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/codecs/tests/common/mod.rs
rename to crates/codecs/tests/it/common/mod.rs
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/common/tiffgen.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/common/tiffgen.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/codecs/tests/common/tiffgen.rs
rename to crates/codecs/tests/it/common/tiffgen.rs
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/dds.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/dds.rs
similarity index 74%
rename from crates/codecs/tests/dds.rs
rename to crates/codecs/tests/it/dds.rs
index ebf4042f48..1f4091d430 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/tests/dds.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/tests/it/dds.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ const DDPF_ALPHAPIXELS: u32 = 0x1;
 const DDPF_FOURCC: u32 = 0x4;
 const DDPF_RGB: u32 = 0x40;
 const DDPF_LUMINANCE: u32 = 0x2_0000;
+const DDSD_PITCH: u32 = 0x8;
 
 /// A DDS_HEADER for a single-level 2D texture, after the `DDS ` signature.
 fn header(width: u32, height: u32, pf_flags: u32, fourcc: &[u8; 4], bits: u32, masks: [u32; 4]) -> Vec<u8> {
@@ -31,6 +32,11 @@ fn compressed(width: u32, height: u32, fourcc: &[u8; 4]) -> Vec<u8> {
     header(width, height, DDPF_FOURCC, fourcc, 0, [0; 4])
 }
 
+fn set_pitch(b: &mut [u8], pitch: u32) {
+    b[8..12].copy_from_slice(&(0x1007 | DDSD_PITCH).to_le_bytes());
+    b[20..24].copy_from_slice(&pitch.to_le_bytes());
+}
+
 /// The DX10 extension header after a `DX10` FourCC: format, dimension, misc flags, array size.
 fn dx10(width: u32, height: u32, dxgi: u32, dimension: u32, misc: u32, array: u32) -> Vec<u8> {
     let mut b = compressed(width, height, b"DX10");
@@ -170,6 +176,101 @@ fn decodes_packed_masks_and_luminance() {
     assert_eq!((im.layout(), im.data()), (ChannelLayout::GrayA, &[10u8, 20, 30, 40][..]));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn decodes_padded_rgb_rows() {
+    // DWORD-aligned 24-bit rows: the fourth byte is padding, not the next pixel.
+    let mut b = header(1, 2, DDPF_RGB, &[0; 4], 24, [0xff, 0xff00, 0xff_0000, 0]);
+    set_pitch(&mut b, 4);
+    b.extend([255, 0, 0, 99, 0, 255, 0, 88]);
+    let im = decode(&b).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!((im.dimensions(), im.layout()), ((1, 2), ChannelLayout::Rgb));
+    assert_eq!(im.data(), &[255, 0, 0, 0, 255, 0]);
+
+    // Padding can contain whole pixels; only the declared width is decoded.
+    let mut b = header(2, 2, DDPF_RGB, &[0; 4], 16, [0xf800, 0x07e0, 0x001f, 0]);
+    set_pitch(&mut b, 8);
+    for v in [RED, GREEN, WHITE, WHITE, BLUE, BLACK, WHITE, WHITE] {
+        b.extend(v.to_le_bytes());
+    }
+    assert_eq!(decode(&b).unwrap().data(), &[255, 0, 0, 0, 255, 0, 0, 0, 255, 0, 0, 0]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn decodes_padded_luminance_rows() {
+    let mut b = header(2, 2, DDPF_LUMINANCE, &[0; 4], 8, [0xff, 0, 0, 0]);
+    set_pitch(&mut b, 4);
+    b.extend([10, 20, 99, 98, 30, 40, 97, 96]);
+    let im = decode(&b).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!((im.layout(), im.data()), (ChannelLayout::Gray, &[10u8, 20, 30, 40][..]));
+
+    let mut b = header(1, 2, DDPF_LUMINANCE | DDPF_ALPHAPIXELS, &[0; 4], 16, [0xff, 0, 0, 0xff00]);
+    set_pitch(&mut b, 4);
+    b.extend([10, 20, 99, 98, 30, 40, 97, 96]);
+    let im = decode(&b).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!((im.layout(), im.data()), (ChannelLayout::GrayA, &[10u8, 20, 30, 40][..]));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn decodes_padded_dx10_rows() {
+    let mut b = dx10(1, 2, 28, 3, 0, 1); // R8G8B8A8_UNORM
+    set_pitch(&mut b, 8);
+    b.extend([1, 2, 3, 4, 99, 98, 97, 96, 5, 6, 7, 8, 95, 94, 93, 92]);
+    assert_eq!(decode(&b).unwrap().data(), &[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ignores_pitch_without_the_pitch_flag() {
+    let mut b = header(1, 2, DDPF_RGB, &[0; 4], 24, [0xff, 0xff00, 0xff_0000, 0]);
+    b[20..24].copy_from_slice(&u32::MAX.to_le_bytes());
+    b.extend([255, 0, 0, 0, 255, 0]);
+    assert_eq!(decode(&b).unwrap().data(), &[255, 0, 0, 0, 255, 0]);
+
+    set_pitch(&mut b, 3); // An explicitly tightly packed row is also valid.
+    assert_eq!(decode(&b).unwrap().data(), &[255, 0, 0, 0, 255, 0]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn compressed_linear_size_is_not_a_row_pitch() {
+    let mut b = compressed(4, 8, b"DXT1");
+    b[8..12].copy_from_slice(&(0x1007u32 | 0x8_0000).to_le_bytes()); // DDSD_LINEARSIZE
+    b[20..24].copy_from_slice(&16u32.to_le_bytes()); // Two 8-byte block rows.
+    b.extend(bc1_block(RED, RED, [0; 4]));
+    b.extend(bc1_block(BLUE, BLUE, [0; 4]));
+    let im = decode(&b).unwrap();
+    assert!(im.data()[..64].as_chunks::<4>().0.iter().all(|p| p == &[255, 0, 0, 255]));
+    assert!(im.data()[64..].as_chunks::<4>().0.iter().all(|p| p == &[0, 0, 255, 255]));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn rejects_pitch_smaller_than_a_pixel_row() {
+    for pitch in [0, 1, 2] {
+        let mut b = header(1, 2, DDPF_RGB, &[0; 4], 24, [0xff, 0xff00, 0xff_0000, 0]);
+        set_pitch(&mut b, pitch);
+        b.extend([255, 0, 0, 0, 255, 0]);
+        assert!(matches!(decode(&b), Err(CodecError::Malformed { .. })), "pitch {pitch}");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn rejects_truncated_padded_rows() {
+    let mut b = header(1, 2, DDPF_RGB, &[0; 4], 24, [0xff, 0xff00, 0xff_0000, 0]);
+    set_pitch(&mut b, 4);
+    b.extend([255, 0, 0, 99, 0, 255, 0, 88]);
+    assert!(decode(&b).is_ok());
+    for n in 128..b.len() {
+        assert!(matches!(decode(&b[..n]), Err(CodecError::Malformed { .. })), "decoded {n} of {} bytes", b.len());
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn rejects_huge_pitch_without_allocating() {
+    let mut b = header(1, 2, DDPF_LUMINANCE, &[0; 4], 8, [0xff, 0, 0, 0]);
+    set_pitch(&mut b, u32::MAX);
+    b.extend([10, 20]);
+    // On 32-bit targets pitch * height overflows; on 64-bit the payload is too short.
+    assert!(matches!(decode(&b), Err(CodecError::Malformed { .. })));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn decodes_dx10_headers() {
     let mut b = dx10(1, 1, 28, 3, 0, 1); // R8G8B8A8_UNORM
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/dds_write.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/dds_write.rs
similarity index 97%
rename from crates/codecs/tests/dds_write.rs
rename to crates/codecs/tests/it/dds_write.rs
index 3225dd14d6..e51e21ceda 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/tests/dds_write.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/tests/it/dds_write.rs
@@ -97,6 +97,9 @@ fn level(file: &[u8], i: u32) -> Image {
     b[12..16].copy_from_slice(&(lh as u32).to_le_bytes());
     b[16..20].copy_from_slice(&(lw as u32).to_le_bytes());
     b[28..32].copy_from_slice(&1u32.to_le_bytes());
+    // The pitch field is a row stride for uncompressed textures and the level size for BC.
+    let pitch = if le32(file, 80) & DDPF_FOURCC != 0 { level_bytes(file, lw, lh) } else { lw * le32(file, 88) as usize / 8 };
+    b[20..24].copy_from_slice(&(pitch as u32).to_le_bytes());
     b.extend(&file[start..start + level_bytes(file, lw, lh)]);
     decode(&b).unwrap()
 }
@@ -345,7 +348,7 @@ fn compression_names_round_trip() {
 /// Encode timings on a synthetic ~30 MP texture (6336×4752). Ignored by default; run in release:
 ///
 /// ```sh
-/// cargo test --release -p photocraft-codecs --test dds_write -- --ignored --nocapture
+/// cargo test --release -p photocraft-codecs --test it -- dds_write:: --ignored --nocapture
 /// ```
 #[test]
 #[ignore]
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/decode_warnings.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/decode_warnings.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/codecs/tests/decode_warnings.rs
rename to crates/codecs/tests/it/decode_warnings.rs
index 5fc310104a..82bf75b57d 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/tests/decode_warnings.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/tests/it/decode_warnings.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! Decode warnings: a file that holds more than was decoded (#523: animations, multi-page
 //! TIFF) or less than it should (#518: truncated JPEG) says so; complete single images don't.
 
-mod common;
+use crate::common;
 use common::*;
 use photocraft_codecs::*;
 
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/deep_exr.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/deep_exr.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/codecs/tests/deep_exr.rs
rename to crates/codecs/tests/it/deep_exr.rs
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/detect_caps.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/detect_caps.rs
similarity index 83%
rename from crates/codecs/tests/detect_caps.rs
rename to crates/codecs/tests/it/detect_caps.rs
index f2191e05f1..f91cacf42c 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/tests/detect_caps.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/tests/it/detect_caps.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! Magic-number detection, extensions, and the capability table
 //! (including the symmetric read/write guarantee).
 
-mod common;
+use crate::common;
 use common::*;
 use photocraft_codecs::*;
 
@@ -60,6 +60,8 @@ fn default_build_formats_all_symmetric() {
         Format::Hdr,
         Format::Fits,
         Format::Dpx,
+        Format::Cineon,
+        Format::Iff,
     ];
     for f in expected {
         assert!(caps(f).read && caps(f).write, "{f:?}");
@@ -102,7 +104,9 @@ fn caps_are_internally_consistent() {
         let c = caps(f);
         assert!(!c.depths.is_empty() && !c.layouts.is_empty(), "{f:?}");
         assert_eq!(c.alpha, c.layouts.iter().any(|l| l.has_alpha()), "{f:?} alpha flag vs layouts");
-        assert!(!f.extensions().is_empty() && !f.name().is_empty() && f.mime_type().starts_with("image/"));
+        // DICOM's registered media type is `application/dicom`; every other format is an image.
+        let mime_ok = f.mime_type().starts_with("image/") || (f == Format::Dicom && f.mime_type() == "application/dicom");
+        assert!(!f.extensions().is_empty() && !f.name().is_empty() && mime_ok, "{f:?}");
     }
 }
 
@@ -192,11 +196,28 @@ fn detect_magic_cineon() {
     b[0..4].copy_from_slice(&[0x80, 0x2A, 0x5F, 0xD7]);
     assert_eq!(detect(&b), Some(Format::Cineon));
     assert_eq!(from_extension("scan.CIN"), Some(Format::Cineon));
-    assert!(caps(Format::Cineon).read && !caps(Format::Cineon).write, "Cineon is read-only");
-    assert!(ASYMMETRIC_EXCEPTIONS.iter().any(|(f, _)| *f == Format::Cineon));
+    assert!(caps(Format::Cineon).read && caps(Format::Cineon).write, "Cineon is read and written");
+    assert!(!ASYMMETRIC_EXCEPTIONS.iter().any(|(f, _)| *f == Format::Cineon));
     // A bare magic is an error, never a panic.
     assert!(decode_as(Format::Cineon, &b).is_err());
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn detect_magic_iff() {
+    // FORM + a four-byte length + the bitmap type.
+    assert_eq!(detect(b"FORM\0\0\0\x14ILBM"), Some(Format::Iff));
+    assert_eq!(detect(b"FORM\0\0\0\x14PBM "), Some(Format::Iff));
+    assert_eq!(from_extension("art.LBM"), Some(Format::Iff));
+    assert_eq!(from_extension("art.ilbm"), Some(Format::Iff));
+    assert!(caps(Format::Iff).read && caps(Format::Iff).write, "IFF is read and written");
+    assert!(caps(Format::Iff).alpha);
+    assert!(caps(Format::Iff).layouts.contains(&photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgba));
+    assert!(!ASYMMETRIC_EXCEPTIONS.iter().any(|(f, _)| *f == Format::Iff));
+    assert_eq!(Format::Iff.max_dimensions(), Some((65535, 65535)));
+    // A bare FORM without a bitmap type is not IFF.
+    assert_eq!(detect(b"FORM\0\0\0\x14AIFF"), None);
+    assert!(decode_as(Format::Iff, b"FORM\0\0\0\x14ILBM").is_err());
+}
 #[test]
 fn detect_magic_avif() {
     assert_eq!(detect(b"\0\0\0\x1cftypavif\0\0\0\0avifmif1miaf"), Some(Format::Avif));
@@ -204,6 +225,19 @@ fn detect_magic_avif() {
     assert_eq!(detect(b"\0\0\0\x18ftypmif1\0\0\0\0mif1avif"), Some(Format::Avif), "compatible brand");
     assert_eq!(detect(b"\0\0\0\x18ftypisom\0\0\0\0isommp41"), None, "mp4 is not avif");
 }
+#[test]
+fn detect_magic_dicom() {
+    let mut b = vec![0u8; 128];
+    b.extend_from_slice(b"DICM");
+    assert_eq!(detect(&b), Some(Format::Dicom));
+    assert_eq!(from_extension("scan.DCM"), Some(Format::Dicom));
+    assert_eq!(from_extension("scan.dc3"), Some(Format::Dicom));
+    assert!(caps(Format::Dicom).read && !caps(Format::Dicom).write);
+    assert!(ASYMMETRIC_EXCEPTIONS.iter().any(|(f, _)| *f == Format::Dicom));
+    // A bare magic is an error, never a panic.
+    assert!(decode_as(Format::Dicom, &b).is_err());
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn detect_tga_heuristic() {
     // Uncompressed true-colour 2x2, 24 bpp.
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/dpx.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/dpx.rs
similarity index 67%
rename from crates/codecs/tests/dpx.rs
rename to crates/codecs/tests/it/dpx.rs
index 8fdeb398c3..3ec8978247 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/tests/dpx.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/tests/it/dpx.rs
@@ -323,6 +323,49 @@ fn chosen_bit_depth_sets_the_header_and_packing() {
     assert!(fidelity_warnings(&float, Format::Dpx).contains(&FidelityWarning::DepthReduced { from: SampleType::F32, to: SampleType::U16 }));
 }
 
+/// The depth warnings of `img` written as `format` with `o`.
+fn depth_warnings(img: &Image, format: Format, o: &EncodeOptions) -> Vec<FidelityWarning> {
+    fidelity_warnings_with(img, format, o)
+        .into_iter()
+        .filter(|w| matches!(w, FidelityWarning::DepthReduced { .. } | FidelityWarning::BitsReduced { .. }))
+        .collect()
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn saving_sixteen_bits_at_ten_or_twelve_warns_with_the_stored_bits() {
+    let img = Image::from_u16(5, 2, ChannelLayout::Rgb, &(0..30u16).map(|i| i * 2000 + 1).collect::<Vec<_>>()).unwrap();
+    for (choice, bits) in [(DpxBits::Bits10, 10), (DpxBits::Bits12, 12)] {
+        assert_eq!(depth_warnings(&img, Format::Dpx, &opts(Some(choice))), [FidelityWarning::BitsReduced { from: SampleType::U16, bits }]);
+        assert_eq!(FidelityWarning::BitsReduced { from: SampleType::U16, bits }.to_string(), format!("16-bit will be reduced to {bits}-bit"));
+        // Float samples name the stored bits too, not the 16-bit words they are packed in.
+        let float = img.convert(ChannelLayout::Rgb, SampleType::F32);
+        assert_eq!(depth_warnings(&float, Format::Dpx, &opts(Some(choice))), [FidelityWarning::BitsReduced { from: SampleType::F32, bits }]);
+        // 8-bit samples widen into 10 and 12 bits without loss.
+        let eight = img.convert(ChannelLayout::Rgb, SampleType::U8);
+        assert_eq!(depth_warnings(&eight, Format::Dpx, &opts(Some(choice))), []);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(depth_warnings(&img, Format::Dpx, &opts(Some(DpxBits::Bits16))), []);
+    assert_eq!(depth_warnings(&img, Format::Dpx, &opts(None)), []);
+    assert_eq!(depth_warnings(&img, Format::Dpx, &opts(Some(DpxBits::Bits8))), [FidelityWarning::DepthReduced { from: SampleType::U16, to: SampleType::U8 }]);
+    assert_eq!(depth_warnings(&img, Format::Cineon, &EncodeOptions::default()), [FidelityWarning::BitsReduced { from: SampleType::U16, bits: 10 }]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_frame_opened_at_ten_or_twelve_bits_saves_back_without_a_warning() {
+    let img = Image::from_u16(5, 2, ChannelLayout::Rgb, &(0..30u16).map(|i| i * 2000 + 1).collect::<Vec<_>>()).unwrap();
+    for (choice, bits) in [(DpxBits::Bits10, 10), (DpxBits::Bits12, 12)] {
+        let opened = decode(&encode(&img, Format::Dpx, &opts(Some(choice))).unwrap()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(depth_warnings(&opened, Format::Dpx, &opts(Some(choice))), [], "{bits}-bit");
+        assert_eq!(decode(&encode(&opened, Format::Dpx, &opts(Some(choice))).unwrap()).unwrap(), opened, "{bits}-bit");
+    }
+    // A 12-bit frame saved at 10 bits does lose its two low bits.
+    let twelve = decode(&encode(&img, Format::Dpx, &opts(Some(DpxBits::Bits12))).unwrap()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(depth_warnings(&twelve, Format::Dpx, &opts(Some(DpxBits::Bits10))), [FidelityWarning::BitsReduced { from: SampleType::U16, bits: 10 }]);
+    let cineon = decode(&cineon_bytes(3, 4, 2, &cineon_codes(24))).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(depth_warnings(&cineon, Format::Cineon, &EncodeOptions::default()), []);
+    assert_eq!(depth_warnings(&cineon, Format::Dpx, &opts(Some(DpxBits::Bits10))), []);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn gray_with_alpha_is_written_as_luma_with_a_warning() {
     let img = Image::from_u8(2, 1, ChannelLayout::GrayA, vec![10, 128, 200, 255]).unwrap();
@@ -384,3 +427,95 @@ fn unsupported_and_damaged_files_error_instead_of_panicking() {
         assert!(decode_as(Format::Dpx, &bytes).is_err(), "{what}");
     }
 }
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------- Cineon (Kodak .cin)
+
+/// A Cineon 4.5 file built field by field: the 1024-byte generic header, a 1024-byte film header,
+/// then `codes` (interleaved, top line first) three 10-bit values to a big-endian word, left
+/// justified, each line on a word boundary.
+fn cineon_bytes(channels: u8, width: u32, height: u32, codes: &[u16]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut b = vec![0u8; 2048];
+    b[0..4].copy_from_slice(&0x802A_5FD7u32.to_be_bytes());
+    b[4..8].copy_from_slice(&2048u32.to_be_bytes());
+    b[193] = channels;
+    b[198] = 10;
+    b[200..204].copy_from_slice(&width.to_be_bytes());
+    b[204..208].copy_from_slice(&height.to_be_bytes());
+    for line in codes.chunks(width as usize * usize::from(channels)) {
+        for chunk in line.chunks(3) {
+            let w = chunk.iter().enumerate().fold(0u32, |w, (i, &c)| w | (u32::from(c) << (22 - 10 * i as u32)));
+            b.extend(w.to_be_bytes());
+        }
+    }
+    b
+}
+
+/// Code values spread over 0..=1023, ends included.
+fn cineon_codes(n: usize) -> Vec<u16> {
+    (0..n).map(|i| if i == 1 { 1023 } else { ((i as u64 * 2654435761) % 1024) as u16 }).collect()
+}
+
+/// Reads back what we wrote: (channels, width, height, code values), from the header's own fields.
+fn cineon_written(b: &[u8]) -> (u8, u32, u32, Vec<u16>) {
+    let off = be32_at(b, 4) as usize;
+    let (nc, w, h) = (b[193], be32_at(b, 200), be32_at(b, 204));
+    let per_line = w as usize * usize::from(nc);
+    let stride = per_line.div_ceil(3) * 4;
+    let mut codes = Vec::new();
+    for y in 0..h as usize {
+        let line = &b[off + y * stride..];
+        codes.extend((0..per_line).map(|i| ((be32_at(line, i / 3 * 4) >> (22 - 10 * (i % 3) as u32)) & 0x3FF) as u16));
+    }
+    (nc, w, h, codes)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn cineon_frames_saved_as_cineon_keep_their_code_values_and_reopen_identically() {
+    // Widths that leave partly filled words at the end of each line.
+    for (channels, layout) in [(1u8, ChannelLayout::Gray), (3, ChannelLayout::Rgb)] {
+        let codes = cineon_codes(5 * 3 * usize::from(channels));
+        let img = decode(&cineon_bytes(channels, 5, 3, &codes)).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(img.layout(), layout);
+        let out = encode(&img, Format::Cineon, &EncodeOptions::default()).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{layout:?}: {e}"));
+        assert_eq!(detect(&out), Some(Format::Cineon), "{layout:?}");
+        assert_eq!(cineon_written(&out), (channels, 5, 3, codes), "{layout:?}");
+        assert_eq!(decode(&out).unwrap(), img, "{layout:?}");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn cineon_header_follows_the_kodak_layout() {
+    let img = decode(&cineon_bytes(3, 4, 2, &cineon_codes(24))).unwrap();
+    let out = encode(&img, Format::Cineon, &EncodeOptions::default()).unwrap();
+    let f32_at = |at: usize| f32::from_bits(be32_at(&out, at));
+    // Generic and film header lengths, user data, total size, version.
+    assert_eq!((be32_at(&out, 4), be32_at(&out, 8), be32_at(&out, 12), be32_at(&out, 16)), (2048, 1024, 1024, 0));
+    assert_eq!(be32_at(&out, 20) as usize, out.len());
+    assert_eq!(&out[24..29], b"V4.5\0");
+    // Upright, three channels, each the universal metric's red, green, blue at 10 bits.
+    assert_eq!((out[192], out[193]), (0, 3));
+    for (i, colour) in [1u8, 2, 3].into_iter().enumerate() {
+        let c = 196 + 28 * i;
+        assert_eq!(&out[c..c + 3], &[0, colour, 10], "channel {i}");
+        assert_eq!((be32_at(&out, c + 4), be32_at(&out, c + 8)), (4, 2), "channel {i}");
+        // Minimum and maximum data value and quantity, all four 32-bit floats.
+        assert_eq!((f32_at(c + 12), f32_at(c + 16), f32_at(c + 20), f32_at(c + 24)), (0.0, 0.0, 1023.0, 2.048), "channel {i}");
+    }
+    // Pixel interleave, 32-bit words left justified, unsigned, positive, no padding.
+    assert_eq!(&out[680..692], &[0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
+    // Two lines of twelve samples: four words each.
+    assert_eq!(out.len(), 2048 + 2 * 16);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn any_image_saves_as_ten_bit_cineon() {
+    // 16-bit samples land on the nearest 10-bit code; colour with alpha drops it, gray stays gray.
+    let wide = Image::from_u16(3, 1, ChannelLayout::Rgba, &[0, 32, 65535, 65535, 30000, 40000, 50000, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4]).unwrap();
+    let out = encode(&wide, Format::Cineon, &EncodeOptions::default()).unwrap();
+    let to_code = |v: u16| (f64::from(v) * 1023.0 / 65535.0).round() as u16;
+    let want: Vec<u16> = [0u16, 32, 65535, 30000, 40000, 50000, 1, 2, 3].into_iter().map(to_code).collect();
+    assert_eq!(cineon_written(&out), (3, 3, 1, want));
+    assert!(fidelity_warnings(&wide, Format::Cineon).contains(&FidelityWarning::AlphaDiscarded));
+    let gray8 = Image::from_u8(2, 1, ChannelLayout::Gray, vec![0, 255]).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(cineon_written(&encode(&gray8, Format::Cineon, &EncodeOptions::default()).unwrap()), (1, 2, 1, vec![0, 1023]));
+}
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/exr_cryptomatte.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/exr_cryptomatte.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/codecs/tests/exr_cryptomatte.rs
rename to crates/codecs/tests/it/exr_cryptomatte.rs
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/exr_multipart.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/exr_multipart.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/codecs/tests/exr_multipart.rs
rename to crates/codecs/tests/it/exr_multipart.rs
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/fidelity.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/fidelity.rs
similarity index 86%
rename from crates/codecs/tests/fidelity.rs
rename to crates/codecs/tests/it/fidelity.rs
index 93b0236fdf..8ca821e000 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/tests/fidelity.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/tests/it/fidelity.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! `fidelity_warnings` cases, and consistency with what `encode` does.
 
-mod common;
+use crate::common;
 use FidelityWarning as W;
 use common::*;
 use photocraft_codecs::*;
@@ -99,13 +99,14 @@ fn exif_xmp_dpi_text_dropped_for_qoi() {
         assert!(w.contains(&x), "{x:?}");
     }
 }
+/// WebP keeps the resolution in EXIF (#2399); only free-form text has nowhere to go.
 #[test]
-fn webp_drops_dpi_and_text_only() {
+fn webp_drops_text_only() {
     let mut img = test_image(ChannelLayout::Rgb, SampleType::U8);
     img.meta =
         Metadata { exif: Some(sample_exif()), xmp: Some("x".into()), dpi: Some((72.0, 72.0)), text: vec![("a".into(), "b".into())], ..Default::default() };
     let w = warns(&img, Format::WebP);
-    assert_eq!(w, vec![W::DpiDropped, W::TextDropped]);
+    assert_eq!(w, vec![W::TextDropped]);
 }
 #[test]
 fn float_to_png_reduces_and_clips() {
@@ -155,6 +156,13 @@ fn gif_quantizes_and_binarizes() {
     assert!(!w.contains(&W::LossyCompression));
 }
 #[test]
+fn iff_binarizes_alpha_and_reduces_16_bit() {
+    assert_eq!(warns(&test_image(ChannelLayout::Rgba, SampleType::U8), Format::Iff), vec![W::AlphaBinarized]);
+    let w = warns(&test_image(ChannelLayout::Rgb, SampleType::U16), Format::Iff);
+    assert!(w.contains(&W::DepthReduced { from: SampleType::U16, to: SampleType::U8 }));
+    assert!(warns(&test_image(ChannelLayout::Rgb, SampleType::U8), Format::Iff).is_empty());
+}
+#[test]
 fn hdr_is_lossy() {
     assert!(warns(&test_image(ChannelLayout::Rgb, SampleType::F32), Format::Hdr).contains(&W::LossyCompression));
 }
@@ -180,6 +188,7 @@ fn every_warning_has_a_message() {
     let all = [
         W::WriteUnsupported { format: Format::Avif },
         W::DepthReduced { from: SampleType::F32, to: SampleType::F16 },
+        W::BitsReduced { from: SampleType::U16, bits: 10 },
         W::RangeClipped,
         W::AlphaDiscarded,
         W::AlphaBinarized,
@@ -209,9 +218,19 @@ fn warnings_match_actual_roundtrip_behaviour() {
                 let img = test_image(l, s);
                 let w = warns(&img, f);
                 let back = decode(&encode(&img, f, &EncodeOptions::default()).unwrap()).unwrap();
-                let depth_reduced = w.iter().any(|w| matches!(w, W::DepthReduced { .. }));
+                let depth_reduced = w.iter().any(|w| match w {
+                    W::DepthReduced { .. } => true,
+                    W::BitsReduced { from, .. } => from.is_float(),
+                    _ => false,
+                });
                 let lost_depth = back.sample_type() != s && back.sample_type() != SampleType::F32 && s != SampleType::U8;
                 assert_eq!(depth_reduced, lost_depth, "{f:?} {l:?} {s:?} {w:?} -> {:?}", back.sample_type());
+                // Cineon stores 10 bits: 16-bit samples come back changed exactly when warned.
+                if f == Format::Cineon && s == SampleType::U16 && back.sample_type() == s {
+                    let bits_reduced = w.iter().any(|w| matches!(w, W::BitsReduced { .. }));
+                    let changed = back.to_u16_samples() != img.convert(back.layout(), s).to_u16_samples();
+                    assert_eq!(bits_reduced, changed, "{f:?} {l:?} {w:?}");
+                }
                 let alpha_lost = l.has_alpha() && !back.layout().has_alpha();
                 assert_eq!(w.contains(&W::AlphaDiscarded), alpha_lost, "{f:?} {l:?} {s:?}");
                 let cmyk_lost = l.is_cmyk() && !back.layout().is_cmyk();
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/gif_frames.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/gif_frames.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/codecs/tests/gif_frames.rs
rename to crates/codecs/tests/it/gif_frames.rs
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/heif.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/heif.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/codecs/tests/heif.rs
rename to crates/codecs/tests/it/heif.rs
index 6471a5ece6..bc1a185ae1 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/tests/heif.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/tests/it/heif.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 
 #![cfg(all(feature = "corpus", feature = "heif"))]
 
-mod common;
+use crate::common;
 use common::*;
 use photocraft_codecs::*;
 use std::sync::LazyLock;
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/limits.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/limits.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/codecs/tests/limits.rs
rename to crates/codecs/tests/it/limits.rs
index 6969fea922..c1873771f6 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/tests/limits.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/tests/it/limits.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! Decompression-bomb guards.
 
-mod common;
+use crate::common;
 use common::*;
 use photocraft_codecs::*;
 
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/it/main.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3e77f071f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/codecs/tests/it/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+//! The crate's integration tests, linked into one test binary.
+
+mod camera_raw;
+mod common;
+mod dds;
+mod dds_write;
+mod decode_warnings;
+mod deep_exr;
+mod detect_caps;
+mod dpx;
+mod exr_cryptomatte;
+mod exr_multipart;
+mod fidelity;
+mod gif_frames;
+mod heif;
+mod limits;
+mod malformed;
+mod metadata;
+mod orientation;
+mod pcx;
+mod png_jpeg;
+mod pnm_headers;
+mod resolution;
+mod roundtrip;
+mod source_settings;
+mod tga;
+mod tiff_bench;
+mod tiff_exif;
+mod tiff_lab;
+mod tiff_pages;
+mod tiff_photoshop;
+mod tiff_regressions;
+mod webp_frames;
+mod webp_lossy;
+mod xpm;
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/malformed.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/malformed.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/codecs/tests/malformed.rs
rename to crates/codecs/tests/it/malformed.rs
index b6da84b072..4bb9ee7cb1 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/tests/malformed.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/tests/it/malformed.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! Malformed input must produce errors, never panics or huge allocations.
 
-mod common;
+use crate::common;
 use common::*;
 use photocraft_codecs::*;
 use proptest::prelude::*;
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/metadata.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/metadata.rs
similarity index 78%
rename from crates/codecs/tests/metadata.rs
rename to crates/codecs/tests/it/metadata.rs
index d8f4d80a9a..f84ec63361 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/tests/metadata.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/tests/it/metadata.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! ICC / EXIF / XMP / DPI / text preservation, per format, per caps.
 
-mod common;
+use crate::common;
 use common::*;
 use photocraft_codecs::*;
 
@@ -36,8 +36,14 @@ fn check_format(format: Format) {
     }
     if c.exif && format == Format::Tiff {
         // TIFF writes the block's directories as its own and rebuilds a block from them on
-        // reading (tests/tiff_exif.rs); IFD0's orientation here is the image's.
+        // reading (tests/it/tiff_exif.rs); IFD0's orientation here is the image's.
         assert!(!warnings.contains(&FidelityWarning::ExifDropped), "{format:?}");
+    } else if c.exif && format == Format::WebP {
+        // WebP's resolution lives in EXIF, so the block comes back with resolution tags added.
+        let back_exif = back.meta.exif.as_deref().unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("{format:?} lost exif"));
+        assert_eq!(photocraft_codecs::resolution::exif_resolution(back_exif).map(|(x, y)| (x.round(), y.round())), Some((300.0, 150.0)));
+        // The rest of the block survives too: the Orientation tag (0x0112, little-endian).
+        assert!(back_exif.windows(2).any(|w| w == b"\x12\x01"), "{format:?} lost Orientation");
     } else if c.exif {
         assert_eq!(back.meta.exif, img.meta.exif, "{format:?} exif");
     } else {
@@ -295,3 +301,40 @@ fn metadata_survives_depth_conversion() {
     assert_eq!(back.icc, img.icc);
     assert_eq!(back.meta.xmp, img.meta.xmp);
 }
+
+/// #2399: a WebP export keeps the resolution even when the image has no EXIF (WebP has no
+/// resolution field of its own, so a minimal EXIF block carries it), lossless and lossy alike,
+/// and no longer warns that it is dropped.
+#[test]
+fn webp_keeps_dpi_without_source_exif() {
+    let mut img = test_image(ChannelLayout::Rgb, SampleType::U8);
+    img.meta = Metadata { dpi: Some((300.0, 150.0)), ..Default::default() };
+    assert!(!fidelity_warnings(&img, Format::WebP).contains(&FidelityWarning::DpiDropped));
+    for lossless in [true, false] {
+        let opts = EncodeOptions { webp_lossless: lossless, ..Default::default() };
+        let back = decode(&encode(&img, Format::WebP, &opts).unwrap()).unwrap();
+        let (x, y) = back.meta.dpi.unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("lossless {lossless}: dpi lost"));
+        assert!((x - 300.0).abs() < 0.05 && (y - 150.0).abs() < 0.05, "lossless {lossless}: {x},{y}");
+    }
+    // EXIF that can't be parsed is written as it is, so the resolution is reported as dropped.
+    img.meta = Metadata { exif: Some(b"Exif\0\0garbage".to_vec()), dpi: Some((300.0, 150.0)), ..Default::default() };
+    assert!(fidelity_warnings(&img, Format::WebP).contains(&FidelityWarning::DpiDropped));
+    let back = decode(&encode(&img, Format::WebP, &EncodeOptions::default()).unwrap()).unwrap();
+    assert!(back.meta.exif.is_some());
+    // ...unless the XMP written beside it records the resolution, which readers look at first.
+    img.meta.xmp = Some(r#"<x:xmpmeta><rdf:Description tiff:XResolution="300/1" tiff:YResolution="150/1" tiff:ResolutionUnit="2"/></x:xmpmeta>"#.into());
+    assert!(!fidelity_warnings(&img, Format::WebP).contains(&FidelityWarning::DpiDropped));
+    let back = decode(&encode(&img, Format::WebP, &EncodeOptions::default()).unwrap()).unwrap();
+    let (x, y) = back.meta.dpi.expect("dpi from XMP");
+    assert!((x - 300.0).abs() < 0.05 && (y - 150.0).abs() < 0.05, "{x},{y}");
+    // The default 72 ppi needs no EXIF (a WebP without one opens at 72), so a plain export stays
+    // a simple-format file; nor does an image without a resolution.
+    img.meta = Metadata { dpi: Some((72.0, 72.0)), ..Default::default() };
+    assert!(!fidelity_warnings(&img, Format::WebP).contains(&FidelityWarning::DpiDropped));
+    let bytes = encode(&img, Format::WebP, &EncodeOptions { webp_lossless: false, ..Default::default() }).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(bytes.get(12..16), Some(&b"VP8 "[..]));
+    // Without a resolution or EXIF there is still no EXIF chunk.
+    img.meta = Metadata::default();
+    let back = decode(&encode(&img, Format::WebP, &EncodeOptions::default()).unwrap()).unwrap();
+    assert!(back.meta.exif.is_none());
+}
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/orientation.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/orientation.rs
similarity index 96%
rename from crates/codecs/tests/orientation.rs
rename to crates/codecs/tests/it/orientation.rs
index c1f176b87c..4bb7ca7662 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/tests/orientation.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/tests/it/orientation.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! EXIF / TIFF orientation (#285): files are opened upright, and every export
 //! writes Orientation = 1 so the upright pixels are never rotated twice.
 
-mod common;
+use crate::common;
 use common::*;
 use photocraft_codecs::*;
 use proptest::prelude::{any, prop_assert, prop_assert_eq, proptest};
@@ -211,6 +211,25 @@ fn png_opens_upright_for_every_orientation() {
     }
 }
 
+/// Extra samples (a TIFF's alpha and spot planes) turn with the image, so a channel stays
+/// aligned with the pixels for every orientation.
+#[test]
+fn extra_samples_turn_with_the_image() {
+    let (w, h) = (4, 7);
+    let up = exact_scene(w, h);
+    let up_extra: Vec<u8> = up.iter().map(|v| 255 - v).collect();
+    for o in 1..=8u16 {
+        let (s, sw, sh) = stored(&up, w, h, o);
+        let (s_extra, _, _) = stored(&up_extra, w, h, o);
+        let mut img = gray(sw, sh, s);
+        img.meta.extra_samples = vec![ExtraSample { kind: 0, data: s_extra }];
+        let turned = img.oriented(o).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(turned.data(), &up[..], "o={o}");
+        assert_eq!(turned.meta.extra_samples.len(), 1, "o={o}");
+        assert_eq!(turned.meta.extra_samples[0].data, up_extra, "o={o}");
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn tiff_opens_upright_for_every_orientation() {
     let (w, h) = (4, 7);
@@ -372,7 +391,7 @@ fn every_layout_and_depth_orients_and_inverts() {
 }
 
 /// #285 performance budget: turning a 24 MP photo upright on open adds ≤ 50 ms
-/// (release build: `cargo test --release -p photocraft-codecs --test orientation -- --ignored`).
+/// (release build: `cargo test --release -p photocraft-codecs --test it -- orientation:: --ignored`).
 #[test]
 #[ignore = "timing; run in release"]
 fn rotating_24_mp_is_fast() {
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/pcx.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/pcx.rs
similarity index 72%
rename from crates/codecs/tests/pcx.rs
rename to crates/codecs/tests/it/pcx.rs
index 89661cb8eb..792a41021c 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/tests/pcx.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/tests/it/pcx.rs
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ fn decodes_4bit_and_monochrome_palettes() {
 fn rejects_truncated_and_overshooting_rle_without_panicking() {
     let mut b = header(8, 3, 2, 1, 2);
     assert!(decode_as(Format::Pcx, &b).is_err(), "header alone is truncated");
-    b.extend([0xc5, 0xff]); // a five-pixel run cannot cross a two-byte row
+    b.extend([0xc7, 0xff]); // a seven-byte run cannot cross a six-byte scanline
     assert!(decode_as(Format::Pcx, &b).is_err());
     let mut b = header(8, 3, 2, 1, 2);
     b.extend([0xc1]); // missing run value
@@ -87,6 +87,25 @@ fn rejects_truncated_and_overshooting_rle_without_panicking() {
     let mut b = header(8, 3, 2, 1, 2);
     b[66..68].copy_from_slice(&0u16.to_le_bytes());
     assert_eq!(detect(&b), None, "invalid stride is not a PCX signature");
+
+    // A solid image with stride of the form 63k + 1 (64, 127) encodes as k full 63-byte runs
+    // plus a 1-byte literal (2k + 1 bytes per plane row), which is valid and must decode.
+    for width in [64u16, 127] {
+        let mut solid = header(8, 3, width, 1, width);
+        for _plane in 0..3 {
+            let mut rem = usize::from(width);
+            while rem >= 63 {
+                solid.extend_from_slice(&[0xff, 0x00]); // 63-byte run of 0x00
+                rem -= 63;
+            }
+            if rem == 1 {
+                solid.push(0x00); // 1-byte literal 0x00
+            }
+        }
+        let im = decode(&solid).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(im.dimensions(), (u32::from(width), 1));
+        assert!(im.data().iter().all(|&v| v == 0));
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -98,3 +117,21 @@ fn refuses_headers_that_exceed_allocation_budget() {
     b[2] = 0;
     assert_eq!(detect(&b), None, "unsupported uncompressed encoding");
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn decodes_rgb_runs_across_planes() {
+    let mut b = header(8, 3, 2, 1, 2);
+    b.extend([0xc4, 0xff, 0xc2, 0]);
+    let im = decode(&b).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(im.data(), &[255, 255, 0, 255, 255, 0]);
+    let png = encode(&im, Format::Png, &Default::default()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(decode(&png).unwrap().data(), im.data());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn decodes_four_plane_runs_across_planes() {
+    let mut b = header(1, 4, 2, 1, 2);
+    b[16 + 15 * 3..16 + 16 * 3].copy_from_slice(&[255, 255, 0]);
+    b.extend([0xc8, 0xff]);
+    assert_eq!(decode(&b).unwrap().data(), &[255, 255, 0, 255, 255, 0]);
+}
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/png_jpeg.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/png_jpeg.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/codecs/tests/png_jpeg.rs
rename to crates/codecs/tests/it/png_jpeg.rs
index bd704e9a1a..0b8b42a7b7 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/tests/png_jpeg.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/tests/it/png_jpeg.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! Format-specific behaviour: Adam7 PNG, JPEG colour models, oracle
 //! cross-checks against the `image` crate, and the optional PngSuite corpus.
 
-mod common;
+use crate::common;
 use common::*;
 use photocraft_codecs::*;
 
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/pnm_headers.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/pnm_headers.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/codecs/tests/pnm_headers.rs
rename to crates/codecs/tests/it/pnm_headers.rs
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/resolution.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/resolution.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/codecs/tests/resolution.rs
rename to crates/codecs/tests/it/resolution.rs
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/roundtrip.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/roundtrip.rs
similarity index 81%
rename from crates/codecs/tests/roundtrip.rs
rename to crates/codecs/tests/it/roundtrip.rs
index 9c6cb8cb6f..acbd16c5db 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/tests/roundtrip.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/tests/it/roundtrip.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 //! Lossless formats must reproduce the (planned) conversion of the input
 //! exactly; lossy formats must stay above a PSNR threshold.
 
-mod common;
+use crate::common;
 use common::*;
 use photocraft_codecs::*;
 
@@ -242,6 +242,48 @@ fn jpeg_444_beats_420_on_chroma_detail() {
     assert!(psnr(&img, &decode(&a).unwrap()) > psnr(&img, &decode(&b).unwrap()));
 }
 
+/// JPEG Options › Format Options: each scan layout decodes back to the same image, Progressive
+/// writes a progressive frame (SOF2), and Baseline Optimized fits its Huffman tables (smaller at
+/// 4:4:4; at 4:2:0 it keeps the standard tables, see `JpegFormat::Optimized`).
+#[test]
+fn jpeg_format_options_round_trip() {
+    let img = synth(64, 48, ChannelLayout::Rgb, SampleType::U8, 3, 0.5);
+    let sof = |b: &[u8], m: u8| b.windows(2).any(|w| w == [0xFF, m]);
+    for subsampled in [false, true] {
+        let enc = |f| {
+            encode(&img, Format::Jpeg, &EncodeOptions { jpeg_format: f, jpeg_chroma_subsampling: subsampled, jpeg_quality: 90, ..Default::default() }).unwrap()
+        };
+        let (base, opt, prog) = (enc(JpegFormat::Baseline), enc(JpegFormat::Optimized), enc(JpegFormat::Progressive));
+        // The scan layout only changes how the same quantized coefficients are stored, so every
+        // format decodes as faithfully as Baseline.
+        let reference = psnr(&img, &decode(&base).unwrap());
+        for (name, b) in [("optimized", &opt), ("progressive", &prog)] {
+            let back = decode(b).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(back.dimensions(), img.dimensions(), "{name}");
+            let p = psnr(&img, &back);
+            assert!((p - reference).abs() < 0.5, "{name}, subsampled {subsampled}: {p} vs baseline {reference}");
+        }
+        assert!(sof(&base, 0xC0) && !sof(&base, 0xC2));
+        assert!(sof(&prog, 0xC2), "progressive frame");
+        if subsampled {
+            assert_eq!(opt, base, "4:2:0 keeps the standard tables");
+        } else {
+            assert!(opt.len() < base.len(), "fitted tables are smaller: {} vs {}", opt.len(), base.len());
+        }
+    }
+    // Gray is 4:4:4 too, so Baseline Optimized shrinks it.
+    let gray = synth(64, 48, ChannelLayout::Gray, SampleType::U8, 3, 0.5);
+    let enc = |f| encode(&gray, Format::Jpeg, &EncodeOptions { jpeg_format: f, ..Default::default() }).unwrap();
+    let (base, opt) = (enc(JpegFormat::Baseline), enc(JpegFormat::Optimized));
+    assert!(opt.len() < base.len(), "gray: {} vs {}", opt.len(), base.len());
+    assert!((psnr(&gray, &decode(&opt).unwrap()) - psnr(&gray, &decode(&base).unwrap())).abs() < 0.5);
+    assert_eq!(JpegFormat::parse("progressive"), Some(JpegFormat::Progressive));
+    assert_eq!(JpegFormat::parse(JpegFormat::Optimized.name()), Some(JpegFormat::Optimized));
+    for bad in ["Progressive", "", "standard"] {
+        assert_eq!(JpegFormat::parse(bad), None, "{bad}");
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn webp_lossy_request_is_a_lossy_file() {
     let img = test_image(ChannelLayout::Rgb, SampleType::U8);
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/source_settings.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/source_settings.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/codecs/tests/source_settings.rs
rename to crates/codecs/tests/it/source_settings.rs
index 9da82dbe79..0389e2fa8e 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/tests/source_settings.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/tests/it/source_settings.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! Reading back the settings a lossy file was saved with: a JPEG's quality from its
 //! quantisation tables, a WebP's lossy or lossless encoding (and its quality).
 
-mod common;
+use crate::common;
 use common::*;
 use photocraft_codecs::*;
 
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/tga.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/tga.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/codecs/tests/tga.rs
rename to crates/codecs/tests/it/tga.rs
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/tiff_bench.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/tiff_bench.rs
similarity index 97%
rename from crates/codecs/tests/tiff_bench.rs
rename to crates/codecs/tests/it/tiff_bench.rs
index 357c10486e..e17f6466d4 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/tests/tiff_bench.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/tests/it/tiff_bench.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 //! release:
 //!
 //! ```sh
-//! cargo test --release -p photocraft-codecs --test tiff_bench -- --ignored --nocapture
+//! cargo test --release -p photocraft-codecs --test it -- tiff_bench:: --ignored --nocapture
 //! ```
 
-mod common;
+use crate::common;
 use common::tiffgen::*;
 use photocraft_codecs::*;
 use std::time::Instant;
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/tiff_exif.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/tiff_exif.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/codecs/tests/tiff_exif.rs
rename to crates/codecs/tests/it/tiff_exif.rs
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/tiff_lab.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/tiff_lab.rs
similarity index 63%
rename from crates/codecs/tests/tiff_lab.rs
rename to crates/codecs/tests/it/tiff_lab.rs
index 7076633ef5..9e41ef80b2 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/tests/tiff_lab.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/tests/it/tiff_lab.rs
@@ -74,3 +74,36 @@ fn lab_converts_to_rgb_for_other_formats() {
     assert_eq!(&p[4..7], &[255, 255, 255], "white");
     assert!(p[0] > 180 && p[1] < 120 && p[2] > 140, "L 50, a 50, b −30 is a magenta-ish purple: {:?}", &p[..3]);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn lab_keeps_extra_samples() {
+    // A spot plate next to Lab: written as CIELab plus one unspecified extra sample, and read
+    // back as Lab with the spot (not as LabA).
+    for (layout, sample) in [(ChannelLayout::Lab, SampleType::U8), (ChannelLayout::LabA, SampleType::U16)] {
+        let px: Vec<f32> =
+            [lab(50.0, 50.0, -30.0), lab(100.0, 0.0, 0.0)].iter().flat_map(|p| p.iter().copied().chain(layout.has_alpha().then_some(0.5))).collect();
+        let mut img = Image::from_normalized(2, 1, layout, sample, &px).unwrap();
+        let spot: Vec<u8> = (0..2 * sample.bytes()).map(|i| (i * 37 + 5) as u8).collect();
+        img.meta.extra_samples = vec![ExtraSample { kind: 0, data: spot.clone() }];
+        let file = uncompressed(&img);
+        if layout == ChannelLayout::Lab {
+            assert!(find(&file, &[128, 50, (-30i8) as u8, spot[0], 255, 0, 0, spot[1]]).is_some(), "CIELab samples with the spot");
+        }
+        let back = decode(&file).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((back.layout(), back.sample_type()), (layout, sample));
+        let (a, b) = (img.to_normalized(), back.to_normalized());
+        assert!(a.iter().zip(&b).all(|(x, y)| (x - y).abs() <= 1.5 / 65535.0), "{layout:?}: {a:?} {b:?}");
+        assert_eq!(back.meta.extra_samples, vec![ExtraSample { kind: 0, data: spot }], "{layout:?}");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn float_lab_writes_its_extra_samples_with_16_bits() {
+    let px: Vec<f32> = [lab(50.0, 50.0, -30.0), lab(100.0, 0.0, 0.0)].concat();
+    let mut img = Image::from_normalized(2, 1, ChannelLayout::Lab, SampleType::F32, &px).unwrap();
+    img.meta.extra_samples = vec![ExtraSample { kind: 0, data: [0.25f32, 1.0].iter().flat_map(|v| v.to_ne_bytes()).collect() }];
+    let back = decode(&uncompressed(&img)).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!((back.layout(), back.sample_type()), (ChannelLayout::Lab, SampleType::U16));
+    let spot: Vec<u8> = [16384u16, 65535].iter().flat_map(|v| v.to_ne_bytes()).collect();
+    assert_eq!(back.meta.extra_samples, vec![ExtraSample { kind: 0, data: spot }]);
+}
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/tiff_pages.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/tiff_pages.rs
similarity index 92%
rename from crates/codecs/tests/tiff_pages.rs
rename to crates/codecs/tests/it/tiff_pages.rs
index 60885e527d..6996f83ae8 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/tests/tiff_pages.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/tests/it/tiff_pages.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 //! offsets past the end, absurd sizes) that must give `Ok` or a clean `Err`, never a panic.
 //! Every file here is hand-built by `common::tiffgen`.
 
-mod common;
+use crate::common;
 use common::Rng;
 use common::tiffgen::*;
 use photocraft_codecs::*;
@@ -128,13 +128,16 @@ fn planar_strips_at_every_depth() {
     }
 }
 
+/// Extra samples that are not the alpha (ExtraSamples 0: a spot colour or an extra channel) are
+/// not part of the image: they come back in `meta.extra_samples`, one plane each.
 #[test]
-fn extra_samples_that_are_not_alpha_are_dropped() {
+fn extra_samples_that_are_not_alpha_are_kept_apart() {
     let (w, h) = (5usize, 3usize);
     let t = truth(w * h * 5, 4);
     let rgb_of = |spp: usize, keep: usize| -> Vec<u8> { t.u8s[..w * h * spp].chunks(spp).flat_map(|p| p[..keep].to_vec()).collect() };
+    let extra = |spp: usize, at: usize| vec![ExtraSample { kind: 0, data: t.u8s[..w * h * spp].chunks(spp).map(|p| p[at]).collect() }];
     for planar in [false, true] {
-        // RGB + one unspecified extra sample: RGB.
+        // RGB + one unspecified extra sample: RGB, and the sample as an extra plane.
         let px = &t.u8s[..w * h * 4];
         let chunks = if planar { planar_strips(px, w, h, 4, 1, 2) } else { px.chunks(w * 4 * 2).map(<[u8]>::to_vec).collect() };
         let mut d = Dir { entries: base(w as u32, h as u32, 8, 4, 2), chunks, tiled: false }.tag(278, LONG, &[2]).tag(338, SHORT, &[0]);
@@ -144,7 +147,8 @@ fn extra_samples_that_are_not_alpha_are_dropped() {
         let img = decode_ok(&build(true, false, &[d], &[0]).bytes);
         assert_eq!(img.layout(), ChannelLayout::Rgb);
         assert_eq!(img.data(), &rgb_of(4, 3)[..], "planar {planar}");
-        // RGB + alpha + an unspecified extra sample: RGBA.
+        assert_eq!(img.meta.extra_samples, extra(4, 3), "planar {planar}");
+        // RGB + alpha + an unspecified extra sample: RGBA and one extra plane.
         let px = &t.u8s[..w * h * 5];
         let chunks = if planar { planar_strips(px, w, h, 5, 1, 2) } else { px.chunks(w * 5 * 2).map(<[u8]>::to_vec).collect() };
         let mut d = Dir { entries: base(w as u32, h as u32, 8, 5, 2), chunks, tiled: false }.tag(278, LONG, &[2]).tag(338, SHORT, &[2, 0]);
@@ -154,18 +158,48 @@ fn extra_samples_that_are_not_alpha_are_dropped() {
         let img = decode_ok(&build(false, true, &[d], &[0]).bytes);
         assert_eq!(img.layout(), ChannelLayout::Rgba);
         assert_eq!(img.data(), &rgb_of(5, 4)[..], "planar {planar}");
+        assert_eq!(img.meta.extra_samples, extra(5, 4), "planar {planar}");
     }
-    // Gray + alpha + extra: gray and alpha; gray + an unspecified extra: gray.
+    // Gray + alpha + extra: gray and alpha; gray + an unspecified extra: gray. Each keeps the
+    // extra sample as a plane.
     let px = &t.u8s[..w * h * 3];
     let d = strips(w as u32, h as u32, 8, 3, 1, 3, px).tag(338, SHORT, &[2, 0]);
     let img = decode_ok(&build(true, false, &[d], &[0]).bytes);
     assert_eq!(img.layout(), ChannelLayout::GrayA);
     assert_eq!(img.data(), &rgb_of(3, 2)[..]);
+    assert_eq!(img.meta.extra_samples, extra(3, 2));
     let px = &t.u8s[..w * h * 2];
     let d = strips(w as u32, h as u32, 8, 2, 1, 3, px).tag(338, SHORT, &[0]);
     let img = decode_ok(&build(true, false, &[d], &[0]).bytes);
     assert_eq!(img.layout(), ChannelLayout::Gray);
     assert_eq!(img.data(), &rgb_of(2, 1)[..]);
+    assert_eq!(img.meta.extra_samples, extra(2, 1));
+}
+
+/// A file may hold more extra samples than the `MAX_EXTRA_SAMPLES` a decode keeps (up to 64
+/// samples a pixel open): the first ones open, and a warning counts those left out, so nothing
+/// is lost without notice.
+#[test]
+fn extra_samples_past_the_cap_are_reported() {
+    let (w, h) = (3usize, 2usize);
+    const EXTRAS: usize = MAX_EXTRA_SAMPLES + 4;
+    let spp = 3 + EXTRAS;
+    let px: Vec<u8> = (0..w * h * spp).map(|i| (i % spp) as u8).collect();
+    let d = strips(w as u32, h as u32, 8, spp as u16, 2, h as u32, &px).tag(338, SHORT, &[0; EXTRAS]);
+    let img = decode_ok(&build(true, false, &[d], &[0]).bytes);
+    assert_eq!(img.layout(), ChannelLayout::Rgb);
+    assert_eq!(img.meta.extra_samples.len(), MAX_EXTRA_SAMPLES);
+    assert_eq!(img.meta.extra_samples.last().map(|e| e.data[0]), Some((3 + MAX_EXTRA_SAMPLES - 1) as u8));
+    assert_eq!(img.warnings, vec![DecodeWarning::ExtraSamplesOverLimit { format: Format::Tiff, count: 4 }]);
+    let text = img.warnings[0].to_string();
+    assert!(text.contains("4 extra TIFF file channels") && text.contains("past the first 16"), "{text}");
+    // At the cap exactly, nothing is left out.
+    let spp = 3 + MAX_EXTRA_SAMPLES;
+    let px: Vec<u8> = (0..w * h * spp).map(|i| (i % spp) as u8).collect();
+    let d = strips(w as u32, h as u32, 8, spp as u16, 2, h as u32, &px).tag(338, SHORT, &[0; MAX_EXTRA_SAMPLES]);
+    let img = decode_ok(&build(true, false, &[d], &[0]).bytes);
+    assert_eq!(img.meta.extra_samples.len(), MAX_EXTRA_SAMPLES);
+    assert!(img.warnings.is_empty(), "{:?}", img.warnings);
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/it/tiff_photoshop.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/tiff_photoshop.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c72294923f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/codecs/tests/it/tiff_photoshop.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,436 @@
+//! Photoshop's private TIFF tags (34377 image resources, 37724 ImageSourceData) travel through
+//! `Metadata` as opaque bytes: written when present, read from either byte order and from
+//! BigTIFF, and never a panic or an allocation on malformed input.
+
+use crate::common;
+use common::*;
+use photocraft_codecs::*;
+
+fn with_tags(layout: ChannelLayout, sample: SampleType) -> Image {
+    let mut img = synth(9, 7, layout, sample, 5, 0.3);
+    img.meta.photoshop_resources = Some(b"8BIM\x03\xed\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x10\x00\x48\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x01\x00\x48\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x01".to_vec());
+    let mut layers = b"Adobe Photoshop Document Data Block\0".to_vec();
+    layers.extend_from_slice(b"MIB8ryaL");
+    layers.extend_from_slice(&4u32.to_le_bytes());
+    layers.extend_from_slice(&[0, 0, 0, 0]);
+    img.meta.photoshop_layers = Some(layers);
+    img
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn tags_round_trip_through_the_encoder() {
+    for (layout, sample) in [
+        (ChannelLayout::Rgb, SampleType::U8),
+        (ChannelLayout::Rgba, SampleType::U16),
+        (ChannelLayout::Gray, SampleType::F32),
+        (ChannelLayout::CmykA, SampleType::U8),
+    ] {
+        for compression in [TiffCompression::None, TiffCompression::Deflate, TiffCompression::Lzw, TiffCompression::PackBits] {
+            let img = with_tags(layout, sample);
+            let bytes = encode(&img, Format::Tiff, &EncodeOptions { tiff_compression: compression, ..Default::default() }).unwrap();
+            // The encoder writes the running target's byte order.
+            assert_eq!(bytes.starts_with(b"II"), tiff_writes_little_endian());
+            let (res, layers) = tiff_photoshop_tags(&bytes);
+            assert_eq!(res, img.meta.photoshop_resources.as_deref());
+            assert_eq!(layers, img.meta.photoshop_layers.as_deref());
+            let back = decode(&bytes).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(back.meta.photoshop_resources, img.meta.photoshop_resources, "{layout:?} {sample:?} {compression:?}");
+            assert_eq!(back.meta.photoshop_layers, img.meta.photoshop_layers);
+            assert_eq!(back.data(), img.data());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn extra_samples_round_trip() {
+    for (layout, sample) in [
+        (ChannelLayout::Rgb, SampleType::U8),
+        (ChannelLayout::Rgba, SampleType::U8),
+        (ChannelLayout::Gray, SampleType::U16),
+        (ChannelLayout::Cmyk, SampleType::F32),
+    ] {
+        let mut img = synth(4, 3, layout, sample, 2, 0.4);
+        let n = 4 * 3;
+        let b = sample.bytes();
+        let data: Vec<u8> = (0..n * b).map(|i| (i * 17) as u8).collect();
+        img.meta.extra_samples = vec![ExtraSample { kind: 0, data: data.clone() }];
+        let bytes = encode(&img, Format::Tiff, &EncodeOptions::default()).unwrap();
+        let back = decode(&bytes).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(back.layout(), layout, "{layout:?} {sample:?}");
+        assert_eq!(back.data(), img.data(), "{layout:?} {sample:?}");
+        assert_eq!(back.meta.extra_samples.len(), 1, "{layout:?} {sample:?}");
+        assert_eq!(back.meta.extra_samples[0].kind, 0, "{layout:?} {sample:?}");
+        assert_eq!(back.meta.extra_samples[0].data, data, "{layout:?} {sample:?}");
+    }
+}
+
+/// Tall enough that the default strip size (about 1 MB) cannot hold every row, so a writer
+/// that only fills the first strip, or predicts across the wrong sample count, cannot hide.
+/// The spot plane is checked with the `tiff` crate, not PhotoCraft's decoder.
+#[test]
+fn multi_strip_spot_round_trip_and_dump() {
+    let w = 800u32;
+    let h = 400u32;
+    let n = (w as usize) * (h as usize);
+    for (layout, channels) in [(ChannelLayout::Rgb, 3usize), (ChannelLayout::Rgba, 4usize)] {
+        let mut px = vec![0u8; n * channels];
+        let mut spot = vec![0u8; n];
+        for y in 0..h as usize {
+            for x in 0..w as usize {
+                let i = y * w as usize + x;
+                px[i * channels] = (x % 251) as u8;
+                px[i * channels + 1] = (y % 251) as u8;
+                px[i * channels + 2] = 40;
+                if channels == 4 {
+                    px[i * channels + 3] = if x > 20 && x < 780 && y > 10 && y + 10 < h as usize { 255 } else { 0 };
+                }
+                spot[i] = ((x * 3 + y * 17) % 251) as u8;
+            }
+        }
+        let mut img = Image::from_u8(w, h, layout, px).unwrap();
+        img.meta.extra_samples = vec![ExtraSample { kind: 0, data: spot.clone() }];
+        for compression in [TiffCompression::None, TiffCompression::Deflate, TiffCompression::Lzw, TiffCompression::PackBits] {
+            let bytes = encode(&img, Format::Tiff, &EncodeOptions { tiff_compression: compression, ..Default::default() }).unwrap();
+            let label = format!("{layout:?} {compression:?}");
+            let back = decode(&bytes).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(back.meta.extra_samples.len(), 1, "{label}");
+            assert_eq!(back.meta.extra_samples[0].data, spot, "own decoder {label}");
+            assert_eq!(back.data(), img.data(), "own decoder rgb {label}");
+            let mut dec = tiff::decoder::Decoder::new(std::io::Cursor::new(bytes.as_slice())).unwrap();
+            let spp: u16 = dec.get_tag_unsigned(tiff::tags::Tag::SamplesPerPixel).unwrap();
+            let bps = dec.get_tag_u16_vec(tiff::tags::Tag::BitsPerSample).unwrap();
+            let extra = dec.get_tag_u16_vec(tiff::tags::Tag::ExtraSamples).unwrap();
+            let rows = dec.find_tag_unsigned::<u32>(tiff::tags::Tag::RowsPerStrip).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(bps.len(), spp as usize, "{label}");
+            assert_eq!(spp as usize, channels + 1, "{label}");
+            assert_eq!(*extra.last().unwrap(), 0, "{label} spot ExtraSamples {extra:?}");
+            assert!(rows.is_some_and(|r| r < h) || compression == TiffCompression::PackBits, "{label} rows {rows:?}");
+            let patched = min_is_black(&bytes);
+            let mut indep = tiff::decoder::Decoder::new(std::io::Cursor::new(patched.as_slice())).unwrap();
+            let tiff::decoder::DecodingResult::U8(samples) = indep.read_image().unwrap() else { panic!("{label} not u8") };
+            let spp = spp as usize;
+            assert_eq!(samples.len(), n * spp, "{label}");
+            let mut bad = 0usize;
+            let mut first = None;
+            for (i, want) in spot.iter().enumerate() {
+                let got = samples.get(i * spp + spp - 1).copied();
+                if got != Some(*want) {
+                    bad += 1;
+                    first.get_or_insert((i, got));
+                }
+            }
+            assert_eq!(bad, 0, "{label} independent reader, first {first:?}");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Retag photometric interpretation 262 as MinIsBlack so `tiff`'s decoder returns every sample.
+fn min_is_black(src: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut bytes = src.to_vec();
+    let le = bytes.first().copied() == Some(b'I');
+    let ru16 = |b: &[u8], i: usize| -> Option<u16> {
+        let s = b.get(i..i + 2)?;
+        Some(if le { u16::from_le_bytes([s[0], s[1]]) } else { u16::from_be_bytes([s[0], s[1]]) })
+    };
+    let ru32 = |b: &[u8], i: usize| -> Option<u32> {
+        let s = b.get(i..i + 4)?;
+        Some(if le { u32::from_le_bytes(s.try_into().ok()?) } else { u32::from_be_bytes(s.try_into().ok()?) })
+    };
+    let Some(ifd) = ru32(&bytes, 4) else { return bytes };
+    let Some(n) = ru16(&bytes, ifd as usize) else { return bytes };
+    for e in 0..n as usize {
+        let at = ifd as usize + 2 + e * 12;
+        if ru16(&bytes, at) == Some(262) {
+            let value = if le { 1u16.to_le_bytes() } else { 1u16.to_be_bytes() };
+            if let Some(slot) = bytes.get_mut(at + 8..at + 10) {
+                slot.copy_from_slice(&value);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    bytes
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn more_than_sixteen_extra_samples_is_refused() {
+    let mut img = synth(2, 2, ChannelLayout::Rgb, SampleType::U8, 1, 0.0);
+    img.meta.extra_samples = (0..MAX_EXTRA_SAMPLES + 1).map(|_| ExtraSample { kind: 0, data: vec![0; 4] }).collect();
+    assert!(encode(&img, Format::Tiff, &EncodeOptions::default()).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sixteen_extra_samples_round_trip() {
+    for (layout, sample, base) in [
+        (ChannelLayout::Rgb, SampleType::U8, 3usize),
+        (ChannelLayout::Rgba, SampleType::U8, 4),
+        (ChannelLayout::Gray, SampleType::U16, 1),
+        (ChannelLayout::Cmyk, SampleType::F32, 4),
+    ] {
+        let mut img = synth(2, 2, layout, sample, 1, 0.0);
+        let n = 2 * 2 * sample.bytes();
+        img.meta.extra_samples = (0..MAX_EXTRA_SAMPLES).map(|k| ExtraSample { kind: 0, data: vec![k as u8; n] }).collect();
+        let bytes = encode(&img, Format::Tiff, &EncodeOptions::default()).unwrap();
+        let back = decode(&bytes).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(back.layout(), layout, "{layout:?} {sample:?} base {base}");
+        assert_eq!(back.data(), img.data(), "{layout:?}");
+        assert_eq!(back.meta.extra_samples.len(), MAX_EXTRA_SAMPLES, "{layout:?}");
+        assert_eq!(back.meta.extra_samples[7].kind, 0, "{layout:?}");
+        assert_eq!(back.meta.extra_samples[15].data, vec![15; n], "{layout:?}");
+    }
+}
+
+/// An extra plane holds exactly one sample per pixel of the image's sample type. A plane of any
+/// other length is refused rather than written: the writer copies one sample per pixel, so a
+/// longer plane would lose its tail and a shorter one would run out mid-image.
+#[test]
+fn wrong_sized_extra_planes_are_refused() {
+    let (w, h) = (2u32, 1u32);
+    for (label, plane) in [("too long", vec![10u8, 20, 30]), ("too short", vec![10u8]), ("empty", Vec::new())] {
+        let mut img = synth(w, h, ChannelLayout::Rgb, SampleType::U8, 1, 0.0);
+        img.meta.extra_samples = vec![ExtraSample { kind: 0, data: plane.clone() }];
+        let err = encode(&img, Format::Tiff, &EncodeOptions::default()).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(matches!(err, CodecError::Encode { .. }), "{label}: {err}");
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("extra sample 0") && err.to_string().contains("exactly 2"), "{label}: {err}");
+    }
+    // The exact length still writes, and comes back unchanged.
+    let plane = vec![10u8, 20];
+    let mut img = synth(w, h, ChannelLayout::Rgb, SampleType::U8, 1, 0.0);
+    img.meta.extra_samples = vec![ExtraSample { kind: 0, data: plane.clone() }];
+    let back = decode(&encode(&img, Format::Tiff, &EncodeOptions::default()).unwrap()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(back.meta.extra_samples, vec![ExtraSample { kind: 0, data: plane }]);
+}
+
+/// The sample-type conversion an encode performs must not launder a wrong-sized plane: float Lab
+/// is stored as CIELab at 16 bits, and `Image::convert` leaves a plane whose length does not match
+/// the image alone, so a 7- or 9-byte plane for two pixels would otherwise reach the writer
+/// reinterpreted at the new width.
+#[test]
+fn a_wrong_sized_plane_is_refused_before_a_sample_type_conversion() {
+    let (w, h) = (2u32, 1u32);
+    // Two pixels at 32-bit float are 8 bytes; the file's 16-bit samples are 4.
+    for (label, len) in [("short", 7usize), ("long", 9)] {
+        let mut img = synth(w, h, ChannelLayout::Lab, SampleType::F32, 1, 0.0);
+        img.meta.extra_samples = vec![ExtraSample { kind: 0, data: vec![0; len] }];
+        let err = encode(&img, Format::Tiff, &EncodeOptions::default()).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(matches!(err, CodecError::Encode { .. }), "{label}: {err}");
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("exactly 8"), "{label}: {err}");
+    }
+}
+
+/// Extra samples count against `max_alloc` with the image (their interleaved buffer and the
+/// planes split from it): a budget that holds the RGB image but not sixteen extra planes opens
+/// the image without them, with a warning, instead of allocating past it.
+#[test]
+fn extra_samples_count_against_the_allocation_limit() {
+    // Big enough for several strips (about 1 MB each): one strip of all 19 samples fits the budget
+    // of the image alone, as in real files.
+    let (w, h) = (1024u32, 1024u32);
+    let n = (w * h) as usize;
+    let mut img = synth(w, h, ChannelLayout::Rgb, SampleType::U8, 1, 0.0);
+    img.meta.extra_samples = (0..MAX_EXTRA_SAMPLES).map(|k| ExtraSample { kind: 0, data: vec![k as u8; n] }).collect();
+    let bytes = encode(&img, Format::Tiff, &EncodeOptions::default()).unwrap();
+    let with = |max_alloc: u64| decode_with(&bytes, &DecodeOptions { limits: Limits { max_alloc, ..Limits::default() }, ..DecodeOptions::default() });
+    // RGB is 3 bytes a pixel; the extra samples add 2 x 16 more.
+    let image_only = 3 * n as u64;
+    let with_extras = (3 + 2 * MAX_EXTRA_SAMPLES as u64) * n as u64;
+    let back = with(with_extras).expect("everything fits");
+    assert_eq!(back.meta.extra_samples.len(), MAX_EXTRA_SAMPLES);
+    assert!(back.warnings.is_empty());
+    // The image fits, its extra samples don't: it opens as before they were read, with a warning.
+    for max_alloc in [image_only, with_extras - 1] {
+        let only = with(max_alloc).expect("the image alone fits");
+        assert!(only.meta.extra_samples.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(only.warnings, vec![DecodeWarning::ExtraSamplesDropped { format: Format::Tiff, count: MAX_EXTRA_SAMPLES as u32 }]);
+        assert_eq!(only.data(), back.data());
+    }
+    assert!(matches!(with(image_only - 1), Err(CodecError::LimitExceeded(_))), "the image itself must still fit");
+}
+
+/// The value field of a little-endian classic TIFF's ExtraSamples entry (tag 338, SHORT) holding
+/// two values, so they sit in the entry itself.
+fn extra_samples_values(bytes: &mut [u8]) -> &mut [u8] {
+    assert_eq!(&bytes[..4], b"II*\0");
+    let entry = [0x52, 0x01, 3, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0];
+    let at = bytes.windows(8).position(|w| w == entry).expect("an ExtraSamples entry with two values");
+    &mut bytes[at + 8..at + 12]
+}
+
+/// ExtraSamples values above 2 are reserved (TIFF 6.0, p. 31): they read as 0 (unspecified) and
+/// are written as 0, so a save never carries a reserved value.
+#[test]
+fn reserved_extra_sample_kinds_read_as_unspecified() {
+    let n = 4 * 4;
+    let mut img = synth(4, 4, ChannelLayout::Rgb, SampleType::U8, 1, 0.0);
+    img.meta.extra_samples = vec![ExtraSample { kind: 0, data: vec![7; n] }, ExtraSample { kind: 0, data: vec![9; n] }];
+    let mut bytes = encode(&img, Format::Tiff, &EncodeOptions::default()).unwrap();
+    // A file from another writer with reserved values 3 and 65535.
+    let values = extra_samples_values(&mut bytes);
+    assert_eq!(values, [0, 0, 0, 0]);
+    values.copy_from_slice(&[3, 0, 0xFF, 0xFF]);
+    let back = decode(&bytes).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(back.meta.extra_samples.iter().map(|e| e.kind).collect::<Vec<_>>(), [0, 0]);
+    assert_eq!(back.layout(), ChannelLayout::Rgb, "a reserved value is no alpha");
+    assert_eq!(back.meta.extra_samples[0].data, vec![7; n]);
+    assert_eq!(back.meta.extra_samples[1].data, vec![9; n]);
+
+    // An image that carries a reserved kind saves it as 0.
+    img.meta.extra_samples[0].kind = 3;
+    img.meta.extra_samples[1].kind = u16::MAX;
+    let mut bytes = encode(&img, Format::Tiff, &EncodeOptions::default()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(extra_samples_values(&mut bytes), [0, 0, 0, 0]);
+}
+
+/// Converting an image's sample type converts its extra samples with it, so they keep matching
+/// the image: a 16-bit float TIFF's spot planes survive the 32-bit float a layered import uses.
+#[test]
+fn extra_samples_follow_a_sample_type_conversion() {
+    let (w, h) = (3u32, 2u32);
+    let n = (w * h) as usize;
+    let values = [0.0f32, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 0.125];
+    let half = |v: f32| f16::from_f32(v).to_bits().to_ne_bytes();
+    let rgb: Vec<u8> = (0..n * 3).flat_map(|_| half(0.5)).collect();
+    let mut img = Image::from_raw(w, h, ChannelLayout::Rgb, SampleType::F16, rgb).unwrap();
+    img.meta.extra_samples = vec![ExtraSample { kind: 0, data: values.iter().flat_map(|v| half(*v)).collect() }];
+
+    let wide = img.convert(ChannelLayout::Rgb, SampleType::F32);
+    let plane: Vec<f32> = wide.meta.extra_samples[0].data.as_chunks::<4>().0.iter().map(|c| f32::from_ne_bytes(*c)).collect();
+    assert_eq!(plane, values);
+
+    // To 8 bits, the plane quantizes exactly as a gray image of the same values does.
+    let narrow = wide.convert(ChannelLayout::Rgb, SampleType::U8);
+    let gray = Image::from_raw(w, h, ChannelLayout::Gray, SampleType::F32, wide.meta.extra_samples[0].data.clone()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(narrow.meta.extra_samples[0].data, gray.convert(ChannelLayout::Gray, SampleType::U8).data());
+    assert_eq!(narrow.meta.extra_samples[0].data.len(), n);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn absent_and_empty_tags_are_not_written() {
+    let mut img = synth(4, 4, ChannelLayout::Rgb, SampleType::U8, 1, 0.0);
+    let bytes = encode(&img, Format::Tiff, &EncodeOptions::default()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(tiff_photoshop_tags(&bytes), (None, None));
+    assert!(decode(&bytes).unwrap().meta.photoshop_layers.is_none());
+    img.meta.photoshop_layers = Some(Vec::new());
+    img.meta.photoshop_resources = Some(Vec::new());
+    let bytes = encode(&img, Format::Tiff, &EncodeOptions::default()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(tiff_photoshop_tags(&bytes), (None, None));
+}
+
+/// A minimal uncompressed 2×1 gray TIFF with a 37724 tag, in either byte order, classic or
+/// BigTIFF: `payload` is stored inline when it fits the value field, at an offset otherwise.
+fn hand_made(little: bool, big: bool, payload: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let w16 = |v: u16| if little { v.to_le_bytes().to_vec() } else { v.to_be_bytes().to_vec() };
+    let w32 = |v: u32| if little { v.to_le_bytes().to_vec() } else { v.to_be_bytes().to_vec() };
+    let w64 = |v: u64| if little { v.to_le_bytes().to_vec() } else { v.to_be_bytes().to_vec() };
+    let mut f = Vec::new();
+    f.extend_from_slice(if little { b"II" } else { b"MM" });
+    let header_len = if big { 16 } else { 8 };
+    let pixels_at = header_len;
+    let ifd_at = pixels_at + 2;
+    f.extend(w16(if big { 43 } else { 42 }));
+    if big {
+        f.extend(w16(8));
+        f.extend(w16(0));
+        f.extend(w64(ifd_at as u64));
+    } else {
+        f.extend(w32(ifd_at as u32));
+    }
+    f.extend_from_slice(&[0x40, 0xc0]);
+    // Entries: width, length, bits, compression, photometric, strip offsets, samples, rows per
+    // strip, strip byte counts, 37724.
+    let tags: [(u16, u16, u64, u64); 10] = [
+        (256, 3, 1, 2),
+        (257, 3, 1, 1),
+        (258, 3, 1, 8),
+        (259, 3, 1, 1),
+        (262, 3, 1, 1),
+        (273, 4, 1, pixels_at as u64),
+        (277, 3, 1, 1),
+        (278, 3, 1, 1),
+        (279, 4, 1, 2),
+        (37724, 7, payload.len() as u64, 0),
+    ];
+    let entry_len = if big { 20 } else { 12 };
+    let inline = if big { 8 } else { 4 };
+    let count_len = if big { 8 } else { 2 };
+    let next_len = if big { 8 } else { 4 };
+    let data_at = ifd_at + count_len + tags.len() * entry_len + next_len;
+    let mut entries = Vec::new();
+    for (tag, ty, count, value) in tags {
+        entries.extend(w16(tag));
+        entries.extend(w16(ty));
+        entries.extend(if big { w64(count) } else { w32(count as u32) });
+        let mut v = Vec::new();
+        if tag == 37724 {
+            if payload.len() <= inline {
+                v.extend_from_slice(payload);
+            } else {
+                v.extend(if big { w64(data_at as u64) } else { w32(data_at as u32) });
+            }
+        } else if ty == 3 {
+            v.extend(w16(value as u16));
+        } else {
+            v.extend(if big { w64(value) } else { w32(value as u32) });
+        }
+        v.resize(inline, 0);
+        entries.extend(v);
+    }
+    f.extend(if big { w64(tags.len() as u64) } else { w16(tags.len() as u16) });
+    f.extend(entries);
+    f.extend(if big { w64(0) } else { w32(0) });
+    assert_eq!(f.len(), data_at);
+    if payload.len() > inline {
+        f.extend_from_slice(payload);
+    }
+    f
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn hand_made_files_in_every_layout() {
+    let long = b"Adobe Photoshop Document Data Block\0MIB8".to_vec();
+    for little in [false, true] {
+        for big in [false, true] {
+            for payload in [&b"ab"[..], &b"abcd"[..], &b"abcdefgh"[..], &long[..]] {
+                let f = hand_made(little, big, payload);
+                let (res, layers) = tiff_photoshop_tags(&f);
+                assert_eq!(res, None);
+                assert_eq!(layers, Some(payload), "little {little} big {big} len {}", payload.len());
+                let img = decode(&f).unwrap();
+                assert_eq!(img.dimensions(), (2, 1));
+                assert_eq!(img.meta.photoshop_layers.as_deref(), Some(payload));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn malformed_tags_read_as_absent_without_panicking() {
+    let long = vec![7u8; 40];
+    for little in [false, true] {
+        for big in [false, true] {
+            let f = hand_made(little, big, &long);
+            // Truncated anywhere: never a panic; the payload is absent once it is cut.
+            for cut in 0..f.len() {
+                let (_, layers) = tiff_photoshop_tags(&f[..cut]);
+                if cut < f.len() {
+                    assert!(layers.is_none_or(|l| l.len() == 40));
+                }
+                let _ = decode(&f[..cut]);
+            }
+            // Bit flips in the directory.
+            for i in 0..f.len() - 40 {
+                let mut g = f.clone();
+                g[i] ^= 0xff;
+                let _ = tiff_photoshop_tags(&g);
+                let _ = decode(&g);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    assert_eq!(tiff_photoshop_tags(b""), (None, None));
+    assert_eq!(tiff_photoshop_tags(b"II*\0"), (None, None));
+    assert_eq!(tiff_photoshop_tags(b"MM\0*\xff\xff\xff\xff"), (None, None));
+    // A count that overflows the file.
+    let mut f = hand_made(true, false, &long);
+    let at = f.windows(2).position(|w| w == 37724u16.to_le_bytes()).unwrap();
+    f[at + 4..at + 8].copy_from_slice(&u32::MAX.to_le_bytes());
+    assert_eq!(tiff_photoshop_tags(&f).1, None);
+}
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/tiff_regressions.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/tiff_regressions.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/codecs/tests/tiff_regressions.rs
rename to crates/codecs/tests/it/tiff_regressions.rs
index d823f33f4a..8fcb1e570c 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/tests/tiff_regressions.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/tests/it/tiff_regressions.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-mod common;
+use crate::common;
 
 use common::tiffgen::*;
 use photocraft_codecs::{Image, decode, exif_orientation, upright_exif};
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/it/webp_frames.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/webp_frames.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5045633cad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/codecs/tests/it/webp_frames.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+//! `decode_webp_frames`: every frame of an animated WebP, composited, with its duration (#1198).
+
+use photocraft_codecs::{
+    AnimationFrame, ChannelLayout, CodecError, DecodeOptions, DecodeWarning, EncodeOptions, Format, Image, Limits, decode, decode_webp_frames, encode,
+    webp_is_animated,
+};
+
+const RED: [u8; 4] = [255, 0, 0, 255];
+const GREEN: [u8; 4] = [0, 255, 0, 255];
+const BLUE: [u8; 4] = [0, 0, 255, 255];
+
+fn frames(bytes: &[u8]) -> Vec<AnimationFrame> {
+    decode_webp_frames(bytes, &DecodeOptions::default()).unwrap()
+}
+
+fn solid(c: [u8; 4], w: u32, h: u32) -> Image {
+    Image::from_u8(w, h, ChannelLayout::Rgba, c.repeat((w * h) as usize)).unwrap()
+}
+
+fn chunk(id: &[u8; 4], data: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut c = id.to_vec();
+    c.extend_from_slice(&(data.len() as u32).to_le_bytes());
+    c.extend_from_slice(data);
+    if data.len() % 2 == 1 {
+        c.push(0);
+    }
+    c
+}
+
+fn u24(v: u32) -> [u8; 3] {
+    let b = v.to_le_bytes();
+    [b[0], b[1], b[2]]
+}
+
+/// One frame of [`animated`]: the picture, where it sits on the canvas (even offsets, as WebP
+/// stores them halved), its duration in milliseconds, and whether it is alpha-blended over the
+/// canvas rather than replacing it.
+struct Part {
+    image: Image,
+    at: [u32; 2],
+    duration_ms: u32,
+    blend: bool,
+}
+
+fn part(c: [u8; 4], w: u32, h: u32, duration_ms: u32) -> Part {
+    Part { image: solid(c, w, h), at: [0, 0], duration_ms, blend: false }
+}
+
+/// An animated WebP with a `w`x`h` canvas (transparent background) and one ANMF chunk per part,
+/// each holding a lossless still from our own encoder.
+fn animated(w: u32, h: u32, parts: &[Part]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut body = b"WEBP".to_vec();
+    let mut vp8x = vec![0x02 | 0x10, 0, 0, 0]; // animation and alpha flags
+    vp8x.extend_from_slice(&u24(w - 1));
+    vp8x.extend_from_slice(&u24(h - 1));
+    body.extend(chunk(b"VP8X", &vp8x));
+    body.extend(chunk(b"ANIM", &[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0])); // background 0, loop forever
+    for p in parts {
+        let still = encode(&p.image, Format::WebP, &EncodeOptions::default()).unwrap();
+        let at = still.windows(4).position(|w| w == b"VP8L").unwrap();
+        let len = u32::from_le_bytes(still[at + 4..at + 8].try_into().unwrap()) as usize;
+        let mut anmf = Vec::new();
+        anmf.extend_from_slice(&u24(p.at[0] / 2));
+        anmf.extend_from_slice(&u24(p.at[1] / 2));
+        anmf.extend_from_slice(&u24(p.image.width() - 1));
+        anmf.extend_from_slice(&u24(p.image.height() - 1));
+        anmf.extend_from_slice(&u24(p.duration_ms));
+        anmf.push(if p.blend { 0 } else { 0x02 }); // bit 1: do not blend
+        anmf.extend(chunk(b"VP8L", &still[at + 8..at + 8 + len]));
+        body.extend(chunk(b"ANMF", &anmf));
+    }
+    let mut out = b"RIFF".to_vec();
+    out.extend_from_slice(&(body.len() as u32).to_le_bytes());
+    out.extend(body);
+    out
+}
+
+fn pixel(f: &AnimationFrame, x: u32, y: u32) -> [u8; 4] {
+    let rgba = f.image.to_rgba8();
+    let i = ((y * f.image.width() + x) * 4) as usize;
+    rgba[i..i + 4].try_into().unwrap()
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_still_webp_gives_one_frame_equal_to_decode() {
+    let still = encode(&solid(RED, 6, 4), Format::WebP, &EncodeOptions::default()).unwrap();
+    assert!(!webp_is_animated(&still));
+    let f = frames(&still);
+    assert_eq!(f.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(f[0].delay_ms, 0);
+    assert_eq!(f[0].image, decode(&still).unwrap());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_one_frame_animation_is_not_animated() {
+    let a = animated(6, 4, &[part(RED, 6, 4, 70)]);
+    assert!(!webp_is_animated(&a));
+    assert_eq!(frames(&a).len(), 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn every_frame_comes_back_in_order_with_its_duration() {
+    let a = animated(6, 4, &[part(RED, 6, 4, 40), part(GREEN, 6, 4, 120), part(BLUE, 6, 4, 7)]);
+    assert!(webp_is_animated(&a));
+    let f = frames(&a);
+    assert_eq!(f.iter().map(|f| f.delay_ms).collect::<Vec<_>>(), [40, 120, 7], "WebP durations are milliseconds");
+    for (f, c) in f.iter().zip([RED, GREEN, BLUE]) {
+        assert_eq!((f.image.width(), f.image.height()), (6, 4));
+        assert_eq!(pixel(f, 0, 0), c);
+        assert_eq!(pixel(f, 5, 3), c);
+        assert_eq!(f.image.warnings, []);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_smaller_frame_is_drawn_over_the_previous_one() {
+    let small = Part { image: solid(BLUE, 2, 2), at: [2, 2], duration_ms: 50, blend: true };
+    let f = frames(&animated(6, 4, &[part(RED, 6, 4, 50), small]));
+    assert_eq!(f.len(), 2);
+    // Alpha blending rounds: within one level.
+    let near = |a: [u8; 4], b: [u8; 4]| a.iter().zip(b).all(|(x, y)| x.abs_diff(y) <= 1);
+    assert!(near(pixel(&f[1], 0, 0), RED), "outside the second frame the first shows through");
+    assert!(near(pixel(&f[1], 2, 2), BLUE));
+    assert!(near(pixel(&f[1], 3, 3), BLUE));
+    assert!(near(pixel(&f[1], 4, 2), RED));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_damaged_later_frame_keeps_the_frames_before_it() {
+    let mut a = animated(6, 4, &[part(RED, 6, 4, 50), part(GREEN, 6, 4, 50), part(BLUE, 6, 4, 50)]);
+    // Break the last frame's VP8L signature byte; the container around it stays whole.
+    let last = a.windows(4).rposition(|w| w == b"VP8L").unwrap();
+    a[last + 8] = 0;
+    let f = frames(&a);
+    assert_eq!(f.len(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(pixel(&f[0], 0, 0), RED);
+    assert_eq!(pixel(&f[1], 0, 0), GREEN);
+    assert_eq!(f[0].image.warnings, [DecodeWarning::Truncated { format: Format::WebP }]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn every_prefix_of_an_animated_webp_returns() {
+    let a = animated(5, 4, &[part(RED, 5, 4, 50), part(GREEN, 5, 4, 50), part(BLUE, 5, 4, 50)]);
+    for n in 0..a.len() {
+        let _ = decode_webp_frames(&a[..n], &DecodeOptions::default());
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn dimension_limits_apply() {
+    let a = animated(4, 4, &[part(RED, 4, 4, 50), part(GREEN, 4, 4, 50)]);
+    let opts = DecodeOptions { limits: Limits { max_width: 3, ..Limits::default() }, ..Default::default() };
+    assert!(matches!(decode_webp_frames(&a, &opts), Err(CodecError::LimitExceeded(_))));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn the_byte_budget_covers_all_frames_together() {
+    // One 4x4 RGBA frame is 64 bytes. The decoder's own canvas counts against the budget too, so
+    // two frames need more than 128; ten frames of the same size must not fit where two do.
+    let two = animated(4, 4, &[part(RED, 4, 4, 50), part(GREEN, 4, 4, 50)]);
+    let ten: Vec<Part> = (0..10).map(|i| part(if i % 2 == 0 { RED } else { BLUE }, 4, 4, 50)).collect();
+    let ten = animated(4, 4, &ten);
+    let opts = DecodeOptions { limits: Limits { max_alloc: 256, ..Limits::default() }, ..Default::default() };
+    assert_eq!(decode_webp_frames(&two, &opts).unwrap().len(), 2);
+    assert!(matches!(decode_webp_frames(&ten, &opts), Err(CodecError::LimitExceeded(_))));
+}
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/webp_lossy.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/webp_lossy.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/codecs/tests/webp_lossy.rs
rename to crates/codecs/tests/it/webp_lossy.rs
index f0ff2cbbb4..079b9134fd 100644
--- a/crates/codecs/tests/webp_lossy.rs
+++ b/crates/codecs/tests/it/webp_lossy.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //! smaller than lossless on photographic content; alpha and metadata travel in the container;
 //! odd sizes and the limits behave.
 
-mod common;
+use crate::common;
 use common::*;
 use photocraft_codecs::*;
 
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/xpm.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/it/xpm.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/codecs/tests/xpm.rs
rename to crates/codecs/tests/it/xpm.rs
diff --git a/crates/codecs/tests/tiff_photoshop.rs b/crates/codecs/tests/tiff_photoshop.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 400b72eb0c..0000000000
--- a/crates/codecs/tests/tiff_photoshop.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,174 +0,0 @@
-//! Photoshop's private TIFF tags (34377 image resources, 37724 ImageSourceData) travel through
-//! `Metadata` as opaque bytes: written when present, read from either byte order and from
-//! BigTIFF, and never a panic or an allocation on malformed input.
-
-mod common;
-use common::*;
-use photocraft_codecs::*;
-
-fn with_tags(layout: ChannelLayout, sample: SampleType) -> Image {
-    let mut img = synth(9, 7, layout, sample, 5, 0.3);
-    img.meta.photoshop_resources = Some(b"8BIM\x03\xed\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x10\x00\x48\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x01\x00\x48\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x01".to_vec());
-    let mut layers = b"Adobe Photoshop Document Data Block\0".to_vec();
-    layers.extend_from_slice(b"MIB8ryaL");
-    layers.extend_from_slice(&4u32.to_le_bytes());
-    layers.extend_from_slice(&[0, 0, 0, 0]);
-    img.meta.photoshop_layers = Some(layers);
-    img
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn tags_round_trip_through_the_encoder() {
-    for (layout, sample) in [
-        (ChannelLayout::Rgb, SampleType::U8),
-        (ChannelLayout::Rgba, SampleType::U16),
-        (ChannelLayout::Gray, SampleType::F32),
-        (ChannelLayout::CmykA, SampleType::U8),
-    ] {
-        for compression in [TiffCompression::None, TiffCompression::Deflate, TiffCompression::Lzw, TiffCompression::PackBits] {
-            let img = with_tags(layout, sample);
-            let bytes = encode(&img, Format::Tiff, &EncodeOptions { tiff_compression: compression, ..Default::default() }).unwrap();
-            // The encoder writes the running target's byte order.
-            assert_eq!(bytes.starts_with(b"II"), tiff_writes_little_endian());
-            let (res, layers) = tiff_photoshop_tags(&bytes);
-            assert_eq!(res, img.meta.photoshop_resources.as_deref());
-            assert_eq!(layers, img.meta.photoshop_layers.as_deref());
-            let back = decode(&bytes).unwrap();
-            assert_eq!(back.meta.photoshop_resources, img.meta.photoshop_resources, "{layout:?} {sample:?} {compression:?}");
-            assert_eq!(back.meta.photoshop_layers, img.meta.photoshop_layers);
-            assert_eq!(back.data(), img.data());
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn absent_and_empty_tags_are_not_written() {
-    let mut img = synth(4, 4, ChannelLayout::Rgb, SampleType::U8, 1, 0.0);
-    let bytes = encode(&img, Format::Tiff, &EncodeOptions::default()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(tiff_photoshop_tags(&bytes), (None, None));
-    assert!(decode(&bytes).unwrap().meta.photoshop_layers.is_none());
-    img.meta.photoshop_layers = Some(Vec::new());
-    img.meta.photoshop_resources = Some(Vec::new());
-    let bytes = encode(&img, Format::Tiff, &EncodeOptions::default()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(tiff_photoshop_tags(&bytes), (None, None));
-}
-
-/// A minimal uncompressed 2×1 gray TIFF with a 37724 tag, in either byte order, classic or
-/// BigTIFF: `payload` is stored inline when it fits the value field, at an offset otherwise.
-fn hand_made(little: bool, big: bool, payload: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
-    let w16 = |v: u16| if little { v.to_le_bytes().to_vec() } else { v.to_be_bytes().to_vec() };
-    let w32 = |v: u32| if little { v.to_le_bytes().to_vec() } else { v.to_be_bytes().to_vec() };
-    let w64 = |v: u64| if little { v.to_le_bytes().to_vec() } else { v.to_be_bytes().to_vec() };
-    let mut f = Vec::new();
-    f.extend_from_slice(if little { b"II" } else { b"MM" });
-    let header_len = if big { 16 } else { 8 };
-    let pixels_at = header_len;
-    let ifd_at = pixels_at + 2;
-    f.extend(w16(if big { 43 } else { 42 }));
-    if big {
-        f.extend(w16(8));
-        f.extend(w16(0));
-        f.extend(w64(ifd_at as u64));
-    } else {
-        f.extend(w32(ifd_at as u32));
-    }
-    f.extend_from_slice(&[0x40, 0xc0]);
-    // Entries: width, length, bits, compression, photometric, strip offsets, samples, rows per
-    // strip, strip byte counts, 37724.
-    let tags: [(u16, u16, u64, u64); 10] = [
-        (256, 3, 1, 2),
-        (257, 3, 1, 1),
-        (258, 3, 1, 8),
-        (259, 3, 1, 1),
-        (262, 3, 1, 1),
-        (273, 4, 1, pixels_at as u64),
-        (277, 3, 1, 1),
-        (278, 3, 1, 1),
-        (279, 4, 1, 2),
-        (37724, 7, payload.len() as u64, 0),
-    ];
-    let entry_len = if big { 20 } else { 12 };
-    let inline = if big { 8 } else { 4 };
-    let count_len = if big { 8 } else { 2 };
-    let next_len = if big { 8 } else { 4 };
-    let data_at = ifd_at + count_len + tags.len() * entry_len + next_len;
-    let mut entries = Vec::new();
-    for (tag, ty, count, value) in tags {
-        entries.extend(w16(tag));
-        entries.extend(w16(ty));
-        entries.extend(if big { w64(count) } else { w32(count as u32) });
-        let mut v = Vec::new();
-        if tag == 37724 {
-            if payload.len() <= inline {
-                v.extend_from_slice(payload);
-            } else {
-                v.extend(if big { w64(data_at as u64) } else { w32(data_at as u32) });
-            }
-        } else if ty == 3 {
-            v.extend(w16(value as u16));
-        } else {
-            v.extend(if big { w64(value) } else { w32(value as u32) });
-        }
-        v.resize(inline, 0);
-        entries.extend(v);
-    }
-    f.extend(if big { w64(tags.len() as u64) } else { w16(tags.len() as u16) });
-    f.extend(entries);
-    f.extend(if big { w64(0) } else { w32(0) });
-    assert_eq!(f.len(), data_at);
-    if payload.len() > inline {
-        f.extend_from_slice(payload);
-    }
-    f
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn hand_made_files_in_every_layout() {
-    let long = b"Adobe Photoshop Document Data Block\0MIB8".to_vec();
-    for little in [false, true] {
-        for big in [false, true] {
-            for payload in [&b"ab"[..], &b"abcd"[..], &b"abcdefgh"[..], &long[..]] {
-                let f = hand_made(little, big, payload);
-                let (res, layers) = tiff_photoshop_tags(&f);
-                assert_eq!(res, None);
-                assert_eq!(layers, Some(payload), "little {little} big {big} len {}", payload.len());
-                let img = decode(&f).unwrap();
-                assert_eq!(img.dimensions(), (2, 1));
-                assert_eq!(img.meta.photoshop_layers.as_deref(), Some(payload));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn malformed_tags_read_as_absent_without_panicking() {
-    let long = vec![7u8; 40];
-    for little in [false, true] {
-        for big in [false, true] {
-            let f = hand_made(little, big, &long);
-            // Truncated anywhere: never a panic; the payload is absent once it is cut.
-            for cut in 0..f.len() {
-                let (_, layers) = tiff_photoshop_tags(&f[..cut]);
-                if cut < f.len() {
-                    assert!(layers.is_none_or(|l| l.len() == 40));
-                }
-                let _ = decode(&f[..cut]);
-            }
-            // Bit flips in the directory.
-            for i in 0..f.len() - 40 {
-                let mut g = f.clone();
-                g[i] ^= 0xff;
-                let _ = tiff_photoshop_tags(&g);
-                let _ = decode(&g);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    assert_eq!(tiff_photoshop_tags(b""), (None, None));
-    assert_eq!(tiff_photoshop_tags(b"II*\0"), (None, None));
-    assert_eq!(tiff_photoshop_tags(b"MM\0*\xff\xff\xff\xff"), (None, None));
-    // A count that overflows the file.
-    let mut f = hand_made(true, false, &long);
-    let at = f.windows(2).position(|w| w == 37724u16.to_le_bytes()).unwrap();
-    f[at + 4..at + 8].copy_from_slice(&u32::MAX.to_le_bytes());
-    assert_eq!(tiff_photoshop_tags(&f).1, None);
-}
diff --git a/crates/color/src/blend.rs b/crates/color/src/blend.rs
index 5cf5fbd691..508c26977e 100644
--- a/crates/color/src/blend.rs
+++ b/crates/color/src/blend.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! Photoshop and Paint.NET blend modes (scalar reference implementation).
 //!
 //! Formulas follow the public PDF / ISO 32000-2 and W3C Compositing definitions,
-//! with Photoshop's variants where they differ (Soft Light, Hard Mix, Darker/Lighter Color,
+//! with Photoshop's variants where they differ (Hard Mix, Darker/Lighter Color,
 //! Linear Burn/Dodge, Vivid/Linear/Pin Light, Subtract, Divide). This is the CPU reference
 //! that the GPU kernels must match.
 
@@ -323,10 +323,19 @@ fn hard_light(cb: f32, cs: f32) -> f32 {
     }
 }
 
-/// Photoshop's Soft Light (differs from the W3C/PDF definition in the upper half).
+/// Photoshop's Soft Light: the W3C/PDF curve. In the upper half (`cs > 0.5`) the backdrop moves
+/// towards `D(cb)`, which is `sqrt(cb)` above a quarter and the cubic `((16·cb − 12)·cb + 4)·cb`
+/// below it; with `sqrt` throughout, dark backdrops came out up to 20 levels too light (#8804,
+/// measured on psd-tools `blend-modes/rgb-blend-modes.psd`).
 #[inline]
 fn soft_light_ps(cb: f32, cs: f32) -> f32 {
-    if cs <= 0.5 { 2.0 * cb * cs + cb * cb * (1.0 - 2.0 * cs) } else { 2.0 * cb * (1.0 - cs) + cb.max(0.0).sqrt() * (2.0 * cs - 1.0) }
+    if cs <= 0.5 {
+        2.0 * cb * cs + cb * cb * (1.0 - 2.0 * cs)
+    } else {
+        let b = cb.max(0.0);
+        let d = if b <= 0.25 { ((16.0 * b - 12.0) * b + 4.0) * b } else { b.sqrt() };
+        2.0 * cb * (1.0 - cs) + d * (2.0 * cs - 1.0)
+    }
 }
 
 // ---- non-separable helpers (W3C Compositing Level 1) ----
@@ -572,6 +581,37 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(close(blend_channel(BlendMode::HardMix, 0.6, 0.3), 0.0));
     }
 
+    /// #8804: Photoshop's Soft Light over a dark backdrop (cb ≤ 0.25, cs > 0.5) follows the W3C
+    /// curve `D(cb) = ((16·cb − 12)·cb + 4)·cb`, not `sqrt(cb)`. Measured on psd-tools
+    /// `blend-modes/rgb-blend-modes.psd` (Photoshop's merged image), in 8-bit levels:
+    /// (backdrop, source, Photoshop).
+    #[test]
+    fn soft_light_follows_photoshop_over_dark_backdrops() {
+        for (cb, cs, ps) in [(4u8, 247u8, 11.0f32), (6, 254, 19.0), (9, 252, 25.0), (10, 237, 32.0), (14, 253, 46.0)] {
+            let got = blend_channel(BlendMode::SoftLight, f32::from(cb) / 255.0, f32::from(cs) / 255.0) * 255.0;
+            assert!((got - ps).abs() <= 7.0, "cb {cb} cs {cs}: {got} vs Photoshop {ps}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn soft_light_is_the_w3c_formula() {
+        let d = |cb: f32| if cb <= 0.25 { ((16.0 * cb - 12.0) * cb + 4.0) * cb } else { cb.sqrt() };
+        let w3c = |cb: f32, cs: f32| if cs <= 0.5 { cb - (1.0 - 2.0 * cs) * cb * (1.0 - cb) } else { cb + (2.0 * cs - 1.0) * (d(cb) - cb) };
+        for b in (0..=255u8).step_by(3) {
+            for s in (0..=255u8).step_by(5) {
+                let (cb, cs) = (f32::from(b) / 255.0, f32::from(s) / 255.0);
+                let got = blend_channel(BlendMode::SoftLight, cb, cs);
+                assert!((got - w3c(cb, cs)).abs() < 1e-5, "cb {b} cs {s}: {got} vs {}", w3c(cb, cs));
+            }
+        }
+        // Continuous where the two halves of D meet (both give 0.5 at cb = 0.25).
+        let below = blend_channel(BlendMode::SoftLight, 0.25, 1.0);
+        let above = blend_channel(BlendMode::SoftLight, 0.25 + 1e-6, 1.0);
+        assert!(close(below, 0.5) && (above - below).abs() < 1e-4, "{below} {above}");
+        // A negative backdrop (32-bit documents) counts as black under a light source, as before.
+        assert!(close(blend_channel(BlendMode::SoftLight, -0.1, 1.0), 0.0));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn vivid_light_source_extremes_and_interior_values() {
         for cb in [0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0] {
diff --git a/crates/color/src/lib.rs b/crates/color/src/lib.rs
index a33437963b..281c3e01b9 100644
--- a/crates/color/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/color/src/lib.rs
@@ -120,6 +120,29 @@ pub fn read_sample(bytes: &[u8], sample: SampleType, index: usize) -> f32 {
     }
 }
 
+/// [`read_sample`] for the `out.len()` samples from sample index `start` on, matching the sample
+/// type once instead of per sample.
+pub fn read_samples(bytes: &[u8], sample: SampleType, start: usize, out: &mut [f32]) {
+    let end = start + out.len();
+    match sample {
+        SampleType::U8 => {
+            for (o, b) in out.iter_mut().zip(&bytes[start..end]) {
+                *o = *b as f32 / 255.0;
+            }
+        }
+        SampleType::U16 => {
+            for (o, b) in out.iter_mut().zip(bytes[start * 2..end * 2].as_chunks::<2>().0) {
+                *o = u16::from_ne_bytes(*b) as f32 / 65535.0;
+            }
+        }
+        SampleType::F32 => {
+            for (o, b) in out.iter_mut().zip(bytes[start * 4..end * 4].as_chunks::<4>().0) {
+                *o = f32::from_ne_bytes(*b);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Write a normalised f32 sample; integer types are clamped and rounded.
 #[inline]
 pub fn write_sample(bytes: &mut [u8], sample: SampleType, index: usize, v: f32) {
diff --git a/crates/compose/Cargo.toml b/crates/compose/Cargo.toml
index 45bdb4bdff..50e8e220ac 100644
--- a/crates/compose/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/compose/Cargo.toml
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ rayon = { workspace = true }
 proptest = { workspace = true }
 criterion = { workspace = true }
 photocraft-paint = { workspace = true }
+photocraft-cms = { workspace = true }
 
 [[bench]]
 name = "compose"
diff --git a/crates/compose/proptest-regressions/cmyk_tests.txt b/crates/compose/proptest-regressions/cmyk_tests.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2f3a9c3fb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/compose/proptest-regressions/cmyk_tests.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# Seeds for failure cases proptest has generated in the past. It is
+# automatically read and these particular cases re-run before any
+# novel cases are generated.
+#
+# It is recommended to check this file in to source control so that
+# everyone who runs the test benefits from these saved cases.
+cc a795914e4492bef1e662315563d48d54f09030c48e046df95329465c86dde4b4 # shrinks to s = Spec { w: 4, h: 6, layers: [Group { children: [Pixels { kind: Raster, blend: Normal, fills: [(Rect { x0: 0, y0: 0, x1: 1, y1: 1 }, [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0])], opacity: 1.0, fill: 1.0, clipped: false, visible: true, mask: None }], pass_through: false, blend: Normal, opacity: 1.0, fill: 1.0, mask: None }, Pixels { kind: Adjust(Levels { channel: 0, levels: [0.0, 0.6, 1.0105422, 0.0, 0.7] }), blend: Normal, fills: [(Rect { x0: 0, y0: 0, x1: 1, y1: 1 }, [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0])], opacity: 0.0, fill: 0.0, clipped: false, visible: true, mask: None }] }
+cc e14b02709a87770da2637c28678c4fa761b5628f402e0c6d60fe66f1aa4d4bfa # shrinks to s = Spec { w: 3, h: 2, layers: [Group { children: [Pixels { kind: Raster, blend: Normal, fills: [(Rect { x0: 0, y0: 0, x1: 1, y1: 1 }, [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0])], opacity: 1.0, fill: 1.0, clipped: false, visible: true, mask: None }], pass_through: false, blend: Normal, opacity: 1.0, fill: 1.0, mask: None }, Group { children: [Pixels { kind: Adjust(Levels { channel: 0, levels: [0.0, 0.6, 0.3, 0.0, 0.7] }), blend: Dissolve, fills: [(Rect { x0: 0, y0: 0, x1: 1, y1: 1 }, [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0])], opacity: 0.8972109, fill: 1.0, clipped: false, visible: true, mask: None }], pass_through: true, blend: Normal, opacity: 1.0, fill: 1.0, mask: None }] }
+cc 4eeba1f8db987228717b932b82d043d61e82fd897a33ea9e2ce68d6c61d7f491 # shrinks to s = Spec { w: 3, h: 5, layers: [Group { children: [Pixels { kind: Raster, blend: Normal, fills: [(Rect { x0: 0, y0: 0, x1: 1, y1: 1 }, [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0])], opacity: 1.0, fill: 0.026626235, clipped: false, visible: true, mask: None }, Pixels { kind: Adjust(Invert), blend: Normal, fills: [(Rect { x0: 0, y0: 0, x1: 1, y1: 1 }, [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0])], opacity: 0.0, fill: 0.0, clipped: false, visible: true, mask: None }], pass_through: true, blend: Normal, opacity: 1.0, fill: 1.0, mask: None }] }
diff --git a/crates/compose/src/adjust.rs b/crates/compose/src/adjust.rs
index 38e34fcd12..cd907e9cfa 100644
--- a/crates/compose/src/adjust.rs
+++ b/crates/compose/src/adjust.rs
@@ -77,6 +77,12 @@ pub fn apply_with(adj: &Adjustment, buf: &mut Buffer, transfer: Transfer) {
 /// unrounded). Integer depths work on whole levels like Photoshop's (see [`levels_q`] and
 /// `adjustment_quantum`), 32-bit documents get its float Levels (see [`levels_float`]).
 pub fn apply_depth(adj: &Adjustment, buf: &mut Buffer, transfer: Transfer, depth: Option<SampleType>) {
+    apply_depth_mode(adj, buf, transfer, depth, ColorMode::Rgb);
+}
+
+/// [`apply_depth`] in a document of colour `mode` (which decides whether float curves extend,
+/// see [`float_tone_extrapolates`]).
+fn apply_depth_mode(adj: &Adjustment, buf: &mut Buffer, transfer: Transfer, depth: Option<SampleType>, mode: ColorMode) {
     match adj {
         Adjustment::Invert => map_rgb(buf, |c| [1.0 - c[0], 1.0 - c[1], 1.0 - c[2]]),
         Adjustment::Threshold { level } => map_rgb(buf, |c| [if threshold_white(c, *level, depth) { 1.0 } else { 0.0 }; 3]),
@@ -143,7 +149,7 @@ pub fn apply_depth(adj: &Adjustment, buf: &mut Buffer, transfer: Transfer, depth
                 return;
             }
             let luts = tone_luts_depth(adj, depth);
-            apply_tone(buf, *space, &luts, identity);
+            apply_tone(buf, *space, &luts, identity, float_tone_extrapolates(adj, depth, mode));
         }
         Adjustment::HueSaturation { hue, saturation, lightness, colorize, ranges } => {
             let table = (!*colorize && ranges.iter().any(|r| !r.is_neutral())).then(|| hue_range_tables(ranges));
@@ -158,7 +164,8 @@ pub fn apply_depth(adj: &Adjustment, buf: &mut Buffer, transfer: Transfer, depth
                     }
                     None => (0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
                 };
-                let out = hue_saturation(c, *hue + dh, (*saturation / 100.0 + ds).clamp(-1.0, 1.0), (*lightness / 100.0).clamp(-1.0, 1.0), *colorize);
+                let sat = colorize_saturation((*saturation / 100.0 + ds).clamp(-1.0, 1.0), *lightness / 100.0, *colorize, depth);
+                let out = hue_saturation_in(c, *hue + dh, sat, (*lightness / 100.0).clamp(-1.0, 1.0), *colorize, depth);
                 range_lightness(out, dl)
             })
         }
@@ -197,8 +204,11 @@ pub fn apply_depth(adj: &Adjustment, buf: &mut Buffer, transfer: Transfer, depth
         }
         Adjustment::BlackWhite { weights, tint } => {
             let hdr = depth == Some(SampleType::F32);
+            // 32-bit greys keep their superwhites: Photoshop 27.11 maps negatives to 0 and caps
+            // neutrals at 16, but leaves 2.0 at 2.0 (#8537).
+            let hi = if hdr { 16.0 } else { 1.0 };
             map_rgb(buf, |c| {
-                let g = black_white_gray(c, weights);
+                let g = black_white_gray(c, weights).clamp(0.0, hi);
                 match tint {
                     // Photoshop tints like the Color blend mode: the tint's hue and saturation at
                     // the grey's luminosity (SetLum + ClipColor), measured in Photoshop 27.11. In
@@ -232,7 +242,8 @@ pub fn apply_depth(adj: &Adjustment, buf: &mut Buffer, transfer: Transfer, depth
             }
         }
         Adjustment::ColorBalance { shadows, midtones, highlights, preserve_luminosity } => {
-            map_rgb(buf, |c| std::array::from_fn(|ch| color_balance_channel([*shadows, *midtones, *highlights], *preserve_luminosity, ch, c[ch])))
+            let curves = BalanceCurve::rgb([*shadows, *midtones, *highlights], *preserve_luminosity);
+            map_rgb(buf, |c| std::array::from_fn(|ch| curves[ch].eval(c[ch])))
         }
         Adjustment::SelectiveColor { relative, adjustments } => map_rgb(buf, |c| selective_color(c, *relative, adjustments)),
         Adjustment::ColorLookup { lut: Some(table), size, tetrahedral, dither, .. } if lut3d_len(*size).is_some_and(|len| table.len() >= len) => {
@@ -333,7 +344,7 @@ pub fn apply_in(adj: &Adjustment, buf: &mut Buffer, transfer: Transfer, depth: O
             });
         }
     } else {
-        apply_depth(adj, buf, transfer, depth);
+        apply_depth_mode(adj, buf, transfer, depth, mode);
     }
 }
 
@@ -561,8 +572,8 @@ fn apply_lab(adj: &Adjustment, buf: &mut Buffer, depth: Option<SampleType>) {
     }
 }
 
-/// Float RGB curve channels with no edit must preserve samples outside the LUT domain.
-/// Edited curves retain the existing spline/LUT behaviour until HDR extrapolation has an oracle.
+/// Float RGB curve channels with no edit must preserve samples outside the LUT domain; edited
+/// ones extend past it (see [`float_tone_extrapolates`]).
 pub fn float_tone_identity(adj: &Adjustment, depth: Option<SampleType>) -> [bool; 3] {
     match adj {
         Adjustment::Curves { master, per_channel, space: ToneSpace::Rgb, .. } if depth == Some(SampleType::F32) => {
@@ -572,9 +583,18 @@ pub fn float_tone_identity(adj: &Adjustment, depth: Option<SampleType>) -> [bool
     }
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn apply_tone(buf: &mut Buffer, space: ToneSpace, luts: &[Vec<f32>; 4], identity: [bool; 3]) {
+/// Whether an edited Curves adjustment continues past 0..1 instead of clipping: in a 32-bit RGB
+/// document Photoshop extends each curve beyond its end points along the slope of its end
+/// segments (#7157: `[[0,0],[255,128]]` maps -0.5 to -0.250980407 and 2 to 1.003921628). Only
+/// in RGB documents: the curve's space is not the document's, and other modes keep the table.
+pub fn float_tone_extrapolates(adj: &Adjustment, depth: Option<SampleType>, mode: ColorMode) -> bool {
+    matches!(adj, Adjustment::Curves { space: ToneSpace::Rgb, .. }) && depth == Some(SampleType::F32) && mode == ColorMode::Rgb
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn apply_tone(buf: &mut Buffer, space: ToneSpace, luts: &[Vec<f32>; 4], identity: [bool; 3], extrapolate: bool) {
+    let sample = if extrapolate { lut_extended } else { lut };
     match space {
-        ToneSpace::Rgb => map_rgb(buf, |c| std::array::from_fn(|i| if identity[i] { c[i] } else { lut(&luts[i], c[i]) })),
+        ToneSpace::Rgb => map_rgb(buf, |c| std::array::from_fn(|i| if identity[i] { c[i] } else { sample(&luts[i], c[i]) })),
         ToneSpace::Cmyk | ToneSpace::Lab => map_rgb(buf, |c| tone_in_space(space, luts, c)),
     }
 }
@@ -664,10 +684,31 @@ pub fn hue_range_tables(ranges: &[HueRange; 6]) -> [Vec<f32>; 3] {
     std::array::from_fn(|i| rows.iter().map(|r| r[i]).collect())
 }
 
+/// Hue/Saturation's saturation `s` (-1..1) as [`hue_saturation`] takes it in a document of
+/// `depth`. A 32-bit Colorize builds its colour with the saturation times `1 - |lightness|`:
+/// the photoshop corpus's rgb32 hue-saturation-colorize.psd (Saturation 40, Lightness +5) has 0.95
+/// of the chroma at every lightness, and is exact so, where 8 and 16 bits keep the full saturation
+/// (their oracles are exact without it). Only a raised Lightness is measured; a lowered one is
+/// taken to scale the same way.
+pub fn colorize_saturation(s: f32, lightness: f32, colorize: bool, depth: Option<SampleType>) -> f32 {
+    // Clamped here too: a PSD can store a saturation beyond ±100, and the GPU scales it unclamped.
+    if colorize && depth == Some(SampleType::F32) { s.clamp(-1.0, 1.0) * (1.0 - lightness.abs().min(1.0)) } else { s }
+}
+
 /// One Hue/Saturation evaluation: hue shift in degrees, saturation and lightness in -1..=1.
 /// Colorize sets the hue and saturation instead of shifting them; at 0% it leaves only the
 /// lightness, as in Photoshop (#2326). Ticking Colorize in the dialog starts saturation at 25%.
 pub fn hue_saturation(c: [f32; 3], hue: f32, s: f32, l: f32, colorize: bool) -> [f32; 3] {
+    hue_saturation_in(c, hue, s, l, colorize, None)
+}
+
+/// [`hue_saturation`] in a document of `depth`. At 32 bits Photoshop doesn't clip the raised
+/// saturation, so saturated colours leave 0..1 (red with Hue +40, Saturation +25, Lightness -10
+/// becomes (1.0477, 0.649, -0.1477)), and it scales each colour's chroma around its lightness by
+/// [`hdr_saturation_factor`], so colours at or above lightness 1 keep their hue too: the photoshop
+/// corpus's rgb32 hue-saturation.psd is exact so.
+pub fn hue_saturation_in(c: [f32; 3], hue: f32, s: f32, l: f32, colorize: bool, depth: Option<SampleType>) -> [f32; 3] {
+    let hdr = depth == Some(SampleType::F32);
     let lighten = |v: f32| if l > 0.0 { v + (1.0 - v) * l } else { v * (1.0 + l) };
     if colorize {
         // Colorize builds the colour at the lightened (or darkened) lightness, so black with
@@ -678,14 +719,36 @@ pub fn hue_saturation(c: [f32; 3], hue: f32, s: f32, l: f32, colorize: bool) ->
     // Photoshop applies Lightness first, then rotates the hue and scales the saturation of the
     // result: Hue +40, Saturation +25, Lightness -10 turns (240, 160, 30) into (173, 243, 0), not
     // (168, 230, 14) (Photoshop 27.11 corpus file adjustments/rgb8/hue-saturation).
-    let (hh, ss, ll) = rgb_to_hsl(c.map(lighten));
+    let lc = c.map(lighten);
+    let (hh, ss, ll) = rgb_to_hsl(lc);
     let hh = (hh + hue / 360.0).rem_euclid(1.0);
+    if hdr {
+        // The chroma, not the HSL saturation, whose `2 - max - min` divisor is 0 at lightness 1
+        // and negative above it: (2, 0, 0) with Hue +40 becomes (2, 1.333, 0) in Photoshop.
+        let d = (lc[0].max(lc[1]).max(lc[2]) - lc[0].min(lc[1]).min(lc[2])) * hdr_saturation_factor(s);
+        return hue_rgb(hh, ll - d / 2.0, ll + d / 2.0);
+    }
     // Raising saturation divides by 1 - s, lowering it multiplies by 1 + s: +50 % doubles it
     // (measured in Photoshop 27.11); +100 % saturates any colour that has some.
     let ss = if s > 0.0 { ss / (1.0 - s).max(1.0 / 512.0) } else { ss * (1.0 + s) }.clamp(0.0, 1.0);
     hsl_to_rgb(hh, ss, ll)
 }
 
+/// The factor 32-bit Hue/Saturation scales chroma by for saturation `s` (-1..1), as Photoshop
+/// computes it (measured at every whole percent from -100 to +100 on a 32-bit document): lowering
+/// cuts `s` to 1/256 steps, raising cuts it to 254 steps out of 255, takes 255 / (255 - steps) to
+/// 1/256 and stops at 32767/256, so +25 % gives 340/256, +99 % 63.75 and +100 % 127.996.
+/// compose.wgsl's Hue/Saturation does the same in whole numbers.
+pub fn hdr_saturation_factor(s: f32) -> f32 {
+    // The 1e-4 keeps a master plus range sum on its step: -0.46 + 0.96 is 0.49999997 in f32.
+    let s = s.clamp(-1.0, 1.0);
+    if s <= 0.0 {
+        return 1.0 - (-s * 256.0 + 1e-4).floor() / 256.0;
+    }
+    let steps = (s * 254.0 + 1e-4).floor() as u32;
+    (65280 / 255u32.saturating_sub(steps).max(1)).min(32767) as f32 / 256.0
+}
+
 /// A colour range's Lightness, applied after the master edits. It moves each channel towards the
 /// pixel's brightest channel when raised and towards its darkest when lowered, not towards white
 /// or black: Blues +50 turns (0, 29, 115) into (57, 71, 115), Blues -50 turns (102, 128, 204) into
@@ -699,7 +762,8 @@ pub fn range_lightness(c: [f32; 3], l: f32) -> [f32; 3] {
 /// Black & White grey value. Each colour is the sum of a grey part (its smallest channel), a
 /// secondary-colour part (yellow, cyan or magenta: middle − smallest) and a primary part (red,
 /// green or blue: largest − middle); the sliders (percent, Photoshop defaults 40 60 40 60 20 80 for
-/// reds, yellows, greens, cyans, blues, magentas) weight the two colour parts.
+/// reds, yellows, greens, cyans, blues, magentas) weight the two colour parts. Unclipped: the
+/// document's depth decides the range.
 pub fn black_white_gray(c: [f32; 3], weights: &[f32; 6]) -> f32 {
     let (r, g, b) = (c[0], c[1], c[2]);
     let (max, min) = (r.max(g).max(b), r.min(g).min(b));
@@ -719,7 +783,7 @@ pub fn black_white_gray(c: [f32; 3], weights: &[f32; 6]) -> f32 {
     } else {
         5 // red + blue = magenta
     };
-    (min + (mid - min) * weights[secondary] / 100.0 + (max - mid) * weights[primary] / 100.0).clamp(0.0, 1.0)
+    min + (mid - min) * weights[secondary] / 100.0 + (max - mid) * weights[primary] / 100.0
 }
 
 /// Ordered-dither offset in -0.5..0.5 (4×4 Bayer matrix) for document pixel (x, y).
@@ -786,48 +850,89 @@ pub fn lut3d_sample(lut: &[f32], n: usize, c: [f32; 3], tetrahedral: bool) -> [f
 /// - Preserve Luminosity on: each channel's black point is (max − own) shadows levels, its white
 ///   point 255 − (own − min) highlights levels, and m = own − (max + min) / 2 midtones.
 ///
-/// A gamma > 1 starts with slope 2^gamma at black ([`balance_gamma`]: up to 18 of 255 brighter
+/// A gamma > 1 starts with slope 2^gamma at black (up to 18 of 255 brighter
 /// near black without it). When the black point reaches the white point, input
 /// at or above the white point is white and the rest black.
 pub fn color_balance_channel(tones: [[f32; 3]; 3], preserve_luminosity: bool, ch: usize, v: f32) -> f32 {
-    let [shadows, midtones, highlights] = tones.map(|t| t.map(|s| if s.is_finite() { s.clamp(-100.0, 100.0) } else { 0.0 }));
-    let own = |t: [f32; 3]| t.get(ch).copied().unwrap_or(0.0);
-    let max = |t: [f32; 3]| t[0].max(t[1]).max(t[2]);
-    let min = |t: [f32; 3]| t[0].min(t[1]).min(t[2]);
-    let (black, white, m) = if preserve_luminosity {
-        (max(shadows) - own(shadows), own(highlights) - min(highlights), own(midtones) - (max(midtones) + min(midtones)) / 2.0)
-    } else {
-        ((-own(shadows)).max(0.0), own(highlights).max(0.0), own(midtones) + (own(shadows) + own(highlights)) / 2.0)
-    };
-    let (b, w) = (black / 255.0, 1.0 - white / 255.0);
-    let v = if v.is_finite() { v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) } else { 0.0 };
-    if v >= w {
-        return 1.0;
-    }
-    if v <= b {
-        return 0.0;
-    }
-    balance_gamma((v - b) / (w - b), 2f32.powf(m / 100.0))
+    BalanceCurve::new(tones, preserve_luminosity, ch).eval(v)
 }
 
-/// The midtone gamma of Color Balance's per-channel Levels (`u` in 0..1): `u^(1/gamma)`, except
-/// that a gamma > 1 (which would start with infinite slope) starts at slope 2^gamma and joins the
-/// power curve in a cubic Hermite at twice the input where that line meets it (Photoshop,
-/// measured on a 16-bit ramp at gamma 1.07..2: within 0.02 of 255).
-fn balance_gamma(u: f32, gamma: f32) -> f32 {
-    let e = 1.0 / gamma.max(0.01);
-    let power = u.powf(e);
-    if gamma <= 1.0 {
-        return power;
+/// One channel's Color Balance curve (see [`color_balance_channel`]), with the terms that don't
+/// depend on the sample worked out once rather than per pixel.
+pub struct BalanceCurve {
+    /// Input black and white points.
+    b: f32,
+    w: f32,
+    /// The power curve's exponent, 1 / gamma.
+    e: f32,
+    /// The Hermite join of a gamma > 1.
+    knee: Option<Knee>,
+}
+
+/// Where a gamma > 1 curve's Hermite join ends (`u0`), its starting slope 2^gamma (`s0`), and the
+/// power curve's value (`p`) and slope (`d`) at `u0`.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct Knee {
+    u0: f32,
+    s0: f32,
+    p: f32,
+    d: f32,
+}
+
+impl BalanceCurve {
+    /// The red, green and blue curves.
+    pub fn rgb(tones: [[f32; 3]; 3], preserve_luminosity: bool) -> [Self; 3] {
+        std::array::from_fn(|ch| Self::new(tones, preserve_luminosity, ch))
     }
-    let s0 = 2f32.powf(gamma);
-    let u0 = (2.0 * s0.powf(1.0 / (e - 1.0))).min(1.0);
-    if u0.is_nan() || u0 <= 0.0 || u >= u0 {
-        return power;
+
+    /// The curve of channel `ch` (0 red, 1 green, 2 blue) for the shadows, midtones and
+    /// highlights slider triples `tones`.
+    pub fn new(tones: [[f32; 3]; 3], preserve_luminosity: bool, ch: usize) -> Self {
+        let [shadows, midtones, highlights] = tones.map(|t| t.map(|s| if s.is_finite() { s.clamp(-100.0, 100.0) } else { 0.0 }));
+        let own = |t: [f32; 3]| t.get(ch).copied().unwrap_or(0.0);
+        let max = |t: [f32; 3]| t[0].max(t[1]).max(t[2]);
+        let min = |t: [f32; 3]| t[0].min(t[1]).min(t[2]);
+        let (black, white, m) = if preserve_luminosity {
+            (max(shadows) - own(shadows), own(highlights) - min(highlights), own(midtones) - (max(midtones) + min(midtones)) / 2.0)
+        } else {
+            ((-own(shadows)).max(0.0), own(highlights).max(0.0), own(midtones) + (own(shadows) + own(highlights)) / 2.0)
+        };
+        // The midtone gamma of the channel's Levels: `u^(1/gamma)`, except that a gamma > 1
+        // (which would start with infinite slope) starts at slope 2^gamma and joins the power
+        // curve in a cubic Hermite at twice the input where that line meets it (Photoshop,
+        // measured on a 16-bit ramp at gamma 1.07..2: within 0.02 of 255).
+        let gamma = 2f32.powf(m / 100.0);
+        let e = 1.0 / gamma.max(0.01);
+        let knee = if gamma > 1.0 {
+            let s0 = 2f32.powf(gamma);
+            let u0 = (2.0 * s0.powf(1.0 / (e - 1.0))).min(1.0);
+            (!u0.is_nan() && u0 > 0.0).then(|| Knee { u0, s0, p: u0.powf(e), d: e * u0.powf(e - 1.0) })
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        Self { b: black / 255.0, w: 1.0 - white / 255.0, e, knee }
+    }
+
+    /// The curve at `v` (0..1).
+    pub fn eval(&self, v: f32) -> f32 {
+        let (b, w) = (self.b, self.w);
+        let v = if v.is_finite() { v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) } else { 0.0 };
+        if v >= w {
+            return 1.0;
+        }
+        if v <= b {
+            return 0.0;
+        }
+        let u = (v - b) / (w - b);
+        match self.knee {
+            Some(Knee { u0, s0, p, d }) if u < u0 => {
+                let t = u / u0;
+                let (t2, t3) = (t * t, t * t * t);
+                ((t3 - 2.0 * t2 + t) * u0 * s0 + (3.0 * t2 - 2.0 * t3) * p + (t3 - t2) * u0 * d).clamp(0.0, 1.0)
+            }
+            _ => u.powf(self.e),
+        }
     }
-    let (p, d, t) = (u0.powf(e), e * u0.powf(e - 1.0), u / u0);
-    let (t2, t3) = (t * t, t * t * t);
-    ((t3 - 2.0 * t2 + t) * u0 * s0 + (3.0 * t2 - 2.0 * t3) * p + (t3 - t2) * u0 * d).clamp(0.0, 1.0)
 }
 
 /// How much a colour belongs to each Selective Color range: reds, yellows, greens, cyans,
@@ -898,12 +1003,32 @@ fn map_rgb(buf: &mut Buffer, f: impl Fn([f32; 3]) -> [f32; 3]) {
 #[inline]
 fn lut(table: &[f32], v: f32) -> f32 {
     let x = v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * (table.len() - 1) as f32;
-    let i = x.floor() as usize;
+    // Never negative (NaN casts to 0, as its floor did), so truncating is `floor`, without the
+    // libm call baseline x86-64 (no SSE4.1) makes for it.
+    let i = x as usize;
     let j = (i + 1).min(table.len() - 1);
     let f = x - i as f32;
     table[i] * (1.0 - f) + table[j] * f
 }
 
+/// Table steps the end slopes of [`lut_extended`] are measured over: one step's difference near
+/// 0.5 carries f32 rounding (2e-4 of the slope), while 16 steps are still only 0.4 % of the domain.
+pub const TONE_SLOPE_SPAN: usize = 16;
+
+/// [`lut`] continued past 0..1 along the slope of the table's end segments, as Photoshop applies
+/// a curve to float samples ([`float_tone_extrapolates`]). Inside the domain it is [`lut`];
+/// non-finite samples stay with it too, so an infinite one can't become NaN on a flat end.
+#[inline]
+fn lut_extended(table: &[f32], v: f32) -> f32 {
+    let n = table.len();
+    if !v.is_finite() || (0.0..=1.0).contains(&v) || n < 2 {
+        return lut(table, v);
+    }
+    let k = TONE_SLOPE_SPAN.min(n - 1);
+    let per_unit = (n - 1) as f32 / k as f32;
+    if v < 0.0 { table[0] + v * (table[k] - table[0]) * per_unit } else { table[n - 1] + (v - 1.0) * (table[n - 1] - table[n - 1 - k]) * per_unit }
+}
+
 /// Photo Filter's linear-light RGB matrix. Photoshop multiplies the pixel's D50 XYZ, relative to
 /// white, by the filter colour's (mixed in by `density`): a fixed linear map, so it is folded into
 /// one matrix. With `normalize_y` the map keeps luminance Y (32-bit Preserve Luminosity; 8/16-bit
@@ -1211,6 +1336,11 @@ pub fn levels_gamma(u: f32, g: f32) -> f32 {
         return u.powf(c);
     }
     let b = (a * u1 - u1.powf(c)) / u1.powf(q);
+    // Just above gamma 1 the toe shrinks to nothing: u1^q underflows to 0 while u1 doesn't, and
+    // the power curve is the toe's limit there (otherwise b = inf and black turns NaN).
+    if !b.is_finite() {
+        return u.powf(c);
+    }
     a * u - b * u.powf(q)
 }
 
@@ -1389,7 +1519,11 @@ pub fn hsl_to_rgb(h: f32, s: f32, l: f32) -> [f32; 3] {
         return [l; 3];
     }
     let q = if l < 0.5 { l * (1.0 + s) } else { l + s - l * s };
-    let p = 2.0 * l - q;
+    hue_rgb(h, 2.0 * l - q, q)
+}
+
+/// The colour of hue `h` (0..1) with its smallest channel at `p` and its largest at `q`.
+fn hue_rgb(h: f32, p: f32, q: f32) -> [f32; 3] {
     let f = |mut t: f32| {
         t = t.rem_euclid(1.0);
         if t < 1.0 / 6.0 {
@@ -1498,6 +1632,89 @@ mod tone_tests {
         [b.px[0][0], b.px[0][1], b.px[0][2]]
     }
 
+    /// Photoshop's 32-bit Hue/Saturation (photoshop corpus rgb32 hue-saturation.psd: hue +40,
+    /// saturation +25, lightness -10): saturated colours leave 0..1, and the saturation factor is
+    /// 1 / (1 - 63/255), so red becomes (1.0477, 0.649, -0.1477), where 8 bits clip to (0.9, 0.6, 0).
+    #[test]
+    fn thirty_two_bit_hue_saturation_is_unclipped() {
+        let adj = Adjustment::HueSaturation { hue: 40.0, saturation: 25.0, lightness: -10.0, colorize: false, ranges: HueRange::defaults() };
+        let near = |got: [f32; 3], want: [f32; 3]| got.iter().zip(want).all(|(g, w)| (g - w).abs() < 1e-3);
+        for (c, want) in
+            [([1.0, 0.0, 0.0], [1.0477, 0.649, -0.1477]), ([0.9301, 0.6105, 0.2541], [0.7804, 0.9369, 0.1289]), ([0.0, 0.3864, 1.0], [0.1871, -0.1477, 1.0477])]
+        {
+            assert!(near(hdr(&adj, c), want), "{c:?}: {:?}", hdr(&adj, c));
+        }
+        let mut b = Buffer::filled(crate::Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1), [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+        apply_depth(&adj, &mut b, Transfer::Srgb, Some(SampleType::U16));
+        assert!(b.px[0].iter().all(|v| (0.0..=1.0).contains(v)), "16 bits clip: {:?}", b.px[0]);
+    }
+
+    /// Photoshop's 32-bit Colorize (photoshop corpus rgb32 hue-saturation-colorize.psd: hue -160,
+    /// saturation 40, lightness +5): red becomes (0.3445, 0.5852, 0.7055), 0.95 of the chroma an
+    /// 8-bit Colorize gives at the same lightness, (0.335, 0.5883, 0.715).
+    #[test]
+    fn thirty_two_bit_colorize_scales_the_saturation() {
+        let adj = Adjustment::HueSaturation { hue: -160.0, saturation: 40.0, lightness: 5.0, colorize: true, ranges: HueRange::defaults() };
+        let near = |got: [f32; 3], want: [f32; 3]| got.iter().zip(want).all(|(g, w)| (g - w).abs() < 2e-3);
+        let red = hdr(&adj, [1.0, 0.0, 0.0]);
+        assert!(near(red, [0.3445, 0.5852, 0.7055]), "{red:?}");
+        let mut b = Buffer::filled(crate::Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1), [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+        apply_depth(&adj, &mut b, Transfer::Srgb, Some(SampleType::U16));
+        assert!(near([b.px[0][0], b.px[0][1], b.px[0][2]], [0.335, 0.5883, 0.715]), "16-bit keeps the full saturation: {:?}", b.px[0]);
+    }
+
+    /// Photoshop's 32-bit saturation factor (Hue/Saturation on red (1, 0, 0) in a 32-bit document,
+    /// read back from the saved float TIFF, exact in 1/512): red's R is 0.5 + 0.5 x the factor.
+    #[test]
+    fn thirty_two_bit_saturation_steps_match_photoshop() {
+        for (sat, want) in [
+            (10.0, 539.0 / 512.0),
+            (75.0, 2.4609375),
+            (90.0, 2673.0 / 512.0),
+            (99.0, 32.375),
+            (100.0, 33023.0 / 512.0),
+            (-10.0, 487.0 / 512.0),
+            (-25.0, 0.875),
+            (-50.0, 0.75),
+            (-100.0, 0.5),
+        ] {
+            let adj = Adjustment::HueSaturation { hue: 0.0, saturation: sat, lightness: 0.0, colorize: false, ranges: HueRange::defaults() };
+            let got = hdr(&adj, [1.0, 0.0, 0.0])[0];
+            assert!((got - want).abs() < 1e-4, "saturation {sat}: {got}, Photoshop {want}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 32-bit colours at or above HSL lightness 1 (red at +1 stop, (2, 0, 0)) keep their hue and
+    /// get their chroma scaled like any other, as in Photoshop; they used to turn NaN or grey.
+    #[test]
+    fn thirty_two_bit_hue_saturation_keeps_bright_colours() {
+        let pale = [280.0 / 255.0, 230.0 / 255.0, 256.0 / 255.0];
+        let near = |got: [f32; 3], want: [f32; 3]| got.iter().zip(want).all(|(g, w)| (g - w).abs() <= 1e-3 * w.abs().max(1.0));
+        for (hue, sat, c, want) in [
+            (40.0, 0.0, [2.0, 0.0, 0.0], [2.0, 1.33301, 0.0]),
+            (40.0, 0.0, pale, [1.09804, 0.930687, 0.901961]),
+            (0.0, 25.0, [2.0, 0.0, 0.0], [2.32812, -0.328125, -0.328125]),
+            (0.0, 25.0, pale, [1.13021, 0.869792, 1.00521]),
+            (0.0, -25.0, [2.0, 0.0, 0.0], [1.75, 0.25, 0.25]),
+            (0.0, 100.0, [140.0 / 255.0, 115.0 / 255.0, 128.0 / 255.0], [6.77432, -5.77432, 0.750976]),
+            (0.0, 100.0, [2.0, 0.0, 0.0], [128.996, -126.996, -126.996]),
+        ] {
+            let adj = Adjustment::HueSaturation { hue, saturation: sat, lightness: 0.0, colorize: false, ranges: HueRange::defaults() };
+            let got = hdr(&adj, c);
+            assert!(near(got, want), "hue {hue}, saturation {sat}, {c:?}: {got:?}, Photoshop {want:?}");
+        }
+        // A master plus a range edit that add up to a whole step stay on it: Reds +96 over a master
+        // -46 scales red as much as a master +50 alone (in f32 the sum is 0.49999997).
+        let mut ranges = HueRange::defaults();
+        ranges[0].saturation = 96.0;
+        let summed = Adjustment::HueSaturation { hue: 0.0, saturation: -46.0, lightness: 0.0, colorize: false, ranges };
+        let single = Adjustment::HueSaturation { hue: 0.0, saturation: 50.0, lightness: 0.0, colorize: false, ranges: HueRange::defaults() };
+        assert_eq!(hdr(&summed, [1.0, 0.0, 0.0]), hdr(&single, [1.0, 0.0, 0.0]));
+        // Lightness 0 with a negative channel divides by zero the same way.
+        let adj = Adjustment::HueSaturation { hue: 40.0, saturation: 25.0, lightness: 0.0, colorize: false, ranges: HueRange::defaults() };
+        assert!(hdr(&adj, [0.25, -0.25, 0.0]).iter().all(|v| v.is_finite()));
+    }
+
     /// Photoshop's own 32-bit results (photoshop corpus rgb32): nothing clips, legacy contrast
     /// pivots at 127, the mixer cuts its percentages to 1/1024 and counts 255/512 of the
     /// constant, and the Black & White tint keeps values above 1.
@@ -1736,6 +1953,66 @@ mod tone_tests {
         }
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn color_balance_curve_matches_the_per_sample_formula_bitwise() {
+        // The curve works out its sample-independent terms once; this is the formula it replaced,
+        // evaluated whole for every sample.
+        fn per_sample(tones: [[f32; 3]; 3], preserve_luminosity: bool, ch: usize, v: f32) -> f32 {
+            let [shadows, midtones, highlights] = tones.map(|t| t.map(|s| if s.is_finite() { s.clamp(-100.0, 100.0) } else { 0.0 }));
+            let own = |t: [f32; 3]| t.get(ch).copied().unwrap_or(0.0);
+            let max = |t: [f32; 3]| t[0].max(t[1]).max(t[2]);
+            let min = |t: [f32; 3]| t[0].min(t[1]).min(t[2]);
+            let (black, white, m) = if preserve_luminosity {
+                (max(shadows) - own(shadows), own(highlights) - min(highlights), own(midtones) - (max(midtones) + min(midtones)) / 2.0)
+            } else {
+                ((-own(shadows)).max(0.0), own(highlights).max(0.0), own(midtones) + (own(shadows) + own(highlights)) / 2.0)
+            };
+            let (b, w) = (black / 255.0, 1.0 - white / 255.0);
+            let v = if v.is_finite() { v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) } else { 0.0 };
+            if v >= w {
+                return 1.0;
+            }
+            if v <= b {
+                return 0.0;
+            }
+            let (u, gamma) = ((v - b) / (w - b), 2f32.powf(m / 100.0));
+            let e = 1.0 / gamma.max(0.01);
+            let power = u.powf(e);
+            if gamma <= 1.0 {
+                return power;
+            }
+            let s0 = 2f32.powf(gamma);
+            let u0 = (2.0 * s0.powf(1.0 / (e - 1.0))).min(1.0);
+            if u0.is_nan() || u0 <= 0.0 || u >= u0 {
+                return power;
+            }
+            let (p, d, t) = (u0.powf(e), e * u0.powf(e - 1.0), u / u0);
+            let (t2, t3) = (t * t, t * t * t);
+            ((t3 - 2.0 * t2 + t) * u0 * s0 + (3.0 * t2 - 2.0 * t3) * p + (t3 - t2) * u0 * d).clamp(0.0, 1.0)
+        }
+        let mut seed = 0x9e37_79b9_u32;
+        let mut slider = || {
+            seed ^= seed << 13;
+            seed ^= seed >> 17;
+            seed ^= seed << 5;
+            (seed % 241) as f32 - 120.0
+        };
+        let mut settings = vec![[[0.0; 3]; 3], [[f32::NAN, 1e9, -1e9]; 3], [[-100.0; 3], [100.0; 3], [100.0; 3]]];
+        settings.extend((0..120).map(|_| std::array::from_fn(|_| std::array::from_fn(|_| slider()))));
+        let samples: Vec<f32> = (0..=1024).map(|i| i as f32 / 1024.0).chain([-0.5, 1.5, f32::NAN, f32::INFINITY]).collect();
+        for tones in settings {
+            for preserve in [false, true] {
+                for ch in [0, 1, 2, 7] {
+                    let curve = BalanceCurve::new(tones, preserve, ch);
+                    for &v in &samples {
+                        let (got, want) = (curve.eval(v), per_sample(tones, preserve, ch, v));
+                        assert_eq!(got.to_bits(), want.to_bits(), "{tones:?} {preserve} ch {ch} v {v}: {got} vs {want}");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn levels_and_curves_apply_each_channel_before_the_master() {
         // These two affine tone adjustments describe the same mapping:
@@ -1962,6 +2239,22 @@ mod tone_tests {
         assert!(black_white_gray([1.0, 0.0, 0.0], &w) > black_white_gray([1.0, 0.0, 0.0], &d));
     }
 
+    /// #8537: 32-bit superwhites stay above 1 (Photoshop 27.11: 2.0 stays 2.0, neutrals cap at
+    /// 16, negatives go to 0); 8-bit still clips at 1.
+    #[test]
+    fn black_white_keeps_32_bit_superwhites() {
+        let adj = Adjustment::BlackWhite { weights: [40.0, 60.0, 40.0, 60.0, 20.0, 80.0], tint: None };
+        let run = |depth, c: f32| {
+            let mut b = Buffer { rect: Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1), px: vec![[c, c, c, 1.0]] };
+            apply_depth(&adj, &mut b, Transfer::Srgb, Some(depth));
+            b.px[0][0]
+        };
+        assert_eq!(run(SampleType::F32, 2.0), 2.0);
+        assert_eq!(run(SampleType::F32, 20.0), 16.0);
+        assert_eq!(run(SampleType::F32, -0.5), 0.0);
+        assert_eq!(run(SampleType::U8, 2.0), 1.0);
+    }
+
     /// Photoshop 27.11, measured: Black & White (default weights) with Tint over greys. The tint
     /// is blended like the Color blend mode: its hue and saturation at the grey's luminosity.
     #[test]
diff --git a/crates/compose/src/advanced_tests.rs b/crates/compose/src/advanced_tests.rs
index 0b38fd7f5b..a0fdf52cb0 100644
--- a/crates/compose/src/advanced_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/compose/src/advanced_tests.rs
@@ -266,6 +266,58 @@ fn interior_effects_blend_over_the_layer_mode_unless_grouped() {
     }
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn interior_effects_blend_with_the_backdrop_through_a_see_through_normal_layer() {
+    // #6232: #04170F under a Normal layer at fill 0 with a yellow Soft Light colour overlay. The
+    // overlay soft-lights the dark green it sees through the layer (Photoshop's soft light of
+    // yellow: the W3C D(b) for red and green, which is the cubic ((16b − 12)b + 4)b below a
+    // quarter (#8804), and b² for blue), not transparency, which would leave plain yellow. A
+    // half-transparent part of the layer mixes it in at half strength.
+    let bg: [f32; 3] = [4.0 / 255.0, 23.0 / 255.0, 15.0 / 255.0];
+    let dark = |b: f32| ((16.0 * b - 12.0) * b + 4.0) * b;
+    let lit = [dark(bg[0]), dark(bg[1]), bg[2] * bg[2]];
+    let half = |c: usize| (bg[c] + lit[c]) / 2.0;
+    for depth in DEPTHS {
+        let mut d = doc(depth, false);
+        d.layers.push(solid(&d, "green", full(&d), [bg[0], bg[1], bg[2], 1.0]));
+        let mut l = solid(&d, "fade", Rect::new(0, 0, 6, 8), [0.2, 0.6, 0.9, 1.0]);
+        l.surface_mut().unwrap().fill_rect(Rect::new(6, 0, 12, 8), &photocraft_raster::from_rgba(&d.pixel_format(), [0.2, 0.6, 0.9, 0.5]));
+        l.fill_opacity = 0.0;
+        l.effects.items = vec![Effect::ColorOverlay { common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::SoftLight, 1.0), color: Color::rgb(1.0, 1.0, 0.0) }];
+        d.layers.push(l);
+        check(&d, 2, 2, [lit[0], lit[1], lit[2], 1.0], "opaque part");
+        check(&d, 9, 2, [half(0), half(1), half(2), 1.0], "half-transparent part");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_see_through_normal_layer_without_interior_effects_counts_the_backdrop_once() {
+    // A half-transparent backdrop under a Normal layer at fill 50 % whose only effect is a drop
+    // shadow (cast off the canvas): plain Normal compositing, blue at 50 % over red at 50 %. The
+    // layer must not merge into the backdrop first, or the backdrop shows twice (alpha 0.875).
+    for depth in DEPTHS {
+        let mut d = doc(depth, false);
+        d.layers.push(solid(&d, "red", full(&d), [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5]));
+        let mut l = solid(&d, "blue", Rect::new(0, 0, 12, 4), BLUE);
+        l.fill_opacity = 0.5;
+        l.effects.items = vec![Effect::DropShadow(photocraft_doc::Shadow {
+            common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Normal, 1.0),
+            color: Color::BLACK,
+            angle: 90.0,
+            use_global_light: false,
+            distance: 20.0,
+            spread: 1.0,
+            size: 0.0,
+            contour: photocraft_doc::Contour::Linear,
+            anti_alias: false,
+            noise: 0.0,
+            knocks_out: true,
+        })];
+        d.layers.push(l);
+        check(&d, 2, 2, [1.0 / 3.0, 0.0, 2.0 / 3.0, 0.75], "inside the layer");
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn transparency_shapes_off_spreads_effects_over_the_whole_layer() {
     for depth in DEPTHS {
diff --git a/crates/compose/src/cmyk.rs b/crates/compose/src/cmyk.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..52db6582d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/compose/src/cmyk.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,716 @@
+//! Mode-native CMYK compositing: a CMYK document's layers mixed on their ink values, so opaque
+//! pixels keep their exact inks (K-only black stays K-only) instead of going through display RGB
+//! and back through the profile.
+//!
+//! This path covers the layer stacks whose blending is per channel, so it means the same on ink
+//! values as on display colour: every blend mode except the ones that mix channels (Hue,
+//! Saturation, Color, Luminosity, Darker Color, Lighter Color), with opacity, fill opacity and
+//! masks (pixel, type, shape and smart object layers through their rendered pixels, solid colour
+//! fills, and fills carrying their rendered pixels), isolated and pass-through groups, and
+//! clipping groups. Blend modes act on each ink's brightness (1 − ink), as the RGB compositor's
+//! do on each channel, and Dissolve uses the same noise. Type layers mix their edges in the
+//! compositor's text gamma, on brightness. Adjustment layers that are defined ink by ink (Invert,
+//! Posterize, and Levels and Curves recorded on the CMYK channels) change the inks themselves,
+//! rounded to the document's levels like the compositor's. [`supports`] says whether a document
+//! stays on it; anything else (gradient and pattern fills without rendered pixels, effects, other
+//! adjustments, channel-mixing blend modes, knockouts, channel restrictions, Blend If) is left to
+//! the RGB compositor, whose result callers convert back to CMYK.
+//!
+//! Buffers hold straight-alpha `[C, M, Y, K, A]` in 0..1 ink (0 = no ink).
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use photocraft_color::blend::BlendMode;
+use photocraft_color::convert::CmykSpace;
+use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, SampleType};
+use photocraft_doc::adjust::ToneSpace;
+use photocraft_doc::{Adjustment, Document, Knockout, Layer, LayerContent};
+use photocraft_geom::Rect;
+
+use super::{Ctx, RENDER_TILE, advanced, empty_in, mask_vals, pattern};
+
+#[path = "cmyk_split.rs"]
+pub mod split;
+
+/// One straight-alpha CMYK pixel: C, M, Y, K (0..1 ink), alpha.
+pub type Cmyka = [f32; 5];
+
+/// Deepest group nesting this path composites (deeper documents use the RGB compositor).
+pub const MAX_DEPTH: u32 = 64;
+
+/// Straight-alpha CMYK + alpha float buffer covering a rectangle.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct CmykBuffer {
+    pub rect: Rect,
+    pub px: Vec<Cmyka>,
+}
+
+impl CmykBuffer {
+    pub fn transparent(rect: Rect) -> Self {
+        Self { rect, px: vec![[0.0; 5]; rect.width() as usize * rect.height() as usize] }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Whether [`render_cmyk`] composites `doc` natively (a CMYK document made only of layers this
+/// path handles; invisible layers don't count).
+pub fn supports(doc: &Document) -> bool {
+    doc.mode == ColorMode::Cmyk && stack_supported(&doc.layers, 0)
+}
+
+/// The sibling list grouped as the compositor groups it: each base with the clipped layers above it.
+fn clip_groups(layers: &[Layer]) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&Layer, &[Layer])> {
+    let mut i = 0;
+    std::iter::from_fn(move || {
+        let base = layers.get(i)?;
+        let mut j = i + 1;
+        while layers.get(j).is_some_and(|l| l.clipped) && !base.clipped {
+            j += 1;
+        }
+        let clipped = layers.get(i + 1..j).unwrap_or(&[]);
+        i = j.max(i + 1);
+        Some((base, clipped))
+    })
+}
+
+fn stack_supported(layers: &[Layer], depth: u32) -> bool {
+    if depth > MAX_DEPTH {
+        return false;
+    }
+    clip_groups(layers).all(|(base, clipped)| !base.visible || layer_supported(base, clipped, depth))
+}
+
+/// What every natively composited layer needs, whatever its content.
+fn plain(l: &Layer) -> bool {
+    l.opacity.is_finite()
+        && l.fill_opacity.is_finite()
+        && !super::effects::has_effects(l)
+        && l.advanced.knockout == Knockout::None
+        && l.excluded_channels == 0
+        && l.blend_if.is_default()
+}
+
+/// A layer whose own pixels this path reads in CMYK: pixel layers, and type, shape and smart
+/// object layers through their rendered pixels (rendered in the document's model, so a colour
+/// given in CMYK is drawn with exactly those inks); solid colour fills, and fills carrying the
+/// pixels they were rendered to. Gradient and pattern fills without those pixels aren't.
+fn cmyk_pixels(l: &Layer) -> bool {
+    let cmyk = |s: &photocraft_raster::Surface| s.format().mode == ColorMode::Cmyk;
+    match &l.content {
+        LayerContent::Raster(s) => cmyk(s),
+        LayerContent::Text(_) | LayerContent::Shape(_) | LayerContent::Smart(_) => l.surface().is_none_or(cmyk),
+        LayerContent::Fill(f) => match &l.fill_cache {
+            Some(c) if c.fill == *f => cmyk(&c.surface),
+            // Solid colours and gradients render natively in CMYK; patterns don't.
+            _ => !matches!(f, photocraft_doc::Fill::Pattern { .. }),
+        },
+        _ => false,
+    }
+}
+
+fn layer_supported(l: &Layer, clipped: &[Layer], depth: u32) -> bool {
+    if !plain(l) || advanced::clips_individually(l, clipped) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let content = match &l.content {
+        // A stroked shape with clipped layers draws its stroke above them (the compositor's
+        // split path), which this path doesn't do.
+        LayerContent::Shape(sh) if sh.stroke.is_some() && clipped.iter().any(|c| c.visible) => false,
+        LayerContent::Raster(_) | LayerContent::Text(_) | LayerContent::Shape(_) | LayerContent::Smart(_) | LayerContent::Fill(_) => {
+            cmyk_pixels(l) && separable(l.blend)
+        }
+        LayerContent::Group(g) => {
+            g.artboard.is_none()
+                && (separable(l.blend) || l.blend == BlendMode::PassThrough)
+                // A pass-through group with clipped layers mixes them through its isolated rendering.
+                && !(passes_through(l) && clipped.iter().any(|c| c.visible))
+                && stack_supported(&g.children, depth + 1)
+        }
+        LayerContent::Adjustment(a) => ink_adjustment(a) && separable(l.blend),
+    };
+    content && clipped.iter().filter(|c| c.visible).all(|c| plain(c) && (cmyk_pixels(c) || adjusts_inks(c)) && separable(c.blend))
+}
+
+/// Adjustments whose CMYK result is defined ink by ink, applied here on ink values: Invert and
+/// Posterize (each channel on its own), and Levels and Curves recorded on the CMYK channels.
+fn ink_adjustment(a: &Adjustment) -> bool {
+    match a {
+        Adjustment::Invert | Adjustment::Posterize { .. } => true,
+        Adjustment::Levels { space, .. } | Adjustment::Curves { space, .. } => *space == ToneSpace::Cmyk,
+        _ => false,
+    }
+}
+
+fn adjusts_inks(l: &Layer) -> bool {
+    matches!(&l.content, LayerContent::Adjustment(a) if ink_adjustment(a))
+}
+
+/// A group whose children composite straight into the backdrop (the compositor's rule).
+fn passes_through(l: &Layer) -> bool {
+    matches!(l.content, LayerContent::Group(_)) && l.blend == BlendMode::PassThrough && l.fill_opacity >= 1.0 && !super::effects::has_effects(l)
+}
+
+/// Normal compositing of straight-alpha `source` (alpha times `opacity`) over `backdrop`: the
+/// compositor's Normal formula, on the four ink channels.
+#[inline]
+pub fn normal(backdrop: Cmyka, source: Cmyka, opacity: f32) -> Cmyka {
+    let ab = backdrop[4];
+    let as_ = source[4] * opacity;
+    if as_ <= 0.0 {
+        return backdrop;
+    }
+    let ao = as_ + ab * (1.0 - as_);
+    if ao <= 0.0 {
+        return [0.0; 5];
+    }
+    let kb = ab * (1.0 - as_);
+    let inv = 1.0 / ao;
+    // Over nothing, or where both sides agree, the result is exactly the source's ink (the mix
+    // would only add rounding, which modes that jump at 0 or 1 ink could magnify).
+    let c = |i: usize| if kb <= 0.0 || backdrop[i] == source[i] { source[i] } else { (kb * backdrop[i] + as_ * source[i]) * inv };
+    [c(0), c(1), c(2), c(3), ao]
+}
+
+/// Blend modes that work channel by channel, which this path applies to each ink (the others
+/// mix the channels together: hue, saturation, colour, luminosity, darker and lighter colour).
+pub fn separable(mode: BlendMode) -> bool {
+    !matches!(
+        mode,
+        BlendMode::PassThrough
+            | BlendMode::Hue
+            | BlendMode::Saturation
+            | BlendMode::Color
+            | BlendMode::Luminosity
+            | BlendMode::DarkerColor
+            | BlendMode::LighterColor
+    )
+}
+
+/// The blended inks of a separable `mode`: the compositor's blend function applied to each
+/// channel's brightness (1 − ink), as CMYK channels are blended, so Multiply adds ink and Screen
+/// takes it away.
+pub fn blend_ink(mode: BlendMode, cb: [f32; 4], cs: [f32; 4]) -> [f32; 4] {
+    let b = |i: usize| 1.0 - cb[i];
+    let s = |i: usize| 1.0 - cs[i];
+    let cmy = super::psblend::blend_rgb(mode, [b(0), b(1), b(2)], [s(0), s(1), s(2)]);
+    let k = super::psblend::blend_rgb(mode, [b(3); 3], [s(3); 3]);
+    // A result that is one of the inputs (Normal, Darken, Lighten, ...) is that ink exactly.
+    let ink = |r: f32, i: usize| {
+        if r == s(i) {
+            cs[i]
+        } else if r == b(i) {
+            cb[i]
+        } else {
+            1.0 - r
+        }
+    };
+    [ink(cmy[0], 0), ink(cmy[1], 1), ink(cmy[2], 2), ink(k[0], 3)]
+}
+
+/// [`composite_ink`] for a layer with separate `opacity` and `fill`, as the RGB compositor's
+/// `psblend::composite_fill` does on each channel: for the special eight below 100% Fill the
+/// source is blended at full strength pulled toward the mode's neutral colour
+/// (`psblend::blend_rgb_fill`, on each ink's brightness), with Opacity as its coverage over the
+/// backdrop; over transparency Fill stays coverage.
+pub fn composite_ink_fill(mode: BlendMode, backdrop: Cmyka, source: Cmyka, opacity: f32, fill: f32, gamma: f32) -> Cmyka {
+    let f = fill.clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+    if f >= 1.0 || !super::psblend::fill_is_special(mode) {
+        return composite_ink(mode, backdrop, source, opacity * f, gamma);
+    }
+    let ab = backdrop[4];
+    let over = source[4] * opacity;
+    let alone = over * f;
+    if over <= 0.0 {
+        return backdrop;
+    }
+    let ao = ab + (1.0 - ab) * alone;
+    if ao <= 0.0 {
+        return [0.0; 5];
+    }
+    let b = |i: usize| 1.0 - backdrop[i];
+    let s = |i: usize| 1.0 - source[i];
+    let cmy = super::psblend::blend_rgb_fill(mode, [b(0), b(1), b(2)], [s(0), s(1), s(2)], f);
+    let k = super::psblend::blend_rgb_fill(mode, [b(3); 3], [s(3); 3], f);
+    let bl = [cmy[0], cmy[1], cmy[2], k[0]];
+    let (wb, wbs, ws) = (ab * (1.0 - over) / ao, ab * over / ao, (1.0 - ab) * alone / ao);
+    // Mixed as brightness, in the type gamma when there is one.
+    let enc = |v: f32| if gamma == 1.0 { v } else { super::psblend::text_encode(v, gamma) };
+    let dec = |v: f32| if gamma == 1.0 { v } else { super::psblend::text_decode(v, gamma) };
+    let c = |i: usize| 1.0 - dec(wb * enc(b(i)) + wbs * enc(bl[i]) + ws * enc(s(i)));
+    [c(0), c(1), c(2), c(3), ao]
+}
+
+/// Straight-alpha `source` (alpha times `opacity`) composited onto `backdrop` in a separable
+/// `mode` (the general compositing formula, on inks), coverage mixed in the type `gamma` (1 =
+/// none). Normal is [`normal_gamma`].
+pub fn composite_ink(mode: BlendMode, backdrop: Cmyka, source: Cmyka, opacity: f32, gamma: f32) -> Cmyka {
+    if mode == BlendMode::Normal {
+        return normal_gamma(backdrop, source, opacity, gamma);
+    }
+    let ab = backdrop[4];
+    let as_ = source[4] * opacity;
+    if as_ <= 0.0 {
+        return backdrop;
+    }
+    let ao = as_ + ab * (1.0 - as_);
+    if ao <= 0.0 {
+        return [0.0; 5];
+    }
+    let cb = [backdrop[0], backdrop[1], backdrop[2], backdrop[3]];
+    let cs = [source[0], source[1], source[2], source[3]];
+    let bl = blend_ink(mode, cb, cs);
+    let (wb, ws, wbs) = ((1.0 - as_) * ab / ao, (1.0 - ab) * as_ / ao, as_ * ab / ao);
+    let c = |i: usize| {
+        if gamma == 1.0 {
+            wb * cb[i] + ws * cs[i] + wbs * bl[i]
+        } else {
+            let g = |ink: f32| super::psblend::text_encode(1.0 - ink, gamma);
+            1.0 - super::psblend::text_decode(wb * g(cb[i]) + ws * g(cs[i]) + wbs * g(bl[i]), gamma)
+        }
+    };
+    [c(0), c(1), c(2), c(3), ao]
+}
+
+/// A finite sample in 0..1 (non-finite samples, possible in 32-bit documents, count as 0).
+#[inline]
+fn clean(v: f32) -> f32 {
+    if v.is_finite() { v } else { 0.0 }
+}
+
+/// [`normal`] with coverage mixed in the type-layer `gamma` space (1 = plain [`normal`]), as
+/// the compositor mixes type edges. The space is one of light, so inks are mixed as their
+/// brightness (1 − ink); fully covered pixels are the source's inks exactly.
+#[inline]
+pub fn normal_gamma(backdrop: Cmyka, source: Cmyka, opacity: f32, gamma: f32) -> Cmyka {
+    if gamma == 1.0 {
+        return normal(backdrop, source, opacity);
+    }
+    let ab = backdrop[4];
+    let as_ = source[4] * opacity;
+    if as_ <= 0.0 {
+        return backdrop;
+    }
+    let ao = as_ + ab * (1.0 - as_);
+    if ao <= 0.0 {
+        return [0.0; 5];
+    }
+    // Normal: the blended colour is the source's, so its weight joins the source's.
+    let (wb, ws) = ((1.0 - as_) * ab / ao, as_ / ao);
+    let g = |ink: f32| super::psblend::text_encode(1.0 - ink, gamma);
+    // A covered pixel, or a channel both sides agree on, is exactly that ink: the round trip
+    // through the gamma space would only add rounding (K-only type would gain a trace of CMY).
+    let c = |i: usize| {
+        if wb <= 0.0 || backdrop[i] == source[i] { source[i] } else { 1.0 - super::psblend::text_decode(wb * g(backdrop[i]) + ws * g(source[i]), gamma) }
+    };
+    [c(0), c(1), c(2), c(3), ao]
+}
+
+/// A layer's own CMYK pixels over `rect` (see [`cmyk_pixels`]), masks applied.
+fn layer_content(l: &Layer, rect: Rect, cx: &Ctx) -> CmykBuffer {
+    let mut out = CmykBuffer::transparent(rect);
+    let rendered;
+    let surface = match &l.content {
+        LayerContent::Fill(f) => match &l.fill_cache {
+            Some(c) if c.fill == *f => Some(&c.surface),
+            _ => {
+                // The compositor's own CMYK rendering of the fill, at the document's depth (a
+                // colour given in CMYK keeps its inks); a solid colour is one pixel, spread out.
+                let solid = matches!(f, photocraft_doc::Fill::Solid(_));
+                let at = if solid { Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1) } else { rect };
+                rendered = super::gradient_fill::render_cmyk_fill(f, at, super::fill_frame(l, cx.canvas), cx.depth);
+                match &rendered {
+                    Some(s) if solid => {
+                        let p = s.pixel(0, 0);
+                        let v = |i: usize| p.get(i).copied().map_or(0.0, clean);
+                        out.px.fill([v(0), v(1), v(2), v(3), v(4)]);
+                        None
+                    }
+                    r => r.as_ref(),
+                }
+            }
+        },
+        _ => l.surface(),
+    };
+    if let Some(s) = surface {
+        let ch = s.format().channels();
+        let alpha = s.format().alpha;
+        let mut v = Vec::new();
+        s.read_region_into(rect, &mut v);
+        for (o, p) in out.px.iter_mut().zip(v.chunks_exact(ch.max(1))) {
+            let a = if alpha { p.get(4).copied().map_or(0.0, clean) } else { 1.0 };
+            *o = [
+                p.first().copied().map_or(0.0, clean),
+                p.get(1).copied().map_or(0.0, clean),
+                p.get(2).copied().map_or(0.0, clean),
+                p.get(3).copied().map_or(0.0, clean),
+                a,
+            ];
+        }
+    }
+    apply_mask(l, &mut out, cx);
+    out
+}
+
+fn apply_mask(l: &Layer, buf: &mut CmykBuffer, cx: &Ctx) {
+    if let Some(m) = mask_vals(l, buf.rect, cx) {
+        for (p, k) in buf.px.iter_mut().zip(&m) {
+            p[4] *= clean(*k).max(0.0);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Mask value `i` of `m` (1 where there is no mask or no value).
+#[inline]
+fn mask_at(m: &Option<Vec<f32>>, i: usize) -> f32 {
+    m.as_ref().and_then(|v| v.get(i)).copied().map_or(1.0, |k| clean(k).max(0.0))
+}
+
+/// `table` (samples evenly over 0..1) at `v`, interpolated like the compositor's adjustment LUTs.
+fn lut_at(table: &[f32], v: f32) -> f32 {
+    let Some(last) = table.len().checked_sub(1) else { return v };
+    let x = clean(v).clamp(0.0, 1.0) * last as f32;
+    let i = (x.floor() as usize).min(last);
+    let f = x - i as f32;
+    let at = |k: usize| table.get(k).copied().unwrap_or(v);
+    at(i) * (1.0 - f) + at((i + 1).min(last)) * f
+}
+
+/// Applies an [`ink_adjustment`] to every covered pixel. Like the document's channels, the
+/// adjustment acts on each ink's brightness (1 − ink); Levels and Curves work on the whole levels
+/// of a `depth` document as on the RGB compositor.
+fn adjust_inks(adj: &Adjustment, buf: &mut CmykBuffer, depth: SampleType) {
+    let luts = matches!(adj, Adjustment::Levels { .. } | Adjustment::Curves { .. }).then(|| super::adjust::tone_luts_depth(adj, Some(depth)));
+    let tone = |ch: usize, v: f32| match adj {
+        Adjustment::Invert => 1.0 - v,
+        Adjustment::Posterize { levels } => super::adjust::posterize(v, *levels),
+        _ => luts.as_ref().and_then(|t| t.get(ch)).map_or(v, |t| lut_at(t, v)),
+    };
+    for p in &mut buf.px {
+        if p[4] <= 0.0 {
+            continue;
+        }
+        for (ch, ink) in p.iter_mut().take(4).enumerate() {
+            // A channel the adjustment leaves alone keeps its ink exactly (1 − (1 − x) can differ).
+            let (v, r) = (1.0 - *ink, tone(ch, 1.0 - *ink));
+            if r != v {
+                *ink = 1.0 - r;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Mixes an adjustment's result back into `base` in the layer's blend mode, by its opacity and
+/// mask; coverage is unchanged (the compositor's adjustment mix).
+fn mix_adjusted(l: &Layer, base: &mut CmykBuffer, adjusted: &CmykBuffer, cx: &Ctx) {
+    let opacity = l.opacity * l.fill_opacity;
+    let rect = base.rect;
+    let w = (rect.width() as usize).max(1);
+    let mv = mask_vals(l, rect, cx);
+    for (i, (p, a)) in base.px.iter_mut().zip(&adjusted.px).enumerate() {
+        let k = opacity * mask_at(&mv, i);
+        if k <= 0.0 {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if l.blend == BlendMode::Dissolve {
+            // As on the RGB compositor (#3050): opacity and mask are the chance a pixel takes the
+            // adjustment fully, by the same noise.
+            let x = rect.x0.saturating_add((i % w) as i32);
+            let y = rect.y0.saturating_add((i / w) as i32);
+            if super::dissolve_noise(x, y) < k {
+                *p = [a[0], a[1], a[2], a[3], p[4]];
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        let bl = blend_ink(l.blend, [p[0], p[1], p[2], p[3]], [a[0], a[1], a[2], a[3]]);
+        for (v, b) in p.iter_mut().zip(bl) {
+            *v = if k >= 1.0 { b } else { *v + (b - *v) * k };
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Rounds to the document's levels after an adjustment layer, as the compositor does (on the
+/// channel brightness the document stores, and coverage). Also used by [`super::native`].
+pub(crate) fn quantize_inks(px: &mut [Cmyka], q: f32) {
+    let round = |v: f32| (v * q + 0.5).floor() / q;
+    for p in px {
+        for v in p.iter_mut().take(4) {
+            // Whole levels of ink: exactly the stored values, rounding ties as on brightness.
+            *v = (q - ((1.0 - *v) * q + 0.5).floor()) / q;
+        }
+        p[4] = round(p[4]);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Clipped layers onto their base's own rendering: each blends as if the base were opaque and
+/// the base keeps its alpha.
+fn composite_clipped(clipped: &[Layer], base: &mut CmykBuffer, cx: &Ctx) {
+    for c in clipped.iter().filter(|c| c.visible) {
+        if let LayerContent::Adjustment(adj) = &c.content {
+            let mut adjusted = base.clone();
+            adjust_inks(adj, &mut adjusted, cx.depth);
+            mix_adjusted(c, base, &adjusted, cx);
+            continue;
+        }
+        let content = layer_content(c, base.rect, cx);
+        let opacity = c.opacity * c.fill_opacity;
+        let gamma = super::text_gamma(c);
+        let rect = base.rect;
+        let w = (rect.width() as usize).max(1);
+        for (i, (p, s)) in base.px.iter_mut().zip(&content.px).enumerate() {
+            let alpha = p[4];
+            if alpha <= 0.0 {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if c.blend == BlendMode::Dissolve {
+                // As on the RGB compositor (#3052): the base keeps its alpha and each pixel takes
+                // the clipped layer fully or not at all, by the same noise.
+                let x = rect.x0.saturating_add((i % w) as i32);
+                let y = rect.y0.saturating_add((i / w) as i32);
+                if super::dissolve_noise(x, y) < s[4] * opacity {
+                    *p = [s[0], s[1], s[2], s[3], alpha];
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            let r = composite_ink(c.blend, [p[0], p[1], p[2], p[3], 1.0], *s, opacity, gamma);
+            *p = [r[0], r[1], r[2], r[3], alpha];
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A layer's isolated rendering onto the backdrop in its blend mode. Dissolve shows each pixel
+/// fully or not at all, by the compositor's noise (the same pixels as on the RGB compositor).
+fn blend_into(backdrop: &mut CmykBuffer, src: &CmykBuffer, mode: BlendMode, opacity: f32, gamma: f32) {
+    let rect = backdrop.rect;
+    let w = (rect.width() as usize).max(1);
+    for (i, (b, s)) in backdrop.px.iter_mut().zip(&src.px).enumerate() {
+        if s[4] <= 0.0 {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if mode == BlendMode::Dissolve {
+            let x = rect.x0.saturating_add((i % w) as i32);
+            let y = rect.y0.saturating_add((i / w) as i32);
+            let shown = super::dissolve_noise(x, y) < s[4] * opacity;
+            *b = normal(*b, [s[0], s[1], s[2], s[3], if shown { 1.0 } else { 0.0 }], 1.0);
+            continue;
+        }
+        *b = composite_ink(mode, *b, *s, opacity, gamma);
+    }
+}
+
+fn composite_stack(layers: &[Layer], backdrop: &mut CmykBuffer, cx: &Ctx) {
+    for (base, clipped) in clip_groups(layers) {
+        if base.visible {
+            composite_layer(base, clipped, backdrop, cx);
+            if let (LayerContent::Adjustment(_), Some(q)) = (&base.content, super::adjustment_quantum(cx.depth)) {
+                quantize_inks(&mut backdrop.px, q);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn composite_layer(l: &Layer, clipped: &[Layer], backdrop: &mut CmykBuffer, cx: &Ctx) {
+    let rect = backdrop.rect;
+    if empty_in(l, rect) {
+        return;
+    }
+    let opacity = l.opacity * l.fill_opacity;
+    if let LayerContent::Group(g) = &l.content {
+        if passes_through(l) {
+            let needs_mix = opacity < 1.0 || l.mask.is_some() || l.vector_mask.is_some();
+            let before = needs_mix.then(|| backdrop.clone());
+            composite_stack(&g.children, backdrop, cx);
+            if let Some(before) = &before {
+                // The compositor's pass-through mix: coverage mixes premultiplied colour.
+                let mv = mask_vals(l, rect, cx);
+                for (i, (p, a)) in backdrop.px.iter_mut().zip(&before.px).enumerate() {
+                    let k = opacity * mask_at(&mv, i);
+                    let b = *p;
+                    let wa = a[4] * (1.0 - k);
+                    let wb = b[4] * k;
+                    let alpha = wa + wb;
+                    *p = if alpha > 0.0 {
+                        let c = |c: usize| (a[c] * wa + b[c] * wb) / alpha;
+                        [c(0), c(1), c(2), c(3), alpha]
+                    } else {
+                        [0.0; 5]
+                    };
+                }
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        let mut content = CmykBuffer::transparent(rect);
+        composite_stack(&g.children, &mut content, cx);
+        apply_mask(l, &mut content, cx);
+        composite_clipped(clipped, &mut content, cx);
+        // As the compositor blends an isolated group: Fill apart from opacity for the special eight.
+        blend_into_fill(backdrop, &content, l, 1.0);
+        return;
+    }
+    // Adjustment layers transform the backdrop, then blend the result back in.
+    if let LayerContent::Adjustment(adj) = &l.content {
+        let mut adjusted = backdrop.clone();
+        adjust_inks(adj, &mut adjusted, cx.depth);
+        composite_clipped(clipped, &mut adjusted, cx);
+        mix_adjusted(l, backdrop, &adjusted, cx);
+        return;
+    }
+    let mut content = layer_content(l, rect, cx);
+    composite_clipped(clipped, &mut content, cx);
+    blend_into_fill(backdrop, &content, l, super::text_gamma(l));
+}
+
+/// A layer's own rendering onto the backdrop with its opacity and fill: for Photoshop's special
+/// eight ([`super::psblend::fill_is_special`]) Fill below 100% is part of the blend
+/// ([`composite_ink_fill`]), as on the RGB compositor; otherwise both are coverage.
+fn blend_into_fill(backdrop: &mut CmykBuffer, src: &CmykBuffer, l: &Layer, gamma: f32) {
+    if l.fill_opacity >= 1.0 || !super::psblend::fill_is_special(l.blend) {
+        return blend_into(backdrop, src, l.blend, l.opacity * l.fill_opacity, gamma);
+    }
+    for (b, s) in backdrop.px.iter_mut().zip(&src.px) {
+        if s[4] > 0.0 {
+            *b = composite_ink_fill(l.blend, *b, *s, l.opacity, l.fill_opacity, gamma);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// One tile on ink values. `space` is the document's CMYK profile ([`super::cmyk_space`]): a
+/// colour given in RGB or Lab (a fill, say) becomes ink through it, and tiles run on worker
+/// threads, which don't inherit the caller's scope.
+fn render_tile(doc: &Document, rect: Rect, cx: &Ctx, space: Option<&Arc<CmykSpace>>) -> CmykBuffer {
+    let mut b = CmykBuffer::transparent(rect);
+    // Blends stay clipped to 0..1 whatever the depth: unclipped (HDR) blending would make
+    // brightness above 1, i.e. negative ink. Set explicitly, since a tile can run on a thread
+    // that is in the middle of an RGB composite of a 32-bit document.
+    photocraft_color::convert::with_cmyk_space(space, || super::in_blend_space(false, false, || composite_stack(&doc.layers, &mut b, cx)));
+    b
+}
+
+/// Whether [`render_cmyk`] composites `doc` on ink values: on this module's exact path
+/// ([`supports`]) or, for layer effects and knockouts, ink by ink through the RGB compositor
+/// ([`split::supports`]).
+pub fn renders_inks(doc: &Document) -> bool {
+    supports(doc) || split::supports(doc)
+}
+
+/// The composite of `doc` over `rect` in CMYK + alpha, mixed on ink values; `None` unless
+/// [`renders_inks`]. Tiles render in parallel on native targets (one at a time on wasm);
+/// every tile is independent, so the result doesn't depend on the tiling or the thread count.
+pub fn render_cmyk(doc: &Document, rect: Rect) -> Option<CmykBuffer> {
+    render_cmyk_tiled(doc, rect, RENDER_TILE)
+}
+
+/// [`render_cmyk`] as display RGB (straight alpha), each pixel's inks shown through the
+/// document's CMYK profile as the RGB compositor reads CMYK pixels; `None` unless
+/// [`renders_inks`]. What a canvas showing the ink composite would draw.
+pub fn render_display(doc: &Document, rect: Rect) -> Option<super::Buffer> {
+    let inks = render_cmyk(doc, rect)?;
+    let space = super::cmyk_space(doc);
+    let show = |part: &[Cmyka]| -> Vec<[f32; 4]> {
+        photocraft_color::convert::with_cmyk_space(space.as_ref(), || {
+            part.iter()
+                .map(|p| {
+                    let [r, g, b] = photocraft_color::convert::cmyk_to_rgb([p[0], p[1], p[2], p[3]]);
+                    [r, g, b, p[4]]
+                })
+                .collect()
+        })
+    };
+    // Rows of tiles at a time, on every core (the profile is set per worker thread).
+    let chunk = (rect.width() as usize).max(1) * RENDER_TILE as usize;
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    let px: Vec<[f32; 4]> = {
+        use rayon::prelude::*;
+        inks.px.par_chunks(chunk).flat_map_iter(show).collect()
+    };
+    #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+    let px: Vec<[f32; 4]> = inks.px.chunks(chunk).flat_map(show).collect();
+    Some(super::Buffer { rect, px })
+}
+
+/// [`render_cmyk`] with an explicit tile size (tests check tile independence).
+pub fn render_cmyk_tiled(doc: &Document, rect: Rect, tile: i32) -> Option<CmykBuffer> {
+    if supports(doc) {
+        let patterns = pattern::PreparedPatterns::new(&doc.patterns, pattern::PREPARED_PATTERN_BYTES).in_mode(doc.pixel_format().mode);
+        let cx = Ctx::for_doc(doc, &patterns);
+        let space = super::cmyk_space(doc);
+        return Some(render_with(rect, tile, |t| render_tile(doc, t, &cx, space.as_ref())));
+    }
+    if !split::supports(doc) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let mut out = CmykBuffer::transparent(rect);
+    let done = split::render_bands(doc, rect, 0, tile, |band| {
+        place(&mut out, &band);
+        Ok::<(), ()>(())
+    });
+    done.ok().map(|()| out)
+}
+
+/// Copies `part` into `out` where their rectangles overlap (`part` lies within `out`).
+fn place(out: &mut CmykBuffer, part: &CmykBuffer) {
+    let (rect, w) = (out.rect, out.rect.width() as usize);
+    let pw = part.rect.width() as usize;
+    for (row, src) in part.px.chunks_exact(pw.max(1)).enumerate() {
+        let o = ((part.rect.y0 - rect.y0) as usize + row) * w + (part.rect.x0 - rect.x0) as usize;
+        if let Some(dst) = out.px.get_mut(o..o + pw) {
+            dst.copy_from_slice(src);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// `rect` rendered tile by tile by `render_tile`, tiles in parallel on native targets.
+fn render_with(rect: Rect, tile: i32, render_tile: impl Fn(Rect) -> CmykBuffer + Sync) -> CmykBuffer {
+    let tile = tile.max(1);
+    let mut out = CmykBuffer::transparent(rect);
+    if rect.is_empty() {
+        return out;
+    }
+    let mut tiles = Vec::new();
+    let mut y = rect.y0;
+    while y < rect.y1 {
+        let y1 = y.saturating_add(tile).min(rect.y1);
+        let mut x = rect.x0;
+        while x < rect.x1 {
+            let x1 = x.saturating_add(tile).min(rect.x1);
+            tiles.push(Rect::new(x, y, x1, y1));
+            x = x1;
+        }
+        y = y1;
+    }
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    let parts: Vec<CmykBuffer> = {
+        use rayon::prelude::*;
+        tiles.par_iter().map(|t| render_tile(*t)).collect()
+    };
+    #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+    let parts: Vec<CmykBuffer> = tiles.iter().map(|t| render_tile(*t)).collect();
+    for part in &parts {
+        place(&mut out, part);
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+/// [`render_cmyk`] in horizontal bands, top to bottom, handing each band to `sink` (so a huge
+/// document is never held as one full-size float composite); `None` unless [`renders_inks`].
+/// `band_rows` as in [`super::render_bands`].
+pub fn render_cmyk_bands<E>(doc: &Document, rect: Rect, band_rows: i32, mut sink: impl FnMut(CmykBuffer) -> Result<(), E>) -> Option<Result<(), E>> {
+    if !supports(doc) {
+        return split::supports(doc).then(|| split::render_bands(doc, rect, band_rows, RENDER_TILE, sink));
+    }
+    let patterns = pattern::PreparedPatterns::new(&doc.patterns, pattern::PREPARED_PATTERN_BYTES).in_mode(doc.pixel_format().mode);
+    let cx = Ctx::for_doc(doc, &patterns);
+    let space = super::cmyk_space(doc);
+    let rows = super::band_rows_for(rect.width(), band_rows);
+    let mut y = rect.y0;
+    while y < rect.y1 {
+        let y1 = y.saturating_add(rows).min(rect.y1);
+        if let Err(e) = sink(render_with(Rect::new(rect.x0, y, rect.x1, y1), RENDER_TILE, |t| render_tile(doc, t, &cx, space.as_ref()))) {
+            return Some(Err(e));
+        }
+        y = y1;
+    }
+    Some(Ok(()))
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[path = "cmyk_tests.rs"]
+mod tests;
diff --git a/crates/compose/src/cmyk_split.rs b/crates/compose/src/cmyk_split.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..39040c7e94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/compose/src/cmyk_split.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,377 @@
+//! CMYK documents with layer effects (and stack structures the ink path leaves alone, such as
+//! knockouts), composited ink by ink through the RGB compositor itself.
+//!
+//! Everything allowed here works channel by channel: per-channel blend modes, effects built from
+//! coverage and painted with colours or colour gradients, the ink-by-ink adjustments, masks,
+//! groups, clipping and knockouts. So the RGB compositor run on a stand-in document whose red,
+//! green and blue hold the brightness (1 − ink) of cyan, magenta and yellow gives exactly those
+//! inks' result, and a second run with black's brightness in all three gives black. Blends stay
+//! clipped to 0..1 (unclipped blending would make negative ink), as on the ink path.
+//!
+//! 32-bit documents stay on the RGB compositor (32-bit CMYK isn't a print mode, and 32-bit Levels
+//! use their own float formula); so do pattern paints, bevel textures, effect blend modes that mix
+//! channels, Blend If and channel restrictions, which don't work channel by channel.
+
+use photocraft_color::blend::BlendMode;
+use photocraft_color::{Color, ColorMode, PixelFormat, SampleType};
+use photocraft_doc::adjust::ToneSpace;
+use photocraft_doc::effects::{Effect, FxPaint};
+use photocraft_doc::{Adjustment, Document, Fill, Layer, LayerContent};
+use photocraft_geom::Rect;
+use photocraft_raster::Surface;
+
+use super::{CmykBuffer, MAX_DEPTH, clean, cmyk_pixels, ink_adjustment, separable};
+use crate::{Buffer, Ctx, advanced, pattern};
+
+/// Which ink (0..=3: C, M, Y, K) a stand-in document carries in its red, green and blue.
+pub(super) type Planes = [usize; 3];
+const CMY: Planes = [0, 1, 2];
+const K: Planes = [3, 3, 3];
+
+/// Whether `doc` composites ink by ink on this path.
+pub fn supports(doc: &Document) -> bool {
+    doc.mode == ColorMode::Cmyk && doc.depth != SampleType::F32 && stack_supported(&doc.layers, 0)
+}
+
+fn stack_supported(layers: &[Layer], depth: u32) -> bool {
+    depth <= MAX_DEPTH && layers.iter().filter(|l| l.visible).all(|l| layer_supported(l, depth))
+}
+
+fn layer_supported(l: &Layer, depth: u32) -> bool {
+    let plain = l.opacity.is_finite() && l.fill_opacity.is_finite() && l.excluded_channels == 0 && l.blend_if.is_default();
+    // Effects on an adjustment layer (which has no pixels of its own to shape them) stay on the RGB
+    // compositor.
+    let effects = !crate::effects::has_effects(l)
+        || (!matches!(l.content, LayerContent::Adjustment(_)) && l.effects.items.iter().filter(|e| e.enabled()).all(effect_supported));
+    let content = match &l.content {
+        LayerContent::Group(g) => g.artboard.is_none() && (separable(l.blend) || l.blend == BlendMode::PassThrough) && stack_supported(&g.children, depth + 1),
+        LayerContent::Adjustment(a) => ink_adjustment(a) && separable(l.blend),
+        // A stroked shape can draw its stroke from the vector, in its own colour.
+        LayerContent::Shape(sh) if sh.stroke.is_some() => false,
+        _ => cmyk_pixels(l) && separable(l.blend),
+    };
+    // Effects and knockouts are laid out over the layer's bounds: they must be the same on the
+    // stand-ins (see [`stand_in_surface`]).
+    let shaped = crate::effects::has_effects(l) || l.advanced.knockout != photocraft_doc::Knockout::None;
+    plain && effects && content && (!shaped || transparent_outside(l))
+}
+
+/// Whether every surface `l` draws from has alpha and a transparent default pixel.
+fn transparent_outside(l: &Layer) -> bool {
+    match &l.content {
+        LayerContent::Group(g) => g.children.iter().all(transparent_outside),
+        _ => l.surface().is_none_or(|s| s.format().alpha && s.default_pixel().last().is_some_and(|a| *a <= 0.0)),
+    }
+}
+
+fn effect_supported(e: &Effect) -> bool {
+    let paint = |p: &FxPaint| !matches!(p, FxPaint::Pattern { .. });
+    match e {
+        Effect::DropShadow(s) | Effect::InnerShadow(s) => separable(s.common.blend),
+        Effect::OuterGlow(g) | Effect::InnerGlow(g) => separable(g.common.blend) && paint(&g.paint),
+        Effect::Stroke(s) => separable(s.common.blend) && paint(&s.paint),
+        Effect::ColorOverlay { common, .. } | Effect::GradientOverlay { common, .. } => separable(common.blend),
+        Effect::Satin(s) => separable(s.common.blend),
+        Effect::BevelEmboss(b) => separable(b.highlight.blend) && separable(b.shadow.blend) && b.texture.is_none(),
+        Effect::PatternOverlay { .. } => false,
+    }
+}
+
+/// The brightness (1 − ink) of ink `i` of a CMYK pixel or colour (0 for a missing or non-finite
+/// value: no ink).
+fn brightness(inks: &[f32], i: usize) -> f32 {
+    1.0 - inks.get(i).copied().map_or(0.0, clean)
+}
+
+fn stand_in_color(c: &Color, planes: Planes) -> Color {
+    let ink = c.in_mode(ColorMode::Cmyk).c;
+    Color { mode: ColorMode::Rgb, c: [brightness(&ink, planes[0]), brightness(&ink, planes[1]), brightness(&ink, planes[2]), 0.0], alpha: c.alpha }
+}
+
+/// A CMYK surface as an RGB one (same depth and alpha) holding the planes' brightness.
+fn stand_in_surface(s: &Surface, planes: Planes) -> Surface {
+    stand_in_surface_in(s, planes, crate::BAND_PIXELS)
+}
+
+/// [`stand_in_surface`], converting about `budget` pixels' worth of tiles at a time.
+fn stand_in_surface_in(s: &Surface, planes: Planes, budget: u64) -> Surface {
+    let from = s.format();
+    if from.mode != ColorMode::Cmyk {
+        return s.clone();
+    }
+    let to = PixelFormat { mode: ColorMode::Rgb, sample: from.sample, alpha: from.alpha };
+    let n = from.channels().max(1);
+    let px = |p: &[f32], dst: &mut Vec<f32>| {
+        dst.extend(planes.iter().map(|&i| brightness(p, i)));
+        if from.alpha {
+            dst.push(p.get(4).copied().unwrap_or(0.0));
+        }
+    };
+    let source_default = s.default_pixel();
+    let mut default = Vec::new();
+    px(&source_default, &mut default);
+    let map = |src: &[f32], dst: &mut Vec<f32>| {
+        for p in src.chunks_exact(n) {
+            let start = dst.len();
+            px(p, dst);
+            // Layer bounds count the pixels that differ from the default, transparent ones too: a
+            // transparent pixel whose other inks differ keeps a colour of its own here (it never
+            // shows), so the stand-in's bounds are the document's.
+            if from.alpha
+                && p.get(4) == Some(&0.0)
+                && *p != *source_default
+                && dst.get(start..) == Some(&default[..])
+                && let Some(v) = dst.get_mut(start)
+            {
+                *v = if *v > 0.5 { 0.0 } else { 1.0 };
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    let mut out = Surface::with_default(to, &default);
+    let rects: Vec<Rect> = s.tiles().map(|(c, _)| c.rect()).collect();
+    let convert = |r: &Rect| {
+        let (mut src, mut dst) = (Vec::new(), Vec::new());
+        s.read_region_into(*r, &mut src);
+        map(&src, &mut dst);
+        (*r, dst)
+    };
+    // Converted a band's worth of tiles at a time, so the float samples in flight stay about
+    // one render band's, not the whole layer's.
+    let mut start = 0;
+    while start < rects.len() {
+        let mut end = start;
+        let mut pixels = 0u64;
+        while let Some(r) = rects.get(end)
+            && (end == start || pixels < budget)
+        {
+            pixels = pixels.saturating_add(u64::from(r.width()) * u64::from(r.height()));
+            end += 1;
+        }
+        let batch = rects.get(start..end).unwrap_or_default();
+        #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+        let tiles: Vec<(Rect, Vec<f32>)> = {
+            use rayon::prelude::*;
+            batch.par_iter().map(convert).collect()
+        };
+        #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+        let tiles: Vec<(Rect, Vec<f32>)> = batch.iter().map(convert).collect();
+        for (r, data) in &tiles {
+            out.write_region(*r, data);
+        }
+        start = end;
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+/// A fill's colours as stand-ins. A solid colour is first stored at the document's depth, as the
+/// compositor renders CMYK solid fills (`gradient_fill::render_cmyk_fill`).
+fn stand_in_fill(f: &mut Fill, planes: Planes, depth: SampleType) {
+    match f {
+        Fill::Solid(c) => {
+            let one = Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1);
+            let stored = crate::gradient_fill::render_cmyk_fill(&Fill::Solid(*c), one, one, depth).map(|s| s.pixel(0, 0));
+            let ink = stored.as_deref().map_or(c.in_mode(ColorMode::Cmyk).c, |p| std::array::from_fn(|i| p.get(i).copied().unwrap_or(0.0)));
+            let alpha = stored.as_deref().and_then(|p| p.get(4).copied()).unwrap_or(c.alpha);
+            *c = stand_in_color(&Color { mode: ColorMode::Cmyk, c: ink, alpha }, planes);
+        }
+        Fill::Gradient { stops, .. } => stops.iter_mut().for_each(|s| s.1 = stand_in_color(&s.1, planes)),
+        _ => {}
+    }
+}
+
+/// Levels and Curves on the CMYK channels as RGB records of the planes' inks (the composite
+/// record stays the composite).
+fn stand_in_adjustment(a: &mut Adjustment, planes: Planes) {
+    match a {
+        Adjustment::Levels { per_channel, space, black, .. } if *space == ToneSpace::Cmyk => {
+            let ink = |i: usize| if i == 3 { black.clone() } else { per_channel.get(i).cloned().unwrap_or_default() };
+            *per_channel = [ink(planes[0]), ink(planes[1]), ink(planes[2])];
+            *black = Default::default();
+            *space = ToneSpace::Rgb;
+        }
+        Adjustment::Curves { per_channel, space, black, .. } if *space == ToneSpace::Cmyk => {
+            let ink = |i: usize| if i == 3 { black.clone() } else { per_channel.get(i).cloned().unwrap_or_default() };
+            *per_channel = [ink(planes[0]), ink(planes[1]), ink(planes[2])];
+            *black = Vec::new();
+            *space = ToneSpace::Rgb;
+        }
+        _ => {}
+    }
+}
+
+fn stand_in_effect(e: &mut Effect, planes: Planes) {
+    let cc = |c: &mut Color| *c = stand_in_color(c, planes);
+    let paint = |p: &mut FxPaint| match p {
+        FxPaint::Color(c) => cc(c),
+        FxPaint::Gradient(g) => g.stops.iter_mut().for_each(|s| cc(&mut s.1)),
+        FxPaint::Pattern { .. } => {}
+    };
+    match e {
+        Effect::DropShadow(s) | Effect::InnerShadow(s) => cc(&mut s.color),
+        Effect::OuterGlow(g) | Effect::InnerGlow(g) => paint(&mut g.paint),
+        Effect::Stroke(s) => paint(&mut s.paint),
+        Effect::ColorOverlay { color, .. } => cc(color),
+        Effect::GradientOverlay { gradient, .. } => gradient.stops.iter_mut().for_each(|s| cc(&mut s.1)),
+        Effect::Satin(s) => cc(&mut s.color),
+        Effect::BevelEmboss(b) => {
+            cc(&mut b.highlight_color);
+            cc(&mut b.shadow_color);
+        }
+        Effect::PatternOverlay { .. } => {}
+    }
+}
+
+fn stand_in_layer(l: &mut Layer, planes: Planes, depth: SampleType, canvas: Rect) {
+    // The compositor never draws a hidden layer (nor what is clipped to it): no stand-in needed.
+    if !l.visible {
+        return;
+    }
+    let cache = |c: &mut Option<Surface>| {
+        if let Some(s) = c {
+            *s = stand_in_surface(s, planes);
+        }
+    };
+    let frame = crate::fill_frame(l, canvas);
+    // A fill covers the canvas and beyond, where effects near its edges reach.
+    let reach = canvas.inflate(crate::effects::margin(l).saturating_add(1));
+    match &mut l.content {
+        LayerContent::Raster(s) => *s = stand_in_surface(s, planes),
+        LayerContent::Text(t) => cache(&mut t.cache),
+        LayerContent::Shape(sh) => cache(&mut sh.cache),
+        LayerContent::Smart(sm) => cache(&mut sm.cache),
+        LayerContent::Fill(f) => {
+            // The cache stays valid: its fill is changed the same way.
+            if let Some(c) = l.fill_cache.as_mut().filter(|c| c.fill == *f) {
+                c.surface = stand_in_surface(&c.surface, planes);
+                stand_in_fill(&mut c.fill, planes, depth);
+            } else if matches!(f, Fill::Gradient { .. })
+                && let Some(s) = crate::gradient_fill::render_cmyk_fill(f, reach, frame, depth)
+            {
+                // A gradient is the compositor's own CMYK ramp (an RGB ramp of the stand-in
+                // colours would interpolate differently), given as the fill's rendered pixels.
+                let mut fill = f.clone();
+                stand_in_fill(&mut fill, planes, depth);
+                l.fill_cache = Some(photocraft_doc::FillCache { fill, surface: stand_in_surface(&s, planes) });
+            }
+            stand_in_fill(f, planes, depth);
+        }
+        LayerContent::Adjustment(a) => stand_in_adjustment(a, planes),
+        LayerContent::Group(g) => g.children.iter_mut().for_each(|c| stand_in_layer(c, planes, depth, canvas)),
+    }
+    l.effects.items.iter_mut().for_each(|e| stand_in_effect(e, planes));
+}
+
+/// `doc` as an RGB document carrying the `planes` inks' brightness.
+/// Colours given in RGB or Lab become ink through the document's own CMYK profile, as on the
+/// exact ink path.
+pub(super) fn stand_in(doc: &Document, planes: Planes) -> Document {
+    let mut d = doc.clone();
+    d.mode = ColorMode::Rgb;
+    d.icc_profile = None;
+    let space = crate::cmyk_space(doc);
+    photocraft_color::convert::with_cmyk_space(space.as_ref(), || {
+        d.layers.iter_mut().for_each(|l| stand_in_layer(l, planes, doc.depth, doc.bounds()));
+    });
+    d
+}
+
+/// A stand-in document rendered over `rect` by the RGB compositor, blends clipped to 0..1.
+struct StandIn<'a> {
+    doc: &'a Document,
+    cx: Ctx<'a>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> StandIn<'a> {
+    /// Ready to render `rect` (effect maps built up front, as the RGB compositor does).
+    fn prepare(&self, rect: Rect) {
+        self.cx.set_fx_clip(rect);
+        crate::prepare_effects(&self.doc.layers, rect, &self.cx, |f| crate::in_blend_space(false, false, f));
+    }
+
+    fn tile(&self, rect: Rect) -> Buffer {
+        crate::in_blend_space(false, false, || {
+            let mut b = Buffer::transparent(rect);
+            crate::composite_stack_at(&self.doc.layers, &mut b, &self.cx, advanced::Scope::ROOT);
+            b
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// The CMY and K stand-ins' tiles as one CMYK tile.
+fn combine(cmy: &Buffer, k: &Buffer) -> CmykBuffer {
+    let ink = |v: f32| if v.is_finite() { (1.0 - v).clamp(0.0, 1.0) } else { 0.0 };
+    let px = cmy
+        .px
+        .iter()
+        .zip(&k.px)
+        .map(|(p, q)| {
+            let alpha = clean(p[3]).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+            if alpha <= 0.0 { [0.0; 5] } else { [ink(p[0]), ink(p[1]), ink(p[2]), ink(q[0]), alpha] }
+        })
+        .collect();
+    CmykBuffer { rect: cmy.rect, px }
+}
+
+/// Renders `doc` (which [`supports`]) band by band through the two stand-ins.
+pub(super) fn render_bands<E>(doc: &Document, rect: Rect, band_rows: i32, tile: i32, mut sink: impl FnMut(CmykBuffer) -> Result<(), E>) -> Result<(), E> {
+    let (cmy, k) = (stand_in(doc, CMY), stand_in(doc, K));
+    let no_patterns = pattern::PreparedPatterns::new(&[], pattern::PREPARED_PATTERN_BYTES);
+    let a = StandIn { doc: &cmy, cx: Ctx::for_doc(&cmy, &no_patterns) };
+    let b = StandIn { doc: &k, cx: Ctx::for_doc(&k, &no_patterns) };
+    let rows = crate::band_rows_for(rect.width(), band_rows);
+    let mut y = rect.y0;
+    while y < rect.y1 {
+        let y1 = y.saturating_add(rows).min(rect.y1);
+        let band = Rect::new(rect.x0, y, rect.x1, y1);
+        a.prepare(band);
+        b.prepare(band);
+        sink(super::render_with(band, tile, |t| combine(&a.tile(t), &b.tile(t))))?;
+        y = y1;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// `doc`'s `planes` stand-in rendered over `rect` (tests compare plane orders).
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(super) fn render_planes(doc: &Document, rect: Rect, planes: Planes) -> Buffer {
+    let d = stand_in(doc, planes);
+    let no_patterns = pattern::PreparedPatterns::new(&[], pattern::PREPARED_PATTERN_BYTES);
+    let s = StandIn { doc: &d, cx: Ctx::for_doc(&d, &no_patterns) };
+    s.prepare(rect);
+    s.tile(rect)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod batch_tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// A surface over many tiles converts alike one tile at a time or all at once, and a hidden
+    /// layer is left unconverted (the compositor never draws it).
+    #[test]
+    fn stand_ins_convert_in_batches_and_skip_hidden_layers() {
+        let fmt = PixelFormat::new(ColorMode::Cmyk, SampleType::U8, true);
+        let mut s = Surface::with_default(fmt, &[0.0; 5]);
+        let size = photocraft_geom::TILE_SIZE * 3 + 7;
+        s.fill_rect(Rect::new(0, 0, size, size / 2), &[0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.1, 1.0]);
+        s.fill_rect(Rect::new(5, size / 3, size, size), &[0.0, 0.9, 0.0, 0.5, 0.5]);
+        assert!(s.tiles().count() > 4);
+        let bounds = Rect::new(0, 0, size, size);
+        let read = |s: &Surface| {
+            let mut v = Vec::new();
+            s.read_region_into(bounds, &mut v);
+            v
+        };
+        for planes in [CMY, K] {
+            let whole = stand_in_surface_in(&s, planes, u64::MAX);
+            assert_eq!(read(&stand_in_surface_in(&s, planes, 1)), read(&whole));
+            assert_eq!(read(&stand_in_surface(&s, planes)), read(&whole));
+        }
+        let mut d = Document::new("d", photocraft_geom::Size::new(4, 4), ColorMode::Cmyk, SampleType::U8);
+        let mut hidden = Layer::raster("hidden", fmt);
+        hidden.visible = false;
+        d.layers.extend([Layer::raster("shown", fmt), hidden]);
+        let st = stand_in(&d, CMY);
+        let mode = |l: &Layer| l.surface().map(|s| s.format().mode);
+        assert_eq!(st.layers.iter().map(mode).collect::<Vec<_>>(), [Some(ColorMode::Rgb), Some(ColorMode::Cmyk)]);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/compose/src/cmyk_tests.rs b/crates/compose/src/cmyk_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3e28fccd7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/compose/src/cmyk_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1800 @@
+use photocraft_color::blend::BlendMode;
+use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, PixelFormat, SampleType};
+use photocraft_doc::{Adjustment, Document, Knockout, Layer, LayerContent, LayerMask};
+use photocraft_geom::{Rect, Size};
+use photocraft_raster::Surface;
+use proptest::prelude::*;
+
+use super::*;
+
+const CMYKA8: PixelFormat = PixelFormat { mode: ColorMode::Cmyk, sample: SampleType::U8, alpha: true };
+const CMYK8: PixelFormat = PixelFormat { mode: ColorMode::Cmyk, sample: SampleType::U8, alpha: false };
+
+fn doc(w: u32, h: u32) -> Document {
+    Document::new("c", Size::new(w, h), ColorMode::Cmyk, SampleType::U8)
+}
+
+fn layer(rects: &[(Rect, Cmyka)]) -> Layer {
+    let mut l = Layer::raster("l", CMYKA8);
+    for (r, c) in rects {
+        if let Some(s) = l.surface_mut() {
+            s.fill_rect(*r, c);
+        }
+    }
+    l
+}
+
+/// An opaque layer without alpha (as a flattened Background is).
+fn paper(w: i32, h: i32, c: [f32; 4]) -> Layer {
+    let mut l = Layer::raster("bg", CMYK8);
+    if let Some(s) = l.surface_mut() {
+        s.fill_rect(Rect::new(0, 0, w, h), &c);
+    }
+    l
+}
+
+fn mask(rects: &[(Rect, f32)], default: f32, density: f32, enabled: bool) -> LayerMask {
+    let mut surface = Surface::with_default(PixelFormat::GRAY8, &[default]);
+    for (r, v) in rects {
+        surface.fill_rect(*r, &[*v]);
+    }
+    LayerMask { surface, enabled, linked: true, density, feather: 0.0 }
+}
+
+/// An 8-bit sample as stored.
+fn q(v: f32) -> f32 {
+    (v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 255.0).round() / 255.0
+}
+
+// ---- an independent per-pixel reference -------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Porter-Duff source-over with straight alpha, written out separately from the compositor.
+fn over(b: Cmyka, s: Cmyka, opacity: f32) -> Cmyka {
+    let sa = s[4] * opacity;
+    let a = sa + b[4] * (1.0 - sa);
+    if sa <= 0.0 {
+        return b;
+    }
+    if a <= 0.0 {
+        return [0.0; 5];
+    }
+    let mut o = [0.0; 5];
+    for i in 0..4 {
+        o[i] = (s[i] * sa + b[i] * b[4] * (1.0 - sa)) / a;
+    }
+    o[4] = a;
+    o
+}
+
+fn ref_mask(l: &Layer, x: i32, y: i32) -> f32 {
+    l.mask.as_ref().map_or(1.0, |m| if m.enabled { 1.0 - m.density * (1.0 - m.surface.sample_channel(x, y, 0)) } else { 1.0 })
+}
+
+fn ref_own(l: &Layer, x: i32, y: i32) -> Cmyka {
+    let s = match &l.content {
+        LayerContent::Fill(f) => match &l.fill_cache {
+            Some(c) if c.fill == *f => Some(&c.surface),
+            _ => {
+                // A solid colour's inks and alpha, stored at the (8-bit) document's levels.
+                let photocraft_doc::Fill::Solid(color) = f else { return [0.0; 5] };
+                let c = color.in_mode(ColorMode::Cmyk);
+                return [q(c.c[0]), q(c.c[1]), q(c.c[2]), q(c.c[3]), q(color.alpha) * ref_mask(l, x, y)];
+            }
+        },
+        _ => l.surface(),
+    };
+    let Some(s) = s else { return [0.0; 5] };
+    let p = s.pixel(x, y);
+    let a = if s.format().alpha { p[4] } else { 1.0 };
+    [p[0], p[1], p[2], p[3], a * ref_mask(l, x, y)]
+}
+
+/// Source-over with coverage mixed in the type gamma, on brightness (1 − ink), worked out from
+/// the colour transfer functions directly.
+fn over_text(b: Cmyka, s: Cmyka, opacity: f32) -> Cmyka {
+    let gamma = crate::psblend::text_gamma();
+    let sa = s[4] * opacity;
+    if sa <= 0.0 {
+        return b;
+    }
+    let a = sa + b[4] * (1.0 - sa);
+    if a <= 0.0 {
+        return [0.0; 5];
+    }
+    let enc = |ink: f32| photocraft_color::convert::srgb_to_linear((1.0 - ink).max(0.0)).powf(1.0 / gamma);
+    let dec = |v: f32| 1.0 - photocraft_color::convert::linear_to_srgb(v.max(0.0).powf(gamma));
+    let mut o = [0.0; 5];
+    for i in 0..4 {
+        // Mixing an ink with itself (or with nothing) leaves it exactly as it is.
+        o[i] = if b[4] <= 0.0 || b[i] == s[i] { s[i] } else { dec((1.0 - sa) * b[4] / a * enc(b[i]) + sa / a * enc(s[i])) };
+    }
+    o[4] = a;
+    o
+}
+
+/// The blended ink of one channel: the blend function on brightness, back to ink.
+fn ref_blend(mode: BlendMode, b: f32, s: f32) -> f32 {
+    1.0 - crate::psblend::blend_rgb(mode, [1.0 - b; 3], [1.0 - s; 3])[0]
+}
+
+/// The general compositing formula (W3C / PDF), written out on each ink.
+fn over_mode(mode: BlendMode, b: Cmyka, s: Cmyka, opacity: f32, text: bool) -> Cmyka {
+    if mode == BlendMode::Normal {
+        return if text { over_text(b, s, opacity) } else { over(b, s, opacity) };
+    }
+    let sa = s[4] * opacity;
+    if sa <= 0.0 {
+        return b;
+    }
+    let a = sa + b[4] * (1.0 - sa);
+    if a <= 0.0 {
+        return [0.0; 5];
+    }
+    let gamma = if text { crate::psblend::text_gamma() } else { 1.0 };
+    let enc = |ink: f32| photocraft_color::convert::srgb_to_linear((1.0 - ink).max(0.0)).powf(1.0 / gamma);
+    let dec = |v: f32| 1.0 - photocraft_color::convert::linear_to_srgb(v.max(0.0).powf(gamma));
+    let (wb, ws, wbs) = ((1.0 - sa) * b[4] / a, (1.0 - b[4]) * sa / a, sa * b[4] / a);
+    let mut o = [0.0; 5];
+    for i in 0..4 {
+        let m = ref_blend(mode, b[i], s[i]);
+        o[i] = if text { dec(wb * enc(b[i]) + ws * enc(s[i]) + wbs * enc(m)) } else { wb * b[i] + ws * s[i] + wbs * m };
+    }
+    o[4] = a;
+    o
+}
+
+/// `l` onto the backdrop in its blend mode (Dissolve: every pixel shown fully or not at all).
+fn over_layer(l: &Layer, b: Cmyka, s: Cmyka, opacity: f32, at: Option<(i32, i32)>) -> Cmyka {
+    if let (BlendMode::Dissolve, Some((x, y))) = (l.blend, at) {
+        let shown = crate::dissolve_noise(x, y) < s[4] * opacity;
+        return over(b, [s[0], s[1], s[2], s[3], if shown { 1.0 } else { 0.0 }], 1.0);
+    }
+    over_mode(l.blend, b, s, opacity, matches!(l.content, LayerContent::Text(_)))
+}
+
+/// Photoshop's special eight below 100% Fill, written out on each ink: the source pulled toward
+/// the mode's neutral colour is blended at full strength (`psblend::blend_rgb_fill`, on
+/// brightness), Opacity is its coverage over the backdrop, Fill × Opacity over nothing.
+fn over_special_fill(l: &Layer, b: Cmyka, s: Cmyka) -> Cmyka {
+    let f = l.fill_opacity.clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+    let over = s[4] * l.opacity;
+    if over <= 0.0 {
+        return b;
+    }
+    let a = b[4] + (1.0 - b[4]) * over * f;
+    if a <= 0.0 {
+        return [0.0; 5];
+    }
+    let text = matches!(l.content, LayerContent::Text(_));
+    let gamma = crate::psblend::text_gamma();
+    let enc = |v: f32| if text { photocraft_color::convert::srgb_to_linear(v.max(0.0)).powf(1.0 / gamma) } else { v };
+    let dec = |v: f32| if text { photocraft_color::convert::linear_to_srgb(v.max(0.0).powf(gamma)) } else { v };
+    let (wb, wbs, ws) = (b[4] * (1.0 - over) / a, b[4] * over / a, (1.0 - b[4]) * over * f / a);
+    let mut o = [0.0; 5];
+    for i in 0..4 {
+        let (bb, sb) = (1.0 - b[i], 1.0 - s[i]);
+        let m = crate::psblend::blend_rgb_fill(l.blend, [bb; 3], [sb; 3], f)[0];
+        o[i] = 1.0 - dec(wb * enc(bb) + wbs * enc(m) + ws * enc(sb));
+    }
+    o[4] = a;
+    o
+}
+
+/// An adjustment on one pixel: each ink's brightness through the channel's table (Levels and
+/// Curves: the compositor's tables for an 8-bit document, interpolated here), Invert and
+/// Posterize written out.
+fn ref_adjust(adj: &Adjustment, p: Cmyka) -> Cmyka {
+    if p[4] <= 0.0 {
+        return p;
+    }
+    let luts = crate::adjust::tone_luts_depth(adj, Some(SampleType::U8));
+    let mut o = p;
+    for c in 0..4 {
+        let v = 1.0 - p[c];
+        let r = match adj {
+            Adjustment::Invert => 1.0 - v,
+            Adjustment::Posterize { levels } => {
+                let n = (*levels).clamp(2, 255) as f32;
+                let bin = ((v * 255.0).round() * n / 256.0).floor().min(n - 1.0);
+                (bin * 255.0 / (n - 1.0)).floor() / 255.0
+            }
+            _ => {
+                let t = &luts[c];
+                let x = v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * (t.len() - 1) as f32;
+                let i = x.floor() as usize;
+                let j = (i + 1).min(t.len() - 1);
+                t[i] + (t[j] - t[i]) * (x - i as f32)
+            }
+        };
+        o[c] = 1.0 - r;
+    }
+    o
+}
+
+/// An adjustment layer `l` (adjusting `p`, then `clipped` onto that) mixed into `p` in its blend
+/// mode by its opacity and mask; coverage stays.
+fn ref_adjusted(l: &Layer, adj: &Adjustment, clipped: &[Layer], p: Cmyka, x: i32, y: i32) -> Cmyka {
+    let mut a = ref_adjust(adj, p);
+    if p[4] > 0.0 {
+        a = ref_clip(clipped, a, x, y);
+    }
+    let k = l.opacity * l.fill_opacity * ref_mask(l, x, y);
+    if l.blend == BlendMode::Dissolve {
+        // Opacity and mask are the chance the pixel takes the adjustment fully.
+        return if k > 0.0 && crate::dissolve_noise(x, y) < k { [a[0], a[1], a[2], a[3], p[4]] } else { p };
+    }
+    let mut o = p;
+    for c in 0..4 {
+        o[c] = p[c] + (ref_blend(l.blend, p[c], a[c]) - p[c]) * k;
+    }
+    o
+}
+
+/// `clipped` onto `content` (blending as if it were opaque; its coverage stays).
+fn ref_clip(clipped: &[Layer], mut content: Cmyka, x: i32, y: i32) -> Cmyka {
+    for c in clipped.iter().filter(|c| c.visible) {
+        if let LayerContent::Adjustment(adj) = &c.content {
+            content = ref_adjusted(c, adj, &[], content, x, y);
+        } else if content[4] > 0.0 {
+            let a = content[4];
+            let r = over_layer(c, [content[0], content[1], content[2], content[3], 1.0], ref_own(c, x, y), c.opacity * c.fill_opacity, Some((x, y)));
+            content = [r[0], r[1], r[2], r[3], a];
+        }
+    }
+    content
+}
+
+/// Rounding to an 8-bit document's levels: stored channel brightness, and coverage.
+fn ref_round(p: Cmyka) -> Cmyka {
+    let r = |v: f32| (v * 255.0 + 0.5).floor() / 255.0;
+    [1.0 - r(1.0 - p[0]), 1.0 - r(1.0 - p[1]), 1.0 - r(1.0 - p[2]), 1.0 - r(1.0 - p[3]), r(p[4])]
+}
+
+fn ref_stack(layers: &[Layer], x: i32, y: i32, mut b: Cmyka) -> Cmyka {
+    let mut i = 0;
+    while i < layers.len() {
+        let base = &layers[i];
+        let mut j = i + 1;
+        while j < layers.len() && layers[j].clipped && !base.clipped {
+            j += 1;
+        }
+        if base.visible {
+            b = ref_layer(base, &layers[i + 1..j], x, y, b);
+            if matches!(base.content, LayerContent::Adjustment(_)) {
+                b = ref_round(b);
+            }
+        }
+        i = j;
+    }
+    b
+}
+
+fn ref_layer(l: &Layer, clipped: &[Layer], x: i32, y: i32, b: Cmyka) -> Cmyka {
+    let op = l.opacity * l.fill_opacity;
+    let mut content = match &l.content {
+        LayerContent::Group(g) if l.blend == BlendMode::PassThrough && l.fill_opacity >= 1.0 => {
+            let r = ref_stack(&g.children, x, y, b);
+            if op >= 1.0 && l.mask.is_none() {
+                return r;
+            }
+            let k = op * ref_mask(l, x, y);
+            let (wa, wb) = (b[4] * (1.0 - k), r[4] * k);
+            let a = wa + wb;
+            if a <= 0.0 {
+                return [0.0; 5];
+            }
+            let mut o = [0.0; 5];
+            for c in 0..4 {
+                o[c] = (b[c] * wa + r[c] * wb) / a;
+            }
+            o[4] = a;
+            return o;
+        }
+        LayerContent::Adjustment(adj) => return ref_adjusted(l, adj, clipped, b, x, y),
+        LayerContent::Group(g) => {
+            let mut c = ref_stack(&g.children, x, y, [0.0; 5]);
+            c[4] *= ref_mask(l, x, y);
+            c
+        }
+        _ => ref_own(l, x, y),
+    };
+    content = ref_clip(clipped, content, x, y);
+    // The special eight below 100% Fill, a layer's own blend and an isolated group's alike.
+    if l.fill_opacity < 1.0 && crate::psblend::fill_is_special(l.blend) {
+        return over_special_fill(l, b, content);
+    }
+    over_layer(l, b, content, op, Some((x, y)))
+}
+
+fn assert_matches_reference(d: &Document) {
+    let rect = Rect::new(-1, -1, d.size.width as i32 + 1, d.size.height as i32 + 1);
+    let Some(got) = render_cmyk(d, rect) else { panic!("supported") };
+    let rgb = crate::render(d, rect);
+    for y in rect.y0..rect.y1 {
+        for x in rect.x0..rect.x1 {
+            let i = ((y - rect.y0) * rect.width() as i32 + (x - rect.x0)) as usize;
+            let (g, want) = (got.px[i], ref_stack(&d.layers, x, y, [0.0; 5]));
+            assert!(g.iter().all(|v| v.is_finite()), "({x},{y}) {g:?}");
+            // Ink only means something where there is coverage.
+            let close = |a: f32, b: f32| (a - b).abs() <= 1e-5;
+            assert!(close(g[4], want[4]), "alpha ({x},{y}): {g:?} vs reference {want:?}");
+            if want[4] > 1e-4 {
+                assert!((0..4).all(|c| close(g[c], want[c])), "ink ({x},{y}): {g:?} vs reference {want:?}");
+            }
+            // Coverage doesn't depend on the colour model: the RGB compositor agrees.
+            assert!((g[4] - rgb.px[i][3]).abs() <= 1e-5, "alpha vs RGB ({x},{y}): {g:?} vs {:?}", rgb.px[i]);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ---- directed tests ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#[test]
+fn opaque_pixels_keep_their_exact_inks() {
+    let mut d = doc(6, 4);
+    d.layers.push(paper(6, 4, [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]));
+    // K-only black "type", a rich four-colour patch, then a half-covered patch on top.
+    d.layers.push(layer(&[(Rect::new(0, 0, 3, 4), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0])]));
+    d.layers.push(layer(&[(Rect::new(3, 0, 6, 2), [0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.1, 1.0])]));
+    let got = render_cmyk(&d, d.bounds()).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("supported"));
+    let at = |x: i32, y: i32| got.px[(y * 6 + x) as usize];
+    assert_eq!(at(1, 1), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0], "K stays K-only");
+    assert_eq!(at(4, 1), [q(0.2), q(0.4), q(0.6), q(0.1), 1.0], "every ink kept as stored");
+    assert_eq!(at(4, 3), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0], "paper: no ink");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn partial_coverage_mixes_ink_values() {
+    let mut d = doc(2, 1);
+    d.layers.push(paper(2, 1, [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]));
+    let mut l = layer(&[(Rect::new(0, 0, 2, 1), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0])]);
+    l.opacity = 0.5;
+    l.fill_opacity = 0.5;
+    d.layers.push(l);
+    let got = render_cmyk(&d, d.bounds()).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("supported"));
+    // 25% coverage of K100 over paper: K25 and no other ink.
+    assert!((got.px[0][3] - 0.25).abs() < 1e-6 && got.px[0][..3] == [0.0; 3], "{:?}", got.px[0]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn masks_groups_and_clipping_match_the_reference() {
+    let mut d = doc(8, 6);
+    d.layers.push(paper(8, 6, [0.1, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]));
+    let mut base = layer(&[(Rect::new(1, 1, 7, 5), [0.0, 0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 0.8])]);
+    base.mask = Some(mask(&[(Rect::new(0, 0, 4, 6), 0.0)], 1.0, 0.75, true));
+    let mut clip = layer(&[(Rect::new(0, 0, 8, 3), [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.2, 1.0])]);
+    clip.clipped = true;
+    clip.opacity = 0.6;
+    let mut iso = Layer::group("iso", vec![layer(&[(Rect::new(2, 0, 5, 6), [0.3, 0.3, 0.3, 0.3, 0.5])])]);
+    iso.blend = BlendMode::Normal;
+    iso.opacity = 0.7;
+    iso.mask = Some(mask(&[(Rect::new(0, 3, 8, 6), 0.25)], 1.0, 1.0, true));
+    let mut pass = Layer::group("pass", vec![layer(&[(Rect::new(5, 2, 8, 6), [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0])])]);
+    pass.opacity = 0.5;
+    pass.mask = Some(mask(&[(Rect::new(6, 0, 8, 6), 0.0)], 1.0, 1.0, true));
+    d.layers.extend([base, clip, iso, pass]);
+    assert_matches_reference(&d);
+}
+
+/// An isolated group in one of the special eight below 100% Fill blends with Fill apart from
+/// opacity, as the compositor blends it (the split route runs the compositor on stand-ins).
+#[test]
+fn isolated_groups_keep_the_special_fill_rule() {
+    for mode in [BlendMode::Difference, BlendMode::LinearBurn, BlendMode::LinearDodge, BlendMode::LinearLight, BlendMode::ColorDodge] {
+        assert!(crate::psblend::fill_is_special(mode), "{mode:?}");
+        let mut d = doc(4, 2);
+        d.layers.push(paper(4, 2, [0.2, 0.5, 0.1, 0.1]));
+        let mut g = Layer::group("iso", vec![layer(&[(Rect::new(0, 0, 3, 2), [0.6, 0.1, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8])])]);
+        g.blend = mode;
+        g.opacity = 0.9;
+        g.fill_opacity = 0.4;
+        d.layers.push(g);
+        assert_matches_reference(&d);
+        assert_routes_agree(&d);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn unsupported_documents_fall_back() {
+    let simple = || {
+        let mut d = doc(2, 2);
+        d.layers.push(layer(&[(Rect::new(0, 0, 2, 2), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0])]));
+        d
+    };
+    assert!(supports(&simple()));
+    let check = |what: &str, f: &dyn Fn(&mut Layer)| {
+        let mut d = simple();
+        let mut l = layer(&[(Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1), [0.5; 5])]);
+        f(&mut l);
+        d.layers.push(l);
+        assert!(!supports(&d), "{what}");
+        assert!(render_cmyk(&d, d.bounds()).is_none(), "{what}");
+        // An invisible layer doesn't matter.
+        if let Some(l) = d.layers.last_mut() {
+            l.visible = false;
+        }
+        assert!(supports(&d), "hidden {what}");
+    };
+    check("hue", &|l| l.blend = BlendMode::Hue);
+    check("luminosity", &|l| l.blend = BlendMode::Luminosity);
+    check("lighter colour", &|l| l.blend = BlendMode::LighterColor);
+    check("channels", &|l| l.excluded_channels = 1);
+    check("nan opacity", &|l| l.opacity = f32::NAN);
+    // Adjustments that weigh the channels together, or whose records name RGB channels.
+    check("threshold", &|l| l.content = LayerContent::Adjustment(Adjustment::Threshold { level: 0.5 }));
+    check("rgb levels", &|l| l.content = LayerContent::Adjustment(rgb_levels()));
+    check("invert in colour mode", &|l| {
+        l.content = LayerContent::Adjustment(Adjustment::Invert);
+        l.blend = BlendMode::Color;
+    });
+    check("rgb pixels", &|l| l.content = LayerContent::Raster(Surface::new(PixelFormat::RGBA8)));
+    // Not a CMYK document.
+    let mut rgb = simple();
+    rgb.mode = ColorMode::Rgb;
+    assert!(!supports(&rgb));
+    // Too deep: refused without recursing through every level.
+    let mut deep = layer(&[(Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1), [0.5; 5])]);
+    for _ in 0..(MAX_DEPTH + 8) {
+        deep = Layer::group("g", vec![deep]);
+    }
+    let mut d = simple();
+    d.layers.push(deep);
+    assert!(!supports(&d) && !renders_inks(&d));
+    // Knockouts take the ink-by-ink route through the RGB compositor instead.
+    let mut d = simple();
+    let mut l = layer(&[(Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1), [0.5; 5])]);
+    l.advanced.knockout = Knockout::Shallow;
+    d.layers.push(l);
+    assert!(!supports(&d) && split::supports(&d));
+    assert!(render_cmyk(&d, d.bounds()).is_some());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn non_finite_samples_never_reach_the_output() {
+    let fmt = PixelFormat { mode: ColorMode::Cmyk, sample: SampleType::F32, alpha: true };
+    let mut d = Document::new("f", Size::new(4, 1), ColorMode::Cmyk, SampleType::F32);
+    let mut l = Layer::raster("bad", fmt);
+    if let Some(s) = l.surface_mut() {
+        s.write_region(
+            Rect::new(0, 0, 4, 1),
+            &[
+                f32::NAN,
+                0.0,
+                0.0,
+                0.0,
+                1.0, //
+                0.0,
+                f32::INFINITY,
+                0.0,
+                0.0,
+                1.0, //
+                0.0,
+                0.0,
+                f32::NEG_INFINITY,
+                0.0,
+                f32::NAN, //
+                0.5,
+                0.5,
+                0.5,
+                0.5,
+                0.5,
+            ],
+        );
+    }
+    d.layers.push(l);
+    let got = render_cmyk(&d, Rect::new(-2, -2, 6, 3)).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("supported"));
+    assert!(got.px.iter().flatten().all(|v| v.is_finite()), "{:?}", got.px);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn empty_and_off_canvas_rects() {
+    let mut d = doc(4, 4);
+    d.layers.push(layer(&[(Rect::new(0, 0, 4, 4), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0])]));
+    assert!(render_cmyk(&d, Rect::new(2, 2, 2, 2)).is_some_and(|b| b.px.is_empty()));
+    let far = render_cmyk(&d, Rect::new(1000, 1000, 1003, 1002)).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("supported"));
+    assert_eq!(far.px, vec![[0.0; 5]; 6]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn bands_equal_the_whole_render() {
+    let mut d = doc(300, 700);
+    d.layers.push(paper(300, 700, [0.0, 0.1, 0.0, 0.0]));
+    d.layers.push(layer(&[(Rect::new(10, 20, 290, 690), [0.4, 0.0, 0.2, 0.9, 0.6])]));
+    let whole = render_cmyk(&d, d.bounds()).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("supported"));
+    let mut joined = Vec::new();
+    let r = render_cmyk_bands(&d, d.bounds(), 256, |b: CmykBuffer| -> Result<(), ()> {
+        joined.extend(b.px);
+        Ok(())
+    });
+    assert_eq!(r, Some(Ok(())));
+    assert_eq!(joined, whole.px);
+}
+
+// ---- random documents -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+struct Spec {
+    w: i32,
+    h: i32,
+    layers: Vec<LayerSpec>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+enum LayerSpec {
+    Pixels { kind: Kind, blend: BlendMode, fills: Vec<(Rect, Cmyka)>, opacity: f32, fill: f32, clipped: bool, visible: bool, mask: Option<MaskSpec> },
+    Group { children: Vec<LayerSpec>, pass_through: bool, blend: BlendMode, opacity: f32, fill: f32, mask: Option<MaskSpec> },
+}
+
+/// What kind of layer a [`LayerSpec::Pixels`] becomes: its pixels as a pixel layer, as a type or
+/// shape layer's rendered pixels, or a solid colour fill in the first fill's colour.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+enum Kind {
+    Raster,
+    Text,
+    Shape,
+    Solid,
+    /// An adjustment layer (its fills are unused).
+    Adjust(AdjSpec),
+}
+
+/// The adjustments this path applies on ink values; `channel` 0..=3 is C, M, Y, K and 4 the
+/// composite record.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+enum AdjSpec {
+    Invert,
+    Posterize(u32),
+    Levels { channel: usize, levels: [f32; 5] },
+    Curves { channel: usize, points: Vec<(f32, f32)> },
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+struct MaskSpec {
+    rects: Vec<(Rect, f32)>,
+    default: f32,
+    density: f32,
+    enabled: bool,
+}
+
+/// Every blend mode this path composites natively, Normal most often.
+fn blend_mode() -> impl Strategy<Value = BlendMode> {
+    prop_oneof![
+        6 => Just(BlendMode::Normal),
+        1 => prop::sample::select(SEPARABLE.to_vec()),
+    ]
+}
+
+fn adj_spec() -> impl Strategy<Value = AdjSpec> {
+    prop_oneof![
+        Just(AdjSpec::Invert),
+        (2u32..9).prop_map(AdjSpec::Posterize),
+        (0usize..5, 0.0f32..0.4, 0.6f32..=1.0, 0.3f32..3.0, 0.0f32..0.3, 0.7f32..=1.0)
+            .prop_map(|(channel, ib, iw, g, ob, ow)| AdjSpec::Levels { channel, levels: [ib, iw, g, ob, ow] }),
+        (0usize..5, prop::collection::vec((unit(), unit()), 2..5)).prop_map(|(channel, mut points)| {
+            points.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.total_cmp(&b.0));
+            points.dedup_by(|a, b| (a.0 - b.0).abs() < 0.02);
+            AdjSpec::Curves { channel, points }
+        }),
+    ]
+}
+
+fn make_adjustment(a: &AdjSpec) -> Adjustment {
+    use photocraft_doc::adjust::{CurvePoint, LevelsChannel, ToneSpace};
+    match a {
+        AdjSpec::Invert => Adjustment::Invert,
+        AdjSpec::Posterize(levels) => Adjustment::Posterize { levels: *levels },
+        AdjSpec::Levels { channel, levels: [in_black, in_white, gamma, out_black, out_white] } => {
+            let rec = LevelsChannel { in_black: *in_black, in_white: *in_white, gamma: *gamma, out_black: *out_black, out_white: *out_white };
+            let pick = |c: usize| if c == *channel { rec.clone() } else { LevelsChannel::default() };
+            Adjustment::Levels { master: pick(4), per_channel: [pick(0), pick(1), pick(2)], space: ToneSpace::Cmyk, black: pick(3) }
+        }
+        AdjSpec::Curves { channel, points } => {
+            let curve: Vec<CurvePoint> = points.iter().map(|(input, output)| CurvePoint { input: *input, output: *output }).collect();
+            let pick = |c: usize| if c == *channel { curve.clone() } else { Vec::new() };
+            Adjustment::Curves { master: pick(4), per_channel: [pick(0), pick(1), pick(2)], space: ToneSpace::Cmyk, black: pick(3), pencil: false }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn unit() -> impl Strategy<Value = f32> {
+    prop_oneof![Just(0.0f32), Just(1.0f32), 0.0f32..=1.0]
+}
+
+fn rect(w: i32, h: i32) -> impl Strategy<Value = Rect> {
+    (-1..w, -1..h, 1..w + 2, 1..h + 2).prop_map(|(x, y, rw, rh)| Rect::new(x, y, x + rw, y + rh))
+}
+
+fn mask_spec(w: i32, h: i32) -> impl Strategy<Value = Option<MaskSpec>> {
+    prop::option::of(
+        (prop::collection::vec((rect(w, h), unit()), 0..3), unit(), unit(), any::<bool>()).prop_map(|(rects, default, density, enabled)| MaskSpec {
+            rects,
+            default,
+            density,
+            enabled,
+        }),
+    )
+}
+
+fn pixels(w: i32, h: i32) -> impl Strategy<Value = LayerSpec> {
+    (
+        prop::collection::vec((rect(w, h), (unit(), unit(), unit(), unit(), unit())), 1..4),
+        unit(),
+        unit(),
+        any::<bool>(),
+        prop::bool::weighted(0.9),
+        mask_spec(w, h),
+        prop_oneof![
+            3 => prop_oneof![Just(Kind::Raster), Just(Kind::Text), Just(Kind::Shape), Just(Kind::Solid)],
+            1 => adj_spec().prop_map(Kind::Adjust),
+        ],
+        blend_mode(),
+    )
+        .prop_map(|(fills, opacity, fill, clipped, visible, mask, kind, blend)| LayerSpec::Pixels {
+            kind,
+            blend,
+            fills: fills.into_iter().map(|(r, (c, m, y, k, a))| (r, [c, m, y, k, a])).collect(),
+            opacity,
+            fill,
+            clipped,
+            visible,
+            mask,
+        })
+}
+
+fn layer_spec(w: i32, h: i32) -> impl Strategy<Value = LayerSpec> {
+    pixels(w, h).prop_recursive(3, 12, 4, move |inner| {
+        (prop::collection::vec(inner, 1..4), any::<bool>(), unit(), prop_oneof![Just(1.0f32), unit()], mask_spec(w, h), blend_mode())
+            .prop_map(move |(children, pass_through, opacity, fill, mask, blend)| LayerSpec::Group { children, pass_through, blend, opacity, fill, mask })
+    })
+}
+
+fn spec() -> impl Strategy<Value = Spec> {
+    (2i32..9, 2i32..7).prop_flat_map(|(w, h)| prop::collection::vec(layer_spec(w, h), 1..6).prop_map(move |layers| Spec { w, h, layers }))
+}
+
+fn build(s: &LayerSpec) -> Layer {
+    let make_mask = |m: &MaskSpec| mask(&m.rects, m.default, m.density, m.enabled);
+    match s {
+        LayerSpec::Pixels { kind, blend, fills, opacity, fill, clipped, visible, mask } => {
+            let pixels = layer(fills);
+            let mut l = match kind {
+                Kind::Raster => pixels,
+                Kind::Text => Layer::new("t", LayerContent::Text(photocraft_doc::TextLayer { cache: pixels.surface().cloned(), ..Default::default() })),
+                Kind::Shape => Layer::new("s", LayerContent::Shape(photocraft_doc::ShapeLayer { cache: pixels.surface().cloned(), ..Default::default() })),
+                Kind::Solid => {
+                    let [c, m, y, k, a] = fills.first().map_or([0.0; 5], |f| f.1);
+                    let color = photocraft_color::Color { mode: ColorMode::Cmyk, c: [c, m, y, k], alpha: a };
+                    Layer::new("f", LayerContent::Fill(photocraft_doc::Fill::Solid(color)))
+                }
+                Kind::Adjust(a) => Layer::new("a", LayerContent::Adjustment(make_adjustment(a))),
+            };
+            (l.opacity, l.fill_opacity, l.clipped, l.visible) = (*opacity, *fill, *clipped, *visible);
+            l.blend = *blend;
+            l.mask = mask.as_ref().map(make_mask);
+            l
+        }
+        LayerSpec::Group { children, pass_through, blend, opacity, fill, mask } => {
+            let mut g = Layer::group("g", children.iter().map(build).collect());
+            g.blend = if *pass_through { BlendMode::PassThrough } else { *blend };
+            (g.opacity, g.fill_opacity) = (*opacity, *fill);
+            g.mask = mask.as_ref().map(make_mask);
+            g
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Clipped layers onto a pass-through group take the RGB compositor's isolated-rendering path,
+/// which this path leaves alone: such specs are filtered out.
+fn clips_onto_pass_through(layers: &[LayerSpec]) -> bool {
+    layers.windows(2).any(|w| {
+        matches!(w[0], LayerSpec::Group { pass_through: true, fill, .. } if fill >= 1.0)
+            && matches!(w[1], LayerSpec::Pixels { clipped: true, visible: true, .. })
+    }) || layers.iter().any(|l| matches!(l, LayerSpec::Group { children, .. } if clips_onto_pass_through(children)))
+}
+
+proptest! {
+    #![proptest_config(ProptestConfig { cases: 400, ..ProptestConfig::default() })]
+
+    /// Random stacks of pixel layers, masks, isolated and pass-through groups and clipping
+    /// groups: the native composite equals the independent per-pixel reference, and its
+    /// coverage equals the RGB compositor's.
+    #[test]
+    fn random_documents_match_the_reference(s in spec()) {
+        prop_assume!(!clips_onto_pass_through(&s.layers));
+        let mut d = doc(s.w as u32, s.h as u32);
+        d.layers = s.layers.iter().map(build).collect();
+        prop_assume!(supports(&d));
+        assert_matches_reference(&d);
+    }
+
+    /// Tiling never changes the result (tiles render independently, in any order).
+    #[test]
+    fn tiling_is_invisible(s in spec(), tile in 1i32..9) {
+        prop_assume!(!clips_onto_pass_through(&s.layers));
+        let mut d = doc(s.w as u32, s.h as u32);
+        d.layers = s.layers.iter().map(build).collect();
+        prop_assume!(supports(&d));
+        let whole = render_cmyk_tiled(&d, d.bounds(), 1024);
+        prop_assert_eq!(render_cmyk_tiled(&d, d.bounds(), tile), whole);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Where the composite is a single opaque layer's pixel (opaque, full opacity, binary masks),
+/// the native ink, shown through the document's profile, is the colour the RGB compositor shows.
+#[test]
+fn opaque_results_look_the_same_as_the_rgb_compositor() {
+    let mut d = doc(8, 4);
+    d.layers.push(paper(8, 4, [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]));
+    d.layers.push(layer(&[(Rect::new(0, 0, 4, 4), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0]), (Rect::new(4, 0, 8, 2), [0.7, 0.1, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0])]));
+    let mut top = layer(&[(Rect::new(2, 1, 7, 4), [0.0, 0.9, 0.9, 0.0, 1.0])]);
+    top.mask = Some(mask(&[(Rect::new(5, 0, 8, 4), 0.0)], 1.0, 1.0, true));
+    d.layers.push(top);
+    let native = render_cmyk(&d, d.bounds()).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("supported"));
+    let rgb = crate::render(&d, d.bounds());
+    let space = crate::cmyk_space(&d);
+    let fmt = PixelFormat { mode: ColorMode::Cmyk, sample: SampleType::F32, alpha: true };
+    photocraft_color::convert::with_cmyk_space(space.as_ref(), || {
+        for (n, r) in native.px.iter().zip(&rgb.px) {
+            let shown = photocraft_raster::to_rgba(&fmt, n);
+            assert!((0..4).all(|c| (shown[c] - r[c]).abs() <= 1e-4), "native {n:?} shows {shown:?}, RGB compositor {r:?}");
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+// ---- stage 2: type, shape, smart object and fill layers ----------------------------------------
+
+fn text_layer(rects: &[(Rect, Cmyka)]) -> Layer {
+    let cache = layer(rects).surface().cloned();
+    Layer::new("t", LayerContent::Text(photocraft_doc::TextLayer { cache, ..Default::default() }))
+}
+
+fn cmyk_color(c: [f32; 4], alpha: f32) -> photocraft_color::Color {
+    photocraft_color::Color { mode: ColorMode::Cmyk, c, alpha }
+}
+
+/// K-only type keeps K-only glyphs: fully covered pixels are exactly K100, and anti-aliased edges
+/// mix on brightness in the type gamma, adding no cyan, magenta or yellow.
+#[test]
+fn type_interiors_are_exact_and_edges_add_no_other_ink() {
+    let mut d = doc(3, 1);
+    d.layers.push(paper(3, 1, [0.0; 4]));
+    d.layers.push(text_layer(&[(Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0]), (Rect::new(1, 0, 2, 1), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.5])]));
+    let got = render_cmyk(&d, d.bounds()).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("supported"));
+    assert_eq!(got.px[0], [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0], "glyph interior");
+    let edge = got.px[1];
+    assert_eq!(edge[..3], [0.0; 3], "an edge adds no CMY: {edge:?}");
+    let want = over_text([0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0], [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, q(0.5)], 1.0);
+    assert!((edge[3] - want[3]).abs() < 1e-6, "{edge:?} vs {want:?}");
+    // The gamma lightens dark edges compared with plain mixing.
+    assert!(edge[3] < q(0.5), "{edge:?}");
+    assert_eq!(got.px[2], [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0], "paper");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn solid_and_rendered_fills_keep_their_inks() {
+    let mut d = doc(4, 1);
+    d.layers.push(paper(4, 1, [0.0; 4]));
+    let mut solid = Layer::new("f", LayerContent::Fill(photocraft_doc::Fill::Solid(cmyk_color([0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4], 1.0))));
+    solid.mask = Some(mask(&[(Rect::new(2, 0, 4, 1), 0.0)], 1.0, 1.0, true));
+    d.layers.push(solid);
+    // A gradient fill carrying the pixels it was rendered to (as a PSD supplies them).
+    let gradient = photocraft_doc::Fill::gradient(
+        vec![(0.0, cmyk_color([1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0], 1.0)), (1.0, cmyk_color([0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0], 1.0))],
+        0.0,
+        1.0,
+        Default::default(),
+        false,
+    );
+    let rendered = layer(&[(Rect::new(3, 0, 4, 1), [0.9, 0.0, 0.5, 0.0, 1.0])]);
+    let mut cached = Layer::new("g", LayerContent::Fill(gradient.clone()));
+    cached.fill_cache = rendered.surface().map(|s| photocraft_doc::FillCache { fill: gradient, surface: s.clone() });
+    d.layers.push(cached);
+    let got = render_cmyk(&d, d.bounds()).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("supported"));
+    assert_eq!(got.px[0], [q(0.1), q(0.2), q(0.3), q(0.4), 1.0], "the colour's own inks, at the document's levels");
+    assert_eq!(got.px[2], [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0], "masked out: paper");
+    assert_eq!(got.px[3], [q(0.9), 0.0, q(0.5), 0.0, 1.0], "the fill's rendered pixels");
+    assert_matches_reference(&d);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn stage_two_layers_that_stay_on_the_rgb_compositor() {
+    let base = || {
+        let mut d = doc(2, 2);
+        d.layers.push(paper(2, 2, [0.0; 4]));
+        d
+    };
+    // A pattern fill without rendered pixels.
+    let mut d = base();
+    let p = photocraft_doc::Fill::Pattern { name: "p".into(), scale: 1.0, id: "p".into(), angle: 0.0, link: true, phase: (0.0, 0.0) };
+    d.layers.push(Layer::new("p", LayerContent::Fill(p)));
+    assert!(!supports(&d), "uncached pattern fill");
+    // Type rendered in RGB (not the document's model).
+    let mut d = base();
+    let mut rgb = Layer::raster("x", PixelFormat::RGBA8);
+    if let Some(s) = rgb.surface_mut() {
+        s.fill_rect(Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1), &[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+    }
+    d.layers.push(Layer::new("t", LayerContent::Text(photocraft_doc::TextLayer { cache: rgb.surface().cloned(), ..Default::default() })));
+    assert!(!supports(&d), "RGB type pixels");
+    // A stroked shape with a clipped layer (its stroke goes above the clipped layers).
+    let mut d = base();
+    let shape = photocraft_doc::ShapeLayer { stroke: Some(Default::default()), cache: layer(&[]).surface().cloned(), ..Default::default() };
+    d.layers.push(Layer::new("s", LayerContent::Shape(shape)));
+    let mut clip = layer(&[(Rect::new(0, 0, 2, 2), [0.5; 5])]);
+    clip.clipped = true;
+    d.layers.push(clip);
+    assert!(!supports(&d), "stroked shape with clipped layers");
+    if let Some(c) = d.layers.last_mut() {
+        c.visible = false;
+    }
+    assert!(supports(&d), "without a visible clipped layer the stroked shape is plain pixels");
+}
+
+/// A gradient fill without rendered pixels is the compositor's own CMYK ramp: between cyan and
+/// black it holds only those two inks, pixel for pixel as the compositor renders it.
+#[test]
+fn uncached_gradient_fills_are_cmyk_ramps() {
+    let mut d = doc(8, 2);
+    let g = photocraft_doc::Fill::gradient(
+        vec![(0.0, cmyk_color([1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0], 1.0)), (1.0, cmyk_color([0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0], 1.0))],
+        0.0,
+        1.0,
+        Default::default(),
+        false,
+    );
+    d.layers.push(Layer::new("g", LayerContent::Fill(g.clone())));
+    assert!(supports(&d));
+    let got = render_cmyk(&d, d.bounds()).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("supported"));
+    let frame = crate::fill_frame(&d.layers[0], d.bounds());
+    let want = crate::gradient_fill::render_cmyk_fill(&g, d.bounds(), frame, SampleType::U8).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("ramp"));
+    for (i, p) in got.px.iter().enumerate() {
+        let (x, y) = ((i % 8) as i32, (i / 8) as i32);
+        assert_eq!(p[1..3], [0.0, 0.0], "only cyan and black: {p:?}");
+        assert_eq!(p.to_vec(), want.pixel(x, y), "({x},{y})");
+    }
+    assert!(got.px[0][0] > got.px[7][0] && got.px[0][3] < got.px[7][3], "cyan to black");
+}
+
+// ---- stage 3: blend modes on ink values --------------------------------------------------------
+
+const ALL_MODES: [BlendMode; 34] = [
+    BlendMode::PassThrough,
+    BlendMode::Normal,
+    BlendMode::Dissolve,
+    BlendMode::Darken,
+    BlendMode::Multiply,
+    BlendMode::ColorBurn,
+    BlendMode::LinearBurn,
+    BlendMode::DarkerColor,
+    BlendMode::Lighten,
+    BlendMode::Screen,
+    BlendMode::ColorDodge,
+    BlendMode::LinearDodge,
+    BlendMode::LighterColor,
+    BlendMode::Overlay,
+    BlendMode::SoftLight,
+    BlendMode::HardLight,
+    BlendMode::VividLight,
+    BlendMode::LinearLight,
+    BlendMode::PinLight,
+    BlendMode::HardMix,
+    BlendMode::Difference,
+    BlendMode::Exclusion,
+    BlendMode::Subtract,
+    BlendMode::Divide,
+    BlendMode::Hue,
+    BlendMode::Saturation,
+    BlendMode::Color,
+    BlendMode::Luminosity,
+    BlendMode::Reflect,
+    BlendMode::Glow,
+    BlendMode::Negation,
+    BlendMode::Xor,
+    BlendMode::PaintNetColorBurn,
+    BlendMode::PaintNetColorDodge,
+];
+
+/// The modes [`separable`] accepts, besides Normal.
+const SEPARABLE: [BlendMode; 27] = [
+    BlendMode::Dissolve,
+    BlendMode::Darken,
+    BlendMode::Multiply,
+    BlendMode::ColorBurn,
+    BlendMode::LinearBurn,
+    BlendMode::Lighten,
+    BlendMode::Screen,
+    BlendMode::ColorDodge,
+    BlendMode::LinearDodge,
+    BlendMode::Overlay,
+    BlendMode::SoftLight,
+    BlendMode::HardLight,
+    BlendMode::VividLight,
+    BlendMode::LinearLight,
+    BlendMode::PinLight,
+    BlendMode::HardMix,
+    BlendMode::Difference,
+    BlendMode::Exclusion,
+    BlendMode::Subtract,
+    BlendMode::Divide,
+    BlendMode::Reflect,
+    BlendMode::Glow,
+    BlendMode::Negation,
+    BlendMode::Xor,
+    BlendMode::PaintNetColorBurn,
+    BlendMode::PaintNetColorDodge,
+    BlendMode::Normal,
+];
+
+/// Every mode treated as per-channel really is: a channel's result depends only on that
+/// channel's values (checked on many inputs), so applying it to each ink is exact. The modes left
+/// to the RGB compositor really do mix channels.
+#[test]
+fn separable_modes_are_channel_by_channel() {
+    let mut seed = 0x2545_f491_4f6c_dd1du64;
+    let mut r = || {
+        seed ^= seed << 13;
+        seed ^= seed >> 7;
+        seed ^= seed << 17;
+        (seed >> 40) as f32 / (1u64 << 24) as f32
+    };
+    for mode in ALL_MODES {
+        let mut mixes = false;
+        for _ in 0..2000 {
+            let (b, s) = ([r(), r(), r()], [r(), r(), r()]);
+            let (b2, s2) = ([b[0], r(), r()], [s[0], r(), r()]);
+            let (x, y) = (crate::psblend::blend_rgb(mode, b, s)[0], crate::psblend::blend_rgb(mode, b2, s2)[0]);
+            mixes |= (x - y).abs() > 1e-6 || x.is_nan() != y.is_nan();
+        }
+        // Pass Through is a group behaviour (its pixel formula is Normal's); it's checked apart.
+        if mode != BlendMode::PassThrough {
+            assert_eq!(separable(mode), !mixes, "{mode:?}");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(SEPARABLE.contains(&mode), separable(mode), "{mode:?} list");
+    }
+}
+
+/// Opaque layers over opaque paper in common modes give the inks worked out by hand.
+#[test]
+fn blend_modes_give_the_expected_inks() {
+    type Ink = fn(f32, f32) -> f32;
+    let cases: [(BlendMode, Ink); 7] = [
+        (BlendMode::Multiply, |b, s| b + s - b * s), // darker: inks add up
+        (BlendMode::Screen, |b, s| b * s),           // lighter: inks thin out
+        (BlendMode::Darken, f32::max),
+        (BlendMode::Lighten, f32::min),
+        (BlendMode::Difference, |b, s| 1.0 - (b - s).abs()),
+        (BlendMode::LinearBurn, |b, s| (b + s).min(1.0)),
+        (BlendMode::LinearDodge, |b, s| (b + s - 1.0).max(0.0)),
+    ];
+    let inks = [0.0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 1.0];
+    for (mode, want) in cases {
+        for (bi, si) in inks.iter().flat_map(|b| inks.iter().map(move |s| (*b, *s))) {
+            let mut d = doc(1, 1);
+            d.layers.push(paper(1, 1, [bi, 0.0, bi, si]));
+            let mut l = layer(&[(Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1), [si, si, 0.0, bi, 1.0])]);
+            l.blend = mode;
+            d.layers.push(l);
+            let got = render_cmyk(&d, d.bounds()).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("supported"))[0];
+            let (b, s) = (q(bi), q(si));
+            let exp = [want(b, s), want(0.0, s), want(b, 0.0), want(s, b), 1.0];
+            assert!(got.iter().zip(exp).all(|(g, e)| (g - e).abs() < 1e-5), "{mode:?} b={b} s={s}: {got:?} vs {exp:?}");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::ops::Index<usize> for CmykBuffer {
+    type Output = Cmyka;
+    fn index(&self, i: usize) -> &Cmyka {
+        &self.px[i]
+    }
+}
+
+/// Dissolve shows a pixel fully or not at all, with the RGB compositor's noise: coverage is
+/// either the layer's full ink or untouched paper, and agrees pixel for pixel with the RGB one.
+#[test]
+fn dissolve_matches_the_rgb_compositors_pixels() {
+    let mut d = doc(16, 16);
+    d.layers.push(paper(16, 16, [0.0; 4]));
+    let mut l = layer(&[(Rect::new(0, 0, 16, 16), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.4])]);
+    l.blend = BlendMode::Dissolve;
+    d.layers.push(l);
+    let got = render_cmyk(&d, d.bounds()).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("supported"));
+    let rgb = crate::render(&d, d.bounds());
+    let mut shown = 0;
+    for (c, r) in got.px.iter().zip(&rgb.px) {
+        assert!(*c == [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0] || *c == [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0], "{c:?}");
+        // Paper is white on screen; a shown pixel is the K100's dark colour.
+        assert_eq!(c[3] == 1.0, r[0] < 0.5, "{c:?} vs {r:?}");
+        shown += usize::from(c[3] == 1.0);
+    }
+    assert!((60..150).contains(&shown), "about 40% of 256 shown: {shown}");
+}
+
+/// Photoshop's special eight: Fill below 100% is part of the blend, not coverage. Difference at
+/// 50% Fill subtracts half the source's brightness, where 50% coverage would mix the full
+/// difference in by half (the RGB compositor does the same per channel). An ink neither side
+/// has comes out at 50%: the half-pulled source differs from the paper by half.
+#[test]
+fn fill_is_part_of_the_blend_for_the_special_eight() {
+    let mut d = doc(1, 1);
+    d.layers.push(paper(1, 1, [0.7, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]));
+    let mut l = layer(&[(Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1), [0.1, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0])]);
+    l.blend = BlendMode::Difference;
+    l.fill_opacity = 0.5;
+    d.layers.push(l);
+    let got = render_cmyk(&d, d.bounds()).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("supported"))[0];
+    let inside = |bi: f32, si: f32| 1.0 - ((1.0 - bi) - 0.5 * (1.0 - si)).abs();
+    let want = [inside(q(0.7), q(0.1)), inside(0.0, 0.0), inside(0.0, 0.0), inside(0.0, 0.0), 1.0];
+    assert!(got.iter().zip(want).all(|(g, w)| (g - w).abs() < 1e-5), "{got:?} vs {want:?}");
+    let (b, s) = (1.0 - q(0.7), 1.0 - q(0.1));
+    let as_coverage = 1.0 - (0.5 * b + 0.5 * (b - s).abs());
+    assert!((want[0] - as_coverage).abs() > 0.2, "the two readings differ");
+}
+
+// ---- stage 4: adjustment layers on ink values --------------------------------------------------
+
+fn rgb_levels() -> Adjustment {
+    use photocraft_doc::adjust::{LevelsChannel, ToneSpace};
+    let d = LevelsChannel::default;
+    Adjustment::Levels { master: LevelsChannel { in_white: 0.5, ..d() }, per_channel: [d(), d(), d()], space: ToneSpace::Rgb, black: d() }
+}
+
+fn cmyk_levels(master: photocraft_doc::adjust::LevelsChannel, black: photocraft_doc::adjust::LevelsChannel) -> Adjustment {
+    use photocraft_doc::adjust::{LevelsChannel, ToneSpace};
+    let d = LevelsChannel::default;
+    Adjustment::Levels { master, per_channel: [d(), d(), d()], space: ToneSpace::Cmyk, black }
+}
+
+fn adjustment(a: Adjustment) -> Layer {
+    Layer::new("a", LayerContent::Adjustment(a))
+}
+
+fn render1(d: &Document, x: i32, y: i32) -> Cmyka {
+    let got = render_cmyk(d, d.bounds()).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("supported"));
+    got.px[(y * d.size.width as i32 + x) as usize]
+}
+
+fn near(a: Cmyka, b: Cmyka, tol: f32) -> bool {
+    a.iter().zip(b).all(|(x, y)| (x - y).abs() <= tol)
+}
+
+/// Invert turns every ink into its opposite, black included (blank paper becomes four-colour
+/// black); Posterize steps each ink on its own.
+#[test]
+fn invert_and_posterize_work_ink_by_ink() {
+    let mut d = doc(2, 1);
+    d.layers.push(paper(2, 1, [0.0; 4]));
+    d.layers.push(layer(&[(Rect::new(1, 0, 2, 1), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0])]));
+    d.layers.push(adjustment(Adjustment::Invert));
+    assert_eq!(render1(&d, 0, 0), [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0], "paper");
+    assert_eq!(render1(&d, 1, 0), [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0], "K-only black");
+    let mut d = doc(1, 1);
+    d.layers.push(paper(1, 1, [0.2, 0.45, 0.7, 0.9]));
+    d.layers.push(adjustment(Adjustment::Posterize { levels: 2 }));
+    // Two levels: brightness below half goes dark (full ink), above half light (no ink).
+    assert_eq!(render1(&d, 0, 0), [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]);
+}
+
+/// Levels' composite record changes every ink, the black record only K; channels a record
+/// leaves alone keep their exact inks.
+#[test]
+fn levels_records_address_their_inks() {
+    use photocraft_doc::adjust::LevelsChannel;
+    let d0 = LevelsChannel::default;
+    // Composite: input white at 50% doubles each ink's brightness.
+    let mut d = doc(1, 1);
+    d.layers.push(paper(1, 1, [0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.1]));
+    d.layers.push(adjustment(cmyk_levels(LevelsChannel { in_white: 0.5, ..d0() }, d0())));
+    assert!(near(render1(&d, 0, 0), [0.0, 0.0, 0.2, 0.0, 1.0], 1.0 / 255.0), "{:?}", render1(&d, 0, 0));
+    // Black: output white at 50% leaves at least half K, and no other ink.
+    let mut d = doc(2, 1);
+    d.layers.push(paper(2, 1, [0.0; 4]));
+    d.layers.push(layer(&[(Rect::new(1, 0, 2, 1), [0.4, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0])]));
+    d.layers.push(adjustment(cmyk_levels(d0(), LevelsChannel { out_white: 0.5, ..d0() })));
+    let (blank, cyan) = (render1(&d, 0, 0), render1(&d, 1, 0));
+    assert_eq!(&blank[..3], &[0.0; 3], "{blank:?}");
+    assert!((blank[3] - 0.5).abs() <= 1.0 / 255.0, "{blank:?}");
+    assert_eq!(cyan[0], q(0.4), "cyan untouched: {cyan:?}");
+}
+
+/// Opacity, masks, blend modes, clipping onto adjustments and adjustments clipped onto a layer,
+/// inside isolated and pass-through groups, against the reference.
+#[test]
+fn adjustment_stacks_match_the_reference() {
+    use photocraft_doc::adjust::LevelsChannel;
+    let d0 = LevelsChannel::default;
+    let mut d = doc(8, 6);
+    d.layers.push(paper(8, 6, [0.05, 0.1, 0.0, 0.0]));
+    d.layers.push(layer(&[(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 6), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0]), (Rect::new(5, 0, 8, 3), [0.6, 0.2, 0.1, 0.3, 0.7])]));
+    let mut inv = adjustment(Adjustment::Invert);
+    inv.opacity = 0.4;
+    inv.mask = Some(mask(&[(Rect::new(0, 0, 3, 6), 0.0)], 1.0, 0.8, true));
+    let mut onto = layer(&[(Rect::new(2, 2, 8, 6), [0.0, 0.7, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0])]);
+    onto.clipped = true;
+    onto.blend = BlendMode::Multiply;
+    let mut base = layer(&[(Rect::new(1, 1, 7, 5), [0.1, 0.1, 0.5, 0.0, 0.9])]);
+    base.blend = BlendMode::Screen;
+    let mut lv = adjustment(cmyk_levels(LevelsChannel { gamma: 1.8, ..d0() }, LevelsChannel { in_black: 0.2, ..d0() }));
+    lv.clipped = true;
+    lv.blend = BlendMode::Overlay;
+    let mut pass = Layer::group("pass", vec![adjustment(Adjustment::Posterize { levels: 4 })]);
+    pass.opacity = 0.6;
+    let mut iso = Layer::group("iso", vec![layer(&[(Rect::new(0, 3, 8, 6), [0.5, 0.0, 0.5, 0.0, 0.5])]), adjustment(Adjustment::Invert)]);
+    iso.blend = BlendMode::Normal;
+    d.layers.extend([inv, onto, base, lv, pass, iso]);
+    assert_matches_reference(&d);
+    // The black record and the rest go the same way through the stand-ins.
+    assert_routes_agree(&d);
+}
+
+/// In a 32-bit document (no rounding to levels), inks an adjustment leaves alone come out
+/// bit for bit, at full strength and through blend modes that pick an input.
+#[test]
+fn untouched_inks_stay_bit_exact() {
+    use photocraft_doc::adjust::LevelsChannel;
+    let d0 = LevelsChannel::default;
+    let fmt = PixelFormat { mode: ColorMode::Cmyk, sample: SampleType::F32, alpha: false };
+    let inks = [0.123_456_7, 0.456_789_1, 0.789_123_4, 0.0];
+    for blend in [BlendMode::Normal, BlendMode::Darken, BlendMode::Lighten] {
+        let mut d = Document::new("f", Size::new(1, 1), ColorMode::Cmyk, SampleType::F32);
+        let mut bg = Layer::raster("bg", fmt);
+        if let Some(s) = bg.surface_mut() {
+            s.fill_rect(Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1), &inks);
+        }
+        d.layers.push(bg);
+        let mut a = adjustment(cmyk_levels(d0(), LevelsChannel { out_white: 0.5, ..d0() }));
+        a.blend = blend;
+        d.layers.push(a);
+        let got = render1(&d, 0, 0);
+        assert_eq!(&got[..3], &inks[..3], "{blend:?}");
+        let want_k = if blend == BlendMode::Lighten { 0.0 } else { 0.5 };
+        assert!((got[3] - want_k).abs() < 1e-6, "{blend:?}: {got:?}");
+    }
+}
+
+// ---- stage 4: layer effects, ink by ink through the RGB compositor -----------------------------
+
+use photocraft_doc::effects::{
+    Bevel, BevelStyle, BevelTechnique, Contour, Effect, FxCommon, FxPaint, Glow, GlowSource, GlowTechnique, Gradient, Satin, Shadow, StrokeFx, StrokePosition,
+};
+
+fn ink_color(c: [f32; 4]) -> photocraft_color::Color {
+    photocraft_color::Color { mode: ColorMode::Cmyk, c, alpha: 1.0 }
+}
+
+/// `d` over its canvas grown by a pixel, through the split route in 3-pixel tiles.
+fn split_render(d: &Document) -> CmykBuffer {
+    let rect = Rect::new(-1, -1, d.size.width as i32 + 1, d.size.height as i32 + 1);
+    let mut out = CmykBuffer::transparent(rect);
+    let r = split::render_bands(d, rect, 0, 3, |b| {
+        super::place(&mut out, &b);
+        Ok::<(), ()>(())
+    });
+    assert!(r.is_ok());
+    out
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+enum FxSpec {
+    Shadow { inner: bool, color: [f32; 4], blend: BlendMode, opacity: f32, distance: f32, size: f32, spread: f32, knocks_out: bool },
+    Glow { inner: bool, color: [f32; 4], gradient: Option<[f32; 4]>, blend: BlendMode, opacity: f32, size: f32 },
+    Stroke { color: [f32; 4], gradient: Option<[f32; 4]>, position: u8, size: f32, blend: BlendMode, opacity: f32 },
+    Overlay { color: [f32; 4], blend: BlendMode, opacity: f32 },
+    GradientOverlay { from: [f32; 4], to: [f32; 4], blend: BlendMode, opacity: f32 },
+    Satin { color: [f32; 4], blend: BlendMode, opacity: f32, invert: bool },
+    Bevel { style: u8, size: f32, up: bool, highlight: [f32; 4], shadow: [f32; 4] },
+}
+
+fn inks4() -> impl Strategy<Value = [f32; 4]> {
+    (unit(), unit(), unit(), unit()).prop_map(|(c, m, y, k)| [c, m, y, k])
+}
+
+fn fx_spec() -> impl Strategy<Value = FxSpec> {
+    prop_oneof![
+        (any::<bool>(), inks4(), blend_mode(), unit(), 0.0f32..3.0, 0.0f32..3.0, unit(), any::<bool>()).prop_map(
+            |(inner, color, blend, opacity, distance, size, spread, knocks_out)| FxSpec::Shadow {
+                inner,
+                color,
+                blend,
+                opacity,
+                distance,
+                size,
+                spread,
+                knocks_out
+            }
+        ),
+        (any::<bool>(), inks4(), prop::option::of(inks4()), blend_mode(), unit(), 0.0f32..3.0)
+            .prop_map(|(inner, color, gradient, blend, opacity, size)| FxSpec::Glow { inner, color, gradient, blend, opacity, size }),
+        (inks4(), prop::option::of(inks4()), 0u8..3, 1.0f32..3.0, blend_mode(), unit())
+            .prop_map(|(color, gradient, position, size, blend, opacity)| FxSpec::Stroke { color, gradient, position, size, blend, opacity }),
+        (inks4(), blend_mode(), unit()).prop_map(|(color, blend, opacity)| FxSpec::Overlay { color, blend, opacity }),
+        (inks4(), inks4(), blend_mode(), unit()).prop_map(|(from, to, blend, opacity)| FxSpec::GradientOverlay { from, to, blend, opacity }),
+        (inks4(), blend_mode(), unit(), any::<bool>()).prop_map(|(color, blend, opacity, invert)| FxSpec::Satin { color, blend, opacity, invert }),
+        (0u8..5, 1.0f32..3.0, any::<bool>(), inks4(), inks4()).prop_map(|(style, size, up, highlight, shadow)| FxSpec::Bevel {
+            style,
+            size,
+            up,
+            highlight,
+            shadow
+        }),
+    ]
+}
+
+fn make_effect(f: &FxSpec) -> Effect {
+    let paint = |c: &[f32; 4], g: &Option<[f32; 4]>| match g {
+        Some(to) => FxPaint::Gradient(Gradient { stops: vec![(0.0, ink_color(*c)), (1.0, ink_color(*to))], ..Default::default() }),
+        None => FxPaint::Color(ink_color(*c)),
+    };
+    match f {
+        FxSpec::Shadow { inner, color, blend, opacity, distance, size, spread, knocks_out } => {
+            let s = Shadow {
+                common: FxCommon::new(*blend, *opacity),
+                color: ink_color(*color),
+                angle: 120.0,
+                use_global_light: false,
+                distance: *distance,
+                spread: *spread,
+                size: *size,
+                contour: Contour::Linear,
+                anti_alias: false,
+                noise: 0.0,
+                knocks_out: *knocks_out,
+            };
+            if *inner { Effect::InnerShadow(s) } else { Effect::DropShadow(s) }
+        }
+        FxSpec::Glow { inner, color, gradient, blend, opacity, size } => {
+            let g = Glow {
+                common: FxCommon::new(*blend, *opacity),
+                paint: paint(color, gradient),
+                technique: GlowTechnique::Softer,
+                spread: 0.0,
+                size: *size,
+                contour: Contour::Linear,
+                anti_alias: false,
+                range: 0.5,
+                jitter: 0.0,
+                noise: 0.0,
+                source: GlowSource::Edge,
+            };
+            if *inner { Effect::InnerGlow(g) } else { Effect::OuterGlow(g) }
+        }
+        FxSpec::Stroke { color, gradient, position, size, blend, opacity } => Effect::Stroke(StrokeFx {
+            common: FxCommon::new(*blend, *opacity),
+            size: *size,
+            position: [StrokePosition::Outside, StrokePosition::Inside, StrokePosition::Center][usize::from(*position) % 3],
+            paint: paint(color, gradient),
+            overprint: false,
+        }),
+        FxSpec::Overlay { color, blend, opacity } => Effect::ColorOverlay { common: FxCommon::new(*blend, *opacity), color: ink_color(*color) },
+        FxSpec::GradientOverlay { from, to, blend, opacity } => Effect::GradientOverlay {
+            common: FxCommon::new(*blend, *opacity),
+            gradient: Gradient { stops: vec![(0.0, ink_color(*from)), (1.0, ink_color(*to))], ..Default::default() },
+            dither: false,
+            interpolation: None,
+        },
+        FxSpec::Satin { color, blend, opacity, invert } => Effect::Satin(Satin {
+            common: FxCommon::new(*blend, *opacity),
+            color: ink_color(*color),
+            angle: 19.0,
+            distance: 2.0,
+            size: 2.0,
+            contour: Contour::Linear,
+            anti_alias: false,
+            invert: *invert,
+        }),
+        FxSpec::Bevel { style, size, up, highlight, shadow } => Effect::BevelEmboss(Bevel {
+            enabled: true,
+            style: [BevelStyle::OuterBevel, BevelStyle::InnerBevel, BevelStyle::Emboss, BevelStyle::PillowEmboss, BevelStyle::StrokeEmboss]
+                [usize::from(*style) % 5],
+            technique: BevelTechnique::Smooth,
+            depth: 1.0,
+            up: *up,
+            size: *size,
+            soften: 0.0,
+            angle: 120.0,
+            altitude: 30.0,
+            use_global_light: false,
+            gloss_contour: Contour::Linear,
+            gloss_anti_alias: false,
+            highlight: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Screen, 0.75),
+            highlight_color: ink_color(*highlight),
+            shadow: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Multiply, 0.75),
+            shadow_color: ink_color(*shadow),
+            contour: None,
+            texture: None,
+        }),
+    }
+}
+
+/// A random document with effects on some of its layers (and a knockout now and then).
+fn with_effects(s: &Spec, fx: &[(usize, FxSpec)], knockout: Option<usize>) -> Document {
+    let mut d = doc(s.w as u32, s.h as u32);
+    d.layers = s.layers.iter().map(build).collect();
+    let n = d.layers.len().max(1);
+    for (i, f) in fx {
+        // Adjustment layers don't carry effects (see `split::supports`).
+        if let Some(l) = d.layers.get_mut(i % n).filter(|l| !matches!(l.content, LayerContent::Adjustment(_))) {
+            l.effects.enabled = true;
+            l.effects.items.push(make_effect(f));
+        }
+    }
+    if let Some(l) = knockout.and_then(|i| d.layers.get_mut(i % n)) {
+        l.advanced.knockout = Knockout::Shallow;
+    }
+    d
+}
+
+proptest! {
+    #![proptest_config(ProptestConfig { cases: 120, ..ProptestConfig::default() })]
+
+    /// On every stack the exact path handles, the split route gives the same inks.
+    #[test]
+    fn the_split_route_agrees_with_the_exact_path(s in spec()) {
+        prop_assume!(!clips_onto_pass_through(&s.layers));
+        let mut d = doc(s.w as u32, s.h as u32);
+        d.layers = s.layers.iter().map(build).collect();
+        prop_assume!(supports(&d) && split::supports(&d));
+        // Both are exact up to float rounding, which a mode that jumps can magnify (see [`jumps`]).
+        prop_assume!(!any_layer(&d.layers, &|l| jumps(l.blend)));
+        let via = split_render(&d);
+        let exact = render_cmyk(&d, via.rect).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("supported"));
+        for (i, (g, w)) in via.px.iter().zip(&exact.px).enumerate() {
+            prop_assert!((g[4] - w[4]).abs() <= 1e-5, "alpha {i}: {g:?} vs {w:?}");
+            if w[4] > 1e-4 {
+                prop_assert!((0..4).all(|c| (g[c] - w[c]).abs() <= 1e-5), "ink {i}: {g:?} vs {w:?}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The RGB compositor treats every channel on its own for everything the split route
+    /// allows, effects included: which ink feeds which channel doesn't change any ink's result
+    /// (nor coverage). That is what makes running it on inks' brightness exact.
+    #[test]
+    fn effects_work_channel_by_channel(
+        s in spec(),
+        fx in prop::collection::vec((0usize..8, fx_spec()), 1..4),
+        knockout in prop::option::of(0usize..8),
+    ) {
+        let d = with_effects(&s, &fx, knockout);
+        prop_assume!(split::supports(&d));
+        let rect = Rect::new(-2, -2, s.w + 2, s.h + 2);
+        let cmy = split::render_planes(&d, rect, [0, 1, 2]);
+        let rot = split::render_planes(&d, rect, [1, 2, 0]);
+        let k = split::render_planes(&d, rect, [3, 3, 3]);
+        let mix = split::render_planes(&d, rect, [3, 0, 3]);
+        let same = |a: f32, b: f32| (a - b).abs() <= 1e-6 || (a.is_nan() && b.is_nan());
+        for i in 0..cmy.px.len() {
+            let (p, r, q, m) = (cmy.px[i], rot.px[i], k.px[i], mix.px[i]);
+            prop_assert!(same(p[3], r[3]) && same(p[3], q[3]) && same(p[3], m[3]), "coverage {i}: {p:?} {r:?} {q:?} {m:?}");
+            prop_assert!(same(r[0], p[1]) && same(r[1], p[2]) && same(r[2], p[0]), "rotated {i}: {p:?} vs {r:?}");
+            prop_assert!(same(q[0], q[1]) && same(q[1], q[2]), "black {i}: {q:?}");
+            prop_assert!(same(m[0], q[0]) && same(m[1], p[0]) && same(m[2], q[0]), "mixed {i}: {m:?} vs {p:?} / {q:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Effects don't depend on the tiling or banding (beyond the RGB compositor's own float
+    /// rounding, which can differ by an ulp between tilings).
+    #[test]
+    fn split_tiling_is_invisible(s in spec(), fx in prop::collection::vec((0usize..8, fx_spec()), 1..3), tile in 1i32..9) {
+        let d = with_effects(&s, &fx, None);
+        prop_assume!(split::supports(&d));
+        let whole = render_cmyk_tiled(&d, d.bounds(), 1024).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("supported"));
+        let tiled = render_cmyk_tiled(&d, d.bounds(), tile).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("supported"));
+        for (p, q) in tiled.px.iter().zip(&whole.px) {
+            prop_assert!(p.iter().zip(q).all(|(a, b)| (a - b).abs() <= 1e-6), "{p:?} vs {q:?}");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A K-only drop shadow under K-only type on blank paper puts down black ink only.
+#[test]
+fn k_only_shadows_stay_k_only() {
+    let mut d = doc(12, 8);
+    d.layers.push(paper(12, 8, [0.0; 4]));
+    let mut t = layer(&[(Rect::new(2, 2, 6, 5), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0])]);
+    t.effects.enabled = true;
+    t.effects.items.push(Effect::DropShadow(Shadow {
+        common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Multiply, 0.75),
+        color: ink_color([0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]),
+        angle: 135.0,
+        use_global_light: false,
+        distance: 2.0,
+        spread: 0.0,
+        size: 0.0,
+        contour: Contour::Linear,
+        anti_alias: false,
+        noise: 0.0,
+        knocks_out: true,
+    }));
+    d.layers.push(t);
+    assert!(!supports(&d) && split::supports(&d));
+    let got = render_cmyk(&d, d.bounds()).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("supported"));
+    assert!(got.px.iter().all(|p| p[..3].iter().all(|v| *v <= 1e-6)), "no C, M or Y anywhere");
+    // Light from the upper left: the shadow falls a pixel down and to the right of the type.
+    let at = |x: i32, y: i32| got.px[(y * 12 + x) as usize];
+    assert!((at(6, 5)[3] - 0.75).abs() < 1e-5, "shadow: {:?}", at(6, 5));
+    assert!((at(3, 3)[3] - 1.0).abs() < 1e-6, "type: {:?}", at(3, 3));
+    assert!(at(10, 1)[3] <= 1e-6, "paper: {:?}", at(10, 1));
+}
+
+/// A colour overlay paints the layer in exactly its inks; an outside stroke in its own.
+#[test]
+fn overlays_and_strokes_paint_exact_inks() {
+    let mut d = doc(10, 8);
+    d.layers.push(paper(10, 8, [0.0; 4]));
+    let mut l = layer(&[(Rect::new(3, 3, 7, 6), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0])]);
+    l.effects.enabled = true;
+    l.effects.items.push(Effect::ColorOverlay { common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Normal, 1.0), color: ink_color([0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.1]) });
+    l.effects.items.push(Effect::Stroke(StrokeFx {
+        common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Normal, 1.0),
+        size: 1.0,
+        position: StrokePosition::Outside,
+        paint: FxPaint::Color(ink_color([0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0])),
+        overprint: false,
+    }));
+    d.layers.push(l);
+    let got = render_cmyk(&d, d.bounds()).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("supported"));
+    let at = |x: i32, y: i32| got.px[(y * 10 + x) as usize];
+    let near = |a: Cmyka, b: Cmyka| a.iter().zip(b).all(|(x, y)| (x - y).abs() <= 1e-6);
+    assert!(near(at(4, 4), [0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.1, 1.0]), "overlay: {:?}", at(4, 4));
+    assert!(near(at(2, 4), [0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]), "stroke: {:?}", at(2, 4));
+    assert!(near(at(0, 0), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]), "paper: {:?}", at(0, 0));
+}
+
+/// Pattern paints and channel-mixing effect modes stay on the RGB compositor.
+#[test]
+fn effects_that_mix_channels_fall_back() {
+    let with = |e: Effect| {
+        let mut d = doc(2, 2);
+        let mut l = layer(&[(Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1), [0.5; 5])]);
+        l.effects.enabled = true;
+        l.effects.items.push(e);
+        d.layers.push(l);
+        d
+    };
+    let overlay = |blend| Effect::ColorOverlay { common: FxCommon::new(blend, 1.0), color: ink_color([0.5; 4]) };
+    assert!(split::supports(&with(overlay(BlendMode::Multiply))));
+    assert!(!renders_inks(&with(overlay(BlendMode::Color))));
+    let pattern = Effect::PatternOverlay {
+        common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Normal, 1.0),
+        name: "p".into(),
+        id: "p".into(),
+        scale: 1.0,
+        angle: 0.0,
+        link: true,
+        phase: (0.0, 0.0),
+    };
+    assert!(!renders_inks(&with(pattern)));
+    // Effects on an adjustment layer (it has no pixels of its own to shape them).
+    let mut adj = adjustment(Adjustment::Invert);
+    adj.effects.enabled = true;
+    adj.effects.items.push(overlay(BlendMode::Multiply));
+    let mut d = doc(2, 2);
+    d.layers.push(adj);
+    assert!(!split::supports(&d));
+    // 32-bit CMYK documents too.
+    let mut d = with(overlay(BlendMode::Multiply));
+    d.depth = SampleType::F32;
+    assert!(!split::supports(&d));
+}
+
+/// Found by a long random run: Normal mixing onto nothing must give the source's ink exactly. A
+/// rounding error (1 → 0.99999994) is magnified by modes that jump at full ink, here Reflect
+/// turning no ink into full K.
+#[test]
+fn normal_onto_nothing_is_exact() {
+    let shape = LayerSpec::Pixels {
+        kind: Kind::Shape,
+        blend: BlendMode::Normal,
+        fills: vec![(Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0])],
+        opacity: 1.0,
+        fill: 1.0,
+        clipped: false,
+        visible: true,
+        mask: Some(MaskSpec { rects: vec![], default: 0.4949783, density: 1.0, enabled: true }),
+    };
+    let inv = LayerSpec::Pixels {
+        kind: Kind::Adjust(AdjSpec::Invert),
+        blend: BlendMode::Reflect,
+        fills: vec![(Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1), [0.0; 5])],
+        opacity: 1.0,
+        fill: 1.0,
+        clipped: false,
+        visible: true,
+        mask: None,
+    };
+    let mut d = doc(4, 6);
+    d.layers =
+        vec![build(&LayerSpec::Group { children: vec![shape, inv], pass_through: false, blend: BlendMode::Normal, opacity: 1.0, fill: 1.0, mask: None })];
+    assert_matches_reference(&d);
+    assert_eq!(render1(&d, 0, 0)[..4], [0.0; 4]);
+}
+
+/// Found by a long random run: a transparent pixel with ink of its own counts towards the
+/// layer's bounds, which lay out a gradient overlay; the stand-ins keep it counted whichever ink
+/// they carry.
+#[test]
+fn transparent_inked_pixels_keep_their_bounds() {
+    let inner = LayerSpec::Pixels {
+        kind: Kind::Raster,
+        blend: BlendMode::Normal,
+        fills: vec![(Rect::new(0, -1, 1, 1), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]), (Rect::new(0, 1, 1, 2), [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0])],
+        opacity: 1.0,
+        fill: 1.0,
+        clipped: false,
+        visible: true,
+        mask: None,
+    };
+    let g = |children: Vec<LayerSpec>, pass_through: bool| LayerSpec::Group {
+        children,
+        pass_through,
+        blend: BlendMode::Normal,
+        opacity: 1.0,
+        fill: 1.0,
+        mask: None,
+    };
+    let s = Spec { w: 2, h: 2, layers: vec![g(vec![g(vec![g(vec![inner], false)], false)], true)] };
+    let fx = [(0usize, FxSpec::GradientOverlay { from: [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0], to: [0.0; 4], blend: BlendMode::Normal, opacity: 1.0 })];
+    let d = with_effects(&s, &fx, None);
+    let rect = Rect::new(-2, -2, 4, 4);
+    let cmy = split::render_planes(&d, rect, [0, 1, 2]);
+    for planes in [[3, 0, 3], [0, 0, 0], [0, 3, 3]] {
+        let other = split::render_planes(&d, rect, planes);
+        let at = planes.iter().position(|p| *p == 0).unwrap_or(0);
+        for (p, o) in cmy.px.iter().zip(&other.px) {
+            assert!((p[0] - o[at]).abs() <= 1e-6 && (p[3] - o[3]).abs() <= 1e-6, "{planes:?}: {p:?} vs {o:?}");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Blend modes that jump (at no ink or full ink): a rounding difference between two exact
+/// computations can land on either side of the jump.
+fn jumps(mode: BlendMode) -> bool {
+    use BlendMode as B;
+    matches!(mode, B::ColorBurn | B::ColorDodge | B::VividLight | B::HardMix | B::Divide | B::Reflect | B::Glow | B::PaintNetColorBurn | B::PaintNetColorDodge)
+}
+
+fn any_layer(layers: &[Layer], f: &dyn Fn(&Layer) -> bool) -> bool {
+    layers.iter().any(|l| f(l) || matches!(&l.content, LayerContent::Group(g) if any_layer(&g.children, f)))
+}
+
+/// The display form of the ink composite: where a single opaque layer's pixel shows, it is the
+/// colour the RGB compositor shows (both read the inks through the document's profile).
+#[test]
+fn display_shows_the_inks_through_the_profile() {
+    let mut d = doc(8, 4);
+    d.layers.push(paper(8, 4, [0.0; 4]));
+    d.layers.push(layer(&[(Rect::new(0, 0, 4, 4), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0]), (Rect::new(4, 0, 8, 2), [0.7, 0.1, 0.0, 0.3, 1.0])]));
+    let shown = render_display(&d, d.bounds()).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("supported"));
+    let rgb = crate::render(&d, d.bounds());
+    for (s, r) in shown.px.iter().zip(&rgb.px) {
+        assert!(s.iter().zip(r).all(|(a, b)| (a - b).abs() <= 1e-4), "{s:?} vs {r:?}");
+    }
+    // Unsupported documents have no ink composite to show.
+    let mut lum = layer(&[(Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1), [0.5; 5])]);
+    lum.blend = BlendMode::Luminosity;
+    d.layers.push(lum);
+    assert!(render_display(&d, d.bounds()).is_none());
+}
+
+/// The split route gives the exact path's inks on `d` (which both handle).
+fn assert_routes_agree(d: &Document) {
+    assert!(supports(d) && split::supports(d));
+    let via = split_render(d);
+    let exact = render_cmyk(d, via.rect).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("supported"));
+    for (g, w) in via.px.iter().zip(&exact.px) {
+        assert!((g[4] - w[4]).abs() <= 1e-5 && (w[4] <= 1e-4 || (0..4).all(|c| (g[c] - w[c]).abs() <= 1e-5)), "{g:?} vs {w:?}");
+    }
+}
+
+/// Black-only Levels and Curves through the stand-ins: K changes, nothing else does.
+#[test]
+fn black_records_reach_k_through_the_stand_ins() {
+    use photocraft_doc::adjust::{CurvePoint, LevelsChannel, ToneSpace};
+    let d0 = LevelsChannel::default;
+    for adj in [
+        cmyk_levels(d0(), LevelsChannel { out_white: 0.5, ..d0() }),
+        Adjustment::Curves {
+            master: Vec::new(),
+            per_channel: [Vec::new(), Vec::new(), Vec::new()],
+            space: ToneSpace::Cmyk,
+            black: vec![CurvePoint { input: 0.0, output: 0.0 }, CurvePoint { input: 1.0, output: 0.6 }],
+            pencil: false,
+        },
+    ] {
+        let mut d = doc(3, 1);
+        d.layers.push(paper(3, 1, [0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.0]));
+        d.layers.push(adjustment(adj));
+        assert_routes_agree(&d);
+        assert!(split_render(&d).px.iter().filter(|p| p[4] > 0.0).all(|p| p[3] > 0.3), "K added");
+    }
+}
+
+/// Effects are laid out over the layer's bounds, which on a layer without transparency the
+/// stand-ins can't keep (its pixels that differ only in other inks would match the default):
+/// such a layer stays on the RGB compositor.
+#[test]
+fn effects_on_opaque_layers_fall_back() {
+    let mut d = doc(4, 4);
+    let mut bg = paper(4, 4, [0.0; 4]);
+    bg.effects.enabled = true;
+    bg.effects.items.push(Effect::ColorOverlay { common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Multiply, 0.5), color: ink_color([0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]) });
+    d.layers.push(bg);
+    assert!(!split::supports(&d) && !renders_inks(&d));
+}
+
+/// Solid and gradient fills without rendered pixels give the same inks on both routes (both
+/// stored at the document's levels, as the compositor renders CMYK fills).
+#[test]
+fn fills_agree_on_both_routes() {
+    let g = photocraft_doc::Fill::gradient(
+        vec![(0.0, cmyk_color([1.0, 0.2, 0.0, 0.0], 1.0)), (1.0, cmyk_color([0.0, 0.0, 0.7, 1.0], 0.6))],
+        30.0,
+        1.0,
+        Default::default(),
+        false,
+    );
+    for fill in [g, photocraft_doc::Fill::Solid(cmyk_color([0.13, 0.0, 0.9375, 0.0], 0.55))] {
+        let mut d = doc(9, 5);
+        d.layers.push(paper(9, 5, [0.0, 0.1, 0.0, 0.0]));
+        d.layers.push(Layer::new("f", LayerContent::Fill(fill)));
+        assert_routes_agree(&d);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Flatten Image, Stamp Visible and Copy Merged (all [`crate::flatten_to_surface`]) keep a CMYK
+/// document's inks: K-only black stays K-only instead of turning four-colour.
+#[test]
+fn flattening_keeps_exact_inks() {
+    let mut d = doc(3, 1);
+    d.layers.push(layer(&[
+        (Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0]),
+        (Rect::new(1, 0, 2, 1), [0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.1, 1.0]),
+        (Rect::new(2, 0, 3, 1), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.4]),
+    ]));
+    // Over white paper (Flatten Image) and kept transparent (Stamp Visible).
+    let flat = crate::flatten_to_surface(&d, CMYK8, Some([1.0; 3]));
+    assert_eq!(flat.pixel(0, 0), vec![0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+    assert_eq!(flat.pixel(1, 0), vec![q(0.2), q(0.4), q(0.6), q(0.1)]);
+    assert_eq!(flat.pixel(2, 0), vec![0.0, 0.0, 0.0, q(0.4)], "40% K over paper");
+    let stamp = crate::flatten_to_surface(&d, CMYKA8, None);
+    assert_eq!(stamp.pixel(2, 0), vec![0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, q(0.4)]);
+}
+
+/// A colour given in RGB becomes ink through the document's own CMYK profile, not the built-in
+/// coated one, on both ink paths: a solid fill on the exact path (its tiles render on worker
+/// threads) and a Color Overlay on the split path (its stand-ins).
+#[test]
+fn rgb_colours_become_ink_through_the_document_profile() {
+    let profile = photocraft_cms::synth::cmyk_profile(&photocraft_cms::synth::CmykParams {
+        description: "Test Uncoated".into(),
+        tvi: [0.26, 0.26, 0.26, 0.3],
+        grid_a2b: 5,
+        grid_b2a: 9,
+        ..Default::default()
+    });
+    let bytes = profile.to_bytes();
+    let space = photocraft_color::convert::CmykSpace::for_profile(Some(&bytes));
+    assert!(space.is_some(), "a profile other than the built-in one");
+    let rgb = photocraft_color::Color { mode: ColorMode::Rgb, c: [0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 0.0], alpha: 1.0 };
+    let want = photocraft_color::convert::with_cmyk_space(space.as_ref(), || rgb.in_mode(ColorMode::Cmyk).c);
+    let builtin = rgb.in_mode(ColorMode::Cmyk).c;
+    assert!((0..4).any(|i| (want[i] - builtin[i]).abs() > 0.02), "the profiles differ: {want:?} {builtin:?}");
+    let check = |d: &Document, what: &str| {
+        let got = render_cmyk(d, d.bounds()).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("supported"));
+        for p in &got.px {
+            assert!((0..4).all(|i| (p[i] - want[i]).abs() <= 1.0 / 255.0) && p[4] == 1.0, "{what}: {p:?}, want {want:?} (built-in {builtin:?})");
+        }
+    };
+
+    let mut exact = doc(8, 4);
+    exact.icc_profile = Some(bytes.clone());
+    exact.layers.push(Layer::new("fill", LayerContent::Fill(photocraft_doc::Fill::Solid(rgb))));
+    assert!(supports(&exact));
+    check(&exact, "solid fill");
+
+    let mut overlay = doc(8, 4);
+    overlay.icc_profile = Some(bytes);
+    let mut l = layer(&[(Rect::new(0, 0, 8, 4), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0])]);
+    l.effects.enabled = true;
+    l.effects.items.push(Effect::ColorOverlay { common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Normal, 1.0), color: rgb });
+    overlay.layers.push(l);
+    assert!(!supports(&overlay) && split::supports(&overlay));
+    check(&overlay, "colour overlay");
+}
+
+/// The split route and the exact path give the same inks for `s`, alpha included.
+fn assert_split_matches_exact(s: &Spec) {
+    let mut d = doc(s.w as u32, s.h as u32);
+    d.layers = s.layers.iter().map(build).collect();
+    assert!(supports(&d) && split::supports(&d));
+    let via = split_render(&d);
+    let exact = render_cmyk(&d, via.rect).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("supported"));
+    for (i, (g, w)) in via.px.iter().zip(&exact.px).enumerate() {
+        assert!((0..5).all(|c| (g[c] - w[c]).abs() <= 1e-5), "pixel {i}: {g:?} vs {w:?}");
+    }
+}
+
+fn raster_spec(blend: BlendMode, fill: (Rect, Cmyka), opacity: f32, clipped: bool) -> LayerSpec {
+    LayerSpec::Pixels { kind: Kind::Raster, blend, fills: vec![fill], opacity, fill: 1.0, clipped, visible: true, mask: None }
+}
+
+fn group_spec(children: Vec<LayerSpec>, pass_through: bool) -> LayerSpec {
+    LayerSpec::Group { children, pass_through, blend: BlendMode::Normal, opacity: 1.0, fill: 1.0, mask: None }
+}
+
+/// A clipped Dissolve layer shows each pixel fully or not at all on the exact path too, as on the
+/// RGB compositor (#9033; it used to mix like Normal: K 0.81 where the noise hides the layer).
+#[test]
+fn a_clipped_dissolve_layer_dissolves_on_the_exact_path() {
+    let s = Spec {
+        w: 4,
+        h: 5,
+        layers: vec![group_spec(
+            vec![
+                raster_spec(BlendMode::Normal, (Rect::new(0, 0, 2, 1), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0]), 1.0, false),
+                raster_spec(BlendMode::Dissolve, (Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]), 0.189_737_02, true),
+            ],
+            false,
+        )],
+    };
+    assert_split_matches_exact(&s);
+}
+
+/// A Dissolve adjustment layer takes each pixel fully or not at all on the exact path too (#9033;
+/// it used to mix by opacity: cyan 0.267 where the noise picks the adjusted 0.298).
+#[test]
+fn a_dissolve_adjustment_dissolves_on_the_exact_path() {
+    let levels = AdjSpec::Levels { channel: 0, levels: [0.0, 0.6, 0.3, 0.0, 0.7] };
+    let adjust = LayerSpec::Pixels {
+        kind: Kind::Adjust(levels),
+        blend: BlendMode::Dissolve,
+        fills: vec![(Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1), [0.0; 5])],
+        opacity: 0.897_210_9,
+        fill: 1.0,
+        clipped: false,
+        visible: true,
+        mask: None,
+    };
+    let s = Spec {
+        w: 3,
+        h: 2,
+        layers: vec![
+            group_spec(vec![raster_spec(BlendMode::Normal, (Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]), 1.0, false)], false),
+            group_spec(vec![adjust], true),
+        ],
+    };
+    assert_split_matches_exact(&s);
+}
+
+/// After an adjustment layer, the display route ([`crate::native`]) rounds to the document's
+/// levels like the export path and the RGB compositor, at any opacity (#9033: in a pass-through
+/// group its coverage stayed at 41.32% where the others store 105/255).
+#[test]
+fn every_cmyk_route_rounds_after_an_adjustment_layer() {
+    for opacity in [0.0, 0.5] {
+        let adjust = LayerSpec::Pixels {
+            kind: Kind::Adjust(AdjSpec::Invert),
+            blend: BlendMode::Normal,
+            fills: vec![(Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1), [0.0; 5])],
+            opacity,
+            fill: 1.0,
+            clipped: false,
+            visible: true,
+            mask: None,
+        };
+        let s = Spec {
+            w: 8,
+            h: 5,
+            layers: vec![group_spec(vec![raster_spec(BlendMode::Normal, (Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]), 1.0, false), adjust], true)],
+        };
+        let mut d = doc(s.w as u32, s.h as u32);
+        d.layers = s.layers.iter().map(build).collect();
+        if let LayerContent::Group(g) = &mut d.layers[0].content {
+            g.children[0].fill_opacity = 0.413_248_66;
+        }
+        let rect = Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1);
+        let display = crate::render(&d, rect).px[0][3];
+        let export = render_cmyk(&d, rect).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("supported")).px[0][4];
+        assert_eq!((display, export), (105.0 / 255.0, 105.0 / 255.0), "opacity {opacity}");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/compose/src/effects.rs b/crates/compose/src/effects.rs
index 867b44eb5e..cc24e479c3 100644
--- a/crates/compose/src/effects.rs
+++ b/crates/compose/src/effects.rs
@@ -87,13 +87,18 @@ pub const MAX_REACH: f32 = 512.0;
 /// shape's extent), Precise glows and chiselled bevels (exact Euclidean distances, whose f32
 /// arithmetic depends on where the region starts) and noise (it speckles any coverage above
 /// zero, so it would pick up the blur's float noise, which depends on where the region starts).
+/// Dissolve is not local for the same reason: it turns any coverage above zero into a chance of
+/// a full pixel.
 pub(crate) fn maps_are_local(layer: &Layer) -> bool {
-    layer.effects.items.iter().filter(|e| e.enabled()).all(|e| match e {
-        Effect::Stroke(s) => !matches!(s.paint, FxPaint::Gradient(_)),
-        Effect::DropShadow(s) | Effect::InnerShadow(s) => s.noise <= 0.0,
-        Effect::OuterGlow(g) | Effect::InnerGlow(g) => g.technique != GlowTechnique::Precise && g.noise <= 0.0,
-        Effect::BevelEmboss(b) => b.technique == BevelTechnique::Smooth,
-        _ => true,
+    layer.effects.items.iter().filter(|e| e.enabled()).all(|e| {
+        !dissolves(e)
+            && match e {
+                Effect::Stroke(s) => !matches!(s.paint, FxPaint::Gradient(_)),
+                Effect::DropShadow(s) | Effect::InnerShadow(s) => s.noise <= 0.0,
+                Effect::OuterGlow(g) | Effect::InnerGlow(g) => g.technique != GlowTechnique::Precise && g.noise <= 0.0,
+                Effect::BevelEmboss(b) => b.technique == BevelTechnique::Smooth,
+                _ => true,
+            }
     })
 }
 
@@ -1019,12 +1024,7 @@ fn noise(m: &mut Map, amount: f32, x0: i32, y0: i32) {
 fn apply_contour(m: Map, c: &Contour) -> Map {
     match contour_lut(c) {
         None => m,
-        Some(l) => m.map(|v| {
-            let x = v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * (l.len() - 1) as f32;
-            let i = x.floor() as usize;
-            let j = (i + 1).min(l.len() - 1);
-            l[i] + (l[j] - l[i]) * (x - i as f32)
-        }),
+        Some(l) => m.map(|v| lut_at(&l, v)),
     }
 }
 
@@ -1129,16 +1129,43 @@ fn sample_stops(stops: &[(f32, [f32; 3])], t: f32) -> [f32; 3] {
 
 /// Composite `color × coverage` into `dst` (both over the same rectangle).
 fn paint(dst: &mut Buffer, m: &Map, color: impl Fn(usize) -> [f32; 4], blend: BlendMode, opacity: f32) {
+    let (x0, y0, w) = (i64::from(dst.rect.x0), i64::from(dst.rect.y0), (dst.rect.width().max(1)) as usize);
     for (i, p) in dst.px.iter_mut().enumerate() {
         let a = m.v[i] * opacity;
         if a <= 0.0 {
             continue;
         }
         let c = color(i);
+        if blend == BlendMode::Dissolve {
+            if dissolves_in(x0 + (i % w) as i64, y0 + (i / w) as i64, c[3] * a) {
+                *p = psblend::composite(BlendMode::Normal, *p, [c[0], c[1], c[2], 1.0], 1.0);
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
         *p = psblend::composite(blend, *p, [c[0], c[1], c[2], c[3] * a], 1.0);
     }
 }
 
+/// Whether `e` paints anything in Dissolve mode.
+fn dissolves(e: &Effect) -> bool {
+    let d = |m: BlendMode| m == BlendMode::Dissolve;
+    match e {
+        Effect::DropShadow(s) | Effect::InnerShadow(s) => d(s.common.blend),
+        Effect::OuterGlow(g) | Effect::InnerGlow(g) => d(g.common.blend),
+        Effect::Stroke(s) => d(s.common.blend),
+        Effect::ColorOverlay { common, .. } | Effect::GradientOverlay { common, .. } | Effect::PatternOverlay { common, .. } => d(common.blend),
+        Effect::Satin(s) => d(s.common.blend),
+        Effect::BevelEmboss(b) => d(b.highlight.blend) || d(b.shadow.blend),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Dissolve on an effect (#6995): a pixel takes the effect fully or not at all, with probability
+/// `coverage`, picked by the same document-coordinate noise as a Dissolve layer. A soft glow or
+/// shadow turns into scattered speckle instead of a smooth falloff.
+fn dissolves_in(x: i64, y: i64, coverage: f32) -> bool {
+    hash_noise(x, y) < coverage
+}
+
 fn paint_color(dst: &mut Buffer, m: &Map, c: [f32; 3], blend: BlendMode, opacity: f32) {
     paint(dst, m, |_| [c[0], c[1], c[2], 1.0], blend, opacity);
 }
@@ -1350,11 +1377,23 @@ fn box_line(src: &[f64], x0: i64, dst: &mut [f64], bw: f32) {
         }
         return;
     }
-    let mut inner: f64 = (x0 - (r - 1)..=x0 + (r - 1)).map(at).sum();
+    let window = x0 - (r - 1)..=x0 + (r - 1);
+    let mut inner: f64 = window.clone().map(at).sum();
+    let mut last_covered = window.rev().find(|&x| at(x) != 0.0).unwrap_or(i64::MIN);
     for (k, d) in dst.iter_mut().enumerate() {
         let x = x0 + k as i64;
         *d = (inner + f * (at(x - r) + at(x + r))) * norm;
-        inner += at(x + r) - at(x - r + 1);
+        let entering = at(x + r);
+        inner += entering - at(x - r + 1);
+        if entering != 0.0 {
+            last_covered = x + r;
+        }
+        // Cancellation can leave positive residue after the last covered pixel leaves.
+        // Noise amplifies even that residue into visible speckles (#5638). Reset only
+        // truly empty windows, preserving arbitrarily faint real coverage.
+        if last_covered < x - r + 2 {
+            inner = 0.0;
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -1656,6 +1695,12 @@ fn bevel_maps(shape: &Map, b: &Bevel, light: &GlobalLight, tex: &TextureCtx, pat
     let on_bevel = |x: i64, y: i64| {
         hmap.get(x, y) > BEVEL_H_EPS || (reach_past && [(1, 0), (-1, 0), (0, 1), (0, -1)].iter().any(|(dx, dy)| hmap.get(x + dx, y + dy) > BEVEL_H_EPS))
     };
+    // The gloss contour remaps the shading `n · light` before it splits into highlight (above
+    // what it maps a flat face's `sin(altitude)` to) and shadow. Applied to the highlight and shadow amounts
+    // instead, a contour that starts high (Rolling Slope - Descending) lit every pixel the light
+    // missed, so a bevelled glyph's flat face took the full highlight (#7360) where Photoshop
+    // leaves it at the layer's colour. The Linear contour changes nothing either way.
+    let gloss = contour_lut(&b.gloss_contour);
     let shade_into = |depth: f32, region_kind: u8| -> (Map, Map) {
         let (mut hi, mut sh) = (Map::new(shape.w, shape.h, 0.0), Map::new(shape.w, shape.h, 0.0));
         // Rows on threads: every pixel reads only `hmap` and `shape`.
@@ -1676,7 +1721,7 @@ fn bevel_maps(shape: &Map, b: &Bevel, light: &GlobalLight, tex: &TextureCtx, pat
                     let len = (n[0] * n[0] + n[1] * n[1] + 1.0).sqrt();
                     let shade = (n[0] * light_v[0] + n[1] * light_v[1] + n[2] * light_v[2]) / len;
                     let region = if region_kind == 0 { shape.v[i] } else { f32::from(shape.v[i] < 1.0 - INSIDE_EPS && on_bevel(x, y)) };
-                    let k = shade - se;
+                    let k = gloss.as_ref().map_or(shade - se, |l| lut_at(l, shade) - lut_at(l, se));
                     if k > 0.0 {
                         hi_row[x as usize] = (k / (1.0 - se).max(1e-3)).clamp(0.0, 1.0) * region;
                     } else {
@@ -1685,7 +1730,7 @@ fn bevel_maps(shape: &Map, b: &Bevel, light: &GlobalLight, tex: &TextureCtx, pat
                 }
             },
         );
-        (apply_contour(hi, &b.gloss_contour), apply_contour(sh, &b.gloss_contour))
+        (hi, sh)
     };
     let maps = match g.paint {
         BevelPaint::Inner | BevelPaint::Outer => {
@@ -1814,6 +1859,29 @@ pub fn build_maps(layer: &Layer, shape: Vec<f32>, rect: Rect, light: &GlobalLigh
     build_maps_prepared(layer, shape, rect, light, tex, &prepared)
 }
 
+/// How many region-sized arrays [`build_maps_prepared`] builds for `layer` (what
+/// [`FxMaps::bytes`] counts): the shape, each effect's maps, and a stroke's distance fields. Kept
+/// next to the builder so the effect cache's estimate (#8330) follows it.
+pub(crate) fn map_count(layer: &Layer) -> usize {
+    let items: Vec<&Effect> = layer.effects.items.iter().filter(|e| e.enabled()).collect();
+    let per: usize = items
+        .iter()
+        .map(|e| match e {
+            Effect::DropShadow(_) | Effect::InnerShadow(_) | Effect::OuterGlow(_) | Effect::InnerGlow(_) | Effect::Satin(_) => 1,
+            Effect::BevelEmboss(_) => 2,
+            _ => 0,
+        })
+        .sum();
+    let out_widths: Vec<f32> =
+        items.iter().filter_map(|e| if let Effect::Stroke(st) = e { Some(stroke_widths(st).1) } else { None }).filter(|w| *w > 0.0).collect();
+    let has_stroke = items.iter().any(|e| matches!(e, Effect::Stroke(_)));
+    let outside = usize::from(out_widths.iter().any(|&w| !stroke_outside_exact(w))) + usize::from(out_widths.iter().any(|&w| stroke_outside_exact(w)));
+    let stroke = if has_stroke { 1 + outside } else { 0 };
+    let vector_outline =
+        if has_stroke && matches!(layer.content, photocraft_doc::LayerContent::Shape(_)) && crate::effect_outline(layer).is_none() { outside } else { 0 };
+    1 + per + stroke + vector_outline
+}
+
 pub(crate) fn build_maps_prepared(
     layer: &Layer,
     shape: Vec<f32>,
@@ -1913,9 +1981,33 @@ pub fn shadow_see_through(layer: &Layer) -> f32 {
 /// Blend Interior Effects as Group off (Photoshop's default): the layer's mode applies to its
 /// own pixels only, and the interior effects paint over the blended result. The layer is merged
 /// into the backdrop before they paint, so an Overlay colour overlay on a black Color-mode layer
-/// tints the grey beneath it (#3996). Normal-like modes give the same result either way.
+/// tints the grey beneath it (#3996). A Normal layer merges only when an interior effect blends
+/// in another mode: below 100 % fill that effect sees the backdrop through the layer, so a Soft
+/// Light overlay on a Fill 0 % layer soft-lights the backdrop instead of showing its own colour
+/// (#6232). Normal effects give the same result either way, and the merge would count a
+/// half-transparent backdrop twice, so those layers keep the plain composite.
 pub fn premerges_layer(layer: &Layer) -> bool {
-    !layer.advanced.blend_interior && !matches!(layer.blend, BlendMode::Normal | BlendMode::PassThrough | BlendMode::Dissolve)
+    !layer.advanced.blend_interior
+        && match layer.blend {
+            BlendMode::PassThrough | BlendMode::Dissolve => false,
+            BlendMode::Normal => blends_inside(layer),
+            _ => true,
+        }
+}
+
+/// `true` if an enabled effect painted inside the layer (with its content) blends in a mode
+/// other than Normal.
+fn blends_inside(layer: &Layer) -> bool {
+    let blends = |m: BlendMode| m != BlendMode::Normal;
+    layer.effects.items.iter().filter(|e| e.enabled()).any(|e| match e {
+        Effect::ColorOverlay { common, .. } | Effect::GradientOverlay { common, .. } | Effect::PatternOverlay { common, .. } => blends(common.blend),
+        Effect::Satin(s) => blends(s.common.blend),
+        Effect::InnerGlow(g) => blends(g.common.blend),
+        Effect::InnerShadow(s) => blends(s.common.blend),
+        Effect::Stroke(s) => stroke_widths(s).0 > 0.0 && blends(s.common.blend),
+        Effect::BevelEmboss(b) => bevel_geom(b).paint == BevelPaint::Inner && (blends(b.highlight.blend) || blends(b.shadow.blend)),
+        Effect::DropShadow(_) | Effect::OuterGlow(_) => false,
+    })
 }
 
 /// Composites `content` (the layer's own pixels over `big`, alpha already
@@ -2142,30 +2234,22 @@ pub(crate) fn composite_with_effects_prepared(
             let mut share = vec![0.0f32; w * h];
             for (i, sh) in share.iter_mut().enumerate() {
                 let band = (out_w + 0.5 - d[i]).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
-                let k = if maps.outline {
-                    band * outline_share(shape.v[i], lay.px[i][3])
-                } else if inside(shape.v[i]) {
-                    if vector_shape {
-                        0.0
-                    } else {
-                        // The stroke lies outside the layer's pixels. Beneath the layer it may show
-                        // only through the part of the pixel the shape doesn't cover (1 - a); the
-                        // layer composited on top covers c = a × fill, so the share beneath is
-                        // (1 - a) / (1 - c). At 100 % fill that is 1 (the layer hides the rest, as
-                        // before); at 0 % fill the interior stays clear (Fill 0 % + Outside stroke).
-                        let c = lay.px[i][3].clamp(0.0, 1.0);
-                        if c >= 1.0 { 1.0 } else { ((1.0 - shape.v[i].clamp(0.0, 1.0)) / (1.0 - c)).clamp(0.0, 1.0) }
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    band
-                };
-                *sh = k * st.common.opacity * (1.0 - cover[i]);
+                let k =
+                    if inside(shape.v[i]) { if vector_shape && !maps.outline { 0.0 } else { band * outline_share(shape.v[i], lay.px[i][3]) } } else { band };
+                let mut k = k * st.common.opacity;
+                if st.common.blend == BlendMode::Dissolve {
+                    let (x, y) = (i64::from(big.x0) + (i % w) as i64, i64::from(big.y0) + (i / w) as i64);
+                    k = if k > 0.0 && dissolves_in(x, y, k) { 1.0 } else { 0.0 };
+                }
+                *sh = k * (1.0 - cover[i]);
                 cover[i] += *sh;
             }
             // The stroke blended over the backdrop at full coverage.
             let mut blended = base.clone();
             let ones = Map { w, h, v: share.iter().map(|&s| if s > 0.0 { 1.0 } else { 0.0 }).collect() };
-            paint_fx(&mut blended, &ones, &st.paint, frame(st), anchor, big, st.common.blend, 1.0, patterns);
+            // The share already carries the Dissolve choice, so the paint itself composites as Normal.
+            let paint_blend = if st.common.blend == BlendMode::Dissolve { BlendMode::Normal } else { st.common.blend };
+            paint_fx(&mut blended, &ones, &st.paint, frame(st), anchor, big, paint_blend, 1.0, patterns);
             for ((a, b), s) in acc.iter_mut().zip(&blended.px).zip(&share) {
                 if *s > 0.0 {
                     for c in 0..3 {
@@ -2221,7 +2305,13 @@ pub(crate) fn composite_with_effects_prepared(
             let i = ((y - rect.y0) as usize) * rect.width() as usize + (x - rect.x0) as usize;
             let a = before.px[i];
             let b = if x >= big.x0 && x < big.x1 && y >= big.y0 && y < big.y1 { work.px[((y - big.y0) as usize) * w + (x - big.x0) as usize] } else { a };
-            backdrop.px[i] = mix_premul(a, b, op);
+            backdrop.px[i] = if layer.blend == BlendMode::Dissolve {
+                // Dissolve applies layer opacity to the completed interior/exterior effect
+                // stack as pixel coverage, not continuous gray interpolation (#3051).
+                if crate::dissolve_noise(x, y) < op { b } else { a }
+            } else {
+                mix_premul(a, b, op)
+            };
         }
     }
 }
@@ -2234,6 +2324,9 @@ pub(crate) fn composite_with_effects_prepared(
 /// layer, `share + l (1 - share) = (1 - cov) + l`.
 pub fn outline_share(cov: f32, l: f32) -> f32 {
     let outside = (1.0 - cov.clamp(0.0, 1.0)).max(0.0);
+    if outside <= 1e-6 {
+        return 0.0;
+    }
     let rest = 1.0 - l.clamp(0.0, 1.0);
     if rest <= 1e-6 { 1.0 } else { (outside / rest).min(1.0) }
 }
@@ -3304,6 +3397,37 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(heavy.v.iter().any(|v| *v < 0.5) && heavy.v.iter().any(|v| *v > 0.5), "heavy noise spans the range",);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn box_blur_preserves_faint_coverage_and_empty_gaps() {
+        let src = [0.0, 0.3, 0.7, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1e-20, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0];
+        let mut actual = [0.0; 11];
+        box_line(&src, 0, &mut actual, 3.0);
+        assert_eq!(actual[5], 0.0, "an empty window must be exactly empty");
+        assert_eq!(actual[10], 0.0, "the second tail must also be empty");
+        assert!((actual[7] - 1e-20 / 3.0).abs() < 1e-30, "real faint coverage is not rounded away");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn effect_noise_does_not_light_up_empty_blur_tails() {
+        // A sloping antialiased shape leaves rounding residue in a running-sum blur.
+        // The direct finite-support convolution is the oracle for untouched pixels.
+        for size in [5.0, 5.5, 13.0] {
+            let mut shape = Map::new(96, 64, 0.0);
+            for y in 8..48 {
+                for x in 8..48 {
+                    shape.v[y * shape.w + x] = ((x as f32 - y as f32 * 0.7) * 0.3).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+                }
+            }
+            let mut direct = shape.clone();
+            tent_direct(&mut direct, size);
+            let mut actual = shape;
+            blur(&mut actual, size);
+            noise(&mut actual, 0.26, 0, 0);
+            let stray = direct.v.iter().zip(&actual.v).filter(|(reference, noisy)| **reference == 0.0 && **noisy > 1e-5).count();
+            assert_eq!(stray, 0, "noise created {stray} visible pixels outside a size-{size} blur");
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn glow_noise_follows_the_contour_and_range() {
         let g = |noise: f32| Glow {
diff --git a/crates/compose/src/filter_mask.rs b/crates/compose/src/filter_mask.rs
index b845720456..2d9031f5d4 100644
--- a/crates/compose/src/filter_mask.rs
+++ b/crates/compose/src/filter_mask.rs
@@ -21,27 +21,38 @@ pub fn mix(base: &Surface, filtered: &Surface, mask: &LayerMask) -> Surface {
         return out;
     }
     let n = fmt.channels();
-    let (b, f) = (base.read_region(area), filtered.read_region(area));
-    let mut k = Vec::new();
-    mask.values_into(area, &mut k);
-    let mut o = vec![0.0f32; b.len()];
-    for (i, ((bp, fp), op)) in b.chunks_exact(n).zip(f.chunks_exact(n)).zip(o.chunks_exact_mut(n)).enumerate() {
-        let m = k.get(i).copied().unwrap_or(1.0).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
-        if !fmt.alpha {
-            for c in 0..n {
-                op[c] = bp[c] + (fp[c] - bp[c]) * m;
-            }
+    // Tile by tile: the union of two sparse surfaces far apart is a rectangle of mostly nothing,
+    // and transparent pixels in tiles neither surface has stay as they are.
+    let whole = area;
+    let same_default = base.default_pixel() == filtered.default_pixel();
+    for t in whole.tiles() {
+        let area = t.rect().intersect(&whole);
+        let bare = !base.has_tiles_in(area) && !filtered.has_tiles_in(area);
+        if area.is_empty() || (bare && (fmt.alpha || same_default)) {
             continue;
         }
-        let a = n - 1;
-        let oa = bp[a] + (fp[a] - bp[a]) * m;
-        op[a] = oa;
-        for c in 0..a {
-            let pm = bp[c] * bp[a] + (fp[c] * fp[a] - bp[c] * bp[a]) * m;
-            op[c] = if oa > 0.0 { (pm / oa).clamp(0.0, 1.0) } else { 0.0 };
+        let (b, f) = (base.read_region(area), filtered.read_region(area));
+        let mut k = Vec::new();
+        mask.values_into(area, &mut k);
+        let mut o = vec![0.0f32; b.len()];
+        for (i, ((bp, fp), op)) in b.chunks_exact(n).zip(f.chunks_exact(n)).zip(o.chunks_exact_mut(n)).enumerate() {
+            let m = k.get(i).copied().unwrap_or(1.0).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+            if !fmt.alpha {
+                for c in 0..n {
+                    op[c] = bp[c] + (fp[c] - bp[c]) * m;
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            let a = n - 1;
+            let oa = bp[a] + (fp[a] - bp[a]) * m;
+            op[a] = oa;
+            for c in 0..a {
+                let pm = bp[c] * bp[a] + (fp[c] * fp[a] - bp[c] * bp[a]) * m;
+                op[c] = if oa > 0.0 { (pm / oa).clamp(0.0, 1.0) } else { 0.0 };
+            }
         }
+        out.write_region(area, &o);
     }
-    out.write_region(area, &o);
     out.prune();
     out
 }
@@ -61,38 +72,51 @@ pub fn unmix(base: &Surface, mixed: &Surface, mask: &LayerMask) -> Surface {
         return out;
     }
     let n = fmt.channels();
-    let (b, x) = (base.read_region(area), mixed.read_region(area));
-    let mut k = Vec::new();
-    mask.values_into(area, &mut k);
-    let mut o = vec![0.0f32; b.len()];
-    for (i, ((bp, xp), op)) in b.chunks_exact(n).zip(x.chunks_exact(n)).zip(o.chunks_exact_mut(n)).enumerate() {
-        let m = k.get(i).copied().unwrap_or(1.0).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
-        if m < HIDDEN {
-            // A transparent base pixel (Photoshop's cache keeps white there) stays empty, so the
-            // stored pixels don't grow past the content.
-            if !fmt.alpha || bp[n - 1] > 0.0 {
-                op.copy_from_slice(bp);
+    // Tile by tile: the union of two sparse surfaces far apart is a rectangle of mostly nothing,
+    // and transparent pixels in tiles neither surface has stay as they are.
+    let whole = area;
+    // Non-alpha still needs every tile whose defaults differ (an unmix through a non-unit mask
+    // would change that default, and the clone already holds the old one).
+    let same_default = base.default_pixel() == mixed.default_pixel();
+    for t in whole.tiles() {
+        let area = t.rect().intersect(&whole);
+        let bare = !base.has_tiles_in(area) && !mixed.has_tiles_in(area);
+        if area.is_empty() || (bare && (fmt.alpha || same_default)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let (b, x) = (base.read_region(area), mixed.read_region(area));
+        let mut k = Vec::new();
+        mask.values_into(area, &mut k);
+        let mut o = vec![0.0f32; b.len()];
+        for (i, ((bp, xp), op)) in b.chunks_exact(n).zip(x.chunks_exact(n)).zip(o.chunks_exact_mut(n)).enumerate() {
+            let m = k.get(i).copied().unwrap_or(1.0).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+            if m < HIDDEN {
+                // A transparent base pixel (Photoshop's cache keeps white there) stays empty, so the
+                // stored pixels don't grow past the content.
+                if !fmt.alpha || bp[n - 1] > 0.0 {
+                    op.copy_from_slice(bp);
+                }
+                continue;
             }
-            continue;
-        }
-        if !fmt.alpha {
-            for c in 0..n {
-                op[c] = (bp[c] + (xp[c] - bp[c]) / m).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+            if !fmt.alpha {
+                for c in 0..n {
+                    op[c] = (bp[c] + (xp[c] - bp[c]) / m).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            let a = n - 1;
+            let fa = (bp[a] + (xp[a] - bp[a]) / m).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+            if fa <= 0.0 {
+                continue;
+            }
+            op[a] = fa;
+            for c in 0..a {
+                let pm = bp[c] * bp[a] + (xp[c] * xp[a] - bp[c] * bp[a]) / m;
+                op[c] = (pm / fa).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
             }
-            continue;
-        }
-        let a = n - 1;
-        let fa = (bp[a] + (xp[a] - bp[a]) / m).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
-        if fa <= 0.0 {
-            continue;
-        }
-        op[a] = fa;
-        for c in 0..a {
-            let pm = bp[c] * bp[a] + (xp[c] * xp[a] - bp[c] * bp[a]) / m;
-            op[c] = (pm / fa).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
         }
+        out.write_region(area, &o);
     }
-    out.write_region(area, &o);
     out.prune();
     out
 }
@@ -122,6 +146,19 @@ mod tests {
         m
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn mixing_sparse_surfaces_far_apart_does_not_build_their_union() {
+        // 10¹⁰ px between two single pixels would be 160 GB of floats read densely.
+        let fmt = PixelFormat::new(ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::F32, true);
+        let (mut base, mut filtered) = (Surface::new(fmt), Surface::new(fmt));
+        base.write_pixel(0, 0, &[0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1.0]);
+        filtered.write_pixel(100_000, 100_000, &[1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+        let mixed = mix(&base, &filtered, &LayerMask::reveal_all());
+        assert_eq!(mixed.pixel(100_000, 100_000), vec![1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+        let back = unmix(&base, &mixed, &LayerMask::reveal_all());
+        assert_eq!(back.pixel(100_000, 100_000), vec![1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn unmix_inverts_mix_wherever_the_mask_shows_the_filter() {
         for fmt in [PixelFormat::new(ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::F32, true), PixelFormat::new(ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::F32, false)] {
diff --git a/crates/compose/src/lib.rs b/crates/compose/src/lib.rs
index 374603932f..0a3f5c4802 100644
--- a/crates/compose/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/compose/src/lib.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 pub mod adjust;
 pub mod advanced;
 pub mod bounds;
+pub mod cmyk;
 pub mod effects;
 pub mod fill_layout;
 pub mod filter_mask;
@@ -150,6 +151,22 @@ fn scratch_reuse_preserves_pixels_and_bounds_retention() {
     });
 }
 
+/// Every layer the compositor draws, groups before their children: hidden layers and everything
+/// inside hidden groups are left out.
+pub(crate) fn visible_layers(layers: &[Layer]) -> Vec<&Layer> {
+    fn rec<'a>(layers: &'a [Layer], out: &mut Vec<&'a Layer>) {
+        for l in layers.iter().filter(|l| l.visible) {
+            out.push(l);
+            if let Some(children) = l.children() {
+                rec(children, out);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    rec(layers, &mut out);
+    out
+}
+
 /// Composite the whole document over `rect`, in parallel 256² tiles on
 /// native targets (single-threaded on wasm).
 pub fn render(doc: &Document, rect: Rect) -> Buffer {
@@ -327,9 +344,12 @@ pub fn band_rows_for(width: u32, requested: i32) -> i32 {
 /// leaves colour behind in CMYK (K = 100%) and Lab (neutral a/b = 0.5), and those pixels would
 /// otherwise count as content: the result would span the whole canvas.
 ///
-/// A CMYK document of plain Normal layers is composited in its ink values instead
-/// ([`native::flatten_cmyk`]), so flattening doesn't round-trip its pixels through RGB (#3778),
-/// and a Lab one in its L, a and b ([`native_lab::flatten_lab`]).
+/// A CMYK document flattened to CMYK is composited in its ink values instead, so flattening
+/// doesn't round-trip its pixels through RGB: plain Normal layers by [`native::flatten_cmyk`]
+/// (#3778), and masks, groups, clipping, other blend modes and the other layer kinds by [`cmyk`]
+/// where its layers mix on their inks (#2220). Otherwise the composite goes back to CMYK through
+/// the document's own profile, the one its layers were read through. A Lab document of plain
+/// layers is composited in its L, a and b ([`native_lab::flatten_lab`]).
 pub fn flatten_to_surface(doc: &Document, fmt: photocraft_color::PixelFormat, background: Option<[f32; 3]>) -> Surface {
     composite_to_surface(doc, doc.bounds(), fmt, background)
 }
@@ -347,13 +367,17 @@ pub fn composite_to_surface(doc: &Document, rect: Rect, fmt: photocraft_color::P
     {
         return s;
     }
+    let space = cmyk_space(doc);
+    let to_cmyk = fmt.mode == photocraft_color::ColorMode::Cmyk && doc.mode == photocraft_color::ColorMode::Cmyk;
+    if to_cmyk && cmyk::renders_inks(doc) {
+        return composite_inks_to_surface(doc, rect, fmt, background, space.as_ref());
+    }
+    // The composite separates back to CMYK through the document's own profile, the one its
+    // pixels were read through.
     let mut s = Surface::new(fmt);
     let n = fmt.channels();
     let empty = s.default_pixel();
     let mut data = Vec::new();
-    // The composite separates back to CMYK through the document's own profile, the one its
-    // pixels were read through.
-    let cmyk = cmyk_space(doc);
     let _ = render_bands(doc, rect, 0, |band| -> Result<(), ()> {
         let band = match background {
             Some(bg) => band.over_background(bg),
@@ -361,7 +385,7 @@ pub fn composite_to_surface(doc: &Document, rect: Rect, fmt: photocraft_color::P
         };
         data.clear();
         data.resize(band.px.len() * n, 0.0);
-        photocraft_color::convert::with_cmyk_space(cmyk.as_ref(), || {
+        photocraft_color::convert::with_cmyk_space(space.as_ref(), || {
             for (p, out) in band.px.iter().zip(data.chunks_exact_mut(n)) {
                 if fmt.alpha && (p[3] <= 0.0 || p[3].is_nan()) && empty.len() == n {
                     out.copy_from_slice(&empty);
@@ -377,13 +401,62 @@ pub fn composite_to_surface(doc: &Document, rect: Rect, fmt: photocraft_color::P
     s
 }
 
+/// One CMYK pixel's output channels into `data`: its inks (over `paper` when given) and alpha.
+fn push_ink_pixel(data: &mut Vec<f32>, p: &[f32; 5], paper: Option<[f32; 4]>, fmt: photocraft_color::PixelFormat, empty: &[f32]) {
+    if paper.is_none() && fmt.alpha && (p[4] <= 0.0 || p[4].is_nan()) && empty.len() == fmt.channels() {
+        data.extend_from_slice(empty);
+        return;
+    }
+    // Over the paper (fully covered pixels keep their inks exactly), or straight.
+    let ink = |c: usize| match paper {
+        Some(bg) if p[4] < 1.0 => p[c] * p[4] + bg[c] * (1.0 - p[4]),
+        _ => p[c],
+    };
+    data.extend((0..4).map(ink));
+    if fmt.alpha {
+        data.push(if paper.is_some() { 1.0 } else { p[4] });
+    }
+}
+
+/// [`composite_to_surface`] for a CMYK document flattened to CMYK, composited in its inks.
+fn composite_inks_to_surface(
+    doc: &Document,
+    rect: Rect,
+    fmt: photocraft_color::PixelFormat,
+    background: Option<[f32; 3]>,
+    space: Option<&std::sync::Arc<photocraft_color::convert::CmykSpace>>,
+) -> Surface {
+    let mut s = Surface::new(fmt);
+    let n = fmt.channels();
+    let empty = s.default_pixel();
+    let mut data = Vec::new();
+    // White paper is no ink; another background colour goes through the profile.
+    let paper = background
+        .map(|bg| if bg == [1.0; 3] { [0.0; 4] } else { photocraft_color::convert::with_cmyk_space(space, || photocraft_color::convert::rgb_to_cmyk(bg)) });
+    let _ = cmyk::render_cmyk_bands(doc, rect, 0, |band| -> Result<(), ()> {
+        data.clear();
+        data.reserve(band.px.len() * n);
+        for p in &band.px {
+            push_ink_pixel(&mut data, p, paper, fmt, &empty);
+        }
+        s.write_region(band.rect, &data);
+        Ok(())
+    });
+    s.prune();
+    s
+}
+
 /// Composite the full canvas.
 pub fn flatten(doc: &Document) -> Buffer {
     render(doc, doc.bounds())
 }
 
 /// Render an arbitrary subset: a single layer (e.g. for thumbnails), isolated.
+/// Rects past [`MAX_RENDER_PIXELS`] give an empty buffer.
 pub fn render_layer(layer: &Layer, rect: Rect) -> Buffer {
+    if u64::from(rect.width()) * u64::from(rect.height()) > MAX_RENDER_PIXELS {
+        return Buffer::transparent(Rect::EMPTY);
+    }
     let mut buf = Buffer::transparent(rect);
     let patterns = pattern::PreparedPatterns::new(&[], pattern::PREPARED_PATTERN_BYTES);
     composite_stack_at(
@@ -399,6 +472,7 @@ pub fn render_layer(layer: &Layer, rect: Rect) -> Buffer {
             vector_masks: RenderVectorMasks::default(),
             fx_maps: Default::default(),
             fx_clip: Default::default(),
+            fx_over_budget: false,
             tone_luts: prepare_tones(std::slice::from_ref(layer), 0),
             doc: None,
             layer_keys: Default::default(),
@@ -771,6 +845,9 @@ struct Ctx<'a> {
     fx_maps: std::sync::Mutex<std::collections::HashMap<u64, (std::sync::Arc<effects::FxMaps>, bool)>>,
     /// The rectangle being rendered (a band of [`render_bands`]); see [`effect_region`].
     fx_clip: std::sync::Mutex<Option<Rect>>,
+    /// The whole-region effect maps of this render's layers wouldn't fit in the effect cache
+    /// together ([`fx_over_budget`]), so local ones are clipped to the render rect (#8330).
+    fx_over_budget: bool,
     /// The document being rendered (deep knockouts reveal its Background); `None` for a lone layer.
     doc: Option<&'a Document>,
     /// Effect-map identities of this render's document layers (see [`LayerKeys`]).
@@ -842,6 +919,7 @@ impl<'a> Ctx<'a> {
             vector_masks: RenderVectorMasks::default(),
             fx_maps: Default::default(),
             fx_clip: Default::default(),
+            fx_over_budget: fx_over_budget(&doc.layers, doc.bounds()),
             layer_keys: Default::default(),
             tone_luts: prepare_tones(&doc.layers, 0),
         }
@@ -865,7 +943,8 @@ impl<'a> Ctx<'a> {
             if identity == [true; 3] {
                 return;
             }
-            adjust::apply_tone(buf, *space, luts.get_or_init(|| adjust::tone_luts_depth(adj, Some(self.depth))), identity);
+            let extrapolate = adjust::float_tone_extrapolates(adj, Some(self.depth), self.mode);
+            adjust::apply_tone(buf, *space, luts.get_or_init(|| adjust::tone_luts_depth(adj, Some(self.depth))), identity, extrapolate);
         } else {
             adjust::apply_in(adj, buf, self.transfer, Some(self.depth), self.mode);
         }
@@ -984,11 +1063,41 @@ pub fn adjustment_quantum(depth: photocraft_color::SampleType) -> Option<f32> {
 fn quantize(b: &mut Buffer, q: f32) {
     for p in &mut b.px {
         for v in p.iter_mut() {
-            *v = (*v * q + 0.5).floor() / q;
+            *v = branchless_floor(*v * q + 0.5) / q;
         }
     }
 }
 
+/// `x.floor()`, bit for bit (signed zeros, infinities and NaNs included), without a call: baseline
+/// x86-64 has no SSE4.1 `roundss`, so `floor` is a software routine there, called once per sample
+/// of the backdrop under every adjustment layer ([`quantize`]). This form has no branch, so the
+/// loop vectorizes.
+#[inline]
+fn branchless_floor(x: f32) -> f32 {
+    // From 2^23 on every f32 is whole. Below it, adding and taking away 2^23 rounds to the
+    // nearest whole number; where that went up, step down.
+    const WHOLE: f32 = 8_388_608.0;
+    let a = x.abs();
+    let r = ((a + WHOLE) - WHOLE).copysign(x);
+    let r = if r > x { r - 1.0 } else { r };
+    if a < WHOLE { r } else { x }
+}
+
+/// Blend an adjustment layer's result (`adjusted`) back into the backdrop it was made from, each
+/// pixel by its coverage `ks` (opacity × mask) in blend mode `mode`.
+fn blend_back(backdrop: &mut [[f32; 4]], adjusted: &[[f32; 4]], ks: impl Iterator<Item = f32>, mode: BlendMode) {
+    for ((b, a), k) in backdrop.iter_mut().zip(adjusted).zip(ks) {
+        if k <= 0.0 {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let s = [a[0], a[1], a[2]];
+        // Normal is the source as it is (`blend_rgb` gives exactly that), and most adjustment
+        // layers are Normal: no per-pixel mode dispatch for them.
+        let blended = if mode == BlendMode::Normal { s } else { blend::blend_rgb(mode, [b[0], b[1], b[2]], s) };
+        *b = [b[0] + (blended[0] - b[0]) * k, b[1] + (blended[1] - b[1]) * k, b[2] + (blended[2] - b[2]) * k, b[3]];
+    }
+}
+
 /// Deterministic hash for Dissolve (document-coordinate based, so it is stable under tiling).
 #[inline]
 fn dissolve_noise(x: i32, y: i32) -> f32 {
@@ -1685,14 +1794,34 @@ fn blend_if_level(x: f32) -> f32 {
     if (v - r).abs() < 1e-4 { r } else { v }
 }
 
+/// Blend If groups inside one another whose own colour is still rendered separately. Each extra
+/// level multiplies the work by the tree's depth, so the cost is polynomial, not exponential.
+const MAX_BLEND_IF_GROUP_DEPTH: u32 = 2;
+
+thread_local! {
+    /// Blend If groups being rendered for their own colour on this thread.
+    static BLEND_IF_GROUPS: std::cell::Cell<u32> = const { std::cell::Cell::new(0) };
+}
+
 /// Apply `layer`'s Blend If to a finished composite: `out` (the backdrop with the layer drawn)
 /// is mixed back towards `before` (the backdrop without it) where the ranges hide the layer.
 /// Mixing premultiplied colour by `k` equals compositing the layer at `k` × its alpha, since
 /// every blend mode's source-over result is linear in the source alpha.
 fn apply_blend_if(layer: &Layer, before: &Buffer, out: &mut Buffer, cx: &Ctx) {
     // "This Layer" is the layer's own colour; adjustment layers (no content of their own) are
-    // judged by their result.
-    let own = if matches!(layer.content, LayerContent::Adjustment(_)) { None } else { render_content(layer, out.rect, cx) };
+    // judged by their result. So are groups nested deeper than `MAX_BLEND_IF_GROUP_DEPTH` Blend
+    // Ifs: a group's own colour re-composites its children, which doubles the work at every
+    // level of Blend If groups inside one another.
+    let is_group = matches!(layer.content, LayerContent::Group(_));
+    let nested = BLEND_IF_GROUPS.with(std::cell::Cell::get);
+    let own = if matches!(layer.content, LayerContent::Adjustment(_)) || (is_group && nested >= MAX_BLEND_IF_GROUP_DEPTH) {
+        None
+    } else {
+        BLEND_IF_GROUPS.with(|d| d.set(nested + u32::from(is_group)));
+        let own = render_content(layer, out.rect, cx);
+        BLEND_IF_GROUPS.with(|d| d.set(nested));
+        own
+    };
     for (i, (p, b)) in out.px.iter_mut().zip(&before.px).enumerate() {
         let this = match &own {
             Some(o) => Some(o.px[i]).filter(|q| q[3] > 0.0),
@@ -1890,18 +2019,23 @@ fn composite_layer_plain(layer: &Layer, clipped: &[Layer], backdrop: &mut Buffer
         cx.apply_adjustment(adj, &mut adjusted);
         // Clipped layers onto an adjustment are uncommon; they composite atop the adjusted result.
         advanced::composite_clipped(clipped, &mut adjusted, cx);
-        for y in rect.y0..rect.y1 {
-            for x in rect.x0..rect.x1 {
-                let i = ((y - rect.y0) as usize) * rect.width() as usize + (x - rect.x0) as usize;
-                let k = opacity * mask_k(&mv, i);
-                if k <= 0.0 {
-                    continue;
+        if layer.blend == BlendMode::Dissolve {
+            // An adjustment has no standalone source alpha. Its effective coverage comes from its
+            // own opacity and mask, not a continuous RGB mix (#3050).
+            for y in rect.y0..rect.y1 {
+                for x in rect.x0..rect.x1 {
+                    let i = ((y - rect.y0) as usize) * rect.width() as usize + (x - rect.x0) as usize;
+                    let k = opacity * mask_k(&mv, i);
+                    if k > 0.0 && dissolve_noise(x, y) < k {
+                        let a = adjusted.px[i];
+                        backdrop.px[i] = [a[0], a[1], a[2], backdrop.px[i][3]];
+                    }
                 }
-                // Only `adjusted` has changed; this pixel's original backdrop is still in place.
-                let b = backdrop.px[i];
-                let a = adjusted.px[i];
-                let blended = blend::blend_rgb(layer.blend, [b[0], b[1], b[2]], [a[0], a[1], a[2]]);
-                backdrop.px[i] = [b[0] + (blended[0] - b[0]) * k, b[1] + (blended[1] - b[1]) * k, b[2] + (blended[2] - b[2]) * k, b[3]];
+            }
+        } else {
+            match &mv {
+                Some(m) => blend_back(&mut backdrop.px, &adjusted.px, m.iter().map(|v| opacity * v), layer.blend),
+                None => blend_back(&mut backdrop.px, &adjusted.px, std::iter::repeat(opacity), layer.blend),
             }
         }
         recycle_buffer(adjusted);
@@ -2136,7 +2270,9 @@ fn fx_cache() -> &'static std::sync::Mutex<FxCache> {
 /// 1920 × 103675 webtoon page each such layer's maps took about 2.4 GB, and a render held them for
 /// every layer at once (60 GB with 25 stroked type layers, #1909). When its effects are local
 /// ([`effects::maps_are_local`]), such a layer's maps are built over the render rectangle padded
-/// by twice the effect reach instead, which gives the same pixels there. Only when `rect`, what
+/// by twice the effect reach instead, which gives the same pixels there. So are any layer's local
+/// maps when the render's whole-region maps wouldn't fit in the effect cache ([`fx_over_budget`]).
+/// Only when `rect`, what
 /// the caller composites the layer over, lies within the render rectangle: a group's effect shape
 /// (or anything else rendering children over a wider area) gets the whole region.
 fn effect_region(layer: &Layer, rect: Rect, cx: &Ctx) -> (Rect, bool) {
@@ -2144,7 +2280,7 @@ fn effect_region(layer: &Layer, rect: Rect, cx: &Ctx) -> (Rect, bool) {
     let region = effect_source_bounds(layer, cx.canvas).inflate(m).intersect(&cx.canvas.inflate(m));
     let clip = *cx.fx_clip.lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner());
     match clip {
-        Some(c) if c.contains_rect(&rect) && advanced::shapeless(layer) && effects::maps_are_local(layer) => {
+        Some(c) if c.contains_rect(&rect) && (advanced::shapeless(layer) || cx.fx_over_budget) && effects::maps_are_local(layer) => {
             let part = region.intersect(&c.inflate(m.saturating_mul(2)));
             (part, part != region)
         }
@@ -2152,12 +2288,53 @@ fn effect_region(layer: &Layer, rect: Rect, cx: &Ctx) -> (Rect, bool) {
     }
 }
 
+/// Whether the effect maps of the visible layers of `layers` (groups included), each over its
+/// whole region, would take more than the effect cache budget together. A render needs all of
+/// them, so when they don't fit, building one evicts the next one needed and every render builds
+/// them all again, seconds even for a small rect (#8330). Counted as [`effects::FxMaps::bytes`]
+/// counts the built maps ([`effects::map_count`] arrays over each region).
+fn fx_over_budget(layers: &[Layer], canvas: Rect) -> bool {
+    fx_region_bytes(layers, canvas) > effect_cache_budget() as u64
+}
+
+/// The bytes [`fx_over_budget`] compares with the budget.
+fn fx_region_bytes(layers: &[Layer], canvas: Rect) -> u64 {
+    fn bytes(layers: &[Layer], canvas: Rect, depth: u32) -> u64 {
+        let mut total = 0u64;
+        for l in layers.iter().filter(|l| l.visible) {
+            if effects::has_effects(l) {
+                let m = effects::margin(l);
+                let region = effect_source_bounds(l, canvas).inflate(m).intersect(&canvas.inflate(m));
+                let maps = effects::map_count(l) as u64;
+                let px = u64::from(region.width()) * u64::from(region.height());
+                total = total.saturating_add(maps.saturating_mul(px).saturating_mul(4));
+            }
+            if let LayerContent::Group(g) = &l.content
+                && depth < PREPARE_DEPTH
+            {
+                total = total.saturating_add(bytes(&g.children, canvas, depth + 1));
+            }
+        }
+        total
+    }
+    bytes(layers, canvas, 0)
+}
+
+/// Most bytes one layer's effect maps and source may take to build, whatever the cache budget.
+const MAX_FX_BUILD_BYTES: u64 = if cfg!(target_pointer_width = "64") { 4 << 30 } else { 512 << 20 };
+
 /// The layer's effect maps over its region (layer bounds grown by the effect reach, within the
 /// canvas grown likewise; see [`effect_region`]), built once per layer state and shared by every
 /// tile. `rect` is what the caller composites the layer over (see [`effect_region`]).
 fn effect_maps(layer: &Layer, rect: Rect, cx: &Ctx) -> std::sync::Arc<effects::FxMaps> {
     use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
-    let (region, clipped) = effect_region(layer, rect, cx);
+    let (mut region, clipped) = effect_region(layer, rect, cx);
+    // Non-local effects keep their whole source region, which a few distant pixels stretch over
+    // the canvas: past the cap the effects are left out instead of allocating it.
+    let region_px = u64::from(region.width()) * u64::from(region.height());
+    if (effects::map_count(layer) as u64 + 1).saturating_mul(region_px).saturating_mul(4) > MAX_FX_BUILD_BYTES {
+        region = Rect::EMPTY;
+    }
     static NO_CACHE: std::sync::OnceLock<bool> = std::sync::OnceLock::new();
     if *NO_CACHE.get_or_init(|| std::env::var_os("PHOTOCRAFT_FX_NOCACHE").is_some()) {
         let shape = if region.is_empty() { Vec::new() } else { effect_shape(layer, region, cx) };
@@ -2176,6 +2353,41 @@ fn effect_maps(layer: &Layer, rect: Rect, cx: &Ctx) -> std::sync::Arc<effects::F
     cx.fx_maps.lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner()).entry(key).or_insert((maps, clipped)).0.clone()
 }
 
+fn build_fx_slot_maps(layer: &Layer, region: Rect, key: u64, cx: &Ctx, slot: &FxSlot) -> std::sync::Arc<effects::FxMaps> {
+    let shape: Vec<f32> = if region.is_empty() { Vec::new() } else { effect_shape(layer, region, cx) };
+    let maps = effects::build_maps_prepared(layer, shape, region, &cx.light, &texture_ctx(layer, region, cx), cx.patterns);
+    let mut pin = Vec::new();
+    layer_identity(layer, &mut std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher::new(), &mut |t| pin.push(std::sync::Arc::downgrade(t)));
+    // The maps, plus what each reserved tile address keeps allocated.
+    let bytes = maps.bytes().saturating_add(pin.len().saturating_mul(std::mem::size_of::<photocraft_raster::Tile>() + 2 * std::mem::size_of::<usize>()));
+    let maps = std::sync::Arc::new(maps);
+    if slot.set(FxEntry { maps: maps.clone(), _pin: pin, bytes }).is_ok() {
+        // Counted exactly once, by the build that filled the slot, and only while the
+        // slot is still cached (eviction may have dropped it meanwhile).
+        let mut c = fx_cache().lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner());
+        if c.map.get(&key).is_some_and(|s| std::sync::Arc::ptr_eq(s, slot)) {
+            c.bytes += bytes;
+        }
+    }
+    // A concurrent build that finished first wins, so every tile shares one map.
+    slot.get().map_or(maps, |e| e.maps.clone())
+}
+
+fn evict_fx_cache_over_budget(key: u64) {
+    let mut c = fx_cache().lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner());
+    let budget = effect_cache_budget();
+    while c.bytes > budget && c.order.len() > 1 {
+        let Some(old) = c.order.pop_front() else { break };
+        if old == key {
+            c.order.push_back(old);
+            continue;
+        }
+        if let Some(s) = c.map.remove(&old) {
+            c.bytes = c.bytes.saturating_sub(s.get().map_or(0, |e| e.bytes));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// The layer's effect maps from the global cache, built on a miss.
 ///
 /// Never waits for another thread's build (#276): this can run on a Rayon worker inside a tile,
@@ -2197,40 +2409,10 @@ fn cached_effect_maps(layer: &Layer, region: Rect, key: u64, cx: &Ctx) -> std::s
     };
     let maps = match slot.get() {
         Some(e) => e.maps.clone(),
-        None => {
-            let shape: Vec<f32> = if region.is_empty() { Vec::new() } else { effect_shape(layer, region, cx) };
-            let maps = effects::build_maps_prepared(layer, shape, region, &cx.light, &texture_ctx(layer, region, cx), cx.patterns);
-            let mut pin = Vec::new();
-            layer_identity(layer, &mut std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher::new(), &mut |t| pin.push(std::sync::Arc::downgrade(t)));
-            // The maps, plus what each reserved tile address keeps allocated.
-            let bytes =
-                maps.bytes().saturating_add(pin.len().saturating_mul(std::mem::size_of::<photocraft_raster::Tile>() + 2 * std::mem::size_of::<usize>()));
-            let maps = std::sync::Arc::new(maps);
-            if slot.set(FxEntry { maps: maps.clone(), _pin: pin, bytes }).is_ok() {
-                // Counted exactly once, by the build that filled the slot, and only while the
-                // slot is still cached (eviction may have dropped it meanwhile).
-                let mut c = fx_cache().lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner());
-                if c.map.get(&key).is_some_and(|s| std::sync::Arc::ptr_eq(s, &slot)) {
-                    c.bytes += bytes;
-                }
-            }
-            // A concurrent build that finished first wins, so every tile shares one map.
-            slot.get().map_or(maps, |e| e.maps.clone())
-        }
+        None => build_fx_slot_maps(layer, region, key, cx, &slot),
     };
     // Evict the oldest entries over budget (never the one just used).
-    let mut c = fx_cache().lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner());
-    let budget = effect_cache_budget();
-    while c.bytes > budget && c.order.len() > 1 {
-        let Some(old) = c.order.pop_front() else { break };
-        if old == key {
-            c.order.push_back(old);
-            continue;
-        }
-        if let Some(s) = c.map.remove(&old) {
-            c.bytes = c.bytes.saturating_sub(s.get().map_or(0, |e| e.bytes));
-        }
-    }
+    evict_fx_cache_over_budget(key);
     maps
 }
 
@@ -2265,6 +2447,14 @@ fn composite_atop_any(layer: &Layer, base: &mut Buffer, cx: &Ctx) {
         for (i, p) in base.px.iter_mut().enumerate() {
             let k = layer.opacity * layer.fill_opacity * mask_k(&mv, i);
             let a = adjusted.px[i];
+            if layer.blend == BlendMode::Dissolve {
+                let x = rect.x0 + (i % rect.width() as usize) as i32;
+                let y = rect.y0 + (i / rect.width() as usize) as i32;
+                if dissolve_noise(x, y) < k {
+                    *p = [a[0], a[1], a[2], p[3]];
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
             let bl = blend::blend_rgb(layer.blend, [p[0], p[1], p[2]], [a[0], a[1], a[2]]);
             for c in 0..3 {
                 p[c] += (bl[c] - p[c]) * k;
@@ -2311,6 +2501,16 @@ fn composite_atop_any(layer: &Layer, base: &mut Buffer, cx: &Ctx) {
             continue;
         }
         let s = content.px[i];
+        if layer.blend == BlendMode::Dissolve {
+            // Clipping preserves the opaque base's alpha. Dissolve still selects source
+            // pixels by spatial coverage instead of continuously mixing the colours (#3052).
+            let x = rect.x0 + (i as i32 % rect.width() as i32);
+            let y = rect.y0 + (i as i32 / rect.width() as i32);
+            if dissolve_noise(x, y) < s[3] * opacity {
+                *p = [s[0], s[1], s[2], alpha];
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
         // Blend as if the base were opaque, then keep the base's alpha.
         let r = blend::composite_gamma(layer.blend, [p[0], p[1], p[2], 1.0], s, opacity, gamma);
         *p = [r[0], r[1], r[2], alpha];
diff --git a/crates/compose/src/native.rs b/crates/compose/src/native.rs
index 31e17f3ea2..98f87f75a9 100644
--- a/crates/compose/src/native.rs
+++ b/crates/compose/src/native.rs
@@ -189,7 +189,10 @@ impl<'a> InkStack<'a> {
             match item {
                 Item::Layer(surf, opacity, mask) => {
                     let opacity = *opacity;
-                    if opacity <= 0.0 || (surf.content_bounds().intersect(&rect).is_empty() && surf.default_pixel().iter().all(|v| *v == 0.0)) {
+                    // Nothing to draw only where the surface is transparent: without an alpha
+                    // channel its default pixel is opaque (no ink is blank paper, not nothing).
+                    let clear = surf.format().alpha && surf.default_pixel().last().is_some_and(|a| *a <= 0.0);
+                    if opacity <= 0.0 || (clear && surf.content_bounds().intersect(&rect).is_empty()) {
                         continue;
                     }
                     let sf = surf.format();
@@ -211,7 +214,13 @@ impl<'a> InkStack<'a> {
                     }
                 }
                 Item::Adjust(op, opacity, mask) => {
+                    // The result is rounded to the document's levels, as the compositor and the
+                    // export path do after every adjustment layer, at any opacity (#9033).
+                    let quantum = crate::adjustment_quantum(self.depth);
                     if *opacity <= 0.0 {
+                        if let Some(q) = quantum {
+                            crate::cmyk::quantize_inks(acc, q);
+                        }
                         continue;
                     }
                     masked(*mask, mv);
@@ -225,6 +234,9 @@ impl<'a> InkStack<'a> {
                             d[c] += (v - d[c]) * mix;
                         }
                     }
+                    if let Some(q) = quantum {
+                        crate::cmyk::quantize_inks(acc, q);
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/crates/compose/src/native_lab.rs b/crates/compose/src/native_lab.rs
index 0db59499de..771240a46b 100644
--- a/crates/compose/src/native_lab.rs
+++ b/crates/compose/src/native_lab.rs
@@ -89,6 +89,9 @@ fn collect<'a>(layers: &'a [Layer], depth: SampleType, adjustments: bool, items:
 /// A Lab document's visible layers, prepared for compositing on their stored L, a and b.
 pub struct LabStack<'a> {
     items: Vec<Item<'a>>,
+    /// Steps per unit of the document's samples (`None` at 32 bits): adjustment results are
+    /// whole samples, as Photoshop stores them.
+    quantum: Option<f32>,
 }
 
 impl<'a> LabStack<'a> {
@@ -101,7 +104,7 @@ impl<'a> LabStack<'a> {
         }
         let mut items = Vec::new();
         collect(&doc.layers, doc.depth, true, &mut items, 0)?;
-        Some(LabStack { items })
+        Some(LabStack { items, quantum: crate::adjustment_quantum(doc.depth) })
     }
 
     /// Whether the stack has an adjustment layer (the RGB compositor can't match it exactly).
@@ -161,6 +164,9 @@ impl<'a> LabStack<'a> {
                         op(&mut lab);
                         for (c, v) in lab.iter().enumerate() {
                             d[c] += (v - d[c]) * mix;
+                            if let Some(q) = self.quantum {
+                                d[c] = (d[c] * q + 0.5).floor() / q;
+                            }
                         }
                     }
                 }
diff --git a/crates/compose/src/proxy.rs b/crates/compose/src/proxy.rs
index f48f10d83f..dba123e21c 100644
--- a/crates/compose/src/proxy.rs
+++ b/crates/compose/src/proxy.rs
@@ -112,7 +112,8 @@ pub fn proxy_document(doc: &Document, k: u32) -> Document {
 /// with it. Empty vector masks have constant coverage, including inversion and density.
 /// Nonempty paths can still anchor fill layouts even when their mask density is zero.
 pub fn proxy_faithful(doc: &Document) -> bool {
-    doc.walk().iter().all(|(_, _, l)| !crate::effects::has_effects(l) && l.vector_mask.as_ref().is_none_or(|v| !v.enabled || v.path.is_empty()))
+    // Hidden layers (and what they hold) are not composited, so they don't count.
+    crate::visible_layers(&doc.layers).iter().all(|l| !crate::effects::has_effects(l) && l.vector_mask.as_ref().is_none_or(|v| !v.enabled || v.path.is_empty()))
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -263,6 +264,25 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(proxy_faithful(&doc));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn a_hidden_layer_with_effects_does_not_rule_out_the_proxy_or_the_uniform_shortcut() {
+        let mut doc = two_colors(Size::new(32, 16), SampleType::U8);
+        doc.layers[1].effects.items.push(Effect::default_drop_shadow());
+        doc.layers[1].effects.enabled = true;
+        assert!(!proxy_faithful(&doc));
+        assert!(crate::uniform::UniformAreas::new(&doc).is_none());
+        doc.layers[1].visible = false;
+        assert!(proxy_faithful(&doc));
+        assert!(crate::uniform::UniformAreas::new(&doc).is_some());
+        // Inside a hidden group too.
+        doc.layers[1].visible = true;
+        let group = Layer::group("g", vec![doc.layers.remove(1)]);
+        doc.layers.push(group);
+        assert!(!proxy_faithful(&doc));
+        doc.layers[1].visible = false;
+        assert!(proxy_faithful(&doc));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn empty_vector_masks_keep_constant_coverage_at_every_depth() {
         for depth in [SampleType::U8, SampleType::U16, SampleType::F32] {
diff --git a/crates/compose/src/shape_split.rs b/crates/compose/src/shape_split.rs
index 09d404669b..b2fd28116e 100644
--- a/crates/compose/src/shape_split.rs
+++ b/crates/compose/src/shape_split.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use std::sync::{Mutex, OnceLock};
 
 use photocraft_color::{PixelFormat, SampleType};
 use photocraft_doc::vector::ShapeLayer;
-use photocraft_geom::Rect;
+use photocraft_geom::{Rect, TileCoord};
 use photocraft_raster::Surface;
 
 /// (fill, stroke), last use, and the shape's pixels the stroke was fitted to (kept alive so
@@ -118,13 +118,42 @@ fn fit_stroke(fill: &Surface, stroke: &mut Surface, cache: &Surface, canvas: Rec
     if r.is_empty() {
         return;
     }
+    let float = stroke.format().sample == SampleType::F32;
+    // Tiles none of the three reaches read as the defaults; with transparent defaults the fit
+    // leaves the stroke's default pixel there, so those tiles are exact skips and we can scan
+    // just the union of the three surfaces' allocated tiles instead of every canvas tile (two
+    // sparse regions on a 300k×300k document would otherwise walk ~1.4M empty tiles). A
+    // non-transparent default is everywhere, so the scan falls back to the full rectangle.
+    let whole = r;
+    let bare_transparent = [fill, &*stroke, cache].iter().all(|s| s.default_pixel().iter().all(|v| *v == 0.0));
+    if bare_transparent {
+        let mut coords: Vec<TileCoord> = fill.tiles().map(|(c, _)| *c).chain(stroke.tiles().map(|(c, _)| *c)).chain(cache.tiles().map(|(c, _)| *c)).collect();
+        coords.sort_unstable();
+        coords.dedup();
+        for c in coords {
+            let r = c.rect().intersect(&whole);
+            if !r.is_empty() {
+                fit_stroke_rect(fill, stroke, cache, r, float);
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        for t in whole.tiles() {
+            let r = t.rect().intersect(&whole);
+            if !r.is_empty() {
+                fit_stroke_rect(fill, stroke, cache, r, float);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// [`fit_stroke`] over one rectangle.
+fn fit_stroke_rect(fill: &Surface, stroke: &mut Surface, cache: &Surface, r: Rect, float: bool) {
     let n = r.width() as usize * r.height() as usize;
     let (mut f, mut s, mut c) = (vec![[0.0f32; 4]; n], vec![[0.0f32; 4]; n], vec![[0.0f32; 4]; n]);
     fill.read_rgba_into(r, &mut f);
     stroke.read_rgba_into(r, &mut s);
     cache.read_rgba_into(r, &mut c);
     let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(n * 4);
-    let float = stroke.format().sample == SampleType::F32;
     for ((fp, sp), cp) in f.iter().zip(&s).zip(&c) {
         let mut p = *sp;
         if fp[3] < 1.0 - 1e-3 {
diff --git a/crates/compose/src/stroke_tests.rs b/crates/compose/src/stroke_tests.rs
index 416c062442..3608327628 100644
--- a/crates/compose/src/stroke_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/compose/src/stroke_tests.rs
@@ -92,6 +92,7 @@ fn outline_share_treats_stroke_and_shape_as_disjoint_areas() {
     // Outside the shape the stroke covers the pixel; inside it nothing.
     assert_eq!(effects::outline_share(0.0, 0.0), 1.0);
     assert_eq!(effects::outline_share(1.0, 0.3), 0.0);
+    assert_eq!(effects::outline_share(1.0, 1.0), 0.0);
     // Beneath an opaque edge pixel the result ends opaque: share + l (1 - share) = 1 - cov + l.
     let (cov, l) = (0.6, 0.6);
     let s = effects::outline_share(cov, l);
@@ -256,3 +257,69 @@ fn hairline_vector_stroke_keeps_the_files_edge_pixel_colour() {
         assert!(close4(px(&d, 20, 20), [fill, fill, fill, 1.0]), "{sample:?} {:?}", px(&d, 20, 20));
     }
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn outside_stroke_on_raster_layer_does_not_paint_inside_opaque_pixels() {
+    let mut d = doc(40, 40);
+    let mut pixels = photocraft_raster::Surface::new(PixelFormat::RGBA8);
+    pixels.fill_rect(Rect::new(15, 15, 25, 25), &[1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+    let mut l = Layer::new("raster", LayerContent::Raster(pixels));
+    l.effects.items = vec![stroke(3.0, StrokePosition::Outside, blue())];
+    d.layers.push(l);
+    let center = px(&d, 20, 20);
+    assert!(close4(center, [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]), "interior must stay red, got: {center:?}");
+    let stroke_pixel = px(&d, 13, 20);
+    assert!(close4(stroke_pixel, [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0]), "outside stroke must be blue, got: {stroke_pixel:?}");
+}
+
+/// Beneath an opaque pixel the Outside stroke has no share, so a Multiply layer blended as a
+/// group with its interior effects (where the layer's mode meets what lies beneath it inside the
+/// style) multiplies the backdrop there, not the stroke colour (red × blue would be black), for a
+/// raster layer and a filled shape alike.
+#[test]
+fn outside_stroke_under_multiply_layer_leaves_interior_to_backdrop() {
+    let mut pixels = photocraft_raster::Surface::new(PixelFormat::RGBA8);
+    pixels.fill_rect(Rect::new(15, 15, 25, 25), &[1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+    let layers = [("raster", Layer::new("raster", LayerContent::Raster(pixels))), ("shape", shape(15.0, 25.0, Fill::Solid(Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)), None))];
+    for (what, mut l) in layers {
+        let mut d = doc(40, 40);
+        l.blend = BlendMode::Multiply;
+        l.advanced.blend_interior = true;
+        l.effects.items = vec![stroke(3.0, StrokePosition::Outside, blue())];
+        d.layers.push(l);
+        let center = px(&d, 20, 20);
+        assert!(close4(center, [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]), "{what}: interior must be red × white, got: {center:?}");
+        let stroke_pixel = px(&d, 13, 20);
+        assert!(close4(stroke_pixel, [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0]), "{what}: outside stroke must be blue, got: {stroke_pixel:?}");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn outside_stroke_on_zero_fill_raster_layer_keeps_interior_clear() {
+    let mut d = Document::new("t", Size::new(40, 40), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8);
+    let mut pixels = photocraft_raster::Surface::new(PixelFormat::RGBA8);
+    pixels.fill_rect(Rect::new(15, 15, 25, 25), &[1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+    let mut l = Layer::new("raster", LayerContent::Raster(pixels));
+    l.fill_opacity = 0.0;
+    l.effects.items = vec![stroke(3.0, StrokePosition::Outside, blue())];
+    d.layers.push(l);
+    let center = px(&d, 20, 20);
+    assert_eq!(center[3], 0.0, "interior with 0% fill must stay clear: {center:?}");
+    let stroke_pixel = px(&d, 13, 20);
+    assert!(close4(stroke_pixel, [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0]), "outside stroke must be blue: {stroke_pixel:?}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn outside_stroke_on_partial_fill_raster_layer_keeps_interior_free_of_stroke() {
+    let mut d = Document::new("t", Size::new(40, 40), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8);
+    let mut pixels = photocraft_raster::Surface::new(PixelFormat::RGBA8);
+    pixels.fill_rect(Rect::new(15, 15, 25, 25), &[1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+    let mut l = Layer::new("raster", LayerContent::Raster(pixels));
+    l.fill_opacity = 0.5;
+    l.effects.items = vec![stroke(3.0, StrokePosition::Outside, blue())];
+    d.layers.push(l);
+    let center = px(&d, 20, 20);
+    assert!(close4(center, [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5]), "interior must be 50% red: {center:?}");
+    let stroke_pixel = px(&d, 13, 20);
+    assert!(close4(stroke_pixel, [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0]), "outside stroke must be blue: {stroke_pixel:?}");
+}
diff --git a/crates/compose/src/tests.rs b/crates/compose/src/tests.rs
index af87a8b652..76ba8dc72b 100644
--- a/crates/compose/src/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/compose/src/tests.rs
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ fn identity_float_curves_match_previous_mapping_bits() {
         px: vec![[2.0, -0.0, -0.2, 1.0], [f32::from_bits(0x7fc01234), f32::INFINITY, f32::NEG_INFINITY, 0.6], [0.7, -0.0, 1.5, 0.0], [0.1; 4]],
     };
     let mut previous = input.clone();
-    adjust::apply_tone(&mut previous, ToneSpace::Rgb, &adjust::tone_luts_depth(&adj, Some(SampleType::F32)), [true; 3]);
+    adjust::apply_tone(&mut previous, ToneSpace::Rgb, &adjust::tone_luts_depth(&adj, Some(SampleType::F32)), [true; 3], false);
     let mut actual = input.clone();
     adjust::apply_depth(&adj, &mut actual, adjust::Transfer::Gamma(1.0), Some(SampleType::F32));
     assert_buffer_bits(&actual, &previous);
@@ -505,6 +505,65 @@ fn clipping_mask_restricts_to_base_alpha() {
     assert!(close4(px(&d, 6, 1), [1.0; 4]), "outside base: clipped layer hidden");
 }
 
+/// #3052 / #4921: clipped Dissolve must apply layer Opacity × Fill as binary coverage,
+/// restricted to the clipping base's shape.
+#[test]
+fn clipped_dissolve_opacity_fill_is_binary_and_preserves_base_shape() {
+    let mut d = doc_white(40, 12);
+    d.layers.push(solid_layer("base", Rect::new(0, 0, 20, 12), [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0]));
+    let mut clip = solid_layer("clip", d.bounds(), [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+    clip.clipped = true;
+    clip.blend = BlendMode::Dissolve;
+    clip.opacity = 0.6;
+    clip.fill_opacity = 0.5;
+    d.layers.push(clip);
+    let mut red = 0;
+    let mut blue = 0;
+    for y in 0..12 {
+        for x in 0..20 {
+            let p = px(&d, x, y);
+            if close4(p, [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]) {
+                red += 1;
+            } else {
+                assert!(close4(p, [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0]), "Dissolve must not interpolate: {p:?} at ({x},{y})");
+                blue += 1;
+            }
+        }
+        assert!(close4(px(&d, 30, y), [1.0; 4]), "outside the base the clip is invisible");
+    }
+    assert!(red > 0 && blue > 0, "Dissolve must expose both source and base: {red}/{blue}");
+    assert!((red as f32 / (red + blue) as f32 - 0.3).abs() < 0.1, "coverage should follow 60% opacity × 50% fill: {red}/{blue}");
+}
+
+/// Dissolve noise uses document coordinates, not the region origin; checked across
+/// negative coordinates, tile boundaries, and all supported RGB sample depths.
+#[test]
+fn clipped_dissolve_matches_whole_render_at_offset_regions_and_depths() {
+    for fmt in [PixelFormat::RGBA8, PixelFormat::RGBA16, PixelFormat::RGBA32F] {
+        let mut d = Document::new("coverage", Size::new(32, 18), ColorMode::Rgb, fmt.sample);
+        let bounds = Rect::new(-3, -2, 32, 18);
+        let mut base = Layer::raster("base", fmt);
+        base.surface_mut().unwrap().fill_rect(bounds, &[0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.5]);
+        d.layers.push(base);
+        let mut clip = Layer::raster("clip", fmt);
+        clip.surface_mut().unwrap().fill_rect(bounds, &[1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.75]);
+        clip.clipped = true;
+        clip.blend = BlendMode::Dissolve;
+        clip.opacity = 0.6;
+        clip.fill_opacity = 0.5;
+        d.layers.push(clip);
+        let whole = render(&d, bounds);
+        for region in [Rect::new(-3, -2, 5, 4), Rect::new(5, 4, 17, 11), Rect::new(17, 11, 32, 18)] {
+            let part = render(&d, region);
+            for y in region.y0..region.y1 {
+                for x in region.x0..region.x1 {
+                    assert!(close4(part.get(x, y), whole.get(x, y)), "{fmt:?}: region mismatch at ({x},{y})");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn hidden_base_hides_clipping_group() {
     let mut d = doc_white(4, 4);
@@ -1040,6 +1099,19 @@ fn cmyk_ink_compositing_inlines_open_groups() {
     assert!(close4(px(&d, 3, 1), [c[0], c[1], c[2], 1.0]), "outside the group's layer");
 }
 
+/// A CMYK layer without an alpha channel is opaque everywhere, its untouched pixels blank paper
+/// (no ink): the ink compositor keeps it under an adjustment rather than skipping it as empty.
+#[test]
+fn cmyk_ink_compositing_keeps_blank_paper_without_alpha() {
+    let mut d = Document::new("paper", Size::new(4, 4), ColorMode::Cmyk, SampleType::U8);
+    d.layers.push(Layer::raster("paper", PixelFormat::new(ColorMode::Cmyk, SampleType::U8, false)));
+    d.layers.push(Layer::new("t", LayerContent::Adjustment(Adjustment::Threshold { level: 0.5 })));
+    assert!(native::render_cmyk(&d, d.bounds(), 64).is_some());
+    // Paper is white, so Threshold keeps it paper.
+    let white = photocraft_color::convert::cmyk_to_rgb([0.0; 4]);
+    assert!(close4(px(&d, 2, 2), [white[0], white[1], white[2], 1.0]), "{:?}", px(&d, 2, 2));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn cmyk_document_renders_via_rgb() {
     let mut d = Document::new("c", Size::new(2, 2), ColorMode::Cmyk, SampleType::U8);
@@ -1349,6 +1421,61 @@ fn outer_and_inner_glow_regions() {
     assert!(close4(px(&d, 5, 20), [1.0; 4]));
 }
 
+// An effect in Dissolve mode (#6995) shows its colour fully or not at all at each pixel, so a soft
+// glow becomes speckle thinning out with the glow instead of a smooth fade, and a half-opaque
+// outside stroke is scattered dots. The speckle follows document coordinates: a tile renders the
+// same pixels as the whole document.
+#[test]
+fn dissolve_effects_are_speckled_not_faded() {
+    let ring = |d: &Document| -> Vec<(i32, [f32; 4])> {
+        let mut v = Vec::new();
+        for y in 2..38_i32 {
+            for x in 2..38_i32 {
+                if !(9..31).contains(&x) || !(9..31).contains(&y) {
+                    v.push(((x - 20).abs().max((y - 20).abs()) - 10, px(d, x, y)));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        v
+    };
+    let soft = Glow { size: 8.0, ..glow(GlowTechnique::Softer, GlowSource::Edge) };
+    let faded = fx_doc(vec![Effect::OuterGlow(soft.clone())]);
+    assert!(ring(&faded).iter().any(|(_, p)| p[0] > 0.1 && p[0] < 0.9), "a Normal glow fades smoothly");
+    let dissolved = Glow { common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Dissolve, 1.0), ..soft };
+    let d = fx_doc(vec![Effect::OuterGlow(dissolved.clone())]);
+    let (mut near, mut far) = ((0, 0), (0, 0));
+    for (dist, p) in ring(&d) {
+        let green = close4(p, [0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+        assert!(green || close4(p, [1.0; 4]), "each pixel is the glow or the backdrop: {p:?} at distance {dist}");
+        let n = if dist <= 3 { &mut near } else { &mut far };
+        n.0 += usize::from(green);
+        n.1 += 1;
+    }
+    let share = |(g, n): (usize, usize)| g as f32 / n.max(1) as f32;
+    assert!(share(near) > 0.3 && share(far) < share(near) && far.0 > 0, "speckle thins out with the glow: {near:?} {far:?}");
+    assert!(!crate::effects::maps_are_local(&d.layers[1]), "Dissolve speckles any coverage, so its maps are not tiled");
+    let full = flatten(&d);
+    let tile = render(&d, Rect::new(4, 4, 21, 17));
+    for y in 4..17 {
+        for x in 4..21 {
+            assert_eq!(full.get(x, y), tile.get(x, y), "({x},{y})");
+        }
+    }
+
+    let d = fx_doc(vec![Effect::Stroke(StrokeFx {
+        common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Dissolve, 0.5),
+        size: 4.0,
+        position: StrokePosition::Outside,
+        paint: FxPaint::Color(Color::rgb(0.0, 0.0, 1.0)),
+        overprint: false,
+    })]);
+    let band: Vec<[f32; 4]> = ring(&d).into_iter().filter(|(dist, _)| (0..4).contains(dist)).map(|(_, p)| p).collect();
+    let blue = band.iter().filter(|p| close4(**p, [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0])).count();
+    assert!(band.iter().all(|p| close4(*p, [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0]) || close4(*p, [1.0; 4])), "no half-blue pixel");
+    let share = blue as f32 / band.len() as f32;
+    assert!((share - 0.5).abs() < 0.1, "about half the band at 50 % opacity: {share}");
+}
+
 // A Precise inner glow from the centre is brightest in the middle and fades towards the edge,
 // like the Softer one; it used to paint nothing at all (#966).
 #[test]
@@ -1385,7 +1512,12 @@ fn glow_gradient_follows_the_shape() {
 // new pixels (#4053). Effects that don't depend on the frame repaint only what changed.
 #[test]
 fn relayout_damage_covers_a_layer_whose_gradient_frame_moved() {
-    let overlay = Effect::GradientOverlay { common: FxCommon::new(photocraft_color::BlendMode::Normal, 1.0), gradient: Gradient::default(), dither: false };
+    let overlay = Effect::GradientOverlay {
+        common: FxCommon::new(photocraft_color::BlendMode::Normal, 1.0),
+        gradient: Gradient::default(),
+        dither: false,
+        interpolation: None,
+    };
     let grown = |a: &Document, rect: Rect, rgba: [f32; 4]| {
         let mut b = a.clone();
         let old = b.layers.last().unwrap().clone();
@@ -1412,13 +1544,19 @@ fn relayout_damage_covers_a_layer_whose_gradient_frame_moved() {
 #[test]
 fn gradient_overlay_follows_angle_and_reverse() {
     let g = Gradient { stops: vec![(0.0, Color::BLACK), (1.0, Color::WHITE)], angle: 0.0, ..Gradient::default() };
-    let d = fx_doc(vec![Effect::GradientOverlay { common: FxCommon::new(photocraft_color::BlendMode::Normal, 1.0), gradient: g.clone(), dither: false }]);
+    let d = fx_doc(vec![Effect::GradientOverlay {
+        common: FxCommon::new(photocraft_color::BlendMode::Normal, 1.0),
+        gradient: g.clone(),
+        dither: false,
+        interpolation: None,
+    }]);
     let (l, r) = (px(&d, 10, 20), px(&d, 29, 20));
     assert!(l[0] < 0.1 && r[0] > 0.9, "{l:?} {r:?}");
     let d = fx_doc(vec![Effect::GradientOverlay {
         common: FxCommon::new(photocraft_color::BlendMode::Normal, 1.0),
         gradient: Gradient { reverse: true, style: GradientStyle::Linear, ..g },
         dither: false,
+        interpolation: None,
     }]);
     assert!(px(&d, 10, 20)[0] > 0.9);
 }
@@ -1466,6 +1604,57 @@ fn satin_and_bevel_stay_inside_shape() {
     assert!(top[1] > bot[1], "{top:?} {bot:?}");
 }
 
+/// #7360: a gloss contour that starts high (Rolling Slope - Descending, as the reporter's PSD
+/// uses) left a bevelled shape's flat face at the full Overlay highlight, (255, 40, 42) on a
+/// (151, 22, 23) fill, where Photoshop leaves the face at the fill colour. The contour maps the
+/// shading, so the flat face stays neutral and only the slopes are shaded.
+#[test]
+fn a_gloss_contour_leaves_the_flat_face_of_a_bevel_unlit() {
+    let fill = [151.0 / 255.0, 22.0 / 255.0, 23.0 / 255.0, 1.0];
+    let rolling = photocraft_doc::Contour::Custom {
+        name: "Rolling Slope - Descending".into(),
+        points: [(0.0078, 1.0), (0.2078, 0.3922), (0.3804, 0.4196), (0.7020, 0.6), (0.9882, 0.0)]
+            .iter()
+            .map(|&(input, output)| CurvePoint { input, output })
+            .collect(),
+        corners: vec![],
+    };
+    let render = |gloss_contour: photocraft_doc::Contour| {
+        let mut d = doc_white(40, 40);
+        let mut l = solid_layer("sq", Rect::new(10, 10, 30, 30), fill);
+        l.effects.items = vec![Effect::BevelEmboss(photocraft_doc::Bevel {
+            enabled: true,
+            style: photocraft_doc::BevelStyle::InnerBevel,
+            technique: photocraft_doc::BevelTechnique::ChiselHard,
+            depth: 1.47,
+            up: false,
+            size: 3.0,
+            soften: 0.0,
+            angle: 90.0,
+            altitude: 30.0,
+            use_global_light: false,
+            gloss_contour,
+            gloss_anti_alias: false,
+            highlight: FxCommon::new(photocraft_color::BlendMode::Overlay, 1.0),
+            highlight_color: Color::WHITE,
+            shadow: FxCommon::new(photocraft_color::BlendMode::Overlay, 0.16),
+            shadow_color: Color::BLACK,
+            contour: None,
+            texture: None,
+        })];
+        d.layers.push(l);
+        d
+    };
+    let d = render(rolling);
+    for (x, y) in [(20, 20), (16, 22), (24, 16)] {
+        let p = px(&d, x, y);
+        assert!(close4(p, fill), "flat face ({x},{y}) keeps the fill: {:?}", p.map(|v| (v * 255.0).round()));
+    }
+    let linear = render(photocraft_doc::Contour::Linear);
+    assert!(close4(px(&linear, 20, 20), fill), "Linear leaves the flat face too");
+    assert!(!close4(px(&d, 20, 11), fill), "the slopes are still shaded");
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn clipped_layer_effects_are_clipped_to_base() {
     let mut d = doc_white(40, 40);
@@ -1572,6 +1761,20 @@ fn vector_mask_combines_with_pixel_mask() {
     assert!(close4(px(&d, 6, 1), [1.0; 4]));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn effect_maps_over_distant_pixels_are_not_built_over_the_canvas() {
+    // Two pixels 190000 apart: the effect source region spans 3.6·10¹⁰ px.
+    let mut doc = Document::new("big", Size::new(200_000, 200_000), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8);
+    let mut l = solid_layer("fx", Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1), [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+    l.surface_mut().unwrap().fill_rect(Rect::new(190_000, 190_000, 190_001, 190_001), &[1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+    l.effects.items.push(photocraft_doc::Effect::default_drop_shadow());
+    doc.layers.push(l);
+    let t = std::time::Instant::now();
+    let px = render(&doc, Rect::new(0, 0, 4, 4));
+    assert_eq!(px.px.len(), 16);
+    assert!(t.elapsed().as_secs() < 20, "{:?}", t.elapsed());
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn effect_maps_are_cached_and_invalidated_by_pixel_changes() {
     let mut doc = doc_white(64, 64);
@@ -1777,6 +1980,126 @@ fn shapeless_effect_maps_cover_only_the_band_being_rendered() {
     );
 }
 
+/// [`shapeless_fx_doc`] with Transparency Shapes Layer back on everywhere: ordinary layers, whose
+/// effect regions are their own bounds grown by the effects' reach.
+fn ordinary_fx_doc(depth: SampleType) -> Document {
+    fn shaped(layers: &mut [Layer]) {
+        for l in layers {
+            l.advanced.transparency_shapes = true;
+            if let LayerContent::Group(g) = &mut l.content {
+                shaped(&mut g.children);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    let mut d = shapeless_fx_doc(depth);
+    shaped(&mut d.layers);
+    d
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn effect_maps_over_the_cache_budget_are_built_over_the_render_rect() {
+    // #8330: an ordinary layer's maps cover its whole region, so on a large document a render's
+    // layers can need more than the effect cache holds; building one then evicts the next one
+    // needed, and every render, however small, builds them all again. Over the budget, local maps
+    // are built over the render rect (plus twice the reach), as a shapeless layer's are (#1909).
+    let d = ordinary_fx_doc(SampleType::U8);
+    let patterns = pattern::PreparedPatterns::new(&d.patterns, pattern::PREPARED_PATTERN_BYTES);
+    // A row through fx8 (pixels at y 552..570, an outside stroke and an inner glow).
+    let band = Rect::new(0, 561, 48, 562);
+    let mut cx = Ctx::for_doc(&d, &patterns);
+    assert!(!cx.fx_over_budget, "a small document fits");
+    let l = &d.layers[9];
+    let whole = effect_region(l, band, &cx);
+    cx.set_fx_clip(band);
+    assert_eq!(effect_region(l, band, &cx), whole, "under the budget: the whole region");
+    cx.fx_over_budget = true;
+    let (part, clipped) = effect_region(l, band, &cx);
+    assert_eq!(part, whole.0.intersect(&band.inflate(2 * effects::margin(l))));
+    assert!(clipped && part.height() < whole.0.height(), "{part:?} vs {:?}", whole.0);
+    let built = effect_maps(l, band, &cx).bytes();
+    cx.fx_over_budget = false;
+    cx.set_fx_clip(Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1));
+    cx.set_fx_clip(band);
+    assert!(built < effect_maps(l, band, &cx).bytes());
+    cx.fx_over_budget = true;
+    // Composited over more than the band, and maps that aren't local: the whole region.
+    assert_eq!(effect_region(l, Rect::new(0, 500, 48, 600), &cx), whole);
+    let noisy = &d.layers[2];
+    assert!(!effects::maps_are_local(noisy));
+    cx.set_fx_clip(Rect::new(0, 100, 48, 140));
+    assert!(!effect_region(noisy, Rect::new(0, 100, 48, 140), &cx).1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn renders_with_maps_clipped_over_the_budget_match_the_whole_maps() {
+    for depth in [SampleType::U8, SampleType::U16, SampleType::F32] {
+        let d = ordinary_fx_doc(depth);
+        let patterns = pattern::PreparedPatterns::new(&d.patterns, pattern::PREPARED_PATTERN_BYTES);
+        purge_effect_cache();
+        let whole = render(&d, d.bounds());
+        let mut cx = Ctx::for_doc(&d, &patterns);
+        cx.fx_over_budget = true;
+        // Bands, edit-sized parts and single tiles, each from maps built over it alone.
+        purge_effect_cache();
+        let bands = (0..10).map(|i| Rect::new(0, i * 64, 48, (i + 1) * 64));
+        let parts = [Rect::new(3, 290, 41, 333), Rect::new(0, 0, 48, 20), Rect::new(20, 600, 48, 640), Rect::new(0, 296, 20, 312), Rect::new(10, 425, 40, 445)];
+        for r in bands.chain(parts) {
+            let p = render_tiled_with(&d, r, RENDER_TILE, &cx);
+            for y in r.y0..r.y1 {
+                for x in r.x0..r.x1 {
+                    assert_eq!(p.get(x, y), whole.get(x, y), "{depth:?}: {r:?} differs at ({x},{y})");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        assert!(render_tiled_with(&d, d.bounds(), 16, &cx).px == whole.px, "{depth:?}: tiled render differs");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn the_effect_map_estimate_counts_the_maps_building_takes() {
+    // fx_over_budget compares the maps' bytes with the budget: too few and a document over it
+    // keeps thrashing, too many and one that fits loses its shared maps. Strokes build distance
+    // fields and overlays nothing beyond the shape (#8372 review), so count what the builder does.
+    let mut d = ordinary_fx_doc(SampleType::U8);
+    let overlay = Effect::ColorOverlay { common: FxCommon::new(photocraft_color::BlendMode::Normal, 1.0), color: Color::rgb(0.0, 1.0, 0.0) };
+    for fx in [vec![overlay], vec![stroke(2.0, StrokePosition::Outside), stroke(60.0, StrokePosition::Outside)], vec![stroke(4.0, StrokePosition::Inside)]] {
+        let mut l = Layer::raster("extra", d.pixel_format());
+        l.surface_mut().unwrap().fill_rect(Rect::new(14, 100, 34, 130), &photocraft_raster::from_rgba(&d.pixel_format(), [0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.0]));
+        l.effects.items = fx;
+        d.layers.push(l);
+    }
+    let patterns = pattern::PreparedPatterns::new(&d.patterns, pattern::PREPARED_PATTERN_BYTES);
+    let cx = Ctx::for_doc(&d, &patterns);
+    let mut todo = Vec::new();
+    effect_layers(&d.layers, d.bounds(), 0, &mut todo);
+    assert!(todo.len() > 12);
+    for l in &todo {
+        let built = effect_maps(l, d.bounds(), &cx);
+        let region = effect_region(l, d.bounds(), &cx).0;
+        let counted = effects::map_count(l) * region.width() as usize * region.height() as usize * 4;
+        assert_eq!(counted, built.bytes(), "layer {}", l.name);
+    }
+    // 9000 x 6000 documents, every layer full size.
+    let big = |fx: Vec<Effect>, n: usize| {
+        let mut big = Document::with_background("big", Size::new(9000, 6000), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8, Color::WHITE);
+        let mut l = Layer::raster("fill", big.pixel_format());
+        l.surface_mut().unwrap().fill_rect(big.bounds(), &photocraft_raster::from_rgba(&big.pixel_format(), [0.8, 0.5, 0.3, 1.0]));
+        l.effects.items = fx;
+        big.layers.extend(std::iter::repeat_n(l, n));
+        fx_region_bytes(&big.layers, big.bounds())
+    };
+    let budget = DEFAULT_FX_CACHE_BUDGET as u64;
+    // #8330's case: three drop shadows (about 1.3 GB) are over the default 768 MB; one fits.
+    let shadow = Effect::DropShadow(Shadow { size: 40.0, ..shadow(20.0, 120.0) });
+    assert!(big(vec![shadow.clone()], 1) < budget);
+    assert!(big(vec![shadow], 3) > budget);
+    // A narrow and a wide stroke: the shape, the inside distance and both outside fields.
+    assert!(big(vec![stroke(2.0, StrokePosition::Outside), stroke(60.0, StrokePosition::Outside)], 1) > budget);
+    // Colour overlays need the shape only: three fit.
+    let overlay = Effect::ColorOverlay { common: FxCommon::new(photocraft_color::BlendMode::Normal, 1.0), color: Color::BLACK };
+    assert!(big(vec![overlay], 3) < budget);
+}
+
 // ---------- PSD-fidelity effect semantics (fitted on Photoshop composites) ----------
 
 #[test]
@@ -2041,6 +2364,26 @@ fn blend_if_this_layer_hides_by_the_layers_own_value() {
     assert!(close4(px(&d, 1, 1), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn nested_blend_if_groups_do_not_double_the_work_at_every_level() {
+    // Each Blend If group re-renders its children for its own colour; 40 levels would be 2^40.
+    let mut inner = solid_layer("dot", Rect::new(0, 0, 4, 4), [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]);
+    inner.blend_if.set(0, [range([10, 10], [255, 255]), FULL]);
+    let mut layers = vec![inner];
+    for _ in 0..40 {
+        let mut g = Layer::group("g", layers);
+        g.blend_if.set(0, [range([10, 10], [255, 255]), FULL]);
+        layers = vec![g];
+    }
+    // A black backdrop, not doc_white's white: the asserted white can then only come from the
+    // inner layer rendered through the whole group chain, not from the backdrop itself.
+    let mut d = Document::with_background("t", Size::new(4, 4), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8, Color::BLACK);
+    d.layers.extend(layers);
+    let t = std::time::Instant::now();
+    assert!(close4(px(&d, 1, 1), [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]));
+    assert!(t.elapsed().as_secs() < 10, "{:?}", t.elapsed());
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn blend_if_underlying_layer_hides_by_the_backdrop_value() {
     // Backdrop black on the left, white on the right; a red layer over all of it.
@@ -2415,7 +2758,7 @@ fn levels_steps_match_photoshop() {
 // jump where it meets the power curve.
 #[test]
 fn levels_gamma_toe_is_monotone_for_any_gamma() {
-    for g in [1.0001, 1.05, 1.5, 3.0, 9.99, 1e6, f32::INFINITY] {
+    for g in [1.0001, 1.01, 1.0105422, 1.02, 1.05, 1.5, 3.0, 9.99, 1e6, f32::INFINITY] {
         let mut last = 0.0f32;
         for k in 0..=4096 {
             let u = k as f32 / 4096.0;
@@ -2479,6 +2822,53 @@ fn exposure_scales_32_bit_samples_as_stored() {
     }
 }
 
+/// #7157, measured on Photoshop 27.11: an edited Curves in a 32-bit RGB document continues past
+/// 0..1 along its end segments instead of clipping. The straight curve `[[0,0],[255,128]]` maps
+/// -0.5, 0.5 and 2 to -0.250980407, 0.250980407 and 1.003921628, through Image › Adjustments and
+/// through an adjustment layer alike. 8/16-bit documents still clip to the table.
+#[test]
+fn float_curves_extend_past_the_unit_range_like_photoshop() {
+    use photocraft_doc::adjust::CurvePoint;
+    let line = vec![CurvePoint { input: 0.0, output: 0.0 }, CurvePoint { input: 1.0, output: 128.0 / 255.0 }];
+    let ident = vec![CurvePoint { input: 0.0, output: 0.0 }, CurvePoint { input: 1.0, output: 1.0 }];
+    let adj = Adjustment::Curves { master: line, per_channel: std::array::from_fn(|_| ident.clone()), space: ToneSpace::Rgb, black: Vec::new(), pencil: false };
+    let input = Buffer { rect: Rect::new(0, 0, 3, 1), px: vec![[-0.5, -0.5, -0.5, 1.0], [0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0], [2.0, 2.0, 2.0, 1.0]] };
+    // Photoshop's samples, compared in f64 so the reference keeps its printed digits.
+    let want = [-0.250980407f64, 0.250980407, 1.003921628];
+    let check = |got: &Buffer, what: &str| {
+        for (p, w) in got.px.iter().zip(want) {
+            assert!(p[..3].iter().all(|v| (f64::from(*v) - w).abs() < 2e-5), "{what}: {p:?} vs {w}");
+            assert_eq!(p[3], 1.0);
+        }
+    };
+    let mut destructive = input.clone();
+    adjust::apply_depth(&adj, &mut destructive, adjust::Transfer::Gamma(1.0), Some(SampleType::F32));
+    check(&destructive, "Image › Adjustments");
+    let doc = Document::new("hdr", Size::new(3, 1), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::F32);
+    let patterns = pattern::PreparedPatterns::new(&[], pattern::PREPARED_PATTERN_BYTES);
+    let cx = Ctx::for_doc(&doc, &patterns);
+    let mut layer = input.clone();
+    cx.apply_adjustment(&adj, &mut layer);
+    check(&layer, "adjustment layer");
+    // Not at 8 or 16 bits: those samples never leave 0..1, and the table's ends hold.
+    for depth in [SampleType::U8, SampleType::U16] {
+        let mut clipped = input.clone();
+        adjust::apply_depth(&adj, &mut clipped, adjust::Transfer::for_document(ColorMode::Rgb, depth), Some(depth));
+        assert!(clipped.px[2][..3].iter().all(|v| *v <= 128.0 / 255.0 + 1e-4), "{depth:?}: {:?}", clipped.px[2]);
+    }
+    // Only in RGB documents: a 32-bit grayscale document keeps the table's end.
+    let mut gray = input.clone();
+    adjust::apply_in(&adj, &mut gray, adjust::Transfer::Gamma(1.0), Some(SampleType::F32), ColorMode::Grayscale);
+    assert!(gray.px[2][..3].iter().all(|v| *v <= 128.0 / 255.0 + 1e-4), "grayscale: {:?}", gray.px[2]);
+    let mut rgb = input.clone();
+    adjust::apply_in(&adj, &mut rgb, adjust::Transfer::Gamma(1.0), Some(SampleType::F32), ColorMode::Rgb);
+    check(&rgb, "apply_in in RGB");
+    // Infinite samples don't become NaN on the way out.
+    let mut odd = Buffer { rect: Rect::new(0, 0, 1, 1), px: vec![[f32::INFINITY, f32::NEG_INFINITY, 0.5, 1.0]] };
+    adjust::apply_depth(&adj, &mut odd, adjust::Transfer::Gamma(1.0), Some(SampleType::F32));
+    assert!(odd.px[0].iter().all(|v| !v.is_nan()), "{:?}", odd.px[0]);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn float_adjustments_preserve_hdr_range() {
     let identity = vec![photocraft_doc::adjust::CurvePoint { input: 0.0, output: 0.0 }, photocraft_doc::adjust::CurvePoint { input: 1.0, output: 1.0 }];
@@ -3217,6 +3607,55 @@ fn lab_adjustments_work_on_the_stored_values() {
     near3([p[0], p[1], p[2]], lab_display([l, byte(218), byte(38)]), 1e-3, "levels on L at half opacity");
 }
 
+// An adjustment's result in a Lab document is whole samples, as Photoshop stores it: Curves
+// taking L 100 to 120 of 255 shows L 120 exactly (the photoshop corpus's lab8 curves.psd is exact
+// so, where the unrounded result left saturated colours a level off on screen), at 8 bits; 16 bits
+// round to 1/32768.
+#[test]
+fn lab_adjustment_results_are_whole_samples() {
+    let pts = |v: &[(f32, f32)]| v.iter().map(|&(input, output)| CurvePoint { input, output }).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let curves = |l: &[(f32, f32)]| Adjustment::Curves {
+        master: Vec::new(),
+        per_channel: [pts(l), Vec::new(), Vec::new()],
+        space: ToneSpace::Lab,
+        black: Vec::new(),
+        pencil: false,
+    };
+    // A straight line from (0, 0) through (100, 120.4): L 100 lands between two bytes.
+    let adj = curves(&[(0.0, 0.0), (100.0 / 255.0, 120.4 / 255.0), (1.0, 1.0)]);
+    for (depth, q) in [(SampleType::U8, 255.0f32), (SampleType::U16, 32768.0)] {
+        let doc = lab_stack([100.0 / 255.0, 0.5, 0.5], depth, vec![adj.clone()]);
+        let p = px(&doc, 1, 1);
+        let stack = native_lab::LabStack::new(&doc);
+        assert!(stack.is_some_and(|s| s.adjusts()), "{depth:?}: the native path");
+        let l = photocraft_color::convert::srgb_to_lab([p[0], p[1], p[2]])[0] / 100.0;
+        assert!((l * q - (l * q).round()).abs() < 0.02, "{depth:?}: L {} is between two samples", l * q);
+    }
+}
+
+// a and b round too, after the opacity mix: Curves taking a 140 to 151.4 at 50% opacity gives
+// 145.7, stored as 146 (rounding before the mix would leave 145.5, truncating 145). 8 bits only: read back through
+// display RGB, a is not exact enough to tell 1/32768 steps apart.
+#[test]
+fn lab_adjustment_results_round_a_and_b_after_the_opacity_mix() {
+    let pts = |v: &[(f32, f32)]| v.iter().map(|&(input, output)| CurvePoint { input, output }).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let adj = Adjustment::Curves {
+        master: Vec::new(),
+        per_channel: [Vec::new(), pts(&[(0.0, 0.0), (140.0 / 255.0, 151.4 / 255.0), (1.0, 1.0)]), Vec::new()],
+        space: ToneSpace::Lab,
+        black: Vec::new(),
+        pencil: false,
+    };
+    let mut doc = lab_stack([0.5, 140.0 / 255.0, 0.5], SampleType::U8, vec![adj]);
+    if let Some(l) = doc.layers.last_mut() {
+        l.opacity = 0.5;
+    }
+    assert!(native_lab::LabStack::new(&doc).is_some_and(|s| s.adjusts()), "the native path");
+    let p = px(&doc, 1, 1);
+    let a = photocraft_color::convert::srgb_to_lab([p[0], p[1], p[2]])[1] + 128.0;
+    assert!((a - 146.0).abs() < 0.02, "a {a} is not 146");
+}
+
 // Flattening a Lab document keeps its stored values, out-of-gamut colours included (the RGB
 // compositor clipped them on the way through display RGB).
 #[test]
@@ -3740,3 +4179,126 @@ fn fully_masked_adjustment_tiles_preserve_output_and_skip_tone_work() {
         }
     }
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn dissolve_adjustment_resolves_opacity_to_binary_coverage() {
+    let mut d = doc_white(16, 16);
+    let mut layer = Layer::new("Invert", LayerContent::Adjustment(Adjustment::Invert));
+    layer.blend = BlendMode::Dissolve;
+    layer.opacity = 0.5;
+    d.layers.push(layer);
+    let pixels = render(&d, d.bounds()).px;
+    let black = pixels.iter().filter(|p| p[0] < 0.01).count();
+    let white = pixels.iter().filter(|p| p[0] > 0.99).count();
+    assert!(black > 0 && white > 0, "Dissolve must select both original and adjusted pixels");
+    assert_eq!(black + white, pixels.len(), "no intermediate gray pixels");
+    d.layers.last_mut().unwrap().blend = BlendMode::Normal;
+    let continuous = render(&d, d.bounds()).px;
+    assert!(continuous.iter().all(|p| (p[0] - 0.5).abs() < E), "Normal remains continuously interpolated");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn clipped_dissolve_fill_matches_opaque_unclipped_coverage() {
+    let mut d = doc_white(16, 16);
+    let mut fill = Layer::new("Black", LayerContent::Fill(Fill::Solid(Color::BLACK)));
+    fill.blend = BlendMode::Dissolve;
+    fill.opacity = 0.5;
+    d.layers.push(fill);
+    let control = render(&d, d.bounds()).px;
+    d.layers.last_mut().unwrap().clipped = true;
+    let clipped = render(&d, d.bounds()).px;
+    assert_eq!(clipped, control, "clipping over a fully opaque base must preserve dissolve pixels");
+    let black = clipped.iter().filter(|p| p[0] < 0.01).count();
+    assert!(black > 0 && black < clipped.len());
+    d.layers.last_mut().unwrap().blend = BlendMode::Normal;
+    let continuous = render(&d, d.bounds()).px;
+    assert!(continuous.iter().all(|p| (p[0] - 0.5).abs() < E));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn dissolve_color_overlay_preserves_binary_layer_coverage() {
+    let mut d = doc_white(16, 16);
+    let mut layer = Layer::new("Black", LayerContent::Fill(Fill::Solid(Color::BLACK)));
+    layer.blend = BlendMode::Dissolve;
+    layer.opacity = 0.5;
+    d.layers.push(layer);
+    let control = render(&d, d.bounds()).px;
+    d.layers
+        .last_mut()
+        .unwrap()
+        .effects
+        .items
+        .push(photocraft_doc::Effect::ColorOverlay { common: photocraft_doc::FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Normal, 1.0), color: Color::BLACK });
+    let styled = render(&d, d.bounds()).px;
+    assert_eq!(styled, control, "an identity overlay should not turn dissolve pixels gray");
+    d.layers.last_mut().unwrap().blend = BlendMode::Normal;
+    let continuous = render(&d, d.bounds()).px;
+    assert!(continuous.iter().all(|p| (p[0] - 0.5).abs() < E));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn clipped_dissolve_adjustment_preserves_alpha_and_document_coverage() {
+    for fmt in [PixelFormat::RGBA8, PixelFormat::RGBA16, PixelFormat::RGBA32F] {
+        let mut d = Document::new("clipped adjustment", Size::new(272, 12), ColorMode::Rgb, fmt.sample);
+        let bounds = Rect::new(-3, -2, 272, 12);
+        let mut base = Layer::raster("base", fmt);
+        base.surface_mut().unwrap().fill_rect(bounds, &[1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.5]);
+        d.layers.push(base);
+        let original = render(&d, bounds);
+        let mut adjustment = Layer::new("invert", LayerContent::Adjustment(Adjustment::Invert));
+        adjustment.clipped = true;
+        adjustment.blend = BlendMode::Dissolve;
+        adjustment.opacity = 0.6;
+        adjustment.fill_opacity = 0.5;
+        let mut mask = photocraft_raster::Surface::new(PixelFormat::GRAY8);
+        mask.fill_rect(Rect::new(-3, -2, 260, 12), &[1.0]);
+        adjustment.mask = Some(LayerMask { surface: mask, enabled: true, linked: true, density: 1.0, feather: 0.0 });
+        d.layers.push(adjustment);
+        let whole = render(&d, bounds);
+        let mut changed = 0;
+        for y in bounds.y0..bounds.y1 {
+            for x in bounds.x0..bounds.x1 {
+                let p = whole.get(x, y);
+                let value = if x < 260 && dissolve_noise(x, y) < 0.3 {
+                    changed += 1;
+                    0.0
+                } else {
+                    1.0
+                };
+                assert!(close4(p, [value, value, value, original.get(x, y)[3]]), "{fmt:?} at ({x}, {y}): {p:?}");
+            }
+        }
+        assert!(changed > 0 && changed < whole.px.len());
+        let region = Rect::new(250, 1, 270, 10);
+        let part = render(&d, region);
+        for y in region.y0..region.y1 {
+            for x in region.x0..region.x1 {
+                assert!(close4(part.get(x, y), whole.get(x, y)), "{fmt:?} region at ({x}, {y})");
+            }
+        }
+        d.layers.last_mut().unwrap().blend = BlendMode::Normal;
+        let normal = render(&d, bounds);
+        assert!(normal.px.iter().any(|p| p[0] > 0.01 && p[0] < 0.99), "Normal keeps continuous mixing");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn branchless_floor_matches_floor_bitwise() {
+    // Every 4099th bit pattern (all exponents, both signs, NaNs and infinities among them), plus
+    // the values either side of the whole numbers and of 2^23 where the rounding steps.
+    let mut xs: Vec<f32> = (0..=u32::MAX).step_by(4099).map(f32::from_bits).collect();
+    for w in [0.0f32, 1.0, 2.0, 254.0, 255.0, 32768.0, 4_194_303.0, 4_194_304.0, 8_388_607.0, 8_388_608.0, 16_777_216.0] {
+        for v in [w, -w] {
+            xs.extend([v, v.next_up(), v.next_down(), v + 0.5, v - 0.5]);
+        }
+    }
+    xs.extend([f32::INFINITY, f32::NEG_INFINITY, f32::NAN, -f32::NAN, f32::MIN_POSITIVE, -f32::MIN_POSITIVE, f32::MAX, f32::MIN]);
+    for x in xs {
+        // NaN payloads aren't portable: MSVC's floor quiets a signalling NaN, so NaN only has to stay NaN.
+        if x.is_nan() {
+            assert!(branchless_floor(x).is_nan(), "{:#010x}", x.to_bits());
+            continue;
+        }
+        assert_eq!(branchless_floor(x).to_bits(), x.floor().to_bits(), "{x:e} ({:#010x})", x.to_bits());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/compose/src/uniform.rs b/crates/compose/src/uniform.rs
index e9423d0e69..02bc4a4111 100644
--- a/crates/compose/src/uniform.rs
+++ b/crates/compose/src/uniform.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,8 @@ impl<'a> UniformAreas<'a> {
             return None;
         }
         let mut surfaces = Vec::new();
-        for (_, _, l) in doc.walk() {
+        // Hidden layers are not composited: one with an effect must not rule the shortcut out.
+        for l in crate::visible_layers(&doc.layers) {
             let effects = l.effects.enabled && !l.effects.items.is_empty();
             if effects || l.vector_mask.is_some() || l.video.is_some() || l.blend == BlendMode::Dissolve {
                 return None;
diff --git a/crates/doc/src/adjust.rs b/crates/doc/src/adjust.rs
index 855cd1f399..e197236a4a 100644
--- a/crates/doc/src/adjust.rs
+++ b/crates/doc/src/adjust.rs
@@ -281,10 +281,11 @@ pub enum Adjustment {
         relative: bool,
         adjustments: [[f32; 4]; 9],
     },
-    /// A PSD adjustment we can't evaluate yet; preserved raw for round-trip.
+    /// A PSD adjustment we can't evaluate yet; preserved raw for round-trip, shared between
+    /// document snapshots (#4535).
     Unsupported {
         psd_key: String,
-        raw: Vec<u8>,
+        raw: std::sync::Arc<[u8]>,
     },
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/doc/src/effects.rs b/crates/doc/src/effects.rs
index 7f0e34e9b0..4e3f32a97f 100644
--- a/crates/doc/src/effects.rs
+++ b/crates/doc/src/effects.rs
@@ -37,6 +37,16 @@ pub struct Gradient {
     pub offset: (f32, f32),
 }
 
+/// Editable colour stops behind a Gradient Overlay's baked render stops.
+/// Older documents have no interpolation record and keep their existing appearance.
+/// Writers must rebake `gradient.stops` from this record, or clear it when replacing the curve.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct GradientInterpolation {
+    pub method: String,
+    pub smoothness: f32,
+    pub stops: Vec<(f32, Color)>,
+}
+
 impl Default for Gradient {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Gradient {
@@ -278,6 +288,8 @@ pub enum Effect {
         common: FxCommon,
         gradient: Gradient,
         dither: bool,
+        #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+        interpolation: Option<GradientInterpolation>,
     },
     PatternOverlay {
         common: FxCommon,
@@ -313,7 +325,12 @@ impl Effect {
             Effect::OuterGlow(g) | Effect::InnerGlow(g) => paint(&mut g.paint),
             Effect::Stroke(s) => paint(&mut s.paint),
             Effect::ColorOverlay { color, .. } => cc(color),
-            Effect::GradientOverlay { gradient, .. } => gradient.stops.iter_mut().for_each(|s| cc(&mut s.1)),
+            Effect::GradientOverlay { gradient, interpolation, .. } => {
+                gradient.stops.iter_mut().for_each(|s| cc(&mut s.1));
+                if let Some(source) = interpolation {
+                    source.stops.iter_mut().for_each(|s| cc(&mut s.1));
+                }
+            }
             Effect::Satin(s) => cc(&mut s.color),
             Effect::BevelEmboss(b) => {
                 cc(&mut b.highlight_color);
diff --git a/crates/doc/src/lib.rs b/crates/doc/src/lib.rs
index 268b0b6b43..35e61085bb 100644
--- a/crates/doc/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/doc/src/lib.rs
@@ -499,12 +499,22 @@ fn normalize_runs<S: Clone>(text: &str, runs: Vec<(usize, S)>, base: S) -> Vec<(
     out
 }
 
+/// A bounded display preview for an embedded native vector, bound to its exact source bytes.
+/// The SVG is display data only; saving the object retains the native source format.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct VectorPreview {
+    pub source_hash: [u8; 32],
+    pub svg: Arc<Vec<u8>>,
+}
+
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub struct SmartObject {
     /// Ordinary layer duplicates share this identity; independent contents receive a fresh one.
     pub contents_id: SmartContentsId,
     /// Embedded source file bytes (PSD, PNG, …) or linked path.
     pub source: SmartSource,
+    /// Optional source-pixel display preview for AI/PDF/EPS; ignored after source bytes change.
+    pub vector_preview: Option<VectorPreview>,
     pub transform: Affine,
     pub smart_filters: Vec<SmartFilter>,
     /// Rendered appearance.
@@ -536,6 +546,7 @@ impl SmartObject {
         Self {
             contents_id: SmartContentsId::fresh(),
             source,
+            vector_preview: None,
             transform,
             smart_filters: Vec::new(),
             cache,
@@ -659,6 +670,10 @@ pub struct Layer {
     pub advanced: AdvancedBlending,
     /// Layer › Video Layers frame stack (None for a normal layer).
     pub video: Option<VideoData>,
+    /// The layer's own XMP packet (Photoshop's `layer.xmpMetadata.rawData`), where scripts and
+    /// embedding apps keep data about the layer under their own namespaces. Copied by
+    /// [`Layer::duplicate`], as in Photoshop. PSD `shmd` › `cust` › `layerXMP`.
+    pub xmp: Option<Arc<str>>,
 }
 
 impl Layer {
@@ -692,6 +707,7 @@ impl Layer {
             blend_if: BlendIf::default(),
             advanced: AdvancedBlending::default(),
             video: None,
+            xmp: None,
         }
     }
     pub fn raster(name: impl Into<String>, format: PixelFormat) -> Self {
@@ -841,7 +857,10 @@ pub type PsdGlobalBlock = ([u8; 4], [u8; 4], Arc<Vec<u8>>);
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
 pub struct Metadata {
-    pub xmp: Option<String>,
+    /// The XMP packet as stored, kept as text so properties PhotoCraft doesn't model survive.
+    /// Shared like the other payloads here: cloning a document or a history state never copies
+    /// it (#4535).
+    pub xmp: Option<Arc<str>>,
     pub exif: Option<Arc<Vec<u8>>>,
     /// Free-form image text (PNG tEXt/zTXt/iTXt, TIFF ASCII tags), including duplicate keys.
     pub text: Vec<(String, String)>,
@@ -933,7 +952,8 @@ pub struct FileEncoding {
     #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
     pub webp_quality: Option<u8>,
     /// PNG stereo pairing (the `sTER` chunk's mode byte, PNG Extensions 1.4.0 §3.6): `Some(0)`
-    /// side by side, `Some(1)` stacked, so saving a stereo PNG keeps the mark (#6063).
+    /// cross-fuse (right eye first), `Some(1)` diverging-fuse (left eye first). Both are
+    /// side by side; saving a stereo PNG keeps this eye-order mark (#6063).
     #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
     pub png_stereo: Option<u8>,
 }
diff --git a/crates/doc/src/mode.rs b/crates/doc/src/mode.rs
index 9722ce5b15..7426705001 100644
--- a/crates/doc/src/mode.rs
+++ b/crates/doc/src/mode.rs
@@ -57,8 +57,9 @@ impl DuotoneInk {
 pub struct Duotone {
     pub inks: Vec<DuotoneInk>,
     /// The PSD colour-mode data this came from, written back unchanged while the inks are unedited.
+    /// Shared between document snapshots (#4535).
     #[serde(default)]
-    pub psd_raw: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    pub psd_raw: Option<std::sync::Arc<[u8]>>,
 }
 
 impl DuotoneInk {
diff --git a/crates/doc/src/slices.rs b/crates/doc/src/slices.rs
index 7fb6ba3ad5..9e66752833 100644
--- a/crates/doc/src/slices.rs
+++ b/crates/doc/src/slices.rs
@@ -241,12 +241,22 @@ pub fn auto_slices(canvas: Rect, taken: &[Rect]) -> Vec<Rect> {
         }
     }
     // Merge vertically adjacent runs with the same columns.
+    // `open` finds the slice a run continues by its columns and bottom edge: searching the output
+    // for each run is quadratic in the runs, and bars crossing in a grid leave a million of them.
     let mut out: Vec<Rect> = Vec::new();
+    let mut open: std::collections::HashMap<(i32, i32, i32), usize> = std::collections::HashMap::new();
     for r in runs {
-        if let Some(prev) = out.iter_mut().find(|p| p.x0 == r.x0 && p.x1 == r.x1 && p.y1 == r.y0) {
-            prev.y1 = r.y1;
-        } else {
-            out.push(r);
+        match open.remove(&(r.x0, r.x1, r.y0)) {
+            Some(i) => {
+                if let Some(prev) = out.get_mut(i) {
+                    prev.y1 = r.y1;
+                }
+                open.insert((r.x0, r.x1, r.y1), i);
+            }
+            None => {
+                open.insert((r.x0, r.x1, r.y1), out.len());
+                out.push(r);
+            }
         }
     }
     out
diff --git a/crates/doc/src/text.rs b/crates/doc/src/text.rs
index 900e487f07..a4b9ca2fa3 100644
--- a/crates/doc/src/text.rs
+++ b/crates/doc/src/text.rs
@@ -222,7 +222,8 @@ pub struct ParagraphRun {
 }
 
 /// Point text grows from its anchor (text-space origin = first baseline at the anchor);
-/// paragraph (box) text wraps inside a rectangle; path text runs along a curve.
+/// paragraph (box) text wraps inside a rectangle; path text runs along a curve; area text
+/// wraps inside a closed path.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum TextShape {
     #[default]
@@ -234,6 +235,10 @@ pub enum TextShape {
     /// curve. `start` is the arc-length offset (px) of the text origin along the path; `flip`
     /// puts the text on the other side of the path.
     Path { path: super::vector::Subpath, start: f32, flip: bool },
+    /// Area type: paragraph text that wraps inside the closed subpaths of `path` (text-space
+    /// pixels, before the layer transform), combined with their path operations and fill rule.
+    /// Text that doesn't fit is hidden, as in a text box.
+    Area { path: super::vector::Path },
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
diff --git a/crates/doc/src/vector.rs b/crates/doc/src/vector.rs
index 4a216f904d..a66aed8587 100644
--- a/crates/doc/src/vector.rs
+++ b/crates/doc/src/vector.rs
@@ -303,10 +303,14 @@ pub enum LiveShape {
         rect: [f64; 4],
     },
     /// Regular polygon or star inscribed in `rect`; `star_ratio` = inner/outer radius (1 = polygon).
+    /// `corner_radius` rounds every vertex (0 = sharp), each within what its edges allow; the
+    /// Triangle tool draws a 3-sided one.
     Polygon {
         rect: [f64; 4],
         sides: u32,
         star_ratio: f64,
+        #[serde(default)]
+        corner_radius: f64,
     },
     /// Line from `from` to `to` drawn as a filled bar `weight` px thick.
     Line {
@@ -372,6 +376,15 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(t.control_bounds(), Some((2.0, 3.0, 6.0, 10.0)));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn a_polygon_saved_before_corner_radii_loads_sharp() {
+        let old = r#"{"kind":"polygon","rect":[0.0,0.0,10.0,10.0],"sides":3,"star_ratio":1.0}"#;
+        let back: LiveShape = serde_json::from_str(old).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(back, LiveShape::Polygon { rect: [0.0, 0.0, 10.0, 10.0], sides: 3, star_ratio: 1.0, corner_radius: 0.0 });
+        let round = LiveShape::Polygon { rect: [0.0; 4], sides: 6, star_ratio: 1.0, corner_radius: 4.5 };
+        assert_eq!(serde_json::from_str::<LiveShape>(&serde_json::to_string(&round).unwrap()).unwrap(), round);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn serde_roundtrip() {
         let p = Path::new(vec![Subpath::polygon(&[(0.0, 0.0), (3.0, 4.0)]).with_op(PathOp::Exclude)]);
diff --git a/crates/engine/Cargo.toml b/crates/engine/Cargo.toml
index 05c7c63d2f..9c63bfcab4 100644
--- a/crates/engine/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/engine/Cargo.toml
@@ -39,10 +39,13 @@ craft-print = { workspace = true }
 
 # Photoshop `.kys` shortcut sets (`edit.keyboardShortcuts` `importKys`); already in the tree
 # through photocraft-ui-egui and usvg.
-roxmltree = "0.20"
+roxmltree = "0.21"
+# Release tags use the same semantic versions as Cargo.
+semver = "1"
 
 [target.'cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))'.dependencies]
 tempfile = "3"
+chrono = { workspace = true }
 
 # `file_cmds::same_file` on Windows: the volume serial number and file index, so a hard link to a
 # file is that file (std's `MetadataExt::file_index` is unstable).
@@ -60,6 +63,7 @@ photocraft-ipp = { workspace = true }
 photocraft-affinity = { workspace = true, features = ["synth"] }
 # Synthetic camera raw files for the open tests.
 photocraft-raw = { workspace = true, features = ["testgen"] }
+photocraft-testkit = { workspace = true }
 # WebAssembly text -> binary for plug-in test modules (Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception).
 wat = "1.228"
 # Synthetic multi-part EXR fixtures for the parts-commands tests.
diff --git a/crates/engine/examples/bench_art_history.rs b/crates/engine/examples/bench_art_history.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e66949eb96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/engine/examples/bench_art_history.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+//! 24 MP timing of Art History Brush on a representative stroke.
+//! `cargo run --release -p photocraft-engine --example bench_art_history`
+use std::time::Instant;
+
+use photocraft_engine::Session;
+use photocraft_geom::Rect;
+use serde_json::json;
+
+fn main() {
+    let (w, h) = (6016u32, 4000u32);
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": w, "height": h, "depth": 8, "mode": "rgb"})).unwrap();
+    s.edit("texture", |doc, active| {
+        let surf = doc.layer_mut(active.unwrap()).unwrap().surface_mut().unwrap();
+        let fmt = surf.format();
+        let row: Vec<f32> = (0..w)
+            .flat_map(|x| {
+                let t = (x % 256) as f32 / 255.0;
+                photocraft_raster::from_rgba(&fmt, [t, 0.35, 1.0 - t, 1.0])
+            })
+            .collect();
+        for y in 0..h as i32 {
+            surf.write_region(Rect::new(0, y, w as i32, y + 1), &row);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+    s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#606060"})).unwrap();
+
+    let points: Vec<[i32; 2]> = (0..200).map(|i| [2800 + i, 2000]).collect();
+    let run = |s: &mut Session, style: &str| {
+        s.execute(
+            "paint.artHistoryBrush",
+            json!({
+                "points": points,
+                "size": 40,
+                "hardness": 100,
+                "area": 50,
+                "tolerance": 0,
+                "style": style,
+                "state": 0
+            }),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+    };
+    // Warm the allocator / tile cache.
+    run(&mut s, "tightMedium");
+    s.undo();
+
+    for style in ["tightMedium", "looseCurl"] {
+        let t = Instant::now();
+        run(&mut s, style);
+        let ms = t.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1000.0;
+        println!(
+            "artHistoryBrush  document {w}×{h} ({:.1} MP)  stroke 200 px  size 40  area 50  style {style}  {ms:.3} ms",
+            (w as u64 * h as u64) as f64 / 1e6
+        );
+        s.undo();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/examples/bench_cell_filters.rs b/crates/engine/examples/bench_cell_filters.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..222d637c5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/engine/examples/bench_cell_filters.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+//! Time the actual menu command on a 24 MP layer, including history commit.
+//! RAYON_NUM_THREADS=16 cargo run --release -p photocraft-engine --example bench_cell_filters -- crystallize 10 5 8
+//! Arguments: crystallize|pointillize, cell size, repeats (1..9), depth (8|16|32), layer|background.
+//! Run the same example at the base and changed revisions; compare the output hashes.
+use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, PixelFormat, SampleType};
+use photocraft_engine::Session;
+use photocraft_geom::Rect;
+use photocraft_raster::Surface;
+use serde_json::json;
+use std::time::Instant;
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    let args: Vec<_> = std::env::args().skip(1).collect();
+    let case = args.first().map(String::as_str).unwrap_or("crystallize");
+    let cell: f32 = args.get(1).map(|v| v.parse()).transpose()?.unwrap_or(10.0);
+    let reps: usize = args.get(2).map(|v| v.parse()).transpose()?.unwrap_or(5);
+    let depth: u32 = args.get(3).map(|v| v.parse()).transpose()?.unwrap_or(8);
+    if !matches!(case, "crystallize" | "pointillize") || !(3.0..=300.0).contains(&cell) || !(1..=9).contains(&reps) {
+        return Err("case, cell size or repeat count out of range".into());
+    }
+    let kind = args.get(4).map(String::as_str).unwrap_or("layer");
+    if !matches!(kind, "layer" | "background") {
+        return Err("kind must be layer or background".into());
+    }
+    let (w, h) = (6000, 4000);
+    let bounds = Rect::new(0, 0, w, h);
+    let sample = match depth {
+        8 => SampleType::U8,
+        16 => SampleType::U16,
+        32 => SampleType::F32,
+        _ => return Err("invalid depth".into()),
+    };
+    let mut source = Surface::new(PixelFormat::new(ColorMode::Rgb, sample, true));
+    for tile in bounds.tiles() {
+        let r = tile.rect().intersect(&bounds);
+        let mut data = Vec::new();
+        for y in r.y0..r.y1 {
+            for x in r.x0..r.x1 {
+                let seed = (x as u32).wrapping_mul(0x9e37_79b9) ^ (y as u32).wrapping_mul(0x85eb_ca6b);
+                for c in 0..4 {
+                    let value = seed.rotate_left(c * 7).wrapping_add(c * 71) % 65536;
+                    data.push(if c == 3 && kind == "background" {
+                        1.0
+                    } else if c == 3 && seed.is_multiple_of(5) {
+                        0.0
+                    } else {
+                        value as f32 / 65535.0
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        source.write_region(r, &data);
+    }
+    let id = format!("filter.pixelate.{case}");
+    let mut times = Vec::new();
+    let hash = |surface: &Surface| {
+        let mut hash = blake3::Hasher::new();
+        for tile in bounds.tiles() {
+            hash.update(&surface.to_interleaved(tile.rect().intersect(&bounds)));
+        }
+        hash.finalize()
+    };
+    let source_hash = hash(&source);
+    let mut output_hash = None;
+    for run in 0..reps {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        s.execute("file.new", json!({"width":w,"height":h,"depth":depth,"background":if kind == "background" { "white" } else { "transparent" }}))?;
+        s.edit("fixture", |doc, _| {
+            let layer = doc.layers.first_mut().ok_or(photocraft_engine::EngineError::Other("no layer".into()))?;
+            let surface = layer.surface_mut().ok_or(photocraft_engine::EngineError::Other("no surface".into()))?;
+            *surface = source.clone();
+            Ok(())
+        })?;
+        let start = Instant::now();
+        s.execute(&id, json!({"cellSize":cell,"seed":37,"background":[1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0]}))?;
+        let seconds = start.elapsed().as_secs_f64();
+        println!("COMMAND {case} cell={cell} depth={depth} kind={kind} run={} seconds={seconds:.6}", run + 1);
+        times.push(seconds);
+        if run + 1 == reps {
+            let doc = s.active().ok_or("no document")?;
+            let layer = doc.doc.layers.first().ok_or("no layer")?;
+            let surface = layer.surface().ok_or("no surface")?;
+            let filtered_hash = hash(surface);
+            s.execute("edit.undo", json!({}))?;
+            let restored = s.active().and_then(|d| d.doc.layers.first()).and_then(|l| l.surface()).ok_or("no undo surface")?;
+            if hash(restored) != source_hash {
+                return Err("undo changed source pixels".into());
+            }
+            s.execute("edit.redo", json!({}))?;
+            let redone = s.active().and_then(|d| d.doc.layers.first()).and_then(|l| l.surface()).ok_or("no redo surface")?;
+            if hash(redone) != filtered_hash {
+                return Err("redo changed filtered pixels".into());
+            }
+            output_hash = Some(filtered_hash);
+        }
+    }
+    times.sort_by(f64::total_cmp);
+    println!("MEDIAN {} HASH {}", times.get(times.len() / 2).ok_or("no runs")?, output_hash.ok_or("no output hash")?);
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/examples/bench_content_aware_scale.rs b/crates/engine/examples/bench_content_aware_scale.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dd137fefd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/engine/examples/bench_content_aware_scale.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+//! End-to-end timing of `edit.contentAwareScale` (perf scenario P28, #211) without the UI: a
+//! synthetic 24 MP RGB photo opened from JPEG like `perf_scenarios`' (gradients, soft blobs, fine
+//! noise and a high-contrast disc), scaled to 90 % width, undone between runs.
+//! `cargo run --release -p photocraft-engine --example bench_content_aware_scale [reps] [width height]`
+use std::time::Instant;
+
+use photocraft_engine::Session;
+use serde_json::json;
+
+fn photo_jpeg(w: u32, h: u32) -> Result<Vec<u8>, String> {
+    let mut px = vec![0u8; w as usize * h as usize * 3];
+    let (cx, cy, r) = (w as f32 * 0.55, h as f32 * 0.5, w.min(h) as f32 / 3.0);
+    for (y, row) in px.chunks_mut(w as usize * 3).enumerate() {
+        for x in 0..w as usize {
+            let (fx, fy) = (x as f32 / w as f32, y as f32 / h as f32);
+            let n = ((x.wrapping_mul(73_856_093) ^ y.wrapping_mul(19_349_663)) % 997) as f32 / 997.0 - 0.5;
+            let blob = (-(((fx - 0.4) * 3.0).powi(2) + ((fy - 0.55) * 4.0).powi(2))).exp();
+            let inside = ((x as f32 - cx).powi(2) + (y as f32 - cy).powi(2)).sqrt() < r;
+            let (r0, g0, b0) = if inside { (0.85, 0.3 + 0.2 * (fx * 40.0).sin(), 0.15) } else { (0.35, 0.45, 0.55) };
+            let rgb = [r0 + 0.1 * blob + n * 0.08, g0 + 0.1 * blob + n * 0.08, b0 + 0.2 * fy + n * 0.08];
+            for (c, v) in rgb.into_iter().enumerate() {
+                row[x * 3 + c] = (v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 255.0 + 0.5) as u8;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    let img =
+        photocraft_codecs::Image::from_raw(w, h, photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgb, photocraft_codecs::SampleType::U8, px).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+    photocraft_codecs::encode(&img, photocraft_codecs::Format::Jpeg, &Default::default()).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+}
+
+fn main() -> Result<(), String> {
+    let args: Vec<String> = std::env::args().collect();
+    let num = |i: usize, d: u32| args.get(i).and_then(|v| v.parse::<u32>().ok()).unwrap_or(d);
+    let (reps, w, h) = (num(1, 3).clamp(1, 20) as usize, num(2, 6000).clamp(16, 20_000), num(3, 4000).clamp(16, 20_000));
+    let jpeg = photo_jpeg(w, h)?;
+    let doc = photocraft_io::import("photo.jpg", &jpeg).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?.document;
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.open_document(doc, Some("photo.jpg".into()));
+    let mut times = Vec::with_capacity(reps);
+    for _ in 0..reps {
+        let t = Instant::now();
+        s.execute("edit.contentAwareScale", json!({"scaleX": 90, "scaleY": 100})).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+        times.push(t.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1000.0);
+        s.execute("edit.undo", json!({})).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+    }
+    times.sort_by(f64::total_cmp);
+    let (p50, max) = (times[times.len() / 2], times[times.len() - 1]);
+    println!("edit.contentAwareScale {w}x{h} to 90 % width: p50 {p50:.1} ms, max {max:.1} ms ({reps} runs)");
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/examples/bench_live_dab_release.rs b/crates/engine/examples/bench_live_dab_release.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f6935d3210
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/engine/examples/bench_live_dab_release.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+//! Release cost of a live sequential-dab stroke on a 24 MP layer, in release mode: the commit
+//! rendering the stroke again (no offer) against taking the live pixels (`offer_live_dab`, which
+//! runs the finishing dabs, plus the commit). Also the live stroke's per-frame cost while drawn.
+use std::time::Instant;
+
+use photocraft_engine::{EngineError, Session, paint::StrokePoint, retouch_cmds::LiveDab};
+use photocraft_geom::Rect;
+use serde_json::json;
+
+const FRAMES: usize = 60;
+
+fn ms(t: Instant) -> f64 {
+    t.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1e3
+}
+
+fn run() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width":6000,"height":4000,"depth":8,"mode":"rgb"}))?;
+    s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({}))?;
+    s.edit("stripes", |doc, active| {
+        let id = active.ok_or_else(|| EngineError::Other("no layer".into()))?;
+        let surface = doc.layer_mut(id).and_then(|l| l.surface_mut()).ok_or_else(|| EngineError::Other("no surface".into()))?;
+        for x in (0..6000).step_by(64) {
+            let c = if x % 128 == 0 { [0.9, 0.3, 0.1, 1.0] } else { [0.1, 0.4, 0.8, 1.0] };
+            surface.fill_rect(Rect::new(x, 0, (x + 64).min(6000), 4000), &c);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    })?;
+    // ~1000 px/s at 60 fps: 16 px of drag per frame, in four samples.
+    let pts: Vec<[f64; 2]> = std::iter::once([1000.0, 2000.0])
+        .chain((1..=FRAMES).flat_map(|f| (1..=4).map(move |k| [1000.0 + (f as f64 - 1.0) * 16.0 + k as f64 * 4.0, 2000.0])))
+        .collect();
+    for cmd in ["paint.blur", "paint.smudge", "paint.dodge"] {
+        for size in [50, 150, 300, 600] {
+            let p = |v: &[[f64; 2]]| json!({"points": v, "size": size, "hardness": 0, "strength": 50, "spacing": 25});
+            let draw = |s: &Session| -> Result<(LiveDab, Vec<f64>), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+                let mut live = LiveDab::begin(s, cmd, &p(&pts[..1]))?;
+                let mut frames = Vec::new();
+                for batch in pts[1..].chunks(4) {
+                    let b: Vec<_> = batch.iter().map(|q| StrokePoint::new(q[0], q[1], 1.0)).collect();
+                    let t = Instant::now();
+                    live.push(&b)?;
+                    frames.push(ms(t));
+                }
+                Ok((live, frames))
+            };
+            let (mut before, mut after) = (Vec::new(), Vec::new());
+            let mut frames = Vec::new();
+            for _ in 0..3 {
+                let (_, f) = draw(&s)?;
+                frames.extend(f);
+                let t = Instant::now();
+                s.execute(cmd, p(&pts))?;
+                before.push(ms(t));
+                s.execute("edit.undo", json!({}))?;
+                let (live, _) = draw(&s)?;
+                let t = Instant::now();
+                s.offer_live_dab(live)?;
+                let r = s.execute(cmd, p(&pts))?;
+                after.push(ms(t));
+                if r.get("fromLive").is_none() {
+                    return Err("the commit didn't take the live pixels".into());
+                }
+                s.execute("edit.undo", json!({}))?;
+            }
+            before.sort_by(f64::total_cmp);
+            after.sort_by(f64::total_cmp);
+            frames.sort_by(f64::total_cmp);
+            let total: f64 = frames.iter().sum::<f64>() / 3.0;
+            println!(
+                "{cmd:12} size={size:4} release: render again={:7.1} ms  take live={:6.1} ms | live frames: max={:6.2} ms total={:7.1} ms",
+                before[1],
+                after[1],
+                frames.last().copied().unwrap_or(0.0),
+                total
+            );
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    if let Err(e) = run() {
+        eprintln!("{e}");
+        std::process::exit(1);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/actions_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/actions_cmds.rs
index 8820439a0d..7f9b52ff85 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/actions_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/actions_cmds.rs
@@ -100,6 +100,12 @@ pub struct ActionState {
     /// Number of steps executed by the current top-level playback tree.
     #[serde(skip)]
     pub playback_steps: u64,
+    /// How many scripts (`file.scripts.browse`) are running inside one another.
+    #[serde(skip)]
+    pub script_depth: u8,
+    /// Steps run by the current top-level script and everything it calls.
+    #[serde(skip)]
+    pub script_steps: u64,
     /// Bumped whenever `list` changes, so the preset store can skip unchanged writes.
     #[serde(skip)]
     pub rev: u64,
@@ -150,6 +156,14 @@ pub fn save_target_closed(s: &Session, id: &str, target: Option<photocraft_doc::
 
 /// Charge one step against the complete nested playback tree.
 pub fn consume_playback_step(s: &mut Session) -> bool {
+    // Inside a script the step also counts against the script's total: each top-level playback
+    // resets its own counter, so a script playing actions in a row would never reach the limit.
+    if s.actions.script_depth > 0 {
+        if s.actions.script_steps >= crate::automate_cmds::MAX_SCRIPT_STEPS {
+            return false;
+        }
+        s.actions.script_steps += 1;
+    }
     if s.actions.playback_steps >= MAX_PLAYBACK_STEPS {
         false
     } else {
@@ -410,15 +424,20 @@ pub fn finish_playback(s: &mut Session, recording: Option<(usize, usize)>, actio
     s.actions.playback_stack.pop();
     s.actions.playing = s.actions.playing.saturating_sub(1);
     if let Some((_, idx)) = recording {
-        s.actions.recording = Some((s.journal.len(), idx));
-        let mut params = json!({"action": action.name});
-        if from > 0 {
-            params["from"] = json!(from);
-        }
-        s.journal.push(("actions.play".into(), params));
+        restore_recording(s, idx, &action.name, from);
     }
 }
 
+/// Resume recording into action `idx` and journal the named call that suspended it.
+pub fn restore_recording(s: &mut Session, idx: usize, action: &str, from: usize) {
+    s.actions.recording = Some((s.journal.len(), idx));
+    let mut params = json!({"action": action});
+    if from > 0 {
+        params["from"] = json!(from);
+    }
+    s.journal.push(("actions.play".into(), params));
+}
+
 /// Nested playback returns a structured failure even though the command itself succeeded.
 /// Promote it to the caller's failed step so no later parent steps run after a child fails.
 pub fn nested_failure(id: &str, value: &Value) -> Option<String> {
@@ -1162,6 +1181,210 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    /// #7845: dragging a layer in the Layers panel while recording keeps the drop target by name,
+    /// so the action plays on another document (whose layer ids differ) instead of failing with
+    /// "no such layer". The reporter's steps, replayed on a new document.
+    #[test]
+    fn recorded_layer_drag_replays_on_another_document() {
+        for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
+            let mut s = Session::new();
+            s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 16, "height": 16, "depth": depth})).unwrap();
+            s.execute("actions.record", json!({"name": "Retouch"})).unwrap();
+            s.execute("layer.stampVisible", json!({})).unwrap();
+            let layer1 = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+            s.execute("layer.new.layerViaCopy", json!({})).unwrap();
+            let layer2 = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+            s.execute("layer.select", json!({"layer": layer1.0, "mode": "replace"})).unwrap();
+            s.execute("filter.noise.median", json!({"radius": 6})).unwrap();
+            s.execute("layer.new.layerViaCopy", json!({})).unwrap();
+            let copy = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+            s.execute("layer.moveTo", json!({"layer": copy.0, "target": layer2.0, "position": "above"})).unwrap();
+            s.execute("actions.stop", json!({})).unwrap();
+            let (id, step) = s.actions.list[0].steps.last().unwrap();
+            assert_eq!((id.as_str(), step), ("layer.moveTo", &json!({"target": "Layer 1 copy", "position": "above"})));
+            let names = |s: &Session| s.active().unwrap().doc.layers.iter().rev().map(|l| l.name.clone()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            let recorded = names(&s);
+            let saved = serde_json::to_string(&s.actions.list).unwrap();
+            let mut replay = Session::new();
+            replay.actions.list = serde_json::from_str(&saved).unwrap();
+            replay.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 16, "height": 16, "depth": depth})).unwrap();
+            let result = replay.execute("actions.play", json!({"action": 0})).unwrap();
+            assert!(result.get("failed").is_none(), "{depth}: {result}");
+            assert_eq!(names(&replay), recorded, "{depth}: the same stack");
+        }
+        // Several layers of the drop target's name: the recorded occurrence picks the right one.
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Twin"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Twin"})).unwrap();
+        let upper = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Mover"})).unwrap();
+        let mover = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        s.execute("actions.record", json!({"name": "Drop"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.moveTo", json!({"layer": mover.0, "target": upper.0, "position": "below"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("actions.stop", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(s.actions.list[0].steps[0].1, json!({"target": "Twin", "targetOccurrence": 1, "position": "below"}));
+        // The moved layer shares the target's name: the occurrence counts the other "Twin"s only,
+        // so it means the same layer before the move (on replay) as after it (when recorded).
+        let build = |s: &mut Session| {
+            s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8})).unwrap();
+            for _ in 0..3 {
+                s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Twin"})).unwrap();
+            }
+            s.active().unwrap().doc.layers.iter().map(|l| l.id).collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        };
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        let ids = build(&mut s);
+        let (lowest, top) = (ids[1], ids[3]);
+        s.execute("actions.record", json!({"name": "Twins"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.moveTo", json!({"layer": top.0, "target": lowest.0, "position": "below"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("actions.stop", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(s.actions.list[0].steps[0].1, json!({"target": "Twin", "targetOccurrence": 0, "position": "below"}));
+        let order = |s: &Session| s.active().unwrap().doc.layers.iter().map(|l| l.id).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let want: Vec<_> = order(&s).iter().map(|id| ids.iter().position(|x| x == id).unwrap()).collect();
+        let saved = serde_json::to_string(&s.actions.list).unwrap();
+        let mut replay = Session::new();
+        replay.actions.list = serde_json::from_str(&saved).unwrap();
+        let ids2 = build(&mut replay);
+        let result = replay.execute("actions.play", json!({"action": 0})).unwrap();
+        assert!(result.get("failed").is_none(), "{result}");
+        let got: Vec<_> = order(&replay).iter().map(|id| ids2.iter().position(|x| x == id).unwrap()).collect();
+        assert_eq!(got, want, "the same layer became the lowest");
+        // A moved group holding a same-named layer: its contents don't count either, or moving the
+        // group past another "Twin" would shift the occurrence between recording and replay.
+        let build_group = |s: &mut Session| {
+            s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8})).unwrap();
+            s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Twin"})).unwrap();
+            s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Twin"})).unwrap();
+            s.execute("layer.groupLayers", json!({})).unwrap();
+            let group = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+            s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Twin"})).unwrap();
+            let top = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+            s.execute("layer.select", json!({"layer": group.0, "mode": "replace"})).unwrap();
+            (group, top)
+        };
+        let mut g = Session::new();
+        let (group, top) = build_group(&mut g);
+        g.execute("actions.record", json!({"name": "Group"})).unwrap();
+        g.execute("layer.moveTo", json!({"layer": group.0, "target": top.0, "position": "above"})).unwrap();
+        g.execute("actions.stop", json!({})).unwrap();
+        let recorded = g.actions.list[0].steps[0].1.clone();
+        let saved = serde_json::to_string(&g.actions.list).unwrap();
+        let mut replay = Session::new();
+        replay.actions.list = serde_json::from_str(&saved).unwrap();
+        let (group2, _) = build_group(&mut replay);
+        let result = replay.execute("actions.play", json!({"action": 0})).unwrap();
+        assert!(result.get("failed").is_none(), "{recorded}: {result}");
+        let top_layer = |s: &Session| s.active().unwrap().doc.layers.last().map(|l| l.id);
+        assert_eq!(top_layer(&replay), Some(group2), "{recorded}: the group went to the top");
+        // Several moved layers named like the target are left out too, so the name is unambiguous.
+        let mut m = Session::new();
+        m.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8})).unwrap();
+        let a = photocraft_doc::LayerId(m.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Twin"})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap());
+        let b = photocraft_doc::LayerId(m.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Twin"})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap());
+        let target = photocraft_doc::LayerId(m.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Twin"})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap());
+        m.execute("layer.moveTo", json!({"layers": [a.0, b.0], "target": "Twin", "position": "above"})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(m.active().unwrap().doc.layers.last().map(|l| l.id), Some(b), "both moved above the third Twin");
+        assert_eq!(m.active().unwrap().doc.layers.iter().rev().nth(2).map(|l| l.id), Some(target));
+        // An ⌥-drag copy of the selected layer beside itself replays by name too.
+        let mut c = Session::new();
+        c.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8})).unwrap();
+        let src = photocraft_doc::LayerId(c.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Solo"})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap());
+        c.execute("actions.record", json!({"name": "Copy"})).unwrap();
+        c.execute("layer.moveTo", json!({"layer": src.0, "target": src.0, "position": "above", "copy": true})).unwrap();
+        c.execute("actions.stop", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(c.actions.list[0].steps[0].1, json!({"target": "Solo", "position": "above", "copy": true}));
+        let saved = serde_json::to_string(&c.actions.list).unwrap();
+        let mut replay = Session::new();
+        replay.actions.list = serde_json::from_str(&saved).unwrap();
+        replay.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8})).unwrap();
+        replay.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Solo"})).unwrap();
+        let before = replay.active().unwrap().doc.layers.len();
+        let result = replay.execute("actions.play", json!({"action": 0})).unwrap();
+        assert!(result.get("failed").is_none(), "{result}");
+        assert_eq!(replay.active().unwrap().doc.layers.len(), before + 1, "one copy");
+        // Copying a group holding a layer named like the target: the new copy's contents (made
+        // before the step is recorded) don't count, so the occurrence matches the replay.
+        let build_copy = |s: &mut Session| {
+            s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8})).unwrap();
+            s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Twin"})).unwrap();
+            s.execute("layer.groupLayers", json!({})).unwrap();
+            let group = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+            let a = photocraft_doc::LayerId(s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Twin"})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap());
+            let b = photocraft_doc::LayerId(s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Twin"})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap());
+            s.execute("layer.select", json!({"layer": group.0, "mode": "replace"})).unwrap();
+            (group, a, b)
+        };
+        let mut gc = Session::new();
+        let (group, a, _) = build_copy(&mut gc);
+        gc.execute("actions.record", json!({"name": "Copy group"})).unwrap();
+        // Below `a`: the copy's "Twin" then comes before `a` in document order.
+        gc.execute("layer.moveTo", json!({"layer": group.0, "target": a.0, "position": "below", "copy": true})).unwrap();
+        gc.execute("actions.stop", json!({})).unwrap();
+        let saved = serde_json::to_string(&gc.actions.list).unwrap();
+        let mut replay = Session::new();
+        replay.actions.list = serde_json::from_str(&saved).unwrap();
+        let (_, a2, _) = build_copy(&mut replay);
+        let result = replay.execute("actions.play", json!({"action": 0})).unwrap();
+        assert!(result.get("failed").is_none(), "{result}");
+        let layers = &replay.active().unwrap().doc.layers;
+        let at = layers.iter().position(|l| l.id == a2).unwrap();
+        let below = at.checked_sub(1).and_then(|i| layers.get(i)).map(|l| l.name.as_str());
+        assert_eq!(below, Some("Group 1 copy"), "the copy landed below the same Twin");
+        // A drag of several layers keeps its ids (not covered by name).
+        s.execute("actions.record", json!({"name": "Several"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.moveTo", json!({"layers": [ids[2].0, ids[3].0], "target": ids[1].0, "position": "above"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("actions.stop", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(s.actions.list[1].steps[0].1["target"], json!(ids[1].0));
+        // Bad targets are errors, not panics.
+        for bad in [
+            json!({"target": "Nobody"}),
+            json!({"target": "Twin"}),
+            json!({"target": "Twin", "targetOccurrence": 9}),
+            json!({"target": "Twin", "targetOccurrence": -1}),
+            json!({"target": true}),
+        ] {
+            assert!(s.execute("layer.moveTo", bad.clone()).is_err(), "{bad}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// An Alt-drag copy records `inPlace` (#7200), which only matters for an artboard: a plain
+    /// layer's recorded copy must still export to .atn, while an artboard's must be refused rather
+    /// than exported as a copy beside the original.
+    #[test]
+    fn recorded_in_place_duplicate_keeps_in_place_only_for_artboards() {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("actions.record", json!({"name": "Layer copy"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.duplicate", json!({"inPlace": true})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("actions.stop", json!({})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.new.artboard", json!({"name": "Board", "rect": [0, 0, 8, 8]})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("actions.record", json!({"name": "Board copy"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.duplicate", json!({"inPlace": true})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("actions.stop", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(s.actions.list[0].steps, vec![("layer.duplicate".to_string(), json!({}))]);
+        assert_eq!(s.actions.list[1].steps, vec![("layer.duplicate".to_string(), json!({"inPlace": true}))]);
+        assert!(crate::atn_cmds::export("Audit", &[&s.actions.list[0]], &[], false).is_ok());
+        assert!(crate::atn_cmds::export("Audit", &[&s.actions.list[1]], &[], false).is_err());
+        // Several selected layers are copied together: one artboard among them keeps `inPlace`.
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8})).unwrap();
+        let photo = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Logo"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.select", json!({"layer": photo.0, "mode": "add"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("actions.record", json!({"name": "Layers copy"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.duplicate", json!({"inPlace": true})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("actions.stop", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().selected_layers().len(), 2, "both layers were copied");
+        s.execute("layer.new.artboard", json!({"name": "Board", "rect": [0, 0, 8, 8]})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.select", json!({"layer": photo.0, "mode": "add"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("actions.record", json!({"name": "Mixed copy"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.duplicate", json!({"inPlace": true})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("actions.stop", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(s.actions.list[0].steps, vec![("layer.duplicate".to_string(), json!({}))]);
+        assert_eq!(s.actions.list[1].steps, vec![("layer.duplicate".to_string(), json!({"inPlace": true}))]);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn named_selection_preserves_modes_and_duplicate_occurrences() {
         let mut s = Session::new();
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/adjust_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/adjust_cmds.rs
index 7e3b05b44c..830d601b5f 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/adjust_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/adjust_cmds.rs
@@ -168,6 +168,44 @@ fn base_name(path: &str) -> String {
     path.rsplit(['/', '\\']).next().unwrap_or(path).to_string()
 }
 
+/// Most LUT files [`folder_luts`] lists.
+const MAX_FOLDER_LUTS: usize = 500;
+/// Largest LUT file [`folder_luts`] lists: a 129³ `.cube` (the parser's largest) is about 60 MB.
+const MAX_FOLDER_LUT_BYTES: u64 = 64 << 20;
+
+/// The `.cube`, `.3dl` and `.look` files directly in `dir`, as (file name, path) sorted by name,
+/// for Color Lookup's dropdown (Preferences › File Handling › LUT Folder, #6558). An empty,
+/// missing or unreadable folder lists nothing; hidden files, subfolders and files too large to be
+/// a LUT are skipped. A symlink to a LUT file is listed, as a studio's shared library often is.
+/// Contents are only parsed when one is picked, which reports a malformed file.
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+pub fn folder_luts(dir: &str) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
+    let dir = dir.trim();
+    let Some(entries) = (!dir.is_empty()).then(|| std::fs::read_dir(dir).ok()).flatten() else { return Vec::new() };
+    let mut out: Vec<(String, String)> = entries
+        .flatten()
+        .filter_map(|e| {
+            let name = e.file_name().into_string().ok()?;
+            let ext = name.rsplit_once('.')?.1.to_ascii_lowercase();
+            if name.starts_with('.') || !matches!(ext.as_str(), "cube" | "3dl" | "look") {
+                return None;
+            }
+            let path = e.path();
+            let meta = std::fs::metadata(&path).ok()?;
+            (meta.is_file() && meta.len() <= MAX_FOLDER_LUT_BYTES).then_some((name, path.to_str()?.to_string()))
+        })
+        .collect();
+    out.sort_by_key(|(name, _)| name.to_lowercase());
+    out.truncate(MAX_FOLDER_LUTS);
+    out
+}
+
+/// No file system on the web: a LUT folder lists nothing there.
+#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+pub fn folder_luts(_: &str) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
+    Vec::new()
+}
+
 #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 fn read_file(path: &str) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
     std::fs::read(path).ok()
@@ -317,7 +355,7 @@ pub(crate) fn adjust_as_filter(kind: &str, p: &Value, surf: &Surface) -> Option<
     } else {
         let mode = surf.format().mode;
         let adj = crate::adjust_params::from_params(kind, p, None, mode).ok()?;
-        crate::pixels::adjust_surface(&mut out, &adj, None, mode);
+        crate::pixels::adjust_surface(&mut out, &adj, None, mode).ok()?;
     }
     out.prune();
     Some(out)
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/adjust_cmds/tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/adjust_cmds/tests.rs
index 1dc0c88656..312caedc32 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/adjust_cmds/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/adjust_cmds/tests.rs
@@ -731,3 +731,23 @@ fn invert_turns_the_black_of_quick_mask_and_alpha_channels_white() {
         }
     }
 }
+
+/// #6558: a LUT folder lists its LUT files by name, case-insensitively, and nothing else.
+#[test]
+fn folder_luts_lists_lut_files_by_name() {
+    let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    for f in ["b.cube", "A.3DL", "c.look", "notes.txt", ".hidden.cube", "noext"] {
+        std::fs::write(dir.path().join(f), "LUT_3D_SIZE 2\n").unwrap();
+    }
+    std::fs::create_dir(dir.path().join("sub.cube")).unwrap();
+    // Too large to be a LUT (sparse, so cheap to make).
+    std::fs::File::create(dir.path().join("huge.cube")).unwrap().set_len(MAX_FOLDER_LUT_BYTES + 1).unwrap();
+    // A symlink to a LUT is listed: shared LUT libraries are often linked in.
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    std::os::unix::fs::symlink(dir.path().join("b.cube"), dir.path().join("linked.cube")).unwrap();
+    let want: Vec<_> = ["A.3DL", "b.cube", "c.look"].into_iter().chain(cfg!(unix).then_some("linked.cube")).collect();
+    let names: Vec<_> = folder_luts(dir.path().to_str().unwrap()).into_iter().map(|(name, _)| name).collect();
+    assert_eq!(names, want);
+    assert!(folder_luts("").is_empty());
+    assert!(folder_luts(dir.path().join("missing").to_str().unwrap()).is_empty());
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/align_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/align_cmds.rs
index 45081950f7..99e3c8a590 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/align_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/align_cmds.rs
@@ -44,6 +44,14 @@ fn selected_pixel_layers(s: &Session) -> Vec<LayerId> {
     st.selected_layers().into_iter().filter(|id| st.doc.layer(*id).is_some_and(|l| matches!(l.content, LayerContent::Raster(_)))).collect()
 }
 
+/// Whether a lock keeps the layer `id` from being moved or warped: lock all, position or pixels.
+/// The Background's own position lock doesn't count: like Free Transform, Auto-Align turns the
+/// Background into a normal layer when it has to move it (Photoshop).
+fn pinned(doc: &Document, id: LayerId) -> bool {
+    let l = doc.effective_locks(id);
+    l.all || l.pixels || (l.position && !doc.is_background(id))
+}
+
 fn two_layers(s: &Session) -> std::result::Result<(), String> {
     s.active().ok_or("no document open")?;
     if selected_pixel_layers(s).len() < 2 { Err("select two or more pixel layers in the Layers panel".into()) } else { Ok(()) }
@@ -63,7 +71,8 @@ fn auto_align(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     let reference = match p.get("reference").and_then(Value::as_u64) {
         Some(r) if ids.contains(&LayerId(r)) => LayerId(r),
         Some(r) => return Err(bad(cmd, format!("reference {r} is not a selected pixel layer"))),
-        None => ids[0],
+        // As in Photoshop, a locked layer stays put: it becomes the reference (#7080).
+        None => ids.iter().copied().find(|id| pinned(&doc, *id)).unwrap_or(ids[0]),
     };
     let ref_idx = ids.iter().position(|i| *i == reference).unwrap_or(0);
     let area = doc.bounds();
@@ -100,6 +109,9 @@ fn auto_align(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     if moves.is_empty() {
         return Err(EngineError::Other("Auto-Align couldn't find enough matching detail between the layers".into()));
     }
+    if let Some(l) = moves.iter().find(|&&i| pinned(&doc, ids[i])).and_then(|&i| doc.layer(ids[i])) {
+        return Err(EngineError::Other(format!("Auto-Align can't move the locked layer \"{}\"", l.name)));
+    }
     let warped: Vec<(LayerId, Surface, Option<Surface>)> = moves
         .iter()
         .map(|&i| {
@@ -122,6 +134,8 @@ fn auto_align(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
         .collect::<Result<_>>()?;
     s.edit("Auto-Align Layers", |doc, _| {
         for (id, px, mask) in &warped {
+            // Photoshop turns the Background into a normal layer before moving it.
+            crate::extra_cmds::background_to_layer(doc, *id);
             let l = doc.layer_mut(*id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(*id))?;
             if let Some(surf) = l.surface_mut() {
                 *surf = px.clone();
@@ -151,12 +165,20 @@ fn auto_align(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     )
 }
 
-/// Native-channel pixels of a layer over `area` (transparent outside its content).
-fn pixels(l: &Layer, area: Rect) -> Option<(Vec<f32>, photocraft_color::PixelFormat)> {
-    let s = l.surface()?;
-    Some((s.read_region(area), s.format()))
+/// The most memory Auto-Blend's working buffers may take past the canvas: a bound independent
+/// of the layers' own bounding boxes, which a sparse layer (a dot at each far corner) can make
+/// arbitrarily large, and of how many layers are blended.
+const MAX_BLEND_BYTES: u64 = 4 << 30;
+
+/// What Auto-Blend's buffers hold per work-area pixel, as f32: each layer's pixels, luminance,
+/// alpha and mask weight, plus the merged picture and the depth map.
+fn blend_bytes_per_pixel(layers: u64, channels: u64) -> u64 {
+    layers.saturating_mul(channels.saturating_add(3)).saturating_add(channels.saturating_mul(2)).saturating_mul(4)
 }
 
+/// Auto-Blend's buffers, for allocation errors.
+const BLEND_BUFFERS: &str = "Auto-Blend Layers";
+
 fn auto_blend(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     let cmd = "edit.autoBlendLayers";
     let ids = selected_pixel_layers(s);
@@ -181,13 +203,24 @@ fn auto_blend(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     }
     let st = s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?;
     let doc: std::sync::Arc<Document> = st.doc.clone();
-    let mut area = Rect::EMPTY;
+    let mut union = Rect::EMPTY;
+    let mut content_px = 0u64;
+    let px_of = |r: &Rect| u64::from(r.width()) * u64::from(r.height());
     for id in &ids {
         if let Some(b) = doc.layer(*id).and_then(|l| l.surface()).map(|s| s.content_bounds()) {
-            area = area.union(&b);
+            union = union.union(&b);
+            content_px = content_px.saturating_add(px_of(&b));
         }
     }
-    let area = area.intersect(&doc.bounds());
+    // The whole layers, past the canvas too (#5745): Auto-Align leaves a panorama's layers
+    // partly off the canvas, and Photoshop masks and blends all of each layer, so Reveal All
+    // shows the whole panorama. Layers so far apart that their bounds are mostly empty, or
+    // whose buffers would exceed `MAX_BLEND_BYTES`, keep to the canvas.
+    let canvas = doc.bounds();
+    let channels = ids.iter().filter_map(|id| doc.layer(*id).and_then(|l| l.surface()).map(|s| s.channels() as u64)).max().unwrap_or(4);
+    let per_px = blend_bytes_per_pixel(ids.len() as u64, channels);
+    let fits = px_of(&union).saturating_mul(per_px) <= MAX_BLEND_BYTES && px_of(&union) <= content_px.max(px_of(&canvas)).saturating_mul(2);
+    let area = if fits { union } else { union.intersect(&canvas) };
     if area.is_empty() {
         return Err(EngineError::Other("the selected layers are empty".into()));
     }
@@ -198,9 +231,10 @@ fn auto_blend(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     let mut fmt = None;
     for id in &ids {
         let l = doc.layer(*id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(*id))?;
-        let (px, f) = pixels(l, area).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(*id))?;
+        let surf = l.surface().ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(*id))?;
+        let (px, f) = (crate::allocation::read_region(surf, area, BLEND_BUFFERS)?, surf.format());
         let n = f.channels();
-        let (mut lv, mut av) = (vec![0.0f32; w * h], vec![0.0f32; w * h]);
+        let (mut lv, mut av) = (crate::allocation::filled(w * h, 0.0f32, BLEND_BUFFERS)?, crate::allocation::filled(w * h, 0.0f32, BLEND_BUFFERS)?);
         for i in 0..w * h {
             let c = to_rgba(&f, &px[i * n..(i + 1) * n]);
             lv[i] = 0.2126 * c[0] + 0.7152 * c[1] + 0.0722 * c[2];
@@ -228,7 +262,9 @@ fn auto_blend(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
         let surfs: Vec<Surface> =
             ids.iter().map(|id| doc.layer(*id).and_then(|l| l.surface()).cloned().ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(*id))).collect::<Result<_>>()?;
         let order = seam_order(&surfs, 0);
-        let b = seam_blend(&surfs, area, &order, seamless, false, None);
+        // Seamless Tones and Colors also evens out exposure and colour between the layers (gain
+        // compensation over their overlaps), as in Photomerge.
+        let b = seam_blend(&surfs, area, &order, seamless, seamless, None);
         let weights: Vec<Vec<f32>> = b.layers.iter().map(|(_, m)| m.read_region(area)).collect();
         let blended = seamless.then(|| b.composite.read_region(area));
         (weights, blended)
@@ -309,7 +345,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
         spec!(
             "edit.autoAlignLayers",
             "Auto-Align Layers…",
-            r##"{"projection":"auto|perspective|cylindrical|spherical|collage|reposition","reference":layer id?=bottom selected layer,"geometricCorrection":bool=false,"interpolation":"bicubic|bilinear|nearest","registration":"auto|features|intensity"}"##,
+            r##"{"projection":"auto|perspective|cylindrical|spherical|collage|reposition","reference":layer id?=the locked selected layer, else the bottom selected layer,"geometricCorrection":bool=false,"interpolation":"bicubic|bilinear|nearest","registration":"auto|features|intensity"}"##,
             auto_align
         ),
         spec!(
@@ -328,8 +364,15 @@ mod tests {
     /// Deterministic texture written into a layer at offset (dx, dy).
     fn texture_layer(s: &mut Session, name: &str, dx: i32, dy: i32) -> LayerId {
         s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": name})).unwrap();
-        s.edit("tex", |doc, active| {
-            let surf = doc.layer_mut(active.unwrap()).unwrap().surface_mut().unwrap();
+        let id = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        paint_texture(s, id, dx, dy);
+        id
+    }
+
+    /// Writes the deterministic texture into layer `id` at offset (dx, dy).
+    fn paint_texture(s: &mut Session, id: LayerId, dx: i32, dy: i32) {
+        s.edit("tex", |doc, _| {
+            let surf = doc.layer_mut(id).unwrap().surface_mut().unwrap();
             let mut seed = 99u64;
             let mut rnd = || {
                 seed = seed.wrapping_mul(6364136223846793005).wrapping_add(1442695040888963407);
@@ -345,7 +388,6 @@ mod tests {
             Ok(())
         })
         .unwrap();
-        s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap()
     }
 
     fn select(s: &mut Session, ids: &[LayerId]) {
@@ -389,6 +431,86 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(s.execute("edit.autoAlignLayers", json!({"reference": u64::MAX})).is_err());
     }
 
+    /// As in Photoshop, a locked layer stays where it is: it becomes the reference and the
+    /// others move onto it (#7080).
+    #[test]
+    fn auto_align_keeps_a_locked_layer_as_the_reference() {
+        for lock in ["all", "position", "pixels"] {
+            let mut s = Session::new();
+            s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 300, "height": 240, "background": "transparent"})).unwrap();
+            let a = texture_layer(&mut s, "A", 20, 20);
+            let b = texture_layer(&mut s, "B", 31, 13);
+            s.edit("lock", |doc, _| {
+                doc.layer_mut(b).unwrap().locks.set(lock, true);
+                Ok(())
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+            select(&mut s, &[a, b]);
+            let r = s.execute("edit.autoAlignLayers", json!({"projection": "reposition"})).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(r["reference"], b.0, "{lock}: {r}");
+            let doc = &s.active().unwrap().doc;
+            let bb = doc.layer(b).unwrap().surface().unwrap().content_bounds();
+            assert_eq!((bb.x0, bb.y0), (31, 13), "{lock}: the locked layer stays put");
+            let ab = doc.layer(a).unwrap().surface().unwrap().content_bounds();
+            assert!((ab.x0 - 31).abs() <= 1 && (ab.y0 - 13).abs() <= 1, "{lock}: {ab:?} {r}");
+            // An explicit reference that would move the locked layer is refused.
+            s.undo();
+            assert!(s.execute("edit.autoAlignLayers", json!({"projection": "reposition", "reference": a.0})).is_err());
+            // Two locked layers: nothing may move.
+            s.edit("lock", |doc, _| {
+                doc.layer_mut(a).unwrap().locks.set(lock, true);
+                Ok(())
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+            assert!(s.execute("edit.autoAlignLayers", json!({"projection": "reposition"})).is_err());
+            let bb = s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(a).unwrap().surface().unwrap().content_bounds();
+            assert_eq!((bb.x0, bb.y0), (20, 20));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The Background doesn't block Auto-Align: when a projection reprojects every layer
+    /// (Cylindrical, Spherical, or Auto choosing one), or another layer is the reference, it
+    /// becomes a normal layer ("Layer 0") and moves, as in Photoshop and as Free Transform does.
+    #[test]
+    fn auto_align_moves_the_background_as_a_normal_layer() {
+        let setup = || {
+            let mut s = Session::new();
+            s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 300, "height": 240, "background": "white"})).unwrap();
+            let bg = s.active().unwrap().doc.background().unwrap().id;
+            paint_texture(&mut s, bg, 20, 20);
+            let b = texture_layer(&mut s, "B", 31, 13);
+            select(&mut s, &[bg, b]);
+            (s, bg, b)
+        };
+        for projection in ["cylindrical", "spherical", "auto"] {
+            let (mut s, bg, b) = setup();
+            let r = s.execute("edit.autoAlignLayers", json!({"projection": projection})).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{projection}: {e}"));
+            let doc = &s.active().unwrap().doc;
+            let moved = r["aligned"].as_array().unwrap().iter().any(|a| a["layer"] == bg.0);
+            assert_eq!(moved, projection != "auto" || r["layout"] != "perspective", "{projection}: {r}");
+            assert_eq!(doc.is_background(bg), !moved, "{projection}: a moved Background is a normal layer: {r}");
+            if moved {
+                assert_eq!(doc.layer(bg).unwrap().name, "Layer 0", "{projection}");
+            }
+            assert!(doc.layer(b).is_some(), "{projection}");
+            s.undo();
+            assert!(s.active().unwrap().doc.is_background(bg), "{projection}: undo restores the Background");
+        }
+        // Planar, with the other layer as the reference: the Background moves onto it.
+        let (mut s, bg, b) = setup();
+        s.execute("edit.autoAlignLayers", json!({"projection": "reposition", "reference": b.0})).unwrap();
+        let doc = &s.active().unwrap().doc;
+        assert!(!doc.is_background(bg));
+        // Default reference: the Background (bottom) stays put and stays the Background.
+        let (mut s, bg, b) = setup();
+        let r = s.execute("edit.autoAlignLayers", json!({"projection": "reposition"})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(r["reference"], bg.0, "{r}");
+        let doc = &s.active().unwrap().doc;
+        assert!(doc.is_background(bg));
+        let bb = doc.layer(b).unwrap().surface().unwrap().content_bounds();
+        assert!((bb.x0 - 20).abs() <= 1 && (bb.y0 - 20).abs() <= 1, "{bb:?} {r}");
+    }
+
     /// The moving layer's mask is warped as a mask: one grey channel whose outside keeps its
     /// default (reveal-all stays revealed, hide-all stays hidden), for planar and mesh warps.
     #[test]
@@ -476,6 +598,133 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(s.active().unwrap().doc.is_background(bg), "undo restores the Background");
     }
 
+    /// Seamless Tones and Colors evens out a 10% exposure step between two panorama layers.
+    #[test]
+    fn auto_blend_panorama_seamless_matches_exposure() {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 60, "background": "transparent"})).unwrap();
+        let mut ids = Vec::new();
+        for (name, x0, x1, gain) in [("left", 0, 130, 1.0f32), ("right", 70, 200, 1.1)] {
+            s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({ "name": name })).unwrap();
+            s.edit(name, |doc, active| {
+                doc.layer_mut(active.unwrap()).unwrap().surface_mut().unwrap().fill_rect(Rect::new(x0, 0, x1, 60), &[0.2 * gain, 0.4 * gain, 0.5 * gain, 1.0]);
+                Ok(())
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+            ids.push(s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap());
+        }
+        select(&mut s, &ids);
+        let r = s.execute("edit.autoBlendLayers", json!({"method": "panorama"})).unwrap();
+        let doc = &s.active().unwrap().doc;
+        let blended = doc.layer(LayerId(r["blended"].as_u64().unwrap())).unwrap().surface().unwrap();
+        let (a, b) = (blended.pixel(10, 30), blended.pixel(190, 30));
+        // 0.5 vs 0.55 without gain compensation.
+        assert!((a[2] - b[2]).abs() < 0.015, "{a:?} {b:?}");
+    }
+
+    /// #5745: the top layer hangs off the canvas's right edge, so cropped to the canvas it lies
+    /// wholly over the bottom one. It used to get an all-black mask; now it shows on its side.
+    #[test]
+    fn auto_blend_panorama_of_a_layer_the_canvas_crops_to_all_overlap() {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 60, "background": "transparent"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "left"})).unwrap();
+        s.edit("l", |doc, active| {
+            doc.layer_mut(active.unwrap()).unwrap().surface_mut().unwrap().fill_rect(Rect::new(0, 0, 200, 60), &[0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0]);
+            Ok(())
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+        let left = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "right"})).unwrap();
+        s.edit("r", |doc, active| {
+            doc.layer_mut(active.unwrap()).unwrap().surface_mut().unwrap().fill_rect(Rect::new(120, 0, 320, 60), &[0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0]);
+            Ok(())
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+        let right = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        select(&mut s, &[left, right]);
+        s.execute("edit.autoBlendLayers", json!({"method": "panorama", "seamlessTones": false})).unwrap();
+        let doc = &s.active().unwrap().doc;
+        let ml = doc.layer(left).unwrap().mask.as_ref().unwrap();
+        let mr = doc.layer(right).unwrap().mask.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((ml.value(10, 30), mr.value(10, 30)), (1.0, 0.0));
+        assert_eq!((ml.value(195, 30), mr.value(195, 30)), (0.0, 1.0));
+        for x in 0..200 {
+            assert_eq!(ml.value(x, 30) + mr.value(x, 30), 1.0, "x {x} shows one layer");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// #5745: a layer Auto-Align left partly off the canvas is masked and blended over all of
+    /// its bounds, not cut off at the canvas edge.
+    #[test]
+    fn auto_blend_panorama_masks_past_the_canvas() {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 60, "background": "transparent"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "left"})).unwrap();
+        s.edit("l", |doc, active| {
+            doc.layer_mut(active.unwrap()).unwrap().surface_mut().unwrap().fill_rect(Rect::new(0, 0, 150, 60), &[0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0]);
+            Ok(())
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+        let left = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "right"})).unwrap();
+        s.edit("r", |doc, active| {
+            doc.layer_mut(active.unwrap()).unwrap().surface_mut().unwrap().fill_rect(Rect::new(120, 0, 320, 60), &[0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0]);
+            Ok(())
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+        let right = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        select(&mut s, &[left, right]);
+        let r = s.execute("edit.autoBlendLayers", json!({"method": "panorama"})).unwrap();
+        let doc = &s.active().unwrap().doc;
+        let ml = doc.layer(left).unwrap().mask.as_ref().unwrap();
+        let mr = doc.layer(right).unwrap().mask.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((ml.value(10, 30), mr.value(10, 30)), (1.0, 0.0));
+        assert_eq!((ml.value(300, 30), mr.value(300, 30)), (0.0, 1.0), "off the canvas");
+        let blended = doc.layer(LayerId(r["blended"].as_u64().unwrap())).unwrap().surface().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(blended.pixel(300, 30)[3], 1.0, "the merged layer covers the off-canvas part");
+    }
+
+    /// A sparse layer whose bounds are huge (a dot at each far corner) raises its own content
+    /// estimate, so the extent past the canvas is capped independently: it keeps to the canvas.
+    #[test]
+    fn auto_blend_sparse_huge_bounds_keep_to_the_canvas() {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 200, "background": "transparent"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "a"})).unwrap();
+        s.edit("a", |doc, active| {
+            let surf = doc.layer_mut(active.unwrap()).unwrap().surface_mut().unwrap();
+            surf.fill_rect(Rect::new(0, 0, 150, 200), &[0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0]);
+            surf.fill_rect(Rect::new(100_000, 100_000, 100_001, 100_001), &[0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0]);
+            Ok(())
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+        let a = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "b"})).unwrap();
+        s.edit("b", |doc, active| {
+            doc.layer_mut(active.unwrap()).unwrap().surface_mut().unwrap().fill_rect(Rect::new(50, 0, 200, 200), &[0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0]);
+            Ok(())
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+        let b = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        select(&mut s, &[a, b]);
+        let r = s.execute("edit.autoBlendLayers", json!({"method": "panorama"})).unwrap();
+        let doc = &s.active().unwrap().doc;
+        let bb = doc.layer(LayerId(r["blended"].as_u64().unwrap())).unwrap().surface().unwrap().content_bounds();
+        assert!(bb.x1 <= 200 && bb.y1 <= 200, "{bb:?}");
+    }
+
+    /// The budget past the canvas counts every layer's buffers, not just the work-area pixels.
+    #[test]
+    fn auto_blend_budget_counts_layers_and_channels() {
+        // Two RGBA layers: 4 bytes × (2 layers × (4 channels + luma, alpha, weight) + merged + depth).
+        assert_eq!(blend_bytes_per_pixel(2, 4), 88);
+        assert!(blend_bytes_per_pixel(5, 4) > blend_bytes_per_pixel(2, 4));
+        // A 2^27-pixel area would need about 11 GiB for just two RGBA layers: it keeps to the canvas.
+        assert!((1u64 << 27).saturating_mul(blend_bytes_per_pixel(2, 4)) > MAX_BLEND_BYTES);
+        assert_eq!(blend_bytes_per_pixel(u64::MAX, 4), u64::MAX, "saturates instead of overflowing");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn auto_blend_stack_without_seamless() {
         let mut s = Session::new();
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/analysis_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/analysis_cmds.rs
index 92b630aa44..8932295d52 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/analysis_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/analysis_cmds.rs
@@ -231,18 +231,7 @@ pub fn now_iso() -> String {
     #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
     {
         let secs = std::time::SystemTime::now().duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH).map(|d| d.as_secs() as i64).unwrap_or(0);
-        let (days, rem) = (secs.div_euclid(86_400), secs.rem_euclid(86_400));
-        // Civil date from days since 1970-01-01 (Howard Hinnant's algorithm).
-        let z = days + 719_468;
-        let era = z.div_euclid(146_097);
-        let doe = z - era * 146_097;
-        let yoe = (doe - doe / 1460 + doe / 36_524 - doe / 146_096) / 365;
-        let doy = doe - (365 * yoe + yoe / 4 - yoe / 100);
-        let mp = (5 * doy + 2) / 153;
-        let d = doy - (153 * mp + 2) / 5 + 1;
-        let m = if mp < 10 { mp + 3 } else { mp - 9 };
-        let y = yoe + era * 400 + i64::from(m <= 2);
-        format!("{y:04}-{m:02}-{d:02}T{:02}:{:02}:{:02}Z", rem / 3600, rem % 3600 / 60, rem % 60)
+        iso_from_unix(secs)
     }
     #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
     {
@@ -250,6 +239,29 @@ pub fn now_iso() -> String {
     }
 }
 
+/// `YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ` for Unix seconds `secs` (UTC, proleptic Gregorian). A time outside
+/// chrono's year range still converts (the calendar repeats every 400 years, so the instant is
+/// moved into range by whole cycles and only the year is carried, matching the old hand-rolled
+/// code), never a silent reset to the epoch. chrono is the only calendar logic.
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+fn iso_from_unix(secs: i64) -> String {
+    use chrono::Datelike;
+    let (days, sod) = (secs.div_euclid(86_400), secs.rem_euclid(86_400));
+    let (cycles, rest) = (days.div_euclid(146_097), days.rem_euclid(146_097));
+    // `rest + 719_163` (1970-01-01 is CE day 719_163) is always a valid CE day, and `sod` < 86_400.
+    let date = i32::try_from(rest + 719_163).ok().and_then(chrono::NaiveDate::from_num_days_from_ce_opt);
+    let time = u32::try_from(sod).ok().and_then(|s| chrono::NaiveTime::from_num_seconds_from_midnight_opt(s, 0));
+    match (date, time) {
+        (Some(d), Some(t)) => {
+            let y = i128::from(d.year()) + i128::from(cycles) * 400;
+            let y = i64::try_from(y).unwrap_or(if y < 0 { i64::MIN } else { i64::MAX });
+            // `{:04}` rather than `%Y`, which writes a `+` before years past 9999.
+            format!("{y:04}-{}", d.and_time(t).format("%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ"))
+        }
+        _ => "1970-01-01T00:00:00Z".to_string(), // unreachable
+    }
+}
+
 fn round4(v: f64) -> f64 {
     (v * 10_000.0).round() / 10_000.0
 }
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/analysis_cmds/tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/analysis_cmds/tests.rs
index f9138e8b65..c1184f2a4c 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/analysis_cmds/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/analysis_cmds/tests.rs
@@ -535,3 +535,20 @@ fn count_add_keeps_first_group_creation_and_targets_the_requested_group() {
     let r = s.execute("count.add", json!({"x": 6, "y": 7})).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(r["groups"][1]["points"], json!([[6.0, 7.0]]));
 }
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+fn iso_from_unix_matches_the_old_cycle_conversion_including_beyond_chrono() {
+    use super::iso_from_unix;
+    assert_eq!(iso_from_unix(0), "1970-01-01T00:00:00Z");
+    assert_eq!(iso_from_unix(951_782_400), "2000-02-29T00:00:00Z");
+    assert_eq!(iso_from_unix(1_791_446_357), "2026-10-08T07:59:17Z");
+    // Years past 9999 keep the plain zero-padded year (no `+`).
+    assert_eq!(iso_from_unix(253_402_300_800), "10000-01-01T00:00:00Z");
+    // Beyond chrono's year range the old hand-rolled code still converted; pin that output
+    // (never the epoch) in both directions and at the i64 extremes.
+    assert_eq!(iso_from_unix(10_000_000_000_000), "318857-05-20T17:46:40Z");
+    assert_eq!(iso_from_unix(-10_000_000_000_000), "-314918-08-13T06:13:20Z");
+    assert_eq!(iso_from_unix(i64::MAX), "292277026596-12-04T15:30:07Z");
+    assert_eq!(iso_from_unix(i64::MIN), "-292277022657-01-27T08:29:52Z");
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/artboard_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/artboard_cmds.rs
index 7d5d7bbb0e..5394c0193c 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/artboard_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/artboard_cmds.rs
@@ -183,6 +183,20 @@ pub(crate) fn place_copy(doc: &mut Document, id: LayerId) -> Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
+/// Record a Duplicate's `inPlace` only when a copy (the selection after it) is an artboard: for
+/// any other layer it changes nothing, and Photoshop's Duplicate can't express it, so a recorded
+/// Alt-drag copy of a plain layer must stay exportable to .atn (#7200).
+pub(crate) fn recorded_duplicate(s: &Session, mut p: Value) -> Value {
+    let Some(st) = s.active() else { return p };
+    if st.selected_layers().into_iter().any(|id| st.doc.layer(id).is_some_and(|l| l.artboard().is_some())) {
+        return p;
+    }
+    if let Some(fields) = p.as_object_mut() {
+        fields.remove("inPlace");
+    }
+    p
+}
+
 /// Grow the canvas so every artboard fits. Photoshop's artboard documents grow in every
 /// direction: a board left of or above the origin shifts the whole document (boards, their
 /// contents, guides, paths…) right/down by its overhang, then the canvas grows to show it. An
@@ -219,6 +233,23 @@ fn next_artboard_name(doc: &Document) -> String {
     (1..=names.len() + 1).map(|n| format!("Artboard {n}")).find(|n| !names.contains(&n.as_str())).unwrap_or_else(|| "Artboard".into())
 }
 
+/// File › New with Artboards (#9086): one board over the whole canvas, its background the
+/// document's (white, black, a colour or transparent), holding an empty Layer 1. As in Photoshop,
+/// there is no Background layer.
+pub fn new_artboard_document(name: String, size: Size, mode: ColorMode, depth: SampleType, background: Option<Color>) -> Document {
+    let mut doc = Document::new(name, size, mode, depth);
+    let background = match background {
+        None => ArtboardBackground::Transparent,
+        Some(c) if c == Color::WHITE => ArtboardBackground::White,
+        Some(c) if c == Color::BLACK => ArtboardBackground::Black,
+        Some(c) => ArtboardBackground::Custom(c),
+    };
+    let mut board = Layer::group("Artboard 1", vec![Layer::raster("Layer 1", doc.pixel_format())]);
+    set_artboard(&mut board, Artboard { rect: doc.bounds(), background, preset: String::new() });
+    doc.layers.push(board);
+    doc
+}
+
 fn set_artboard(l: &mut Layer, a: Artboard) {
     if let LayerContent::Group(g) = &mut l.content {
         g.artboard = Some(a);
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/artboard_cmds/tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/artboard_cmds/tests.rs
index 0ad909ab5b..ad3f7a46d0 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/artboard_cmds/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/artboard_cmds/tests.rs
@@ -85,6 +85,34 @@ fn from_layers_and_group_then_compose_clips() {
     }
 }
 
+/// #7945: one layer selected inside an artboard aligns to that artboard, as in Photoshop, not to
+/// the canvas (which would move it out of the board). The board itself still aligns to the canvas.
+#[test]
+fn a_lone_layer_in_an_artboard_aligns_to_the_artboard() {
+    for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
+        let mut s = session(depth);
+        let red = add_square(&mut s, Rect::new(10, 10, 20, 20), [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+        let board = LayerId(s.execute("layer.new.artboardFromLayers", json!({})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap());
+        s.execute("layer.artboard.set", json!({"x": 140, "y": 20, "width": 40, "height": 50})).unwrap();
+        let bounds = |s: &Session, id: LayerId| crate::layer_multi_cmds::layer_bounds(doc(s).layer(id).unwrap()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(bounds(&s, red), Rect::new(140, 20, 150, 30), "{depth}");
+
+        s.execute("layer.select", json!({"layer": red.0})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.align.rightEdges", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(bounds(&s, red), Rect::new(170, 20, 180, 30), "{depth}: to the board's right edge");
+        s.execute("layer.align.verticalCenters", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(bounds(&s, red), Rect::new(170, 40, 180, 50), "{depth}: to the board's centre");
+        // An explicit `to` still wins.
+        s.execute("layer.align.topEdges", json!({"to": "canvas"})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(bounds(&s, red).y0, 0, "{depth}");
+
+        // The artboard alone has no board around it: its contents align to the canvas.
+        s.execute("layer.select", json!({"layer": board.0})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.align.leftEdges", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(bounds(&s, red).x0, 0, "{depth}");
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn clear_artboard_guides_only_inside() {
     let mut s = session(8);
@@ -633,3 +661,32 @@ fn add_beside_duplicate_honors_panel_copy_name_preference() {
         assert_eq!(doc(&s), &before);
     }
 }
+
+/// #9086: File › New with Artboards makes one board over the canvas, its background the chosen
+/// one, holding an empty Layer 1, and no Background layer.
+#[test]
+fn new_document_with_an_artboard() {
+    for (background, want) in [
+        ("white", ArtboardBackground::White),
+        ("black", ArtboardBackground::Black),
+        ("transparent", ArtboardBackground::Transparent),
+        ("#336699", ArtboardBackground::Custom(Color::rgba(0x33 as f32 / 255.0, 0x66 as f32 / 255.0, 0x99 as f32 / 255.0, 1.0))),
+    ] {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 120, "height": 90, "background": background, "artboard": true})).unwrap();
+        let d = doc(&s);
+        assert_eq!(d.layers.len(), 1, "{background}: only the board");
+        let boards = d.artboards();
+        let [(_, _, board)] = boards.as_slice() else { panic!("{background}: one artboard, got {}", boards.len()) };
+        assert_eq!(board.rect, d.bounds());
+        assert_eq!(board.background, want, "{background}");
+        let LayerContent::Group(g) = &d.layers[0].content else { panic!("not a group") };
+        assert_eq!(g.children.iter().map(|l| l.name.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["Layer 1"]);
+        assert!(!d.layers.iter().any(|l| d.is_background(l.id)), "{background}: no Background layer");
+    }
+    // Without the option nothing changes; a non-boolean is refused.
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 20, "height": 10, "artboard": false})).unwrap();
+    assert!(doc(&s).artboards().is_empty());
+    assert!(s.execute("file.new", json!({"artboard": "yes"})).is_err());
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/atn_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/atn_cmds.rs
index 3be9ee217a..244c21479a 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/atn_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/atn_cmds.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,9 @@
 //! work; tool selections and other steps with no document effect are imported switched off.
 //!
 //! Layer references by name (`select` of layer "Shadow") become `{"layer": "Shadow"}`, which
-//! `commands::layer_param` resolves in whatever document the action plays on (#219).
+//! `commands::layer_param` resolves in whatever document the action plays on (#219). A switch
+//! to another open document (`select` of `Dcmn` by offset) becomes `document.activate
+//! {"offset"}`, the tab that many places from the active one (#7103).
 
 use photocraft_psd::atn::{self, AtnAction, AtnEvent, AtnFile, AtnItem};
 use photocraft_psd::descriptor::{Class, Descriptor, Id, ReferenceItem, UnicodeString, Value as D};
@@ -209,10 +211,11 @@ fn class_ref(cls: &str) -> D {
 }
 
 /// The `null` reference for a command's `layer` param: by name, else the target layer.
-fn layer_ref(p: &Value) -> D {
+fn layer_ref(p: &Value) -> Option<D> {
     match p.get("layer") {
-        Some(Value::String(n)) => name_ref("Lyr ", n),
-        _ => target_ref("Lyr "),
+        None | Some(Value::Null) => Some(target_ref("Lyr ")),
+        Some(Value::String(n)) => Some(name_ref("Lyr ", n)),
+        _ => None,
     }
 }
 
@@ -303,33 +306,51 @@ fn path_value(text: &str) -> D {
 /// Photoshop's `BlnM` enumeration ↔ PhotoCraft's blend mode labels.
 const BLEND_MODES: &[(&str, &str)] = &[
     ("Nrml", "Normal"),
+    ("normal", "Normal"),
     ("Dslv", "Dissolve"),
+    ("dissolve", "Dissolve"),
     ("Drkn", "Darken"),
+    ("darken", "Darken"),
     ("Mltp", "Multiply"),
+    ("multiply", "Multiply"),
     ("CBrn", "Color Burn"),
+    ("colorBurn", "Color Burn"),
     ("linearBurn", "Linear Burn"),
     ("darkerColor", "Darker Color"),
     ("Lghn", "Lighten"),
+    ("lighten", "Lighten"),
     ("Scrn", "Screen"),
+    ("screen", "Screen"),
     ("CDdg", "Color Dodge"),
+    ("colorDodge", "Color Dodge"),
     ("linearDodge", "Linear Dodge (Add)"),
     ("lighterColor", "Lighter Color"),
     ("Ovrl", "Overlay"),
+    ("overlay", "Overlay"),
     ("SftL", "Soft Light"),
+    ("softLight", "Soft Light"),
     ("HrdL", "Hard Light"),
+    ("hardLight", "Hard Light"),
     ("vividLight", "Vivid Light"),
     ("linearLight", "Linear Light"),
     ("pinLight", "Pin Light"),
     ("hardMix", "Hard Mix"),
     ("Dfrn", "Difference"),
+    ("difference", "Difference"),
     ("Xclu", "Exclusion"),
+    ("exclusion", "Exclusion"),
     ("blendSubtraction", "Subtract"),
     ("blendDivide", "Divide"),
     ("H", "Hue"),
+    ("hue", "Hue"),
     ("Strt", "Saturation"),
+    ("saturation", "Saturation"),
     ("Clr", "Color"),
+    ("color", "Color"),
     ("Lmns", "Luminosity"),
+    ("luminosity", "Luminosity"),
     ("PsTh", "Pass Through"),
+    ("passThrough", "Pass Through"),
 ];
 
 fn blend_label(ps: &str) -> Option<&'static str> {
@@ -374,13 +395,11 @@ fn channel_key(d: &Descriptor) -> Option<Option<&'static str>> {
     })
 }
 
+/// A Levels or Curves entry's channel: `Chnl.Cmps` for the composite, as Photoshop records it.
+/// Photoshop silently skips a Set whose composite is `Ordn.Trgt` (#8543).
 fn channel_ref(key: Option<&str>) -> D {
     let value = key.and_then(|k| lookup_back(CHANNELS, k));
-    D::Reference(vec![ReferenceItem::Enumerated {
-        class: class("Chnl"),
-        type_id: code(if value.is_some() { "Chnl" } else { "Ordn" }),
-        value: code(value.unwrap_or("Trgt")),
-    }])
+    D::Reference(vec![ReferenceItem::Enumerated { class: class("Chnl"), type_id: code("Chnl"), value: code(value.unwrap_or("Cmps")) }])
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------ field tables
@@ -443,7 +462,15 @@ fn fields_to(p: &Value, fields: &[F], mut d: Descriptor) -> Option<Descriptor> {
             Kind::Px => px(v.as_f64()?),
             Kind::Pct => pct(v.as_f64()?),
             Kind::Ang => ang(v.as_f64()?),
-            Kind::Long => long(v.as_f64()?),
+            // A value outside the descriptor's 32-bit integer refuses the step rather than being
+            // clamped to another value (an Add Noise seed above i32::MAX replayed as i32::MAX, #7287).
+            Kind::Long => {
+                let n = v.as_f64()?.round();
+                if !(f64::from(i32::MIN)..=f64::from(i32::MAX)).contains(&n) {
+                    return None;
+                }
+                long(n)
+            }
             Kind::ExactLong => {
                 let number = v.as_f64()?;
                 let integer = number as i32;
@@ -581,6 +608,9 @@ fn curves_to(p: &Value) -> Option<Descriptor> {
     Some(desc("Crvs").with("presetKind", enm("presetKindType", "presetKindCustom")).with("Adjs", D::List(entries)))
 }
 
+/// The hue key of a Hue/Saturation adjustment (`Hst2`): Photoshop's `H   ` (#8302).
+const HUE_KEY: &str = "H   ";
+
 const HUE_RANGES: [&str; 6] = ["reds", "yellows", "greens", "cyans", "blues", "magentas"];
 
 fn hue_sat_from(d: &Descriptor) -> Option<Value> {
@@ -591,8 +621,11 @@ fn hue_sat_from(d: &Descriptor) -> Option<Value> {
     for e in get_list(d, "Adjs").unwrap_or(&[]) {
         let D::Descriptor(e) = e else { return None };
         let mut m = Map::new();
-        for (key, param) in [("Hue ", "hue"), ("Strt", "saturation"), ("Lght", "lightness")] {
-            if let Some(v) = get_num(e, key) {
+        // Photoshop's hue key is `H   ` (stringID "hue", #8302); PhotoCraft wrote `Hue ` before,
+        // so its own older files still read.
+        let hue = get_num(e, HUE_KEY).or_else(|| get_num(e, "Hue "));
+        for (param, v) in [("hue", hue), ("saturation", get_num(e, "Strt")), ("lightness", get_num(e, "Lght"))] {
+            if let Some(v) = v {
                 m.insert(param.into(), v.into());
             }
         }
@@ -622,7 +655,7 @@ fn hue_entry(p: &Value, range: Option<(usize, &Value)>) -> Option<Descriptor> {
             }
         }
     }
-    for (key, param) in [("Hue ", "hue"), ("Strt", "saturation"), ("Lght", "lightness")] {
+    for (key, param) in [(HUE_KEY, "hue"), ("Strt", "saturation"), ("Lght", "lightness")] {
         e = e.with(key, long(jnum(p, param).unwrap_or(0.0)));
     }
     Some(e)
@@ -749,46 +782,32 @@ fn selective_from(d: &Descriptor) -> Option<Value> {
 }
 
 fn selective_to(p: &Value) -> Option<Descriptor> {
-    // Each range, as the command reads it (`adjust_cmds::selective_from_params`): the array form
-    // `"reds": [c, m, y, k]` first, then the scalar form, which names one range in `"colors"` and
-    // gives the channels it changes. Writing only the arrays dropped the scalar form's values, and
-    // the step exported as an adjustment that changes nothing (#7672).
-    let mut rows: Vec<Option<[f64; 4]>> = vec![None; SELECTIVE_RANGES.len()];
-    for (row, (_, name)) in rows.iter_mut().zip(SELECTIVE_RANGES) {
-        if let Some(a) = p.get(*name).and_then(Value::as_array) {
-            let v = |i: usize| a.get(i).and_then(Value::as_f64).unwrap_or(0.0);
-            *row = Some([v(0), v(1), v(2), v(3)]);
-        }
-    }
-    if let Some(named) = jstr(p, "colors") {
-        let i = SELECTIVE_RANGES.iter().position(|(_, name)| *name == named)?;
-        let row = rows.get_mut(i)?;
-        let mut v = row.unwrap_or([0.0; 4]);
-        for (slot, key) in v.iter_mut().zip(["cyan", "magenta", "yellow", "black"]) {
-            // A channel that is given but is not a number is an error in the command
-            // (`adjust_cmds::selective_from_params`), so a step carrying one cannot be written
-            // either: ignoring it would export a different adjustment than the one recorded.
-            // `null` counts as absent there, and so here.
-            match p.get(key) {
-                None | Some(Value::Null) => {}
-                Some(_) => *slot = jnum(p, key)?,
-            }
-        }
-        *row = Some(v);
-    }
+    // Match command execution: scalar components override only the selected range, `relative`
+    // takes precedence over `method`, and invalid values must not become a different edit.
+    let photocraft_doc::Adjustment::SelectiveColor { relative, adjustments } = crate::adjust_cmds::selective_from_params(p, None).ok()? else {
+        return None;
+    };
     let mut list = Vec::new();
-    for (row, (ps, _)) in rows.iter().zip(SELECTIVE_RANGES) {
-        if let Some(v) = row {
+    for (name, row) in crate::adjust_cmds::RANGES.into_iter().zip(adjustments) {
+        if p.get(name).is_some_and(|v| !v.is_null()) || jstr(p, "colors") == Some(name) {
+            let ps = lookup_back(SELECTIVE_RANGES, name)?;
+            let [cyan, magenta, yellow, black] = row.map(f64::from);
             list.push(D::Descriptor(
-                desc("ClrC").with("Clrs", enm("Clrs", ps)).with("Cyn ", pct(v[0])).with("Mgnt", pct(v[1])).with("Yllw", pct(v[2])).with("Blck", pct(v[3])),
+                desc("ClrC")
+                    .with("Clrs", enm("Clrs", ps))
+                    .with("Cyn ", pct(cyan))
+                    .with("Mgnt", pct(magenta))
+                    .with("Yllw", pct(yellow))
+                    .with("Blck", pct(black)),
             ));
         }
     }
-    let mut d = desc("SlcC").with("presetKind", enm("presetKindType", "presetKindCustom"));
-    if let Some(m) = jstr(p, "method") {
-        d = d.with("Mthd", enm("CrcM", if m == "absolute" { "Absl" } else { "Rltv" }));
-    }
-    Some(d.with("ClrC", D::List(list)))
+    Some(
+        desc("SlcC")
+            .with("presetKind", enm("presetKindType", "presetKindCustom"))
+            .with("Mthd", enm("CrcM", if relative { "Rltv" } else { "Absl" }))
+            .with("ClrC", D::List(list)),
+    )
 }
 
 /// Gradient Map: the gradient's colour stops at 0..4096 → `stops: [[0..1, "#rrggbb"], …]`.
@@ -847,7 +866,8 @@ fn gradient_map_to(p: &Value) -> Option<Descriptor> {
     Some(d)
 }
 
-/// An adjustment: its Photoshop class (also the direct event's code), the command suffix (`image.adjustments.<suffix>`, `layer.newAdjustmentLayer.<suffix>`), and
+/// An adjustment: its Photoshop class (usually also the direct event's code; Black & White and
+/// Photo Filter run by name), the command suffix (`image.adjustments.<suffix>`, `layer.newAdjustmentLayer.<suffix>`), and
 /// the converters between the adjustment descriptor and the command params.
 struct Adjustment {
     class: &'static str,
@@ -874,14 +894,23 @@ const ADJUSTMENTS: &[Adjustment] = &[
     adj_fields!("Vbrn", "vibrance", &[F("vibrance", "vibrance", Kind::Long), F("Strt", "saturation", Kind::Long)]),
     adj_fields!("Exps", "exposure", &[F("Exps", "exposure", Kind::Dbl), F("Ofst", "offset", Kind::Dbl), F("gammaCorrection", "gamma", Kind::Dbl)]),
     Adjustment { class: "PhtF", suffix: "photoFilter", from: |d| fields_from(d, PHOTO_FILTER_FIELDS).map(Value::Object), to: photo_filter_to },
-    adj_fields!("BlnW", "blackWhite", BW),
+    adj_fields!("BanW", "blackWhite", BW),
     Adjustment { class: "ChnM", suffix: "channelMixer", from: channel_mixer_from, to: channel_mixer_to },
     Adjustment { class: "SlcC", suffix: "selectiveColor", from: selective_from, to: selective_to },
     Adjustment { class: "GdMp", suffix: "gradientMap", from: gradient_map_from, to: gradient_map_to },
 ];
 
+/// Adjustment classes PhotoCraft once exported, with the class Photoshop uses. Measured in
+/// Photoshop (#8481): a Make whose Black & White type is `BlnW` fails ("the command Make is not
+/// currently available"), `BanW` runs. Import keeps accepting them so actions saved before still
+/// load; export never writes them.
+const LEGACY_CLASSES: &[(&str, &str)] = &[("BlnW", "BanW")];
+
+/// The adjustment with Photoshop class `c`, or the one an old PhotoCraft class stands for.
 fn adjustment_by_class(c: &str) -> Option<&'static Adjustment> {
-    ADJUSTMENTS.iter().find(|a| a.class.trim_end() == c.trim_end())
+    let c = c.trim_end();
+    let c = LEGACY_CLASSES.iter().find(|(old, _)| *old == c).map_or(c, |(_, class)| class);
+    ADJUSTMENTS.iter().find(|a| a.class.trim_end() == c)
 }
 
 const PHOTO_FILTER_FIELDS: &[F] = &[F("Clr ", "color", Kind::Color), F("Dnst", "density", Kind::Long), F("PrsL", "preserveLuminosity", Kind::Bool)];
@@ -961,7 +990,7 @@ macro_rules! ev {
                 Some(m) => step($id, Value::Object(m)),
                 None => Mapped::Unsupported { harmless: false },
             },
-            to: |_, p| if pixel_target(p) && !($skip)(p) { fields_to(p, $fields, desc("null")) } else { None },
+            to: |_, p| if pixel_target(p) && !($skip)(p) && holds_its_settings($id, p) { fields_to(p, $fields, desc("null")) } else { None },
         }
     };
 }
@@ -973,6 +1002,57 @@ fn preserves_roundness(p: &Value) -> bool {
     p.get("preserve").and_then(Value::as_str) == Some("roundness")
 }
 
+/// Whether any of the boolean `flags` is on in `p` (present, not null and not `false`).
+fn flag_set(p: &Value, flags: &[&str]) -> bool {
+    flags.iter().any(|f| p.get(*f).is_some_and(|v| !v.is_null() && *v != Value::Bool(false)))
+}
+
+/// Select > Modify with "Apply effect at canvas bounds": the descriptor has no field for it, so such a
+/// step is not exported (it would replay without the option).
+fn applies_at_canvas_bounds(p: &Value) -> bool {
+    flag_set(p, &["applyAtCanvasBounds"])
+}
+
+/// Settings a mapped event has no field for, by command: `(param, the value the event plays as)`.
+/// Photoshop's event has nowhere to put these, so a step that sets one cannot be written: it
+/// would import as a different edit, silently. Such a step is refused, the way [`pixel_target`]
+/// refuses a filter aimed at a mask -- and no key Photoshop does not define is invented for it,
+/// which the clean-room rule forbids and which would make the file wrong in another reader.
+///
+/// A step that leaves the setting at the value the event plays as exports as before.
+/// How a setting the event cannot carry behaves once the step is replayed without it. Which of
+/// the two a setting takes follows the command's own reading of it, not the parameter spec.
+enum Lost {
+    /// Replay uses this value, so only a step already at it survives. Numbers and strings are
+    /// both compared as written, since the commands below read these settings as written.
+    ReplaysAs(&'static str),
+    /// The command reads only this one spelling as anything other than what replay does, so every
+    /// other value survives -- a differently cased one included, because it too plays as replay's.
+    DiffersAt(&'static str),
+}
+
+const UNHOLDABLE: &[(&str, &[(&str, Lost)])] = &[
+    // Crst carries ClSz only; replay seeds the pattern from 0 (#7668).
+    ("filter.pixelate.crystallize", &[("seed", Lost::ReplaysAs("0"))]),
+    // RdlB carries Amnt, BlrM and BlrQ; replay spins or zooms about the middle of the layer.
+    ("filter.blur.radialBlur", &[("centerX", Lost::ReplaysAs("0.5")), ("centerY", Lost::ReplaysAs("0.5"))]),
+    // Mnm /Mxm carry Rds only; replay keeps squareness, and so does the command for anything but
+    // the exact string "roundness" -- see `preserve` in filters.rs.
+    ("filter.other.minimum", &[("preserve", Lost::DiffersAt("roundness"))]),
+    ("filter.other.maximum", &[("preserve", Lost::DiffersAt("roundness"))]),
+];
+
+/// Whether every setting of `p` that its event cannot hold would play the same without it
+/// (see [`UNHOLDABLE`]).
+fn holds_its_settings(id: &str, p: &Value) -> bool {
+    let Some((_, settings)) = UNHOLDABLE.iter().find(|(cmd, _)| *cmd == id) else { return true };
+    settings.iter().all(|(param, lost)| match (p.get(param), lost) {
+        (None | Some(Value::Null), _) => true,
+        (Some(v), Lost::ReplaysAs(played)) => v.as_str() == Some(played) || v.as_f64().is_some_and(|n| played.parse::<f64>().is_ok_and(|d| n == d)),
+        (Some(v), Lost::DiffersAt(spelling)) => v.as_str() != Some(spelling),
+    })
+}
+
 /// Whether `p` edits the layer's pixels: no `"target"` or `"target":"pixels"`. Photoshop's
 /// descriptor for a plain event has no field for a mask, Quick Mask or channel target, so such
 /// a step can't be exported faithfully.
@@ -1203,8 +1283,18 @@ fn make_from(d: &Descriptor) -> Mapped {
             if let Some(n) = using.and_then(|u| get_text(u, "Nm  ")) {
                 p.insert("name".into(), n.into());
             }
-            let id = if get_ref(d, "From").is_some() { "layer.groupLayers" } else { "layer.new.group" };
-            step(id, Value::Object(p))
+            match get_ref(d, "From") {
+                // A named source layer stays the source (#7236); a target reference and an
+                // index/id source (our exporter never writes those) keep the old implicit
+                // import: the group lands on the current selection at playback.
+                Some(r) => {
+                    if let Some(t) = layer_target(r) {
+                        p.extend(t);
+                    }
+                    step("layer.groupLayers", Value::Object(p))
+                }
+                None => step("layer.new.group", Value::Object(p)),
+            }
         }
         _ => Mapped::Unsupported { harmless: false },
     }
@@ -1220,6 +1310,18 @@ fn make_to(id: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<Descriptor> {
     };
     Some(match id {
         "layer.new.layer" => {
+            // The descriptor carries the name, opacity and mode only. A step that also clips to
+            // the layer below, labels the layer, fills it with the neutral colour or places it
+            // below the active layer would replay as a different layer, so it isn't exported
+            // (strict export fails, a partial one skips it: #7502, #7512, #7513, #7514).
+            let set = |key: &str, default: Value| p.get(key).is_some_and(|v| !v.is_null() && *v != default);
+            if set("clipToPrevious", Value::Bool(false))
+                || set("color", json!("none"))
+                || set("fillNeutral", Value::Bool(false))
+                || set("position", json!("above"))
+            {
+                return None;
+            }
             let mut u = with_name("Lyr ");
             if let Some(o) = jnum(p, "opacity") {
                 u = u.with("Opct", pct(o * 100.0));
@@ -1231,7 +1333,9 @@ fn make_to(id: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<Descriptor> {
         }
         "layer.new.group" => desc("null").with("null", class_ref("layerSection")).with("Usng", D::Descriptor(with_name("layerSection"))),
         "layer.groupLayers" => {
-            desc("null").with("null", class_ref("layerSection")).with("From", target_ref("Lyr ")).with("Usng", D::Descriptor(with_name("layerSection")))
+            // An explicit source layer goes in by name like every other layer reference; a
+            // step without one keeps the target-layer form (#7236).
+            desc("null").with("null", class_ref("layerSection")).with("From", layer_ref(p)?).with("Usng", D::Descriptor(with_name("layerSection")))
         }
         "layer.new.layerViaCopy" | "layer.new.layerViaCut" => {
             let mut d = desc("null").with("Nw  ", D::Descriptor(desc("Lyr "))).with("Usng", enm("ArSl", "Slct"));
@@ -1242,8 +1346,10 @@ fn make_to(id: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<Descriptor> {
         }
         "layer.newFillLayer.solidColor" => {
             let mut t = desc("solidColorLayer");
-            if let Some(c) = jstr(p, "color").and_then(color_desc) {
-                t = t.with("Clr ", D::Descriptor(c));
+            // The descriptor's colour is opaque RGB: a colour with alpha, or one it can't parse,
+            // would replay as the default black (#7507).
+            if let Some(c) = p.get("color").filter(|v| !v.is_null()) {
+                t = t.with("Clr ", D::Descriptor(c.as_str().and_then(color_desc)?));
             }
             desc("null").with("null", class_ref("contentLayer")).with("Usng", D::Descriptor(desc("contentLayer").with("Type", D::Descriptor(t))))
         }
@@ -1260,7 +1366,7 @@ fn make_to(id: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<Descriptor> {
             if jstr(p, "document") != Some("new") {
                 return None;
             }
-            let mut d = desc("null").with("null", class_ref("Dcmn")).with("Usng", layer_ref(p));
+            let mut d = desc("null").with("null", class_ref("Dcmn")).with("Usng", layer_ref(p)?);
             if let Some(n) = jstr(p, "documentName") {
                 d = d.with("Nm  ", text(n));
             }
@@ -1288,10 +1394,19 @@ fn make_to(id: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<Descriptor> {
             }
             n = n.with("Wdth", px(jnum(p, "width").unwrap_or(1920.0))).with("Hght", px(jnum(p, "height").unwrap_or(1080.0)));
             n = n.with("Rslt", D::UnitFloat { unit: *b"#Rsl", value: jnum(p, "resolution").unwrap_or(72.0) });
-            let fill = match jstr(p, "background") {
-                Some("transparent") => "Trns",
-                Some("backgroundColor") => "BckC",
-                _ => "Wht ",
+            // `Fl  ` is white, transparent or Photoshop's own background colour: black, a hex
+            // colour or a given `backgroundColor` would replay as something else (#7503).
+            if p.get("backgroundColor").is_some_and(|v| !v.is_null()) {
+                return None;
+            }
+            let fill = match p.get("background").filter(|v| !v.is_null()) {
+                None => "Wht ",
+                Some(b) => match b.as_str()? {
+                    "white" => "Wht ",
+                    "transparent" => "Trns",
+                    "backgroundColor" => "BckC",
+                    _ => return None,
+                },
             };
             n = n.with("Fl  ", enm("Fl  ", fill)).with("Dpth", long(jnum(p, "depth").unwrap_or(8.0)));
             desc("null").with("Nw  ", D::Descriptor(n))
@@ -1458,6 +1573,14 @@ fn set_to(id: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<Descriptor> {
         "select.all" => sel(enm("Ordn", "Al  ")),
         "select.deselect" => sel(enm("Ordn", "None")),
         "select.reselect" => sel(enm("Ordn", "Prvs")),
+        // The descriptor loads a plain new selection: inverting it or combining it with the current
+        // one (add, subtract, intersect) would be lost (#7506).
+        "select.loadSelection"
+            if p.get("invert").is_some_and(|v| *v != Value::Bool(false) && !v.is_null())
+                || p.get("operation").is_some_and(|v| *v != json!("new") && !v.is_null()) =>
+        {
+            return None;
+        }
         "select.loadSelection" => match jstr(p, "channel")? {
             "transparency" => sel(D::Reference(vec![ReferenceItem::Enumerated { class: class("Chnl"), type_id: Id::new("Chnl"), value: Id::new("Trsp") }])),
             "targeted" => sel(D::Reference(vec![ReferenceItem::Enumerated { class: class("Chnl"), type_id: Id::new("Ordn"), value: Id::new("Trgt") }])),
@@ -1497,11 +1620,21 @@ fn set_to(id: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<Descriptor> {
                 .with("T   ", D::Descriptor(color_desc(hex)?))
         }
         "select.rect" => {
+            match jstr(p, "mode") {
+                None | Some("replace") => {}
+                Some(_) => return None,
+            }
             let (x, y, w, h) = (jnum(p, "x")?, jnum(p, "y")?, jnum(p, "width")?, jnum(p, "height")?);
             let cls = if jbool(p, "ellipse") == Some(true) { "Elps" } else { "Rctn" };
             sel(D::Descriptor(desc(cls).with("Top ", px(y)).with("Left", px(x)).with("Btom", px(y + h)).with("Rght", px(x + w))))
         }
         "layer.setProps" | "layer.renameLayer" | "layer.setLabelColor" => {
+            // Only these keys map onto the `Lyr ` descriptor; locks, clipping, Advanced Blending
+            // channels or an explicit `layers` list would be dropped (#7196, #7246).
+            const MAPPED: [&str; 7] = ["layer", "name", "opacity", "fill", "blend", "visible", "color"];
+            if p.as_object().is_some_and(|m| m.iter().any(|(k, v)| !v.is_null() && !MAPPED.contains(&k.as_str()))) {
+                return None;
+            }
             let mut t = desc("Lyr ");
             if let Some(n) = jstr(p, "name") {
                 t = t.with("Nm  ", text(n));
@@ -1524,7 +1657,7 @@ fn set_to(id: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<Descriptor> {
             if t.items.is_empty() {
                 return None;
             }
-            desc("null").with("null", layer_ref(p)).with("T   ", D::Descriptor(t))
+            desc("null").with("null", layer_ref(p)?).with("T   ", D::Descriptor(t))
         }
         "layer.new.layerFromBackground" => {
             let bckg = D::Reference(vec![ReferenceItem::Property { class: class("Lyr "), key: Id::new("Bckg") }]);
@@ -1539,7 +1672,37 @@ fn set_to(id: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<Descriptor> {
         "layer.setAdjustment" => {
             // The adjustment kind isn't in the params: Photoshop needs it, so only steps that
             // name one (`kind`) export.
-            let a = adjustment_by_suffix(jstr(p, "kind")?)?;
+            let kind = jstr(p, "kind")?;
+            // `layer.setAdjustment` changes only the settings it names. Color Balance and
+            // Hue/Saturation descriptors carry every setting, filling absent ones with defaults,
+            // so a partial edit would replay as one that also resets the rest (#8531).
+            // Present and of the shape the writer reads: anything else it would write as 0.
+            let number = |p: &Value, k: &str| p.get(k).and_then(Value::as_f64).is_some_and(f64::is_finite);
+            let numbers = |p: &Value, keys: &[&str]| keys.iter().all(|k| number(p, k));
+            let flag = |k: &str| p.get(k).is_some_and(Value::is_boolean);
+            let triplet =
+                |k: &str| p.get(k).and_then(Value::as_array).is_some_and(|a| a.len() == 3 && a.iter().all(|v| v.as_f64().is_some_and(f64::is_finite)));
+            let complete = match kind {
+                "colorBalance" => ["shadows", "midtones", "highlights"].iter().all(|k| triplet(k)) && flag("preserveLuminosity"),
+                // Every colour range written carries its own hue, saturation and lightness too.
+                "hueSaturation" => {
+                    flag("colorize")
+                        && numbers(p, &["hue", "saturation", "lightness"])
+                        && HUE_RANGES.iter().filter_map(|r| p.get(*r).filter(|v| !v.is_null())).all(|r| {
+                            // Bounds, when given, are the four whole numbers `hue_entry` writes (as integers);
+                            // otherwise it drops or rounds them.
+                            let bounds = r.get("range").filter(|v| !v.is_null()).is_none_or(|v| {
+                                v.as_array().is_some_and(|a| a.len() == 4 && a.iter().all(|b| b.as_f64().is_some_and(|b| b.is_finite() && b.fract() == 0.0)))
+                            });
+                            r.is_object() && numbers(r, &["hue", "saturation", "lightness"]) && bounds
+                        })
+                }
+                _ => true,
+            };
+            if !complete {
+                return None;
+            }
+            let a = adjustment_by_suffix(kind)?;
             desc("null").with("null", target_ref("AdjL")).with("T   ", D::Descriptor((a.to)(p)?))
         }
         _ => return None,
@@ -1559,6 +1722,8 @@ fn select_from(d: &Descriptor) -> Mapped {
             match get_enum(d, "selectionModifier").as_deref() {
                 Some("addToSelection") => p["mode"] = json!("add"),
                 Some("removeFromSelection") => p["mode"] = json!("remove"),
+                // Shift-click: select everything between the active layer and this one.
+                Some("addToSelectionContinuous") => p["mode"] = json!("range"),
                 _ => {}
             }
             step("layer.select", p)
@@ -1593,6 +1758,9 @@ fn select_from(d: &Descriptor) -> Mapped {
             Some(id) => none(id),
             None => Mapped::Unsupported { harmless: false },
         },
+        // Switching to another open document: its offset from the active one, -1 for the previous
+        // tab and 1 for the next (a template action copies from one and pastes into the other, #7103).
+        (Some("Dcmn"), Target::Offset(o)) => step("document.activate", json!({"offset": o})),
         _ => Mapped::Unsupported { harmless: false },
     }
 }
@@ -1605,11 +1773,16 @@ fn select_to(id: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<Descriptor> {
     let enumerated = |cls: &str, ty: &str, v: &str| D::Reference(vec![ReferenceItem::Enumerated { class: class(cls), type_id: code(ty), value: code(v) }]);
     Some(match id {
         "layer.select" => {
-            let mut d = desc("null").with("null", name_ref("Lyr ", jstr(p, "layer")?));
+            if p.get("occurrence").is_some() {
+                return None;
+            }
+            let name = jstr(p, "name").or_else(|| jstr(p, "layer"))?;
+            let mut d = desc("null").with("null", name_ref("Lyr ", name));
             match jstr(p, "mode") {
                 None | Some("replace") => {}
                 Some("add") => d = d.with("selectionModifier", enm("selectionModifierType", "addToSelection")),
                 Some("remove") => d = d.with("selectionModifier", enm("selectionModifierType", "removeFromSelection")),
+                Some("range") => d = d.with("selectionModifier", enm("selectionModifierType", "addToSelectionContinuous")),
                 Some(_) => return None,
             }
             d.with("MkVs", D::Boolean(false))
@@ -1630,6 +1803,11 @@ fn select_to(id: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<Descriptor> {
         "layer.addBelowToSelection" => desc("null").with("null", ord("Bckw")).with("selectionModifier", enm("selectionModifierType", "addToSelection")),
         "layer.selectTop" => desc("null").with("null", ord("Frnt")),
         "layer.selectBottom" => desc("null").with("null", ord("Back")),
+        // An absolute tab index has no Photoshop equivalent; an offset is what Photoshop records.
+        "document.activate" if p.get("document").is_none_or(Value::is_null) => {
+            let offset = i32::try_from(p.get("offset")?.as_i64()?).ok()?;
+            desc("null").with("null", D::Reference(vec![ReferenceItem::Offset { class: class("Dcmn"), offset }]))
+        }
         _ => {
             let item = lookup_back(MENU_ITEMS, id)?;
             desc("null").with("null", D::Reference(vec![ReferenceItem::Enumerated { class: class("Mn  "), type_id: code("MnIt"), value: code(item) }]))
@@ -1703,6 +1881,63 @@ fn open_to(_: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<Descriptor> {
     Some(desc("null").with("null", path_value(jstr(p, "path")?)))
 }
 
+/// Save As format classes (`As`) and the extensions PhotoCraft saves them under. The first
+/// extension of a class is the one exported, and the first class of an extension is the one
+/// written back. `WebPFormat` is Photoshop's built-in WebP (checked against Photoshop 2026); the
+/// Google classes come from the older WebPShop plug-in and are only read.
+const SAVE_FORMATS: &[(&str, &[&str])] = &[
+    ("Pht3", &["psd"]),
+    ("PNGF", &["png"]),
+    ("JPEG", &["jpg", "jpeg"]),
+    ("TIFF", &["tif", "tiff"]),
+    ("BMPF", &["bmp"]),
+    ("WebPFormat", &["webp"]),
+    ("Google WebPShop", &["webp"]),
+    ("Google WebP", &["webp"]),
+];
+
+fn path_extension(path: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    let name = path.rsplit(['/', '\\']).next()?;
+    let (stem, ext) = name.rsplit_once('.')?;
+    (!stem.is_empty() && !ext.is_empty()).then(|| ext.to_ascii_lowercase())
+}
+
+/// `save`: a plain Save, or a Save As (`As` format, `In` destination, `Cpy` As a Copy).
+/// Only a destination that is a file of the recorded format imports: a folder (#5430), a missing
+/// or unknown format or a mismatched extension stays a kept Photoshop step, so playback stops
+/// before writing rather than saving over the played file (#7102).
+fn save_from(d: &Descriptor) -> Mapped {
+    let unsupported = Mapped::Unsupported { harmless: false };
+    if d.get("As  ").is_none() && d.get("In  ").is_none() {
+        return step("file.save", json!({}));
+    }
+    // A Save As needs a format descriptor to check the destination against: without one (or
+    // with a format that isn't a descriptor) the step is kept.
+    let Some(format) = get_obj(d, "As  ") else { return unsupported };
+    let Some(path) = d.get("In  ").and_then(path_text) else { return unsupported };
+    if get_bool(d, "DIDr") == Some(true) {
+        return unsupported;
+    }
+    let Some(ext) = path_extension(&path) else { return unsupported };
+    let class = trimmed(&format.class_id);
+    let Some((_, exts)) = SAVE_FORMATS.iter().find(|(c, _)| *c == class) else { return unsupported };
+    if !exts.contains(&ext.as_str()) {
+        return unsupported;
+    }
+    step(if get_bool(d, "Cpy ") == Some(true) { "file.saveACopy" } else { "file.saveAs" }, json!({"path": path}))
+}
+
+fn save_to(id: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<Descriptor> {
+    if id == "file.save" {
+        return Some(desc("null"));
+    }
+    let path = jstr(p, "path")?;
+    let ext = path_extension(path)?;
+    let (class, _) = SAVE_FORMATS.iter().find(|(_, exts)| exts.contains(&ext.as_str()))?;
+    let d = desc("null").with("As  ", D::Descriptor(desc(class))).with("In  ", path_value(path));
+    Some(if id == "file.saveACopy" { d.with("Cpy ", D::Boolean(true)) } else { d })
+}
+
 /// Photoshop's four-character condition codes that differ from the string ids.
 const CONDITION_CODES: &[(&str, &str)] = &[("Lyrs", "hasLayers")];
 
@@ -1714,7 +1949,8 @@ fn conditional_from(d: &Descriptor) -> Mapped {
         return Mapped::Unsupported { harmless: false };
     }
     let branch = |key: &str| match get_ref(d, key).map(target) {
-        Some(Target::Name(n)) => Some(n),
+        // Clipped like the stored action names, so the load-time rename map finds it.
+        Some(Target::Name(n)) => Some(clip_name(&n)),
         _ => None,
     };
     step("actions.conditional", json!({"if": condition, "then": branch("then"), "else": branch("else")}))
@@ -1783,8 +2019,23 @@ fn transform_from(d: &Descriptor) -> Mapped {
     // to keep its sub-pixel placement and interpolation.
     let whole_pixels = ["dx", "dy"].iter().all(|k| p.get(*k).and_then(Value::as_f64).is_none_or(|v| v.fract() == 0.0));
     let geometry_only = p.keys().all(|k| k == "dx" || k == "dy") && whole_pixels;
+    // The resampling applies to a selection as much as to a layer (#7515).
+    // Photoshop's bicubic variants are kept (the transforms render them as Bicubic, and they export
+    // back unchanged); Automatic and Preserve Details become the nearest bicubic choice. Dropping
+    // them fell back to the command's default, bilinear for a selection (#8697).
+    let interpolation = get_enum(d, "Intr").and_then(|i| lookup(INTERPOLATION, &i)).and_then(|i| match i {
+        "bicubic" | "bilinear" | "nearest" | "bicubicSharper" | "bicubicSmoother" | "bicubicAutomatic" => Some(i),
+        "automatic" => Some("bicubicAutomatic"),
+        "preserveDetails" => Some("bicubic"),
+        _ => None,
+    });
     match (ref_class(r).as_deref(), target(r)) {
-        (Some("Chnl"), Target::Property(prop)) if prop == "fsel" => step("select.transformSelection", Value::Object(p)),
+        (Some("Chnl"), Target::Property(prop)) if prop == "fsel" => {
+            if let Some(i) = interpolation {
+                p.insert("interpolation".into(), i.into());
+            }
+            step("select.transformSelection", Value::Object(p))
+        }
         (Some("Lyr"), _) => {
             let Some(mut lp) = layer_target(r) else { return unsupported };
             if geometry_only {
@@ -1793,7 +2044,7 @@ fn transform_from(d: &Descriptor) -> Mapped {
                 return step("layer.translate", Value::Object(lp));
             }
             lp.extend(p);
-            if let Some(i) = get_enum(d, "Intr").and_then(|i| lookup(INTERPOLATION, &i)).filter(|i| matches!(*i, "bicubic" | "bilinear" | "nearest")) {
+            if let Some(i) = interpolation {
                 lp.insert("interpolation".into(), i.into());
             }
             step("edit.transform", Value::Object(lp))
@@ -1803,11 +2054,23 @@ fn transform_from(d: &Descriptor) -> Mapped {
 }
 
 fn transform_to(id: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<Descriptor> {
-    if p.get("quad").is_some() || p.get("matrix").is_some() || p.get("rect").is_some() {
+    let given = |k: &str| p.get(k).is_some_and(|v| !v.is_null());
+    if ["quad", "corners", "matrix", "rect"].iter().any(|k| given(k)) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    // The descriptor scales and rotates about the centre (`FTcs` average) without skew or warp:
+    // another reference point, a skew or a warp would replay as a different transform (#7516,
+    // #7517, #7518, #7519).
+    let nonzero = |k: &str| p.get(k).is_some_and(|v| !v.is_null() && v.as_f64() != Some(0.0));
+    let off_centre = p.get("reference").is_some_and(|v| !v.is_null() && *v != json!("center"));
+    if nonzero("skewX") || nonzero("skewY") || off_centre || ["warp", "style", "mesh", "grid"].iter().any(|k| given(k)) {
         return None;
     }
     let target = match id {
-        "edit.transform" => layer_ref(p),
+        // The `Trnf` descriptor has no field for a mask, Quick Mask or alpha channel target; a
+        // layer reference would transform the layer's pixels instead.
+        "edit.transform" if !pixel_target(p) => return None,
+        "edit.transform" => layer_ref(p)?,
         "select.transformSelection" => D::Reference(vec![ReferenceItem::Property { class: class("Chnl"), key: code("fsel") }]),
         _ => return None,
     };
@@ -1861,6 +2124,10 @@ fn apply_image_from(d: &Descriptor) -> Mapped {
                 let Some(channel) = lookup(SOURCE_CHANNELS, &v).or_else(|| lookup(CHANNELS, &v)) else { return unsupported };
                 source.insert("channel".into(), channel.into());
             }
+            // A named (alpha) channel.
+            ReferenceItem::Name { class, name } if class.class_id.is("Chnl") => {
+                source.insert("channel".into(), name.to_string_lossy().into());
+            }
             ReferenceItem::Name { class, name } if class.class_id.is("Lyr ") => {
                 source.insert("layer".into(), name.to_string_lossy().into());
             }
@@ -1891,11 +2158,49 @@ fn apply_image_from(d: &Descriptor) -> Mapped {
     step("image.applyImage", p)
 }
 
+/// Apply Image's source channel as a `Chnl` reference item. The dialog sends Channels-panel names
+/// ("RGB", "Red", "Alpha 1"), which the command reads case-insensitively: the composite names map to
+/// the composite, colour names to their enumeration, and any other name to a named (alpha) channel,
+/// as Photoshop records it.
+fn apply_image_channel(channel: &str) -> Option<ReferenceItem> {
+    let l = channel.to_ascii_lowercase();
+    let key = match l.as_str() {
+        "rgb" | "cmyk" | "lab" | "merged" => "composite",
+        "layermask" => "mask",
+        // Sources the command knows by keyword but Photoshop has no channel for.
+        "quickmask" | "quick mask" | "vectormask" | "vector mask" => return None,
+        other => other,
+    };
+    Some(match lookup_back(SOURCE_CHANNELS, key).or_else(|| lookup_back(CHANNELS, key)) {
+        Some(chan) => ReferenceItem::Enumerated { class: class("Chnl"), type_id: code("Chnl"), value: code(chan) },
+        None if !channel.trim().is_empty() => ReferenceItem::Name { class: class("Chnl"), name: UnicodeString::new_nul(channel) },
+        None => return None,
+    })
+}
+
 fn apply_image_to(_: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<Descriptor> {
-    let source = p.get("source").cloned().unwrap_or(json!({}));
-    let channel = jstr(&source, "channel").unwrap_or("composite");
-    let chan = lookup_back(SOURCE_CHANNELS, channel).or_else(|| lookup_back(CHANNELS, channel))?;
-    let mut items = vec![ReferenceItem::Enumerated { class: class("Chnl"), type_id: code("Chnl"), value: code(chan) }];
+    // The optional blending mask has no descriptor mapping: refuse it rather than drop it,
+    // which would widen the edit to the whole layer.
+    let mask_channel = match p.get("mask") {
+        Some(m) => m.get("channel"),
+        None => p.get("maskChannel"),
+    };
+    if mask_channel.is_some_and(|c| !(c.is_null() || c == "none" || c == "")) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    // The Apply Image dialog sends flat `sourceLayer`/`sourceChannel`/`sourceInvert` fields; read
+    // them as the command does, or the export would quietly reset them to the merged composite.
+    let source = crate::channel_cmds::source_spec(p, "source", "source").unwrap_or(json!({}));
+    // A source from another open document has no event form here: skip the step, don't rewrite it.
+    if source.get("document").is_some_and(|d| !d.is_null()) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    // A layer id or channel index has no name to record: refuse it rather than write the composite.
+    let not_name = |k: &str| source.get(k).is_some_and(|v| !(v.is_null() || v.is_string()));
+    if !source.is_object() || not_name("layer") || not_name("channel") {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let mut items = vec![apply_image_channel(jstr(&source, "channel").unwrap_or("composite"))?];
     match jstr(&source, "layer") {
         Some("merged") | None => items.push(ReferenceItem::Enumerated { class: class("Lyr "), type_id: code("Ordn"), value: code("Mrgd") }),
         Some(name) => items.push(ReferenceItem::Name { class: class("Lyr "), name: UnicodeString::new_nul(name) }),
@@ -1988,7 +2293,7 @@ fn export_to(_: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<Descriptor> {
 fn delete_to(id: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<Descriptor> {
     Some(match id {
         "edit.clear" => desc("null"),
-        "layer.delete" => desc("null").with("null", layer_ref(p)),
+        "layer.delete" => desc("null").with("null", layer_ref(p)?),
         "layer.layerMask.delete" => desc("null").with("null", target_ref("Chnl")),
         _ => return None,
     })
@@ -2012,7 +2317,7 @@ fn visibility_from(d: &Descriptor, id: &str) -> Mapped {
 }
 
 fn visibility_to(_: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<Descriptor> {
-    Some(desc("null").with("null", D::List(vec![layer_ref(p)])))
+    Some(desc("null").with("null", D::List(vec![layer_ref(p)?])))
 }
 
 fn move_from(d: &Descriptor) -> Mapped {
@@ -2090,7 +2395,7 @@ fn move_to(id: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<Descriptor> {
         "layer.arrange.sendBackward" => ord("Prvs"),
         _ => return None,
     };
-    Some(desc("null").with("null", layer_ref(p)).with("T   ", t))
+    Some(desc("null").with("null", layer_ref(p)?).with("T   ", t))
 }
 
 fn duplicate_from(d: &Descriptor) -> Mapped {
@@ -2127,8 +2432,13 @@ fn duplicate_to(id: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<Descriptor> {
     if id == "layer.duplicate" && jstr(p, "document") == Some("new") {
         return None;
     }
+    // Photoshop's Duplicate has no in-place flag: a plain one would place the artboard copy beside
+    // the original on playback.
+    if id == "layer.duplicate" && jbool(p, "inPlace") == Some(true) {
+        return None;
+    }
     let mut d = match id {
-        "layer.duplicate" => desc("null").with("null", layer_ref(p)),
+        "layer.duplicate" => desc("null").with("null", layer_ref(p)?),
         "image.duplicate" => {
             desc("null").with("null", D::Reference(vec![ReferenceItem::Enumerated { class: class("Dcmn"), type_id: Id::new("Ordn"), value: Id::new("Frst") }]))
         }
@@ -2143,9 +2453,23 @@ fn duplicate_to(id: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<Descriptor> {
     Some(d)
 }
 
+/// Only a comp name in the active document is portable across action playback.
+fn apply_comp_from(d: &Descriptor) -> Mapped {
+    match get_ref(d, "null") {
+        Some([ReferenceItem::Name { class, name }]) if trimmed(&class.class_id) == "compsClass" => {
+            step("layerComp.apply", json!({"comp": name.to_string_lossy()}))
+        }
+        _ => Mapped::Unsupported { harmless: false },
+    }
+}
+
+fn apply_comp_to(_: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<Descriptor> {
+    Some(desc("null").with("null", name_ref("compsClass", jstr(p, "comp")?)))
+}
+
 fn play_from(d: &Descriptor) -> Mapped {
     match get_ref(d, "null").map(target) {
-        Some(Target::Name(n)) => step("actions.play", json!({"action": n})),
+        Some(Target::Name(n)) => step("actions.play", json!({"action": clip_name(&n)})),
         _ => Mapped::Unsupported { harmless: false },
     }
 }
@@ -2228,6 +2552,14 @@ fn fill_to(id: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<Descriptor> {
         d = d.with("Tlrn", long(jnum(p, "tolerance").unwrap_or(32.0))).with("AntA", D::Boolean(jbool(p, "antiAlias").unwrap_or(true)));
         // `source` is the command's older name for `contents`.
         d = if p.get("contents").or_else(|| p.get("source")).and_then(Value::as_str) == Some("pattern") {
+            // `Pttn` names no pattern and holds no placement: a chosen pattern, a scale, an angle
+            // or a phase would replay with the current pattern at its defaults (#7543, #7544,
+            // #7545, #7546).
+            let num = |k: &str, default: f64| p.get(k).is_some_and(|v| !v.is_null() && v.as_f64() != Some(default));
+            let phase = p.get("phase").is_some_and(|v| !v.is_null() && v.as_array().is_none_or(|a| a.iter().any(|c| c.as_f64() != Some(0.0))));
+            if p.get("pattern").is_some_and(|v| !v.is_null()) || num("scale", 100.0) || num("angle", 0.0) || phase {
+                return None;
+            }
             d.with("Usng", enm("FlCn", "Pttn"))
         } else {
             // An explicit colour overrides the foreground (#7199): it travels as Fill's `Clr `.
@@ -2628,14 +2960,32 @@ fn shadows_highlights_to(_: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<Descriptor> {
 }
 
 fn image_size_to(_: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<Descriptor> {
+    // Resolution only with Resample on imports as keep-print-size; a command without it cannot be told apart.
+    if jnum(p, "resolution").is_some()
+        && jnum(p, "width").is_none()
+        && jnum(p, "height").is_none()
+        && jnum(p, "percent").is_none()
+        && jstr(p, "resample").is_some_and(|r| r != "none")
+        && jbool(p, "keepPrintSize") != Some(true)
+    {
+        return None;
+    }
     let mut d = desc("null");
-    if let Some(pc) = jnum(p, "percent") {
+    // `resample: "none"` changes the resolution only and the command ignores any size then. The
+    // descriptor has no "none" (it is the absence of `Intr`), so writing the ignored size would
+    // turn the step into a pixel resize on playback (#7189).
+    let resolution_only = jstr(p, "resample") == Some("none");
+    if resolution_only && jnum(p, "resolution").is_none() {
+        // Nothing left to record: the step changes nothing.
+        return None;
+    }
+    if let Some(pc) = jnum(p, "percent").filter(|_| !resolution_only) {
         d = d.with("Wdth", pct(pc)).with("Hght", pct(pc)).with("CnsP", D::Boolean(true));
     }
-    if let Some(w) = jnum(p, "width") {
+    if let Some(w) = jnum(p, "width").filter(|_| !resolution_only) {
         d = d.with("Wdth", px(w));
     }
-    if let Some(h) = jnum(p, "height") {
+    if let Some(h) = jnum(p, "height").filter(|_| !resolution_only) {
         d = d.with("Hght", px(h));
     }
     if let Some(r) = jnum(p, "resolution") {
@@ -2674,6 +3024,11 @@ fn crop_from(d: &Descriptor) -> Mapped {
 }
 
 fn crop_to(_: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<Descriptor> {
+    // The W x H x Resolution output options have no field here: refuse rather than export a plain
+    // rectangle crop that keeps the old size and resolution on replay.
+    if ["targetWidth", "targetHeight", "resolution"].iter().any(|k| p.get(k).is_some_and(|v| !v.is_null())) {
+        return None;
+    }
     let mut d = desc("null");
     if let (Some(x), Some(y), Some(w), Some(h)) = (jnum(p, "x"), jnum(p, "y"), jnum(p, "width"), jnum(p, "height")) {
         d = d.with("To  ", D::Descriptor(desc("Rctn").with("Top ", px(y)).with("Left", px(x)).with("Btom", px(y + h)).with("Rght", px(x + w))));
@@ -2822,6 +3177,22 @@ macro_rules! adjustment_event {
 
 const RIPPLE_SIZE: &[(&str, &str)] = &[("Sml", "small"), ("Mdm", "medium"), ("Lrg", "large")];
 
+/// Whether a Select and Mask step carries Refine Edge Brush strokes or the workspace's tool
+/// edits (Quick Selection, Brush, Lasso…), which no descriptor holds.
+fn has_refine_strokes(p: &Value) -> bool {
+    p.get("refineStrokes").is_some_and(|v| !v.is_null() && v.as_array().is_none_or(|a| !a.is_empty())) || crate::select_mask_edits::has_edits(p)
+}
+
+/// Select and Mask to Photoshop. The descriptor has no field for the Refine Edge Brush or the
+/// workspace's tools, so a step with `refineStrokes` or `edits` can't be exported faithfully. One with `sampleAllLayers` is not
+/// exported here either: it exports as `smartBrushWorkspace`.
+fn refine_edge_to(_: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<Descriptor> {
+    if !pixel_target(p) || p.get("sampleAllLayers").is_some() || has_refine_strokes(p) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    fields_to(p, REFINE_EDGE, desc("null"))
+}
+
 /// Select and Mask (`refineSelectionEdge`). Smart Radius, decontamination and the output follow
 /// Photoshop's; the edge itself is PhotoCraft's own matting, so results differ in detail.
 const REFINE_EDGE: &[F] = &[
@@ -2994,7 +3365,7 @@ fn clipping_from(d: &Descriptor, id: &str) -> Mapped {
 }
 
 fn clipping_to(_: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<Descriptor> {
-    Some(desc("null").with("null", layer_ref(p)))
+    Some(desc("null").with("null", layer_ref(p)?))
 }
 
 /// A clipping mask event: `clipping_from` / `clipping_to` with one command id.
@@ -3004,6 +3375,32 @@ macro_rules! clipping_event {
     };
 }
 
+const RADIAL_BLUR_FIELDS: &[F] =
+    &[F("Amnt", "amount", Kind::Long), F("BlrM", "method", Kind::Enum("BlrM", RADIAL_METHOD)), F("BlrQ", "quality", Kind::Enum("BlrQ", RADIAL_QUALITY))];
+
+fn radial_blur_from(d: &Descriptor) -> Mapped {
+    match fields_from(d, RADIAL_BLUR_FIELDS) {
+        Some(m) => step("filter.blur.radialBlur", Value::Object(m)),
+        None => Mapped::Unsupported { harmless: false },
+    }
+}
+
+fn radial_blur_to(_: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<Descriptor> {
+    if !pixel_target(p) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    // Photoshop's Radial Blur has no center parameter and always blurs from the center (0.5, 0.5).
+    // An explicit center must match 0.5 exactly; any non-default center cannot be faithfully exported.
+    let is_default_center = |k: &str| match p.get(k) {
+        None | Some(Value::Null) => true,
+        Some(v) => v.as_f64() == Some(0.5),
+    };
+    if !is_default_center("centerX") || !is_default_center("centerY") {
+        return None;
+    }
+    fields_to(p, RADIAL_BLUR_FIELDS, desc("null"))
+}
+
 /// Every Photoshop event PhotoCraft maps. The order matters only for the panel label.
 const EVENTS: &[Event] = &[
     // Filters.
@@ -3053,13 +3450,7 @@ const EVENTS: &[Event] = &[
             F("SmBM", "mode", Kind::Enum("SmBM", SMART_BLUR_MODE))
         ]
     ),
-    ev!(
-        "RdlB",
-        "radialBlur",
-        "Radial Blur",
-        "filter.blur.radialBlur",
-        &[F("Amnt", "amount", Kind::Long), F("BlrM", "method", Kind::Enum("BlrM", RADIAL_METHOD)), F("BlrQ", "quality", Kind::Enum("BlrQ", RADIAL_QUALITY))]
-    ),
+    Event { code: "RdlB", name: "radialBlur", label: "Radial Blur", ids: &["filter.blur.radialBlur"], from: radial_blur_from, to: radial_blur_to },
     ev!("Blr ", "blur", "Blur", "filter.blur.blur", &[]),
     ev!("BlrM", "blurMore", "Blur More", "filter.blur.blurMore", &[]),
     ev!("Shrp", "sharpen", "Sharpen", "filter.sharpen.sharpen", &[]),
@@ -3076,7 +3467,7 @@ const EVENTS: &[Event] = &[
         &[F("Hrzn", "horizontal", Kind::Long), F("Vrtc", "vertical", Kind::Long), F("Fl  ", "undefinedAreas", Kind::Enum("FlMd", OFFSET_FILL))]
     ),
     ev!("Rple", "ripple", "Ripple", "filter.distort.ripple", &[F("Amnt", "amount", Kind::ExactLong), F("RplS", "size", Kind::Enum("RplS", RIPPLE_SIZE))]),
-    ev!("Crst", "crystallize", "Crystallize", "filter.pixelate.crystallize", &[F("ClSz", "cellSize", Kind::Long)]),
+    ev!("Crst", "crystallize", "Crystallize", "filter.pixelate.crystallize", &[F("ClSz", "cellSize", Kind::ExactLong)]),
     Event { code: "GEfc", name: "filterGallery", label: "Filter Gallery", ids: GALLERY_IDS, from: gallery_from, to: gallery_to },
     // Adjustments (Image › Adjustments).
     Event {
@@ -3104,8 +3495,9 @@ const EVENTS: &[Event] = &[
     adjustment_event!("ClrB", "ClrB", "colorBalance", "Color Balance"),
     adjustment_event!("Vbrn", "Vbrn", "vibrance", "Vibrance"),
     adjustment_event!("Exps", "Exps", "exposure", "Exposure"),
-    adjustment_event!("PhtF", "PhtF", "photoFilter", "Photo Filter"),
-    adjustment_event!("", "BlnW", "blackAndWhite", "Black & White", "image.adjustments.blackWhite"),
+    // Photoshop runs Photo Filter by name only: `PhtF` is the class, not an event (#8301).
+    adjustment_event!("", "PhtF", "photoFilter", "Photo Filter"),
+    adjustment_event!("", "BanW", "blackAndWhite", "Black & White", "image.adjustments.blackWhite"),
     adjustment_event!("ChnM", "ChnM", "channelMixer", "Channel Mixer"),
     adjustment_event!("GdMp", "GdMp", "gradientMapEvent", "Gradient Map", "image.adjustments.gradientMap"),
     adjustment_event!("SlcC", "SlcC", "selectiveColor", "Selective Color"),
@@ -3259,6 +3651,7 @@ const EVENTS: &[Event] = &[
             "view.actualPixels",
             "view.zoomIn",
             "view.zoomOut",
+            "document.activate",
         ],
         from: select_from,
         to: select_to,
@@ -3315,17 +3708,6 @@ const EVENTS: &[Event] = &[
         from: |_| step("layer.setExpanded", json!({"all": true, "expanded": false})),
         to: |_, p| (jbool(p, "all") == Some(true) && jbool(p, "expanded") == Some(false)).then(|| desc("null")),
     },
-    Event {
-        code: "",
-        name: "applyComp",
-        label: "Apply Layer Comp",
-        ids: &["layerComp.apply"],
-        from: |d| match get_ref(d, "null").map(target) {
-            Some(Target::Name(n)) => step("layerComp.apply", json!({"comp": n})),
-            _ => Mapped::Unsupported { harmless: false },
-        },
-        to: |_, p| Some(desc("null").with("null", name_ref("compsClass", jstr(p, "comp")?))),
-    },
     ev!("Dfrg", "defringe", "Defringe", "layer.matting.defringe", &[F("Wdth", "width", Kind::Px)]),
     Event {
         code: "Algn",
@@ -3344,10 +3726,10 @@ const EVENTS: &[Event] = &[
     },
     // Selection.
     ev!("Invs", "inverse", "Inverse", "select.inverse", &[]),
-    ev!("Fthr", "feather", "Feather", "select.modify.feather", &[F("Rds ", "radius", Kind::Px)]),
-    ev!("Expn", "expand", "Expand", "select.modify.expand", &[F("By  ", "radius", Kind::Px)]),
-    ev!("Cntc", "contract", "Contract", "select.modify.contract", &[F("By  ", "radius", Kind::Px)]),
-    ev!("Smth", "smoothness", "Smooth", "select.modify.smooth", &[F("Rds ", "radius", Kind::Px)]),
+    ev!("Fthr", "feather", "Feather", "select.modify.feather", &[F("Rds ", "radius", Kind::Px)], unless applies_at_canvas_bounds),
+    ev!("Expn", "expand", "Expand", "select.modify.expand", &[F("By  ", "radius", Kind::Px)], unless applies_at_canvas_bounds),
+    ev!("Cntc", "contract", "Contract", "select.modify.contract", &[F("By  ", "radius", Kind::Px)], unless applies_at_canvas_bounds),
+    ev!("Smth", "smoothness", "Smooth", "select.modify.smooth", &[F("Rds ", "radius", Kind::Px)], unless applies_at_canvas_bounds),
     ev!("Brdr", "border", "Border", "select.modify.border", &[F("Wdth", "radius", Kind::Px)]),
     ev!("Grow", "grow", "Grow", "select.grow", &[F("Tlrn", "tolerance", Kind::Long)]),
     ev!("Smlr", "similar", "Similar", "select.similar", &[F("Tlrn", "tolerance", Kind::Long)]),
@@ -3362,9 +3744,9 @@ const EVENTS: &[Event] = &[
             Some(m) => step("select.refineEdge", Value::Object(m)),
             None => Mapped::Unsupported { harmless: false },
         },
-        to: |_, p| if p.get("sampleAllLayers").is_some() { None } else { fields_to(p, REFINE_EDGE, desc("null")) },
+        to: refine_edge_to,
     },
-    ev!("", "smartBrushWorkspace", "Select and Mask", "select.refineEdge", SMART_BRUSH),
+    ev!("", "smartBrushWorkspace", "Select and Mask", "select.refineEdge", SMART_BRUSH, unless has_refine_strokes),
     ev!("", "autoCutout", "Select Subject", "select.subject", &[F("sampleAllLayers", "sampleAllLayers", Kind::Bool)]),
     Event { code: "ClrR", name: "colorRange", label: "Color Range", ids: &["select.colorRange"], from: color_range_from, to: color_range_to },
     // Edit.
@@ -3416,9 +3798,10 @@ const EVENTS: &[Event] = &[
     Event { code: "Plc ", name: "placeEvent", label: "Place", ids: &["file.placeEmbedded", "file.placeLinked"], from: place_from, to: place_to },
     Event { code: "Opn ", name: "open", label: "Open", ids: &["file.openAs"], from: open_from, to: open_to },
     Event { code: "", name: "conditional", label: "If", ids: &["actions.conditional"], from: conditional_from, to: conditional_to },
-    ev!("save", "save", "Save", "file.save", &[]),
+    Event { code: "save", name: "save", label: "Save", ids: &["file.save", "file.saveAs", "file.saveACopy"], from: save_from, to: save_to },
     ev!("Rvrt", "revert", "Revert", "file.revert", &[]),
     Event { code: "Ply ", name: "play", label: "Play", ids: &["actions.play"], from: play_from, to: play_to },
+    Event { code: "", name: "applyComp", label: "Apply Layer Comp", ids: &["layerComp.apply"], from: apply_comp_from, to: apply_comp_to },
     Event { code: "Stop", name: "stop", label: "Stop", ids: &[STOP_MESSAGE], from: stop_from, to: stop_to },
 ];
 
@@ -3427,7 +3810,8 @@ const EVENTS: &[Event] = &[
 /// these codes fails ("the command is not currently available"), and `Fltn` is the
 /// `flatness` property, not the flatten event. Import keeps accepting them so actions saved
 /// before still load; export never writes them.
-const LEGACY_CODES: &[(&str, &str)] = &[("BoxB", "boxblur"), ("SrfB", "surfaceBlur"), ("Fltn", "flattenImage"), ("BlnW", "blackAndWhite")];
+const LEGACY_CODES: &[(&str, &str)] =
+    &[("BoxB", "boxblur"), ("SrfB", "surfaceBlur"), ("Fltn", "flattenImage"), ("BlnW", "blackAndWhite"), ("PhtF", "photoFilter")];
 
 fn event_for(item: &AtnEvent) -> Option<&'static Event> {
     let id = item.id();
@@ -3468,7 +3852,11 @@ pub struct Imported {
 
 fn photoshop_step(item: &AtnItem) -> (String, Value) {
     let descriptor = item.descriptor.as_ref().map(|d| photocraft_paint::tile::b64_encode(&d.to_bytes()));
-    (PHOTOSHOP_STEP.into(), json!({"event": item.event.id(), "name": item.label(), "descriptor": descriptor}))
+    let event_kind = match &item.event {
+        AtnEvent::Code(_) => "code",
+        AtnEvent::Name(_) => "name",
+    };
+    (PHOTOSHOP_STEP.into(), json!({"event": item.event.id(), "eventKind": event_kind, "name": item.label(), "descriptor": descriptor}))
 }
 
 /// Integral floats become integers (`2.0` → `2`), as the commands' own docs and recordings
@@ -3490,10 +3878,18 @@ fn normalise(v: &mut Value) {
     }
 }
 
+/// Longest action or set name kept (Photoshop's own limit is 255). A file's names are lengths it
+/// chooses, and each is copied into every action and every unsupported-step diagnostic.
+const MAX_NAME_CHARS: usize = 1024;
+
+fn clip_name(s: &str) -> String {
+    s.chars().take(MAX_NAME_CHARS).collect()
+}
+
 fn convert_action(a: &AtnAction, set: &str, unsupported: &mut Vec<Unsupported>) -> Action {
-    let name = a.name.to_string_lossy();
+    let name = clip_name(&a.name.to_string_lossy());
     let mut action = Action::new(name.clone(), Vec::new());
-    action.set = Some(set.to_string());
+    action.set = Some(clip_name(set));
     for (i, item) in a.items.iter().enumerate() {
         let mapped = match (event_for(&item.event), &item.descriptor) {
             (Some(e), Some(d)) => (e.from)(d),
@@ -3527,7 +3923,7 @@ fn convert_action(a: &AtnAction, set: &str, unsupported: &mut Vec<Unsupported>)
 pub fn import(bytes: &[u8]) -> std::result::Result<Imported, String> {
     let file = atn::parse(bytes).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
     let set = file.name.to_string_lossy();
-    let set = if set.trim().is_empty() { DEFAULT_SET.to_string() } else { set };
+    let set = if set.trim().is_empty() { DEFAULT_SET.to_string() } else { clip_name(&set) };
     let mut out = Imported { set: set.clone(), warnings: file.warnings.clone(), ..Default::default() };
     for a in &file.actions {
         let action = convert_action(a, &set, &mut out.unsupported);
@@ -3552,9 +3948,16 @@ pub struct Skipped {
 fn export_item(id: &str, params: &Value, set: &str) -> Option<AtnItem> {
     if id == PHOTOSHOP_STEP {
         let event = jstr(params, "event")?;
-        let event = match event.as_bytes() {
-            [a, b, c, d] => AtnEvent::Code([*a, *b, *c, *d]),
-            _ => AtnEvent::name(event),
+        let event = match params.get("eventKind") {
+            Some(Value::String(kind)) if kind == "code" => AtnEvent::Code(event.as_bytes().try_into().ok()?),
+            Some(Value::String(kind)) if kind == "name" => AtnEvent::name(event),
+            Some(_) => return None,
+            // Older PhotoCraft action data did not retain the event kind. Keep its previous
+            // best-effort export behavior for compatibility.
+            None => match event.as_bytes() {
+                [a, b, c, d] => AtnEvent::Code([*a, *b, *c, *d]),
+                _ => AtnEvent::name(event),
+            },
         };
         let descriptor = match jstr(params, "descriptor") {
             Some(b64) => Some(Descriptor::from_bytes(&photocraft_paint::tile::b64_decode(b64)?).ok()?),
@@ -3571,6 +3974,29 @@ fn export_item(id: &str, params: &Value, set: &str) -> Option<AtnItem> {
     Some(AtnItem { event, dictionary: e.label.as_bytes().to_vec(), descriptor: Some(descriptor), ..Default::default() })
 }
 
+/// Photoshop applies only the rename when a Set mixes it with opacity or blend mode (#8304).
+/// Write each layer property separately, renaming last so named references still resolve.
+fn export_items(id: &str, params: &Value, set: &str) -> Option<Vec<AtnItem>> {
+    let item = export_item(id, params, set)?;
+    if id != "layer.setProps" {
+        return Some(vec![item]);
+    }
+    let descriptor = item.descriptor.as_ref()?;
+    let properties = get_obj(descriptor, "T   ")?;
+    if properties.items.len() <= 1 {
+        return Some(vec![item]);
+    }
+    let target = descriptor.get("null")?;
+    let mut items = Vec::with_capacity(properties.items.len());
+    for (key, value) in properties.items.iter().filter(|(k, _)| !k.is("Nm  ")).chain(properties.items.iter().filter(|(k, _)| k.is("Nm  "))) {
+        let mut property = properties.clone();
+        property.items = vec![(key.clone(), value.clone())];
+        let descriptor = desc("null").with("null", target.clone()).with("T   ", D::Descriptor(property));
+        items.push(AtnItem { descriptor: Some(descriptor), ..item.clone() });
+    }
+    Some(items)
+}
+
 /// An action's key as a shortcut string: `F5`, with Photoshop's Shift and Command options
 /// `Shift+F5`, `Cmd+F5` or `Cmd+Shift+F5` (#7646).
 pub fn function_key_name(key: u16, shift: bool, command: bool) -> String {
@@ -3611,17 +4037,27 @@ pub fn export(
             (out.function_key, out.shift, out.command) = (n, shift, command);
         }
         for (i, (id, params)) in a.steps.iter().enumerate() {
-            let Some(mut item) = export_item(id, params, set) else {
+            let Some(items) = export_items(id, params, set) else {
                 if skip_unsupported {
                     skipped.push(Skipped { action: a.name.clone(), step: i, id: id.clone() });
                     continue;
                 }
-                return Err(format!("step {} of `{}` (`{id}`) has no Photoshop equivalent; pass \"skipUnsupported\": true to leave it out", i + 1, a.name));
+                let step_name = match params.get("layer") {
+                    Some(Value::Number(n)) => format!("`{id}` with numeric layer {n}"),
+                    _ => format!("`{id}`"),
+                };
+                return Err(format!(
+                    "step {} of `{}` ({step_name}) has no Photoshop equivalent; pass \"skipUnsupported\": true to leave it out",
+                    i + 1,
+                    a.name
+                ));
             };
-            item.enabled = a.step_enabled(i);
-            item.with_dialog = a.dialogs.contains(&i);
-            item.dialog_options = if item.with_dialog { 2 } else { 0 };
-            out.items.push(item);
+            for mut item in items {
+                item.enabled = a.step_enabled(i);
+                item.with_dialog = a.dialogs.contains(&i);
+                item.dialog_options = if item.with_dialog { 2 } else { 0 };
+                out.items.push(item);
+            }
         }
         file.actions.push(out);
     }
@@ -3861,3 +4297,6 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod layer_props_tests;
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/atn_cmds/layer_props_tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/atn_cmds/layer_props_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..155729923a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/engine/src/atn_cmds/layer_props_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+use super::*;
+
+/// PhotoCraft's own roundtrip accepts a combined Set, but Photoshop applies only its rename.
+#[test]
+fn compound_properties_export_as_separate_sets_with_rename_last() {
+    for target in [None, Some("Original")] {
+        let mut params = json!({"name": "Renamed", "opacity": 0.37, "blend": "Multiply"});
+        if let Some(name) = target {
+            params["layer"] = json!(name);
+        }
+        let action = Action::new("Properties", vec![("layer.setProps".into(), params.clone())]);
+        let (bytes, skipped) = export("Set", &[&action], &[], false).unwrap();
+        assert!(skipped.is_empty());
+        let file = atn::parse(&bytes).unwrap();
+        let items = &file.actions[0].items;
+        assert_eq!(items.len(), 3);
+        let expected = [("Opct", pct(37.0)), ("Md  ", enm("BlnM", "Mltp")), ("Nm  ", text("Renamed"))];
+        for (item, (key, value)) in items.iter().zip(expected) {
+            assert_eq!(item.event.id(), "setd");
+            let descriptor = item.descriptor.as_ref().unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(descriptor.get("null"), Some(&layer_ref(&params).unwrap()));
+            let properties = get_obj(descriptor, "T   ").unwrap();
+            assert!(properties.class_id.is("Lyr "));
+            assert_eq!(properties.items.len(), 1, "Photoshop must receive each property independently");
+            assert_eq!(properties.get(key), Some(&value));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn expanded_properties_keep_flags_and_original_skip_indices() {
+    let mut action = Action::new(
+        "Flags",
+        vec![
+            ("layer.setProps".into(), json!({"name": "Renamed", "opacity": 0.37, "blend": "Multiply"})),
+            ("filter.blur.gaussianBlur".into(), json!({"radius": 2})),
+            ("filter.render.clouds".into(), json!({})),
+        ],
+    );
+    action.disabled.insert(0);
+    action.dialogs.insert(0);
+    let (bytes, skipped) = export("Set", &[&action], &[], true).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(skipped, [Skipped { action: "Flags".into(), step: 2, id: "filter.render.clouds".into() }]);
+    let file = atn::parse(&bytes).unwrap();
+    let items = &file.actions[0].items;
+    assert_eq!(items.len(), 4);
+    for item in &items[..3] {
+        assert!(!item.enabled);
+        assert!(item.with_dialog);
+        assert_eq!(item.dialog_options, 2);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(items[3].event.id(), "GsnB");
+    assert!(items[3].enabled);
+    assert!(!items[3].with_dialog);
+    assert_eq!(items[3].dialog_options, 0);
+    let back = import(&bytes).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(back.actions[0].disabled.iter().copied().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [0, 1, 2]);
+    assert_eq!(back.actions[0].dialogs.iter().copied().collect::<Vec<_>>(), [0, 1, 2]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_compound_properties_fail_or_skip_the_whole_source_step() {
+    let action = Action::new(
+        "Atomic",
+        vec![
+            ("filter.blur.gaussianBlur".into(), json!({"radius": 2})),
+            ("layer.setProps".into(), json!({"name": "Renamed", "opacity": 0.37, "blend": "invalid blend"})),
+            ("select.inverse".into(), json!({})),
+        ],
+    );
+    let error = export("Set", &[&action], &[], false).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(error.contains("step 2"), "{error}");
+    let (bytes, skipped) = export("Set", &[&action], &[], true).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(skipped, [Skipped { action: "Atomic".into(), step: 1, id: "layer.setProps".into() }]);
+    let file = atn::parse(&bytes).unwrap();
+    let events: Vec<_> = file.actions[0].items.iter().map(|item| item.event.id()).collect();
+    assert_eq!(events, ["GsnB", "Invs"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn single_layer_properties_keep_their_existing_descriptor() {
+    for params in [json!({"name": "Renamed"}), json!({"opacity": 0.37}), json!({"blend": "Multiply"}), json!({"fill": 0.5}), json!({"visible": false})] {
+        let action = Action::new("Single", vec![("layer.setProps".into(), params.clone())]);
+        let expected = export_item("layer.setProps", &params, "Set").unwrap();
+        let (bytes, skipped) = export("Set", &[&action], &[], false).unwrap();
+        assert!(skipped.is_empty());
+        let file = atn::parse(&bytes).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(file.actions[0].items.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(file.actions[0].items[0].event, expected.event);
+        assert_eq!(file.actions[0].items[0].descriptor, expected.descriptor);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn fill_and_visibility_also_export_separately_before_rename() {
+    let action = Action::new("Other properties", vec![("layer.setProps".into(), json!({"name": "Renamed", "fill": 0.5, "visible": false}))]);
+    let (bytes, _) = export("Set", &[&action], &[], false).unwrap();
+    let file = atn::parse(&bytes).unwrap();
+    let keys: Vec<_> = file.actions[0]
+        .items
+        .iter()
+        .map(|item| {
+            let properties = get_obj(item.descriptor.as_ref().unwrap(), "T   ").unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(properties.items.len(), 1);
+            trimmed(&properties.items[0].0)
+        })
+        .collect();
+    assert_eq!(keys, ["fillOpacity", "Vsbl", "Nm"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn expanded_properties_replay_like_direct_edits_at_every_depth() {
+    for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
+        for named in [false, true] {
+            let prepare = || {
+                let mut session = Session::new();
+                session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 2, "height": 2, "depth": depth})).unwrap();
+                session.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Original"})).unwrap();
+                session.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Other"})).unwrap();
+                if !named {
+                    session.execute("layer.select", json!({"layer": "Original"})).unwrap();
+                }
+                session
+            };
+            let mut params = json!({"name": "Renamed", "opacity": 0.37, "blend": "Multiply"});
+            if named {
+                params["layer"] = json!("Original");
+            }
+            let mut direct = prepare();
+            direct.execute("layer.setProps", params.clone()).unwrap();
+            let action = Action::new("Properties", vec![("layer.setProps".into(), params)]);
+            let (bytes, _) = export("Set", &[&action], &[], false).unwrap();
+            let mut replay = prepare();
+            replay.actions.list = import(&bytes).unwrap().actions;
+            let result = replay.execute("actions.play", json!({"action": "Properties"})).unwrap();
+            assert!(result["failed"].is_null(), "{result}");
+            assert_eq!(result["ran"], 3);
+            let state = |session: &Session| {
+                session
+                    .active()
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .doc
+                    .walk()
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|(_, _, layer)| (layer.name.clone(), layer.opacity, layer.blend, layer.visible))
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            };
+            assert_eq!(state(&direct), state(&replay), "depth={depth}, named={named}");
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/atn_cmds/tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/atn_cmds/tests.rs
index e8595086ac..afd3895393 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/atn_cmds/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/atn_cmds/tests.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,59 @@ use photocraft_psd::atn::{AtnAction, AtnEvent, AtnFile, AtnItem};
 use photocraft_psd::descriptor::{Descriptor, Id, ReferenceItem, UnicodeString, Value as D};
 use serde_json::json;
 
+#[test]
+fn blend_modes_accept_photoshop_string_ids_and_export_canonical_char_ids() {
+    for (string_id, char_id, label) in [
+        ("normal", "Nrml", "Normal"),
+        ("dissolve", "Dslv", "Dissolve"),
+        ("darken", "Drkn", "Darken"),
+        ("multiply", "Mltp", "Multiply"),
+        ("colorBurn", "CBrn", "Color Burn"),
+        ("lighten", "Lghn", "Lighten"),
+        ("screen", "Scrn", "Screen"),
+        ("colorDodge", "CDdg", "Color Dodge"),
+        ("overlay", "Ovrl", "Overlay"),
+        ("softLight", "SftL", "Soft Light"),
+        ("hardLight", "HrdL", "Hard Light"),
+        ("difference", "Dfrn", "Difference"),
+        ("exclusion", "Xclu", "Exclusion"),
+        ("hue", "H", "Hue"),
+        ("saturation", "Strt", "Saturation"),
+        ("color", "Clr", "Color"),
+        ("luminosity", "Lmns", "Luminosity"),
+        ("passThrough", "PsTh", "Pass Through"),
+    ] {
+        assert_eq!(blend_label(string_id), Some(label), "{string_id}");
+        assert_eq!(blend_ps(label), Some(char_id), "{label} remains serialized canonically");
+    }
+}
+
+/// #8454: a Set and a Make layer step whose blend mode is stored as a Photoshop stringID import
+/// with that mode (a Set was unsupported, a Make silently fell back to Normal).
+#[test]
+fn layer_steps_with_string_id_blend_modes_import_with_their_mode() {
+    let set = desc("null").with("null", target_ref("Lyr ")).with("T   ", D::Descriptor(desc("Lyr ").with("Md  ", enm("BlnM", "softLight"))));
+    let make = desc("null").with("null", class_ref("Lyr ")).with("Usng", D::Descriptor(desc("Lyr ").with("Md  ", enm("BlnM", "luminosity"))));
+    let file = AtnFile {
+        name: UnicodeString::new_nul("Blend"),
+        expanded: false,
+        actions: vec![AtnAction {
+            name: UnicodeString::new_nul("A"),
+            items: vec![item("setd", "Set", Some(set)), item("Mk  ", "Make", Some(make))],
+            ..Default::default()
+        }],
+        warnings: vec![],
+    };
+    let imp = import(&atn::write(&file).unwrap()).unwrap();
+    assert!(imp.unsupported.is_empty(), "{:?}", imp.unsupported.iter().map(|u| &u.event).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+    let steps = &imp.actions[0].steps;
+    assert_eq!(steps.len(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(steps[0].0, "layer.setProps");
+    assert_eq!(steps[0].1["blend"], json!("Soft Light"));
+    assert_eq!(steps[1].0, "layer.new.layer");
+    assert_eq!(steps[1].1["mode"], json!("Luminosity"));
+}
+
 fn item(event: &str, label: &str, d: Option<Descriptor>) -> AtnItem {
     let event = match event.as_bytes() {
         [a, b, c, dd] => AtnEvent::Code([*a, *b, *c, *dd]),
@@ -66,6 +119,105 @@ fn sample() -> AtnFile {
     }
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn layer_comp_apply_imports_plays_and_undoes() {
+    let name = "合成 𠮷";
+    let data = set_of("Comps", vec![("Apply", vec![item("applyComp", "Apply Layer Comp", Some(desc("null").with("null", name_ref("compsClass", name))))])]);
+    for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        let loaded = s.execute("actions.load", json!({"data": data})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(loaded["unsupported"], json!([]), "{loaded}");
+        assert_eq!(s.actions.list[0].steps, [("layerComp.apply".into(), json!({"comp": name}))]);
+
+        s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8, "depth": depth})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layerComp.new", json!({"name": "Other"})).unwrap();
+        let before = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+        let played = s.execute("actions.play", json!({"action": "Apply"})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(played["ran"], 0, "{played}");
+        assert!(played["failed"]["error"].as_str().unwrap().contains(name), "{played}");
+        assert_eq!(*s.active().unwrap().doc, *before, "a missing comp must not apply another comp");
+
+        let comp = s.execute("layerComp.new", json!({"name": name})).unwrap()["comp"].clone();
+        let layer = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.setProps", json!({"visible": false})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layerComp.new", json!({"name": "Hidden"})).unwrap();
+        let played = s.execute("actions.play", json!({"action": "Apply"})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(played["ran"], 1, "{played}");
+        assert!(played.get("failed").is_none(), "{played}");
+        assert!(s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(layer).unwrap().visible);
+        assert_eq!(json!(s.active().unwrap().doc.last_applied_comp), comp);
+        assert!(s.undo());
+        assert!(!s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(layer).unwrap().visible);
+        assert!(s.redo());
+        assert!(s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(layer).unwrap().visible);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn layer_comp_apply_round_trips_by_name() {
+    for name in ["Comp 1", "合成 𠮷"] {
+        let descriptor = desc("null").with("null", name_ref("compsClass", name));
+        let data = set_of("Comps", vec![("Apply", vec![item("applyComp", "Apply Layer Comp", Some(descriptor.clone()))])]);
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        let loaded = s.execute("actions.load", json!({"data": data})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(loaded["unsupported"], json!([]), "{loaded}");
+        let saved = s.execute("actions.save", json!({"set": "Comps"})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(saved["skipped"], json!([]));
+        let bytes = photocraft_paint::tile::b64_decode(saved["data"].as_str().unwrap()).unwrap();
+        let file = atn::parse(&bytes).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(file.actions[0].items[0].event, AtnEvent::Name("applyComp".into()));
+        assert_eq!(file.actions[0].items[0].descriptor, Some(descriptor));
+        let mut reloaded = Session::new();
+        reloaded.execute("actions.load", json!({"data": saved["data"]})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(reloaded.actions.list, s.actions.list);
+    }
+    // Local comp ids and the default comp cannot be resolved to a portable name at export.
+    for params in [json!({}), json!({"comp": 1}), json!({"comp": null}), json!({"comp": true}), json!({"comp": []})] {
+        assert!(export_item("layerComp.apply", &params, "Comps").is_none(), "{params}");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn layer_comp_apply_unknown_references_are_kept_and_stop_playback() {
+    let references = [
+        None,
+        Some(D::Integer(1)),
+        Some(D::Reference(vec![])),
+        Some(name_ref("Lyr ", "Comp 1")),
+        Some(target_ref("compsClass")),
+        Some(class_ref("compsClass")),
+        Some(D::Reference(vec![ReferenceItem::Index { class: class("compsClass"), index: 1 }])),
+        Some(D::Reference(vec![ReferenceItem::Identifier { class: class("compsClass"), id: 1 }])),
+        Some(D::Reference(vec![
+            ReferenceItem::Name { class: class("compsClass"), name: UnicodeString::new_nul("Comp 1") },
+            ReferenceItem::Name { class: class("Dcmn"), name: UnicodeString::new_nul("Other") },
+        ])),
+    ];
+    let items: Vec<_> =
+        references.into_iter().map(|reference| item("applyComp", "Apply Layer Comp", reference.map(|r| desc("null").with("null", r)))).collect();
+    let data = set_of("Comps", vec![("Unknown", items.clone())]);
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    let loaded = s.execute("actions.load", json!({"data": data})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(loaded["unsupported"].as_array().unwrap().len(), items.len());
+    assert!(s.actions.list[0].steps.iter().all(|(id, _)| id == PHOTOSHOP_STEP));
+    assert!(s.actions.list[0].disabled.is_empty());
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layerComp.new", json!({"name": "Comp 1"})).unwrap();
+    let before = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+    let played = s.execute("actions.play", json!({"action": "Unknown"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(played["ran"], 0, "{played}");
+    assert!(played["failed"]["error"].as_str().unwrap().contains("Apply Layer Comp"), "{played}");
+    assert_eq!(*s.active().unwrap().doc, *before);
+    let saved = s.execute("actions.save", json!({"set": "Comps"})).unwrap();
+    let bytes = photocraft_paint::tile::b64_decode(saved["data"].as_str().unwrap()).unwrap();
+    let file = atn::parse(&bytes).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(file.actions[0].items.len(), items.len());
+    for (saved, original) in file.actions[0].items.iter().zip(&items) {
+        assert_eq!(saved.event, original.event);
+        assert_eq!(saved.descriptor, original.descriptor);
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn load_maps_events_keeps_flags_and_plays() {
     let mut s = Session::new();
@@ -163,6 +315,25 @@ fn load_renames_each_play_target_once() {
     assert_eq!(s.actions.list[1].steps[0].1, json!({"action": "A"}), "B still plays the A it had");
 }
 
+/// A name over the 1,024-character limit is clipped for the action and for the steps that call it,
+/// so a rename still finds its Play target.
+#[test]
+fn load_renames_play_targets_longer_than_the_name_limit() {
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    let long = "x".repeat(2000);
+    let clipped = "x".repeat(1024);
+    let mut mine = Action::new(clipped.clone(), vec![]);
+    mine.set = Some("Mine".into());
+    s.actions.list.push(mine);
+    let a = Action::new(long.clone(), vec![]);
+    let caller = Action::new("Caller", vec![("actions.play".into(), json!({"action": long}))]);
+    let (bytes, _) = export("File", &[&a, &caller], &[], false).unwrap();
+    s.execute("actions.load", json!({"data": b64(&bytes)})).unwrap();
+    let renamed = format!("{clipped} 2");
+    let caller = s.actions.list.iter().find(|a| a.name == "Caller").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(caller.steps[0].1["action"], renamed.as_str());
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn load_many_duplicate_names_get_sequential_suffixes() {
     // Several actions share one base name. Deduplication must stay O(n) overall and produce
@@ -255,6 +426,53 @@ fn a_selective_color_step_in_the_scalar_form_keeps_its_values() {
     assert_eq!(range(&nulled, "reds"), [35.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0], "{nulled}");
 }
 
+/// A setting Photoshop's event has no field for is dropped by export, and the step then plays back
+/// as a different edit: Crystallize's `seed` (#7668), Radial Blur's centre, Minimum's and
+/// Maximum's `preserve`. Such a step is refused, as one with no equivalent event already is.
+#[test]
+fn a_setting_the_event_cannot_hold_is_refused() {
+    for (id, params) in [
+        ("filter.pixelate.crystallize", json!({"cellSize": 5, "seed": 37})),
+        ("filter.blur.radialBlur", json!({"amount": 10, "centerX": 0.25, "centerY": 0.5})),
+        ("filter.other.minimum", json!({"radius": 4, "preserve": "roundness"})),
+        ("filter.other.maximum", json!({"radius": 4, "preserve": "roundness"})),
+    ] {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        s.actions.list.push(Action::new("A", vec![(id.into(), params)]));
+        let before = s.actions.list[0].steps.clone();
+        let e = s.execute("actions.save", json!({"action": "A"})).unwrap_err().to_string();
+        assert!(e.contains(id), "{id}: {e}");
+        // A refused save leaves the action as it was: the step is still there to be played.
+        assert_eq!(s.actions.list[0].steps, before, "{id}");
+        let r = s.execute("actions.save", json!({"action": "A", "skipUnsupported": true})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(r["skipped"], json!([{"action": "A", "step": 0, "id": id}]), "{id}");
+        assert_eq!(s.actions.list[0].steps, before, "{id}: skipping a step does not drop it");
+    }
+}
+
+/// The same steps at the value the event plays as, and with the setting absent: written as before.
+#[test]
+fn settings_at_the_value_the_event_plays_still_export() {
+    for (id, params) in [
+        ("filter.pixelate.crystallize", json!({"cellSize": 5, "seed": 0})),
+        ("filter.pixelate.crystallize", json!({"cellSize": 5})),
+        ("filter.blur.radialBlur", json!({"amount": 10, "centerX": 0.5, "centerY": 0.5})),
+        ("filter.blur.radialBlur", json!({"amount": 10})),
+        ("filter.other.minimum", json!({"radius": 4, "preserve": "squareness"})),
+        ("filter.other.maximum", json!({"radius": 4})),
+        // `preserve` reaches the filter through a comparison with the exact string "roundness",
+        // so these play as squareness -- replay's own value -- and lose nothing by export (#7759
+        // review).
+        ("filter.other.minimum", json!({"radius": 4, "preserve": "Squareness"})),
+        ("filter.other.maximum", json!({"radius": 4, "preserve": "Roundness"})),
+    ] {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        s.actions.list.push(Action::new("A", vec![(id.into(), params.clone())]));
+        let r = s.execute("actions.save", json!({"action": "A"})).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{id} {params}: {e}"));
+        assert_eq!(r["skipped"], json!([]), "{id} {params}");
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn every_mapped_command_exports_and_imports_back() {
     let cases: Vec<(&str, Value)> = vec![
@@ -345,6 +563,7 @@ fn every_mapped_command_exports_and_imports_back() {
         ("layer.setProps", json!({"layer": "Shadow", "visible": false})),
         ("layer.setLabelColor", json!({"color": "red"})),
         ("layer.select", json!({"layer": "Shadow", "mode": "add"})),
+        ("layer.select", json!({"layer": "Shadow", "mode": "range"})),
         ("layer.selectTop", json!({})),
         ("layer.selectBelow", json!({})),
         ("layer.addBelowToSelection", json!({})),
@@ -405,6 +624,8 @@ fn every_mapped_command_exports_and_imports_back() {
         ("file.placeEmbedded", json!({"path": "/tmp/logo.png", "scale": 50})),
         ("file.placeLinked", json!({"path": "/tmp/logo.png"})),
         ("file.openAs", json!({"path": "/tmp/a.psd"})),
+        ("file.saveAs", json!({"path": "/tmp/out/a.png"})),
+        ("file.saveACopy", json!({"path": "/tmp/out/a.tif"})),
         ("actions.conditional", json!({"if": "hasLayers", "then": "FS8-Layers", "else": "FS8-No-Layers", "set": "S"})),
         ("actions.conditional", json!({"if": "landscape", "then": "Wide", "else": null, "set": "S"})),
         ("tools.setColors", json!({"foreground": "#102030"})),
@@ -419,6 +640,7 @@ fn every_mapped_command_exports_and_imports_back() {
         ("layerComp.apply", json!({"comp": "Original"})),
         ("actions.play", json!({"action": "Other", "set": "S"})),
         (STOP_MESSAGE, json!({"message": "Hi", "allowContinue": false})),
+        ("document.activate", json!({"offset": -1})),
         // The TrueGrit Texture Supply sets (Debaser, Distress Press, Halftone Zine Machine).
         ("filter.distort.ripple", json!({"amount": 50, "size": "medium"})),
         ("filter.pixelate.crystallize", json!({"cellSize": 5})),
@@ -439,6 +661,7 @@ fn every_mapped_command_exports_and_imports_back() {
         ("image.mode.bitmap", json!({"method": "threshold"})),
         ("image.imageSize", json!({"resolution": 1200, "resample": "preserveDetails", "keepPrintSize": true})),
         ("layer.new.layerFromBackground", json!({"ifPresent": true, "select": false})),
+        ("layerComp.apply", json!({"comp": "Comp 1"})),
     ];
     for (id, params) in &cases {
         let item = export_item(id, params, "S").unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("{id} does not export"));
@@ -616,6 +839,16 @@ fn photo_filter_round_trip(params: Value) -> Option<Value> {
     }
 }
 
+/// A `Mk` layerSection step exported to .atn and imported back → (id, params), or None.
+fn group_round_trip(id: &str, params: &Value) -> Option<(String, Value)> {
+    let item = export_item(id, params, "S")?;
+    let e = event_for(&item.event)?;
+    match (e.from)(item.descriptor.as_ref()?) {
+        Mapped::Steps(steps) => steps.first().map(|(i, p)| (i.clone(), p.clone())),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn photo_filter_preset_only_step_keeps_its_resolved_color() {
     // #7235: the Photoshop descriptor keeps only a colour (`phfl`/`PhtF` are colour-only; the io
@@ -642,6 +875,44 @@ fn photo_filter_preset_only_step_keeps_its_resolved_color() {
     assert_eq!(back, json!({"density": 25}));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn group_layers_keeps_its_explicit_target_through_atn() {
+    // #7236: a recorded step with an explicit layer groups that layer, not the current
+    // selection. The source goes into the `From` reference by name and comes back the same
+    // way; a step with no source layer keeps the implicit form, imported as before.
+    let (id, p) = group_round_trip("layer.groupLayers", &json!({"layer": "A", "name": "Group"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(id, "layer.groupLayers");
+    assert_eq!(p, json!({"layer": "A", "name": "Group"}));
+    // The implicit form survives unchanged: the reference stays the target layer.
+    let (id, p) = group_round_trip("layer.groupLayers", &json!({"name": "Group"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(id, "layer.groupLayers");
+    assert_eq!(p, json!({"name": "Group"}));
+    let (id, p) = group_round_trip("layer.groupLayers", &json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(id, "layer.groupLayers");
+    assert_eq!(p, json!({}));
+    // Group Without Layers: no `From` at all, imported as a plain new group.
+    let (id, p) = group_round_trip("layer.new.group", &json!({"name": "G"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(id, "layer.new.group");
+    assert_eq!(p, json!({"name": "G"}));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn group_layers_from_index_reference_stays_implicit() {
+    // A Photoshop-authored `From` that names nothing portable (a zero-based index) keeps the
+    // old implicit import instead of inventing a wrong explicit target (#7236, edge).
+    let d = desc("null")
+        .with("null", class_ref("layerSection"))
+        .with("From", D::Reference(vec![ReferenceItem::Index { class: class("Lyr "), index: 2 }]))
+        .with("Usng", D::Descriptor(desc("layerSection").with("Nm  ", text("Group"))));
+    match make_from(&d) {
+        Mapped::Steps(steps) => {
+            assert_eq!(steps[0].0, "layer.groupLayers");
+            assert_eq!(steps[0].1, json!({"name": "Group"}));
+        }
+        _ => panic!("an index source imports as the implicit form"),
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn unsupported_shapes_become_photoshop_steps_not_errors() {
     // Image size in two different percentages, a Paint Bucket click in percent of the canvas, a
@@ -689,6 +960,40 @@ fn unsupported_shapes_become_photoshop_steps_not_errors() {
     assert!(imp.actions[0].disabled.is_empty(), "steps with a document effect stay on so playback reports them");
 }
 
+/// #8482: four-byte string events must not become `long` event codes when retained and saved.
+#[test]
+fn save_preserves_the_kind_of_unsupported_atn_events() {
+    let source = AtnFile {
+        name: UnicodeString::new_nul("S"),
+        expanded: false,
+        actions: vec![AtnAction {
+            name: UnicodeString::new_nul("A"),
+            items: vec![
+                AtnItem { event: AtnEvent::Name(b"make".to_vec()), dictionary: b"Make".to_vec(), ..Default::default() },
+                AtnItem { event: AtnEvent::Code(*b"Qwer"), dictionary: b"Unknown code".to_vec(), ..Default::default() },
+            ],
+            ..Default::default()
+        }],
+        warnings: vec![],
+    };
+    let mut session = Session::new();
+    session.execute("actions.load", json!({"data": b64(&atn::write(&source).unwrap())})).unwrap();
+    let saved = session.execute("actions.save", json!({"set": "S"})).unwrap();
+    let bytes = photocraft_paint::tile::b64_decode(saved["data"].as_str().unwrap()).unwrap();
+    let round_trip = atn::parse(&bytes).unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        round_trip.actions[0].items.iter().map(|item| item.event.clone()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        [AtnEvent::Name(b"make".to_vec()), AtnEvent::Code(*b"Qwer")]
+    );
+
+    // Legacy steps may omit eventKind, but an explicitly malformed value must not be treated
+    // as if it were absent.
+    assert!(export_item(PHOTOSHOP_STEP, &json!({"event": "make", "eventKind": null}), "S").is_none());
+    assert!(export_item(PHOTOSHOP_STEP, &json!({"event": "make", "eventKind": 4}), "S").is_none());
+    assert_eq!(export_item(PHOTOSHOP_STEP, &json!({"event": "make"}), "S").unwrap().event, AtnEvent::Code(*b"make"));
+}
+
 /// #6745: the events of a Photoshop 2026 retouching set (ID-photo background swap, whitening,
 /// highlight cleanup, high-pass sharpening), in the stringID form Photoshop wrote them.
 #[test]
@@ -1205,6 +1510,74 @@ fn fsel(t: D) -> Descriptor {
     desc("null").with("null", D::Reference(vec![ReferenceItem::Property { class: class("Chnl"), key: Id::new("fsel") }])).with("T   ", t)
 }
 
+/// #7103: Photoshop records switching to another open document as a `select` of `Dcmn` by
+/// offset (previous -1, next +1). The template action of the report, which copies from the
+/// source image and pastes into the template opened after it, imports with no Photoshop steps,
+/// plays across the two documents and saves back the same shape. With no previous document
+/// open, playback stops at the switch instead of pasting into the wrong document.
+#[test]
+fn select_document_by_offset_imports_plays_and_saves_back() {
+    let doc = |offset: i32| desc("null").with("null", D::Reference(vec![ReferenceItem::Offset { class: class("Dcmn"), offset }]));
+    // A recorded document id (`DocI`) means nothing in another session: ignored, not written back.
+    let copy_in = vec![
+        item("slct", "Select", Some(doc(-1).with("DocI", long(35.0)))),
+        item("setd", "Set", Some(fsel(enm("Ordn", "Al  ")))),
+        item("copy", "Copy", None),
+        item("slct", "Select", Some(doc(1))),
+        item("past", "Paste", None),
+    ];
+    let data = set_of("Template", vec![("Copy In", copy_in)]);
+
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8, "name": "source"})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"contents": "color", "color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8, "name": "template", "background": "transparent"})).unwrap();
+    let r = s.execute("actions.load", json!({"data": data})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r["unsupported"], json!([]), "{r}");
+    let steps = &s.actions.list[0].steps;
+    assert_eq!(steps[0], ("document.activate".to_string(), json!({"offset": -1})));
+    assert_eq!(steps[3], ("document.activate".to_string(), json!({"offset": 1})));
+
+    let pixel = |s: &mut Session| -> Vec<f32> { serde_json::from_value(s.execute("document.pixel", json!({"x": 4, "y": 4})).unwrap()).unwrap() };
+    assert_eq!(pixel(&mut s), [0.0; 4]);
+    let r = s.execute("actions.play", json!({"action": "Copy In"})).unwrap();
+    assert!(r.get("failed").is_none(), "{r}");
+    assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc.name, "template");
+    assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc.layers.len(), 2, "the source's pixels are pasted on a new layer");
+    assert_eq!(pixel(&mut s), [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+    assert_eq!(s.documents()[0].doc.layers.len(), 1, "the source is only copied from");
+
+    let first = s.actions.list.clone();
+    let r = s.execute("actions.save", json!({"set": "Template"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r["skipped"], json!([]));
+    let saved = photocraft_paint::tile::b64_decode(r["data"].as_str().unwrap()).unwrap();
+    let file = atn::parse(&saved).unwrap();
+    let offsets: Vec<i32> = file.actions[0]
+        .items
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|i| match get_ref(i.descriptor.as_ref()?, "null")? {
+            [ReferenceItem::Offset { class, offset }] if trimmed(&class.class_id) == "Dcmn" => Some(*offset),
+            _ => None,
+        })
+        .collect();
+    assert_eq!(offsets, [-1, 1]);
+    assert!(file.actions[0].items[0].descriptor.as_ref().unwrap().get("DocI").is_none());
+    let mut t = Session::new();
+    t.execute("actions.load", json!({"data": b64(&saved)})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(t.actions.list, first);
+    // An absolute tab index has no Photoshop equivalent: it stays out of a strict save.
+    assert!(export_item("document.activate", &json!({"document": 0}), "S").is_none());
+    assert!(export_item("document.activate", &json!({"document": 0, "offset": 1}), "S").is_none());
+
+    let mut one = Session::new();
+    one.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8, "name": "template"})).unwrap();
+    one.execute("actions.load", json!({"data": data})).unwrap();
+    let r = one.execute("actions.play", json!({"action": "Copy In"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r["failed"]["step"], 0, "{r}");
+    assert_eq!(r["failed"]["error"], "no document 1 before the active one, which is 1 of 1", "{r}");
+    assert_eq!(one.active().unwrap().doc.layers.len(), 1);
+}
+
 fn set_of(name: &str, actions: Vec<(&str, Vec<AtnItem>)>) -> String {
     let file = AtnFile {
         name: UnicodeString::new_nul(name),
@@ -1373,17 +1746,19 @@ fn remove_white_clears_the_targeted_layer_not_the_converted_background() {
     assert!(bottom.surface().unwrap().sample_channel(2, 2, 1) > 0.99, "and kept its pixels");
 }
 
-/// Measured in Photoshop: `executeAction` fails for the codes `BoxB`, `SrfB`, `Fltn` and
-/// `BlnW` ("the command is not currently available"), while the names `boxblur`,
-/// `surfaceBlur`, `flattenImage`, `blackAndWhite` and the code `FltI` run.
+/// Measured in Photoshop: `executeAction` fails for the codes `BoxB`, `SrfB`, `Fltn`, `BlnW`
+/// and `PhtF` ("the command is not currently available"), while the names `boxblur`,
+/// `surfaceBlur`, `flattenImage`, `blackAndWhite`, `photoFilter` and the code `FltI` run.
 #[test]
 fn events_photoshop_only_runs_by_name_export_by_name_and_old_codes_still_import() {
     let bw = json!({"reds": 40, "yellows": 60, "greens": 40, "cyans": 60, "blues": 20, "magentas": 80, "tint": false, "tintColor": "#e4d5b0"});
+    let photo_filter = json!({"color": "#0022cd", "density": 67, "preserveLuminosity": false});
     let cases = [
         ("filter.blur.boxBlur", json!({"radius": 3}), "boxblur", "BoxB"),
         ("filter.blur.surfaceBlur", json!({"radius": 5, "threshold": 15}), "surfaceBlur", "SrfB"),
         ("layer.flattenImage", json!({}), "FltI", "Fltn"),
         ("image.adjustments.blackWhite", bw, "blackAndWhite", "BlnW"),
+        ("image.adjustments.photoFilter", photo_filter, "photoFilter", "PhtF"),
     ];
     for (id, params, written, legacy) in &cases {
         let exported = export_item(id, params, "S").unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("{id} does not export"));
@@ -1430,7 +1805,7 @@ fn events_photoshop_only_runs_by_name_export_by_name_and_old_codes_still_import(
 
     // Unknown ids, near misses and the legacy codes written as names stay Photoshop steps,
     // never a panic or a wrong command.
-    for event in ["BoxBlur", "boxBlur", "BOXB", "Fltn ", "FLTI", "", "\u{0}\u{0}\u{0}\u{0}", "BlnWx"] {
+    for event in ["BoxBlur", "boxBlur", "BOXB", "Fltn ", "FLTI", "", "\u{0}\u{0}\u{0}\u{0}", "BlnWx", "PHTF", "PhtF ", "photofilter"] {
         let e = event_for(&item(event, "", None).event);
         assert!(e.is_none(), "{event:?} maps to {:?}", e.map(|e| e.ids));
     }
@@ -1444,6 +1819,108 @@ fn events_photoshop_only_runs_by_name_export_by_name_and_old_codes_still_import(
     }
 }
 
+/// #8301: Photoshop stops on a Photo Filter step saved as `PhtF` ("not currently available")
+/// and runs the same descriptor under the name `photoFilter`. A recorded step saves by name,
+/// a Photoshop-authored step re-saves by name, and actions saved before with `PhtF` still load
+/// and play the same.
+#[test]
+fn photo_filter_saves_under_the_name_photoshop_runs() {
+    let params = json!({"color": "#0022cd", "density": 67, "preserveLuminosity": false});
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8, "background": "#808080"})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("actions.record", json!({"name": "Filter"})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("image.adjustments.photoFilter", params.clone()).unwrap();
+    s.execute("actions.stop", json!({})).unwrap();
+    let saved = s.execute("actions.save", json!({"action": "Filter"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(saved["skipped"], json!([]), "{saved}");
+    let file = atn::parse(&photocraft_paint::tile::b64_decode(saved["data"].as_str().unwrap()).unwrap()).unwrap();
+    let step = &file.actions[0].items[0];
+    assert_eq!(step.event, AtnEvent::Name("photoFilter".into()), "never the code PhtF");
+    assert_eq!(step.dictionary, "Photo Filter".as_bytes());
+    let d = step.descriptor.clone().unwrap();
+    for key in ["Clr ", "Dnst", "PrsL"] {
+        assert!(d.get(key).is_some(), "the descriptor keeps {key}: {d:?}");
+    }
+
+    // A Photoshop-authored step (by name) and an old PhotoCraft one (`PhtF`) both load to the
+    // command, and saving them again writes the name.
+    let data =
+        set_of("S", vec![("Photoshop", vec![item("photoFilter", "Photo Filter", Some(d.clone()))]), ("Legacy", vec![item("PhtF", "Photo Filter", Some(d))])]);
+    let mut t = Session::new();
+    let r = t.execute("actions.load", json!({"data": data})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r["unsupported"], json!([]), "{r}");
+    for a in &t.actions.list {
+        assert_eq!(a.steps.len(), 1, "{}", a.name);
+        assert_eq!(a.steps[0].0, "image.adjustments.photoFilter", "{}", a.name);
+        let mut p = a.steps[0].1.clone();
+        normalise(&mut p);
+        assert_eq!(p, params, "{}", a.name);
+    }
+    let resaved = t.execute("actions.save", json!({"set": "S"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(resaved["skipped"], json!([]), "{resaved}");
+    let file = atn::parse(&photocraft_paint::tile::b64_decode(resaved["data"].as_str().unwrap()).unwrap()).unwrap();
+    let events: Vec<String> = file.actions.iter().flat_map(|a| a.items.iter().map(|i| i.event.id())).collect();
+    assert_eq!(events, ["photoFilter", "photoFilter"]);
+
+    // Both play like the command run directly, at 8 and 16 bits.
+    for depth in [8, 16] {
+        let pixel = |s: &Session| {
+            let st = s.active().unwrap();
+            let surface = st.doc.layers.first().unwrap().surface().unwrap();
+            [0, 1, 2].map(|c| surface.sample_channel(3, 3, c))
+        };
+        let new_doc = |t: &mut Session| {
+            t.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8, "background": "#808080", "depth": depth})).unwrap();
+        };
+        new_doc(&mut t);
+        t.execute("image.adjustments.photoFilter", params.clone()).unwrap();
+        let direct = pixel(&t);
+        assert_ne!(direct, [128.0 / 255.0; 3], "the filter changes the grey");
+        for action in ["Photoshop", "Legacy"] {
+            new_doc(&mut t);
+            let r = t.execute("actions.play", json!({"action": action})).unwrap();
+            assert!(r.get("failed").is_none(), "{action}: {r}");
+            assert_eq!(pixel(&t), direct, "{action} at {depth} bits");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A Black & White adjustment layer saves with Photoshop's `BanW` class (#8481): measured in
+/// Photoshop, a Make whose type is `BlnW` is refused. Photoshop's own `BanW` Make loads, and so
+/// does the `BlnW` one PhotoCraft wrote before.
+#[test]
+fn black_white_adjustment_layer_saves_as_photoshops_class_and_old_class_still_imports() {
+    let id = "layer.newAdjustmentLayer.blackWhite";
+    let params = json!({"reds": 17, "yellows": 83, "greens": -12, "cyans": 107, "blues": 51, "magentas": 133, "tint": true, "tintColor": "#c08040"});
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.actions.list.push(Action::new("BW", vec![(id.into(), params.clone())]));
+    let r = s.execute("actions.save", json!({"action": "BW"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r["skipped"], json!([]));
+    let saved = photocraft_paint::tile::b64_decode(r["data"].as_str().unwrap()).unwrap();
+    let file = atn::parse(&saved).unwrap();
+    let make = file.actions[0].items[0].descriptor.as_ref().unwrap();
+    let kind = get_obj(make, "Usng").and_then(|u| get_obj(u, "Type")).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(trimmed(&kind.class_id), "BanW");
+    let mut t = Session::new();
+    let r = t.execute("actions.load", json!({"data": b64(&saved)})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r["unsupported"], json!([]), "{r}");
+    assert_eq!(t.actions.list[0].steps, vec![(id.to_string(), params)]);
+
+    // Photoshop's minimal Make (no settings) and an old PhotoCraft Make with a setting both load,
+    // the setting kept; near misses stay Photoshop steps.
+    let make = |class: &str| {
+        let kind = if class == "BlnW" { desc(class).with("Rd  ", long(17.0)) } else { desc(class) };
+        let using = desc("AdjL").with("Type", D::Descriptor(kind));
+        item("Mk  ", "Make", Some(desc("null").with("null", class_ref("AdjL")).with("Usng", D::Descriptor(using))))
+    };
+    let data = set_of("S", vec![("A", ["BanW", "BlnW", "BANW", "BlnWx"].into_iter().map(make).collect())]);
+    let mut t = Session::new();
+    let r = t.execute("actions.load", json!({"data": data})).unwrap();
+    let steps: Vec<&str> = t.actions.list[0].steps.iter().map(|(id, _)| id.as_str()).collect();
+    assert_eq!(steps, [id, id, PHOTOSHOP_STEP, PHOTOSHOP_STEP], "{r}");
+    assert_eq!(t.actions.list[0].steps[1].1["reds"], 17, "{r}");
+}
+
 /// Smart Blur's quality uses Photoshop's `SmBQ` codes (`SBQL`/`SBQM`/`SBQH`): measured in
 /// Photoshop, the old `Hgh `/`Mdm `/`Low ` play back as its fallback quality. Old codes still read.
 #[test]
@@ -1592,6 +2069,205 @@ fn minimum_and_maximum_with_roundness_are_not_exported_as_squareness() {
     }
 }
 
+/// #7515: a Transform Selection's interpolation survives the round trip as a layer transform's
+/// does. #7516-#7519: a reference point other than the centre, a skew or a warp can't be written,
+/// so the step is refused instead of replaying as a plain scale.
+#[test]
+fn transform_selection_keeps_its_interpolation_and_refuses_what_it_cannot_carry() {
+    let one = |id: &str, p: Value| Action { name: "Probe".into(), steps: vec![(id.into(), p)], ..Default::default() };
+    let p = json!({"dx": 0.7, "dy": 0, "scaleX": 140, "scaleY": 80, "interpolation": "nearest"});
+    let (bytes, skipped) = export("Audit7", &[&one("select.transformSelection", p.clone())], &[], false).unwrap();
+    assert!(skipped.is_empty());
+    let imported = import(&bytes).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(imported.actions[0].steps, vec![("select.transformSelection".to_string(), p)]);
+    for id in ["select.transformSelection", "edit.transform"] {
+        for p in [
+            json!({"scaleX": 140, "reference": "topLeft"}),
+            json!({"scaleX": 140, "reference": [3, 4]}),
+            json!({"scaleX": 140, "skewX": 12}),
+            json!({"scaleX": 140, "skewY": -5}),
+            json!({"warp": "arc"}),
+            json!({"corners": [[0, 0], [10, 0], [10, 10], [0, 10]]}),
+        ] {
+            let err = export("Audit7", &[&one(id, p.clone())], &[], false).unwrap_err();
+            assert!(err.contains("no Photoshop equivalent") && err.contains(&format!("`{id}`")), "{id} {p}: {err}");
+            let (_, skipped) = export("Audit7", &[&one(id, p.clone())], &[], true).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(skipped, vec![Skipped { action: "Probe".into(), step: 0, id: id.into() }], "{id} {p}");
+        }
+        let carried = json!({"scaleX": 140, "reference": "center", "skewX": 0, "skewY": 0});
+        assert!(export("Audit7", &[&one(id, carried.clone())], &[], false).is_ok(), "{id} {carried}");
+    }
+}
+
+/// #7540-#7542: Feather, Contract and Smooth (and Expand) with Apply Effect at Canvas Bounds, and
+/// #7543-#7546: a pattern Paint Bucket with a chosen pattern, scale, angle or phase, can't be
+/// written, so strict export refuses them. Their defaults still export and round-trip.
+#[test]
+fn canvas_bound_modify_and_placed_pattern_bucket_refuse_strict_export() {
+    let one = |id: &str, p: Value| Action { name: "Probe".into(), steps: vec![(id.into(), p)], ..Default::default() };
+    for id in ["select.modify.feather", "select.modify.expand", "select.modify.contract", "select.modify.smooth"] {
+        assert!(export("Audit7", &[&one(id, json!({"radius": 2, "applyAtCanvasBounds": true}))], &[], false).is_err(), "{id}");
+        let plain = json!({"radius": 2, "applyAtCanvasBounds": false});
+        let (bytes, _) = export("Audit7", &[&one(id, plain)], &[], false).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{id}: {e}"));
+        assert_eq!(import(&bytes).unwrap().actions[0].steps, vec![(id.to_string(), json!({"radius": 2}))]);
+    }
+    let bucket = |extra: Value| {
+        let mut p = json!({"x": 5, "y": 5, "contents": "pattern", "opacity": 70, "tolerance": 80});
+        if let (Some(p), Some(e)) = (p.as_object_mut(), extra.as_object()) {
+            p.extend(e.clone());
+        }
+        one("paint.bucket", p)
+    };
+    for extra in [json!({"pattern": "AuditPattern"}), json!({"scale": 50}), json!({"angle": 30}), json!({"phase": [3, 5]})] {
+        assert!(export("Audit7", &[&bucket(extra.clone())], &[], false).is_err(), "{extra}");
+    }
+    for extra in [json!({}), json!({"scale": 100, "angle": 0, "phase": [0, 0]})] {
+        assert!(export("Audit7", &[&bucket(extra.clone())], &[], false).is_ok(), "{extra}");
+    }
+}
+
+/// #7502, #7512, #7513, #7514: a New Layer step that clips to the layer below, has a colour
+/// label, fills with the neutral colour or goes below the active layer isn't exported, since the
+/// descriptor carries only its name, opacity and mode. Those options at their defaults still
+/// export, and the step round-trips.
+#[test]
+fn new_layer_options_the_descriptor_cannot_carry_refuse_strict_export() {
+    let new_layer = |p: Value| Action { name: "Probe".into(), steps: vec![("layer.new.layer".into(), p)], ..Default::default() };
+    for p in [
+        json!({"name": "New", "clipToPrevious": true}),
+        json!({"name": "New", "color": "red"}),
+        json!({"name": "New", "mode": "Overlay", "fillNeutral": true}),
+        json!({"name": "New", "position": "below"}),
+        json!({"name": "New", "clipToPrevious": 1}),
+    ] {
+        assert!(export("Audit7", &[&new_layer(p.clone())], &[], false).is_err(), "{p}");
+        let (_, skipped) = export("Audit7", &[&new_layer(p.clone())], &[], true).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(skipped, vec![Skipped { action: "Probe".into(), step: 0, id: "layer.new.layer".into() }], "{p}");
+    }
+    let defaults =
+        json!({"name": "New", "mode": "Multiply", "opacity": 0.6, "clipToPrevious": false, "color": "none", "fillNeutral": false, "position": "above"});
+    let (bytes, skipped) = export("Audit7", &[&new_layer(defaults)], &[], false).unwrap();
+    assert!(skipped.is_empty());
+    let imported = import(&bytes).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(imported.actions[0].steps, vec![("layer.new.layer".to_string(), json!({"name": "New", "mode": "Multiply", "opacity": 0.6}))]);
+}
+
+/// Options the exported descriptors can't carry refuse strict export (and a partial export skips
+/// the step) instead of exporting a step that replays differently; the forms they can carry still
+/// export (#7196, #7246, #7287, #7503, #7506, #7507).
+#[test]
+fn options_the_descriptors_cannot_carry_refuse_strict_export() {
+    let one = |id: &str, p: Value| Action { name: "Probe".into(), steps: vec![(id.into(), p)], ..Default::default() };
+    let refused = [
+        ("layer.newFillLayer.solidColor", json!({"color": "#c0603080"})),
+        ("layer.newFillLayer.solidColor", json!({"color": "teal"})),
+        ("file.new", json!({"width": 24, "height": 18, "background": "black"})),
+        ("file.new", json!({"width": 24, "height": 18, "background": "#ab2233"})),
+        ("file.new", json!({"width": 24, "height": 18, "background": "backgroundColor", "backgroundColor": [0.2, 0.4, 0.6]})),
+        ("select.loadSelection", json!({"channel": "Alpha 1", "invert": true})),
+        ("select.loadSelection", json!({"channel": "Alpha 1", "operation": "subtract"})),
+        ("layer.setProps", json!({"opacity": 0.5, "locked": true})),
+        ("layer.setProps", json!({"opacity": 0.5, "clipped": true})),
+        ("layer.setProps", json!({"layers": [2, 3], "opacity": 0.5})),
+        ("filter.noise.addNoise", json!({"amount": 30, "seed": 2147483648_u64})),
+        ("filter.noise.addNoise", json!({"amount": 30, "seed": 4294967295_u64})),
+    ];
+    for (id, p) in refused {
+        let err = export("Audit7", &[&one(id, p.clone())], &[], false).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.contains(&format!("`{id}`")), "{id} {p}: the error names the step: {err}");
+        let (_, skipped) = export("Audit7", &[&one(id, p.clone())], &[], true).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(skipped, vec![Skipped { action: "Probe".into(), step: 0, id: id.into() }], "{id} {p}");
+    }
+    let carried = [
+        ("layer.groupLayers", json!({"name": "Group"})),
+        ("layer.newFillLayer.solidColor", json!({"color": "#c06030"})),
+        ("file.new", json!({"width": 24, "height": 18, "background": "white"})),
+        ("file.new", json!({"width": 24, "height": 18, "background": "transparent"})),
+        ("file.new", json!({"width": 24, "height": 18, "background": "backgroundColor"})),
+        ("select.loadSelection", json!({"channel": "Alpha 1", "invert": false, "operation": "new"})),
+        // A named target (a numeric one is #7248, #7262).
+        ("layer.setProps", json!({"layer": "Pixels", "opacity": 0.5, "visible": true})),
+        ("filter.noise.addNoise", json!({"amount": 30, "seed": 2147483647})),
+    ];
+    for (id, p) in carried {
+        let (bytes, skipped) = export("Audit7", &[&one(id, p.clone())], &[], false).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{id} {p}: {e}"));
+        assert!(skipped.is_empty(), "{id} {p}");
+        let imported = import(&bytes).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(imported.actions[0].steps.first().map(|(i, _)| i.as_str()), Some(id), "{p}");
+    }
+}
+
+/// #8697: Photoshop's other transform interpolation modes survive import: its bicubic variants
+/// are kept (they render as Bicubic and export back unchanged), Automatic becomes Bicubic
+/// Automatic and Preserve Details Bicubic; before, they fell back to the command's default.
+#[test]
+fn photoshop_transform_interpolation_modes_survive_import() {
+    let one = |id: &str, p: Value| Action { name: "Probe".into(), steps: vec![(id.into(), p)], ..Default::default() };
+    for id in ["select.transformSelection", "edit.transform"] {
+        for (mode, imported) in [
+            ("bicubicSharper", "bicubicSharper"),
+            ("bicubicSmoother", "bicubicSmoother"),
+            ("bicubicAutomatic", "bicubicAutomatic"),
+            ("automatic", "bicubicAutomatic"),
+            ("preserveDetails", "bicubic"),
+        ] {
+            let (bytes, _) = export("Audit8", &[&one(id, json!({"scaleX": 140, "interpolation": mode}))], &[], false).unwrap();
+            let steps = import(&bytes).unwrap().actions[0].steps.clone();
+            let got = steps.first().and_then(|(_, p)| p.get("interpolation")).and_then(Value::as_str).map(str::to_owned);
+            assert_eq!(got.as_deref(), Some(imported), "{id} {mode}: {steps:?}");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// #8531: a partial `layer.setAdjustment` of Color Balance or Hue/Saturation can't be written
+/// (their descriptors carry every setting, filling absent ones with defaults), so strict export
+/// refuses it instead of replaying an edit that also resets the rest. Complete ones still export.
+#[test]
+fn partial_color_balance_and_hue_saturation_edits_refuse_strict_export() {
+    let one = |p: Value| Action { name: "Probe".into(), steps: vec![("layer.setAdjustment".into(), p)], ..Default::default() };
+    for p in [
+        json!({"kind": "colorBalance", "shadows": [32, -24, 16]}),
+        json!({"kind": "colorBalance", "preserveLuminosity": true}),
+        json!({"kind": "hueSaturation", "hue": 20}),
+        json!({"kind": "hueSaturation", "reds": {"hue": 10}}),
+    ] {
+        let err = export("Audit8", &[&one(p.clone())], &[], false).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.contains("`layer.setAdjustment`"), "{p}: {err}");
+        let (_, skipped) = export("Audit8", &[&one(p.clone())], &[], true).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(skipped, vec![Skipped { action: "Probe".into(), step: 0, id: "layer.setAdjustment".into() }], "{p}");
+    }
+    let full = json!({"kind": "colorBalance", "shadows": [32, -24, 16], "midtones": [-17, 27, -31], "highlights": [11, -19, 23], "preserveLuminosity": false});
+    let (bytes, _) = export("Audit8", &[&one(full)], &[], false).unwrap();
+    let steps = import(&bytes).unwrap().actions[0].steps.clone();
+    let (id, p) = steps.first().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(id, "layer.setAdjustment");
+    assert_eq!(p.get("midtones"), Some(&json!([-17, 27, -31])), "{p}");
+    assert_eq!(p.get("preserveLuminosity"), Some(&json!(false)), "{p}");
+    let hue = json!({"kind": "hueSaturation", "colorize": false, "hue": 20, "saturation": -5, "lightness": 0});
+    assert!(export("Audit8", &[&one(hue)], &[], false).is_ok());
+    // A colour range written without all of its own settings would reset the rest too.
+    let range = json!({"kind": "hueSaturation", "colorize": false, "hue": 0, "saturation": 0, "lightness": 0, "reds": {"hue": 10}});
+    assert!(export("Audit8", &[&one(range)], &[], false).is_err());
+    let range =
+        json!({"kind": "hueSaturation", "colorize": false, "hue": 0, "saturation": 0, "lightness": 0, "reds": {"hue": 10, "saturation": 5, "lightness": -5}});
+    assert!(export("Audit8", &[&one(range)], &[], false).is_ok());
+    let bounded = json!({"kind": "hueSaturation", "colorize": false, "hue": 0, "saturation": 0, "lightness": 0, "reds": {"hue": 10, "saturation": 5, "lightness": -5, "range": [315, 345, 15, 45]}});
+    assert!(export("Audit8", &[&one(bounded)], &[], false).is_ok());
+    // Values of the wrong shape would be written as 0: refused too.
+    for bad in [
+        json!({"kind": "colorBalance", "shadows": "invalid", "midtones": [0, 0, 0], "highlights": [0, 0, 0], "preserveLuminosity": true}),
+        json!({"kind": "colorBalance", "shadows": [1, 2], "midtones": [0, 0, 0], "highlights": [0, 0, 0], "preserveLuminosity": true}),
+        json!({"kind": "colorBalance", "shadows": [0, 0, 0], "midtones": [0, 0, 0], "highlights": [0, 0, 0], "preserveLuminosity": "yes"}),
+        json!({"kind": "hueSaturation", "colorize": false, "hue": "20", "saturation": 0, "lightness": 0}),
+        json!({"kind": "hueSaturation", "colorize": false, "hue": 0, "saturation": 0, "lightness": 0, "reds": 5}),
+        json!({"kind": "hueSaturation", "colorize": false, "hue": 0, "saturation": 0, "lightness": 0, "reds": {"hue": 1, "saturation": 0, "lightness": 0, "range": [0, 20, 40]}}),
+        json!({"kind": "hueSaturation", "colorize": false, "hue": 0, "saturation": 0, "lightness": 0, "reds": {"hue": 1, "saturation": 0, "lightness": 0, "range": "invalid"}}),
+        json!({"kind": "hueSaturation", "colorize": false, "hue": 0, "saturation": 0, "lightness": 0, "reds": {"hue": 1, "saturation": 0, "lightness": 0, "range": [315, 345.5, 15, 45]}}),
+    ] {
+        assert!(export("Audit8", &[&one(bad.clone())], &[], false).is_err(), "{bad}");
+    }
+}
+
 /// Photoshop's Close has no document target: a Close of a specific document must not be
 /// exported as a plain Close, which would close the active document on playback.
 #[test]
@@ -1628,6 +2304,108 @@ fn fractional_translation_only_transform_keeps_offset_and_interpolation() {
     assert_eq!(steps[0].1.get("interpolation"), Some(&json!("bilinear")));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn numeric_layer_references_refuse_silent_fallback_to_current_selection() {
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8})).unwrap();
+
+    let parse_first_desc = |v: &Value| -> Descriptor {
+        let bytes = photocraft_paint::tile::b64_decode(v["data"].as_str().unwrap()).unwrap();
+        let file = atn::parse(&bytes).unwrap();
+        file.actions[0].items[0].descriptor.clone().unwrap()
+    };
+
+    // Named layer reference exports successfully with Name reference to "A"
+    s.actions.list.push(Action::new("DeleteNamed", vec![("layer.delete".into(), json!({"layer": "A"}))]));
+    let saved_named = s.execute("actions.save", json!({"action": "DeleteNamed"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(saved_named["steps"], 1);
+    let named_desc = parse_first_desc(&saved_named);
+    match get_ref(&named_desc, "null").unwrap() {
+        [ReferenceItem::Name { name, .. }] => assert_eq!(name.to_string_lossy(), "A"),
+        other => panic!("expected Name reference to A, got {other:?}"),
+    }
+
+    // Omitted layer reference (target selection) exports successfully with Trgt enumerated reference
+    s.actions.list.push(Action::new("DeleteTarget", vec![("layer.delete".into(), json!({}))]));
+    let saved_target = s.execute("actions.save", json!({"action": "DeleteTarget"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(saved_target["steps"], 1);
+    let target_desc = parse_first_desc(&saved_target);
+    match get_ref(&target_desc, "null").unwrap() {
+        [ReferenceItem::Enumerated { value, .. }] => assert!(value.is("Trgt")),
+        other => panic!("expected Trgt enumerated reference, got {other:?}"),
+    }
+
+    // Explicit null layer reference also exports successfully as target selection with Trgt enumerated reference
+    s.actions.list.push(Action::new("DeleteNull", vec![("layer.delete".into(), json!({"layer": null}))]));
+    let saved_null = s.execute("actions.save", json!({"action": "DeleteNull"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(saved_null["steps"], 1);
+    let null_desc = parse_first_desc(&saved_null);
+    match get_ref(&null_desc, "null").unwrap() {
+        [ReferenceItem::Enumerated { value, .. }] => assert!(value.is("Trgt")),
+        other => panic!("expected Trgt enumerated reference, got {other:?}"),
+    }
+
+    // Explicit numeric ID reference cannot be silently converted to current target in strict export
+    s.actions.list.push(Action::new("DeleteNumeric", vec![("layer.delete".into(), json!({"layer": 42}))]));
+    let before_actions = s.actions.list.clone();
+    let before_rev = s.active().unwrap().revision;
+    let err_delete = s.execute("actions.save", json!({"action": "DeleteNumeric"}));
+    assert!(err_delete.is_err(), "strict export must reject numeric layer ID for layer.delete rather than falling back to current target");
+    assert_eq!(s.actions.list, before_actions, "session actions must remain unchanged when save fails");
+    assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().revision, before_rev, "document revision must remain unchanged when save fails");
+    let err_msg = err_delete.unwrap_err().to_string();
+    assert!(err_msg.contains("(`layer.delete` with numeric layer 42)"), "error message should name the numeric layer: {err_msg}");
+
+    // Same rejection and state invariance for remaining commands with numeric layer reference
+    for (name, id, params) in [
+        ("DuplicateNumeric", "layer.duplicate", json!({"layer": 42, "name": "Copy"})),
+        ("DuplicateNewDocNumeric", "layer.duplicate", json!({"layer": 42, "document": "new"})),
+        ("TranslateNumeric", "layer.translate", json!({"layer": 42, "dx": 5, "dy": 5})),
+        ("SetPropsNumeric", "layer.setProps", json!({"layer": 42, "opacity": 0.5})),
+        ("HideNumeric", "layer.hideLayers", json!({"layer": 42})),
+        ("TransformNumeric", "edit.transform", json!({"layer": 42, "dx": 5, "dy": 5})),
+        ("RenameNumeric", "layer.renameLayer", json!({"layer": 42, "name": "Renamed"})),
+        ("LabelNumeric", "layer.setLabelColor", json!({"layer": 42, "color": "red"})),
+        ("ShowNumeric", "layer.showLayers", json!({"layer": 42})),
+        ("SelectNumeric", "layer.select", json!({"layer": 42})),
+        ("BringToFrontNumeric", "layer.arrange.bringToFront", json!({"layer": 42})),
+        ("SendToBackNumeric", "layer.arrange.sendToBack", json!({"layer": 42})),
+        ("BringForwardNumeric", "layer.arrange.bringForward", json!({"layer": 42})),
+        ("SendBackwardNumeric", "layer.arrange.sendBackward", json!({"layer": 42})),
+    ] {
+        s.actions.list.push(Action::new(name, vec![(id.into(), params)]));
+        let before_actions = s.actions.list.clone();
+        let before_rev = s.active().unwrap().revision;
+        assert!(s.execute("actions.save", json!({"action": name})).is_err());
+        assert_eq!(s.actions.list, before_actions, "session actions must remain unchanged when save fails");
+        assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().revision, before_rev, "document revision must remain unchanged when save fails");
+    }
+
+    // With skipUnsupported: true, numeric layer references are skipped
+    let skipped = s.execute("actions.save", json!({"action": "DeleteNumeric", "skipUnsupported": true})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(skipped["steps"], 0);
+    assert_eq!(skipped["skipped"][0]["id"], "layer.delete");
+
+    // Blend-mode shortcut records layer.setProps with active layer ID, which normalises to the target form
+    let active_id = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap().0;
+    s.execute("actions.record", json!({"name": "RecordBlend"})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.setProps", json!({"layer": active_id, "blend": "multiply"})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("actions.stop", json!({})).unwrap();
+    let saved_blend = s.execute("actions.save", json!({"action": "RecordBlend"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(saved_blend["steps"], 1, "recorded blend shortcut step with active layer id must export successfully as target layer");
+    assert_eq!(saved_blend["skipped"].as_array().unwrap().len(), 0);
+
+    // Record explicit layer.delete of the sole selected layer in a two-layer document
+    s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Second"})).unwrap();
+    let second_id = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap().0;
+    s.execute("actions.record", json!({"name": "RecordDelete"})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.delete", json!({"layer": second_id})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("actions.stop", json!({})).unwrap();
+    let saved_delete = s.execute("actions.save", json!({"action": "RecordDelete"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(saved_delete["steps"], 1, "recorded explicit delete of sole selected layer must export successfully as target delete");
+    assert_eq!(saved_delete["skipped"].as_array().unwrap().len(), 0);
+}
+
 /// Arbitrary canvas rotation must keep its interpolation through a strict export: dropping it
 /// silently replays the rotation with the default bicubic resampling.
 #[test]
@@ -1690,6 +2468,24 @@ fn add_noise_with_mask_target_is_not_exported_as_pixel_filter() {
     }
 }
 
+/// Photoshop's Duplicate Layer has no in-place flag: an in-place duplicate (the artboard copy
+/// that stays on the original) must not be exported as a plain duplicate, which places the
+/// copy beside the original on playback.
+#[test]
+fn duplicate_in_place_is_not_exported_as_plain_duplicate() {
+    let in_place = Action { name: "Probe".into(), steps: vec![("layer.duplicate".into(), json!({"inPlace": true}))], ..Default::default() };
+    assert!(export("Audit5", &[&in_place], &[], false).is_err());
+    let (_, skipped) = export("Audit5", &[&in_place], &[], true).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(skipped, vec![Skipped { action: "Probe".into(), step: 0, id: "layer.duplicate".into() }]);
+    for params in [json!({}), json!({"inPlace": false})] {
+        let plain = Action { name: "Plain".into(), steps: vec![("layer.duplicate".into(), params)], ..Default::default() };
+        let (bytes, skipped) = export("Audit5", &[&plain], &[], false).unwrap();
+        assert!(skipped.is_empty());
+        let imported = import(&bytes).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(imported.actions[0].steps, vec![("layer.duplicate".to_string(), json!({}))]);
+    }
+}
+
 /// A Play Action that starts the called action at a later step must not export as a call of the
 /// whole action: that would replay the steps the recording deliberately skipped.
 #[test]
@@ -1735,6 +2531,75 @@ fn function_keys_keep_shift_and_command() {
     assert_eq!(super::function_key_name(7, false, false), "F7");
 }
 
+/// The Apply Image dialog's flat source fields keep their meaning through a strict `.atn` export
+/// (#7197): they used to come back as the merged composite.
+#[test]
+fn apply_image_flat_source_fields_survive_a_strict_export() {
+    let flat = json!({"sourceLayer": "Pixels", "sourceChannel": "green", "sourceInvert": true, "blending": "normal", "opacity": 75});
+    let item = export_item("image.applyImage", &flat, "S").expect("the flat form exports");
+    let event = event_for(&item.event).expect("a known event");
+    let Mapped::Steps(steps) = (event.from)(item.descriptor.as_ref().unwrap()) else { panic!("does not import back") };
+    assert_eq!(steps.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(steps[0].1["source"], json!({"layer": "Pixels", "channel": "green", "invert": true}));
+    // The nested form is unchanged, and the "merged" layer of a flat form stays merged.
+    let merged = json!({"sourceLayer": "merged", "sourceChannel": "red"});
+    let item = export_item("image.applyImage", &merged, "S").expect("exports");
+    let Mapped::Steps(steps) = (event.from)(item.descriptor.as_ref().unwrap()) else { panic!("does not import back") };
+    assert_eq!(steps[0].1["source"], json!({"layer": "merged", "channel": "red"}));
+    // A source in another document cannot be written: the step is skipped, not rewritten.
+    assert!(export_item("image.applyImage", &json!({"source": {"document": "Other", "channel": "red"}}), "S").is_none());
+    assert!(export_item("image.applyImage", &json!({"sourceDocument": "Other"}), "S").is_none());
+}
+
+/// What the Apply Image dialog records survives a strict `.atn` export and comes back: its source
+/// channel is a Channels-panel name ("RGB", "Red", "Alpha 1"), not a lowercase key.
+#[test]
+fn apply_image_dialog_channel_names_survive_a_strict_export() {
+    let dialog = |channel: &str| json!({"sourceLayer": "merged", "sourceChannel": channel, "sourceInvert": false, "blending": "multiply", "opacity": 100.0, "scale": 1.0, "offset": 0, "preserveTransparency": false, "maskChannel": "none"});
+    for (channel, back) in [
+        ("RGB", "composite"),
+        ("CMYK", "composite"),
+        ("Lab", "composite"),
+        ("Red", "red"),
+        ("Gray", "gray"),
+        ("Alpha 1", "Alpha 1"),
+        ("transparency", "transparency"),
+    ] {
+        let a = Action::new("A", vec![("image.applyImage".into(), dialog(channel))]);
+        let (bytes, skipped) = export("S", &[&a], &[], false).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{channel}: {e}"));
+        assert!(skipped.is_empty(), "{channel}");
+        let file = atn::parse(&bytes).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(file.actions[0].items[0].event.id(), "AppI");
+        let back_file = import(&bytes).unwrap();
+        assert!(back_file.unsupported.is_empty(), "{channel}");
+        let p = &back_file.actions[0].steps[0].1;
+        assert_eq!(p["source"], json!({"layer": "merged", "channel": back, "invert": false}), "{channel}");
+    }
+    // A named channel is written as Photoshop records it: a `Chnl` name reference.
+    let item = export_item("image.applyImage", &dialog("Alpha 1"), "S").unwrap();
+    let with = get_obj(item.descriptor.as_ref().unwrap(), "With").unwrap();
+    let r = get_ref(with, "T   ").unwrap();
+    assert!(matches!(&r[0], ReferenceItem::Name { class, name } if class.class_id.is("Chnl") && name.to_string_lossy() == "Alpha 1"));
+}
+
+/// A numeric layer or channel selector has no name to record: the step is refused, not exported as
+/// the merged composite.
+#[test]
+fn apply_image_numeric_source_selectors_are_refused() {
+    for p in [
+        json!({"sourceLayer": 3}),
+        json!({"sourceChannel": 2}),
+        json!({"source": {"channel": 2}}),
+        json!({"source": {"layer": 7, "channel": "red"}}),
+        json!({"source": "red"}),
+        json!({"sourceChannel": "quickMask"}),
+    ] {
+        assert!(export_item("image.applyImage", &p, "S").is_none(), "{p}");
+    }
+    let a = Action::new("A", vec![("image.applyImage".into(), json!({"sourceLayer": 3}))]);
+    assert!(export("S", &[&a], &[], false).is_err());
+}
+
 /// A param a PhotoCraft step leaves out exports as PhotoCraft's default wherever Photoshop plays
 /// the missing key differently (checked against Photoshop): Canvas Size anchors top left,
 /// Apply Image blends Normal, Color Balance turns preserve luminosity off, and a Paint Bucket
@@ -1753,6 +2618,32 @@ fn defaults_photoshop_plays_differently_are_written() {
     assert_eq!(get_list(&balance, "ShdL").map(<[D]>::len), Some(3));
 }
 
+/// Photoshop records the composite of a Levels or Curves entry as `Chnl.Cmps` and silently skips
+/// a Set that names it `Ordn.Trgt` (#8543). A colour channel keeps its own code.
+#[test]
+fn levels_and_curves_name_the_composite_channel_as_photoshop_records_it() {
+    let exported = |id: &str, p: Value| export_item(id, &p, "S").and_then(|i| i.descriptor).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("{id} does not export"));
+    let channels = |d: &Descriptor| -> Vec<(String, String)> {
+        get_list(d, "Adjs")
+            .unwrap_or_default()
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|e| match e {
+                D::Descriptor(e) => match get_ref(e, "Chnl")?.first()? {
+                    ReferenceItem::Enumerated { type_id, value, .. } => Some((trimmed(type_id), trimmed(value))),
+                    _ => None,
+                },
+                _ => None,
+            })
+            .collect()
+    };
+    let composite = ("Chnl".to_string(), "Cmps".to_string());
+    let red = ("Chnl".to_string(), "Rd".to_string());
+    let levels = exported("image.adjustments.levels", json!({"inBlack": 31, "red": {"inBlack": 2}}));
+    assert_eq!(channels(&levels), vec![composite.clone(), red.clone()]);
+    let curves = exported("image.adjustments.curves", json!({"points": [[0, 0], [128, 140], [255, 255]], "red": [[0, 10], [255, 245]]}));
+    assert_eq!(channels(&curves), vec![composite, red]);
+}
+
 /// Photoshop sets one colour per step: a step that sets both doesn't export rather than drop one.
 #[test]
 fn set_colors_exports_only_a_single_colour() {
@@ -1782,3 +2673,455 @@ fn adjustment_layer_reset_still_resets() {
     assert_eq!(steps[0], ("layer.setAdjustment".to_string(), json!({})));
     assert_eq!(steps[1].1, json!({"midtones": [10, 0, 0], "kind": "colorBalance"}));
 }
+
+/// A Free Transform recorded against an unlinked mask or an alpha channel must not export as a
+/// layer transform that moves the layer's pixels on replay (#7195).
+#[test]
+fn transform_with_mask_or_channel_target_is_not_exported_as_layer_transform() {
+    for target in [json!("mask"), json!({"channel": 0}), json!("quickMask")] {
+        let a = Action {
+            name: "Probe".into(),
+            steps: vec![("edit.transform".into(), json!({"target": target, "dx": 3, "dy": 2, "scaleX": 100, "interpolation": "nearest"}))],
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        assert!(export("Targets", &[&a], &[], false).is_err(), "{target} exported");
+        let (_, skipped) = export("Targets", &[&a], &[], true).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(skipped, vec![Skipped { action: "Probe".into(), step: 0, id: "edit.transform".into() }]);
+    }
+    for params in [
+        json!({"dx": 3, "dy": 2, "scaleX": 50, "interpolation": "nearest"}),
+        json!({"target": "pixels", "dx": 3, "dy": 2, "scaleX": 50, "interpolation": "nearest"}),
+    ] {
+        let plain = Action { name: "Plain".into(), steps: vec![("edit.transform".into(), params)], ..Default::default() };
+        let (bytes, skipped) = export("Targets", &[&plain], &[], false).unwrap();
+        assert!(skipped.is_empty());
+        let imported = import(&bytes).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(imported.actions[0].steps, vec![("edit.transform".to_string(), json!({"dx": 3, "dy": 2, "scaleX": 50, "interpolation": "nearest"}))]);
+    }
+    for form in [json!({"quad": [[0, 0], [1, 0], [1, 1], [0, 1]]}), json!({"matrix": [1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0]}), json!({"rect": [0, 0, 1, 1]})] {
+        assert!(transform_to("edit.transform", &form).is_none());
+    }
+}
+
+/// Apply Image's optional blending mask has no `.atn` mapping: a strict export must refuse the
+/// step rather than drop the mask and widen the edit to the whole layer.
+#[test]
+fn apply_image_with_blending_mask_is_not_exported_without_its_mask() {
+    let source = json!({"layer": "Pixels", "channel": "green", "invert": true});
+    for params in [json!({"source": source, "blending": "normal", "mask": {"channel": 0}}), json!({"source": source, "blending": "normal", "maskChannel": 0})] {
+        let masked = Action { name: "Masked".into(), steps: vec![("image.applyImage".into(), params.clone())], ..Default::default() };
+        assert!(export("Audit5", &[&masked], &[], false).is_err(), "{params}");
+        let (_, skipped) = export("Audit5", &[&masked], &[], true).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(skipped, vec![Skipped { action: "Masked".into(), step: 0, id: "image.applyImage".into() }]);
+    }
+    for params in [json!({"source": source, "blending": "normal"}), json!({"source": source, "blending": "normal", "mask": {"channel": "none"}})] {
+        let plain = Action { name: "Plain".into(), steps: vec![("image.applyImage".into(), params.clone())], ..Default::default() };
+        let (bytes, skipped) = export("Audit5", &[&plain], &[], false).unwrap();
+        assert!(skipped.is_empty());
+        let imported = import(&bytes).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(imported.actions[0].steps, vec![("image.applyImage".to_string(), json!({"source": source, "blending": "normal"}))]);
+    }
+}
+
+fn image_size_round_trip(params: &Value) -> Option<Value> {
+    let item = export_item("image.imageSize", params, "S")?;
+    let e = event_for(&item.event).unwrap();
+    match (e.from)(item.descriptor.as_ref().unwrap()) {
+        Mapped::Steps(steps) => Some(steps[0].1.clone()),
+        _ => panic!("image size descriptor did not import as steps"),
+    }
+}
+
+/// A step with brush strokes and Sample All Layers is refused by `refineSelectionEdge`; it must
+/// not fall through to `smartBrushWorkspace`, which has no field for the strokes either.
+#[test]
+fn refine_edge_with_strokes_and_sample_all_layers_is_not_exported_without_the_strokes() {
+    let stroke = json!({"points": [[5, 4]], "size": 4, "mode": "add"});
+    let brushed = Action {
+        name: "Probe".into(),
+        steps: vec![("select.refineEdge".into(), json!({"radius": 1, "sampleAllLayers": true, "refineStrokes": [stroke]}))],
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    assert!(export("Audit", &[&brushed], &[], false).is_err());
+    let (_, skipped) = export("Audit", &[&brushed], &[], true).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(skipped, vec![Skipped { action: "Probe".into(), step: 0, id: "select.refineEdge".into() }]);
+    let plain = Action {
+        name: "Plain".into(),
+        steps: vec![("select.refineEdge".into(), json!({"radius": 1, "sampleAllLayers": true, "refineStrokes": []}))],
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    assert!(export("Audit", &[&plain], &[], false).is_ok());
+}
+
+/// Photoshop's Select and Mask descriptor as mapped has no field for the Refine Edge Brush,
+/// so a step with brush strokes must not export as a plain Select and Mask without them.
+#[test]
+fn refine_edge_with_brush_strokes_is_not_exported_without_them() {
+    for mode in ["add", "subtract"] {
+        let brushed = Action {
+            name: "Probe".into(),
+            steps: vec![("select.refineEdge".into(), json!({"radius": 1, "refineStrokes": [{"points": [[5, 4]], "size": 4, "mode": mode}]}))],
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        assert!(export("Audit", &[&brushed], &[], false).is_err(), "{mode}");
+        let (_, skipped) = export("Audit", &[&brushed], &[], true).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(skipped, vec![Skipped { action: "Probe".into(), step: 0, id: "select.refineEdge".into() }]);
+    }
+    for params in [json!({"radius": 1}), json!({"radius": 1, "refineStrokes": []}), json!({"radius": 1, "refineStrokes": null})] {
+        let plain = Action { name: "Plain".into(), steps: vec![("select.refineEdge".into(), params)], ..Default::default() };
+        let (bytes, skipped) = export("Audit", &[&plain], &[], false).unwrap();
+        assert!(skipped.is_empty());
+        let imported = import(&bytes).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(imported.actions[0].steps, vec![("select.refineEdge".to_string(), json!({"radius": 1}))]);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Nor does it hold the workspace's tool edits (Quick Selection, Brush, Lasso…), with or without
+/// Sample All Layers, so a step with them is reported instead of exported without them.
+#[test]
+fn refine_edge_with_workspace_edits_is_not_exported_without_them() {
+    let edit = json!({"tool": "quick", "points": [[5, 4]], "size": 4});
+    for params in [json!({"radius": 1, "edits": [edit]}), json!({"radius": 1, "sampleAllLayers": true, "edits": [{"tool": "invert"}]})] {
+        let edited = Action { name: "Probe".into(), steps: vec![("select.refineEdge".into(), params.clone())], ..Default::default() };
+        assert!(export("Audit", &[&edited], &[], false).is_err(), "{params}");
+        let (_, skipped) = export("Audit", &[&edited], &[], true).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(skipped, vec![Skipped { action: "Probe".into(), step: 0, id: "select.refineEdge".into() }]);
+    }
+    for params in [json!({"radius": 1, "edits": []}), json!({"radius": 1, "edits": null})] {
+        let plain = Action { name: "Plain".into(), steps: vec![("select.refineEdge".into(), params)], ..Default::default() };
+        assert!(export("Audit", &[&plain], &[], false).is_ok());
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn image_size_resolution_only_does_not_gain_keep_print_size() {
+    // The .atn cannot tell resolution-only from keepPrintSize:true, so the former must not
+    // export as a descriptor that imports back as keep-print-size.
+    let params = json!({"resolution": 144, "resample": "nearest"});
+    assert_eq!(image_size_round_trip(&params), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn image_size_intentional_controls_still_round_trip() {
+    for params in [
+        json!({"resolution": 144.0, "resample": "nearest", "keepPrintSize": true}),
+        json!({"width": 12.0, "height": 10.0, "resolution": 144.0, "resample": "nearest"}),
+    ] {
+        assert_eq!(image_size_round_trip(&params), Some(params.clone()));
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn recorded_layer_select_exports_to_atn() {
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8})).unwrap();
+    let l = s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Wanted"})).unwrap();
+    let wanted_id = l["layer"].as_u64().unwrap();
+    s.execute("actions.record", json!({"name": "SelectWanted"})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.select", json!({"layer": wanted_id})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("actions.stop", json!({})).unwrap();
+
+    let action = s.execute("actions.get", json!({"action": "SelectWanted"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(action["steps"][0], json!(["layer.select", {"name": "Wanted"}]));
+
+    // Strict export should succeed and produce bytes without skipUnsupported
+    let saved = s.execute("actions.save", json!({"action": "SelectWanted"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(saved["steps"], 1);
+    assert_eq!(saved["skipped"], json!([]));
+
+    // When exported with skipUnsupported: true, it shouldn't skip the step either
+    let saved_skip = s.execute("actions.save", json!({"action": "SelectWanted", "skipUnsupported": true})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(saved_skip["steps"], 1);
+    assert_eq!(saved_skip["skipped"], json!([]));
+
+    // If an action has an occurrence target (duplicate names), it cannot be represented unambiguously in .atn
+    let bad_action = Action::new("Dup", vec![("layer.select".into(), json!({"name": "Wanted", "occurrence": 1}))]);
+    let err = export("Set", &[&bad_action], &[], false);
+    assert!(err.is_err(), "occurrence without representation must fail strict export");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn select_rect_mode_strict_export_rejects_unrepresentable_modes() {
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8})).unwrap();
+
+    // Default or "replace" mode succeeds
+    s.actions.list.push(Action::new("ReplaceAct", vec![("select.rect".into(), json!({"x": 4, "y": 4, "width": 2, "height": 2, "mode": "replace"}))]));
+    let saved = s.execute("actions.save", json!({"action": "ReplaceAct"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(saved["steps"], 1);
+
+    // "add" mode cannot be silently converted to replace (set) in strict export
+    s.actions.list.push(Action::new("AddAct", vec![("select.rect".into(), json!({"x": 4, "y": 4, "width": 2, "height": 2, "mode": "add"}))]));
+    let before_actions = s.actions.list.clone();
+    let err = s.execute("actions.save", json!({"action": "AddAct"}));
+    assert!(err.is_err(), "strict export must reject select.rect with add mode rather than converting to replace");
+    assert_eq!(s.actions.list, before_actions, "actions list must remain unchanged after rejected save");
+
+    // "subtract" mode cannot be silently converted to replace either
+    s.actions.list.push(Action::new("SubtractAct", vec![("select.rect".into(), json!({"x": 4, "y": 4, "width": 2, "height": 2, "mode": "subtract"}))]));
+    let before_actions_sub = s.actions.list.clone();
+    let err_subtract = s.execute("actions.save", json!({"action": "SubtractAct"}));
+    assert!(err_subtract.is_err(), "strict export must reject select.rect with subtract mode rather than converting to replace");
+    assert_eq!(s.actions.list, before_actions_sub, "actions list must remain unchanged after rejected save");
+
+    // With skipUnsupported: true, unrepresentable modes are reported in skipped
+    let skipped = s.execute("actions.save", json!({"action": "AddAct", "skipUnsupported": true})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(skipped["steps"], 0);
+    assert_eq!(skipped["skipped"][0]["id"], "select.rect");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn radial_blur_off_center_strict_export_refuses_silent_recentering() {
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 16, "height": 16})).unwrap();
+
+    // Default center (omitted) exports successfully
+    s.actions.list.push(Action::new("DefaultCenter", vec![("filter.blur.radialBlur".into(), json!({"amount": 50, "method": "spin", "quality": "good"}))]));
+    let saved = s.execute("actions.save", json!({"action": "DefaultCenter"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(saved["steps"], 1);
+
+    // Explicit (0.5, 0.5) center also exports successfully
+    s.actions.list.push(Action::new(
+        "ExplicitDefaultCenter",
+        vec![("filter.blur.radialBlur".into(), json!({"amount": 50, "method": "spin", "quality": "good", "centerX": 0.5, "centerY": 0.5}))],
+    ));
+    let saved_exp = s.execute("actions.save", json!({"action": "ExplicitDefaultCenter"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(saved_exp["steps"], 1);
+
+    // Off-center radial blur cannot be silently recentered in strict export
+    s.actions.list.push(Action::new(
+        "OffCenter",
+        vec![("filter.blur.radialBlur".into(), json!({"amount": 50, "method": "spin", "quality": "good", "centerX": 0.1, "centerY": 0.2}))],
+    ));
+    let before_actions = s.actions.list.clone();
+    let err = s.execute("actions.save", json!({"action": "OffCenter"}));
+    assert!(err.is_err(), "strict export must reject off-center radial blur rather than silently recentering it");
+    assert_eq!(s.actions.list, before_actions, "actions list must remain unchanged after rejected save");
+
+    // With skipUnsupported: true, off-center radial blur is skipped
+    let skipped = s.execute("actions.save", json!({"action": "OffCenter", "skipUnsupported": true})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(skipped["steps"], 0);
+    assert_eq!(skipped["skipped"][0]["id"], "filter.blur.radialBlur");
+
+    // Radial blur targeting a mask must not export as a plain filter that edits pixels
+    s.actions
+        .list
+        .push(Action::new("MaskTarget", vec![("filter.blur.radialBlur".into(), json!({"amount": 50, "method": "spin", "quality": "good", "target": "mask"}))]));
+    let before_actions = s.actions.list.clone();
+    let err_mask = s.execute("actions.save", json!({"action": "MaskTarget"}));
+    assert!(err_mask.is_err(), "strict export must reject radial blur with non-pixel target");
+    assert_eq!(s.actions.list, before_actions, "actions list must remain unchanged after rejected save");
+
+    let skipped_mask = s.execute("actions.save", json!({"action": "MaskTarget", "skipUnsupported": true})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(skipped_mask["steps"], 0);
+    assert_eq!(skipped_mask["skipped"][0]["id"], "filter.blur.radialBlur");
+
+    // Explicit pixels target exports successfully
+    s.actions.list.push(Action::new(
+        "PixelsTarget",
+        vec![("filter.blur.radialBlur".into(), json!({"amount": 50, "method": "spin", "quality": "good", "target": "pixels"}))],
+    ));
+    let saved_pixels = s.execute("actions.save", json!({"action": "PixelsTarget"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(saved_pixels["steps"], 1);
+}
+
+/// A crop with W x H x Resolution output options must not export as a plain rectangle crop
+/// that keeps the old size and resolution on replay: the mapper has no field for them.
+#[test]
+fn crop_with_output_size_or_resolution_is_not_exported_as_plain_crop() {
+    for params in [
+        json!({"x": 1, "y": 1, "width": 4, "height": 3, "targetWidth": 8, "targetHeight": 6, "resolution": 144, "resample": "nearest"}),
+        json!({"x": 1, "y": 1, "width": 4, "height": 3, "resolution": 144}),
+        json!({"x": 1, "y": 1, "width": 4, "height": 3, "targetWidth": 8, "targetHeight": 6}),
+    ] {
+        let sized = Action { name: "Probe".into(), steps: vec![("image.crop".into(), params)], ..Default::default() };
+        assert!(export("Audit", &[&sized], &[], false).is_err());
+        let (_, skipped) = export("Audit", &[&sized], &[], true).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(skipped, vec![Skipped { action: "Probe".into(), step: 0, id: "image.crop".into() }]);
+    }
+    let plain = Action { name: "Plain".into(), steps: vec![("image.crop".into(), json!({"x": 1, "y": 1, "width": 4, "height": 3}))], ..Default::default() };
+    let (bytes, skipped) = export("Audit", &[&plain], &[], false).unwrap();
+    assert!(skipped.is_empty());
+    let imported = import(&bytes).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(imported.actions[0].steps, vec![("image.crop".to_string(), json!({"x": 1, "y": 1, "width": 4, "height": 3}))]);
+}
+
+/// `image.imageSize` with `resample: "none"` ignores width, height and percent; the `.atn`
+/// round trip must not turn them into a pixel resize (#7189).
+#[test]
+fn image_size_resample_none_keeps_ignoring_its_size_through_atn_export() {
+    let event = event_for(&export_item("image.imageSize", &json!({"resolution": 72}), "S").expect("exports").event).expect("a known event");
+    let back = |p: Value| {
+        let item = export_item("image.imageSize", &p, "S")?;
+        let Mapped::Steps(steps) = (event.from)(item.descriptor.as_ref().unwrap()) else { panic!("does not import back") };
+        let mut back = steps[0].1.clone();
+        normalise(&mut back);
+        Some(back)
+    };
+    for sized in [json!({"width": 12, "height": 10}), json!({"width": 12}), json!({"percent": 200}), json!({"width": 12, "percent": 50, "height": 3})] {
+        let mut p = sized.clone();
+        p["resolution"] = json!(144);
+        p["resample"] = json!("none");
+        assert_eq!(back(p.clone()), Some(json!({"resolution": 144, "resample": "none"})), "{p}");
+    }
+    // A step with nothing left to record is refused rather than exported as an empty (unsupported) event.
+    assert_eq!(back(json!({"width": 12, "height": 10, "resample": "none"})), None);
+    // Real resizes are untouched.
+    assert_eq!(back(json!({"width": 12, "height": 10, "resample": "bicubic"})), Some(json!({"width": 12, "height": 10, "resample": "bicubic"})));
+}
+
+/// #8302, #8308: Hue/Saturation's hue is `H   ` in Photoshop's `Hst2`, both ways. It was written
+/// and read as `Hue `: exported actions failed in Photoshop, and Photoshop-recorded ones lost
+/// their hue on import with no warning. PhotoCraft's own older files (`Hue `) still read.
+#[test]
+fn hue_saturation_uses_photoshops_hue_key() {
+    let params = json!({"colorize": false, "hue": 30, "saturation": 20, "lightness": -7, "greens": {"hue": -12, "saturation": 0, "lightness": 0, "range": [75, 105, 135, 165]}});
+    let a = Action::new("H", vec![("image.adjustments.hueSaturation".into(), params.clone())]);
+    let (bytes, skipped) = export("S", &[&a], &[], false).unwrap();
+    assert!(skipped.is_empty());
+    let file = atn::parse(&bytes).unwrap();
+    let d = file.actions[0].items[0].descriptor.clone().expect("a descriptor");
+    let entries: Vec<Descriptor> =
+        get_list(&d, "Adjs").expect("Adjs").iter().filter_map(|e| if let D::Descriptor(e) = e { Some(e.clone()) } else { None }).collect();
+    assert_eq!(entries.len(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(get_num(&entries[0], "H   "), Some(30.0), "the master hue under H");
+    assert_eq!(get_num(&entries[1], "H   "), Some(-12.0), "a range's hue under H");
+    assert!(entries.iter().all(|e| get_num(e, "Hue ").is_none()), "no Hue key");
+
+    // A Photoshop-recorded step (H) and an older PhotoCraft one (Hue ) both import with the hue.
+    let step = |key: &str| {
+        desc("null")
+            .with("presetKind", enm("presetKindType", "presetKindCustom"))
+            .with("Clrz", D::Boolean(false))
+            .with("Adjs", D::List(vec![D::Descriptor(desc("Hst2").with(key, long(30.0)).with("Strt", long(20.0)).with("Lght", long(-7.0)))]))
+    };
+    for key in ["H   ", "Hue "] {
+        let e = event_for(&item("HStr", "", None).event).expect("HStr imports");
+        match (e.from)(&step(key)) {
+            Mapped::Steps(steps) => {
+                assert_eq!(steps[0].0, "image.adjustments.hueSaturation");
+                assert_eq!(steps[0].1["hue"], json!(30.0), "{key:?}: {}", steps[0].1);
+                assert_eq!(steps[0].1["saturation"], json!(20.0));
+            }
+            Mapped::Unsupported { .. } => panic!("{key:?} is unsupported"),
+        }
+    }
+    // Through a whole file, saved and loaded back: the hue survives.
+    let back = import(&bytes).unwrap();
+    let mut p = back.actions[0].steps[0].1.clone();
+    normalise(&mut p);
+    assert_eq!(p["hue"], json!(30), "{p}");
+}
+
+fn one_action(items: Vec<AtnItem>) -> AtnFile {
+    AtnFile {
+        name: UnicodeString::new_nul("Saves"),
+        expanded: false,
+        actions: vec![AtnAction { name: UnicodeString::new_nul("A"), items, ..Default::default() }],
+        warnings: vec![],
+    }
+}
+
+fn save_as(format: &str, path: &str) -> Descriptor {
+    desc("null").with("As  ", D::Descriptor(desc(format))).with("In  ", path_value(path)).with("DocI", long(53.0))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn save_as_to_a_file_imports_with_its_destination() {
+    let file = one_action(vec![
+        item("save", "Save", Some(save_as("PNGF", "/out/result.png"))),
+        item("save", "Save", Some(save_as("Google WebPShop", "C:\\out\\result.webp").with("Cpy ", D::Boolean(true)))),
+        item("save", "Save", Some(save_as("JPEG", "/out/result.jpeg"))),
+        item("save", "Save", Some(save_as("WebPFormat", "/out/result.webp"))),
+        item("save", "Save", None),
+        item("save", "Save", Some(desc("null").with("DocI", long(53.0)))),
+    ]);
+    let imp = import(&atn::write(&file).unwrap()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        imp.actions[0].steps,
+        [
+            ("file.saveAs".to_string(), json!({"path": "/out/result.png"})),
+            ("file.saveACopy".to_string(), json!({"path": "C:\\out\\result.webp"})),
+            ("file.saveAs".to_string(), json!({"path": "/out/result.jpeg"})),
+            ("file.saveAs".to_string(), json!({"path": "/out/result.webp"})),
+            ("file.save".to_string(), json!({})),
+            ("file.save".to_string(), json!({})),
+        ]
+    );
+    assert!(imp.unsupported.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn save_as_that_cannot_be_mapped_stops_playback_instead_of_saving_over_the_file() {
+    // Before #7102 each of these imported as a plain File › Save, which overwrote the file the
+    // action was played on.
+    let file = one_action(vec![
+        item("save", "Save", Some(save_as("PNGF", "/out/folder"))),
+        item("save", "Save", Some(save_as("PNGF", "/out/v1.png").with("DIDr", D::Boolean(true)))),
+        item("save", "Save", Some(save_as("PNGF", "/out/result.webp"))),
+        item("save", "Save", Some(save_as("GIFf", "/out/result.gif"))),
+        item("save", "Save", Some(desc("null").with("As  ", D::Descriptor(desc("PNGF"))))),
+        // A format that isn't a descriptor, with and without a destination.
+        item("save", "Save", Some(desc("null").with("As  ", long(1.0)))),
+        item("save", "Save", Some(desc("null").with("As  ", long(1.0)).with("In  ", path_value("/out/result.png")))),
+        // A destination with no format at all.
+        item("save", "Save", Some(desc("null").with("In  ", path_value("/out/result.png")))),
+    ]);
+    let imp = import(&atn::write(&file).unwrap()).unwrap();
+    let ids: Vec<&str> = imp.actions[0].steps.iter().map(|(id, _)| id.as_str()).collect();
+    assert_eq!(ids, [PHOTOSHOP_STEP; 8]);
+    assert!(imp.actions[0].disabled.is_empty(), "kept saves stay on, so playback stops on them");
+    // The kept steps are written back byte for byte.
+    let a = &imp.actions[0];
+    let (bytes, skipped) = export("Saves", &[a], &[], false).unwrap();
+    assert!(skipped.is_empty());
+    let back = atn::parse(&bytes).unwrap();
+    for (out, orig) in back.actions[0].items.iter().zip(&file.actions[0].items) {
+        assert_eq!(out.descriptor, orig.descriptor);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn saves_round_trip_through_photoshop_events() {
+    let steps = vec![
+        ("file.saveAs".to_string(), json!({"path": "/out/result.psd"})),
+        ("file.saveACopy".to_string(), json!({"path": "/out/copy.webp"})),
+        ("file.save".to_string(), json!({})),
+    ];
+    let a = Action::new("A", steps.clone());
+    let (bytes, skipped) = export("Saves", &[&a], &[], false).unwrap();
+    assert!(skipped.is_empty());
+    let file = atn::parse(&bytes).unwrap();
+    let items = &file.actions[0].items;
+    assert!(items.iter().all(|i| i.event.id() == "save"));
+    let first = items[0].descriptor.as_ref().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(get_obj(first, "As  ").map(|f| trimmed(&f.class_id)).as_deref(), Some("Pht3"));
+    assert_eq!(first.get("In  ").and_then(path_text).as_deref(), Some("/out/result.psd"));
+    assert_eq!(get_bool(items[1].descriptor.as_ref().unwrap(), "Cpy "), Some(true));
+    // Photoshop's own WebP class, not the plug-in's: Photoshop 2026 rejects `Google WebPShop`.
+    assert_eq!(get_obj(items[1].descriptor.as_ref().unwrap(), "As  ").map(|f| trimmed(&f.class_id)).as_deref(), Some("WebPFormat"));
+    assert_eq!(import(&bytes).unwrap().actions[0].steps, steps);
+
+    // A Save As PhotoCraft can't express in Photoshop's terms is skipped, never exported as a
+    // plain Save.
+    let odd = Action::new("B", vec![("file.saveAs".to_string(), json!({"path": "/out/result.xcf"}))]);
+    assert!(export("Saves", &[&odd], &[], false).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn long_names_are_clipped_instead_of_copied_into_every_diagnostic() {
+    let long = "N".repeat(5000);
+    let unknown = |n: usize| (0..n).map(|_| item("zzzz", "Mystery", None)).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let file = AtnFile {
+        name: UnicodeString::new_nul(&long),
+        expanded: false,
+        actions: vec![AtnAction { name: UnicodeString::new_nul(&long), items: unknown(50), ..Default::default() }],
+        warnings: vec![],
+    };
+    let imp = import(&atn::write(&file).unwrap()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(imp.set.chars().count(), MAX_NAME_CHARS);
+    assert_eq!(imp.actions[0].name.chars().count(), MAX_NAME_CHARS);
+    assert_eq!(imp.actions[0].set.as_deref().map(|s| s.chars().count()), Some(MAX_NAME_CHARS));
+    assert_eq!(imp.unsupported.len(), 50);
+    assert!(imp.unsupported.iter().all(|u| u.action.chars().count() == MAX_NAME_CHARS));
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/automate_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/automate_cmds.rs
index 38ad1f55d0..42fde9e9bf 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/automate_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/automate_cmds.rs
@@ -119,12 +119,27 @@ fn check_known(steps: &[(String, Value)], cmd: &str) -> Result<()> {
     }
 }
 
+/// Scripts nested in scripts, and steps one top-level script (with everything it calls) may run:
+/// a script can name others, so a graph that calls each of the previous ones twice is exponential.
+const MAX_SCRIPT_DEPTH: u8 = 16;
+pub(crate) const MAX_SCRIPT_STEPS: u64 = crate::actions_cmds::MAX_PLAYBACK_STEPS;
+
+/// A script run from a script reports its own failure inside an `Ok`; it stops the caller too.
+fn nested_script_failure(id: &str, r: &Value) -> Option<String> {
+    (id == "file.scripts.browse" && r.get("ok") == Some(&Value::Bool(false))).then(|| "a script it runs failed".to_string())
+}
+
 fn run_steps(s: &mut Session, steps: &[(String, Value)]) -> Vec<Value> {
     let mut results = Vec::new();
     for (id, params) in steps {
+        s.actions.script_steps = s.actions.script_steps.saturating_add(1);
+        if s.actions.script_steps > MAX_SCRIPT_STEPS {
+            results.push(json!({"command": id, "error": format!("the script ran more than {MAX_SCRIPT_STEPS} steps in all (scripts calling scripts)")}));
+            break;
+        }
         match s.execute(id, params.clone()) {
             // A called action reports a failed step inside an `Ok`; it stops the script too.
-            Ok(r) => match crate::actions_cmds::nested_failure(id, &r) {
+            Ok(r) => match crate::actions_cmds::nested_failure(id, &r).or_else(|| nested_script_failure(id, &r)) {
                 Some(error) => {
                     results.push(json!({"command": id, "result": r, "error": error}));
                     break;
@@ -156,7 +171,15 @@ fn browse(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
         _ => return Err(bad(cmd, "give \"path\" (a script file), \"script\" (its text) or \"steps\"")),
     };
     check_known(&steps, cmd)?;
+    if s.actions.script_depth >= MAX_SCRIPT_DEPTH {
+        return Err(bad(cmd, format!("scripts are nested more than {MAX_SCRIPT_DEPTH} deep")));
+    }
+    if s.actions.script_depth == 0 {
+        s.actions.script_steps = 0;
+    }
+    s.actions.script_depth += 1;
     let results = run_steps(s, &steps);
+    s.actions.script_depth -= 1;
     let ok = results.iter().all(|r| r.get("error").is_none());
     Ok(json!({"steps": steps.len(), "ok": ok, "results": results}))
 }
@@ -314,9 +337,11 @@ fn create_droplet(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     let path = p.get("path").and_then(Value::as_str).filter(|v| !v.is_empty()).ok_or_else(|| bad(cmd, "missing \"path\" (where to save the droplet)"))?;
     let steps_v = p.get("steps").or_else(|| p.get("action")).ok_or_else(|| bad(cmd, "missing \"steps\" (the action to run)"))?;
     let mut steps = parse_steps(steps_v, cmd)?;
-    // The droplet's output folder replaces recorded saves, and view steps don't apply, as in batch.
-    steps.retain(|(id, _)| !crate::actions_cmds::shell_save_command(id) && !crate::actions_cmds::shell_view_command(id));
-    check_known(&steps, cmd)?;
+    // As in batch, the droplet's output folder replaces recorded saves, which are kept to mark the
+    // result, and view steps don't apply.
+    steps.retain(|(id, _)| crate::file_cmds::batch_keeps_step(id));
+    let commands: Vec<_> = steps.iter().filter(|(id, _)| !crate::file_cmds::batch_save_point(id)).cloned().collect();
+    check_known(&commands, cmd)?;
     // Play Action steps need their actions when the droplet runs on its own (#2794). Not under
     // `actions`: the CLI reads that key as an action set.
     let called = crate::actions_cmds::called_actions(&s.actions.list, &mut steps);
@@ -356,7 +381,9 @@ fn write_shim(droplet: &str) -> Result<String> {
     #[cfg(unix)]
     {
         use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
-        let _ = std::fs::set_permissions(&shim, std::fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o755));
+        // The shim only has to run as the user who created it; 0o755 would also let every other
+        // local account read and execute it.
+        let _ = std::fs::set_permissions(&shim, std::fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o700));
     }
     Ok(shim)
 }
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/automate_cmds/tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/automate_cmds/tests.rs
index 322e6fb5b3..3402496331 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/automate_cmds/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/automate_cmds/tests.rs
@@ -166,6 +166,24 @@ fn droplets_are_written_and_run() {
     assert!(s.execute("file.automate.createDroplet", json!({"path": path, "steps": [["bogus", {}]]})).is_err());
 }
 
+/// A droplet keeps the action's recorded saves, which mark the result as in Batch, so one made from
+/// an action ending in Save As and Close writes its files instead of failing on every one.
+#[test]
+fn droplets_keep_the_recorded_save_that_marks_the_result() {
+    let dir = tmp("droplet-save-close");
+    let inputs = images(&dir, 1, 4, 2);
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    let steps = json!([["image.adjustments.invert", {}], ["file.saveAs", {}], ["file.close", {}]]);
+    let p = json!({"path": format!("{dir}/Invert"), "steps": steps, "format": "png", "output": format!("{dir}/out"), "shim": false});
+    let dp = s.execute("file.automate.createDroplet", p).unwrap()["path"].as_str().unwrap().to_string();
+    let r = s.execute("file.automate.runDroplet", json!({"droplet": dp, "input": [dir.clone()]})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r["errors"], json!([]), "{r}");
+    assert_eq!(r["files"].as_array().unwrap().len(), inputs.len(), "{r}");
+    let out = photocraft_io::import("img0.png", &std::fs::read(format!("{dir}/out/img0.png")).unwrap()).unwrap().document;
+    let px = photocraft_compose::render(&out, photocraft_geom::Rect::new(1, 1, 2, 2)).px[0];
+    assert!((px[0] - 235.0 / 255.0).abs() < 1e-3, "img0's gray 20 inverted: {px:?}");
+}
+
 #[cfg(unix)]
 #[test]
 fn droplet_shim_passes_shell_metacharacters_as_a_literal_path() {
@@ -466,3 +484,46 @@ fn load_files_into_stack_aligns_before_the_smart_object() {
     s.execute("file.scripts.loadFilesIntoStack", json!({"paths": [files[0].clone()], "align": true})).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc.layers.len(), 1);
 }
+
+/// A script file of `lines` (one `file.scripts.browse` call per entry) in `dir`.
+fn script_calling(dir: &str, name: &str, callees: &[String]) -> String {
+    let path = format!("{dir}/{name}.txt");
+    let body: String = callees.iter().map(|c| format!("file.scripts.browse {}\n", json!({"path": c}))).collect();
+    std::fs::write(&path, body).unwrap();
+    path
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn scripts_calling_scripts_share_one_step_budget() {
+    let dir = tmp("fanout");
+    // Eight levels, each calling the one below six times: 6^8 (1.7 million) calls of the leaf.
+    let mut below = script_calling(&dir, "leaf", &[]);
+    std::fs::write(&below, "select.deselect {}\n").unwrap();
+    for level in 0..8 {
+        below = script_calling(&dir, &format!("level{level}"), &vec![below; 6]);
+    }
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8})).unwrap();
+    let started = std::time::Instant::now();
+    let r = s.execute("file.scripts.browse", json!({"path": below})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r["ok"], false, "the budget stops the run: {r}");
+    assert!(started.elapsed().as_secs() < 60, "{:?}", started.elapsed());
+    // The budget restarts with the next top-level script.
+    s.execute("file.scripts.browse", json!({"script": "select.deselect {}"})).unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn scripts_nested_deeper_than_the_limit_fail() {
+    let dir = tmp("deep");
+    let mut below = script_calling(&dir, "leaf", &[]);
+    std::fs::write(&below, "select.deselect {}\n").unwrap();
+    for level in 0..20 {
+        below = script_calling(&dir, &format!("level{level}"), &[below]);
+    }
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8})).unwrap();
+    let r = s.execute("file.scripts.browse", json!({"path": below})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r["ok"], false, "{r}");
+    assert!(r.to_string().contains("nested more than"), "{r}");
+    assert_eq!(s.actions.script_depth, 0, "the depth is released");
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/brush_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/brush_cmds.rs
index 4f8fa66c45..49d55f3e09 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/brush_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/brush_cmds.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 
 use photocraft_doc::LayerContent;
 use photocraft_geom::Rect;
-use photocraft_paint::mixer::{MixerSettings, apply_mixer_stroke};
+use photocraft_paint::mixer::{MixerSettings, MixerState};
 use photocraft_paint::replace::{Limits, ReplaceMode, ReplaceSettings, Sampling, apply_color_replacement, color_replacement_effect};
 use photocraft_paint::tile::PREVIEW_SIDE;
 use photocraft_paint::{
@@ -133,6 +133,18 @@ pub fn merge_brush(base: &BrushSettings, patch: &Value, cmd: &str) -> Result<Bru
     let pattern = (!touches(&["texture", "pattern"])).then(|| std::mem::take(&mut light.texture.pattern));
     let mut v = serde_json::to_value(&light).map_err(|e| bad(cmd, e.to_string()))?;
     merge(&mut v, patch);
+    // A legacy command sets both axes. The base JSON already has the new keys,
+    // so copy the alias into axes the patch didn't set before deserialising it.
+    if let Some(pose_patch) = patch.get("pose").and_then(Value::as_object)
+        && let Some(legacy) = pose_patch.get("overrideTilt")
+        && let Some(pose) = v.get_mut("pose").and_then(Value::as_object_mut)
+    {
+        for axis in ["overrideTiltX", "overrideTiltY"] {
+            if !pose_patch.contains_key(axis) {
+                pose.insert(axis.to_string(), legacy.clone());
+            }
+        }
+    }
     let mut out: BrushSettings = serde_json::from_value(v).map_err(|e| bad(cmd, format!("invalid brush: {e}")))?;
     if let Some(t) = tip {
         out.tip = t;
@@ -450,6 +462,8 @@ pub struct LiveStroke {
 /// document revision, params, seed and points), it takes these pixels instead of rendering the
 /// stroke again.
 pub struct LiveCommit {
+    /// Mixer load before and after the stroke; transient, never serialized into the journal.
+    pub(crate) mixer: Option<(MixerState, MixerState)>,
     pub(crate) cmd: String,
     pub(crate) base: (photocraft_doc::DocId, u64),
     pub(crate) params: Value,
@@ -541,7 +555,16 @@ impl LiveStroke {
     pub fn into_commit(mut self) -> Result<LiveCommit> {
         let bounds = self.bounds();
         let (surf, _) = crate::channel_cmds::target_surface(std::sync::Arc::make_mut(&mut self.doc), self.layer, &self.params)?;
-        Ok(LiveCommit { cmd: self.cmd, base: self.base, params: self.params, seed: Some(self.seed), points: self.points, surface: surf.clone(), bounds })
+        Ok(LiveCommit {
+            mixer: None,
+            cmd: self.cmd,
+            base: self.base,
+            params: self.params,
+            seed: Some(self.seed),
+            points: self.points,
+            surface: surf.clone(),
+            bounds,
+        })
     }
 
     /// Everything the stroke has touched so far.
@@ -632,49 +655,9 @@ fn pct(p: &Value, k: &str, d: f32) -> f32 {
     num(p, k).unwrap_or(d).clamp(0.0, 100.0) / 100.0
 }
 
+pub mod mixer_live;
 fn mixer_brush(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
-    let cmd = "paint.mixerBrush";
-    let pts = parse_points(p, cmd)?;
-    let brush = resolve_brush(s, p, cmd)?;
-    // The brush's Mixer Brush options, overridden by the scalar params.
-    let bm = &brush.mixer;
-    let m = MixerSettings {
-        wet: pct(p, "wet", bm.wet * 100.0),
-        load: pct(p, "load", bm.load * 100.0),
-        mix: pct(p, "mix", bm.mix * 100.0),
-        flow: pct(p, "flow", bm.flow * 100.0),
-        sample_all_layers: flag(p, "sampleAllLayers", bm.sample_all_layers),
-        load_after_stroke: flag(p, "loadAfterStroke", bm.load_after_stroke),
-        clean_after_stroke: flag(p, "cleanAfterStroke", bm.clean_after_stroke),
-    };
-    let sample_all = m.sample_all_layers;
-    let paint = color(p.get("color"), s.tools.foreground);
-    let mut state = s.tools.mixer.clone();
-    state.begin_stroke(paint);
-    let id = if crate::channel_cmds::is_channel_target(p) { None } else { Some(layer_id(s, p)?) };
-    let stroke = Stroke { brush, points: pts };
-    let dmg = s.edit("Mixer Brush", |doc, _| {
-        let sel = doc.selection.clone();
-        let sample = if sample_all {
-            let ds = photocraft_paint::dabs(&stroke);
-            let ctx = photocraft_paint::BrushContext::new(&stroke.brush);
-            let area = ds.iter().fold(Rect::EMPTY, |r, d| r.union(&ctx.dab_rect(d, false)));
-            let buf = photocraft_compose::render(doc, area);
-            let mut surf = Surface::new(photocraft_color::PixelFormat::RGBA32F);
-            let flat: Vec<f32> = buf.px.iter().flatten().copied().collect();
-            if !area.is_empty() {
-                surf.write_region(area, &flat);
-            }
-            Some(surf)
-        } else {
-            None
-        };
-        let (surf, lock) = crate::channel_cmds::target_surface(doc, id, p)?;
-        Ok(apply_mixer_stroke(surf, sample.as_ref(), &stroke, &m, &mut state, sel.as_ref(), lock))
-    })?;
-    state.end_stroke(paint, m.clean_after_stroke, m.load_after_stroke);
-    s.tools.mixer = state;
-    Ok(damage_json(s, dmg))
+    mixer_live::run(s, p)
 }
 
 /// `brush.mixer.load`: Load Brush fills the Mixer Brush's reservoir with the color. The next stroke
@@ -1139,7 +1122,13 @@ pub fn brush_patch(old: &BrushSettings, new: &BrushSettings) -> Value {
             _ => (a != b).then(|| b.clone()),
         }
     }
-    diff(&light_json(old, skip), &light_json(new, skip)).unwrap_or_else(|| json!({}))
+    let mut patch = diff(&light_json(old, skip), &light_json(new, skip)).unwrap_or_else(|| json!({}));
+    // This readback is derived from the axis flags. Sending it alongside a
+    // one-axis delta would also overwrite the other axis through the legacy alias.
+    if let Some(pose) = patch.get_mut("pose").and_then(Value::as_object_mut) {
+        pose.remove("overrideTilt");
+    }
+    patch
 }
 
 /// Journal hook ([`Session::execute`]): consecutive `tools.setBrush` calls with the same
@@ -1174,10 +1163,18 @@ macro_rules! spec {
 /// Brush command specs.
 pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
     vec![
+        spec!(
+            "brush.mixer.sample",
+            "Sample Mixer Brush",
+            r#"{"points":[[x,y,pressure?,tiltX?,tiltY?,rotation?]],"sampleAllLayers":bool=brush setting,"size":px?,"target":"pixels"|"mask"|"quickMask"|{"channel":i}}"#,
+            |s| s.active().map(|_| ()).ok_or_else(|| "no document".into()),
+            mixer_live::sample,
+            true
+        ),
         spec!(
             "paint.pencil",
             "Pencil",
-            r##"{"points":[[x,y,pressure?,tiltX?,tiltY?,rotation?,timeMs?,wheel?],…],"brush":{…}?,"preset":name?,"size":0.5..5000 px?,"opacity":0..1?,"color":"#rrggbb"?=foreground,"mode":"normal|multiply|screen|…|clear (erases with this brush)"="normal","erase":bool?,"block":bool=false (a hard 16×16 screen-px square, 16/zoom doc px; size, opacity, flow, hardness and dynamics ignored: the Eraser's Block mode),"zoom":view zoom=1,"autoErase":bool=false,"seed":u64?,"target":"pixels"|"mask"|"quickMask"|{"channel":i}=Channels panel target}"##,
+            r##"{"points":[[x,y,pressure?,tiltX?,tiltY?,rotation?,timeMs?,wheel?],…],"brush":{…}?,"preset":name?,"size":0.5..5000 px?,"opacity":0..1?,"color":"#rrggbb"?=foreground,"mode":"normal|multiply|screen|…|clear (erases with this brush)"="normal","erase":bool?,"block":bool=false (a hard 16×16 screen-px square, 16/zoom doc px; size, opacity, flow, hardness and dynamics ignored: the Eraser's Block mode),"zoom":view zoom=1,"autoErase":bool=false,"seed":u64?,"target":"pixels"|"mask"|"filterMask"|"quickMask"|{"channel":i}=Channels panel target}"##,
             has_paintable,
             pencil,
             true
@@ -1185,7 +1182,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
         spec!(
             "paint.mixerBrush",
             "Mixer Brush",
-            r##"{"points":[…],"brush":{…}?,"preset":name?,"size":0.5..5000 px?,"wet":0..100=brush.mixer.wet,"load":0..100=brush.mixer.load,"mix":0..100=brush.mixer.mix,"flow":0..100=brush.mixer.flow,"color":"#rrggbb"?=foreground (a color other than the one recorded by the last stroke, load or clean loads it first; a load or clean records the foreground),"sampleAllLayers":bool=brush.mixer.sampleAllLayers,"cleanAfterStroke":bool=brush.mixer.cleanAfterStroke (empty the brush after the stroke),"loadAfterStroke":bool=brush.mixer.loadAfterStroke (load the brush with `color` after the stroke),"seed":u64?}"##,
+            r##"{"points":[…] (long segments are interpolated),"brush":{…}?,"preset":name?,"size":0.5..5000 px?,"wet":0..100=brush.mixer.wet,"load":0..100=brush.mixer.load,"mix":0..100=brush.mixer.mix,"flow":0..100=brush.mixer.flow,"color":"#rrggbb"?=foreground,"sampleAllLayers":bool=brush.mixer.sampleAllLayers,"cleanAfterStroke":bool=brush.mixer.cleanAfterStroke,"loadAfterStroke":bool=brush.mixer.loadAfterStroke,"seed":u64?,"mixerState":{reservoir,amount,pickup,spatial,color} (optional captured replay state; spatial is null or 4096 RGBA colors)}"##,
             has_paintable,
             mixer_brush,
             true
@@ -1221,9 +1218,19 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
         spec!("brush.presets.setCurrent", "Set Current Brush Preset", r##"{"name":string}"##, always, presets_set_current, true),
         spec!("brush.defineFromSelection", "Define Brush Preset…", r##"{"name":string}"##, has_selection_and_pixels, define_from_selection, true),
         spec!("brush.get", "Get Brush", "{}", always, |s, _| Ok(brush_json(&s.tools.brush)), false),
-        spec!("tools.setBrush", "Set Brush", r##"{"preset":name?,"reset":bool?,…BrushSettings fields (camelCase, deep-merged)}"##, always, set_brush, true),
+        spec!(
+            "tools.setBrush",
+            "Set Brush",
+            r##"{"preset":name?,"reset":bool?,…BrushSettings fields (camelCase, deep-merged; pose.overrideTiltX/Y:bool; pose.overrideTilt:legacy combined alias)}"##,
+            always,
+            set_brush,
+            true
+        ),
     ]
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod mixer_live_tests;
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/brush_cmds/mixer_live.rs b/crates/engine/src/brush_cmds/mixer_live.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..acdd897fd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/engine/src/brush_cmds/mixer_live.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,457 @@
+//! Incremental Mixer Brush transaction. Source pixels are composed before each dab;
+//! only the selected target changes. Dropping the transaction cancels it.
+use super::*;
+use photocraft_color::{PixelFormat, SampleType};
+use photocraft_doc::{Document, LayerId};
+use photocraft_paint::dynamics::DabGenerator;
+use photocraft_paint::mixer::{MixerState, apply_mixer_dab_region};
+use photocraft_paint::retouch::{Region, mix_back};
+use photocraft_paint::{BrushContext, Dab};
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+const CMD: &str = "paint.mixerBrush";
+const MAX_TILES: usize = 256;
+/// The largest tip the live preview renders; larger valid tips render on release.
+const PREVIEW_SIZE: f32 = 1024.0;
+const TILE: i32 = 256;
+
+/// Accept bounded finite channels, including HDR values, without admitting unsafe arithmetic inputs.
+fn valid_color(color: &[f32; 4]) -> bool {
+    color.iter().all(|v| v.is_finite() && v.abs() <= 1_000_000.0)
+}
+
+/// Validate finite paint-load values and the exact 64 by 64 shape of a spatial reservoir.
+fn valid_state(state: &MixerState) -> bool {
+    state.amount.is_finite()
+        && state.reservoir.as_ref().is_none_or(valid_color)
+        && state.pickup.as_ref().is_none_or(valid_color)
+        && state.color.as_ref().is_none_or(valid_color)
+        && state.spatial.as_ref().is_none_or(|colors| colors.len() == 4096 && colors.iter().all(valid_color))
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct Core {
+    doc: Arc<Document>,
+    generator: DabGenerator,
+    ctx: BrushContext,
+    pre: Surface,
+    work: Surface,
+    tiles: BTreeSet<(i32, i32)>,
+    preview_limits: bool,
+    state: MixerState,
+    settings: MixerSettings,
+    layer: Option<LayerId>,
+    params: Value,
+    selection: Option<Surface>,
+    lock: bool,
+    color_restrict: Option<usize>,
+    count: usize,
+    last: Option<StrokePoint>,
+    bounds: Rect,
+}
+
+impl Core {
+    /// Apply a batch against evolving working pixels and return its damage bounds.
+    /// Dab, footprint and tile budgets apply only to live previews; the release replays without them.
+    fn apply(&mut self, dabs: &[Dab]) -> Result<Rect> {
+        if self.preview_limits && self.count.saturating_add(dabs.len()) > 250_000 {
+            return Err(bad(CMD, "stroke exceeds 250000 dabs; start another stroke"));
+        }
+        let mut damage = Rect::EMPTY;
+        for dab in dabs {
+            let index = self.count;
+            self.count += 1;
+            let r = self.ctx.dab_rect(dab, false);
+            if r.is_empty() {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let full = self.ctx.dab_rect(dab, false);
+            if self.preview_limits && u64::from(full.width()).saturating_mul(u64::from(full.height())) > 4_194_304 {
+                return Err(bad(CMD, "Mixer Brush footprint exceeds 4194304 pixels"));
+            }
+            // Float working tiles avoid repeated integer-depth quantization. Initialize only
+            // touched tiles, keeping unchanged source tiles shared by the document snapshots.
+            for ty in r.y0.div_euclid(TILE)..=(r.y1 - 1).div_euclid(TILE) {
+                for tx in r.x0.div_euclid(TILE)..=(r.x1 - 1).div_euclid(TILE) {
+                    if !self.tiles.contains(&(tx, ty)) {
+                        if self.preview_limits && self.tiles.len() >= MAX_TILES {
+                            return Err(bad(CMD, "Mixer Brush stroke working set exceeds 256 tiles"));
+                        }
+                        let tile = Rect::new(tx * TILE, ty * TILE, (tx + 1) * TILE, (ty + 1) * TILE);
+                        self.work.write_region(tile, &self.pre.read_region(tile));
+                        self.tiles.insert((tx, ty));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // Render the visible document including the active layer exactly once, before
+            // deposition. Masks, transforms, blend modes and adjustments use the compositor.
+            let sample = self.settings.sample_all_layers.then(|| {
+                let buf = photocraft_compose::render(&self.doc, r);
+                let fmt = self.pre.format();
+                let mut sample = Region::new(r, fmt.channels());
+                for (src, dst) in buf.px.iter().zip(sample.data.chunks_exact_mut(sample.ch)) {
+                    photocraft_raster::from_rgba_into(&fmt, *src, dst);
+                }
+                sample
+            });
+            let fp = self.ctx.footprint(dab, index);
+            let mut region = Region::read(&self.work, r);
+            apply_mixer_dab_region(&mut region, &fp, self.pre.format(), sample.as_ref(), &self.settings, &mut self.state, self.lock);
+            region.write(&mut self.work);
+            let original = Region::read(&self.pre, r);
+            let (target, _) = crate::channel_cmds::target_surface(Arc::make_mut(&mut self.doc), self.layer, &self.params)?;
+            mix_back(target, &original, &region, r, 1.0, self.selection.as_ref(), self.lock);
+            if let Some(k) = self.color_restrict {
+                let n = target.channels();
+                let mut values = target.read_region(r);
+                let before = self.pre.read_region(r);
+                for (new, old) in values.chunks_exact_mut(n).zip(before.chunks_exact(n)) {
+                    for (c, (new, old)) in new.iter_mut().zip(old).enumerate() {
+                        if c != k {
+                            *new = *old;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                target.write_region(r, &values);
+            }
+            damage = damage.union(&r);
+        }
+        self.bounds = self.bounds.union(&damage);
+        Ok(damage)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A real, cancellable paint result, displayed by the existing damage-aware canvas.
+pub struct LiveMixer {
+    pub doc: Arc<Document>,
+    pub seed: u64,
+    core: Core,
+    state: MixerState,
+    tail: Rect,
+    cmyk: Option<Arc<photocraft_color::convert::CmykSpace>>,
+    original: Arc<Document>,
+    points: Vec<StrokePoint>,
+    original_state: MixerState,
+}
+
+impl LiveMixer {
+    /// Capture the current document and paint load, then render the initial samples with live-preview limits.
+    pub fn begin(s: &Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Self> {
+        Self::begin_with_limits(s, p, true)
+    }
+
+    /// Share initialization between live previews and command replay while keeping their tile budgets distinct.
+    fn begin_with_limits(s: &Session, p: &Value, preview_limits: bool) -> Result<Self> {
+        let (mut live, points) = Self::prepare(s, p, preview_limits)?;
+        live.push(&points)?;
+        Ok(live)
+    }
+
+    /// Whether a stroke the live preview refuses only for its tip size still paints on release.
+    /// `Err` when the stroke can't be painted at all (locked layer, bad params...).
+    pub fn defers_to_release(s: &Session, p: &Value) -> Result<bool> {
+        let (live, _) = Self::prepare(s, p, false)?;
+        Ok(live.core.ctx.brush.size > PREVIEW_SIZE)
+    }
+
+    /// Validate the params and capture the document and paint load, without rendering a dab.
+    fn prepare(s: &Session, p: &Value, preview_limits: bool) -> Result<(Self, Vec<StrokePoint>)> {
+        has_paintable(s).map_err(EngineError::Other)?;
+        if preview_limits && p.get("points").and_then(Value::as_array).is_some_and(|v| v.len() > 65_536) {
+            return Err(bad(CMD, "stroke exceeds 65536 recorded input samples"));
+        }
+        let points = parse_points(p, CMD)?;
+        let brush = resolve_brush(s, p, CMD)?;
+        let bm = &brush.mixer;
+        let settings = MixerSettings {
+            wet: pct(p, "wet", bm.wet * 100.0),
+            load: pct(p, "load", bm.load * 100.0),
+            mix: pct(p, "mix", bm.mix * 100.0),
+            flow: pct(p, "flow", bm.flow * 100.0),
+            sample_all_layers: flag(p, "sampleAllLayers", bm.sample_all_layers) && crate::channel_cmds::target_of(p) == crate::channel_cmds::Target::Pixels,
+            clean_after_stroke: flag(p, "cleanAfterStroke", bm.clean_after_stroke),
+            load_after_stroke: flag(p, "loadAfterStroke", bm.load_after_stroke),
+        };
+        let initial_state = if let Some(value) = p.get("mixerState") {
+            if value.get("spatial").and_then(Value::as_array).is_some_and(|v| v.len() != 4096) {
+                return Err(bad(CMD, "spatial reservoir must contain exactly 4096 colors"));
+            }
+            serde_json::from_value::<MixerState>(value.clone()).map_err(|e| bad(CMD, e.to_string()))?
+        } else {
+            s.tools.mixer.clone()
+        };
+        let mut state = initial_state;
+        if !valid_state(&state) {
+            return Err(bad(CMD, "loaded paint must be finite and color magnitudes at most 1000000"));
+        }
+        let paint = color(p.get("color"), s.tools.foreground);
+        if !valid_color(&paint) {
+            return Err(bad(CMD, "loaded color must be finite and magnitudes at most 1000000"));
+        }
+        // Earlier captured replay states had no foreground marker. Keep their loaded paint.
+        if p.get("mixerState").is_some_and(|v| v.get("color").is_none()) && (state.reservoir.is_some() || state.spatial.is_some()) {
+            state.color = Some(paint);
+        }
+        state.begin_stroke(paint);
+        let layer = if crate::channel_cmds::is_channel_target(p) { None } else { Some(layer_id(s, p)?) };
+        let mut doc = (*s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?.doc).clone();
+        let selection = doc.selection.clone();
+        let (target, lock) = crate::channel_cmds::target_surface(&mut doc, layer, p)?;
+        let pre = target.clone();
+        let work = Surface::new(PixelFormat { sample: SampleType::F32, ..pre.format() });
+        let core = Core {
+            doc: Arc::new(doc),
+            generator: DabGenerator::new(&brush, num(p, "zoom").unwrap_or(1.0)),
+            ctx: BrushContext::new(&brush),
+            pre,
+            work,
+            tiles: BTreeSet::new(),
+            preview_limits,
+            state: state.clone(),
+            settings,
+            layer,
+            params: p.clone(),
+            selection,
+            lock,
+            color_restrict: crate::channel_cmds::color_restriction(s, CMD, p),
+            count: 0,
+            last: None,
+            bounds: Rect::EMPTY,
+        };
+        // Checked last, so a tip that is too big is the only reason left (`defers_to_release`),
+        // and before `push` allocates a dense brush footprint.
+        if preview_limits && core.ctx.brush.size > PREVIEW_SIZE {
+            return Err(bad(CMD, "the live Mixer Brush preview is limited to 1024 px tips"));
+        }
+        let live = Self {
+            doc: core.doc.clone(),
+            seed: brush.seed,
+            core,
+            state,
+            tail: Rect::EMPTY,
+            cmyk: doc_cmyk_space(s),
+            original: s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?.doc.clone(),
+            points: Vec::new(),
+            original_state: s.tools.mixer.clone(),
+        };
+        Ok((live, points))
+    }
+
+    /// Return all damaged pixels, including the provisional smoothing tail currently shown by the preview.
+    pub fn bounds(&self) -> Rect {
+        self.core.bounds.union(&self.tail)
+    }
+    /// Whether the dab generator needs stationary time samples, as for a continuing airbrush stroke.
+    pub fn wants_time(&self) -> bool {
+        self.core.generator.wants_time()
+    }
+
+    /// Batches and individual input samples produce identical results. The speculative end
+    /// dab / smoothing tail is displayed but never fed into the next accepted input.
+    pub fn push(&mut self, points: &[StrokePoint]) -> Result<Rect> {
+        check_coords(points, CMD)?;
+        if self.core.preview_limits && self.points.len().saturating_add(points.len()) > 65_536 {
+            return Err(bad(CMD, "stroke exceeds 65536 recorded input samples"));
+        }
+        let cmyk = self.cmyk.clone();
+        photocraft_color::convert::with_cmyk_space(cmyk.as_ref(), || {
+            let old_tail = self.tail;
+            let mut damage = Rect::EMPTY;
+            for point in points {
+                // Bound each temporary dab batch without rejecting sparse mouse events or
+                // long Shift-click lines. Live and recorded replay use identical interpolation.
+                let start = self.core.last.unwrap_or(*point);
+                let steps = ((point.x - start.x).hypot(point.y - start.y) / 2048.0).ceil().max(1.0) as usize;
+                for step in 1..=steps {
+                    let f = step as f64 / steps as f64;
+                    let ff = f as f32;
+                    let q = if step == steps {
+                        *point
+                    } else {
+                        StrokePoint {
+                            x: start.x + (point.x - start.x) * f,
+                            y: start.y + (point.y - start.y) * f,
+                            pressure: start.pressure + (point.pressure - start.pressure) * ff,
+                            tilt_x: start.tilt_x + (point.tilt_x - start.tilt_x) * ff,
+                            tilt_y: start.tilt_y + (point.tilt_y - start.tilt_y) * ff,
+                            rotation: start.rotation + (point.rotation - start.rotation) * ff,
+                            wheel: start.wheel + (point.wheel - start.wheel) * ff,
+                            time: start.time + (point.time - start.time) * f,
+                        }
+                    };
+                    let (mut dabs, mut dual) = (Vec::new(), Vec::new());
+                    self.core.generator.push(&[q], &mut dabs, &mut dual);
+                    damage = damage.union(&self.core.apply(&dabs)?);
+                }
+                self.core.last = Some(*point);
+            }
+            let mut finished = self.core.clone();
+            let (mut dabs, mut dual) = (Vec::new(), Vec::new());
+            finished.generator.finish(&mut dabs, &mut dual);
+            self.tail = finished.apply(&dabs)?;
+            self.doc = finished.doc;
+            self.state = finished.state;
+            self.points.extend_from_slice(points);
+            Ok(damage.union(&old_tail).union(&self.tail))
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Keep the same compact journal params as other paint tools: UI settings, points and seed.
+    fn commit_params(&self) -> Result<Value> {
+        let mut params = self.core.params.clone();
+        params["points"] = serde_json::to_value(&self.points).map_err(|e| bad(CMD, e.to_string()))?;
+        params["seed"] = json!(self.seed);
+        Ok(params)
+    }
+
+    /// Stage the already rendered pixels for the ordinary journaled command. Refuse stale
+    /// document/tool state. The command consumes this single-use cache only for identical params.
+    pub fn prepare_commit(self, session: &mut Session) -> Result<Value> {
+        if !session.active().is_some_and(|st| Arc::ptr_eq(&st.doc, &self.original) && (self.core.layer.is_none() || st.active_layer == self.core.layer))
+            || session.tools.mixer != self.original_state
+        {
+            return Err(bad(CMD, "document or loaded paint changed during the stroke"));
+        }
+        let params = self.commit_params()?;
+        let base = session.active().map(|st| (st.doc.id, st.revision)).ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?;
+        let bounds = self.bounds();
+        let mut doc = (*self.doc).clone();
+        let surface = crate::channel_cmds::target_surface(&mut doc, self.core.layer, &params)?.0.clone();
+        let mut after = self.state;
+        after.end_stroke(self.core.ctx.brush.color, self.core.settings.clean_after_stroke, self.core.settings.load_after_stroke);
+        session.live_commit = Some(LiveCommit {
+            cmd: CMD.into(),
+            base,
+            params: params.clone(),
+            seed: Some(self.seed),
+            points: self.points,
+            surface,
+            bounds,
+            mixer: Some((self.original_state, after)),
+        });
+        Ok(params)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Consume a matching prepared result or replay without the preview tile cap, then commit one history step.
+/// The completed stroke also applies the automatic clean/load settings to the stored paint load.
+pub(super) fn run(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
+    let points = parse_points(p, CMD)?;
+    let cached =
+        s.live_commit.take().filter(|live| live.matches(s, CMD, p, &points) && live.mixer.as_ref().is_some_and(|(before, _)| *before == s.tools.mixer));
+    if let Some(live) = cached {
+        let id = if crate::channel_cmds::is_channel_target(p) { None } else { Some(layer_id(s, p)?) };
+        s.edit("Mixer Brush", |doc, _| {
+            *crate::channel_cmds::target_surface(doc, id, p)?.0 = live.surface;
+            Ok(())
+        })?;
+        if let Some((_, after)) = live.mixer {
+            s.tools.mixer = after;
+        }
+        let mut result = damage_json(s, live.bounds);
+        result["fromLive"] = json!(true);
+        return Ok(result);
+    }
+    let live = LiveMixer::begin_with_limits(s, p, false)?;
+    let damage = live.bounds();
+    s.edit("Mixer Brush", |doc, _| {
+        *doc = (*live.doc).clone();
+        Ok(())
+    })?;
+    let mut state = live.state;
+    let paint = live.core.ctx.brush.color;
+    state.end_stroke(paint, live.core.settings.clean_after_stroke, live.core.settings.load_after_stroke);
+    s.tools.mixer = state;
+    Ok(damage_json(s, damage))
+}
+
+/// Sampling changes only session tool state, never document pixels or document Undo.
+pub(super) fn sample(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
+    if p.get("points").and_then(Value::as_array).is_some_and(|v| v.len() != 1) {
+        return Err(bad("brush.mixer.sample", "exactly one sample point is required"));
+    }
+    let points = parse_points(p, "brush.mixer.sample")?;
+    if points.len() != 1 {
+        return Err(bad("brush.mixer.sample", "exactly one sample point is required"));
+    }
+    let mut brush = resolve_brush(s, p, "brush.mixer.sample")?;
+    if brush.size > 1024.0 {
+        return Err(bad("brush.mixer.sample", "sampling size is limited to 1024 pixels"));
+    }
+    brush.flow = 1.0;
+    let dabs = photocraft_paint::dabs(&Stroke { brush: brush.clone(), points });
+    let dab = dabs.first().ok_or_else(|| bad("brush.mixer.sample", "brush has no contact"))?;
+    let ctx = BrushContext::new(&brush);
+    let rect = ctx.dab_rect(dab, false);
+    if u64::from(rect.width()).saturating_mul(u64::from(rect.height())) > 4_194_304 {
+        return Err(bad("brush.mixer.sample", "sampling footprint is too large"));
+    }
+    let fp = ctx.footprint(dab, 0);
+    let st = s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?;
+    let mut doc = crate::float_cmds::displayed(st, (0, 0)).unwrap_or_else(|| (*st.doc).clone());
+    let id = if crate::channel_cmds::is_channel_target(p) { None } else { Some(layer_id(s, p)?) };
+    let cmyk = doc_cmyk_space(s);
+    let load = photocraft_color::convert::with_cmyk_space(cmyk.as_ref(), || -> Result<Vec<[f32; 4]>> {
+        let surface = if flag(p, "sampleAllLayers", brush.mixer.sample_all_layers) && crate::channel_cmds::target_of(p) == crate::channel_cmds::Target::Pixels {
+            let buf = photocraft_compose::render(&doc, rect);
+            let mut surface = Surface::new(PixelFormat::RGBA32F);
+            surface.write_region(rect, &buf.px.iter().flatten().copied().collect::<Vec<_>>());
+            surface
+        } else if crate::channel_cmds::target_of(p) == crate::channel_cmds::Target::Pixels {
+            id.and_then(|id| doc.layer(id))
+                .and_then(|layer| layer.surface())
+                .cloned()
+                .ok_or_else(|| bad("brush.mixer.sample", "current layer has no raster pixels to sample"))?
+        } else {
+            crate::channel_cmds::target_surface(&mut doc, id, p)?.0.clone()
+        };
+        let mut load = Vec::with_capacity(4096);
+        let (sin, cos) = dab.angle.sin_cos();
+        for row in 0..64 {
+            for col in 0..64 {
+                let mut u = ((col as f32 + 0.5) / 32.0 - 1.0) * dab.radius;
+                let mut v = ((row as f32 + 0.5) / 32.0 - 1.0) * (dab.radius * dab.roundness).max(0.5);
+                if dab.flip_x {
+                    u = -u;
+                }
+                if dab.flip_y {
+                    v = -v;
+                }
+                let (mut dx, mut up) = (u * cos + v * sin, u * sin - v * cos);
+                if dab.proj_scale < 0.999 {
+                    let (sin, cos) = dab.proj_angle.sin_cos();
+                    let along = (dx * cos + up * sin) * (dab.proj_scale.max(0.05) - 1.0);
+                    dx += along * cos;
+                    up += along * sin;
+                }
+                let x = (dab.center.x as f32 + dx).floor() as i32;
+                let y = (dab.center.y as f32 - up).floor() as i32;
+                let mut color = surface.rgba(x, y);
+                let coverage = if x >= fp.rect.x0 && x < fp.rect.x1 && y >= fp.rect.y0 && y < fp.rect.y1 { fp.at(x, y) } else { 0.0 };
+                color[3] *= coverage.clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+                load.push(color);
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(load)
+    })?;
+    let mut average = [0.0f32; 4];
+    for c in &load {
+        for k in 0..3 {
+            average[k] += c[k] * c[3];
+        }
+        average[3] += c[3];
+    }
+    if average[3] <= 0.0 {
+        return Err(bad("brush.mixer.sample", "the sampled area contains no paint; the previous brush load is unchanged"));
+    }
+    for k in 0..3 {
+        average[k] /= average[3];
+    }
+    average[3] = 1.0;
+    s.tools.mixer.load(average);
+    s.tools.mixer.spatial = Some(load);
+    s.tools.mixer.pickup = None;
+    s.tools.mixer.color = Some(s.tools.foreground);
+    Ok(json!({"width":64,"height":64,"color":average}))
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/brush_cmds/mixer_live_tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/brush_cmds/mixer_live_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d0c04c30e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/engine/src/brush_cmds/mixer_live_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,416 @@
+use super::mixer_live::LiveMixer;
+use super::*;
+use photocraft_color::PixelFormat;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+/// Build format-specific red/green sampling layers and an empty painting target.
+fn fixture(fmt: PixelFormat) -> Session {
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width":192,"height":96,"background":"#808080"})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name":"Source"})).unwrap();
+    s.edit("fixture", |doc, id| {
+        let (surface, _) = crate::channel_cmds::target_surface(doc, *id, &json!({}))?;
+        *surface = Surface::new(fmt);
+        surface.fill_rect(Rect::new(0, 0, 96, 96), &[1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+        surface.fill_rect(Rect::new(96, 0, 192, 96), &[0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name":"Paint"})).unwrap();
+    s.edit("depth", |doc, id| {
+        *crate::channel_cmds::target_surface(doc, *id, &json!({}))?.0 = Surface::new(fmt);
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+    s.tools.brush.mixer.sample_all_layers = true;
+    s
+}
+
+/// Snapshot the active raster target for exact pixel comparisons without borrowing the session.
+fn target(s: &Session) -> Surface {
+    let st = s.active().unwrap();
+    st.doc.layer(st.active_layer.unwrap()).unwrap().surface().unwrap().clone()
+}
+
+/// All-layer previews match replay and Undo exactly across supported depths without editing source layers.
+#[test]
+fn mixer_live_empty_layer_exact_commit_undo_source_preservation_and_chunking() {
+    for fmt in [PixelFormat::RGBA8, PixelFormat::RGBA16, PixelFormat::RGBA32F] {
+        let mut s = fixture(fmt);
+        assert!(s.tools.brush.mixer.sample_all_layers);
+        let before = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+        let params = json!({"points":[[40,48]],"seed":47,"size":24,"wet":100,"mix":100,"cleanAfterStroke":false});
+        let mut live = LiveMixer::begin(&s, &params).unwrap();
+        let id = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        assert!(live.doc.layer(id).unwrap().surface().unwrap().rgba(40, 48)[3] > 0.0);
+        assert_eq!(target(&s).rgba(40, 48)[3], 0.0, "preview must not edit the session");
+        let mut points = vec![StrokePoint::new(40.0, 48.0, 1.0)];
+        for x in [56.0, 72.0, 88.0, 104.0, 120.0, 136.0, 152.0] {
+            let p = StrokePoint::new(x, 48.0, 1.0);
+            live.push(&[p]).unwrap();
+            points.push(p);
+        }
+        let preview = live.doc.layer(id).unwrap().surface().unwrap().clone();
+        let mut full = params.clone();
+        full["points"] = json!(points);
+        s.execute("paint.mixerBrush", full).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(preview.read_region(before.bounds()), target(&s).read_region(before.bounds()), "live/replay tolerance is exactly zero");
+        for old in &before.layers {
+            if old.id != id {
+                assert_eq!(
+                    old.surface().unwrap().read_region(before.bounds()),
+                    s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(old.id).unwrap().surface().unwrap().read_region(before.bounds())
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        s.execute("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(target(&s).read_region(before.bounds()), before.layer(id).unwrap().surface().unwrap().read_region(before.bounds()));
+        s.execute("edit.redo", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(target(&s).read_region(before.bounds()), preview.read_region(before.bounds()));
+    }
+}
+
+/// Current-layer mixing matches the frozen kernel; dropping a preview and cleaning the load paint nothing.
+#[test]
+fn mixer_live_current_layer_matches_reference_and_cancels() {
+    let mut s = fixture(PixelFormat::RGBA32F);
+    let p = json!({"points":[[30,30],[60,34],[100,60]],"seed":9,"size":16,"sampleAllLayers":false,"wet":65,"mix":70,"load":90});
+    let mut expected = target(&s);
+    let brush = resolve_brush(&s, &p, "paint.mixerBrush").unwrap();
+    let mut state = photocraft_paint::mixer::MixerState::default();
+    state.load(s.tools.foreground);
+    photocraft_paint::mixer::apply_mixer_stroke(
+        &mut expected,
+        None,
+        &Stroke { brush, points: parse_points(&p, "paint.mixerBrush").unwrap() },
+        &MixerSettings { wet: 0.65, mix: 0.70, load: 0.90, sample_all_layers: false, ..Default::default() },
+        &mut state,
+        None,
+        false,
+    );
+    let live = LiveMixer::begin(&s, &p).unwrap();
+    let id = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+    let actual = live.doc.layer(id).unwrap().surface().unwrap().read_region(s.active().unwrap().doc.bounds());
+    let expected = expected.read_region(s.active().unwrap().doc.bounds());
+    let max = actual.iter().zip(expected).map(|(a, b)| (a - b).abs()).fold(0.0f32, f32::max);
+    assert!(max <= 1e-6, "reference error {max}");
+    drop(live);
+    assert_eq!(target(&s).rgba(30, 30)[3], 0.0);
+    s.execute("brush.mixer.clean", json!({})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("paint.mixerBrush", json!({"points":[[30,30],[60,30]],"sampleAllLayers":false,"wet":0})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(target(&s).rgba(30, 30)[3], 0.0, "clean brush must stay empty");
+}
+
+/// Sampling retains a spatial two-color load while leaving document pixels and history alone.
+#[test]
+fn mixer_sample_is_spatial_and_never_edits_document() {
+    let mut s = fixture(PixelFormat::RGBA8);
+    let before = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+    s.execute("brush.mixer.sample", json!({"points":[[96,48]],"size":40,"brush":{"hardness":1.0,"pressureSize":false}})).unwrap();
+    assert!(std::sync::Arc::ptr_eq(&before, &s.active().unwrap().doc));
+    let load = s.tools.mixer.spatial.as_ref().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(load.len(), 4096);
+    assert!(load.iter().any(|p| p[0] > 0.9 && p[1] < 0.1 && p[3] > 0.9));
+    assert!(load.iter().any(|p| p[1] > 0.9 && p[0] < 0.1 && p[3] > 0.9));
+    s.execute("paint.mixerBrush", json!({"points":[[48,48]],"size":40,"wet":0,"mix":0,"brush":{"hardness":1.0,"pressureSize":false}})).unwrap();
+    assert!(target(&s).rgba(40, 48)[0] > 0.9);
+    assert!(target(&s).rgba(56, 48)[1] > 0.9);
+    assert!(s.tools.mixer.spatial.is_some(), "sample persists across strokes");
+}
+
+/// Smoothing tails match replay and invalid input cannot mutate the last valid preview.
+#[test]
+fn mixer_live_smoothing_tail_and_invalid_input() {
+    let mut s = fixture(PixelFormat::RGBA16);
+    let p = json!({"points":[[20,40]],"size":12,"seed":42,"brush":{"smoothing":{"amount":0.6,"catchUpOnEnd":true}}});
+    let mut live = LiveMixer::begin(&s, &p).unwrap();
+    live.push(&[StrokePoint::new(60.0, 40.0, 0.6)]).unwrap();
+    live.push(&[StrokePoint::new(100.0, 48.0, 1.0)]).unwrap();
+    let before = live.doc.clone();
+    assert!(live.push(&[StrokePoint::new(f64::NAN, 0.0, 1.0)]).is_err());
+    assert!(std::sync::Arc::ptr_eq(&before, &live.doc));
+    let mut commit = p.clone();
+    commit["points"] = json!([[20, 40, 1], [60, 40, 0.6], [100, 48, 1]]);
+    s.execute("paint.mixerBrush", commit).unwrap();
+    let id = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        live.doc.layer(id).unwrap().surface().unwrap().read_region(s.active().unwrap().doc.bounds()),
+        target(&s).read_region(s.active().unwrap().doc.bounds())
+    );
+    assert!(s.execute("paint.mixerBrush", json!({"points":[[0,0]],"size":5001})).is_err());
+    assert!(s.execute("brush.mixer.sample", json!({"points":[[0,0],[1,1]]})).is_err());
+}
+
+/// Composite sampling honors source masks and blending while current-layer mode ignores lower paint.
+#[test]
+fn mixer_sampling_obeys_masks_opacity_blend_and_current_layer_switch() {
+    let mut s = fixture(PixelFormat::RGBA8);
+    let source = s.active().unwrap().doc.layers.iter().find(|l| l.name == "Source").unwrap().id;
+    s.edit("source composition", |doc, _| {
+        let layer = doc.layer_mut(source).unwrap();
+        layer.opacity = 0.4;
+        layer.blend = photocraft_color::BlendMode::Multiply;
+        layer.mask = Some(photocraft_doc::LayerMask::hide_all());
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+    let expected = photocraft_compose::render(&s.active().unwrap().doc, Rect::new(39, 39, 40, 40)).px[0];
+    s.execute("brush.mixer.sample", json!({"points":[[40,40]],"size":8})).unwrap();
+    let actual = s.tools.mixer.reservoir.unwrap();
+    for c in 0..3 {
+        assert!((actual[c] - expected[c]).abs() < 1e-5);
+    }
+    s.execute("brush.mixer.clean", json!({})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("paint.mixerBrush", json!({"points":[[40,40],[80,40]],"size":8,"wet":100,"mix":100,"sampleAllLayers":false})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(target(&s).rgba(50, 40)[3], 0.0, "current empty layer provides no paint");
+    s.execute("paint.mixerBrush", json!({"points":[[40,40],[80,40]],"size":8,"wet":100,"mix":100,"sampleAllLayers":true})).unwrap();
+    assert!(target(&s).rgba(50, 40)[3] > 0.9, "all layers supplies the visible composite");
+}
+
+/// Later overlapping dabs pick up freshly deposited paint from the live composite.
+#[test]
+fn mixer_overlapping_dabs_resample_the_evolving_composite() {
+    let mut s = fixture(PixelFormat::RGBA32F);
+    s.execute("tools.setColors", json!({"foreground":"#0000ff"})).unwrap();
+    let params = json!({"points":[[50,48]],"size":20,"seed":1,"wet":100,"mix":50,"cleanAfterStroke":false});
+    let mut live = LiveMixer::begin(&s, &params).unwrap();
+    live.push(&[StrokePoint::new(54.0, 48.0, 1.0), StrokePoint::new(50.0, 48.0, 1.0)]).unwrap();
+    let id = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+    let pixel = live.doc.layer(id).unwrap().surface().unwrap().rgba(50, 48);
+    assert!(pixel[2] > 0.5, "deposited blue feeds back into later pickups: {pixel:?}");
+}
+
+/// The shared live commit keeps shown pixels and one Undo step, refusing stale document snapshots.
+#[test]
+fn mixer_prepared_commit_uses_displayed_pixels_and_rejects_stale_documents() {
+    let mut s = fixture(PixelFormat::RGBA8);
+    let p = json!({"points":[[20,40]],"size":16,"target":"pixels","seed":55});
+    let mut live = LiveMixer::begin(&s, &p).unwrap();
+    live.push(&[StrokePoint::new(80.0, 40.0, 0.6)]).unwrap();
+    let shown = live.doc.clone();
+    let id = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+    let steps = s.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+    let commit = live.prepare_commit(&mut s).unwrap();
+    assert!(s.live_commit.is_some());
+    s.execute("paint.mixerBrush", commit.clone()).unwrap();
+    assert!(s.live_commit.is_none());
+    assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps + 1);
+    assert_eq!(target(&s).read_region(shown.bounds()), shown.layer(id).unwrap().surface().unwrap().read_region(shown.bounds()));
+    s.execute("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("paint.mixerBrush", commit).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(target(&s).read_region(shown.bounds()), shown.layer(id).unwrap().surface().unwrap().read_region(shown.bounds()));
+    let stale = LiveMixer::begin(&s, &p).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert!(stale.prepare_commit(&mut s).is_err());
+}
+
+/// Load and clean affect tool state without dropping a floating selection or creating document history.
+#[test]
+fn mixer_load_commands_preserve_floating_selection_and_history() {
+    let mut s = fixture(PixelFormat::RGBA8);
+    s.execute("select.all", json!({})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("select.float", json!({"dx":8,"dy":0,"copy":true})).unwrap();
+    let doc = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+    let steps = s.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+    for (command, params) in [("brush.mixer.sample", json!({"points":[[96,48]],"size":24})), ("brush.mixer.load", json!({})), ("brush.mixer.clean", json!({}))]
+    {
+        s.execute(command, params).unwrap();
+        assert!(std::sync::Arc::ptr_eq(&doc, &s.active().unwrap().doc));
+        assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps);
+        assert!(crate::float_cmds::floating(s.active().unwrap()).is_some());
+    }
+}
+
+/// Malformed reservoir input is rejected and automatic reload follows the selected setting.
+#[test]
+fn mixer_rejects_malformed_load_and_retains_or_reloads_paint() {
+    let mut s = fixture(PixelFormat::RGBA8);
+    let before = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+    for state in [json!({"spatial":[]}), json!({"spatial":[[1,0,0,1]]}), json!({"amount":"bad"}), json!({"reservoir":[1e300,0,0,1]})] {
+        assert!(s.execute("paint.mixerBrush", json!({"points":[[40,40]],"mixerState":state})).is_err());
+        assert!(std::sync::Arc::ptr_eq(&before, &s.active().unwrap().doc));
+    }
+    assert!(s.execute("brush.mixer.load", json!({"color":[1e300,0,0,1]})).is_err());
+    s.execute("brush.mixer.load", json!({"color":"#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("paint.mixerBrush", json!({"points":[[40,40],[80,40]],"size":10,"loadAfterStroke":false,"cleanAfterStroke":false,"load":10})).unwrap();
+    assert!(s.tools.mixer.amount > 0.0 && s.tools.mixer.amount < 1.0);
+    s.execute("paint.mixerBrush", json!({"points":[[40,40],[80,40]],"size":10,"loadAfterStroke":true,"load":10})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(s.tools.mixer.amount, 1.0);
+}
+
+/// Large tips keep off-canvas layer pixels and commit the exact preview with reversible history.
+#[test]
+fn mixer_large_tip_retains_off_canvas_paint_and_commits_the_live_result() {
+    let mut s = fixture(PixelFormat::RGBA8);
+    let source = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+    let params = json!({"points":[[96,48]],"size":1024,"wet":0,"mix":0,"color":"#1122ee","brush":{"pressureSize":false}});
+    let live = LiveMixer::begin(&s, &params).unwrap();
+    let id = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+    let shown = live.doc.layer(id).unwrap().surface().unwrap().clone();
+    assert!(shown.rgba(-100, 48)[3] > 0.99, "off-canvas layer pixels remain paintable");
+    let params = live.prepare_commit(&mut s).unwrap();
+    s.execute("paint.mixerBrush", params).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(target(&s), shown);
+    s.execute("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*s.active().unwrap().doc, *source);
+}
+
+/// Large pointer jumps must replay identically instead of turning a valid stroke into an input-limit error.
+#[test]
+fn mixer_long_segments_are_interpolated_and_replay_matches_live() {
+    let mut s = fixture(PixelFormat::RGBA8);
+    let p = json!({"points":[[20,48],[5020,48]],"seed":71,"size":2,"sampleAllLayers":false,"wet":0,"mix":0,"load":100,"color":"#ff0000"});
+    let live = LiveMixer::begin(&s, &p).unwrap();
+    let id = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+    let expected = live.doc.layer(id).unwrap().surface().unwrap().clone();
+    s.execute("paint.mixerBrush", p).unwrap();
+    for x in [20, 1020, 2068, 4090, 5019] {
+        assert_eq!(target(&s).rgba(x, 48), expected.rgba(x, 48));
+        assert!(target(&s).rgba(x, 48)[3] > 0.0);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Authorization, validation, unknown commands and missing targets all discard the single-use offer.
+#[test]
+fn mixer_prepared_offer_is_dropped_on_every_early_dispatch_failure() {
+    for failure in 0..4 {
+        let mut s = fixture(PixelFormat::RGBA8);
+        let live = LiveMixer::begin(&s, &json!({"points":[[20,20]],"size":4})).unwrap();
+        let p = live.prepare_commit(&mut s).unwrap();
+        let before = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+        let result = match failure {
+            0 => {
+                s.authorize = Some(|_, _| Err(EngineError::Other("denied".into())));
+                s.execute("paint.mixerBrush", p)
+            }
+            1 => s.execute("paint.mixerBrush", json!("invalid params")),
+            2 => s.execute("unknown.command", p),
+            _ => {
+                s.active_mut().unwrap().active_layer = None;
+                s.execute("paint.mixerBrush", p)
+            }
+        };
+        assert!(result.is_err());
+        assert!(s.live_commit.is_none(), "failed dispatch retained the preview: {failure}");
+        assert!(Arc::ptr_eq(&s.active().unwrap().doc, &before));
+    }
+}
+
+/// A stroke beyond the live tile budget still renders on command replay and remains undoable.
+#[test]
+fn mixer_command_outgrows_the_preview_tile_budget_without_losing_the_stroke() {
+    let mut s = fixture(PixelFormat::RGBA8);
+    let points: Vec<_> = (0..257).map(|i| [128.0 + (i % 17) as f64 * 512.0, 128.0 + (i / 17) as f64 * 512.0]).collect();
+    let p = json!({"points":points,"size":2,"brush":{"spacing":10.0,"smoothing":{"amount":0.0}},"seed":44,
+        "sampleAllLayers":false,"wet":0,"mix":0,"load":100,"color":"#ff0000"});
+    let before = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+    let err = LiveMixer::begin(&s, &p).err().expect("bounded preview");
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("256 tiles"), "{err}");
+    assert!(Arc::ptr_eq(&s.active().unwrap().doc, &before));
+    s.execute("paint.mixerBrush", p).unwrap();
+    // Spacing deliberately leaves gaps; inspect the final tile's stroke region instead
+    // of assuming the exact release pixel is a dab center.
+    let end = Rect::new(600, 7776, 672, 7840);
+    assert!(target(&s).read_region(end).as_chunks::<4>().0.iter().any(|px| px[3] > 0.0));
+    s.execute("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert!(target(&s).read_region(end).as_chunks::<4>().0.iter().all(|px| px[3] == 0.0));
+}
+
+/// An empty sample reports an error while retaining the previous paint load and document.
+#[test]
+fn mixer_empty_samples_preserve_the_previous_load_and_document() {
+    let mut s = fixture(PixelFormat::RGBA8);
+    s.execute("brush.mixer.sample", json!({"points": [[96,48]], "size": 40})).unwrap();
+    let state = s.tools.mixer.clone();
+    let doc = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+    for params in [json!({"points": [[20,20]], "size": 8, "sampleAllLayers": false}), json!({"points": [[-100,-100]], "size": 8, "sampleAllLayers": true})] {
+        let error = s.execute("brush.mixer.sample", params).unwrap_err().to_string();
+        assert!(error.contains("contains no paint"), "{error}");
+        assert_eq!(s.tools.mixer, state);
+        assert!(Arc::ptr_eq(&s.active().unwrap().doc, &doc));
+    }
+}
+
+/// Rotating a hard round sampling grid must give zero coverage beyond the footprint, not panic.
+#[test]
+fn mixer_rotated_hard_tip_samples_safely_and_preserves_the_document() {
+    for angle in [45.0, -45.0, 135.0] {
+        let mut s = fixture(PixelFormat::RGBA8);
+        s.execute("tools.setBrush", json!({"brush":{"size":40,"angle":angle,"hardness":1.0,"pressureSize":false}})).unwrap();
+        let before = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+        s.execute("brush.mixer.sample", json!({"points":[[48,48]]})).unwrap();
+        let load = s.tools.mixer.spatial.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(load.len(), 4096);
+        assert!(load.iter().any(|c| c[3] == 0.0));
+        assert!(load.iter().any(|c| c[0] > 0.9 && c[3] > 0.9));
+        assert!(Arc::ptr_eq(&before, &s.active().unwrap().doc));
+    }
+}
+
+/// The default stays current-layer-only; all-layer sampling is an explicit user choice.
+#[test]
+fn mixer_default_does_not_sample_other_layers() {
+    assert!(!MixerSettings::default().sample_all_layers);
+    assert!(!Session::new().tools.brush.mixer.sample_all_layers);
+}
+
+/// Large session tips and spatial reservoirs stay out of each journaled stroke.
+#[test]
+fn mixer_shared_live_commit_keeps_the_journal_compact() {
+    let mut s = fixture(PixelFormat::RGBA8);
+    s.execute("brush.mixer.sample", json!({"points":[[96,48]],"size":40})).unwrap();
+    s.tools.brush.tip = TipShape::Sampled(GrayTile::from_fn(256, 256, |_, _| 1.0));
+    for x in [40.0, 60.0, 80.0] {
+        let p = json!({"points":[[x,48]],"size":12,"seed":7,"wet":0,"mix":0});
+        let live = LiveMixer::begin(&s, &p).unwrap();
+        let id = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        let shown = live.doc.layer(id).unwrap().surface().unwrap().clone();
+        let params = live.prepare_commit(&mut s).unwrap();
+        assert!(s.live_commit.is_some());
+        let result = s.execute("paint.mixerBrush", params).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result["fromLive"], true);
+        assert_eq!(target(&s), shown);
+        assert!(s.live_commit.is_none());
+        let params = &s.journal.last().unwrap().1;
+        for field in ["brush", "mixerState", "color"] {
+            assert!(params.get(field).is_none(), "{field}");
+        }
+        assert!(serde_json::to_vec(params).unwrap().len() < 1024);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Preview limits never reject valid command sizes, including the maximum session size.
+#[test]
+fn mixer_large_brushes_replay_after_the_preview_budget() {
+    for (size, pressure) in [(2000, 1.0), (5000, 1.0)] {
+        let mut s = fixture(PixelFormat::RGBA8);
+        let before = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+        let params = json!({"points":[[96,48,pressure]],"size":size,"wet":0,"mix":0,"sampleAllLayers":false,
+            "color":"#ff0000","brush":{"pressureSize":true,"hardness":1.0}});
+        assert!(LiveMixer::begin(&s, &params).is_err());
+        s.execute("paint.mixerBrush", params).unwrap();
+        assert!(target(&s).rgba(96, 48)[0] > 0.9);
+        s.execute("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(*s.active().unwrap().doc, *before);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Long strokes past the live preview's sample and dab budgets still render on command replay
+/// (Stroke Path with Simulate Pressure sends up to 200,000 samples), as main painted them.
+#[test]
+fn mixer_command_paints_strokes_beyond_the_preview_sample_and_dab_budgets() {
+    // 70,000 samples a pixel apart (above 65,536), or 2,000 samples 170 px apart (about 340,000 dabs).
+    for (count, step, budget) in [(70_000, 1, "65536"), (2_000, 170, "250000 dabs")] {
+        let mut s = fixture(PixelFormat::RGBA8);
+        // Zig-zagging along one row, one dab per pixel.
+        let points: Vec<_> = (0..count).map(|i: i32| [f64::from(10 + (i * step % 340 - 170).abs()), 48.0]).collect();
+        let p = json!({"points":points,"size":2,"brush":{"spacing":0.5,"hardness":1.0,"pressureSize":false,"smoothing":{"amount":0.0}},
+            "seed":7,"sampleAllLayers":false,"wet":0,"mix":0,"load":100,"color":"#ff0000"});
+        let err = LiveMixer::begin(&s, &p).err().expect("bounded preview");
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains(budget), "{err}");
+        let steps = s.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        s.execute("paint.mixerBrush", p).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps + 1);
+        assert!(target(&s).rgba(100, 48)[0] > 0.9);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/brush_cmds/tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/brush_cmds/tests.rs
index 947b600563..87504dc0e9 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/brush_cmds/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/brush_cmds/tests.rs
@@ -778,6 +778,57 @@ fn live_stroke_equals_the_commit_at_every_zoom_with_smoothing() {
     }
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn pose_axes_commands_keep_minimal_patches_legacy_alias_and_preset_replay() {
+    let mut s = session(100, 80);
+    let input = StrokePoint { tilt_x: 13.0, tilt_y: -27.0, pressure: 0.71, rotation: 67.0, ..Default::default() };
+    s.execute("tools.setBrush", json!({"brush": {"pose": {"enabled": true, "tiltX": 45, "tiltY": -18, "overrideTilt": true}}})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(photocraft_paint::dynamics::apply_pose(&s.tools.brush, input), StrokePoint { tilt_x: 45.0, tilt_y: -18.0, ..input });
+    let before = s.tools.brush.clone();
+    s.execute("tools.setBrush", json!({"pose": {"overrideTiltX": false}})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        photocraft_paint::dynamics::apply_pose(&s.tools.brush, input),
+        StrokePoint { tilt_y: -18.0, ..input },
+        "turning X off retains Y override and live X input"
+    );
+    let mixed = s.tools.brush.clone();
+    assert_eq!(brush_patch(&before, &mixed), json!({"pose": {"overrideTiltX": false}}), "the derived combined flag must not enter an axis-only patch");
+    let wire = s.execute("brush.get", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(wire["pose"]["overrideTiltX"], false);
+    assert_eq!(wire["pose"]["overrideTiltY"], true);
+    assert_eq!(wire["pose"]["overrideTilt"], false, "legacy readback reports whether both axes are overridden");
+    s.execute("brush.presets.save", json!({"name": "Independent pose"})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("tools.setBrush", json!({"brush": {"pose": {"overrideTilt": false}}})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(photocraft_paint::dynamics::apply_pose(&s.tools.brush, input), input, "legacy false clears both axes even after axis editing");
+    s.execute("tools.setBrush", json!({"preset": "Independent pose"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(s.tools.brush.pose, mixed.pose, "preset picking preserves independent state");
+    // Explicit axis keys win over a legacy combined key in the same command.
+    s.execute("tools.setBrush", json!({"brush": {"pose": {"overrideTilt": true, "overrideTiltY": false}}})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(photocraft_paint::dynamics::apply_pose(&s.tools.brush, input), StrokePoint { tilt_x: 45.0, ..input });
+    let mut replay = Session::new();
+    for (id, params) in &s.journal {
+        replay.execute(id, params.clone()).unwrap();
+    }
+    assert_eq!(replay.tools.brush, s.tools.brush, "recorded commands reproduce the same axes");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn pose_axes_invalid_flags_fail_atomically() {
+    let mut s = session(100, 80);
+    let before = s.tools.brush.clone();
+    let n = s.journal.len();
+    for pose in [
+        json!({"overrideTiltX": "yes"}),
+        json!({"overrideTiltY": null}),
+        json!({"overrideTiltX": true, "overrideTiltY": 1}),
+        json!({"overrideTilt": "yes", "overrideTiltX": false}),
+    ] {
+        assert!(s.execute("tools.setBrush", json!({"brush": {"pose": pose}})).is_err());
+        assert_eq!(s.tools.brush, before);
+        assert_eq!(s.journal.len(), n, "a failed update records no command");
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn new_brush_controls_round_trip_through_set_brush() {
     let mut s = session(40, 40);
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/brush_key_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/brush_key_cmds.rs
index 56663b400a..eada73490b 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/brush_key_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/brush_key_cmds.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@
 //! Size"…); here they are ordinary commands with default shortcuts, so they can be rebound,
 //! recorded and driven by agents. Each one is a `tools.setBrush` on the session brush.
 //!
+//! `,` / `.` pick the previous or next brush preset and ⇧, / ⇧. the first or last, in the order
+//! the Brushes panel lists them (Photoshop's "Previous Brush"… in Keyboard Shortcuts › Tools).
+//!
 //! `tools.rotateBrush` turns the tip: Photoshop's ← / → while painting (1°, ⇧ 15°). Arrows mean
 //! other things with other tools, so the shell gives them to it only for the painting tools
 //! (`move_mods::arrow_keys`).
@@ -34,6 +37,82 @@ fn size(s: &mut Session, up: bool) -> Result<Value> {
     crate::brush_cmds::set_brush(s, &json!({ "brush": { "size": size } }))
 }
 
+/// The Brushes panel's label for presets saved without a group: they share its group with presets
+/// in a group of that name.
+pub const UNGROUPED: &str = "My Brushes";
+
+/// Brush preset indices in the Brushes panel's order: groups in order of first appearance (no
+/// group is [`UNGROUPED`]), and in each group its folders where their first preset is, depth first
+/// (as `brushes_tab` draws them). A preset its name can't select (an earlier one has the same name
+/// up to case, and `tools.setBrush` picks that one) is left out afterwards, so stepping never
+/// gets stuck.
+fn panel_order(presets: &[photocraft_paint::BrushPreset]) -> Vec<usize> {
+    fn path(p: &photocraft_paint::BrushPreset) -> &[String] {
+        p.folder.get(..p.folder.len().min(crate::brush_preset_cmds::MAX_FOLDER_DEPTH)).unwrap_or_default()
+    }
+    fn flatten(presets: &[photocraft_paint::BrushPreset], items: &[usize], depth: usize, out: &mut Vec<usize>) {
+        let mut seen: Vec<&str> = Vec::new();
+        for &i in items {
+            let Some(p) = presets.get(i) else { continue };
+            match path(p).get(depth) {
+                None => out.push(i),
+                Some(name) if !seen.contains(&name.as_str()) => {
+                    seen.push(name);
+                    let inside: Vec<usize> = items.iter().copied().filter(|&j| presets.get(j).is_some_and(|q| path(q).get(depth) == Some(name))).collect();
+                    flatten(presets, &inside, depth + 1, out);
+                }
+                Some(_) => {}
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    let mut groups: Vec<(&str, Vec<usize>)> = Vec::new();
+    for (i, p) in presets.iter().enumerate() {
+        let group = if p.group.is_empty() { UNGROUPED } else { p.group.as_str() };
+        match groups.iter_mut().find(|(g, _)| *g == group) {
+            Some((_, v)) => v.push(i),
+            None => groups.push((group, vec![i])),
+        }
+    }
+    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(presets.len());
+    for (_, items) in &groups {
+        flatten(presets, items, 0, &mut out);
+    }
+    // Groups and folders are placed by every preset, as the panel places them; only then are the
+    // presets their names can't select left out.
+    out.retain(|&i| presets.get(i).is_some_and(|p| photocraft_paint::presets::find(presets, &p.name).is_some_and(|q| std::ptr::eq(q, p))));
+    out
+}
+
+/// Which way [`step_preset`] moves through the presets.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+enum Step {
+    Previous,
+    Next,
+    First,
+    Last,
+}
+
+/// `,` / `.` / ⇧, / ⇧.: pick the previous, next, first or last brush preset (wrapping around), as
+/// a click in the Brushes panel would (`tools.setBrush` with the preset). With no preset picked
+/// yet, Next starts at the first and Previous at the last.
+fn step_preset(s: &mut Session, step: Step) -> Result<Value> {
+    let order = panel_order(&s.tools.presets);
+    let n = order.len();
+    if n == 0 {
+        return Err(EngineError::Other("there are no brush presets".into()));
+    }
+    let at = s.tools.current_preset.as_deref().and_then(|c| order.iter().position(|&i| s.tools.presets.get(i).is_some_and(|p| p.name.eq_ignore_ascii_case(c))));
+    let k = match (step, at) {
+        (Step::First, _) | (Step::Next, None) => 0,
+        (Step::Last, _) | (Step::Previous, None) => n - 1,
+        (Step::Next, Some(k)) => (k + 1) % n,
+        (Step::Previous, Some(k)) => (k + n - 1) % n,
+    };
+    let name = order.get(k).and_then(|&i| s.tools.presets.get(i)).map(|p| p.name.clone()).ok_or_else(|| EngineError::Other("no such brush preset".into()))?;
+    crate::brush_cmds::set_brush(s, &json!({ "preset": name }))?;
+    Ok(json!({ "preset": name }))
+}
+
 fn hardness(s: &mut Session, up: bool) -> Result<Value> {
     let hardness = hardness_step(s.tools.brush.hardness, up);
     crate::brush_cmds::set_brush(s, &json!({ "brush": { "hardness": hardness } }))
@@ -68,6 +147,10 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
         key_cmd!("tools.increaseBrushSize", "Increase Brush Size", "]", |s, _| size(s, true)),
         key_cmd!("tools.decreaseBrushHardness", "Decrease Brush Hardness", "Shift+[", |s, _| hardness(s, false)),
         key_cmd!("tools.increaseBrushHardness", "Increase Brush Hardness", "Shift+]", |s, _| hardness(s, true)),
+        key_cmd!("tools.previousBrush", "Previous Brush", ",", |s, _| step_preset(s, Step::Previous)),
+        key_cmd!("tools.nextBrush", "Next Brush", ".", |s, _| step_preset(s, Step::Next)),
+        key_cmd!("tools.firstBrush", "First Brush", "Shift+,", |s, _| step_preset(s, Step::First)),
+        key_cmd!("tools.lastBrush", "Last Brush", "Shift+.", |s, _| step_preset(s, Step::Last)),
         CommandSpec {
             id: "tools.rotateBrush",
             label: "Rotate Brush Tip",
@@ -120,6 +203,78 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(s.tools.brush.angle, -15.0);
     }
 
+    fn preset(name: &str, group: &str, folder: &[&str], size: f32) -> photocraft_paint::BrushPreset {
+        photocraft_paint::BrushPreset {
+            name: name.into(),
+            brush: photocraft_paint::BrushSettings { size, ..Default::default() },
+            builtin: false,
+            group: group.into(),
+            folder: folder.iter().map(|f| f.to_string()).collect(),
+            captures: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn panel_order_groups_then_folders_depth_first() {
+        let presets = vec![
+            preset("a", "G1", &[], 1.0),
+            preset("b", "G2", &[], 2.0),
+            preset("c", "G1", &["F"], 3.0),
+            preset("d", "G1", &[], 4.0),
+            preset("e", "G1", &["F"], 5.0),
+            preset("f", "G1", &["F", "Sub"], 6.0),
+            preset("g", "G1", &["F"], 7.0),
+        ];
+        let names: Vec<&str> = panel_order(&presets).into_iter().map(|i| presets[i].name.as_str()).collect();
+        // G1: a, folder F (c, e, then Sub's f where its first preset is, g), d; then G2: b.
+        assert_eq!(names, ["a", "c", "e", "f", "g", "d", "b"]);
+        // No group is the panel's "My Brushes": one group with presets named into it.
+        let presets = vec![preset("x", "", &[], 1.0), preset("y", UNGROUPED, &[], 1.0), preset("z", "", &[], 1.0), preset("w", "G", &[], 1.0)];
+        let names: Vec<&str> = panel_order(&presets).into_iter().map(|i| presets[i].name.as_str()).collect();
+        assert_eq!(names, ["x", "y", "z", "w"]);
+        // A name only a case apart from an earlier one can't be picked by name: skipped.
+        let presets = vec![preset("Foo", "", &[], 1.0), preset("foo", "", &[], 1.0), preset("Bar", "", &[], 1.0)];
+        let names: Vec<&str> = panel_order(&presets).into_iter().map(|i| presets[i].name.as_str()).collect();
+        assert_eq!(names, ["Foo", "Bar"]);
+        // A skipped duplicate still places its group where the panel does: G2 (from `foo`) comes
+        // before G3, so the panel's Foo, foo, Baz, Bar steps as Foo, Baz, Bar.
+        let presets = vec![preset("Foo", "G1", &[], 1.0), preset("foo", "G2", &[], 1.0), preset("Bar", "G3", &[], 1.0), preset("Baz", "G2", &[], 1.0)];
+        let names: Vec<&str> = panel_order(&presets).into_iter().map(|i| presets[i].name.as_str()).collect();
+        assert_eq!(names, ["Foo", "Baz", "Bar"]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn previous_and_next_brush_walk_the_presets_and_wrap() {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        s.tools.presets = vec![preset("One", "", &[], 11.0), preset("Two", "", &[], 22.0), preset("Three", "", &[], 33.0)];
+        s.tools.current_preset = None;
+        let picked = |s: &Session| (s.tools.current_preset.clone().unwrap_or_default(), s.tools.brush.size);
+        s.execute("tools.nextBrush", Value::Null).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(picked(&s), ("One".into(), 11.0), "Next with no preset picked starts at the first");
+        s.execute("tools.nextBrush", Value::Null).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(picked(&s), ("Two".into(), 22.0));
+        s.execute("tools.lastBrush", Value::Null).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(picked(&s), ("Three".into(), 33.0));
+        s.execute("tools.nextBrush", Value::Null).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(picked(&s).0, "One", "wraps past the last");
+        s.execute("tools.previousBrush", Value::Null).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(picked(&s).0, "Three", "wraps before the first");
+        s.execute("tools.firstBrush", Value::Null).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(picked(&s).0, "One");
+        let sc = |id: &str| crate::commands::find(id).and_then(|c| c.shortcut);
+        assert_eq!(
+            [sc("tools.previousBrush"), sc("tools.nextBrush"), sc("tools.firstBrush"), sc("tools.lastBrush")],
+            [Some(","), Some("."), Some("Shift+,"), Some("Shift+.")]
+        );
+        // No presets: an error, and the brush and the current preset stay as they were.
+        s.tools.presets.clear();
+        let (brush, current) = (s.tools.brush.clone(), s.tools.current_preset.clone());
+        for id in ["tools.previousBrush", "tools.nextBrush", "tools.firstBrush", "tools.lastBrush"] {
+            assert!(s.execute(id, Value::Null).is_err(), "{id}");
+        }
+        assert_eq!((s.tools.brush.clone(), s.tools.current_preset.clone()), (brush, current));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn commands_step_the_session_brush_and_journal() {
         let mut s = Session::new();
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/build_info.rs b/crates/engine/src/build_info.rs
index b7ed60e2fb..1b1b7ca975 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/build_info.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/build_info.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,10 @@
 //! shells out to git, so builds work from a source tarball and for wasm.
 
 /// The workspace version, such as `0.1.0` or `0.2.0-rc.1`.
-pub const VERSION: &str = env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION");
+pub const VERSION: &str = match option_env!("PHOTOCRAFT_OVERRIDE_VERSION") {
+    Some(v) => v,
+    None => env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"),
+};
 
 /// The full git commit this build was made from, when the build environment recorded it.
 pub fn git_sha() -> Option<&'static str> {
@@ -33,6 +36,12 @@ pub fn long_version() -> String {
     format_long(VERSION, short_sha(), build_date())
 }
 
+/// [`long_version`] worked out once, for a `&'static str` such as clap's `version`.
+pub fn long_version_static() -> &'static str {
+    static LONG: std::sync::OnceLock<String> = std::sync::OnceLock::new();
+    LONG.get_or_init(long_version)
+}
+
 fn format_long(version: &str, sha: Option<&str>, date: Option<&str>) -> String {
     match (sha, date) {
         (Some(s), Some(d)) => format!("{version} ({s}, {d})"),
@@ -58,6 +67,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn version_is_the_workspace_version() {
         assert!(!VERSION.is_empty());
         assert!(long_version().starts_with(VERSION));
+        assert_eq!(long_version_static(), long_version());
         if let Some(s) = short_sha() {
             assert!(s.len() <= 9);
         }
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/canvas_geom.rs b/crates/engine/src/canvas_geom.rs
index 3233135132..0a4ed6faa4 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/canvas_geom.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/canvas_geom.rs
@@ -100,6 +100,7 @@ pub(crate) fn set_resolution(doc: &mut Document, dpi: f32) {
                 path.knots.iter_mut().for_each(|kn| *kn = kn.transform(&grow));
                 *start = grown(*start, k);
             }
+            photocraft_doc::text::TextShape::Area { path } => *path = path.transform(&grow),
             photocraft_doc::text::TextShape::Point => {}
         }
         retag_text(dpi, t);
@@ -136,6 +137,9 @@ pub(crate) fn transform_layer_geometry(l: &mut Layer, a: &Affine, content: bool,
             if let Some(f) = &mut sh.fill {
                 map_fill(a, f);
             }
+            if let Some(st) = &mut sh.stroke {
+                map_fill(a, &mut st.paint);
+            }
             if content {
                 crate::vector_cmds::transform_shape(sh, a);
             }
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/canvas_geom/tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/canvas_geom/tests.rs
index 2ba0dfbd66..78a7a141c3 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/canvas_geom/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/canvas_geom/tests.rs
@@ -221,6 +221,38 @@ fn gradient_fill_offset_stays_a_fraction_of_the_frame() {
     assert!((offset.0 - 0.1).abs() < 1e-6 && (offset.1 - 0.25).abs() < 1e-6, "{offset:?}");
 }
 
+/// The shape's (fill, stroke) gradient angles after `cmd` on a shape whose fill and stroke both
+/// start as a 0° (left to right) gradient.
+fn shape_gradient_angles_after(cmd: &str, p: serde_json::Value) -> (f32, f32) {
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": W, "height": H})).unwrap();
+    let g = json!({"gradient": {"stops": [[0, "#ff0000"], [1, "#0000ff"]], "angle": 0}});
+    s.execute("shape.create", json!({"kind": "rect", "rect": [10, 8, 30, 20], "fill": g, "stroke": {"width": 6, "fill": g}})).unwrap();
+    s.execute(cmd, p).unwrap();
+    let angle = |f: &Fill| if let Fill::Gradient { angle, .. } = f { *angle } else { panic!("not a gradient: {f:?}") };
+    let sh = doc(&s).walk().into_iter().find_map(|(_, _, l)| if let LayerContent::Shape(sh) = &l.content { Some(sh.clone()) } else { None }).unwrap();
+    (angle(sh.fill.as_ref().unwrap()), angle(&sh.stroke.as_ref().unwrap().paint))
+}
+
+/// A gradient stroke turns and mirrors with the canvas like the fill does (#9239).
+#[test]
+fn shape_gradient_stroke_turns_with_the_canvas() {
+    let same = |a: f32, b: f32| {
+        let d = (a - b).rem_euclid(360.0);
+        d.is_finite() && !(1e-3..=360.0 - 1e-3).contains(&d)
+    };
+    for (cmd, p, want) in [
+        ("image.imageRotation.90cw", json!({}), -90.0),
+        ("image.imageRotation.flipCanvasHorizontal", json!({}), 180.0),
+        ("image.imageRotation.flipCanvasVertical", json!({}), 0.0),
+        ("image.rotation.arbitrary", json!({"angle": 30, "direction": "cw"}), -30.0),
+    ] {
+        let (fill, stroke) = shape_gradient_angles_after(cmd, p);
+        assert!(same(fill, want), "{cmd}: fill {fill}, want {want}");
+        assert!(same(stroke, want), "{cmd}: stroke {stroke}, want {want}");
+    }
+}
+
 fn type_and_shape_origin(d: &Document) -> ([f64; 6], [f64; 2]) {
     let mut t = None;
     let mut k = None;
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/channel_clip.rs b/crates/engine/src/channel_clip.rs
index 86a49b0be6..47677e21ff 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/channel_clip.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/channel_clip.rs
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ pub(crate) fn copy(s: &mut Session) -> Result<Option<Value>> {
     if bounds.is_empty() {
         return Err(EngineError::Other("Could not copy: the selected area is empty".into()));
     }
-    s.clipboard = Some(Clip { surface, bounds, layers: None, resolution: Some(doc.resolution_dpi) });
+    s.clipboard = Some(Clip { surface, bounds, layers: None, resolution: Some(doc.resolution_dpi), source: Some(doc.id) });
     Ok(Some(json!({"bounds": [bounds.x0, bounds.y0, bounds.width(), bounds.height()], "channel": k})))
 }
 
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ pub(crate) fn paste(s: &mut Session, p: &Value, k: usize, in_place: bool, limit:
     let d = s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?;
     let canvas = d.doc.bounds();
     let id = d.active_layer.ok_or_else(|| EngineError::Other("no active layer".into()))?;
-    let (dx, dy) = crate::edit_cmds::paste_offset(&clip, canvas, p, in_place);
+    let (dx, dy) = crate::edit_cmds::paste_offset(&clip, d.doc.id, canvas, p, in_place);
     let src = crate::edit_cmds::shifted(&clip.surface, dx, dy);
     let area = src.content_bounds().intersect(&canvas);
     s.edit(label, |doc, _| {
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/channel_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/channel_cmds.rs
index 345abc377f..5c6eeaedcd 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/channel_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/channel_cmds.rs
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ impl ChannelView {
     /// The layer mask shown on the canvas (#196) and how, if its layer still has a mask.
     pub fn shown_layer_mask<'a>(&self, doc: &'a Document) -> Option<(&'a photocraft_doc::LayerMask, crate::mask_view_cmds::MaskViewMode)> {
         let v = self.layer_mask?;
-        Some((doc.layer(v.layer)?.mask.as_ref()?, v.mode))
+        Some((crate::mask_view_cmds::viewed_mask(doc.layer(v.layer)?, v.filter)?, v.mode))
     }
 }
 
@@ -212,6 +212,8 @@ pub enum GraySurface {
     Alpha(usize),
     /// The Quick Mask.
     QuickMask,
+    /// The active smart object's filter mask (FILE-215-3).
+    FilterMask,
 }
 
 /// Isolated Curves channel for the active document, matching [`inject_target`].
@@ -246,6 +248,7 @@ pub fn isolated_curve_channel_for(st: &DocState, layers_panel_mask: bool) -> Opt
             Some(IsolatedCurveChannel { name: "Quick Mask".into(), key: "", hist: 0, tint: false, translate: true, gray: Some(GraySurface::QuickMask) })
         }
         ChannelTarget::LayerMask => layer_mask_curve_channel(st),
+        ChannelTarget::Composite if crate::mask_view_cmds::current(st).is_some_and(|v| v.filter) => filter_mask_curve_channel(st),
         ChannelTarget::Composite if crate::mask_view_cmds::current(st).is_some() || layers_panel_mask => layer_mask_curve_channel(st),
         _ => None,
     }
@@ -258,6 +261,15 @@ fn layer_mask_curve_channel(st: &DocState) -> Option<IsolatedCurveChannel> {
     Some(IsolatedCurveChannel { name, key: "", hist: 0, tint: false, translate: false, gray: Some(GraySurface::LayerMask) })
 }
 
+/// The Curves target when the active smart object's filter mask is targeted (its thumbnail on the
+/// Smart Filters row, FILE-215-3): a gray plane, though the mask may not exist until the first edit.
+pub fn filter_mask_curve_channel(st: &DocState) -> Option<IsolatedCurveChannel> {
+    let layer = st.active_layer.and_then(|id| st.doc.layer(id))?;
+    crate::smart_cmds::filter_mask_paintable(layer).ok()?;
+    let name = format!("{} Filter Mask", layer.name);
+    Some(IsolatedCurveChannel { name, key: "", hist: 0, tint: false, translate: false, gray: Some(GraySurface::FilterMask) })
+}
+
 fn edit_mode(doc: &Document) -> ColorMode {
     doc.pixel_format().mode
 }
@@ -569,7 +581,7 @@ impl Blending {
 
 /// A source spec from `p[key]`, or from flat `<prefix>Document` / `<prefix>Layer` /
 /// `<prefix>Channel` / `<prefix>Invert` keys (what the generic dialog form sends).
-fn source_spec(p: &Value, key: &str, prefix: &str) -> Option<Value> {
+pub(crate) fn source_spec(p: &Value, key: &str, prefix: &str) -> Option<Value> {
     if let Some(v) = p.get(key) {
         return Some(v.clone());
     }
@@ -602,6 +614,9 @@ fn mask_plane(s: &Session, p: &Value, cmd: &str) -> Result<Option<Vec<f32>>> {
 pub(crate) enum Target {
     Pixels,
     Mask,
+    /// A smart object's filter mask (`"target":"filterMask"`): where it is black the smart
+    /// filters don't show (FILE-215-3).
+    FilterMask,
     Alpha(usize),
     QuickMask,
 }
@@ -610,6 +625,7 @@ pub(crate) fn target_of(p: &Value) -> Target {
     match p.get("target") {
         Some(Value::String(s)) => match s.as_str() {
             "mask" => Target::Mask,
+            "filterMask" => Target::FilterMask,
             "quickMask" => Target::QuickMask,
             _ => Target::Pixels,
         },
@@ -654,6 +670,13 @@ pub(crate) fn read_target_surface<'a>(doc: &'a Document, layer: Option<LayerId>,
             let id = layer.ok_or_else(|| EngineError::Other("no active layer".into()))?;
             doc.layer(id).and_then(|l| l.mask.as_ref()).map(|m| &m.surface).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(id))
         }
+        Target::FilterMask => {
+            let id = layer.ok_or_else(|| EngineError::Other("no active layer".into()))?;
+            doc.layer(id)
+                .and_then(|l| crate::mask_view_cmds::viewed_mask(l, true))
+                .map(|m| &m.surface)
+                .ok_or_else(|| EngineError::Other("the layer has no filter mask".into()))
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -686,10 +709,17 @@ fn edits_mask(id: &str) -> bool {
 /// The precondition of `id` when `p` targets the active layer's mask (`"target":"mask"`): the
 /// layer needs a mask. None when another precondition applies.
 pub(crate) fn mask_target_enabled(s: &Session, id: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<std::result::Result<(), String>> {
-    if target_of(p) != Target::Mask || !edits_mask(id) {
-        return None;
+    match target_of(p) {
+        // The commands that paint, fill, filter or adjust the filter mask need a smart object with
+        // smart filters, not a pixel layer. Paste keeps its own check (something to paste).
+        Target::FilterMask if follows_filter_mask(id) && !PASTE_IDS.contains(&id) => {
+            Some(crate::active_layer_of(s).and_then(crate::smart_cmds::filter_mask_paintable))
+        }
+        Target::Mask if edits_mask(id) => {
+            Some(crate::active_layer_of(s).and_then(|l| if l.mask.is_some() { Ok(()) } else { Err("the active layer has no layer mask".into()) }))
+        }
+        _ => None,
     }
-    Some(crate::active_layer_of(s).and_then(|l| if l.mask.is_some() { Ok(()) } else { Err("the active layer has no layer mask".into()) }))
 }
 
 /// Whether command `id` edits the targeted channel or mask when its params name no `"target"`
@@ -700,15 +730,68 @@ pub fn follows_target(id: &str) -> bool {
     routed(id) || id == "select.float" || id == "layer.translate"
 }
 
+/// Whether command `id` edits a smart object's targeted filter mask (`"target":"filterMask"`):
+/// every routed command but those that act on the smart object itself while its filter mask is
+/// targeted (Edit › Transform, Apply Image, Convert for Smart Filters, Last Filter, Liquify, the
+/// lens filters and Vanishing Point, which add a smart filter, the render filters that make a new
+/// layer, and Desaturate), so neither the shell nor the engine sends those the filter mask.
+pub fn follows_filter_mask(id: &str) -> bool {
+    routed(id)
+        && !id.starts_with("edit.transform.")
+        && !matches!(
+            id,
+            "image.applyImage"
+                | "image.adjustments.desaturate"
+                | "filter.vanishingPoint"
+                | "filter.render.flame"
+                | "filter.render.tree"
+                | "filter.render.pictureFrame"
+                | "filter.convertForSmartFilters"
+                | "filter.lastFilter"
+                | crate::distort_cmds::LIQUIFY
+                | crate::lens_cmds::LENS
+                | crate::lens_cmds::WIDE
+                | crate::lens_cmds::RAW
+        )
+}
+
+/// The paint and retouch tools that follow the targeted channel or mask.
+const PAINT_IDS: &[&str] = &[
+    "paint.stroke",
+    "paint.pencil",
+    "paint.bucket",
+    "paint.gradient",
+    "paint.mixerBrush",
+    "paint.cloneStamp",
+    "paint.patternStamp",
+    "paint.healingBrush",
+    "paint.spotHealing",
+    "paint.dodge",
+    "paint.burn",
+    "paint.sponge",
+    "paint.blur",
+    "paint.sharpen",
+    "paint.smudge",
+    "paint.historyBrush",
+    "paint.artHistoryBrush",
+    "paint.redEye",
+    "paint.remove",
+];
+
+/// Pasting into a targeted mask or channel (#1035).
+const PASTE_IDS: &[&str] = &["edit.paste", "edit.pasteSpecial.pasteInPlace", "edit.pasteSpecial.pasteInto", "edit.pasteSpecial.pasteOutside"];
+
 /// Commands whose target follows the Channels panel.
-fn routed(id: &str) -> bool {
+pub(crate) fn routed(id: &str) -> bool {
     id.starts_with("filter.")
         || id == "plugin.run"
         || id.starts_with("image.adjustments.")
-        || matches!(id, "paint.stroke" | "paint.pencil" | "paint.bucket" | "paint.gradient" | "paint.mixerBrush" | "edit.fill" | "image.applyImage")
+        || matches!(id, "edit.fill" | "image.applyImage")
         || crate::fill_key_cmds::IDS.contains(&id)
+        || PAINT_IDS.contains(&id)
         // Pasting into a targeted mask or channel (#1035); Copy takes a targeted mask (#2928).
-        || matches!(id, "edit.copy" | "edit.paste" | "edit.pasteSpecial.pasteInPlace" | "edit.pasteSpecial.pasteInto" | "edit.pasteSpecial.pasteOutside")
+        || id == "edit.copy"
+        || PASTE_IDS.contains(&id)
         // Edit › Transform › Rotate/Flip turn a targeted mask or channel (#2835).
         || matches!(
             id,
@@ -718,22 +801,6 @@ fn routed(id: &str) -> bool {
                 | "edit.transform.flipHorizontal"
                 | "edit.transform.flipVertical"
         )
-        || matches!(
-            id,
-            "paint.cloneStamp"
-                | "paint.patternStamp"
-                | "paint.healingBrush"
-                | "paint.spotHealing"
-                | "paint.dodge"
-                | "paint.burn"
-                | "paint.sponge"
-                | "paint.blur"
-                | "paint.sharpen"
-                | "paint.smudge"
-                | "paint.historyBrush"
-                | "paint.redEye"
-                | "paint.remove"
-        )
 }
 
 /// Fill in `"target"` from the targeted channel (or Quick Mask mode) when the caller gave none.
@@ -747,6 +814,13 @@ pub(crate) fn inject_target(s: &Session, id: &str, params: Value) -> Value {
         ChannelTarget::Composite if st.doc.quick_mask.is_some() => json!("quickMask"),
         ChannelTarget::LayerMask => json!("mask"),
         // Viewing the active layer's mask (⌥-click): pixel commands edit the mask.
+        // A shown filter mask takes only the commands that edit it; the rest act on the smart object.
+        ChannelTarget::Composite if crate::mask_view_cmds::current(st).is_some_and(|v| v.filter) => {
+            if !follows_filter_mask(id) {
+                return params;
+            }
+            json!("filterMask")
+        }
         ChannelTarget::Composite if crate::mask_view_cmds::current(st).is_some() => json!("mask"),
         _ => return params,
     };
@@ -759,6 +833,16 @@ pub(crate) fn inject_target(s: &Session, id: &str, params: Value) -> Value {
     }
 }
 
+/// The smart object whose filter mask command `id` with `params` edits (`"target":"filterMask"`):
+/// its `"layer"` param, else the active layer. None for a command that doesn't edit the filter
+/// mask, so moving the smart object doesn't re-render its filters.
+pub(crate) fn filter_mask_layer(s: &Session, id: &str, params: &Value) -> Option<LayerId> {
+    if target_of(params) != Target::FilterMask || !follows_filter_mask(id) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    params.get("layer").and_then(Value::as_u64).map(LayerId).or_else(|| s.active()?.active_layer)
+}
+
 /// The colour channel pixel commands are limited to, if a single colour channel is targeted.
 pub(crate) fn color_restriction(s: &Session, id: &str, params: &Value) -> Option<usize> {
     if !routed(id) || is_channel_target(params) || crate::commands::is_mask_target(params) {
@@ -1427,6 +1511,7 @@ fn options(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     let opacity = p.get("opacity").and_then(Value::as_f64).map(|v| (v as f32 / 100.0).clamp(0.0, 1.0));
     let solidity = p.get("solidity").and_then(Value::as_f64).map(|v| (v as f32 / 100.0).clamp(0.0, 1.0));
     let kind = p.get("indicates").and_then(Value::as_str).map(str::to_string);
+    let display_only = name.is_none() && kind.is_none() && solidity.is_none();
     let apply = move |ch: &mut AlphaChannel| -> Result<()> {
         if let Some(n) = &name {
             ch.name = n.clone();
@@ -1495,7 +1580,31 @@ fn options(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
                 })?;
             }
         }
-        _ => return Err(bad(cmd, "`channel` must be an alpha/spot channel or \"quickMask\"")),
+        ChanRef::LayerMask => {
+            // Layer Mask Display Options: only the rubylith's colour and opacity, for every mask.
+            if !display_only {
+                return Err(bad(cmd, "a layer mask's options are only `color` and `opacity`"));
+            }
+            // A preference, kept across restarts; not an undo step.
+            if color.is_some() || opacity.is_some() {
+                s.edit_prefs(|prefs| {
+                    let o = &mut prefs.layer_mask_overlay;
+                    if let Some(c) = color {
+                        o.color = crate::adjust_params::hex(c.to_rgb());
+                    }
+                    if let Some(a) = opacity {
+                        o.opacity = (a * 100.0).round();
+                    }
+                });
+            }
+            let o = serde_json::to_value(&s.prefs().layer_mask_overlay).unwrap_or(Value::Null);
+            let mut out = list(s);
+            if let Some(m) = out.as_object_mut() {
+                m.insert("layerMaskOverlay".into(), o);
+            }
+            return Ok(out);
+        }
+        _ => return Err(bad(cmd, "`channel` must be an alpha/spot channel, \"quickMask\" or \"mask\"")),
     }
     Ok(list(s))
 }
@@ -1902,7 +2011,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             "Channel Options…",
             [],
             None,
-            r##"{"channel":index|name|"quickMask","name":str?,"indicates":"masked|selected|spot"?,"color":"#rrggbb"?,"opacity":0..100?,"solidity":0..100?}"##,
+            r##"{"channel":index|name|"quickMask"|"mask","name":str?,"indicates":"masked|selected|spot"?,"color":"#rrggbb"?,"opacity":0..100?,"solidity":0..100?} ("mask": Layer Mask Display Options, the rubylith's color and opacity for every layer mask, kept in the preferences as layerMaskOverlay; not an undo step; returns them as layerMaskOverlay)"##,
             has_doc,
             options
         ),
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/channel_cmds/tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/channel_cmds/tests.rs
index 3c23862326..2ae1bd94b0 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/channel_cmds/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/channel_cmds/tests.rs
@@ -401,6 +401,41 @@ fn quick_mask_without_selection_and_options() {
     assert!(sel_at(&s, 10, 10) < 0.05 && sel_at(&s, 30, 10) > 0.99, "{} {}", sel_at(&s, 10, 10), sel_at(&s, 30, 10));
 }
 
+/// Layer Mask Display Options: `channel.options` on `"mask"` sets the rubylith's colour and
+/// opacity for every mask. They're a preference (kept across restarts, as in Photoshop), not an
+/// undo step, and come back in the result.
+#[test]
+fn layer_mask_display_options() {
+    let mut s = session();
+    let o = || crate::prefs::LayerMaskOverlay::default();
+    assert_eq!(s.prefs().layer_mask_overlay, o());
+    assert_eq!((o().rgb(), o().alpha()), ([1.0, 0.0, 0.0], 0.5));
+    let hist = s.active().unwrap().history.entries().len();
+    let r = s.execute("channel.options", json!({"channel": "mask", "color": "#00ff00", "opacity": 30})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r["layerMaskOverlay"], json!({"color": "#00ff00", "opacity": 30.0}));
+    assert_eq!(s.execute("prefs.get", json!({"path": "layerMaskOverlay"})).unwrap(), json!({"color": "#00ff00", "opacity": 30.0}));
+    assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().history.entries().len(), hist, "not an undo step");
+    // Just one of them leaves the other; no fields reads them back; out of range clamps.
+    s.execute("channel.options", json!({"channel": "mask", "opacity": 250})).unwrap();
+    let r = s.execute("channel.options", json!({"channel": "layerMask"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r["layerMaskOverlay"], json!({"color": "#00ff00", "opacity": 100.0}));
+    // A layer mask has no name, Color Indicates or solidity here.
+    for bad in [json!({"name": "x"}), json!({"indicates": "selected"}), json!({"indicates": "spot"}), json!({"solidity": 20})] {
+        let mut p = bad.clone();
+        p["channel"] = json!("mask");
+        assert!(s.execute("channel.options", p).is_err(), "{bad}");
+    }
+    assert_eq!(s.prefs().layer_mask_overlay.opacity, 100.0, "a refused call changes nothing");
+    // prefs.set validates them like other preferences; prefs.reset restores red at 50 %.
+    assert!(s.execute("prefs.set", json!({"path": "layerMaskOverlay.color", "value": "green"})).is_err());
+    assert!(s.execute("prefs.set", json!({"path": "layerMaskOverlay.opacity", "value": 101})).is_err());
+    s.execute("prefs.reset", json!({"path": "layerMaskOverlay"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(s.prefs().layer_mask_overlay, o());
+    // A hand-edited settings file can't break the view.
+    let odd = crate::prefs::LayerMaskOverlay { color: "nope".into(), opacity: f32::NAN };
+    assert_eq!((odd.rgb(), odd.alpha()), ([1.0, 0.0, 0.0], 0.5));
+}
+
 /// Overlay coverage of the live Quick Mask at (x, y): how much colour the canvas shows there.
 fn qm_overlay(s: &Session, x: i32, y: i32) -> f32 {
     let q = doc(s).quick_mask.as_ref().unwrap();
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/color_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/color_cmds.rs
index 4f3435cc7a..9e9c0aafd3 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/color_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/color_cmds.rs
@@ -590,7 +590,8 @@ pub fn resolve_profile(spec: &str, doc: Option<&Document>, mode: Option<ColorMod
     }
     let lower = spec.to_ascii_lowercase();
     if lower.ends_with(".icc") || lower.ends_with(".icm") || spec.contains('/') || spec.contains('\\') {
-        let bytes = std::fs::read(spec).map_err(|e| EngineError::Other(format!("cannot read profile `{spec}`: {e}")))?;
+        // Regular files only: a device or FIFO path would be read until it ends, which it never does.
+        let bytes = crate::file_cmds::read_file(spec).map_err(|e| EngineError::Other(format!("cannot read profile `{spec}`: {e}")))?;
         return Profile::parse(&bytes).map(Arc::new).map_err(cms_err);
     }
     let ids: Vec<&str> = Builtin::ALL.iter().map(|b| b.id()).collect();
@@ -715,7 +716,12 @@ fn convert_layer_colors(l: &mut Layer, cc: &mut dyn FnMut(&mut Color)) {
             Effect::OuterGlow(g) | Effect::InnerGlow(g) => paint_colors(&mut g.paint, cc),
             Effect::Stroke(s) => paint_colors(&mut s.paint, cc),
             Effect::ColorOverlay { color, .. } => cc(color),
-            Effect::GradientOverlay { gradient, .. } => gradient.stops.iter_mut().for_each(|s| cc(&mut s.1)),
+            Effect::GradientOverlay { gradient, interpolation, .. } => {
+                gradient.stops.iter_mut().for_each(|s| cc(&mut s.1));
+                if let Some(source) = interpolation {
+                    source.stops.iter_mut().for_each(|s| cc(&mut s.1));
+                }
+            }
             Effect::Satin(s) => cc(&mut s.color),
             Effect::BevelEmboss(b) => {
                 cc(&mut b.highlight_color);
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/commands.rs b/crates/engine/src/commands.rs
index 8b6e488f79..ee3cf2d679 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/commands.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/commands.rs
@@ -65,13 +65,17 @@ pub(crate) fn has_paintable(s: &Session) -> std::result::Result<(), String> {
     }
 }
 
-/// Surface a paint command writes to: the layer's pixels, or its mask with `"target":"mask"`.
+/// Surface a paint command writes to: the layer's pixels, its mask with `"target":"mask"`, or a
+/// smart object's filter mask with `"target":"filterMask"`.
 pub(crate) fn paint_surface<'a>(doc: &'a mut Document, id: LayerId, p: &Value) -> Result<&'a mut photocraft_raster::Surface> {
     if is_mask_target(p) {
         check_all_unlocked(doc, id)?;
     } else {
         check_pixels_unlocked(doc, id)?;
     }
+    if crate::channel_cmds::target_of(p) == crate::channel_cmds::Target::FilterMask {
+        return crate::smart_cmds::filter_mask_surface(doc, id);
+    }
     let l = doc.layer_mut(id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(id))?;
     if is_mask_target(p) {
         l.mask.as_mut().map(|m| &mut m.surface).ok_or_else(|| EngineError::Other("layer has no mask".into()))
@@ -80,7 +84,7 @@ pub(crate) fn paint_surface<'a>(doc: &'a mut Document, id: LayerId, p: &Value) -
     }
 }
 
-fn check_all_unlocked(doc: &Document, id: LayerId) -> Result<()> {
+pub(crate) fn check_all_unlocked(doc: &Document, id: LayerId) -> Result<()> {
     let locks = doc.effective_locks(id);
     let l = doc.layer(id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(id))?;
     if locks.all {
@@ -99,8 +103,10 @@ pub(crate) fn check_pixels_unlocked(doc: &Document, id: LayerId) -> Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
+/// The params target a grayscale mask of the layer: its layer mask (`"mask"`) or, on a smart
+/// object, its filter mask (`"filterMask"`).
 pub(crate) fn is_mask_target(p: &Value) -> bool {
-    p.get("target").and_then(Value::as_str) == Some("mask")
+    matches!(p.get("target").and_then(Value::as_str), Some("mask" | "filterMask"))
 }
 
 fn can_undo(s: &Session) -> std::result::Result<(), String> {
@@ -282,6 +288,10 @@ pub(crate) fn color_param(cmd: &str, p: &Value, key: &str, default: [f32; 4]) ->
 }
 pub(crate) fn parse_hex(s: &str) -> Option<[f32; 4]> {
     let s = s.trim_start_matches('#');
+    // `from_str_radix` accepts a leading '+', so "+f" would read as 0x0f.
+    if !s.bytes().all(|c| c.is_ascii_hexdigit()) {
+        return None;
+    }
     let b = |i: usize| u8::from_str_radix(s.get(i..i + 2)?, 16).ok().map(|v| v as f32 / 255.0);
     match s.len() {
         6 => Some([b(0)?, b(2)?, b(4)?, 1.0]),
@@ -461,10 +471,9 @@ fn destructive_adjust(s: &mut Session, label: &str, adj: Adjustment, p: &Value)
         // The targeted layer mask (#780): ⌘I inverts it, as in Photoshop.
         let id = layer_param(s, &Value::Null)?;
         return s.edit(label, |doc, _| {
+            check_all_unlocked(doc, id)?;
             let sel = doc.selection.clone();
-            let l = doc.layer_mut(id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(id))?;
-            let mask = l.mask.as_mut().ok_or_else(|| EngineError::Other("layer has no mask".into()))?;
-            pixels::adjust_mask(&mut mask.surface, &adj, sel.as_ref());
+            pixels::adjust_mask(paint_surface(doc, id, p)?, &adj, sel.as_ref()).map_err(EngineError::Other)?;
             Ok(Value::Null)
         });
     }
@@ -474,7 +483,7 @@ fn destructive_adjust(s: &mut Session, label: &str, adj: Adjustment, p: &Value)
         return s.edit(label, |doc, _| {
             let sel = doc.selection.clone();
             if let Some(surf) = crate::channel_cmds::channel_surface_for_filter(doc, None, p)? {
-                pixels::adjust_mask(surf, &adj, sel.as_ref());
+                pixels::adjust_mask(surf, &adj, sel.as_ref()).map_err(EngineError::Other)?;
             }
             Ok(Value::Null)
         });
@@ -484,7 +493,7 @@ fn destructive_adjust(s: &mut Session, label: &str, adj: Adjustment, p: &Value)
         let sel = doc.selection.clone();
         let mode = doc.mode;
         let surf = paint_surface(doc, id, &Value::Null)?;
-        pixels::adjust_surface(surf, &adj, sel.as_ref(), mode);
+        pixels::adjust_surface(surf, &adj, sel.as_ref(), mode).map_err(EngineError::Other)?;
         Ok(())
     })?;
     Ok(Value::Null)
@@ -538,7 +547,7 @@ fn build() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             "New…",
             ["File"],
             Some("Cmd+N"),
-            r##"{"width":1..300000=1920,"height":1..300000=1080 (pixel counts are rounded),"mode":"rgb|gray|grayscale|cmyk|lab"="rgb","depth":8|16|32=8,"background":"white|black|backgroundColor|transparent|#rrggbb"="white","backgroundColor":[r,g,b]? (0..1; defaults to toolbox colour),"resolution":1..30000=72 (ppi),"name":str,"profile":"working"|built-in id|path to an .icc file="working" (the colour profile it is tagged with; it must suit the mode)}"##,
+            r##"{"width":1..300000=1920,"height":1..300000=1080 (pixel counts are rounded),"mode":"rgb|gray|grayscale|cmyk|lab"="rgb","depth":8|16|32=8,"background":"white|black|backgroundColor|transparent|#rrggbb"="white","backgroundColor":[r,g,b]? (0..1; defaults to toolbox colour),"resolution":1..30000=72 (ppi),"name":str,"artboard":bool=false (one artboard over the canvas, its background the chosen one, holding an empty Layer 1; no Background layer),"profile":"working"|built-in id|path to an .icc file="working" (the colour profile it is tagged with; it must suit the mode)}"##,
             always,
             |s, p| {
                 use crate::document_preset_cmds::{MAX_DIMENSION, MAX_RESOLUTION, background_color, color_mode, sample_type};
@@ -557,22 +566,28 @@ fn build() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
                 let depth = sample_type(p.get("depth").and_then(Value::as_u64).unwrap_or(8)).unwrap_or(SampleType::U8);
                 let name = p.get("name").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("Untitled").to_string();
                 let res = p.get("resolution").and_then(Value::as_f64).unwrap_or(72.0).clamp(1.0, MAX_RESOLUTION) as f32;
-                let mut doc = match p.get("background").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("white") {
+                // The background colour; `None` for Transparent.
+                let background = match p.get("background").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("white") {
                     "backgroundColor" => {
                         let bgc = background_color(p, s.tools.background, "file.new")?;
-                        Document::with_background(name, Size::new(w, h), mode, depth, Color::rgba(bgc[0], bgc[1], bgc[2], 1.0))
+                        Some(Color::rgba(bgc[0], bgc[1], bgc[2], 1.0))
                     }
-                    "transparent" => {
-                        let mut d = Document::new(name, Size::new(w, h), mode, depth);
-                        d.layers.push(Layer::raster("Layer 1", d.pixel_format()));
-                        d
-                    }
-                    "black" => Document::with_background(name, Size::new(w, h), mode, depth, Color::BLACK),
+                    "transparent" => None,
+                    "black" => Some(Color::BLACK),
                     other => {
                         let c = parse_hex(other).unwrap_or([1.0; 4]);
-                        Document::with_background(name, Size::new(w, h), mode, depth, Color::rgba(c[0], c[1], c[2], c[3]))
+                        Some(Color::rgba(c[0], c[1], c[2], c[3]))
                     }
                 };
+                let mut doc = if p.get("artboard").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(false) {
+                    crate::artboard_cmds::new_artboard_document(name, Size::new(w, h), mode, depth, background)
+                } else if let Some(c) = background {
+                    Document::with_background(name, Size::new(w, h), mode, depth, c)
+                } else {
+                    let mut d = Document::new(name, Size::new(w, h), mode, depth);
+                    d.layers.push(Layer::raster("Layer 1", d.pixel_format()));
+                    d
+                };
                 doc.resolution_dpi = res;
                 // Photoshop's New Document › Color Profile: tag the document with another profile
                 // than the working space (#321). Checked before the document opens.
@@ -603,7 +618,7 @@ fn build() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             "Fill…",
             ["Edit"],
             Some("Shift+F5"),
-            r##"{"contents":"foreground|background|color|contentAware|pattern|history|black|gray|white"="color","color":"#rrggbb|[r,g,b,a]"=foreground (contents=color),"pattern":id|name (contents=pattern),"scale":%=100,"angle":deg,"state":row?,"snapshot":id? (contents=history: a History panel row as history.setSource, redo rows last, or a snapshot; default the History Brush source),"colorAdaptation":bool=true (contents=contentAware),"mode":"normal|multiply|…"="normal","opacity":0..100=100,"preserveTransparency":bool=false,"target":"pixels"|"mask"|"quickMask"|{"channel":i}?}"##,
+            r##"{"contents":"foreground|background|color|contentAware|pattern|history|black|gray|white"="color","color":"#rrggbb|[r,g,b,a]"=foreground (contents=color),"pattern":id|name (contents=pattern),"scale":%=100,"angle":deg,"state":row?,"snapshot":id? (contents=history: a History panel row as history.setSource, redo rows last, or a snapshot; default the History Brush source),"colorAdaptation":bool=true (contents=contentAware),"mode":"normal|multiply|…"="normal","opacity":0..100=100,"preserveTransparency":bool=false,"target":"pixels"|"mask"|"filterMask"|"quickMask"|{"channel":i}?}"##,
             has_pixel_or_channel,
             crate::fill_cmds::fill
         ),
@@ -1135,7 +1150,7 @@ fn build() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             "Reorder Layer",
             [],
             None,
-            r##"{"layer":id?| "layers":[id,…]?, "target":id,"position":"above|below|into"="above","copy":bool=false} (layers: one undoable move, document order preserved; copy: place duplicates there and leave the layers, as ⌥-dragging a Layers panel row)"##,
+            r##"{"layer":id?| "layers":[id,…]?, "target":id|name,"targetOccurrence":n? (which of several layers named `target`, in document order),"position":"above|below|into"="above","copy":bool=false} (layers: one undoable move, document order preserved; copy: place duplicates there and leave the layers, as ⌥-dragging a Layers panel row; a recorded action keeps the target by name)"##,
             has_layer,
             crate::layer_multi_cmds::move_to
         ),
@@ -1144,7 +1159,7 @@ fn build() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             "Move Layer",
             [],
             None,
-            r##"{"layer":id?,"dx":i32,"dy":i32,"units":"px"|"pt"="px" (pt: points, whole pixels at the document's resolution),"target":"pixels"|"mask"="pixels"} (no layer: every selected layer; linked layers follow; target mask: a layer whose mask is unlinked moves that mask alone, a linked mask moves with the layer)"##,
+            r##"{"layer":id?,"dx":i32,"dy":i32,"units":"px"|"pt"="px" (pt: points, whole pixels at the document's resolution),"target":"pixels"|"mask"="pixels","selection":bool=false} (no layer: every selected layer; linked layers follow; target mask: a layer whose mask is unlinked moves that mask alone, a linked mask moves with the layer; selection: the selection moves too, in the same step)"##,
             has_layer,
             crate::layer_multi_cmds::translate
         ),
@@ -1184,7 +1199,7 @@ fn build() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             "Brush Stroke",
             [],
             None,
-            r##"{"points":[[x,y,pressure?,tiltX?,tiltY?,rotation?,timeMs?,wheel?],…],"brush":{…BrushSettings}?,"preset":name?,"size":0.5..5000 px?,"hardness":0..1?,"opacity":0..1?,"flow":0..1?,"spacing":0..10?,"color":"#rrggbb"?=foreground,"mode":"normal|multiply|screen|…|clear (erases with this brush)"="normal","erase":bool?,"smoothing":0..1?,"zoom":number=1,"seed":u64?,"target":"pixels"|"mask"|"quickMask"|{"channel":i}=Channels panel target}"##,
+            r##"{"points":[[x,y,pressure?,tiltX?,tiltY?,rotation?,timeMs?,wheel?],…],"brush":{…BrushSettings}?,"preset":name?,"size":0.5..5000 px?,"hardness":0..1?,"opacity":0..1?,"flow":0..1?,"spacing":0..10?,"color":"#rrggbb"?=foreground,"mode":"normal|multiply|screen|…|clear (erases with this brush)"="normal","erase":bool?,"smoothing":0..1?,"zoom":number=1,"seed":u64?,"target":"pixels"|"mask"|"filterMask"|"quickMask"|{"channel":i}=Channels panel target}"##,
             has_paintable,
             crate::brush_cmds::paint_stroke
         ),
@@ -1272,12 +1287,33 @@ fn build() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             label: "Activate Document",
             menu: &[],
             shortcut: None,
-            params: r##"{"document":index}"##,
+            params: r##"{"document":index} or {"offset":int} (the open document that many tabs after the active one, before it when negative: a Photoshop action's switch to another document) → {document}"##,
             enabled: has_doc,
             run: |s, p| {
-                let i = p.get("document").and_then(Value::as_u64).ok_or_else(|| bad("document.activate", "missing `document`"))?;
-                let idx = usize::try_from(i).map_err(|_| bad("document.activate", "`document` out of range"))?;
-                if s.set_active(idx) { Ok(Value::Null) } else { Err(EngineError::Other(format!("no document at index {idx}"))) }
+                // A null key counts as omitted.
+                let given = |k: &str| p.get(k).filter(|v| !v.is_null());
+                let idx = match (given("document"), given("offset")) {
+                    (Some(_), Some(_)) => return Err(bad("document.activate", "give `document` or `offset`, not both")),
+                    (None, None) => return Err(bad("document.activate", "needs `document` (a tab index) or `offset`")),
+                    // Past the first or last tab is refused rather than wrapped, so an action that
+                    // copies from one document never silently pastes into the wrong one (#7103).
+                    (None, Some(o)) => {
+                        let o = o.as_i64().ok_or_else(|| bad("document.activate", "`offset` must be an integer"))?;
+                        let (active, len) = (s.active_index().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?, s.documents().len());
+                        let target = i64::try_from(active).ok().and_then(|a| a.checked_add(o)).and_then(|i| usize::try_from(i).ok());
+                        let Some(i) = target.filter(|&i| i < len) else {
+                            let side = if o < 0 { "before" } else { "after" };
+                            let msg = format!("no document {} {side} the active one, which is {} of {len}", o.unsigned_abs(), active + 1);
+                            return Err(EngineError::Other(msg));
+                        };
+                        i
+                    }
+                    (Some(d), None) => {
+                        let i = d.as_u64().ok_or_else(|| bad("document.activate", "`document` must be a tab index"))?;
+                        usize::try_from(i).map_err(|_| bad("document.activate", "`document` out of range"))?
+                    }
+                };
+                if s.set_active(idx) { Ok(json!({"document": idx})) } else { Err(EngineError::Other(format!("no document at index {idx}"))) }
             },
             journal: false,
         },
@@ -1463,6 +1499,7 @@ fn build() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
         });
     }
     v.extend(crate::layer_style::specs());
+    v.extend(crate::contour_lib_cmds::specs());
     v.extend(crate::layer_list_cmds::specs());
     v.extend(crate::filters::specs());
     v.extend(crate::filters_ext::specs());
@@ -1487,6 +1524,7 @@ fn build() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
     v.extend(crate::brush_preset_cmds::specs());
     v.extend(crate::eraser_cmds::specs());
     v.extend(crate::preset_import_cmds::specs());
+    v.extend(crate::style_asl_cmds::specs());
     v.extend(crate::atn_cmds::specs());
     v.extend(crate::actions_edit_cmds::specs());
     v.extend(crate::swatch_cmds::specs());
@@ -1503,6 +1541,7 @@ fn build() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
     v.extend(crate::file_cmds::specs());
     v.extend(crate::exr_cmds::specs());
     v.extend(crate::type_extra_cmds::specs());
+    v.extend(crate::type_area_cmds::specs());
     v.extend(crate::type_styles_cmds::specs());
     v.extend(crate::type_spell_cmds::specs());
     v.extend(crate::type_caret_cmds::specs());
@@ -1510,6 +1549,7 @@ fn build() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
     v.extend(crate::layer_multi_cmds::specs());
     v.extend(crate::layer_copy_cmds::specs());
     v.extend(crate::prefs::specs());
+    v.extend(crate::updates_cmds::specs());
     v.extend(crate::edit_menu_cmds::specs());
     v.extend(crate::fill_key_cmds::specs());
     v.extend(crate::sample_cmds::specs());
@@ -1525,6 +1565,7 @@ fn build() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
     v.extend(crate::adjust_cmds::specs());
     v.extend(crate::layer_menu_cmds::specs());
     v.extend(crate::layer_label_cmds::specs());
+    v.extend(crate::layer_xmp_cmds::specs());
     v.extend(crate::mode_cmds::specs());
     v.extend(crate::multichannel_cmds::specs());
     v.extend(crate::pattern_cmds::specs());
@@ -1613,6 +1654,7 @@ pub fn adjustment_kind(a: &Adjustment) -> &'static str {
         Adjustment::GradientMap { .. } => "gradientMap",
         Adjustment::SelectiveColor { .. } => "selectiveColor",
         Adjustment::ColorLookup { .. } => "colorLookup",
+        Adjustment::Unsupported { .. } => "unsupported",
         _ => "invert",
     }
 }
@@ -1668,6 +1710,7 @@ fn set_mask_with(s: &mut Session, p: &Value, label: &str, mask: Option<LayerMask
     s.edit(label, |doc, _| {
         let mask = mask.clone().map(|mask| mask_at_depth(mask, doc.depth)).transpose()?;
         for id in &ids {
+            check_all_unlocked(doc, *id)?;
             if mask.is_some() {
                 crate::extra_cmds::background_to_layer_for_mask(doc, *id);
             }
@@ -1816,3 +1859,18 @@ mod set_props_tests {
         assert_eq!(layer(&s), (0.0, 1.0));
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod parse_hex_tests {
+    use super::parse_hex;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn signs_and_other_non_hex_characters_are_rejected() {
+        for bad in ["#+f+f+f", "+f+f+f+f", "#-f0000", "#gg0000", "#0f0f+f"] {
+            assert_eq!(parse_hex(bad), None, "{bad:?} is not hex digits");
+        }
+        let g = 15.0 / 255.0;
+        assert_eq!(parse_hex("#0f0f0f"), Some([g, g, g, 1.0]));
+        assert_eq!(parse_hex("#0f0f0fff"), Some([g, g, g, 1.0]));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/comps_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/comps_cmds.rs
index 43a8ec12f0..db239c328f 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/comps_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/comps_cmds.rs
@@ -251,6 +251,27 @@ fn delete(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     Ok(json!({"deleted": id}))
 }
 
+fn reorder(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
+    const CMD: &str = "layerComp.reorder";
+    let doc = &s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?.doc;
+    let id = comp_param(doc, p, CMD)?;
+    let index = p
+        .get("index")
+        .and_then(Value::as_u64)
+        .and_then(|n| usize::try_from(n).ok())
+        .filter(|i| *i < doc.layer_comps.len())
+        .ok_or_else(|| bad(CMD, "index must name a position in the comp list"))?;
+    let from = index_of(doc, id);
+    if from != index {
+        s.edit("Reorder Layer Comp", |doc, _| {
+            let comp = doc.layer_comps.remove(from);
+            doc.layer_comps.insert(index, comp);
+            Ok(())
+        })?;
+    }
+    Ok(json!({"comp": id, "index": index}))
+}
+
 fn duplicate(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     let d = s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?;
     let id = comp_param(&d.doc, p, "layerComp.duplicate")?;
@@ -444,6 +465,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
         spec!("layerComp.previous", "Apply Previous Layer Comp", &[], "{}", has_comps, |s, _| step(s, -1)),
         spec!("layerComp.next", "Apply Next Layer Comp", &[], "{}", has_comps, |s, _| step(s, 1)),
         spec!("layerComp.delete", "Delete Layer Comp", &[], r##"{"comp":id|name?}"##, has_comps, delete),
+        spec!("layerComp.reorder", "Reorder Layer Comp", &[], r##"{"comp":id|name?,"index":integer (zero-based final position)}"##, has_comps, reorder),
         spec!("layerComp.duplicate", "Duplicate Layer Comp", &[], r##"{"comp":id|name?} → {comp}"##, has_comps, duplicate),
         spec!("layerComp.rename", "Rename Layer Comp", &[], r##"{"comp":id|name?,"name":str}"##, has_comps, rename),
         spec!("layerComp.setComment", "Layer Comp Comment", &[], r##"{"comp":id|name?,"comment":str}"##, has_comps, set_comment),
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/comps_cmds/tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/comps_cmds/tests.rs
index d4857ad025..1762bce0a2 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/comps_cmds/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/comps_cmds/tests.rs
@@ -348,6 +348,46 @@ fn clearing_warnings_of_an_unknown_comp_is_an_error() {
     assert_eq!(s.execute("layerComp.updateWarnings", json!({})).unwrap()["count"], 1);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn reorder_comps_preserves_capture_and_applied_state_and_undoes() {
+    let (mut s, _, _) = session(8);
+    for name in ["One", "Two", "Three"] {
+        s.execute("layerComp.new", json!({"name":name})).unwrap();
+    }
+    let before = doc(&s).layer_comps.clone();
+    let applied = doc(&s).last_applied_comp;
+    let steps = s.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+    s.execute("layerComp.reorder", json!({"comp":"One", "index":2})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(doc(&s).layer_comps, vec![before[1].clone(), before[2].clone(), before[0].clone()]);
+    assert_eq!(doc(&s).last_applied_comp, applied);
+    assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps + 1);
+    assert!(s.undo());
+    assert_eq!(doc(&s).layer_comps, before);
+    assert!(s.redo());
+    s.execute("layerComp.reorder", json!({"comp":before[0].id, "index":0})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(doc(&s).layer_comps, before);
+    let steps = s.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+    s.execute("layerComp.reorder", json!({"comp":"One", "index":0})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn reorder_comps_rejects_bad_indices_without_changes() {
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    assert!(!s.is_enabled("layerComp.reorder"));
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width":8, "height":8})).unwrap();
+    assert!(!s.is_enabled("layerComp.reorder"));
+    s.execute("layerComp.new", json!({"name":"Only"})).unwrap();
+    let before = doc(&s).layer_comps.clone();
+    let steps = s.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+    for index in [Value::Null, json!(-1), json!(1), json!(1.5), json!("0"), json!(u64::MAX)] {
+        assert!(s.execute("layerComp.reorder", json!({"index":index})).is_err());
+    }
+    assert!(s.execute("layerComp.reorder", json!({"comp":"Missing", "index":0})).is_err());
+    assert_eq!(doc(&s).layer_comps, before);
+    assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps);
+}
+
 /// Apply Layer Comp is recorded by the comp's name, not its document-local id: played in another
 /// document it applies that document's comp of the name, or stops when there is none (#7181).
 #[test]
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/contour_lib_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/contour_lib_cmds.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..370c4da5cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/engine/src/contour_lib_cmds.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
+//! The user contour library of the Layer Style dialog (`layer.layerStyle.contours.*`).
+//!
+//! Photoshop's Contour Editor "New…" saves the edited curve under a name, and the contour picker
+//! lists those contours after its standard ones (picker menu: Load, Save and Replace Contours).
+//! The library is [`PresetState::contours`](crate::presets::PresetState); like the other preset
+//! sets it lives in the preferences document and changes the preferences, not a document's
+//! history. A user contour is applied to an effect as a `contour` curve object (see
+//! [`contour_param`]); `.shc` files go through `photocraft_psd::shc` (see [`contours_from_shc`]).
+
+use photocraft_doc::Contour;
+use photocraft_doc::adjust::CurvePoint;
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+
+use crate::commands::CommandSpec;
+use crate::layer_style::{builtin_contour, contour_from_param, contour_param, contour_to_shc_all, contours_from_shc};
+use crate::presets::{always, bad, str_param};
+use crate::{Result, Session};
+
+/// Most user contours kept (further ones are refused / dropped on load).
+pub const MAX_USER_CONTOURS: usize = 1000;
+/// Longest contour name kept, in characters.
+pub const MAX_NAME: usize = 255;
+
+fn name_of(c: &Contour) -> &str {
+    match c {
+        Contour::Linear => "Linear",
+        Contour::Custom { name, .. } => name,
+    }
+}
+
+fn clip(s: &str) -> String {
+    s.chars().take(MAX_NAME).collect()
+}
+
+/// `c` as a named custom contour (Linear becomes the identity curve), so it can be stored.
+fn named(c: Contour, name: &str) -> Contour {
+    match c {
+        Contour::Linear => Contour::Custom {
+            name: name.to_string(),
+            points: vec![CurvePoint { input: 0.0, output: 0.0 }, CurvePoint { input: 1.0, output: 1.0 }],
+            corners: Vec::new(),
+        },
+        Contour::Custom { points, corners, .. } => Contour::Custom { name: name.to_string(), points, corners },
+    }
+}
+
+/// `base`, or `base 2`, `base 3`… so a name is neither a standard contour's nor a user contour's
+/// (a name alone selects a standard contour, so a user contour may not shadow one).
+fn unique(lib: &[Contour], base: &str) -> String {
+    let taken = |n: &str| builtin_contour(n).is_some() || lib.iter().any(|c| name_of(c) == n);
+    if !taken(base) {
+        return base.to_string();
+    }
+    (2..).map(|i| format!("{base} {i}")).find(|n| !taken(n)).unwrap_or_else(|| base.to_string())
+}
+
+/// Adds `c` under `name` (made unique); the stored name.
+fn add(lib: &mut Vec<Contour>, c: Contour, name: &str) -> String {
+    let n = unique(lib, &clip(name));
+    lib.push(named(c, &n));
+    n
+}
+
+/// The library as saved with the preferences.
+pub fn to_json(lib: &[Contour]) -> Value {
+    Value::Array(lib.iter().map(contour_param).collect())
+}
+
+/// Restores a saved library, skipping entries that aren't usable contours; never refuses.
+pub fn from_json(v: &Value) -> Vec<Contour> {
+    let mut lib = Vec::new();
+    for e in v.as_array().into_iter().flatten().take(MAX_USER_CONTOURS) {
+        // Entries are curve objects; a bare name would only name a standard contour.
+        if let Some(c) = e.is_object().then(|| contour_from_param(e)).flatten() {
+            add(&mut lib, c.clone(), name_of(&c));
+        }
+    }
+    lib
+}
+
+fn list(s: &mut Session, _: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
+    let lib = &s.presets.contours;
+    Ok(json!({"count": lib.len(), "contours": lib.iter().map(|c| json!({"name": name_of(c), "contour": contour_param(c)})).collect::<Vec<_>>()}))
+}
+
+fn new(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
+    const CMD: &str = "layer.layerStyle.contours.new";
+    let c = contour_from_param(p.get("contour").ok_or_else(|| bad(CMD, "missing `contour` (a standard contour's name or a curve object)"))?)
+        .ok_or_else(|| bad(CMD, "`contour` is not a usable contour (unknown name, or a curve with fewer than 2 or more than 64 points)"))?;
+    if s.presets.contours.len() >= MAX_USER_CONTOURS {
+        return Err(bad(CMD, format!("the contour library is full ({MAX_USER_CONTOURS} contours)")));
+    }
+    let name = match p.get("name") {
+        None | Some(Value::Null) => format!("Contour {}", s.presets.contours.len() + 1),
+        Some(Value::String(n)) if !n.trim().is_empty() => n.trim().to_string(),
+        Some(_) => return Err(bad(CMD, "`name` must be a non-empty string")),
+    };
+    let name = add(&mut s.presets.contours, c, &name);
+    s.presets_changed();
+    let contour = s.presets.contours.last().map(contour_param).unwrap_or(Value::Null);
+    Ok(json!({"name": name, "contour": contour, "count": s.presets.contours.len()}))
+}
+
+fn delete(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
+    const CMD: &str = "layer.layerStyle.contours.delete";
+    let name = str_param(p, "name").ok_or_else(|| bad(CMD, "missing `name`"))?;
+    let at = s
+        .presets
+        .contours
+        .iter()
+        .position(|c| name_of(c) == name)
+        .ok_or_else(|| bad(CMD, format!("no user contour \"{name}\" (see layer.layerStyle.contours.list)")))?;
+    s.presets.contours.remove(at);
+    s.presets_changed();
+    Ok(json!({"deleted": name, "count": s.presets.contours.len()}))
+}
+
+fn load(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
+    const CMD: &str = "layer.layerStyle.contours.load";
+    let replace = match str_param(p, "mode") {
+        None | Some("append") => false,
+        Some("replace") => true,
+        Some(m) => return Err(bad(CMD, format!("unknown mode `{m}` (append|replace)"))),
+    };
+    let (bytes, _) = crate::preset_import_cmds::file_bytes(p, CMD, ".shc file")?;
+    let found = contours_from_shc(&bytes)?;
+    let loaded: Vec<Contour> = found.iter().filter_map(contour_from_param).collect();
+    if loaded.is_empty() {
+        return Err(bad(CMD, "the file holds no usable contours"));
+    }
+    let mut lib = if replace { Vec::new() } else { s.presets.contours.clone() };
+    let mut names = Vec::new();
+    for c in loaded {
+        if lib.len() >= MAX_USER_CONTOURS {
+            break;
+        }
+        let n = name_of(&c).to_string();
+        names.push(add(&mut lib, c, &n));
+    }
+    s.presets.contours = lib;
+    s.presets_changed();
+    Ok(json!({"loaded": names, "count": s.presets.contours.len(), "skipped": found.len() - names.len()}))
+}
+
+fn save(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
+    const CMD: &str = "layer.layerStyle.contours.save";
+    let lib: Vec<&Contour> = match p.get("names") {
+        None | Some(Value::Null) => s.presets.contours.iter().collect(),
+        Some(Value::Array(a)) => {
+            let mut v = Vec::new();
+            for n in a {
+                let n = n.as_str().ok_or_else(|| bad(CMD, "`names` must be strings"))?;
+                v.push(s.presets.contours.iter().find(|c| name_of(c) == n).ok_or_else(|| bad(CMD, format!("no user contour \"{n}\"")))?);
+            }
+            v
+        }
+        Some(_) => return Err(bad(CMD, "`names` must be a list of contour names")),
+    };
+    if lib.is_empty() {
+        return Err(bad(CMD, "there are no user contours to save"));
+    }
+    let bytes = contour_to_shc_all(&lib)?;
+    let mut out = json!({"count": lib.len(), "bytes": bytes.len()});
+    match str_param(p, "path") {
+        Some(path) => {
+            crate::file_cmds::write_file(path, &bytes)?;
+            out["path"] = json!(path);
+        }
+        None => out["data"] = json!(photocraft_paint::tile::b64_encode(&bytes)),
+    }
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+/// Contour library command specs.
+pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
+    vec![
+        CommandSpec {
+            id: "layer.layerStyle.contours.list",
+            label: "List User Contours",
+            menu: &[],
+            shortcut: None,
+            params: "{} → {count, contours:[{name, contour: curve object usable as any `contour` param}]}",
+            enabled: always,
+            run: list,
+            journal: false,
+        },
+        CommandSpec {
+            id: "layer.layerStyle.contours.new",
+            label: "New Contour…",
+            menu: &[],
+            shortcut: None,
+            params: r##"{"contour":name|{"name":str,"points":[[in 0..1,out 0..1],…],"corners":[bool,…]},"name":str?="Contour N"} → {name (made unique, never a standard contour's name), contour, count} (Contour Editor › New…)"##,
+            enabled: always,
+            run: new,
+            journal: true,
+        },
+        CommandSpec {
+            id: "layer.layerStyle.contours.delete",
+            label: "Delete Contour",
+            menu: &[],
+            shortcut: None,
+            params: r##"{"name":str} → {deleted, count}"##,
+            enabled: always,
+            run: delete,
+            journal: true,
+        },
+        CommandSpec {
+            id: "layer.layerStyle.contours.load",
+            label: "Load Contours…",
+            menu: &[],
+            shortcut: None,
+            params: r##"{"path":".shc file"?,"data":base64 bytes?,"mode":"append"|"replace"="append"} → {loaded, count, skipped} (picker menu: Load Contours… / Replace Contours…)"##,
+            enabled: always,
+            run: load,
+            journal: true,
+        },
+        CommandSpec {
+            id: "layer.layerStyle.contours.save",
+            label: "Save Contours…",
+            menu: &[],
+            shortcut: None,
+            params: r##"{"path":".shc file"?,"names":[str]?=all} → {count, bytes, path | data (base64 when no path)}"##,
+            enabled: always,
+            run: save,
+            journal: false,
+        },
+    ]
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn curve(name: &str) -> Value {
+        json!({"name": name, "points": [[0.0, 0.0], [0.3, 0.9], [1.0, 1.0]], "corners": [false, true, false]})
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn new_save_load_round_trips_and_names_stay_unique() {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        let r = new(&mut s, &json!({"contour": curve("x"), "name": "Ramp"})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(r["name"], "Ramp");
+        // A standard contour's name can't be shadowed; repeats get a suffix.
+        assert_eq!(new(&mut s, &json!({"contour": curve("x"), "name": "Cone"})).unwrap()["name"], "Cone 2");
+        assert_eq!(new(&mut s, &json!({"contour": "Ring", "name": "Ramp"})).unwrap()["name"], "Ramp 2");
+        let saved = save(&mut s, &json!({})).unwrap();
+        let data = saved["data"].clone();
+        assert_eq!(saved["count"], 3);
+        // Replace swaps the library for the file's contours; the curve and its corner survive.
+        delete(&mut s, &json!({"name": "Ramp"})).unwrap();
+        let r = load(&mut s, &json!({"data": data, "mode": "replace"})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(r["count"], 3);
+        let c = contour_from_param(&list(&mut s, &json!({})).unwrap()["contours"][0]["contour"]).unwrap();
+        assert!(c.is_corner(1));
+        // Appending the same file again keeps every name unique.
+        let r = load(&mut s, &json!({"data": data})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(r["count"], 6);
+        let names: std::collections::HashSet<_> = s.presets.contours.iter().map(|c| name_of(c).to_string()).collect();
+        assert_eq!(names.len(), 6);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn library_persists_with_the_presets() {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        new(&mut s, &json!({"contour": curve("x"), "name": "Mine"})).unwrap();
+        let saved = s.presets.to_json(&s);
+        let mut t = Session::new();
+        t.load_presets_json(saved);
+        assert_eq!(t.presets.contours.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(name_of(&t.presets.contours[0]), "Mine");
+        assert_eq!(t.presets.contours, s.presets.contours);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn bad_params_are_errors_not_panics() {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        for p in
+            [json!({}), json!({"contour": 5}), json!({"contour": "Nope"}), json!({"contour": {"points": [[0, 0]]}}), json!({"contour": curve("x"), "name": 3})]
+        {
+            assert!(new(&mut s, &p).is_err(), "{p}");
+        }
+        assert!(delete(&mut s, &json!({"name": "ghost"})).is_err());
+        assert!(delete(&mut s, &json!({})).is_err());
+        assert!(save(&mut s, &json!({})).is_err(), "empty library");
+        new(&mut s, &json!({"contour": curve("x"), "name": "Existing"})).unwrap();
+        let before = s.presets.contours.clone();
+        for p in [
+            json!({}),
+            json!({"data": 3}),
+            json!({"data": "!!"}),
+            json!({"data": "AAAA"}),
+            json!({"data": "AAAA", "mode": "replace"}),
+            json!({"data": "AAAA", "mode": "x"}),
+            json!({"path": "/nonexistent/x.shc"}),
+        ] {
+            assert!(load(&mut s, &p).is_err(), "{p}");
+            assert_eq!(s.presets.contours, before, "{p}");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(s.presets.contours, before);
+        let big = from_json(&json!([{"points": [[0, 0]]}, "Ring", 7, {"name": "Cone", "points": [[0, 0], [1, 1]]}]));
+        assert_eq!(big.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(name_of(&big[0]), "Cone 2");
+    }
+    #[test]
+    fn malformed_persisted_library_keeps_existing_contours() {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        new(&mut s, &json!({"contour": curve("x"), "name": "Existing"})).unwrap();
+        let before = s.presets.contours.clone();
+        for value in [json!(null), json!(3), json!("bad"), json!({})] {
+            s.load_presets_json(json!({"contours": value}));
+            assert_eq!(s.presets.contours, before);
+        }
+        s.load_presets_json(json!({"contours": []}));
+        assert!(s.presets.contours.is_empty());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/crop_fill.rs b/crates/engine/src/crop_fill.rs
index 6ef0698cea..339da83ce9 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/crop_fill.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/crop_fill.rs
@@ -8,9 +8,15 @@
 //! layers keep their transparency there, as after a plain crop. Each connected piece of the
 //! uncovered area (each corner, each edge strip) is filled on its own, with Photoshop's sampling
 //! window around that piece, and only pixels the image covers are sampled.
+//!
+//! Pixels an earlier crop with Delete Cropped Pixels off hid past the canvas edges are still the
+//! layer's. Under a turned frame they count as covered, so they are kept (and sampled) rather than
+//! filled over; a straight crop fills all of the area past the old canvas, them included, as
+//! Photoshop does (#8060).
 
 use photocraft_doc::{Document, LayerId};
 use photocraft_geom::Rect;
+use photocraft_raster::Surface;
 use rayon::prelude::*;
 
 use crate::{EngineError, Result};
@@ -22,7 +28,7 @@ const SEED: u64 = 1;
 const MAX_PIXELS: u64 = 400_000_000;
 
 /// Where the cropped canvas came from in the original document.
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub(crate) struct Coverage {
     /// Cropped canvas → original document: `[a, b, c, d, e, f]` with
     /// `x = a·u + b·v + e`, `y = c·u + d·v + f`.
@@ -32,12 +38,23 @@ pub(crate) struct Coverage {
     pub height: f64,
     /// Whether the map rotates (its resampled edge is antialiased against the background colour).
     pub rotated: bool,
+    /// The filled layer's pixels before a turned crop (original document px), set by
+    /// [`Coverage::holding`]: where they lie past the old canvas they are hidden image, not
+    /// uncovered area. A straight crop has none: Photoshop fills over hidden pixels there.
+    pub held: Option<Surface>,
 }
 
 impl Coverage {
     /// An unrotated crop to `r` (original document px).
     pub fn crop(r: Rect, width: u32, height: u32) -> Self {
-        Coverage { map: [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, f64::from(r.x0), f64::from(r.y0)], width: f64::from(width), height: f64::from(height), rotated: false }
+        Coverage { map: [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, f64::from(r.x0), f64::from(r.y0)], width: f64::from(width), height: f64::from(height), rotated: false, held: None }
+    }
+
+    /// Takes the pixels of the layer the fill will go to from `doc` before a turned crop (the
+    /// surface is shared, not copied), so hidden pixels past the old canvas count as covered.
+    pub fn holding(mut self, doc: &Document, active: Option<LayerId>) -> Self {
+        self.held = target_layer(doc, active).ok().and_then(|id| doc.layer(id)).and_then(|l| l.surface()).cloned();
+        self
     }
 
     /// Whether the cropped canvas's pixel (u, v) is the original image's: its centre maps inside
@@ -48,7 +65,27 @@ impl Coverage {
         let [a, b, c, d, e, f] = self.map;
         let (cu, cv) = (f64::from(u) + 0.5, f64::from(v) + 0.5);
         let (x, y) = (a * cu + b * cv + e, c * cu + d * cv + f);
-        x >= margin && y >= margin && x <= self.width - margin && y <= self.height - margin
+        (x >= margin && y >= margin && x <= self.width - margin && y <= self.height - margin) || self.holds(x, y)
+    }
+
+    /// Whether the layer held an image pixel at original document point (x, y) past the canvas
+    /// (#8060): mostly opaque there and one pixel around it too (the turned edge is blended with
+    /// the background colour, as at the canvas edge). Without an alpha channel
+    /// hidden pixels can't be told from empty ones: nothing is held.
+    fn holds(&self, x: f64, y: f64) -> bool {
+        let Some(surf) = &self.held else { return false };
+        let format = surf.format();
+        if !(format.alpha && x.is_finite() && y.is_finite()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let a = surf.channels().saturating_sub(1);
+        let at = |x: f64, y: f64| {
+            let (fx, fy) = (x.floor(), y.floor());
+            let limit = f64::from(i32::MAX);
+            fx.abs() < limit && fy.abs() < limit && surf.sample_channel(fx as i32, fy as i32, a) > 0.5
+        };
+        const ROUND: [(f64, f64); 5] = [(0.0, 0.0), (-1.0, 0.0), (1.0, 0.0), (0.0, -1.0), (0.0, 1.0)];
+        ROUND.iter().all(|&(dx, dy)| at(x + dx, y + dy))
     }
 
     fn margin(&self) -> f64 {
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/cutout_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/cutout_cmds.rs
index 2f6e2b70b5..3984bc27a8 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/cutout_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/cutout_cmds.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 use photocraft_algo::matting::{self, RefineParams};
 use photocraft_algo::segment::subject;
 use photocraft_doc::{Document, Layer, LayerContent, LayerMask};
+use photocraft_geom::Rect;
 use serde_json::{Value, json};
 
 use crate::commands::{CommandSpec, layer_param};
@@ -35,21 +36,32 @@ fn enabled(s: &Session) -> std::result::Result<(), String> {
     check(&d.doc, crate::active_layer_of(s)?)
 }
 
+/// Where the subject is looked for: the layer's own pixels within the canvas. A photo that
+/// doesn't fill the canvas (placed, or the canvas grown) would otherwise stand out from the
+/// empty canvas around it as the subject, and the mask would reveal its whole rectangle, which a
+/// Stroke then outlines (#8235). The whole canvas when sampling all layers.
+fn subject_area(l: &Layer, canvas: Rect, sample_all: bool) -> Rect {
+    let Some(s) = l.surface().filter(|_| !sample_all) else { return canvas };
+    let empty_around = s.format().alpha && s.default_pixel().last().is_some_and(|a| *a <= 0.0);
+    let b = s.content_bounds().intersect(&canvas);
+    if empty_around && !b.is_empty() { b } else { canvas }
+}
+
 fn run(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     let id = layer_param(s, p)?;
     let doc = &s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?.doc;
-    check(doc, doc.layer(id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(id))?).map_err(EngineError::Other)?;
+    let layer = doc.layer(id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(id))?;
+    check(doc, layer).map_err(EngineError::Other)?;
     let sample_all = p.get("sampleAllLayers").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(false);
     let refine = p.get("refine").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(true);
+    let area = subject_area(layer, doc.bounds(), sample_all);
     crate::jobs::edit_job(
         s,
         "Remove Background",
         move |doc, _, ctx| {
             // Cancel reaches the min cuts inside Select Subject, so Esc doesn't wait for them.
             let found = ctx
-                .stage(0.1, 0.6, "Finding subject", |ctl| {
-                    with_doc_sampler(doc, Some(id), sample_all, |smp, d| subject::select_subject_with(smp, d.bounds(), ctl))
-                })
+                .stage(0.1, 0.6, "Finding subject", |ctl| with_doc_sampler(doc, Some(id), sample_all, |smp, _| subject::select_subject_with(smp, area, ctl)))
                 .map_err(|_| EngineError::Cancelled)?;
             let mut region = found.ok_or_else(|| EngineError::Other("no subject found".into()))?;
             if ctx.cancelled() {
@@ -57,8 +69,8 @@ fn run(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
             }
             if refine {
                 ctx.progress(0.6, "Refining edge");
-                let refined = with_doc_sampler(doc, Some(id), sample_all, |smp, d| {
-                    matting::refine_mask(smp, &matting::region_reader(&region), region.bbox, d.bounds(), &REFINE)
+                let refined = with_doc_sampler(doc, Some(id), sample_all, |smp, _| {
+                    matting::refine_mask(smp, &matting::region_reader(&region), region.bbox, area, &REFINE)
                 });
                 region = refined.unwrap_or(region);
                 if ctx.cancelled() {
@@ -66,7 +78,8 @@ fn run(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
                 }
             }
             crate::extra_cmds::background_to_layer_for_mask(doc, id);
-            doc.layer_mut(id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(id))?.mask = Some(LayerMask { surface: matting::region_surface(&region), ..LayerMask::reveal_all() });
+            let mask = crate::commands::mask_at_depth(LayerMask { surface: matting::region_surface(&region), ..LayerMask::reveal_all() }, doc.depth)?;
+            doc.layer_mut(id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(id))?.mask = Some(mask);
             doc.selection = None;
             let b = region.bbox;
             Ok([b.x0, b.y0, b.width() as i32, b.height() as i32])
@@ -94,7 +107,6 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use photocraft_algo::segment::Rng;
     use photocraft_doc::LayerId;
-    use photocraft_geom::Rect;
 
     fn session_with(w: u32, h: u32, depth: u32, px: impl Fn(u32, u32) -> [f32; 3]) -> Session {
         let mut s = Session::new();
@@ -287,4 +299,42 @@ mod tests {
         let masks = s.active().unwrap().doc.walk().into_iter().filter(|(_, _, l)| l.mask.is_some()).count();
         assert_eq!(masks, 1);
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn remove_background_on_a_layer_smaller_than_the_canvas_masks_the_subject_not_the_layer() {
+        // The photo doesn't fill the canvas (a placed photo, or the canvas grown): the empty
+        // canvas around it is not the background, and a Stroke must not outline the photo's
+        // rectangle (#8235).
+        for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
+            let (mut s, inside) = disc(depth);
+            s.execute("layer.new.layerFromBackground", json!({})).unwrap();
+            s.execute("image.canvasSize", json!({"width": 260, "height": 220, "anchor": "center"})).unwrap();
+            let id = active_id(&s);
+            s.execute(CMD, json!({})).unwrap();
+            // The photo now sits at (30, 30).
+            let v = mask_iou(&s, 260, 220, |x, y| inside(x - 30, y - 30));
+            assert!(v >= 0.75, "depth {depth}: IoU {v}");
+            for (x, y) in [(31, 31), (228, 31), (31, 188), (228, 188), (40, 110)] {
+                assert!(mask_cov(&s, x, y) < 0.2, "depth {depth}: photo background at ({x}, {y}) revealed");
+            }
+            s.edit("stroke", |doc, _| {
+                let l = doc.layer_mut(id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(id))?;
+                l.effects.items = vec![photocraft_doc::Effect::Stroke(photocraft_doc::StrokeFx {
+                    common: photocraft_doc::FxCommon::new(photocraft_color::BlendMode::Normal, 1.0),
+                    size: 3.0,
+                    position: photocraft_doc::StrokePosition::Outside,
+                    paint: photocraft_doc::FxPaint::Color(photocraft_color::Color::rgb(0.0, 0.0, 1.0)),
+                    overprint: false,
+                })];
+                Ok(())
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+            let img = photocraft_compose::render(&s.active().unwrap().doc, Rect::new(0, 0, 260, 220));
+            // Just outside the photo's left edge, and just inside it: no stroke.
+            for x in [27, 28, 29, 30, 31] {
+                let a = img.px[110 * 260 + x][3];
+                assert!(a < 0.05, "depth {depth}: stroke along the layer's edge at x = {x} (alpha {a})");
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/doc_path/tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/doc_path/tests.rs
index 1881860ae1..1c9bc88874 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/doc_path/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/doc_path/tests.rs
@@ -255,3 +255,96 @@ fn data_sets_and_footage_read_only_followed_files() {
     assert!(err.contains("is not opened: the path is on another computer"), "{err}");
     footage(&mut s, "blue.png").unwrap();
 }
+
+/// A link to a file PhotoCraft can't place (a text or settings file) is never embedded: a saved
+/// PSD would otherwise carry bytes no reader can show as the layer's contents. The layer is
+/// written as pixels; Convert to Embedded and Relink refuse.
+#[test]
+fn links_to_files_that_are_not_images_are_never_embedded() {
+    const TEXT: &[u8] = b"plain text, not an image
+photocraft-text-marker
+";
+    let d = dir("not-image");
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(d.join("notes")).unwrap();
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(d.join("Downloads")).unwrap();
+    std::fs::write(d.join("notes").join("readme"), TEXT).unwrap();
+    std::fs::write(d.join("Downloads").join(".settings"), TEXT).unwrap();
+    png(&d.join("red.png"), |_| [255, 0, 0]);
+    let (mut s, id) = document(&d, &d.join("red.png"));
+    s.active_mut().unwrap().path = Some(d.join("Downloads").join("doc.pcraft").to_string_lossy().into_owned());
+    let has_text = |bytes: &[u8]| bytes.windows(TEXT.len()).any(|w| w == TEXT);
+    for (n, path) in ["../notes/readme", ".settings"].into_iter().enumerate() {
+        relink(&mut s, id, path);
+        for ext in ["psd", "psb", "tif"] {
+            let out = d.join(format!("copy{n}.{ext}"));
+            let r = s.execute("file.saveACopy", json!({"path": out.to_string_lossy(), "tiffLayers": true})).unwrap();
+            assert!(!has_text(&std::fs::read(&out).unwrap()), "{path} embedded in the {ext}: {r}");
+            let warnings = r["warnings"].to_string();
+            assert!(warnings.contains("written as pixels"), "{path} {ext}: {warnings}");
+        }
+        assert!(s.execute("layer.smartObjects.convertToEmbedded", json!({"layer": id.0})).is_err(), "{path}");
+        let abs = d.join("notes").join("readme");
+        assert!(s.execute("layer.smartObjects.relinkToFile", json!({"layer": id.0, "path": abs.to_string_lossy()})).is_err(), "{path}");
+    }
+}
+
+/// Duplicates share their contents identity, so a linked and an embedded copy of the same bytes
+/// meet in the export's conversion cache: each keeps its own rule, whichever is written first.
+#[test]
+fn a_linked_and_an_embedded_copy_of_the_same_bytes_keep_their_own_rule() {
+    const TEXT: &[u8] = b"plain text, not an image
+photocraft-shared-marker
+";
+    let d = dir("shared-contents");
+    std::fs::write(d.join("readme"), TEXT).unwrap();
+    png(&d.join("red.png"), |_| [255, 0, 0]);
+    let (mut s, linked) = document(&d, &d.join("red.png"));
+    s.execute("layer.duplicate", json!({})).unwrap();
+    let embedded = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+    assert_ne!(linked, embedded);
+    relink(&mut s, linked, "readme");
+    s.edit("Embed", |doc, _| {
+        if let Some(LayerContent::Smart(sm)) = doc.layer_mut(embedded).map(|l| &mut l.content) {
+            sm.source = SmartSource::Embedded { file_name: "readme".into(), bytes: std::sync::Arc::new(TEXT.to_vec()) };
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+    for ext in ["psd", "psb", "tif"] {
+        let out = d.join(format!("copy.{ext}"));
+        let r = s.execute("file.saveACopy", json!({"path": out.to_string_lossy(), "tiffLayers": true})).unwrap();
+        let bytes = std::fs::read(&out).unwrap();
+        let copies = bytes.windows(TEXT.len()).filter(|w| *w == TEXT).count();
+        assert_eq!(copies, 1, "{ext}: only the embedded copy is kept: {r}");
+        assert!(r["warnings"].to_string().contains("written as pixels"), "{ext}: {r}");
+    }
+}
+
+/// Package copies only linked files PhotoCraft can open: a link to a text file is listed as
+/// missing and no copy of it is written into the package's Links folder.
+#[test]
+fn package_copies_only_links_to_images() {
+    const TEXT: &[u8] = b"plain text, not an image
+photocraft-package-marker
+";
+    let d = dir("package-not-image");
+    std::fs::write(d.join("readme"), TEXT).unwrap();
+    png(&d.join("red.png"), |_| [255, 0, 0]);
+    let (mut s, id) = document(&d, &d.join("red.png"));
+    relink(&mut s, id, "readme");
+    let pkg = d.join("pkg");
+    let r = s.execute("file.package", json!({"dir": pkg.to_string_lossy()}));
+    let copies: Vec<_> = walkdir(&pkg).into_iter().filter(|f| std::fs::read(f).is_ok_and(|b| b == TEXT)).collect();
+    assert!(copies.is_empty(), "copied into the package: {copies:?} ({r:?})");
+    let r = r.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r["missing"], json!(["readme"]), "{r}");
+}
+
+fn walkdir(d: &Path) -> Vec<PathBuf> {
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    for e in std::fs::read_dir(d).into_iter().flatten().flatten() {
+        let p = e.path();
+        if p.is_dir() { out.extend(walkdir(&p)) } else { out.push(p) }
+    }
+    out
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/document_preset_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/document_preset_cmds.rs
index e65856951b..9930b2fe31 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/document_preset_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/document_preset_cmds.rs
@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@ pub(crate) fn validate_new_params(s: &Session, p: &Value) -> Result<()> {
                 continue;
             }
             "name" => (value.is_string(), "a string".into()),
+            "artboard" => (value.is_boolean(), "true or false".into()),
             "profile" => (value.as_str().is_some_and(|v| !v.is_empty()), "working, a built-in profile id or an .icc path".into()),
             _ => return Err(bad(cmd, format!("unknown parameter `{key}`"))),
         };
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/edit_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/edit_cmds.rs
index aa2ce627f7..4631cbae75 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/edit_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/edit_cmds.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, PixelFormat};
 use photocraft_doc::adjust::LevelsChannel;
-use photocraft_doc::{Adjustment, Document, Layer, LayerContent, LayerId};
+use photocraft_doc::{Adjustment, DocId, Document, Layer, LayerContent, LayerId};
 use photocraft_geom::Rect;
 use photocraft_raster::Surface;
 use serde_json::{Value, json};
@@ -31,6 +31,9 @@ pub struct Clip {
     /// The source document's resolution (ppi): File › New from the clipboard takes it, as
     /// Photoshop's Clipboard preset does. None for an image from another app.
     pub resolution: Option<f32>,
+    /// The document the pixels were copied from: Paste keeps them in place only there, and
+    /// centres them in any other (#8945). None for an image from another app.
+    pub source: Option<DocId>,
 }
 
 /// Photoshop's layer-based copy (CC 2018 on): with no selection, Copy takes the active layer
@@ -195,7 +198,7 @@ fn lift(src: &Surface, sel: Option<&Surface>, canvas: Rect) -> Result<Clip> {
     };
     let mut out = Surface::new(with_alpha);
     if area.is_empty() {
-        return Ok(Clip { surface: out, bounds: Rect::EMPTY, layers: None, resolution: None });
+        return Ok(Clip { surface: out, bounds: Rect::EMPTY, layers: None, resolution: None, source: None });
     }
     // Only the selected area is read: converting the whole layer (a 24 MP Background gaining
     // alpha) cost about a second per Layer via Copy (#668).
@@ -217,7 +220,7 @@ fn lift(src: &Surface, sel: Option<&Surface>, canvas: Rect) -> Result<Clip> {
     out.put_tiles(shared);
     out.prune();
     let bounds = out.content_bounds();
-    Ok(Clip { surface: out, bounds, layers: None, resolution: None })
+    Ok(Clip { surface: out, bounds, layers: None, resolution: None, source: None })
 }
 
 /// [`lift`] over one rectangle: `src`'s pixels with alpha (`n` channels), the selection
@@ -299,20 +302,23 @@ fn copy(s: &mut Session, merged: bool) -> Result<Value> {
         return Err(EngineError::Other("Could not copy: the selected area is empty".into()));
     }
     let b = clip.bounds;
-    let clip = Clip { resolution: Some(d.doc.resolution_dpi), ..clip };
+    let clip = Clip { resolution: Some(d.doc.resolution_dpi), source: Some(d.doc.id), ..clip };
     s.clipboard = Some(clip);
     Ok(json!({"bounds": [b.x0, b.y0, b.width(), b.height()]}))
 }
 
-/// Copy with the layer mask targeted (`"target":"mask"`, #2928): the mask's values as a
+/// Copy the targeted layer mask (`"target":"mask"`, #2928) or smart-filter mask
+/// (`"target":"filterMask"`): the mask's values as a
 /// grayscale clip, inside the selection or the whole canvas — an untouched mask copies at its
 /// default value, so a plain Reveal All / Hide All mask transfers too. Paste then writes into
 /// another layer's mask (targeted, #1035), in this or another document.
-fn copy_mask(s: &mut Session) -> Result<Value> {
+fn copy_mask(s: &mut Session, filter: bool) -> Result<Value> {
     let d = s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?;
     let canvas = d.doc.bounds();
     let id = d.active_layer.ok_or_else(|| EngineError::Other("no active layer".into()))?;
-    let mask = d.doc.layer(id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(id))?.mask.as_ref().ok_or_else(|| EngineError::Other("the active layer has no layer mask".into()))?;
+    let layer = d.doc.layer(id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(id))?;
+    let mask = crate::mask_view_cmds::viewed_mask(layer, filter)
+        .ok_or_else(|| EngineError::Other(if filter { "the active layer has no filter mask" } else { "the active layer has no layer mask" }.into()))?;
     let sel = d.doc.selection.as_ref();
     let area = sel.map_or(canvas, |m| m.content_bounds().intersect(&canvas));
     if area.is_empty() {
@@ -342,9 +348,9 @@ fn copy_mask(s: &mut Session) -> Result<Value> {
         return Err(EngineError::Other("Could not copy: the selected area is empty".into()));
     }
     let b = bounds;
-    let resolution = Some(d.doc.resolution_dpi);
-    s.clipboard = Some(Clip { surface, bounds: b, layers: None, resolution });
-    Ok(json!({"bounds": [b.x0, b.y0, b.width(), b.height()], "target": "mask"}))
+    let (resolution, source) = (Some(d.doc.resolution_dpi), Some(d.doc.id));
+    s.clipboard = Some(Clip { surface, bounds: b, layers: None, resolution, source });
+    Ok(json!({"bounds": [b.x0, b.y0, b.width(), b.height()], "target": if filter { "filterMask" } else { "mask" }}))
 }
 
 fn clear_selected(doc: &mut Document, id: LayerId, background: [f32; 4]) -> Result<()> {
@@ -387,7 +393,7 @@ fn paste(s: &mut Session, p: &Value, in_place: bool) -> Result<Value> {
     }
     let canvas = d.doc.bounds();
     let fmt = d.doc.pixel_format();
-    let (dx, dy) = paste_offset(&clip, canvas, p, in_place);
+    let (dx, dy) = paste_offset(&clip, d.doc.id, canvas, p, in_place);
     if let Some(layers) = clip.layers.as_deref().filter(|_| crate::layer_copy_cmds::layered(d.doc.mode)) {
         return paste_layers(s, layers, dx, dy);
     }
@@ -416,7 +422,7 @@ fn paste_layers(s: &mut Session, layers: &Document, dx: i32, dy: i32) -> Result<
         *l = l.duplicate();
     }
     crate::layer_copy_cmds::adapt_copies(s, &mut copies, &d.doc)?;
-    crate::layer_copy_cmds::translate_copies(&mut copies, dx, dy);
+    crate::layer_copy_cmds::translate_copies(&mut copies, &d.doc, dx, dy);
     let patterns: Vec<_> = copies.patterns.iter().filter(|pat| !d.doc.patterns.iter().any(|q| q.id == pat.id)).cloned().collect();
     // A copied smart object may name a PSD-embedded linked file; land its `lnk` block too (#3584).
     let mut linked = Vec::new();
@@ -450,15 +456,36 @@ fn paste_layers(s: &mut Session, layers: &Document, dx: i32, dy: i32) -> Result<
 
 /// How far a paste moves the clipboard pixels: not at all in place (or when they lie on the
 /// canvas and no `center` is given), else onto `center` (the view centre from the UI) or the
-/// canvas centre.
-pub(crate) fn paste_offset(clip: &Clip, canvas: Rect, p: &Value, in_place: bool) -> (i32, i32) {
-    if in_place || (clip.bounds.intersect(&canvas) == clip.bounds && p.get("center").is_none()) {
+/// canvas centre, then kept on the canvas as Photoshop keeps it: pixels that fit stay wholly
+/// inside, larger ones start at the canvas's top-left corner (#6759). `"clampToCanvas": false`
+/// skips that, for Paste Into / Outside, which centre on the selection.
+pub(crate) fn paste_offset(clip: &Clip, doc: DocId, canvas: Rect, p: &Value, in_place: bool) -> (i32, i32) {
+    let home = clip.source == Some(doc);
+    if in_place || (home && clip.bounds.intersect(&canvas) == clip.bounds && p.get("center").is_none()) {
         return (0, 0);
     }
     let c = p.get("center").and_then(Value::as_array).filter(|a| a.len() >= 2).map(|a| (a[0].as_f64().unwrap_or(0.0), a[1].as_f64().unwrap_or(0.0)));
-    let (cx, cy) = c.unwrap_or(((canvas.x0 + canvas.x1) as f64 / 2.0, (canvas.y0 + canvas.y1) as f64 / 2.0));
+    let (cx, cy) = c.unwrap_or((mid(canvas.x0, canvas.x1), mid(canvas.y0, canvas.y1)));
     let b = clip.bounds;
-    ((cx - (b.x0 + b.x1) as f64 / 2.0).round() as i32, (cy - (b.y0 + b.y1) as f64 / 2.0).round() as i32)
+    let (dx, dy) = ((cx - mid(b.x0, b.x1)).round(), (cy - mid(b.y0, b.y1)).round());
+    if p.get("clampToCanvas").and_then(Value::as_bool) == Some(false) || b.is_empty() {
+        return (dx as i32, dy as i32);
+    }
+    (clamp_shift(dx, b.x0, b.x1, canvas.x0, canvas.x1), clamp_shift(dy, b.y0, b.y1, canvas.y0, canvas.y1))
+}
+
+/// The midpoint of `a..b`, each edge converted before adding so extreme coordinates can't overflow.
+fn mid(a: i32, b: i32) -> f64 {
+    (f64::from(a) + f64::from(b)) / 2.0
+}
+
+/// Shift `d` of the span `b0..b1` along one axis, changed as little as needed to keep the span
+/// inside `c0..c1` when it fits; a span longer than the canvas starts at `c0`.
+fn clamp_shift(d: f64, b0: i32, b1: i32, c0: i32, c1: i32) -> i32 {
+    let (b0, b1, c0, c1) = (i64::from(b0), i64::from(b1), i64::from(c0), i64::from(c1));
+    // `as` saturates a NaN or out-of-range shift, then the clamp brings it into range.
+    let start = if b1 - b0 <= c1 - c0 { b0.saturating_add(d as i64).clamp(c0, c1 - (b1 - b0)) } else { c0 };
+    i32::try_from(start - b0).unwrap_or(if start > b0 { i32::MAX } else { i32::MIN })
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn shifted(surface: &Surface, dx: i32, dy: i32) -> Surface {
@@ -475,7 +502,7 @@ pub(crate) fn paste_to_target(s: &mut Session, p: &Value, in_place: bool, limit:
     let d = s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?;
     let canvas = d.doc.bounds();
     let layer = d.active_layer;
-    let (dx, dy) = paste_offset(&clip, canvas, p, in_place);
+    let (dx, dy) = paste_offset(&clip, d.doc.id, canvas, p, in_place);
     let src = shifted(&clip.surface, dx, dy);
     let area = src.content_bounds().intersect(&canvas);
     s.edit(label, |doc, _| {
@@ -695,7 +722,7 @@ fn auto_adjust(s: &mut Session, kind: &str) -> Result<Value> {
         let sel = doc.selection.clone();
         let mode = doc.mode;
         let surf = crate::commands::paint_surface(doc, id, &Value::Null)?;
-        crate::pixels::adjust_surface(surf, &adj, sel.as_ref(), mode);
+        crate::pixels::adjust_surface(surf, &adj, sel.as_ref(), mode).map_err(EngineError::Other)?;
         Ok(())
     })?;
     Ok(Value::Null)
@@ -975,11 +1002,11 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             "Copy",
             &["Edit"],
             Some("Cmd+C"),
-            r##"{"target":"mask"? = the targeted mask, copied as grayscale (#2928)} (a targeted colour or alpha channel copies that channel, as grayscale)"##,
+            r##"{"target":"mask|filterMask"? = the targeted mask, copied as grayscale (#2928)} (a targeted colour or alpha channel copies that channel, as grayscale)"##,
             can_copy,
             |s, p| {
                 if crate::commands::is_mask_target(p) {
-                    return copy_mask(s);
+                    return copy_mask(s, crate::channel_cmds::target_of(p) == crate::channel_cmds::Target::FilterMask);
                 }
                 match crate::channel_clip::copy(s)? {
                     Some(r) => Ok(r),
@@ -994,7 +1021,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             &["Edit"],
             Some("Cmd+V"),
             concat!(
-                r#"{"center":[x,y]? (view centre; default keeps the position when it overlaps the canvas),"#,
+                r#"{"center":[x,y]? (view centre; default keeps the position when it overlaps the canvas),"clampToCanvas":bool=true (keep the paste on the canvas, or at its top-left when larger),"#,
                 paste_target!(),
                 "} (with no document open: a new document from the clipboard)"
             ),
@@ -1101,7 +1128,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut s = Session::new();
         let mut surface = Surface::new(PixelFormat::RGBA8);
         surface.write_pixel(i32::MIN, 0, &[1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
-        s.clipboard = Some(Clip { surface, bounds: Rect::from_xywh(i32::MIN, 0, 1, 1), layers: None, resolution: None });
+        s.clipboard = Some(Clip { surface, bounds: Rect::from_xywh(i32::MIN, 0, 1, 1), layers: None, resolution: None, source: None });
         let result = new_from_clipboard(&mut s);
         assert!(result.unwrap_err().to_string().contains("clipboard origin"));
         assert!(s.execute("file.newFromClipboard", json!({})).is_err());
@@ -1109,6 +1136,43 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(s.clipboard.as_ref().unwrap().surface.rgba(i32::MIN, 0), [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
     }
 
+    /// #8945: pixels copied in one document land in place when pasted back into it, and centred
+    /// in another, even where their old position would fit (Photoshop's Paste).
+    #[test]
+    fn paste_centres_pixels_from_another_document() {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 40, "height": 30, "background": "white"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("select.all", json!({})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("edit.copy", json!({})).unwrap();
+        let r = s.execute("edit.paste", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(r["offset"], json!([0, 0]), "back into its own document: in place");
+        s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 100, "height": 80, "background": "white"})).unwrap();
+        let r = s.execute("edit.paste", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(r["offset"], json!([30, 25]), "into another document: centred");
+        // An image from another app has no source document: centred too.
+        s.clipboard = s.clipboard.take().map(|c| Clip { source: None, ..c });
+        let r = s.execute("edit.paste", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(r["offset"], json!([30, 25]));
+        // Paste in Place still keeps the position.
+        let r = s.execute("edit.pasteSpecial.pasteInPlace", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(r["offset"], json!([0, 0]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn paste_centers_clipboard_bounds_near_coordinate_limits() {
+        for origin in [i32::MAX - 512, i32::MIN + 512] {
+            let clip =
+                Clip { surface: Surface::new(PixelFormat::RGBA8), bounds: Rect::from_xywh(origin, origin, 2, 2), layers: None, resolution: None, source: None };
+            let (dx, dy) = paste_offset(&clip, DocId(1), Rect::new(0, 0, 20, 20), &json!({}), false);
+            assert_eq!(i64::from(origin) + i64::from(dx), 9);
+            assert_eq!(i64::from(origin) + i64::from(dy), 9);
+            let clip = Clip { bounds: Rect::new(0, 0, 2, 2), ..clip };
+            let (dx, dy) = paste_offset(&clip, DocId(1), Rect::from_xywh(origin, origin, 20, 20), &json!({}), false);
+            assert_eq!(dx, origin + 9);
+            assert_eq!(dy, origin + 9);
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn injected_clear_buffer_failure_leaves_the_document_unchanged() {
         let mut s = session();
@@ -1274,6 +1338,79 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc.layers.len(), 4);
     }
 
+    /// A `w`×`h` document with an opaque `cw`×`ch` image from another app on the clipboard.
+    fn external_clip_session(w: i32, h: i32, cw: i32, ch: i32) -> Session {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": w, "height": h})).unwrap();
+        let mut surface = Surface::new(PixelFormat::RGBA8);
+        surface.fill_rect(Rect::new(0, 0, cw, ch), &[1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+        s.clipboard = Some(Clip { surface, bounds: Rect::new(0, 0, cw, ch), layers: None, resolution: None, source: None });
+        s
+    }
+
+    /// #6759: wherever the view is centred, a paste that fits the canvas stays wholly on it.
+    #[test]
+    fn paste_that_fits_stays_on_the_canvas() {
+        for (w, h, center, want) in [
+            (60, 100, [40.0, 45.0], Rect::new(0, 0, 60, 100)),
+            (60, 100, [-500.0, 900.0], Rect::new(0, 0, 60, 100)),
+            (100, 100, [10.0, 80.0], Rect::new(0, 0, 60, 100)),
+            (100, 100, [95.0, 50.0], Rect::new(40, 0, 100, 100)),
+            (100, 120, [50.0, 60.0], Rect::new(20, 10, 80, 110)),
+        ] {
+            let mut s = external_clip_session(w, h, 60, 100);
+            s.execute("edit.paste", json!({ "center": center })).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(active_bounds(&s), want, "{w}x{h} canvas, view centre {center:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// #6759: a paste larger than the canvas starts at its top-left corner, wherever the view is.
+    #[test]
+    fn paste_larger_than_the_canvas_starts_at_its_top_left() {
+        for center in [[0.0, 0.0], [25.0, 20.0], [1000.0, 1000.0], [-1000.0, 30.0]] {
+            let mut s = external_clip_session(50, 40, 60, 100);
+            s.execute("edit.paste", json!({ "center": center })).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(active_bounds(&s), Rect::new(0, 0, 60, 100), "view centre {center:?}");
+        }
+        // Wider but not taller: at the left edge, and wholly inside vertically.
+        for (center, want) in
+            [([500.0, 500.0], Rect::new(0, 100, 60, 200)), ([-500.0, -500.0], Rect::new(0, 0, 60, 100)), ([25.0, 120.0], Rect::new(0, 70, 60, 170))]
+        {
+            let mut s = external_clip_session(50, 200, 60, 100);
+            s.execute("edit.paste", json!({ "center": center })).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(active_bounds(&s), want, "view centre {center:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Paste Into centres on the selection even where that runs off the canvas.
+    #[test]
+    fn paste_into_is_not_clamped_to_the_canvas() {
+        let mut s = session();
+        s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 10, "y": 10, "width": 40, "height": 20})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("edit.copy", json!({})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 90, "y": 90, "width": 10, "height": 10})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("edit.pasteSpecial.pasteInto", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(active_bounds(&s), Rect::new(75, 85, 115, 105));
+    }
+
+    /// The clamp never overflows or panics: NaN, infinite and `i32`-limit shifts saturate (Rule 9).
+    #[test]
+    fn paste_offset_clamp_survives_extreme_coordinates() {
+        assert_eq!(clamp_shift(f64::NAN, 0, 10, 0, 100), 0);
+        assert_eq!(clamp_shift(f64::INFINITY, 0, 10, 0, 100), 90);
+        assert_eq!(clamp_shift(f64::NEG_INFINITY, i32::MIN, i32::MAX, 0, 1), i32::MAX);
+        assert_eq!(clamp_shift(1e30, i32::MIN, i32::MIN + 1, i32::MAX - 1, i32::MAX), i32::MAX);
+        let clip = Clip {
+            surface: Surface::new(PixelFormat::RGBA8),
+            bounds: Rect::new(i32::MAX - 2, i32::MAX - 2, i32::MAX, i32::MAX),
+            layers: None,
+            resolution: None,
+            source: None,
+        };
+        let (dx, dy) = paste_offset(&clip, DocId(1), Rect::new(i32::MIN, i32::MIN, i32::MIN + 4, i32::MIN + 4), &json!({}), false);
+        assert_eq!((dx, dy), (i32::MIN, i32::MIN), "an unrepresentable shift saturates instead of wrapping");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn paste_with_malformed_center_does_not_panic() {
         // A short/empty `center` array must not panic (Rule 9) — it falls back to the canvas centre.
@@ -1918,6 +2055,78 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(shape.surface().map(|c| c.format().sample), Some(s.active().unwrap().doc.depth), "converted to 16 bits");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn cross_document_group_paste_renders_shapes_on_destination_canvas() {
+        for (copy_to_document, depth) in [(false, 8), (true, 16)] {
+            let mut s = Session::new();
+            s.execute("file.new", json!({"width":100,"height":100})).unwrap();
+            let mut ids = Vec::new();
+            for x in [10, 50] {
+                s.execute("shape.create", json!({"kind":"rect","rect":[x,20,20,30],"fill":"#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+                s.execute("layer.layerStyle.dropShadow", json!({"size":4,"distance":3})).unwrap();
+                ids.push(s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap());
+            }
+            s.active_mut().unwrap().selected_layers = ids;
+            s.execute("layer.groupLayers", json!({})).unwrap();
+            s.execute("edit.copy", json!({})).unwrap();
+            s.execute("file.new", json!({"width":800,"height":600,"depth":depth})).unwrap();
+            if copy_to_document {
+                s.execute("layer.copyToDocument", json!({"source":0,"document":1,"center":true})).unwrap();
+            } else {
+                s.execute("edit.paste", json!({"center":[400,300]})).unwrap();
+            }
+            let st = s.active().unwrap();
+            let group = st.doc.layer(st.active_layer.unwrap()).unwrap();
+            assert!(!crate::transform_cmds::transform_bounds(&st.doc, group).is_empty());
+            assert_eq!(group.children().unwrap().len(), 2);
+            for child in group.children().unwrap() {
+                let LayerContent::Shape(shape) = &child.content else { panic!("shape") };
+                let cache = shape.cache.as_ref().unwrap();
+                assert_eq!(cache.format().sample, st.doc.depth);
+                assert!(!cache.content_bounds().is_empty(), "destination cache must not be clipped to source canvas");
+                assert!(cache.content_bounds().x0 > 100);
+                let fresh = photocraft_vector::render_shape(shape, st.doc.pixel_format(), st.doc.bounds());
+                assert_eq!(cache, &fresh);
+            }
+            let before = st.doc.clone();
+            s.execute("layer.translate", json!({"dx":10,"dy":10})).unwrap();
+            assert_ne!(s.active().unwrap().doc, before);
+            assert!(s.undo());
+            assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc, before);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn paste_repairs_uncached_shapes_before_transform_and_effect_rendering() {
+        let mut s = session();
+        s.execute("shape.create", json!({"kind":"rect","rect":[10,10,40,20],"fill":"#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.layerStyle.dropShadow", json!({"size":4,"distance":3})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("edit.copy", json!({})).unwrap();
+        let layers = s.clipboard.as_mut().unwrap().layers.as_mut().unwrap();
+        let LayerContent::Shape(sh) = &mut layers.layers[0].content else { panic!("shape") };
+        sh.cache = None;
+        s.execute("edit.pasteSpecial.pasteInPlace", json!({})).unwrap();
+        let st = s.active().unwrap();
+        let layer = st.doc.layer(st.active_layer.unwrap()).unwrap();
+        let LayerContent::Shape(sh) = &layer.content else { panic!("shape") };
+        assert!(sh.cache.is_some());
+        assert!(!crate::transform_cmds::transform_bounds(&st.doc, layer).is_empty());
+        let expected = photocraft_vector::render_shape(sh, st.doc.pixel_format(), st.doc.bounds());
+        assert_eq!(sh.cache.as_ref().unwrap(), &expected);
+        let rendered = photocraft_compose::render_layer_in(&st.doc, layer, st.doc.bounds());
+        let mut fresh_doc = (*st.doc).clone();
+        let snapshot = fresh_doc.clone();
+        if let LayerContent::Shape(shape) = &mut fresh_doc.layer_mut(layer.id).unwrap().content {
+            crate::vector_cmds::refresh_shape(&snapshot, shape);
+        }
+        let fresh = photocraft_compose::render_layer_in(&fresh_doc, fresh_doc.layer(layer.id).unwrap(), fresh_doc.bounds());
+        assert_eq!(rendered.px, fresh.px, "pasted effects match a freshly rebuilt shape");
+        assert!(s.undo());
+        assert!(s.redo());
+        let st = s.active().unwrap();
+        assert!(st.doc.layer(st.active_layer.unwrap()).unwrap().surface().is_some());
+    }
+
     /// #2344: fill and adjustment layers have no pixels of their own, so with no selection Copy
     /// takes them whole and Paste recreates them, in the same or another document, in one step.
     #[test]
@@ -2293,13 +2502,13 @@ mod tests {
         };
         let mut out = Surface::new(with_alpha);
         if area.is_empty() {
-            return Clip { surface: out, bounds: Rect::EMPTY, layers: None, resolution: None };
+            return Clip { surface: out, bounds: Rect::EMPTY, layers: None, resolution: None, source: None };
         }
         let px = lift_region(src, sel, area, with_alpha.channels()).unwrap();
         out.try_write_region(area, &px).unwrap();
         out.prune();
         let bounds = out.content_bounds();
-        Clip { surface: out, bounds, layers: None, resolution: None }
+        Clip { surface: out, bounds, layers: None, resolution: None, source: None }
     }
 
     fn noise(fmt: PixelFormat, r: Rect, seed: u32) -> Surface {
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/edit_menu_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/edit_menu_cmds.rs
index 92188f219f..0ef173d242 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/edit_menu_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/edit_menu_cmds.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ use photocraft_raster::{Surface, from_rgba_into, to_rgba};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use serde_json::{Value, json};
 
+use crate::channel_cmds::Target;
 use crate::commands::{CommandSpec, blend_from_str, int, layer_param};
 use crate::{EngineError, Result, Session};
 
@@ -24,11 +25,23 @@ pub struct FadeSource {
     pub doc: DocId,
     /// Document revision right after the command; any later change disables Fade.
     pub revision: u64,
-    pub layer: LayerId,
-    pub mask: bool,
+    pub target: FadeTarget,
     pub label: String,
 }
 
+/// What the faded command changed, and so what Fade blends back.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum FadeTarget {
+    /// A layer's pixels.
+    Pixels(LayerId),
+    /// A layer's layer mask.
+    Mask(LayerId),
+    /// An alpha or spot channel (index into [`Document::channels`]).
+    Channel(usize),
+    /// The Quick Mask.
+    QuickMask,
+}
+
 /// A custom shape (Edit › Define Custom Shape), usable by the Custom Shape tool.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct CustomShape {
@@ -55,13 +68,27 @@ fn fadeable(id: &str) -> bool {
 }
 
 /// Called after every successful command: remember a fadeable result.
-pub(crate) fn after_command(s: &mut Session, id: &str) {
+pub(crate) fn after_command(s: &mut Session, id: &str, params: &Value) {
     if !fadeable(id) {
         return;
     }
     let Some(st) = s.active() else { return };
-    let Some(layer) = st.active_layer else { return };
     let label = st.history.undo_label().unwrap_or(id).to_string();
+    // An alpha channel or the Quick Mask took the edit instead of the layer when the command ran
+    // on it (#7382): its explicit `target`, or the one the Channels panel gave it. Only commands
+    // routed to channels edit them; the others edit the layer whatever `target` says.
+    let run = crate::channel_cmds::inject_target(s, id, params.clone());
+    let channel = match crate::channel_cmds::target_of(&run) {
+        _ if !crate::channel_cmds::routed(id) => None,
+        Target::Alpha(i) if i < st.doc.channels.len() => Some(FadeTarget::Channel(i)),
+        Target::QuickMask if st.doc.quick_mask.is_some() => Some(FadeTarget::QuickMask),
+        _ => None,
+    };
+    if let Some(target) = channel {
+        s.edit_state.fade = Some(FadeSource { doc: st.doc.id, revision: st.revision, target, label });
+        return;
+    }
+    let Some(layer) = st.active_layer else { return };
     let mask = st.doc.layer(layer).is_some_and(|l| l.mask.is_some())
         && st.history.state(st.history.past_len().wrapping_sub(1)).is_some_and(|prev| {
             // The mask changed and the pixels didn't: the command painted the mask.
@@ -75,7 +102,8 @@ pub(crate) fn after_command(s: &mut Session, id: &str) {
             surf_eq(now.and_then(|l| l.surface()), was.and_then(|l| l.surface()))
                 && !surf_eq(now.and_then(|l| l.mask.as_ref().map(|m| &m.surface)), was.and_then(|l| l.mask.as_ref().map(|m| &m.surface)))
         });
-    s.edit_state.fade = Some(FadeSource { doc: st.doc.id, revision: st.revision, layer, mask, label });
+    let target = if mask { FadeTarget::Mask(layer) } else { FadeTarget::Pixels(layer) };
+    s.edit_state.fade = Some(FadeSource { doc: st.doc.id, revision: st.revision, target, label });
 }
 
 /// Tile identity of a surface (pointer equality of its COW tiles).
@@ -144,15 +172,31 @@ fn can_fade(s: &Session) -> std::result::Result<(), String> {
     if f.doc != st.doc.id || f.revision != st.revision || !st.history.can_undo() {
         return Err("Fade is only available right after a filter, adjustment or painting step".into());
     }
-    if st.doc.layer(f.layer).is_none() {
-        return Err("the faded layer no longer exists".into());
+    if surface_of(&st.doc, f.target).is_none() {
+        return Err(match f.target {
+            FadeTarget::Pixels(_) | FadeTarget::Mask(_) => "the faded layer no longer exists".into(),
+            FadeTarget::Channel(_) | FadeTarget::QuickMask => "the faded channel no longer exists".into(),
+        });
     }
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn surface_of(doc: &Document, id: LayerId, mask: bool) -> Option<&Surface> {
-    let l = doc.layer(id)?;
-    if mask { l.mask.as_ref().map(|m| &m.surface) } else { l.surface() }
+fn surface_of(doc: &Document, target: FadeTarget) -> Option<&Surface> {
+    match target {
+        FadeTarget::Pixels(id) => doc.layer(id)?.surface(),
+        FadeTarget::Mask(id) => doc.layer(id)?.mask.as_ref().map(|m| &m.surface),
+        FadeTarget::Channel(i) => doc.channels.get(i).map(|c| &c.surface),
+        FadeTarget::QuickMask => doc.quick_mask.as_ref().map(|c| &c.surface),
+    }
+}
+
+fn surface_of_mut(doc: &mut Document, target: FadeTarget) -> Option<&mut Surface> {
+    match target {
+        FadeTarget::Pixels(id) => doc.layer_mut(id)?.surface_mut(),
+        FadeTarget::Mask(id) => doc.layer_mut(id)?.mask.as_mut().map(|m| &mut m.surface),
+        FadeTarget::Channel(i) => doc.channels.get_mut(i).map(|c| &mut c.surface),
+        FadeTarget::QuickMask => doc.quick_mask.as_mut().map(|c| &mut c.surface),
+    }
 }
 
 /// Blend `after` back towards `before` over `area`: `before + opacity × (B(before, after) − before)`
@@ -209,8 +253,8 @@ fn fade(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     let mode = blend_from_str(str_or(p, "mode", "normal")).ok_or_else(|| bad(cmd, "unknown blend mode"))?;
     let st = s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?;
     let prev = st.history.past_len().checked_sub(1).and_then(|i| st.history.state(i)).ok_or_else(|| bad(cmd, "no previous state"))?;
-    let before = surface_of(&prev, src.layer, src.mask).cloned().ok_or_else(|| EngineError::Other("the layer did not exist before this step".into()))?;
-    let now = surface_of(&st.doc, src.layer, src.mask).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(src.layer))?;
+    let before = surface_of(&prev, src.target).cloned().ok_or_else(|| EngineError::Other("the layer or channel did not exist before this step".into()))?;
+    let now = surface_of(&st.doc, src.target).ok_or_else(|| EngineError::Other("the faded layer or channel no longer exists".into()))?;
     if now.format() != before.format() {
         return Err(EngineError::Other("can't fade a step that changed the layer's pixel format".into()));
     }
@@ -219,8 +263,7 @@ fn fade(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     let area = if before.default_pixel() != now.default_pixel() { st.doc.bounds() } else { before.content_bounds().union(&now.content_bounds()) };
     let label = format!("Fade {}", src.label);
     s.edit(&label, |doc, _| {
-        let l = doc.layer_mut(src.layer).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(src.layer))?;
-        let surf = if src.mask { l.mask.as_mut().map(|m| &mut m.surface) } else { l.surface_mut() }.ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(src.layer))?;
+        let surf = surface_of_mut(doc, src.target).ok_or_else(|| EngineError::Other("the faded layer or channel no longer exists".into()))?;
         fade_surface(&before, surf, area, mode, opacity)?;
         surf.prune();
         Ok(())
@@ -1190,13 +1233,13 @@ fn find_replace(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
                 return Ok(json!({"count": 0, "layers": 0}));
             }
             s.edit("Replace All Text", |doc, _| {
-                let snapshot = doc.clone();
+                let (dpi, format) = (doc.resolution_dpi, doc.pixel_format());
                 for (id, matches) in &plan {
                     if let Some(LayerContent::Text(t)) = doc.layer_mut(*id).map(|l| &mut l.content) {
                         for (a, b) in matches.iter().rev() {
                             crate::type_cmds::replace_text(t, *a, *b, &replace);
                         }
-                        crate::type_cmds::refresh(&snapshot, t);
+                        crate::type_cmds::refresh_at(dpi, format, t);
                     }
                 }
                 Ok(())
@@ -1214,10 +1257,10 @@ fn find_replace(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
             {
                 crate::type_cmds::check_text_unlocked(&doc, id)?;
                 s.edit("Replace Text", |doc, _| {
-                    let snapshot = doc.clone();
+                    let (dpi, format) = (doc.resolution_dpi, doc.pixel_format());
                     if let Some(LayerContent::Text(t)) = doc.layer_mut(id).map(|l| &mut l.content) {
                         crate::type_cmds::replace_text(t, a, b, &replace);
-                        crate::type_cmds::refresh(&snapshot, t);
+                        crate::type_cmds::refresh_at(dpi, format, t);
                     }
                     Ok(())
                 })?;
@@ -1365,7 +1408,7 @@ fn export_import(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
         .get("kinds")
         .and_then(Value::as_array)
         .map(|a| a.iter().filter_map(Value::as_str).map(str::to_string).collect())
-        .unwrap_or_else(|| ["brushes", "customShapes", "tools"].iter().map(|k| k.to_string()).collect());
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| ["brushes", "customShapes", "tools"].iter().map(ToString::to_string).collect());
     let want = |k: &str| kinds.iter().any(|x| x == k);
     match str_or(p, "action", "export") {
         "export" => {
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/edit_menu_cmds/tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/edit_menu_cmds/tests.rs
index 16e98b8719..21d667ecce 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/edit_menu_cmds/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/edit_menu_cmds/tests.rs
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ fn fade_uniform_layer_mask_invert_at_all_depths() {
             assert!((mask_pixel(&s) - 1.0).abs() < 0.01);
             s.execute("image.adjustments.invert", json!({})).unwrap();
             assert!(mask_pixel(&s) < 0.01, "depth {depth}: invert changed the mask");
-            assert!(s.edit_state.fade.as_ref().is_some_and(|f| f.mask), "depth {depth}: Fade must target the mask");
+            assert!(s.edit_state.fade.as_ref().is_some_and(|f| matches!(f.target, FadeTarget::Mask(_))), "depth {depth}: Fade must target the mask");
             let history_before_fade = s.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
 
             s.execute("edit.fade", json!({"opacity": opacity})).unwrap();
@@ -89,6 +89,69 @@ fn fade_uniform_layer_mask_invert_at_all_depths() {
     }
 }
 
+/// #7382: with an alpha channel or the Quick Mask targeted, the edit changes it, not the layer, and
+/// Fade blends it back: at 0 % to the channel as it was, at every depth.
+#[test]
+fn fade_an_alpha_channel_or_the_quick_mask_at_all_depths() {
+    for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
+        for quick_mask in [false, true] {
+            for (opacity, k) in [(0, 0.0), (25, 0.25), (100, 1.0)] {
+                let mut s = session(depth);
+                if quick_mask {
+                    s.execute("select.editInQuickMaskMode", json!({"on": true})).unwrap();
+                } else {
+                    s.execute("channel.new", json!({"fill": "black"})).unwrap();
+                    s.execute("channel.target", json!({"channel": 0})).unwrap();
+                }
+                let channel = |s: &Session, x, y| {
+                    let doc = &s.active().unwrap().doc;
+                    let c = if quick_mask { doc.quick_mask.as_ref() } else { doc.channels.first() };
+                    c.unwrap().surface.pixel(x, y)[0]
+                };
+                let was = channel(&s, 5, 5);
+                s.execute("image.adjustments.invert", json!({})).unwrap();
+                assert!((channel(&s, 5, 5) - (1.0 - was)).abs() < 0.01, "depth {depth}, quick mask {quick_mask}: inverted");
+                let expected = was + (1.0 - 2.0 * was) * k;
+                let steps = s.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+                s.execute("edit.fade", json!({"opacity": opacity})).unwrap();
+                for (x, y) in [(0, 0), (5, 5), (63, 47)] {
+                    let v = channel(&s, x, y);
+                    assert!((v - expected).abs() < 0.02, "depth {depth}, quick mask {quick_mask}, {opacity} %, ({x}, {y}): {v}");
+                }
+                assert_eq!(px(&s, 5, 5)[0], 1.0, "the layer is left alone");
+                let st = s.active().unwrap();
+                assert_eq!((st.history.past_len(), st.history.undo_label()), (steps + 1, Some("Fade Invert")));
+                assert!(s.undo());
+                assert!((channel(&s, 5, 5) - (1.0 - was)).abs() < 0.01, "undo puts the inverted channel back");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A command told to edit the layer (`"target": "pixels"`) does so with an alpha channel targeted,
+/// and Fade then fades the layer, not the channel.
+#[test]
+fn fade_follows_the_target_the_command_ran_on() {
+    let mut s = session(8);
+    s.execute("channel.new", json!({"fill": "black"})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("channel.target", json!({"channel": 0})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#000000", "target": "pixels"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(px(&s, 5, 5)[0], 0.0, "the layer was filled");
+    assert!(matches!(s.edit_state.fade.as_ref().map(|f| f.target), Some(FadeTarget::Pixels(_))));
+    s.execute("edit.fade", json!({"opacity": 25})).unwrap();
+    assert!((px(&s, 5, 5)[0] - 0.75).abs() < 0.01, "the layer faded");
+    assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc.channels[0].surface.pixel(5, 5)[0], 0.0, "the channel is left alone");
+}
+
+/// A command that only edits layers (Auto Tone) fades the layer, even given a channel `target`.
+#[test]
+fn fade_ignores_a_target_the_command_doesnt_take() {
+    let mut s = session(8);
+    s.execute("select.editInQuickMaskMode", json!({"on": true})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("image.autoTone", json!({"target": "quickMask"})).unwrap();
+    assert!(matches!(s.edit_state.fade.as_ref().map(|f| f.target), Some(FadeTarget::Pixels(_))));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn purge_commands() {
     let mut s = session(8);
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/eraser_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/eraser_cmds.rs
index c702b16b75..129753ea86 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/eraser_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/eraser_cmds.rs
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ pub fn live_background_eraser(s: &Session, p: &Value) -> Result<crate::retouch_c
     doc.layer(id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(id))?;
     crate::extra_cmds::background_to_layer(&mut doc, id);
     let stroke = background_eraser_stroke(&stroke);
-    crate::retouch_cmds::LiveDab::with_effect_on(doc, CMD, &json!({}), stroke, Some(id), 0, true, |pre| match background_eraser_effect(pre, &bs) {
+    crate::retouch_cmds::LiveDab::with_effect_on(doc, CMD, &json!({}), stroke, Some(id), 0, |pre| match background_eraser_effect(pre, &bs) {
         Some(effect) => Box::new(effect),
         // No alpha: the commit erases nothing either.
         None => Box::new(|_: &mut photocraft_paint::retouch::Region, _: &photocraft_paint::retouch::Footprint| {}),
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/extra_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/extra_cmds.rs
index 5ffd7e7e5f..d5364cfd88 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/extra_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/extra_cmds.rs
@@ -336,6 +336,9 @@ fn can_reselect(s: &Session) -> std::result::Result<(), String> {
     reselect_target(s).map(|_| ()).ok_or_else(|| "there is no selection to restore".into())
 }
 
+/// Edit › Paste Special › Paste Into (or Outside): the clipboard centred on the selection, not
+/// clamped to the canvas, as a new layer masked to the selection (or its inverse), or into the
+/// targeted mask or channel. One history step.
 fn paste_into(s: &mut Session, p: &Value, outside: bool) -> Result<Value> {
     let d = s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?;
     let selection = d.doc.selection.clone().ok_or(EngineError::Other("Paste Into needs a selection".into()))?;
@@ -353,7 +356,8 @@ fn paste_into(s: &mut Session, p: &Value, outside: bool) -> Result<Value> {
         selection
     };
     let label = if outside { "Paste Outside" } else { "Paste Into" };
-    let mut params = json!({"center": [(b.x0 + b.x1) as f64 / 2.0, (b.y0 + b.y1) as f64 / 2.0]});
+    // Centred on the selection, even where that runs off the canvas (not clamped like a paste).
+    let mut params = json!({"center": [(b.x0 + b.x1) as f64 / 2.0, (b.y0 + b.y1) as f64 / 2.0], "clampToCanvas": false});
     if let Some(c) = p.get("center") {
         params["center"] = c.clone();
     }
@@ -366,6 +370,13 @@ fn paste_into(s: &mut Session, p: &Value, outside: bool) -> Result<Value> {
         params["target"] = p.get("target").cloned().unwrap_or_default();
         return crate::edit_cmds::paste_to_target(s, &params, false, Some(&limit), label);
     }
+    // The pasted layer lands beside the active one, inside its group, and a Lock-All group refuses
+    // its layer mask: refuse before pasting rather than leave an unmasked paste behind.
+    let d = s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?;
+    let group = d.active_layer.and_then(|a| d.doc.path_of(a)).and_then(|p| d.doc.layer_at(p.split_last()?.1).map(|g| g.id));
+    if let Some(g) = group {
+        crate::commands::check_all_unlocked(&d.doc, g)?;
+    }
     let key = step_key(s, "pasteInto");
     params["coalesce"] = json!(key);
     params["target"] = json!("pixels");
@@ -389,7 +400,38 @@ fn paste_into(s: &mut Session, p: &Value, outside: bool) -> Result<Value> {
 /// The canvas grown to every layer's pixels: Image › Reveal All's new canvas, and what the Crop
 /// tool shows while a frame is edited.
 pub fn reveal_all_bounds(doc: &Document) -> Rect {
-    doc.walk().into_iter().filter_map(|(_, _, l)| l.surface().map(|s| s.content_bounds())).fold(doc.bounds(), |a, b| a.union(&b))
+    let canvas = doc.bounds();
+    doc.walk().into_iter().filter_map(|(_, _, l)| l.surface().map(|s| visible_bounds(s, canvas))).fold(canvas, |a, b| a.union(&b))
+}
+
+/// Bounds of `s`'s pixels outside `canvas` with alpha > 0, as Photoshop's layer bounds (#9379):
+/// the Eraser only clears alpha, so an erased pixel keeps its colour bytes and `content_bounds`
+/// counts it. Pixels inside `canvas` can't grow the result and aren't read.
+fn visible_bounds(s: &photocraft_raster::Surface, canvas: Rect) -> Rect {
+    use rayon::prelude::*;
+    let fmt = s.format();
+    if !fmt.alpha || s.default_pixel().last().is_none_or(|a| *a > 0.0) {
+        return s.content_bounds();
+    }
+    let (n, bpp, side) = (fmt.channels(), fmt.bytes_per_pixel(), photocraft_geom::TILE_SIZE);
+    let tiles: Vec<_> = s.tiles().filter(|(c, _)| !canvas.contains_rect(&c.rect())).collect();
+    let tile_bounds = |o: Rect, bytes: &[u8]| {
+        let mut out = Rect::EMPTY;
+        for (ly, row) in bytes.chunks_exact(bpp * side as usize).enumerate() {
+            let y = o.y0.saturating_add(ly as i32);
+            let on_canvas = (canvas.y0..canvas.y1).contains(&y);
+            let visible = |lx: &i32| {
+                let x = o.x0.saturating_add(*lx);
+                !(on_canvas && (canvas.x0..canvas.x1).contains(&x))
+                    && row.get(*lx as usize * bpp..).is_some_and(|px| photocraft_color::read_sample(px, fmt.sample, n - 1) > 0.0)
+            };
+            let Some(first) = (0..side).find(visible) else { continue };
+            let last = (first..side).rfind(visible).unwrap_or(first);
+            out = out.union(&Rect::new(o.x0.saturating_add(first), y, o.x0.saturating_add(last).saturating_add(1), y.saturating_add(1)));
+        }
+        out
+    };
+    tiles.par_iter().map(|(c, t)| tile_bounds(c.rect(), t.bytes())).reduce(|| Rect::EMPTY, |a, b| a.union(&b))
 }
 
 // ---------- layers ----------
@@ -887,6 +929,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
                         gray
                     };
                     for id in ids {
+                        background_to_layer(doc, id);
                         let l = doc.layer_mut(id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(id))?;
                         l.effects = fx.clone();
                         // Pass Through is a group's mode: a group's style pastes onto other layers as
@@ -1748,6 +1791,28 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(s.execute("image.revealAll", json!({})).unwrap()["changed"], false);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn reveal_all_skips_erased_pixels() {
+        // #9379: the Eraser only clears alpha, so erased pixels keep their colour bytes; Reveal
+        // All grew the canvas to them although nothing there is visible.
+        // No Background: its off-canvas pixels are opaque and would be revealed anyway.
+        for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
+            let mut s = Session::new();
+            s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 40, "height": 30, "depth": depth, "background": "transparent"})).unwrap();
+            paint_square(&mut s, Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 30), [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+            let erase = json!({"points": [[32, -10], [32, 40]], "size": 28, "erase": true, "brush": {"hardness": 1.0}});
+            s.execute("paint.stroke", erase).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(pixel(&s, 30, 15)[3], 0.0, "{depth}: erased");
+            s.execute("image.canvasSize", json!({"width": 20, "height": 30, "anchor": "topLeft"})).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(s.execute("image.revealAll", json!({})).unwrap()["changed"], false, "{depth}");
+            assert_eq!((doc(&s).size.width, doc(&s).size.height), (20, 30), "{depth}");
+            // A pixel that is only partly erased is still there to reveal.
+            paint_square(&mut s, Rect::new(25, 5, 26, 6), [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.5]);
+            assert_eq!(s.execute("image.revealAll", json!({})).unwrap()["changed"], true, "{depth}");
+            assert_eq!((doc(&s).size.width, doc(&s).size.height), (26, 30), "{depth}");
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn rasterize_fill_and_all_in_one_step() {
         let mut s = session(8);
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/file_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/file_cmds.rs
index 1833d0a616..261e3d8608 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/file_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/file_cmds.rs
@@ -229,7 +229,8 @@ pub(crate) fn stem(path: &str) -> String {
 
 /// Whether `a` and `b` name the same file: the same text, or, when both exist, the same file on
 /// disk (a hard link, a different case on a case-insensitive volume, `./` or `..` in one of them).
-pub fn same_file(a: &str, b: &str) -> bool {
+pub fn same_file(a: impl AsRef<std::path::Path>, b: impl AsRef<std::path::Path>) -> bool {
+    let (a, b) = (a.as_ref(), b.as_ref());
     if a == b {
         return true;
     }
@@ -276,14 +277,56 @@ pub(crate) fn join(dir: &str, name: &str) -> String {
     }
 }
 
-/// A file-name-safe version of a layer name.
+/// A file-name-safe version of a layer name. A Windows device name (`nul`, `con.v2`) gets a `_`
+/// before its first dot, so the file or folder is usable on Windows, wherever it was written.
 pub(crate) fn sanitize(name: &str) -> String {
     let s: String = name.chars().map(|c| if c.is_alphanumeric() || matches!(c, '-' | '_' | ' ' | '.') { c } else { '_' }).collect();
     let s = s.trim().trim_matches('.').to_string();
-    if s.is_empty() { "layer".into() } else { s }
+    if s.is_empty() { "layer".into() } else { portable_device_name(s) }
+}
+
+/// `name` with a `_` before its first dot when it is a Windows device name (`nul` → `nul_`,
+/// `com1.v2` → `com1_.v2`); a `_` at the end would leave the device stem in place.
+pub(crate) fn portable_device_name(name: String) -> String {
+    if !is_windows_device_name(&name) {
+        return name;
+    }
+    match name.split_once('.') {
+        Some((device, rest)) => format!("{device}_.{rest}"),
+        None => format!("{name}_"),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Whether `component` names a Windows device (`CON`, `NUL`, `COM1`…, with any extension):
+/// Windows opens the device instead of a file or folder of that name. `COM` and `LPT` take the
+/// superscript digits ¹ ² ³ as well, as Windows does.
+pub(crate) fn is_windows_device_name(component: &str) -> bool {
+    let stem = component.split('.').next().unwrap_or(component).trim_end_matches(' ').to_ascii_uppercase();
+    let port = |n: &str| matches!(n, "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9" | "¹" | "²" | "³");
+    matches!(stem.as_str(), "CON" | "PRN" | "AUX" | "NUL" | "CLOCK$" | "CONIN$" | "CONOUT$")
+        || stem.strip_prefix("COM").is_some_and(port)
+        || stem.strip_prefix("LPT").is_some_and(port)
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn import(name: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Document> {
+    import_result(name, bytes).map(|r| r.document)
+}
+
+/// [`import`] for a file that becomes a document of its own (Revert, Load Files into Stack;
+/// Batch's scratch sessions use [`import_at_raw_ppi`]): a developed raw gets Preferences › Raw
+/// Defaults › Resolution, as it does through File › Open.
+pub(crate) fn import_opened(s: &Session, name: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Document> {
+    import_at_raw_ppi(s.prefs().raw_defaults.resolution, name, bytes)
+}
+
+fn import_at_raw_ppi(raw_ppi: f64, name: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Document> {
+    let r = import_result(name, bytes)?;
+    let mut doc = r.document;
+    raw_resolution(raw_ppi, &r.warnings, &mut doc);
+    Ok(doc)
+}
+
+fn import_result(name: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<photocraft_io::ImportResult> {
     crate::allocation::checkpoint("importing document")?;
     let r = photocraft_io::import(name, bytes).map_err(|e| EngineError::Other(format!("{name}: {e}")))?;
     // Auxiliary imports return only a document and cannot surface the preview's fidelity warning.
@@ -293,15 +336,17 @@ pub(crate) fn import(name: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Document> {
             "{name}: only this Affinity file's embedded preview could be read; open it with File › Open to see the warning, or export PSD or PNG from Affinity before using it here"
         )));
     }
-    Ok(r.document)
+    Ok(r)
 }
 
-/// What a headless save writes beyond the format: JPEG quality, TIFF layers, Targa bits, DPX
-/// bits, DDS compression and mipmaps, PSD previews and the PSD merged image.
+/// What a headless save writes beyond the format: JPEG quality and format, TIFF layers, Targa
+/// bits, DPX bits, DDS compression and mipmaps, PSD previews and the PSD merged image.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct SaveOpts {
     /// Photoshop's 0–12 JPEG scale.
     pub quality: Option<f64>,
+    /// JPEG Options › Format Options (`"jpegFormat"`); unset, Baseline ("Standard").
+    pub jpeg_format: Option<photocraft_codecs::JpegFormat>,
     /// TIFF: keep the layers. Off unless a command's params ask (`"tiffLayers": true`).
     pub tiff_layers: bool,
     /// Targa: 24 or 32 bits per pixel (`"tgaBits"`); unset, 32 with an alpha channel or
@@ -309,6 +354,8 @@ pub(crate) struct SaveOpts {
     pub tga_bits: Option<photocraft_io::TgaBits>,
     /// DPX: 8, 10, 12 or 16 bits per sample (`"dpxBits"`); unset, 8 for an 8-bit document, else 16.
     pub dpx_bits: Option<photocraft_io::DpxBits>,
+    /// TIFF: the image compression (`"tiffCompression": "none" | "lzw" | "zip"`); unset, none.
+    pub tiff_compression: Option<photocraft_codecs::TiffCompression>,
     /// DDS: the compression and whether to write the mip chain (`"ddsCompression"`,
     /// `"ddsMipmaps"`); unset, uncompressed without mipmaps.
     pub dds: photocraft_io::DdsOptions,
@@ -323,9 +370,11 @@ impl Default for SaveOpts {
     fn default() -> Self {
         SaveOpts {
             quality: None,
+            jpeg_format: None,
             tiff_layers: false,
             tga_bits: None,
             dpx_bits: None,
+            tiff_compression: None,
             dds: photocraft_io::DdsOptions::default(),
             image_previews: true,
             psd_maximize_compatibility: true,
@@ -334,17 +383,20 @@ impl Default for SaveOpts {
 }
 
 impl SaveOpts {
-    /// `quality`, `tiffLayers` and `tgaBits` from command `cmd`'s params (a `tgaBits` other than
-    /// 24 or 32 is an error); the image previews and the PSD merged image from the session's File
-    /// Handling preferences (Ask When Saving has no dialog here, so it saves them, as Photoshop's
-    /// Save As checkbox and its Maximize Compatibility checkbox both start on).
+    /// `quality`, `jpegFormat`, `tiffLayers` and `tgaBits` from command `cmd`'s params (a
+    /// `jpegFormat` it doesn't name or a `tgaBits` other than 24 or 32 is an error); the image
+    /// previews and the PSD merged image from the session's File Handling preferences (Ask When
+    /// Saving has no dialog here, so it saves them, as Photoshop's Save As checkbox and its
+    /// Maximize Compatibility checkbox both start on).
     pub(crate) fn from_params(s: &Session, p: &Value, cmd: &str) -> Result<Self> {
         let file_handling = &s.prefs().file_handling;
         Ok(SaveOpts {
             quality: f64_param(p, "quality"),
+            jpeg_format: jpeg_format_param(p, cmd)?,
             tiff_layers: p.get("tiffLayers").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(false),
             tga_bits: tga_bits_param(p, cmd)?,
             dpx_bits: dpx_bits_param(p, cmd)?,
+            tiff_compression: tiff_compression_param(p, cmd)?,
             dds: dds_param(p, cmd)?.unwrap_or_default(),
             image_previews: file_handling.image_previews != crate::prefs::Ask::Never,
             psd_maximize_compatibility: file_handling.maximize_psd_compatibility != crate::prefs::Ask::Never,
@@ -377,6 +429,40 @@ pub fn tga_bits_param(p: &Value, cmd: &str) -> Result<Option<photocraft_io::TgaB
     }
 }
 
+/// The TIFF compression in `p` (`"tiffCompression": "none" | "lzw" | "zip"`, Photoshop's TIFF
+/// Options; absent or null: none). Anything else is a bad parameter of command `cmd` (#5301).
+pub fn tiff_compression_param(p: &Value, cmd: &str) -> Result<Option<photocraft_codecs::TiffCompression>> {
+    use photocraft_codecs::TiffCompression;
+    match p.get("tiffCompression") {
+        None | Some(Value::Null) => Ok(None),
+        Some(v) => match v.as_str() {
+            Some("none") => Ok(Some(TiffCompression::None)),
+            Some("lzw") => Ok(Some(TiffCompression::Lzw)),
+            Some("zip") => Ok(Some(TiffCompression::Deflate)),
+            _ => Err(EngineError::BadParams { cmd: cmd.into(), msg: format!("`tiffCompression` must be \"none\", \"lzw\" or \"zip\", got {v}") }),
+        },
+    }
+}
+
+/// The JPEG format in `p` (`"jpegFormat": "baseline" | "optimized" | "progressive"`; absent or
+/// null: Baseline). Anything else is a bad parameter of command `cmd`. Shared like
+/// [`tga_bits_param`].
+pub fn jpeg_format_param(p: &Value, cmd: &str) -> Result<Option<photocraft_codecs::JpegFormat>> {
+    match p.get("jpegFormat") {
+        None | Some(Value::Null) => Ok(None),
+        Some(v) => v.as_str().and_then(photocraft_codecs::JpegFormat::parse).map(Some).ok_or_else(|| EngineError::BadParams {
+            cmd: cmd.into(),
+            msg: format!("`jpegFormat` must be \"baseline\", \"optimized\" or \"progressive\", got {v}"),
+        }),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Photoshop's 0–12 JPEG quality as the encoder's 1–100 (0 → 1, 12 → 100, linear between; out of
+/// range is clamped, and NaN or infinite is 100).
+pub fn jpeg_quality(q: f64) -> u8 {
+    if q.is_finite() { (q.clamp(0.0, 12.0) / 12.0 * 99.0 + 1.0).round() as u8 } else { 100 }
+}
+
 /// The DPX bits per sample in `p` (`"dpxBits": 8 | 10 | 12 | 16`; absent or null: the document's
 /// depth). Anything else is a bad parameter of command `cmd`.
 pub fn dpx_bits_param(p: &Value, cmd: &str) -> Result<Option<photocraft_io::DpxBits>> {
@@ -425,20 +511,28 @@ pub(crate) fn encode(doc: &Document, path: &str, save: impl Into<SaveOpts>) -> R
         psd_maximize_compatibility: save.psd_maximize_compatibility,
         // Linked files a PSD embeds are resolved against the document being worked on.
         document_path: crate::doc_path::current(),
+        // An untrusted session's stored paths are document data: embed none of them.
+        read_linked_files: !crate::jobs::authorization_installed(),
         ..Default::default()
     };
     // No quality chosen: write the file the way it was opened (a JPEG at its own quality, a WebP
     // lossy or lossless as it was), as Photoshop's Save does.
     photocraft_io::apply_file_encoding(doc, &mut opts.encode);
     opts.encode.dpx_bits = save.dpx_bits;
+    if let Some(c) = save.tiff_compression {
+        opts.encode.tiff_compression = c;
+    }
     opts.encode.dds = save.dds;
     if let Some(q) = save.quality {
-        let q = (q.clamp(0.0, 12.0) / 12.0 * 99.0 + 1.0).round() as u8;
+        let q = jpeg_quality(q);
         opts.encode.jpeg_quality = q;
         // A quality on a WebP save asks for the lossy encoder; the default WebP stays lossless.
         opts.encode.webp_quality = q;
         opts.encode.webp_lossless = false;
     }
+    if let Some(f) = save.jpeg_format {
+        opts.encode.jpeg_format = f;
+    }
     photocraft_io::export(doc, path, &opts).map(|r| (r.bytes, r.warnings)).map_err(|e| EngineError::Other(format!("{path}: {e}")))
 }
 
@@ -483,6 +577,17 @@ pub(crate) fn flattened(doc: &Document, fmt: PixelFormat) -> Surface {
     photocraft_compose::flatten_to_surface(doc, fmt, None)
 }
 
+/// [`flattened`] for documents that came from a file (Save a Copy, Place, Load Files into Stack):
+/// a sparse bundle declares its canvas, and one the size of the format allows would be rendered
+/// in full, however little it holds. Refused past the compositor's own per-render limit.
+pub(crate) fn flattened_checked(doc: &Document, fmt: PixelFormat, cmd: &str) -> Result<Surface> {
+    let b = doc.bounds();
+    if u64::from(b.width()) * u64::from(b.height()) > photocraft_compose::MAX_RENDER_PIXELS {
+        return Err(EngineError::BadParams { cmd: cmd.into(), msg: format!("the document's {}×{} canvas is too large to flatten", b.width(), b.height()) });
+    }
+    Ok(flattened(doc, fmt))
+}
+
 // ---------- close / revert / save a copy / open as ----------
 
 fn close_all(s: &mut Session) -> Result<Value> {
@@ -513,7 +618,7 @@ fn close_others(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
 fn revert(s: &mut Session) -> Result<Value> {
     let path = s.active().and_then(|d| d.path.clone()).ok_or(EngineError::Other("the document has never been saved".into()))?;
     let bytes = read_file(&path)?;
-    let fresh = import(&file_name(&path), &bytes)?;
+    let fresh = import_opened(s, &file_name(&path), &bytes)?;
     s.edit("Revert", |doc, active| {
         let (id, name) = (doc.id, doc.name.clone());
         *doc = fresh;
@@ -544,7 +649,7 @@ fn save_a_copy(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     if p.get("layers").and_then(Value::as_bool) == Some(false) {
         // "Layers" unchecked in Save a Copy: write the flattened image.
         let fmt = doc.pixel_format();
-        let px = flattened(&doc, fmt);
+        let px = flattened_checked(&doc, fmt, "file.saveACopy")?;
         doc.layers = vec![Layer::new("Background", LayerContent::Raster(px))];
     }
     let warnings = save_doc(&doc, &path, SaveOpts::from_params(s, p, "file.saveACopy")?)?;
@@ -566,6 +671,19 @@ pub(crate) fn tag_exr_colorspace(s: &Session, name: &str, doc: &mut Document) {
     }
 }
 
+/// Edit › Preferences › Raw Defaults › Resolution: the ppi a raw developed on open gets, as
+/// Camera Raw's workflow options set it (the raw itself states none). `warnings` are the
+/// import's notes, which say whether the raw was developed or only its preview opened.
+pub fn raw_defaults(s: &Session, warnings: &[String], doc: &mut Document) {
+    raw_resolution(s.prefs().raw_defaults.resolution, warnings, doc);
+}
+
+fn raw_resolution(ppi: f64, warnings: &[String], doc: &mut Document) {
+    if ppi.is_finite() && warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains(photocraft_io::raw::DEVELOPED_NOTE)) {
+        doc.resolution_dpi = ppi.clamp(1.0, 10_000.0) as f32;
+    }
+}
+
 pub fn open_bytes_as(s: &mut Session, name: &str, bytes: &[u8], as_ext: Option<&str>, path: Option<String>) -> Result<Value> {
     crate::allocation::checkpoint("importing document")?;
     let decode_name = match as_ext {
@@ -575,6 +693,7 @@ pub fn open_bytes_as(s: &mut Session, name: &str, bytes: &[u8], as_ext: Option<&
     let r = photocraft_io::import(&decode_name, bytes).map_err(|e| EngineError::Other(format!("{decode_name}: {e}")))?;
     let mut doc = r.document;
     tag_exr_colorspace(s, &decode_name, &mut doc);
+    raw_defaults(s, &r.warnings, &mut doc);
     let path = match template_name(s, name) {
         Some(untitled) => {
             doc.name = untitled;
@@ -616,8 +735,8 @@ pub fn place_bytes(s: &mut Session, name: &str, bytes: Vec<u8>, linked: Option<S
     let (cw, ch) = (d.doc.size.width as f64, d.doc.size.height as f64);
     let fmt = d.doc.pixel_format();
     let vector = photocraft_io::svg::is_svg(&bytes);
-    let max_svg_group_depth = s.prefs().file_handling.rasterize_svg_groups_deeper_than as usize;
-    let imported = photocraft_io::import_with_svg_group_depth(name, &bytes, max_svg_group_depth).map_err(|e| EngineError::Other(format!("{name}: {e}")))?;
+    let opts = crate::jobs::import_options(s.prefs());
+    let imported = photocraft_io::import_with_options(name, &bytes, &opts).map_err(|e| EngineError::Other(format!("{name}: {e}")))?;
     if imported.preview_only {
         return Err(EngineError::Other(format!(
             "{name}: only this Affinity file's embedded preview could be read; open it with File › Open to see the warning, or export PSD or PNG from Affinity before using it here"
@@ -637,7 +756,7 @@ pub fn place_bytes(s: &mut Session, name: &str, bytes: Vec<u8>, linked: Option<S
         _ => (cw / 2.0, ch / 2.0),
     };
     let (dx, dy) = ((center.0 - w * scale / 2.0).round(), (center.1 - h * scale / 2.0).round());
-    let mut px = flattened(&src, fmt);
+    let mut px = flattened_checked(&src, fmt, "file.place")?;
     if (scale - 1.0).abs() > 1e-9 {
         px = resize_surface(&px, scale, scale, Resample::Bicubic);
     }
@@ -702,7 +821,42 @@ fn xml_escape(s: &str) -> String {
 }
 
 fn xml_unescape(s: &str) -> String {
-    s.replace("&lt;", "<").replace("&gt;", ">").replace("&quot;", "\"").replace("&apos;", "'").replace("&amp;", "&")
+    let mut out = String::with_capacity(s.len());
+    let mut rest = s;
+    while let Some(i) = rest.find('&') {
+        out.push_str(&rest[..i]);
+        rest = &rest[i..];
+        let decoded = rest.as_bytes().iter().take(13).position(|&b| b == b';').and_then(|e| {
+            let c = match &rest[1..e] {
+                "lt" => '<',
+                "gt" => '>',
+                "quot" => '"',
+                "apos" => '\'',
+                "amp" => '&',
+                n => {
+                    let n = n.strip_prefix('#')?;
+                    let code = match n.strip_prefix(['x', 'X']) {
+                        Some(h) => u32::from_str_radix(h, 16).ok()?,
+                        None => n.parse().ok()?,
+                    };
+                    char::from_u32(code)?
+                }
+            };
+            Some((c, e + 1))
+        });
+        match decoded {
+            Some((c, len)) => {
+                out.push(c);
+                rest = &rest[len..];
+            }
+            None => {
+                out.push('&');
+                rest = &rest[1..];
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    out.push_str(rest);
+    out
 }
 
 /// The element `<tag …>…</tag>` (first occurrence) as (start, end, inner).
@@ -803,6 +957,18 @@ fn short_num(v: f64, decimals: usize) -> String {
     if s.contains('.') { s.trim_end_matches('0').trim_end_matches('.').to_string() } else { s }
 }
 
+/// `v` to three significant digits, with no trailing zeros (0.031714 → "0.0317", 0.4 → "0.4").
+/// Two decimals threw away most of a slow shutter speed: a stored 0.031714 s printed as "0.03 s",
+/// which is 5 % off, and a stored 0.0215 s printed as "0.02 s", 7 % off (#6958).
+fn sig3(v: f64) -> String {
+    let magnitude = v.abs().log10().floor();
+    // Clamped at both ends: a value at the large end must not ask for a negative field width, and
+    // at the small end the field is widened rather than truncated, so a positive exposure never
+    // reads as "0 s". 320 is beyond f64's decimal range, so it always terminates.
+    let decimals = if magnitude.is_finite() { (2.0 - magnitude).clamp(0.0, 320.0) } else { 0.0 };
+    short_num(v, decimals as usize)
+}
+
 /// Exposure time as cameras print it: "1/250 s" for fractions of a second, "0.4 s" or "2 s"
 /// when the reciprocal isn't a whole number or the exposure is a second or longer.
 fn exposure_text(t: f64) -> Option<String> {
@@ -810,10 +976,18 @@ fn exposure_text(t: f64) -> Option<String> {
         return None;
     }
     let r = 1.0 / t;
-    if t < 1.0 && r.round() > 1.0 && (r - r.round()).abs() <= r * 0.01 {
-        return Some(format!("1/{} s", r.round()));
+    let n = r.round();
+    // Below 1/10 s the reciprocal is above 10, so its nearest whole number puts the shown time
+    // within 5 % of the stored one, and is the form a photographer expects ("1/32 s"). The test
+    // used to be relative to the reciprocal, so it shrank as the exposure slowed: under 1/50 s it
+    // fell below half a rounding step and nearly every fraction fell through to the decimal form
+    // (#6958). Above 1/10 s the fraction is only right when the reciprocal is very nearly whole
+    // (1/2 s, 1/4 s) — 0.4 s stays "0.4 s" rather than becoming "1/3 s".
+    let fraction = n.is_finite() && (1.0..=1e9).contains(&n) && (t < 0.1 || (t < 1.0 && n > 1.0 && (r - n).abs() <= r * 0.01));
+    if fraction {
+        return Some(format!("1/{} s", n as u64));
     }
-    Some(format!("{} s", short_num(t, if t < 1.0 { 2 } else { 1 })))
+    Some(format!("{} s", sig3(t)))
 }
 
 /// EXIF (`2024:02:17 12:40:19`) or XMP (`2024-02-17T12:40:19.00+01:00`) dates as
@@ -954,7 +1128,7 @@ fn file_info(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
         let xmp = s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?.doc.metadata.xmp.clone();
         let new = write_file_info(xmp.as_deref(), p);
         s.edit("File Info", |doc, _| {
-            doc.metadata.xmp = Some(new);
+            doc.metadata.xmp = Some(new.into());
             Ok(())
         })?;
     }
@@ -1140,19 +1314,37 @@ pub(crate) fn list_images_tree(dir: &str, _skip: &str, _cmd: &str) -> Result<Vec
 
 /// Opens each input in a scratch session, runs `f` on it and saves it to `output` as `format`
 /// (`"same"` keeps the input's extension). Errors per file are collected, not fatal.
-pub(crate) fn process_files(inputs: &[String], output: &str, format: &str, save: SaveOpts, suffix: &str, f: &dyn Fn(&mut Session) -> Result<()>) -> Value {
+pub(crate) fn process_files(
+    s: &Session,
+    inputs: &[String],
+    output: &str,
+    format: &str,
+    save: SaveOpts,
+    suffix: &str,
+    f: &dyn Fn(&mut Session) -> Result<()>,
+) -> Value {
     let inputs: Vec<BatchInput> = inputs.iter().map(|path| BatchInput { path: path.clone(), rel_dir: String::new() }).collect();
-    process_tree(&inputs, output, format, save, suffix, f)
+    process_tree(s, &inputs, output, format, save, suffix, &|scratch, _| f(scratch).map(|()| false))
 }
 
 /// [`process_files`] for inputs from subfolders: each result goes to its input's relative folder
-/// under `output` (created as needed), so `a/x.png` and `b/x.png` don't collide.
-pub(crate) fn process_tree(inputs: &[BatchInput], output: &str, format: &str, save: SaveOpts, suffix: &str, f: &dyn Fn(&mut Session) -> Result<()>) -> Value {
+/// under `output` (created as needed), so `a/x.png` and `b/x.png` don't collide. `f` gets the
+/// output path and returns `true` when it wrote the result there itself (Batch writes what a
+/// recorded save marked); otherwise the active document is saved after it.
+pub(crate) fn process_tree(
+    s: &Session,
+    inputs: &[BatchInput],
+    output: &str,
+    format: &str,
+    save: SaveOpts,
+    suffix: &str,
+    f: &dyn Fn(&mut Session, &str) -> Result<bool>,
+) -> Value {
     let outputs = inputs.iter().map(|BatchInput { path, rel_dir }| {
         let ext = if format == "same" { same_format(path) } else { format.trim_start_matches('.').to_ascii_lowercase() };
         (path.as_str(), join(&join(output, rel_dir), &format!("{}{suffix}.{ext}", stem(path))))
     });
-    process_outputs(outputs, save, f)
+    process_outputs(s, outputs, save, f)
 }
 
 /// The extension a batch output takes with Format "Same": the input's own, except for formats
@@ -1180,7 +1372,14 @@ fn same_format_takes_the_file_names_extension() {
     assert_eq!(same_format("/in/.hidden"), "png");
 }
 
-fn process_outputs<'a>(outputs: impl IntoIterator<Item = (&'a str, String)>, save: SaveOpts, f: &dyn Fn(&mut Session) -> Result<()>) -> Value {
+fn process_outputs<'a>(
+    s: &Session,
+    outputs: impl IntoIterator<Item = (&'a str, String)>,
+    save: SaveOpts,
+    f: &dyn Fn(&mut Session, &str) -> Result<bool>,
+) -> Value {
+    // The scratch sessions have default preferences; a raw opens at the user's Raw Defaults.
+    let raw_ppi = s.prefs().raw_defaults.resolution;
     let mut files = Vec::new();
     let mut errors = Vec::new();
     let mut written = OutputClaims::default();
@@ -1189,11 +1388,12 @@ fn process_outputs<'a>(outputs: impl IntoIterator<Item = (&'a str, String)>, sav
             written.check(&out).map_err(EngineError::Other)?;
             let bytes = read_file(path)?;
             let mut scratch = Session::new();
-            let doc = import(&file_name(path), &bytes)?;
+            let doc = import_at_raw_ppi(raw_ppi, &file_name(path), &bytes)?;
             scratch.add_document(doc, Some(path.to_string()));
-            f(&mut scratch)?;
-            let d = scratch.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?;
-            save_doc(&d.doc, &out, save)?;
+            if !f(&mut scratch, &out)? {
+                let d = scratch.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?;
+                save_doc(&d.doc, &out, save)?;
+            }
             Ok(())
         })();
         match r {
@@ -1228,15 +1428,26 @@ impl OutputClaims {
     }
 }
 
+/// A recorded Save, Save As or Save a Copy, which marks the result Batch writes to its destination
+/// (Photoshop's "Override Action 'Save As' Commands").
+pub(crate) fn batch_save_point(id: &str) -> bool {
+    matches!(id, "file.save" | "file.saveAs" | "file.saveACopy")
+}
+
+/// Whether Batch and droplets keep a recorded step: save points mark the result, while other
+/// shell-only saves and view steps (zoom, fit) don't change the output (#2752).
+pub(crate) fn batch_keeps_step(id: &str) -> bool {
+    (batch_save_point(id) || !crate::actions_cmds::shell_save_command(id)) && !crate::actions_cmds::shell_view_command(id)
+}
+
 fn batch(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     let cmd = "file.automate.batch";
     let mut steps =
         parse_steps(p.get("steps").or_else(|| p.get("action")).ok_or_else(|| EngineError::BadParams { cmd: cmd.into(), msg: "missing \"steps\"".into() })?)?;
     // Each result goes to the destination folder, which overrides the action's recorded Save /
-    // Save As steps (Photoshop's "Override Action 'Save As' Commands"). Recorded view steps
-    // (zoom, fit) don't change the output, so they are skipped (#2752).
-    steps.retain(|(id, _)| !crate::actions_cmds::shell_save_command(id) && !crate::actions_cmds::shell_view_command(id) && id != "file.export.quickExport");
-    if let Some((id, _)) = steps.iter().find(|(id, _)| crate::commands::find(id).is_none()) {
+    // Save As steps: they only mark the result.
+    steps.retain(|(id, _)| batch_keeps_step(id) && id != "file.export.quickExport");
+    if let Some((id, _)) = steps.iter().find(|(id, _)| !batch_save_point(id) && crate::commands::find(id).is_none()) {
         return Err(EngineError::BadParams { cmd: cmd.into(), msg: format!("unknown command `{id}` in the action") });
     }
     let output = str_param(p, "output", cmd)?.to_string();
@@ -1256,26 +1467,72 @@ fn batch(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
             list
         }
     };
-    let actions = crate::actions_cmds::ActionState { list, playing: s.actions.playing, playback_stack: s.actions.playback_stack.clone(), ..Default::default() };
+    // A batch inside a played action charges its inputs × steps (at least one each: an input is read,
+    // decoded and saved even with no steps) to the playback tree it is in and
+    // hands the count on, so a batch of batches can't multiply past the limit. A top-level batch
+    // is not limited by it.
+    let mut playback_steps = 0;
+    if s.actions.playing > 0 {
+        playback_steps = s.actions.playback_steps.saturating_add((steps.len().max(1) as u64).saturating_mul(inputs.len() as u64));
+        if playback_steps > crate::actions_cmds::MAX_PLAYBACK_STEPS {
+            return Err(EngineError::BadParams { cmd: cmd.into(), msg: "this batch would exceed the playback step limit of the action that runs it".into() });
+        }
+        s.actions.playback_steps = playback_steps;
+    }
+    let actions = crate::actions_cmds::ActionState {
+        list,
+        playing: s.actions.playing,
+        playback_stack: s.actions.playback_stack.clone(),
+        playback_steps,
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
     let names = batch_naming::plan(&inputs, &output, &format, p)?;
     let save = SaveOpts::from_params(s, p, cmd)?;
     let authorize = s.authorize;
-    let run = move |scratch: &mut Session| {
+    // Each input runs in its own scratch session, so what the played steps spend is carried from
+    // one input to the next (failed or not) and back to this session, not restarted per input.
+    let carried = std::cell::Cell::new(playback_steps);
+    let carried = &carried;
+    let run = move |scratch: &mut Session, out: &str| {
         scratch.authorize = authorize;
         scratch.actions = actions.clone();
-        for (id, params) in &steps {
-            let r = scratch.execute(id, params.clone())?;
-            // A failed step inside a called action makes this file an error, not a saved result.
-            if let Some(error) = crate::actions_cmds::nested_failure(id, &r) {
-                return Err(EngineError::Other(error));
+        scratch.actions.playback_steps = carried.get();
+        let result = (|| {
+            // The document as the last recorded save found it, written once the action has run so a
+            // failing step still writes nothing.
+            let mut saved: Option<Arc<Document>> = None;
+            for (id, params) in &steps {
+                if batch_save_point(id) {
+                    saved = Some(scratch.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?.doc.clone());
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let r = scratch.execute(id, params.clone())?;
+                // A failed step inside a called action makes this file an error, not a saved result.
+                if let Some(error) = crate::actions_cmds::nested_failure(id, &r) {
+                    return Err(EngineError::Other(error));
+                }
             }
-        }
-        Ok(())
+            // While the saved document is still open the steps after the save reach the result too
+            // (#3058), so it is saved after the action as usual. Closed after its save, or with another
+            // document left active, it is written as the save found it.
+            match saved {
+                Some(doc) if scratch.active().is_none_or(|d| d.doc.id != doc.id) => {
+                    save_doc(&doc, out, save)?;
+                    Ok(true)
+                }
+                _ => Ok(false),
+            }
+        })();
+        carried.set(scratch.actions.playback_steps);
+        result
     };
     let r = match names {
-        Some(names) => process_outputs(inputs.iter().map(|i| i.path.as_str()).zip(names), save, &run),
-        None => process_tree(&inputs, &output, &format, save, "", &run),
+        Some(names) => process_outputs(s, inputs.iter().map(|i| i.path.as_str()).zip(names), save, &run),
+        None => process_tree(s, &inputs, &output, &format, save, "", &run),
     };
+    if s.actions.playing > 0 {
+        s.actions.playback_steps = carried.get();
+    }
     Ok(r)
 }
 
@@ -1289,14 +1546,14 @@ fn image_processor(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
         (w, h) => Some(json!({"width": w.unwrap_or(1e9), "height": h.unwrap_or(1e9), "dontEnlarge": true})),
     };
     let to_srgb = p.get("convertToSrgb").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(false);
-    let r = process_tree(&inputs, &output, &format, SaveOpts::from_params(s, p, cmd)?.or_quality(8.0), "", &|scratch| {
+    let r = process_tree(s, &inputs, &output, &format, SaveOpts::from_params(s, p, cmd)?.or_quality(8.0), "", &|scratch, _| {
         if to_srgb && scratch.active().is_some_and(|d| d.doc.mode != ColorMode::Rgb) {
             scratch.execute("image.mode.rgb", json!({}))?;
         }
         if let Some(fp) = &fit {
             fit_image(scratch, fp)?;
         }
-        Ok(())
+        Ok(false)
     });
     Ok(r)
 }
@@ -1314,7 +1571,7 @@ fn load_files_into_stack(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     let mut docs = Vec::new();
     for path in &paths {
         let bytes = read_file(path)?;
-        docs.push((file_name(path), import(&file_name(path), &bytes)?));
+        docs.push((file_name(path), import_opened(s, &file_name(path), &bytes)?));
     }
     let first = &docs[0].1;
     let w = docs.iter().map(|(_, d)| d.size.width).max().unwrap_or(1);
@@ -1325,7 +1582,7 @@ fn load_files_into_stack(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     let fmt = stack.pixel_format();
     // First file at the bottom, like Photoshop's script.
     for (name, d) in &docs {
-        stack.layers.push(Layer::new(name.clone(), LayerContent::Raster(flattened(d, fmt))));
+        stack.layers.push(Layer::new(name.clone(), LayerContent::Raster(flattened_checked(d, fmt, cmd)?)));
     }
     let n = stack.layers.len();
     let smart = p.get("createSmartObject").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(false);
@@ -1453,41 +1710,77 @@ fn flatten_all_masks(s: &mut Session) -> Result<Value> {
 fn layers_to_files(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     let cmd = "file.export.layersToFiles";
     let dir = str_param(p, "dir", cmd).or_else(|_| str_param(p, "output", cmd))?.to_string();
-    let names = export_layers_with(s, p, |name, bytes| write_file(&join(&dir, name), bytes))?;
-    let files: Vec<String> = names.iter().map(|name| join(&dir, name)).collect();
-    Ok(json!({"files": files}))
+    let report = export_layers_report_with(s, p, |name, bytes| write_file(&join(&dir, name), bytes))?;
+    let files: Vec<String> = report.files.iter().map(|name| join(&dir, name)).collect();
+    Ok(json!({"files": files, "skipped": report.skipped}))
 }
 
 /// The bodies of `file.export.layersToFiles`, streamed to `write` as a single-component filename
 /// plus its bytes: one file per exported layer (top to bottom, like Photoshop's numbering),
 /// encoded but never touched as a path. Automation writes exactly these bytes beneath its write
 /// root (#3216), so the two paths cannot drift. Returns the filenames written, in order.
-pub fn export_layers_with(s: &Session, p: &Value, mut write: impl FnMut(&str, &[u8]) -> Result<()>) -> Result<Vec<String>> {
+pub fn export_layers_with(s: &Session, p: &Value, write: impl FnMut(&str, &[u8]) -> Result<()>) -> Result<Vec<String>> {
+    export_layers_report_with(s, p, write).map(|report| report.files)
+}
+
+/// A top-level layer omitted from a successful Layers to Files export.
+#[derive(Debug, serde::Serialize)]
+pub struct SkippedExportLayer {
+    /// Session layer id (names need not be unique).
+    pub layer: u64,
+    /// Original name, not the sanitized filename component.
+    pub name: String,
+    /// Why the layer produced no file.
+    pub reason: &'static str,
+}
+
+/// Filenames written and layers skipped, each in top-to-bottom order.
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct LayerExportReport {
+    pub files: Vec<String>,
+    pub skipped: Vec<SkippedExportLayer>,
+}
+
+/// The same export as [`export_layers_with`], with an explanation for every omitted top-level
+/// layer. Groups export merged, so their children are not separate exports or skips. Encoding
+/// and write failures remain errors, never successful skips. Existing numbering is preserved.
+pub fn export_layers_report_with(s: &Session, p: &Value, mut write: impl FnMut(&str, &[u8]) -> Result<()>) -> Result<LayerExportReport> {
     let cmd = "file.export.layersToFiles";
     let format = p.get("format").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("png").trim_start_matches('.').to_ascii_lowercase();
     let visible_only = p.get("visibleOnly").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(true);
+    // Callers outside `Session::execute` (headless workspace exports) carry the session's gate
+    // into `encode`, so a PSD embeds no file a linked smart object names.
+    let _authorization = crate::jobs::render_authorization_scope(s.authorize);
     let save = SaveOpts::from_params(s, p, cmd)?;
     let d = s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?;
     let prefix = p.get("prefix").and_then(Value::as_str).map(str::to_string).unwrap_or_else(|| stem(&d.doc.name));
     let doc = d.doc.clone();
-    let mut written = Vec::new();
-    // Top-level layers (groups export merged), top to bottom like Photoshop's numbering.
-    let layers: Vec<&Layer> = doc.layers.iter().rev().filter(|l| l.visible || !visible_only).collect();
-    for (i, l) in layers.iter().enumerate() {
+    let mut report = LayerExportReport::default();
+    // Hidden layers never consumed a filename index; adjustments that pass the visibility
+    // filter did. Keep those filenames stable while reporting both kinds of omission.
+    let mut i = 0usize;
+    for l in doc.layers.iter().rev() {
+        if !l.visible && visible_only {
+            report.skipped.push(SkippedExportLayer { layer: l.id.0, name: l.name.clone(), reason: "hidden by visibleOnly" });
+            continue;
+        }
+        let index = i;
+        i += 1;
         if matches!(l.content, LayerContent::Adjustment(_)) {
+            report.skipped.push(SkippedExportLayer { layer: l.id.0, name: l.name.clone(), reason: "adjustment layer has no pixels of its own" });
             continue;
         }
         let mut one = (*doc).clone();
-        let mut only = (*l).clone();
+        let mut only = l.clone();
         only.visible = true;
         only.clipped = false;
         one.layers = vec![only];
-        let name = format!("{}_{:04}_{}.{format}", sanitize(&prefix), i, sanitize(&l.name));
+        let name = format!("{}_{:04}_{}.{format}", sanitize(&prefix), index, sanitize(&l.name));
         let (bytes, _warnings) = encode(&one, &name, save)?;
         write(&name, &bytes)?;
-        written.push(name);
+        report.files.push(name);
     }
-    Ok(written)
+    Ok(report)
 }
 
 /// Adjustment layers that can be represented as an RGB-only LUT, in document stack order.
@@ -1725,7 +2018,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             "Save a Copy…",
             &["File"],
             Some("Cmd+Alt+S"),
-            r##"{"path":str (format from the extension),"quality":0..12? (JPEG),"layers":bool=true,"overwrite":bool=false (replace the document's own file),"tiffLayers":bool=false (TIFF: keep the layers; flat by default),"tgaBits":24|32? (TGA: 32 writes the alpha channel, or else the transparency, as the alpha; unset, 32 with an alpha channel or transparency, else 24),"dpxBits":8|10|12|16? (DPX: bits per sample; unset, 8 for an 8-bit document, else 16),"ddsCompression":"none|bc1|bc2|bc3"="none" (DDS: uncompressed, or block compression; BC1 keeps alpha on or off),"ddsMipmaps":bool=false (DDS: also write the full mip chain)}"##,
+            r##"{"path":str (format from the extension),"quality":0..12? (JPEG),"jpegFormat":"baseline|optimized|progressive"? (JPEG; default baseline),"layers":bool=true,"overwrite":bool=false (replace the document's own file),"tiffLayers":bool=false (TIFF: keep the layers; flat by default),"tiffCompression":"none|lzw|zip"? (TIFF: image compression; unset, none),"tgaBits":24|32? (TGA: 32 writes the alpha channel, or else the transparency, as the alpha; unset, 32 with an alpha channel or transparency, else 24),"dpxBits":8|10|12|16? (DPX: bits per sample; unset, 8 for an 8-bit document, else 16),"ddsCompression":"none|bc1|bc2|bc3"="none" (DDS: uncompressed, or block compression; BC1 keeps alpha on or off),"ddsMipmaps":bool=false (DDS: also write the full mip chain)}"##,
             native_doc,
             save_a_copy
         ),
@@ -1788,7 +2081,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             "Batch…",
             &["File", "Automate"],
             None,
-            r##"{"steps":[[commandId,params]|{"command":id,"params":{}}…] (a recorded action),"input":folder|[paths],"includeSubfolders":bool=false (a folder input also takes the images in its subfolders, up to 32 levels and 100000 files; each result keeps its subfolder under output),"output":folder,"format":"same|png|jpg|psd|tiff|…"="same","quality":0..12?,"naming":string? (blank keeps source names; {name}, {serial} padded to 3 digits, {date} as YYYY-MM-DD UTC; extension added automatically),"startingSerial":1..4294967295=1 (input position, including failed inputs),"tiffLayers":bool=false,"tgaBits":24|32?,"dpxBits":8|10|12|16? (DPX: bits per sample; unset, 8 for an 8-bit document, else 16),"ddsCompression":"none|bc1|bc2|bc3"="none" (DDS: uncompressed, or block compression; BC1 keeps alpha on or off),"ddsMipmaps":bool=false (DDS: also write the full mip chain),"calledActions":[{"name","steps"}…]? (the actions Play Action steps call; default: the session's)} → {files, errors} (an input whose output name was already written in the run goes to errors)"##,
+            r##"{"steps":[[commandId,params]|{"command":id,"params":{}}…] (a recorded action; a Save, Save As or Save a Copy step marks the document written to output, in this command's format and options: as the save found it if it was closed or another document is active at the end, else as the action leaves it; with no such step, the active document at the end),"input":folder|[paths],"includeSubfolders":bool=false (a folder input also takes the images in its subfolders, up to 32 levels and 100000 files; each result keeps its subfolder under output),"output":folder,"format":"same|png|jpg|psd|tiff|…"="same","quality":0..12?,"jpegFormat":"baseline|optimized|progressive"?,"naming":string? (blank keeps source names; {name}, {serial} padded to 3 digits, {date} as YYYY-MM-DD UTC; extension added automatically),"startingSerial":1..4294967295=1 (input position, including failed inputs),"tiffLayers":bool=false,"tiffCompression":"none|lzw|zip"?,"tgaBits":24|32?,"dpxBits":8|10|12|16? (DPX: bits per sample; unset, 8 for an 8-bit document, else 16),"ddsCompression":"none|bc1|bc2|bc3"="none" (DDS: uncompressed, or block compression; BC1 keeps alpha on or off),"ddsMipmaps":bool=false (DDS: also write the full mip chain),"calledActions":[{"name","steps"}…]? (the actions Play Action steps call; default: the session's)} → {files, errors} (an input whose output name was already written in the run goes to errors)"##,
             native,
             batch
         ),
@@ -1797,7 +2090,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             "Image Processor…",
             &["File", "Scripts"],
             None,
-            r##"{"input":folder|[paths],"includeSubfolders":bool=false (a folder input also takes the images in its subfolders, up to 32 levels and 100000 files; each result keeps its subfolder under output),"output":folder,"format":"jpg|png|psd|tiff|…"="jpg","quality":0..12=8,"tiffLayers":bool=false,"tgaBits":24|32?,"dpxBits":8|10|12|16? (DPX: bits per sample; unset, 8 for an 8-bit document, else 16),"ddsCompression":"none|bc1|bc2|bc3"="none" (DDS: uncompressed, or block compression; BC1 keeps alpha on or off),"ddsMipmaps":bool=false (DDS: also write the full mip chain),"width":px?,"height":px? (fit, never enlarge),"convertToSrgb":bool=false} → {files, errors} (an input whose output name was already written in the run goes to errors)"##,
+            r##"{"input":folder|[paths],"includeSubfolders":bool=false (a folder input also takes the images in its subfolders, up to 32 levels and 100000 files; each result keeps its subfolder under output),"output":folder,"format":"jpg|png|psd|tiff|…"="jpg","quality":0..12=8,"jpegFormat":"baseline|optimized|progressive"?,"tiffLayers":bool=false,"tiffCompression":"none|lzw|zip"?,"tgaBits":24|32?,"dpxBits":8|10|12|16? (DPX: bits per sample; unset, 8 for an 8-bit document, else 16),"ddsCompression":"none|bc1|bc2|bc3"="none" (DDS: uncompressed, or block compression; BC1 keeps alpha on or off),"ddsMipmaps":bool=false (DDS: also write the full mip chain),"width":px?,"height":px? (fit, never enlarge),"convertToSrgb":bool=false} → {files, errors} (an input whose output name was already written in the run goes to errors)"##,
             native,
             image_processor
         ),
@@ -1825,7 +2118,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             "Layers to Files…",
             &["File", "Export"],
             None,
-            r##"{"dir":folder,"format":"png|jpg|psd|tiff|…"="png","prefix":str=document name,"visibleOnly":bool=true,"quality":0..12?,"tiffLayers":bool=false,"tgaBits":24|32?,"dpxBits":8|10|12|16? (DPX: bits per sample; unset, 8 for an 8-bit document, else 16),"ddsCompression":"none|bc1|bc2|bc3"="none" (DDS: uncompressed, or block compression; BC1 keeps alpha on or off),"ddsMipmaps":bool=false (DDS: also write the full mip chain)} → {files}"##,
+            r##"{"dir":folder,"format":"png|jpg|psd|tiff|…"="png","prefix":str=document name,"visibleOnly":bool=true,"quality":0..12?,"jpegFormat":"baseline|optimized|progressive"?,"tiffLayers":bool=false,"tiffCompression":"none|lzw|zip"?,"tgaBits":24|32?,"dpxBits":8|10|12|16? (DPX: bits per sample; unset, 8 for an 8-bit document, else 16),"ddsCompression":"none|bc1|bc2|bc3"="none" (DDS: uncompressed, or block compression; BC1 keeps alpha on or off),"ddsMipmaps":bool=false (DDS: also write the full mip chain)} → {files}"##,
             native_doc,
             layers_to_files
         ),
@@ -1843,7 +2136,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             "New Guide Layout…",
             &["View"],
             None,
-            r##"{"columns":n=0,"width":px?,"gutter":px=0,"rows":n=0,"height":px?,"rowGutter":px=gutter,"margin":px|[top,left,bottom,right]=0,"centerColumns":bool=false,"clearExisting":bool=false,"target":"document|selectedArtboards"="document"}"##,
+            r##"{"columns":n=0,"width":len?,"gutter":len=0,"rows":n=0,"height":len?,"rowGutter":len=gutter,"margin":len|[top,left,bottom,right]=0,"centerColumns":bool=false,"clearExisting":bool=false,"target":"document|selectedArtboards"="document"} (len: pixels, or text with px, in, cm, mm, pt, pc or % as typed in Photoshop, e.g. "1 cm"; % is of the target's width for columns, gutters and left/right margins, its height for rows and top/bottom margins)"##,
             has_doc,
             new_guide_layout
         ),
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/file_cmds/tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/file_cmds/tests.rs
index 913335afe1..2a23dde9f1 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/file_cmds/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/file_cmds/tests.rs
@@ -92,6 +92,61 @@ fn batch_same_format_saves_camera_raws_as_psd() {
     }
 }
 
+/// Edit › Preferences › Raw Defaults › Resolution sets the ppi a raw opens with, through
+/// File › Open (the background open job) and through opening bytes; other files keep their own.
+#[test]
+fn a_developed_raw_opens_at_the_raw_defaults_resolution() {
+    use photocraft_raw::testgen::{DngSpec, mosaic, scene};
+    let (w, h) = (24, 16);
+    let raw = DngSpec::cfa(w, h, mosaic(&scene(w, h), w, [0, 1, 1, 2], 0, 65535)).build();
+    let dir = tmp("raw-defaults");
+    let path = join(&dir, "IMG_0002.dng");
+    std::fs::write(&path, &raw).unwrap();
+    let open = |s: &mut Session, path: &str| match s.start_open(path, crate::jobs::OpenSource::Path(path.into())).unwrap() {
+        crate::jobs::Started::Job(id) => {
+            s.wait_job(id).unwrap();
+        }
+        crate::jobs::Started::Done(_) => {}
+    };
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    open_bytes_as(&mut s, "IMG_0001.dng", &raw, None, None).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(doc(&s).resolution_dpi, 300.0, "the default");
+    s.execute("prefs.set", json!({"path": "rawDefaults.resolution", "value": 240})).unwrap();
+    open_bytes_as(&mut s, "IMG_0001.dng", &raw, None, None).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(doc(&s).resolution_dpi, 240.0);
+    open(&mut s, &path);
+    assert_eq!(doc(&s).resolution_dpi, 240.0, "File › Open");
+    let png = png(&dir, "a.png", 4, 4, "#ff0000");
+    open(&mut s, &png);
+    assert_eq!(doc(&s).resolution_dpi, 72.0, "not a raw");
+}
+
+/// The other ways a raw becomes a document of its own take Raw Defaults › Resolution too:
+/// File › Revert, Batch and Load Files into Stack (all of them opened a raw at 72 ppi).
+#[test]
+fn revert_batch_and_stack_open_a_raw_at_the_raw_defaults_resolution() {
+    use photocraft_raw::testgen::{DngSpec, mosaic, scene};
+    let (w, h) = (24, 16);
+    let dir = tmp("raw-defaults-siblings");
+    let path = join(&dir, "IMG_0003.dng");
+    std::fs::write(&path, DngSpec::cfa(w, h, mosaic(&scene(w, h), w, [0, 1, 1, 2], 0, 65535)).build()).unwrap();
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("prefs.set", json!({"path": "rawDefaults.resolution", "value": 240})).unwrap();
+    open_bytes_as(&mut s, &path, &std::fs::read(&path).unwrap(), None, Some(path.clone())).unwrap();
+    s.execute("image.imageSize", json!({"resolution": 150, "resample": "none"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(doc(&s).resolution_dpi, 150.0);
+    s.execute("file.revert", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(doc(&s).resolution_dpi, 240.0, "File › Revert");
+    let out = join(&dir, "out");
+    let r = s.execute("file.automate.batch", json!({"steps": [], "input": [path.clone()], "output": out, "format": "psd"})).unwrap();
+    let files = r["files"].as_array().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(files.len(), 1, "{r}");
+    let psd = photocraft_io::import("IMG_0003.psd", &std::fs::read(files[0].as_str().unwrap()).unwrap()).unwrap().document;
+    assert_eq!(psd.resolution_dpi, 240.0, "Batch");
+    s.execute("file.scripts.loadFilesIntoStack", json!({"paths": [path]})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(doc(&s).resolution_dpi, 240.0, "Load Files into Stack");
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn revert_reloads_as_one_undoable_step() {
     let dir = tmp("revert");
@@ -309,6 +364,57 @@ fn bad_targa_bits_are_refused_before_writing() {
     }
 }
 
+/// `jpegFormat` picks JPEG Options' format: Progressive writes a progressive frame (SOF2), the
+/// others a baseline one (SOF0); `quality` keeps Photoshop's 0–12 scale.
+#[test]
+fn save_a_copy_writes_the_jpeg_format_asked_for() {
+    let dir = tmp("jpeg-format");
+    let mut s = session(40, 30, 8);
+    let marker = |b: &[u8], m: u8| b.windows(2).any(|w| w == [0xFF, m]);
+    for (params, progressive) in [
+        (json!({}), false),
+        (json!({"jpegFormat": null}), false),
+        (json!({"jpegFormat": "baseline", "quality": 12}), false),
+        (json!({"jpegFormat": "optimized", "quality": 10}), false),
+        (json!({"jpegFormat": "progressive", "quality": 3}), true),
+    ] {
+        let out = join(&dir, "a.jpg");
+        let mut p = params.clone();
+        p["path"] = json!(out);
+        s.execute("file.saveACopy", p).unwrap();
+        let bytes = std::fs::read(&out).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(marker(&bytes, 0xC2), progressive, "{params}");
+        assert_eq!(marker(&bytes, 0xC0), !progressive, "{params}");
+        assert_eq!(photocraft_io::import("a.jpg", &bytes).unwrap().document.size.width, 40, "{params}");
+    }
+    // Layers to Files takes it too.
+    s.execute("file.export.layersToFiles", json!({"dir": dir, "format": "jpg", "jpegFormat": "progressive"})).unwrap();
+    let layers: Vec<_> = std::fs::read_dir(&dir).unwrap().filter_map(|e| e.ok()).map(|e| e.path()).filter(|p| !p.ends_with("a.jpg")).collect();
+    assert!(!layers.is_empty());
+    for p in layers {
+        assert!(marker(&std::fs::read(&p).unwrap(), 0xC2), "{p:?} is progressive");
+    }
+    assert_eq!((jpeg_quality(0.0), jpeg_quality(12.0), jpeg_quality(6.0)), (1, 100, 51));
+    assert_eq!((jpeg_quality(-3.0), jpeg_quality(40.0), jpeg_quality(f64::NAN), jpeg_quality(f64::NEG_INFINITY)), (1, 100, 100, 100));
+}
+
+/// A `jpegFormat` other than the three names is a bad parameter, reported before anything is
+/// written.
+#[test]
+fn bad_jpeg_formats_are_refused_before_writing() {
+    let dir = tmp("jpeg-bad");
+    let mut s = session(8, 8, 8);
+    for bad in [json!("Progressive"), json!(""), json!(2), json!(true), json!(["baseline"]), json!({"format": "baseline"})] {
+        let out = join(&dir, "a.jpg");
+        let r = s.execute("file.saveACopy", json!({"path": out, "jpegFormat": bad}));
+        assert!(matches!(r, Err(EngineError::BadParams { .. })), "{bad}: {r:?}");
+        assert!(!std::path::Path::new(&out).exists(), "{bad}: nothing written");
+        let r = s.execute("file.export.layersToFiles", json!({"dir": dir, "format": "jpg", "jpegFormat": bad}));
+        assert!(matches!(r, Err(EngineError::BadParams { .. })), "{bad}: {r:?}");
+        assert_eq!(std::fs::read_dir(&dir).unwrap().count(), 0, "{bad}: no layer written");
+    }
+}
+
 /// Preferences › File Handling › Image Previews decides whether a PSD gets Photoshop's
 /// thumbnail resource (1036): Always and Ask When Saving write it, Never doesn't.
 #[test]
@@ -568,6 +674,54 @@ fn camera_data_formats_like_photoshop_and_falls_back_to_xmp() {
     assert_eq!(camera_data(Some(b"II*\0\xff\xff\xff\xff"), Some("<exif:FNumber>0/0</exif:FNumber> exif:ExposureTime=\"-1/0\"")), json!({}));
 }
 
+/// A slow shutter speed whose reciprocal is not whole prints as the nearest fraction a camera
+/// would write, not as two decimals. The old 1 %-of-the-reciprocal test shrank as the exposure
+/// slowed, so below 1/50 s it fell below half a rounding step and nearly every such fraction fell
+/// through to the decimal form (#6958).
+#[test]
+fn camera_data_prints_a_slow_exposure_as_the_fraction_a_camera_writes() {
+    let text = |t: f64| exposure_text(t).expect("an exposure");
+    // The two values from the report: 31714/1000000 s and 215/10000 s.
+    assert_eq!(text(0.031_714), "1/32 s", "a stored 0.031714 s is about 1/32 s");
+    assert_eq!(text(0.0215), "1/47 s", "a stored 0.0215 s is about 1/47 s");
+    // The rest of a slow shutter scale, and the exact reciprocals that already worked.
+    assert_eq!(text(0.125), "1/8 s");
+    assert_eq!(text(1.0 / 60.0), "1/60 s");
+    assert_eq!(text(1.0 / 4000.0), "1/4000 s");
+    assert_eq!(text(0.04), "1/25 s");
+    assert_eq!(text(0.09), "1/11 s");
+    // Every shown time stays within 5 % of the stored one — the point of the report.
+    for t in [0.031_714, 0.0215, 0.04, 0.09, 0.125, 1.0 / 60.0, 1.0 / 4000.0] {
+        let n: f64 = text(t).split('/').nth(1).and_then(|d| d.split(' ').next()).expect("1/n s").parse().expect("a number");
+        assert!((1.0 / n / t - 1.0).abs() <= 0.05, "{t} shown as {} is more than 5 % off", text(t));
+    }
+    // A tenth of a second and longer keeps the Photoshop forms: a near-whole reciprocal is a
+    // fraction, anything else is the decimal at three significant digits.
+    assert_eq!(text(0.5), "1/2 s");
+    assert_eq!(text(0.25), "1/4 s");
+    assert_eq!(text(0.4), "0.4 s");
+    assert_eq!(text(0.105), "0.105 s", "two decimals would read 0.11 s");
+    assert_eq!(text(1.25), "1.25 s", "one decimal would read 1.3 s");
+    assert_eq!(text(2.0), "2 s");
+    // A hostile value cannot panic, and a positive exposure never reads as "0 s" (never-crash, rule 9).
+    assert_ne!(exposure_text(f64::MIN_POSITIVE).as_deref(), Some("0 s"));
+    assert_ne!(exposure_text(f64::MIN_POSITIVE), None);
+    assert_eq!(exposure_text(0.0), None);
+    assert_eq!(exposure_text(-1.0), None);
+    assert_eq!(exposure_text(f64::NAN), None);
+    assert_eq!(exposure_text(f64::INFINITY), None);
+    assert_ne!(exposure_text(f64::MAX), None);
+    // The same through a real EXIF block, so the round trip to File Info is covered too.
+    let camera = |t: f64| {
+        let exif = photocraft_algo::exif::build(&photocraft_algo::exif::CameraInfo { exposure_time: Some(t), ..Default::default() });
+        camera_data(Some(&exif), None)["exposure"].as_str().map(str::to_owned)
+    };
+    assert_eq!(camera(0.031_714), Some("1/32 s".to_owned()));
+    assert_eq!(camera(0.0215), Some("1/47 s".to_owned()));
+    // An absurd exposure is capped to one dialog line, as every other camera field is.
+    assert!(camera(f64::MAX).expect("an exposure").len() <= 200, "a huge exposure must stay on one dialog line");
+}
+
 const MULTILINGUAL_XMP: &str = r#"<x:xmpmeta xmlns:x="adobe:ns:meta/">
 <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
 <rdf:Description rdf:about="" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
@@ -617,7 +771,7 @@ fn file_info_translations_survive_undo_and_psd_round_trip() {
     for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
         let mut s = session(8, 8, depth);
         s.edit("Set metadata", |doc, _| {
-            doc.metadata.xmp = Some(MULTILINGUAL_XMP.to_string());
+            doc.metadata.xmp = Some(MULTILINGUAL_XMP.into());
             Ok(())
         })
         .unwrap();
@@ -627,7 +781,7 @@ fn file_info_translations_survive_undo_and_psd_round_trip() {
         assert!(s.undo());
         assert_eq!(doc(&s).metadata.xmp.as_deref(), Some(MULTILINGUAL_XMP));
         assert!(s.redo());
-        assert_eq!(doc(&s).metadata.xmp.as_deref(), Some(edited.as_str()));
+        assert_eq!(doc(&s).metadata.xmp.as_deref(), Some(&*edited));
         let (bytes, _) = encode(doc(&s), "x.psd", None).unwrap();
         let back = photocraft_io::import("x.psd", &bytes).unwrap().document;
         assert_translations_kept(back.metadata.xmp.as_deref().unwrap());
@@ -644,6 +798,13 @@ fn fit_image_and_conditional_mode_change() {
     assert_eq!(r["changed"], false);
     s.execute("file.automate.fitImage", json!({"width": 1000, "height": 1000})).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(doc(&s).size.width, 1000);
+
+    // Zero or negative width or height leaves that side unconstrained.
+    let mut s2 = session(1000, 800, 8);
+    s2.execute("file.automate.fitImage", json!({"width": 0, "height": 400})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!((doc(&s2).size.width, doc(&s2).size.height), (500, 400));
+    s2.execute("file.automate.fitImage", json!({"width": 250, "height": -10})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!((doc(&s2).size.width, doc(&s2).size.height), (250, 200));
     let r = s.execute("file.automate.conditionalModeChange", json!({"from": ["cmyk"], "to": "grayscale"})).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(r["changed"], false);
     s.execute("file.automate.conditionalModeChange", json!({"from": ["rgb", "lab"], "to": "grayscale"})).unwrap();
@@ -919,6 +1080,69 @@ fn flatten_all_layer_effects_keeps_a_pattern_overlay() {
     }
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn layers_to_files_reports_skipped_layers_without_changing_files() {
+    for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
+        let dir = tmp(&format!("skipped-layers-{depth}"));
+        let mut s = session(4, 4, depth);
+        let adjustment = s.execute("layer.newAdjustmentLayer.levels", json!({})).unwrap()["layer"].clone();
+        s.execute("layer.setProps", json!({"name": "Levels/α"})).unwrap();
+        let hidden = s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Levels/α"})).unwrap()["layer"].clone();
+        s.execute("layer.setProps", json!({"visible": false})).unwrap();
+        let before = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+        let result = s.execute("file.export.layersToFiles", json!({"dir": dir, "prefix": "doc"})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            result["skipped"],
+            json!([
+                {"layer": hidden, "name": "Levels/α", "reason": "hidden by visibleOnly"},
+                {"layer": adjustment, "name": "Levels/α", "reason": "adjustment layer has no pixels of its own"}
+            ])
+        );
+        assert_eq!(result["files"], json!([join(&dir, "doc_0001_Background.png")]));
+        assert_eq!(std::fs::read_dir(&dir).unwrap().count(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc.layers.len(), before.layers.len());
+        assert!(!s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(LayerId(hidden.as_u64().unwrap())).unwrap().visible);
+        let all = s.execute("file.export.layersToFiles", json!({"dir": dir, "prefix": "all", "visibleOnly": false})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            all["skipped"],
+            json!([
+                {"layer": adjustment, "name": "Levels/α", "reason": "adjustment layer has no pixels of its own"}
+            ])
+        );
+        assert_eq!(all["files"], json!([join(&dir, "all_0000_Levels_α.png"), join(&dir, "all_0002_Background.png")]));
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn layers_to_files_reports_groups_as_exports_and_failures_as_errors() {
+    let mut s = session(4, 4, 8);
+    s.execute("layer.newAdjustmentLayer.levels", json!({})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.new.groupFromLayers", json!({"name": "Pack"})).unwrap();
+    let params = json!({"prefix": "doc"});
+    let mut names = Vec::new();
+    let report = export_layers_report_with(&s, &params, |name, bytes| {
+        assert!(!bytes.is_empty());
+        names.push(name.to_string());
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(names, vec!["doc_0000_Pack.png", "doc_0001_Background.png"]);
+    assert_eq!(report.files, names);
+    assert!(report.skipped.is_empty(), "a group's adjustment is not an omitted top-level layer");
+    assert_eq!(export_layers_with(&s, &params, |_, _| Ok(())).unwrap(), names, "legacy Rust helper remains compatible");
+    assert!(export_layers_report_with(&s, &params, |_, _| Err(EngineError::Other("disk full".into()))).unwrap_err().to_string().contains("disk full"));
+    assert!(export_layers_report_with(&s, &json!({"format": "not-a-format"}), |_, _| panic!("must not write")).is_err());
+    assert!(export_layers_report_with(&Session::new(), &params, |_, _| panic!("must not write")).is_err());
+    s.edit("Empty", |doc, _| {
+        doc.layers.clear();
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+    let empty = export_layers_report_with(&s, &params, |_, _| panic!("must not write")).unwrap();
+    assert!(empty.files.is_empty());
+    assert!(empty.skipped.is_empty());
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn layers_to_files_writes_each_visible_layer() {
     let dir = tmp("layers");
@@ -1081,6 +1305,50 @@ fn exported_selected_cube_round_trips_through_lookup_importer() {
     assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc.layers.len(), 3);
 }
 
+/// #4984: New Guide Layout takes lengths with units as typed in Photoshop's dialog, at the
+/// document's resolution; percent is of the target's width or height, by axis.
+#[test]
+fn guide_layouts_take_units() {
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 1200, "height": 600, "resolution": 300})).unwrap();
+    let close = |a: &[f64], b: &[f64]| a.len() == b.len() && a.iter().zip(b).all(|(x, y)| (x - y).abs() < 0.01);
+    // 1 cm at 300 ppi is 118.11 px; 0.25 in is 75 px.
+    s.execute("view.newGuideLayout", json!({"columns": 2, "gutter": "1 cm", "margin": "0.25in"})).unwrap();
+    let g = &doc(&s).guides;
+    let col = (1050.0 - 118.110_236) / 2.0;
+    assert!(close(&g.vertical, &[75.0, 1125.0, 75.0 + col, 75.0 + col + 118.110_236]), "{:?}", g.vertical);
+    assert!(close(&g.horizontal, &[75.0, 525.0]), "{:?}", g.horizontal);
+    // Percent of the width for columns, of the height for rows and top/bottom margins; points
+    // follow Units & Rulers (72 per inch: 36 pt is 150 px, centred like the columns).
+    s.execute(
+        "view.newGuideLayout",
+        json!({"columns": 1, "width": "25%", "centerColumns": true, "rows": 1, "height": "36 pt", "margin": ["10%", 0, "10%", 0], "clearExisting": true}),
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    let g = &doc(&s).guides;
+    assert!(close(&g.vertical, &[0.0, 1200.0, 450.0, 750.0]), "{:?}", g.vertical);
+    assert!(close(&g.horizontal, &[60.0, 540.0, 225.0, 375.0]), "{:?}", g.horizontal);
+    // With selected artboards, percent is of each board, not of the document.
+    s.execute("layer.new.artboard", json!({"rect": [200, 100, 140, 40]})).unwrap();
+    s.execute(
+        "view.newGuideLayout",
+        json!({"columns": 1, "width": "50%", "centerColumns": true, "rows": 1, "height": "50%", "target": "selectedArtboards", "clearExisting": true}),
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    let g = &doc(&s).guides;
+    // Clear Existing removes guides inside the board only; those outside it stay.
+    assert!(close(&g.vertical, &[0.0, 1200.0, 450.0, 750.0, 235.0, 305.0]), "{:?}", g.vertical);
+    assert!(close(&g.horizontal, &[60.0, 540.0, 225.0, 375.0, 110.0, 130.0]), "{:?}", g.horizontal);
+    for bad in [
+        json!({"columns": 2, "gutter": "1 furlong"}),
+        json!({"columns": 2, "gutter": "-1 cm"}),
+        json!({"columns": 2, "margin": [0, "x", 0, 0]}),
+        json!({"columns": 2, "gutter": true}),
+    ] {
+        assert!(s.execute("view.newGuideLayout", bad.clone()).is_err(), "{bad}");
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn guide_layouts() {
     let mut s = session(100, 50, 8);
@@ -1255,6 +1523,18 @@ fn reveal_in_finder_reveals_the_documents_saved_path() {
     assert_eq!(r["args"], json!(args));
 }
 
+#[cfg(windows)]
+#[test]
+fn reveal_in_finder_on_windows_passes_the_clicked_tabs_saved_path() {
+    let mut s = session(8, 8, 8);
+    s.active_mut().unwrap().path = Some("C:/项目 图片/海报 🖼.png".into());
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8, "name": "other"})).unwrap();
+
+    let r = s.execute("file.revealInFinder", json!({"document": 0, "dryRun": true})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r["program"], "explorer");
+    assert_eq!(r["args"], json!(["/select,", r"C:\项目 图片\海报 🖼.png"]));
+}
+
 /// "Include All Subfolders" (AUTO-219-5, #3753): Batch and Image Processor take the images in
 /// subfolders too, each result keeping its subfolder under the output folder (so same-named files
 /// don't collide), and skip the output folder when it sits inside the input folder.
@@ -1459,9 +1739,86 @@ fn batch_naming_rejects_outputs_that_replace_inputs_before_processing() {
     assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&second).unwrap(), before[1]);
 }
 
+/// Batch takes the result at the action's recorded Save, Save As or Save a Copy, as Photoshop's
+/// "Override Action 'Save As' Commands" does: a document closed after its save is written as the
+/// save found it. The usual "…, Save As, Close" ending failed on every file: the Save was dropped,
+/// and nothing was left open to save after the action.
+#[test]
+fn batch_saves_at_the_recorded_save_so_a_close_after_it_keeps_the_result() {
+    let dir = tmp("batch-save-close");
+    let red = png(&dir, "red.png", 8, 8, "#ff0000");
+    let saved = |out: &str| photocraft_io::import("red.png", &std::fs::read(join(out, "red.png")).unwrap()).unwrap().document;
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    let out = join(&dir, "close");
+    let steps = json!([["image.adjustments.invert", {}], ["file.saveAs", {}], ["file.close", {}]]);
+    let r = s.execute("file.automate.batch", json!({"input": [red], "output": out, "format": "png", "steps": steps})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r["errors"], json!([]), "{r}");
+    assert_eq!(r["files"], json!([join(&out, "red.png")]));
+    assert_eq!(photocraft_compose::render(&saved(&out), Rect::new(1, 1, 2, 2)).px[0], [0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0], "the inverted red");
+
+    // Save a Copy marks the result the same way, and its recorded path is never written.
+    let out = join(&dir, "copy");
+    let elsewhere = join(&dir, "elsewhere.png");
+    let steps = json!([["image.adjustments.invert", {}], ["file.saveACopy", {"path": elsewhere}], ["file.close", {}]]);
+    let r = s.execute("file.automate.batch", json!({"input": [red], "output": out, "format": "png", "steps": steps})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r["errors"], json!([]), "{r}");
+    assert_eq!(photocraft_compose::render(&saved(&out), Rect::new(1, 1, 2, 2)).px[0], [0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]);
+    assert!(!std::path::Path::new(&elsewhere).exists());
+
+    // With no Save step the result is still saved after the action; with nothing left open then,
+    // the file is an error, not a silent skip.
+    let out = join(&dir, "closed");
+    let r = s.execute("file.automate.batch", json!({"input": [red], "output": out, "format": "png", "steps": [["file.close", {}]]})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r["files"], json!([]), "{r}");
+    assert!(r["errors"][0]["error"].as_str().unwrap().contains("no active document"), "{r}");
+}
+
+/// The document a recorded save marked is the result, not the one left active after it closed.
+/// Here the action saves and closes a second document it made, then inverts the input; the output
+/// used to be the inverted input, written in place of the result without an error.
+#[test]
+fn batch_saves_the_document_active_at_the_save_not_the_one_left_after_it() {
+    let dir = tmp("batch-save-second");
+    let red = png(&dir, "red.png", 8, 8, "#ff0000");
+    let out = join(&dir, "out");
+    let steps = json!([
+        ["file.new", {"width": 4, "height": 4, "background": "#00ff00"}],
+        ["file.save", {}],
+        ["file.close", {}],
+        ["image.adjustments.invert", {}]
+    ]);
+    let r = Session::new().execute("file.automate.batch", json!({"input": [red], "output": out, "format": "png", "steps": steps})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r["errors"], json!([]), "{r}");
+    let saved = photocraft_io::import("red.png", &std::fs::read(join(&out, "red.png")).unwrap()).unwrap().document;
+    assert_eq!((saved.size.width, saved.size.height), (4, 4));
+    assert_eq!(photocraft_compose::render(&saved, Rect::new(1, 1, 2, 2)).px[0], [0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+}
+
+/// While the saved document is open, the steps after its save still reach the result (#3058: a
+/// recorded Save then Rotate writes the rotated image). A step failing after the save writes
+/// nothing, as when Batch saved only after the action.
+#[test]
+fn batch_applies_the_steps_after_a_save_while_its_document_is_open() {
+    let dir = tmp("batch-save-then-edit");
+    let red = png(&dir, "red.png", 8, 8, "#ff0000");
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    let out = join(&dir, "edited");
+    let steps = json!([["file.saveAs", {}], ["image.adjustments.invert", {}]]);
+    let r = s.execute("file.automate.batch", json!({"input": [red], "output": out, "format": "png", "steps": steps})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r["errors"], json!([]), "{r}");
+    let saved = photocraft_io::import("red.png", &std::fs::read(join(&out, "red.png")).unwrap()).unwrap().document;
+    assert_eq!(photocraft_compose::render(&saved, Rect::new(1, 1, 2, 2)).px[0], [0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]);
+
+    let out = join(&dir, "failed");
+    let steps = json!([["image.adjustments.invert", {}], ["file.saveAs", {}], ["layer.select", {"layer": "missing"}]]);
+    let r = s.execute("file.automate.batch", json!({"input": [red], "output": out, "format": "png", "steps": steps})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r["errors"].as_array().unwrap().len(), 1, "{r}");
+    assert!(!std::path::Path::new(&join(&out, "red.png")).exists(), "{r}");
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn exposure_text_near_one_second_is_not_one_over_one() {
-    assert_eq!(exposure_text(0.996).as_deref(), Some("1 s"));
+    assert_eq!(exposure_text(0.996).as_deref(), Some("0.996 s"), "not \"1/1 s\"; three significant digits");
     assert_eq!(exposure_text(0.99).as_deref(), Some("0.99 s"));
     assert_eq!(exposure_text(1.0 / 250.0).as_deref(), Some("1/250 s"));
 }
@@ -1477,3 +1834,59 @@ fn folder_listing_recognises_gzipped_xcf_by_its_double_extension() {
     assert!(!super::openable_name("archive.tar.gz"));
     assert!(!super::openable_name("notes.txt"));
 }
+
+/// The Compression tag (259) of a TIFF's first directory.
+fn tiff_compression_tag(b: &[u8]) -> Option<u16> {
+    let le = b.get(..2)? == b"II";
+    let u16_at = |i: usize| b.get(i..i + 2).map(|s| if le { u16::from_le_bytes([s[0], s[1]]) } else { u16::from_be_bytes([s[0], s[1]]) });
+    let u32_at =
+        |i: usize| b.get(i..i + 4).map(|s| if le { u32::from_le_bytes([s[0], s[1], s[2], s[3]]) } else { u32::from_be_bytes([s[0], s[1], s[2], s[3]]) });
+    let ifd = u32_at(4)? as usize;
+    (0..usize::from(u16_at(ifd)?)).map(|k| ifd + 2 + 12 * k).find(|e| u16_at(*e) == Some(259)).and_then(|e| u16_at(e + 8))
+}
+
+/// #5301: `tiffCompression` picks a TIFF's compression (TIFF Options: None, LZW, ZIP); unset,
+/// none. Anything else is refused before anything is written.
+#[test]
+fn save_a_copy_writes_the_tiff_compression_asked_for() {
+    let dir = tmp("tiff-compression");
+    for (params, tag) in
+        [(json!({}), 1), (json!({"tiffCompression": "none"}), 1), (json!({"tiffCompression": "lzw"}), 5), (json!({"tiffCompression": "zip"}), 8)]
+    {
+        let mut s = session(12, 6, 8);
+        let out = join(&dir, "a.tif");
+        let mut p = params.clone();
+        p["path"] = json!(out);
+        s.execute("file.saveACopy", p).unwrap();
+        let bytes = std::fs::read(&out).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(tiff_compression_tag(&bytes), Some(tag), "{params}");
+        assert_eq!(photocraft_io::import("a.tif", &bytes).unwrap().document.size, photocraft_geom::Size::new(12, 6));
+    }
+    let mut s = session(8, 8, 8);
+    let state = |s: &Session| s.active().map(|st| (st.revision, st.path.clone(), st.is_dirty()));
+    let before = state(&s);
+    for bad in [json!("jpeg"), json!("LZW"), json!(5), json!(true)] {
+        let out = join(&dir, "bad.tif");
+        let r = s.execute("file.saveACopy", json!({"path": out, "tiffCompression": bad}));
+        assert!(matches!(r, Err(EngineError::BadParams { .. })), "{bad}: {r:?}");
+        assert!(!std::path::Path::new(&out).exists(), "{bad}: nothing written");
+        assert_eq!(state(&s), before, "{bad}: the document is as it was");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sanitize_keeps_windows_device_names_off_the_disk() {
+    assert_eq!(sanitize("nul"), "nul_");
+    assert_eq!(sanitize("CON"), "CON_");
+    assert_eq!(sanitize("com1.v2"), "com1_.v2");
+    assert_eq!(sanitize("lpt9 .final"), "lpt9 _.final");
+    assert_eq!(sanitize("COM¹"), "COM¹_");
+    assert_eq!(sanitize("LPT².txt"), "LPT²_.txt");
+    for name in ["nul", "CON", "com1.v2", "lpt9 .final", "aux", "prn", "conin$", "clock$", "COM¹", "lpt³.x"] {
+        assert!(!is_windows_device_name(&sanitize(name)), "{name} -> {}", sanitize(name));
+    }
+    // Names that only start like a device are files like any other.
+    for name in ["console", "normal", "com10", "lpt0", "nullify", "con_", "com⁴", "com¹¹"] {
+        assert_eq!(sanitize(name), name);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/fill_key_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/fill_key_cmds.rs
index ce3b478a70..16585a33d6 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/fill_key_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/fill_key_cmds.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use crate::{EngineError, Result, Session};
 /// The fill-key command ids (routed to the Channels panel target like `edit.fill`).
 pub const IDS: [&str; 5] = ["edit.fillForeground", "edit.fillBackground", "edit.fillForegroundPreserve", "edit.fillBackgroundPreserve", "edit.fillHistory"];
 
-const PARAMS: &str = r##"{"layer":id?,"target":"pixels"|"mask"|"quickMask"|{"channel":i}?}"##;
+const PARAMS: &str = r##"{"layer":id?,"target":"pixels"|"mask"|"filterMask"|"quickMask"|{"channel":i}?}"##;
 
 /// The shape or type layer the colour fill keys recolor instead of filling pixels.
 fn target_live_layer(s: &Session, p: &Value) -> Option<LayerId> {
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/filters.rs b/crates/engine/src/filters.rs
index b115a9f5e0..f4015e0a0f 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/filters.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/filters.rs
@@ -864,6 +864,7 @@ mod tests {
                     smart_filters: vec![],
                     cache: Some(cache),
                     psd_raw: None,
+                    vector_preview: None,
                     filters_enabled: true,
                     filter_mask: None,
                     warp: None,
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/filters/validation.rs b/crates/engine/src/filters/validation.rs
index b2359ffa57..f9bc1a4eec 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/filters/validation.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/filters/validation.rs
@@ -161,9 +161,9 @@ pub(crate) fn validate_params(id: &str, params: &Value) -> Result<()> {
                 "layer" => (value.as_u64().is_some(), "an unsigned layer id".into()),
                 "coalesce" => (value.is_string(), "a string".into()),
                 "target" => (
-                    value.as_str().is_some_and(|s| matches!(s, "pixels" | "mask" | "quickMask"))
+                    value.as_str().is_some_and(|s| matches!(s, "pixels" | "mask" | "filterMask" | "quickMask"))
                         || value.as_object().is_some_and(|o| o.len() == 1 && o.get("channel").and_then(Value::as_u64).is_some()),
-                    "pixels, mask, quickMask or {\"channel\":index}".into(),
+                    "pixels, mask, filterMask, quickMask or {\"channel\":index}".into(),
                 ),
                 _ => return Err(bad(format!("unknown parameter `{key}`"))),
             }
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/filters_ext.rs b/crates/engine/src/filters_ext.rs
index ce6f7c012f..7aa726f8e0 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/filters_ext.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/filters_ext.rs
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ pub(crate) fn map_path(p: &Value) -> Option<&str> {
 /// Displace's `mapDocument`: an index or a name. Null and a negative index (the dialog's "None")
 /// name no document.
 pub(crate) fn map_document(p: &Value) -> Option<&Value> {
-    p.get("mapDocument").filter(|d| !d.is_null() && !d.as_i64().is_some_and(|i| i < 0))
+    p.get("mapDocument").filter(|d| !d.is_null() && d.as_i64().is_none_or(|i| i >= 0))
 }
 
 /// Displace's map read from a file (flattened, or its `mapLayer`).
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/float_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/float_cmds.rs
index bffb670769..19ac191900 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/float_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/float_cmds.rs
@@ -12,11 +12,12 @@
 //!   which puts it back and then returns to the chosen state.
 //!
 //! While floating, the document is unchanged; [`displayed`] gives the document with the piece at
-//! its offset, for the canvas. The selection stays where it was until the drop.
+//! its offset, for the canvas. The selection stays where it was until the drop, when it becomes
+//! the piece's outline ([`CutParts::outline`]); the canvas shows that outline from the start.
 
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use photocraft_color::PixelFormat;
+use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, PixelFormat};
 use photocraft_doc::{Document, LayerContent, LayerId};
 use photocraft_raster::Surface;
 use serde_json::{Value, json};
@@ -33,6 +34,11 @@ pub struct CutParts {
     rest: Surface,
     piece: Surface,
     piece_bounds: photocraft_geom::Rect,
+    /// The selection the moved pixels take, unmoved: the alpha the piece took, the selection
+    /// limited to the layer's transparency (Photoshop shrinks the marching ants to the piece as the
+    /// drag starts, #7538). `None` keeps the selection: a mask has no transparency, and an empty
+    /// piece no outline.
+    outline: Option<Surface>,
     /// The pieces are the layer's mask (`"target":"mask"`), not its pixels.
     mask: bool,
 }
@@ -60,11 +66,23 @@ impl CutParts {
         let base = if mask || fmt == with_alpha { surf.clone() } else { surf.convert(with_alpha) };
         let mut rest = base.clone();
         let mut piece = Surface::new(with_alpha);
+        let mut outline: Option<Surface> = None;
         let fill = !copy && (mask || doc.is_background(layer));
         // A mask's untouched pixels (its default, e.g. white) move too, so take the whole canvas.
         let b = sel.content_bounds().intersect(&if mask { doc.bounds() } else { base.content_bounds() });
         if !b.is_empty() {
             piece = cut_piece(&base, sel, b, with_alpha)?;
+            // The moved pixels' selection is what they took with them: the alpha the piece
+            // holds, which is the selection limited to the layer's own coverage (Photoshop's
+            // marching ants hug the piece as the drag starts, #7538). A mask has no outline.
+            if !mask {
+                let n = with_alpha.channels();
+                let cover: Vec<f32> = piece.try_read_region(b)?.chunks_exact(n).filter_map(|p| p.last().copied()).collect();
+                let mut o = Surface::new(PixelFormat::new(ColorMode::Grayscale, sel.format().sample, false));
+                o.try_write_region(b, &cover)?;
+                o.prune();
+                outline = Some(o);
+            }
             if fill {
                 let opaque_bg = [background[0], background[1], background[2], 1.0];
                 crate::pixels::try_fill_surface(&mut rest, b, opaque_bg, Some(sel), false)?;
@@ -76,7 +94,13 @@ impl CutParts {
             }
         }
         let piece_bounds = piece.content_bounds();
-        Ok(Self { layer, rest, piece, piece_bounds, mask })
+        let outline = outline.filter(|o| !o.content_bounds().is_empty());
+        Ok(Self { layer, rest, piece, piece_bounds, outline, mask })
+    }
+
+    /// The selection the moved pixels take, where they were cut (`None`: the selection stays).
+    pub fn outline(&self) -> Option<&Surface> {
+        self.outline.as_ref()
     }
 
     /// `doc` with the piece moved by whole pixels (dx, dy) over the cut-out layer.
@@ -214,6 +238,9 @@ pub struct Floating {
     pub offset: (i32, i32),
     pub revision: u64,
     pub parts: Arc<CutParts>,
+    /// The piece has been moved at least once, even if it is back where it was cut (nudged away
+    /// and back): its selection is the moved pixels' then, as each of Photoshop's nudges leaves it.
+    pub moved: bool,
 }
 
 /// The floating piece of `st`, if it is still valid (the document hasn't changed under it).
@@ -264,15 +291,17 @@ fn float(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     let st = s.active_mut().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?;
     if floating(st).is_none() {
         let layer = st.active_layer.ok_or_else(|| EngineError::Other("no active layer".into()))?;
-        let parts = CutParts::new(&st.doc, layer, copy, background, crate::commands::is_mask_target(p))?;
-        st.floating = Some(Floating { layer, offset: (0, 0), revision: st.revision, parts: Arc::new(parts) });
+        let parts = CutParts::new(&st.doc, layer, copy, background, crate::channel_cmds::target_of(p) == crate::channel_cmds::Target::Mask)?;
+        st.floating = Some(Floating { layer, offset: (0, 0), revision: st.revision, parts: Arc::new(parts), moved: false });
     }
     let f = st.floating.as_mut().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?;
     f.offset = (f.offset.0.saturating_add(dx), f.offset.1.saturating_add(dy));
+    f.moved |= (dx, dy) != (0, 0);
     Ok(json!({"layer": f.layer.0, "offset": [f.offset.0, f.offset.1]}))
 }
 
-/// Drop the floating piece into its layer and move the selection with it (one history step).
+/// Drop the floating piece into its layer and move the selection with it, shrunk to the piece's
+/// outline (one history step).
 pub fn drop_floating(s: &mut Session) -> Result<Value> {
     let Some(st) = s.active_mut() else { return Ok(json!({"dropped": false})) };
     let Some(f) = floating(st).cloned() else {
@@ -282,11 +311,21 @@ pub fn drop_floating(s: &mut Session) -> Result<Value> {
     st.floating = None;
     let (dx, dy) = f.offset;
     if (dx, dy) == (0, 0) {
+        // Back where it was cut: the pixels are as they were. A piece that never moved (a click)
+        // changes nothing; one nudged away and back keeps the moved pixels' selection (#7538).
+        if let Some(outline) = f.parts.outline().filter(|_| f.moved) {
+            let outline = outline.clone();
+            s.edit("Move", |doc, _| {
+                doc.selection = Some(outline);
+                Ok(())
+            })?;
+        }
         return Ok(json!({"dropped": true, "offset": [0, 0]}));
     }
     s.edit("Move", |doc, _| {
         f.parts.place(doc, dx, dy)?;
-        doc.selection = doc.selection.as_ref().map(|sel| photocraft_algo::resample::translate_surface(sel, dx, dy));
+        let sel = f.parts.outline().or(doc.selection.as_ref());
+        doc.selection = sel.map(|sel| photocraft_algo::resample::translate_surface(sel, dx, dy));
         Ok(())
     })?;
     Ok(json!({"dropped": true, "offset": [dx, dy]}))
@@ -294,7 +333,8 @@ pub fn drop_floating(s: &mut Session) -> Result<Value> {
 
 /// Commands that leave a floating piece floating: its own, and ones that don't touch documents.
 fn keeps_floating(id: &str) -> bool {
-    matches!(id, "select.float" | "select.drop") || ["view.", "window.", "help.", "prefs."].iter().any(|p| id.starts_with(p))
+    matches!(id, "select.float" | "select.drop" | "brush.mixer.sample" | "brush.mixer.load" | "brush.mixer.clean")
+        || ["view.", "window.", "help.", "prefs."].iter().any(|p| id.starts_with(p))
 }
 
 /// Before any command (`Session::dispatch`): Undo puts a floating piece back (and is used up:
@@ -307,7 +347,7 @@ pub(crate) fn before_command(s: &mut Session, id: &str) -> Result<Option<Value>>
     }
     match id {
         // Edit › Undo and the History panel's Step Backward step back over the move itself.
-        "edit.undo" | "edit.stepBackward" | "history.stepBackward" => {
+        "edit.undo" | "history.stepBackward" => {
             st.floating = None;
             Ok(Some(json!({"floating": "returned"})))
         }
@@ -342,7 +382,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             label: "Drop Floating Selection",
             menu: &[],
             shortcut: None,
-            params: r##"{} → {dropped, offset} (drops the floating piece into its layer and moves the selection with it: one history step)"##,
+            params: r##"{} → {dropped, offset} (drops the floating piece into its layer and moves the selection with it, shrunk to the moved pixels: the selection limited to where the layer has pixels, as in Photoshop; a mask or an empty piece keeps the selection's shape; one history step)"##,
             enabled: |s| s.active().map(|_| ()).ok_or_else(|| "no document".into()),
             journal: true,
             run: |s, _| drop_floating(s),
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/float_cmds/tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/float_cmds/tests.rs
index 130b07f2ab..44c887643f 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/float_cmds/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/float_cmds/tests.rs
@@ -336,3 +336,192 @@ fn float_feathered_selection_preserves_partial_alpha_across_depths() {
         assert!(edge_a > 0.1 && edge_a < 0.9, "{depth}-bit feathered edge alpha={edge_a}");
     }
 }
+
+/// Coverage of `d`'s selection at (x, y).
+fn selected(d: &Document, x: i32, y: i32) -> f32 {
+    d.selection.as_ref().map_or(0.0, |s| s.sample_channel(x, y, 0))
+}
+
+/// #7538: a marquee drawn loosely around an object on a transparent layer shrinks to the object
+/// once its pixels move, as in Photoshop, at every depth and when moving a copy.
+#[test]
+fn moving_shrinks_the_selection_to_the_moved_pixels_at_every_depth() {
+    for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
+        for copy in [false, true] {
+            let mut s = Session::new();
+            s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 80, "height": 60, "background": "transparent", "depth": depth})).unwrap();
+            s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 10, "y": 10, "width": 20, "height": 20})).unwrap();
+            s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+            // A marquee with empty space all round the red square.
+            s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 4, "y": 6, "width": 34, "height": 30})).unwrap();
+            s.execute("select.float", json!({"dx": 20, "dy": 5, "copy": copy})).unwrap();
+            let st = s.active().unwrap();
+            let outline = floating(st).unwrap().parts.outline().unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(outline.content_bounds(), Rect::new(10, 10, 30, 30), "{depth}-bit, copy {copy}: the outline while floating");
+            assert_eq!(st.doc.selection.as_ref().unwrap().content_bounds(), Rect::new(4, 6, 38, 36), "the document's is untouched");
+            s.execute("select.drop", json!({})).unwrap();
+            let doc = &s.active().unwrap().doc;
+            assert_eq!(doc.selection.as_ref().unwrap().content_bounds(), Rect::new(30, 15, 50, 35), "{depth}-bit, copy {copy}");
+            assert_eq!((selected(doc, 40, 25), selected(doc, 26, 13)), (1.0, 0.0), "{depth}-bit, copy {copy}: the moved square only");
+            // Undo brings back the marquee as it was drawn.
+            s.undo();
+            assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc.selection.as_ref().unwrap().content_bounds(), Rect::new(4, 6, 38, 36), "{depth}-bit, copy {copy}");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The new selection is what each pixel took with it: the selection, at most the pixel's alpha. A
+/// soft selection keeps its soft edge; a half-transparent pixel half selected moves whole.
+#[test]
+fn the_outline_is_what_the_moved_pixels_took() {
+    let (mut s, id) = session();
+    s.edit("soften", |doc, _| {
+        // Half-transparent red over (30..40, 10..30), beside the opaque (10..30)² square.
+        doc.layer_mut(id).unwrap().surface_mut().unwrap().fill_rect(Rect::new(30, 10, 40, 30), &[1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5]);
+        let mut sel = Surface::new(PixelFormat::GRAY8);
+        sel.fill_rect(Rect::new(0, 0, 60, 50), &[0.5]);
+        sel.fill_rect(Rect::new(10, 10, 20, 30), &[1.0]);
+        doc.selection = Some(sel);
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+    s.execute("select.float", json!({"dx": 10, "dy": 0})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("select.drop", json!({})).unwrap();
+    let doc = &s.active().unwrap().doc;
+    let near = |x: i32, y: i32, want: f32| assert!((selected(doc, x, y) - want).abs() < 0.01, "({x}, {y}): {} for {want}", selected(doc, x, y));
+    near(25, 20, 1.0); // fully selected, opaque
+    near(35, 20, 0.5); // half selected, opaque: half of it moved
+    near(45, 20, 0.5); // half selected, half transparent: all of it moved
+    near(5, 5, 0.0); // selected, but nothing there
+    assert_eq!(doc.selection.as_ref().unwrap().content_bounds(), Rect::new(20, 10, 50, 30));
+}
+
+/// Where the selection is the moved piece already (the Background, which has no transparency)
+/// or the piece has no outline (a mask, or only transparent pixels), the selection just moves.
+#[test]
+fn the_selection_just_moves_without_transparency_to_shrink_to() {
+    // The Background.
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 40, "height": 40})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 5, "y": 5, "width": 10, "height": 10})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("select.float", json!({"dx": 15, "dy": 0})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("select.drop", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc.selection.as_ref().unwrap().content_bounds(), Rect::new(20, 5, 30, 15), "the Background");
+    // Only transparent pixels selected.
+    let (mut s, _) = session();
+    s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 40, "y": 5, "width": 10, "height": 10})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("select.float", json!({"dx": 5, "dy": 0})).unwrap();
+    assert!(floating(s.active().unwrap()).unwrap().parts.outline().is_none());
+    s.execute("select.drop", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc.selection.as_ref().unwrap().content_bounds(), Rect::new(45, 5, 55, 15), "an empty piece");
+    // The mask: it has no transparency of its own.
+    let (mut s, id) = session();
+    s.edit("mask", |doc, _| {
+        doc.layer_mut(id).unwrap().mask = Some(photocraft_doc::LayerMask::reveal_all());
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+    s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 5, "y": 5, "width": 40, "height": 40})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("select.float", json!({"dx": 5, "dy": 0, "target": "mask"})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("select.drop", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc.selection.as_ref().unwrap().content_bounds(), Rect::new(10, 5, 50, 45), "the mask");
+}
+
+/// #7538: an anti-aliased shape moved, dropped, then moved again from its shrunk selection leaves
+/// nothing behind. With the selection shrunk to the pixels' alpha, the second move left
+/// a × (1 − a) of each edge pixel (up to 25 %), a faint outline where the shape had been.
+#[test]
+fn moving_again_from_the_shrunk_selection_leaves_no_edge_behind() {
+    for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 120, "height": 100, "background": "transparent", "depth": depth})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 20, "y": 20, "width": 50, "height": 40, "ellipse": true})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#0000ff"})).unwrap();
+        let id = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        let total = |doc: &Document| (0..100).flat_map(|y| (0..120).map(move |x| (x, y))).map(|(x, y)| alpha(doc, id, x, y)).sum::<f32>();
+        let (before, soft) = {
+            let doc = &s.active().unwrap().doc;
+            (total(doc), (0..100).flat_map(|y| (0..120).map(move |x| (x, y))).filter(|&(x, y)| (0.01..0.99).contains(&alpha(doc, id, x, y))).count())
+        };
+        assert!(soft > 20, "{depth}-bit: the ellipse has anti-aliased edges ({soft})");
+        s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 10, "y": 10, "width": 70, "height": 60})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("select.float", json!({"dx": 40, "dy": 30})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("select.drop", json!({})).unwrap();
+        // The ellipse now sits at (60..110, 50..90); move it back where it started.
+        s.execute("select.float", json!({"dx": -40, "dy": -30})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("select.drop", json!({})).unwrap();
+        let doc = &s.active().unwrap().doc;
+        let leftover = (50..100)
+            .flat_map(|y| (55..115).map(move |x| (x, y)))
+            .filter(|&(x, y)| x >= 72 || y >= 62)
+            .map(|(x, y)| alpha(doc, id, x, y))
+            .fold(0.0f32, f32::max);
+        assert_eq!(leftover, 0.0, "{depth}-bit: nothing left where it was moved from");
+        assert!((total(doc) - before).abs() < 0.05, "{depth}-bit: every edge pixel came back whole ({} vs {before})", total(doc));
+    }
+}
+
+/// #7538, measured in Photoshop 2025: after moving a soft-edged shape from a loose marquee, the
+/// selection's strength at each edge pixel is that pixel's alpha (its marching ants run along the
+/// edge's 50 % line, and Quick Mask shows the edge partly selected), and a feathered selection
+/// over opaque pixels still lifts only part of them, leaving the rest behind.
+#[test]
+fn a_soft_edge_is_as_selected_as_it_is_opaque_and_feathered_moves_leave_the_rest() {
+    let (mut s, id) = session();
+    s.edit("soft edge", |doc, _| {
+        let surf = doc.layer_mut(id).unwrap().surface_mut().unwrap();
+        for (x, a) in [(30, 0.75), (31, 0.5), (32, 0.25)] {
+            surf.fill_rect(Rect::new(x, 10, x + 1, 30), &[1.0, 0.0, 0.0, a]);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+    s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 5, "y": 5, "width": 40, "height": 30})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("select.float", json!({"dx": 10, "dy": 0})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("select.drop", json!({})).unwrap();
+    let doc = &s.active().unwrap().doc;
+    for (x, a) in [(39, 1.0), (40, 0.75), (41, 0.5), (42, 0.25), (43, 0.0)] {
+        assert!((selected(doc, x, 20) - a).abs() < 0.01, "x {x}: selected {} where alpha {a}", selected(doc, x, 20));
+        assert!((alpha(doc, id, x, 20) - a).abs() < 0.01, "x {x}: the pixel moved whole");
+    }
+    assert!((10..20).all(|x| alpha(doc, id, x, 20) == 0.0), "nothing left where it was");
+
+    // A feathered (half) selection over opaque pixels lifts half of them and leaves half.
+    let (mut s, id) = session();
+    s.edit("half", |doc, _| {
+        let mut sel = Surface::new(PixelFormat::GRAY8);
+        sel.fill_rect(Rect::new(10, 10, 30, 30), &[0.5]);
+        doc.selection = Some(sel);
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+    s.execute("select.float", json!({"dx": 30, "dy": 0})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("select.drop", json!({})).unwrap();
+    let doc = &s.active().unwrap().doc;
+    assert!((alpha(doc, id, 15, 20) - 0.5).abs() < 0.01 && (alpha(doc, id, 45, 20) - 0.5).abs() < 0.01, "half left, half moved");
+}
+
+/// #7538: arrow nudges add up to one floating piece, so up then down is back at no offset. The
+/// selection is the moved pixels' all the same, as after each of Photoshop's nudges, in one step;
+/// a piece that never moved (a click) changes nothing.
+#[test]
+fn nudging_away_and_back_keeps_the_moved_pixels_selection() {
+    let (mut s, _) = session();
+    s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 2, "y": 2, "width": 40, "height": 40})).unwrap();
+    let steps = s.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+    s.execute("select.float", json!({"dx": 0, "dy": -1})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("select.float", json!({"dx": 0, "dy": 1})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("select.drop", json!({})).unwrap();
+    let st = s.active().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(st.doc.selection.as_ref().map(|s| s.content_bounds()), Some(Rect::new(10, 10, 30, 30)), "the moved square's");
+    assert_eq!(st.history.past_len(), steps + 1, "one step");
+    s.undo();
+    assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc.selection.as_ref().map(|s| s.content_bounds()), Some(Rect::new(2, 2, 42, 42)), "undone");
+
+    // A click: cut, never moved, dropped.
+    s.execute("select.float", json!({"dx": 0, "dy": 0})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("select.drop", json!({})).unwrap();
+    let st = s.active().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(st.doc.selection.as_ref().map(|s| s.content_bounds()), Some(Rect::new(2, 2, 42, 42)), "a click keeps the marquee");
+    assert_eq!(st.history.past_len(), steps, "and adds no step");
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/frame_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/frame_cmds.rs
index 7a401594fd..2ea953609f 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/frame_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/frame_cmds.rs
@@ -72,8 +72,8 @@ fn frame_group(s: &mut Session, grouped: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
         crate::layer_multi_cmds::layer_bounds(d.doc.layer(gid).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(gid))?).filter(|r| !r.is_empty()).unwrap_or_else(|| d.doc.bounds());
 
     s.edit("Frame from Layers", |doc, _| {
-        let g = doc.layer_mut(gid).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(gid))?;
-        g.mask = Some(clip_mask(rect));
+        let mask = crate::commands::mask_at_depth(clip_mask(rect), doc.depth)?;
+        doc.layer_mut(gid).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(gid))?.mask = Some(mask);
         Ok(())
     })?;
     Ok(json!({"layer": gid.0, "frame": [rect.x0, rect.y0, rect.width(), rect.height()]}))
@@ -133,7 +133,8 @@ fn new_frame(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     };
     let name = p.get("name").and_then(Value::as_str).map(str::to_string);
     let gid = s.edit("New Frame", |doc, active| {
-        let mask = if ellipse { ellipse_mask(rect, doc.bounds()) } else { clip_mask(rect.intersect(&doc.bounds())) };
+        let mask =
+            crate::commands::mask_at_depth(if ellipse { ellipse_mask(rect, doc.bounds()) } else { clip_mask(rect.intersect(&doc.bounds())) }, doc.depth)?;
         let name = name.unwrap_or_else(|| doc.next_layer_name("Frame"));
         let gid = match content {
             Some(id) => {
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/guide_layout.rs b/crates/engine/src/guide_layout.rs
index 4a4261faff..6c4eb89c00 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/guide_layout.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/guide_layout.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ use photocraft_doc::Guides;
 use photocraft_geom::Rect;
 use serde_json::Value;
 
+use crate::prefs::Unit;
 use crate::{EngineError, Result, Session};
 
 const COMMAND: &str = "view.newGuideLayout";
@@ -14,10 +15,46 @@ fn bad(message: impl Into<String>) -> EngineError {
     EngineError::BadParams { cmd: COMMAND.into(), msg: message.into() }
 }
 
-fn number(p: &Value, key: &str, default: f64) -> Result<f64> {
+/// A length as given: a number of pixels, or text with a unit as typed in Photoshop's New Guide
+/// Layout fields ("2 cm", "0.25in", "12 pt", "10%"), resolved against each target (#4984).
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
+enum Length {
+    Px(f64),
+    In(f64, Unit),
+}
+
+impl Length {
+    /// Pixels at the document's `dpi`; percent is of `extent` (the target's width for column
+    /// sizes and left/right margins, its height for row sizes and top/bottom margins).
+    fn px(self, key: &str, dpi: f64, extent: f64, ppi: f64) -> Result<f64> {
+        let v = match self {
+            Length::Px(v) => v,
+            Length::In(v, unit) => unit.to_px(v, dpi, extent, ppi),
+        };
+        if v.is_finite() && v >= 0.0 { Ok(v) } else { Err(bad(format!("{key} must be a finite non-negative length"))) }
+    }
+}
+
+fn length_of(key: &str, v: &Value) -> Result<Length> {
+    let invalid = || bad(format!("{key} must be a non-negative number of pixels, or text with px, in, cm, mm, pt, pc or %"));
+    let length = match (v.as_f64(), v.as_str()) {
+        (Some(n), _) => Length::Px(n),
+        (None, Some(text)) => match Unit::parse_length(text).ok_or_else(invalid)? {
+            (n, None | Some(Unit::Pixels)) => Length::Px(n),
+            (n, Some(unit)) => Length::In(n, unit),
+        },
+        _ => return Err(invalid()),
+    };
+    match length {
+        Length::Px(n) | Length::In(n, _) if n.is_finite() && n >= 0.0 => Ok(length),
+        _ => Err(invalid()),
+    }
+}
+
+fn number(p: &Value, key: &str, default: Length) -> Result<Length> {
     match p.get(key) {
         None | Some(Value::Null) => Ok(default),
-        Some(v) => v.as_f64().filter(|n| n.is_finite() && *n >= 0.0).ok_or_else(|| bad(format!("{key} must be a finite non-negative number"))),
+        Some(v) => length_of(key, v),
     }
 }
 
@@ -110,9 +147,10 @@ pub fn calculate(s: &Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Layout> {
     let st = s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?;
     let cols = count(p, "columns")?;
     let rows = count(p, "rows")?;
-    let width = number(p, "width", 0.0)?;
-    let height = number(p, "height", 0.0)?;
-    let gap = number(p, "gutter", 0.0)?;
+    let zero = Length::Px(0.0);
+    let width = number(p, "width", zero)?;
+    let height = number(p, "height", zero)?;
+    let gap = number(p, "gutter", zero)?;
     let row_gap = number(p, "rowGutter", gap)?;
     let center = flag(p, "centerColumns")?;
     let clear = flag(p, "clearExisting")?;
@@ -121,15 +159,16 @@ pub fn calculate(s: &Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Layout> {
             if a.len() != 4 {
                 return Err(bad("margin must contain top, left, bottom and right"));
             }
-            let mut m = [0.0; 4];
+            let mut m = [zero; 4];
             for (out, value) in m.iter_mut().zip(a) {
-                *out = value.as_f64().filter(|v| v.is_finite() && *v >= 0.0).ok_or_else(|| bad("margins must be finite non-negative numbers"))?;
+                *out = length_of("margin", value)?;
             }
             m
         }
-        _ => [number(p, "margin", 0.0)?; 4],
+        _ => [number(p, "margin", zero)?; 4],
     };
-    let [top, left, bottom, right] = margins;
+    let dpi = f64::from(st.doc.resolution_dpi);
+    let ppi = s.prefs().units_and_rulers.point_size.per_inch();
     let bounds = targets(s, p)?;
     // Bound the aggregate work as well as each count, including multi-artboard requests.
     if (cols + rows + 4).saturating_mul(2).saturating_mul(bounds.len() as u64) > MAX_EDGES {
@@ -137,16 +176,22 @@ pub fn calculate(s: &Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Layout> {
     }
     let mut added = Guides::default();
     for rect in &bounds {
+        let (across, down) = (f64::from(rect.width()), f64::from(rect.height()));
+        let [top, left, bottom, right] =
+            [(margins[0], down), (margins[1], across), (margins[2], down), (margins[3], across)].map(|(m, extent)| m.px("margin", dpi, extent, ppi));
+        let (top, left, bottom, right) = (top?, left?, bottom?, right?);
         let (x0, y0, x1, y1) = (f64::from(rect.x0) + left, f64::from(rect.y0) + top, f64::from(rect.x1) - right, f64::from(rect.y1) - bottom);
         if x0 >= x1 || y0 >= y1 {
             return Err(bad("margins must leave space inside the target"));
         }
-        if margins.iter().any(|x| *x != 0.0) {
+        if [top, left, bottom, right].iter().any(|x| *x != 0.0) {
             push_unique(&mut added.vertical, x0)?;
             push_unique(&mut added.vertical, x1)?;
             push_unique(&mut added.horizontal, y0)?;
             push_unique(&mut added.horizontal, y1)?;
         }
+        let (width, gap) = (width.px("width", dpi, across, ppi)?, gap.px("gutter", dpi, across, ppi)?);
+        let (height, row_gap) = (height.px("height", dpi, down, ppi)?, row_gap.px("rowGutter", dpi, down, ppi)?);
         axis(x0, x1, cols, width, gap, center, &mut added.vertical)?;
         axis(y0, y1, rows, height, row_gap, center, &mut added.horizontal)?;
     }
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/hidden_target.rs b/crates/engine/src/hidden_target.rs
index 249317354a..977d642f21 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/hidden_target.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/hidden_target.rs
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ const GATED: &[&str] = &[
     "paint.sharpen",
     "paint.smudge",
     "paint.historyBrush",
+    "paint.artHistoryBrush",
     "layer.translate",
 ];
 
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/history_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/history_cmds.rs
index 14bfbffd54..0596bbb12d 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/history_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/history_cmds.rs
@@ -101,6 +101,12 @@ fn snapshot_index(s: &Session, cmd: &str, p: &Value) -> Result<usize> {
     st.snapshots.iter().position(|snap| snap.id == id).ok_or_else(|| bad(cmd, format!("no snapshot {id}")))
 }
 
+/// The name `history.newSnapshot` gives a snapshot without one: "Snapshot N" (the New Snapshot
+/// dialog suggests it too).
+pub fn next_snapshot_name(st: &crate::DocState) -> String {
+    format!("Snapshot {}", st.next_snapshot)
+}
+
 /// A non-blank `name` param, trimmed; `None` when absent.
 fn name_param(cmd: &str, p: &Value) -> Result<Option<String>> {
     match p.get("name") {
@@ -140,9 +146,9 @@ fn new_snapshot(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
         _ => (st.doc.clone(), st.layer_target()),
     };
     let st = s.active_mut().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?;
+    let name = name.unwrap_or_else(|| next_snapshot_name(st));
     let id = st.next_snapshot;
     st.next_snapshot = id.saturating_add(1);
-    let name = name.unwrap_or_else(|| format!("Snapshot {id}"));
     st.snapshots.push(Snapshot { id, name: name.clone(), doc, layers });
     Ok(json!({ "snapshot": id, "name": name }))
 }
@@ -413,7 +419,8 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(entries(&s), before, "taking a snapshot is not a step");
         let r = s.execute("history.newSnapshot", json!({"name": "Before green"})).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(r, json!({"snapshot": 2, "name": "Before green"}));
-        assert_eq!(snapshots(&s), json!([{"id": 1, "name": "Snapshot 1"}, {"id": 2, "name": "Before green"}]));
+        let first = json!({"id": 0, "name": s.active().unwrap().doc.name});
+        assert_eq!(snapshots(&s), json!([first, {"id": 1, "name": "Snapshot 1"}, {"id": 2, "name": "Before green"}]));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -433,7 +440,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(s.active().unwrap().active_layer.is_some());
         s.execute("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(top_pixel(&s), blue, "undo leaves the snapshot");
-        assert_eq!(snapshots(&s).as_array().unwrap().len(), 1, "snapshots are not history");
+        assert_eq!(snapshots(&s).as_array().unwrap().len(), 2, "snapshots are not history");
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -465,7 +472,7 @@ mod tests {
         let base = with.active().unwrap().memory_bytes();
         with.execute("history.newSnapshot", json!({"from": "mergedLayers"})).unwrap();
         let st = with.active().unwrap();
-        let flat = tile_bytes(&st.snapshots[0].doc);
+        let flat = tile_bytes(&st.snapshots.last().unwrap().doc);
         assert!(flat > 0);
         assert_eq!(st.memory_bytes(), base + flat);
         // Room for the document's tiles and four fill tiles.
@@ -494,11 +501,11 @@ mod tests {
         s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#0000ff"})).unwrap();
         let st = s.active().unwrap();
         // The snapshot's green layer tile, now only in it and the last state.
-        let shared = tile_bytes(&Document { layers: st.snapshots[0].doc.layers[1..].to_vec(), ..(*st.doc).clone() });
+        let shared = tile_bytes(&Document { layers: st.snapshots.last().unwrap().doc.layers[1..].to_vec(), ..(*st.doc).clone() });
         let all = st.history.unique_bytes(&st.doc);
         let r = s.execute("edit.purge.histories", json!({})).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(r["bytes"], json!(all - shared), "the green tile stays with the snapshot");
-        assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().snapshots.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().snapshots.len(), 2, "the first snapshot and the new one");
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -509,11 +516,31 @@ mod tests {
         }
         s.execute("history.renameSnapshot", json!({"snapshot": 2, "name": "Lesson start"})).unwrap();
         s.execute("history.deleteSnapshot", json!({"snapshot": 1})).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(snapshots(&s), json!([{"id": 2, "name": "Lesson start"}, {"id": 3, "name": "Snapshot 3"}]));
+        s.execute("history.deleteSnapshot", json!({"snapshot": 0})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(snapshots(&s), json!([{"id": 2, "name": "Lesson start"}, {"id": 3, "name": "Snapshot 3"}]), "the first snapshot can go too");
         let r = s.execute("history.newSnapshot", json!({})).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(r["snapshot"], json!(4), "ids are never reused");
     }
 
+    /// Photoshop's first snapshot (#2966): every document starts with a snapshot of itself as
+    /// opened, named after it, so the opening state can always be brought back, even after
+    /// History has dropped its oldest states.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_document_starts_with_a_first_snapshot_of_itself() {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 20, "height": 10})).unwrap();
+        let name = s.active().unwrap().doc.name.clone();
+        assert_eq!(snapshots(&s), json!([{"id": 0, "name": name}]));
+        let opened = top_pixel(&s);
+        for _ in 0..3 {
+            s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+        }
+        s.active_mut().unwrap().history.purge_last();
+        s.execute("history.selectSnapshot", json!({"snapshot": 0})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(top_pixel(&s), opened, "back to the document as opened");
+        assert_eq!(entries(&s).last(), Some(&name), "a state named after the document");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn snapshot_commands_refuse_bad_params() {
         let mut s = Session::new();
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/history_source_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/history_source_cmds.rs
index c84cbe8400..908e6d11d3 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/history_source_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/history_source_cmds.rs
@@ -366,7 +366,6 @@ mod tests {
             json!({"state": 1.5}),
             json!({"state": "1"}),
             json!({"state": [1]}),
-            json!({"snapshot": 0}),
             json!({"snapshot": 1}),
             json!({"snapshot": -1}),
             json!({"snapshot": "Open"}),
@@ -376,5 +375,7 @@ mod tests {
             assert!(s.execute(CMD, p.clone()).is_err(), "{p}");
         }
         assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().history.brush_source(), Some(0), "nothing changed");
+        // Snapshot 0 is the document as opened, so it is a valid source.
+        assert_eq!(s.execute(CMD, json!({"snapshot": 0})).unwrap()["snapshot"], 0);
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/image_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/image_cmds.rs
index b6ced69ee2..1efc9c0a0e 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/image_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/image_cmds.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 //! Image menu: Image Size, Canvas Size, Crop, Trim, Mode (colour model and
 //! bit depth) conversions, Duplicate.
 
+use std::convert::Infallible;
+
 use photocraft_algo::resample::{Resample, crop_surface, resize_surface_in_canvas, translate_surface};
 use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, SampleType};
 use photocraft_doc::{Document, Effect, Effects, FxPaint, Layer, LayerContent, LayerId, Size};
@@ -297,11 +299,21 @@ pub(crate) fn resample_doc(doc: &mut Document, nw: u32, nh: u32, filter: Resampl
     }
     // Content that reaches the canvas edge keeps it: a Background stays opaque to the border.
     let canvas = Rect::from_xywh(0, 0, ow, oh);
+    let taken = crate::smart_cmds::take_caches(&mut doc.layers);
     for_each_surface(&mut doc.layers, true, &mut |surf, is_mask| {
         *surf = resize_surface_in_canvas(surf, sx, sy, if is_mask { Resample::Bilinear } else { filter }, canvas);
     });
     let k = ((sx + sy) / 2.0) as f32;
-    for_each_layer(&mut doc.layers, &mut |l| scale_effects(&mut l.effects, k));
+    for_each_layer(&mut doc.layers, &mut |l| {
+        scale_effects(&mut l.effects, k);
+        // Canvas resampling scales the whole appearance, including shape strokes (#8341).
+        // Dash lengths and offsets are already expressed in multiples of this width.
+        if let LayerContent::Shape(sh) = &mut l.content
+            && let Some(stroke) = &mut sh.stroke
+        {
+            stroke.width *= k;
+        }
+    });
     for ch in doc.channels.iter_mut().chain(doc.quick_mask.as_mut()) {
         ch.surface = resize_surface_in_canvas(&ch.surface, sx, sy, Resample::Bilinear, canvas);
     }
@@ -312,6 +324,7 @@ pub(crate) fn resample_doc(doc: &mut Document, nw: u32, nh: u32, filter: Resampl
     crate::canvas_geom::transform_geometry(doc, &photocraft_geom::Affine { m: [sx, 0.0, 0.0, sy, 0.0, 0.0] });
     doc.size = Size::new(nw, nh);
     crate::canvas_geom::refresh(doc, crate::canvas_geom::Refresh::All);
+    let Ok(()) = crate::smart_cmds::restore_unrendered(doc, taken, |c| Ok::<_, Infallible>(resize_surface_in_canvas(c, sx, sy, filter, canvas)));
 }
 
 fn bad(cmd: &str, msg: impl Into<String>) -> EngineError {
@@ -362,6 +375,26 @@ pub(crate) fn translate_doc(doc: &mut Document, cmd: &str, dx: i32, dy: i32) ->
     Ok(())
 }
 
+/// Delete Cropped Pixels on a layer tree: crops pixel-layer data only to `r`. Type and smart
+/// objects move by shifting their rendered pixels, so cutting those would clip them at the old
+/// edge. A video layer's stored frames are its pixels too: the displayed content is only the frame
+/// at the playhead, so the others would bring the cropped pixels back when scrubbing (#4956).
+fn delete_cropped_pixels(layers: &mut [Layer], r: Rect) {
+    for_each_layer(layers, &mut |l| {
+        if let Some(fc) = &mut l.fill_cache {
+            fc.surface = crop_surface(&fc.surface, r);
+        }
+        if let Some(v) = &mut l.video {
+            for frame in v.frames.iter_mut().chain(v.original_frames.iter_mut().flatten()) {
+                *frame = crop_surface(frame, r);
+            }
+        }
+        if let LayerContent::Raster(s) = &mut l.content {
+            *s = crop_surface(s, r);
+        }
+    });
+}
+
 /// Crops the document to `r` (in current document coordinates).
 /// A frame that extends past the canvas fills the Background's new area with `extension` (the
 /// background colour, as Photoshop's Crop tool does); other layers get transparent pixels there.
@@ -373,7 +406,7 @@ fn crop_doc(doc: &mut Document, cmd: &str, r: Rect, delete_pixels: bool, extensi
     let old_canvas = doc.bounds();
     let extends = r.x0 < old_canvas.x0 || r.y0 < old_canvas.y0 || r.x1 > old_canvas.x1 || r.y1 > old_canvas.y1;
     if delete_pixels {
-        for_each_surface(&mut doc.layers, false, &mut |surf, _| *surf = crop_surface(surf, r));
+        delete_cropped_pixels(&mut doc.layers, r);
     }
     translate_doc(doc, cmd, dx, dy)?;
     doc.size = Size::new(r.width(), r.height());
@@ -577,6 +610,8 @@ fn crop(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     s.edit("Crop", |doc, active| {
         let original = doc.size;
         crop_doc(doc, "image.crop", r, delete, extension)?;
+        // A straight crop fills all of the area past the old canvas, pixels an earlier Delete Cropped
+        // Pixels off crop hid there included, as Photoshop does; only a turned frame keeps them (#8060).
         if content_aware {
             crate::crop_fill::fill_uncovered(doc, *active, &crate::crop_fill::Coverage::crop(r, original.width, original.height))?;
         }
@@ -736,6 +771,15 @@ fn rotated_crop(s: &mut Session, r: Rect, angle: f64, delete: bool, content_awar
         width: f64::from(size.width),
         height: f64::from(size.height),
         rotated: true,
+        held: None,
+    };
+    // The pixels before the turn: under a turned frame a Delete Cropped Pixels off crop's hidden ones
+    // count as image, as in Photoshop (a straight crop fills over them) (#8060).
+    let coverage = if content_aware {
+        let d = s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?;
+        coverage.holding(&d.doc, d.active_layer)
+    } else {
+        coverage
     };
     crate::analysis_cmds::compound(s, "Crop", |s| {
         // Pixels the crop deletes needn't be turned first: keeping only what lands in the frame
@@ -744,7 +788,14 @@ fn rotated_crop(s: &mut Session, r: Rect, angle: f64, delete: bool, content_awar
         if delete {
             let keep = turned_crop_source(size, new, angle, target);
             s.edit("Crop", |doc, _| {
-                for_each_surface(&mut doc.layers, true, &mut |surf, _| *surf = crop_surface(surf, keep));
+                // Type and smart objects stay whole, as in the crop itself: the rotation re-renders
+                // them, but a smart object whose source is unavailable keeps its cache.
+                delete_cropped_pixels(&mut doc.layers, keep);
+                for_each_layer(&mut doc.layers, &mut |l| {
+                    if let Some(m) = &mut l.mask {
+                        m.surface = crop_surface(&m.surface, keep);
+                    }
+                });
                 for ch in doc.channels.iter_mut().chain(doc.quick_mask.as_mut()) {
                     ch.surface = crop_surface(&ch.surface, keep);
                 }
@@ -842,30 +893,35 @@ fn convert_depth(s: &mut Session, depth: SampleType) -> Result<Value> {
         return Ok(Value::Null);
     }
     s.edit("Bit Depth", |doc, _| {
-        // 32-bit documents hold linear light (as Photoshop's do: grey 128 becomes 0.2159, measured
-        // in Photoshop 27.11), so the colour samples cross the document's tone curve when the
-        // depth crosses 32 bits: decoded after widening, encoded before narrowing (so no linear
-        // value is quantised to 8 or 16 bits). Masks, alpha and channels are not colour.
-        let crosses = (current == SampleType::F32) != (depth == SampleType::F32) && matches!(doc.mode, ColorMode::Rgb | ColorMode::Grayscale);
-        let to_linear = depth == SampleType::F32;
-        let transfer = photocraft_compose::adjust::Transfer::for_document(doc.mode, if to_linear { current } else { depth });
-        if crosses && !to_linear {
-            for_each_surface(&mut doc.layers, false, &mut |surf, _| surf.map_color(|v| transfer.encode(v).clamp(0.0, 1.0)));
-        }
-        convert_layers_depth(&mut doc.layers, depth);
-        if crosses && to_linear {
-            for_each_surface(&mut doc.layers, false, &mut |surf, _| surf.map_color(|v| transfer.decode(v)));
-        }
-        for ch in doc.channels.iter_mut().chain(doc.quick_mask.as_mut()) {
-            let f = ch.surface.format().with_sample(depth);
-            ch.surface = ch.surface.convert(f);
-        }
-        doc.depth = depth;
+        change_depth(doc, depth);
         Ok(())
     })?;
     Ok(Value::Null)
 }
 
+pub(crate) fn change_depth(doc: &mut Document, depth: SampleType) {
+    let current = doc.depth;
+    // 32-bit documents hold linear light (as Photoshop's do: grey 128 becomes 0.2159, measured
+    // in Photoshop 27.11), so the colour samples cross the document's tone curve when the
+    // depth crosses 32 bits: decoded after widening, encoded before narrowing (so no linear
+    // value is quantised to 8 or 16 bits). Masks, alpha and channels are not colour.
+    let crosses = (current == SampleType::F32) != (depth == SampleType::F32) && matches!(doc.mode, ColorMode::Rgb | ColorMode::Grayscale);
+    let to_linear = depth == SampleType::F32;
+    let transfer = photocraft_compose::adjust::Transfer::for_document(doc.mode, if to_linear { current } else { depth });
+    if crosses && !to_linear {
+        for_each_surface(&mut doc.layers, false, &mut |surf, _| surf.map_color(|v| transfer.encode(v).clamp(0.0, 1.0)));
+    }
+    convert_layers_depth(&mut doc.layers, depth);
+    if crosses && to_linear {
+        for_each_surface(&mut doc.layers, false, &mut |surf, _| surf.map_color(|v| transfer.decode(v)));
+    }
+    for ch in doc.channels.iter_mut().chain(doc.quick_mask.as_mut()) {
+        let f = ch.surface.format().with_sample(depth);
+        ch.surface = ch.surface.convert(f);
+    }
+    doc.depth = depth;
+}
+
 /// Image → Duplicate.
 fn duplicate(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     let d = s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?;
@@ -1079,6 +1135,37 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Delete Cropped Pixels on a shrinking crop deletes the cropped area from every stored video
+    /// frame (and the original footage), not just the displayed one (#4956).
+    #[test]
+    fn delete_cropped_pixels_crops_stored_video_frames() {
+        let mut s = session();
+        s.edit("video", |doc, active| {
+            let l = doc.layer_mut(active.unwrap()).unwrap();
+            let red = l.surface().unwrap().clone();
+            let mut blue = red.clone();
+            blue.fill_rect(Rect::new(0, 0, 40, 20), &[0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0]);
+            let mut v = photocraft_doc::VideoData::new(vec![red.clone(), blue.clone()], 24.0);
+            v.original_frames = Some(vec![red, blue]);
+            l.video = Some(v);
+            Ok(())
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+        s.execute("image.crop", json!({"x": 15, "y": 0, "width": 25, "height": 20, "deleteCroppedPixels": true})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(doc(&s).size, Size::new(25, 20));
+        let v = doc(&s).layers[1].video.as_ref().unwrap();
+        let originals = v.original_frames.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((v.frames.len(), originals.len()), (2, 2));
+        for frames in [&v.frames, originals] {
+            // The red square (10..20, 5..15) keeps only its right half; the full blue frame
+            // keeps exactly the 25×20 crop.
+            assert_eq!(frames[0].content_bounds(), Rect::new(0, 5, 5, 15));
+            assert_eq!(frames[0].pixel(2, 10), vec![1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+            assert_eq!(frames[1].content_bounds(), Rect::new(0, 0, 25, 20));
+            assert_eq!(frames[1].pixel(24, 19), vec![0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0]);
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Resample on with only a new resolution keeps the print size, as Photoshop's Image Size
     /// does (an action's `imageSize` with `Rslt` alone); without `keepPrintSize` only the
     /// resolution changes.
@@ -1386,6 +1473,51 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(doc(&s).layers[0].surface().unwrap().rgba(1, 8), [0.0; 4]);
     }
 
+    /// Delete Cropped Pixels deletes pixel-layer data only: type and smart objects keep what lies
+    /// outside the frame, so moving them later doesn't show them cut at the old edge.
+    #[test]
+    fn delete_cropped_pixels_keeps_type_and_smart_objects_whole() {
+        let mut s = session();
+        s.execute("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject", json!({})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("type.create", json!({"x": 10, "y": 15, "text": "Hi", "size": 12})).unwrap();
+        let bounds = |s: &Session| -> Vec<Rect> { doc(s).layers[1..].iter().map(|l| l.surface().unwrap().content_bounds()).collect() };
+        let before = bounds(&s);
+        assert!(before.iter().all(|b| b.x0 < 15 && b.x1 > 15), "both cross the crop edge: {before:?}");
+        s.execute("image.crop", json!({"x": 15, "y": 0, "width": 25, "height": 20})).unwrap();
+        assert!(matches!(doc(&s).layers[1].content, LayerContent::Smart(_)) && matches!(doc(&s).layers[2].content, LayerContent::Text(_)));
+        assert_eq!(bounds(&s), before.iter().map(|b| b.translate(-15, 0)).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+    }
+
+    /// A turned crop deleting pixels keeps type and smart objects whole too, also a smart object
+    /// whose source is unavailable (the rotation can't re-render it, so it keeps its cache): each
+    /// ends up exactly as the same turned crop with Delete Cropped Pixels off leaves it.
+    #[test]
+    fn turned_crop_deleting_pixels_keeps_type_and_smart_objects_whole() {
+        let [deleted, kept] = [true, false].map(|delete| {
+            let mut s = session();
+            s.execute("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject", json!({})).unwrap();
+            s.edit("unlink", |doc, active| {
+                if let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &mut doc.layer_mut(active.unwrap()).unwrap().content {
+                    sm.source = photocraft_doc::SmartSource::Linked { path: "missing-photocraft-test-source.psd".into() };
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+            s.execute("type.create", json!({"x": 10, "y": 15, "text": "Hi", "size": 12})).unwrap();
+            s.execute("image.crop", json!({"x": 20, "y": 0, "width": 20, "height": 20, "angle": 2.0, "deleteCroppedPixels": delete})).unwrap();
+            s
+        });
+        let (a, b) = (doc(&deleted), doc(&kept));
+        assert!(matches!(a.layers[1].content, LayerContent::Smart(_)) && matches!(a.layers[2].content, LayerContent::Text(_)));
+        for i in [1, 2] {
+            let (sa, sb) = (a.layers[i].surface().unwrap(), b.layers[i].surface().unwrap());
+            let r = sb.content_bounds();
+            assert!(r.x0 < 0, "layer {i} reaches past the crop's left edge: {r:?}");
+            assert_eq!(sa.content_bounds(), r, "layer {i}");
+            assert_eq!(sa.read_region(r), sb.read_region(r), "layer {i}");
+        }
+    }
+
     /// The Background keeps the pixels a crop with Delete Cropped Pixels off hid: extending the
     /// canvas over them again (Reveal All, Canvas Size) shows them rather than painting them over
     /// with the background colour (#7086).
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/inspect.rs b/crates/engine/src/inspect.rs
index 22696e9307..e4c93c7cbc 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/inspect.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/inspect.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
-use photocraft_doc::{Layer, LayerContent, SmartContentsId, SmartSource};
+use photocraft_doc::{Adjustment, Layer, LayerContent, SmartContentsId, SmartSource};
 use serde_json::{Value, json};
 
 use crate::{DocState, Session};
@@ -106,6 +106,7 @@ fn layer_sel(l: &Layer, selected: &[photocraft_doc::LayerId], instances: &HashMa
         "bounds": bounds,
         "selected": selected.contains(&l.id),
         "linkGroup": l.link_group,
+        "hasXmp": l.xmp.is_some(),
     });
     match &l.content {
         LayerContent::Group(g) => {
@@ -119,6 +120,11 @@ fn layer_sel(l: &Layer, selected: &[photocraft_doc::LayerId], instances: &HashMa
             // The same kind and parameters the adjustment commands take (`inBlack` 0..255, …),
             // not the internal model.
             v["adjustment"] = json!({"kind": crate::commands::adjustment_kind(a), "params": crate::adjust_params::to_params(a)});
+            // Kept as imported and never rendered (#6541): agents and the Layers panel can tell.
+            if let Adjustment::Unsupported { psd_key, .. } = a {
+                v["adjustment"]["unsupported"] = json!(true);
+                v["adjustment"]["psdKey"] = json!(psd_key);
+            }
         }
         LayerContent::Smart(sm) => {
             v["smartFilters"] = Value::Array(
@@ -211,6 +217,32 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(!adj.to_string().contains('_'), "{adj}");
     }
 
+    /// #6541: an adjustment PhotoCraft keeps but cannot render is reported as such, not as an Invert.
+    #[test]
+    fn an_unsupported_adjustment_layer_is_reported_as_kept_not_rendered() {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 4, "height": 4})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.newAdjustmentLayer.invert", json!({})).unwrap();
+        s.edit("unsupported fixture", |doc, active| {
+            let l = Layer::new("Mystery", LayerContent::Adjustment(Adjustment::Unsupported { psd_key: "xyzw".into(), raw: vec![1, 2, 3].into() }));
+            let id = l.id;
+            doc.layers.push(l);
+            *active = Some(id);
+            Ok(())
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+        let info = s.execute("document.inspect", json!({})).unwrap();
+        let layers = info["layers"].as_array().unwrap();
+        let unsupported = &layers[0]["adjustment"];
+        assert_eq!(unsupported["kind"], "unsupported", "{unsupported}");
+        assert_eq!(unsupported["unsupported"], json!(true));
+        assert_eq!(unsupported["psdKey"], "xyzw");
+        // A real Invert reports neither flag.
+        let invert = &layers[1]["adjustment"];
+        assert_eq!(invert["kind"], "invert");
+        assert!(invert.get("unsupported").is_none(), "{invert}");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn document_inspect_reports_raster_and_vector_masks_when_nested() {
         let cases = [(false, None), (true, None), (false, Some(true)), (false, Some(false)), (true, Some(true))];
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/jobs.rs b/crates/engine/src/jobs.rs
index 4c3d63297b..ffa4db96cb 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/jobs.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/jobs.rs
@@ -66,6 +66,11 @@ pub(crate) fn authorize_render_command(id: &str, params: &Value) -> Result<()> {
     }
 }
 
+/// Whether the work on this thread is done for an untrusted session (a gate is installed).
+pub(crate) fn authorization_installed() -> bool {
+    RENDER_AUTHORIZATION.with(std::cell::Cell::get).is_some()
+}
+
 /// Identifies one background job for the session's lifetime.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Serialize, serde::Deserialize)]
 pub struct JobId(pub u64);
@@ -216,6 +221,7 @@ struct Running {
     /// `dispatch`, once recording resumes). Only that recording gets the job's step: one started
     /// later must not pick up an edit made before it.
     recorded_by: Option<u64>,
+    pre_selected: Option<Vec<LayerId>>,
     doc: Option<DocId>,
     /// The document as the job saw it: applying fails if it was edited meanwhile.
     snapshot: Option<Weak<Document>>,
@@ -223,6 +229,7 @@ struct Running {
     started_ms: f64,
     coalesce: Option<String>,
     color_restrict: Option<usize>,
+    filter_mask_layer: Option<LayerId>,
     /// The document's layer selection when the job started: applying targets it, not whatever
     /// got selected meanwhile (a Type click does that without editing the document, #7366).
     layers: Option<LayerSelection>,
@@ -405,12 +412,14 @@ pub fn run<T: Send + 'static>(
         params: Value::Null,
         journal: true,
         recorded_by: None,
+        pre_selected: None,
         doc,
         snapshot,
         ctx,
         started_ms: now_ms(),
         coalesce: s.coalesce_request.clone(),
         color_restrict: s.color_restrict,
+        filter_mask_layer: s.filter_mask_layer,
         layers,
         rx,
         apply: Some(erased),
@@ -489,6 +498,14 @@ pub enum OpenSource {
 /// The command id open jobs report (there is no engine command: opening is the shell's).
 pub const OPEN_JOB: &str = "file.open";
 
+/// The import settings files are opened and placed with.
+pub fn import_options(prefs: &crate::prefs::Preferences) -> photocraft_io::ImportOptions {
+    photocraft_io::ImportOptions {
+        max_group_depth: prefs.file_handling.rasterize_svg_groups_deeper_than as usize,
+        demosaic: prefs.raw_defaults.demosaic.method(),
+    }
+}
+
 impl Session {
     /// Run the heavy part of inline (not background) job commands under `ctx`, so another thread
     /// can cancel them: a live preview whose parameters changed stops its stale computation
@@ -507,15 +524,30 @@ impl Session {
     /// Open a file in the background: read (for a path) and decode on a worker, with progress
     /// (per layer for PSD/PSB) and cancellation, then add the document like
     /// [`Session::open_document`] (Color Settings policies apply). `name` names the document.
-    /// The job's result is `{document, name, warnings, color}`; on wasm it runs inline. When
+    /// The job's result is `{document, docId, name, warnings, color}`; on wasm it runs inline.
+    /// `document` is the tab index at apply time; resolve `docId` before handling a delayed
+    /// completion, since earlier handlers may have moved or closed tabs. When
     /// Color Settings ask about the file's profile, the document is held back instead and the
     /// result is `{held, name, warnings, color}` (`color` the question): take it with
     /// [`Session::take_held_open`] once answered.
     pub fn start_open(&mut self, name: &str, source: OpenSource) -> Result<Started> {
+        self.start_open_inner(name, source, false)
+    }
+
+    /// Interactive opening: hold a damaged PSD until the user answers a damage
+    /// confirmation, without changing import or subsequent save behaviour.
+    /// Headless callers keep using [`Self::start_open`].
+    pub fn start_open_for_user(&mut self, name: &str, source: OpenSource) -> Result<Started> {
+        self.start_open_inner(name, source, true)
+    }
+
+    /// Decodes a file in a job and optionally holds damaged PSD content for
+    /// interactive confirmation while leaving headless opens non-interactive.
+    fn start_open_inner(&mut self, name: &str, source: OpenSource, confirm_damage: bool) -> Result<Started> {
         let label = format!("Opening {name}");
         let name_w = name.to_string();
         let name_a = name.to_string();
-        let max_svg_group_depth = self.prefs().file_handling.rasterize_svg_groups_deeper_than as usize;
+        let opts = import_options(self.prefs());
         self.start_job(
             OPEN_JOB,
             json!({"name": name}),
@@ -529,40 +561,44 @@ impl Session {
                 };
                 ctx.check()?;
                 ctx.progress(0.02, "Decoding");
-                let imported = ctx
-                    .stage(0.02, 0.95, "Decoding", |ctl| photocraft_io::import_with_svg_group_depth_and_interrupt(&name_w, &bytes, max_svg_group_depth, ctl))
-                    .map_err(|e| match e {
+                let imported =
+                    ctx.stage(0.02, 0.95, "Decoding", |ctl| photocraft_io::import_for_open_with(&name_w, &bytes, &opts, ctl)).map_err(|e| match e {
                         photocraft_io::IoError::Cancelled => EngineError::Cancelled,
                         e => EngineError::Other(e.to_string()),
                     })?;
                 ctx.progress(0.95, "Preparing layers");
-                warm_layer_bounds(&imported.document, || ctx.check())?;
+                warm_layer_bounds(&imported.0.document, || ctx.check())?;
                 // Type layers need the shared text engine, whose first use waits for the
                 // installed-font scan started at launch (minutes on some machines). Wait here,
                 // so the shell's missing-font check after the open finds it ready instead of
                 // freezing the window (#7332).
-                if crate::type_extra_cmds::has_type_layers(&imported.document) {
+                if crate::type_extra_cmds::has_type_layers(&imported.0.document) {
                     ctx.progress(0.97, "Loading fonts");
                     let _ = photocraft_text::shared();
                     ctx.check()?;
                 }
                 Ok(imported)
             },
-            move |s, mut r: photocraft_io::ImportResult| {
+            move |s, (mut r, damaged): (photocraft_io::ImportResult, bool)| {
                 // File Handling's ACEScg option, before the colour prompt looks at the profile.
                 crate::file_cmds::tag_exr_colorspace(s, &name_a, &mut r.document);
+                crate::file_cmds::raw_defaults(s, &r.warnings, &mut r.document);
                 // Ask When Opening: held back until the prompt is answered (`take_held_open`). A
                 // developed raw has no embedded profile to ask about.
                 let raw = r.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains(photocraft_io::raw::DEVELOPED_NOTE));
-                if let Some(question) = s.color.open_question(&r.document).filter(|_| !raw) {
+                let damaged = confirm_damage && damaged;
+                let question = s.color.open_question(&r.document).filter(|_| !raw);
+                if damaged || question.is_some() {
                     let held = s.hold_open(r.document, r.source_read_only);
-                    return Ok(json!({"held": held, "name": name_a, "warnings": r.warnings, "color": question}));
+                    return Ok(json!({"held": held, "name": name_a, "warnings": r.warnings, "color": question, "damaged": damaged}));
                 }
                 let (index, color) = s.open_document(r.document, None);
+                // Persisted IDs can collide: report the identity the session actually admitted.
+                let id = s.documents().get(index).ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?.doc.id;
                 if let Some(st) = s.active_mut() {
                     st.source_read_only = r.source_read_only;
                 }
-                Ok(json!({"document": index, "name": name_a, "warnings": r.warnings, "color": color}))
+                Ok(json!({"document": index, "docId": id.0, "name": name_a, "warnings": r.warnings, "color": color}))
             },
         )
     }
@@ -728,6 +764,9 @@ impl Session {
 
     /// Run the command `id`: inline, or (with `background`) as a job when it is one.
     pub(crate) fn dispatch(&mut self, id: &str, params: Value, background: bool) -> Result<Started> {
+        // The offer belongs to this one dispatch. Early errors drop it locally, including
+        // authorization, validation, floating-selection and admission failures.
+        let live_commit = self.live_commit.take();
         let spec = crate::commands::find(id).ok_or_else(|| EngineError::UnknownCommand(id.to_string()))?;
         // Params are named fields: anything but an object (or null, meaning none) is a caller
         // mistake, not "use every default".
@@ -784,9 +823,11 @@ impl Session {
         let expand_new_fx = crate::commands::layer_panel_option(self, "expandNewEffects", true);
         self.coalesce_request = params.get("coalesce").and_then(Value::as_str).map(str::to_string);
         self.color_restrict = crate::channel_cmds::color_restriction(self, id, &run_params);
+        self.filter_mask_layer = crate::channel_cmds::filter_mask_layer(self, id, &run_params);
         self.jobs.spawn = background;
         // Commands this one runs on its own behalf journal after this mark (#3067).
         let nested_from = self.journal.len();
+        let pre_selected = if self.actions.recording.is_some() { self.active().map(|st| st.selected_layers()) } else { None };
         // A replayable command is recorded as one step, so recording pauses while it runs: an
         // action it plays (a script step) must not flush the steps it ran so far into the action
         // being recorded, nor move the recording mark past the entries it is about to replace.
@@ -795,14 +836,17 @@ impl Session {
         // Last-resort guard (AGENTS.md, Never crash): a command that panics anyway fails with an
         // error instead of taking the app down. `edit` only commits a document after its closure
         // returns, so the documents are unchanged.
+        self.live_commit = live_commit.filter(|live| live.cmd == id);
         let r = std::panic::catch_unwind(std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe(|| (spec.run)(self, &run_params)))
             .unwrap_or_else(|_| Err(EngineError::Other(format!("`{id}` failed with an internal error (logged); the document is unchanged"))));
+        self.live_commit = None;
         if self.actions.recording.is_none() {
             self.actions.recording = recording;
         }
         self.jobs.spawn = false;
         self.coalesce_request = None;
         self.color_restrict = None;
+        self.filter_mask_layer = None;
         let pending = self.jobs.pending.take();
         match (r, pending) {
             (Err(e), Some(job)) => {
@@ -815,6 +859,7 @@ impl Session {
                 job.params = params;
                 job.journal = spec.journal;
                 job.recorded_by = self.actions.recording.map(|_| self.actions.take);
+                job.pre_selected = pre_selected.clone();
                 let jid = job.id;
                 self.jobs.running.push(job);
                 Ok(Started::Job(jid))
@@ -834,7 +879,7 @@ impl Session {
                         st.fx_collapsed.push(layer_id);
                     }
                 }
-                self.after_command(id, params, spec.journal, Some(nested_from));
+                self.after_command(id, params, spec.journal, Some(nested_from), pre_selected.as_deref());
                 Ok(Started::Done(v))
             }
         }
@@ -872,12 +917,12 @@ impl Session {
     /// dropped, so a recorded action replays the command once, not its steps as well (#3067).
     /// Edit › Transform › Again (and Again on a Copy) is not replayable and keeps the concrete
     /// steps it ran instead.
-    fn after_command(&mut self, id: &str, params: Value, journal: bool, nested_from: Option<usize>) {
+    fn after_command(&mut self, id: &str, params: Value, journal: bool, nested_from: Option<usize>, pre_selected: Option<&[LayerId]>) {
         // A layer-mask view ends when another layer becomes active (#196).
         if let Some(st) = self.active_mut() {
             crate::mask_view_cmds::fix(st);
         }
-        crate::edit_menu_cmds::after_command(self, id);
+        crate::edit_menu_cmds::after_command(self, id, &params);
         crate::automate_cmds::after_command(self, id);
         self.sync_preset_store();
         if !journal {
@@ -889,9 +934,9 @@ impl Session {
         if !crate::brush_cmds::coalesce_journal(self, id, &params) {
             let params = match id {
                 _ if self.actions.recording.is_none() => params,
-                "layer.select" => crate::layer_multi_cmds::recorded_selection(self, params),
+                "layer.duplicate" => crate::artboard_cmds::recorded_duplicate(self, crate::layer_multi_cmds::recorded_step(self, id, params, pre_selected)),
                 "layerComp.apply" => crate::comps_cmds::recorded_apply(self, params),
-                _ => params,
+                _ => crate::layer_multi_cmds::recorded_step(self, id, params, pre_selected),
             };
             self.journal.push((id.to_string(), params));
         }
@@ -914,7 +959,8 @@ impl Session {
     }
 
     fn apply_job(&mut self, job: &Running, apply: Option<Apply>, payload: Payload) -> Result<Value> {
-        let Running { label, doc, snapshot, coalesce, color_restrict, layers, command, params, journal, recorded_by, .. } = job;
+        let Running { label, doc, snapshot, coalesce, color_restrict, filter_mask_layer, layers, command, params, journal, recorded_by, pre_selected, .. } =
+            job;
         // A recording started after the job (#7289) keeps what it has so far, and the job's step
         // goes into the journal past its start, so that recording doesn't get it.
         let foreign = self.actions.recording.is_some() && *recorded_by != Some(self.actions.take);
@@ -931,6 +977,7 @@ impl Session {
                     return Err(EngineError::Other(format!("`{label}`: the document changed while it ran; the result was discarded")));
                 }
                 self.active = Some(i);
+                self.note_active_change();
                 Some(i)
             }
             None => None,
@@ -950,6 +997,7 @@ impl Session {
         };
         self.coalesce_request = coalesce.clone();
         self.color_restrict = *color_restrict;
+        self.filter_mask_layer = *filter_mask_layer;
         // Apply-time hooks can dispatch commands too. Keep the same single-step recording
         // contract as synchronous dispatch without truncating work done while the worker ran.
         let nested_from = self.journal.len();
@@ -964,11 +1012,12 @@ impl Session {
         }
         self.coalesce_request = None;
         self.color_restrict = None;
+        self.filter_mask_layer = None;
         // Finish successful command bookkeeping on the document the job edited.
         // Restoring the viewed document first would attribute Fade and slice updates
         // to that document instead, when the user switched tabs mid-job.
         if r.is_ok() {
-            self.after_command(command, params.clone(), *journal, Some(nested_from));
+            self.after_command(command, params.clone(), *journal, Some(nested_from), pre_selected.as_deref());
             if foreign && let Some((start, _)) = self.actions.recording.as_mut() {
                 *start = self.journal.len();
             }
@@ -986,11 +1035,15 @@ impl Session {
         // This also restores the selection when the apply step returned an error.
         if target.is_some() && self.active == target {
             self.active = prev_active.filter(|i| *i < self.docs.len()).or(self.active);
+            self.note_active_change();
         }
         r
     }
 
     fn end_job(&mut self, job: &Running, outcome: JobOutcome) {
+        // Every terminal path invalidates a preview, including worker errors, cancellation
+        // and discarded results whose document was closed or changed.
+        self.live_commit = None;
         let (state, result, error) = match &outcome {
             JobOutcome::Done(v) => ("done", Some(v.clone()), None),
             JobOutcome::Failed(e) => ("failed", None, Some(e.clone())),
@@ -1058,3 +1111,53 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<crate::commands::CommandSpec> {
 #[cfg(test)]
 #[path = "jobs_tests.rs"]
 mod tests;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[path = "../../io/tests/support/recovery_psd.rs"]
+mod psd_open_fixture;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod psd_open_confirmation_tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// Collects either an inline open result or the completed background-job result.
+    fn result(s: &mut Session, started: Started) -> Value {
+        match started {
+            Started::Done(v) => v,
+            Started::Job(id) => s.wait_job(id).unwrap(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Verifies headless opens return readable PSD content and warnings without a held prompt.
+    #[test]
+    fn headless_open_keeps_best_effort_psd_import() {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        let started = s.start_open("damaged.psd", OpenSource::Bytes(Arc::new(super::psd_open_fixture::make_psd(true)))).unwrap();
+        let v = result(&mut s, started);
+        assert!(v.get("document").is_some(), "{v}");
+        assert!(v.get("held").is_none(), "no new prompt for a headless caller");
+        assert!(!s.active().unwrap().source_read_only);
+        assert!(v["warnings"].as_array().unwrap().iter().any(|w| w.as_str().unwrap().contains("could not be decoded")));
+    }
+
+    /// Verifies interactive opens hold damaged PSD files but admit valid files immediately.
+    #[test]
+    fn interactive_open_holds_only_a_damaged_psd() {
+        for corrupt in [false, true] {
+            let mut s = Session::new();
+            let started = s.start_open_for_user("file.psd", OpenSource::Bytes(Arc::new(super::psd_open_fixture::make_psd(corrupt)))).unwrap();
+            let v = result(&mut s, started);
+            if corrupt {
+                assert_eq!(v["damaged"], true);
+                assert!(s.documents().is_empty());
+                let held = v["held"].as_u64().unwrap();
+                let (doc, read_only) = s.take_held_open(held).unwrap();
+                assert_eq!(doc.layers.len(), 2);
+                assert!(!read_only);
+            } else {
+                assert!(v.get("document").is_some(), "{v}");
+                assert!(!s.active().unwrap().source_read_only);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/jobs_tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/jobs_tests.rs
index 6c1c72d9f9..0974a5c17a 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/jobs_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/jobs_tests.rs
@@ -352,6 +352,56 @@ fn background_job_finishes_bookkeeping_on_edited_document_after_tab_switch() {
     assert!(s.is_enabled("edit.fade"), "Fade must be available on the document that was edited");
 }
 
+/// #7382: a background filter on a targeted alpha channel or the Quick Mask, finished while another
+/// document is shown, leaves Fade on that channel of the edited document: at 0 % it restores the
+/// channel exactly and leaves the layer alone.
+#[test]
+fn background_filter_on_a_channel_fades_that_channel_after_a_tab_switch() {
+    use crate::edit_menu_cmds::FadeTarget;
+    for quick_mask in [false, true] {
+        let mut s = session(32, 24);
+        let edited_doc = s.active().unwrap().doc.id;
+        if quick_mask {
+            s.execute("select.editInQuickMaskMode", json!({"on": true})).unwrap();
+        } else {
+            s.execute("channel.new", json!({"fill": "black"})).unwrap();
+            s.execute("channel.target", json!({"channel": 0})).unwrap();
+        }
+        // A pattern for the blur to change.
+        s.edit("pattern", |doc, _| {
+            let c = if quick_mask { doc.quick_mask.as_mut() } else { doc.channels.first_mut() };
+            let c = c.ok_or_else(|| EngineError::Other("no channel".into()))?;
+            c.surface.fill_rect(photocraft_geom::Rect::new(0, 0, 32, 24), &[0.0]);
+            c.surface.fill_rect(photocraft_geom::Rect::new(8, 6, 20, 16), &[1.0]);
+            Ok(())
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+        let channel = |s: &Session, d: usize| {
+            let doc = &s.documents()[d].doc;
+            let c = if quick_mask { doc.quick_mask.as_ref() } else { doc.channels.first() };
+            let c = c.unwrap();
+            (0..24).flat_map(|y| (0..32).map(move |x| (x, y))).map(|(x, y)| c.surface.pixel(x, y)[0]).collect::<Vec<f32>>()
+        };
+        let layer = |s: &Session| {
+            let st = &s.documents()[0];
+            st.doc.layer(st.active_layer.unwrap()).unwrap().surface().unwrap().pixel(5, 5)
+        };
+        let (pattern, pixels) = (channel(&s, 0), layer(&s));
+        let id = job(s.start("filter.blur.gaussianBlur", json!({"radius": 2})).unwrap());
+        s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8})).unwrap();
+        let event = wait_event(&mut s, id);
+        assert!(matches!(event.outcome, JobOutcome::Done(_)), "{event:?}");
+        assert_ne!(channel(&s, 0), pattern, "quick mask {quick_mask}: the blur changed the channel");
+        let fade = s.edit_state.fade.clone().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(fade.doc, edited_doc);
+        assert_eq!(fade.target, if quick_mask { FadeTarget::QuickMask } else { FadeTarget::Channel(0) });
+        assert!(s.set_active(0));
+        s.execute("edit.fade", json!({"opacity": 0})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(channel(&s, 0), pattern, "quick mask {quick_mask}: Fade at 0 % restores the channel");
+        assert_eq!(layer(&s), pixels, "quick mask {quick_mask}: the layer is left alone");
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn closing_the_document_cancels_its_job() {
     let mut s = session(1600, 1200);
@@ -677,3 +727,58 @@ fn a_job_lands_in_the_recording_it_was_started_in_only() {
     s.execute("actions.stop", json!({})).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(action_steps(&mut s, "A"), ["filter.blur.gaussianBlur"]);
 }
+
+/// Exercise six terminal job routes so prepared paint snapshots cannot outlive a completed or discarded job.
+#[test]
+fn every_job_terminal_path_drops_a_live_commit_stroke() {
+    use crate::brush_cmds::mixer_live::LiveMixer;
+    use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
+
+    for outcome in 0..6 {
+        let mut s = session(32, 32);
+        let live = LiveMixer::begin(&s, &json!({"points": [[16, 16]], "size": 4})).unwrap();
+        live.prepare_commit(&mut s).unwrap();
+        let gate = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+        let worker_gate = gate.clone();
+        let id = job(s
+            .start_job(
+                "test.mixer_cleanup",
+                json!({}),
+                "Mixer cleanup",
+                true,
+                move |ctx| {
+                    while !worker_gate.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
+                        ctx.check()?;
+                        std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(1));
+                    }
+                    if outcome == 1 { Err(EngineError::Other("worker failed".into())) } else { Ok(()) }
+                },
+                move |_, ()| {
+                    if outcome == 4 { Err(EngineError::Other("apply failed".into())) } else { Ok(json!({})) }
+                },
+            )
+            .unwrap());
+        assert!(s.live_commit.is_some());
+        if outcome == 2 {
+            assert!(s.cancel_job(id));
+            s.join_cancelled_jobs();
+        } else {
+            if outcome == 3 {
+                // Simulate replacement outside command dispatch, which itself clears offers.
+                let doc = (*s.active().unwrap().doc).clone();
+                s.active_mut().unwrap().doc = Arc::new(doc);
+            } else if outcome == 5 {
+                s.docs.clear();
+                s.active = None;
+            }
+            gate.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        }
+        let event = wait_event(&mut s, id);
+        match outcome {
+            0 => assert!(matches!(event.outcome, JobOutcome::Done(_))),
+            2 => assert!(matches!(event.outcome, JobOutcome::Cancelled)),
+            _ => assert!(matches!(event.outcome, JobOutcome::Failed(_))),
+        }
+        assert!(s.live_commit.is_none(), "terminal path {outcome} retained the preview");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/layer_copy_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/layer_copy_cmds.rs
index d08955fdf6..78e72f0a7b 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/layer_copy_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/layer_copy_cmds.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
 
 use photocraft_color::ColorMode;
-use photocraft_doc::{Document, LayerContent, LayerId, SmartContentsId};
+use photocraft_doc::{Document, Layer, LayerContent, LayerId, SmartContentsId};
 use photocraft_geom::Rect;
 use serde_json::{Value, json};
 
@@ -59,6 +59,17 @@ fn center(r: Rect) -> [f64; 2] {
     [(f64::from(r.x0) + f64::from(r.x1)) / 2.0, (f64::from(r.y0) + f64::from(r.y1)) / 2.0]
 }
 
+/// Restore missing shape caches, or refresh every shape for a changed canvas, including groups.
+fn prepare_shapes(layers: &mut [Layer], doc: &Document, new_canvas: bool) {
+    for layer in layers {
+        match &mut layer.content {
+            LayerContent::Shape(shape) if new_canvas || shape.cache.is_none() => crate::vector_cmds::refresh_shape(doc, shape),
+            LayerContent::Group(group) => prepare_shapes(&mut group.children, doc, new_canvas),
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Readies `copies` (a scratch document of the source's colour holding duplicated layers) for
 /// landing in `dest`: smart objects get fresh contents ids, keeping only the sharing within the
 /// batch (contents ids belong to a document, so the copies never join objects already in `dest`,
@@ -107,13 +118,20 @@ pub(crate) fn adapt_copies(s: &Session, copies: &mut Document, dest: &Document)
             *surf = surf.convert(f);
         });
     }
+    let new_canvas = copies.bounds() != dest.bounds();
+    prepare_shapes(&mut copies.layers, dest, new_canvas);
     Ok(())
 }
 
 /// Moves every layer of `copies` by whole pixels (content, masks, vectors and smart placement).
-pub(crate) fn translate_copies(copies: &mut Document, dx: i32, dy: i32) {
+pub(crate) fn translate_copies(copies: &mut Document, destination: &Document, dx: i32, dy: i32) {
     if dx != 0 || dy != 0 {
-        let snapshot = copies.clone();
+        let mut snapshot = copies.clone();
+        // Vector caches are clipped and quantized for the destination, not the clipboard's source.
+        snapshot.size = destination.size;
+        snapshot.mode = destination.mode;
+        snapshot.depth = destination.depth;
+        snapshot.icc_profile = destination.icc_profile.clone();
         for l in &mut copies.layers {
             crate::commands::translate_layer(&snapshot, l, dx, dy);
             crate::vector_cmds::translate_vectors(&snapshot, l, f64::from(dx), f64::from(dy));
@@ -172,11 +190,14 @@ fn copy_to_document(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     if let (Some(name), [l]) = (p.get("name").and_then(Value::as_str).filter(|n| !n.is_empty()), copies.layers.as_mut_slice()) {
         l.name = name.to_string();
     }
+    // Measure in source space: destination refresh may clip a shape before it is moved.
+    // Missing caches must participate too, including shapes nested inside groups.
+    prepare_shapes(&mut copies.layers, &sdoc, false);
+    let bounds = copies.layers.iter().filter_map(crate::layer_multi_cmds::layer_bounds).fold(Rect::EMPTY, |a, b| a.union(&b));
+    let content = if bounds.is_empty() { sdoc.bounds() } else { bounds };
     adapt_copies(s, &mut copies, &ddoc)?;
     // Placement: centred on the destination's canvas, centred on a point, or offset from where
     // the layers are in the source (default: the same canvas position).
-    let bounds = copies.layers.iter().filter_map(crate::layer_multi_cmds::layer_bounds).fold(Rect::EMPTY, |a, b| a.union(&b));
-    let content = if bounds.is_empty() { sdoc.bounds() } else { bounds };
     let (dx, dy) = if p.get("center").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(false) {
         let (c, d) = (center(content), center(ddoc.bounds()));
         (d[0] - c[0], d[1] - c[1])
@@ -187,7 +208,7 @@ fn copy_to_document(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
         point(p, "offset")?.map_or((0.0, 0.0), |o| (o[0], o[1]))
     };
     let (dx, dy) = (dx.round() as i32, dy.round() as i32);
-    translate_copies(&mut copies, dx, dy);
+    translate_copies(&mut copies, &ddoc, dx, dy);
     let patterns: Vec<_> = sdoc.patterns.iter().filter(|pat| !ddoc.patterns.iter().any(|d| d.id == pat.id)).cloned().collect();
     s.set_active(dest);
     let label = if ids.len() == 1 { "Duplicate Layer" } else { "Duplicate Layers" };
@@ -201,6 +222,8 @@ fn copy_to_document(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
             new.push(id);
         }
         *active = above;
+        // Copied groups keep their own depth: repeated copies would otherwise nest without end.
+        crate::layer_multi_cmds::check_group_depth(doc, "Copy Layers")?;
         Ok(new)
     });
     // Nothing changed: the source stays the active document.
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/layer_copy_cmds/tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/layer_copy_cmds/tests.rs
index 93bd7b94ef..b3200b16ef 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/layer_copy_cmds/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/layer_copy_cmds/tests.rs
@@ -342,3 +342,30 @@ fn a_named_duplicate_takes_the_name_in_one_step() {
     let r = s.execute("layer.copyToDocument", json!({"document": 1, "name": "Ink"})).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(doc(&s, 1).layer(copied(&r)).unwrap().name, "Ink");
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn a_copied_group_cannot_nest_the_destination_past_the_group_depth_limit() {
+    use photocraft_doc::{Layer, MAX_GROUP_DEPTH};
+    let (mut s, paint) = two_docs(40, 30, 8);
+    // A group in the source, and a destination whose active layer sits at the deepest legal level.
+    s.execute("layer.groupLayers", json!({"layers": [paint.0]})).unwrap();
+    let group = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+    s.set_active(1);
+    let mut inner = None;
+    s.edit("nest", |doc, active| {
+        let mut l = Layer::new("deep", LayerContent::Raster(Surface::new(PixelFormat::RGBA8)));
+        inner = Some(l.id);
+        for _ in 0..MAX_GROUP_DEPTH {
+            l = Layer::group("g", vec![l]);
+        }
+        doc.layers.push(l);
+        *active = inner;
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+    s.set_active(0);
+    let before = doc(&s, 1).clone();
+    let e = s.execute("layer.copyToDocument", json!({"document": 1, "layers": [group.0]})).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(e.to_string().contains("deeper than"), "{e}");
+    assert_eq!(*doc(&s, 1), before, "nothing was copied");
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/layer_menu_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/layer_menu_cmds.rs
index 9165990122..34a1f914ee 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/layer_menu_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/layer_menu_cmds.rs
@@ -204,6 +204,7 @@ fn hide_selection(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
         mask.surface.write_region(bounds, &v);
         mask.surface.prune();
         for id in ids {
+            crate::commands::check_all_unlocked(doc, id)?;
             crate::extra_cmds::background_to_layer_for_mask(doc, id);
             doc.layer_mut(id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(id))?.mask = Some(mask.clone());
         }
@@ -219,6 +220,7 @@ fn mask_all_objects(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     let id = layer_param(s, p)?;
     let d = s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?;
     let doc = d.doc.clone();
+    crate::commands::check_all_unlocked(&doc, id)?;
     let layer = doc.layer(id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(id))?;
     let region: Option<Region> = match layer.surface() {
         Some(surf) if matches!(layer.content, LayerContent::Raster(_)) => {
@@ -421,7 +423,8 @@ fn reveal_command_on(os: &str, path: &str) -> Result<(&'static str, Vec<String>)
         // Explorer splits `/select,` arguments at commas and reads quotes itself, so such a path
         // would select something else.
         "windows" if path.contains([',', '"']) => Err(other(format!("{path} can't be shown in Explorer: its path contains a comma or a quotation mark"))),
-        "windows" => Ok(("explorer", vec![format!("/select,{path}")])),
+        // Keep the switch outside the path's quotes: Explorer parses its own command line.
+        "windows" => Ok(("explorer", vec!["/select,".into(), path.replace('/', "\\")])),
         _ => {
             let parent = std::path::Path::new(path).parent().map_or_else(|| ".".to_string(), |p| p.to_string_lossy().into_owned());
             Ok(("xdg-open", vec![parent]))
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/layer_menu_cmds/tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/layer_menu_cmds/tests.rs
index 4f5c6dc12f..b0cceb72a8 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/layer_menu_cmds/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/layer_menu_cmds/tests.rs
@@ -541,12 +541,26 @@ fn reveal_follows_linked_paths_like_the_link_and_passes_paths_as_paths() {
     s.execute("file.revealInFinder", json!({"dryRun": true})).unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(reveal_command_on("macos", "-a.png").unwrap(), ("open", vec!["-R".to_string(), "--".into(), "-a.png".into()]));
-    assert_eq!(reveal_command_on("windows", r"C:\pics\a.png").unwrap(), ("explorer", vec![r"/select,C:\pics\a.png".to_string()]));
+    assert_eq!(reveal_command_on("windows", r"C:\pics\a.png").unwrap(), ("explorer", vec!["/select,".to_string(), r"C:\pics\a.png".to_string()]));
     for path in [r"C:\pics\a,b.png", r#"C:\pics\a".png"#] {
         assert!(reveal_command_on("windows", path).is_err(), "{path}");
     }
 }
 
+/// Explorer parses `/select,` itself: it must remain outside the quoted file path.
+#[test]
+fn reveal_on_windows_keeps_the_select_switch_separate_from_the_path() {
+    for (path, expected) in [
+        (r"C:\my pictures\a file.png", r"C:\my pictures\a file.png"),
+        ("C:/my pictures/a file.png", r"C:\my pictures\a file.png"),
+        (r"C:\my pictures/a file.png", r"C:\my pictures\a file.png"),
+        ("C:/项目 图片/海报 🖼.png", r"C:\项目 图片\海报 🖼.png"),
+        ("//server/share/my pictures/a file.png", r"\\server\share\my pictures\a file.png"),
+    ] {
+        assert_eq!(reveal_command_on("windows", path).unwrap(), ("explorer", vec!["/select,".to_string(), expected.to_string()]), "{path}");
+    }
+}
+
 /// `xdg-open` launches a file it is given, so Reveal hands it the link's folder only when that is a
 /// folder: a link stored as `tool.jar/a.png` names a file, not a folder, as its parent.
 #[test]
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/layer_multi_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/layer_multi_cmds.rs
index ba863eb4d4..47114f7e5d 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/layer_multi_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/layer_multi_cmds.rs
@@ -118,6 +118,114 @@ pub(crate) fn recorded_selection(s: &Session, mut p: Value) -> Value {
     p
 }
 
+/// The layers named `name`, in document order, other than the ones being moved and (groups) their
+/// contents. Moving layers never changes the others' order, so an occurrence counted among these
+/// means the same layer before the move (when an action replays it) and after it (when the step
+/// is recorded).
+fn same_named_targets(doc: &photocraft_doc::Document, name: &str, moved: &[LayerId]) -> Vec<LayerId> {
+    fn subtree(l: &Layer, out: &mut Vec<LayerId>, depth: usize) {
+        out.push(l.id);
+        if depth < 256
+            && let Some(children) = l.children()
+        {
+            children.iter().for_each(|c| subtree(c, out, depth + 1));
+        }
+    }
+    let mut skip = Vec::new();
+    for l in moved.iter().filter_map(|id| doc.layer(*id)) {
+        subtree(l, &mut skip, 0);
+    }
+    doc.walk().into_iter().filter(|(_, _, l)| l.name == name && !skip.contains(&l.id)).map(|(_, _, l)| l.id).collect()
+}
+
+/// A Layers-panel drag of the selected layer records its drop target by name (and which of
+/// several same-named layers it is), as [`recorded_selection`] does: the id means nothing in the
+/// document the action plays in later, so playback failed with "no such layer" (#7845). Drags of
+/// several layers, or of a layer that isn't the selected one, keep their ids.
+fn recorded_move(s: &Session, mut p: Value, pre_selected: Option<&[LayerId]>) -> Value {
+    if p.get("layers").is_some() {
+        return p;
+    }
+    let Some(st) = s.active() else { return p };
+    let moved = match p.get("layer") {
+        None => st.active_layer,
+        Some(v) => match v.as_u64().map(LayerId) {
+            Some(id) if pre_selected.map_or_else(|| st.selected_layers().as_slice() == [id], |sel| sel == [id]) => Some(id),
+            _ => return p,
+        },
+    };
+    if let Some(fields) = p.as_object_mut() {
+        fields.remove("layer");
+    }
+    let Some(id) = p.get("target").and_then(Value::as_u64).map(LayerId) else { return p };
+    let Some(layer) = st.doc.layer(id) else { return p };
+    // A copy leaves its source where it is (it may even land beside it), so the source stays a
+    // candidate; the new copy (the active layer once the step has run, which is when it is
+    // recorded) is left out instead, as it doesn't exist yet when the step replays.
+    let copy = p.get("copy").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(false);
+    let skip = if copy { st.active_layer.filter(|a| Some(*a) != moved) } else { moved };
+    let matches = same_named_targets(&st.doc, &layer.name, skip.as_slice());
+    let Some(occurrence) = matches.iter().position(|candidate| *candidate == id) else { return p };
+    if let Some(fields) = p.as_object_mut() {
+        fields.insert("target".into(), json!(layer.name));
+        if matches.len() > 1 {
+            fields.insert("targetOccurrence".into(), json!(occurrence));
+        }
+    }
+    p
+}
+
+/// `layer.moveTo`'s drop target: an id, or a name with `targetOccurrence` choosing among layers
+/// that share it (in document order, the `moved` layers aside; required when several do).
+fn move_target(s: &Session, p: &Value, moved: &[LayerId]) -> Result<LayerId> {
+    const CMD: &str = "layer.moveTo";
+    match p.get("target") {
+        Some(Value::String(name)) => {
+            let occurrence = p
+                .get("targetOccurrence")
+                .map(|v| v.as_u64().and_then(|n| usize::try_from(n).ok()).ok_or_else(|| bad(CMD, "`targetOccurrence` must be a non-negative integer")))
+                .transpose()?;
+            let st = s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?;
+            let matches = same_named_targets(&st.doc, name, moved);
+            if matches.len() > 1 && occurrence.is_none() {
+                return Err(bad(CMD, format!("multiple layers named `{name}`; specify `targetOccurrence`")));
+            }
+            let index = occurrence.unwrap_or(0);
+            matches.get(index).copied().ok_or_else(|| bad(CMD, format!("no layer named `{name}` at occurrence {index}")))
+        }
+        Some(v) => v.as_u64().map(LayerId).ok_or_else(|| bad(CMD, "`target` must be a layer id or name")),
+        None => Err(bad(CMD, "missing `target`")),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Normalise parameters when recording an action step.
+///
+/// For `layer.select`, captures the layer by name. For other commands, if a numeric `layer`
+/// parameter references the document's sole selected layer, normalises it to the target form
+/// (omitting `layer`) so that the recorded step applies to whatever layer is targeted when
+/// replayed or exported to `.atn` (#7248).
+pub(crate) fn recorded_step(s: &Session, id: &str, p: Value, pre_selected: Option<&[LayerId]>) -> Value {
+    if id == "layer.select" {
+        return recorded_selection(s, p);
+    }
+    if id == "layer.moveTo" {
+        return recorded_move(s, p, pre_selected);
+    }
+    let Some(layer_id) = p.get("layer").and_then(Value::as_u64).map(LayerId) else { return p };
+    let is_sole_selected = match pre_selected {
+        Some(sel) => sel == [layer_id],
+        None => s.active().is_some_and(|st| st.selected_layers().as_slice() == [layer_id]),
+    };
+    if is_sole_selected {
+        let mut p = p;
+        if let Some(fields) = p.as_object_mut() {
+            fields.remove("layer");
+        }
+        return p;
+    }
+    p
+}
+
 fn selection_target(s: &Session, p: &Value) -> Result<LayerId> {
     let Some(name) = p.get("name") else {
         if p.get("occurrence").is_some() {
@@ -361,6 +469,10 @@ pub fn translate(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
         }
         Some(other) => return Err(bad("layer.translate", format!("unknown units `{other}` (px|pt)"))),
     };
+    let carry = match p.get("selection") {
+        None | Some(Value::Null) => false,
+        Some(v) => v.as_bool().ok_or_else(|| bad("layer.translate", "`selection` must be a boolean"))?,
+    };
     if dx == 0 && dy == 0 {
         return Ok(Value::Null);
     }
@@ -396,6 +508,11 @@ pub fn translate(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
         if ids.iter().any(|id| doc.layer(*id).is_some_and(|l| l.artboard().is_some())) {
             crate::artboard_cmds::fit_canvas(doc);
         }
+        // The Move tool carries the selection along when it moves several layers whole, as
+        // Photoshop does (#7538): one step, so Undo takes both back.
+        if carry {
+            doc.selection = doc.selection.as_ref().map(|sel| shift_surface(sel, dx, dy));
+        }
         Ok(ids)
     })?;
     note_damage(s, &before, &ids);
@@ -463,26 +580,7 @@ fn shift_shown(doc: &Document, l: &mut Layer, dx: i32, dy: i32) {
                 *c = translate_surface(c, dx, dy);
             }
         }
-        LayerContent::Shape(sh) => {
-            // The rendered shape is cut at the canvas: one that reaches past it renders again.
-            let canvas = doc.bounds();
-            let was_inside = sh.cache.as_ref().is_some_and(|c| {
-                let b = photocraft_compose::bounds::content_bounds(c);
-                b.is_empty() || (b.x0 > canvas.x0 && b.y0 > canvas.y0 && b.x1 < canvas.x1 && b.y1 < canvas.y1)
-            });
-            crate::vector_cmds::transform_shape(sh, &a);
-            let stroke_pad = sh.stroke.as_ref().filter(|s| s.opacity > 0.0).map_or(0.0, |s| f64::from(s.width.ceil()));
-            let stays_inside = sh.path.control_bounds().is_some_and(|(x0, y0, x1, y1)| {
-                (x0 - stroke_pad) > canvas.x0 as f64
-                    && (y0 - stroke_pad) > canvas.y0 as f64
-                    && (x1 + stroke_pad) < canvas.x1 as f64
-                    && (y1 + stroke_pad) < canvas.y1 as f64
-            });
-            match &mut sh.cache {
-                Some(c) if was_inside && stays_inside => *c = translate_surface(c, dx, dy),
-                _ => crate::vector_cmds::refresh_shape(doc, sh),
-            }
-        }
+        LayerContent::Shape(sh) => crate::vector_cmds::shift_shape(doc, sh, f64::from(dx), f64::from(dy)),
         LayerContent::Smart(sm) => crate::smart_cmds::shift_smart(sm, dx, dy),
         LayerContent::Group(g) => {
             if let Some(ab) = &mut g.artboard {
@@ -622,7 +720,7 @@ fn alpha_channels_equal(a: &photocraft_doc::AlphaChannel, b: &photocraft_doc::Al
 /// compared here: the caller walks into them, so an edit inside a group damages only the
 /// edited child's extent, not the whole group's. The destructure is exhaustive, so a new
 /// `Layer` field fails to compile until it is classified: compared, or explicitly ignored
-/// (name, locks, label, `psd_blocks`, `psd_id`, link group — none of them composite; video
+/// (name, locks, label, `psd_blocks`, `psd_id`, link group, XMP — none of them composite; video
 /// bails out earlier in the walk).
 fn layer_pixels_equal(a: &Layer, b: &Layer) -> bool {
     let Layer {
@@ -647,6 +745,7 @@ fn layer_pixels_equal(a: &Layer, b: &Layer) -> bool {
         blend_if,
         advanced,
         video: _,
+        xmp: _,
     } = a;
     *id == b.id
         && *visible == b.visible
@@ -1070,8 +1169,9 @@ fn align(s: &mut Session, p: &Value, kind: &str) -> Result<Value> {
                 // Photoshop: with an active selection, the layers align to its bounds (Layer › Align
                 // Layers to Selection), however many are selected.
                 (Some(m), _) if to == "auto" && !m.content_bounds().is_empty() => m.content_bounds(),
-                // One layer with no selection aligns to the canvas (otherwise it would align to itself).
-                (None, 1) if to == "auto" => doc.bounds(),
+                // One layer with no selection aligns to the canvas (otherwise it would align to
+                // itself), or to the artboard it sits in, as in Photoshop (#7945).
+                (None, 1) if to == "auto" => items.first().map_or_else(|| doc.bounds(), |(id, _)| board_or_canvas(doc, *id)),
                 _ => items.iter().fold(Rect::EMPTY, |a, (_, b)| a.union(b)),
             },
             other => return Err(bad(&cmd, format!("`to` must be auto|layers|selection|canvas, not `{other}`"))),
@@ -1096,6 +1196,12 @@ fn align(s: &mut Session, p: &Value, kind: &str) -> Result<Value> {
     Ok(json!({"moved": moved}))
 }
 
+/// The bounds a lone layer aligns to: the artboard holding it, else the canvas. An artboard
+/// itself aligns to the canvas.
+fn board_or_canvas(doc: &Document, id: LayerId) -> Rect {
+    doc.artboard_of(id).filter(|board| *board != id).and_then(|board| doc.layer(board)?.artboard().map(|a| a.rect)).unwrap_or_else(|| doc.bounds())
+}
+
 /// One move per layer (first wins), skipping layers nested in another moved layer.
 fn dedup_moves(doc: &Document, moves: Vec<(LayerId, i32, i32)>) -> Vec<(LayerId, i32, i32)> {
     let mut out: Vec<(LayerId, i32, i32)> = Vec::new();
@@ -1244,7 +1350,6 @@ fn apply_move(doc: &mut Document, moved_ids: &[LayerId], target: LayerId, pos: &
 /// selected nodes are detached, and every reference is validated before editing.
 pub fn move_to(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     const CMD: &str = "layer.moveTo";
-    let target = LayerId(p.get("target").and_then(Value::as_u64).ok_or_else(|| bad(CMD, "missing `target`"))?);
     let pos = p.get("position").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("above");
     if !matches!(pos, "above" | "below" | "into") {
         return Err(bad(CMD, "position must be above, below, or into"));
@@ -1270,6 +1375,8 @@ pub fn move_to(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     } else {
         vec![crate::commands::layer_param(s, p)?]
     };
+    // A copy moves nothing, so its source stays a candidate (⌥-dragging a layer beside itself).
+    let target = move_target(s, p, if copy { &[] } else { &requested })?;
     let st = s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?;
     let doc = &st.doc;
     let target_path = doc.path_of(target).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(target))?;
@@ -1469,32 +1576,54 @@ fn merge_layers(s: &mut Session) -> Result<Value> {
     }
     let mid = s.edit("Merge Layers", |doc, active| {
         let ids = top_level(doc, &sel);
-        let top_id = *ids.last().ok_or_else(|| EngineError::Other("Merge Layers needs two or more layers".into()))?;
-        let top = doc.layer(top_id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(top_id))?.clone();
+        let lowest_id = *ids.first().ok_or_else(|| EngineError::Other("Merge Layers needs two or more layers".into()))?;
+        let is_background = doc.is_background(lowest_id);
+
         let mut solo = doc.clone();
         solo.layers = ids.iter().filter_map(|id| doc.layer(*id)).filter(|l| l.visible).cloned().collect();
         if solo.layers.is_empty() {
             return Err(EngineError::Other("the selected layers are all hidden".into()));
         }
-        let fmt = doc.pixel_format();
-        let fmt = PixelFormat::new(fmt.mode, fmt.sample, true);
-        let mut merged = Layer::raster(top.name.clone(), fmt);
-        merged.locks = top.locks;
-        merged.label = top.label;
-        // Clipped layers of one chain merge into a layer still clipped to their base. Clipped
-        // layers of different chains don't: the result, at the top one's slot, would clip the
-        // lower chain's pixels to the upper chain's base.
-        let base = crate::clip_group::base_of(doc, top_id);
-        merged.clipped = base.is_some() && solo.layers.iter().all(|l| l.clipped && crate::clip_group::base_of(doc, l.id) == base);
-        *crate::pixels_mut(&mut merged)? = crate::pixels::composite_layers_uncropped(&solo, fmt);
-        let mid = merged.id;
-        // Hidden selected layers are discarded, as in Photoshop.
-        for id in &ids[..ids.len() - 1] {
-            doc.remove(*id);
+
+        if is_background {
+            let base = doc.layer(lowest_id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(lowest_id))?.clone();
+            let fmt = doc.pixel_format();
+            let mut merged = Layer::raster(base.name.clone(), fmt);
+            merged.locks = base.locks;
+            merged.label = base.label;
+            merged.id = lowest_id;
+            merged.blend = base.blend;
+            merged.opacity = 1.0;
+            *crate::pixels_mut(&mut merged)? = crate::pixels::composite_layers(&solo, fmt, None);
+            for id in &ids[1..] {
+                doc.remove(*id);
+            }
+            *doc.layer_mut(lowest_id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(lowest_id))? = merged;
+            *active = Some(lowest_id);
+            Ok(lowest_id)
+        } else {
+            let top_id = *ids.last().ok_or_else(|| EngineError::Other("Merge Layers needs two or more layers".into()))?;
+            let top = doc.layer(top_id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(top_id))?.clone();
+            let fmt = doc.pixel_format();
+            let fmt = PixelFormat::new(fmt.mode, fmt.sample, true);
+            let mut merged = Layer::raster(top.name.clone(), fmt);
+            merged.locks = top.locks;
+            merged.label = top.label;
+            // Clipped layers of one chain merge into a layer still clipped to their base. Clipped
+            // layers of different chains don't: the result, at the top one's slot, would clip the
+            // lower chain's pixels to the upper chain's base.
+            let base = crate::clip_group::base_of(doc, top_id);
+            merged.clipped = base.is_some() && solo.layers.iter().all(|l| l.clipped && crate::clip_group::base_of(doc, l.id) == base);
+            *crate::pixels_mut(&mut merged)? = crate::pixels::composite_layers_uncropped(&solo, fmt);
+            let mid = merged.id;
+            // Hidden selected layers are discarded, as in Photoshop.
+            for id in &ids[..ids.len() - 1] {
+                doc.remove(*id);
+            }
+            *doc.layer_mut(top_id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(top_id))? = merged;
+            *active = Some(mid);
+            Ok(mid)
         }
-        *doc.layer_mut(top_id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(top_id))? = merged;
-        *active = Some(mid);
-        Ok(mid)
     })?;
     reselect(s, vec![mid], Some(mid));
     Ok(json!({ "layer": mid.0 }))
@@ -1679,6 +1808,23 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    #[test]
+    fn merge_with_background_preserves_background() {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 20, "height": 20})).unwrap();
+        let bg_id = s.active().unwrap().doc.layers[0].id;
+        assert!(s.active().unwrap().doc.is_background(bg_id));
+        let l1 = LayerId(s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Generative Fill"})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap());
+        set_selection(&mut s, vec![bg_id, l1], Some(l1), Some(bg_id)).unwrap();
+        let res = s.execute("layer.mergeLayers", json!({})).unwrap();
+        let mid = LayerId(res["layer"].as_u64().unwrap());
+        assert_eq!(mid, bg_id);
+        let doc = &s.active().unwrap().doc;
+        assert_eq!(doc.layers.len(), 1);
+        assert!(doc.is_background(mid));
+        assert_eq!(doc.layers[0].name, "Background");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn duplicates_are_numbered_not_stacked() {
         let mut s = Session::new();
@@ -3012,6 +3158,39 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(v["selectedLayers"], json!([a.0, b.0]));
         assert_eq!(v["layers"][0]["selected"], true);
     }
+
+    /// #7538: `selection: true` moves the selection with the layers in the same step, as the Move
+    /// tool does with several layers selected; without it the selection stays.
+    #[test]
+    fn translate_can_carry_the_selection_in_the_same_step() {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 100, "height": 100, "background": "transparent"})).unwrap();
+        let a = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 10, "y": 10, "width": 20, "height": 20})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+        let b = LayerId(s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap());
+        s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 50, "y": 10, "width": 20, "height": 20})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#0000ff"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.select", json!({"layer": a.0, "mode": "add"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 5, "y": 5, "width": 70, "height": 30})).unwrap();
+        let sel = |s: &Session| s.active().unwrap().doc.selection.as_ref().map(|m| m.content_bounds());
+        let bounds = |s: &Session, id: LayerId| s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().surface().unwrap().content_bounds();
+        let steps = s.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        s.execute("layer.translate", json!({"dx": 7, "dy": 20, "selection": true})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((bounds(&s, a), bounds(&s, b)), (Rect::new(17, 30, 37, 50), Rect::new(57, 30, 77, 50)));
+        assert_eq!(sel(&s), Some(Rect::new(12, 25, 82, 55)), "the selection came along");
+        assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps + 1, "one step");
+        s.undo();
+        assert_eq!((sel(&s), bounds(&s, a)), (Some(Rect::new(5, 5, 75, 35)), Rect::new(10, 10, 30, 30)), "undone together");
+        s.execute("layer.translate", json!({"dx": 7, "dy": 20})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(sel(&s), Some(Rect::new(5, 5, 75, 35)), "without it the selection stays");
+        let state = |s: &Session| (bounds(s, a), bounds(s, b), sel(s), s.active().unwrap().history.past_len());
+        let before = state(&s);
+        for dx in [1, 0] {
+            assert!(s.execute("layer.translate", json!({"dx": dx, "selection": "yes"})).is_err(), "dx {dx}: a bad `selection` is an error");
+            assert_eq!(state(&s), before, "dx {dx}: and changes nothing");
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/layer_style.rs b/crates/engine/src/layer_style.rs
index 1647e8782a..2527f402f3 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/layer_style.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/layer_style.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ use crate::commands::{CommandSpec, blend_from_str};
 use crate::presets::{always, bad};
 use crate::{EngineError, Result, Session};
 
+mod gradient_overlay;
+
 /// Parses a gradient style name (`linear`, `radial`, `angle`, `reflected`, `diamond`).
 pub fn gradient_style(s: &str) -> GradientStyle {
     match s.to_ascii_lowercase().as_str() {
@@ -94,11 +96,11 @@ pub fn effect_defaults(kind: &str) -> Value {
         "stroke" => json!({"size": 1, "position": "inside", "blend": "Normal", "opacity": 100, "overprint": false, "color": "#000000"}),
         "colorOverlay" => json!({"blend": "Normal", "color": "#ff0000", "opacity": 100}),
         "gradientOverlay" => {
-            json!({"blend": "Normal", "opacity": 100, "from": "#000000", "to": "#ffffff", "reverse": false, "style": "linear", "angle": 90, "scale": 100})
+            json!({"blend": "Normal", "opacity": 100, "from": "#000000", "to": "#ffffff", "reverse": false, "style": "linear", "angle": 90, "scale": 100, "method": "custom"})
         }
         "patternOverlay" => json!({"blend": "Normal", "opacity": 100, "pattern": "", "angle": 0, "scale": 100, "link": true}),
         "bevelEmboss" => {
-            json!({"style": "inner", "technique": "smooth", "depth": 100, "direction": "up", "size": 5, "soften": 0, "angle": 120, "useGlobalLight": true, "altitude": 30, "glossContour": "Linear", "glossAntiAlias": false, "contour": false, "contourName": "Linear", "contourRange": 50, "contourAntiAlias": false})
+            json!({"style": "inner", "technique": "smooth", "depth": 100, "direction": "up", "size": 5, "soften": 0, "angle": 120, "useGlobalLight": true, "altitude": 30, "glossContour": "Linear", "glossAntiAlias": false, "highlightBlend": "Screen", "highlightColor": "#ffffff", "highlightOpacity": 75, "shadowBlend": "Multiply", "shadowColor": "#000000", "shadowOpacity": 75, "contour": false, "contourName": "Linear", "contourRange": 50, "contourAntiAlias": false})
         }
         "satin" => {
             json!({"blend": "Multiply", "color": "#000000", "opacity": 50, "angle": 19, "distance": 11, "size": 14, "contour": "Linear", "antiAlias": true, "invert": true})
@@ -460,16 +462,27 @@ pub fn contours_from_shc(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<Value>> {
 
 /// An `.shc` file holding `contour` (Contour Editor › Save…).
 pub fn contour_to_shc(contour: &Contour) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
-    let (name, points) = match contour {
-        Contour::Linear => ("Linear".to_string(), vec![CurvePoint { input: 0.0, output: 0.0 }, CurvePoint { input: 1.0, output: 1.0 }]),
-        Contour::Custom { name, points, .. } => (name.clone(), points.clone()),
-    };
-    let points = points
+    contour_to_shc_all(&[contour])
+}
+
+/// An `.shc` file holding every contour of `list` (Save Contours…).
+pub fn contour_to_shc_all(list: &[&Contour]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let file: Vec<photocraft_psd::shc::ShcContour> = list
         .iter()
-        .enumerate()
-        .map(|(i, p)| photocraft_psd::shc::ShcPoint { input: p.input * 255.0, output: p.output * 255.0, continuous: !contour.is_corner(i) })
+        .map(|contour| {
+            let (name, points) = match contour {
+                Contour::Linear => ("Linear".to_string(), vec![CurvePoint { input: 0.0, output: 0.0 }, CurvePoint { input: 1.0, output: 1.0 }]),
+                Contour::Custom { name, points, .. } => (name.clone(), points.clone()),
+            };
+            let points = points
+                .iter()
+                .enumerate()
+                .map(|(i, p)| photocraft_psd::shc::ShcPoint { input: p.input * 255.0, output: p.output * 255.0, continuous: !contour.is_corner(i) })
+                .collect();
+            photocraft_psd::shc::ShcContour { name, points }
+        })
         .collect();
-    photocraft_psd::shc::write(&[photocraft_psd::shc::ShcContour { name, points }]).map_err(|e| EngineError::Other(format!("can't write the contour: {e}")))
+    photocraft_psd::shc::write(&file).map_err(|e| EngineError::Other(format!("can't write the contour: {e}")))
 }
 
 /// An effect of `kind` with its factory settings (before params are applied).
@@ -513,7 +526,9 @@ fn fresh_effect(kind: &str) -> Option<Effect> {
             overprint: false,
         }),
         "colorOverlay" => Effect::ColorOverlay { common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Normal, 1.0), color: Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0) },
-        "gradientOverlay" => Effect::GradientOverlay { common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Normal, 1.0), gradient: Gradient::default(), dither: false },
+        "gradientOverlay" => {
+            Effect::GradientOverlay { common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Normal, 1.0), gradient: Gradient::default(), dither: false, interpolation: None }
+        }
         "patternOverlay" => Effect::PatternOverlay {
             common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Normal, 1.0),
             name: String::new(),
@@ -706,9 +721,9 @@ pub fn overlay_effect(fx: &mut Effect, p: &Value) {
             common(c, p);
             set_color(p, "color", color);
         }
-        Effect::GradientOverlay { common: c, gradient: g, dither } => {
+        Effect::GradientOverlay { common: c, gradient: g, dither, interpolation } => {
             common(c, p);
-            overlay_gradient(g, p);
+            gradient_overlay::overlay(g, interpolation, p);
             if let Some(x) = b_of(p, "dither") {
                 *dither = x;
             }
@@ -796,6 +811,21 @@ pub fn overlay_effect(fx: &mut Effect, p: &Value) {
             }
             set_contour(p, "glossContour", &mut bv.gloss_contour);
             set_bool(p, "glossAntiAlias", &mut bv.gloss_anti_alias);
+            // Keep imported PSD shading settings when a command edits other bevel fields.
+            if let Some(blend) = p.get("highlightBlend").and_then(Value::as_str).and_then(blend_from_str) {
+                bv.highlight.blend = blend;
+            }
+            if let Some(blend) = p.get("shadowBlend").and_then(Value::as_str).and_then(blend_from_str) {
+                bv.shadow.blend = blend;
+            }
+            set_color(p, "highlightColor", &mut bv.highlight_color);
+            set_color(p, "shadowColor", &mut bv.shadow_color);
+            if let Some(x) = f_of(p, "highlightOpacity") {
+                bv.highlight.opacity = (x / 100.0).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+            }
+            if let Some(x) = f_of(p, "shadowOpacity") {
+                bv.shadow.opacity = (x / 100.0).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+            }
             // The Contour element: `contour` turns it on/off; its curve, Range and
             // Anti-aliased edit the element in place, so an imported curve survives.
             match b_of(p, "contour") {
@@ -903,6 +933,9 @@ fn replace_effects(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
             crate::pattern_cmds::ensure_in_doc(doc, pat);
         }
         let mode = doc.mode;
+        if !list.is_empty() {
+            crate::extra_cmds::background_to_layer(doc, id);
+        }
         let l = doc.layer_mut(id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(id))?;
         // The list's master switch (`layer.setEffectsVisible`, the Layers panel's "Effects" eye)
         // survives the edit: the dialog models per-effect state, not the switch (#3648). A layer
@@ -926,6 +959,7 @@ fn set_effect(s: &mut Session, p: &Value, kind: &str) -> Result<Value> {
         }
         // Colours in the document's mode, as Image › Mode keeps them.
         let fx = fx.in_mode(doc.mode);
+        crate::extra_cmds::background_to_layer(doc, id);
         let l = doc.layer_mut(id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(id))?;
         // Adding or replacing one effect leaves the list's master switch alone (#3648); a fresh
         // effects list already has the default `enabled: true`, so a first effect still shows.
@@ -1022,7 +1056,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
         style_cmd!(
             "gradientOverlay",
             "Gradient Overlay…",
-            r##"{"from":"#rrggbb","to":"#rrggbb","method":"classic|perceptual|linear|smooth"? (Photoshop's interpolation; omitted: straight stops),"smoothness":0..100=100,"style":"linear|radial|angle|reflected|diamond","angle":deg=90,"scale":10..150=100,"reverse":bool,"opacity":0..100,"blend":str,"add":bool}"##
+            r##"{"from":"#rrggbb","to":"#rrggbb","method":"classic|perceptual|linear|smooth"? (Photoshop's interpolation; omitted on new effects: straight stops; edits retain the recorded method),"smoothness":0..100=100,"style":"linear|radial|angle|reflected|diamond","angle":deg=90,"scale":10..150=100,"reverse":bool,"opacity":0..100,"blend":str,"add":bool}"##
         ),
         style_cmd!(
             "patternOverlay",
@@ -1190,6 +1224,39 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(!st.overprint);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn bevel_shading_fields_are_independent_and_preserved_on_partial_edits() {
+        let mut s = session();
+        s.execute(
+            "layer.layerStyle.bevelEmboss",
+            json!({
+                "highlightBlend": "Normal", "highlightColor": "#ff0000", "highlightOpacity": 35,
+                "shadowBlend": "Color Burn", "shadowColor": "#0000ff", "shadowOpacity": 60
+            }),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let fx = effects(&s);
+        let Effect::BevelEmboss(bevel) = &fx[0] else { panic!("{fx:?}") };
+        assert_eq!(bevel.highlight.blend, BlendMode::Normal);
+        assert_eq!(bevel.highlight_color, Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0));
+        assert!((bevel.highlight.opacity - 0.35).abs() < 0.001);
+        assert_eq!(bevel.shadow.blend, BlendMode::ColorBurn);
+        assert_eq!(bevel.shadow_color, Color::rgb(0.0, 0.0, 1.0));
+        assert!((bevel.shadow.opacity - 0.60).abs() < 0.001);
+
+        let mut changed = fx[0].clone();
+        overlay_effect(&mut changed, &json!({"size": 12}));
+        let Effect::BevelEmboss(partial) = &changed else { panic!("expected bevel") };
+        assert_eq!(partial.highlight, bevel.highlight);
+        assert_eq!(partial.highlight_color, bevel.highlight_color);
+        assert_eq!(partial.shadow, bevel.shadow);
+        assert_eq!(partial.shadow_color, bevel.shadow_color);
+
+        overlay_effect(&mut changed, &json!({"highlightOpacity": 120, "shadowOpacity": -30}));
+        let Effect::BevelEmboss(limits) = &changed else { panic!("expected bevel") };
+        assert_eq!((limits.highlight.opacity, limits.shadow.opacity), (1.0, 0.0));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn every_style_command_adds_its_effect() {
         for kind in ["dropShadow", "innerShadow", "outerGlow", "innerGlow", "stroke", "colorOverlay", "gradientOverlay", "bevelEmboss", "satin"] {
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/layer_style/gradient_overlay.rs b/crates/engine/src/layer_style/gradient_overlay.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8736597e08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/engine/src/layer_style/gradient_overlay.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+//! Keep editable stops separate from the dense stops used by the compositors.
+
+use photocraft_doc::effects::GradientInterpolation;
+use photocraft_doc::{Color, Gradient};
+use serde_json::Value;
+
+use super::{color_of, f_of, overlay_gradient};
+
+fn edit_endpoint(stop: Option<&mut (f32, Color)>, params: &Value, key: &str) {
+    if let (Some(stop), Some(color)) = (stop, color_of(params, key)) {
+        // The dialog displays hex colours. Opening it must not quantize the saved source.
+        let [r, g, b, _] = color.to_rgba8();
+        let [sr, sg, sb, _] = stop.1.to_rgba8();
+        if !params.get(key).is_some_and(Value::is_string) || [r, g, b] != [sr, sg, sb] {
+            let mut edited = color.in_mode(stop.1.mode);
+            edited.alpha = stop.1.alpha;
+            stop.1 = edited;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// `params` without a `from`/`to` hex string that only repeats the gradient's current end as the
+/// dialog shows it (8-bit): confirming the dialog unchanged must not quantize a baked or
+/// imported curve's exact ends (as `edit_endpoint` guards the recorded source).
+fn without_unchanged_ends(gradient: &Gradient, params: &Value) -> Value {
+    let mut params = params.clone();
+    for (key, end) in [("from", gradient.stops.first()), ("to", gradient.stops.last())] {
+        let shown = |c: &Color| {
+            let [r, g, b, _] = c.to_rgba8();
+            [r, g, b]
+        };
+        let same = params.get(key).is_some_and(Value::is_string) && end.zip(color_of(&params, key)).is_some_and(|(end, color)| shown(&end.1) == shown(&color));
+        if same && let Some(object) = params.as_object_mut() {
+            object.remove(key);
+        }
+    }
+    params
+}
+
+/// Edits recorded source stops, initializing legacy curves from their end colours.
+pub(super) fn overlay(gradient: &mut Gradient, interpolation: &mut Option<GradientInterpolation>, params: &Value) {
+    // Reset to Default restores the factory's unbaked interpolation too.
+    if params.get("method").and_then(Value::as_str) == Some("custom") {
+        if let Some(source) = interpolation.take() {
+            gradient.stops = source.stops;
+        }
+        overlay_gradient(gradient, &without_unchanged_ends(gradient, params));
+        return;
+    }
+    let requested = params.get("method").and_then(Value::as_str).filter(|name| photocraft_io::GradientMethod::from_name(name).is_some());
+    if interpolation.is_none() && requested.is_none() {
+        overlay_gradient(gradient, &without_unchanged_ends(gradient, params));
+        return;
+    }
+    let previous = interpolation.clone();
+    let source = interpolation.get_or_insert_with(|| GradientInterpolation {
+        method: requested.unwrap_or("classic").to_ascii_lowercase(),
+        smoothness: 100.0,
+        // Without a source record, intermediate stops may be baked samples (PSD import or
+        // older method commands). Keep the legacy rebuild-from-ends behaviour on first choice.
+        stops: vec![(0.0, gradient.stops.first().map_or(Color::BLACK, |s| s.1)), (1.0, gradient.stops.last().map_or(Color::WHITE, |s| s.1))],
+    });
+    if let Some(method) = requested {
+        source.method = method.to_ascii_lowercase();
+    }
+    if let Some(smoothness) = f_of(params, "smoothness").filter(|n| n.is_finite()) {
+        source.smoothness = smoothness.clamp(0.0, 100.0);
+    }
+    edit_endpoint(source.stops.first_mut(), params, "from");
+    edit_endpoint(source.stops.last_mut(), params, "to");
+    if previous.as_ref() != Some(source)
+        && let Some(method) = photocraft_io::GradientMethod::from_name(&source.method)
+    {
+        // Missing midpoint entries mean 50 %, including for multi-stop source gradients.
+        gradient.stops = photocraft_io::bake_gradient(source.stops.clone(), &[], source.smoothness / 100.0, method);
+    }
+    // Geometry edits must not replace just the ends of the baked curve.
+    let mut geometry = params.clone();
+    if let Some(object) = geometry.as_object_mut() {
+        for key in ["method", "smoothness", "from", "to"] {
+            object.remove(key);
+        }
+    }
+    overlay_gradient(gradient, &geometry);
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use photocraft_color::BlendMode;
+    use photocraft_doc::{Effect, FxCommon};
+    use photocraft_io::{GradientMethod, bake_gradient};
+    use serde_json::json;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn choosing_a_method_on_a_baked_overlay_rebuilds_from_its_end_colours() {
+        let ends = vec![(0.0, Color::BLACK), (1.0, Color::WHITE)];
+        for imported_method in [GradientMethod::Perceptual, GradientMethod::Smooth] {
+            let gradient = Gradient {
+                stops: bake_gradient(ends.clone(), &[0.5], 1.0, imported_method),
+                opacity_stops: vec![(0.0, 0.25), (0.6, 0.8), (1.0, 0.5)],
+                align: false,
+                offset: (0.2, -0.1),
+                ..Gradient::default()
+            };
+            assert!(gradient.stops.len() > 2);
+            let source_ends = vec![(0.0, gradient.stops.first().unwrap().1), (1.0, gradient.stops.last().unwrap().1)];
+            let mut fx =
+                Effect::GradientOverlay { common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Normal, 1.0), gradient: gradient.clone(), dither: true, interpolation: None };
+            super::super::overlay_effect(&mut fx, &json!({"method": "linear"}));
+            let mut expected = gradient;
+            expected.stops = bake_gradient(source_ends.clone(), &[0.5], 1.0, GradientMethod::Linear);
+            assert_eq!(
+                fx,
+                Effect::GradientOverlay {
+                    common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Normal, 1.0),
+                    gradient: expected,
+                    dither: true,
+                    interpolation: Some(GradientInterpolation { method: "linear".into(), smoothness: 100.0, stops: source_ends }),
+                }
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn endpoint_edits_after_selecting_a_method_recolour_the_whole_baked_overlay() {
+        for same_edit in [false, true] {
+            let mut fx = Effect::GradientOverlay {
+                common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Normal, 1.0),
+                gradient: Gradient {
+                    stops: bake_gradient(vec![(0.0, Color::BLACK), (1.0, Color::WHITE)], &[0.5], 1.0, GradientMethod::Smooth),
+                    ..Gradient::default()
+                },
+                dither: false,
+                interpolation: None,
+            };
+            if same_edit {
+                super::super::overlay_effect(&mut fx, &json!({"method": "classic", "from": "#ff0000", "to": "#0000ff"}));
+            } else {
+                super::super::overlay_effect(&mut fx, &json!({"method": "classic"}));
+                super::super::overlay_effect(&mut fx, &json!({"from": "#ff0000", "to": "#0000ff"}));
+            }
+            let ends = vec![(0.0, Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)), (1.0, Color::rgb(0.0, 0.0, 1.0))];
+            let Effect::GradientOverlay { gradient, interpolation, .. } = fx else { panic!("expected overlay") };
+            assert_eq!(gradient.stops, bake_gradient(ends.clone(), &[0.5], 1.0, GradientMethod::Classic));
+            assert_eq!(interpolation.unwrap().stops, ends);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn changing_method_keeps_all_source_stops_and_transparency() {
+        let mut gradient = Gradient {
+            stops: vec![(0.0, Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)), (0.3, Color::rgb(0.0, 1.0, 0.0)), (1.0, Color::rgb(0.0, 0.0, 1.0))],
+            opacity_stops: vec![(0.0, 0.25), (1.0, 0.8)],
+            align: false,
+            offset: (0.2, -0.1),
+            ..Gradient::default()
+        };
+        let original = gradient.clone();
+        let mut source = Some(GradientInterpolation { method: "classic".into(), smoothness: 100.0, stops: original.stops.clone() });
+        gradient.stops = bake_gradient(original.stops.clone(), &[0.5, 0.5], 1.0, GradientMethod::Classic);
+        for method in ["classic", "smooth", "perceptual", "linear", "classic"] {
+            overlay(&mut gradient, &mut source, &json!({"method": method}));
+            let source = source.as_ref().unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(source.method, method);
+            assert_eq!(source.stops, original.stops);
+            let expected = photocraft_io::bake_gradient(original.stops.clone(), &[0.5, 0.5], 1.0, photocraft_io::GradientMethod::from_name(method).unwrap());
+            assert_eq!(gradient.stops, expected);
+            assert_eq!(gradient.opacity_stops, original.opacity_stops);
+            assert_eq!(gradient.align, original.align);
+            assert_eq!(gradient.offset, original.offset);
+        }
+        overlay(&mut gradient, &mut source, &json!({"from": "#112233", "to": "#445566"}));
+        let source = source.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(source.stops.len(), 3);
+        assert_eq!(source.stops[1], original.stops[1], "endpoint edits preserve the middle source stop");
+        assert_eq!(gradient.stops, bake_gradient(source.stops, &[0.5, 0.5], 1.0, GradientMethod::Classic));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn colour_edit_rebakes_the_curve_and_geometry_edits_leave_it_exact() {
+        let mut gradient = Gradient::default();
+        let mut source = None;
+        overlay(&mut gradient, &mut source, &json!({"method": "smooth", "from": "#ff0000", "to": "#0000ff"}));
+        let before = gradient.stops.clone();
+        overlay(&mut gradient, &mut source, &json!({"from": "#00ff00", "angle": 45}));
+        assert_ne!(gradient.stops, before);
+        let expected = photocraft_io::bake_gradient(
+            vec![(0.0, Color::rgb(0.0, 1.0, 0.0)), (1.0, Color::rgb(0.0, 0.0, 1.0))],
+            &[0.5],
+            1.0,
+            photocraft_io::GradientMethod::Smooth,
+        );
+        assert_eq!(gradient.stops, expected);
+        overlay(&mut gradient, &mut source, &json!({"angle": 90, "reverse": true, "scale": 75}));
+        assert_eq!(gradient.stops, expected);
+        assert_eq!(gradient.angle, 90.0);
+        assert!(gradient.reverse);
+        assert_eq!(gradient.scale, 0.75);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reopening_does_not_quantize_source_colours_or_rebake() {
+        let mut gradient = Gradient::default();
+        gradient.stops[0].1.alpha = 0.37;
+        let mut source = None;
+        overlay(&mut gradient, &mut source, &json!({"from": [0.123456, 0.234567, 0.345678], "method": "perceptual"}));
+        let before = (gradient.clone(), source.clone());
+        assert_eq!(source.as_ref().unwrap().stops[0].1.alpha, 0.37);
+        let [r, g, b, _] = source.as_ref().unwrap().stops[0].1.to_rgba8();
+        overlay(&mut gradient, &mut source, &json!({"from": format!("#{r:02x}{g:02x}{b:02x}"), "to": "#ffffff", "method": "perceptual", "smoothness": 100}));
+        assert_eq!((gradient, source), before);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn old_gradients_are_unchanged_until_a_method_is_chosen() {
+        let mut gradient = Gradient::default();
+        gradient.stops.insert(1, (0.4, Color::rgb(0.1, 0.9, 0.2)));
+        let original = gradient.clone();
+        let mut source = None;
+        overlay(&mut gradient, &mut source, &json!({"method": "custom", "opacity": 50}));
+        assert_eq!(gradient, original);
+        assert!(source.is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn endpoint_edits_keep_the_source_colour_model() {
+        for mode in [photocraft_doc::ColorMode::Grayscale, photocraft_doc::ColorMode::Cmyk, photocraft_doc::ColorMode::Lab] {
+            let mut gradient = Gradient { stops: vec![(0.0, Color::BLACK.in_mode(mode)), (1.0, Color::WHITE.in_mode(mode))], ..Gradient::default() };
+            let mut source = None;
+            overlay(&mut gradient, &mut source, &json!({"method": "classic"}));
+            overlay(&mut gradient, &mut source, &json!({"from": "#ff0000"}));
+            assert!(source.as_ref().unwrap().stops.iter().all(|s| s.1.mode == mode));
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reset_to_factory_defaults_removes_the_recorded_method() {
+        let mut gradient = Gradient::default();
+        let mut source = None;
+        overlay(&mut gradient, &mut source, &json!({"method": "smooth", "from": "#ff0000"}));
+        overlay(&mut gradient, &mut source, &super::super::effect_defaults("gradientOverlay"));
+        assert!(source.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(gradient, Gradient::default());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/layer_xmp_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/layer_xmp_cmds.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4fb4eda32f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/engine/src/layer_xmp_cmds.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+//! A layer's own XMP packet, as Photoshop scripts reach it through `layer.xmpMetadata.rawData`:
+//! scripts and embedding apps keep data about a layer there under their own namespaces. It is
+//! saved in PSD, PSB, layered TIFF and `.pcraft`, and copied when the layer is duplicated.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use photocraft_doc::LayerId;
+use serde_json::{Map, Value, json};
+
+use crate::commands::CommandSpec;
+use crate::{EngineError, Result, Session};
+
+const ID: &str = "layer.xmpMetadata";
+
+/// Largest packet accepted, in UTF-8 bytes. Every history state shares the packet, but a PSD
+/// stores it as UTF-16 in each layer's record.
+pub const MAX_LAYER_XMP: usize = 4 << 20;
+
+fn bad(message: impl Into<String>) -> EngineError {
+    EngineError::BadParams { cmd: ID.into(), msg: message.into() }
+}
+
+fn enabled(s: &Session) -> std::result::Result<(), String> {
+    crate::active_layer_of(s).map(|_| ())
+}
+
+/// `raw` if it is an XMP packet: well-formed XML (no DTD) whose root is `x:xmpmeta` or
+/// `rdf:RDF`, without NUL characters (Photoshop stores the packet NUL-terminated).
+fn check_packet(raw: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    if raw.len() > MAX_LAYER_XMP {
+        return Err(bad(format!("`rawData` is {} bytes; the most a layer holds is {MAX_LAYER_XMP}", raw.len())));
+    }
+    if raw.contains('\0') {
+        return Err(bad("`rawData` can't contain NUL characters"));
+    }
+    let xml = roxmltree::Document::parse(raw).map_err(|e| bad(format!("`rawData` isn't well-formed XML: {e}")))?;
+    let root = xml.root_element().tag_name();
+    let xmp = matches!((root.namespace(), root.name()), (Some("adobe:ns:meta/"), "xmpmeta") | (Some("http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"), "RDF"));
+    if !xmp {
+        return Err(bad("`rawData` must be an XMP packet: its root element is x:xmpmeta or rdf:RDF"));
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn xmp_metadata(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
+    let empty = Map::new();
+    let p = match p {
+        Value::Null => &empty,
+        Value::Object(m) => m,
+        _ => return Err(bad("expected an object")),
+    };
+    let st = s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?;
+    let id = match p.get("layer") {
+        Some(v) => LayerId(v.as_u64().ok_or_else(|| bad("`layer` must be an unsigned integer"))?),
+        None => st.active_layer.ok_or_else(|| bad("no active layer"))?,
+    };
+    let current = st.doc.layer(id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(id))?.xmp.clone();
+    let new = match p.get("rawData") {
+        None => return Ok(json!({"layer": id.0, "rawData": current.as_deref(), "changed": false})),
+        Some(Value::Null) => None,
+        Some(Value::String(raw)) => {
+            check_packet(raw)?;
+            Some(raw.as_str())
+        }
+        Some(_) => return Err(bad("`rawData` must be a string (an XMP packet) or null (remove it)")),
+    };
+    let changed = current.as_deref() != new;
+    if changed {
+        let stored: Option<Arc<str>> = new.map(Into::into);
+        s.edit("Layer Metadata", move |doc, _| {
+            doc.layer_mut(id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(id))?.xmp = stored;
+            Ok(())
+        })?;
+        if let Some(st) = s.active_mut() {
+            // Saved metadata only; no canvas pixels need recompositing.
+            st.last_damage = Some(photocraft_geom::Rect::EMPTY);
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(json!({"layer": id.0, "rawData": new, "changed": changed}))
+}
+
+pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
+    vec![CommandSpec {
+        id: ID,
+        label: "Layer XMP Metadata",
+        menu: &[],
+        shortcut: None,
+        params: r#"{"layer":id?,"rawData":string|null?} → {"layer","rawData","changed"} (no layer: the active layer; no rawData: read it; a string sets the layer's XMP packet, null removes it; as Photoshop's layer.xmpMetadata.rawData)"#,
+        enabled,
+        run: xmp_metadata,
+        journal: true,
+    }]
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/layer_xmp_cmds/tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/layer_xmp_cmds/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..015f739399
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/engine/src/layer_xmp_cmds/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+use super::*;
+use photocraft_doc::Layer;
+
+const PACKET: &str = r#"<x:xmpmeta xmlns:x="adobe:ns:meta/"><rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"><rdf:Description rdf:about="" xmlns:app="http://example.com/app/1.0/"><app:arc>120</app:arc></rdf:Description></rdf:RDF></x:xmpmeta>"#;
+
+fn fixture(depth: u8) -> (Session, LayerId, LayerId) {
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 4, "height": 4, "depth": depth})).unwrap();
+    let (a, b) = s
+        .edit("Fixture", |doc, _| {
+            let a = Layer::raster("A", doc.pixel_format());
+            let b = Layer::group("B", vec![Layer::raster("Child", doc.pixel_format())]);
+            let ids = (a.id, b.id);
+            doc.layers = vec![a, b];
+            Ok(ids)
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+    s.select_layer(a).unwrap();
+    (s, a, b)
+}
+
+fn xmp(s: &Session, id: LayerId) -> Option<String> {
+    s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().xmp.as_deref().map(str::to_string)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sets_reads_and_removes_as_one_undo_step_each() {
+    for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
+        let (mut s, a, b) = fixture(depth);
+        assert_eq!(s.execute(ID, json!({})).unwrap(), json!({"layer": a.0, "rawData": null, "changed": false}));
+        let past = s.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        let before = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+
+        // The active layer by default; a group by id.
+        assert_eq!(s.execute(ID, json!({"rawData": PACKET})).unwrap(), json!({"layer": a.0, "rawData": PACKET, "changed": true}));
+        assert_eq!(s.execute(ID, json!({"layer": b.0, "rawData": PACKET})).unwrap()["changed"], true);
+        assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), past + 2);
+        assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().last_damage, Some(photocraft_geom::Rect::EMPTY));
+        assert_eq!(s.execute(ID, Value::Null).unwrap()["rawData"], PACKET);
+        assert_eq!(crate::inspect::layer(s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(b).unwrap())["hasXmp"], true);
+
+        // Only the packets changed.
+        let mut expected = (*before).clone();
+        for id in [a, b] {
+            expected.layer_mut(id).unwrap().xmp = Some(PACKET.into());
+        }
+        assert_eq!(*s.active().unwrap().doc, expected, "depth {depth}");
+
+        // The same packet again is not an edit.
+        assert_eq!(s.execute(ID, json!({"rawData": PACKET})).unwrap()["changed"], false);
+        assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), past + 2);
+
+        assert_eq!(s.execute(ID, json!({"rawData": null})).unwrap(), json!({"layer": a.0, "rawData": null, "changed": true}));
+        assert_eq!(xmp(&s, a), None);
+        assert!(s.undo());
+        assert_eq!(xmp(&s, a).as_deref(), Some(PACKET));
+        assert!(s.undo() && s.undo());
+        assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc, before);
+        assert!(s.redo());
+        assert_eq!(xmp(&s, a).as_deref(), Some(PACKET));
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn duplicating_a_layer_copies_its_packet() {
+    let (mut s, a, _) = fixture(8);
+    s.execute(ID, json!({"rawData": PACKET})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.duplicate", json!({})).unwrap();
+    let copy = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+    assert_ne!(copy, a);
+    assert_eq!(xmp(&s, copy).as_deref(), Some(PACKET));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn refuses_what_is_not_an_xmp_packet() {
+    let (mut s, a, _) = fixture(8);
+    let refused = |s: &mut Session, p: Value| matches!(s.execute(ID, p), Err(EngineError::BadParams { .. }));
+    for p in [
+        json!([]),
+        json!({"layer": "A"}),
+        json!({"rawData": 7}),
+        json!({"rawData": ""}),
+        json!({"rawData": "<x:xmpmeta xmlns:x=\"adobe:ns:meta/\">"}),
+        json!({"rawData": "<html/>"}),
+        json!({"rawData": "<x:xmpmeta xmlns:x=\"adobe:ns:meta/\">\u{0}</x:xmpmeta>"}),
+        json!({"rawData": "<!DOCTYPE x [<!ENTITY a \"aaaa\">]><x:xmpmeta xmlns:x=\"adobe:ns:meta/\">&a;</x:xmpmeta>"}),
+        json!({"rawData": format!("<x:xmpmeta xmlns:x=\"adobe:ns:meta/\">{}</x:xmpmeta>", "a".repeat(MAX_LAYER_XMP))}),
+    ] {
+        assert!(refused(&mut s, p.clone()), "{p:.80}");
+    }
+    let r = s.execute(ID, json!({"layer": 999_999_999}));
+    assert!(matches!(r, Err(EngineError::UnknownLayer { .. })), "{r:?}");
+    assert_eq!(xmp(&s, a), None);
+    // A bare RDF root and a packet wrapper are packets.
+    let rdf = r#"<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"/>"#;
+    assert_eq!(s.execute(ID, json!({"rawData": rdf})).unwrap()["changed"], true);
+    let wrapped = format!("<?xpacket begin=\"\u{feff}\" id=\"W5M0MpCehiHzreSzNTczkc9d\"?>{PACKET}<?xpacket end=\"w\"?>");
+    assert_eq!(s.execute(ID, json!({"rawData": wrapped})).unwrap()["changed"], true);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn needs_a_document_and_a_layer() {
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    assert!(matches!(s.execute(ID, json!({})), Err(EngineError::Disabled(..))));
+    assert!(enabled(&s).is_err());
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/lens_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/lens_cmds.rs
index c813a4812f..66a5ccfcf6 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/lens_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/lens_cmds.rs
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ fn lens_batch(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
         // Batch default: the EXIF-driven profile, as Photoshop's dialog suggests.
         m.entry("profile").or_insert(json!("auto"));
     }
-    let r = crate::file_cmds::process_files(&inputs, &output, &format, crate::file_cmds::SaveOpts::from_params(s, p, LENS_BATCH)?, "", &|scratch| {
+    let r = crate::file_cmds::process_files(s, &inputs, &output, &format, crate::file_cmds::SaveOpts::from_params(s, p, LENS_BATCH)?, "", &|scratch| {
         if scratch.active().is_some_and(|d| d.doc.layers.len() > 1) {
             scratch.execute("layer.flattenImage", json!({}))?;
         }
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             label: "Camera Raw Filter…",
             menu: &["Filter"],
             shortcut: Some("Cmd+Shift+A"),
-            params: r##"{"temperature":-100..100=0,"tint":-100..100=0,"exposure":-5..5=0,"contrast":-100..100=0,"highlights":-100..100=0,"shadows":-100..100=0,"whites":-100..100=0,"blacks":-100..100=0,"texture":-100..100=0,"clarity":-100..100=0,"dehaze":-100..100=0,"vibrance":-100..100=0,"saturation":-100..100=0,"curveHighlights":-100..100=0,"curveLights":-100..100=0,"curveDarks":-100..100=0,"curveShadows":-100..100=0,"curveSplits":[25,50,75],"pointCurve":[[in,out]],"pointCurveRed":[[in,out]],"pointCurveGreen":[[in,out]],"pointCurveBlue":[[in,out]],"hslHue":[8],"hslSat":[8],"hslLum":[8],"gradeShadows":{"hue":deg,"sat":0..100,"lum":-100..100},"gradeMidtones":{},"gradeHighlights":{},"gradeGlobal":{},"gradeBlending":0..100=50,"gradeBalance":-100..100=0,"sharpenAmount":0..150=0,"sharpenRadius":0.5..3=1,"sharpenDetail":0..100=25,"sharpenMasking":0..100=0,"noiseLuminance":0..100=0,"noiseLuminanceDetail":0..100=50,"noiseColor":0..100=0,"noiseColorDetail":0..100=50,"grainAmount":0..100=0,"grainSize":0..100=25,"grainRoughness":0..100=50,"vignetteAmount":-100..100=0,"vignetteMidpoint":0..100=50,"vignetteRoundness":-100..100=0,"vignetteFeather":0..100=50,"vignetteHighlights":0..100=0,"vignetteStyle":"highlightPriority|colorPriority|paintOverlay","seed":u32=0}"##,
+            params: r##"{"temperature":-100..100=0,"tint":-100..100=0,"exposure":-5..5=0,"contrast":-100..100=0,"highlights":-100..100=0,"shadows":-100..100=0,"whites":-100..100=0,"blacks":-100..100=0,"texture":-100..100=0,"clarity":-100..100=0,"dehaze":-100..100=0,"vibrance":-100..100=0,"saturation":-100..100=0,"curveHighlights":-100..100=0,"curveLights":-100..100=0,"curveDarks":-100..100=0,"curveShadows":-100..100=0,"curveSplits":[25,50,75],"pointCurve":[[in,out]],"pointCurveRed":[[in,out]],"pointCurveGreen":[[in,out]],"pointCurveBlue":[[in,out]],"hslHue":[8],"hslSat":[8],"hslLum":[8],"gradeShadows":{"hue":deg,"sat":0..100,"lum":-100..100},"gradeMidtones":{},"gradeHighlights":{},"gradeGlobal":{},"gradeBlending":0..100=50,"gradeBalance":-100..100=0,"shadowTint":-100..100=0,"calibrationHue":[red,green,blue] -100..100,"calibrationSat":[red,green,blue] -100..100 (the Calibration panel: Shadows tint and the primaries' hue and saturation),"sharpenAmount":0..150=0,"sharpenRadius":0.5..3=1,"sharpenDetail":0..100=25,"sharpenMasking":0..100=0,"noiseLuminance":0..100=0,"noiseLuminanceDetail":0..100=50,"noiseColor":0..100=0,"noiseColorDetail":0..100=50,"grainAmount":0..100=0,"grainSize":0..100=25,"grainRoughness":0..100=50,"vignetteAmount":-100..100=0,"vignetteMidpoint":0..100=50,"vignetteRoundness":-100..100=0,"vignetteFeather":0..100=50,"vignetteHighlights":0..100=0,"vignetteStyle":"highlightPriority|colorPriority|paintOverlay","seed":u32=0}"##,
             enabled: raw_enabled,
             run: camera_raw_cmd,
             journal: true,
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/lib.rs b/crates/engine/src/lib.rs
index 1d16e8232f..417e411288 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/lib.rs
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ pub mod color_cmds;
 pub mod color_to_alpha_cmds;
 pub mod commands;
 pub mod comps_cmds;
+pub mod contour_lib_cmds;
 mod crop_fill;
 pub mod cutout_cmds;
 pub mod display_color;
@@ -74,6 +75,7 @@ pub mod layer_menu_cmds;
 pub mod layer_multi_cmds;
 pub mod layer_nav_cmds;
 pub mod layer_style;
+pub mod layer_xmp_cmds;
 pub mod lens_cmds;
 pub mod link_watch;
 pub mod magnetic_cmds;
@@ -106,6 +108,7 @@ pub mod retouch_cmds;
 pub mod sample_cmds;
 pub mod sampler_cmds;
 pub mod select_extra_cmds;
+pub mod select_mask_edits;
 pub mod selection_cmds;
 pub mod shell_commands;
 pub mod shortcut_sets;
@@ -116,17 +119,20 @@ pub mod smartselect_cmds;
 pub mod snap;
 pub mod solid_fill_cmds;
 pub mod stamp_cmds;
+pub mod style_asl_cmds;
 pub mod swatch_cmds;
 pub mod symmetry_cmds;
 mod timeline_cmds;
 pub mod transform_cmds;
 mod trap_cmds;
+pub mod type_area_cmds;
 pub mod type_caret_cmds;
 pub mod type_cmds;
 pub mod type_extra_cmds;
 pub mod type_mask_cmds;
 pub mod type_spell_cmds;
 pub mod type_styles_cmds;
+pub mod updates_cmds;
 mod variables_cmds;
 pub use variables_cmds::{export_data_sets_with, import_data_sets_text};
 pub mod vector_cmds;
@@ -239,8 +245,9 @@ pub struct DocState {
     /// pixel coordinates. Per-document view state: discarded when the document closes, never saved
     /// to `.pcraft` or PSD, and not a history step.
     pub color_samplers: Vec<[f64; 2]>,
-    /// History panel snapshots, oldest first (`history.newSnapshot`, #2966). Kept for the
-    /// session only, as in Photoshop: not history states, and not saved with the document.
+    /// History panel snapshots, oldest first (`history.newSnapshot`, #2966): the first (id 0) is
+    /// the document as opened. Kept for the session only, as in Photoshop: not history states,
+    /// and not saved with the document.
     pub snapshots: Vec<history_cmds::Snapshot>,
     /// The id the next snapshot gets; ids are never reused, so deleting one keeps the others.
     next_snapshot: u64,
@@ -267,9 +274,14 @@ impl DocState {
     pub fn new(doc: Document, path: Option<String>) -> Self {
         let active_layer = doc.top_layer();
         let mut history = History::default();
-        history.set_current_layers(LayerTarget { active: active_layer, selected: active_layer.into_iter().collect() });
+        let target = LayerTarget { active: active_layer, selected: active_layer.into_iter().collect() };
+        history.set_current_layers(target.clone());
+        let doc = Arc::new(doc);
+        // Photoshop's first snapshot: the document as opened, named after it, so the History
+        // panel's top row can always bring it back (#2966).
+        let first = history_cmds::Snapshot { id: 0, name: doc.name.clone(), doc: doc.clone(), layers: target };
         Self {
-            doc: Arc::new(doc),
+            doc,
             history,
             active_layer,
             selected_layers: active_layer.into_iter().collect(),
@@ -289,7 +301,7 @@ impl DocState {
             show_only: None,
             floating: None,
             color_samplers: Vec::new(),
-            snapshots: Vec::new(),
+            snapshots: vec![first],
             next_snapshot: 1,
             source_snapshot: None,
         }
@@ -465,6 +477,12 @@ pub const PRECHECKED: &[&str] = &["layer.new.layer", "layer.new.group", "layer.n
 pub struct Session {
     docs: Vec<DocState>,
     active: Option<usize>,
+    /// Monotonic counter, bumped whenever a different document becomes active (including a
+    /// switch away and back inside one pass). UI work that must not cross documents (control
+    /// screenshots, automation input) binds to it.
+    active_generation: u64,
+    /// The document id [`Self::active_generation`] was last bumped for.
+    active_doc_for_generation: Option<photocraft_doc::DocId>,
     pub tools: ToolState,
     /// Log of executed commands (for action recording and debugging).
     pub journal: Vec<(String, Value)>,
@@ -488,8 +506,13 @@ pub struct Session {
     pub quick_mask_options: channel_cmds::QuickMaskOptions,
     /// Colour channel the running command may change (a single colour channel is targeted).
     color_restrict: Option<usize>,
+    /// Smart object whose filter mask the running command edits (`"target":"filterMask"`): each
+    /// edit re-renders it, in the same history step.
+    filter_mask_layer: Option<LayerId>,
     /// Edit › Preferences, keyboard shortcuts, menu and toolbar customisation (see `prefs`).
     pub prefs: prefs::PrefsStore,
+    /// Release checks use an injected platform transport; no network I/O in the engine.
+    pub updates: updates_cmds::Updates,
     /// Edit menu state: Fade source, custom shape library (see `edit_menu_cmds`).
     pub edit_state: edit_menu_cmds::EditState,
     /// The pattern library (Window › Patterns; see `pattern.*`).
@@ -574,9 +597,25 @@ impl Session {
     pub fn active_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut DocState> {
         self.active.and_then(|i| self.docs.get_mut(i))
     }
+    /// Monotonic active-document generation. It changes when a different document becomes
+    /// active, including a switch away and back between two observations; equal values therefore
+    /// mean the document was not switched in between.
+    pub fn active_generation(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.active_generation
+    }
+    /// Bump [`Self::active_generation`] when the active document id changed. Call after every
+    /// assignment to `self.active`.
+    pub(crate) fn note_active_change(&mut self) {
+        let id = self.active().map(|st| st.doc.id);
+        if id != self.active_doc_for_generation {
+            self.active_doc_for_generation = id;
+            self.active_generation = self.active_generation.wrapping_add(1);
+        }
+    }
     pub fn set_active(&mut self, index: usize) -> bool {
         if index < self.docs.len() {
             self.active = Some(index);
+            self.note_active_change();
             self.sync_tools_mask_target();
             true
         } else {
@@ -616,6 +655,7 @@ impl Session {
         let active = self.active().map(|d| d.doc.id);
         let to = move_item(&mut self.docs, from, to)?;
         self.active = active.and_then(|id| self.docs.iter().position(|d| d.doc.id == id));
+        self.note_active_change();
         Some(to)
     }
 
@@ -633,6 +673,7 @@ impl Session {
         self.docs.push(st);
         let i = self.docs.len() - 1;
         self.active = Some(i);
+        self.note_active_change();
         i
     }
 
@@ -671,6 +712,7 @@ impl Session {
                 _ => index.min(self.docs.len() - 1),
             })
         };
+        self.note_active_change();
         Some(d)
     }
 
@@ -708,6 +750,17 @@ impl Session {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    /// [`Self::offer_live_stroke`] for a live Dodge, Burn, Sponge, Blur, Sharpen or Smudge stroke,
+    /// taken by the command it was drawn for: the stroke's finishing dabs are run first. Refused
+    /// when the brush, tool options or layer changed during the stroke.
+    pub fn offer_live_dab(&mut self, live: retouch_cmds::LiveDab) -> Result<()> {
+        // A refused offer withdraws the previous one too.
+        self.live_commit = None;
+        let commit = live.into_commit(self)?;
+        self.live_commit = Some(commit);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     /// Withdraw an offer the command didn't take.
     pub fn clear_live_stroke(&mut self) {
         self.live_commit = None;
@@ -815,7 +868,7 @@ impl Session {
         let d = self.active_mut()?;
         d.doc.layer(target)?;
         let active = d.active_layer.replace(target);
-        let r = (spec.enabled)(self);
+        let r = self.precondition(spec, params);
         if let Some(d) = self.active_mut() {
             d.active_layer = active;
         }
@@ -829,6 +882,7 @@ impl Session {
         let _authorization = crate::jobs::render_authorization_scope(self.authorize);
         let _document = crate::doc_path::scope(self.active().and_then(|d| d.path.as_deref()).map(std::path::Path::new));
         let restrict = self.color_restrict;
+        let filter_mask_layer = self.filter_mask_layer;
         let sampler_map = self.sampler_map.take();
         let symmetry_map = self.symmetry_map.take();
         let st = self.active_mut().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?;
@@ -842,6 +896,9 @@ impl Session {
         if let (Some(k), Some(id)) = (restrict, active) {
             channel_cmds::restrict_to_color(&before, &mut doc, id, k);
         }
+        if let Some(id) = filter_mask_layer {
+            smart_cmds::refresh_after_filter_mask_edit(&mut doc, id)?;
+        }
         st.doc = Arc::new(doc);
         st.active_layer = active;
         fix_selection(st);
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/mask_view_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/mask_view_cmds.rs
index d7cfc338c0..6244f7bb23 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/mask_view_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/mask_view_cmds.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@
 //! While a mask is shown, pixel commands without an explicit `target` edit that mask
 //! ([`crate::channel_cmds`]'s target injection), so painting in mask view paints the mask.
 //! The view ends when its layer stops being the active layer or loses its mask ([`fix`]).
+//!
+//! With `"mask":"filter"` the same view shows a smart object's filter mask (⌥-click the filter
+//! mask thumbnail on its Smart Filters row), and painting while it's shown paints that mask.
 
 use photocraft_doc::LayerId;
 use serde::Serialize;
@@ -35,6 +38,19 @@ pub enum MaskViewMode {
 pub struct LayerMaskView {
     pub layer: LayerId,
     pub mode: MaskViewMode,
+    /// The smart object's filter mask is shown, not its layer mask.
+    pub filter: bool,
+}
+
+/// The mask a view of `l` shows: its layer mask, or (`filter`) its smart filter mask.
+pub fn viewed_mask(l: &photocraft_doc::Layer, filter: bool) -> Option<&photocraft_doc::LayerMask> {
+    if !filter {
+        return l.mask.as_ref();
+    }
+    match &l.content {
+        photocraft_doc::LayerContent::Smart(sm) => sm.filter_mask.as_ref(),
+        _ => None,
+    }
 }
 
 fn bad(msg: impl Into<String>) -> EngineError {
@@ -48,7 +64,7 @@ fn has_doc(s: &Session) -> std::result::Result<(), String> {
 /// The mask view of `st` when it is live: its layer is the active layer and still has a mask.
 pub fn current(st: &DocState) -> Option<LayerMaskView> {
     let v = st.channel_view.layer_mask?;
-    let live = st.active_layer == Some(v.layer) && st.doc.layer(v.layer).is_some_and(|l| l.mask.is_some());
+    let live = st.active_layer == Some(v.layer) && st.doc.layer(v.layer).is_some_and(|l| viewed_mask(l, v.filter).is_some());
     live.then_some(v)
 }
 
@@ -68,16 +84,26 @@ fn mode_name(v: Option<LayerMaskView>) -> &'static str {
     }
 }
 
-/// The view as JSON (`{"layer","mode"}`, or `null` when off); part of `document.inspect`.
+/// The view as JSON (`{"layer","mode"}`, plus `"mask":"filter"` for a filter mask, or `null` when
+/// off); part of `document.inspect`.
 pub fn view_json(st: &DocState) -> Value {
     match current(st) {
+        Some(v) if v.filter => json!({"layer": v.layer.0, "mode": mode_name(Some(v)), "mask": "filter"}),
         Some(v) => json!({"layer": v.layer.0, "mode": mode_name(Some(v))}),
         None => Value::Null,
     }
 }
 
-/// `{"layer":id?,"mode":"off"|"gray"|"overlay"|"toggleGray"|"toggleOverlay"="toggleGray"}`.
+/// `{"layer":id?,"mode":"off"|"gray"|"overlay"|"toggleGray"|"toggleOverlay"="toggleGray","mask":"layer"|"filter"="layer"}`.
 fn set_view(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
+    let filter = match p.get("mask") {
+        None | Some(Value::Null) => false,
+        Some(v) => match v.as_str() {
+            Some("layer") => false,
+            Some("filter") => true,
+            _ => return Err(bad("`mask` must be \"layer\" or \"filter\"")),
+        },
+    };
     let mode = match p.get("mode") {
         None | Some(Value::Null) => "toggleGray",
         Some(v) => v.as_str().ok_or_else(|| bad("`mode` must be a string"))?,
@@ -88,9 +114,9 @@ fn set_view(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
         Some(v) => LayerId(v.as_u64().ok_or_else(|| bad("`layer` must be a layer id"))?),
     };
     let l = st.doc.layer(layer).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(layer))?;
-    let has_mask = l.mask.is_some();
+    let has_mask = viewed_mask(l, filter).is_some();
     let name = l.name.clone();
-    let shown = current(st).filter(|v| v.layer == layer).map(|v| v.mode);
+    let shown = current(st).filter(|v| v.layer == layer && v.filter == filter).map(|v| v.mode);
     let want = match mode {
         "off" => None,
         "gray" => Some(MaskViewMode::Gray),
@@ -100,16 +126,16 @@ fn set_view(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
         other => return Err(bad(format!("unknown mode `{other}` (off|gray|overlay|toggleGray|toggleOverlay)"))),
     };
     if want.is_some() && !has_mask {
-        return Err(bad(format!("layer \"{name}\" has no layer mask")));
+        return Err(bad(format!("layer \"{name}\" has no {}", if filter { "filter mask" } else { "layer mask" })));
     }
     // ⌥-clicking another layer's mask selects that layer, as in Photoshop.
     if want.is_some() && s.active().and_then(|st| st.active_layer) != Some(layer) {
         s.select_layer(layer)?;
     }
     let st = s.active_mut().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?;
-    let next = want.map(|mode| LayerMaskView { layer, mode });
+    let next = want.map(|mode| LayerMaskView { layer, mode, filter });
     // "off" for a layer whose mask isn't the one shown leaves the other view alone.
-    let applies = next.is_some() || st.channel_view.layer_mask.is_some_and(|v| v.layer == layer);
+    let applies = next.is_some() || st.channel_view.layer_mask.is_some_and(|v| v.layer == layer && v.filter == filter);
     if applies && st.channel_view.layer_mask != next {
         st.channel_view.layer_mask = next;
         // Hiding the mask while every colour channel is off would leave a blank canvas.
@@ -123,7 +149,7 @@ fn set_view(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
         st.last_damage = Some(photocraft_geom::Rect::EMPTY);
     }
     let v = current(st);
-    Ok(json!({"layer": layer.0, "mode": mode_name(v.filter(|v| v.layer == layer))}))
+    Ok(json!({"layer": layer.0, "mode": mode_name(v.filter(|v| v.layer == layer && v.filter == filter)), "mask": if filter { "filter" } else { "layer" }}))
 }
 
 /// `\` needs a layer mask on the active layer; without one Photoshop's key does nothing.
@@ -150,7 +176,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             label: "View Layer Mask",
             menu: &[],
             shortcut: None,
-            params: r##"{"layer":id?,"mode":"off"|"gray"|"overlay"|"toggleGray"|"toggleOverlay"="toggleGray"} (gray: the mask alone, ⌥-click its thumbnail; overlay: red rubylith over the composite, ⇧⌥-click or `\`; view state, not an undo step; painting while shown paints the mask)"##,
+            params: r##"{"layer":id?,"mode":"off"|"gray"|"overlay"|"toggleGray"|"toggleOverlay"="toggleGray","mask":"layer"|"filter"="layer" (filter: a smart object's filter mask)} (gray: the mask alone, ⌥-click its thumbnail; overlay: red rubylith over the composite, ⇧⌥-click or `\`; view state, not an undo step; painting while shown paints the mask)"##,
             enabled: has_doc,
             run: set_view,
             journal: false,
@@ -160,7 +186,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             label: "Toggle Layer Mask Overlay",
             menu: &[],
             shortcut: Some("\\"),
-            params: r##"{"layer":id?} (shows or hides the active layer's mask as a 50% red rubylith over the composite, the `\` key; view state, not an undo step; painting while shown paints the mask)"##,
+            params: r##"{"layer":id?} (shows or hides the active layer's mask as a rubylith over the composite, the `\` key; red at 50% unless Layer Mask Display Options, channel.options {"channel":"mask"}, set it; view state, not an undo step; painting while shown paints the mask)"##,
             enabled: active_has_mask,
             run: toggle_overlay,
             journal: false,
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/mode_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/mode_cmds.rs
index 180f940e91..413b768846 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/mode_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/mode_cmds.rs
@@ -123,6 +123,8 @@ pub(crate) fn rotate_arbitrary(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
             } else {
                 // Rotating the whole image moves locked layers too, including inside groups.
                 with_released_movement_locks(l, |l| crate::transform_cmds::transform_layer(None, photocraft_doc::Locks::default(), l, &h, Some(a), interp))?;
+                // Free Transform moves only linked masks; the whole image turns them all (#9201).
+                warp_unlinked_masks(l, &h, interp)?;
             }
             // What Free Transform leaves alone: unlinked vector masks, gradient angles, artboards…
             crate::canvas_geom::transform_layer_geometry(l, &a, false, dpi);
@@ -142,6 +144,24 @@ pub(crate) fn rotate_arbitrary(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     Ok(json!({"width": size.width, "height": size.height}))
 }
 
+/// Warps the unlinked pixel masks of `l` and its descendants, which [`transform_layer`] leaves in
+/// place.
+///
+/// [`transform_layer`]: crate::transform_cmds::transform_layer
+fn warp_unlinked_masks(l: &mut Layer, h: &Homography, interp: Interp) -> Result<()> {
+    if let Some(m) = l.mask.as_mut()
+        && !m.linked
+    {
+        m.surface = crate::transform_cmds::warp_gray(&m.surface, h, interp)?;
+    }
+    if let LayerContent::Group(g) = &mut l.content {
+        for c in &mut g.children {
+            warp_unlinked_masks(c, h, interp)?;
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 /// Runs `f` with movement locks (`position` and `all`) temporarily released on `l` and all its
 /// descendants, so canvas-wide rotation moves every layer, then restores each lock.
 fn with_released_movement_locks<R>(l: &mut Layer, f: impl FnOnce(&mut Layer) -> Result<R>) -> Result<R> {
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/mode_cmds/tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/mode_cmds/tests.rs
index 84d816a349..21836ff5ae 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/mode_cmds/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/mode_cmds/tests.rs
@@ -144,6 +144,59 @@ fn rotate_arbitrary_rotates_grouped_locked_children_and_preserves_lock() {
     assert_eq!(photocraft_compose::flatten(&d_arb).px, photocraft_compose::flatten(d_cw).px);
 }
 
+/// Rotating the whole image turns every layer mask, linked or not, as Rotate 180° does (#9201).
+#[test]
+fn rotate_arbitrary_turns_unlinked_layer_masks() {
+    for depth in [8, 16] {
+        for grouped in [false, true] {
+            let mut s = Session::new();
+            s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 40, "height": 30, "depth": depth, "background": "white"})).unwrap();
+            s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Paint"})).unwrap();
+            s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 0, "y": 0, "width": 10, "height": 10})).unwrap();
+            s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+            s.execute("layer.layerMask.revealSelection", json!({})).unwrap();
+            s.execute("layer.layerMask.linked", json!({"linked": false})).unwrap();
+            let id = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+            if grouped {
+                s.execute("layer.groupLayers", json!({})).unwrap();
+            }
+            let mask = |s: &Session| doc(s).layer(id).unwrap().mask.clone().unwrap();
+            let base = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+            s.execute("image.rotation.arbitrary", json!({"angle": 180, "interpolation": "nearest"})).unwrap();
+            let m = mask(&s);
+            assert!(!m.linked);
+            let at = |x, y| m.surface.sample_channel(x, y, 0);
+            assert!(at(34, 24) > 0.9, "{depth}-bit, grouped {grouped}: the mask turned with its layer");
+            assert!(at(4, 4) < 0.1, "{depth}-bit, grouped {grouped}: nothing left at the old place");
+            // Rotate 180° and a crop turned by 180° over the whole canvas give the same mask.
+            for (id_, p) in [("image.imageRotation.180", json!({})), ("image.crop", json!({"x": 0, "y": 0, "width": 40, "height": 30, "angle": 180}))] {
+                s.active_mut().unwrap().doc = base.clone();
+                s.execute(id_, p).unwrap();
+                let turned = mask(&s);
+                for y in 0..30 {
+                    for x in 0..40 {
+                        let (a, b) = (at(x, y), turned.surface.sample_channel(x, y, 0));
+                        assert!((a - b).abs() < 1e-3, "{id_}, {depth}-bit, grouped {grouped}: ({x},{y}) {a} vs {b}");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // 90° pins the direction too (180° is its own inverse).
+            s.active_mut().unwrap().doc = base.clone();
+            s.execute("image.rotation.arbitrary", json!({"angle": 90, "interpolation": "nearest"})).unwrap();
+            let arbitrary = mask(&s);
+            s.active_mut().unwrap().doc = base.clone();
+            s.execute("image.imageRotation.90cw", json!({})).unwrap();
+            let turned = mask(&s);
+            for y in 0..40 {
+                for x in 0..30 {
+                    let (a, b) = (arbitrary.surface.sample_channel(x, y, 0), turned.surface.sample_channel(x, y, 0));
+                    assert!((a - b).abs() < 1e-3, "90cw, {depth}-bit, grouped {grouped}: ({x},{y}) {a} vs {b}");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn flattened_mode_pixels_match_the_allocating_conversion_at_every_channel_count() {
     let px = [[0.0, 0.25, 0.75, 0.0], [0.9, 0.3, 0.2, 0.2], [0.1, 0.7, 0.4, 0.7], [1.0; 4]];
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/paint_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/paint_cmds.rs
index 4255d796c4..91c0a87356 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/paint_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/paint_cmds.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! Paint helpers: Paint Bucket and Gradient tool.
 
-use photocraft_algo::paint::{GradientShape, bucket_fill_inks, bucket_fill_region_inks, bucket_fill_region_src, bucket_fill_src, paint_gradient};
+use photocraft_algo::paint::{FillMode, GradientShape, bucket_fill_inks, bucket_fill_region_inks, paint_gradient};
 use serde_json::{Value, json};
 
 use crate::commands::{CommandSpec, blend_from_str};
@@ -41,12 +41,27 @@ fn opacity(p: &Value, cmd: &str) -> Result<f32> {
     Ok(crate::eraser_cmds::number(p, cmd, "opacity", 100.0, 1.0..=100.0)? as f32 / 100.0)
 }
 
+/// The Paint Bucket's `mode`: a blend mode (not Pass Through, a group's) or `clear`.
+fn fill_mode(p: &Value) -> Result<FillMode> {
+    let bad = |msg: String| EngineError::BadParams { cmd: "paint.bucket".into(), msg };
+    match p.get("mode") {
+        None | Some(Value::Null) => Ok(FillMode::Blend(photocraft_color::BlendMode::Normal)),
+        Some(Value::String(m)) if m.eq_ignore_ascii_case("clear") => Ok(FillMode::Clear),
+        Some(Value::String(m)) => blend_from_str(m)
+            .filter(|m| *m != photocraft_color::BlendMode::PassThrough)
+            .map(FillMode::Blend)
+            .ok_or_else(|| bad(format!("unknown blend mode `{m}`"))),
+        Some(v) => Err(bad(format!("`mode` must be a blend mode name or `clear`, not {v}"))),
+    }
+}
+
 fn bucket(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     let fg = s.tools.foreground;
     let c = color(p.get("color"), fg);
     let (x, y) = (f(p, "x", 0.0).floor() as i32, f(p, "y", 0.0).floor() as i32);
     let (tol, contiguous, aa) = (f(p, "tolerance", 32.0), b(p, "contiguous", true), b(p, "antiAlias", true));
     let opacity = opacity(p, "paint.bucket")?;
+    let mode = fill_mode(p)?;
     let all = b(p, "sampleAllLayers", false) && crate::channel_cmds::target_of(p) == crate::channel_cmds::Target::Pixels;
     // Other visible layers can define the region, but the fill still writes only to the target.
     let region = if all {
@@ -83,16 +98,16 @@ fn bucket(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
             let w = area.width() as usize;
             let src = |px: i32, py: i32| rendered[(py - area.y0) as usize * w + (px - area.x0) as usize];
             if let Some(region) = &region {
-                bucket_fill_region_src(surf, region, opacity, sel.as_ref(), lock, src);
+                bucket_fill_region_inks(surf, region, opacity, sel.as_ref(), lock, src, None, mode);
                 true
             } else {
-                bucket_fill_src(surf, area, (x, y), tol, contiguous, aa, opacity, sel.as_ref(), lock, src)
+                bucket_fill_inks(surf, area, (x, y), tol, contiguous, aa, opacity, sel.as_ref(), lock, src, None, mode)
             }
         } else if let Some(region) = &region {
-            bucket_fill_region_inks(surf, region, opacity, sel.as_ref(), lock, |_, _| c, inks);
+            bucket_fill_region_inks(surf, region, opacity, sel.as_ref(), lock, |_, _| c, inks, mode);
             true
         } else {
-            bucket_fill_inks(surf, area, (x, y), tol, contiguous, aa, opacity, sel.as_ref(), lock, |_, _| c, inks)
+            bucket_fill_inks(surf, area, (x, y), tol, contiguous, aa, opacity, sel.as_ref(), lock, |_, _| c, inks, mode)
         };
         surf.prune();
         Ok(ok)
@@ -162,7 +177,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             label: "Paint Bucket",
             menu: &[],
             shortcut: None,
-            params: r##"{"x":px,"y":px,"tolerance":0..255=32,"contiguous":bool=true,"antiAlias":bool=true,"sampleAllLayers":bool=false,"contents":"foreground|pattern"="foreground","color":"#rrggbb"=foreground,"pattern":id|name (contents=pattern),"scale":%=100,"angle":deg,"opacity":1..100=100,"target":"pixels"|"mask"|"quickMask"|{"channel":i}=Channels panel target}"##,
+            params: r##"{"x":px,"y":px,"tolerance":0..255=32,"contiguous":bool=true,"antiAlias":bool=true,"sampleAllLayers":bool=false,"contents":"foreground|pattern"="foreground","color":"#rrggbb"=foreground,"pattern":id|name (contents=pattern),"scale":%=100,"angle":deg,"opacity":1..100=100,"mode":"normal|multiply|…|clear (erases the filled area)"="normal","target":"pixels"|"mask"|"filterMask"|"quickMask"|{"channel":i}=Channels panel target}"##,
             enabled: crate::commands::has_paintable,
             run: bucket,
             journal: true,
@@ -172,7 +187,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             label: "Gradient",
             menu: &[],
             shortcut: None,
-            params: r##"{"from":[x,y],"to":[x,y],"style":"linear|radial|angle|reflected|diamond"="linear","colors":["#rrggbb",…]? (evenly spaced),"gradient":preset name?,"stops":[[t,"#rrggbb"|"foreground"|"background"],…]?,"transparency":[[t,0..100],…]? (default: the current gradient, see gradient.presets.select),"method":"classic|perceptual|linear|smooth"? (Photoshop's interpolation; omitted: straight stops),"smoothness":0..100=100,"reverse":bool=false,"dither":bool=true,"opacity":1..100=100,"mode":"normal|multiply|…"="normal","target":"pixels"|"mask"|"quickMask"|{"channel":i}=Channels panel target}"##,
+            params: r##"{"from":[x,y],"to":[x,y],"style":"linear|radial|angle|reflected|diamond"="linear","colors":["#rrggbb",…]? (evenly spaced),"gradient":preset name?,"stops":[[t,"#rrggbb"|"foreground"|"background"],…]?,"transparency":[[t,0..100],…]? (default: the current gradient, see gradient.presets.select),"method":"classic|perceptual|linear|smooth"? (Photoshop's interpolation; omitted: straight stops),"smoothness":0..100=100,"reverse":bool=false,"dither":bool=true,"opacity":1..100=100,"mode":"normal|multiply|…"="normal","target":"pixels"|"mask"|"filterMask"|"quickMask"|{"channel":i}=Channels panel target}"##,
             enabled: crate::commands::has_paintable,
             run: gradient,
             journal: true,
@@ -210,6 +225,33 @@ mod tests {
         (s, bottom)
     }
 
+    /// The options bar's Mode reaches the fill: Multiply over grey, Clear erases, a bad name or
+    /// Pass Through is an error and changes nothing.
+    #[test]
+    fn bucket_mode_multiplies_clears_and_rejects_bad_names() {
+        for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
+            let mut s = Session::new();
+            s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8, "depth": depth})).unwrap();
+            s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+            let base = json!({"x": 1, "y": 1, "antiAlias": false, "tolerance": 0});
+            let with = |extra: Value| {
+                let mut p = base.clone();
+                p.as_object_mut().unwrap().extend(extra.as_object().unwrap().clone());
+                p
+            };
+            s.execute("paint.bucket", with(json!({"color": "#808080"}))).unwrap();
+            s.execute("paint.bucket", with(json!({"color": "#ff0000", "mode": "multiply"}))).unwrap();
+            let p = px(&s, 3, 3);
+            assert!((p[0] - 0.5).abs() < 0.01 && p[1] < 0.01 && p[3] > 0.99, "depth {depth}: {p:?}");
+            for bad in [json!("passThrough"), json!("sparkle"), json!(3)] {
+                assert!(s.execute("paint.bucket", with(json!({"mode": bad}))).is_err(), "{bad}");
+            }
+            assert_eq!(px(&s, 3, 3), p, "a refused mode paints nothing");
+            s.execute("paint.bucket", with(json!({"mode": "Clear", "opacity": 50}))).unwrap();
+            assert!((px(&s, 3, 3)[3] - 0.5).abs() < 0.01, "depth {depth}: half cleared");
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn bucket_sample_all_layers_uses_visible_boundaries_at_all_depths() {
         for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/pattern_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/pattern_cmds.rs
index 95163d39f5..5aab2887f0 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/pattern_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/pattern_cmds.rs
@@ -22,14 +22,36 @@ use crate::{EngineError, Result, Session};
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct PatternLibrary {
     pub items: Vec<Pattern>,
+    /// Bumped when a pattern's pixels are replaced under the same id (an imported `.pat` whose
+    /// id is already in the library), which its id, name and size don't show.
+    pub pixels_rev: u64,
 }
 
 impl Default for PatternLibrary {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        PatternLibrary { items: builtin() }
+        PatternLibrary { items: builtin(), pixels_rev: 0 }
     }
 }
 
+impl PatternLibrary {
+    /// Add `pat`, or replace the pattern with its id (marking the pixels changed).
+    pub fn upsert(&mut self, pat: Pattern) {
+        match self.items.iter_mut().find(|q| q.id == pat.id) {
+            Some(q) => {
+                *q = pat;
+                self.pixels_rev += 1;
+            }
+            None => self.items.push(pat),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Whether `p` is a built-in pattern as shipped (same id, name, size and pixels): those are never
+/// saved. A built-in replaced by an import, or renamed, is the user's and is.
+pub(crate) fn is_pristine_builtin(p: &Pattern, builtins: &[Pattern]) -> bool {
+    builtins.iter().any(|b| b.id == p.id && b.name == p.name && (b.width, b.height) == (p.width, p.height) && b.surface == p.surface)
+}
+
 fn hash01(x: u32, y: u32, seed: u32) -> f32 {
     let mut h = x.wrapping_mul(0x8da6_b343) ^ y.wrapping_mul(0xd816_3841) ^ seed.wrapping_mul(0xcb1a_b31f);
     h ^= h >> 13;
@@ -278,10 +300,7 @@ fn import(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     let mut ids = Vec::new();
     for pat in pats {
         ids.push(pat.id.clone());
-        match s.patterns.items.iter_mut().find(|q| q.id == pat.id) {
-            Some(q) => *q = pat,
-            None => s.patterns.items.push(pat),
-        }
+        s.patterns.upsert(pat);
     }
     Ok(json!({"imported": ids, "count": ids.len()}))
 }
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/photo_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/photo_cmds.rs
index 222866fdd0..a1201ecc71 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/photo_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/photo_cmds.rs
@@ -829,12 +829,62 @@ fn merge_to_hdr(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
 
 // ---------- Crop and Straighten Photos ----------
 
+/// Paints the pixels outside the selection (holes, gaps between regions) in
+/// the median colour of the selection's edge, so detection sees them as
+/// background and finds no photo there. Returns false when no pixel is at
+/// least half selected (a faint feathered selection), so the caller refuses
+/// instead of searching the unmasked area.
+fn mask_unselected(sel: &Surface, area: Rect, w: usize, h: usize, rgba: &mut [[f32; 4]]) -> bool {
+    let mut cov = Vec::new();
+    sel.read_region_into(area, &mut cov);
+    let ch = sel.channels().max(1);
+    let inside: Vec<bool> = cov.chunks_exact(ch).map(|p| p[0] >= 0.5).collect();
+    if inside.len() != w * h || rgba.len() != w * h {
+        return true;
+    }
+    if !inside.iter().any(|&b| b) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if inside.iter().all(|&b| b) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    let is_in = |x: usize, y: usize| inside.get(y * w + x).copied().unwrap_or(false);
+    let mut edge = Vec::new();
+    for y in 0..h {
+        for x in 0..w {
+            let on_edge = x == 0 || y == 0 || x + 1 == w || y + 1 == h || !is_in(x - 1, y) || !is_in(x + 1, y) || !is_in(x, y - 1) || !is_in(x, y + 1);
+            if is_in(x, y)
+                && on_edge
+                && let Some(q) = rgba.get(y * w + x)
+            {
+                edge.push(*q);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    let bg: [f32; 4] = std::array::from_fn(|c| {
+        let mut v: Vec<f32> = edge.iter().map(|p| p[c]).collect();
+        v.sort_by(f32::total_cmp);
+        v.get(v.len() / 2).copied().unwrap_or(1.0)
+    });
+    for (q, &keep) in rgba.iter_mut().zip(&inside) {
+        if !keep {
+            *q = bg;
+        }
+    }
+    true
+}
+
 fn crop_and_straighten(s: &mut Session, _p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     let st = s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?;
     let doc = st.doc.clone();
     let fmt = doc.pixel_format();
     let flat = flattened(&doc, fmt);
-    let area = doc.bounds();
+    let canvas = doc.bounds();
+    // Like Photoshop, only the selected area is searched when there is a selection.
+    let area = doc.selection.as_ref().map_or(canvas, |m| m.content_bounds().intersect(&canvas));
+    if area.is_empty() {
+        return Err(EngineError::Other("the selection is empty".into()));
+    }
     let (w, h) = (area.width() as usize, area.height() as usize);
     let mut rgba = vec![[0.0f32; 4]; w * h];
     flat.read_rgba_into(area, &mut rgba);
@@ -847,7 +897,15 @@ fn crop_and_straighten(s: &mut Session, _p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
             }
         }
     }
-    let found = scancrop::find_photos(w, h, &rgba);
+    if let Some(sel) = &doc.selection
+        && !mask_unselected(sel, area, w, h, &mut rgba)
+    {
+        return Err(EngineError::Other("no pixels are more than 50% selected".into()));
+    }
+    let mut found = scancrop::find_photos(w, h, &rgba);
+    for f in &mut found {
+        f.center = [f.center[0] + f64::from(area.x0), f.center[1] + f64::from(area.y0)];
+    }
     if found.is_empty() {
         return Err(EngineError::Other("no photos found on a uniform background".into()));
     }
@@ -857,7 +915,7 @@ fn crop_and_straighten(s: &mut Session, _p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
         let corners = f.corners();
         let hq = Homography::rect_to_quad([0.0, 0.0, pw as f64, ph as f64], corners).and_then(|h| h.inverse());
         let Some(hm) = hq else { continue };
-        let warped = warp_surface(&flat, area, &hm, Interp::Bicubic)?;
+        let warped = warp_surface(&flat, canvas, &hm, Interp::Bicubic)?;
         let keep = Rect::new(0, 0, pw as i32, ph as i32);
         let mut px = Surface::new(fmt);
         px.write_region(keep, &warped.read_region(keep));
@@ -924,7 +982,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             label: "Crop and Straighten Photos",
             menu: &["File", "Automate"],
             shortcut: None,
-            params: "{} → one new document per photo found on the scan",
+            params: "{} → one new document per photo found on the scan (inside the selection when there is one)",
             enabled: not_indexed,
             run: crop_and_straighten,
             journal: true,
@@ -1173,6 +1231,87 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(s.documents().len(), 1);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn crop_and_straighten_only_processes_the_selection() {
+        // Photoshop: with a selection, only the photos inside it are split off.
+        let (w, h) = (480usize, 340usize);
+        let mut px = vec![[0.98f32, 0.98, 0.98, 1.0]; w * h];
+        // Upright photos: red 160x110 at (40, 60), blue 150x120 at (290, 180).
+        for (x0, y0, pw, ph, c) in [(40, 60, 160, 110, [0.6f32, 0.1, 0.1, 1.0]), (290, 180, 150, 120, [0.1, 0.2, 0.6, 1.0])] {
+            for y in y0..y0 + ph {
+                px[y * w + x0..y * w + x0 + pw].fill(c);
+            }
+        }
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        s.add_document(doc_from("scan", &px, w, h, SampleType::U8), None);
+        s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 270, "y": 160, "width": 190, "height": 160})).unwrap();
+        let r = s.execute("file.automate.cropAndStraightenPhotos", json!({})).unwrap();
+        let found = r["photos"].as_array().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(found.len(), 1, "{r}");
+        assert_eq!(s.documents().len(), 2);
+        // The reported centre is in the scan's coordinates.
+        let c = &found[0]["center"];
+        assert!((c[0].as_f64().unwrap() - 365.0).abs() < 3.0 && (c[1].as_f64().unwrap() - 240.0).abs() < 3.0, "{c}");
+        let d = &s.documents()[1].doc;
+        assert!((d.size.width as i64 - 150).abs() <= 4 && (d.size.height as i64 - 120).abs() <= 4, "{:?}", d.size);
+        let q = d.layers[0].surface().unwrap().rgba(d.size.width as i32 / 2, d.size.height as i32 / 2);
+        assert!(q[2] > 0.5 && q[0] < 0.2, "{q:?}");
+        // Without a selection both photos are found.
+        s.set_active(0);
+        s.execute("select.deselect", json!({})).unwrap();
+        let r = s.execute("file.automate.cropAndStraightenPhotos", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(r["photos"].as_array().unwrap().len(), 2, "{r}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn crop_and_straighten_skips_photos_between_selected_regions() {
+        // Two selected rectangles: a photo in the gap between them lies inside
+        // their bounding box but outside the selection, so it is not split off.
+        let (w, h) = (480usize, 340usize);
+        let mut px = vec![[0.75f32, 0.75, 0.75, 1.0]; w * h];
+        // Red 160x110 at (40, 60) and blue 150x120 at (290, 180) are selected; green 130x80 at (280, 50) is not.
+        for (x0, y0, pw, ph, c) in
+            [(40, 60, 160, 110, [0.6f32, 0.1, 0.1, 1.0]), (290, 180, 150, 120, [0.1, 0.2, 0.6, 1.0]), (280, 50, 130, 80, [0.1, 0.6, 0.1, 1.0])]
+        {
+            for y in y0..y0 + ph {
+                px[y * w + x0..y * w + x0 + pw].fill(c);
+            }
+        }
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        s.add_document(doc_from("scan", &px, w, h, SampleType::U8), None);
+        s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 20, "y": 40, "width": 200, "height": 150})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 270, "y": 160, "width": 190, "height": 160, "mode": "add"})).unwrap();
+        let r = s.execute("file.automate.cropAndStraightenPhotos", json!({})).unwrap();
+        let found = r["photos"].as_array().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(found.len(), 2, "{r}");
+        for f in found {
+            let c = &f["center"];
+            let (cx, cy) = (c[0].as_f64().unwrap(), c[1].as_f64().unwrap());
+            let near = |x: f64, y: f64| (cx - x).abs() < 3.0 && (cy - y).abs() < 3.0;
+            assert!(near(120.0, 115.0) || near(365.0, 240.0), "{c}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn crop_and_straighten_refuses_a_selection_under_half_coverage() {
+        // A faint (strongly feathered) selection has no pixel at or above 50%:
+        // like Photoshop, nothing counts as selected, so no photo is split off
+        // from the unmasked bounding box.
+        let (w, h) = (480usize, 340usize);
+        let mut px = vec![[0.98f32, 0.98, 0.98, 1.0]; w * h];
+        for y in 180..300 {
+            px[y * w + 290..y * w + 440].fill([0.1, 0.2, 0.6, 1.0]);
+        }
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        s.add_document(doc_from("scan", &px, w, h, SampleType::U8), None);
+        let mut m = Surface::new(photocraft_color::PixelFormat::GRAY8);
+        m.fill_rect(Rect::new(270, 160, 460, 320), &[0.3]);
+        std::sync::Arc::make_mut(&mut s.active_mut().unwrap().doc).selection = Some(m);
+        let e = s.execute("file.automate.cropAndStraightenPhotos", json!({})).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(e.to_string().contains("50%"), "{e}");
+        assert_eq!(s.documents().len(), 1);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn crop_and_straighten_makes_documents() {
         let (w, h) = (500usize, 360usize);
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/pixels.rs b/crates/engine/src/pixels.rs
index dc4e531f53..01339e859d 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/pixels.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/pixels.rs
@@ -58,20 +58,55 @@ pub fn composite_layers_uncropped(solo: &Document, format: photocraft_color::Pix
     photocraft_compose::composite_to_surface(solo, area, format, None)
 }
 
+/// Most bytes of tiles an adjustment may materialize beyond the ones a surface stores: two distant
+/// tiles make the content bounds a grid of millions of tiles that hold nothing. Written tiles are
+/// copies, so the peak is about twice this.
+const MAX_UNSTORED_BYTES: u64 = 1 << 30;
+
+/// Tiles in the grid that covers `r` (one extra per axis for a tile straddling its edge).
+fn grid_tiles(r: Rect) -> u64 {
+    (u64::from(r.width()).div_ceil(TILE_SIZE as u64) + 1) * (u64::from(r.height()).div_ceil(TILE_SIZE as u64) + 1)
+}
+
+/// Bytes the tiles of the grid over `r` take beyond the `stored` ones, in format `fmt`.
+fn unstored_bytes(r: Rect, stored: u64, fmt: &photocraft_color::PixelFormat) -> u64 {
+    grid_tiles(r).saturating_sub(stored).saturating_mul((TILE_SIZE as u64).pow(2)).saturating_mul(fmt.bytes_per_pixel() as u64)
+}
+
+/// The tile-sized pieces of `r`, each cut to `r`.
+fn tile_rects(r: Rect) -> impl Iterator<Item = Rect> {
+    let t = i64::from(TILE_SIZE);
+    let cols = i64::from(r.x0).div_euclid(t)..=(i64::from(r.x1) - 1).div_euclid(t);
+    let rows = i64::from(r.y0).div_euclid(t)..=(i64::from(r.y1) - 1).div_euclid(t);
+    rows.flat_map(move |cy| cols.clone().map(move |cx| Rect::new((cx * t) as i32, (cy * t) as i32, ((cx + 1) * t) as i32, ((cy + 1) * t) as i32).intersect(&r)))
+}
+
+const TOO_SPARSE: &str = "the adjustment would have to fill too large an area around the pixels the layer holds";
+
 /// Apply an adjustment destructively to a surface, weighted by an optional selection.
 /// Applies `adj` to a surface (any colour model and depth, via straight RGBA) through the
 /// selection; `mode` is the document's, for the tone transfer (e.g. Exposure in Grayscale).
 /// Works tile by tile in parallel, so a large layer needs one tile's buffers per thread rather
 /// than four full-layer copies, and the result is the same as one pass over the whole region.
-pub fn adjust_surface(s: &mut Surface, adj: &Adjustment, selection: Option<&Surface>, mode: photocraft_color::ColorMode) {
+pub fn adjust_surface(s: &mut Surface, adj: &Adjustment, selection: Option<&Surface>, mode: photocraft_color::ColorMode) -> Result<(), String> {
     use rayon::prelude::*;
     let r = s.content_bounds();
     if r.is_empty() {
-        return;
+        return Ok(());
     }
     let fmt = s.format();
-    let done: Vec<_> = s
-        .take_tiles(r)
+    // Two distant tiles make the content bounds a grid of millions of tiles that hold nothing.
+    // Past a budget a transparent default needs only the stored tiles adjusted (the gaps stay
+    // transparent); an opaque default would change under the adjustment everywhere in that grid,
+    // so the adjustment is refused rather than left half applied.
+    let stored: Vec<_> = s.tiles().map(|(c, _)| *c).filter(|c| !c.rect().intersect(&r).is_empty()).collect();
+    let transparent = fmt.alpha && s.default_pixel().last().is_some_and(|a| *a <= 0.0);
+    let over = unstored_bytes(r, stored.len() as u64, &fmt) > MAX_UNSTORED_BYTES;
+    if over && !transparent {
+        return Err(TOO_SPARSE.into());
+    }
+    let taken = if over { stored.into_iter().flat_map(|c| s.take_tiles(c.rect())).collect() } else { s.take_tiles(r) };
+    let done: Vec<_> = taken
         .into_par_iter()
         .flat_map_iter(|(tc, tile)| {
             // A one-tile surface, so `adjusted` reads and writes this tile only.
@@ -84,6 +119,7 @@ pub fn adjust_surface(s: &mut Surface, adj: &Adjustment, selection: Option<&Surf
         })
         .collect();
     s.put_tiles(done);
+    Ok(())
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -96,26 +132,46 @@ mod tests;
 /// Applies `adj` to a layer mask through the selection. Untouched mask pixels count (they read as
 /// the mask's default value), and without a selection the default changes too, since a mask
 /// reaches past the canvas: Invert turns a reveal-all mask into a hide-all one (#780).
-pub fn adjust_mask(s: &mut Surface, adj: &Adjustment, selection: Option<&Surface>) {
+pub fn adjust_mask(s: &mut Surface, adj: &Adjustment, selection: Option<&Surface>) -> Result<(), String> {
     let mode = photocraft_color::ColorMode::Grayscale;
     if let Some(sel) = selection {
         let r = sel.content_bounds();
-        if !r.is_empty() {
-            let out = adjusted(s, r, adj, Some(sel), mode);
-            s.write_region(r, &out);
+        // Tile by tile, and only where the selection stores something (it is unselected, so
+        // unchanged, elsewhere): its content bounds can span a grid of mostly nothing.
+        let sparse = sel.default_pixel().iter().all(|v| *v == 0.0);
+        let tiles: Vec<Rect> = if sparse {
+            sel.tiles().map(|(c, _)| c.rect().intersect(&r)).filter(|t| !t.is_empty()).collect()
+        } else if r.is_empty() {
+            Vec::new()
+        } else {
+            // Unselected pixels count too, so every tile of the span is adjusted, one at a time
+            // (not one read of the whole span), and the span is bounded by what that writes.
+            if unstored_bytes(r, 0, &s.format()) > MAX_UNSTORED_BYTES {
+                return Err(TOO_SPARSE.into());
+            }
+            tile_rects(r).collect()
+        };
+        for t in &tiles {
+            let out = adjusted(s, *t, adj, Some(sel), mode);
+            s.write_region(*t, &out);
+        }
+        if !tiles.is_empty() {
             s.prune();
         }
-        return;
+        return Ok(());
     }
     let fmt = s.format();
     let unit = Rect::from_xywh(0, 0, 1, 1);
     let mut out = Surface::with_default(fmt, &adjusted(&Surface::with_default(fmt, &s.default_pixel()), unit, adj, None, mode));
-    let r = s.tile_bounds();
-    if !r.is_empty() {
+    // Everything the mask doesn't store reads as its default, which `out` already holds adjusted.
+    // So only the stored tiles are adjusted, not the (possibly huge) rectangle around them.
+    let stored: Vec<Rect> = s.tiles().map(|(c, _)| c.rect()).collect();
+    for r in stored {
         out.write_region(r, &adjusted(s, r, adj, None, mode));
     }
     out.prune();
     *s = out;
+    Ok(())
 }
 
 /// `s`'s pixels over `r` (untouched ones included) with `adj` applied through the selection, encoded.
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/pixels_tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/pixels_tests.rs
index 5af30d0e76..10596fbca9 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/pixels_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/pixels_tests.rs
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ fn tiled_adjustment_matches_one_pass_over_the_content() {
             for sel in [None, Some(&soft)] {
                 let want = one_pass(&s, &adj, sel, fmt.mode);
                 let mut got = s.clone();
-                adjust_surface(&mut got, &adj, sel, fmt.mode);
+                adjust_surface(&mut got, &adj, sel, fmt.mode).unwrap();
                 assert!(want != s, "{kind} {fmt:?}: the adjustment changes the layer");
                 assert!(got == want, "{kind} {fmt:?} selection {}: tiled result differs", sel.is_some());
             }
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ fn tiled_adjustment_matches_one_pass_over_the_content() {
 #[test]
 fn an_empty_layer_is_left_alone() {
     let mut s = Surface::new(PixelFormat::RGBA8);
-    adjust_surface(&mut s, &Adjustment::Invert, None, ColorMode::Rgb);
+    adjust_surface(&mut s, &Adjustment::Invert, None, ColorMode::Rgb).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(s.tile_count(), 0);
 }
 
@@ -183,19 +183,29 @@ fn tiled_clear_and_fill_match_one_pass_over_the_area() {
     let sr = Rect::new(0, 0, 600, 400);
     soft.write_region(sr, &(0..sr.height()).flat_map(|_| (0..sr.width()).map(|x| (1.0 - (x as f32 - 256.0).max(0.0) / 300.0).max(0.0))).collect::<Vec<_>>());
     let canvas = Rect::new(0, 0, 700, 600);
+    // Pixel formats and fill settings are independent: a run takes a quarter of their combinations,
+    // a different quarter each day.
+    let sweep = photocraft_testkit::Sweep::new(4);
+    let mut case = 0;
+    let mut runs = || {
+        case += 1;
+        sweep.includes(case)
+    };
     for fmt in formats {
         let s = clear_layer(fmt);
         for sel in [None, Some(&soft)] {
             let area = sel.map_or(canvas, |m| m.content_bounds());
             let what = format!("{fmt:?} selection {}", sel.is_some());
-            let mut got = s.clone();
-            try_clear_surface(&mut got, area, sel).unwrap();
-            assert!(same_pixels(&got, &reference_fill_or_clear(&s, area, sel, None)), "clear {what}");
-            if fmt.alpha {
-                assert!(!same_pixels(&got, &s), "clear {what} changes the layer");
+            if runs() {
+                let mut got = s.clone();
+                try_clear_surface(&mut got, area, sel).unwrap();
+                assert!(same_pixels(&got, &reference_fill_or_clear(&s, area, sel, None)), "clear {what}");
+                if fmt.alpha {
+                    assert!(!same_pixels(&got, &s), "clear {what} changes the layer");
+                }
             }
             for color in [[1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0], [0.3, 0.5, 0.9, 1.0], [0.3, 0.5, 0.9, 0.4]] {
-                for lock in [true, false] {
+                for lock in [true, false].into_iter().filter(|_| runs()) {
                     let mut got = s.clone();
                     try_fill_surface(&mut got, area, color, sel, lock).unwrap();
                     assert!(same_pixels(&got, &reference_fill_or_clear(&s, area, sel, Some((color, lock)))), "fill {color:?} lock {lock} {what}");
@@ -253,7 +263,7 @@ fn invert_in_a_lab_document_mirrors_l_a_and_b() {
         let mut s = Surface::new(fmt);
         let r = Rect::new(0, 0, 2, 2);
         s.write_region(r, &(0..4).flat_map(|_| from_rgba(&fmt, [c[0], c[1], c[2], 1.0])).collect::<Vec<_>>());
-        adjust_surface(&mut s, &Adjustment::Invert, None, ColorMode::Lab);
+        adjust_surface(&mut s, &Adjustment::Invert, None, ColorMode::Lab).unwrap();
         let px = s.read_region(Rect::new(1, 1, 2, 2));
         let rgba = photocraft_raster::to_rgba(&fmt, &px);
         let got = srgb_to_lab([rgba[0], rgba[1], rgba[2]]);
@@ -308,7 +318,7 @@ fn adjusted_pixel(fmt: PixelFormat, ch: &[f32], adj: &Adjustment, k: Option<f32>
     if let Some(k) = k {
         sel.write_region(unit, &[k]);
     }
-    adjust_surface(&mut s, adj, k.map(|_| &sel), fmt.mode);
+    adjust_surface(&mut s, adj, k.map(|_| &sel), fmt.mode).unwrap();
     s.read_region(unit)
 }
 
@@ -394,3 +404,52 @@ fn hue_saturation_and_color_balance_keep_a_cmyk_layers_black() {
         assert!((0..4).all(|c| (half[c] - (ink[c] + (want[0][c] - ink[c]) * k)).abs() < 1e-3), "{}: half a selection", adj.label());
     }
 }
+
+/// Two small blocks two billion pixels apart: the content bounds are a grid of 6·10¹³ tiles
+/// that holds nothing, which no adjustment may materialize.
+fn distant_blocks(fmt: PixelFormat, default: f32) -> Surface {
+    let mut s = Surface::with_default(fmt, &vec![default; fmt.channels()]);
+    s.fill_rect(Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 10), &vec![0.25; fmt.channels()]);
+    s.fill_rect(Rect::new(2_000_000_000, 2_000_000_000, 2_000_000_010, 2_000_000_010), &vec![0.25; fmt.channels()]);
+    s
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn adjusting_a_layer_of_distant_blocks_visits_only_its_tiles() {
+    let mut s = distant_blocks(PixelFormat::RGBA8, 0.0);
+    adjust_surface(&mut s, &Adjustment::Invert, None, ColorMode::Rgb).unwrap();
+    let p = s.read_region(Rect::new(2_000_000_005, 2_000_000_005, 2_000_000_006, 2_000_000_006));
+    // Straight colour inverted, alpha untouched.
+    assert!((p[0] - 0.75).abs() < 0.01 && (p[3] - 0.25).abs() < 0.01, "{p:?}");
+    assert_eq!(s.tile_count(), 2);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn adjusting_a_mask_of_distant_blocks_visits_only_its_tiles() {
+    let mut m = distant_blocks(PixelFormat::GRAY8, 1.0);
+    adjust_mask(&mut m, &Adjustment::Invert, None).unwrap();
+    assert!(m.default_pixel()[0] < 0.01, "the default is inverted: {:?}", m.default_pixel());
+    let p = m.read_region(Rect::new(2_000_000_005, 2_000_000_005, 2_000_000_006, 2_000_000_006));
+    assert!((p[0] - 0.75).abs() < 0.01, "{p:?}");
+    // Through a selection of its own distant tiles, too.
+    let mut sel = Surface::new(PixelFormat::GRAY8);
+    sel.fill_rect(Rect::new(2_000_000_000, 2_000_000_000, 2_000_000_010, 2_000_000_010), &[1.0]);
+    adjust_mask(&mut m, &Adjustment::Invert, Some(&sel)).unwrap();
+    let p = m.read_region(Rect::new(2_000_000_005, 2_000_000_005, 2_000_000_006, 2_000_000_006));
+    assert!((p[0] - 0.25).abs() < 0.01, "{p:?}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn an_opaque_layer_of_distant_blocks_is_refused_not_half_adjusted() {
+    let mut s = distant_blocks(PixelFormat::RGBA8, 1.0);
+    let before = s.clone();
+    assert!(adjust_surface(&mut s, &Adjustment::Invert, None, ColorMode::Rgb).is_err());
+    assert!(s == before, "a refused adjustment leaves the layer as it was");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_selection_with_a_nonzero_default_over_distant_blocks_is_refused() {
+    let mut m = Surface::with_default(PixelFormat::GRAY8, &[0.5]);
+    let sel = distant_blocks(PixelFormat::GRAY8, 1.0);
+    assert!(adjust_mask(&mut m, &Adjustment::Invert, Some(&sel)).is_err());
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/plugin_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/plugin_cmds.rs
index 08f868ca49..6e5ff3dff9 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/plugin_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/plugin_cmds.rs
@@ -47,16 +47,56 @@ fn plugin_params(p: &Value) -> Value {
         return v.clone();
     }
     match p {
-        Value::Object(m) => Value::Object(
-            m.iter()
-                .filter(|(k, _)| !matches!(k.as_str(), "id" | "layer" | "target" | "channel") && !k.starts_with("__"))
-                .map(|(k, v)| (k.clone(), v.clone()))
-                .collect(),
-        ),
+        Value::Object(m) => Value::Object(m.iter().filter(|(k, _)| !command_key(k)).map(|(k, v)| (k.clone(), v.clone())).collect()),
         _ => Value::Object(Map::new()),
     }
 }
 
+/// A top-level `plugin.run` key the command itself uses (or a dialog's private `__` key), not a
+/// plug-in parameter.
+fn command_key(k: &str) -> bool {
+    matches!(k, "id" | "layer" | "target" | "channel") || k.starts_with("__")
+}
+
+/// Proxy factor for a live preview of `plugin.run` with `p` on a document reduced `k` times: the
+/// plug-in's [`photocraft_plugins::Manifest::preview_factor`] (its `"unit": "px"` parameters set
+/// the limit, not the built-in filters' parameter names). `k` when the plug-in isn't installed.
+pub fn preview_factor(p: &Value, k: u32) -> u32 {
+    let Ok(plugin) = plugin_by_id(RUN, p) else { return k };
+    match plugin_params(p) {
+        Value::Object(params) => plugin.manifest().preview_factor(&params, k),
+        // `null` means the defaults (see `Manifest::resolve_params`).
+        Value::Null => plugin.manifest().preview_factor(&Map::new(), k),
+        _ => k,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Rewrites `plugin.run` params `p` for a live preview on a copy of the document reduced `k`
+/// times: the plug-in's pixel-sized parameters (`"unit": "px"`, under `params` or at the top
+/// level, as [`plugin_params`] reads them) are divided by `k`, so the preview shows the lengths OK
+/// applies (#7524). Nothing changes when the plug-in isn't installed (the run then fails as usual)
+/// or for values of the wrong type (the run rejects them).
+pub fn scale_for_preview(p: &mut Value, k: u32) {
+    if k <= 1 {
+        return;
+    }
+    let Ok(plugin) = plugin_by_id(RUN, p) else { return };
+    let nested = p.get("params").is_some();
+    let mut params = match plugin_params(p) {
+        Value::Object(params) => params,
+        Value::Null => Map::new(),
+        _ => return,
+    };
+    plugin.manifest().scale_for_preview(&mut params, k);
+    let Value::Object(o) = p else { return };
+    if nested {
+        o.insert("params".into(), Value::Object(params));
+    } else {
+        // Top-level form: write back only plug-in keys, never the command's own (`id`, `channel`…).
+        o.extend(params.into_iter().filter(|(key, _)| !command_key(key)));
+    }
+}
+
 fn plugin_by_id(cmd: &str, p: &Value) -> Result<std::sync::Arc<Plugin>> {
     let id = p.get("id").and_then(Value::as_str).ok_or_else(|| bad(cmd, "missing `id` (see plugin.list)"))?;
     registry::get(id).ok_or_else(|| err(photocraft_plugins::Error::NotFound(id.into())))
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/plugin_cmds/tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/plugin_cmds/tests.rs
index 39bb1acc7d..7c6ed635aa 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/plugin_cmds/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/plugin_cmds/tests.rs
@@ -155,6 +155,62 @@ fn params_are_validated_and_passed() {
     Session::new().execute("plugin.remove", json!({"id": "test.cmds.grey"})).unwrap();
 }
 
+/// #7524: a reduced live preview divides the plug-in's `"unit": "px"` params by the reduction, in
+/// both param shapes, and leaves unitless params (even ones named like built-in pixel params) and
+/// the command's own keys alone.
+#[test]
+fn preview_scales_the_plugin_pixel_params() {
+    let id = "test.cmds.px";
+    let params = concat!(
+        r#"{"amount":{"type":"number","min":0,"max":100,"default":12,"unit":"px"},"#,
+        r#""radius":{"type":"int","min":2,"max":50,"default":10,"unit":"px"},"#,
+        r#""size":{"type":"number","min":0,"max":100,"default":50}}"#
+    );
+    Session::new().execute("plugin.install", json!({"data": b64(&wat_plugin(id, params, GREY))})).unwrap();
+    let list = Session::new().execute("plugin.list", json!({})).unwrap();
+    let me = list["plugins"].as_array().unwrap().iter().find(|p| p["id"] == id).unwrap().clone();
+    assert_eq!(me["paramsSchema"]["amount"]["unit"], "px");
+
+    // Top level (the dialog's shape): px params scaled, `size` and the command's keys untouched.
+    let mut p = json!({"id": id, "amount": 12, "radius": 10, "size": 40, "channel": 1, "__preview": true});
+    scale_for_preview(&mut p, 4);
+    assert_eq!(p, json!({"id": id, "amount": 3.0, "radius": 3, "size": 40, "channel": 1, "__preview": true}));
+    // Nested: scaled inside `params`, missing ones from their defaults.
+    let mut p = json!({"id": id, "params": {"size": 40}});
+    scale_for_preview(&mut p, 2);
+    assert_eq!(p, json!({"id": id, "params": {"amount": 6.0, "radius": 5, "size": 40}}));
+    let mut p = json!({"id": id, "params": null});
+    scale_for_preview(&mut p, 2);
+    assert_eq!(p["params"], json!({"amount": 6.0, "radius": 5}));
+    // The scaled params still run.
+    doc(8).execute("plugin.run", p).unwrap();
+    // Full resolution, an unknown plug-in or bad shapes change nothing and never panic.
+    for (mut p, k) in [
+        (json!({"id": id, "amount": 12}), 1),
+        (json!({"id": "test.cmds.none", "amount": 12}), 4),
+        (json!({"amount": 12}), 4),
+        (json!({"id": id, "params": [1]}), 4),
+        (json!([1, 2]), 4),
+    ] {
+        let before = p.clone();
+        scale_for_preview(&mut p, k);
+        assert_eq!(p, before);
+    }
+    // A value of the wrong type is kept for the run to reject.
+    let mut p = json!({"id": id, "amount": "lots", "radius": 10});
+    scale_for_preview(&mut p, 4);
+    assert_eq!(p, json!({"id": id, "amount": "lots", "radius": 3}));
+    assert!(doc(8).execute("plugin.run", p).is_err());
+
+    // The factor: radius (min 2) 10 allows 4, 5 allows 2; unitless and missing plug-ins don't limit it.
+    assert_eq!(preview_factor(&json!({"id": id, "radius": 10}), 4), 4);
+    assert_eq!(preview_factor(&json!({"id": id, "radius": 5, "size": 0.5}), 4), 2);
+    assert_eq!(preview_factor(&json!({"id": id, "params": {"radius": 3}}), 4), 1);
+    assert_eq!(preview_factor(&json!({"id": id}), 8), 5, "the default radius");
+    assert_eq!(preview_factor(&json!({"id": "test.cmds.none", "radius": 3}), 4), 4);
+    Session::new().execute("plugin.remove", json!({"id": id})).unwrap();
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn locked_layers_refuse_plugin_filters() {
     // Like built-in filters: locked pixels (or Lock All) refuse the run with no undo step.
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/prefs.rs b/crates/engine/src/prefs.rs
index f317ebeca6..1525741a5e 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/prefs.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/prefs.rs
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ choice!(DarkTheme { Pro = "pro", ProMedium = "proMedium", Studio = "studio", Sol
 choice!(LightTheme { ProLight = "proLight", ProLightGray = "proLightGray", StudioLight = "studioLight", Classic = "classic", Adwaita = "adwaita", BreezeLight = "breezeLight", SoftLight = "softLight" } default ProLight);
 choice!(CanvasColor { Default = "default", Black = "black", DarkGray = "darkGray", MediumGray = "mediumGray", LightGray = "lightGray", Custom = "custom" } default Default);
 choice!(CanvasBorder { DropShadow = "dropShadow", Line = "line", None = "none" } default DropShadow);
-choice!(UiScale { Auto = "auto", P75 = "75", P80 = "80", P85 = "85", P90 = "90", P95 = "95", P100 = "100", P125 = "125", P150 = "150", P175 = "175", P200 = "200", P250 = "250", P300 = "300" } default Auto);
+choice!(UiScale { Auto = "auto", P75 = "75", P80 = "80", P85 = "85", P90 = "90", P95 = "95", P100 = "100", P105 = "105", P110 = "110", P115 = "115", P120 = "120", P125 = "125", P150 = "150", P175 = "175", P200 = "200", P250 = "250", P300 = "300" } default Auto);
 choice!(
     /// Graphics backend of the desktop app's window and GPU canvas (applies at next launch).
     /// `auto` lets PhotoCraft pick (DX12 for Intel adapters on Windows); `cpu` composites on the
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ choice!(UiFontSize { Tiny = "tiny", Small = "small", Medium = "medium", Large =
 choice!(LogDestination { Metadata = "metadata", TextFile = "textFile", Both = "both" } default Metadata);
 choice!(LogDetail { SessionsOnly = "sessionsOnly", Concise = "concise", Detailed = "detailed" } default Concise);
 choice!(Ask { Always = "always", Never = "never", Ask = "ask" } default Always);
-choice!(QuickExportFormat { Png = "png", Jpg = "jpg", Gif = "gif", Webp = "webp" } default Png);
+choice!(QuickExportFormat { Png = "png", Jpg = "jpg", Gif = "gif", Webp = "webp", Exr = "exr" } default Png);
 choice!(ExportLocation { Ask = "ask", SameFolder = "sameFolder" } default Ask);
 choice!(ExportMetadata { None = "none", Copyright = "copyright", All = "all" } default Copyright);
 choice!(
@@ -108,6 +108,12 @@ choice!(FontPreview { Off = "off", Small = "small", Medium = "medium", Large = "
 choice!(RawColorSpace { Srgb = "srgb", AdobeRgb = "adobeRgb", ProPhoto = "proPhoto", DisplayP3 = "displayP3" } default AdobeRgb);
 choice!(RawDepth { Eight = "8", Sixteen = "16" } default Sixteen);
 choice!(RawSharpen { None = "none", Screen = "screen", Glossy = "glossy", Matte = "matte" } default None);
+choice!(
+    /// How a raw file's colour filter array is filled in when it is developed: AHD
+    /// (Hirakawa–Parks) keeps edges cleanest, Malvar–He–Cutler is sharp and fast, bilinear is the
+    /// fastest and softest. Photoshop's Camera Raw has no such choice.
+    RawDemosaic { Ahd = "ahd", Mhc = "mhc", Bilinear = "bilinear" } default Ahd
+);
 
 impl Unit {
     /// Document pixels → this unit. `dpi` is the document resolution, `extent` the 100% length
@@ -217,10 +223,13 @@ pub struct General {
     pub always_create_smart_objects_when_placing: bool,
     /// Scroll wheel zooms instead of panning.
     pub zoom_with_scroll_wheel: bool,
+    /// Wheel zoom eases over the frames of a notch; off, a notch is one instant ×1.1 step.
     pub animated_zoom: bool,
     pub zoom_resizes_windows: bool,
     pub use_legacy_free_transform: bool,
     pub auto_show_home_screen: bool,
+    /// Desktop: check published stable releases once in the background at launch.
+    pub automatically_check_updates: bool,
 }
 
 impl Default for General {
@@ -237,6 +246,7 @@ impl Default for General {
             zoom_resizes_windows: false,
             use_legacy_free_transform: false,
             auto_show_home_screen: true,
+            automatically_check_updates: true,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -444,6 +454,8 @@ impl Default for HistoryLog {
 pub struct FileHandling {
     pub image_previews: Ask,
     pub lowercase_extension: bool,
+    /// File › Save a Copy suggests the document's own name rather than "<name> copy" (#8080).
+    pub do_not_append_copy: bool,
     /// Saves run in the background while you keep working (on), or in the foreground under a
     /// modal progress dialog that blocks the app until the file is written (off).
     pub save_in_background: bool,
@@ -465,6 +477,17 @@ pub struct FileHandling {
     pub recent_file_count: u32,
     /// Most recently opened files, newest first (File › Open Recent).
     pub recent_files: Vec<String>,
+    /// A folder whose `.cube`, `.3dl` and `.look` files Color Lookup lists under its built-in
+    /// looks (native only, #6558). Empty lists none.
+    pub lut_folder: String,
+}
+
+impl FileHandling {
+    /// What File › Save a Copy appends to the document's name: " copy", or nothing with Do not
+    /// append "copy" to filename when saving a copy (#8080).
+    pub fn copy_suffix(&self) -> &'static str {
+        if self.do_not_append_copy { "" } else { " copy" }
+    }
 }
 
 impl Default for FileHandling {
@@ -472,6 +495,7 @@ impl Default for FileHandling {
         Self {
             image_previews: Ask::Always,
             lowercase_extension: true,
+            do_not_append_copy: false,
             save_in_background: true,
             autosave: true,
             autosave_minutes: 10,
@@ -483,6 +507,7 @@ impl Default for FileHandling {
             rasterize_svg_groups_deeper_than: photocraft_doc::MAX_GROUP_DEPTH as u32,
             recent_file_count: 20,
             recent_files: Vec::new(),
+            lut_folder: String::new(),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -525,7 +550,11 @@ pub struct Performance {
     pub memory_usage_mb: u32,
     /// Undo steps kept per document (History panel states).
     pub history_states: u32,
-    /// Display cache levels (mip levels kept for zoomed-out views).
+    /// Cache Levels, 1–8: the highest cache level the Histogram panel counts a large document at
+    /// (level n counts a proxy 2^(n-1) times smaller; 1 counts every pixel). Lower is more
+    /// accurate, higher faster. The panel picks the level from the document's size up to this;
+    /// the web build, which counts on the UI thread, reduces documents from a quarter of the size
+    /// the desktop does. Uncached Refresh always counts at level 1.
     pub cache_levels: u32,
     /// Side of the GPU canvas texture tiles, in pixels (applies at next launch).
     pub cache_tile_size: u32,
@@ -875,6 +904,48 @@ pub struct RawDefaults {
     /// Photoshop does; off develops it with the defaults straight away. Automation opens never
     /// show the dialog.
     pub open_in_camera_raw: bool,
+    /// The demosaic method raws are developed with; the open-time Camera Raw dialog starts from it.
+    pub demosaic: RawDemosaic,
+    /// Keep a raw file's develop settings in a sidecar (`IMG_0001.xmp` beside `IMG_0001.CR2`),
+    /// as Camera Raw's "Save image settings in: Sidecar .xmp files"; the sidecar is read again
+    /// when the file is next opened. Off reads sidecars but never writes one.
+    pub write_xmp_sidecars: bool,
+}
+
+impl RawColorSpace {
+    /// The built-in profile `edit.convertToProfile` knows this space as.
+    pub fn profile_id(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            RawColorSpace::Srgb => "srgb",
+            RawColorSpace::AdobeRgb => "adobe-rgb-compat",
+            RawColorSpace::ProPhoto => "prophoto-compat",
+            RawColorSpace::DisplayP3 => "display-p3",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl RawSharpen {
+    /// Camera Raw's output sharpening for this medium as the Detail panel's (amount, radius):
+    /// none, Screen (light, fine), Matte paper (stronger, wider: ink spreads), Glossy paper.
+    pub fn preset(self) -> Option<(f32, f32)> {
+        match self {
+            RawSharpen::None => None,
+            RawSharpen::Screen => Some((25.0, 1.0)),
+            RawSharpen::Matte => Some((35.0, 1.2)),
+            RawSharpen::Glossy => Some((40.0, 1.0)),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl RawDemosaic {
+    /// The developer's method.
+    pub fn method(self) -> photocraft_io::raw::Demosaic {
+        match self {
+            RawDemosaic::Ahd => photocraft_io::raw::Demosaic::Ahd,
+            RawDemosaic::Mhc => photocraft_io::raw::Demosaic::Mhc,
+            RawDemosaic::Bilinear => photocraft_io::raw::Demosaic::Bilinear,
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl Default for RawDefaults {
@@ -887,6 +958,8 @@ impl Default for RawDefaults {
             open_as_smart_object: false,
             apply_auto_tone: false,
             open_in_camera_raw: true,
+            demosaic: RawDemosaic::Ahd,
+            write_xmp_sidecars: true,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -937,6 +1010,37 @@ pub struct ToolbarCustomization {
     pub order: Vec<String>,
 }
 
+/// Layer Mask Display Options (double-click the layer mask's row in the Channels panel, or Mask
+/// Options… on its Layers thumbnail): the colour and opacity of the layer mask rubylith (`\`,
+/// ⇧⌥-click the thumbnail). As in Photoshop, one setting for every mask, kept across restarts.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(default, rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct LayerMaskOverlay {
+    /// `#rrggbb`.
+    pub color: String,
+    /// Percent, 0..=100.
+    pub opacity: f32,
+}
+
+impl Default for LayerMaskOverlay {
+    /// Photoshop's: red at 50 %.
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self { color: "#ff0000".into(), opacity: 50.0 }
+    }
+}
+
+impl LayerMaskOverlay {
+    /// The colour as 0..1 RGB; red if the stored value isn't a colour.
+    pub fn rgb(&self) -> [f32; 3] {
+        parse_hex(&self.color).unwrap_or([255, 0, 0]).map(|v| f32::from(v) / 255.0)
+    }
+
+    /// The opacity as a fraction (0..1); 50 % if the stored value isn't a number.
+    pub fn alpha(&self) -> f32 {
+        if self.opacity.is_finite() { self.opacity.clamp(0.0, 100.0) / 100.0 } else { 0.5 }
+    }
+}
+
 /// All preferences. JSON keys are the `edit.preferences.<section>` ids.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[serde(default, rename_all = "camelCase")]
@@ -1014,6 +1118,8 @@ pub struct Preferences {
     pub view_extras: Value,
     /// File › Scripts › Script Events Manager: event → script bindings.
     pub script_events: crate::automate_cmds::ScriptEvents,
+    /// Layer Mask Display Options: the layer mask rubylith's colour and opacity.
+    pub layer_mask_overlay: LayerMaskOverlay,
 }
 
 /// Preferences dialog sections in Photoshop's order: (id, title).
@@ -1046,10 +1152,8 @@ pub const SECTIONS: [(&str, &str); 18] = [
 /// preference is read anywhere outside `prefs.rs`, and while an unlisted one is read nowhere.
 pub const HIDDEN_UNTIL_IMPLEMENTED: &[&str] = &[
     "general.colorPicker",
-    "general.zoomResizesWindows",
     "workspace.autoShowHiddenPanels",
     "workspace.enableFloatingDocumentWindowDocking",
-    "performance.cacheLevels",
     "performance.effectCacheMb",
     "performance.legacyCompositing",
     "scratchDisks.disks",
@@ -1057,20 +1161,8 @@ pub const HIDDEN_UNTIL_IMPLEMENTED: &[&str] = &[
     "unitsAndRulers.gutter",
     "plugIns.showExtensionPanels",
     "plugIns.allowScriptsToConnect",
-    "plugIns.generatorEnabled",
     "type.textEngine",
-    "type.recentFonts",
     "enhancedControls.scrubbySliderAcceleration",
-    "rawDefaults.colorSpace",
-    "rawDefaults.bitDepth",
-    "rawDefaults.resolution",
-    "rawDefaults.sharpenFor",
-    "rawDefaults.openAsSmartObject",
-    "rawDefaults.applyAutoTone",
-    // Agent access is governed by the launch flags (`--control`, the automation roots), not
-    // by these yet.
-    "integrations.allowAgentControl",
-    "integrations.controlPort",
 ];
 
 /// Is the preference at `path` (`"section.key"`) hidden from the Preferences dialog?
@@ -1124,6 +1216,7 @@ pub fn choices(path: &str) -> Option<&'static [&'static str]> {
         "rawDefaults.colorSpace" => RawColorSpace::NAMES,
         "rawDefaults.bitDepth" => RawDepth::NAMES,
         "rawDefaults.sharpenFor" => RawSharpen::NAMES,
+        "rawDefaults.demosaic" => RawDemosaic::NAMES,
         "performance.gpuBackend" => GpuBackend::NAMES,
         "performance.linuxDisplayServer" => LinuxDisplayServer::NAMES,
         "performance.renderingMode" => RenderingMode::NAMES,
@@ -1151,6 +1244,7 @@ pub fn range(path: &str) -> Option<(f64, f64)> {
         "unitsAndRulers.printResolution" | "unitsAndRulers.screenResolution" | "rawDefaults.resolution" => (1.0, 10_000.0),
         "guidesGridAndSlices.gridlineEvery" => (0.001, 10_000.0),
         "guidesGridAndSlices.subdivisions" => (1.0, 100.0),
+        "layerMaskOverlay.opacity" => (0.0, 100.0),
         "type.recentFonts" => (0.0, 50.0),
         "integrations.controlPort" => (0.0, 65535.0),
         _ => return None,
@@ -1162,6 +1256,9 @@ pub fn is_color(path: &str) -> bool {
     if choices(path).is_some() || path.starts_with("shortcuts.") || path.starts_with("alternateShortcuts.") || path.starts_with("menus.") {
         return false;
     }
+    if path == "layerMaskOverlay.color" {
+        return true;
+    }
     let leaf = path.rsplit('.').next().unwrap_or(path);
     matches!(
         leaf,
@@ -1645,6 +1742,10 @@ impl PrefsStore {
     }
 }
 
+/// The preferences file format written by [`Session::prefs_value`]. 2: Use Shift Key for Tool
+/// Switch stored as chosen (before, a stored `false` was the old default; see `load_prefs_json`).
+pub const PREFS_VERSION: u64 = 2;
+
 /// A saved preference [`Session::load_prefs_json`] couldn't read (a wrong type, an unknown
 /// choice) and left at its default.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
@@ -1780,7 +1881,7 @@ impl Session {
         let mut v = self.prefs().to_json();
         if let Value::Object(m) = &mut v {
             m.insert("colorSettings".into(), serde_json::to_value(&self.color.settings).unwrap_or(Value::Null));
-            m.insert("version".into(), json!(1));
+            m.insert("version".into(), json!(PREFS_VERSION));
             m.insert("presets".into(), self.presets.to_json(self));
         }
         v
@@ -1796,6 +1897,16 @@ impl Session {
         if !v.is_object() {
             return Err("preferences: expected a JSON object".into());
         }
+        // Files before version 2 hold Use Shift Key for Tool Switch off because that was the
+        // default when they were written: every key is saved, chosen or not. Like Photoshop it is
+        // on by default now (#3528), so those files take the new default (#5647: a tool letter
+        // pressed again kept cycling its group). A choice made since is saved as version 2.
+        if v.get("version").and_then(Value::as_u64).unwrap_or(0) < 2
+            && let Some(tools) = v.get_mut("tools").and_then(Value::as_object_mut)
+            && tools.get("useShiftKeyForToolSwitch") == Some(&json!(false))
+        {
+            tools.remove("useShiftKeyForToolSwitch");
+        }
         // Saved preferences before appearance modes had one concrete theme. Preserve its
         // appearance instead of silently switching established users to Auto.
         if let Some(interface) = v.get_mut("interface").and_then(Value::as_object_mut)
@@ -1843,7 +1954,11 @@ impl Session {
     /// Batches defer colour validation until their complete candidate is staged. Returns
     /// whether colour settings were touched, including whole-section/root-object updates.
     fn set_pref(&mut self, path: &str, value: Value, validate_color: bool) -> std::result::Result<bool, String> {
-        if let Some(rest) = path.strip_prefix("colorSettings") {
+        // The section itself or a path inside it: `colorSettingsworkingRgb`, `colorSettings.` and
+        // `colorSettings..workingRgb` are none, and the authorization policy doesn't treat them as one.
+        if let Some(rest) =
+            path.strip_prefix("colorSettings").filter(|r| r.is_empty() || r.strip_prefix('.').is_some_and(|c| c.split('.').all(|part| !part.is_empty())))
+        {
             let mut cur = serde_json::to_value(&self.color.settings).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
             let rest = rest.trim_start_matches('.');
             if rest.is_empty() {
@@ -2649,3 +2764,19 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
 #[cfg(test)]
 #[path = "prefs/tests.rs"]
 mod tests;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod color_settings_path_tests {
+    use crate::Session;
+    use serde_json::json;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_path_that_only_starts_with_color_settings_is_not_in_that_section() {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        let before = s.color.settings.clone();
+        for path in ["colorSettingsworkingRgb", "colorSettings.", "colorSettings..workingRgb"] {
+            assert!(s.execute("prefs.set", json!({"path": path, "value": "/dev/zero"})).is_err(), "{path}");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(s.color.settings, before);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/prefs/tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/prefs/tests.rs
index 6f90daf9d2..6f17a21970 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/prefs/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/prefs/tests.rs
@@ -22,6 +22,21 @@ fn defaults_match_photoshop() {
     }
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn intermediate_ui_scale_presets_survive_restart() {
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    assert_eq!(s.execute("prefs.get", json!({"path": "interface.uiScale"})).unwrap(), json!("auto"));
+    for scale in ["100", "105", "110", "115", "120", "125"] {
+        s.execute("prefs.set", json!({"path": "interface.uiScale", "value": scale})).unwrap();
+        let mut restored = Session::new();
+        restored.load_prefs_json(&s.prefs_to_json()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(restored.execute("prefs.get", json!({"path": "interface.uiScale"})).unwrap(), json!(scale));
+    }
+    // Presets remain discrete choices: arbitrary values must not silently replace a valid scale.
+    assert!(s.execute("prefs.set", json!({"path": "interface.uiScale", "value": "112"})).is_err());
+    assert_eq!(s.execute("prefs.get", json!({"path": "interface.uiScale"})).unwrap(), json!("125"));
+}
+
 /// #2264: the Studio workspace dot pattern can be hidden without changing themes.
 #[test]
 fn canvas_dot_grid_can_be_disabled_persisted_and_reset() {
@@ -861,6 +876,29 @@ fn shift_key_tool_switch_is_on_by_default_and_a_stored_false_is_kept() {
     assert!(!stored.use_shift_key_for_tool_switch);
 }
 
+/// #5647: a settings file from before version 2 stored the switch off only because that was the
+/// old default, so it loads with the new default (on); one saved since keeps an explicit off.
+#[test]
+fn old_settings_files_take_the_shift_key_tool_switch_default() {
+    for old in
+        [json!({"tools": {"useShiftKeyForToolSwitch": false}}), json!({"version": 1, "tools": {"useShiftKeyForToolSwitch": false, "showTooltips": false}})]
+    {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        s.load_prefs_json(&old.to_string()).unwrap();
+        assert!(s.prefs().tools.use_shift_key_for_tool_switch, "{old}");
+    }
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.load_prefs_json(&json!({"version": 1, "tools": {"showTooltips": false}}).to_string()).unwrap();
+    assert!(!s.prefs().tools.show_tooltips, "other tool settings are kept");
+    // Chosen off and saved now: kept on the next start.
+    s.edit_prefs(|p| p.tools.use_shift_key_for_tool_switch = false);
+    let saved = s.prefs_to_json();
+    assert_eq!(serde_json::from_str::<Value>(&saved).unwrap()["version"], json!(PREFS_VERSION));
+    let mut restored = Session::new();
+    restored.load_prefs_json(&saved).unwrap();
+    assert!(!restored.prefs().tools.use_shift_key_for_tool_switch);
+}
+
 /// Shortcut exports are all or nothing (#5801): a rename that fails after the first file was
 /// moved in puts the user's files back as they were and leaves nothing staged.
 #[test]
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/preset_import_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/preset_import_cmds.rs
index 14273c2bd9..417f5623a1 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/preset_import_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/preset_import_cmds.rs
@@ -146,11 +146,20 @@ fn add_abr_presets(s: &mut Session, p: &Value, group: String, imp: photocraft_io
     Ok(json!({ "group": group, "imported": names, "count": names.len(), "folders": folders, "version": imp.version, "warnings": imp.warnings }))
 }
 
+/// Largest canvas (268 MP) a brush may be made from.
+const MAX_BRUSH_SOURCE_PIXELS: u64 = 1 << 28;
+
 /// The image's paint amount (darkness × alpha of its composite, as Define Brush Preset reads a
 /// selection), cropped to the painted extent. The composite is rendered in bands twice: once to
 /// find the painted bounds, then only those, so a large mostly-white image never needs a
 /// full-size buffer.
 fn image_paint(doc: &photocraft_doc::Document, cmd: &str) -> Result<(Vec<f32>, usize, usize)> {
+    // The whole canvas is rendered (twice) to find the painted part: a sparse native file declares
+    // its canvas, so refuse one far past any brush source before rendering it.
+    let canvas = doc.bounds();
+    if u64::from(canvas.width()) * u64::from(canvas.height()) > MAX_BRUSH_SOURCE_PIXELS {
+        return Err(bad(cmd, format!("the image's {}×{} canvas is too large to make a brush from", canvas.width(), canvas.height())));
+    }
     let paint = |c: [f32; 4]| ((1.0 - photocraft_color::blend::lum([c[0], c[1], c[2]])) * c[3]).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
     let mut bounds: Option<photocraft_geom::Rect> = None;
     let _ = photocraft_compose::render_bands(doc, doc.bounds(), 0, |band| -> std::result::Result<(), ()> {
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/preset_store.rs b/crates/engine/src/preset_store.rs
index 83cb16a838..a065e48e6d 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/preset_store.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/preset_store.rs
@@ -38,6 +38,11 @@
 //! The Actions list (`actions.json`, see [`crate::actions_cmds`]) lives in the same directory.
 //! A missing file is an empty list. A corrupt or oversized file is skipped with a warning.
 //! Headless sessions have no store, so their actions stay in memory.
+//!
+//! So do the patterns the user defined or imported (`patterns.pat`, Photoshop's own pattern file
+//! format, #9317): the whole user library in its order, rewritten when its ids, names or order
+//! change. The built-in patterns are regenerated on start and never written. Like `actions.json`,
+//! a file that fails to load is warned about and never overwritten.
 
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap, HashSet};
 use std::io::Read;
@@ -67,6 +72,10 @@ pub const MAX_INDEX_BYTES: u64 = 4 << 20;
 pub const ACTIONS_FILE: &str = "actions.json";
 /// Largest Actions file read or written.
 pub const MAX_ACTIONS_BYTES: u64 = 16 << 20;
+/// The user's pattern library (`.pat`).
+pub const PATTERNS_FILE: &str = "patterns.pat";
+/// Largest pattern library read or written.
+pub const MAX_PATTERNS_BYTES: u64 = 256 << 20;
 /// The whole store never grows beyond this; further groups are skipped with a warning.
 pub const MAX_STORE_BYTES: u64 = 2 << 30;
 /// Largest tip side accepted from disk.
@@ -550,6 +559,10 @@ pub struct PresetStore {
     actions_rev: u64,
     /// `actions.json` exists but failed to load: left on disk untouched, so it is never written.
     actions_skipped: bool,
+    /// [`patterns_key`] of the user patterns last written (or loaded).
+    patterns_key: u64,
+    /// `patterns.pat` exists but failed to load: left on disk untouched, so it is never written.
+    patterns_skipped: bool,
     warnings: Vec<String>,
     /// Full tips loaded for brushes in use (behind a lock so `&Session` paths can load).
     cache: Mutex<TipCache>,
@@ -568,6 +581,8 @@ pub struct Opened {
     pub warnings: Vec<String>,
     /// Recorded actions (`actions.json`). Empty when the file is missing or unreadable.
     pub actions: Vec<crate::actions_cmds::Action>,
+    /// User patterns (`patterns.pat`), in library order. Empty when the file is missing or unreadable.
+    pub patterns: Vec<photocraft_doc::Pattern>,
 }
 
 /// Load a store (any thread; the desktop app does this in the background at start).
@@ -644,6 +659,9 @@ pub fn open(backend: Box<dyn PresetBackend>) -> Opened {
     let loaded_actions = load_actions(backend.as_ref(), &mut warnings);
     let actions_skipped = loaded_actions.is_none();
     let actions = loaded_actions.unwrap_or_default();
+    let loaded_patterns = load_patterns(backend.as_ref(), &mut warnings);
+    let patterns_skipped = loaded_patterns.is_none();
+    let patterns = loaded_patterns.unwrap_or_default();
     let mut store = PresetStore {
         backend,
         synced_rev: None,
@@ -653,6 +671,8 @@ pub fn open(backend: Box<dyn PresetBackend>) -> Opened {
         index: None,
         actions_rev: 0,
         actions_skipped,
+        patterns_key: patterns_key(&patterns, 0),
+        patterns_skipped,
         warnings: Vec::new(),
         cache: Mutex::new(TipCache { limit: TIP_CACHE_BYTES, ..Default::default() }),
     };
@@ -710,7 +730,41 @@ pub fn open(backend: Box<dyn PresetBackend>) -> Opened {
     let hidden_builtins = index.as_ref().map(|i| i.hidden_builtins.clone()).unwrap_or_default();
     let order = index.as_ref().map(|i| i.order.clone()).unwrap_or_default();
     store.index = index;
-    Opened { store, presets, hidden_builtins, order, warnings, actions }
+    Opened { store, presets, hidden_builtins, order, warnings, actions, patterns }
+}
+
+/// `patterns.pat`: a missing file is no patterns. Anything else unreadable is a warning.
+/// The saved patterns; `None` when `patterns.pat` exists but could not be loaded.
+fn load_patterns(backend: &dyn PresetBackend, warnings: &mut Vec<String>) -> Option<Vec<photocraft_doc::Pattern>> {
+    let bytes = match backend.read(PATTERNS_FILE, MAX_PATTERNS_BYTES) {
+        Ok(b) => b,
+        Err(e) if missing_file(&e) => return Some(Vec::new()),
+        Err(e) => {
+            warnings.push(format!("patterns: {PATTERNS_FILE} skipped: {e}"));
+            return None;
+        }
+    };
+    match photocraft_io::pattern_map::read_pat(&bytes) {
+        Ok(p) => Some(p),
+        Err(e) => {
+            warnings.push(format!("patterns: {PATTERNS_FILE} skipped: {e}"));
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// What decides whether the user patterns need rewriting: their ids, names, sizes and order, and
+/// the library's [`pixels_rev`](crate::pattern_cmds::PatternLibrary::pixels_rev) (pixels replaced
+/// under the same id).
+fn patterns_key(patterns: &[photocraft_doc::Pattern], pixels_rev: u64) -> u64 {
+    use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+    let mut h = std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher::new();
+    for p in patterns {
+        (&p.id, &p.name, p.width, p.height).hash(&mut h);
+    }
+    patterns.len().hash(&mut h);
+    pixels_rev.hash(&mut h);
+    h.finish()
 }
 
 /// `actions.json`: a missing file is an empty list. Anything else unreadable is a warning.
@@ -1075,6 +1129,49 @@ impl PresetStore {
     }
 }
 
+impl PresetStore {
+    /// Write the user patterns (the library minus the built-ins) when they changed since the last
+    /// load or write. An oversized library is warned once per change and not written. An I/O
+    /// error is warned and retried on the next command.
+    pub fn sync_patterns(&mut self, library: &[photocraft_doc::Pattern], pixels_rev: u64) {
+        let builtins = crate::pattern_cmds::builtin();
+        let user: Vec<photocraft_doc::Pattern> = library.iter().filter(|p| !crate::pattern_cmds::is_pristine_builtin(p, &builtins)).cloned().collect();
+        let key = patterns_key(&user, pixels_rev);
+        if self.patterns_key == key {
+            return;
+        }
+        self.patterns_key = key;
+        if self.patterns_skipped {
+            self.warnings.push(format!("Couldn't save patterns: {PATTERNS_FILE} could not be read, so it was left unchanged"));
+            return;
+        }
+        if user.is_empty() {
+            if let Err(e) = self.backend.remove(PATTERNS_FILE) {
+                self.warnings.push(format!("Couldn't save patterns: {e}"));
+                // Try again after the next command.
+                self.patterns_key = key.wrapping_add(1);
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        let bytes = match photocraft_io::pattern_map::write_pat(&user) {
+            Ok(b) => b,
+            Err(e) => {
+                self.warnings.push(format!("Couldn't save patterns: {e}"));
+                return;
+            }
+        };
+        if bytes.len() as u64 > MAX_PATTERNS_BYTES {
+            self.warnings.push(format!("patterns: the pattern library is too large to save ({} MB limit)", MAX_PATTERNS_BYTES >> 20));
+            return;
+        }
+        if let Err(e) = self.backend.write(PATTERNS_FILE, &bytes) {
+            self.warnings.push(format!("Couldn't save patterns: {e}"));
+            // Try again after the next command.
+            self.patterns_key = key.wrapping_add(1);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 fn builtin_names() -> &'static [String] {
     static NAMES: std::sync::OnceLock<Vec<String>> = std::sync::OnceLock::new();
     NAMES.get_or_init(|| photocraft_paint::presets::builtin().into_iter().map(|p| p.name).collect())
@@ -1091,7 +1188,24 @@ impl Session {
     /// built-in of the same name; presets created before the store finished loading win), hide
     /// deleted built-ins, then sync. Returns the load warnings.
     pub fn attach_preset_store(&mut self, opened: Opened) -> Vec<String> {
-        let Opened { store, presets, hidden_builtins, order, mut warnings, actions: disk } = opened;
+        let Opened { store, presets, hidden_builtins, order, mut warnings, actions: disk, patterns } = opened;
+        // Saved patterns join the library after the built-ins, and a saved built-in (replaced by
+        // an import or renamed) takes the shipped one's place; a pattern defined or imported
+        // before the store finished loading keeps its place (and the same id isn't added twice).
+        let builtins = crate::pattern_cmds::builtin();
+        for p in patterns {
+            match self.patterns.items.iter_mut().find(|q| q.id == p.id) {
+                Some(q) if crate::pattern_cmds::is_pristine_builtin(q, &builtins) => *q = p,
+                // The earlier copy wins; other pixels than the saved ones must still be written,
+                // which its id, name and size don't show.
+                Some(q) => {
+                    if q.surface != p.surface {
+                        self.patterns.pixels_rev += 1;
+                    }
+                }
+                None => self.patterns.items.push(p),
+            }
+        }
         let lib = &mut self.tools.presets;
         lib.retain(|p| !(p.builtin && hidden_builtins.iter().any(|h| h.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&p.name))));
         for p in presets {
@@ -1136,7 +1250,7 @@ impl Session {
         warnings
     }
 
-    /// Write pending brush preset and Actions changes to the attached store (no-op without one).
+    /// Write pending brush preset, Actions and pattern changes to the attached store (no-op without one).
     pub fn sync_preset_store(&mut self) {
         let rev = self.tools.presets_rev;
         let actions_rev = self.actions.rev;
@@ -1151,6 +1265,7 @@ impl Session {
                 }
             }
             st.sync_actions(&self.actions.list, actions_rev);
+            st.sync_patterns(&self.patterns.items, self.patterns.pixels_rev);
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/preset_store/tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/preset_store/tests.rs
index 860ebd4fc3..e0080aa4cb 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/preset_store/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/preset_store/tests.rs
@@ -703,3 +703,170 @@ fn an_actions_file_that_failed_to_load_is_not_overwritten() {
     assert_eq!(mem.files.lock().unwrap().get(ACTIONS_FILE), Some(&newer), "an actions file the store could not read was overwritten");
     assert!(!s.preset_store.as_mut().unwrap().take_warnings().is_empty());
 }
+
+/// #9317: a defined or imported pattern survives a restart, as in Photoshop; the built-in
+/// patterns are never written, and deleting the last user pattern removes the file.
+#[test]
+fn user_patterns_survive_a_restart() {
+    let dir = TempDir::new("patterns");
+    let builtin = Session::new().patterns.items.len();
+    let (mut s, w) = session(&dir);
+    assert!(w.is_empty(), "{w:?}");
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 12, "height": 10})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#1ea05a"})).unwrap();
+    let id = s.execute("edit.definePattern", json!({"name": "Green Tile"})).unwrap()["pattern"].as_str().unwrap().to_string();
+    s.sync_preset_store();
+    assert!(dir.files().contains(&PATTERNS_FILE.to_string()), "{:?}", dir.files());
+    // Only the user's pattern is in the file.
+    let bytes = std::fs::read(dir.0.join(PATTERNS_FILE)).unwrap();
+    let saved = photocraft_io::pattern_map::read_pat(&bytes).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(saved.iter().map(|p| p.name.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["Green Tile"]);
+    drop(s);
+
+    let (mut t, w) = session(&dir);
+    assert!(w.is_empty(), "{w:?}");
+    assert_eq!(t.patterns.items.len(), builtin + 1);
+    let back = t.patterns.items.iter().find(|p| p.id == id).expect("the defined pattern is back after a restart");
+    assert_eq!((back.name.as_str(), back.width, back.height), ("Green Tile", 12, 10));
+    assert_eq!(back.surface, saved[0].surface, "with its pixels");
+    // Renames are kept; deleting the last user pattern removes the file.
+    t.execute("pattern.rename", json!({"pattern": id, "name": "Moss"})).unwrap();
+    t.sync_preset_store();
+    let (u, _) = session(&dir);
+    assert!(u.patterns.items.iter().any(|p| p.id == id && p.name == "Moss"));
+    t.execute("pattern.delete", json!({"pattern": id})).unwrap();
+    t.sync_preset_store();
+    assert!(!dir.files().contains(&PATTERNS_FILE.to_string()), "{:?}", dir.files());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_patterns_file_that_failed_to_load_is_not_overwritten() {
+    let mem = MemBackend::default();
+    let unreadable = b"not a pattern file".to_vec();
+    mem.files.lock().unwrap().insert(PATTERNS_FILE.into(), unreadable.clone());
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    let w = s.attach_preset_store(open(Box::new(mem.clone())));
+    assert!(w.iter().any(|w| w.contains(PATTERNS_FILE)), "{w:?}");
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 4, "height": 4})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("edit.definePattern", json!({"name": "New"})).unwrap();
+    s.sync_preset_store();
+    assert_eq!(mem.files.lock().unwrap().get(PATTERNS_FILE), Some(&unreadable), "a patterns file the store could not read was overwritten");
+    assert!(!s.preset_store.as_mut().unwrap().take_warnings().is_empty());
+}
+
+/// A `.pat` of one 4×4 pattern with id `id`, filled with `rgba`.
+fn pat_bytes(id: &str, rgba: [f32; 4]) -> String {
+    use photocraft_geom::Rect;
+    use photocraft_raster::Surface;
+    let mut surface = Surface::new(photocraft_color::PixelFormat::RGBA8);
+    surface.fill_rect(Rect::new(0, 0, 4, 4), &rgba);
+    let mut p = photocraft_doc::Pattern::new("Same", surface, 4, 4);
+    p.id = id.into();
+    photocraft_paint::tile::b64_encode(&photocraft_io::pattern_map::write_pat(&[p]).unwrap())
+}
+
+/// #9318 review: re-importing a pattern under the same id, name and size but with other pixels
+/// (an edited `.pat`) is written, so a restart doesn't bring the old pixels back.
+#[test]
+fn a_same_id_pattern_replacement_survives_a_restart() {
+    let mem = MemBackend::default();
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.attach_preset_store(open(Box::new(mem.clone())));
+    let id = "6f1c2c1e-0000-4000-8000-000000009318";
+    s.execute("pattern.import", json!({"data": pat_bytes(id, [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0])})).unwrap();
+    s.sync_preset_store();
+    s.execute("pattern.import", json!({"data": pat_bytes(id, [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0])})).unwrap();
+    s.sync_preset_store();
+    let mut t = Session::new();
+    t.attach_preset_store(open(Box::new(mem.clone())));
+    let back = t.patterns.items.iter().find(|p| p.id == id).expect("the pattern is back");
+    let want = s.patterns.items.iter().find(|p| p.id == id).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(back.surface, want.surface, "with the replacement's pixels, not the first import's");
+}
+
+/// A [`MemBackend`] whose removals fail while `fail` is set.
+#[derive(Clone, Default)]
+struct FlakyRemove {
+    mem: MemBackend,
+    fail: std::sync::Arc<std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool>,
+}
+
+impl PresetBackend for FlakyRemove {
+    fn list(&self) -> Result<Vec<(String, u64)>, String> {
+        self.mem.list()
+    }
+    fn read(&self, name: &str, max: u64) -> Result<Vec<u8>, String> {
+        self.mem.read(name, max)
+    }
+    fn write(&self, name: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<(), String> {
+        self.mem.write(name, bytes)
+    }
+    fn remove(&self, name: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
+        if self.fail.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst) {
+            return Err(format!("{name}: busy"));
+        }
+        self.mem.remove(name)
+    }
+}
+
+/// #9318 review: deleting the last user pattern while `patterns.pat` can't be removed is
+/// warned and retried, so the deleted pattern doesn't come back after a restart.
+#[test]
+fn a_failed_patterns_removal_is_retried() {
+    let backend = FlakyRemove::default();
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.attach_preset_store(open(Box::new(backend.clone())));
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 4, "height": 4})).unwrap();
+    let id = s.execute("edit.definePattern", json!({"name": "Gone"})).unwrap()["pattern"].as_str().unwrap().to_string();
+    s.sync_preset_store();
+    assert!(backend.mem.files.lock().unwrap().contains_key(PATTERNS_FILE));
+    backend.fail.store(true, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst);
+    s.execute("pattern.delete", json!({"pattern": id})).unwrap();
+    s.sync_preset_store();
+    assert!(!s.preset_store.as_mut().unwrap().take_warnings().is_empty(), "the failure is warned");
+    backend.fail.store(false, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst);
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 4, "height": 4})).unwrap();
+    s.sync_preset_store();
+    assert!(!backend.mem.files.lock().unwrap().contains_key(PATTERNS_FILE), "the removal is retried");
+}
+
+/// #9318 review: an imported `.pat` that replaces a built-in pattern's pixels (same id) is saved
+/// and replaces the built-in after a restart, once; untouched built-ins are still never written.
+#[test]
+fn an_imported_builtin_replacement_survives_a_restart() {
+    let mem = MemBackend::default();
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.attach_preset_store(open(Box::new(mem.clone())));
+    let builtin = s.patterns.items[0].id.clone();
+    s.execute("pattern.import", json!({"data": pat_bytes(&builtin, [0.9, 0.1, 0.4, 1.0])})).unwrap();
+    s.sync_preset_store();
+    let saved = photocraft_io::pattern_map::read_pat(mem.files.lock().unwrap().get(PATTERNS_FILE).expect("written")).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(saved.iter().map(|p| p.id.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(), [builtin.as_str()], "only the replaced built-in");
+    let mut t = Session::new();
+    t.attach_preset_store(open(Box::new(mem.clone())));
+    let back: Vec<_> = t.patterns.items.iter().filter(|p| p.id == builtin).collect();
+    assert_eq!(back.len(), 1, "once");
+    let want = s.patterns.items.iter().find(|p| p.id == builtin).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(back[0].surface, want.surface, "with the imported pixels");
+}
+
+/// #9318 review: a pattern imported before the store finished loading, with the id, name and
+/// size of a saved one but other pixels, wins the merge and is written, so a restart keeps it.
+#[test]
+fn an_early_same_id_import_wins_and_is_saved() {
+    let mem = MemBackend::default();
+    let id = "6f1c2c1e-0000-4000-8000-00000000e4a1";
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.attach_preset_store(open(Box::new(mem.clone())));
+    s.execute("pattern.import", json!({"data": pat_bytes(id, [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0])})).unwrap();
+    s.sync_preset_store();
+    // Next start: the same pattern with other pixels arrives before the store is attached.
+    let mut t = Session::new();
+    t.execute("pattern.import", json!({"data": pat_bytes(id, [0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0])})).unwrap();
+    let early = t.patterns.items.iter().find(|p| p.id == id).unwrap().surface.clone();
+    t.attach_preset_store(open(Box::new(mem.clone())));
+    t.sync_preset_store();
+    let mut u = Session::new();
+    u.attach_preset_store(open(Box::new(mem.clone())));
+    assert_eq!(u.patterns.items.iter().find(|p| p.id == id).unwrap().surface, early, "the early import's pixels were saved");
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/presets/gradients.rs b/crates/engine/src/presets/gradients.rs
index 4c384ccea7..4105ceb1c0 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/presets/gradients.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/presets/gradients.rs
@@ -441,15 +441,47 @@ fn active_gradient_fill(s: &Session) -> Option<photocraft_doc::LayerId> {
     matches!(d.doc.layer(id)?.content, LayerContent::Fill(Fill::Gradient { .. })).then_some(id)
 }
 
+fn active_shape(s: &Session) -> Option<photocraft_doc::LayerId> {
+    let d = s.active()?;
+    let id = d.active_layer?;
+    matches!(d.doc.layer(id)?.content, LayerContent::Shape(_)).then_some(id)
+}
+
 fn select(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     let g = preset_param(s, p, CMD_SELECT)?;
+    let apply = p.get("applyToLayer").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(true);
+    let shape = active_shape(s).filter(|_| apply);
+    // A locked shape refuses before anything changes, the Gradient tool's gradient included.
+    if let (Some(id), Some(d)) = (shape, s.active()) {
+        let locks = d.doc.effective_locks(id);
+        if locks.all || locks.pixels {
+            return Err(bad(CMD_SELECT, "the selected shape layer is locked"));
+        }
+    }
     s.presets.gradient = g.clone();
     s.presets_changed();
     let mut out = json!({"current": g.to_json()});
+    // Clicking a preset with a shape layer selected fills the shape with it (Photoshop, #5568);
+    // a gradient fill keeps its angle, style, scale and reverse.
+    if let Some(id) = shape {
+        let (stops_new, opacity_new) = g.fill_stops(s.tools.foreground, s.tools.background);
+        crate::vector_cmds::with_shape(s, id, "Edit Shape", |sh, _| {
+            let (angle, scale, style, reverse) = match &sh.fill {
+                Some(Fill::Gradient { angle, scale, style, reverse, .. }) => (*angle, *scale, *style, *reverse),
+                _ => (90.0, 1.0, photocraft_doc::GradientStyle::Linear, false),
+            };
+            let mut fill = Fill::gradient(stops_new, angle, scale, style, reverse);
+            if let Fill::Gradient { opacity_stops, .. } = &mut fill {
+                *opacity_stops = opacity_new;
+            }
+            sh.fill = Some(fill);
+            Ok(())
+        })?;
+        out["layer"] = json!(id.0);
+        return Ok(out);
+    }
     // Clicking a preset with a Gradient Fill layer selected changes that layer (Photoshop).
-    if p.get("applyToLayer").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(true)
-        && let Some(id) = active_gradient_fill(s)
-    {
+    if apply && let Some(id) = active_gradient_fill(s) {
         let (stops_new, opacity_new) = g.fill_stops(s.tools.foreground, s.tools.background);
         s.edit("Change Gradient Fill", |doc, _| {
             let mode = doc.mode;
@@ -674,7 +706,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             menu: &[],
             shortcut: None,
             params: leak(format!(
-                r##"{{"preset":name|{stops},"group":name?,"applyToLayer":bool=true (also recolours a selected Gradient Fill layer)}} → {{current,layer?}}. The Gradient tool paints with it."##
+                r##"{{"preset":name|{stops},"group":name?,"applyToLayer":bool=true (also recolours a selected Gradient Fill layer, or fills a selected shape layer with it)}} → {{current,layer?}}. The Gradient tool paints with it."##
             )),
             enabled: always,
             run: select,
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/presets/mod.rs b/crates/engine/src/presets/mod.rs
index e5c3415f7d..efdb16cfc8 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/presets/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/presets/mod.rs
@@ -91,6 +91,8 @@ pub struct PresetState {
     pub layer_defaults: BTreeMap<String, Value>,
     /// Swatches panel library.
     pub swatches: Vec<Group<swatches::Swatch>>,
+    /// The user contour library of the Layer Style dialog (`layer.layerStyle.contours.*`).
+    pub contours: Vec<photocraft_doc::Contour>,
     /// Bumped on every preset change (UIs key thumbnail caches on it).
     pub rev: u64,
 }
@@ -111,6 +113,7 @@ impl Default for PresetState {
             clone: Default::default(),
             layer_defaults: BTreeMap::new(),
             swatches: swatches::builtin(),
+            contours: Vec::new(),
             rev: 0,
         }
     }
@@ -144,6 +147,9 @@ struct Persisted {
     #[serde(default)]
     layer_defaults: Option<BTreeMap<String, Value>>,
     swatches: Option<Vec<Group<swatches::Swatch>>>,
+    // Read entry by entry: a bad contour must not discard the other presets.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    contours: Option<Value>,
 }
 
 impl PresetState {
@@ -162,6 +168,7 @@ impl PresetState {
             custom_shapes: Some(s.edit_state.custom_shapes.clone()),
             layer_defaults: Some(self.layer_defaults.clone()),
             swatches: Some(self.swatches.clone()),
+            contours: Some(crate::contour_lib_cmds::to_json(&self.contours)),
         };
         serde_json::to_value(p).unwrap_or(Value::Null)
     }
@@ -190,6 +197,7 @@ impl Session {
             custom_shapes: take(&mut m, "custom_shapes"),
             layer_defaults: take(&mut m, "layer_defaults"),
             swatches: take(&mut m, "swatches"),
+            contours: take(&mut m, "contours"),
         };
         let st = &mut self.presets;
         if let Some(g) = p.gradients {
@@ -230,6 +238,9 @@ impl Session {
             crate::swatch_cmds::cap_library(&mut g);
             self.presets.swatches = g;
         }
+        if let Some(c) = p.contours.filter(Value::is_array) {
+            self.presets.contours = crate::contour_lib_cmds::from_json(&c);
+        }
         self.presets.rev += 1;
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/presets/styles.rs b/crates/engine/src/presets/styles.rs
index ee4607cf86..eb7cc17be0 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/presets/styles.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/presets/styles.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,9 @@ pub struct StylePreset {
     pub blend: Option<BlendMode>,
     #[serde(default)]
     pub fill_opacity: Option<f32>,
+    /// Layer opacity saved with the blending options (0..1).
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub opacity: Option<f32>,
 }
 
 impl Named for StylePreset {
@@ -43,7 +46,7 @@ impl StylePreset {
             .as_array()
             .map(|a| a.iter().filter_map(|e| effect_from_params(e.get(0)?.as_str()?, e.get(1).unwrap_or(&Value::Null))).collect())
             .unwrap_or_default();
-        StylePreset { name: name.into(), effects, blend: None, fill_opacity: fill }
+        StylePreset { name: name.into(), effects, blend: None, fill_opacity: fill, opacity: None }
     }
 
     pub fn to_json(&self) -> Value {
@@ -52,6 +55,7 @@ impl StylePreset {
             "effects": self.effects.iter().map(|e| e.label()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             "blend": self.blend.map(|b| b.label()),
             "fillOpacity": self.fill_opacity.map(|f| (f * 100.0).round()),
+            "opacity": self.opacity.map(|f| (f * 100.0).round()),
         })
     }
 }
@@ -182,6 +186,12 @@ fn apply(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
         effects.push(fx);
         pats.extend(pat);
     }
+    // Pattern strokes and bevel textures name their pattern too: copy it when the library has it.
+    for (name, id) in photocraft_io::asl_map::referenced_patterns(&effects) {
+        if let Some(pat) = crate::pattern_cmds::resolve(s, if id.is_empty() { &name } else { &id }).filter(|_| !(id.is_empty() && name.is_empty())) {
+            pats.push(pat);
+        }
+    }
     let label = format!("Apply Style: {}", style.name);
     s.edit(&label, |doc, _| {
         for pat in &pats {
@@ -202,7 +212,9 @@ fn apply(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
             }
             l.effects.psd_raw = None;
             l.effects.enabled = true;
-            if !add || style.blend.is_some() {
+            // Adding keeps the layer's blending unless the preset carries some: a blend mode, or
+            // an Opacity saved on its own (`style.presets.new` with `includeBlending: false`).
+            if !add || style.blend.is_some() || style.opacity.is_some() {
                 if let Some(b) = style.blend {
                     l.blend = b;
                 }
@@ -211,6 +223,9 @@ fn apply(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
                 } else if !add {
                     l.fill_opacity = 1.0;
                 }
+                if let Some(o) = style.opacity {
+                    l.opacity = o;
+                }
             }
         }
         Ok(())
@@ -256,6 +271,7 @@ fn new_preset(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
         },
         blend: p.get("blend").and_then(Value::as_str).and_then(crate::commands::blend_from_str).or_else(|| with_blend.then_some(l.blend)),
         fill_opacity: p.get("fillOpacity").and_then(Value::as_f64).map(|v| (v / 100.0).clamp(0.0, 1.0) as f32).or_else(|| with_blend.then_some(l.fill_opacity)),
+        opacity: p.get("opacity").and_then(Value::as_f64).map(|v| (v / 100.0).clamp(0.0, 1.0) as f32).or_else(|| with_blend.then_some(l.opacity)),
     };
     let gi = group_index(&mut s.presets.styles, str_param(p, "group"));
     let out = json!({"name": style.name, "group": s.presets.styles[gi].name, "effects": style.effects.len()});
@@ -336,7 +352,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             label: "Style Presets",
             menu: &[],
             shortcut: None,
-            params: "{} → {groups:[{name,presets:[{name,effects,blend,fillOpacity}]}]}",
+            params: "{} → {groups:[{name,presets:[{name,effects,blend,fillOpacity,opacity}]}]}",
             enabled: always,
             run: list,
             journal: false,
@@ -356,7 +372,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             label: "New Style…",
             menu: &[],
             shortcut: None,
-            params: r##"{"name":str="Style","group":name?,"layer":id?,"includeEffects":bool=true,"includeBlending":bool=true,"effects":[[kind, params]]? (explicit list, e.g. the Layer Style dialog's pending state; overrides includeEffects),"blend":str?,"fillOpacity":0..100? (override the layer's blending options)}"##,
+            params: r##"{"name":str="Style","group":name?,"layer":id?,"includeEffects":bool=true,"includeBlending":bool=true,"effects":[[kind, params]]? (explicit list, e.g. the Layer Style dialog's pending state; overrides includeEffects),"blend":str?,"fillOpacity":0..100?,"opacity":0..100? (override the layer's blending options)}"##,
             enabled: has_layer,
             run: new_preset,
             journal: true,
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/presets/tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/presets/tests.rs
index 432ef67ca9..b196117839 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/presets/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/presets/tests.rs
@@ -477,6 +477,25 @@ fn styles_apply_to_selected_layers_and_new_from_layer() {
     assert!(px[(24 * 48 + 24) * 4 + 3] == 255);
 }
 
+/// A preset saved without blending options but with an explicit Opacity carries only that
+/// opacity: ⇧-click (`add`) sets it and leaves the layer's blend mode and Fill alone.
+#[test]
+fn an_opacity_only_style_added_sets_just_the_opacity() {
+    let mut s = session(8);
+    let a = s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().map(LayerId).unwrap_or_else(|| active(&s));
+    s.execute("style.presets.new", json!({"name": "Faded", "includeBlending": false, "effects": [["stroke", {"size": 2}]], "opacity": 40})).unwrap();
+    s.edit("Blending fixture", |doc, _| {
+        let l = doc.layer_mut(a).unwrap();
+        (l.blend, l.fill_opacity, l.opacity) = (photocraft_doc::BlendMode::Multiply, 0.7, 0.9);
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+    s.execute("style.presets.apply", json!({"preset": "Faded", "add": true, "layer": a.0})).unwrap();
+    let l = s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(a).unwrap().clone();
+    assert_eq!((l.blend, l.fill_opacity, l.opacity), (photocraft_doc::BlendMode::Multiply, 0.7, 0.4));
+    assert_eq!(l.effects.items.len(), 1);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn styles_with_pattern_overlay_copy_the_pattern() {
     let mut s = session(8);
@@ -487,6 +506,7 @@ fn styles_with_pattern_overlay_copy_the_pattern() {
         effects: vec![crate::layer_style::effect_from_params("patternOverlay", &json!({"pattern": "Bricks"})).unwrap()],
         blend: None,
         fill_opacity: None,
+        opacity: None,
     });
     s.execute("style.presets.apply", json!({"preset": "Bricky", "layer": id.0})).unwrap();
     assert!(s.active().unwrap().doc.patterns.iter().any(|p| p.name == "Bricks"));
@@ -766,6 +786,48 @@ fn clone_source_errors_and_overlay() {
     assert_eq!(v["rotation"], json!(-90.0));
 }
 
+fn shape_fill(s: &Session, id: LayerId) -> Option<Fill> {
+    match &s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().content {
+        LayerContent::Shape(sh) => sh.fill.clone(),
+        _ => panic!("not a shape layer"),
+    }
+}
+
+/// #5568: clicking a gradient with a shape layer selected fills the shape with it in one undo
+/// step; a gradient fill keeps its angle, style, scale and reverse.
+#[test]
+fn gradient_preset_click_fills_the_selected_shape_layer() {
+    let mut s = session(8);
+    let id = LayerId(s.execute("shape.create", json!({"rect": [8, 8, 40, 30], "fill": "#336699"})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap());
+    let before = shape_fill(&s, id);
+    let r = s.execute("gradient.presets.select", json!({"preset": "Red 01"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r["layer"], json!(id.0));
+    let Some(Fill::Gradient { stops, angle, style, .. }) = shape_fill(&s, id) else { panic!("not a gradient") };
+    // Red 01 starts at #7f0000; a new gradient fill is linear at 90°.
+    assert_eq!(stops[0].1.to_rgba8(), [0x7f, 0, 0, 0xff]);
+    assert_eq!((angle, style), (90.0, photocraft_doc::GradientStyle::Linear));
+    s.execute("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(shape_fill(&s, id), before);
+
+    s.execute("shape.edit", json!({"layer": id.0, "fill": {"gradient": {"angle": 30, "style": "radial", "scale": 80, "reverse": true}}})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("gradient.presets.select", json!({"preset": "Green 01"})).unwrap();
+    let Some(Fill::Gradient { angle, style, scale, reverse, .. }) = shape_fill(&s, id) else { panic!("not a gradient") };
+    assert_eq!((angle, style, scale, reverse), (30.0, photocraft_doc::GradientStyle::Radial, 0.8, true));
+}
+
+/// A locked shape refuses the click before anything changes, the Gradient tool's gradient included.
+#[test]
+fn gradient_preset_click_on_a_locked_shape_changes_nothing() {
+    let mut s = session(8);
+    let id = LayerId(s.execute("shape.create", json!({"rect": [8, 8, 40, 30], "fill": "#336699"})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap());
+    let (before, gradient) = (shape_fill(&s, id), s.presets.gradient.name.clone());
+    s.execute("layer.lockLayers", json!({"all": true})).unwrap();
+    let err = s.execute("gradient.presets.select", json!({"preset": "Red 01"})).unwrap_err().to_string();
+    assert!(err.contains("locked"), "{err}");
+    assert_eq!(shape_fill(&s, id), before);
+    assert_eq!(s.presets.gradient.name, gradient);
+}
+
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------ persistence
 
 /// #5602: one damaged preset set in the preferences file must not discard the saved New
@@ -781,7 +843,9 @@ fn a_damaged_preset_set_keeps_the_other_sets() {
     });
     s.execute("file.export.presets.save", json!({"name": "Web JPEG", "settings": export})).unwrap();
     let saved = s.presets.to_json(&s);
-    for key in ["gradients", "gradient", "styles", "shapes", "pattern_groups", "custom_shapes", "layer_defaults", "swatches", "export_presets"] {
+    for key in
+        ["gradients", "gradient", "styles", "shapes", "pattern_groups", "recent_documents", "custom_shapes", "layer_defaults", "swatches", "export_presets"]
+    {
         let mut blob = saved.clone();
         blob[key] = json!("not a preset set");
         let mut next = Session::new();
@@ -792,12 +856,27 @@ fn a_damaged_preset_set_keeps_the_other_sets() {
             assert_eq!(next.presets.export_presets, s.presets.export_presets, "damaged `{key}`");
         }
     }
+    let mut blob = saved.clone();
+    blob["export_presets"] = json!("not a preset set");
+    let mut next = Session::new();
+    next.load_presets_json(blob);
+    assert!(next.presets.export_presets.is_empty());
+    assert_eq!(next.presets.documents, s.presets.documents);
+    let mut blob = saved.clone();
+    blob["documents"] = json!("not a preset set");
+    let mut next = Session::new();
+    next.load_presets_json(blob);
+    assert!(next.presets.documents.is_empty());
+    assert_eq!(next.presets.export_presets, s.presets.export_presets);
     // Null sets keep their defaults, as before.
     let mut next = Session::new();
-    next.load_presets_json(json!({"tool_presets": null, "gradients": null, "documents": saved["documents"].clone()}));
+    next.load_presets_json(
+        json!({"tool_presets": null, "gradients": null, "documents": saved["documents"].clone(), "export_presets": saved["export_presets"].clone()}),
+    );
     assert_eq!(next.presets.tool_presets.len(), Session::new().presets.tool_presets.len());
     assert_eq!(next.presets.gradients.len(), Session::new().presets.gradients.len());
     assert_eq!(next.presets.documents, s.presets.documents);
+    assert_eq!(next.presets.export_presets, s.presets.export_presets);
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------ export presets
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/print_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/print_cmds.rs
index 9b264f0611..d115566a7c 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/print_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/print_cmds.rs
@@ -253,6 +253,27 @@ pub struct Marks {
     pub corner_crop: bool,
     pub center_crop: bool,
     pub registration: bool,
+    /// Photoshop's Functions › Bleed, in points: corner crop marks sit this far inside the image
+    /// edge, so the trim cuts through the image and leaves no paper-white sliver. 0 = on the edge.
+    pub bleed: f64,
+}
+
+/// Gap between the image edge and a crop mark, and the mark's length (pt).
+const MARK_GAP: f64 = 6.0;
+const MARK_LEN: f64 = 18.0;
+
+/// Corner crop marks around `(x, y, w, h)` as eight `(from, to)` segments, a horizontal then a
+/// vertical one per corner. Each starts `MARK_GAP` outside the image (so it never prints on it)
+/// and lies on the trim line, `bleed` inside the edge. The inset is symmetric, so this holds for
+/// both bottom-up (PDF) and top-down (Windows) coordinates.
+fn corner_crop_segments(bleed: f64, (x, y, w, h): (f64, f64, f64, f64)) -> [((f64, f64), (f64, f64)); 8] {
+    let mut out = [((0.0, 0.0), (0.0, 0.0)); 8];
+    for (i, (cx, cy, dx, dy)) in [(x, y, -1.0, -1.0), (x + w, y, 1.0, -1.0), (x, y + h, -1.0, 1.0), (x + w, y + h, 1.0, 1.0)].into_iter().enumerate() {
+        let (tx, ty) = (cx - dx * bleed, cy - dy * bleed);
+        out[2 * i] = ((cx + dx * MARK_GAP, ty), (cx + dx * (MARK_GAP + MARK_LEN), ty));
+        out[2 * i + 1] = ((tx, cy + dy * MARK_GAP), (tx, cy + dy * (MARK_GAP + MARK_LEN)));
+    }
+    out
 }
 
 /// One page: paper (pt), image box (pt, origin bottom-left), marks and texts.
@@ -268,16 +289,51 @@ pub struct PrintPage {
     pub emulsion_down: bool,
 }
 
+// ISO 32000-1, Annex D.2: the standard Helvetica font below uses WinAnsiEncoding,
+// not UTF-8. Escape non-ASCII bytes as three octal digits so the content stays ASCII
+// and a following digit cannot become part of the escape. Other scripts still need
+// an embedded font; retain the existing '?' fallback for unsupported characters.
 fn pdf_string(s: &str) -> String {
     let mut o = String::from("(");
     for c in s.chars() {
-        match c {
-            '(' | ')' | '\\' => {
+        let byte = match c {
+            '\u{20}'..='\u{7e}' | '\u{a0}'..='\u{ff}' => c as u8,
+            '€' => 0x80,
+            '‚' => 0x82,
+            'ƒ' => 0x83,
+            '„' => 0x84,
+            '…' => 0x85,
+            '†' => 0x86,
+            '‡' => 0x87,
+            'ˆ' => 0x88,
+            '‰' => 0x89,
+            'Š' => 0x8a,
+            '‹' => 0x8b,
+            'Œ' => 0x8c,
+            'Ž' => 0x8e,
+            '‘' => 0x91,
+            '’' => 0x92,
+            '“' => 0x93,
+            '”' => 0x94,
+            '•' => 0x95,
+            '–' => 0x96,
+            '—' => 0x97,
+            '˜' => 0x98,
+            '™' => 0x99,
+            'š' => 0x9a,
+            '›' => 0x9b,
+            'œ' => 0x9c,
+            'ž' => 0x9e,
+            'Ÿ' => 0x9f,
+            _ => b'?',
+        };
+        match byte {
+            b'(' | b')' | b'\\' => {
                 o.push('\\');
-                o.push(c);
+                o.push(char::from(byte));
             }
-            c if c.is_ascii() && !c.is_ascii_control() => o.push(c),
-            _ => o.push('?'),
+            0x80..=0xff => o.push_str(&format!("\\{byte:03o}")),
+            _ => o.push(char::from(byte)),
         }
     }
     o.push(')');
@@ -294,12 +350,11 @@ fn deflate(data: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
 /// Vector marks around `(x, y, w, h)`.
 fn marks_ops(m: Marks, (x, y, w, h): (f64, f64, f64, f64)) -> String {
     let mut s = String::from("q 0 G 0.3 w\n");
-    let (gap, len) = (6.0, 18.0);
+    let (gap, len) = (MARK_GAP, MARK_LEN);
     let line = |s: &mut String, x0: f64, y0: f64, x1: f64, y1: f64| s.push_str(&format!("{x0:.2} {y0:.2} m {x1:.2} {y1:.2} l S\n"));
     if m.corner_crop {
-        for (cx, cy, dx, dy) in [(x, y, -1.0, -1.0), (x + w, y, 1.0, -1.0), (x, y + h, -1.0, 1.0), (x + w, y + h, 1.0, 1.0)] {
-            line(&mut s, cx + dx * gap, cy, cx + dx * (gap + len), cy);
-            line(&mut s, cx, cy + dy * gap, cx, cy + dy * (gap + len));
+        for ((x0, y0), (x1, y1)) in corner_crop_segments(m.bleed, (x, y, w, h)) {
+            line(&mut s, x0, y0, x1, y1);
         }
     }
     if m.center_crop {
@@ -476,6 +531,28 @@ fn paper(p: &Value, cmd: &str) -> Result<(f64, f64)> {
     Ok(if p.get("orientation").and_then(Value::as_str) == Some("landscape") { (h.max(w), w.min(h)) } else { (w, h) })
 }
 
+/// The driver's printable area (`printable`: [x, y, width, height] pt from the paper's top-left,
+/// as `file.print.page` reports it), clipped to the paper, with the layout's bottom-left origin.
+fn printable(p: &Value, (pw, ph): (f64, f64), cmd: &str) -> Result<Option<(f64, f64, f64, f64)>> {
+    let Some(v) = p.get("printable").filter(|v| !v.is_null()) else { return Ok(None) };
+    let r: Option<Vec<f64>> = v.as_array().and_then(|a| a.iter().map(Value::as_f64).collect());
+    let Some([x, y, w, h]) = r.as_deref().and_then(|r| <[f64; 4]>::try_from(r).ok()) else {
+        return Err(bad(cmd, "printable is [x, y, width, height] in points from the paper's top-left"));
+    };
+    // Drivers report their paper a fraction of a point off the named size (842.29 pt for A3's
+    // 841.89), so clip that much; an area that doesn't fit the paper (another paper or
+    // orientation) is refused. 2 pt, as `print_windows` allows between driver and layout.
+    const SLACK: f64 = 2.0;
+    if !(x >= -SLACK && y >= -SLACK && x + w <= pw + SLACK && y + h <= ph + SLACK) {
+        return Err(bad(cmd, "the printable area doesn't fit the paper and orientation"));
+    }
+    let (x0, y0, x1, y1) = (x.max(0.0), y.max(0.0), (x + w).min(pw), (y + h).min(ph));
+    if !(x1 > x0 && y1 > y0) {
+        return Err(bad(cmd, "the printable area is empty"));
+    }
+    Ok(Some((x0, ph - y1, x1 - x0, y1 - y0)))
+}
+
 /// Where the image lands on the paper.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub struct PrintLayout {
@@ -490,34 +567,95 @@ pub struct PrintLayout {
     pub emulsion_down: bool,
 }
 
-/// The print layout for `doc` with Print parameters `p` (used by the dialog's preview too).
+/// Symmetric safety bound for manual Top/Left offsets, shared with the dialog (inches).
+pub const MAX_POSITION_INCHES: f64 = 10000.0;
+
+/// Resolves the shared preview/PDF layout without changing `doc`.
+///
+/// Paper and image bounds use points (72 per inch), with the image origin at bottom-left.
+/// Manual `top`/`left` are inches from the paper's top-left; negative values place artwork
+/// off-page. Center ignores these offsets. Scale to Fit preserves the aspect ratio and uses
+/// the available paper area after the existing mark margins, overriding percentage scale.
+/// Emulsion Down is recorded for rendering; the returned rectangle is not yet mirrored.
+///
+/// Returns an error for malformed manual offsets or offsets beyond [`MAX_POSITION_INCHES`],
+/// nonfinite geometry, geometry magnitudes above 1e9, or nonpositive image dimensions.
 pub fn layout(doc: &Document, p: &Value, cmd: &str) -> Result<PrintLayout> {
     let (pw, ph) = paper(p, cmd)?;
     let dpi = f64::from(doc.resolution_dpi.max(1.0));
     let (iw, ih) = (f64::from(doc.size.width) * 72.0 / dpi, f64::from(doc.size.height) * 72.0 / dpi);
-    let marks = Marks {
+    // Bleed in inches, like Photoshop's Position fields; the marks need it in points.
+    let bleed = match p.get("bleed") {
+        None | Some(Value::Null) => 0.0,
+        Some(v) => v.as_f64().filter(|b| b.is_finite() && *b >= 0.0).ok_or_else(|| bad(cmd, "bleed is a width in inches, 0 or more"))? * 72.0,
+    };
+    let mut marks = Marks {
         corner_crop: p.get("cornerCropMarks").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(false),
         center_crop: p.get("centerCropMarks").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(false),
         registration: p.get("registrationMarks").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(false),
+        bleed,
     };
-    let margin = if marks.corner_crop || marks.center_crop || marks.registration { 36.0 } else { 18.0 };
+    let has_marks = marks.corner_crop || marks.center_crop || marks.registration;
+    // Scale to Fit Media fits the driver's printable area when it is known (the whole sheet for
+    // borderless paper); marks keep their inset inside it. Without one (CUPS, PDF), the paper
+    // minus a fixed margin.
+    let emulsion_down = p.get("emulsionDown").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(false);
     let fit = p.get("scaleToFit").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(false);
-    let scale = if fit {
-        ((pw - 2.0 * margin) / iw).min((ph - 2.0 * margin) / ih)
-    } else {
-        p.get("scale").and_then(Value::as_f64).filter(|v| *v > 0.0).unwrap_or(100.0) / 100.0
+    // Only a fitted print reads the area, so a stale one (a replayed action, another paper) can't
+    // fail a print at a manual scale.
+    let area = if fit { printable(p, (pw, ph), cmd)? } else { None };
+    let fit_box = match area {
+        Some((x, y, w, h)) => {
+            // Emulsion Down mirrors the page as it prints: fit the mirror of the printable area,
+            // so the printed image lands inside the real one.
+            let x = if emulsion_down { pw - x - w } else { x };
+            let inset = if has_marks { 36.0 } else { 0.0 };
+            if !(w > 2.0 * inset && h > 2.0 * inset) {
+                return Err(bad(cmd, "the printable area is too small for crop and registration marks"));
+            }
+            (x + inset, y + inset, w - 2.0 * inset, h - 2.0 * inset)
+        }
+        None => {
+            let margin = if has_marks { 36.0 } else { 18.0 };
+            (margin, margin, pw - 2.0 * margin, ph - 2.0 * margin)
+        }
     };
+    let scale = if fit { (fit_box.2 / iw).min(fit_box.3 / ih) } else { p.get("scale").and_then(Value::as_f64).filter(|v| *v > 0.0).unwrap_or(100.0) / 100.0 };
     let (w, h) = (iw * scale, ih * scale);
+    // The trim box must keep some area, or the marks of opposite corners would cross.
+    if 2.0 * marks.bleed >= w.min(h) {
+        return Err(bad(cmd, format!("bleed {:.3} in leaves no image inside the trim ({:.2} × {:.2} in printed)", marks.bleed / 72.0, w / 72.0, h / 72.0)));
+    }
+    // Bleed only moves crop marks; without them it has nothing to change.
+    if !marks.corner_crop {
+        marks.bleed = 0.0;
+    }
     let center = p.get("center").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(true);
-    let (x, y) = if center {
+    let (x, y) = if center && fit {
+        (fit_box.0 + (fit_box.2 - w) / 2.0, fit_box.1 + (fit_box.3 - h) / 2.0)
+    } else if center {
         ((pw - w) / 2.0, (ph - h) / 2.0)
     } else {
         // Top / left in inches from the paper's top-left corner (Photoshop's Position fields).
-        let top = p.get("top").and_then(Value::as_f64).unwrap_or(0.0) * 72.0;
-        let left = p.get("left").and_then(Value::as_f64).unwrap_or(0.0) * 72.0;
+        let position = |key: &str| -> Result<f64> {
+            let value = match p.get(key) {
+                None => 0.0,
+                Some(v) => v.as_f64().ok_or_else(|| bad(cmd, "print positions must be finite numbers in inches"))?,
+            };
+            if !value.is_finite() || value.abs() > MAX_POSITION_INCHES {
+                return Err(bad(cmd, "print positions must be within -10000 to 10000 inches"));
+            }
+            Ok(value * 72.0)
+        };
+        let top = position("top")?;
+        let left = position("left")?;
         (left, ph - top - h)
     };
-    let emulsion_down = p.get("emulsionDown").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(false);
+    // Guard geometry before converting to screen points or writing PDF operators. Even a
+    // finite JSON scale can overflow when multiplied by document dimensions.
+    if ![pw, ph, x, y, w, h, scale].into_iter().all(|v| v.is_finite() && v.abs() <= 1.0e9) || w <= 0.0 || h <= 0.0 {
+        return Err(bad(cmd, "print layout must have finite geometry within 1000000000 points and positive image dimensions"));
+    }
     Ok(PrintLayout { paper: (pw, ph), rect: (x, y, w, h), scale, marks, emulsion_down })
 }
 
@@ -569,7 +707,49 @@ fn do_print(s: &mut Session, p: &Value, cmd: &str) -> Result<Value> {
     Ok(result)
 }
 
+/// True when a print may go to a Windows printer through the driver rather than a PDF spooler.
+fn native_route(p: &Value, spooler: Option<&Spooler>) -> bool {
+    // A named print server always takes the IPP route and a preferred app spooler takes every
+    // job (the route order in `spool_job`), on Windows too: neither may enter the native path,
+    // which would print on the local default printer instead.
+    let named_server = p.get("printServer").and_then(Value::as_str).is_some_and(|v| !v.is_empty());
+    let skip_native = named_server || spooler.is_some_and(|sp| sp.preferred);
+    let output = p.get("output").and_then(Value::as_str).is_some_and(|v| !v.is_empty());
+    let send = p.get("send").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(!output);
+    let dry = p.get("dryRun").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(false);
+    cfg!(windows) && !skip_native && send && !dry && !output
+}
+
+/// `p` with the driver's printable area, read from the printer itself, so Print One Copy, the
+/// CLI, control and replayed actions fit the same area as the Print dialog does (#7782). A
+/// native print never fits an area the caller passed: without the driver's, it has none.
+fn with_driver_printable(p: &Value) -> Value {
+    let mut out = p.clone();
+    if let Some(o) = out.as_object_mut() {
+        o.remove("printable");
+        if let Some(area) = driver_printable(p) {
+            o.insert("printable".into(), area);
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+fn driver_printable(p: &Value) -> Option<Value> {
+    let printer = printer_name(p).ok()?;
+    let pg = craft_print::rgb::page(&printer, printer_settings(p).ok()?.as_ref()).ok()?;
+    // Only for the paper the driver is set to: a print laid out on another paper keeps the
+    // fixed margin (and `print_windows` refuses it), as before.
+    let (pw, ph) = paper(p, "file.print").ok()?;
+    if (pg.paper.0 - pw).abs() > 2.0 || (pg.paper.1 - ph).abs() > 2.0 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    Some(json!([pg.printable.0, pg.printable.1, pg.printable.2, pg.printable.3]))
+}
+
 fn render_and_spool(doc: &Document, p: &Value, cmd: &str, spooler: Option<&Spooler>) -> Result<Value> {
+    let fit = p.get("scaleToFit").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(false);
+    let driver = (fit && native_route(p, spooler)).then(|| with_driver_printable(p));
+    let p = driver.as_ref().unwrap_or(p);
     let PrintLayout { paper: (pw, ph), rect: (x, y, w, h), scale, marks, emulsion_down } = layout(doc, p, cmd)?;
     let (img, color) = print_image(doc, p, cmd)?;
     let description = p
@@ -587,20 +767,16 @@ fn render_and_spool(doc: &Document, p: &Value, cmd: &str, spooler: Option<&Spool
     // Sending follows the shared command contract; fuzz tests explicitly request dryRun.
     // The worker returns its result before repeat settings and hooks are applied once.
     let handling = p.get("colorHandling").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("printerManages");
-    // A named print server always takes the IPP route and a preferred app spooler takes every
-    // job (the route order in `spool_job`), on Windows too: neither may enter the native path
-    // below, which would print on the local default printer instead.
-    let named_server = p.get("printServer").and_then(Value::as_str).is_some_and(|v| !v.is_empty());
-    let skip_native = named_server || spooler.is_some_and(|sp| sp.preferred);
-    if cfg!(windows) && !skip_native && send && !dry && output.is_none() && native_rgb_compatible(&page, handling) {
+    let native = native_route(p, spooler);
+    if native && native_rgb_compatible(&page, handling) {
         require_printing_enabled()?;
         let printed = print_windows(&page, p, &doc.name, copies)?;
         return Ok(json!({
-            "pdf": Value::Null, "paper": [pw, ph], "imageRect": [x, y, w, h], "emulsionDown": emulsion_down, "scale": scale * 100.0,
+            "pdf": Value::Null, "paper": [pw, ph], "imageRect": [x, y, w, h], "emulsionDown": emulsion_down, "bleed": marks.bleed / 72.0, "scale": scale * 100.0,
             "copies": copies, "command": Value::Null, "sent": true, "spooler": printed, "color": color,
         }));
     }
-    if cfg!(windows) && !skip_native && send && !dry && output.is_none() && printer_settings(p)?.is_some() {
+    if native && printer_settings(p)?.is_some() {
         return Err(other("the selected color profile or page text requires PDF printing. Save as PDF, or clear Print Settings to use PDF printing."));
     }
     let pdf = print_pdf(&page);
@@ -642,7 +818,7 @@ fn render_and_spool(doc: &Document, p: &Value, cmd: &str, spooler: Option<&Spool
         sent = true;
     }
     Ok(
-        json!({"pdf": pdf_path, "bytes": pdf_len, "paper": [pw, ph], "imageRect": [x, y, w, h], "emulsionDown": emulsion_down, "scale": scale * 100.0, "copies": copies, "command": command, "sent": sent, "spooler": spool, "backend": backend, "color": color}),
+        json!({"pdf": pdf_path, "bytes": pdf_len, "paper": [pw, ph], "imageRect": [x, y, w, h], "emulsionDown": emulsion_down, "bleed": marks.bleed / 72.0, "scale": scale * 100.0, "copies": copies, "command": command, "sent": sent, "spooler": spool, "backend": backend, "color": color}),
     )
 }
 
@@ -695,6 +871,9 @@ fn remember_print(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) {
         o.remove("dryRun");
         // Output and dry-run choices are not remembered, so a send override must not survive them.
         o.remove("send");
+        // The driver's printable area belongs to the printer and paper chosen now: the dialog
+        // reads it again, and a later print to PDF or another printer must not inherit it.
+        o.remove("printable");
     }
     let kept = remembered.clone();
     s.prefs.edit(|prefs| {
@@ -964,12 +1143,31 @@ fn package(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     for (_, _, l) in doc.walk() {
         let LayerContent::Smart(so) = &l.content else { continue };
         let SmartSource::Linked { path } = &so.source else { continue };
+        if missing.contains(path) {
+            continue;
+        }
         let target = match copied.iter().find(|(src, _)| src == path) {
             Some((_, t)) => t.clone(),
             None => {
-                let mut fname = file_name(path);
-                if copied.iter().any(|(_, t)| file_name(t) == fname) {
-                    fname = format!("{}-{}", copied.len(), fname);
+                // A name no earlier copy has, ignoring case (macOS and Windows folders do): a
+                // renamed copy can't take the name of another link either. A file already in
+                // Links (an earlier package into the same folder) is never overwritten.
+                let base = file_name(path);
+                let taken = |n: &str| {
+                    copied.iter().any(|(_, t)| file_name(t).to_lowercase() == n.to_lowercase())
+                        || std::path::Path::new(&join(&links_dir, n)).exists()
+                        || std::fs::read_dir(&links_dir)
+                            .ok()
+                            .into_iter()
+                            .flatten()
+                            .flatten()
+                            .any(|entry| entry.file_name().to_string_lossy().to_lowercase() == n.to_lowercase())
+                };
+                let mut fname = base.clone();
+                let mut k = copied.len();
+                while taken(&fname) {
+                    fname = format!("{k}-{base}");
+                    k += 1;
                 }
                 let t = join(&links_dir, &fname);
                 // A path that is not followed is packaged as missing, like a file that is gone.
@@ -977,13 +1175,14 @@ fn package(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
                     missing.push(path.clone());
                     continue;
                 };
-                match read_file(&file.to_string_lossy()) {
-                    Ok(bytes) => {
+                // Only a file PhotoCraft can place is copied; anything else is packaged as missing.
+                match read_file(&file.to_string_lossy()).ok().filter(|bytes| crate::file_cmds::import(&fname, bytes).is_ok()) {
+                    Some(bytes) => {
                         write_file(&t, &bytes)?;
                         copied.push((path.clone(), t.clone()));
                         t
                     }
-                    Err(_) => {
+                    None => {
                         missing.push(path.clone());
                         continue;
                     }
@@ -1098,7 +1297,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             CommandSpec { id: $id, label: $label, menu: $menu, shortcut: $sc, params: $params, enabled: $enabled, journal: true, run: $run }
         };
     }
-    const PRINT_PARAMS: &str = r##"{"printerSettings":hex? (Windows driver settings),"printer":name? (default printer),"copies":1..999=1,"paper":"letter|legal|tabloid|a3|a4|a5|4x6|5x7"|[w,h] pt="letter","orientation":"portrait|landscape"="portrait","center":bool=true,"top":in?,"left":in?,"scale":%=100,"scaleToFit":bool=false,"colorHandling":"printerManages|photocraftManages|noColorManagement"="printerManages","printerProfile":profile? (photocraftManages),"intent":"perceptual|relative|saturation|absolute"="relative","bpc":bool=true,"cornerCropMarks":bool,"centerCropMarks":bool,"registrationMarks":bool,"description":bool,"labels":bool,"emulsionDown":bool=false (mirror the page left to right, for sublimation and other transfer printing),"output":pdf path? (print to PDF; then "send" defaults to false),"send":bool?,"printServer":"host[:port]|socket path"? (default: the system's CUPS; a named server is always printed to over IPP),"dryRun":bool=false (render the PDF, report the backend command, don't spool; write a PDF only at an explicit output path)} → {pdf:path|null (null without explicit output), imageRect, command:diagnostic array|null, sent, spooler:where the job went|null, backend:"lp|windows|ipp|portal"|null}"##;
+    const PRINT_PARAMS: &str = r##"{"printerSettings":hex? (Windows driver settings),"printer":name? (default printer),"copies":1..999=1,"paper":"letter|legal|tabloid|a3|a4|a5|4x6|5x7"|[w,h] pt="letter","orientation":"portrait|landscape"="portrait","center":bool=true,"top":in?,"left":in?,"scale":%=100,"scaleToFit":bool=false,"printable":[x,y,w,h] pt? (the driver's printable area from the paper's top-left, as file.print.page reports it; Scale to Fit Media fits it, else the paper minus 18 pt; a native Windows print reads the driver's own instead),"colorHandling":"printerManages|photocraftManages|noColorManagement"="printerManages","printerProfile":profile? (photocraftManages),"intent":"perceptual|relative|saturation|absolute"="relative","bpc":bool=true,"cornerCropMarks":bool,"centerCropMarks":bool,"registrationMarks":bool,"bleed":in=0 (Functions › Bleed: corner crop marks this far inside the image edge, on the trim line),"description":bool,"labels":bool,"emulsionDown":bool=false (mirror the page left to right, for sublimation and other transfer printing),"output":pdf path? (print to PDF; then "send" defaults to false),"send":bool?,"printServer":"host[:port]|socket path"? (default: the system's CUPS; a named server is always printed to over IPP),"dryRun":bool=false (render the PDF, report the backend command, don't spool; write a PDF only at an explicit output path)} → {pdf:path|null (null without explicit output), imageRect, command:diagnostic array|null, sent, spooler:where the job went|null, backend:"lp|windows|ipp|portal"|null}"##;
 
     vec![
         spec!("file.print", "Print…", &["File"], Some("Cmd+P"), PRINT_PARAMS, native_doc, print),
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/print_cmds/tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/print_cmds/tests.rs
index 38567ffb6d..c4c211d16e 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/print_cmds/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/print_cmds/tests.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,68 @@
 use super::*;
 use photocraft_doc::{Knot, NamedPath, Path, Subpath};
 
+/// Compares signed-offset layout with actual PDF image operators and whole-page mirroring
+/// across scale/fit/orientation cases, while checking the source document stays unchanged.
+#[test]
+fn negative_print_positions_match_pdf_without_changing_the_document() {
+    let dir = tmp("negative-position");
+    for (scale, fit, landscape, mirrored) in
+        [(100.0, false, false, false), (175.0, false, true, false), (50.0, true, false, false), (100.0, false, false, true)]
+    {
+        let mut s = session("rgb", 8);
+        let before = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+        let revision = s.active().unwrap().revision;
+        let path = format!("{dir}/{scale}-{fit}-{landscape}-{mirrored}.pdf");
+        let p = json!({"paper": "a4", "center": false, "left": -0.5, "top": -0.25,
+            "scale": scale, "scaleToFit": fit, "orientation": if landscape {"landscape"} else {"portrait"},
+            "emulsionDown": mirrored, "output": path, "send": false, "dryRun": true});
+        let preview = layout(&before, &p, "file.print").unwrap();
+        let (x, y, w, h) = preview.rect;
+        assert_eq!(x, -36.0);
+        assert!((preview.paper.1 - y - h + 18.0).abs() < 1e-9);
+        assert!((w / h - 2.0).abs() < 1e-9);
+        if !fit {
+            assert!((w - 300.0 * scale / 100.0).abs() < 1e-9);
+        } else {
+            assert!((w - (preview.paper.0 - 36.0)).abs() < 1e-9);
+        }
+        let result = s.execute("file.print", p).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result["sent"], false);
+        assert_eq!(result["imageRect"], json!([x, y, w, h]));
+        let pdf = std::fs::read(path).unwrap();
+        let content = pdf_content(&pdf);
+        assert!(content.contains(&format!("q {w:.3} 0 0 {h:.3} {x:.3} {y:.3} cm /Im0 Do Q")));
+        assert_eq!(content.contains(&format!("q -1 0 0 1 {:.2} 0 cm", preview.paper.0)), mirrored);
+        let after = s.active().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(after.revision, revision);
+        assert_eq!(after.doc.size, before.size);
+        assert_eq!(after.doc.resolution_dpi, before.resolution_dpi);
+        assert_eq!(photocraft_compose::thumbnail(&before, 32).pixels, photocraft_compose::thumbnail(&after.doc, 32).pixels);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Checks inclusive signed inch limits, malformed manual offsets and overflow-prone scale
+/// or paper inputs at the shared layout boundary, without invoking a printer.
+#[test]
+fn print_position_and_geometry_bounds_reject_malformed_inputs() {
+    let s = session("rgb", 8);
+    let doc = &s.active().unwrap().doc;
+    for key in ["top", "left"] {
+        for value in [json!(-10000.0), json!(10000.0), json!(-0.125)] {
+            let mut p = json!({"center": false});
+            p[key] = value;
+            assert!(layout(doc, &p, "file.print").is_ok());
+        }
+        for value in [json!(1e308), json!(-10001.0), json!("NaN"), Value::Null] {
+            let mut p = json!({"center": false});
+            p[key] = value;
+            assert!(layout(doc, &p, "file.print").is_err());
+        }
+    }
+    assert!(layout(doc, &json!({"scale": 1e308}), "file.print").is_err());
+    assert!(layout(doc, &json!({"paper": [1e308, 792]}), "file.print").is_err());
+}
+
 fn tmp(name: &str) -> String {
     let d = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("photocraft-print-{}-{name}", std::process::id()));
     let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&d);
@@ -401,6 +463,72 @@ fn package_copies_links_and_relinks() {
     );
 }
 
+/// Links whose names collide get distinct copies, even when a renamed copy's name is already
+/// another link's name (`b/2-x.png` copied before the third `x.png` would be renamed to it).
+#[test]
+fn package_never_overwrites_one_link_copy_with_another() {
+    let dir = tmp("package-collide");
+    let mut s = session("rgb", 8);
+    let mut links = Vec::new();
+    for (sub, name, colour) in [("a", "x.png", "#ff0000"), ("b", "2-x.png", "#00ff00"), ("c", "x.png", "#0000ff")] {
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(format!("{dir}/{sub}")).unwrap();
+        let link = format!("{dir}/{sub}/{name}");
+        let mut src = Session::new();
+        src.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 4, "height": 4, "background": colour})).unwrap();
+        crate::file_cmds::save_doc(&src.active().unwrap().doc, &link, None).unwrap();
+        s.execute("file.placeLinked", json!({"path": link})).unwrap();
+        links.push(std::fs::read(&link).unwrap());
+    }
+    let r = s.execute("file.package", json!({"dir": format!("{dir}/pkg")})).unwrap();
+    let copies: Vec<&str> = r["links"].as_array().unwrap().iter().map(|v| v.as_str().unwrap()).collect();
+    assert_eq!(copies.len(), 3);
+    let unique: std::collections::HashSet<&&str> = copies.iter().collect();
+    assert_eq!(unique.len(), 3, "{copies:?}");
+    for (copy, bytes) in copies.iter().zip(&links) {
+        assert_eq!(&std::fs::read(copy).unwrap(), bytes, "{copy}");
+    }
+    let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+}
+
+/// A second package into the same folder copies its links beside the first one's, never over them.
+#[test]
+fn package_keeps_files_already_in_links() {
+    let dir = tmp("package-again");
+    let link = format!("{dir}/art.png");
+    let mut src = Session::new();
+    src.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 4, "height": 4, "background": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+    crate::file_cmds::save_doc(&src.active().unwrap().doc, &link, None).unwrap();
+    let mut s = session("rgb", 8);
+    s.execute("file.placeLinked", json!({"path": link})).unwrap();
+    let first = s.execute("file.package", json!({"dir": format!("{dir}/pkg")})).unwrap();
+    let first = first["links"][0].as_str().unwrap().to_string();
+    let kept = std::fs::read(&first).unwrap();
+    let second = s.execute("file.package", json!({"dir": format!("{dir}/pkg")})).unwrap();
+    let second = second["links"][0].as_str().unwrap();
+    assert_ne!(second, first);
+    assert!(second.ends_with("Links/0-art.png"), "{second}");
+    assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&first).unwrap(), kept);
+    assert_eq!(std::fs::read(second).unwrap(), kept);
+    let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+}
+
+/// A missing link placed twice is reported once.
+#[test]
+fn package_lists_a_missing_link_once() {
+    let dir = tmp("package-missing-once");
+    let link = format!("{dir}/gone.png");
+    let mut src = Session::new();
+    src.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 4, "height": 4})).unwrap();
+    crate::file_cmds::save_doc(&src.active().unwrap().doc, &link, None).unwrap();
+    let mut s = session("rgb", 8);
+    s.execute("file.placeLinked", json!({"path": link})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("file.placeLinked", json!({"path": link})).unwrap();
+    std::fs::remove_file(&link).unwrap();
+    let r = s.execute("file.package", json!({"dir": format!("{dir}/pkg")})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r["missing"], json!([link]));
+    let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn paths_export_as_illustrator_postscript() {
     let mut s = session("rgb", 8);
@@ -869,3 +997,232 @@ fn windows_pdf_component_is_detected_by_loading_its_dll() {
 fn the_windows_pdf_check_is_a_no_op_elsewhere() {
     assert!(require_windows_pdf().is_ok());
 }
+
+/// A 500 × 1000 pt document (72 ppi) on A3 (841.89 × 1190.55 pt): its height sets the fit.
+fn a3_layout(extra: Value) -> Result<PrintLayout> {
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 500, "height": 1000, "resolution": 72})).unwrap();
+    let mut p = json!({"paper": "a3", "scaleToFit": true});
+    if let (Some(p), Some(extra)) = (p.as_object_mut(), extra.as_object()) {
+        p.extend(extra.clone());
+    }
+    layout(&s.active().unwrap().doc, &p, "file.print")
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn scale_to_fit_fills_a_borderless_printable_area() {
+    let (pw, ph) = (841.89, 1190.55);
+    // Without a printable area, the fixed 18 pt margin stays (CUPS, PDF).
+    let l = a3_layout(json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert!((l.scale - (ph - 36.0) / 1000.0).abs() < 1e-9, "{l:?}");
+    // Borderless: the driver reports the whole sheet (#7782: a Canon PRO-1000 reports its A3 as
+    // 842.29 × 1191.14 pt), and the image reaches the paper's edges.
+    let l = a3_layout(json!({"printable": [0.0, 0.0, 842.29, 1191.14]})).unwrap();
+    assert!((l.scale - ph / 1000.0).abs() < 1e-9, "{l:?}");
+    let (x, y, w, h) = l.rect;
+    assert!(y.abs() < 1e-9 && (h - ph).abs() < 1e-9 && (x - (pw - w) / 2.0).abs() < 1e-9, "{l:?}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn scale_to_fit_stays_inside_an_uneven_printable_area() {
+    let (pw, ph) = (841.89, 1190.55);
+    // 17 pt left and right, 14 pt at the top, 48 pt at the bottom (from the top-left, as
+    // `file.print.page` reports it). The layout's rect has its origin at the bottom-left.
+    let l = a3_layout(json!({"printable": [17.0, 14.0, pw - 34.0, ph - 62.0]})).unwrap();
+    assert!((l.scale - (ph - 62.0) / 1000.0).abs() < 1e-9, "{l:?}");
+    let (x, y, w, h) = l.rect;
+    assert!((y - 48.0).abs() < 1e-9 && (y + h - (ph - 14.0)).abs() < 1e-9, "fills the printable height: {l:?}");
+    assert!((x - (pw - w) / 2.0).abs() < 1e-9, "centred between equal side margins: {l:?}");
+    // Crop and registration marks keep their 36 pt inset, inside the printable area.
+    let l = a3_layout(json!({"printable": [17.0, 14.0, pw - 34.0, ph - 62.0], "cornerCropMarks": true})).unwrap();
+    assert!((l.scale - (ph - 62.0 - 72.0) / 1000.0).abs() < 1e-9, "{l:?}");
+    assert!((l.rect.1 - 84.0).abs() < 1e-9, "{l:?}");
+    // Scale to fit off: the printable area changes nothing.
+    let l = a3_layout(json!({"printable": [17.0, 14.0, pw - 34.0, ph - 62.0], "scaleToFit": false})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(l, a3_layout(json!({"scaleToFit": false})).unwrap());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_bad_printable_area_is_refused() {
+    let portrait = json!([0.0, 0.0, 842.29, 1191.14]);
+    for bad in [
+        json!([0, 0, 100]),
+        json!([0, 0, 0, 100]),
+        json!([0, 0, 100, -5]),
+        json!("whole"),
+        json!([2000, 0, 100, 100]),
+        json!([0, "oops", 0, 842.29, 1191.14]),
+        json!([0, 0, 842.29, null]),
+    ] {
+        assert!(a3_layout(json!({ "printable": bad })).is_err(), "{bad}");
+    }
+    // A portrait sheet's area on a landscape layout is another paper, not a rounding error.
+    assert!(a3_layout(json!({"printable": portrait, "orientation": "landscape"})).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn emulsion_down_fits_the_mirrored_printable_area() {
+    let (pw, ph) = (841.89, 1190.55);
+    // 10 pt on the left, 40 pt on the right of the sheet as the driver sees it. The page is
+    // mirrored as it prints, so the image box (before mirroring) must fit the mirror image.
+    // A wide image, so the printable width sets the fit.
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 1000, "height": 500, "resolution": 72})).unwrap();
+    let p = json!({"paper": "a3", "scaleToFit": true, "printable": [10.0, 0.0, pw - 50.0, ph], "emulsionDown": true});
+    let l = layout(&s.active().unwrap().doc, &p, "file.print").unwrap();
+    let (x, _, w, _) = l.rect;
+    let printed = (pw - x - w, pw - x);
+    assert!(printed.0 >= 10.0 - 1e-9 && printed.1 <= pw - 40.0 + 1e-9, "printed at {printed:?}: {l:?}");
+}
+
+/// A native print fits only the driver's area: one the caller passed is dropped when the
+/// driver can't give one for this paper (no such paper here, or no driver at all).
+#[test]
+fn a_native_print_drops_a_printable_area_the_driver_did_not_give() {
+    let p = with_driver_printable(&json!({"paper": [500.0, 500.0], "printable": [0.0, 0.0, 100.0, 100.0], "scaleToFit": true}));
+    assert!(p.get("printable").is_none(), "{p}");
+    assert_eq!(p["paper"], json!([500.0, 500.0]));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_print_uses_the_printable_area_but_does_not_remember_it() {
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 500, "height": 1000, "resolution": 72})).unwrap();
+    let r = s.execute("file.print", json!({"paper": "a3", "scaleToFit": true, "printable": [0.0, 0.0, 842.29, 1191.14], "dryRun": true})).unwrap();
+    assert!((r["scale"].as_f64().unwrap() - 119.055).abs() < 1e-6, "{r}");
+    // The next print (Print One Copy, or the dialog on another printer or to PDF) reads its own.
+    let last = last_print(&s).unwrap();
+    assert!(last.get("printable").is_none() && last["scaleToFit"] == true, "{last}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_rejected_printable_area_fails_the_print_and_changes_nothing() {
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 500, "height": 1000, "resolution": 72})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("file.print", json!({"paper": "a3", "scale": 50, "dryRun": true})).unwrap();
+    let before = (last_print(&s), s.prefs.get().dialogs.get(REMEMBERED).cloned(), s.active().unwrap().doc.clone());
+    for printable in [json!([2000, 0, 100, 100]), json!([0, "oops", 0, 842.29, 1191.14])] {
+        let r = s.execute("file.print", json!({"paper": "a3", "scaleToFit": true, "printable": printable, "dryRun": true}));
+        assert!(r.is_err(), "{printable}: {r:?}");
+    }
+    assert!(before == (last_print(&s), s.prefs.get().dialogs.get(REMEMBERED).cloned(), s.active().unwrap().doc.clone()));
+    // A print at a manual scale doesn't read the area, so a stale one doesn't fail it.
+    let r = s.execute("file.print", json!({"paper": "a3", "scale": 50, "printable": [0.0, 0.0, 842.29, 1191.14], "orientation": "landscape", "dryRun": true}));
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{r:?}");
+    // Marks need room only to fit: a small manual scale in a 60 pt-wide area prints.
+    let r = s.execute("file.print", json!({"paper": "a3", "scale": 5, "printable": [0, 0, 60, 1191.14], "cornerCropMarks": true, "dryRun": true}));
+    assert!(r.is_ok(), "{r:?}");
+    let r = s.execute("file.print", json!({"paper": "a3", "scaleToFit": true, "printable": [0, 0, 60, 1191.14], "cornerCropMarks": true, "dryRun": true}));
+    assert!(r.is_err(), "{r:?}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn package_of_a_document_named_after_a_windows_device_is_written() {
+    // On Windows a folder named `nul` is the NUL device: the save failed with "path not found".
+    let dir = tmp("package-device-name");
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8, "name": "nul.psd"})).unwrap();
+    let r = s.execute("file.package", json!({"dir": format!("{dir}/pkg")})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r["folder"].as_str().unwrap(), format!("{dir}/pkg/nul_"));
+    let document = r["document"].as_str().unwrap();
+    assert!(document.ends_with("pkg/nul_/nul_.pcraft"), "{document}");
+    assert!(std::path::Path::new(document).is_file());
+}
+
+/// A dry-run print to `name`.pdf with `extra` params; returns the result and the PDF content stream.
+fn print_with(s: &mut Session, dir: &str, name: &str, extra: Value) -> (Value, Vec<u8>) {
+    let mut p = json!({"output": format!("{dir}/{name}.pdf"), "dryRun": true, "paper": "a4", "center": false, "left": 1.0, "top": 1.0});
+    for (k, v) in extra.as_object().unwrap() {
+        p[k] = v.clone();
+    }
+    let r = s.execute("file.print", p).unwrap();
+    let pdf = std::fs::read(r["pdf"].as_str().unwrap()).unwrap();
+    (r, pdf)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn zero_bleed_prints_exactly_as_before() {
+    let mut s = session("rgb", 8);
+    let dir = tmp("bleed-zero");
+    let (plain, a) = print_with(&mut s, &dir, "plain", json!({"cornerCropMarks": true}));
+    let (zero, b) = print_with(&mut s, &dir, "zero", json!({"cornerCropMarks": true, "bleed": 0.0}));
+    assert_eq!(a, b, "bleed 0 must not change a single byte");
+    assert_eq!(plain["bleed"], 0.0);
+    assert_eq!(zero["bleed"], 0.0);
+    let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn bleed_puts_corner_crop_marks_on_the_trim_line_outside_the_image() {
+    let mut s = session("rgb", 8);
+    let dir = tmp("bleed");
+    let (r, pdf) = print_with(&mut s, &dir, "bleed", json!({"cornerCropMarks": true, "centerCropMarks": true, "bleed": 0.125}));
+    assert_eq!(r["bleed"], 0.125);
+    let rect: Vec<f64> = r["imageRect"].as_array().unwrap().iter().map(|v| v.as_f64().unwrap()).collect();
+    let (x, y, w, h) = (rect[0], rect[1], rect[2], rect[3]);
+    let c = pdf_content(&pdf);
+    // Bottom-left corner (PDF is bottom-up): the horizontal mark runs left from 6 pt outside the
+    // image, 9 pt (0.125 in) above the image's bottom edge; the vertical one 9 pt right of its left edge.
+    assert!(c.contains(&format!("{:.2} {:.2} m {:.2} {:.2} l S", x - 6.0, y + 9.0, x - 24.0, y + 9.0)), "{c}");
+    assert!(c.contains(&format!("{:.2} {:.2} m {:.2} {:.2} l S", x + 9.0, y - 6.0, x + 9.0, y - 24.0)), "{c}");
+    // Top-right corner, mirrored.
+    assert!(c.contains(&format!("{:.2} {:.2} m {:.2} {:.2} l S", x + w + 6.0, y + h - 9.0, x + w + 24.0, y + h - 9.0)), "{c}");
+    assert!(c.contains(&format!("{:.2} {:.2} m {:.2} {:.2} l S", x + w - 9.0, y + h + 6.0, x + w - 9.0, y + h + 24.0)), "{c}");
+    // Centre crop marks are on the midlines, which a symmetric bleed does not move.
+    assert!(c.contains(&format!("{:.2} {:.2} m {:.2} {:.2} l S", x + w / 2.0, y - 6.0, x + w / 2.0, y - 24.0)), "{c}");
+    // Print One Copy repeats the last print, bleed included.
+    let again = s.execute("file.printOneCopy", json!({"output": format!("{dir}/again.pdf"), "dryRun": true})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(again["bleed"], 0.125);
+    // The image box itself is unchanged: bleed moves marks, not pixels.
+    let (plain, _) = print_with(&mut s, &dir, "plain", json!({"cornerCropMarks": true}));
+    assert_eq!(plain["imageRect"], r["imageRect"]);
+    let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn bleed_without_corner_crop_marks_changes_nothing() {
+    let mut s = session("rgb", 8);
+    let dir = tmp("bleed-nomarks");
+    let (_, a) = print_with(&mut s, &dir, "plain", json!({"registrationMarks": true}));
+    let (r, b) = print_with(&mut s, &dir, "bleed", json!({"registrationMarks": true, "bleed": 0.1}));
+    assert_eq!(a, b);
+    assert_eq!(r["bleed"], 0.0);
+    let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn bad_bleed_is_an_error_not_a_panic() {
+    let mut s = session("rgb", 8);
+    // The test document prints 300 × 150 pt, so 1.05 in (75.6 pt) leaves no trim box.
+    for bleed in [json!(-0.1), json!("0.1"), json!(true), json!([0.1]), json!(1.05), json!(1e308)] {
+        let r = s.execute("file.print", json!({"dryRun": true, "send": false, "output": "", "cornerCropMarks": true, "bleed": bleed}));
+        assert!(matches!(r, Err(EngineError::BadParams { .. })), "bleed {bleed}: {r:?}");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn print_strings_keep_winansi_accents_and_punctuation() {
+    assert_eq!(pdf_string("Café – résumé"), r"(Caf\351 \226 r\351sum\351)");
+    assert_eq!(pdf_string("€ ‘quote’ “double” • Œœ Šš Žž Ÿ"), r"(\200 \221quote\222 \223double\224 \225 \214\234 \212\232 \216\236 \237)");
+    assert_eq!(pdf_string("é7"), r"(\3517)", "octal escapes must have three digits before a digit");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn print_strings_keep_pdf_delimiters_safe_and_fallback_bounded() {
+    assert_eq!(pdf_string(r"a(b)\c"), r"(a\(b\)\\c)");
+    assert_eq!(pdf_string("\n\r\t\0\u{7f}\u{81}中😀"), "(????????)");
+    assert_eq!(pdf_string(""), "()");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn printed_pdf_uses_winansi_for_labels_and_descriptions() {
+    let mut page = page_of(3, vec![255; 6], false);
+    page.label = Some("Café – résumé.psd".into());
+    page.description = Some("Price: €20 (proof)".into());
+    let pdf = print_pdf(&page);
+    assert!(String::from_utf8_lossy(&pdf).contains("/Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding"));
+    let content = pdf_content(&pdf);
+    assert!(content.contains(r"(Caf\351 \226 r\351sum\351.psd) Tj"), "{content}");
+    assert!(content.contains(r"(Price: \20020 \(proof\)) Tj"), "{content}");
+    assert!(content.is_ascii(), "encoded bytes are escaped, never UTF-8 text operands");
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/print_cmds/windows_marks.rs b/crates/engine/src/print_cmds/windows_marks.rs
index 857e6335a9..b78d4234b9 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/print_cmds/windows_marks.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/print_cmds/windows_marks.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 //! App-owned print-mark composition in points from the sheet's top-left.
-use super::Marks;
+use super::{MARK_GAP, MARK_LEN, Marks, corner_crop_segments};
 use craft_print::rgb::{Primitive, Shape};
 
 pub(super) fn primitives(marks: Marks, (x, y, w, h): (f64, f64, f64, f64)) -> Vec<Primitive> {
@@ -7,11 +7,10 @@ pub(super) fn primitives(marks: Marks, (x, y, w, h): (f64, f64, f64, f64)) -> Ve
     let line = |out: &mut Vec<Primitive>, x0, y0, x1, y1| {
         out.push(Primitive { shape: Shape::Line { from: (x0, y0), to: (x1, y1) }, width: 0.3, color: [0; 3] });
     };
-    let (gap, len) = (6.0, 18.0);
+    let (gap, len) = (MARK_GAP, MARK_LEN);
     if marks.corner_crop {
-        for (cx, cy, dx, dy) in [(x, y, -1.0, -1.0), (x + w, y, 1.0, -1.0), (x, y + h, -1.0, 1.0), (x + w, y + h, 1.0, 1.0)] {
-            line(&mut out, cx + dx * gap, cy, cx + dx * (gap + len), cy);
-            line(&mut out, cx, cy + dy * gap, cx, cy + dy * (gap + len));
+        for ((x0, y0), (x1, y1)) in corner_crop_segments(marks.bleed, (x, y, w, h)) {
+            line(&mut out, x0, y0, x1, y1);
         }
     }
     if marks.center_crop {
@@ -37,11 +36,24 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     #[test]
     fn marks_surround_the_final_image_box_in_physical_points() {
-        let out = primitives(Marks { corner_crop: true, center_crop: true, registration: true }, (100.0, 200.0, 144.0, 72.0));
+        let out = primitives(Marks { corner_crop: true, center_crop: true, registration: true, bleed: 0.0 }, (100.0, 200.0, 144.0, 72.0));
         assert_eq!(out.len(), 24);
         assert_eq!(out[0].shape, Shape::Line { from: (94.0, 200.0), to: (76.0, 200.0) });
         assert_eq!(out[12].shape, Shape::Ellipse { bounds: (167.0, 180.0, 10.0, 10.0) });
         assert!(out.iter().all(|p| p.width == 0.3 && p.color == [0; 3]));
         assert!(primitives(Marks::default(), (0.0, 0.0, 10.0, 10.0)).is_empty());
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn bleed_moves_corner_crop_marks_onto_the_trim_line_in_top_down_coordinates() {
+        let rect = (100.0, 200.0, 144.0, 72.0);
+        let out = primitives(Marks { corner_crop: true, bleed: 9.0, ..Marks::default() }, rect);
+        assert_eq!(out.len(), 8);
+        // Top-left corner: still outside the image, but on the trim line 9 pt in (y down here).
+        assert_eq!(out[0].shape, Shape::Line { from: (94.0, 209.0), to: (76.0, 209.0) });
+        assert_eq!(out[1].shape, Shape::Line { from: (109.0, 194.0), to: (109.0, 176.0) });
+        // Bottom-right corner, mirrored.
+        assert_eq!(out[6].shape, Shape::Line { from: (250.0, 263.0), to: (268.0, 263.0) });
+        assert_eq!(out[7].shape, Shape::Line { from: (235.0, 278.0), to: (235.0, 296.0) });
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/redeye_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/redeye_cmds.rs
index f6a71da407..eefd1a37ba 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/redeye_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/redeye_cmds.rs
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
         label: "Red Eye",
         menu: &[],
         shortcut: None,
-        params: r#"{"x":px, "y":px} | {"points":[[x,y],…] (at most 64)},"pupilSize":1..100=50,"darken":0..100=50,"layer":id?=active,"target":"pixels"|"mask"|"quickMask"|{"channel":i} → {"damage":[x,y,w,h], "pixels":n}"#,
+        params: r#"{"x":px, "y":px} | {"points":[[x,y],…] (at most 64)},"pupilSize":1..100=50,"darken":0..100=50,"layer":id?=active,"target":"pixels"|"mask"|"filterMask"|"quickMask"|{"channel":i} → {"damage":[x,y,w,h], "pixels":n}"#,
         enabled,
         run: red_eye,
         journal: true,
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/retouch_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/retouch_cmds.rs
index 005377328f..063eca3363 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/retouch_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/retouch_cmds.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 //! Retouching tools as commands: Clone Stamp, Pattern Stamp, Healing Brush, Spot Healing Brush,
-//! Patch, Content-Aware Move, Remove, Dodge, Burn, Sponge, Blur, Sharpen, Smudge and History Brush.
+//! Patch, Content-Aware Move, Remove, Dodge, Burn, Sponge, Blur, Sharpen, Smudge, History Brush and
+//! Art History Brush.
 //!
 //! Every command takes a Photoshop-style brush (`points`, `size`, `hardness`, `opacity`, `flow`,
 //! `spacing`, `layer`), respects the active selection as a mask and the layer's transparency lock, and
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ use serde_json::{Value, json};
 use crate::commands::{CommandSpec, blend_from_str};
 use crate::{EngineError, Result, Session};
 
+mod art_history;
 mod content_aware_move;
 mod patch;
 mod pattern_stamp;
@@ -552,7 +554,7 @@ impl LiveRetouch {
         let bounds = self.bounds();
         let (surf, _) = crate::channel_cmds::target_surface(std::sync::Arc::make_mut(&mut self.doc), self.id, &self.params)?;
         let surface = surf.clone();
-        Ok(crate::brush_cmds::LiveCommit { cmd: self.cmd, base: self.base, params: self.params, seed: None, points: self.points, surface, bounds })
+        Ok(crate::brush_cmds::LiveCommit { mixer: None, cmd: self.cmd, base: self.base, params: self.params, seed: None, points: self.points, surface, bounds })
     }
 
     /// Render more points; returns the rectangle that changed. Each changed area is redrawn from
@@ -981,7 +983,7 @@ fn tone_range(p: &Value, cmd: &str) -> Result<ToneRange> {
 
 /// A sequential-dab tool's settings (Dodge, Burn, Sponge, Blur, Sharpen, Smudge), parsed once and
 /// turned into its per-dab effect, for the commit and the live preview alike.
-#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
 enum DabTool {
     Tone { burn: bool, range: ToneRange, exposure: f32, protect: bool },
     Sponge { saturate: bool, vibrance: bool },
@@ -992,6 +994,37 @@ enum DabTool {
 /// One dab's edit of the working copy.
 pub(crate) type DabEffect = Box<dyn FnMut(&mut Region, &Footprint)>;
 
+/// Pixels an effect reads beyond the dab it writes. Smudge's pickup is a fixed-size square,
+/// independent of pressure, roundness and the dab's current angle.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+enum DabNeighborhood {
+    Halo(i32),
+    Smudge(i32),
+}
+
+impl DabNeighborhood {
+    fn halo(self) -> i32 {
+        match self {
+            Self::Halo(radius) | Self::Smudge(radius) => radius,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn read_rect(self, rect: Rect, dab: &photocraft_paint::Dab) -> Rect {
+        match self {
+            Self::Halo(radius) => rect.inflate(radius),
+            Self::Smudge(radius) => {
+                let (x, y) = (dab.center.x.floor() as i32, dab.center.y.floor() as i32);
+                rect.union(&Rect::new(
+                    x.saturating_sub(radius),
+                    y.saturating_sub(radius),
+                    x.saturating_add(radius).saturating_add(1),
+                    y.saturating_add(radius).saturating_add(1),
+                ))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl DabTool {
     /// The tool for `cmd` and its history label.
     fn parse(s: &Session, cmd: &str, p: &Value, stroke: &Stroke) -> Result<(Self, &'static str)> {
@@ -1033,10 +1066,11 @@ impl DabTool {
     }
 
     /// How far around each dab the effect reads (Blur and Sharpen read a neighbourhood).
-    fn halo(&self) -> i32 {
+    fn neighborhood(&self) -> DabNeighborhood {
         match self {
-            Self::Focus { sigma, .. } => (sigma * 3.0).ceil() as i32 + 1,
-            _ => 0,
+            Self::Focus { sigma, .. } => DabNeighborhood::Halo((sigma * 3.0).ceil() as i32 + 1),
+            Self::Smudge { max_size, .. } => DabNeighborhood::Smudge(Smudge::sampling_radius(*max_size)),
+            _ => DabNeighborhood::Halo(0),
         }
     }
 
@@ -1096,67 +1130,110 @@ fn dab_cmd(s: &mut Session, p: &Value, cmd: &str) -> Result<Value> {
     let (stroke, id) = parse_brush(s, p, cmd)?;
     let (tool, label) = DabTool::parse(s, cmd, p, &stroke)?;
     let all = matches!(tool, DabTool::Focus { .. } | DabTool::Smudge { .. }) && sample_all_layers(p);
+    // The live stroke the canvas already drew for exactly this commit (`LiveDab::into_commit`):
+    // take its pixels instead of running every dab again (the hitch on release).
+    let live = s.live_commit.take().filter(|l| l.matches(s, cmd, p, &stroke.points));
+    let from_live = live.is_some();
     let dmg = run_stroke(s, label, id, p, |pre, surf, sel, lock| {
+        if let Some(l) = live {
+            *surf = l.surface;
+            return Ok(l.bounds);
+        }
         let fmt = surf.format();
         let mut effect = tool.effect(fmt, stroke.brush.spacing);
         let mut sampler = all.then(|| AllLayers::new(pre, fmt));
-        Ok(apply_dab_stroke(surf, &stroke, sel, lock, tool.halo(), |work, fp| match &mut sampler {
+        Ok(apply_dab_stroke(surf, &stroke, sel, lock, tool.neighborhood().halo(), |work, fp| match &mut sampler {
             Some(all) => all.dab(work, fp, |w, f| effect(w, f)),
             None => effect(work, fp),
         }))
     })?;
-    Ok(json!({ "damage": damage_json(dmg) }))
+    let mut r = json!({ "damage": damage_json(dmg) });
+    if from_live {
+        r["fromLive"] = json!(true);
+    }
+    Ok(r)
 }
 
-/// The working pixels of a [`LiveDab`]: a copy of the target in its own depth, or (`precise`)
-/// float pixels copied from it a tile at a time as dabs first reach them, so only the stroke's
-/// area is ever copied.
-struct WorkPixels {
-    surf: Surface,
-    /// Tiles (`TILE` px) copied from the target so far; `None` when `surf` is a full copy.
-    filled: Option<std::collections::HashSet<(i32, i32)>>,
+/// Side of the tiles a live sequential-dab stroke keeps its working pixels in ([`WorkTiles`]).
+const WORK_TILE: i32 = 128;
+
+/// The working copy of a live sequential-dab stroke: the target's native channels as `f32`, in
+/// tiles copied from the pre-stroke surface the first time a dab writes to them. Unlike a
+/// `Surface`, it isn't rounded to the document's depth between dabs, so each dab sees what the
+/// commit's working copy (`apply_dab_stroke`) holds and the preview is the commit's pixels.
+struct WorkTiles {
+    ch: usize,
+    tiles: std::collections::HashMap<(i32, i32), Vec<f32>>,
 }
 
-impl WorkPixels {
-    const TILE: i32 = 64;
-
-    fn new(pre: &Surface, precise: bool) -> Self {
-        if precise {
-            let f = pre.format();
-            let fmt = PixelFormat::new(f.mode, SampleType::F32, f.alpha);
-            Self { surf: Surface::new(fmt), filled: Some(std::collections::HashSet::new()) }
-        } else {
-            Self { surf: pre.clone(), filled: None }
-        }
+impl WorkTiles {
+    fn new(ch: usize) -> Self {
+        Self { ch, tiles: std::collections::HashMap::new() }
     }
 
-    /// The working pixels of `r` (`pre` = the target before the stroke).
-    fn read(&mut self, pre: &Surface, r: Rect) -> Region {
-        if let Some(filled) = &mut self.filled
-            && !r.is_empty()
-        {
-            let t = Self::TILE;
-            for ty in r.y0.div_euclid(t)..=(r.y1 - 1).div_euclid(t) {
-                for tx in r.x0.div_euclid(t)..=(r.x1 - 1).div_euclid(t) {
-                    if filled.insert((tx, ty)) {
-                        let cell = Rect::new(tx * t, ty * t, tx * t + t, ty * t + t);
-                        // Normalised samples, stored unrounded as floats.
-                        self.surf.write_region(cell, &pre.read_region(cell));
-                    }
+    fn tile_rect((tx, ty): (i32, i32)) -> Rect {
+        Rect::new(tx * WORK_TILE, ty * WORK_TILE, tx * WORK_TILE + WORK_TILE, ty * WORK_TILE + WORK_TILE)
+    }
+
+    /// The tiles `r` overlaps.
+    fn coords(r: Rect) -> impl Iterator<Item = (i32, i32)> {
+        let (x0, x1) = (r.x0.div_euclid(WORK_TILE), (r.x1 - 1).div_euclid(WORK_TILE));
+        let (y0, y1) = (r.y0.div_euclid(WORK_TILE), (r.y1 - 1).div_euclid(WORK_TILE));
+        let empty = r.is_empty();
+        (y0..=y1).filter(move |_| !empty).flat_map(move |ty| (x0..=x1).map(move |tx| (tx, ty)))
+    }
+
+    /// The working pixels of `r`: the pre-stroke pixels `pre` where no dab has written yet.
+    fn read(&self, pre: &Surface, r: Rect) -> Region {
+        let mut out = Region::new(r, self.ch);
+        let n = self.ch;
+        let mut buf = Vec::new();
+        for c in Self::coords(r) {
+            let tr = Self::tile_rect(c);
+            let part = r.intersect(&tr);
+            let w = part.width() as usize * n;
+            let tile = self.tiles.get(&c);
+            if tile.is_none() {
+                pre.read_region_into(part, &mut buf);
+            }
+            for y in part.y0..part.y1 {
+                let src = match tile {
+                    Some(t) => t.get(((y - tr.y0) * WORK_TILE + (part.x0 - tr.x0)) as usize * n..).and_then(|s| s.get(..w)),
+                    None => buf.get((y - part.y0) as usize * w..).and_then(|s| s.get(..w)),
+                };
+                let dst = out.index(part.x0, y) * n;
+                if let (Some(s), Some(d)) = (src, out.data.get_mut(dst..dst + w)) {
+                    d.copy_from_slice(s);
                 }
             }
         }
-        Region::read(&self.surf, r)
+        out
     }
 
-    fn write(&mut self, region: &Region) {
-        region.write(&mut self.surf);
+    /// Store `region` as the working pixels of its rectangle.
+    fn write(&mut self, pre: &Surface, region: &Region) {
+        let (r, n) = (region.rect, self.ch);
+        for c in Self::coords(r) {
+            let tr = Self::tile_rect(c);
+            let tile = self.tiles.entry(c).or_insert_with(|| pre.read_region(tr));
+            let part = r.intersect(&tr);
+            let w = part.width() as usize * n;
+            for y in part.y0..part.y1 {
+                let dst = ((y - tr.y0) * WORK_TILE + (part.x0 - tr.x0)) as usize * n;
+                let src = region.index(part.x0, y) * n;
+                if let (Some(s), Some(d)) = (region.data.get(src..src + w), tile.get_mut(dst..dst + w)) {
+                    d.copy_from_slice(s);
+                }
+            }
+        }
     }
 }
 
 /// A Dodge, Burn, Sponge, Blur, Sharpen or Smudge stroke shown while it is drawn: each new dab
 /// runs the tool's effect on a working copy of the target, in order, and the changed area is
 /// mixed back over the original at the brush opacity, as `apply_dab_stroke` does on release.
+/// The working copy keeps full precision ([`WorkTiles`]), so the pixels are the commit's, and the
+/// commit takes them over ([`Session::offer_live_dab`]) instead of running every dab again.
 /// Sample All Layers isn't previewed (its composite spans the whole stroke).
 pub struct LiveDab {
     /// The active document with the stroke so far.
@@ -1165,9 +1242,9 @@ pub struct LiveDab {
     renderer: photocraft_paint::StrokeRenderer,
     done: usize,
     effect: DabEffect,
-    halo: i32,
+    neighborhood: DabNeighborhood,
     pre_surf: Surface,
-    work: WorkPixels,
+    work: WorkTiles,
     id: Option<LayerId>,
     params: Value,
     opacity: f32,
@@ -1181,6 +1258,15 @@ pub struct LiveDab {
     preview_tail: bool,
     /// Where the shown tail is.
     tail: Rect,
+    /// The tool and brush the stroke started with, which its commit must still have: the
+    /// document revision doesn't cover the session's brush or foreground colour. `None` for
+    /// strokes whose commit renders itself (Color Replacement).
+    tool: Option<(DabTool, Box<BrushSettings>)>,
+    /// The document and revision the stroke started on, for strokes started from the session's
+    /// active document ([`Self::with_effect`]); `None` for strokes on a prepared copy.
+    base: Option<(photocraft_doc::DocId, u64)>,
+    /// Every point rendered so far, in order.
+    points: Vec<StrokePoint>,
 }
 
 impl LiveDab {
@@ -1192,8 +1278,11 @@ impl LiveDab {
         }
         let (stroke, id) = parse_brush(s, p, cmd)?;
         let (tool, _) = DabTool::parse(s, cmd, p, &stroke)?;
-        let (halo, spacing) = (tool.halo(), stroke.brush.spacing);
-        Self::with_effect(s, cmd, p, stroke, id, halo, |pre| tool.effect(pre.format(), spacing))
+        let (neighborhood, spacing, brush) = (tool.neighborhood(), stroke.brush.spacing, Box::new(stroke.brush.clone()));
+        let effect = tool.clone();
+        let mut live = Self::with_neighborhood(s, cmd, p, stroke, id, neighborhood, |pre| effect.effect(pre.format(), spacing))?;
+        live.tool = Some((tool, brush));
+        Ok(live)
     }
 
     /// Start a live stroke of `cmd` that runs `effect` (made from the target before the stroke)
@@ -1207,23 +1296,47 @@ impl LiveDab {
         halo: i32,
         effect: impl FnOnce(&Surface) -> DabEffect,
     ) -> Result<Self> {
-        let doc = (*s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?.doc).clone();
-        Self::with_effect_on(doc, cmd, p, stroke, id, halo, false, effect)
+        Self::with_neighborhood(s, cmd, p, stroke, id, DabNeighborhood::Halo(halo), effect)
+    }
+
+    fn with_neighborhood(
+        s: &Session,
+        cmd: &str,
+        p: &Value,
+        stroke: Stroke,
+        id: Option<LayerId>,
+        neighborhood: DabNeighborhood,
+        effect: impl FnOnce(&Surface) -> DabEffect,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        let st = s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?;
+        let base = (st.doc.id, st.revision);
+        let doc = (*st.doc).clone();
+        let mut live = Self::with_neighborhood_on(doc, cmd, p, stroke, id, neighborhood, effect)?;
+        live.base = Some(base);
+        Ok(live)
     }
 
     /// [`Self::with_effect`] on `doc`, a copy of the active document with what the commit's own
-    /// edit does first (the Background Eraser's Background turned into a normal layer, say). With
-    /// `precise` the working pixels between dabs are kept as floats, as the commit keeps them, so
-    /// the preview is the commit at any depth (else they are stored in the target's depth).
-    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    /// edit does first (the Background Eraser's Background turned into a normal layer, say).
     pub(crate) fn with_effect_on(
-        mut doc: Document,
+        doc: Document,
         cmd: &str,
         p: &Value,
         stroke: Stroke,
         id: Option<LayerId>,
         halo: i32,
-        precise: bool,
+        effect: impl FnOnce(&Surface) -> DabEffect,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        Self::with_neighborhood_on(doc, cmd, p, stroke, id, DabNeighborhood::Halo(halo), effect)
+    }
+
+    fn with_neighborhood_on(
+        mut doc: Document,
+        cmd: &str,
+        p: &Value,
+        stroke: Stroke,
+        id: Option<LayerId>,
+        neighborhood: DabNeighborhood,
         effect: impl FnOnce(&Surface) -> DabEffect,
     ) -> Result<Self> {
         let sel = doc.selection.clone();
@@ -1238,8 +1351,8 @@ impl LiveDab {
             renderer,
             done: 0,
             effect,
-            halo,
-            work: WorkPixels::new(&pre_surf, precise),
+            neighborhood,
+            work: WorkTiles::new(pre_surf.channels()),
             pre_surf,
             id,
             params: p.clone(),
@@ -1249,6 +1362,9 @@ impl LiveDab {
             bounds: Rect::EMPTY,
             preview_tail: false,
             tail: Rect::EMPTY,
+            tool: None,
+            base: None,
+            points: Vec::new(),
         };
         live.push(&stroke.points)?;
         Ok(live)
@@ -1266,11 +1382,9 @@ impl LiveDab {
         self.bounds
     }
 
-    /// Render more points; returns the rectangle that changed.
-    /// Invalid coordinates reject the whole batch without changing the preview.
-    pub fn push(&mut self, pts: &[StrokePoint]) -> Result<Rect> {
-        crate::brush_cmds::check_coords(pts, &self.cmd)?;
-        self.renderer.push(pts);
+    /// Run the dabs the renderer has generated since the last call on the working copy; returns
+    /// the rectangle they changed.
+    fn run_new_dabs(&mut self) -> Rect {
         let ctx = self.renderer.ctx.clone();
         let new: Vec<_> = self.renderer.dabs().get(self.done..).unwrap_or_default().to_vec();
         let mut dmg = Rect::EMPTY;
@@ -1279,19 +1393,39 @@ impl LiveDab {
             if r.is_empty() {
                 continue;
             }
-            let mut region = self.work.read(&self.pre_surf, r.inflate(self.halo));
+            let mut region = self.work.read(&self.pre_surf, self.neighborhood.read_rect(r, d));
             (self.effect)(&mut region, &ctx.footprint(d, self.done + k));
-            self.work.write(&region.crop(r));
+            self.work.write(&self.pre_surf, &region.crop(r));
             dmg = dmg.union(&r);
         }
         self.done += new.len();
+        dmg
+    }
+
+    /// Mix the working pixels of `r` back over the original into the shown document.
+    fn show(&mut self, r: Rect, work: &Region) -> Result<()> {
+        let (surf, _) = crate::channel_cmds::target_surface(std::sync::Arc::make_mut(&mut self.doc), self.id, &self.params)?;
+        photocraft_paint::retouch::mix_back(surf, &Region::read(&self.pre_surf, r), work, r, self.opacity, self.sel.as_ref(), self.lock);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Render more points; returns the rectangle that changed.
+    /// Invalid coordinates reject the whole batch without changing the preview.
+    /// Only the position and pressure of `pts` are used: the commands take no tilt or times.
+    pub fn push(&mut self, pts: &[StrokePoint]) -> Result<Rect> {
+        crate::brush_cmds::check_coords(pts, &self.cmd)?;
+        let pts: Vec<_> = pts.iter().map(|q| StrokePoint::new(q.x, q.y, q.pressure)).collect();
+        self.points.extend_from_slice(&pts);
+        self.renderer.push(&pts);
+        let dmg = self.run_new_dabs();
+        let ctx = self.renderer.ctx.clone();
         // The finishing dabs, run on a scratch copy of the working pixels.
         let mut tail = None;
         if self.preview_tail {
             let ds = self.renderer.tail_dabs();
             let r = ds.iter().fold(Rect::EMPTY, |a, d| a.union(&ctx.dab_rect(d, false)));
             if !r.is_empty() {
-                let mut region = self.work.read(&self.pre_surf, r.inflate(self.halo));
+                let mut region = self.work.read(&self.pre_surf, r.inflate(self.neighborhood.halo()));
                 for (k, d) in ds.iter().enumerate() {
                     (self.effect)(&mut region, &ctx.footprint(d, self.done + k));
                 }
@@ -1306,17 +1440,51 @@ impl LiveDab {
             return Ok(Rect::EMPTY);
         }
         self.bounds = self.bounds.union(&dmg).union(&tail_rect);
-        let (surf, _) = crate::channel_cmds::target_surface(std::sync::Arc::make_mut(&mut self.doc), self.id, &self.params)?;
         if !shown.is_empty() {
-            let (orig, work) = (Region::read(&self.pre_surf, shown), self.work.read(&self.pre_surf, shown));
-            photocraft_paint::retouch::mix_back(surf, &orig, &work, shown, self.opacity, self.sel.as_ref(), self.lock);
+            let work = self.work.read(&self.pre_surf, shown);
+            self.show(shown, &work)?;
         }
         if let Some((r, work)) = tail {
-            photocraft_paint::retouch::mix_back(surf, &Region::read(&self.pre_surf, r), &work, r, self.opacity, self.sel.as_ref(), self.lock);
+            self.show(r, &work)?;
             self.tail = r;
         }
         Ok(shown.union(&tail_rect))
     }
+
+    /// The finished stroke as its commit would take it over ([`Session::offer_live_dab`]): the
+    /// finishing dabs are run, and the pixels are the ones the command with the same params and
+    /// points paints. Only while the brush, tool settings and layer are still the ones the stroke
+    /// started with: the document revision doesn't cover those.
+    pub(crate) fn into_commit(mut self, s: &Session) -> Result<crate::brush_cmds::LiveCommit> {
+        let (Some((tool, brush)), Some(base)) = (self.tool.take(), self.base) else {
+            return Err(bad(&self.cmd, "this stroke's commit renders itself"));
+        };
+        let (stroke, id) = parse_brush(s, &self.params, &self.cmd)?;
+        let (now, _) = DabTool::parse(s, &self.cmd, &self.params, &stroke)?;
+        if now != tool || stroke.brush != *brush || id != self.id {
+            return Err(bad(&self.cmd, "the brush, tool options or layer changed during the stroke"));
+        }
+        self.renderer.finish();
+        let dmg = self.run_new_dabs();
+        let shown = dmg.union(&self.tail);
+        if !shown.is_empty() {
+            let work = self.work.read(&self.pre_surf, shown);
+            self.show(shown, &work)?;
+        }
+        self.bounds = self.bounds.union(&dmg);
+        let (surf, _) = crate::channel_cmds::target_surface(std::sync::Arc::make_mut(&mut self.doc), self.id, &self.params)?;
+        let surface = surf.clone();
+        Ok(crate::brush_cmds::LiveCommit {
+            mixer: None,
+            cmd: self.cmd,
+            base,
+            params: self.params,
+            seed: None,
+            points: self.points,
+            surface,
+            bounds: self.bounds,
+        })
+    }
 }
 
 /// "Sample All Layers" for Spot Healing, Blur, Sharpen and Smudge (layer pixels only: a mask or
@@ -1365,7 +1533,7 @@ impl<'a> AllLayers<'a> {
 /// The brush every retouching command shares, plus the tool's own params.
 macro_rules! brush_params {
     ($extra:literal) => {
-        concat!("{", r#""points":[[x,y,pressure?],…],"size":1..5000 px=tool size,"hardness":0..100=tool hardness,"opacity":1..100=100,"flow":1..100=100,"spacing":1..1000 (% of size)=Brush Settings spacing,"layer":id?=active,"target":"pixels"|"mask"|"quickMask"|{"channel":i}=Channels panel target"#, $extra, "}")
+        concat!("{", r#""points":[[x,y,pressure?],…],"size":1..5000 px=tool size,"hardness":0..100=tool hardness,"opacity":1..100=100,"flow":1..100=100,"spacing":1..1000 (% of size)=Brush Settings spacing,"layer":id?=active,"target":"pixels"|"mask"|"filterMask"|"quickMask"|{"channel":i}=Channels panel target"#, $extra, "}")
     };
 }
 
@@ -1423,7 +1591,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             label: "Patch",
             menu: &[],
             shortcut: None,
-            params: r#"{"offset":[dx,dy] (how far the selection was dragged),"mode":"source|destination"="source","contentAware":bool=false (fill the selection content-aware from the dragged-to place; a background job),"structure":1..7=4 (content-aware: 3..7 copy the middle exactly, 1..2 re-synthesise more of it),"color":0..10=0 (content-aware: how far the copy's level adapts to the selection's surroundings),"sampleAllLayers":bool=false (content-aware),"layer":id?=active,"target":"pixels"|"mask"|"quickMask"|{"channel":i}=Channels panel target} → {"damage","offset"}"#,
+            params: r#"{"offset":[dx,dy] (how far the selection was dragged),"mode":"source|destination"="source","contentAware":bool=false (fill the selection content-aware from the dragged-to place; a background job),"structure":1..7=4 (content-aware: 3..7 copy the middle exactly, 1..2 re-synthesise more of it),"color":0..10=0 (content-aware: how far the copy's level adapts to the selection's surroundings),"sampleAllLayers":bool=false (content-aware),"layer":id?=active,"target":"pixels"|"mask"|"filterMask"|"quickMask"|{"channel":i}=Channels panel target} → {"damage","offset"}"#,
             enabled: patch::enabled,
             run: patch::patch,
             journal: true,
@@ -1433,7 +1601,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             label: "Content-Aware Move",
             menu: &[],
             shortcut: None,
-            params: r#"{"offset":[dx,dy] (how far the selection was dragged),"mode":"move|extend"="move","structure":1..7=4 (3..7 copy the content exactly but for a band about a patch wide along its edge; 2 widens the band, 1 re-synthesises the content too),"color":0..10=0 (0 keeps the content's level; higher values bring it towards its new place, by up to about 0.04 × color),"sampleAllLayers":bool=false,"scaleX":%=100,"scaleY":%=100 (Transform On Drop: 1..10000, negative flips),"rotate":deg=0 (Transform On Drop, clockwise; scale and rotation are about the selection's centre, before the offset; a transformed patch may reach past the canvas edge),"layer":id?=active,"target":"pixels"|"mask"|"quickMask"|{"channel":i}=Channels panel target} → {"damage","offset","mode","transformed"?} (a background job; the selection moves, and is transformed, with the content)"#,
+            params: r#"{"offset":[dx,dy] (how far the selection was dragged),"mode":"move|extend"="move","structure":1..7=4 (3..7 copy the content exactly but for a band about a patch wide along its edge; 2 widens the band, 1 re-synthesises the content too),"color":0..10=0 (0 keeps the content's level; higher values bring it towards its new place, by up to about 0.04 × color),"sampleAllLayers":bool=false,"scaleX":%=100,"scaleY":%=100 (Transform On Drop: 1..10000, negative flips),"rotate":deg=0 (Transform On Drop, clockwise; scale and rotation are about the selection's centre, before the offset; a transformed patch may reach past the canvas edge),"layer":id?=active,"target":"pixels"|"mask"|"filterMask"|"quickMask"|{"channel":i}=Channels panel target} → {"damage","offset","mode","transformed"?} (a background job; the selection moves, and is transformed, with the content)"#,
             enabled: content_aware_move::enabled,
             run: content_aware_move::content_aware_move,
             journal: true,
@@ -1522,6 +1690,18 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             run: history_brush,
             journal: true,
         },
+        CommandSpec {
+            id: "paint.artHistoryBrush",
+            label: "Art History Brush",
+            menu: &[],
+            shortcut: None,
+            params: brush_params!(
+                r#","state":row (a History panel row, as history.setSource),"snapshot":id (a history.newSnapshot id; default: the History panel's source, as paint.historyBrush; a source of another canvas size is an error),"style":"tightShort|tightMedium|tightLong|looseMedium|looseLong|dab|tightCurl|looseCurl"="tightMedium","area":0..100=50,"tolerance":0..100=0"#
+            ),
+            enabled: has_pixel_layer,
+            run: art_history::run,
+            journal: true,
+        },
     ]
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/retouch_cmds/art_history.rs b/crates/engine/src/retouch_cmds/art_history.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ab66a8f15c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/engine/src/retouch_cmds/art_history.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,486 @@
+//! Art History Brush: stylized, oriented dabs sampled from a history state.
+
+use photocraft_algo::art_history::{self, Dab, MAX_COVERAGE, MAX_DABS, RNG_SEED, StampError, StampParams, Style};
+use photocraft_color::BlendMode;
+use photocraft_geom::Rect;
+use photocraft_paint::MAX_BRUSH_SIZE;
+use photocraft_paint::retouch::{Region, alpha_index};
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+
+use super::*;
+
+const CMD: &str = "paint.artHistoryBrush";
+const MAX_POINTS: usize = 4096;
+
+fn err(msg: impl Into<String>) -> EngineError {
+    bad(CMD, msg)
+}
+
+fn object(p: &Value) -> Result<&serde_json::Map<String, Value>> {
+    p.as_object().ok_or_else(|| err("expected an object"))
+}
+
+fn finite(v: Option<&Value>, _key: &str) -> Result<Option<f32>> {
+    match v {
+        None | Some(Value::Null) => Ok(None),
+        Some(v) => v.as_f64().filter(|x| x.is_finite()).map(|x| x as f32).ok_or_else(|| err("invalid number")).map(Some),
+    }
+}
+
+fn finite_key(p: &Value, key: &str, default: f32) -> Result<f32> {
+    match finite(p.get(key), key)? {
+        None => Ok(default),
+        Some(v) => Ok(v),
+    }
+}
+
+fn ranged(p: &Value, key: &str, default: f32, lo: f32, hi: f32) -> Result<f32> {
+    let v = finite_key(p, key, default)?;
+    if (lo..=hi).contains(&v) { Ok(v) } else { Err(err(format!("`{key}` must be a number {lo}..{hi}"))) }
+}
+
+fn points(p: &Value) -> Result<Vec<[f32; 2]>> {
+    let Some(arr) = p.get("points").and_then(Value::as_array) else {
+        return Err(err("no stroke points"));
+    };
+    if arr.is_empty() {
+        return Err(err("no stroke points"));
+    }
+    if arr.len() > MAX_POINTS {
+        return Err(err("too many points"));
+    }
+    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(arr.len());
+    for q in arr {
+        let Some(a) = q.as_array() else {
+            return Err(err("invalid number"));
+        };
+        let (Some(x), Some(y)) = (a.first(), a.get(1)) else {
+            return Err(err("invalid number"));
+        };
+        let x = x.as_f64().filter(|v| v.is_finite()).ok_or_else(|| err("invalid number"))?;
+        let y = y.as_f64().filter(|v| v.is_finite()).ok_or_else(|| err("invalid number"))?;
+        if let Some(pr) = a.get(2)
+            && pr.as_f64().filter(|v| v.is_finite()).is_none()
+        {
+            return Err(err("invalid number"));
+        }
+        out.push([x as f32, y as f32]);
+    }
+    if out.is_empty() {
+        return Err(err("no stroke points"));
+    }
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+fn style_of(p: &Value) -> Result<Style> {
+    match p.get("style") {
+        None | Some(Value::Null) => Ok(Style::TightMedium),
+        Some(v) => {
+            let Some(s) = v.as_str() else {
+                return Err(err("unknown Art History style"));
+            };
+            Style::parse(s).ok_or_else(|| err("unknown Art History style"))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn union_bounds(dabs: &[Dab]) -> Result<Rect> {
+    let mut r = Rect::EMPTY;
+    for d in dabs {
+        let (x0, y0, x1, y1) = art_history::dab_bounds(d).ok_or_else(|| err("stroke too large"))?;
+        r = r.union(&Rect::new(x0, y0, x1, y1));
+    }
+    if r.is_empty() {
+        return Err(err("no stroke points"));
+    }
+    Ok(r)
+}
+
+fn selection_mask(sel: Option<&photocraft_raster::Surface>, rect: Rect) -> Option<Vec<f32>> {
+    let sel = sel?;
+    let w = rect.width() as usize;
+    let h = rect.height() as usize;
+    let mut v = vec![0.0f32; w.saturating_mul(h)];
+    for y in rect.y0..rect.y1 {
+        for x in rect.x0..rect.x1 {
+            let i = ((y - rect.y0) as usize).saturating_mul(w).saturating_add((x - rect.x0) as usize);
+            if let Some(slot) = v.get_mut(i) {
+                *slot = sel.sample_channel(x, y, 0);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    Some(v)
+}
+
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+fn stamp_region(
+    dest: &mut Region,
+    src: &Region,
+    dabs: &[Dab],
+    hardness: f32,
+    opacity: f32,
+    flow: f32,
+    tolerance: f32,
+    sel: Option<&[f32]>,
+    lock: bool,
+    alpha: Option<usize>,
+) -> Result<u32> {
+    if dest.ch != src.ch {
+        return Err(err("source and destination do not match"));
+    }
+    let dest_w = dest.width();
+    let dest_h = dest.height();
+    let dest_origin = (dest.rect.x0, dest.rect.y0);
+    let src_w = src.width();
+    let src_h = src.height();
+    let src_origin = (src.rect.x0, src.rect.y0);
+    let ch = dest.ch;
+    let mut p = StampParams {
+        dest: &mut dest.data,
+        dest_w,
+        dest_h,
+        dest_origin,
+        src: &src.data,
+        src_w,
+        src_h,
+        src_origin,
+        ch,
+        dabs,
+        hardness,
+        opacity,
+        flow,
+        tolerance,
+        tile: 64,
+        selection: sel,
+        lock_transparent: lock,
+        alpha,
+    };
+    match art_history::stamp(&mut p) {
+        Ok(n) => Ok(n),
+        Err(StampError::Empty) => Err(err("no stroke points")),
+        Err(StampError::Mismatched) => Err(err("source and destination do not match")),
+        Err(StampError::TooLarge) => Err(err("stroke too large")),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Run `paint.artHistoryBrush`.
+pub fn run(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
+    let _ = object(p)?;
+    if s.active().is_none() {
+        return Err(EngineError::NoDocument);
+    }
+    let pts = points(p)?;
+    if pts.len() > MAX_DABS {
+        return Err(err("too many points"));
+    }
+    let size = finite_key(p, "size", s.tools.brush.size)?;
+    if !size.is_finite() {
+        return Err(err("invalid number"));
+    }
+    if size <= 0.0 || size > MAX_BRUSH_SIZE {
+        return Err(err("stroke too large"));
+    }
+    let hardness = ranged(p, "hardness", s.tools.brush.hardness * 100.0, 0.0, 100.0)? / 100.0;
+    let opacity = ranged(p, "opacity", 100.0, 0.0, 100.0)? / 100.0;
+    let flow = ranged(p, "flow", 100.0, 0.0, 100.0)? / 100.0;
+    let area = ranged(p, "area", 50.0, 0.0, 100.0)?;
+    // Percent of the channel range; 0 (paint everywhere) is the default, as in Photoshop.
+    let tolerance = ranged(p, "tolerance", 0.0, 0.0, 100.0)? / 100.0;
+    let style = style_of(p)?;
+    // The stamp mixes the source in by coverage, so only Normal is right; other modes need a
+    // stroke buffer (blending each dab with the already-mixed result rings every dab edge).
+    if blend_param(p, CMD)? != BlendMode::Normal {
+        return Err(err("only the Normal mode is supported"));
+    }
+    let (stroke, id) = parse_brush(s, p, CMD)?;
+    let _ = stroke;
+    // The same source as the History Brush: the `state` or `snapshot` passed, else the History
+    // panel's source, refused after a canvas size change.
+    let src_surface = super::history_source(s, id, p, CMD)?;
+    // Truncating a huge row index only changes the seed.
+    let seed = RNG_SEED ^ p.get("state").and_then(Value::as_u64).map_or(0, |i| i as u32);
+    let dabs = art_history::place_dabs(&pts, size, area, style, seed).map_err(|e| match e {
+        StampError::TooLarge => err("stroke too large"),
+        _ => err("no stroke points"),
+    })?;
+    if dabs.is_empty() {
+        return Err(err("no stroke points"));
+    }
+    let bounds = union_bounds(&dabs)?;
+    // The stamp reads each dab's bounds plus one pixel for bilinear sampling,
+    // so only that margin counts against the coverage limit.
+    let outer = bounds.inflate(1);
+    let area_px = (outer.width() as u64).saturating_mul(outer.height() as u64);
+    if outer.is_empty() || area_px > MAX_COVERAGE {
+        return Err(err("stroke too large"));
+    }
+
+    // Nothing written (every dab under the tolerance, outside the selection or on locked
+    // transparency): a no-op stroke, with no history step.
+    let mut nothing_written = false;
+    let dmg = run_stroke(s, "Art History Brush", id, p, |_, surf, sel, lock| {
+        let fmt = surf.format();
+        let src = if src_surface.format() == fmt { src_surface.clone() } else { src_surface.convert(fmt) };
+        if src.channels() != surf.channels() {
+            return Err(err("source and destination do not match"));
+        }
+        let mut dest = Region::read(surf, outer);
+        let src_reg = Region::read(&src, outer);
+        if dest.ch != src_reg.ch || dest.width() != src_reg.width() || dest.height() != src_reg.height() {
+            return Err(err("source and destination do not match"));
+        }
+        let sel_mask = selection_mask(sel, outer);
+        let n = stamp_region(&mut dest, &src_reg, &dabs, hardness, opacity, flow, tolerance, sel_mask.as_deref(), lock, alpha_index(&fmt))?;
+        if n == 0 {
+            nothing_written = true;
+            return Err(err("the stroke changed no pixel"));
+        }
+        dest.write(surf);
+        Ok(bounds)
+    });
+    let dmg = match dmg {
+        Err(_) if nothing_written => return Ok(json!({ "damage": Value::Null })),
+        r => r?,
+    };
+    Ok(json!({ "damage": damage_json(dmg) }))
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use photocraft_color::ColorMode;
+    use photocraft_doc::LayerContent;
+    use serde_json::json;
+
+    fn session(w: u32, h: u32, depth: u64, mode: &str) -> Session {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": w, "height": h, "depth": depth, "mode": mode})).unwrap();
+        s
+    }
+
+    fn rgba(s: &Session, x: i32, y: i32) -> [f32; 4] {
+        let d = s.active().unwrap();
+        d.doc.layer(d.active_layer.unwrap()).unwrap().surface().unwrap().rgba(x, y)
+    }
+
+    fn paint_layer(s: &mut Session, f: impl Fn(i32, i32) -> [f32; 4]) {
+        s.edit("setup", |doc, active| {
+            let b = doc.bounds();
+            let surf = doc.layer_mut(active.unwrap()).unwrap().surface_mut().unwrap();
+            let fmt = surf.format();
+            let mut data = Vec::new();
+            for y in b.y0..b.y1 {
+                for x in b.x0..b.x1 {
+                    data.extend(photocraft_raster::from_rgba(&fmt, f(x, y)));
+                }
+            }
+            surf.write_region(b, &data);
+            Ok(())
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+    }
+
+    fn stroke(s: &mut Session, extra: Value) -> std::result::Result<Value, EngineError> {
+        let mut p = json!({"points": [[8, 16], [40, 16]], "size": 12, "hardness": 100, "area": 50, "tolerance": 0, "style": "tightMedium"});
+        if let Some(map) = extra.as_object() {
+            for (k, v) in map {
+                p[k] = v.clone();
+            }
+        }
+        s.execute("paint.artHistoryBrush", p)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn restores_open_state_at_every_depth_and_undoes() {
+        for (depth, mode) in [(8u64, "rgb"), (16, "rgb"), (32, "rgb"), (16, "gray")] {
+            let mut s = session(48, 32, depth, mode);
+            paint_layer(&mut s, |_, _| [0.1, 0.8, 0.2, 1.0]);
+            s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#2030c0"})).unwrap();
+            let before = rgba(&s, 20, 16);
+            stroke(&mut s, json!({"state": 1})).unwrap();
+            let after = rgba(&s, 20, 16);
+            if mode == "gray" {
+                assert!(after[0] > before[0] + 0.1, "restored lighter gray {depth}: before {before:?} after {after:?}");
+            } else {
+                assert!(before[2] > 0.5, "{mode} {depth} {before:?}");
+                assert!(after[1] > after[2], "restored green {mode} {depth}: {after:?}");
+            }
+            let steps = s.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+            stroke(&mut s, json!({"style": "looseCurl"})).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps + 1, "one mouse-up = one step");
+            assert!(s.undo());
+            assert!(s.undo());
+            let undone = rgba(&s, 20, 16);
+            for c in 0..3 {
+                assert!((undone[c] - before[c]).abs() < 0.05, "undo {mode} {depth}");
+            }
+            assert!(s.redo());
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn default_tolerance_paints_a_moderate_history_edit() {
+        let mut s = session(48, 32, 8, "rgb");
+        paint_layer(&mut s, |_, _| [0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0]);
+        paint_layer(&mut s, |_, _| [0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 1.0]);
+        let steps = s.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        let p = json!({"points": [[8, 16], [40, 16]], "size": 12, "hardness": 100, "style": "tightMedium", "state": 1});
+        s.execute("paint.artHistoryBrush", p).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps + 1);
+        assert!(rgba(&s, 24, 16)[0] < 0.55, "{:?}", rgba(&s, 24, 16));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn stroke_under_the_tolerance_records_no_step() {
+        let mut s = session(48, 32, 8, "rgb");
+        paint_layer(&mut s, |_, _| [0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0]);
+        paint_layer(&mut s, |_, _| [0.6, 0.6, 0.6, 1.0]);
+        let steps = s.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        let r = stroke(&mut s, json!({"state": 1, "tolerance": 50})).unwrap();
+        assert!(r["damage"].is_null(), "{r}");
+        assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps);
+        assert!((rgba(&s, 24, 16)[0] - 0.6).abs() < 0.01);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn large_brush_click_is_not_too_large() {
+        let mut s = session(2600, 2600, 8, "rgb");
+        s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#00ff00"})).unwrap();
+        for (style, size) in [("looseCurl", 2000), ("tightMedium", 2400)] {
+            let r = stroke(&mut s, json!({"state": 1, "points": [[1300, 1300]], "size": size, "style": style}));
+            assert!(r.is_ok(), "{style} size {size}: {r:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn state_one_uses_that_snapshot() {
+        let mut s = session(40, 24, 8, "rgb");
+        s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#00ff00"})).unwrap();
+        stroke(&mut s, json!({"state": 1, "points": [[4, 12], [20, 12]], "size": 10})).unwrap();
+        let p = rgba(&s, 10, 12);
+        assert!(p[0] > 0.9 && p[1] < 0.2, "state 1 is red, got {p:?}");
+    }
+
+    /// With no `state`, the brush paints from the History panel's source, like the History Brush.
+    #[test]
+    fn paints_from_the_history_panel_source() {
+        let mut s = session(40, 24, 8, "rgb");
+        s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#00ff00"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("history.setSource", json!({"state": 1})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("paint.artHistoryBrush", json!({"points": [[4, 12], [30, 12]], "size": 10, "hardness": 100})).unwrap();
+        let p = rgba(&s, 12, 12);
+        assert!(p[0] > 0.9 && p[1] < 0.2, "the source row is red, got {p:?}");
+    }
+
+    /// A source of another canvas size is refused, not painted shifted.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_source_of_another_canvas_size_is_refused() {
+        let mut s = session(40, 24, 8, "rgb");
+        s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("image.canvasSize", json!({"width": 60, "height": 30, "anchor": "center"})).unwrap();
+        let steps = s.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        let e = stroke(&mut s, json!({"state": 1})).unwrap_err().to_string();
+        assert!(e.contains("canvas size"), "{e}");
+        assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps);
+    }
+
+    /// A stroke that writes nothing (wholly outside the selection, or on transparent pixels
+    /// with Lock Transparency) does nothing, as with the tolerance: no error, no History step.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_stroke_that_writes_nothing_is_a_quiet_no_op() {
+        let mut s = session(48, 32, 8, "rgb");
+        s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#0000ff"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 0, "y": 0, "width": 4, "height": 4})).unwrap();
+        let steps = s.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        let r = stroke(&mut s, json!({"state": 1})).unwrap();
+        assert!(r["damage"].is_null(), "{r}");
+        assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps);
+        assert!(rgba(&s, 24, 16)[2] > 0.9, "still blue");
+
+        let mut s = session(48, 32, 8, "rgb");
+        s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        s.edit("lock", |doc, active| {
+            doc.layer_mut(active.unwrap()).unwrap().locks.transparency = true;
+            Ok(())
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+        let steps = s.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        // Row 1: the new, transparent layer.
+        let r = stroke(&mut s, json!({"state": 1})).unwrap();
+        assert!(r["damage"].is_null(), "{r}");
+        assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn only_the_normal_mode_paints() {
+        let mut s = session(48, 32, 8, "rgb");
+        paint_layer(&mut s, |_, _| [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]);
+        paint_layer(&mut s, |_, _| [0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0]);
+        let steps = s.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        // Multiply by a white source would leave the grey as it is, but blending each dab with the
+        // already-mixed result darkened every dab edge: refused until a stroke buffer exists.
+        assert!(stroke(&mut s, json!({"state": 1, "mode": "multiply"})).is_err());
+        assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps);
+        assert!((rgba(&s, 24, 16)[0] - 0.5).abs() < 0.01);
+        stroke(&mut s, json!({"state": 1, "mode": "normal"})).unwrap();
+        assert!(rgba(&s, 24, 16)[0] > 0.9, "{:?}", rgba(&s, 24, 16));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn bad_params_are_errors() {
+        let mut s = session(32, 24, 8, "rgb");
+        paint_layer(&mut s, |_, _| [0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 1.0]);
+        assert!(s.execute("paint.artHistoryBrush", json!([])).is_err());
+        assert!(s.execute("paint.artHistoryBrush", json!({})).is_err());
+        assert!(s.execute("paint.artHistoryBrush", json!({"points": []})).is_err());
+        assert!(
+            s.execute("paint.artHistoryBrush", json!({"points": [[0, 0]], "style": "nope"})).unwrap_err().to_string().contains("unknown Art History style")
+        );
+        assert!(s.execute("paint.artHistoryBrush", json!({"points": [[0, 0]], "state": 99})).is_err());
+        assert!(s.execute("paint.artHistoryBrush", json!({"points": [[0, 0]], "state": u64::MAX})).is_err());
+        assert!(s.execute("paint.artHistoryBrush", json!({"points": [[0, 0]], "area": -1})).is_err());
+        assert!(s.execute("paint.artHistoryBrush", json!({"points": [[0, 0]], "size": "nan"})).is_err());
+        let many: Vec<[f32; 2]> = (0..10_000).map(|i| [i as f32, 0.0]).collect();
+        assert!(s.execute("paint.artHistoryBrush", json!({"points": many})).unwrap_err().to_string().contains("too many points"));
+        assert!(s.execute("paint.artHistoryBrush", json!({"points": [[5, 5]], "size": 8000})).unwrap_err().to_string().contains("stroke too large"));
+        assert!(!Session::new().is_enabled("paint.artHistoryBrush"));
+        assert!(crate::commands::find("paint.artHistoryBrush").is_some());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pixel_lock_and_type_layer_error() {
+        let mut s = session(24, 24, 8, "rgb");
+        s.execute("layer.setProps", json!({"locks": {"pixels": true}})).unwrap();
+        let e = stroke(&mut s, json!({})).unwrap_err().to_string();
+        assert!(e.contains("locked"), "{e}");
+        s.execute("layer.setProps", json!({"locks": {"pixels": false}})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("type.create", json!({"x": 8, "y": 16, "text": "Hi", "size": 12})).unwrap();
+        assert!(stroke(&mut s, json!({})).is_err());
+        let kind = s.active().and_then(|d| d.active_layer.and_then(|id| d.doc.layer(id))).map(|l| matches!(l.content, LayerContent::Text(_)));
+        assert_eq!(kind, Some(true));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cmyk_does_not_panic() {
+        let mut s = session(32, 24, 8, "cmyk");
+        paint_layer(&mut s, |_, _| [0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 1.0]);
+        s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#404040"})).ok();
+        let _ = stroke(&mut s, json!({"tolerance": 0}));
+        assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc.mode, ColorMode::Cmyk);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn command_is_registered() {
+        let spec = crate::commands::find("paint.artHistoryBrush").expect("registered");
+        assert_eq!(spec.label, "Art History Brush");
+        assert!(spec.params.contains("style"));
+        assert!(spec.journal);
+        assert!(!Session::new().is_enabled("paint.artHistoryBrush"));
+        let s = session(16, 16, 8, "rgb");
+        assert!(s.is_enabled("paint.artHistoryBrush"));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/retouch_cmds/pattern_stamp.rs b/crates/engine/src/retouch_cmds/pattern_stamp.rs
index 6f14ac8eb0..f13afc112e 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/retouch_cmds/pattern_stamp.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/retouch_cmds/pattern_stamp.rs
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ pub fn live_impressionist(s: &Session, p: &Value) -> Result<super::LiveDab> {
     }
     let (stroke, id) = (st.stroke.clone(), st.id);
     let doc = (*s.active().ok_or(crate::EngineError::NoDocument)?.doc).clone();
-    super::LiveDab::with_effect_on(doc, CMD, p, stroke, id, 0, true, |pre| st.impressionist_effect(pre.format()))?.with_tail_preview()
+    super::LiveDab::with_effect_on(doc, CMD, p, stroke, id, 0, |pre| st.impressionist_effect(pre.format()))?.with_tail_preview()
 }
 
 /// The pattern under destination `rect` in `fmt` (native channels): what an aligned stroke paints
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/retouch_cmds/tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/retouch_cmds/tests.rs
index 7f60b72c16..b0d5c7bb18 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/retouch_cmds/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/retouch_cmds/tests.rs
@@ -690,6 +690,7 @@ fn retouch_commands_are_registered_and_need_a_pixel_layer() {
         "paint.smudge",
         "paint.historyBrush",
         "paint.remove",
+        "paint.artHistoryBrush",
     ];
     for id in ids {
         let spec = crate::commands::find(id).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("{id} missing"));
@@ -706,7 +707,7 @@ fn retouch_commands_are_registered_and_need_a_pixel_layer() {
 // Paint target (#207): mask, alpha channel, Quick Mask
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-const RETOUCH_IDS: [&str; 12] = [
+const RETOUCH_IDS: [&str; 13] = [
     "paint.cloneStamp",
     "paint.patternStamp",
     "paint.healingBrush",
@@ -719,6 +720,7 @@ const RETOUCH_IDS: [&str; 12] = [
     "paint.smudge",
     "paint.historyBrush",
     "paint.remove",
+    "paint.artHistoryBrush",
 ];
 
 /// Grey noise in 0.3..0.7 (no period along the clone offset used below).
@@ -769,6 +771,10 @@ fn retouch_params(id: &str, history_state: usize, target: Value) -> Value {
     match id {
         "paint.cloneStamp" | "paint.healingBrush" => p["offset"] = json!([-13, 3]),
         "paint.historyBrush" => p["state"] = json!(history_state),
+        "paint.artHistoryBrush" => {
+            p["state"] = json!(history_state);
+            p["tolerance"] = json!(0);
+        }
         "paint.sponge" => p["mode"] = json!("saturate"),
         _ => {}
     }
@@ -1769,6 +1775,122 @@ fn live_dodge_matches_the_commit_across_cells() {
     assert!(worst <= 2e-4, "live and commit differ by {worst}");
 }
 
+/// The sequential-dab tools' options for the live hand-off tests.
+fn dab_cases() -> [(&'static str, Value); 6] {
+    [
+        ("paint.dodge", json!({"exposure": 60, "range": "midtones"})),
+        ("paint.burn", json!({"exposure": 40, "range": "shadows", "protectTones": false})),
+        ("paint.sponge", json!({"mode": "saturate"})),
+        ("paint.blur", json!({"strength": 80})),
+        ("paint.sharpen", json!({"strength": 60})),
+        ("paint.smudge", json!({"strength": 70})),
+    ]
+}
+
+/// A stroke's params: `points`, a 40 px brush of `hardness`, and the tool's options.
+fn dab_opts(points: &[[f64; 2]], hardness: u32, extra: &Value) -> Value {
+    let mut o = json!({"points": points, "size": 40, "hardness": hardness, "spacing": 25});
+    for (k, v) in extra.as_object().unwrap() {
+        o[k] = v.clone();
+    }
+    o
+}
+
+/// The active layer's pixels over the whole canvas.
+fn layer_pixels(s: &Session) -> Vec<f32> {
+    let st = s.active().unwrap();
+    st.doc.layer(st.active_layer.unwrap()).unwrap().surface().unwrap().read_region(st.doc.bounds())
+}
+
+/// Draw `points` live as the canvas does (the first with `begin`, the rest in pen batches that
+/// carry tilt and times, which the commands don't take) and offer the stroke to its commit.
+fn offer_live(s: &mut Session, cmd: &str, points: &[[f64; 2]], hardness: u32, extra: &Value) {
+    let mut live = LiveDab::begin(s, cmd, &dab_opts(&points[..1], hardness, extra)).unwrap();
+    for (i, batch) in points[1..].chunks(2).enumerate() {
+        let pts: Vec<_> = batch
+            .iter()
+            .map(|q| {
+                let mut p = StrokePoint::new(q[0], q[1], 1.0);
+                (p.tilt_x, p.time) = (25.0, 16.0 * i as f64);
+                p
+            })
+            .collect();
+        live.push(&pts).unwrap();
+    }
+    s.offer_live_dab(live).unwrap();
+}
+
+/// Releasing a live Dodge, Burn, Sponge, Blur, Sharpen or Smudge stroke commits the pixels it
+/// already drew instead of running every dab again, and they are exactly what the command paints
+/// on its own: at every depth (the live working copy isn't rounded between dabs), soft and hard,
+/// over semi-transparent pixels and where the stroke doubles back.
+#[test]
+fn live_dab_strokes_commit_their_pixels_and_they_are_the_commands() {
+    let points = [[10.0, 40.0], [100.0, 60.0], [180.0, 40.0], [60.0, 30.0], [150.0, 70.0], [151.0, 70.5], [-15.0, 85.0]];
+    for depth in DEPTHS {
+        let mut s = session(200, 90, depth, "rgb");
+        s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        paint_layer(&mut s, |x, y| {
+            let mut c = texture(x, y);
+            c[3] = if (x / 23 + y / 17) % 4 == 0 { 0.0 } else { 0.35 + 0.065 * ((x * 7 + y * 3) % 11) as f32 };
+            c
+        });
+        let before = layer_pixels(&s);
+        for (cmd, extra) in dab_cases() {
+            for hardness in [0, 100] {
+                let rendered = s.execute(cmd, dab_opts(&points, hardness, &extra)).unwrap();
+                let want = layer_pixels(&s);
+                assert_ne!(want, before, "{cmd} {depth} {hardness}: the stroke changes pixels");
+                s.execute("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+                assert!(rendered.get("fromLive").is_none());
+
+                offer_live(&mut s, cmd, &points, hardness, &extra);
+                let taken = s.execute(cmd, dab_opts(&points, hardness, &extra)).unwrap();
+                assert_eq!(taken["fromLive"], json!(true), "{cmd} {depth} {hardness}");
+                assert_eq!(taken["damage"], rendered["damage"], "{cmd} {depth} {hardness}");
+                assert!(layer_pixels(&s) == want, "{cmd} at {depth}-bit, hardness {hardness}: the live pixels aren't the command's");
+                s.execute("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+                assert!(layer_pixels(&s) == before, "{cmd} {depth} {hardness}: undo restores the layer");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The offer is only taken by its own stroke: another stroke, a brush or option changed during
+/// the stroke, or a stroke whose commit renders itself (Color Replacement) render as before.
+#[test]
+fn live_dab_offers_are_refused_or_dropped_when_they_dont_match() {
+    let points = [[10.0, 40.0], [100.0, 60.0], [180.0, 40.0]];
+    let blur = json!({"strength": 80});
+    let mut s = session(200, 90, 8, "rgb");
+    paint_layer(&mut s, texture);
+    // Another stroke drops the offer and renders itself.
+    offer_live(&mut s, "paint.blur", &points, 0, &blur);
+    let other = [[10.0, 40.0], [100.0, 61.0], [180.0, 40.0]];
+    let r = s.execute("paint.blur", dab_opts(&other, 0, &blur)).unwrap();
+    assert!(r.get("fromLive").is_none());
+    assert!(s.live_commit.is_none(), "the offer is used up");
+    s.execute("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+    // The session brush (not in the params) changed during the stroke; the refusal also
+    // withdraws an earlier offer.
+    offer_live(&mut s, "paint.blur", &points, 0, &blur);
+    let live = LiveDab::begin(&s, "paint.blur", &dab_opts(&points, 0, &blur)).unwrap();
+    let roundness = s.tools.brush.roundness;
+    s.tools.brush.roundness = roundness * 0.5;
+    assert!(s.offer_live_dab(live).is_err());
+    assert!(s.live_commit.is_none(), "a refused offer leaves no earlier one behind");
+    s.tools.brush.roundness = roundness;
+    // Finger Painting's colour changed during the stroke.
+    let finger = json!({"strength": 70, "fingerPainting": true});
+    let live = LiveDab::begin(&s, "paint.smudge", &dab_opts(&points, 0, &finger)).unwrap();
+    s.tools.foreground = [0.9, 0.1, 0.1, 1.0];
+    assert!(s.offer_live_dab(live).is_err());
+    // Color Replacement's live stroke runs on `LiveDab` too, but its commit renders itself.
+    let live = crate::brush_cmds::live_color_replacement(&s, &json!({"points": points, "color": [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]})).unwrap();
+    assert!(s.offer_live_dab(live).is_err());
+    assert!(s.live_commit.is_none());
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn retouch_strokes_refuse_absurd_point_coordinates() {
     // #976: a segment to (1e300, 0) has an infinite length and the dab walker would never stop, so
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/sampler_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/sampler_cmds.rs
index 27d499b1c9..a67b023a6f 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/sampler_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/sampler_cmds.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 //! document, are discarded when it closes, and are not saved to `.pcraft` or PSD. Placing, moving
 //! and removing them changes no pixels and adds no History step, so they are not journaled. Each
 //! point reads one composite pixel (no averaging); its values match the Info panel's pointer
-//! readout (RGB 0–255 and the naive device CMYK percentages, without an ICC profile).
+//! readout (RGB 0–255 and colour-managed CMYK percentages, as in the Color Picker).
 
 use photocraft_doc::Document;
 use serde_json::{Value, json};
@@ -24,22 +24,23 @@ fn has_doc(s: &Session) -> std::result::Result<(), String> {
     s.active().map(|_| ()).ok_or_else(|| "no document open".into())
 }
 
-/// Naive device CMYK (no ICC profile), in percent, as the Info panel shows it. 32-bit samples can
-/// lie outside 0..1, so each channel is clamped first (NaN reads as 0), like the RGB readout.
+/// Colour-managed CMYK, in percent, as the Info panel shows it: the same conversion the Color
+/// Picker uses (`photocraft_color::convert::rgb_to_cmyk`: the CMYK profile active on this thread,
+/// else the built-in coated CMYK), so both panels agree (#8101). 32-bit samples can lie outside
+/// 0..1, so each channel is clamped first (NaN reads as 0), like the RGB readout.
 pub fn device_cmyk(r: f32, g: f32, b: f32) -> [i32; 4] {
     let unit = |v: f32| if v.is_nan() { 0.0 } else { v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) };
-    let (r, g, b) = (unit(r), unit(g), unit(b));
-    let k = 1.0 - r.max(g).max(b);
-    let f = |v: f32| if k >= 1.0 { 0.0 } else { (1.0 - v - k) / (1.0 - k) };
-    [f(r), f(g), f(b), k].map(|v| (v * 100.0).round() as i32)
+    photocraft_color::convert::rgb_to_cmyk([unit(r), unit(g), unit(b)]).map(|v| (unit(v) * 100.0).round() as i32)
 }
 
 /// The Info-panel values for a sample point at document pixel `pos`: composite RGB 0–255 and
-/// naive device CMYK percentages. One composite pixel, no averaging.
+/// colour-managed CMYK percentages (the document's CMYK profile when it has one). One composite
+/// pixel, no averaging.
 pub fn readout(doc: &Document, pos: [f64; 2]) -> ([i32; 3], [i32; 4]) {
     let rgba = crate::sample_cmds::sample_color(doc, None, pos[0], pos[1], 1, crate::sample_cmds::SampleLayers::All);
     let q = |v: f32| (v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 255.0).round() as i32;
-    ([q(rgba[0]), q(rgba[1]), q(rgba[2])], device_cmyk(rgba[0], rgba[1], rgba[2]))
+    let cmyk = photocraft_color::convert::with_cmyk_space(photocraft_compose::cmyk_space(doc).as_ref(), || device_cmyk(rgba[0], rgba[1], rgba[2]));
+    ([q(rgba[0]), q(rgba[1]), q(rgba[2])], cmyk)
 }
 
 /// One point as the list command reports it.
@@ -257,7 +258,7 @@ mod tests {
         .unwrap();
         let r = s.execute("view.colorSamplers.add", json!({"x": 3, "y": 3})).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(r["point"]["rgb"], json!([0, 0, 0]));
-        assert_eq!(r["point"]["cmyk"], json!([0, 0, 0, 100]));
+        assert_eq!(r["point"]["cmyk"], json!(device_cmyk(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)), "the profile's black, not the naive 0/0/0/100");
         // Painting over the point changes its readout (the list is computed live).
         s.edit("paint", |doc, _| {
             let surf = doc.layers[0].surface_mut().unwrap();
@@ -491,12 +492,16 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(points(&mut s).is_empty());
     }
 
+    /// The Info panel and the Color Picker read CMYK through one conversion (#8101): the
+    /// colour-managed `rgb_to_cmyk`, not a naive formula that disagrees with it by tens of percent.
     #[test]
-    fn device_cmyk_matches_the_info_panel_formula() {
+    fn device_cmyk_agrees_with_the_color_picker_conversion() {
+        for rgb in [[1.0, 1.0, 1.0], [0.0, 0.0, 0.0], [1.0, 0.0, 0.0], [0.5, 0.5, 0.5], [0.2, 0.6, 0.9], [1.0, 0.93, 0.0]] {
+            let picker = photocraft_color::convert::rgb_to_cmyk(rgb).map(|v| (v * 100.0).round() as i32);
+            assert_eq!(device_cmyk(rgb[0], rgb[1], rgb[2]), picker, "{rgb:?}");
+        }
         assert_eq!(device_cmyk(1.0, 1.0, 1.0), [0, 0, 0, 0]);
-        assert_eq!(device_cmyk(0.0, 0.0, 0.0), [0, 0, 0, 100]);
-        assert_eq!(device_cmyk(1.0, 0.0, 0.0), [0, 100, 100, 0]);
-        assert_eq!(device_cmyk(0.5, 0.5, 0.5), [0, 0, 0, 50]);
+        assert_ne!(device_cmyk(1.0, 0.0, 0.0), [0, 100, 100, 0], "pure red is not the naive 0/100/100/0");
     }
 
     /// 32-bit samples can lie outside 0..1 (or be NaN); the CMYK readout clamps them like the RGB
@@ -504,13 +509,13 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn device_cmyk_clamps_out_of_range_and_nan_samples() {
         assert_eq!(device_cmyk(1.5, 1.5, 1.5), [0, 0, 0, 0]);
-        assert_eq!(device_cmyk(2.0, 0.0, 0.0), [0, 100, 100, 0]);
+        assert_eq!(device_cmyk(2.0, 0.0, 0.0), device_cmyk(1.0, 0.0, 0.0));
         let in_range = |c: [i32; 4]| c.iter().all(|v| (0..=100).contains(v));
         for (r, g, b) in [(-0.2, 0.5, 0.5), (-1.0, -1.0, -1.0), (f32::NAN, 0.5, 0.5), (f32::NAN, f32::NAN, f32::NAN), (f32::INFINITY, f32::NEG_INFINITY, 0.5)] {
             let c = device_cmyk(r, g, b);
             assert!(in_range(c), "{r} {g} {b} -> {c:?}");
         }
-        assert_eq!(device_cmyk(f32::NAN, f32::NAN, f32::NAN), [0, 0, 0, 100]);
+        assert_eq!(device_cmyk(f32::NAN, f32::NAN, f32::NAN), device_cmyk(0.0, 0.0, 0.0));
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/select_extra_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/select_extra_cmds.rs
index b3fae926eb..8ca012266d 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/select_extra_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/select_extra_cmds.rs
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             label: "Transform Selection",
             menu: &["Select"],
             shortcut: None,
-            params: r##"{"rect":[x0,y0,x1,y1]? (frame; default = selection bounds),"quad"|"corners":[[x,y]×4]? (where the frame's corners go: distort/perspective),"matrix":[a,b,c,d,e,f]?,"scaleX":%=100,"scaleY":%=100,"rotate":deg=0,"skewX":deg=0,"skewY":deg=0,"dx":px=0,"dy":px=0,"reference":"center|topLeft|top|topRight|left|right|bottomLeft|bottom|bottomRight"|[x,y]="center","style"|"mesh"|"grid"|"warp":… (warp, as edit.transform.warp),"interpolation":"bilinear|bicubic|nearest"="bilinear"}"##,
+            params: r##"{"rect":[x0,y0,x1,y1]? (frame; default = selection bounds),"quad"|"corners":[[x,y]×4]? (where the frame's corners go: distort/perspective),"matrix":[a,b,c,d,e,f]?,"scaleX":%=100,"scaleY":%=100,"rotate":deg=0,"skewX":deg=0,"skewY":deg=0,"dx":px=0,"dy":px=0,"reference":"center|topLeft|top|topRight|left|right|bottomLeft|bottom|bottomRight"|[x,y]="center","style"|"mesh"|"grid"|"warp":… (warp, as edit.transform.warp),"interpolation":"bilinear|bicubic|nearest|bicubicSharper|bicubicSmoother|bicubicAutomatic"="bilinear" (Photoshop's bicubic variants render as Bicubic)}"##,
             enabled: has_selection,
             run: transform_selection,
             journal: true,
@@ -297,6 +297,26 @@ mod tests {
         s
     }
 
+    /// #8697: Photoshop's bicubic variants are accepted and render as Bicubic, for a selection
+    /// and for a layer (an imported action keeps them).
+    #[test]
+    fn photoshop_bicubic_variants_transform_as_bicubic() {
+        let run = |id: &str, interpolation: &str| {
+            let mut s = landscape(8);
+            s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 20, "y": 10, "width": 60, "height": 40, "feather": 3})).unwrap();
+            s.execute(id, json!({"scaleX": 137, "scaleY": 81, "rotate": 7, "interpolation": interpolation})).unwrap();
+            let st = s.active().unwrap();
+            (st.doc.selection.clone(), st.doc.layers.iter().map(|l| l.surface().cloned()).collect::<Vec<_>>())
+        };
+        for id in ["select.transformSelection", "edit.transform"] {
+            let bicubic = run(id, "bicubic");
+            assert_ne!(bicubic, run(id, "bilinear"), "{id}: the interpolation matters here");
+            for variant in ["bicubicSharper", "bicubicSmoother", "bicubicAutomatic"] {
+                assert_eq!(run(id, variant), bicubic, "{id} {variant}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn sky_selects_the_sky_at_every_depth() {
         for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/select_mask_edits.rs b/crates/engine/src/select_mask_edits.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9fd29a2757
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/engine/src/select_mask_edits.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,463 @@
+//! Select and Mask's own selection tools (#7069, #8148): the edits the workspace makes to the
+//! selection before it refines the edge, carried as `select.refineEdge`'s `edits` param.
+//!
+//! Photoshop's Select and Mask has a Quick Selection tool, a Brush, Object Selection, Lasso and
+//! Polygonal Lasso, a Select Subject button and Clear Selection / Invert. Here each use is one
+//! [`SelectionEdit`], applied in order to the selection (or layer mask) Select and Mask starts
+//! from. Keeping them as params rather than live edits of the document means Cancel discards
+//! them, OK is one history step, and the UI, CLI, MCP and the control channel all drive them the
+//! same way. [`apply`] is pure, so the workspace's preview runs exactly what OK commits.
+
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+
+use photocraft_algo::matting;
+use photocraft_algo::segment::{grabcut, quick, subject};
+use photocraft_algo::selection::{self as sel, Region, SelectionMode, combine_region};
+use photocraft_doc::{Document, LayerId};
+use photocraft_geom::Rect;
+use photocraft_raster::Surface;
+use serde_json::Value;
+
+use crate::smartselect_cmds::with_doc_sampler;
+use crate::{EngineError, Result};
+
+const CMD: &str = "select.refineEdge";
+
+/// Most edits one Select and Mask takes, and points across them.
+pub const MAX_EDITS: usize = 4096;
+pub const MAX_EDIT_POINTS: usize = 100_000;
+
+/// One use of a Select and Mask tool. `add: false` is the tool's subtract mode (Alt).
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum SelectionEdit {
+    /// Quick Selection: grows a region from the stroke out to the image's edges.
+    Quick { points: Vec<(f32, f32)>, size: f32, add: bool, sample_all_layers: bool },
+    /// Brush: paints the selection directly with a round brush.
+    Brush { points: Vec<(f32, f32)>, size: f32, hardness: f32, add: bool },
+    /// Lasso and Polygonal Lasso: the polygon through `points`.
+    Lasso { points: Vec<(f32, f32)>, add: bool },
+    /// Object Selection: the object in `rect` [x, y, w, h], or the one under `point`.
+    Object { area: ObjectArea, add: bool, sample_all_layers: bool },
+    /// The Select Subject button.
+    Subject { mode: SelectionMode, sample_all_layers: bool },
+    /// Global Refinements › Clear Selection.
+    Clear,
+    /// Global Refinements › Invert.
+    Invert,
+}
+
+/// Where Object Selection looks.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum ObjectArea {
+    Rect(Rect),
+    Point(f32, f32),
+}
+
+fn bad(msg: &str) -> EngineError {
+    EngineError::BadParams { cmd: CMD.into(), msg: msg.into() }
+}
+
+/// A finite coordinate within the range strokes may use.
+fn coord(v: &Value) -> Option<f32> {
+    v.as_f64().filter(|v| v.is_finite() && v.abs() <= 1e7).map(|v| v as f32)
+}
+
+fn point(v: &Value) -> Option<(f32, f32)> {
+    let xy = v.as_array().filter(|a| a.len() == 2)?;
+    Some((coord(xy.first()?)?, coord(xy.get(1)?)?))
+}
+
+fn points(o: &serde_json::Map<String, Value>, min: usize, total: &mut usize) -> Result<Vec<(f32, f32)>> {
+    let list = o.get("points").and_then(Value::as_array).ok_or_else(|| bad("this edit needs a points array of [x,y] pairs"))?;
+    if list.len() < min {
+        return Err(bad(&format!("this edit needs at least {min} point{}", if min == 1 { "" } else { "s" })));
+    }
+    *total = total.saturating_add(list.len());
+    if *total > MAX_EDIT_POINTS {
+        return Err(bad(&format!("edits hold more than {MAX_EDIT_POINTS} points")));
+    }
+    list.iter().map(point).collect::<Option<Vec<_>>>().ok_or_else(|| bad("edit points must be [x,y] pairs of finite numbers"))
+}
+
+/// A number in `range`, `default` when absent; anything else is an error naming `key`.
+fn number(o: &serde_json::Map<String, Value>, key: &str, default: f32, range: std::ops::RangeInclusive<f32>) -> Result<f32> {
+    match o.get(key) {
+        None => Ok(default),
+        Some(v) => v
+            .as_f64()
+            .map(|v| v as f32)
+            .filter(|v| v.is_finite() && range.contains(v))
+            .ok_or_else(|| bad(&format!("edit {key} must be a number in {}..{}", range.start(), range.end()))),
+    }
+}
+
+fn flag(o: &serde_json::Map<String, Value>, key: &str, default: bool) -> Result<bool> {
+    match o.get(key) {
+        None => Ok(default),
+        Some(v) => v.as_bool().ok_or_else(|| bad(&format!("edit {key} must be true or false"))),
+    }
+}
+
+/// The tools' `mode`: `add` (the default) or `subtract`.
+fn adds(o: &serde_json::Map<String, Value>) -> Result<bool> {
+    match o.get("mode").map(Value::as_str) {
+        None | Some(Some("add")) => Ok(true),
+        Some(Some("subtract")) => Ok(false),
+        Some(_) => Err(bad("edit mode must be add|subtract")),
+    }
+}
+
+/// The `edits` of `p`, in order (none when absent or null).
+pub fn parse(p: &Value) -> Result<Vec<SelectionEdit>> {
+    let Some(v) = p.get("edits").filter(|v| !v.is_null()) else { return Ok(Vec::new()) };
+    let list = v.as_array().ok_or_else(|| bad("edits must be an array of {\"tool\":…} objects"))?;
+    if list.len() > MAX_EDITS {
+        return Err(bad(&format!("edits holds more than {MAX_EDITS} edits")));
+    }
+    let size_range = matting::BRUSH_SIZE_RANGE;
+    let mut total = 0usize;
+    // The area the Brush edits sweep in all, bounded as `refineStrokes`' is.
+    let mut swept = 0.0f64;
+    let mut edits = Vec::with_capacity(list.len());
+    for e in list {
+        let o = e.as_object().ok_or_else(|| bad("each edit must be an object with a tool"))?;
+        let tool = o.get("tool").and_then(Value::as_str).ok_or_else(|| bad("each edit needs a tool: quick|brush|lasso|object|subject|clear|invert"))?;
+        let edit = match tool {
+            "quick" => SelectionEdit::Quick {
+                points: points(o, 1, &mut total)?,
+                size: number(o, "size", 30.0, size_range.clone())?,
+                add: adds(o)?,
+                sample_all_layers: flag(o, "sampleAllLayers", false)?,
+            },
+            "brush" => {
+                let points = points(o, 1, &mut total)?;
+                let size = number(o, "size", 30.0, size_range.clone())?;
+                swept += matting::stroke_area(&points, size);
+                if swept > matting::MAX_SWEPT_AREA {
+                    return Err(bad("brush edits paint too large an area"));
+                }
+                SelectionEdit::Brush { points, size, hardness: number(o, "hardness", 100.0, 0.0..=100.0)?, add: adds(o)? }
+            }
+            "lasso" => SelectionEdit::Lasso { points: points(o, 3, &mut total)?, add: adds(o)? },
+            "object" => {
+                let area = match (o.get("rect"), o.get("point")) {
+                    (Some(r), _) => {
+                        let v = r.as_array().filter(|a| a.len() == 4).ok_or_else(|| bad("object rect must be [x,y,w,h]"))?;
+                        let n = v.iter().map(coord).collect::<Option<Vec<_>>>().ok_or_else(|| bad("object rect must be four finite numbers"))?;
+                        let (x, y, w, h) = (n.first().copied(), n.get(1).copied(), n.get(2).copied(), n.get(3).copied());
+                        let (Some(x), Some(y), Some(w), Some(h)) = (x, y, w, h) else { return Err(bad("object rect must be [x,y,w,h]")) };
+                        // Negative sizes (dragging up or left) are normalised.
+                        let (x0, x1, y0, y1) = (x.min(x + w), x.max(x + w), y.min(y + h), y.max(y + h));
+                        ObjectArea::Rect(Rect::new(x0.floor() as i32, y0.floor() as i32, x1.ceil() as i32, y1.ceil() as i32))
+                    }
+                    (None, Some(pt)) => {
+                        let (x, y) = point(pt).ok_or_else(|| bad("object point must be [x,y]"))?;
+                        ObjectArea::Point(x, y)
+                    }
+                    (None, None) => return Err(bad("object needs \"rect\": [x,y,w,h] or \"point\": [x,y]")),
+                };
+                SelectionEdit::Object { area, add: adds(o)?, sample_all_layers: flag(o, "sampleAllLayers", false)? }
+            }
+            "subject" => {
+                let mode = match o.get("mode").map(Value::as_str) {
+                    None | Some(Some("replace")) => SelectionMode::Replace,
+                    Some(Some("add")) => SelectionMode::Add,
+                    Some(Some("subtract")) => SelectionMode::Subtract,
+                    Some(_) => return Err(bad("subject mode must be replace|add|subtract")),
+                };
+                SelectionEdit::Subject { mode, sample_all_layers: flag(o, "sampleAllLayers", true)? }
+            }
+            "clear" => SelectionEdit::Clear,
+            "invert" => SelectionEdit::Invert,
+            other => return Err(bad(&format!("unknown edit tool `{other}`: quick|brush|lasso|object|subject|clear|invert"))),
+        };
+        edits.push(edit);
+    }
+    Ok(edits)
+}
+
+/// Whether `p` carries Select and Mask tool edits.
+pub fn has_edits(p: &Value) -> bool {
+    p.get("edits").is_some_and(|v| !v.is_null() && v.as_array().is_none_or(|a| !a.is_empty()))
+}
+
+fn mode(add: bool) -> SelectionMode {
+    if add { SelectionMode::Add } else { SelectionMode::Subtract }
+}
+
+/// Most tiles the Brush and Lasso edits may paint in all: four times what one may
+/// ([`sel::MAX_PAINTED_TILES`]), 1 GiB of GRAY8 tiles. Each is rasterised a tile at a time, so
+/// this, not the canvas size, bounds what they allocate (the #8783 review).
+pub const MAX_EDIT_TILES: usize = 4 * sel::MAX_PAINTED_TILES;
+
+/// Refuses Brush and Lasso edits that would paint too many tiles of `canvas`, one by one or in
+/// all, before anything is painted.
+pub fn check_size(edits: &[SelectionEdit], canvas: Rect) -> Result<()> {
+    let mut all = BTreeSet::new();
+    for e in edits {
+        let tiles = match e {
+            SelectionEdit::Brush { points, size, .. } => matting::painted_tiles(points, *size, canvas, sel::MAX_PAINTED_TILES),
+            SelectionEdit::Lasso { points, .. } => sel::polygon_edge_tiles(points, canvas, sel::MAX_PAINTED_TILES),
+            _ => continue,
+        };
+        all.extend(tiles.ok_or_else(|| bad("a brush or lasso edit crosses too many tiles of the canvas"))?);
+        if all.len() > MAX_EDIT_TILES {
+            return Err(bad("brush and lasso edits cross too many tiles of the canvas"));
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Refuses Refine Edge Brush strokes that would paint more tiles of `canvas` than
+/// [`matting::EdgeBrush`] holds.
+pub fn check_strokes(strokes: &[matting::EdgeStroke], canvas: Rect) -> Result<()> {
+    let refused = || EngineError::BadParams { cmd: CMD.into(), msg: "refineStrokes cross too many tiles of the canvas".into() };
+    let mut all = BTreeSet::new();
+    for s in strokes {
+        all.extend(matting::painted_tiles(&s.points, s.size, canvas, sel::MAX_PAINTED_TILES).ok_or_else(refused)?);
+        if all.len() > sel::MAX_PAINTED_TILES {
+            return Err(refused());
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// `base` inverted over `canvas`; `None` when that leaves nothing selected. Tile by tile: the
+/// canvas takes the inverse of `base`'s untouched value (one tile shared by every fully covered
+/// tile, as `fill_rect` stores it), then only the tiles `base` holds are inverted, so neither a
+/// sparse selection nor a huge canvas costs a canvas-sized buffer (the #8783 review).
+fn invert(base: Option<&Surface>, canvas: Rect) -> Option<Surface> {
+    let outside = base.map_or(0.0, |b| b.default_pixel().first().copied().unwrap_or(0.0).clamp(0.0, 1.0));
+    let mut s = Surface::new(photocraft_color::PixelFormat::GRAY8);
+    if outside < 1.0 {
+        s.fill_rect(canvas, &[1.0 - outside]);
+    }
+    if let Some(b) = base {
+        let ch = b.channels().max(1);
+        for (tc, _) in b.tiles() {
+            let r = tc.rect().intersect(&canvas);
+            if r.is_empty() {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let inverted: Vec<f32> = b.read_region(r).chunks_exact(ch).map(|px| 1.0 - px.first().copied().unwrap_or(0.0).clamp(0.0, 1.0)).collect();
+            s.write_region(r, &inverted);
+        }
+    }
+    s.prune();
+    (!s.content_bounds().is_empty()).then_some(s)
+}
+
+/// One edit applied to `base` (the selection so far; `None` = nothing selected) in `doc`, the
+/// sampling tools reading `layer` (or the composite with Sample All Layers). A tool that finds
+/// nothing leaves the selection as it was, as the same tools do outside Select and Mask.
+pub fn apply_one(doc: &Document, layer: Option<LayerId>, base: Option<Surface>, edit: &SelectionEdit) -> Option<Surface> {
+    let canvas = doc.bounds();
+    let combine = |region: Option<Region>, m: SelectionMode| match region {
+        Some(r) => combine_region(base.as_ref(), Some(&r), m),
+        None => base.clone(),
+    };
+    // A painted shape (tile-sparse) added or subtracted, a tile at a time.
+    let paint = |shape: Option<Surface>, add: bool| match (shape.filter(|s| s.tile_count() > 0), base.as_ref()) {
+        (None, _) => base.clone(),
+        (Some(s), None) => add.then_some(s),
+        (Some(s), Some(o)) => {
+            let out = if add { sel::combine_sparse(o, &s, canvas, f32::max) } else { sel::combine_sparse(o, &s, canvas, |a, b| (a - b).max(0.0)) };
+            (!out.content_bounds().is_empty()).then_some(out)
+        }
+    };
+    match edit {
+        SelectionEdit::Quick { points, size, add, sample_all_layers } => {
+            let region = with_doc_sampler(doc, layer, *sample_all_layers, |smp, doc| quick::quick_select(smp, doc.bounds(), points, *size));
+            combine(region, mode(*add))
+        }
+        SelectionEdit::Brush { points, size, hardness, add } => paint(matting::brush_surface(points, *size, *hardness, canvas), *add),
+        SelectionEdit::Lasso { points, add } => paint(sel::polygon_surface(points, canvas), *add),
+        SelectionEdit::Object { area, add, sample_all_layers } => {
+            let region = with_doc_sampler(doc, layer, *sample_all_layers, |smp, doc| match *area {
+                ObjectArea::Rect(r) => grabcut::object_select(smp, doc.bounds(), r, 160_000),
+                ObjectArea::Point(x, y) => grabcut::object_at(smp, doc.bounds(), x, y, grabcut::OBJECT_AT_WORK_PX),
+            });
+            combine(region, mode(*add))
+        }
+        SelectionEdit::Subject { mode, sample_all_layers } => {
+            let region = with_doc_sampler(doc, layer, *sample_all_layers, |smp, doc| subject::select_subject(smp, doc.bounds()));
+            combine(region, *mode)
+        }
+        SelectionEdit::Clear => None,
+        SelectionEdit::Invert => invert(base.as_ref(), canvas),
+    }
+}
+
+/// `edits` applied in order to `base`: the selection Select and Mask refines.
+/// A run of Inverts is one Invert or none (pairs cancel exactly), so thousands of them cost at
+/// most one pass each between other edits (the #8783 review).
+pub fn apply(doc: &Document, layer: Option<LayerId>, base: Option<Surface>, edits: &[SelectionEdit]) -> Option<Surface> {
+    let mut sel = base;
+    let mut invert = false;
+    for e in edits {
+        if *e == SelectionEdit::Invert {
+            invert = !invert;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if std::mem::take(&mut invert) {
+            sel = apply_one(doc, layer, sel, &SelectionEdit::Invert);
+        }
+        sel = apply_one(doc, layer, sel, e);
+    }
+    if invert {
+        sel = apply_one(doc, layer, sel, &SelectionEdit::Invert);
+    }
+    sel
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use serde_json::json;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parses_every_tool() {
+        let p = json!({"edits": [
+            {"tool": "quick", "points": [[1, 2]], "size": 12, "mode": "subtract", "sampleAllLayers": true},
+            {"tool": "brush", "points": [[1, 2], [3, 4]], "hardness": 50},
+            {"tool": "lasso", "points": [[0, 0], [10, 0], [0, 10]]},
+            {"tool": "object", "rect": [10, 10, -5, -5]},
+            {"tool": "object", "point": [3, 4], "mode": "subtract"},
+            {"tool": "subject", "mode": "add"},
+            {"tool": "clear"},
+            {"tool": "invert"},
+        ]});
+        let edits = parse(&p).expect("valid edits");
+        assert_eq!(edits.len(), 8);
+        assert_eq!(edits[0], SelectionEdit::Quick { points: vec![(1.0, 2.0)], size: 12.0, add: false, sample_all_layers: true });
+        assert_eq!(edits[1], SelectionEdit::Brush { points: vec![(1.0, 2.0), (3.0, 4.0)], size: 30.0, hardness: 50.0, add: true });
+        assert_eq!(edits[3], SelectionEdit::Object { area: ObjectArea::Rect(Rect::new(5, 5, 10, 10)), add: true, sample_all_layers: false });
+        assert_eq!(edits[5], SelectionEdit::Subject { mode: SelectionMode::Add, sample_all_layers: true });
+        assert!(parse(&json!({})).expect("none").is_empty());
+        assert!(parse(&json!({"edits": null})).expect("none").is_empty());
+        assert!(has_edits(&p) && !has_edits(&json!({"edits": []})) && !has_edits(&json!({})));
+        // One long brush edit within the area limit is fine; two of them (rejects_hostile_edits) are not.
+        assert!(parse(&json!({"edits": [{"tool": "brush", "points": [[0, 0], [10_000_000, 0]], "size": 20}]})).is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_hostile_edits() {
+        let many_points = vec![json!([1, 1]); MAX_EDIT_POINTS + 1];
+        let many_edits = vec![json!({"tool": "clear"}); MAX_EDITS + 1];
+        for bad in [
+            json!("x"),
+            json!([1]),
+            json!([{}]),
+            json!([{"tool": 7}]),
+            json!([{"tool": "wand"}]),
+            json!([{"tool": "quick"}]),
+            json!([{"tool": "quick", "points": []}]),
+            json!([{"tool": "quick", "points": [[1]]}]),
+            json!([{"tool": "quick", "points": [["a", 1]]}]),
+            json!([{"tool": "quick", "points": [[1e300, 1]]}]),
+            json!([{"tool": "quick", "points": [[1, 1]], "size": 0}]),
+            json!([{"tool": "quick", "points": [[1, 1]], "size": "big"}]),
+            json!([{"tool": "quick", "points": [[1, 1]], "mode": "intersect"}]),
+            json!([{"tool": "quick", "points": [[1, 1]], "sampleAllLayers": 1}]),
+            json!([{"tool": "brush", "points": [[1, 1]], "hardness": 101}]),
+            json!([{"tool": "lasso", "points": [[1, 1], [2, 2]]}]),
+            json!([{"tool": "object"}]),
+            json!([{"tool": "object", "rect": [1, 2, 3]}]),
+            json!([{"tool": "object", "point": [1, "y"]}]),
+            json!([{"tool": "subject", "mode": "intersect"}]),
+            json!([{"tool": "brush", "points": many_points}]),
+            json!(many_edits),
+            // Each within the limit, together past it.
+            json!(vec![json!({"tool": "brush", "points": [[0, 0], [10_000_000, 0]], "size": 20}); 2]),
+        ] {
+            assert!(parse(&json!({"edits": bad})).is_err(), "{bad}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The dense inversion this replaced: the whole canvas read, inverted and written back.
+    fn dense_invert(base: Option<&Surface>, canvas: Rect) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let m: Vec<f32> = sel::mask_from_surface(base, canvas).into_iter().map(|v| 1.0 - v).collect();
+        bytes(Some(&sel::mask_to_surface(&m, canvas)), canvas)
+    }
+
+    fn bytes(s: Option<&Surface>, canvas: Rect) -> Vec<u8> {
+        sel::mask_from_surface(s, canvas).into_iter().map(|v| (v * 255.0).round() as u8).collect()
+    }
+
+    /// Tile by tile, Invert gives exactly what the dense inversion gave: partial edge tiles, soft
+    /// values, a selection reaching past the canvas, a mask whose untouched pixels are white, and
+    /// nothing selected (everything, inverted).
+    #[test]
+    fn tiled_invert_matches_the_dense_one() {
+        let canvas = Rect::new(0, 0, 600, 333);
+        let mut soft = Surface::new(photocraft_color::PixelFormat::GRAY8);
+        soft.fill_rect(Rect::new(250, 20, 900, 300), &[1.0]);
+        soft.fill_rect(Rect::new(10, 10, 40, 30), &[0.4]);
+        let mut white = Surface::with_default(photocraft_color::PixelFormat::GRAY8, &[1.0]);
+        white.fill_rect(Rect::new(300, 100, 520, 140), &[0.0]);
+        for base in [None, Some(soft), Some(white)] {
+            let got = bytes(invert(base.as_ref(), canvas).as_ref(), canvas);
+            assert_eq!(got, dense_invert(base.as_ref(), canvas));
+        }
+        // Inverting everything selects nothing.
+        let mut all = Surface::new(photocraft_color::PixelFormat::GRAY8);
+        all.fill_rect(canvas, &[1.0]);
+        assert!(invert(Some(&all), canvas).is_none());
+    }
+
+    /// A huge canvas inverts without a canvas-sized buffer, and a run of Inverts costs one.
+    #[test]
+    fn invert_on_a_huge_canvas_and_runs_of_inverts() {
+        let doc = Document::new("huge", photocraft_doc::Size::new(100_000, 100_000), photocraft_doc::ColorMode::Rgb, photocraft_color::SampleType::U8);
+        let mut small = Surface::new(photocraft_color::PixelFormat::GRAY8);
+        small.fill_rect(Rect::new(10, 10, 20, 20), &[1.0]);
+        let t = std::time::Instant::now();
+        let one = apply(&doc, None, Some(small.clone()), &[SelectionEdit::Invert]).expect("almost everything selected");
+        assert!(one.sample_channel(15, 15, 0) < 0.01 && one.sample_channel(99_999, 99_999, 0) > 0.99 && one.sample_channel(50_000, 5, 0) > 0.99);
+        let odd = apply(&doc, None, Some(small.clone()), &vec![SelectionEdit::Invert; 4095]).expect("inverted");
+        assert!(odd.sample_channel(15, 15, 0) < 0.01 && odd.sample_channel(99_999, 99_999, 0) > 0.99);
+        let even = apply(&doc, None, Some(small.clone()), &vec![SelectionEdit::Invert; 4096]).expect("the selection itself");
+        assert!(even.sample_channel(15, 15, 0) > 0.99 && even.sample_channel(50_000, 50_000, 0) < 0.01);
+        // Runs split by another edit invert on each side of it.
+        let split = [SelectionEdit::Invert, SelectionEdit::Invert, SelectionEdit::Invert, SelectionEdit::Clear, SelectionEdit::Invert];
+        let all = apply(&doc, None, Some(small), &split).expect("cleared, then everything");
+        assert!(all.sample_channel(15, 15, 0) > 0.99 && all.sample_channel(70_000, 3, 0) > 0.99);
+        assert!(t.elapsed() < std::time::Duration::from_secs(20), "{:?}", t.elapsed());
+    }
+
+    /// The #8783 review: a size-1 Brush edit from corner to corner of a 100,000 px canvas sweeps
+    /// about 141,000 px but its bounding box is 10 billion; it, a Lasso sliver along it and their
+    /// subtraction paint only the tiles they cross, and keep the selection there was.
+    #[test]
+    fn thin_edits_across_a_huge_canvas_paint_only_their_tiles() {
+        let doc = Document::new("huge", photocraft_doc::Size::new(100_000, 100_000), photocraft_doc::ColorMode::Rgb, photocraft_color::SampleType::U8);
+        let canvas = doc.bounds();
+        let mut small = Surface::new(photocraft_color::PixelFormat::GRAY8);
+        small.fill_rect(Rect::new(10, 60, 20, 70), &[1.0]);
+        let diagonal = vec![(0.0, 0.0), (99_999.0, 99_999.0)];
+        let brush = SelectionEdit::Brush { points: diagonal.clone(), size: 1.0, hardness: 100.0, add: true };
+        let lasso = SelectionEdit::Lasso { points: vec![(0.0, 0.0), (99_999.0, 99_999.0), (0.0, 1.5)], add: true };
+        assert!(check_size(&[brush.clone(), lasso.clone()], canvas).is_ok());
+        let t = std::time::Instant::now();
+        for edit in [&brush, &lasso] {
+            let s = apply(&doc, None, Some(small.clone()), std::slice::from_ref(edit)).expect("painted");
+            assert!(s.tile_count() < 1500, "{}", s.tile_count());
+            assert!(s.sample_channel(15, 65, 0) > 0.99 && s.sample_channel(50_000, 50_000, 0) > 0.0 && s.sample_channel(50_000, 40_000, 0) == 0.0);
+        }
+        let erased =
+            apply(&doc, None, Some(small.clone()), &[brush, SelectionEdit::Brush { points: diagonal, size: 9.0, hardness: 100.0, add: false }]).expect("kept");
+        assert!(erased.sample_channel(15, 65, 0) > 0.99 && erased.sample_channel(50_000, 50_000, 0) == 0.0);
+        assert!(t.elapsed() < std::time::Duration::from_secs(20), "{:?}", t.elapsed());
+        // A zigzag across more tiles than one edit may paint is refused before painting.
+        let zigzag: Vec<(f32, f32)> = (0..20).map(|i| (if i % 2 == 0 { 0.0 } else { 99_999.0 }, i as f32 * 5000.0)).collect();
+        let over = [SelectionEdit::Brush { points: zigzag.clone(), size: 1.0, hardness: 100.0, add: true }];
+        assert!(check_size(&over, canvas).is_err());
+        assert!(check_size(&[SelectionEdit::Lasso { points: zigzag, add: true }], canvas).is_err());
+        // So are many edits that each fit but cross too many tiles in all.
+        let rows: Vec<SelectionEdit> = (0..48)
+            .map(|i| SelectionEdit::Brush { points: vec![(0.0, i as f32 * 2000.0), (99_999.0, i as f32 * 2000.0)], size: 1.0, hardness: 100.0, add: true })
+            .collect();
+        assert!(rows.iter().all(|e| check_size(std::slice::from_ref(e), canvas).is_ok()));
+        assert!(check_size(&rows, canvas).is_err());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/shell_commands.rs b/crates/engine/src/shell_commands.rs
index 2bd765673f..61c33bb8cf 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/shell_commands.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/shell_commands.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,12 @@ pub const SHELL_COMMANDS: &[(&str, &str, &[&str], Option<&str>)] = &[
     ("window.panel.dock", "Dock Panel", &[], None),
     ("window.panel.activate", "Activate Panel", &[], None),
     ("window.panel.close", "Close Panel", &[], None),
+    ("window.panel.closeGroup", "Close Tab Group", &[], None),
+    ("window.panel.closeOthers", "Close Other Panels in Group", &[], None),
+    ("window.panel.minimize", "Minimize Panel", &[], None),
+    ("window.panel.iconic", "Collapse to Icons", &[], None),
+    ("window.panel.window", "Open Panel in Own Window", &[], None),
+    ("ui.dock", "Arrange Panels", &[], None),
     ("file.open", "Open…", &["File"], Some("Cmd+O")),
     ("file.save", "Save", &["File"], Some("Cmd+S")),
     ("file.saveAs", "Save As…", &["File"], Some("Cmd+Shift+S")),
@@ -67,20 +73,20 @@ pub const SHELL_COMMANDS: &[(&str, &str, &[&str], Option<&str>)] = &[
     ("window.nextDocument", "Next Document", &[], Some("Ctrl+Tab")),
     ("window.previousDocument", "Previous Document", &[], Some("Ctrl+Shift+Tab")),
     ("window.theme.toggle", "Next Appearance Mode", &["Window"], None),
-    ("window.theme.pro", "Pro Theme", &["Window", "Theme"], None),
-    ("window.theme.proMedium", "Pro Medium Gray Theme", &["Window", "Theme"], None),
-    ("window.theme.proLightGray", "Pro Light Gray Theme", &["Window", "Theme"], None),
-    ("window.theme.proLight", "Pro Light Theme", &["Window", "Theme"], None),
-    ("window.theme.studio", "Studio Theme", &["Window", "Theme"], None),
-    ("window.theme.studioLight", "Studio Light Theme", &["Window", "Theme"], None),
-    ("window.theme.classic", "Classic Theme", &["Window", "Theme"], None),
-    ("window.theme.solarizedDark", "Solarized Dark Theme", &["Window", "Theme"], None),
-    ("window.theme.adwaita", "Adwaita Light Theme", &["Window", "Theme"], None),
-    ("window.theme.adwaitaDark", "Adwaita Dark Theme", &["Window", "Theme"], None),
-    ("window.theme.breezeLight", "Breeze Light Theme", &["Window", "Theme"], None),
-    ("window.theme.breezeDark", "Breeze Dark Theme", &["Window", "Theme"], None),
-    ("window.theme.softLight", "Soft Light Theme", &["Window", "Theme"], None),
-    ("window.theme.softDark", "Soft Dark Theme", &["Window", "Theme"], None),
+    ("window.theme.pro", "Pro", &["Window", "Theme", "Dark Theme"], None),
+    ("window.theme.proMedium", "Pro Medium Gray", &["Window", "Theme", "Dark Theme"], None),
+    ("window.theme.studio", "Studio", &["Window", "Theme", "Dark Theme"], None),
+    ("window.theme.solarizedDark", "Solarized", &["Window", "Theme", "Dark Theme"], None),
+    ("window.theme.adwaitaDark", "Adwaita", &["Window", "Theme", "Dark Theme"], None),
+    ("window.theme.breezeDark", "Breeze", &["Window", "Theme", "Dark Theme"], None),
+    ("window.theme.softDark", "Soft", &["Window", "Theme", "Dark Theme"], None),
+    ("window.theme.proLightGray", "Pro Light Gray", &["Window", "Theme", "Light Theme"], None),
+    ("window.theme.proLight", "Pro Light", &["Window", "Theme", "Light Theme"], None),
+    ("window.theme.studioLight", "Studio", &["Window", "Theme", "Light Theme"], None),
+    ("window.theme.classic", "Classic", &["Window", "Theme", "Light Theme"], None),
+    ("window.theme.adwaita", "Adwaita", &["Window", "Theme", "Light Theme"], None),
+    ("window.theme.breezeLight", "Breeze", &["Window", "Theme", "Light Theme"], None),
+    ("window.theme.softLight", "Soft", &["Window", "Theme", "Light Theme"], None),
     ("window.theme.system", "Sync with system", &["Window", "Theme"], None),
     ("edit.search", "Search…", &["Edit"], Some("Cmd+F")),
     ("help.discord", "Join the ArtCraft Discord…", &["Help"], None),
@@ -138,6 +144,7 @@ pub const TOOLS: &[(&str, &str, Option<&str>)] = &[
     ("tools.select.cloneStamp", "Clone Stamp Tool", Some("S")),
     ("tools.select.patternStamp", "Pattern Stamp Tool", Some("S")),
     ("tools.select.historyBrush", "History Brush Tool", Some("Y")),
+    ("tools.select.artHistoryBrush", "Art History Brush Tool", Some("Y")),
     ("tools.select.blur", "Blur Tool", None),
     ("tools.select.sharpen", "Sharpen Tool", None),
     ("tools.select.smudge", "Smudge Tool", None),
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/shortcut_sets.rs b/crates/engine/src/shortcut_sets.rs
index ba681f271b..4b36de1b82 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/shortcut_sets.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/shortcut_sets.rs
@@ -35,18 +35,31 @@ pub struct ShortcutSet {
 }
 
 impl ShortcutSet {
-    /// The bindings `p` uses now, without the actions' function keys (they belong to the
+    /// A set of these bindings, without the actions' function keys (they belong to the
     /// actions, as in an `.atn` file, not to a set).
+    pub fn from_bindings(shortcuts: &BTreeMap<String, String>, alternates: &BTreeMap<String, Vec<String>>) -> Self {
+        let shortcuts = shortcuts.iter().filter(|(id, _)| !is_action_key(id)).map(|(id, k)| (id.clone(), k.clone())).collect();
+        let alternate_shortcuts = alternates.iter().filter(|(id, _)| !is_action_key(id)).map(|(id, k)| (id.clone(), k.clone())).collect();
+        Self { shortcuts, alternate_shortcuts }
+    }
+
+    /// The bindings `p` uses now, without the actions' function keys.
     pub fn of(p: &Preferences) -> Self {
-        let shortcuts = p.shortcuts.iter().filter(|(id, _)| !is_action_key(id)).map(|(id, k)| (id.clone(), k.clone())).collect();
-        Self { shortcuts, alternate_shortcuts: p.alternate_shortcuts.clone() }
+        Self::from_bindings(&p.shortcuts, &p.alternate_shortcuts)
+    }
+
+    /// Put this set's bindings in place of `shortcuts` / `alternates`, keeping the actions'
+    /// function keys: switching sets with `useSet` and in the Keyboard Shortcuts dialog.
+    pub fn apply(&self, shortcuts: &mut BTreeMap<String, String>, alternates: &mut BTreeMap<String, Vec<String>>) {
+        shortcuts.retain(|id, _| is_action_key(id));
+        shortcuts.extend(self.shortcuts.iter().filter(|(id, _)| !is_action_key(id)).map(|(id, k)| (id.clone(), k.clone())));
+        alternates.retain(|id, _| is_action_key(id));
+        alternates.extend(self.alternate_shortcuts.iter().filter(|(id, _)| !is_action_key(id)).map(|(id, k)| (id.clone(), k.clone())));
     }
 
     /// Use this set's bindings in `p`, keeping the actions' function keys.
     pub fn load_into(&self, p: &mut Preferences) {
-        p.shortcuts.retain(|id, _| is_action_key(id));
-        p.shortcuts.extend(self.shortcuts.iter().filter(|(id, _)| !is_action_key(id)).map(|(id, k)| (id.clone(), k.clone())));
-        p.alternate_shortcuts = self.alternate_shortcuts.clone();
+        self.apply(&mut p.shortcuts, &mut p.alternate_shortcuts);
     }
 
     /// Check every key (a set from a call or a hand-edited file must not hold garbage).
@@ -91,15 +104,22 @@ fn saved(p: &Preferences) -> Option<&ShortcutSet> {
     p.shortcut_sets.get(&p.shortcut_set)
 }
 
-/// Do the bindings differ from the set in use?
-pub fn modified(p: &Preferences) -> bool {
-    let now = ShortcutSet::of(p);
-    match saved(p) {
-        Some(s) => *s != now,
+/// Do these bindings differ from the set `active` of `sets` ("" or a missing name: the
+/// defaults)? The actions' function keys don't count, on either side (a set saved before they
+/// were left out may still hold some). The Keyboard Shortcuts dialog's "(modified)" too.
+pub fn differs(sets: &BTreeMap<String, ShortcutSet>, active: &str, shortcuts: &BTreeMap<String, String>, alternates: &BTreeMap<String, Vec<String>>) -> bool {
+    let now = ShortcutSet::from_bindings(shortcuts, alternates);
+    match sets.get(active) {
+        Some(s) => ShortcutSet::from_bindings(&s.shortcuts, &s.alternate_shortcuts) != now,
         None => now != ShortcutSet::default(),
     }
 }
 
+/// Do the bindings differ from the set in use?
+pub fn modified(p: &Preferences) -> bool {
+    differs(&p.shortcut_sets, &p.shortcut_set, &p.shortcuts, &p.alternate_shortcuts)
+}
+
 /// Before the call's binding changes: `useSet` loads a set ("" or [`DEFAULTS_NAME`]: the
 /// defaults) and makes it the one in use. Returns whether it changed anything.
 pub fn load(next: &mut Preferences, p: &Value) -> Result<bool, String> {
@@ -131,7 +151,8 @@ pub fn store(next: &mut Preferences, p: &Value) -> Result<bool, String> {
             let name = set_name(name)?;
             let set: ShortcutSet = serde_json::from_value(s.clone()).map_err(|e| format!("set `{name}`: {e}"))?;
             set.validate().map_err(|e| format!("set `{name}`: {e}"))?;
-            sets.insert(name, set);
+            // Like `saveSet`, a set holds no action keys.
+            sets.insert(name, ShortcutSet::from_bindings(&set.shortcuts, &set.alternate_shortcuts));
         }
         next.shortcut_sets = sets;
         changed = true;
@@ -300,6 +321,21 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(modified(&p), "F9 differs from the defaults");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn sets_from_the_dialog_or_an_old_file_hold_no_action_keys() {
+        // The dialog's OK sends its sets as `sets`; an action key in one is dropped.
+        let mut p = prefs();
+        let sets = json!({"Mine": {"shortcuts": {"edit.copy": "F9", "actions.play:Sepia": "F2"}}});
+        store(&mut p, &json!({"sets": sets, "activeSet": "Mine"})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(p.shortcut_sets["Mine"].shortcuts, BTreeMap::from([("edit.copy".to_string(), "F9".to_string())]));
+        // A set saved before action keys were left out still holds one: it doesn't count.
+        p.shortcut_sets.get_mut("Mine").unwrap().shortcuts.insert("actions.play:Old".into(), "F5".into());
+        p.shortcuts = BTreeMap::from([("edit.copy".to_string(), "F9".to_string()), ("actions.play:Sepia".to_string(), "F2".to_string())]);
+        assert!(!modified(&p), "neither side's action keys count");
+        p.shortcuts.insert("edit.copy".into(), "F8".into());
+        assert!(modified(&p), "a real edit does");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn switching_sets_keeps_action_function_keys() {
         // An action's F-key belongs to the action (as in an .atn file), not to a shortcut set.
@@ -315,6 +351,27 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(p.shortcut_sets.values().all(|s| s.shortcuts.is_empty()), "a saved set holds no action keys");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn switching_sets_keeps_action_alternate_keys() {
+        // An action key set as an alternate (`alternateShortcuts.actions.play:<name>`) is the
+        // action's too: a saved set leaves it out and switching sets keeps it.
+        let mut p = prefs();
+        p.alternate_shortcuts.insert("edit.copy".into(), vec!["F9".into()]);
+        p.alternate_shortcuts.insert("actions.play:Sepia".into(), vec!["F7".into()]);
+        store(&mut p, &json!({"saveSet": "Mine"})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(p.shortcut_sets["Mine"].alternate_shortcuts, BTreeMap::from([("edit.copy".to_string(), vec!["F9".to_string()])]));
+        load(&mut p, &json!({"useSet": ""})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(p.alternate_shortcuts, BTreeMap::from([("actions.play:Sepia".to_string(), vec!["F7".to_string()])]), "kept switching to the defaults");
+        let sets = json!({"Other": {"alternateShortcuts": {"edit.cut": ["F8"], "actions.play:Old": ["F6"]}}});
+        store(&mut p, &json!({"sets": sets})).unwrap();
+        load(&mut p, &json!({"useSet": "Other"})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            p.alternate_shortcuts,
+            BTreeMap::from([("actions.play:Sepia".to_string(), vec!["F7".to_string()]), ("edit.cut".to_string(), vec!["F8".to_string()])]),
+            "a set from the dialog brings no action key and keeps the one in use"
+        );
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn bad_names_sets_and_params_are_errors() {
         let mut p = prefs();
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/smart_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/smart_cmds.rs
index 0b3c69a52c..0470640042 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/smart_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/smart_cmds.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
 
 use photocraft_algo::resample::translate_surface;
 use photocraft_algo::transform::Homography;
-use photocraft_color::{BlendMode, PixelFormat};
+use photocraft_color::{BlendMode, ColorMode, PixelFormat, SampleType};
 use photocraft_doc::{DocId, Document, Layer, LayerContent, LayerId, LayerMask, Metadata, SmartContentsId, SmartFilter, SmartObject, SmartSource};
 use photocraft_geom::{Affine, Rect, Size};
 use photocraft_raster::Surface;
@@ -84,10 +84,16 @@ fn base_name(path: &str) -> String {
 
 /// A linked file's bytes; `None` when it is missing or its path is not followed
 /// ([`crate::doc_path::resolve`]).
+///
+/// The path is document data, not a request parameter, so every read rechecks it with the gate
+/// of the session the work is done for: a filter, transform or refresh re-renders from here,
+/// not only the contents commands that judge it up front. A refused path is handled like a
+/// missing file: the layer keeps its last rendering.
 fn read_file(path: &str) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
     if path.is_empty() {
         return None;
     }
+    crate::jobs::authorize_render_command("layer.smartObjects.updateModifiedContent", &json!({"path": path})).ok()?;
     photocraft_format::read_file(&crate::doc_path::resolve(path).ok()?).ok()
 }
 
@@ -185,6 +191,33 @@ pub fn source_decode_count(bytes: &[u8], fmt: PixelFormat) -> u32 {
     SOURCE_CACHE.lock().ok().and_then(|c| c.iter().find(|e| e.key == key).map(|e| e.decodes)).unwrap_or(0)
 }
 
+pub(crate) fn take_caches(layers: &mut [Layer]) -> Vec<(LayerId, Surface)> {
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    for l in layers {
+        match &mut l.content {
+            LayerContent::Smart(sm) => out.extend(sm.cache.take().map(|c| (l.id, c))),
+            LayerContent::Group(g) => out.extend(take_caches(&mut g.children)),
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn restore_unrendered<E>(
+    doc: &mut Document,
+    taken: Vec<(LayerId, Surface)>,
+    mut fallback: impl FnMut(&Surface) -> std::result::Result<Surface, E>,
+) -> std::result::Result<(), E> {
+    for (id, cache) in taken {
+        if let Some(LayerContent::Smart(sm)) = doc.layer_mut(id).map(|l| &mut l.content)
+            && sm.cache.is_none()
+        {
+            sm.cache = Some(fallback(&cache)?);
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 fn buffer_to_surface(buf: &photocraft_compose::Buffer, fmt: PixelFormat) -> Surface {
     let n = fmt.channels();
     let mut data = vec![0.0f32; buf.px.len() * n];
@@ -199,6 +232,30 @@ fn buffer_to_surface(buf: &photocraft_compose::Buffer, fmt: PixelFormat) -> Surf
     s
 }
 
+fn source_surface(src: &Document, buf: &photocraft_compose::Buffer, fmt: PixelFormat) -> Result<Surface> {
+    let gray = fmt.mode == ColorMode::Grayscale && src.pixel_format().mode != ColorMode::Grayscale;
+    let linear = fmt.sample == SampleType::F32 && src.depth != SampleType::F32;
+    if !gray && !linear {
+        return Ok(buffer_to_surface(buf, fmt));
+    }
+    let mut doc = Document::new(src.name.clone(), src.size, src.mode, src.depth);
+    doc.icc_profile = src.icc_profile.clone();
+    doc.layers = vec![Layer::new("source", LayerContent::Raster(buffer_to_surface(buf, src.pixel_format())))];
+    if gray {
+        let gray_profile = crate::color_cmds::working_profile(ColorMode::Grayscale);
+        crate::color_cmds::convert_document(&mut doc, &gray_profile, photocraft_cms::Intent::RelativeColorimetric, true)?;
+    }
+    if linear {
+        crate::image_cmds::change_depth(&mut doc, SampleType::F32);
+    }
+    let surface = doc.layers.pop().and_then(|l| match l.content {
+        LayerContent::Raster(s) => Some(s),
+        _ => None,
+    });
+    let surface = surface.ok_or_else(|| other("the smart object's source could not be converted"))?;
+    Ok(if surface.format() == fmt { surface } else { surface.convert(fmt) })
+}
+
 /// An SVG source rendered at `scale` times its own size (cached per scale), so a vector smart
 /// object stays sharp however it is placed.
 pub fn svg_source_image(bytes: &[u8], fmt: PixelFormat, scale: f64) -> Result<SourceImage> {
@@ -271,7 +328,7 @@ pub fn source_image(file_name: &str, bytes: &[u8], fmt: PixelFormat) -> Result<S
     }
     let doc = decode_source(file_name, bytes)?;
     let buf = photocraft_compose::flatten(&doc);
-    let img = SourceImage { surface: Arc::new(buffer_to_surface(&buf, fmt)), bounds: doc.bounds() };
+    let img = SourceImage { surface: Arc::new(source_surface(&doc, &buf, fmt)?), bounds: doc.bounds() };
     cache_put(key, img.clone());
     Ok(img)
 }
@@ -318,7 +375,7 @@ pub fn stack_image(file_name: &str, bytes: &[u8], fmt: PixelFormat, mode: photoc
         photocraft_doc::StackMode::Variance => Stat::Variance,
     };
     let buf = photocraft_compose::Buffer { rect: bounds, px: photocraft_algo::stack::combine(&frames, stat) };
-    let img = SourceImage { surface: Arc::new(buffer_to_surface(&buf, fmt)), bounds };
+    let img = SourceImage { surface: Arc::new(source_surface(&doc, &buf, fmt)?), bounds };
     cache_put(key, img.clone());
     Ok(img)
 }
@@ -457,10 +514,33 @@ fn place(name: &str, bytes: &[u8], doc: &Document, sm: &SmartObject) -> Result<S
     })
 }
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+thread_local! { pub(crate) static DISPLAY_NATIVE_HASH_BYTES: std::cell::Cell<usize> = const { std::cell::Cell::new(0) }; }
+
+/// Preview data is untrusted after reload. Keep it on the bounded SVG path and
+/// never reuse it after a source replacement, even if a command retained the field.
+fn display_source(sm: &SmartObject, bytes: &Arc<Vec<u8>>) -> Arc<Vec<u8>> {
+    sm.vector_preview
+        .as_ref()
+        .filter(|preview| {
+            if bytes.len() > 16 * 1024 * 1024 || !photocraft_io::vector_preview::is_native_source(bytes) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            #[cfg(test)]
+            DISPLAY_NATIVE_HASH_BYTES.with(|count| count.set(count.get().saturating_add(bytes.len())));
+            preview.source_hash == *blake3::hash(bytes).as_bytes()
+                && !preview.svg.is_empty()
+                && preview.svg.len() <= 16 * 1024 * 1024
+                && photocraft_io::svg::is_svg(&preview.svg)
+        })
+        .map_or_else(|| bytes.clone(), |preview| preview.svg.clone())
+}
+
 /// The box of a smart object's source in source pixels (what its warp's `us`/`vs` span), or `None`
 /// when the source can't be read.
 pub(crate) fn source_box(doc: &Document, sm: &SmartObject) -> Option<[f64; 4]> {
     let (name, bytes) = source_bytes(&doc.metadata, &sm.source)?;
+    let bytes = display_source(sm, &bytes);
     let fmt = doc.pixel_format();
     let img = match sm.stack_mode {
         Some(mode) => stack_image(&name, &bytes, fmt, mode),
@@ -487,6 +567,7 @@ fn render_in(doc: &Document, sm: &SmartObject, ctx: &JobCtx) -> Result<Option<Su
         crate::jobs::authorize_render_command(&filter.command, &filter.params)?;
     }
     let Some((name, bytes)) = source_bytes(&doc.metadata, &sm.source) else { return Ok(None) };
+    let bytes = display_source(sm, &bytes);
     let (fmt, canvas) = (doc.pixel_format(), doc.bounds());
     let mut placed_key = stack_cache::placed_key(&bytes, fmt, sm, canvas);
     if photocraft_io::svg::is_svg(&bytes) {
@@ -564,11 +645,22 @@ pub fn render_below_filter(doc: &Document, sm: &SmartObject, index: usize) -> Re
 }
 
 /// Re-renders smart layer `l` (which lives in `doc`) in place. Returns false if its source is
-/// unavailable (the cache is then left alone).
+/// unavailable or a visible filter can't be applied (the cache is then left alone).
 pub fn refresh_layer(doc: &Document, l: &mut Layer) -> Result<bool> {
+    if matches!(&l.content, LayerContent::Smart(sm) if !unapplied_filters(sm).is_empty()) {
+        return Ok(false);
+    }
     refresh_layer_in(doc, l, &JobCtx::new())
 }
 
+fn unapplied_filters(sm: &SmartObject) -> Vec<String> {
+    sm.smart_filters
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|f| sm.filters_enabled && f.visible && crate::commands::find(&f.command).is_none())
+        .map(|f| f.params.get("name").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or(&f.command).to_string())
+        .collect()
+}
+
 fn refresh_layer_in(doc: &Document, l: &mut Layer, ctx: &JobCtx) -> Result<bool> {
     let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &mut l.content else { return Ok(false) };
     match render_in(doc, sm, ctx)? {
@@ -627,6 +719,40 @@ fn smart_mut(doc: &mut Document, id: LayerId) -> Result<&mut SmartObject> {
     }
 }
 
+/// Whether `l`'s filter mask can be painted (`"target":"filterMask"`): a smart object with smart
+/// filters. Its filter mask need not exist yet: painting starts it white (Reveal All), the mask
+/// Photoshop adds with the first smart filter.
+pub(crate) fn filter_mask_paintable(l: &Layer) -> std::result::Result<(), String> {
+    match &l.content {
+        LayerContent::Smart(sm) if !sm.smart_filters.is_empty() => Ok(()),
+        LayerContent::Smart(_) => Err(format!("smart object \"{}\" has no smart filters, so no filter mask", l.name)),
+        other => Err(format!("the active layer is {} {} layer, not a smart object", other.article(), other.kind_name())),
+    }
+}
+
+/// The filter mask surface of smart object `id` for painting into, made white (Reveal All) first
+/// when the object has smart filters but no filter mask yet. The caller re-renders the object
+/// afterwards ([`refresh_after_filter_mask_edit`]).
+pub(crate) fn filter_mask_surface(doc: &mut Document, id: LayerId) -> Result<&mut Surface> {
+    let l = doc.layer_mut(id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(id))?;
+    filter_mask_paintable(l).map_err(EngineError::Other)?;
+    let sm = smart_mut_of(l)?;
+    Ok(&mut sm.filter_mask.get_or_insert_with(LayerMask::reveal_all).surface)
+}
+
+/// Re-renders smart object `id` after its filter mask was painted, filled or filtered, so the
+/// stroke shows (where the mask is black the smart filters don't). Part of the same history step.
+pub(crate) fn refresh_after_filter_mask_edit(doc: &mut Document, id: LayerId) -> Result<()> {
+    if matches!(doc.layer(id).map(|l| &l.content), Some(LayerContent::Smart(_))) { refresh_or_fail(doc, id) } else { Ok(()) }
+}
+
+fn smart_mut_of(l: &mut Layer) -> Result<&mut SmartObject> {
+    match &mut l.content {
+        LayerContent::Smart(sm) => Ok(sm),
+        _ => Err(other("the layer is not a smart object")),
+    }
+}
+
 fn mask_from_selection(sel: &Surface) -> LayerMask {
     LayerMask { surface: sel.clone(), enabled: true, linked: true, density: 1.0, feather: 0.0 }
 }
@@ -867,8 +993,11 @@ fn convert(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
         // As with Group Layers, place the result in the top selected root's parent. Insert
         // before removal so paths shifting in other parents cannot discard unselected content.
         doc.insert_above(Some(top), so);
-        for id in ids {
-            doc.remove(id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(id))?;
+        for id in &ids {
+            doc.remove(*id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(*id))?;
+        }
+        if let [only] = ids[..] {
+            retarget_layer_refs(doc, only, new_id);
         }
         *active = Some(new_id);
         Ok(new_id)
@@ -877,6 +1006,25 @@ fn convert(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     Ok(json!({"layer": new_id.0}))
 }
 
+fn retarget_layer_refs(doc: &mut Document, from: LayerId, to: LayerId) {
+    let Some((fill_opacity, effects)) = doc.layer(to).map(|l| (l.fill_opacity, l.effects.clone())) else { return };
+    for comp in doc.layer_comps.iter_mut().chain(doc.last_document_state.as_mut()) {
+        for state in comp.states.iter_mut().filter(|state| state.layer == from) {
+            state.layer = to;
+            if let Some(appearance) = &mut state.appearance {
+                appearance.fill_opacity = fill_opacity;
+                appearance.effects = effects.clone();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    for def in doc.variables.defs.iter_mut().filter(|def| def.layer == from) {
+        def.layer = to;
+    }
+    for slice in doc.slices.list.iter_mut().filter(|slice| slice.layer == Some(from)) {
+        slice.layer = Some(to);
+    }
+}
+
 // ---------- contents ----------
 
 fn via_copy(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
@@ -920,24 +1068,27 @@ fn set_source(s: &mut Session, p: &Value, label: &str, keep_psd: bool, make: imp
 
 // Keep the shared-instance transaction out of the per-command source-builder instantiations.
 fn set_shared_source(s: &mut Session, id: LayerId, label: &str, keep_psd: bool, new: SmartSource) -> Result<Value> {
-    let (parent, contents_id, changed) = s.edit(label, |doc, _| {
+    let (parent, contents_id, changed, warnings) = s.edit(label, |doc, _| {
         let contents_id = smart(doc, id)?.contents_id;
         let changed = instances(doc, contents_id);
+        let mut warnings = std::collections::BTreeSet::new();
         for &instance in &changed {
             smart_mut(doc, instance)?.source = new.clone();
             if !keep_psd {
                 detach_psd(doc.layer_mut(instance).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(instance))?);
             }
+            warnings
+                .extend(unapplied_filters(smart(doc, instance)?).into_iter().map(|n| format!("the {n} smart filter is not supported, so it was not applied")));
             refresh_or_fail(doc, instance)?;
         }
-        Ok((doc.id, contents_id, changed))
+        Ok((doc.id, contents_id, changed, warnings))
     })?;
     // An old editor must not overwrite newly replaced/relinked contents on close. Keep its
     // document open, but the next Edit Contents opens the replacement source.
     s.smart_links.retain(|l| l.parent != parent || l.contents_id != contents_id);
     // Every instance changed, not only `layer`: list them, so a caller doesn't repeat the
     // command once per copy (#4075).
-    Ok(json!({"layer": id.0, "instances": changed.iter().map(|l| l.0).collect::<Vec<_>>()}))
+    Ok(json!({"layer": id.0, "instances": changed.iter().map(|l| l.0).collect::<Vec<_>>(), "warnings": warnings}))
 }
 
 fn replace_contents(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
@@ -947,6 +1098,13 @@ fn replace_contents(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     replace_contents_bytes(s, id, &base_name(&path), bytes)
 }
 
+/// Replace Contents with a file the caller already read, for the smart object `p` names (`layer`,
+/// else the active layer): the body of the command minus its ambient path read (#8061).
+pub fn replace_contents_from_bytes(s: &mut Session, p: &Value, file_name: &str, bytes: Vec<u8>) -> Result<Value> {
+    let id = layer_param(s, p)?;
+    replace_contents_bytes(s, id, file_name, bytes)
+}
+
 /// Replace Contents from a file's name and bytes: what the desktop and web file pickers hand over.
 pub fn replace_contents_bytes(s: &mut Session, id: LayerId, file_name: &str, bytes: Vec<u8>) -> Result<Value> {
     decode_source(file_name, &bytes)?; // fail before touching the document
@@ -1019,6 +1177,7 @@ pub fn commit_child(s: &mut Session, index: usize) -> Result<bool> {
     let bytes = Arc::new(encode_source(&child)?);
     let prev = s.active;
     s.active = Some(parent);
+    s.note_active_change();
     let r = s.edit("Edit Contents", |doc, _| {
         let ids = instances(doc, link.contents_id);
         if ids.is_empty() {
@@ -1038,6 +1197,7 @@ pub fn commit_child(s: &mut Session, index: usize) -> Result<bool> {
         Ok(())
     });
     s.active = prev;
+    s.note_active_change();
     r?;
     if let Some(st) = s.docs.get_mut(index) {
         st.saved_revision = st.revision;
@@ -1336,6 +1496,13 @@ fn not_smart(s: &Session) -> std::result::Result<(), String> {
     if active_smart(s).is_ok() { Err("the layer is already a smart object".into()) } else { Ok(()) }
 }
 
+/// Convert to Smart Object: refused only when the single targeted layer is already a smart
+/// object. A multi-layer selection can still be combined (nesting any smart object in it).
+fn convertible_to_smart(s: &Session) -> std::result::Result<(), String> {
+    convertible(s)?;
+    if crate::layer_multi_cmds::selected(s).len() <= 1 { not_smart(s) } else { Ok(()) }
+}
+
 macro_rules! spec {
     ($id:literal, $label:literal, $menu:expr, $params:literal, $en:expr, $run:expr) => {
         CommandSpec { id: $id, label: $label, menu: $menu, shortcut: None, params: $params, enabled: $en, run: $run, journal: true }
@@ -1352,7 +1519,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             "Convert to Smart Object",
             SO,
             r##"{"layer":id?} (default: combine selected layers)"##,
-            convertible,
+            convertible_to_smart,
             convert
         ),
         spec!(
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/smart_cmds/tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/smart_cmds/tests.rs
index 13a0aedf2b..f809291392 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/smart_cmds/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/smart_cmds/tests.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use super::*;
 
+mod filter_mask_paint;
 mod selection;
 mod stack_cache;
 mod svg_profile;
@@ -221,6 +222,26 @@ fn empty_layer_cannot_be_converted() {
     assert!(s.execute("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject", json!({})).is_err());
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn convert_to_smart_object_is_disabled_for_a_layer_that_is_already_smart() {
+    let mut s = session(8);
+    paint(&mut s);
+    assert!(s.is_enabled("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject"));
+    convert(&mut s);
+    assert!(!s.is_enabled("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn convert_to_smart_object_stays_enabled_for_a_selection_that_includes_a_smart_object() {
+    let mut s = session(8);
+    paint(&mut s);
+    let smart_id = LayerId(convert(&mut s));
+    s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+    let other_id = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+    crate::layer_multi_cmds::set_selection(&mut s, vec![smart_id, other_id], Some(other_id), None).unwrap();
+    assert!(s.is_enabled("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject"));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn smart_filters_are_re_editable() {
     for depth in [8, 16] {
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/smart_cmds/tests/filter_mask_paint.rs b/crates/engine/src/smart_cmds/tests/filter_mask_paint.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cae9f91409
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/engine/src/smart_cmds/tests/filter_mask_paint.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+//! FILE-215-3: painting a smart object's filter mask (`"target":"filterMask"`) hides the smart
+//! filters where it is black, in one undo step, and the painted mask is saved.
+
+use super::*;
+
+/// A vertical black stroke over x = 8 into the filter mask, as the Brush tool sends it.
+fn stroke(s: &mut Session, target: Option<&str>) -> Result<Value> {
+    let mut p = json!({"points": [[8, 2], [8, 46]], "size": 8, "hardness": 1, "color": "#000000"});
+    if let Some(t) = target {
+        p["target"] = json!(t);
+    }
+    s.execute("paint.stroke", p)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn painting_the_filter_mask_hides_the_filters_there_in_one_undo_step() {
+    for depth in DEPTHS {
+        let mut s = session(depth);
+        paint(&mut s);
+        let original = flat(&s);
+        convert(&mut s);
+        // Without smart filters there is no filter mask to paint.
+        let before = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+        let steps = s.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        assert!(matches!(stroke(&mut s, Some("filterMask")), Err(EngineError::Disabled(..))), "depth {depth}");
+        assert!(std::sync::Arc::ptr_eq(&s.active().unwrap().doc, &before));
+        assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps);
+        s.execute("filter.blur.gaussianBlur", json!({"radius": 3})).unwrap();
+        let blurred = flat(&s);
+        assert!(active_smart(&s).filter_mask.is_none());
+        let steps = s.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+
+        stroke(&mut s, Some("filterMask")).unwrap();
+        let mask = active_smart(&s).filter_mask.expect("painting starts a white filter mask");
+        assert_eq!((mask.value(8, 20), mask.value(30, 20)), (0.0, 1.0), "depth {depth}");
+        let px = flat(&s);
+        let at = |v: &Vec<[f32; 4]>, x: i32, y: i32| v[(y * W + x) as usize];
+        assert!(max_diff(&[at(&px, 8, 20)], &[at(&original, 8, 20)]) < 1e-6, "depth {depth}: black hides the blur");
+        assert_eq!(at(&px, 30, 20), at(&blurred, 30, 20), "depth {depth}: white keeps it");
+        assert!(active_smart(&s).smart_filters.len() == 1, "the stroke is no smart filter");
+
+        assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps + 1, "one step");
+        s.execute("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert!(active_smart(&s).filter_mask.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(flat(&s), blurred, "depth {depth}: undo brings the blur back");
+        s.execute("edit.redo", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(flat(&s), px);
+
+        // The painted mask is saved: .pcraft and PSD give it back.
+        let doc = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+        let id = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        let back = photocraft_format::load_from_bytes(&photocraft_format::save_to_bytes(&doc, &Default::default()).unwrap()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(smart(&back, id).unwrap().filter_mask, smart(&doc, id).unwrap().filter_mask, "depth {depth}: .pcraft");
+        let psd = photocraft_io::export(&doc, "psd", &Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let back = photocraft_io::import("x.psd", &psd.bytes).unwrap().document;
+        let sm = back.walk().into_iter().find_map(|(_, _, l)| if let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &l.content { Some(sm.clone()) } else { None }).unwrap();
+        let (mut a, mut b) = (Vec::new(), Vec::new());
+        sm.filter_mask.as_ref().unwrap().values_into(doc.bounds(), &mut a);
+        mask.values_into(doc.bounds(), &mut b);
+        assert_eq!(a, b, "depth {depth}: PSD");
+    }
+}
+
+/// ⌥-click on the filter mask thumbnail shows it; painting then goes into it without a target.
+#[test]
+fn a_shown_filter_mask_takes_the_paint() {
+    let mut s = session(8);
+    paint(&mut s);
+    convert(&mut s);
+    s.execute("filter.blur.gaussianBlur", json!({"radius": 3})).unwrap();
+    let before = s.active().unwrap().channel_view.clone();
+    assert!(s.execute("view.layerMask", json!({"mode": "gray", "mask": "filter"})).is_err(), "no filter mask yet");
+    assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().channel_view, before);
+    stroke(&mut s, Some("filterMask")).unwrap();
+    let v = s.execute("view.layerMask", json!({"mode": "gray", "mask": "filter"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(v["mode"], "gray");
+    assert!(s.active().unwrap().channel_view.shown_layer_mask(&s.active().unwrap().doc).is_some());
+    s.execute("paint.stroke", json!({"points": [[30, 2], [30, 46]], "size": 8, "hardness": 1, "color": "#000000"})).unwrap();
+    let mask = active_smart(&s).filter_mask.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(mask.value(30, 20), 0.0, "the stroke went into the filter mask");
+    let d = s.active().unwrap();
+    assert!(matches!(d.doc.layer(d.active_layer.unwrap()).unwrap().content, LayerContent::Smart(_)), "still a smart object");
+    // Bad params are refused, not a panic.
+    let before = s.active().unwrap().channel_view.clone();
+    assert!(s.execute("view.layerMask", json!({"mask": 3})).is_err());
+    assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().channel_view, before);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn copying_the_filter_mask_never_copies_the_layer_mask() {
+    for depth in DEPTHS {
+        let mut s = session(depth);
+        paint(&mut s);
+        convert(&mut s);
+        s.execute("filter.blur.gaussianBlur", json!({"radius": 3})).unwrap();
+        stroke(&mut s, Some("filterMask")).unwrap();
+        for layer_mask in [false, true] {
+            if layer_mask {
+                s.execute("layer.layerMask.revealAll", json!({})).unwrap();
+            }
+            let before = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+            let steps = s.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+            let result = s.execute("edit.copy", json!({"target": "filterMask"})).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(result["target"], "filterMask");
+            let clip = s.clipboard.as_ref().unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(clip.surface.rgba(8, 20), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+            assert_eq!(clip.surface.rgba(30, 20), [1.0; 4]);
+            assert!(std::sync::Arc::ptr_eq(&s.active().unwrap().doc, &before));
+            assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn an_explicit_layer_checks_filter_mask_eligibility() {
+    let mut s = session(8);
+    paint(&mut s);
+    let id = convert(&mut s);
+    s.execute("filter.blur.gaussianBlur", json!({"radius": 3})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("shape.create", json!({"kind": "rect", "rect": [1, 1, 20, 20], "fill": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+    let active = s.active().unwrap().active_layer;
+    s.execute("paint.cloneStamp", json!({"layer": id, "target": "filterMask", "source": [8, 8], "points": [[20, 20]], "size": 4})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().active_layer, active);
+    // A shape has no filter mask: rejection must precede recoloring its fill.
+    let before = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+    let steps = s.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+    assert!(s.execute("edit.fillForeground", json!({"layer": active.unwrap().0, "target": "filterMask"})).is_err());
+    assert!(std::sync::Arc::ptr_eq(&s.active().unwrap().doc, &before));
+    assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps);
+}
+
+/// With its filter mask targeted, the commands that don't edit a filter mask act on the smart
+/// object as without the target: Edit › Transform flips it, and Convert for Smart Filters stays
+/// disabled (it would nest the smart object).
+#[test]
+fn the_filter_mask_target_leaves_the_smart_object_commands_alone() {
+    let mut s = session(8);
+    paint(&mut s);
+    convert(&mut s);
+    s.execute("filter.blur.gaussianBlur", json!({"radius": 3})).unwrap();
+    stroke(&mut s, Some("filterMask")).unwrap();
+    let steps = s.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+    assert!(
+        matches!(s.execute("filter.convertForSmartFilters", json!({"target": "filterMask"})), Err(EngineError::Disabled(..))),
+        "the layer is already a smart object"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps);
+    let before = active_smart(&s).transform;
+    s.execute("edit.transform.flipHorizontal", json!({"target": "filterMask"})).unwrap();
+    assert_ne!(active_smart(&s).transform, before, "the smart object flips");
+    // A shown filter mask doesn't send them the target either.
+    s.execute("view.layerMask", json!({"mode": "gray", "mask": "filter"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(crate::channel_cmds::inject_target(&s, "edit.transform.flipHorizontal", json!({})), json!({}));
+    assert_eq!(crate::channel_cmds::inject_target(&s, "filter.convertForSmartFilters", json!({})), json!({}));
+    assert_eq!(crate::channel_cmds::inject_target(&s, "paint.stroke", json!({}))["target"], "filterMask");
+    // Curves on the shown filter mask edits that gray plane, not the layer mask or the colours.
+    let curve = crate::channel_cmds::isolated_curve_channel(s.active().unwrap()).expect("a gray target");
+    assert_eq!(curve.gray, Some(crate::channel_cmds::GraySurface::FilterMask));
+    let flipped = active_smart(&s).transform;
+    s.execute("edit.transform.flipHorizontal", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_ne!(active_smart(&s).transform, flipped, "the smart object flips again");
+    // Moving the smart object doesn't re-render its filters as a filter-mask edit.
+    let p = json!({"dx": 2, "target": "filterMask"});
+    assert_eq!(crate::channel_cmds::filter_mask_layer(&s, "layer.translate", &p), None);
+    assert!(crate::channel_cmds::filter_mask_layer(&s, "paint.stroke", &p).is_some());
+    // Every other routed command edits it and re-renders the object: Equalize too, though it
+    // takes no layer mask target by default.
+    for cmd in ["image.adjustments.shadowsHighlights", "plugin.run", "filter.blur.average"] {
+        assert!(crate::channel_cmds::filter_mask_layer(&s, cmd, &p).is_some(), "{cmd}");
+    }
+    let steps = s.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+    s.execute("image.adjustments.equalize", json!({"target": "filterMask"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps + 1);
+    assert_eq!(active_smart(&s).smart_filters.len(), 1, "no new smart filter: the filter mask was equalized");
+}
+
+/// Gaussian Blur with the filter mask targeted softens the mask's edge (the usual way to feather
+/// it), re-renders the smart object, and adds no second smart filter.
+#[test]
+fn blurring_the_filter_mask_feathers_it() {
+    for depth in DEPTHS {
+        let mut s = session(depth);
+        paint(&mut s);
+        convert(&mut s);
+        s.execute("filter.blur.gaussianBlur", json!({"radius": 3})).unwrap();
+        stroke(&mut s, Some("filterMask")).unwrap();
+        let hard = active_smart(&s).filter_mask.unwrap();
+        let edge = (9..W).find(|&x| hard.value(x, 20) == 1.0).expect("white right of the stroke");
+        let px = flat(&s);
+        let steps = s.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+
+        s.execute("filter.blur.gaussianBlur", json!({"radius": 3, "target": "filterMask"})).unwrap();
+        let soft = active_smart(&s).filter_mask.unwrap();
+        let v = soft.value(edge, 20);
+        assert!(v > 0.0 && v < 1.0, "depth {depth}: the mask edge is soft, got {v}");
+        assert_eq!(soft.value(30, 20), 1.0, "depth {depth}: far from the stroke stays white");
+        assert_eq!(active_smart(&s).smart_filters.len(), 1, "depth {depth}: no second smart filter");
+        assert_ne!(flat(&s), px, "depth {depth}: the smart object is re-rendered");
+        assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps + 1, "depth {depth}: one step");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/smart_svg_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/smart_svg_cmds.rs
index fb6444e05a..91b322b53d 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/smart_svg_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/smart_svg_cmds.rs
@@ -13,13 +13,18 @@ use crate::{EngineError, Result, Session};
 
 const EXPORT: &str = "layer.smartObjects.exportSvg";
 const UPDATE: &str = "layer.smartObjects.updateSvg";
+const UPDATE_VECTOR: &str = "layer.smartObjects.updateVectorSource";
 pub const MAX_VECTOR_SOURCE_BYTES: usize = 16 << 20;
 const MAX_PIXELS: u64 = 24_000_000;
+const MAX_FRAME_XML_BYTES: usize = 64 << 20;
 
+/// A `BadParams` error attributed to command `cmd`.
 fn bad(cmd: &str, msg: impl Into<String>) -> EngineError {
     EngineError::BadParams { cmd: cmd.into(), msg: msg.into() }
 }
 
+/// Read the `layer` param from an object; when it is absent, updates (`required`) fail
+/// rather than falling back to the active layer.
 fn layer(s: &Session, p: &Value, cmd: &str, required: bool) -> Result<LayerId> {
     if !p.is_object() {
         return Err(bad(cmd, "parameters must be an object"));
@@ -31,6 +36,7 @@ fn layer(s: &Session, p: &Value, cmd: &str, required: bool) -> Result<LayerId> {
     }
 }
 
+/// Borrow the smart object on layer `id`; errors if the layer is missing or not a smart object.
 fn smart(doc: &Document, id: LayerId) -> Result<&SmartObject> {
     match &doc.layer(id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(id))?.content {
         LayerContent::Smart(sm) => Ok(sm),
@@ -72,11 +78,44 @@ fn source_extension(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<&'static str> {
 
 /// Recover the bounded original PSD source-pixel frame for the conversion viewport.
 fn source_size(sm: &SmartObject) -> Option<(f64, f64)> {
+    source_size_with(sm, preview_frame)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+thread_local! { static PREVIEW_FRAME_CHECKS: std::cell::Cell<usize> = const { std::cell::Cell::new(0) }; }
+
+/// Reading source geometry never rasterizes an old preview or decodes its embedded images.
+fn preview_frame(preview: &photocraft_doc::VectorPreview, source: &[u8]) -> Option<(f64, f64)> {
+    if source.len() > MAX_VECTOR_SOURCE_BYTES || !photocraft_io::vector_preview::is_native_source(source) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    preview_frame_hash(preview, *blake3::hash(source).as_bytes())
+}
+
+/// Read the frame recorded in preview metadata, accepted only for `source_hash`; the caller
+/// supplies a digest it has verified against the actual source bytes.
+fn preview_frame_hash(preview: &photocraft_doc::VectorPreview, source_hash: [u8; 32]) -> Option<(f64, f64)> {
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    PREVIEW_FRAME_CHECKS.with(|count| count.set(count.get() + 1));
+    photocraft_io::vector_preview::frame_metadata(preview, source_hash)
+}
+
+/// Prefer the embedded source's preview frame via `frame`, else the PSD placed descriptor's
+/// stored size, rejected when non-finite or over 16384 px per side or [`MAX_PIXELS`].
+fn source_size_with(sm: &SmartObject, frame: impl FnOnce(&photocraft_doc::VectorPreview, &[u8]) -> Option<(f64, f64)>) -> Option<(f64, f64)> {
+    if let SmartSource::Embedded { bytes, .. } = &sm.source
+        && let Some(preview) = sm.vector_preview.as_ref()
+        && let Some(frame) = frame(preview, bytes)
+    {
+        return Some(frame);
+    }
     let placed = photocraft_io::smart_map::parse_sold(sm.psd_raw.as_ref()?.as_slice())?;
     photocraft_io::smart_map::stored_size(&placed.descriptor)
         .filter(|(w, h)| w.is_finite() && h.is_finite() && *w <= 16384.0 && *h <= 16384.0 && w * h <= MAX_PIXELS as f64)
 }
 
+/// Shared by all three commands: needs an active document with no background job and the
+/// layer composite (not a mask, quick mask or single channel) as the edit target.
 fn enabled(s: &Session) -> std::result::Result<(), String> {
     let state = s.active().ok_or("no document open")?;
     if s.job_on(state.doc.id).is_some() {
@@ -92,6 +131,9 @@ fn enabled(s: &Session) -> std::result::Result<(), String> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
+/// Return every layer sharing `id`'s contents, which change together. Errors if those contents
+/// are open in the internal editor, any instance is fully or pixel locked, or any instance
+/// lacks valid embedded vector bytes.
 fn check_instances(s: &Session, id: LayerId) -> Result<Vec<LayerId>> {
     let doc = &s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?.doc;
     let contents = smart(doc, id)?.contents_id;
@@ -121,10 +163,11 @@ fn export(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     if extension != "svg" && name.to_ascii_lowercase().ends_with(".ai") {
         extension = "ai";
     }
-    if extension != "svg" && sm.psd_raw.is_some() && source_size(sm).is_none() {
+    let frame = source_size(sm);
+    if extension != "svg" && sm.psd_raw.is_some() && frame.is_none() {
         return Err(bad(EXPORT, "the embedded vector has no supported PSD source-pixel frame"));
     }
-    let mut result = json!({"document":doc.id.0,"fingerprint":blake3::hash(bytes).to_hex().to_string(),"contentsId":sm.contents_id.0,"extension":extension,"sourceSize":source_size(sm)});
+    let mut result = json!({"document":doc.id.0,"fingerprint":blake3::hash(bytes).to_hex().to_string(),"contentsId":sm.contents_id.0,"extension":extension,"sourceSize":frame});
     if extension == "svg" {
         result["svg"] = json!(std::str::from_utf8(bytes).map_err(|_| bad(EXPORT, "SVG contents must be UTF-8"))?);
     } else {
@@ -179,12 +222,28 @@ fn placed_bounds(sm: &SmartObject, size: Size) -> Result<Rect> {
 
 /// Validate identity and rendering limits before one undoable shared-content replacement.
 fn update(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
+    update_contents(s, p, false)
+}
+
+/// Native bytes and their bounded display preview are committed in the same transaction.
+fn update_vector(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
+    update_contents(s, p, true)
+}
+
+/// Shared SVG (`native == false`) and AI/PDF/EPS save-back with the default frame-metadata budget.
+fn update_contents(s: &mut Session, p: &Value, native: bool) -> Result<Value> {
+    update_contents_with_frame_budget(s, p, native, MAX_FRAME_XML_BYTES)
+}
+
+/// Bound metadata parsing separately from the destination render budget. The explicit budget
+/// also lets tests exercise exhaustion with small authored fixtures.
+fn update_contents_with_frame_budget(s: &mut Session, p: &Value, native: bool, frame_xml_bytes: usize) -> Result<Value> {
     let id = layer(s, p, UPDATE, true)?;
     let document = p.get("document").and_then(Value::as_u64).ok_or_else(|| bad(UPDATE, "`document` must be an integer document id"))?;
     if s.active().map(|state| state.doc.id.0) != Some(document) {
         return Err(bad(UPDATE, "the smart object's parent document is no longer active"));
     }
-    let svg = p.get("svg").and_then(Value::as_str).ok_or_else(|| bad(UPDATE, "`svg` must be an SVG string"))?;
+    let svg = p.get(if native { "previewSvg" } else { "svg" }).and_then(Value::as_str).ok_or_else(|| bad(UPDATE, "`svg` must be an SVG string"))?;
     let expected = p
         .get("fingerprint")
         .and_then(Value::as_str)
@@ -195,16 +254,49 @@ fn update(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     let doc = &s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?.doc;
     let target = smart(doc, id)?;
     let (name, original) = embedded(doc, target)?;
-    if target.contents_id != contents || !blake3::hash(original).to_hex().as_str().eq_ignore_ascii_case(expected) {
+    let original_hash = blake3::hash(original);
+    if target.contents_id != contents || !original_hash.to_hex().as_str().eq_ignore_ascii_case(expected) {
         return Err(bad(UPDATE, "smart-object contents changed since external editing started"));
     }
     for instance in &ids {
         let (_, bytes) = embedded(doc, smart(doc, *instance)?)?;
-        if !blake3::hash(bytes).to_hex().as_str().eq_ignore_ascii_case(expected) {
+        // Shared instances normally borrow the same immutable payload. Its fingerprint was
+        // checked above; don't re-hash a large source once per layer.
+        let matches = (bytes.len() == original.len() && std::ptr::eq(bytes.as_ptr(), original.as_ptr()))
+            || blake3::hash(bytes).to_hex().as_str().eq_ignore_ascii_case(expected);
+        if !matches {
             return Err(bad(UPDATE, "shared smart-object instances have conflicting contents"));
         }
     }
-    if original == svg.as_bytes() {
+    let replacement_bytes = if native {
+        if !photocraft_io::vector_preview::is_native_source(original) {
+            return Err(bad(UPDATE_VECTOR, "the original source is not AI, PDF or EPS"));
+        }
+        let extension = p.get("extension").and_then(Value::as_str).ok_or_else(|| bad(UPDATE_VECTOR, "missing source extension"))?;
+        let original_extension = if name.to_ascii_lowercase().ends_with(".ai") { "ai" } else { source_extension(original).unwrap_or("") };
+        if extension != original_extension || !matches!(extension, "ai" | "pdf" | "eps") {
+            return Err(bad(UPDATE_VECTOR, "save-back must keep the original vector format"));
+        }
+        let encoded = p.get("sourceBase64").and_then(Value::as_str).ok_or_else(|| bad(UPDATE_VECTOR, "missing native source bytes"))?;
+        if encoded.len() > MAX_VECTOR_SOURCE_BYTES.div_ceil(3) * 4 {
+            return Err(bad(UPDATE_VECTOR, "native source exceeds 16 MiB"));
+        }
+        let bytes = base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD.decode(encoded).map_err(|_| bad(UPDATE_VECTOR, "invalid native source encoding"))?;
+        validate_source(&bytes)?;
+        let family = source_extension(&bytes);
+        if !match extension {
+            "pdf" => family == Some("pdf"),
+            "eps" => family == Some("eps"),
+            "ai" => matches!(family, Some("pdf" | "eps")),
+            _ => false,
+        } {
+            return Err(bad(UPDATE_VECTOR, "saved bytes do not match the original vector format"));
+        }
+        bytes
+    } else {
+        svg.as_bytes().to_vec()
+    };
+    if original == replacement_bytes {
         return Ok(json!({"layer":id.0,"contentsId":contents.0,"fingerprint":expected,"updated":false}));
     }
     // Persisted smart filters are executable input too. A source replacement replays them
@@ -226,16 +318,50 @@ fn update(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     }
     // Save-back can intentionally remove the last drawable object. The bounded importer
     // accepts an empty drawing so deleting the final object preserves transparency.
-    let imported = photocraft_io::svg::import_svg_bounded(&name, svg.as_bytes(), MAX_PIXELS)
+    let (imported, _) = photocraft_io::svg::import_svg_bounded_with_work(&name, svg.as_bytes(), 4 * MAX_PIXELS)
         .map_err(|error| bad(UPDATE, format!("can't import edited SVG contents: {error}")))?;
     let size = imported.document.size;
+    if native {
+        // Shared instances normally borrow one immutable source and preview allocation. The
+        // check is pure in those bytes and the claimed hash, so run it once per identity while
+        // `doc` stays borrowed (no allocation can be freed and reused). Every instance's own
+        // frame, including a differing PSD fallback, is still compared.
+        let mut frames = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+        let mut remaining_xml = frame_xml_bytes;
+        let mut exhausted = false;
+        for instance in &ids {
+            let frame = source_size_with(smart(doc, *instance)?, |preview, bytes| {
+                let key = (bytes.as_ptr() as usize, bytes.len(), preview.svg.as_ptr() as usize, preview.svg.len(), preview.source_hash);
+                *frames.entry(key).or_insert_with(|| {
+                    let Some(remaining) = remaining_xml.checked_sub(preview.svg.len()) else {
+                        exhausted = true;
+                        return None;
+                    };
+                    remaining_xml = remaining;
+                    // Every shared source was compared with these actual bytes above. Reuse
+                    // their verified digest, not the preview's untrusted claimed digest.
+                    preview_frame_hash(preview, *original_hash.as_bytes())
+                })
+            });
+            if exhausted {
+                return Err(bad(UPDATE_VECTOR, "original vector preview metadata exceeds the 64 MiB validation budget"));
+            }
+            if let Some((w, h)) = frame
+                && (f64::from(size.width) != f64::from((w as f32).max(1.0).round()) || f64::from(size.height) != f64::from((h as f32).max(1.0).round()))
+            {
+                return Err(bad(UPDATE_VECTOR, "the saved preview must keep the original source-pixel frame"));
+            }
+        }
+    }
     if size.area() > MAX_PIXELS {
         return Err(bad(UPDATE, "SVG contents exceed the 24 million pixel limit"));
     }
     let source = SmartSource::Embedded {
-        file_name: if photocraft_io::svg::is_svg(original) { name } else { "Artwork.svg".into() },
-        bytes: Arc::new(svg.as_bytes().to_vec()),
+        file_name: if native || photocraft_io::svg::is_svg(original) { name } else { "Artwork.svg".into() },
+        bytes: Arc::new(replacement_bytes.clone()),
     };
+    let vector_preview =
+        native.then(|| photocraft_doc::VectorPreview { source_hash: *blake3::hash(&replacement_bytes).as_bytes(), svg: Arc::new(svg.as_bytes().to_vec()) });
     let mut replacements: Vec<Layer> = Vec::with_capacity(ids.len());
     let mut pixels = 0u64;
     for instance in ids {
@@ -248,25 +374,42 @@ fn update(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
             return Err(bad(UPDATE, "SVG placement caches exceed the 24 million pixel limit"));
         }
         sm.source = source.clone();
+        sm.vector_preview = vector_preview.clone();
         replacements.push(replacement);
     }
     // Finish every fallible render before committing any document state.
     for replacement in &mut replacements {
-        if !crate::smart_cmds::refresh_layer(doc, replacement)? {
+        if let Some(preview) = vector_preview.as_ref() {
+            // This exact SVG was fully validated above. Render only a disposable display
+            // clone, avoiding a full native-payload hash for every shared instance. Only its
+            // cache is copied back: committed sources, previews and placement stay native.
+            let mut display = replacement.clone();
+            let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &mut display.content else { return Err(EngineError::NoLayer(display.id)) };
+            sm.source = SmartSource::Embedded { file_name: "Artwork.svg".into(), bytes: preview.svg.clone() };
+            sm.vector_preview = None;
+            if !crate::smart_cmds::refresh_layer(doc, &mut display)? {
+                return Err(bad(UPDATE, "SVG contents could not be rendered"));
+            }
+            let LayerContent::Smart(rendered) = display.content else { return Err(EngineError::NoLayer(display.id)) };
+            let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &mut replacement.content else { return Err(EngineError::NoLayer(replacement.id)) };
+            sm.cache = rendered.cache;
+        } else if !crate::smart_cmds::refresh_layer(doc, replacement)? {
             return Err(bad(UPDATE, "SVG contents could not be rendered"));
         }
         crate::smart_cmds::detach_psd(replacement);
     }
-    s.edit("Update SVG Contents", |doc, _| {
+    s.edit(if native { "Update Vector Contents" } else { "Update SVG Contents" }, |doc, _| {
         for replacement in replacements {
             let id = replacement.id;
             *doc.layer_mut(id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(id))? = replacement;
         }
         Ok(())
     })?;
-    Ok(json!({"layer":id.0,"contentsId":contents.0,"fingerprint":blake3::hash(svg.as_bytes()).to_hex().to_string(),"updated":true}))
+    Ok(json!({"layer":id.0,"contentsId":contents.0,"fingerprint":blake3::hash(&replacement_bytes).to_hex().to_string(),"updated":true}))
 }
 
+/// Menu-less export/update commands the shell uses for external editor save-back; none is
+/// journaled.
 pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
     vec![
         CommandSpec {
@@ -279,6 +422,16 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             run: export,
             journal: false,
         },
+        CommandSpec {
+            id: UPDATE_VECTOR,
+            label: "Update Vector Contents",
+            menu: &[],
+            shortcut: None,
+            params: r#"{"document":id,"layer":id,"sourceBase64":"native bytes","extension":"ai|pdf|eps","previewSvg":"bounded display SVG","fingerprint":"original BLAKE3 hex","contentsId":id}"#,
+            enabled,
+            run: update_vector,
+            journal: false,
+        },
         CommandSpec {
             id: UPDATE,
             label: "Update SVG Contents",
@@ -287,7 +440,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             params: r#"{"document":id,"layer":id,"svg":"<svg …>","fingerprint":"original BLAKE3 hex","contentsId":id} → {layer,contentsId,fingerprint,updated}"#,
             enabled,
             run: update,
-            journal: true,
+            journal: false,
         },
     ]
 }
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/smart_svg_cmds/tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/smart_svg_cmds/tests.rs
index 61f2d3e49c..a0fe713768 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/smart_svg_cmds/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/smart_svg_cmds/tests.rs
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ fn valid_updates_repeat_at_all_depths_and_roundtrip_original_svg() {
     for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
         let (mut s, id) = session(depth);
         let original = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+        let journal_len = s.journal.len();
         let params = request(&mut s, id, BLUE);
         let result = s.execute(UPDATE, params).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result["updated"], true);
@@ -76,6 +77,7 @@ fn valid_updates_repeat_at_all_depths_and_roundtrip_original_svg() {
         let params = request(&mut s, id, GREEN);
         s.execute(UPDATE, params).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(source(&s, id), GREEN.as_bytes());
+        assert_eq!(s.journal.len(), journal_len, "vector saves must not accumulate full artwork in the replay journal");
         let bytes = photocraft_format::save_to_bytes(&s.active().unwrap().doc, &Default::default()).unwrap();
         let loaded = photocraft_format::load_from_bytes(&bytes).unwrap();
         let loaded_source = &smart(&loaded, id).unwrap().source;
@@ -358,3 +360,275 @@ fn quick_mask_blocks_source_updates_without_mutating_the_document() {
     s.execute("select.editInQuickMaskMode", json!({})).unwrap();
     fails_without_edit(&mut s, params);
 }
+
+fn native_session(extension: &str, depth: u32) -> (Session, LayerId, Vec<u8>) {
+    let (mut s, id) = session(depth);
+    let bytes = if extension == "eps" { b"%!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0\noriginal".to_vec() } else { b"%PDF-1.7\noriginal".to_vec() };
+    let doc = Arc::make_mut(&mut s.active_mut().unwrap().doc);
+    let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &mut doc.layer_mut(id).unwrap().content else { panic!("smart") };
+    sm.source = SmartSource::Embedded { file_name: format!("Logo.{extension}"), bytes: Arc::new(bytes.clone()) };
+    (s, id, bytes)
+}
+
+fn native_request(s: &mut Session, id: LayerId, ext: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> Value {
+    let handoff = s.execute(EXPORT, json!({"layer":id.0})).unwrap();
+    json!({"document":handoff["document"],"layer":id.0,"contentsId":handoff["contentsId"],"fingerprint":handoff["fingerprint"],"sourceBase64":base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD.encode(bytes),"extension":ext,"previewSvg":BLUE})
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn original_vector_formats_save_atomically_and_survive_undo_and_persistence() {
+    for ext in ["ai", "pdf", "eps"] {
+        for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
+            let (mut s, id, original) = native_session(ext, depth);
+            let before = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+            let changed = [original.as_slice(), b" edited"].concat();
+            let params = native_request(&mut s, id, ext, &changed);
+            assert_eq!(s.execute(UPDATE_VECTOR, params.clone()).unwrap()["updated"], true);
+            let after = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+            let sm = smart(&after, id).unwrap();
+            assert!(matches!(&sm.source,SmartSource::Embedded {file_name,bytes} if file_name == &format!("Logo.{ext}") && bytes.as_slice() == changed));
+            assert_eq!(sm.vector_preview.as_ref().unwrap().source_hash, *blake3::hash(&changed).as_bytes());
+            assert_eq!(sm.cache.as_ref().unwrap().pixel(15, 11), vec![0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0]);
+            assert!(s.undo());
+            assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc, before);
+            assert!(s.redo());
+            assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc, after);
+            let bundle = photocraft_format::save_to_bytes(&after, &Default::default()).unwrap();
+            let reopened = photocraft_format::load_from_bytes(&bundle).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(smart(&reopened, id).unwrap(), sm);
+            let mut repeated = native_request(&mut s, id, ext, &changed);
+            let revision = s.active().unwrap().revision;
+            assert_eq!(s.execute(UPDATE_VECTOR, repeated.clone()).unwrap()["updated"], false);
+            assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().revision, revision);
+            repeated["sourceBase64"] = json!(base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD.encode([changed.as_slice(), b" twice"].concat()));
+            s.execute(UPDATE_VECTOR, repeated).unwrap();
+            assert!(s.execute(UPDATE_VECTOR, params).is_err(), "stale session must not overwrite later changes");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn native_saves_reject_wrong_formats_bad_previews_and_locks_without_editing() {
+    let (mut s, id, original) = native_session("ai", 8);
+    let changed = [original.as_slice(), b" edited"].concat();
+    let valid = native_request(&mut s, id, "ai", &changed);
+    for (key, value) in [
+        ("extension", json!("svg")),
+        ("sourceBase64", json!("bad base64!")),
+        ("sourceBase64", json!(base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD.encode(RED))),
+        ("previewSvg", json!("not an SVG")),
+        ("previewSvg", json!(r#"<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1000000" height="1000000"/>"#)),
+        ("document", json!(0)),
+    ] {
+        let mut params = valid.clone();
+        params[key] = value;
+        let before = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+        assert!(s.execute(UPDATE_VECTOR, params).is_err());
+        assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc, before);
+    }
+    Arc::make_mut(&mut s.active_mut().unwrap().doc).layer_mut(id).unwrap().locks.all = true;
+    assert!(s.execute(UPDATE_VECTOR, valid.clone()).is_err());
+    Arc::make_mut(&mut s.active_mut().unwrap().doc).layer_mut(id).unwrap().locks.all = false;
+    let mut duplicate = s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().duplicate();
+    let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &mut duplicate.content else { panic!("smart") };
+    sm.transform = Affine::translate(2.0, 3.0);
+    let duplicate_id = Arc::make_mut(&mut s.active_mut().unwrap().doc).insert_above(Some(id), duplicate);
+    s.execute(UPDATE_VECTOR, valid).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(source(&s, duplicate_id), changed);
+    assert!(
+        Arc::ptr_eq(
+            &smart(&s.active().unwrap().doc, id).unwrap().vector_preview.as_ref().unwrap().svg,
+            &smart(&s.active().unwrap().doc, duplicate_id).unwrap().vector_preview.as_ref().unwrap().svg
+        ),
+        "shared instances must share the preview allocation"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(smart(&s.active().unwrap().doc, duplicate_id).unwrap().transform, Affine::translate(2.0, 3.0));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn native_save_keeps_fractional_psd_frame_and_rejects_a_resized_preview() {
+    let (mut s, id, original) = native_session("ai", 8);
+    let spec = photocraft_io::smart_map::PlacedSpec {
+        idnt: "authored",
+        placed: "authored",
+        transform: Affine::IDENTITY,
+        perspective: None,
+        size: (8.3, 6.2),
+        dpi: 72.0,
+        warp: None,
+        filter_fx: None,
+    };
+    let sold = photocraft_io::smart_map::sold_bytes(None, &spec, &mut vec![]);
+    let state = s.active_mut().unwrap();
+    let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &mut Arc::make_mut(&mut state.doc).layer_mut(id).unwrap().content else { panic!("smart") };
+    sm.psd_raw = Some(Arc::new(sold));
+    let changed = [original.as_slice(), b" changed"].concat();
+    let mut params = native_request(&mut s, id, "ai", &changed);
+    params["previewSvg"] = json!(BLUE.replace("width=\"8\" height=\"6\"", "width=\"8.3\" height=\"6.2\""));
+    s.execute(UPDATE_VECTOR, params).unwrap();
+    let before = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+    let mut params = native_request(&mut s, id, "ai", &[changed.as_slice(), b" next"].concat());
+    params["previewSvg"] = json!(BLUE.replace("width=\"8\" height=\"6\"", "width=\"10\" height=\"6\""));
+    assert!(s.execute(UPDATE_VECTOR, params).is_err());
+    assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc, before);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn shared_native_instances_check_one_preview_identity_once_and_keep_per_instance_frames() {
+    let (mut s, id, original) = native_session("ai", 8);
+    let changed = [original.as_slice(), b" changed"].concat();
+    let params = native_request(&mut s, id, "ai", &changed);
+    s.execute(UPDATE_VECTOR, params).unwrap();
+    // 40 shared instances borrow one source and preview allocation; one more has an equal
+    // preview in its own allocation, so it is a separate identity and checked separately.
+    let template = s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().clone();
+    let doc = Arc::make_mut(&mut s.active_mut().unwrap().doc);
+    for _ in 0..40 {
+        doc.insert_above(Some(id), template.duplicate());
+    }
+    let mut copied = template.duplicate();
+    let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &mut copied.content else { panic!("smart") };
+    let preview = sm.vector_preview.as_mut().unwrap();
+    preview.svg = Arc::new(preview.svg.as_ref().clone());
+    doc.insert_above(Some(id), copied);
+    let next = [changed.as_slice(), b" next"].concat();
+    let params = native_request(&mut s, id, "ai", &next);
+    let before = PREVIEW_FRAME_CHECKS.with(std::cell::Cell::get);
+    s.execute(UPDATE_VECTOR, params).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(PREVIEW_FRAME_CHECKS.with(std::cell::Cell::get) - before, 2, "one check per source and preview identity");
+    // An instance without a preview still validates its own PSD frame.
+    let spec = photocraft_io::smart_map::PlacedSpec {
+        idnt: "authored",
+        placed: "authored",
+        transform: Affine::IDENTITY,
+        perspective: None,
+        size: (10.0, 6.0),
+        dpi: 72.0,
+        warp: None,
+        filter_fx: None,
+    };
+    let sold = photocraft_io::smart_map::sold_bytes(None, &spec, &mut vec![]);
+    let mut framed = s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().duplicate();
+    let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &mut framed.content else { panic!("smart") };
+    sm.vector_preview = None;
+    sm.psd_raw = Some(Arc::new(sold));
+    Arc::make_mut(&mut s.active_mut().unwrap().doc).insert_above(Some(id), framed);
+    let params = native_request(&mut s, id, "ai", &[next.as_slice(), b" again"].concat());
+    let before = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+    let error = s.execute(UPDATE_VECTOR, params).unwrap_err().to_string();
+    assert!(error.contains("source-pixel frame"), "a differing PSD frame on one shared instance must reject: {error}");
+    assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc, before);
+}
+
+/// Distinct old previews share a byte budget even when destination surfaces are tiny.
+#[test]
+fn distinct_native_preview_metadata_exhausts_budget_without_editing_any_instance() {
+    let (mut s, id, original) = native_session("ai", 8);
+    let first_save = [original.as_slice(), b" first"].concat();
+    let params = native_request(&mut s, id, "ai", &first_save);
+    s.execute(UPDATE_VECTOR, params).unwrap();
+    let template = s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().clone();
+    let doc = Arc::make_mut(&mut s.active_mut().unwrap().doc);
+    let mut preview_length = 0;
+    for n in 0..3 {
+        let mut instance = template.duplicate();
+        let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &mut instance.content else { panic!("smart") };
+        let preview = sm.vector_preview.as_mut().unwrap();
+        let svg = RED.replace("</svg>", &format!("<!--{n}--></svg>"));
+        preview_length = svg.len();
+        preview.svg = Arc::new(svg.into_bytes());
+        if n == 0 {
+            let layer = doc.layer_mut(id).unwrap();
+            layer.content = instance.content;
+        } else {
+            doc.insert_above(Some(id), instance);
+        }
+    }
+    let next = [first_save.as_slice(), b" next"].concat();
+    let params = native_request(&mut s, id, "ai", &next);
+    let before = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+    let revision = s.active().unwrap().revision;
+    let checks = PREVIEW_FRAME_CHECKS.with(std::cell::Cell::get);
+    let error = update_contents_with_frame_budget(&mut s, &params, true, preview_length * 2).unwrap_err().to_string();
+    assert!(error.contains("validation budget"), "{error}");
+    assert_eq!(PREVIEW_FRAME_CHECKS.with(std::cell::Cell::get) - checks, 2, "exhausted metadata is never parsed");
+    assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc, before);
+    assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().revision, revision);
+    assert_eq!(s.execute(UPDATE_VECTOR, params).unwrap()["updated"], true);
+    assert!(s.undo());
+    assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc, before);
+}
+
+/// A large opaque native payload is shared data, not work repeated for every display cache.
+#[test]
+fn native_save_refreshes_shared_caches_without_rehashing_the_native_payload_per_instance() {
+    let (mut s, id, original) = native_session("eps", 8);
+    let template = s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().clone();
+    let doc = Arc::make_mut(&mut s.active_mut().unwrap().doc);
+    for _ in 1..100 {
+        doc.insert_above(Some(id), template.duplicate());
+    }
+    let before = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+    let mut changed = vec![b' '; MAX_VECTOR_SOURCE_BYTES];
+    changed[..original.len()].copy_from_slice(&original);
+    let params = native_request(&mut s, id, "eps", &changed);
+    let hashed = crate::smart_cmds::DISPLAY_NATIVE_HASH_BYTES.with(std::cell::Cell::get);
+    assert_eq!(s.execute(UPDATE_VECTOR, params).unwrap()["updated"], true);
+    assert_eq!(crate::smart_cmds::DISPLAY_NATIVE_HASH_BYTES.with(std::cell::Cell::get) - hashed, 0, "cache refresh must not hash 16 MiB for every copy");
+    let after = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+    let target = smart(&after, id).unwrap();
+    let SmartSource::Embedded { file_name, bytes } = &target.source else { panic!("native source lost") };
+    assert_eq!(file_name, "Logo.eps");
+    assert_eq!(bytes.as_slice(), changed.as_slice());
+    assert_eq!(target.vector_preview.as_ref().unwrap().source_hash, *blake3::hash(&changed).as_bytes());
+    for (_, _, layer) in after.walk() {
+        let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &layer.content else { continue };
+        let SmartSource::Embedded { bytes: shared, .. } = &sm.source else { panic!("native source lost") };
+        assert!(Arc::ptr_eq(shared, bytes));
+        assert_eq!(sm.contents_id, target.contents_id);
+        assert_eq!(sm.cache.as_ref().unwrap().pixel(15, 11), vec![0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0]);
+        let old = smart(&before, layer.id).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(sm.transform, old.transform);
+        assert_eq!(sm.smart_filters, old.smart_filters);
+        assert_eq!(sm.filter_mask, old.filter_mask);
+    }
+    assert!(s.undo());
+    assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc, before);
+    assert!(s.redo());
+    assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc, after);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn native_source_replacement_never_uses_a_forged_or_stale_preview() {
+    let (mut s, id, original) = native_session("ai", 8);
+    let changed = [original.as_slice(), b" changed"].concat();
+    let params = native_request(&mut s, id, "ai", &changed);
+    s.execute(UPDATE_VECTOR, params).unwrap();
+    let mut sm = smart(&s.active().unwrap().doc, id).unwrap().clone();
+    sm.vector_preview.as_mut().unwrap().svg = Arc::new(b"not SVG".to_vec());
+    assert!(crate::smart_cmds::render(&s.active().unwrap().doc, &sm).is_err());
+    sm.vector_preview.as_mut().unwrap().svg = Arc::new(BLUE.as_bytes().to_vec());
+    sm.source = SmartSource::Embedded { file_name: "Changed.ai".into(), bytes: Arc::new(b"%PDF-1.7\nnot the same source".to_vec()) };
+    assert!(crate::smart_cmds::render(&s.active().unwrap().doc, &sm).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn native_update_authorizes_filters_on_every_shared_instance_before_editing() {
+    let (mut s, id, original) = native_session("ai", 8);
+    let mut duplicate = s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().duplicate();
+    let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &mut duplicate.content else { panic!("smart") };
+    sm.smart_filters.push(SmartFilter {
+        command: "image.adjustments.colorLookup".into(),
+        params: json!({"file":"/not-authorized/private.cube"}),
+        blend: photocraft_color::BlendMode::Normal,
+        opacity: 1.0,
+        visible: true,
+    });
+    Arc::make_mut(&mut s.active_mut().unwrap().doc).insert_above(Some(id), duplicate);
+    let params = native_request(&mut s, id, "ai", &[original.as_slice(), b" changed"].concat());
+    s.authorize =
+        Some(|command, _| if command == "image.adjustments.colorLookup" { Err(EngineError::Other("denied stored native filter".into())) } else { Ok(()) });
+    let before = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+    assert!(s.execute(UPDATE_VECTOR, params).unwrap_err().to_string().contains("denied stored native filter"));
+    assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc, before);
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/smartselect_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/smartselect_cmds.rs
index 380b6a7200..cfd1b333e0 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/smartselect_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/smartselect_cmds.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ use photocraft_geom::Rect;
 use serde_json::{Value, json};
 
 use crate::commands::CommandSpec;
+use crate::select_mask_edits;
 use crate::{EngineError, Result, Session};
 
 fn has_doc(s: &Session) -> std::result::Result<(), String> {
@@ -221,12 +222,20 @@ impl ObjectFinderCache {
 /// `area`, say so instead of quietly finding nothing (#5246; scripts often add an empty layer
 /// above the photo first).
 fn check_sampled_pixels(doc: &Document, layer: Option<LayerId>, all_layers: bool, area: Rect) -> Result<()> {
-    let Some(surf) = sampled_target(doc, layer, all_layers).and_then(|id| doc.layer(id)).and_then(Layer::surface) else { return Ok(()) };
-    if surf.content_bounds().intersect(&area).is_empty() {
-        let msg = if surf.content_bounds().is_empty() { "the active layer is empty" } else { "the active layer has no pixels in that area" };
-        return Err(bad("select.object", &format!("{msg}; set \"sampleAllLayers\": true or select a layer with pixels")));
+    match empty_sampled_area(doc, layer, all_layers, area) {
+        Some(msg) => Err(bad("select.object", &format!("{msg}; set \"sampleAllLayers\": true or select a layer with pixels"))),
+        None => Ok(()),
     }
-    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Why sampling `layer` (unless `all_layers`) can find nothing in `area`: the layer is empty, or has no pixels there.
+/// `None` = there is something to sample. The click path reports it as an error, the Object Finder hover as a hint.
+pub fn empty_sampled_area(doc: &Document, layer: Option<LayerId>, all_layers: bool, area: Rect) -> Option<&'static str> {
+    let surf = sampled_target(doc, layer, all_layers).and_then(|id| doc.layer(id)).and_then(Layer::surface)?;
+    if !surf.content_bounds().intersect(&area).is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    Some(if surf.content_bounds().is_empty() { "the active layer is empty" } else { "the active layer has no pixels in that area" })
 }
 
 /// `select.object` with `"point"`: the Object Finder's object under the point (cached).
@@ -390,8 +399,9 @@ fn refine_strokes(p: &Value) -> Result<Vec<matting::EdgeStroke>> {
     Ok(strokes)
 }
 
-/// Select and Mask: refines the selection edge, then outputs to the selection, a layer mask on
-/// the active layer, a new layer or a new document (each with or without a mask).
+/// Select and Mask: applies the workspace's tool `edits` to the selection (or layer mask), refines
+/// its edge, then outputs to the selection, a layer mask on the active layer, a new layer or a new
+/// document (each with or without a mask).
 /// Decontaminating colours needs new pixels, so it upgrades `selection` / `layerMask` output to
 /// `newLayerWithMask` (as Photoshop does). New-layer outputs hide the source layer; new-document
 /// outputs leave the source document untouched.
@@ -411,13 +421,30 @@ fn refine_edge(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     if decontaminate && matches!(output.as_str(), "selection" | "layerMask") {
         output = "newLayerWithMask".into();
     }
+    let edits = select_mask_edits::parse(p)?;
+    // Before anything is painted: a thin stroke across a huge canvas paints few pixels but many tiles.
+    select_mask_edits::check_size(&edits, d.doc.bounds())?;
+    select_mask_edits::check_strokes(&strokes, d.doc.bounds())?;
     let region = with_sampler(s, b(p, "sampleAllLayers", false), |smp, doc| {
         let mask_surf = active.and_then(|id| doc.layer(id)).and_then(|l| l.mask.as_ref()).map(|m| &m.surface);
         let target_mask = p.get("target").and_then(Value::as_str) == Some("mask");
-        let sel = if target_mask { mask_surf.or(doc.selection.as_ref()) } else { doc.selection.as_ref().or(mask_surf) }?;
+        let start = if target_mask { mask_surf.or(doc.selection.as_ref()) } else { doc.selection.as_ref().or(mask_surf) };
+        // The workspace's tool edits change the selection before its edge is refined.
+        let edited = if edits.is_empty() { None } else { select_mask_edits::apply(doc, active, start.cloned(), &edits) };
+        let Some(sel) = (if edits.is_empty() { start } else { edited.as_ref() }) else { return Ok(None) };
         let brush = matting::EdgeBrush::new(&strokes, doc.bounds());
-        matting::refine_mask_brushed(smp, &matting::surface_reader(sel), sel.content_bounds(), doc.bounds(), &params, brush.as_ref())
-    })?;
+        // The refined result is dense over the selection's bounds: refuse what would not fit
+        // rather than allocate it (a thin edit across a huge canvas; the #8783 review).
+        let content = sel.content_bounds();
+        let area = matting::refine_area(content, doc.bounds(), &params, brush.as_ref());
+        if u64::from(area.width()) * u64::from(area.height()) > matting::MAX_REFINE_AREA {
+            return Err(bad(
+                "select.refineEdge",
+                &format!("the selection is too large to refine ({} × {} px; at most {} px in all)", area.width(), area.height(), matting::MAX_REFINE_AREA),
+            ));
+        }
+        Ok(matting::refine_mask_brushed(smp, &matting::surface_reader(sel), content, doc.bounds(), &params, brush.as_ref()))
+    })??;
     let d = s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?;
     let active = d.active_layer.filter(|id| d.doc.layer(*id).is_some());
     match output.as_str() {
@@ -524,7 +551,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             "select.refineEdge",
             "Refine Edge",
             [],
-            r##"{"radius":px=0,"smartRadius":bool=false,"smooth":0..100=0,"feather":px=0,"contrast":0..100=0,"shiftEdge":-100..100=0,"decontaminate":bool=false,"amount":0..100=100,"output":"selection|layerMask|newLayer|newLayerWithMask|newDocument|newDocumentWithMask"="selection","sampleAllLayers":bool=false,"refineStrokes":[{"points":[[x,y],…],"size":px=30,"mode":"add|subtract"="add"},…]=[]} (refineStrokes: the Refine Edge Brush, in painting order: add refines the painted area from the image, subtract keeps the original edge there)"##,
+            r##"{"radius":px=0,"smartRadius":bool=false,"smooth":0..100=0,"feather":px=0,"contrast":0..100=0,"shiftEdge":-100..100=0,"decontaminate":bool=false,"amount":0..100=100,"output":"selection|layerMask|newLayer|newLayerWithMask|newDocument|newDocumentWithMask"="selection","sampleAllLayers":bool=false,"refineStrokes":[{"points":[[x,y],…],"size":px=30,"mode":"add|subtract"="add"},…]=[],"edits":[{"tool":"quick","points":[[x,y],…],"size":px=30,"mode":"add|subtract"="add","sampleAllLayers":bool=false} | {"tool":"brush","points":[[x,y],…],"size":px=30,"hardness":0..100=100,"mode":"add|subtract"="add"} | {"tool":"lasso","points":[[x,y],…≥3],"mode":"add|subtract"="add"} | {"tool":"object","rect":[x,y,w,h] | "point":[x,y],"mode":"add|subtract"="add","sampleAllLayers":bool=false} | {"tool":"subject","mode":"replace|add|subtract"="replace","sampleAllLayers":bool=true} | {"tool":"clear"} | {"tool":"invert"},…]=[]} (refineStrokes: the Refine Edge Brush, in painting order: add refines the painted area from the image, subtract keeps the original edge there; edits: the workspace's Quick Selection, Brush, Lasso, Object Selection, Select Subject, Clear Selection and Invert, applied in order to the selection before its edge is refined)"##,
             has_selection_or_mask,
             refine_edge
         ),
@@ -696,6 +723,22 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(s.execute("select.object", json!({"point": ["a", 1]})).is_err());
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn object_selection_finds_a_large_foreground_at_each_depth_and_undoes() {
+        for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
+            let inside = |x: i32, y: i32| (10..190).contains(&x) && (8..152).contains(&y);
+            let mut s = session_with(200, 160, depth, |x, y| if inside(x as i32, y as i32) { [0.8, 0.2, 0.1] } else { [0.1, 0.2, 0.8] });
+            let r = s.execute("select.object", json!({"point": [100, 80]})).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(r["changed"], true, "depth {depth}");
+            assert!(sel_iou(&s, 200, 160, inside) > 0.95, "depth {depth}");
+            s.execute("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+            assert!(s.active().unwrap().doc.selection.is_none());
+            let r = s.execute("select.object", json!({"point": [1, 1]})).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(r["changed"], false, "background at depth {depth}");
+            assert!(s.active().unwrap().doc.selection.is_none());
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn object_selection_point_honours_the_modes() {
         let (mut s, _) = disc(8);
@@ -1041,4 +1084,174 @@ mod tests {
         s.execute("select.focusArea", json!({})).unwrap();
         assert!(cov(&s, 30, 50) >= 0.5 && cov(&s, 130, 50) < 0.5);
     }
+    /// The selection as 8-bit coverage over `w × h`, to compare two selections exactly.
+    fn sel_bytes(s: &Session, w: i32, h: i32) -> Vec<u8> {
+        (0..h).flat_map(|y| (0..w).map(move |x| (cov(s, x, y) * 255.0).round() as u8)).collect()
+    }
+
+    /// The #8783 review: a refine whose result would be dense over more than
+    /// [`matting::MAX_REFINE_AREA`] pixels is refused, not allocated: a thin Brush edit across a
+    /// huge canvas (its edited selection spans the canvas) and a selection of the whole canvas.
+    /// The selection stays as it was.
+    #[test]
+    fn refine_edge_refuses_a_selection_too_large_to_refine() {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        s.add_document(
+            Document::new("huge", photocraft_doc::Size::new(100_000, 100_000), photocraft_doc::ColorMode::Rgb, photocraft_color::SampleType::U8),
+            None,
+        );
+        s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 10, "y": 60, "width": 10, "height": 10})).unwrap();
+        let small = s.active().and_then(|d| d.doc.selection.clone()).expect("selected");
+        let diagonal = json!({"edits": [{"tool": "brush", "points": [[0, 0], [99_999, 99_999]], "size": 1}]});
+        let t = std::time::Instant::now();
+        let e = s.execute("select.refineEdge", diagonal).expect_err("too large to refine");
+        assert!(e.to_string().contains("too large to refine"), "{e}");
+        assert!(s.active().and_then(|d| d.doc.selection.as_ref()) == Some(&small), "the selection is unchanged");
+        // The small selection itself still refines.
+        s.execute("select.refineEdge", json!({"radius": 4})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("select.all", json!({})).unwrap();
+        let all = s.active().and_then(|d| d.doc.selection.clone()).expect("selected");
+        assert!(s.execute("select.refineEdge", json!({"radius": 4})).is_err());
+        assert!(s.active().and_then(|d| d.doc.selection.as_ref()) == Some(&all));
+        assert!(t.elapsed() < std::time::Duration::from_secs(20), "{:?}", t.elapsed());
+    }
+
+    /// The #8783 review: Brush and Lasso edits and Refine Edge Brush strokes that would paint
+    /// too many tiles of a huge canvas are refused before anything is painted, and the selection
+    /// stays as it was.
+    #[test]
+    fn refine_edge_refuses_edits_that_cross_too_many_tiles() {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        s.add_document(
+            Document::new("huge", photocraft_doc::Size::new(100_000, 100_000), photocraft_doc::ColorMode::Rgb, photocraft_color::SampleType::U8),
+            None,
+        );
+        s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 10, "y": 10, "width": 10, "height": 10})).unwrap();
+        let before = s.active().and_then(|d| d.doc.selection.clone()).expect("selected");
+        let zigzag: Vec<[f32; 2]> = (0..20).map(|i| [if i % 2 == 0 { 0.0 } else { 99_999.0 }, i as f32 * 5000.0]).collect();
+        for p in [
+            json!({"edits": [{"tool": "brush", "points": zigzag, "size": 1}]}),
+            json!({"edits": [{"tool": "lasso", "points": zigzag}]}),
+            json!({"refineStrokes": [{"points": zigzag, "size": 1}]}),
+        ] {
+            let e = s.execute("select.refineEdge", p.clone()).expect_err("refused");
+            assert!(e.to_string().contains("too many tiles"), "{p}: {e}");
+            assert!(s.active().and_then(|d| d.doc.selection.as_ref()) == Some(&before), "{p}: the selection is unchanged");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Select and Mask's own tools (#7069, #8148): each edit changes the selection before the
+    /// edge is refined, at every depth, and the whole run is one history step.
+    #[test]
+    fn refine_edge_edits_apply_each_tool_at_every_depth() {
+        for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
+            let mut s = two_regions(depth);
+            s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 0, "y": 0, "width": 20, "height": 20})).unwrap();
+            let start = sel_bytes(&s, 140, 100);
+            let run = |s: &mut Session, edits: Value| {
+                s.execute("select.refineEdge", json!({"edits": edits})).unwrap();
+                let after = sel_bytes(s, 140, 100);
+                s.execute("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+                assert_eq!(sel_bytes(s, 140, 100), start, "depth {depth}: one undo restores the selection");
+                after
+            };
+            let at = |b: &[u8], x: usize, y: usize| b[y * 140 + x];
+            // Quick Selection grows across the cool region; subtracting it again leaves the start.
+            let quick = run(&mut s, json!([{"tool": "quick", "points": [[100, 50], [110, 50]], "size": 8}]));
+            assert!(at(&quick, 120, 80) >= 128 && at(&quick, 5, 5) >= 128 && at(&quick, 40, 60) < 128, "depth {depth}: quick");
+            let back = run(
+                &mut s,
+                json!([{"tool": "quick", "points": [[100, 50]], "size": 8}, {"tool": "quick", "points": [[100, 50]], "size": 8, "mode": "subtract"}]),
+            );
+            assert!(at(&back, 120, 80) < 128 && at(&back, 5, 5) >= 128, "depth {depth}: quick subtract");
+            // The Brush paints exactly where it goes.
+            let brush = run(&mut s, json!([{"tool": "brush", "points": [[30, 80], [60, 80]], "size": 10}]));
+            assert!(at(&brush, 45, 80) == 255 && at(&brush, 45, 90) == 0, "depth {depth}: brush");
+            let erased = run(&mut s, json!([{"tool": "brush", "points": [[10, 10]], "size": 6, "mode": "subtract"}]));
+            assert!(at(&erased, 10, 10) == 0 && at(&erased, 2, 2) == 255, "depth {depth}: brush subtract");
+            // Lasso adds and subtracts polygons.
+            let lasso = run(&mut s, json!([{"tool": "lasso", "points": [[50, 50], [90, 50], [90, 90], [50, 90]]}]));
+            assert!(at(&lasso, 70, 70) == 255 && at(&lasso, 95, 70) == 0 && at(&lasso, 5, 5) == 255, "depth {depth}: lasso");
+            let cut = run(&mut s, json!([{"tool": "lasso", "points": [[0, 0], [10, 0], [10, 10], [0, 10]], "mode": "subtract"}]));
+            assert!(at(&cut, 5, 5) == 0 && at(&cut, 15, 15) == 255, "depth {depth}: lasso subtract");
+            // Clear Selection, then Invert of nothing: everything.
+            let all = run(&mut s, json!([{"tool": "clear"}, {"tool": "invert"}]));
+            assert!(all.iter().all(|v| *v == 255), "depth {depth}: clear + invert");
+            let inverted = run(&mut s, json!([{"tool": "invert"}]));
+            assert!(at(&inverted, 5, 5) == 0 && at(&inverted, 100, 50) == 255, "depth {depth}: invert");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Object Selection and Select Subject inside the workspace find what the standalone tools find.
+    #[test]
+    fn refine_edge_edits_object_and_subject() {
+        for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
+            let (mut s, inside) = disc(depth);
+            s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 0, "y": 0, "width": 10, "height": 10})).unwrap();
+            s.execute("select.refineEdge", json!({"edits": [{"tool": "object", "rect": [40, 20, 120, 120]}, {"tool": "lasso", "points": [[0, 0], [10, 0], [10, 10], [0, 10]], "mode": "subtract"}]})).unwrap();
+            let v = sel_iou(&s, 200, 160, &inside);
+            assert!(v > 0.95, "depth {depth}: object rect IoU {v}");
+            s.execute("select.refineEdge", json!({"edits": [{"tool": "clear"}, {"tool": "object", "point": [3, 3]}, {"tool": "object", "point": [100, 80]}]}))
+                .unwrap();
+            let v = sel_iou(&s, 200, 160, &inside);
+            assert!(v > 0.9, "depth {depth}: object point IoU {v} (the background point finds nothing)");
+        }
+        let (mut s, inside) = disc(8);
+        s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 0, "y": 0, "width": 10, "height": 10})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("select.refineEdge", json!({"edits": [{"tool": "subject"}]})).unwrap();
+        let v = sel_iou(&s, 200, 160, &inside);
+        assert!(v > 0.9, "subject replaces the selection: IoU {v}");
+        s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 0, "y": 0, "width": 10, "height": 10})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("select.refineEdge", json!({"edits": [{"tool": "subject", "mode": "add"}]})).unwrap();
+        assert!(cov(&s, 5, 5) >= 0.5 && cov(&s, 100, 80) >= 0.5, "subject added to the selection");
+    }
+
+    /// An edit gives what the standalone tool gives, then the edge is refined as usual, and the
+    /// result reaches every output.
+    #[test]
+    fn refine_edge_edits_match_the_tools_and_reach_the_outputs() {
+        let mut tool = two_regions(8);
+        tool.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 0, "y": 0, "width": 20, "height": 20})).unwrap();
+        tool.execute("select.quick", json!({"points": [[100, 50], [110, 50]], "size": 8})).unwrap();
+        let mut ws = two_regions(8);
+        ws.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 0, "y": 0, "width": 20, "height": 20})).unwrap();
+        ws.execute("select.refineEdge", json!({"edits": [{"tool": "quick", "points": [[100, 50], [110, 50]], "size": 8}]})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(sel_bytes(&ws, 140, 100), sel_bytes(&tool, 140, 100));
+        // Refinement runs on the edited selection: Shift Edge contracts the brushed bar too.
+        let mut s = two_regions(8);
+        s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 0, "y": 0, "width": 20, "height": 20})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("select.refineEdge", json!({"shiftEdge": -100, "edits": [{"tool": "brush", "points": [[30, 80], [100, 80]], "size": 20}]})).unwrap();
+        assert!(cov(&s, 60, 80) >= 0.5 && cov(&s, 60, 88) < 0.5 && cov(&s, 60, 72) < 0.5, "the 20 px bar shrank");
+        // Layer mask and new-layer outputs take the edited selection.
+        let mut s = blurred_edge_selected();
+        let r = s.execute("select.refineEdge", json!({"output": "layerMask", "edits": [{"tool": "invert"}]})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(r["output"], "layerMask");
+        let m = s.active().unwrap().doc.layers[0].mask.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert!(m.surface.sample_channel(10, 20, 0) < 0.01 && m.surface.sample_channel(70, 20, 0) > 0.99);
+        let mut s = blurred_edge_selected();
+        let r = s.execute("select.refineEdge", json!({"output": "newLayerWithMask", "edits": [{"tool": "invert"}]})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(r["output"], "newLayerWithMask");
+        let d = s.active().unwrap();
+        let m = d.doc.layers.iter().find_map(|l| l.mask.as_ref()).unwrap();
+        assert!(m.surface.sample_channel(10, 20, 0) < 0.01 && m.surface.sample_channel(70, 20, 0) > 0.99);
+        // Clearing everything deselects.
+        let mut s = blurred_edge_selected();
+        let r = s.execute("select.refineEdge", json!({"edits": [{"tool": "clear"}]})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(r["selected"], false);
+        assert!(s.active().unwrap().doc.selection.is_none());
+    }
+
+    /// Bad edits are refused before anything changes.
+    #[test]
+    fn refine_edge_rejects_bad_edits_and_keeps_the_selection() {
+        let mut s = blurred_edge_selected();
+        let before = sel_bytes(&s, 80, 40);
+        for bad in
+            [json!(7), json!([{"tool": "nope"}]), json!([{"tool": "lasso", "points": [[0, 0]]}]), json!([{"tool": "brush", "points": [[0, 0]], "size": -1}])]
+        {
+            assert!(s.execute("select.refineEdge", json!({"edits": bad})).is_err(), "{bad}");
+            assert_eq!(sel_bytes(&s, 80, 40), before, "{bad}");
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/snap.rs b/crates/engine/src/snap.rs
index 652ee1d747..78c8b9f2e8 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/snap.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/snap.rs
@@ -132,6 +132,13 @@ impl SnapTargets {
                 if !l.visible || exclude.contains(&l.id) {
                     continue;
                 }
+                // An artboard is a group, but its edges and centre are the board's own.
+                if let Some(a) = l.artboard() {
+                    if let Some(r) = to_rect(a.rect) {
+                        t.add_rect(r, SnapKind::LayerEdge, SnapKind::LayerCenter);
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
                 if let Some(r) = target_rect_of(doc, l) {
                     t.add_rect(r, SnapKind::LayerEdge, SnapKind::LayerCenter);
                 }
@@ -389,4 +396,29 @@ mod tests {
         );
         assert_eq!(union([[0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0], [2.0, -1.0, 3.0, 0.5]]), Some([0.0, -1.0, 3.0, 1.0]));
     }
+
+    /// An artboard (a group) offers the board's own edges and centre, so other layers, boards and
+    /// tools can snap to it; the board being moved doesn't snap to itself.
+    #[test]
+    fn an_artboard_offers_its_own_edges() {
+        let mut doc = Document::with_background("s", Size::new(200, 100), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8, Color::WHITE);
+        let mut board = Layer::group("Artboard 1", vec![]);
+        if let photocraft_doc::LayerContent::Group(g) = &mut board.content {
+            g.artboard =
+                Some(photocraft_doc::Artboard { rect: photocraft_geom::Rect::new(20, 10, 120, 90), background: Default::default(), preset: String::new() });
+        }
+        let id = doc.insert_above(None, board);
+        let opts = SnapOptions::default();
+        let t = SnapTargets::from_document(&doc, &opts, &[]);
+        let has = |ts: &[Target], kind: SnapKind, pos: f64| ts.iter().any(|t| t.kind == kind && t.pos == pos);
+        for x in [20.0, 120.0] {
+            assert!(has(&t.x, SnapKind::LayerEdge, x), "x = {x}");
+        }
+        for y in [10.0, 90.0] {
+            assert!(has(&t.y, SnapKind::LayerEdge, y), "y = {y}");
+        }
+        assert!(has(&t.x, SnapKind::LayerCenter, 70.0) && has(&t.y, SnapKind::LayerCenter, 50.0));
+        let t = SnapTargets::from_document(&doc, &opts, &[id]);
+        assert!(!has(&t.x, SnapKind::LayerEdge, 120.0) && !has(&t.x, SnapKind::LayerCenter, 70.0));
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/style_asl_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/style_asl_cmds.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..840459bf6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/engine/src/style_asl_cmds.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+//! Styles panel › Import Styles… / Export Styles…: Photoshop layer style libraries (`.asl`).
+//!
+//! - `style.presets.importAsl` adds every style of an `.asl` file to the Styles library as one
+//!   group (named after the file), and the patterns embedded in the file to the pattern library so
+//!   the styles' Pattern Overlays, pattern strokes and bevel textures render. A malformed file
+//!   changes nothing.
+//! - `style.presets.exportAsl` writes styles (all, one group or named ones) as an `.asl`, with the
+//!   patterns their effects use.
+//!
+//! The container lives in `photocraft-psd` (`asl`), the mapping onto effects in `photocraft-io`
+//! (`asl_map`).
+
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+
+use crate::commands::CommandSpec;
+use crate::presets::styles::StylePreset;
+use crate::presets::{Group, find, unique_name};
+use crate::{EngineError, Result, Session};
+use photocraft_io::asl_map::{self, AslStyle};
+
+fn bad(cmd: &str, msg: impl Into<String>) -> EngineError {
+    EngineError::BadParams { cmd: cmd.into(), msg: msg.into() }
+}
+
+fn always(_: &Session) -> std::result::Result<(), String> {
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn has_styles(s: &Session) -> std::result::Result<(), String> {
+    if s.presets.styles.iter().any(|g| !g.items.is_empty()) { Ok(()) } else { Err("no styles".into()) }
+}
+
+const IMPORT: &str = "style.presets.importAsl";
+const EXPORT: &str = "style.presets.exportAsl";
+
+fn import(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
+    let (bytes, stem) = crate::preset_import_cmds::file_bytes(p, IMPORT, ".asl file")?;
+    let group = match p.get("group") {
+        Some(v) => v.as_str().map(str::trim).filter(|g| !g.is_empty()).ok_or_else(|| bad(IMPORT, "`group` must be a non-empty string"))?.to_string(),
+        None if !stem.trim().is_empty() => stem.trim().to_string(),
+        None => "Imported Styles".to_string(),
+    };
+    let replace = match p.get("replace") {
+        None => true,
+        Some(v) => v.as_bool().ok_or_else(|| bad(IMPORT, "`replace` must be a boolean"))?,
+    };
+    // A file named like a built-in group ("Basics.asl") goes to "Basics 2": built-ins are never replaced.
+    let builtin: Vec<String> = crate::presets::styles::builtin().into_iter().map(|g| g.name).collect();
+    let group = if builtin.contains(&group) { (2..).map(|i| format!("{group} {i}")).find(|g| !builtin.contains(g)).unwrap_or(group) } else { group };
+    let imp = asl_map::read_asl(&bytes).map_err(|e| bad(IMPORT, e))?;
+    if imp.styles.is_empty() {
+        return Err(bad(IMPORT, "the file holds no styles"));
+    }
+    // Everything is checked: change the library.
+    let mut pattern_ids = Vec::new();
+    for pat in imp.patterns {
+        pattern_ids.push(pat.id.clone());
+        s.patterns.upsert(pat);
+    }
+    let styles = &mut s.presets.styles;
+    if replace {
+        styles.retain(|g| g.name != group);
+    }
+    let gi = match styles.iter().position(|g| g.name == group) {
+        Some(i) => i,
+        None => {
+            styles.push(Group::new(&group, Vec::new()));
+            styles.len() - 1
+        }
+    };
+    let mut names = Vec::with_capacity(imp.styles.len());
+    for st in imp.styles {
+        // Agents address styles by name: keep names unique across the library.
+        let name = unique_name(styles, &st.name);
+        names.push(name.clone());
+        let preset = StylePreset { name, effects: st.effects, blend: st.blend, fill_opacity: st.fill_opacity, opacity: st.opacity };
+        if let Some(g) = styles.get_mut(gi) {
+            g.items.push(preset);
+        }
+    }
+    s.presets_changed();
+    Ok(json!({"group": group, "imported": names, "count": names.len(), "patterns": pattern_ids, "warnings": imp.warnings}))
+}
+
+fn export(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
+    let group = match p.get("group") {
+        None => None,
+        Some(v) => Some(v.as_str().ok_or_else(|| bad(EXPORT, "`group` must be a string"))?),
+    };
+    let chosen: Vec<StylePreset> = match p.get("styles") {
+        Some(v) => {
+            let list = v.as_array().ok_or_else(|| bad(EXPORT, "`styles` must be a list of style names"))?;
+            list.iter()
+                .map(|n| {
+                    let name = n.as_str().ok_or_else(|| bad(EXPORT, "`styles` must be a list of style names"))?;
+                    let (gi, ii) = find(&s.presets.styles, name, group).ok_or_else(|| bad(EXPORT, format!("no style \"{name}\" (see style.presets.list)")))?;
+                    s.presets.styles.get(gi).and_then(|g| g.items.get(ii)).cloned().ok_or_else(|| bad(EXPORT, format!("no style \"{name}\"")))
+                })
+                .collect::<Result<_>>()?
+        }
+        None => match group {
+            Some(g) => s.presets.styles.iter().find(|x| x.name == g).ok_or_else(|| bad(EXPORT, format!("no style group \"{g}\"")))?.items.clone(),
+            None => s.presets.styles.iter().flat_map(|g| g.items.iter().cloned()).collect(),
+        },
+    };
+    if chosen.is_empty() {
+        return Err(bad(EXPORT, "no styles to export"));
+    }
+    // The patterns the styles use, from the open document or the library.
+    let all_fx: Vec<photocraft_doc::Effect> = chosen.iter().flat_map(|st| st.effects.iter().cloned()).collect();
+    let mut patterns: Vec<photocraft_doc::Pattern> = Vec::new();
+    let mut warnings = Vec::new();
+    for (name, id) in asl_map::referenced_patterns(&all_fx) {
+        let key = if id.is_empty() { &name } else { &id };
+        match crate::pattern_cmds::resolve(s, key).filter(|_| !key.is_empty()) {
+            Some(pat) if !patterns.iter().any(|q| q.id == pat.id) => patterns.push(pat),
+            Some(_) => {}
+            None => warnings.push(format!("pattern \"{}\" was not found and is not included", if name.is_empty() { &id } else { &name })),
+        }
+    }
+    let styles: Vec<AslStyle> = chosen
+        .iter()
+        .map(|st| AslStyle { name: st.name.clone(), effects: st.effects.clone(), blend: st.blend, opacity: st.opacity, fill_opacity: st.fill_opacity })
+        .collect();
+    let bytes = asl_map::write_asl(&styles, &patterns).map_err(|e| bad(EXPORT, e))?;
+    let mut out = json!({"count": styles.len(), "bytes": bytes.len(), "patterns": patterns.len(), "warnings": warnings});
+    match p.get("path") {
+        Some(v) => {
+            let path = v.as_str().filter(|x| !x.trim().is_empty()).ok_or_else(|| bad(EXPORT, "`path` must be a non-empty string"))?;
+            crate::file_cmds::write_file(path, &bytes)?;
+            out["path"] = json!(path);
+        }
+        None => out["data"] = json!(photocraft_paint::tile::b64_encode(&bytes)),
+    }
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+/// `.asl` command specs.
+pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
+    vec![
+        CommandSpec {
+            id: IMPORT,
+            label: "Import Styles…",
+            menu: &[],
+            shortcut: None,
+            params: r##"{"path":".asl file"?,"data":base64 bytes?,"group":string?=file name (a built-in group's name becomes "<name> 2": built-ins are never replaced),"replace":bool=true (replace a group of the same name)} → {group, imported, count, patterns (ids added to the pattern library), warnings}"##,
+            enabled: always,
+            run: import,
+            journal: true,
+        },
+        CommandSpec {
+            id: EXPORT,
+            label: "Export Styles…",
+            menu: &[],
+            shortcut: None,
+            params: r##"{"group":name? (only that group),"styles":[names]? (only these),"path":".asl file"? (else the bytes come back as base64 `data`)} → {count, bytes, patterns, warnings, path|data}"##,
+            enabled: has_styles,
+            run: export,
+            journal: true,
+        },
+    ]
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use photocraft_paint::tile::{b64_decode, b64_encode};
+
+    fn session() -> Session {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 16, "height": 16})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        s
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn export_then_import_round_trips_a_group() {
+        let mut s = session();
+        let before = s.presets.styles.clone();
+        let r = s.execute(EXPORT, json!({"group": "Text Effects"})).unwrap();
+        let n = before.iter().find(|g| g.name == "Text Effects").unwrap().items.len();
+        assert_eq!(r["count"], n);
+        let data = r["data"].as_str().unwrap().to_string();
+        let r = s.execute(IMPORT, json!({"data": data, "group": "Back"})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(r["count"], n);
+        let back = s.presets.styles.iter().find(|g| g.name == "Back").unwrap().items.clone();
+        let orig = &before.iter().find(|g| g.name == "Text Effects").unwrap().items;
+        for (a, b) in back.iter().zip(orig) {
+            // Names stay unique across the library: "Gold" comes back as "Gold 2".
+            assert!(a.name.starts_with(&b.name), "{} vs {}", a.name, b.name);
+            assert_eq!(a.effects.len(), b.effects.len(), "{}", b.name);
+            assert_eq!(a.fill_opacity, b.fill_opacity, "{}", b.name);
+        }
+        // The imported copy applies like the original.
+        s.execute("style.presets.apply", json!({"preset": back[0].name})).unwrap();
+        let fx = &s.active().unwrap().doc.layers.last().unwrap().effects.items;
+        assert_eq!(fx.len(), orig[0].effects.len());
+        // Re-import replaces the group instead of adding another.
+        let groups = s.presets.styles.len();
+        s.execute(IMPORT, json!({"data": data, "group": "Back"})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(s.presets.styles.len(), groups);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_file_named_like_a_built_in_group_keeps_that_group() {
+        let mut s = session();
+        let basics = s.presets.styles.iter().find(|g| g.name == "Basics").unwrap().items.clone();
+        let data = s.execute(EXPORT, json!({"group": "Text Effects"})).unwrap()["data"].as_str().unwrap().to_string();
+        for _ in 0..2 {
+            let r = s.execute(IMPORT, json!({"data": data, "group": "Basics"})).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(r["group"], "Basics 2");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(s.presets.styles.iter().find(|g| g.name == "Basics").unwrap().items, basics);
+        // Re-importing replaces the copy instead of adding another.
+        assert_eq!(s.presets.styles.iter().filter(|g| g.name.starts_with("Basics")).count(), 2);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn blending_options_survive_and_apply() {
+        let mut s = session();
+        let id = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.layerStyle.blendingOptions", json!({"layer": id.0, "opacity": 40, "blend": "multiply", "fillOpacity": 30})).unwrap();
+        let l = s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().clone();
+        assert_eq!(l.blend, photocraft_color::BlendMode::Multiply);
+        s.execute("style.presets.new", json!({"name": "Blended", "group": "Mine", "layer": id.0})).unwrap();
+        let data = s.execute(EXPORT, json!({"styles": ["Blended"]})).unwrap()["data"].as_str().unwrap().to_string();
+        s.execute(IMPORT, json!({"data": data, "group": "Again"})).unwrap();
+        let st = s.presets.styles.iter().find(|g| g.name == "Again").unwrap().items[0].clone();
+        assert_eq!(st.blend, Some(l.blend));
+        assert!((st.opacity.unwrap() - l.opacity).abs() < 1e-4);
+        assert!((st.fill_opacity.unwrap() - l.fill_opacity).abs() < 1e-4);
+        // Applying it to a fresh layer sets the blending options.
+        s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        let fresh = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        s.execute("style.presets.apply", json!({"preset": st.name, "layer": fresh.0})).unwrap();
+        let f = s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(fresh).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(f.blend, l.blend);
+        assert!((f.opacity - l.opacity).abs() < 1e-4);
+    }
+
+    /// #9318 review: an ASL that replaces a library pattern by id marks its pixels changed, so the
+    /// preset store writes the replacement (see `PatternLibrary::pixels_rev`).
+    #[test]
+    fn an_asl_pattern_replacement_bumps_pixels_rev() {
+        let mut s = session();
+        let mut pat = s.patterns.items[1].clone();
+        pat.id = "asl-replaced-pattern".into();
+        let asl = |p: &photocraft_doc::Pattern| {
+            let style = AslStyle { name: "Pat".into(), effects: vec![], blend: None, opacity: None, fill_opacity: None };
+            b64_encode(&asl_map::write_asl(&[style], std::slice::from_ref(p)).unwrap())
+        };
+        s.execute(IMPORT, json!({"data": asl(&pat), "group": "A"})).unwrap();
+        let rev = s.patterns.pixels_rev;
+        pat.surface = s.patterns.items[2].surface.clone();
+        s.execute(IMPORT, json!({"data": asl(&pat), "group": "B"})).unwrap();
+        assert!(s.patterns.pixels_rev > rev, "the same-id replacement is marked");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn embedded_patterns_reach_the_library_and_the_document() {
+        let mut s = session();
+        let pat = s.patterns.items[0].clone();
+        let fx = crate::layer_style::effect_from_params("patternOverlay", &json!({"pattern": pat.id})).unwrap();
+        let (fx, _) = crate::pattern_cmds::resolve_effect(&s, fx).unwrap();
+        let mut renamed = pat.clone();
+        renamed.id = "asl-test-pattern".into();
+        renamed.name = "Asl Test".into();
+        let fx = match fx {
+            photocraft_doc::Effect::PatternOverlay { common, scale, angle, link, phase, .. } => {
+                photocraft_doc::Effect::PatternOverlay { common, name: renamed.name.clone(), id: renamed.id.clone(), scale, angle, link, phase }
+            }
+            other => other,
+        };
+        let style = AslStyle { name: "Pat".into(), effects: vec![fx], blend: None, opacity: None, fill_opacity: None };
+        let bytes = asl_map::write_asl(&[style], std::slice::from_ref(&renamed)).unwrap();
+        let r = s.execute(IMPORT, json!({"data": b64_encode(&bytes), "group": "Pats"})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(r["patterns"], json!(["asl-test-pattern"]));
+        assert!(s.patterns.items.iter().any(|p| p.id == "asl-test-pattern"));
+        s.execute("style.presets.apply", json!({"preset": "Pat", "group": "Pats"})).unwrap();
+        assert!(s.active().unwrap().doc.patterns.iter().any(|p| p.id == "asl-test-pattern"));
+        // Export embeds it again.
+        let r = s.execute(EXPORT, json!({"group": "Pats"})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(r["patterns"], 1);
+        let back = asl_map::read_asl(&b64_decode(r["data"].as_str().unwrap()).unwrap()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(back.patterns.len(), 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn files_on_disk() {
+        let mut s = session();
+        let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("pc-asl-{}", std::process::id()));
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+        let path = dir.join("My Styles.asl");
+        let r = s.execute(EXPORT, json!({"group": "Basics", "path": path.to_string_lossy()})).unwrap();
+        assert!(r.get("data").is_none());
+        let r = s.execute(IMPORT, json!({"path": path.to_string_lossy()})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(r["group"], "My Styles");
+        std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir).ok();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn bad_params_fail_gracefully_and_change_nothing() {
+        let mut s = session();
+        let good = s.execute(EXPORT, json!({"group": "Basics"})).unwrap()["data"].as_str().unwrap().to_string();
+        let raw = b64_decode(&good).unwrap();
+        let styles = s.presets.styles.clone();
+        let pats = s.patterns.items.len();
+        let empty = b64_encode(&asl_map::write_asl(&[], &[]).unwrap());
+        for p in [
+            json!({}),
+            json!({"path": ""}),
+            json!({"path": "/nonexistent/styles.asl"}),
+            json!({"data": 42}),
+            json!({"data": "%%%not base64"}),
+            json!({"data": ""}),
+            json!({"data": b64_encode(b"8BPS\0\x01junk")}),
+            json!({"data": b64_encode(&raw[..raw.len() / 2])}),
+            json!({"data": empty}),
+            json!({"data": good, "group": 5}),
+            json!({"data": good, "group": "  "}),
+            json!({"data": good, "replace": "yes"}),
+        ] {
+            assert!(s.execute(IMPORT, p.clone()).is_err(), "{p}");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(s.presets.styles, styles);
+        assert_eq!(s.patterns.items.len(), pats);
+        for p in [
+            json!({"group": "No Such Group"}),
+            json!({"group": 7}),
+            json!({"styles": "Gold"}),
+            json!({"styles": [3]}),
+            json!({"styles": ["Nope"]}),
+            json!({"styles": []}),
+            json!({"path": 9}),
+            json!({"path": " "}),
+        ] {
+            assert!(s.execute(EXPORT, p.clone()).is_err(), "{p}");
+        }
+        s.presets.styles.clear();
+        assert!(s.execute(EXPORT, json!({})).is_err());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/swatch_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/swatch_cmds.rs
index d634de6dee..fc9a4c36b1 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/swatch_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/swatch_cmds.rs
@@ -328,6 +328,13 @@ fn use_swatch(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
         "background" => s.tools.background = c,
         t => return Err(bad(CMD, format!("unknown target `{t}` (foreground|background)"))),
     }
+    // A CMYK swatch keeps its inks (as a colour picked in CMYK does, #4196): the Color Picker
+    // shows them and a CMYK document is painted with them, not with the sRGB round trip (#7474).
+    if let SwatchColor::Cmyk(inks) = sw.color
+        && inks.iter().all(|v| v.is_finite())
+    {
+        s.tools.remember_cmyk(rgb, inks.map(|v| v.clamp(0.0, 1.0)));
+    }
     Ok(json!({"swatch": sw.name, "target": target, "hex": hex(rgb)}))
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/swatch_cmds/tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/swatch_cmds/tests.rs
index 9c03130c10..54fadda05c 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/swatch_cmds/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/swatch_cmds/tests.rs
@@ -57,6 +57,25 @@ fn use_sets_foreground_and_background_through_colour_management() {
     assert!(s.tools.background.iter().all(|v| (v - 1.0).abs() < 0.01), "{:?}", s.tools.background);
 }
 
+/// #7474: a CMYK swatch (an .ase Pantone colour) keeps its inks when it becomes the foreground,
+/// instead of reading back as what its sRGB stand-in converts to (0/0/100/0 -> 5/1/92/0).
+#[test]
+fn using_a_cmyk_swatch_remembers_its_inks() {
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("swatches.add", json!({"name": "P 1-8 C", "kind": "spot", "color": {"model": "cmyk", "values": [0, 0, 100, 0]}})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("swatches.use", json!({"swatch": "P 1-8 C"})).unwrap();
+    let fg = s.tools.foreground;
+    assert_eq!(s.tools.picked_cmyk([fg[0], fg[1], fg[2]]), Some([0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0]));
+    s.execute("swatches.add", json!({"name": "Print cyan", "color": {"model": "cmyk", "values": [100, 0, 0, 0]}})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("swatches.use", json!({"swatch": "Print cyan", "target": "background"})).unwrap();
+    let bg = s.tools.background;
+    assert_eq!(s.tools.picked_cmyk([bg[0], bg[1], bg[2]]), Some([1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]));
+    // An RGB swatch records nothing.
+    s.execute("swatches.use", json!({"swatch": "Red"})).unwrap();
+    let fg = s.tools.foreground;
+    assert_eq!(s.tools.picked_cmyk([fg[0], fg[1], fg[2]]), None);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn rename_delete_move_and_groups() {
     let mut s = Session::new();
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/tests.rs
index de40f8662c..954d0c4635 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/tests.rs
@@ -1573,6 +1573,53 @@ fn document_inspect_and_activate_invalid_index() {
     assert_eq!(err_act.to_string(), "no document at index 9");
 }
 
+/// #7103: Photoshop's Select Document by offset (previous is -1, next +1) walks the open
+/// documents in tab order from the active one. Past either end it is refused, not wrapped onto
+/// another document, and bad params leave the active document as it was.
+#[test]
+fn document_activate_by_offset_walks_the_tabs() {
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    for name in ["a", "b", "c"] {
+        s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 2, "height": 2, "name": name})).unwrap();
+    }
+    let active = |s: &Session| s.active().unwrap().doc.name.clone();
+    assert_eq!(active(&s), "c");
+    assert_eq!(s.execute("document.activate", json!({"offset": -2})).unwrap(), json!({"document": 0}));
+    assert_eq!(active(&s), "a");
+    assert_eq!(s.execute("document.activate", json!({"offset": 1})).unwrap(), json!({"document": 1}));
+    assert_eq!(active(&s), "b");
+    s.execute("document.activate", json!({"offset": 0})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(active(&s), "b");
+    assert_eq!(s.execute("document.activate", json!({"document": 2})).unwrap(), json!({"document": 2}));
+    // A null key counts as omitted.
+    s.execute("document.activate", json!({"document": null, "offset": -1})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(active(&s), "b");
+
+    let err = s.execute("document.activate", json!({"offset": 2})).unwrap_err().to_string();
+    assert_eq!(err, "no document 2 after the active one, which is 2 of 3");
+    let err = s.execute("document.activate", json!({"offset": -2})).unwrap_err().to_string();
+    assert_eq!(err, "no document 2 before the active one, which is 2 of 3");
+    for bad in [
+        json!({}),
+        json!({"offset": null}),
+        json!({"offset": 1.5}),
+        json!({"offset": "1"}),
+        json!({"offset": i64::MAX}),
+        json!({"offset": i64::MIN}),
+        json!({"offset": u64::MAX}),
+        json!({"document": 0, "offset": 1}),
+        json!({"document": -1}),
+    ] {
+        assert!(s.execute("document.activate", bad.clone()).is_err(), "{bad}");
+        assert_eq!(active(&s), "b", "{bad}");
+    }
+    // Tabs, not the order the documents were opened in: with "c" dragged to the front, two tabs
+    // before "b" is "c".
+    s.execute("document.move", json!({"document": 2, "to": 0})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("document.activate", json!({"offset": -2})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(active(&s), "c");
+}
+
 /// #2166, measured in Photoshop 25.1: a layer mask and the layer pixels keep separate
 /// foreground/background pairs, swapped when the edit target changes.
 #[test]
@@ -1742,3 +1789,59 @@ fn restore_layer_selection_puts_back_what_still_exists() {
     assert_eq!((st.active_layer, st.selected_layers(), st.layer_anchor), (None, vec![], None), "no layer selected");
     assert!(Session::new().restore_layer_selection(None, &[], None).is_err(), "no document");
 }
+
+/// #4535: every edit snapshots the document into history. The large payloads it carries (the
+/// XMP packet, Duotone's PSD data, an unsupported adjustment's bytes) are shared between the
+/// snapshot and the document, not copied per state.
+#[test]
+fn history_states_share_large_document_payloads() {
+    use photocraft_doc::{Adjustment, Duotone, DuotoneInk, Layer, LayerContent};
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 16, "height": 16})).unwrap();
+    let raw_id = {
+        let st = s.active_mut().unwrap();
+        let doc = std::sync::Arc::make_mut(&mut st.doc);
+        doc.metadata.xmp = Some("x".repeat(1 << 20).into());
+        doc.duotone = Some(Duotone { inks: vec![DuotoneInk::new("Black", [0.0; 3])], psd_raw: Some(vec![7u8; 1 << 16].into()) });
+        let layer = Layer::new("kept", LayerContent::Adjustment(Adjustment::Unsupported { psd_key: "abcd".into(), raw: vec![9u8; 1 << 16].into() }));
+        let id = layer.id;
+        doc.layers.push(layer);
+        id
+    };
+    s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+    let st = s.active().unwrap();
+    let before = st.history.state(st.history.past_len() - 1).unwrap();
+    let (now, then) = (&st.doc, &before);
+    assert!(!std::sync::Arc::ptr_eq(now, then), "the edit made a new document");
+    let xmp = |d: &Document| d.metadata.xmp.clone().unwrap();
+    assert!(std::sync::Arc::ptr_eq(&xmp(now), &xmp(then)), "the XMP packet is shared");
+    let duotone = |d: &Document| d.duotone.as_ref().and_then(|d| d.psd_raw.clone()).unwrap();
+    assert!(std::sync::Arc::ptr_eq(&duotone(now), &duotone(then)), "the Duotone data is shared");
+    let raw = |d: &Document| match &d.layer(raw_id).unwrap().content {
+        LayerContent::Adjustment(Adjustment::Unsupported { raw, .. }) => raw.clone(),
+        other => panic!("{other:?}"),
+    };
+    assert!(std::sync::Arc::ptr_eq(&raw(now), &raw(then)), "the adjustment's bytes are shared");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn the_document_activation_generation_bumps_on_switch_and_back() {
+    let mut s = session_with_doc();
+    let first = s.active().unwrap().doc.id;
+    let g1 = s.active_generation();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8})).unwrap();
+    let second = s.active().unwrap().doc.id;
+    assert_ne!(second, first);
+    let g2 = s.active_generation();
+    assert!(g2 > g1, "opening a document activates it");
+    let i = s.documents().iter().position(|d| d.doc.id == first).expect("the first document");
+    assert!(s.set_active(i));
+    let g3 = s.active_generation();
+    assert!(g3 > g2, "switching back is a new activation");
+    // Re-selecting the already-active document is not a switch; neither is an edit.
+    assert!(s.set_active(i));
+    assert_eq!(s.active_generation(), g3);
+    s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(s.active_generation(), g3);
+    assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc.id, first);
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/transform_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/transform_cmds.rs
index fce8c1be49..c634441394 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/transform_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/transform_cmds.rs
@@ -194,6 +194,8 @@ pub fn lone_target<'a>(doc: &'a Document, layer: Option<LayerId>, p: &Value) ->
             let m = l.mask.as_ref().ok_or_else(|| EngineError::Other("layer has no mask".into()))?;
             Ok((!m.linked).then_some(&m.surface))
         }
+        // A filter mask is not transformed on its own: the smart object transforms, as in Photoshop.
+        Target::FilterMask => Ok(None),
         Target::Alpha(i) => doc
             .channels
             .get(i)
@@ -838,13 +840,17 @@ fn transform_doc(
     // Photoshop turns the Background into a normal layer before transforming it.
     crate::extra_cmds::background_to_layer(doc, id);
     let l = doc.layer_mut(id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(id))?;
-    transform_layer_with(if is_group { None } else { sel.as_ref() }, group, l, h, affine, interp, ctl)?;
+    let layer_sel = if is_group { None } else { sel.as_ref() };
+    check_layer_budget(layer_sel, l, h)?;
+    let taken = if h.is_identity() { Vec::new() } else { crate::smart_cmds::take_caches(std::slice::from_mut(l)) };
+    apply_transform(layer_sel, group, l, h, affine, interp, ctl)?;
     if !h.is_identity() {
         // Type layers re-render from their new transform.
         let snapshot = doc.clone();
         if let Some(l) = doc.layer_mut(id) {
             refresh_text(&snapshot, l);
         }
+        crate::smart_cmds::restore_unrendered(doc, taken, |c| warp_surface(c, c.content_bounds(), h, interp))?;
         // The selection outline moves with the pixels.
         if let Some(sel) = &doc.selection {
             doc.selection = Some(warp_gray(sel, h, Interp::Bilinear)?).filter(|s| !s.content_bounds().is_empty());
@@ -859,7 +865,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
         label: "Free Transform",
         menu: &[],
         shortcut: None,
-        params: r##"{"layer":id?,"rect":[x0,y0,x1,y1]? (source frame; default = layer content ∩ selection),"quad":[[x,y]×4]? (where the frame's corners go, clockwise from top-left),"matrix":[a,b,c,d,e,f]? (affine alternative),"scaleX":%?,"scaleY":%?,"rotate":deg?,"dx":px?,"dy":px? (relative alternative: scale and rotate about the frame's centre, then move, as a Photoshop action records a Free Transform),"interpolation":"bicubic|bilinear|nearest"="bicubic","target":"pixels"|"mask"|"quickMask"|{"channel":i}=Channels panel target (an unlinked mask, an alpha channel or the Quick Mask transforms alone; a linked mask moves with its layer)}"##,
+        params: r##"{"layer":id?,"rect":[x0,y0,x1,y1]? (source frame; default = layer content ∩ selection),"quad":[[x,y]×4]? (where the frame's corners go, clockwise from top-left),"matrix":[a,b,c,d,e,f]? (affine alternative),"scaleX":%?,"scaleY":%?,"rotate":deg?,"dx":px?,"dy":px? (relative alternative: scale and rotate about the frame's centre, then move, as a Photoshop action records a Free Transform),"interpolation":"bicubic|bilinear|nearest|bicubicSharper|bicubicSmoother|bicubicAutomatic"="bicubic" (Photoshop's bicubic variants render as Bicubic),"target":"pixels"|"mask"|"quickMask"|{"channel":i}=Channels panel target (an unlinked mask, an alpha channel or the Quick Mask transforms alone; a linked mask moves with its layer)}"##,
         enabled: has_layer,
         journal: true,
         run: transform,
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/type_area_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/type_area_cmds.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8bba8c9eca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/engine/src/type_area_cmds.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+//! Area type (#218): type that wraps inside a closed path, like Photoshop's Type tool clicked
+//! inside a closed path or shape. `type.detachFromPath` (type_extra_cmds.rs) releases it.
+
+use photocraft_doc::text::TextShape;
+use photocraft_doc::vector::{Knot, Path};
+use photocraft_doc::{Document, LayerContent, LayerId};
+use photocraft_geom::Point;
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+
+use crate::commands::{CommandSpec, layer_param};
+use crate::type_extra_cmds::with_text;
+use crate::{EngineError, Result, Session};
+
+const CMD: &str = "type.fillPath";
+
+// Largest total anchor count of a path area type can fill. Within it every path fits the area
+// edge cap, so a big curved path gets "too many anchor points" rather than "encloses no area".
+use photocraft_text::area::MAX_AREA_KNOTS;
+
+fn bad(m: &str) -> EngineError {
+    EngineError::BadParams { cmd: CMD.into(), msg: m.into() }
+}
+
+fn has_text(s: &Session) -> std::result::Result<(), String> {
+    let d = s.active().ok_or("no document open")?;
+    match d.active_layer.and_then(|id| d.doc.layer(id)).map(|l| &l.content) {
+        Some(LayerContent::Text(_)) => Ok(()),
+        _ => Err("the active layer is not a type layer".into()),
+    }
+}
+
+/// The path area type fills, in document space: the work path (default) or a shape layer's
+/// path (`"shape":id`). Every closed subpath counts, with its path operation.
+fn area_source(doc: &Document, p: &Value) -> Result<Path> {
+    let path = match p.get("shape") {
+        None | Some(Value::Null) => doc.work_path.as_ref().ok_or_else(|| bad("the document has no work path; draw a closed path or pass \"shape\":layerId"))?,
+        Some(v) => {
+            let id = v.as_u64().ok_or_else(|| bad("\"shape\" must be a layer id"))?;
+            match doc.layer(LayerId(id)).map(|l| &l.content) {
+                Some(LayerContent::Shape(sh)) => &sh.path,
+                Some(_) => return Err(bad("\"shape\" is not a shape layer")),
+                None => return Err(EngineError::NoLayer(LayerId(id))),
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    let knots = path.subpaths.iter().fold(0usize, |n, s| n.saturating_add(s.knots.len()));
+    if knots > MAX_AREA_KNOTS {
+        return Err(bad("the path has too many anchor points"));
+    }
+    if path.inverted {
+        return Err(bad("an inverted path has no inside to fill"));
+    }
+    Ok(path.clone())
+}
+
+fn fill_path(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
+    let id = layer_param(s, p)?;
+    let doc = &s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?.doc;
+    // `with_text` refuses a locked layer.
+    let source = area_source(doc, p)?;
+    let n = source.subpaths.len();
+    with_text(s, p, "Area Type", |t, _| {
+        // The path is in document space; the layer keeps it in text space so the type lands
+        // inside the path where it is drawn.
+        let inv = t.transform.inverse().ok_or_else(|| EngineError::Other("the type layer's transform cannot be inverted".into()))?;
+        let map = |q: Point| inv.apply(q);
+        let mut path = source.clone();
+        for k in path.subpaths.iter_mut().flat_map(|s| s.knots.iter_mut()) {
+            *k = Knot { anchor: map(k.anchor), in_ctrl: map(k.in_ctrl), out_ctrl: map(k.out_ctrl), smooth: k.smooth };
+        }
+        let vertical = t.orientation == photocraft_doc::text::Orientation::Vertical;
+        if photocraft_text::area::AreaShape::new(&path, vertical).is_none() {
+            return Err(bad("the path encloses no area; draw a closed path"));
+        }
+        t.shape = TextShape::Area { path };
+        Ok(())
+    })?;
+    Ok(json!({"layer": id.0, "subpaths": n}))
+}
+
+pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
+    vec![CommandSpec {
+        id: CMD,
+        label: "Area Type",
+        menu: &[],
+        shortcut: None,
+        params: r##"{"layer":id? (default active Type layer),"shape":layerId? (a shape layer; default the work path)} → the text wraps inside the path's closed subpaths, holes included"##,
+        enabled: has_text,
+        journal: true,
+        run: fill_path,
+    }]
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[path = "type_area_cmds/tests.rs"]
+mod tests;
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/type_area_cmds/tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/type_area_cmds/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ea296015e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/engine/src/type_area_cmds/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+use super::*;
+use photocraft_doc::text::TextShape;
+use photocraft_doc::vector::{Path, PathOp, Subpath};
+use photocraft_doc::{LayerContent, LayerId, TextLayer};
+use serde_json::json;
+
+fn session(depth: u32) -> Session {
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 400, "height": 300, "depth": depth, "background": "white"})).unwrap();
+    s
+}
+
+fn text_layer(s: &mut Session, text: &str) -> LayerId {
+    let r = s.execute("type.create", json!({"x": 100, "y": 100, "text": text, "size": 14, "color": "#000000"})).unwrap();
+    LayerId(r["layer"].as_u64().unwrap())
+}
+
+fn text(s: &Session, id: LayerId) -> &TextLayer {
+    match &s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().content {
+        LayerContent::Text(t) => t,
+        c => panic!("not text: {}", c.kind_name()),
+    }
+}
+
+fn set_work_path(s: &mut Session, p: Path) {
+    s.edit("path", |doc, _| {
+        doc.work_path = Some(p);
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+}
+
+const WORDS: &str = "Well, that went better than expected. Now where did the cat hide the keys?";
+
+#[test]
+fn fill_path_wraps_text_inside_the_work_path_in_one_step() {
+    for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
+        let mut s = session(depth);
+        let id = text_layer(&mut s, WORDS);
+        set_work_path(&mut s, Path::new(vec![Subpath::polygon(&[(50.0, 50.0), (250.0, 50.0), (250.0, 200.0), (50.0, 200.0)])]));
+        let steps = s.active().unwrap().history.entries().len();
+        let r = s.execute("type.fillPath", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(r["layer"], json!(id.0));
+        assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().history.entries().len(), steps + 1, "one history step");
+        assert!(matches!(text(&s, id).shape, TextShape::Area { .. }));
+        // The ink stays inside the path, in document space.
+        let ink = s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().surface().unwrap().content_bounds();
+        assert!(ink.x0 >= 49 && ink.x1 <= 251 && ink.y0 >= 49 && ink.y1 <= 201, "depth {depth}: {ink:?}");
+        assert!(ink.height() > 30, "several lines");
+        assert!(s.undo());
+        assert_eq!(text(&s, id).shape, TextShape::Point);
+        assert!(s.redo());
+        assert!(matches!(text(&s, id).shape, TextShape::Area { .. }));
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn fill_path_uses_a_shape_layer_with_its_hole() {
+    let mut s = session(8);
+    let shape = s.execute("shape.create", json!({"kind": "rect", "rect": [20, 20, 300, 200], "fill": "#cccccc"})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap();
+    s.execute("shape.create", json!({"kind": "rect", "rect": [140, 80, 60, 80], "addTo": shape, "op": "subtract"})).unwrap();
+    let id = text_layer(&mut s, &WORDS.repeat(3));
+    s.execute("type.fillPath", json!({"layer": id.0, "shape": shape})).unwrap();
+    let TextShape::Area { path } = &text(&s, id).shape else { panic!("area") };
+    assert_eq!(path.subpaths.len(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(path.subpaths[1].op, PathOp::Subtract);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn fill_path_maps_the_path_into_text_space() {
+    let mut s = session(8);
+    let id = text_layer(&mut s, WORDS); // transform: translate(100, 100)
+    set_work_path(&mut s, Path::new(vec![Subpath::polygon(&[(100.0, 100.0), (300.0, 100.0), (300.0, 250.0), (100.0, 250.0)])]));
+    s.execute("type.fillPath", json!({})).unwrap();
+    let TextShape::Area { path } = &text(&s, id).shape else { panic!("area") };
+    let a = path.subpaths[0].knots[0].anchor;
+    assert!((a.x, a.y) == (0.0, 0.0), "{a:?}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn fill_path_rejects_bad_paths_without_history() {
+    let mut s = session(8);
+    assert!(!s.is_enabled("type.fillPath"), "no type layer");
+    let id = text_layer(&mut s, WORDS);
+    assert!(s.is_enabled("type.fillPath"));
+    let history = |s: &Session| s.active().unwrap().history.entries().len();
+    // No work path.
+    assert!(s.execute("type.fillPath", json!({})).is_err());
+    for bad in [
+        Path::new(vec![Subpath::polyline(&[(0.0, 0.0), (90.0, 90.0), (0.0, 90.0)])]), // open only
+        Path::new(vec![Subpath::polygon(&[(0.0, 0.0), (90.0, 0.0), (180.0, 0.0)])]),  // no area
+        Path::new(vec![Subpath::polygon(&[(0.0, 0.0), (f64::NAN, 0.0), (9.0, 9.0)])]),
+        {
+            let mut p = Path::new(vec![Subpath::polygon(&[(0.0, 0.0), (90.0, 0.0), (90.0, 90.0)])]);
+            p.inverted = true;
+            p
+        },
+        Path::new(vec![Subpath::polygon(&(0..100_001).map(|i| ((i as f64).cos() * 90.0, (i as f64).sin() * 90.0)).collect::<Vec<_>>())]),
+    ] {
+        set_work_path(&mut s, bad);
+        let h = history(&s);
+        assert!(s.execute("type.fillPath", json!({})).is_err());
+        assert_eq!(history(&s), h, "no history step on error");
+        assert_eq!(text(&s, id).shape, TextShape::Point);
+    }
+    // Bad params, a shape param that is not a shape layer, and a locked layer: each refused
+    // without a history step or a change to the layer.
+    let refused = |s: &mut Session, p: serde_json::Value| {
+        let h = history(s);
+        assert!(s.execute("type.fillPath", p.clone()).is_err(), "{p}");
+        assert_eq!(history(s), h, "no history step on error: {p}");
+        assert_eq!(text(s, id).shape, TextShape::Point, "{p}");
+    };
+    for p in [json!({"shape": "x"}), json!({"shape": u64::MAX}), json!({"layer": u64::MAX}), json!({"shape": id.0})] {
+        refused(&mut s, p);
+    }
+    set_work_path(&mut s, Path::new(vec![Subpath::polygon(&[(0.0, 0.0), (200.0, 0.0), (200.0, 200.0)])]));
+    s.execute("layer.setProps", json!({"layer": id.0, "locked": true})).unwrap();
+    refused(&mut s, json!({}));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn release_turns_area_type_into_box_text_over_the_path() {
+    let mut s = session(8);
+    let id = text_layer(&mut s, WORDS);
+    set_work_path(&mut s, Path::new(vec![Subpath::polygon(&[(100.0, 100.0), (300.0, 100.0), (300.0, 250.0)])]));
+    s.execute("type.fillPath", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert!(s.is_enabled("type.detachFromPath"));
+    assert!(!s.is_enabled("type.convertToPointText") && !s.is_enabled("type.convertToParagraphText"));
+    s.execute("type.detachFromPath", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(text(&s, id).shape, TextShape::Box { x: 0.0, y: 0.0, width: 200.0, height: 150.0 });
+    assert!(s.undo());
+    assert!(matches!(text(&s, id).shape, TextShape::Area { .. }));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn release_with_a_path_that_is_not_finite_is_an_error() {
+    let mut s = session(8);
+    let id = text_layer(&mut s, WORDS);
+    // A file can carry any coordinates: one NaN or infinite point must not become a NaN text box.
+    for bad in [f64::NAN, f64::INFINITY] {
+        let path = Path::new(vec![Subpath::polygon(&[(0.0, 0.0), (100.0, bad), (100.0, 100.0)])]);
+        s.edit("area", |doc, _| {
+            if let Some(LayerContent::Text(t)) = doc.layer_mut(id).map(|l| &mut l.content) {
+                t.shape = TextShape::Area { path };
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+        assert!(s.execute("type.detachFromPath", json!({})).is_err(), "{bad}");
+        assert!(matches!(text(&s, id).shape, TextShape::Area { .. }), "unchanged");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn area_type_saves_to_psd_as_paragraph_text_with_a_warning() {
+    let mut s = session(8);
+    text_layer(&mut s, WORDS);
+    set_work_path(&mut s, Path::new(vec![Subpath::polygon(&[(100.0, 100.0), (300.0, 100.0), (300.0, 250.0), (100.0, 250.0)])]));
+    s.execute("type.fillPath", json!({})).unwrap();
+    let doc = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+    let r = photocraft_io::export(&doc, "x.psd", &photocraft_io::ExportOptions::default()).unwrap();
+    assert!(r.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("area type")), "{:?}", r.warnings);
+    let back = photocraft_io::import("x.psd", &r.bytes).unwrap().document;
+    let t = back.walk().into_iter().find_map(|(_, _, l)| match &l.content {
+        LayerContent::Text(t) => Some(t.clone()),
+        _ => None,
+    });
+    let t = t.expect("still a type layer");
+    assert_eq!(t.text, WORDS);
+    assert!(matches!(t.shape, TextShape::Box { width, height, .. } if (width - 200.0).abs() < 0.5 && (height - 150.0).abs() < 0.5), "{:?}", t.shape);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn too_many_anchors_is_its_own_error() {
+    // A ring of `n` smooth (curved) anchors around (200, 150).
+    let ring = |n: usize| {
+        let p = |a: f64, r: f64| photocraft_geom::Point::new(200.0 + r * a.cos(), 150.0 + r * a.sin());
+        let step = std::f64::consts::TAU / n as f64;
+        let knots = (0..n)
+            .map(|i| {
+                let a = i as f64 * step;
+                let (anchor, d) = (p(a, 100.0), 100.0 * step / 3.0);
+                let (tx, ty) = (-a.sin() * d, a.cos() * d);
+                let at = |k: f64| photocraft_geom::Point::new(anchor.x + k * tx, anchor.y + k * ty);
+                photocraft_doc::vector::Knot::smooth(anchor, at(-1.0), at(1.0))
+            })
+            .collect();
+        Path::new(vec![Subpath { closed: true, knots, op: PathOp::Combine }])
+    };
+    let mut s = session(8);
+    let id = text_layer(&mut s, WORDS);
+    // Every anchor up to the limit fits, even with every segment curved.
+    set_work_path(&mut s, ring(MAX_AREA_KNOTS));
+    s.execute("type.fillPath", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert!(matches!(text(&s, id).shape, TextShape::Area { .. }));
+    // One more is refused for what it is, not as a path that encloses nothing.
+    let id = text_layer(&mut s, WORDS);
+    set_work_path(&mut s, ring(MAX_AREA_KNOTS + 1));
+    let e = s.execute("type.fillPath", json!({})).unwrap_err().to_string();
+    assert!(e.contains("too many anchor points"), "{e}");
+    assert_eq!(text(&s, id).shape, TextShape::Point);
+}
+
+/// Image Size with a new resolution keeps area type's pixel size (#7124), so its path grows in
+/// text space with the font: the same words wrap onto the same lines, resampled or not.
+#[test]
+fn a_resolution_change_keeps_area_type_wrapping_where_it_was() {
+    for (params, k) in [(json!({"resolution": 144, "resample": "none"}), 1), (json!({"width": 800, "height": 600, "resolution": 144}), 2)] {
+        let mut s = session(8);
+        let id = text_layer(&mut s, WORDS);
+        set_work_path(&mut s, Path::new(vec![Subpath::polygon(&[(50.0, 50.0), (250.0, 50.0), (250.0, 200.0), (50.0, 200.0)])]));
+        s.execute("type.fillPath", json!({})).unwrap();
+        let lines = |s: &Session| {
+            let d = &s.active().unwrap().doc;
+            let mut eng = photocraft_text::shared().lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner());
+            eng.layout(text(s, id), d.resolution_dpi).lines.iter().map(|l| l.range.clone()).collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        };
+        let size = |s: &Session| {
+            let mut t = text(s, id).clone();
+            crate::type_cmds::refresh(&s.active().unwrap().doc, &mut t);
+            let b = t.cache.unwrap().content_bounds();
+            (b.width(), b.height())
+        };
+        let (before, (w0, h0)) = (lines(&s), size(&s));
+        assert!(before.len() >= 3, "{before:?}");
+        s.execute("image.imageSize", params.clone()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(lines(&s), before, "{params}");
+        let (w, h) = size(&s);
+        assert!(w.abs_diff(w0 * k) <= 3 && h.abs_diff(h0 * k) <= 3, "{params}: {w0}x{h0} -> {w}x{h}");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/type_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/type_cmds.rs
index 44b6a98be4..82ac7a7915 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/type_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/type_cmds.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use photocraft_color::Color;
+use photocraft_color::{Color, PixelFormat};
 use photocraft_doc::text::{
     AntiAlias, Caps, CharStyle, FontBaseline, FontFeature, FontVariation, Kerning, Orientation, ParagraphRun, ParagraphStyle, TextAlign, TextDirection,
     TextRun, TextShape,
@@ -250,6 +250,19 @@ pub fn apply_char_props(s: &mut CharStyle, p: &Value) -> bool {
     if let Some(v) = p.get("font").or_else(|| p.get("family")).and_then(Value::as_str) {
         s.font_family = v.to_string();
         s.postscript_name = None;
+        // Photoshop accepts either a family name or a face's PostScript name in the font field.
+        // Resolve only exact PostScript matches here so an unknown family remains untouched.
+        let mut text = photocraft_text::shared().lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner());
+        if !text.fonts.has_family(v) {
+            let resolved = text.fonts.resolve_postscript(v);
+            if resolved.exact {
+                s.variations.retain(|f| f.axis != "wght");
+                s.font_family = resolved.family;
+                s.weight = resolved.weight;
+                s.italic = resolved.italic;
+                s.postscript_name = Some(v.to_string());
+            }
+        }
         hit(true);
     }
     if let Some(v) = p.get("fontStyle").and_then(Value::as_str) {
@@ -527,14 +540,37 @@ pub fn style_paragraphs(t: &mut TextLayer, a: usize, b: usize, f: &dyn Fn(&mut P
 /// Replaces bytes `a..b` with `new`, keeping styles: replacing a selection keeps the style of its
 /// first character (as Photoshop does, so retyping a smaller second line stays small); inserting
 /// at a caret takes the style of the character before it (or after it at the start).
+/// The part of `old` that differs from `new`: its byte range in `old` and the text that replaces
+/// it, after the longest common prefix and then the longest common suffix that doesn't overlap it
+/// (both on character boundaries).
+fn changed_span<'a>(old: &str, new: &'a str) -> (usize, usize, &'a str) {
+    let prefix = old.char_indices().zip(new.chars()).find(|((_, a), b)| a != b).map_or_else(|| old.len().min(new.len()), |((i, _), _)| i);
+    let (old_rest, new_rest) = (&old[prefix..], &new[prefix..]);
+    let suffix: usize = old_rest.chars().rev().zip(new_rest.chars().rev()).take_while(|(a, b)| a == b).map(|(a, _)| a.len_utf8()).sum();
+    (prefix, old.len() - suffix, &new[prefix..new.len() - suffix])
+}
+
 pub fn replace_text(t: &mut TextLayer, a: usize, b: usize, new: &str) {
     fn adjust<S: Clone + PartialEq>(runs: Vec<(usize, S)>, a: usize, b: usize, ins: usize, trailing_paragraph: bool) -> Vec<(usize, S)> {
         let mut out: Vec<(usize, S)> = Vec::new();
         let mut at = 0;
+        // Paragraph runs only: the non-empty paragraph that starts exactly at an insertion point.
+        let starts_here = || {
+            let mut s = 0;
+            runs.iter().position(|r| {
+                let here = s == a && r.0 > 0;
+                s += r.0;
+                here
+            })
+        };
         let host = if trailing_paragraph && a == b && runs.last().is_some_and(|r| r.0 == 0) && a == runs.iter().map(|r| r.0).sum::<usize>() {
             // Inserted text belongs to a styled final empty paragraph, not to
             // the preceding paragraph whose break ends at this byte offset.
             runs.len() - 1
+        } else if let Some(next) = (trailing_paragraph && a == b && a > 0).then(starts_here).flatten() {
+            // Text inserted at the start of a paragraph belongs to that paragraph, not to the one
+            // whose break ends there (#8489).
+            next
         } else {
             runs.iter()
                 .scan(0, |acc, r| {
@@ -590,9 +626,15 @@ pub fn replace_text(t: &mut TextLayer, a: usize, b: usize, new: &str) {
 
 /// Re-renders the layer's pixels and regenerates its PSD `TySh` data.
 pub fn refresh(doc: &Document, t: &mut TextLayer) {
-    let dpi = doc.resolution_dpi;
+    refresh_at(doc.resolution_dpi, doc.pixel_format(), t);
+}
+
+/// [`refresh`] given only the two things it reads from the document: its resolution and its
+/// pixel format. A caller holding the layer mutably reads them first instead of cloning the whole
+/// document to pass it, once per keystroke and pointer move while typing (#7092).
+pub fn refresh_at(dpi: f32, format: PixelFormat, t: &mut TextLayer) {
     let mut eng = photocraft_text::shared().lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner());
-    let (layout, r) = eng.render(t, dpi, doc.pixel_format());
+    let (layout, r) = eng.render(t, dpi, format);
     t.cache = Some(r.surface);
     t.psd_raw = Some(Arc::new(photocraft_text::psd::build_tysh(t, dpi, layout.bounds())));
 }
@@ -609,11 +651,12 @@ pub(crate) fn check_text_unlocked(doc: &Document, id: LayerId) -> Result<()> {
 
 /// Runs `f` on a type layer as one undo step. `f` may set an explicit layer name (`type.edit`'s
 /// `name`), which is applied in the same step; otherwise an auto-named layer follows its text.
-fn with_text_layer<R>(s: &mut Session, p: &Value, label: &str, f: impl FnOnce(&mut TextLayer, &Document, &mut Option<String>) -> Result<R>) -> Result<R> {
+/// `f` gets the document's resolution (dpi).
+fn with_text_layer<R>(s: &mut Session, p: &Value, label: &str, f: impl FnOnce(&mut TextLayer, f32, &mut Option<String>) -> Result<R>) -> Result<R> {
     let id = layer_id(s, p)?;
     check_text_unlocked(&s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?.doc, id)?;
     let (r, damage) = s.edit(label, |doc, _| {
-        let snapshot = doc.clone();
+        let (dpi, format) = (doc.resolution_dpi, doc.pixel_format());
         let l = doc.layer_mut(id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(id))?;
         let auto_named = is_auto_named(l);
         let LayerContent::Text(t) = &mut l.content else {
@@ -621,8 +664,8 @@ fn with_text_layer<R>(s: &mut Session, p: &Value, label: &str, f: impl FnOnce(&m
         };
         let before = t.cache.as_ref().map(|c| c.tile_bounds());
         let mut rename = None;
-        let r = f(t, &snapshot, &mut rename)?;
-        refresh(&snapshot, t);
+        let r = f(t, dpi, &mut rename)?;
+        refresh_at(dpi, format, t);
         // Only this layer's pixels changed: the canvas recomposites their old and new area
         // instead of the whole document (#124). Unknown old pixels mean a full refresh.
         let damage = before.zip(t.cache.as_ref().map(|c| c.tile_bounds())).map(|(a, b)| a.union(&b));
@@ -689,14 +732,14 @@ pub(crate) fn with_text_targets(
         check_text_unlocked(doc, *id)?;
     }
     let damage = s.edit(label, |doc, _| {
-        let snapshot = doc.clone();
+        let (dpi, format) = (doc.resolution_dpi, doc.pixel_format());
         let mut damage = Some(photocraft_geom::Rect::EMPTY);
         for id in &ids {
             let Some(LayerContent::Text(t)) = doc.layer_mut(*id).map(|l| &mut l.content) else { return Err(EngineError::NoLayer(*id)) };
             let before = t.cache.as_ref().map(|c| c.tile_bounds());
             let range = if p.get("layers").is_none() || p.get("layer").is_some() { range_param(&t.text, p) } else { (0, t.text.len()) };
             f(t, range)?;
-            refresh(&snapshot, t);
+            refresh_at(dpi, format, t);
             // An unknown old/new cache retains Session.edit's full-refresh fallback.
             damage = damage.zip(before).zip(t.cache.as_ref().map(|c| c.tile_bounds())).map(|((all, a), b)| all.union(&a).union(&b));
         }
@@ -917,7 +960,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
                     }
                 };
                 let label = if kern_pair.is_some() { "Kerning" } else { "Edit Type" };
-                with_text_layer(s, p, label, |t, doc, rename| {
+                with_text_layer(s, p, label, |t, dpi, rename| {
                     if let Some((at, by)) = kern_pair {
                         // Photoshop's Alt+←/→: the pair before the caret becomes manually kerned,
                         // starting from what it shows now (its metrics/optical or manual value).
@@ -929,7 +972,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
                         let b = byte_at(&t.text, at);
                         let now = {
                             let mut eng = photocraft_text::shared().lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner());
-                            eng.pair_kerning(t, doc.resolution_dpi, a)
+                            eng.pair_kerning(t, dpi, a)
                         }
                         .ok_or_else(|| bad("type.edit", "no kerning pair at the caret (line break or line end)"))?;
                         let value = (f64::from(now.round()) + by).clamp(KERN_MIN, KERN_MAX) as f32;
@@ -945,8 +988,11 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
                         });
                     }
                     if let Some(v) = p.get("text").and_then(Value::as_str) {
-                        let n = t.text.len();
-                        replace_text(t, 0, n, v);
+                        // Replace only what changed, so the unchanged text keeps its character and
+                        // paragraph styles (#8489) instead of the whole text taking the first one.
+                        let v = norm_text(v);
+                        let (a, b, new) = changed_span(&t.text, &v);
+                        replace_text(t, a, b, new);
                     }
                     if let Some(r) = p.get("replace") {
                         let a = byte_at(&t.text, r.get("start").and_then(Value::as_u64).unwrap_or(0) as usize);
@@ -1045,16 +1091,16 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             run: |s, p| {
                 let id = layer_id(s, p)?;
                 s.edit("Rasterize Type", |doc, _| {
-                    let snapshot = doc.clone();
+                    let (dpi, format) = (doc.resolution_dpi, doc.pixel_format());
                     let l = doc.layer_mut(id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(id))?;
                     let LayerContent::Text(t) = &mut l.content else {
                         return Err(EngineError::Other(format!("layer {} is not a type layer", id.0)));
                     };
                     if t.cache.is_none() {
-                        refresh(&snapshot, t);
+                        refresh_at(dpi, format, t);
                     }
-                    let surface = t.cache.take().unwrap_or_else(|| photocraft_raster::Surface::new(snapshot.pixel_format()));
-                    let surface = if surface.format() == snapshot.pixel_format() { surface } else { surface.convert(snapshot.pixel_format()) };
+                    let surface = t.cache.take().unwrap_or_else(|| photocraft_raster::Surface::new(format));
+                    let surface = if surface.format() == format { surface } else { surface.convert(format) };
                     l.content = LayerContent::Raster(surface);
                     l.psd_blocks.retain(|(k, _)| k != b"TySh");
                     Ok(())
@@ -1656,6 +1702,66 @@ mod tests {
         out
     }
 
+    /// #8489: `type.edit {"text"}` changes only what differs, so the rest keeps its styles: an
+    /// added character takes the style beside it, and a change inside one run stays in it.
+    #[test]
+    fn edit_text_keeps_the_styles_of_unchanged_text() {
+        // (characters, colour) per run.
+        fn runs(s: &Session, id: u64) -> Vec<(usize, [u8; 4])> {
+            let t = text_layer(s, id);
+            let mut at = 0;
+            t.char_runs()
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|r| {
+                    let n = t.text[at..at + r.len].chars().count();
+                    at += r.len;
+                    (n, r.style.color.to_rgba8())
+                })
+                .collect()
+        }
+        let (dark, purple) = ([0x1b, 0x1f, 0x4b, 255], [0x5a, 0x3d, 0xf0, 255]);
+        let mut s = session();
+        let id = s.execute("type.create", json!({"x": 20, "y": 50, "text": "Craft Suite in Workshop", "size": 40, "color": "#1b1f4b"})).unwrap()["layer"]
+            .as_u64()
+            .unwrap();
+        s.execute("type.setStyle", json!({"layer": id, "range": [15, 23], "color": "#5a3df0"})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(runs(&s, id), [(15, dark), (8, purple)]);
+        s.execute("type.edit", json!({"layer": id, "text": "Craft Suite in Workshop!"})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(runs(&s, id), [(15, dark), (9, purple)], "the added character joins the last run");
+        s.execute("type.edit", json!({"layer": id, "text": "Craft Suite in Worksh\u{f6}p!"})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(runs(&s, id), [(15, dark), (9, purple)], "a change inside a run stays in it");
+        s.execute("type.edit", json!({"layer": id, "text": "Kraft Suite in Worksh\u{f6}p!"})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(runs(&s, id), [(15, dark), (9, purple)]);
+        // Replacing everything leaves one style, as before.
+        s.execute("type.edit", json!({"layer": id, "text": "Hello"})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(text_layer(&s, id).text, "Hello");
+        assert_eq!(runs(&s, id).iter().map(|r| r.0).sum::<usize>(), 5);
+        s.execute("type.edit", json!({"layer": id, "text": ""})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(text_layer(&s, id).text, "");
+
+        // Text inserted at the start of a paragraph joins that paragraph, which keeps its style.
+        let id = s
+            .execute(
+                "type.create",
+                json!({"x": 20, "y": 50, "text": "a
+b", "size": 20}),
+            )
+            .unwrap()["layer"]
+            .as_u64()
+            .unwrap();
+        s.execute("type.setStyle", json!({"layer": id, "range": [2, 3], "align": "right"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute(
+            "type.edit",
+            json!({"layer": id, "text": "a
+Xb"}),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let paragraphs: Vec<(usize, photocraft_doc::text::TextAlign)> =
+            text_layer(&s, id).paragraph_runs().into_iter().map(|r| (r.len, r.style.align)).collect();
+        assert_eq!(paragraphs.first().map(|p| p.0), Some(2), "{paragraphs:?}");
+        assert_eq!(paragraphs.get(1).copied(), Some((2, photocraft_doc::text::TextAlign::Right)), "{paragraphs:?}");
+    }
+
     /// #206: `type.edit {"kerning"}` over a range takes a number (manual, 1/1000 em) or a mode.
     #[test]
     fn edit_sets_kerning_over_a_range() {
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/type_extra_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/type_extra_cmds.rs
index c431a3081d..99538edb70 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/type_extra_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/type_extra_cmds.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@ use serde_json::{Value, json};
 
 use crate::commands::{CommandSpec, explicit_layer, layer_param};
 use crate::type_cmds::{
-    check_text_unlocked, format_targets, has_format_target, is_auto_named, layer_name, refresh, replace_text, style_paragraphs, style_range, with_text_targets,
+    check_text_unlocked, format_targets, has_format_target, is_auto_named, layer_name, refresh_at, replace_text, style_paragraphs, style_range,
+    with_text_targets,
 };
 use crate::{EngineError, Result, Session};
 
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ fn has_point_text(s: &Session) -> std::result::Result<(), String> {
     match active_text(s)?.shape {
         TextShape::Point => Ok(()),
         TextShape::Box { .. } => Err("the type layer is already paragraph text".into()),
-        TextShape::Path { .. } => Err("detach the type layer from its path first".into()),
+        TextShape::Path { .. } | TextShape::Area { .. } => Err("release the type layer from its path first".into()),
     }
 }
 
@@ -53,6 +54,7 @@ fn has_box_text(s: &Session) -> std::result::Result<(), String> {
         TextShape::Box { .. } => Ok(()),
         TextShape::Point => Err("the type layer is already point text".into()),
         TextShape::Path { .. } => Err("the type layer is path text".into()),
+        TextShape::Area { .. } => Err("the type layer is area type; release it from its path first".into()),
     }
 }
 
@@ -68,19 +70,20 @@ fn has_defaults(s: &Session) -> std::result::Result<(), String> {
 
 // ---------- helpers ----------
 
-/// Edits a type layer as one history step and re-renders it.
-fn with_text<R>(s: &mut Session, p: &Value, label: &str, f: impl FnOnce(&mut TextLayer, &Document) -> Result<R>) -> Result<R> {
+/// Edits a type layer as one history step and re-renders it. `f` gets the document's resolution
+/// (dpi).
+pub(crate) fn with_text<R>(s: &mut Session, p: &Value, label: &str, f: impl FnOnce(&mut TextLayer, f32) -> Result<R>) -> Result<R> {
     let id = layer_param(s, p)?;
     check_text_unlocked(&s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?.doc, id)?;
     s.edit(label, |doc, _| {
-        let snapshot = doc.clone();
+        let (dpi, format) = (doc.resolution_dpi, doc.pixel_format());
         let l = doc.layer_mut(id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(id))?;
         let auto_named = is_auto_named(l);
         let LayerContent::Text(t) = &mut l.content else {
             return Err(EngineError::Other(format!("layer {} is {} {} layer, not a type layer", id.0, l.content.article(), l.content.kind_name())));
         };
-        let r = f(t, &snapshot)?;
-        refresh(&snapshot, t);
+        let r = f(t, dpi)?;
+        refresh_at(dpi, format, t);
         let name = auto_named.then(|| layer_name(&t.text));
         if let Some(n) = name {
             l.name = n;
@@ -90,7 +93,11 @@ fn with_text<R>(s: &mut Session, p: &Value, label: &str, f: impl FnOnce(&mut Tex
 }
 
 fn layout(doc: &Document, t: &TextLayer) -> photocraft_text::TextLayout {
-    photocraft_text::shared().lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner()).layout(t, doc.resolution_dpi)
+    layout_at(doc.resolution_dpi, t)
+}
+
+fn layout_at(dpi: f32, t: &TextLayer) -> photocraft_text::TextLayout {
+    photocraft_text::shared().lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner()).layout(t, dpi)
 }
 
 /// `m ∘ translate(tx, ty)`.
@@ -144,11 +151,11 @@ fn set_orientation(s: &mut Session, p: &Value, o: Orientation) -> Result<Value>
 // ---------- point ⇄ paragraph ----------
 
 fn to_paragraph(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
-    let r = with_text(s, p, "Convert to Paragraph Text", |t, doc| {
-        let l = layout(doc, t);
-        let size_px = t.char_runs().iter().map(|r| r.style.size_pt).fold(t.size_pt, f32::max) * doc.resolution_dpi / 72.0;
+    let r = with_text(s, p, "Convert to Paragraph Text", |t, dpi| {
+        let l = layout_at(dpi, t);
+        let size_px = t.char_runs().iter().map(|r| r.style.size_pt).fold(t.size_pt, f32::max) * dpi / 72.0;
         let ps = t.paragraph_runs().first().map(|p| p.style.clone()).unwrap_or_default();
-        let indents = (ps.start_indent_pt + ps.end_indent_pt).max(0.0) * doc.resolution_dpi / 72.0;
+        let indents = (ps.start_indent_pt + ps.end_indent_pt).max(0.0) * dpi / 72.0;
         if l.vertical {
             // Line space: u along the columns, v across them (first column centred on v = 0).
             let [u0, v0, u1, v1] = l.line_bounds().unwrap_or([0.0, -size_px / 2.0, size_px, size_px / 2.0]);
@@ -178,7 +185,7 @@ fn to_paragraph(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
         probe.shape = TextShape::Box { x, y: y0, width, height };
         // Box text puts the first baseline at the box top plus the ascender height: measure it and
         // shift the box so that baseline stays at the point-text anchor (y = 0).
-        let b0 = layout(doc, &probe).lines.first().map_or(0.0, |ln| ln.baseline);
+        let b0 = layout_at(dpi, &probe).lines.first().map_or(0.0, |ln| ln.baseline);
         let y = y0 - b0;
         t.shape = TextShape::Box { x: 0.0, y: 0.0, width, height };
         t.transform = then_translate(&t.transform, f64::from(x), f64::from(y));
@@ -188,9 +195,9 @@ fn to_paragraph(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
 }
 
 fn to_point(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
-    let r = with_text(s, p, "Convert to Point Text", |t, doc| {
+    let r = with_text(s, p, "Convert to Point Text", |t, dpi| {
         let TextShape::Box { x, y, width, height } = t.shape else { return Err(EngineError::Other("already point text".into())) };
-        let l = layout(doc, t);
+        let l = layout_at(dpi, t);
         // Vertical type: columns run along the box height.
         let (x, width) = if l.vertical { (y, height) } else { (x, width) };
         let baseline = l.lines.first().map_or(0.0, |ln| ln.baseline);
@@ -368,13 +375,24 @@ fn attach_to_path(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
         None | Some(Value::Null) => false,
         Some(v) => v.as_bool().ok_or_else(|| bad("\"flip\" must be true or false"))?,
     };
+    // A document point: the type starts where the path passes nearest it (the Type tool's click).
+    let at = match p.get("at") {
+        None | Some(Value::Null) => None,
+        Some(v) => {
+            let xy = v.as_array().filter(|a| a.len() == 2).and_then(|a| Some((a.first()?.as_f64()?, a.get(1)?.as_f64()?)));
+            Some(xy.filter(|(x, y)| x.is_finite() && y.is_finite()).ok_or_else(|| bad("\"at\" must be [x, y] in document pixels"))?)
+        }
+    };
+    if at.is_some() && p.get("start").is_some_and(|v| !v.is_null()) {
+        return Err(bad("pass \"start\" or \"at\", not both"));
+    }
     let id = layer_param(s, p)?;
     let doc = &s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?.doc;
     if doc.effective_locks(id).all {
         return Err(EngineError::Other("the type layer is locked".into()));
     }
     let sub = path_source(doc, p)?;
-    with_text(s, p, "Type on a Path", |t, _| {
+    let start = with_text(s, p, "Type on a Path", |t, _| {
         // The path lives in document space; the type layer keeps it in its own text space, so
         // the type lands on the path where it is drawn.
         let inv = t.transform.inverse().ok_or_else(|| EngineError::Other("the type layer's transform cannot be inverted".into()))?;
@@ -384,15 +402,22 @@ fn attach_to_path(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
         if !path.knots.iter().all(|k| [k.anchor, k.in_ctrl, k.out_ctrl].iter().all(|q| q.x.is_finite() && q.y.is_finite())) {
             return Err(EngineError::Other("the path cannot be mapped into the type layer".into()));
         }
+        let start = match at {
+            None => start,
+            Some((x, y)) => {
+                let q = map(Point::new(x, y));
+                photocraft_text::warp::arc_length_at(&path, flip, q.x, q.y).ok_or_else(|| bad("the path has no length"))? as f32
+            }
+        };
         t.shape = TextShape::Path { path, start, flip };
-        Ok(())
+        Ok(start)
     })?;
     Ok(json!({"layer": id.0, "start": start, "flip": flip}))
 }
 
 fn is_path_text(s: &Session) -> std::result::Result<(), String> {
     match active_text(s)?.shape {
-        TextShape::Path { .. } => Ok(()),
+        TextShape::Path { .. } | TextShape::Area { .. } => Ok(()),
         _ => Err("the type layer is not on a path".into()),
     }
 }
@@ -400,13 +425,21 @@ fn is_path_text(s: &Session) -> std::result::Result<(), String> {
 fn detach_from_path(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     let id = layer_param(s, p)?;
     with_text(s, p, "Release Type from Path", |t, _| {
-        if !matches!(t.shape, TextShape::Path { .. }) {
-            return Err(EngineError::Other("the type layer is not on a path".into()));
+        match &t.shape {
+            TextShape::Path { .. } => {
+                // Point text starts where the type started on the path.
+                let origin = photocraft_text::warp::Warp::on_path(&t.shape).map_or((0.0, 0.0), |w| w.apply(0.0, 0.0));
+                t.shape = TextShape::Point;
+                t.transform = then_translate(&t.transform, origin.0, origin.1);
+            }
+            // Area type keeps wrapping, in a text box over the path's bounds.
+            TextShape::Area { path } => {
+                let (x0, y0, x1, y1) = photocraft_text::area::path_bounds(path)
+                    .ok_or_else(|| EngineError::Other("the area type's path is empty or has coordinates that aren't finite".into()))?;
+                t.shape = TextShape::Box { x: x0 as f32, y: y0 as f32, width: ((x1 - x0) as f32).max(1.0), height: ((y1 - y0) as f32).max(1.0) };
+            }
+            _ => return Err(EngineError::Other("the type layer is not on a path".into())),
         }
-        // Point text starts where the type started on the path.
-        let origin = photocraft_text::warp::Warp::on_path(&t.shape).map_or((0.0, 0.0), |w| w.apply(0.0, 0.0));
-        t.shape = TextShape::Point;
-        t.transform = then_translate(&t.transform, origin.0, origin.1);
         Ok(())
     })?;
     Ok(json!({"layer": id.0}))
@@ -499,11 +532,11 @@ fn paste_lorem(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
 fn update_all(s: &mut Session) -> Result<Value> {
     let mut n = 0;
     s.edit("Update All Text Layers", |doc, _| {
-        let snapshot = doc.clone();
-        let ids: Vec<LayerId> = snapshot.walk().into_iter().filter(|(_, _, l)| matches!(l.content, LayerContent::Text(_))).map(|(_, _, l)| l.id).collect();
+        let (dpi, format) = (doc.resolution_dpi, doc.pixel_format());
+        let ids: Vec<LayerId> = doc.walk().into_iter().filter(|(_, _, l)| matches!(l.content, LayerContent::Text(_))).map(|(_, _, l)| l.id).collect();
         for id in ids {
             if let Some(Layer { content: LayerContent::Text(t), .. }) = doc.layer_mut(id) {
-                refresh(&snapshot, t);
+                refresh_at(dpi, format, t);
                 n += 1;
             }
         }
@@ -608,7 +641,7 @@ fn replace_fonts(s: &mut Session, map: &serde_json::Map<String, Value>, all: boo
     }
     let mut n = 0;
     s.edit("Replace Missing Fonts", |doc, _| {
-        let snapshot = doc.clone();
+        let (dpi, format) = (doc.resolution_dpi, doc.pixel_format());
         for id in &ids {
             if let Some(Layer { content: LayerContent::Text(t), .. }) = doc.layer_mut(*id) {
                 let mut changed = false;
@@ -629,7 +662,7 @@ fn replace_fonts(s: &mut Session, map: &serde_json::Map<String, Value>, all: boo
                     at += r.len;
                 }
                 if changed {
-                    refresh(&snapshot, t);
+                    refresh_at(dpi, format, t);
                     n += 1;
                 }
             }
@@ -722,7 +755,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             "type.attachToPath",
             "Type on a Path",
             &[],
-            r##"{"layer":id? (default active Type layer),"shape":layerId? (a shape layer; default the work path),"subpath":index=0,"start":px=0 (offset along the path),"flip":bool=false (run along the path the other way, on its other side)}"##,
+            r##"{"layer":id? (default active Type layer),"shape":layerId? (a shape layer; default the work path),"subpath":index=0,"start":px=0 (offset along the path),"at":[x,y]? (instead of "start": begin where the path passes nearest this document point, as a Type tool click does),"flip":bool=false (run along the path the other way, on its other side)}"##,
             has_text,
             attach_to_path
         ),
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/type_extra_cmds/tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/type_extra_cmds/tests.rs
index ae913555fd..d1bc3c39f1 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/type_extra_cmds/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/type_extra_cmds/tests.rs
@@ -314,6 +314,34 @@ fn type_attaches_to_a_path_and_releases_it() {
     assert!(matches!(text(&s, id).shape, TextShape::Path { .. }));
 }
 
+/// The Type tool's click on a path: `"at"` starts the type where the path passes nearest the
+/// click, and the paragraph alignment is kept about that point, as in Photoshop.
+#[test]
+fn type_attaches_to_a_path_at_a_document_point() {
+    let mut s = session(8);
+    s.edit("path", |doc, _| {
+        doc.work_path = Some(Path::new(vec![Subpath::polyline(&[(10.0, 60.0), (290.0, 60.0)])]));
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+    for (align, centred) in [("left", false), ("center", true)] {
+        let r = s.execute("type.create", json!({"x": 150, "y": 60, "text": "Path", "size": 24, "align": align, "color": "#000000"})).unwrap();
+        let id = LayerId(r["layer"].as_u64().unwrap());
+        assert!(s.execute("type.attachToPath", json!({"at": [150, "y"]})).is_err());
+        assert!(s.execute("type.attachToPath", json!({"at": [150]})).is_err());
+        assert!(s.execute("type.attachToPath", json!({"at": [150, 60], "start": 3})).is_err());
+        let r = s.execute("type.attachToPath", json!({"at": [150, 64]})).unwrap();
+        assert!((r["start"].as_f64().unwrap() - 140.0).abs() < 0.5, "{r}");
+        let b = ink(&s, id);
+        assert!(b.y1 <= 61, "the type sits on the path: {b:?}");
+        if centred {
+            assert!(b.x0 < 145 && b.x1 > 155, "centred on the click: {b:?}");
+        } else {
+            assert!((148..=156).contains(&b.x0), "starts at the click: {b:?}");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn all_locked_layer_rejects_paste_lorem_ipsum_without_history() {
     // #4188: Lock All stopped type.edit (#3132) but not Paste Lorem Ipsum into the layer.
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/type_spell_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/type_spell_cmds.rs
index c544634e5a..d42500c722 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/type_spell_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/type_spell_cmds.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use photocraft_text::spell::Dictionary;
 use serde_json::{Value, json};
 
 use crate::commands::{CommandSpec, layer_param};
-use crate::type_cmds::{check_text_unlocked, norm_text, refresh, replace_text};
+use crate::type_cmds::{check_text_unlocked, norm_text, refresh_at, replace_text};
 use crate::{EngineError, Result, Session};
 
 fn bad(cmd: &str, msg: impl Into<String>) -> EngineError {
@@ -131,10 +131,10 @@ fn change(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
         return Err(bad(cmd, format!("the text at {start}..{end} is {:?}, not {w:?}", &t[a..b])));
     }
     s.edit("Check Spelling", |doc, _| {
-        let snapshot = doc.clone();
+        let (dpi, format) = (doc.resolution_dpi, doc.pixel_format());
         if let Some(LayerContent::Text(t)) = doc.layer_mut(id).map(|l| &mut l.content) {
             replace_text(t, a, b, &to);
-            refresh(&snapshot, t);
+            refresh_at(dpi, format, t);
         }
         Ok(())
     })?;
@@ -158,13 +158,13 @@ fn change_all(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     let count: usize = plan.iter().map(|(_, h)| h.len()).sum();
     if count > 0 {
         s.edit("Check Spelling", |doc, _| {
-            let snapshot = doc.clone();
+            let (dpi, format) = (doc.resolution_dpi, doc.pixel_format());
             for (id, hits) in &plan {
                 if let Some(LayerContent::Text(t)) = doc.layer_mut(*id).map(|l| &mut l.content) {
                     for (a, b) in hits.iter().rev() {
                         replace_text(t, *a, *b, &to);
                     }
-                    refresh(&snapshot, t);
+                    refresh_at(dpi, format, t);
                 }
             }
             Ok(())
@@ -244,10 +244,10 @@ fn insert_text(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     let (ba, bb) = (byte_at(t, a), byte_at(t, b));
     let label = p.get("label").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("Insert Glyph").to_string();
     s.edit(&label, |doc, _| {
-        let snapshot = doc.clone();
+        let (dpi, format) = (doc.resolution_dpi, doc.pixel_format());
         if let Some(LayerContent::Text(t)) = doc.layer_mut(id).map(|l| &mut l.content) {
             replace_text(t, ba, bb, &new);
-            refresh(&snapshot, t);
+            refresh_at(dpi, format, t);
         }
         Ok(())
     })?;
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/type_styles_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/type_styles_cmds.rs
index 93b4261a00..4cbb2092dc 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/type_styles_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/type_styles_cmds.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use photocraft_doc::{Document, LayerContent, LayerId, TextLayer, TextStyles};
 use serde_json::{Map, Value, json};
 
 use crate::commands::CommandSpec;
-use crate::type_cmds::{apply_char_props, apply_para_props, refresh};
+use crate::type_cmds::{apply_char_props, apply_para_props, refresh_at};
 use crate::{EngineError, Result, Session};
 
 const FAMILY: &str = photocraft_text::fonts::DEFAULT_FAMILY;
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ fn commit(s: &mut Session, label: &str, new: TextStyles, target: &[Target], op:
 fn apply_styles(doc: &mut Document, new: &TextStyles, target: &[Target], op: Op) -> usize {
     let old = doc.text_styles.clone();
     doc.text_styles = new.clone();
-    let snapshot = doc.clone();
+    let (dpi, format) = (doc.resolution_dpi, doc.pixel_format());
     let ids: Vec<LayerId> = doc.walk().into_iter().filter(|(_, _, l)| matches!(l.content, LayerContent::Text(_))).map(|(_, _, l)| l.id).collect();
     let mut changed = 0;
     for id in ids {
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ fn apply_styles(doc: &mut Document, new: &TextStyles, target: &[Target], op: Op)
             None => restyle(t, &old, new, Some((0, 0)), Op::default()),
         };
         if did {
-            refresh(&snapshot, t);
+            refresh_at(dpi, format, t);
             changed += 1;
         }
     }
@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ fn delete(s: &mut Session, p: &Value, paragraph: bool) -> Result<Value> {
         } else {
             doc.text_styles.character.retain(|d| d.id != id);
         }
-        let snapshot = doc.clone();
+        let (dpi, format) = (doc.resolution_dpi, doc.pixel_format());
         let ids: Vec<LayerId> = doc.walk().into_iter().map(|(_, _, l)| l.id).collect();
         for lid in ids {
             let Some(LayerContent::Text(t)) = doc.layer_mut(lid).map(|l| &mut l.content) else { continue };
@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@ fn delete(s: &mut Session, p: &Value, paragraph: bool) -> Result<Value> {
                 }
             }
             if hit {
-                refresh(&snapshot, t);
+                refresh_at(dpi, format, t);
                 n += 1;
             }
         }
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/updates_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/updates_cmds.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..76dbd91b6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/engine/src/updates_cmds.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+//! Release-check state and commands. The desktop injects a non-blocking transport; the engine
+//! owns the result so CLI, MCP and the GUI query the same state without network dependencies.
+
+use std::sync::mpsc::{Receiver, TryRecvError};
+
+use semver::Version;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+
+use crate::commands::{CommandSpec, always};
+use crate::{EngineError, Result, Session};
+
+pub const RELEASES: &str = "https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/releases";
+pub type CheckResult = std::result::Result<Option<Release>, String>;
+/// Starts background work and returns immediately. No document or personal data is sent.
+pub type CheckFn = Box<dyn FnMut() -> std::result::Result<Receiver<CheckResult>, String> + Send>;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Release {
+    pub version: String,
+    pub url: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(tag = "status", rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum Status {
+    #[default]
+    Idle,
+    Checking,
+    UpToDate,
+    Available {
+        release: Release,
+    },
+    Failed {
+        message: String,
+    },
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct Updates {
+    pub check: Option<CheckFn>,
+    pub status: Status,
+    pending: Option<Receiver<CheckResult>>,
+}
+
+impl Updates {
+    /// Consume a completed check; a disconnected worker becomes an actionable error.
+    pub fn poll(&mut self) -> bool {
+        let Some(rx) = &self.pending else { return false };
+        let result = match rx.try_recv() {
+            Ok(r) => r,
+            Err(TryRecvError::Empty) => return false,
+            Err(TryRecvError::Disconnected) => Err("The update check stopped before returning a result".into()),
+        };
+        self.pending = None;
+        self.status = match result {
+            Ok(Some(release)) => Status::Available { release },
+            Ok(None) => Status::UpToDate,
+            Err(message) => Status::Failed { message },
+        };
+        true
+    }
+}
+
+/// Interpret GitHub's latest-release response. Never trust a remote URL: construct the release
+/// page from a validated tag in our own repository. Build metadata doesn't affect precedence.
+pub fn parse_release(bytes: &[u8], current: &str) -> CheckResult {
+    #[derive(Deserialize)]
+    struct GithubRelease {
+        tag_name: String,
+        draft: bool,
+        prerelease: bool,
+    }
+    let release: GithubRelease = serde_json::from_slice(bytes).map_err(|e| format!("Invalid release response: {e}"))?;
+    if release.draft || release.prerelease {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+    let tag = &release.tag_name;
+    if tag.len() > 128 || !tag.bytes().all(|b| b.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || matches!(b, b'.' | b'-' | b'+')) {
+        return Err("Invalid release tag".into());
+    }
+    let version = Version::parse(tag.strip_prefix('v').unwrap_or(tag)).map_err(|e| format!("Invalid release version: {e}"))?;
+    let current = Version::parse(current).map_err(|e| format!("Invalid installed version: {e}"))?;
+    if !version.pre.is_empty() || !version.cmp_precedence(&current).is_gt() {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+    Ok(Some(Release { version: version.to_string(), url: format!("{RELEASES}/tag/{tag}") }))
+}
+
+fn empty_params(p: &Value) -> Result<()> {
+    if p.as_object().is_some_and(|p| p.is_empty()) { Ok(()) } else { Err(EngineError::Other("update commands take an empty object".into())) }
+}
+
+fn enabled(s: &Session) -> std::result::Result<(), String> {
+    s.updates.check.as_ref().map(|_| ()).ok_or_else(|| "Update checks are unavailable in this frontend".into())
+}
+
+fn check(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
+    empty_params(p)?;
+    // Repeated automation requests must not spawn an unbounded number of network workers.
+    if s.updates.pending.is_none() {
+        let start = s.updates.check.as_mut().ok_or_else(|| EngineError::Other("Update checks are unavailable in this frontend".into()))?;
+        match start() {
+            Ok(rx) => {
+                s.updates.pending = Some(rx);
+                s.updates.status = Status::Checking;
+            }
+            Err(message) => {
+                s.updates.status = Status::Failed { message: message.clone() };
+                return Err(EngineError::Other(message));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(json!(s.updates.status))
+}
+
+pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
+    vec![
+        CommandSpec {
+            id: "help.checkForUpdates",
+            label: "Check for Updates…",
+            menu: &["Help"],
+            shortcut: None,
+            params: "{}",
+            enabled,
+            run: check,
+            journal: false,
+        },
+        CommandSpec {
+            id: "updates.status",
+            label: "Update Check Status",
+            menu: &[],
+            shortcut: None,
+            params: "{}",
+            enabled: always,
+            run: |s, p| {
+                empty_params(p)?;
+                s.updates.poll();
+                Ok(json!({"supported": s.updates.check.is_some(), "currentVersion": crate::build_info::VERSION, "result": s.updates.status}))
+            },
+            journal: false,
+        },
+    ]
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn response(tag: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
+        serde_json::to_vec(&json!({"tag_name": tag, "draft": false, "prerelease": false, "html_url": "https://untrusted.example"})).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn semantic_versions_and_trusted_links() {
+        let release = parse_release(&response("v0.10.0"), "0.9.0").unwrap().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(release.version, "0.10.0");
+        assert_eq!(release.url, format!("{RELEASES}/tag/v0.10.0"));
+        for tag in ["v0.9.0", "v0.8.9", "v0.9.0+build.2", "v1.0.0-rc.1"] {
+            assert_eq!(parse_release(&response(tag), "0.9.0").unwrap(), None, "{tag}");
+        }
+        assert!(parse_release(&response("0.9.0"), "0.9.0-rc.1").unwrap().is_some());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn unpublished_and_hostile_responses() {
+        for flag in ["draft", "prerelease"] {
+            let mut v: Value = serde_json::from_slice(&response("v1.0.0")).unwrap();
+            v[flag] = json!(true);
+            assert_eq!(parse_release(&serde_json::to_vec(&v).unwrap(), "0.7.0").unwrap(), None);
+        }
+        for tag in ["", "latest", "v1.0.0/../evil", "v1.0.0?next=evil", "v1.0.0\n", "版本1.0.0", "999999999999999999999.0.0"] {
+            assert!(parse_release(&response(tag), "0.7.0").is_err(), "{tag}");
+        }
+        for bytes in [b"not JSON".as_slice(), b"{}", b"null", b"{\"tag_name\":42}"] {
+            assert!(parse_release(bytes, "0.7.0").is_err());
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn commands_are_nonblocking_deduplicated_and_queryable_without_a_document() {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        let (tx, rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
+        let mut rx = Some(rx);
+        s.updates.check = Some(Box::new(move || Ok(rx.take().expect("only one worker"))));
+        for _ in 0..3 {
+            assert_eq!(s.execute("help.checkForUpdates", json!({})).unwrap()["status"], "checking");
+        }
+        tx.send(Ok(Some(Release { version: "1.0.0".into(), url: format!("{RELEASES}/tag/v1.0.0") }))).unwrap();
+        let status = s.execute("updates.status", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(status["result"]["status"], "available");
+        assert_eq!(status["result"]["release"]["version"], "1.0.0");
+        assert!(s.journal.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn graceful_failures_and_preference_compatibility() {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        assert!(s.execute("help.checkForUpdates", json!({})).is_err());
+        for p in [Value::Null, json!([]), json!({"url": "evil"}), json!("bad")] {
+            assert!(s.execute("updates.status", p.clone()).is_err());
+            assert!(check(&mut s, &p).is_err());
+        }
+        s.updates.check = Some(Box::new(|| Err("Could not start worker".into())));
+        assert!(s.execute("help.checkForUpdates", json!({})).is_err());
+        assert!(matches!(s.updates.status, Status::Failed { .. }));
+        s.updates.check = Some(Box::new(|| {
+            let (_tx, rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
+            Ok(rx)
+        }));
+        s.execute("help.checkForUpdates", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(s.execute("updates.status", json!({})).unwrap()["result"]["status"], "failed");
+        s.load_prefs_json("{}").unwrap();
+        assert!(s.prefs().general.automatically_check_updates);
+        s.execute("prefs.set", json!({"path": "general.automaticallyCheckUpdates", "value": false})).unwrap();
+        let saved = s.prefs_to_json();
+        let mut restored = Session::new();
+        restored.load_prefs_json(&saved).unwrap();
+        assert!(!restored.prefs().general.automatically_check_updates);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/variables_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/variables_cmds.rs
index 0a49d780d5..9c89c4756e 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/variables_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/variables_cmds.rs
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ fn apply_to_doc(doc: &mut Document, vars: &Variables, set: &DataSet) -> Result<(
                 }
             }
             (VarKind::TextReplacement, VarValue::Text(text)) => {
-                let snapshot = doc.clone();
+                let (dpi, format) = (doc.resolution_dpi, doc.pixel_format());
                 if let Some(l) = doc.layer_mut(def.layer)
                     && let LayerContent::Text(t) = &mut l.content
                 {
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ fn apply_to_doc(doc: &mut Document, vars: &Variables, set: &DataSet) -> Result<(
                     t.sync_summary();
                     // The compositor draws a type layer from its cache: clearing it left the
                     // layer blank until some other edit re-rendered it (#990).
-                    crate::type_cmds::refresh(&snapshot, t);
+                    crate::type_cmds::refresh_at(dpi, format, t);
                 }
             }
             (VarKind::PixelReplacement { method, align, clip }, VarValue::Pixels(path)) => {
@@ -243,10 +243,9 @@ fn replace_pixels(doc: &mut Document, layer: LayerId, path: &str, method: PixelM
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn apply_data_set(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
-    let (set, idx) = resolve_set(s, p, "image.applyDataSet")?;
-    let vars = s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?.doc.variables.clone();
-    // Pixel Replacement reads image files, so an untrusted session's gate judges each path.
+/// Pixel Replacement reads image files, so an untrusted session's gate judges each path a data
+/// set would read: whether it is applied or exported, the path is document data.
+fn authorize_pixel_paths(s: &Session, set: &DataSet) -> Result<()> {
     if let Some(auth) = s.authorize {
         for dv in &set.values {
             if let VarValue::Pixels(path) = &dv.value {
@@ -254,6 +253,13 @@ fn apply_data_set(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
             }
         }
     }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn apply_data_set(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
+    let (set, idx) = resolve_set(s, p, "image.applyDataSet")?;
+    let vars = s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?.doc.variables.clone();
+    authorize_pixel_paths(s, &set)?;
     s.edit(&format!("Apply Data Set \"{}\"", set.name), |doc, _| apply_to_doc(doc, &vars, &set))?;
     set_vars(s, |v| v.active = Some(idx))?;
     Ok(json!({"applied": set.name, "index": idx}))
@@ -409,9 +415,22 @@ pub fn export_data_sets_with(s: &Session, p: &Value, mut write: impl FnMut(&str,
     if sets.is_empty() {
         return Err(bad("file.export.dataSetsAsFiles", "no data sets to export"));
     }
+    // Judge every image path before anything is written, as Apply Data Set does.
+    for set in &sets {
+        authorize_pixel_paths(s, set)?;
+    }
     // Filename template: `{name}` (sanitised data-set name), `{index}` (1-based). Default `{name}`.
     let template = p.get("naming").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("{name}");
-    let doc_stem = original.name.rsplit_once('.').map_or(original.name.as_str(), |(a, _)| a).to_string();
+    // A document name is not a path: a separator in it, or a stem of `.` / `..` before a `/` in
+    // the template, must not leave `dir`.
+    let doc_stem: String = original
+        .name
+        .rsplit_once('.')
+        .map_or(original.name.as_str(), |(a, _)| a)
+        .chars()
+        .map(|c| if c.is_control() || "/\\<>:\"|?*".contains(c) { '_' } else { c })
+        .collect();
+    let doc_stem = if matches!(doc_stem.as_str(), "" | "." | "..") { "_".to_string() } else { doc_stem };
     // Plan the whole batch before writing: sanitised names or a constant template may collide.
     // Match the case-insensitive comparison used by the other batch exporters.
     let mut claimed = std::collections::HashMap::new();
@@ -419,7 +438,15 @@ pub fn export_data_sets_with(s: &Session, p: &Value, mut write: impl FnMut(&str,
     for (n, set) in sets.iter().enumerate() {
         let safe: String = set.name.chars().map(|c| if c.is_alphanumeric() || c == '-' || c == '_' { c } else { '_' }).collect();
         let stem = template.replace("{name}", &safe).replace("{index}", &format!("{:03}", n + 1)).replace("{document}", &doc_stem);
-        let name = format!("{stem}.{format}");
+        // Each folder the template makes is checked too: `{document}/{name}` of `nul.psd` would
+        // otherwise write into the `nul` device.
+        let name: String = format!("{stem}.{format}")
+            .split_inclusive(['/', '\\'])
+            .map(|part| {
+                let sep = ["/", "\\"].into_iter().find(|s| part.ends_with(s)).unwrap_or("");
+                crate::file_cmds::portable_device_name(part.strip_suffix(sep).unwrap_or(part).to_string()) + sep
+            })
+            .collect();
         if let Some(first) = claimed.insert(name.to_lowercase(), &set.name) {
             return Err(bad(
                 "file.export.dataSetsAsFiles",
@@ -432,7 +459,8 @@ pub fn export_data_sets_with(s: &Session, p: &Value, mut write: impl FnMut(&str,
     for (set, name) in sets.iter().zip(&names) {
         let mut doc = (*original).clone();
         apply_to_doc(&mut doc, &vars, set)?;
-        let opts = photocraft_io::ExportOptions::default();
+        // An untrusted session's PSD export embeds no file a linked smart object names.
+        let opts = photocraft_io::ExportOptions { read_linked_files: s.authorize.is_none(), ..Default::default() };
         let bytes = photocraft_io::export(&doc, format, &opts).map(|r| r.bytes).map_err(|e| EngineError::Other(format!("export `{}`: {e}", set.name)))?;
         write(name, &bytes)?;
         written.push(name.clone());
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/variables_cmds/tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/variables_cmds/tests.rs
index 8a0c591e71..ec5b728e71 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/variables_cmds/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/variables_cmds/tests.rs
@@ -421,6 +421,39 @@ fn export_data_sets_rejects_collisions_before_writing() {
     }
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn export_data_sets_keeps_document_derived_names_inside_the_folder() {
+    // A document name is not a path: `{document}` must not climb out of `dir` or into a subfolder,
+    // and a data set named after a Windows device gets the `_` every other exporter gives it.
+    let root = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+    let root = root.path().to_string_lossy().into_owned();
+    let dir = format!("{root}/out");
+    let mut s = visibility_export_session(&["nul", "b"]);
+    s.execute("image.duplicate", json!({"name": "../esc/aped.psd"})).unwrap();
+    let r = s.execute("file.export.dataSetsAsFiles", json!({"dir": dir, "naming": "{document}_{index}"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r["files"], json!([format!("{dir}/.._esc_aped_001.png"), format!("{dir}/.._esc_aped_002.png")]));
+    let r = s.execute("file.export.dataSetsAsFiles", json!({"dir": dir, "dataSets": ["nul"]})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r["files"], json!([format!("{dir}/nul_.png")]));
+    // `...` has the stem `..`: before a folder in the caller's template it would climb out too.
+    s.execute("image.duplicate", json!({"name": "..."})).unwrap();
+    let r = s.execute("file.export.dataSetsAsFiles", json!({"dir": dir, "dataSets": ["b"], "naming": "{document}/{name}"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r["files"], json!([format!("{dir}/_/b.png")]));
+    // `.` has an empty stem: `{document}` alone would be a nameless `.png`.
+    s.execute("image.duplicate", json!({"name": "."})).unwrap();
+    let r = s.execute("file.export.dataSetsAsFiles", json!({"dir": dir, "dataSets": ["b"], "naming": "{document}"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r["files"], json!([format!("{dir}/_.png")]));
+    // A folder the template makes from a device-named document gets the `_` as well.
+    s.execute("image.duplicate", json!({"name": "nul.psd"})).unwrap();
+    let r = s.execute("file.export.dataSetsAsFiles", json!({"dir": dir, "dataSets": ["b"], "naming": "{document}/{name}"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r["files"], json!([format!("{dir}/nul_/b.png")]));
+    let mut written: Vec<String> = std::fs::read_dir(&dir).unwrap().map(|e| e.unwrap().file_name().to_string_lossy().into_owned()).collect();
+    written.sort();
+    assert_eq!(written, [".._esc_aped_001.png", ".._esc_aped_002.png", "_", "_.png", "nul_", "nul_.png"]);
+    assert!(std::path::Path::new(&format!("{dir}/nul_/b.png")).is_file());
+    assert!(!std::path::Path::new(&format!("{root}/esc")).exists());
+    assert!(!std::path::Path::new(&format!("{root}/b.png")).exists());
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn export_data_sets_unique_paths_preserve_variations_and_document() {
     for (label, names, naming, selected, expected) in [
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/vector_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/vector_cmds.rs
index 7a871abad9..989f312db8 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/vector_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/vector_cmds.rs
@@ -163,6 +163,11 @@ pub(crate) fn color(v: &Value) -> Option<Color> {
                 _ => None,
             }
         }
+        // A stored `Color` (mode + components), so a CMYK or Lab gradient stop survives a
+        // read-modify-write through the shape swatches.
+        Value::Object(_) => serde_json::from_value::<Color>(v.clone())
+            .ok()
+            .filter(|c| c.c.iter().all(|x| x.is_finite()) && c.alpha.is_finite() && (0.0..=1.0).contains(&c.alpha)),
         _ => None,
     }
 }
@@ -247,15 +252,21 @@ pub fn path_json(p: &Path) -> Value {
 fn fill_json(f: &Fill) -> Value {
     match f {
         Fill::Solid(c) => json!(hex(c)),
-        Fill::Gradient { stops, angle, scale, style, reverse, .. } => json!({ "gradient": {
+        Fill::Gradient { stops, angle, scale, style, reverse, opacity_stops, midpoints, offset, dither, align } => json!({ "gradient": {
             "stops": stops.iter().map(|(t, c)| json!([t, hex(c)])).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            "angle": angle, "scale": scale * 100.0, "style": format!("{style:?}").to_ascii_lowercase(), "reverse": reverse } }),
+            "angle": angle, "scale": scale * 100.0, "style": format!("{style:?}").to_ascii_lowercase(), "reverse": reverse,
+            "opacityStops": opacity_stops, "midpoints": midpoints, "offset": [offset.0, offset.1], "dither": dither, "align": align } }),
         Fill::Pattern { name, scale, .. } => json!({ "pattern": name, "scale": scale * 100.0 }),
     }
 }
 
-/// `"#rrggbb"` / `[r,g,b,a]` / `{"gradient":{"stops":[[t,"#hex"],…],"angle","scale","style","reverse"}}` /
-/// `{"pattern":name,"scale"}`. `null` → `Ok(None)` (no fill).
+/// The most colour stops, opacity stops or midpoints a gradient fill takes, as the gradient stop
+/// edits (`gradient.fill.stop`, `gradient.presets.stop`) cap them.
+const MAX_GRADIENT_STOPS: usize = 1024;
+
+/// `"#rrggbb"` / `[r,g,b,a]` / `{"gradient":{"stops":[[t,"#hex"|[r,g,b,a]],…],"angle","scale","style","reverse",
+/// "opacityStops":[[t,0..1],…],"midpoints":[0..1,…],"offset":[x,y],"dither","align"}}` / `{"pattern":name,"scale"}`.
+/// `null` → `Ok(None)` (no fill).
 fn parse_fill(v: &Value) -> std::result::Result<Option<Fill>, String> {
     if v.is_null() {
         return Ok(None);
@@ -264,9 +275,14 @@ fn parse_fill(v: &Value) -> std::result::Result<Option<Fill>, String> {
         return Ok(Some(Fill::Solid(c)));
     }
     if let Some(g) = v.get("gradient") {
-        let stops: Vec<(f32, Color)> = g
-            .get("stops")
-            .and_then(Value::as_array)
+        // Stop lists are capped as `gradient.fill.stop` caps them: more is an error, not a cut.
+        let list = |key: &str, what: &str| match g.get(key) {
+            None | Some(Value::Null) => Ok(None),
+            Some(Value::Array(a)) if a.len() > MAX_GRADIENT_STOPS => Err(format!("too many {what} (max {MAX_GRADIENT_STOPS})")),
+            Some(Value::Array(a)) => Ok(Some(a)),
+            Some(_) => Err(format!("gradient `{key}` must be an array")),
+        };
+        let stops: Vec<(f32, Color)> = list("stops", "colour stops")?
             .map(|a| a.iter().filter_map(|s| Some((s.get(0)?.as_f64()? as f32, color(s.get(1)?)?))).collect())
             .unwrap_or_else(|| vec![(0.0, Color::BLACK), (1.0, Color::WHITE)]);
         let style = match g.get("style").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("linear") {
@@ -276,13 +292,35 @@ fn parse_fill(v: &Value) -> std::result::Result<Option<Fill>, String> {
             "diamond" => GradientStyle::Diamond,
             _ => GradientStyle::Linear,
         };
-        return Ok(Some(Fill::gradient(
+        let mut fill = Fill::gradient(
             stops,
             f64p(g, "angle").unwrap_or(90.0) as f32,
             f64p(g, "scale").unwrap_or(100.0) as f32 / 100.0,
             style,
             g.get("reverse").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(false),
-        )));
+        );
+        // The rest of a gradient, so a read-modify-write (the shape swatches) loses nothing.
+        if let Fill::Gradient { opacity_stops, midpoints, offset, dither, align, .. } = &mut fill {
+            let unit = |v: &Value| v.as_f64().map(|n| n.clamp(0.0, 1.0) as f32);
+            if let Some(a) = list("opacityStops", "opacity stops")? {
+                *opacity_stops = a.iter().filter_map(|s| Some((unit(s.get(0)?)?, unit(s.get(1)?)?))).collect();
+                opacity_stops.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.total_cmp(&b.0));
+            }
+            if let Some(a) = list("midpoints", "midpoints")? {
+                *midpoints = a.iter().filter_map(unit).collect();
+            }
+            if let Some(o) = g.get("offset") {
+                let at = |i: usize| o.get(i).and_then(Value::as_f64).map(|n| n.clamp(-1000.0, 1000.0) as f32);
+                *offset = (at(0).ok_or("gradient offset must be [x, y]")?, at(1).ok_or("gradient offset must be [x, y]")?);
+            }
+            if let Some(d) = g.get("dither").and_then(Value::as_bool) {
+                *dither = d;
+            }
+            if let Some(a) = g.get("align").and_then(Value::as_bool) {
+                *align = a;
+            }
+        }
+        return Ok(Some(fill));
     }
     if let Some(name) = v.get("pattern").and_then(Value::as_str) {
         return Ok(Some(Fill::Pattern {
@@ -412,13 +450,19 @@ fn live_from_params(cmd: &str, kind: &str, p: &Value, prev: Option<&LiveShape>)
         }
         "ellipse" => LiveShape::Ellipse { rect: rect()? },
         "polygon" | "star" => {
-            let (ps, pr) = match prev {
-                Some(LiveShape::Polygon { sides, star_ratio, .. }) => (*sides, *star_ratio),
-                _ => (5, if kind == "star" { 0.5 } else { 1.0 }),
+            let (ps, pr, pc) = match prev {
+                Some(LiveShape::Polygon { sides, star_ratio, corner_radius, .. }) => (*sides, *star_ratio, *corner_radius),
+                _ => (5, if kind == "star" { 0.5 } else { 1.0 }, 0.0),
             };
+            let corner_radius = f64p(p, "cornerRadius").map_or(pc, |v| if v.is_finite() { v.clamp(0.0, 1.0e6) } else { pc });
             let sides = f64p(p, "sides").map_or(ps, |v| v.round().clamp(3.0, 100.0) as u32);
             let ratio = f64p(p, "starRatio").map_or(if kind == "star" && pr >= 1.0 { 0.5 } else { pr }, |v| v.clamp(0.01, 1.0));
-            LiveShape::Polygon { rect: rect()?, sides, star_ratio: if kind == "polygon" && f64p(p, "starRatio").is_none() { 1.0 } else { ratio } }
+            LiveShape::Polygon {
+                rect: rect()?,
+                sides,
+                star_ratio: if kind == "polygon" && f64p(p, "starRatio").is_none() { 1.0 } else { ratio },
+                corner_radius,
+            }
         }
         "line" => {
             let (pf, pto, pw) = match prev {
@@ -481,10 +525,7 @@ pub fn translate_vectors(doc: &Document, l: &mut Layer, dx: f64, dy: f64) {
         vm.path = vm.path.transform(&a);
     }
     match &mut l.content {
-        LayerContent::Shape(sh) => {
-            transform_shape(sh, &a);
-            refresh_shape(doc, sh);
-        }
+        LayerContent::Shape(sh) => shift_shape(doc, sh, dx, dy),
         LayerContent::Group(g) => {
             for c in &mut g.children {
                 translate_vectors(doc, c, dx, dy);
@@ -494,6 +535,31 @@ pub fn translate_vectors(doc: &Document, l: &mut Layer, dx: f64, dy: f64) {
     }
 }
 
+/// Moves a shape by `(dx, dy)`. A whole-pixel move shifts the rendered pixels as they are, so a
+/// shape from a PSD keeps Photoshop's anti-aliasing (as moved type does). The render is cut at
+/// the canvas, so a shape reaching past it renders again, as does a fractional move.
+pub(crate) fn shift_shape(doc: &Document, sh: &mut ShapeLayer, dx: f64, dy: f64) {
+    transform_shape(sh, &Affine::translate(dx, dy));
+    let whole = |v: f64| (v.fract() == 0.0 && v.abs() <= f64::from(i32::MAX)).then_some(v as i32);
+    let canvas = doc.bounds();
+    let inside = sh.cache.as_ref().is_some_and(|c| {
+        let b = photocraft_compose::bounds::content_bounds(c);
+        // An empty cache can be an off-canvas shape moving back into view.
+        !b.is_empty() && b.x0 > canvas.x0 && b.y0 > canvas.y0 && b.x1 < canvas.x1 && b.y1 < canvas.y1
+    });
+    let stroke_pad = sh.stroke.as_ref().filter(|s| s.opacity > 0.0).map_or(0.0, |s| f64::from(s.width.ceil()));
+    let stays_inside = sh.path.control_bounds().is_some_and(|(x0, y0, x1, y1)| {
+        (x0 - stroke_pad) > canvas.x0 as f64
+            && (y0 - stroke_pad) > canvas.y0 as f64
+            && (x1 + stroke_pad) < canvas.x1 as f64
+            && (y1 + stroke_pad) < canvas.y1 as f64
+    });
+    match (&mut sh.cache, whole(dx), whole(dy)) {
+        (Some(c), Some(dx), Some(dy)) if inside && stays_inside => *c = crate::layer_multi_cmds::shift_surface(c, dx, dy),
+        _ => refresh_shape(doc, sh),
+    }
+}
+
 /// Applies an affine transform to a shape's path, keeping the live shape when the transform
 /// is a translation plus axis-aligned scale (otherwise the shape stops being parametric).
 pub fn transform_shape(sh: &mut ShapeLayer, a: &Affine) {
@@ -510,7 +576,9 @@ pub fn transform_shape(sh: &mut ShapeLayer, a: &Affine) {
                     LiveShape::Rect { rect: r(rect), radii: radii.map(|v| v * k) }
                 }
                 LiveShape::Ellipse { rect } => LiveShape::Ellipse { rect: r(rect) },
-                LiveShape::Polygon { rect, sides, star_ratio } => LiveShape::Polygon { rect: r(rect), sides, star_ratio },
+                LiveShape::Polygon { rect, sides, star_ratio, corner_radius } => {
+                    LiveShape::Polygon { rect: r(rect), sides, star_ratio, corner_radius: corner_radius * m0.min(m3) }
+                }
                 LiveShape::Line { from, to, weight } => {
                     // Live-shape edits regenerate the line's filled bar from its parameters.
                     // Keep the weight in sync with a positive scale of the path, or an
@@ -704,7 +772,7 @@ fn shape_edit(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
             sh.live = None;
             sh.psd_raw = None;
         }
-        let geom_keys = ["kind", "rect", "radii", "radius", "sides", "starRatio", "from", "to", "weight"];
+        let geom_keys = ["kind", "rect", "radii", "radius", "sides", "starRatio", "cornerRadius", "from", "to", "weight"];
         if geom_keys.iter().any(|k| p.get(*k).is_some()) {
             let kind = p.get("kind").and_then(Value::as_str).map(str::to_string).or_else(|| sh.live.as_ref().map(|l| live_kind(l).to_string()));
             let kind = kind.ok_or_else(|| bad(CMD, "this shape has no live-shape parameters; pass `kind` or `path`"))?;
@@ -1425,7 +1493,8 @@ fn vector_mask_add(s: &mut Session, p: &Value, from_path: bool) -> Result<Value>
         if locked {
             return Err(EngineError::Other(format!("layer \"{}\" is locked", l.name)));
         }
-        l.vector_mask = Some(VectorMask::new(path));
+        crate::extra_cmds::background_to_layer(doc, id);
+        doc.layer_mut(id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(id))?.vector_mask = Some(VectorMask::new(path));
         Ok(())
     })?;
     vector_mask_info(s, id)
@@ -1725,14 +1794,14 @@ pub(crate) fn leak(s: String) -> &'static str {
 
 pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
     let stroke = r##""stroke":{"width":px,"color":"#rrggbb"|fill,"opacity":0..100,"align":"inside|center|outside","cap":"butt|round|square","join":"miter|round|bevel","miterLimit":n,"dashes":[multiples of width],"dashOffset":n}|null"##;
-    let fill = r##""fill":"#rrggbb"|[r,g,b,a]|{"gradient":{"stops":[[t,"#hex"]],"angle":deg,"scale":%,"style":"linear|radial|angle|reflected|diamond","reverse":bool}}|{"pattern":name}|null (no fill)"##;
+    let fill = r##""fill":"#rrggbb"|[r,g,b,a]|{"gradient":{"stops":[[t,"#hex"|[r,g,b,a]|stored Color]],"angle":deg,"scale":%,"style":"linear|radial|angle|reflected|diamond","reverse":bool,"opacityStops":[[t,0..1]]?,"midpoints":[0..1]?,"offset":[x,y]?,"dither":bool?,"align":bool?}}|{"pattern":name}|null (no fill)"##;
     vec![
         spec!(
             "shape.create",
             "New Shape Layer",
             ["Layer", "New"],
             leak(format!(
-                r##"{{"kind":"rect|roundedRect|ellipse|polygon|star|line|path"="rect","rect":[x,y,w,h] (rect/roundedRect/ellipse/polygon/star),"radii":[tl,tr,br,bl]|r (roundedRect=10),"sides":3..100=5,"starRatio":0..1 (star=0.5),"from":[x,y],"to":[x,y],"weight":px=1 (line),"path":{{…}} (kind path),{fill}=foreground,{stroke}=none,"name":str?,"addTo":layerId? + "op":"combine|subtract|intersect|exclude" (append to an existing shape layer)}} → shape.info. {PATH_FORM}"##
+                r##"{{"kind":"rect|roundedRect|ellipse|polygon|star|line|path"="rect","rect":[x,y,w,h] (rect/roundedRect/ellipse/polygon/star),"radii":[tl,tr,br,bl]|r (roundedRect=10),"sides":3..100=5,"starRatio":0..1 (star=0.5),"cornerRadius":px=0 (polygon/star: rounds every vertex; the Triangle tool is a 3-sided polygon),"from":[x,y],"to":[x,y],"weight":px=1 (line),"path":{{…}} (kind path),{fill}=foreground,{stroke}=none,"name":str?,"addTo":layerId? + "op":"combine|subtract|intersect|exclude" (append to an existing shape layer)}} → shape.info. {PATH_FORM}"##
             )),
             has_doc,
             shape_create
@@ -1742,7 +1811,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             "Edit Shape",
             [],
             leak(format!(
-                r##"{{"layer":id?,"path":{{…}}? (replaces; drops live shape),"kind":str?,"rect":[x,y,w,h]?,"radii":[tl,tr,br,bl]|r?,"sides":n?,"starRatio":r?,"from":[x,y]?,"to":[x,y]?,"weight":px? (live-shape params regenerate the path),"move":[dx,dy]?,"transform":[a,b,c,d,e,f]?,"op":"combine|…"? + "subpath":index? (default all but the first),"fillRule":"nonzero|evenodd"?,{fill}?,{stroke}? (merged into the current stroke),"name":str?}} → shape.info"##
+                r##"{{"layer":id?,"path":{{…}}? (replaces; drops live shape),"kind":str?,"rect":[x,y,w,h]?,"radii":[tl,tr,br,bl]|r?,"sides":n?,"starRatio":r?,"cornerRadius":px?,"from":[x,y]?,"to":[x,y]?,"weight":px? (live-shape params regenerate the path),"move":[dx,dy]?,"transform":[a,b,c,d,e,f]?,"op":"combine|…"? + "subpath":index? (default all but the first),"fillRule":"nonzero|evenodd"?,{fill}?,{stroke}? (merged into the current stroke),"name":str?}} → shape.info"##
             )),
             has_layer,
             shape_edit
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/vector_cmds/tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/vector_cmds/tests.rs
index 0789e900ad..0b5b89aae9 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/vector_cmds/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/vector_cmds/tests.rs
@@ -27,15 +27,83 @@ fn stroke_validation_rejects_hostile_values_without_editing_history() {
         json!({"dashOffset": 1e100}),
         json!({"width": "4"}),
         json!({"width": 0.00001, "dashes": [0.01, 0.01]}),
+        json!({"color": {"gradient": {"offset": [0.5]}}}),
+        json!({"color": {"gradient": {"offset": "centre"}}}),
+        // Stop lists past the gradient stop edits' 1024 cap are refused, not cut.
+        json!({"color": {"gradient": {"stops": vec![json!([0.5, "#ff0000"]); 1025]}}}),
+        json!({"color": {"gradient": {"opacityStops": vec![json!([0.5, 1.0]); 1025]}}}),
+        json!({"color": {"gradient": {"midpoints": vec![0.5; 1025]}}}),
+        // A stop list that is not an array is an error, not the default black-to-white.
+        json!({"color": {"gradient": {"stops": "red"}}}),
+        json!({"color": {"gradient": {"opacityStops": {}}}}),
+        json!({"color": {"gradient": {"midpoints": 1}}}),
     ];
     for stroke in invalid {
         assert!(s.execute("shape.edit", json!({"layer": id, "stroke": stroke})).is_err(), "{stroke}");
         assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc, before);
         assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), history);
         assert!(s.execute("shape.create", json!({"rect": [20, 20, 50, 30], "stroke": stroke})).is_err(), "{stroke}");
+        assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc, before, "{stroke}: a rejected create adds no layer");
+        assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), history, "{stroke}: nor a history state");
     }
     assert!(s.execute("shape.edit", json!({"layer": id, "rect": [1e100, 0, 20, 20]})).is_err());
     assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc, before);
+    // The cap itself is accepted.
+    let at_cap = json!({"color": {"gradient": {"opacityStops": vec![json!([0.5, 1.0]); 1024], "midpoints": vec![0.5; 1024]}}});
+    s.execute("shape.edit", json!({"layer": id, "stroke": at_cap})).unwrap();
+}
+
+/// A gradient stop given as a stored `Color` keeps its colour model: a CMYK stop stays CMYK.
+#[test]
+fn gradient_stops_take_a_stored_color_and_keep_its_model() {
+    let mut s = session(100, 80, 8);
+    let id = s.execute("shape.create", json!({"rect": [20, 20, 50, 30], "stroke": {"width": 6}})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap();
+    let cmyk = Color { mode: photocraft_doc::ColorMode::Cmyk, c: [0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.9], alpha: 0.75 };
+    let stops = json!([[0.0, cmyk], [1.0, "#ffffff"]]);
+    s.execute("shape.edit", json!({"layer": id, "stroke": {"color": {"gradient": {"stops": stops}}}})).unwrap();
+    let doc = &s.active().unwrap().doc;
+    let LayerContent::Shape(sh) = &doc.layer(LayerId(id)).unwrap().content else { panic!("a shape layer") };
+    let Fill::Gradient { stops, .. } = &sh.stroke.as_ref().unwrap().paint else { panic!("a gradient stroke") };
+    assert_eq!(stops[0], (0.0, cmyk));
+    assert_eq!(stops[1], (1.0, Color::WHITE), "hex stops still parse as before");
+    // A stored colour that isn't finite or has alpha past 1 is not a colour: the stop is dropped,
+    // as an unparseable hex stop is.
+    let bad = json!({"mode": "Cmyk", "c": [0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.9], "alpha": 2.0});
+    s.execute("shape.edit", json!({"layer": id, "stroke": {"color": {"gradient": {"stops": [[0.0, bad], [1.0, "#000000"]]}}}})).unwrap();
+    let doc = &s.active().unwrap().doc;
+    let LayerContent::Shape(sh) = &doc.layer(LayerId(id)).unwrap().content else { panic!("a shape layer") };
+    let Fill::Gradient { stops, .. } = &sh.stroke.as_ref().unwrap().paint else { panic!("a gradient stroke") };
+    assert_eq!(stops.as_slice(), [(1.0, Color::BLACK)]);
+}
+
+/// A gradient stroke keeps every gradient field through `shape.edit`, and `shape.info` reports
+/// them, so the shape swatches can change one setting without dropping the rest.
+#[test]
+fn gradient_stroke_round_trips_every_gradient_field() {
+    let mut s = session(100, 80, 16);
+    let id = s.execute("shape.create", json!({"rect": [20, 20, 50, 30], "stroke": {"width": 6}})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap();
+    let gradient = json!({"gradient": {
+        "stops": [[0.0, [0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0]], [1.0, [1.0, 0.125, 0.0, 0.5]]],
+        "angle": 30.0, "scale": 50.0, "style": "radial", "reverse": true,
+        "opacityStops": [[1.0, 0.25], [0.0, 1.0]], "midpoints": [0.25], "offset": [0.125, -0.25], "dither": true, "align": false,
+    }});
+    let r = s.execute("shape.edit", json!({"layer": id, "stroke": {"color": gradient}})).unwrap();
+    let Some(Fill::Gradient { stops, angle, scale, style, reverse, opacity_stops, midpoints, offset, dither, align }) = shape(&s, id).stroke.map(|st| st.paint)
+    else {
+        panic!("a gradient stroke")
+    };
+    assert_eq!(stops, vec![(0.0, Color::rgba(0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0)), (1.0, Color::rgba(1.0, 0.125, 0.0, 0.5))]);
+    assert_eq!((angle, scale, style, reverse), (30.0, 0.5, GradientStyle::Radial, true));
+    assert_eq!(opacity_stops, vec![(0.0, 1.0), (1.0, 0.25)], "opacity stops are sorted");
+    assert_eq!((midpoints, offset, dither, align), (vec![0.25], (0.125, -0.25), true, false));
+    let g = &r["stroke"]["fill"]["gradient"];
+    assert_eq!((g["style"].as_str(), g["midpoints"].clone(), g["align"].as_bool()), (Some("radial"), json!([0.25]), Some(false)));
+    // A partial gradient keeps the defaults it always had.
+    s.execute("shape.edit", json!({"layer": id, "stroke": {"color": {"gradient": {"stops": [[0, "#000000"], [1, "#ffffff"]]}}}})).unwrap();
+    let Some(Fill::Gradient { opacity_stops, midpoints, offset, dither, align, .. }) = shape(&s, id).stroke.map(|st| st.paint) else {
+        panic!("a gradient stroke")
+    };
+    assert_eq!((opacity_stops, midpoints, offset, dither, align), (Vec::new(), Vec::new(), (0.0, 0.0), false, true));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -941,6 +1009,74 @@ fn shape_info_bounds_of_curved_shapes_are_exact() {
     }
 }
 
+/// A shape layer as a PSD import leaves it: Photoshop's rendering as the cache (deliberately not
+/// what PhotoCraft would draw, a block of another colour, so a re-render shows).
+fn add_imported_shape(s: &mut Session, r: Rect) -> LayerId {
+    s.edit("shape", |doc, active| {
+        let fmt = doc.pixel_format();
+        let path = photocraft_vector::shapes::rect(f64::from(r.x0), f64::from(r.y0), f64::from(r.width()), f64::from(r.height()));
+        let mut cache = photocraft_raster::Surface::new(fmt);
+        cache.fill_rect(r, &photocraft_raster::from_rgba(&fmt, [0.9, 0.5, 0.1, 1.0]));
+        let sh = ShapeLayer { path, fill: Some(photocraft_doc::Fill::Solid(photocraft_color::Color::BLACK)), cache: Some(cache), ..Default::default() };
+        let id = doc.insert_above(None, Layer::new("Rectangle 1", LayerContent::Shape(sh)));
+        *active = Some(id);
+        Ok(id)
+    })
+    .unwrap()
+}
+
+fn shape_layer(doc: &Document, id: LayerId) -> ShapeLayer {
+    match &doc.layer(id).unwrap().content {
+        LayerContent::Shape(sh) => sh.clone(),
+        other => panic!("not a shape layer: {}", other.kind_name()),
+    }
+}
+
+fn orange_at(sh: &ShapeLayer, x: i32, y: i32) -> bool {
+    let c = sh.cache.as_ref().unwrap();
+    let px = photocraft_raster::to_rgba(&c.format(), &c.pixel(x, y));
+    (px[0] - 0.9).abs() < 0.01 && (px[1] - 0.5).abs() < 0.01
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn moving_and_exporting_imported_shapes_keeps_their_rendering() {
+    for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
+        let mut s = session(100, 80, depth);
+        let id = add_imported_shape(&mut s, Rect::new(30, 20, 60, 40));
+        // The Move tool: the same pixels, moved; the path moves with them.
+        s.execute("layer.translate", json!({"layer": id.0, "dx": 5, "dy": -3})).unwrap();
+        let sh = shape_layer(doc(&s), id);
+        assert_eq!(sh.cache.as_ref().unwrap().content_bounds(), Rect::new(35, 17, 65, 37), "depth {depth}");
+        assert!(orange_at(&sh, 40, 20), "depth {depth}: not re-rendered");
+        assert_eq!(sh.path.control_bounds().map(|b| (b.0.round(), b.1.round())), Some((35.0, 17.0)), "the path moves too");
+        // Artboards to Files moves the board to the origin the same way.
+        s.execute("layer.new.artboard", json!({"rect": [20, 10, 60, 40]})).unwrap();
+        let board = doc(&s).artboards()[0].0;
+        s.edit("into board", |doc, _| {
+            let l = doc.remove(id).unwrap();
+            let Some(LayerContent::Group(g)) = doc.layer_mut(board).map(|b| &mut b.content) else { panic!("artboard group") };
+            g.children.push(l);
+            Ok(())
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+        let one = crate::artboard_cmds::artboard_document(doc(&s), board).unwrap().unwrap();
+        let sh = shape_layer(&one, id);
+        assert_eq!(sh.cache.as_ref().unwrap().content_bounds(), Rect::new(15, 7, 45, 27), "depth {depth}");
+        assert!(orange_at(&sh, 20, 10), "depth {depth}: exported as rendered");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_shape_reaching_past_the_canvas_renders_again_when_moved() {
+    let mut s = session(100, 80, 8);
+    // Cut at the canvas's right edge (100 px), so its pixels can't simply be shifted back in.
+    let id = add_imported_shape(&mut s, Rect::new(80, 20, 120, 40));
+    s.execute("layer.translate", json!({"layer": id.0, "dx": -30, "dy": 0})).unwrap();
+    let sh = shape_layer(doc(&s), id);
+    assert!(!orange_at(&sh, 60, 30), "re-rendered from the path (black fill)");
+    assert_eq!(sh.cache.as_ref().unwrap().content_bounds(), Rect::new(50, 20, 90, 40), "the whole shape shows");
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn shape_create_negative_size_rect_covers_the_ellipse_box() {
     // Issue #4203: a rectangle with a negative width spanned x 50..70 while the ellipse and
@@ -1070,3 +1206,35 @@ fn combine_shapes_fails_gracefully() {
     assert!(s.execute("layer.combineShapes.unite", json!({})).is_err());
     assert_eq!(*doc(&s), before);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn triangles_and_polygons_take_a_corner_radius_kept_through_edits_and_scaling() {
+    let mut s = session(200, 200, 8);
+    let r = s.execute("shape.create", json!({"kind": "polygon", "rect": [20, 20, 120, 120], "sides": 3, "cornerRadius": 12})).unwrap();
+    let id = r["layer"].as_u64().unwrap();
+    let live = |s: &Session| match &s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(LayerId(id)).unwrap().content {
+        LayerContent::Shape(sh) => sh.live.clone(),
+        _ => None,
+    };
+    let path_len = |s: &Session| match &s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(LayerId(id)).unwrap().content {
+        LayerContent::Shape(sh) => sh.path.subpaths[0].knots.len(),
+        _ => 0,
+    };
+    assert!(matches!(live(&s), Some(LiveShape::Polygon { sides: 3, corner_radius, .. }) if corner_radius == 12.0));
+    assert_eq!(path_len(&s), 6, "every vertex rounded");
+    // Other edits keep the radius; a radius edit regenerates the path; 0 makes it sharp again.
+    s.execute("shape.edit", json!({"layer": id, "sides": 6})).unwrap();
+    assert!(matches!(live(&s), Some(LiveShape::Polygon { sides: 6, corner_radius, .. }) if corner_radius == 12.0));
+    assert_eq!(path_len(&s), 12);
+    s.execute("shape.edit", json!({"layer": id, "cornerRadius": 0})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(path_len(&s), 6);
+    // Hostile values never panic: negative and non-finite radii are clamped or ignored.
+    for bad in [json!(-5), json!(1e300), json!("x")] {
+        let _ = s.execute("shape.edit", json!({"layer": id, "cornerRadius": bad}));
+    }
+    assert!(matches!(live(&s), Some(LiveShape::Polygon { corner_radius, .. }) if corner_radius.is_finite() && corner_radius >= 0.0));
+    // Scaling the layer by half halves the radius, as for a rectangle's radii.
+    s.execute("shape.edit", json!({"layer": id, "cornerRadius": 10})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("shape.edit", json!({"layer": id, "transform": [0.5, 0, 0, 0.5, 0, 0]})).unwrap();
+    assert!(matches!(live(&s), Some(LiveShape::Polygon { corner_radius, .. }) if (corner_radius - 5.0).abs() < 1e-9));
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/video_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/video_cmds.rs
index ddee127f2b..9917522d06 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/video_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/video_cmds.rs
@@ -119,6 +119,10 @@ fn new_blank(s: &mut Session, _p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
         }
         let fps = doc.timeline.as_ref().map_or(30.0, |t| t.fps);
         let n = doc.timeline.as_ref().map_or(1, |t| t.duration).max(1);
+        // A loaded timeline's duration bypasses the validation of timeline.create / setProps.
+        if n > crate::timeline_cmds::MAX_DURATION {
+            return Err(EngineError::Other(format!("the timeline is {n} frames; a video layer is limited to {} frames", crate::timeline_cmds::MAX_DURATION)));
+        }
         let frames: Vec<Surface> = (0..n).map(|_| Surface::new(fmt)).collect();
         let name = doc.next_layer_name("Video Layer");
         let mut l = Layer::raster(name, fmt);
@@ -216,7 +220,7 @@ fn rasterize(s: &mut Session, _p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
 /// Frames loaded from a file or an image sequence.
 struct Footage {
     frames: Vec<Surface>,
-    /// The frame rate the footage itself implies (a single animated GIF's delays); `None` for
+    /// The frame rate the footage itself implies (a single animated GIF's or WebP's delays); `None` for
     /// stills and sequences, which carry none.
     fps: Option<f32>,
 }
@@ -249,7 +253,17 @@ fn fps_from_delays(delays: &[u32]) -> Option<f32> {
     best.map(|(d, _)| 1000.0 / d as f32)
 }
 
-/// Load frames from `path`: a single image (1 frame, or every frame of an animated GIF), or a
+/// `photocraft_io::import_gif_frames` / `import_webp_frames`.
+type ImportFrames = fn(
+    &str,
+    &[u8],
+    &mut dyn FnMut(photocraft_doc::Document, u32) -> std::result::Result<(), photocraft_io::IoError>,
+) -> std::result::Result<usize, photocraft_io::IoError>;
+
+/// Frame storage one footage import may keep (whole tiles, all frames together).
+const MAX_FOOTAGE_BYTES: u64 = 2 << 30;
+
+/// Load frames from `path`: a single image (1 frame, or every frame of an animated GIF or WebP), or a
 /// directory of images (sorted = an image sequence). Each becomes a full raster frame in the
 /// document's format.
 fn load_frames(path: &str, fmt: photocraft_color::PixelFormat) -> Result<Footage> {
@@ -274,18 +288,46 @@ fn load_frames(path: &str, fmt: photocraft_color::PixelFormat) -> Result<Footage
     if files.is_empty() {
         return Err(EngineError::Other(format!("no images in `{path}`")));
     }
-    let mut frames = Vec::with_capacity(files.len());
+    let mut frames: Vec<Surface> = Vec::with_capacity(files.len());
     let mut delays = Vec::new();
+    // Each frame stores whole tiles however little it draws, so count the tiles kept so far.
+    let mut kept_bytes = 0u64;
+    let mut keep = |frames: &mut Vec<Surface>, surface: Surface| -> std::result::Result<(), String> {
+        // A frame of fully transparent pixels stores no tiles, so the count needs its own limit.
+        if frames.len() >= crate::timeline_cmds::MAX_DURATION {
+            return Err(format!("the footage has more than {} frames", crate::timeline_cmds::MAX_DURATION));
+        }
+        let tile = u64::from(photocraft_geom::TILE_SIZE.unsigned_abs()).pow(2) * surface.format().bytes_per_pixel() as u64;
+        kept_bytes = kept_bytes.saturating_add(tile.saturating_mul(surface.tile_count() as u64));
+        if kept_bytes > MAX_FOOTAGE_BYTES {
+            return Err(format!("the footage needs more than {} MiB of frames", MAX_FOOTAGE_BYTES >> 20));
+        }
+        frames.push(surface);
+        Ok(())
+    };
     for f in &files {
         let bytes = std::fs::read(f).map_err(|e| EngineError::Other(format!("read `{}`: {e}", f.display())))?;
         let name = f.to_string_lossy();
-        if photocraft_codecs::detect(&bytes) == Some(photocraft_codecs::Format::Gif) {
-            photocraft_io::import_gif_frames(&name, &bytes, &mut |doc, delay_ms| {
-                frames.push(crate::file_cmds::flattened(&doc, fmt));
+        // A GIF (a still one is its only frame) or an animated WebP brings every frame.
+        let animation = match photocraft_codecs::detect(&bytes) {
+            Some(photocraft_codecs::Format::Gif) => Some(photocraft_io::import_gif_frames as ImportFrames),
+            Some(photocraft_codecs::Format::WebP) if photocraft_codecs::webp_is_animated(&bytes) => Some(photocraft_io::import_webp_frames as ImportFrames),
+            _ => None,
+        };
+        if let Some(import) = animation {
+            let mut over = None;
+            let done = import(&name, &bytes, &mut |doc, delay_ms| {
+                if let Err(msg) = keep(&mut frames, crate::file_cmds::flattened(&doc, fmt)) {
+                    over = Some(msg);
+                    return Err(photocraft_io::IoError::Cancelled);
+                }
                 delays.push(delay_ms);
                 Ok(())
-            })
-            .map_err(|e| EngineError::Other(format!("`{}`: {e}", f.display())))?;
+            });
+            if let Some(msg) = over {
+                return Err(EngineError::Other(format!("`{}`: {msg}", f.display())));
+            }
+            done.map_err(|e| EngineError::Other(format!("`{}`: {e}", f.display())))?;
             continue;
         }
         let mut doc = crate::file_cmds::import(&name, &bytes)?;
@@ -293,9 +335,10 @@ fn load_frames(path: &str, fmt: photocraft_color::PixelFormat) -> Result<Footage
         if f.extension().is_some_and(|e| e.eq_ignore_ascii_case("tga")) {
             photocraft_io::tga_alpha_channel_to_transparency(&mut doc);
         }
-        frames.push(crate::file_cmds::flattened(&doc, fmt));
+        keep(&mut frames, crate::file_cmds::flattened_checked(&doc, fmt, "layer.videoLayers.newVideoLayerFromFile")?)
+            .map_err(|msg| EngineError::Other(format!("`{}`: {msg}", f.display())))?;
     }
-    // Only a lone GIF says how fast it plays; a sequence mixing files has no single rate.
+    // Only a lone GIF or WebP says how fast it plays; a sequence mixing files has no single rate.
     let fps = if files.len() == 1 { fps_from_delays(&delays) } else { None };
     Ok(Footage { frames, fps })
 }
@@ -408,6 +451,15 @@ fn frames_to_layers(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     Ok(json!({"layers": n}))
 }
 
+/// The document's name without its extension, as a file name: a native document keeps whatever
+/// name its file declares, parent-directory components included, and the frames are written
+/// beside the chosen folder, not wherever the name leads.
+fn safe_stem(name: &str) -> String {
+    let leaf = name.rsplit(['/', '\\']).next().unwrap_or(name);
+    let stem = leaf.rsplit_once('.').map_or(leaf, |(a, _)| a).trim();
+    if stem.is_empty() || stem.chars().all(|c| c == '.') { "video".to_string() } else { stem.to_string() }
+}
+
 /// Export › Render Video: composite the whole document at each timeline frame and write an image
 /// sequence (`{dir}/{stem}_NNNN.{format}`). Clean-room; no proprietary codec.
 fn render_video(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
@@ -437,7 +489,7 @@ pub fn render_video_with(
     // Only the GIF delay reads the rate (frames come from the duration); rates under 1 fps are
     // valid timelines, so only an unusable loaded rate falls back to 30.
     let fps = base.timeline.as_ref().map(|t| t.fps).filter(|f| f.is_finite() && *f > 0.0).unwrap_or(30.0);
-    let stem = base.name.rsplit_once('.').map_or(base.name.as_str(), |(a, _)| a).to_string();
+    let stem = safe_stem(&base.name);
     let fmt = base.pixel_format();
     let bounds = base.bounds();
     let (w, h) = (bounds.width() as usize, bounds.height() as usize);
@@ -482,7 +534,8 @@ pub fn render_video_with(
     }
 
     // Image sequence.
-    let opts = photocraft_io::ExportOptions::default();
+    // PSD / PSB frames would embed the files linked smart objects name: not for a restricted session.
+    let opts = photocraft_io::ExportOptions { read_linked_files: s.authorize.is_none(), ..Default::default() };
     let mut files = Vec::new();
     for f in 0..frames {
         let mut doc = base.clone();
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/video_cmds/tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/video_cmds/tests.rs
index c97eb3b18d..3560c5f2c3 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/video_cmds/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/video_cmds/tests.rs
@@ -399,6 +399,80 @@ fn video_frames_to_layers_takes_every_gif_frame() {
     assert_eq!(r["layers"], 4);
 }
 
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------ animated WebP footage (#1198)
+
+/// An animated WebP of solid `w`x`h` frames: one `(colour, duration in ms)` each, every frame a
+/// lossless still in an ANMF chunk.
+fn write_webp(path: &str, w: u32, h: u32, frames: &[([u8; 3], u32)]) {
+    use photocraft_codecs::{ChannelLayout, EncodeOptions, Format, Image, encode};
+    let chunk = |id: &[u8; 4], data: &[u8]| {
+        let mut c = id.to_vec();
+        c.extend_from_slice(&(data.len() as u32).to_le_bytes());
+        c.extend_from_slice(data);
+        if data.len() % 2 == 1 {
+            c.push(0);
+        }
+        c
+    };
+    let u24 = |v: u32| v.to_le_bytes()[..3].to_vec();
+    let mut body = b"WEBP".to_vec();
+    body.extend(chunk(b"VP8X", &[[0x02, 0, 0, 0].as_slice(), &u24(w - 1), &u24(h - 1)].concat()));
+    body.extend(chunk(b"ANIM", &[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]));
+    for &(c, ms) in frames {
+        let img = Image::from_u8(w, h, ChannelLayout::Rgb, c.repeat((w * h) as usize)).unwrap();
+        let still = encode(&img, Format::WebP, &EncodeOptions::default()).unwrap();
+        let at = still.windows(4).position(|w| w == b"VP8L").unwrap();
+        let len = u32::from_le_bytes(still[at + 4..at + 8].try_into().unwrap()) as usize;
+        let anmf = [[0; 6].as_slice(), &u24(w - 1), &u24(h - 1), &u24(ms), &[0x02], &chunk(b"VP8L", &still[at + 8..at + 8 + len])].concat();
+        body.extend(chunk(b"ANMF", &anmf));
+    }
+    let mut out = b"RIFF".to_vec();
+    out.extend_from_slice(&(body.len() as u32).to_le_bytes());
+    out.extend(body);
+    std::fs::write(path, out).unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn an_animated_webp_becomes_a_video_layer_with_every_frame() {
+    let dir = tmpdir("webpin");
+    let path = format!("{dir}/anim.webp");
+    write_webp(&path, 16, 12, &[([255, 0, 0], 50), ([0, 255, 0], 50), ([0, 0, 255], 80)]);
+    let mut s = session();
+    let r = s.execute("layer.videoLayers.newVideoLayerFromFile", json!({"path": path})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r["frames"], 3);
+    let id = LayerId(r["layer"].as_u64().unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(frame_rgb(&s, id, 0), [1.0, 0.0, 0.0]);
+    assert_eq!(frame_rgb(&s, id, 1), [0.0, 1.0, 0.0]);
+    assert_eq!(frame_rgb(&s, id, 2), [0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+    // The most common duration, 50 ms: 20 fps.
+    assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc.timeline.as_ref().unwrap().fps, 20.0);
+    assert!(s.undo());
+    assert!(s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn video_frames_to_layers_takes_every_webp_frame() {
+    let dir = tmpdir("webpin-ftl");
+    let path = format!("{dir}/anim.webp");
+    write_webp(&path, 8, 8, &[([255, 0, 0], 40), ([0, 255, 0], 40), ([0, 0, 255], 40)]);
+    let mut s = session();
+    let r = s.execute("file.import.videoFramesToLayers", json!({"path": path})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r["layers"], 3);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_still_webp_is_one_frame_at_the_default_30_fps() {
+    let dir = tmpdir("webpin-still");
+    let path = format!("{dir}/still.webp");
+    let img = photocraft_codecs::Image::from_u8(8, 8, photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgb, [255, 0, 0].repeat(64)).unwrap();
+    std::fs::write(&path, photocraft_codecs::encode(&img, photocraft_codecs::Format::WebP, &Default::default()).unwrap()).unwrap();
+    let mut s = session();
+    let r = s.execute("layer.videoLayers.newVideoLayerFromFile", json!({"path": path})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r["frames"], 1);
+    let id = LayerId(r["layer"].as_u64().unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().video.as_ref().unwrap().fps, 30.0);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn a_gif_rendered_by_render_video_loads_back_frame_for_frame() {
     let src = tmpdir("gifrt-src");
@@ -595,3 +669,14 @@ fn fps_from_delays_picks_most_common_and_breaks_ties_by_first_seen() {
     many.push(20);
     assert_eq!(fps_from_delays(&many), Some(50.0));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn render_video_names_frames_after_the_leaf_of_the_document_name() {
+    assert_eq!(safe_stem("clip.mov"), "clip");
+    assert_eq!(safe_stem("../../outside/clip.png"), "clip");
+    assert_eq!(safe_stem("C:\\Users\\x\\clip.v2.gif"), "clip.v2");
+    for hostile in ["..", "../..", "", "/", "a/..", ".hidden."] {
+        let stem = safe_stem(hostile);
+        assert!(!stem.contains(['/', '\\']) && !stem.is_empty() && stem.chars().any(|c| c != '.'), "{hostile:?} -> {stem:?}");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/vp_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/vp_cmds.rs
index 185930298a..eb713d9141 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/vp_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/vp_cmds.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //! ([`photocraft_algo::vanishing`]). The edit lands on the active pixel layer, or on a new layer
 //! with `"newLayer": true` (Photoshop's advice for non-destructive Vanishing Point work).
 
-use photocraft_algo::vanishing::{Edge, PlaneCheck, Scene, VpPlane, clone_stroke, paste};
+use photocraft_algo::vanishing::{Edge, PlaneCheck, Scene, VpPlane, clone_dabs, paste};
 use photocraft_doc::{Document, Layer, LayerContent, LayerId};
 use photocraft_geom::Rect;
 use photocraft_raster::Surface;
@@ -13,6 +13,11 @@ use crate::commands::CommandSpec;
 use crate::{EngineError, Result, Session};
 
 pub const VP: &str = "filter.vanishingPoint";
+/// Most planes a scene holds.
+pub const MAX_PLANES: usize = 64;
+/// Most clone strokes, and dabs over all of them, one run paints.
+pub const MAX_CLONE_STROKES: usize = 4096;
+pub const MAX_CLONE_DABS: usize = 200_000;
 
 fn bad(msg: impl Into<String>) -> EngineError {
     EngineError::BadParams { cmd: VP.into(), msg: msg.into() }
@@ -29,6 +34,9 @@ pub fn scene(p: &Value, canvas: Rect) -> Result<Scene> {
         .and_then(Value::as_array)
         .filter(|a| !a.is_empty())
         .ok_or_else(|| bad("pass `planes`: [{\"corners\":[[x,y]×4]}, {\"from\":0,\"edge\":\"top\",\"angle\":90}]"))?;
+    if planes.len() > MAX_PLANES {
+        return Err(bad(format!("at most {MAX_PLANES} planes")));
+    }
     let center = [(canvas.x0 + canvas.x1) as f64 / 2.0, (canvas.y0 + canvas.y1) as f64 / 2.0];
     let corners = |v: &Value| -> Option<[[f64; 2]; 4]> {
         let a = v.get("corners")?.as_array()?;
@@ -67,6 +75,12 @@ pub fn scene(p: &Value, canvas: Rect) -> Result<Scene> {
         };
         let angle = pl.get("angle").and_then(Value::as_f64).unwrap_or(90.0);
         let depth = pl.get("depth").and_then(Value::as_f64).unwrap_or(1.0);
+        if !angle.is_finite() || !(0.0..=360.0).contains(&angle) {
+            return Err(bad(format!("plane {i}: `angle` must be 0..360 degrees")));
+        }
+        if !depth.is_finite() || depth <= 0.0 || depth > 1000.0 {
+            return Err(bad(format!("plane {i}: `depth` must be above 0 and at most 1000")));
+        }
         sc.tear_off(from, edge, angle, depth).ok_or_else(|| bad(format!("plane {i} would lie behind the camera")))?;
     }
     if sc.planes.iter().any(|p| p.homography().is_none()) {
@@ -75,6 +89,88 @@ pub fn scene(p: &Value, canvas: Rect) -> Result<Scene> {
     Ok(sc)
 }
 
+/// One stroke of `"clone"`.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct CloneSpec {
+    pub source: [f64; 2],
+    pub points: Vec<[f64; 2]>,
+    pub size: f64,
+    pub hardness: f64,
+    pub opacity: f64,
+}
+
+/// Reads `"clone"`: finite points, at most [`MAX_CLONE_STROKES`] strokes and
+/// [`MAX_CLONE_DABS`] dabs in all.
+pub fn clone_specs(p: &Value) -> Result<Vec<CloneSpec>> {
+    let Some(v) = p.get("clone").filter(|v| !v.is_null()) else { return Ok(Vec::new()) };
+    let strokes = v.as_array().ok_or_else(|| bad("`clone` is a list of strokes"))?;
+    if strokes.len() > MAX_CLONE_STROKES {
+        return Err(bad(format!("at most {MAX_CLONE_STROKES} clone strokes")));
+    }
+    let finite = |q: [f64; 2]| q.iter().all(|v| v.is_finite() && v.abs() < 1e7);
+    let num = |c: &Value, k: &str, default: f64, lo: f64, hi: f64| -> Result<f64> {
+        match c.get(k) {
+            None | Some(Value::Null) => Ok(default),
+            Some(v) => v.as_f64().filter(|x| x.is_finite()).map(|x| x.clamp(lo, hi)).ok_or_else(|| bad(format!("clone `{k}` must be a number"))),
+        }
+    };
+    let mut dabs = 0usize;
+    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(strokes.len());
+    for (k, c) in strokes.iter().enumerate() {
+        let source = c.get("source").and_then(pt).filter(|q| finite(*q)).ok_or_else(|| bad(format!("clone {k}: `source` [x,y]")))?;
+        let raw = c.get("points").and_then(Value::as_array).ok_or_else(|| bad(format!("clone {k}: `points` [[x,y], …]")))?;
+        dabs = dabs.saturating_add(raw.len());
+        if dabs > MAX_CLONE_DABS {
+            return Err(bad(format!("at most {MAX_CLONE_DABS} clone points in all")));
+        }
+        let points =
+            raw.iter().map(|q| pt(q).filter(|q| finite(*q))).collect::<Option<Vec<_>>>().ok_or_else(|| bad(format!("clone {k}: every point is [x,y]")))?;
+        out.push(CloneSpec {
+            source,
+            points,
+            size: num(c, "size", 40.0, 1.0, 2000.0)?,
+            hardness: num(c, "hardness", 50.0, 0.0, 100.0)? / 100.0,
+            opacity: num(c, "opacity", 100.0, 0.0, 100.0)? / 100.0,
+        });
+    }
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+/// Paints clone stroke `c` on `surf` inside `canvas`, or, with `work` (the image it samples), on
+/// `work` and copies the pixels it changed to `surf`. Returns the dabs painted.
+pub fn clone_into(sc: &Scene, surf: &mut Surface, work: Option<&mut Surface>, c: &CloneSpec, canvas: Rect) -> usize {
+    let Some(first) = c.points.first() else { return 0 };
+    let Some(work) = work else {
+        return clone_dabs(sc, surf, c.source, *first, &c.points, c.size, c.hardness, c.opacity as f32, Some(canvas)).0;
+    };
+    let before = work.clone();
+    // The dabs are cut to the canvas before they touch `work` or `surf`: points up to 1e7 px off
+    // it would otherwise allocate tiles there (and reading their union back, without bound).
+    let (dabs, area) = clone_dabs(sc, work, c.source, *first, &c.points, c.size, c.hardness, c.opacity as f32, Some(canvas));
+    copy_changed(surf, &before, work, area.intersect(&canvas));
+    dabs
+}
+
+/// Copies to `dst` the pixels of `area` where `after` differs from `before` (same format).
+pub fn copy_changed(dst: &mut Surface, before: &Surface, after: &Surface, area: Rect) {
+    if area.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+    let n = dst.format().channels();
+    let (nw, ow, mut cur) = (after.read_region(area), before.read_region(area), dst.read_region(area));
+    for ((c, a), b) in cur.chunks_exact_mut(n).zip(nw.chunks_exact(n)).zip(ow.chunks_exact(n)) {
+        if a != b {
+            c.copy_from_slice(a);
+        }
+    }
+    dst.write_region(area, &cur);
+}
+
+/// The image a `"newLayer"` run's clone strokes sample: the visible document.
+pub fn visible_image(doc: &Document) -> Surface {
+    crate::file_cmds::flattened(doc, doc.pixel_format())
+}
+
 fn has_layer(s: &Session) -> std::result::Result<(), String> {
     let d = s.active().ok_or("no document open")?;
     match d.active_layer.and_then(|id| d.doc.layer(id)).map(|l| &l.content) {
@@ -84,8 +180,16 @@ fn has_layer(s: &Session) -> std::result::Result<(), String> {
     }
 }
 
+/// Pastes `src` (content in `rect`) onto plane `plane` of `sc` over `surf`, as the command's
+/// `"paste"` does. Returns the area the paste covers.
+pub fn paste_onto(sc: &Scene, surf: &mut Surface, plane: usize, src: &Surface, rect: Rect, at: [f64; 2], width: f64) -> Result<Rect> {
+    let Some(out) = paste(sc, plane, src, rect, at, width)? else { return Ok(Rect::EMPTY) };
+    over(surf, &out);
+    Ok(out.content_bounds())
+}
+
 /// Composites `top` over `dst` (premultiplied source-over), same format.
-fn over(dst: &mut Surface, top: &Surface) {
+pub fn over(dst: &mut Surface, top: &Surface) {
     let b = top.content_bounds();
     if b.is_empty() {
         return;
@@ -134,20 +238,31 @@ fn vanishing_point(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
         let width = item.get("width").and_then(Value::as_f64).unwrap_or(0.5).clamp(0.01, 10.0);
         pastes.push((plane, surf, rect, at, width));
     }
-    let clones: Vec<Value> = p.get("clone").and_then(Value::as_array).cloned().unwrap_or_default();
+    let clones = clone_specs(p)?;
     let new_layer = p.get("newLayer").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(false);
+    // The layer the mode was opened on (the UI passes it: other layers can be picked meanwhile).
+    let layer = crate::commands::explicit_layer(s, p)?;
     let mut dabs = 0usize;
     let target = s.edit("Vanishing Point", |doc: &mut Document, active| {
+        if let Some(l) = layer
+            && doc.layer(l).is_none()
+        {
+            return Err(EngineError::NoLayer(l));
+        }
+        let on = layer.or(*active);
         let id = if new_layer {
             let l = Layer::raster(doc.next_layer_name("Vanishing Point"), doc.pixel_format());
-            let nid = doc.insert_above(*active, l);
+            let nid = doc.insert_above(on, l);
             *active = Some(nid);
             nid
         } else {
-            active.ok_or_else(|| EngineError::Other("no active layer".into()))?
+            // The painted layer becomes active, so Fade and a colour-channel target follow it.
+            let id = on.ok_or_else(|| EngineError::Other("no active layer".into()))?;
+            *active = Some(id);
+            id
         };
         // A new layer clones from the visible image; otherwise from the layer itself.
-        let base: Option<Surface> = new_layer.then(|| crate::file_cmds::flattened(doc, doc.pixel_format()));
+        let base: Option<Surface> = new_layer.then(|| visible_image(doc));
         let locks = doc.effective_locks(id);
         let l = doc.layer_mut(id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(id))?;
         if locks.all || locks.pixels {
@@ -155,40 +270,16 @@ fn vanishing_point(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
         }
         let surf = l.surface_mut().ok_or_else(|| EngineError::Other("Vanishing Point needs a pixel layer".into()))?;
         for (plane, src, rect, at, width) in &pastes {
-            if let Some(out) = paste(&sc, *plane, src, *rect, *at, *width)? {
-                over(surf, &out);
-            }
+            paste_onto(&sc, surf, *plane, src, *rect, *at, *width)?;
         }
-        for (k, c) in clones.iter().enumerate() {
-            let source = c.get("source").and_then(pt).ok_or_else(|| bad(format!("clone {k}: `source` [x,y]")))?;
-            let points: Vec<[f64; 2]> = c.get("points").and_then(Value::as_array).map(|a| a.iter().filter_map(pt).collect()).unwrap_or_default();
-            let size = c.get("size").and_then(Value::as_f64).unwrap_or(40.0).clamp(1.0, 2000.0);
-            let hardness = c.get("hardness").and_then(Value::as_f64).unwrap_or(50.0).clamp(0.0, 100.0) / 100.0;
-            let opacity = (c.get("opacity").and_then(Value::as_f64).unwrap_or(100.0).clamp(0.0, 100.0) / 100.0) as f32;
-            // Sample from the original pixels (merged with what's been pasted).
-            let mut work = match &base {
-                Some(b) => {
-                    let mut w = b.clone();
-                    over(&mut w, surf);
-                    w
-                }
-                None => surf.clone(),
-            };
-            let before = work.clone();
-            dabs += clone_stroke(&sc, &mut work, source, &points, size, hardness, opacity);
-            // Copy back only what the stroke changed.
-            let b = work.content_bounds().union(&before.content_bounds());
-            if !b.is_empty() {
-                let (nw, ow) = (work.read_region(b), before.read_region(b));
-                let n = surf.format().channels();
-                let mut cur = surf.read_region(b);
-                for i in 0..cur.len() / n {
-                    if nw[i * n..(i + 1) * n] != ow[i * n..(i + 1) * n] {
-                        cur[i * n..(i + 1) * n].copy_from_slice(&nw[i * n..(i + 1) * n]);
-                    }
-                }
-                surf.write_region(b, &cur);
-            }
+        // A new layer samples the visible image (merged with what's been pasted) and takes only
+        // the pixels the strokes change; otherwise the strokes paint the layer itself.
+        let mut work = base.map(|mut w| {
+            over(&mut w, surf);
+            w
+        });
+        for c in &clones {
+            dabs += clone_into(&sc, surf, work.as_mut(), c, canvas);
         }
         surf.prune();
         Ok(id)
@@ -211,7 +302,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
         label: "Vanishing Point…",
         menu: &["Filter"],
         shortcut: Some("Cmd+Alt+V"),
-        params: r##"{"planes":[{"corners":[[x,y]×4]} | {"from":plane,"edge":"top|right|bottom|left","angle":deg=90,"depth":1}],"focalLength":px=0,"paste":[{"plane":0,"layer":id? (else the clipboard),"at":[u,v]=[0.25,0.25],"width":0..1=0.5}],"clone":[{"source":[x,y],"points":[[x,y]],"size":px=40,"hardness":0..100=50,"opacity":0..100=100}],"newLayer":bool=false}"##,
+        params: r##"{"planes":[{"corners":[[x,y]×4]} | {"from":plane,"edge":"top|right|bottom|left","angle":deg=90,"depth":1}],"focalLength":px=0,"paste":[{"plane":0,"layer":id? (else the clipboard),"at":[u,v]=[0.25,0.25],"width":0..1=0.5}],"clone":[{"source":[x,y],"points":[[x,y]],"size":px=40,"hardness":0..100=50,"opacity":0..100=100}],"newLayer":bool=false,"layer":id|name? (else the active layer)}"##,
         enabled: has_layer,
         run: vanishing_point,
         journal: true,
@@ -282,4 +373,123 @@ mod tests {
         }
         assert!(s.execute(VP, json!({"planes": [{"corners": square}]})).is_ok());
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_hostile_clone_and_tear_off_params() {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 200, "depth": 32})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        let floor = json!({"corners": [[60, 60], [140, 60], [190, 190], [10, 190]]});
+        let before = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+        let steps = s.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        for torn in [json!({"from": 0, "angle": 1e9}), json!({"from": 0, "depth": -1}), json!({"from": 0, "depth": 1e300})] {
+            let e = s.execute(VP, json!({"planes": [floor, torn]})).unwrap_err().to_string();
+            assert!(e.contains("plane 1"), "{e}");
+            assert!(std::sync::Arc::ptr_eq(&s.active().unwrap().doc, &before));
+            assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps);
+        }
+        let many: Vec<[f64; 2]> = vec![[100.0, 150.0]; MAX_CLONE_DABS + 1];
+        for clone in [
+            json!([{"points": [[100, 150]]}]),
+            json!([{"source": [100, 180], "points": [[100, 150], "x"]}]),
+            json!([{"source": [100, 180], "points": [[100, 150]], "size": "big"}]),
+            json!([{"source": [100, 180], "points": many}]),
+            json!({"source": [100, 180]}),
+        ] {
+            let label: String = clone.to_string().chars().take(80).collect();
+            assert!(s.execute(VP, json!({"planes": [floor], "clone": clone, "newLayer": true})).is_err(), "{label}");
+            assert!(std::sync::Arc::ptr_eq(&s.active().unwrap().doc, &before));
+            assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps);
+        }
+        let planes: Vec<Value> = std::iter::repeat_n(floor.clone(), MAX_PLANES + 1).collect();
+        assert!(s.execute(VP, json!({"planes": planes})).is_err());
+        assert!(std::sync::Arc::ptr_eq(&s.active().unwrap().doc, &before));
+        assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps);
+        // A clone on a torn-off wall, at 32 bits, sampling the floor.
+        let r = s
+            .execute(VP, json!({"planes": [floor, {"from": 0, "edge": "top", "angle": 90, "depth": 0.5}], "clone": [{"source": [100, 150], "points": [[100, 50], [104, 50]], "size": 8}]}))
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(r["planes"].as_array().unwrap().len(), 2);
+        assert!(r["dabs"].as_u64().unwrap() >= 1, "{r}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn new_layer_clone_stays_on_the_canvas() {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 200})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#40c040"})).unwrap();
+        // A red stripe where the first dab samples, so cloning it changes pixels.
+        s.edit("stripe", |doc, active| {
+            doc.layer_mut(active.unwrap()).unwrap().surface_mut().unwrap().fill_rect(Rect::new(140, 80, 160, 120), &[1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+            Ok(())
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+        let planes = json!([{"corners": [[0, 0], [200, 0], [200, 200], [0, 200]]}]);
+        // The second dab lies left of the canvas and samples the canvas 50 px to its right; the
+        // third is far off it (its box joined with the first's once asked for petabytes).
+        for points in [json!([[100, 100], [-30, 100]]), json!([[100, 100], [-30, 100], [9_000_000, 9_000_000]])] {
+            let r = s.execute(VP, json!({"planes": planes, "newLayer": true, "clone": [{"source": [150, 100], "points": points, "size": 20}]})).unwrap();
+            let l = s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(LayerId(r["layer"].as_u64().unwrap())).unwrap().surface().unwrap();
+            let b = l.content_bounds();
+            assert!(!b.is_empty() && Rect::new(0, 0, 200, 200).contains_rect(&b), "{b:?}");
+            assert!(l.rgba(100, 100)[0] > 0.9, "{:?}", l.rgba(100, 100));
+            s.undo();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Without a new layer the strokes paint the layer itself, and only inside the canvas, as in
+    /// Photoshop: a dab off it painted pixels there (and allocated tiles for every dab, up to
+    /// 1e7 px away).
+    #[test]
+    fn layer_clone_stays_on_the_canvas() {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 200})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#40c040"})).unwrap();
+        let id = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        let planes = json!([{"corners": [[0, 0], [200, 0], [200, 200], [0, 200]]}]);
+        // The second dab lies left of the canvas and samples the canvas 50 px to its right; the
+        // third is far off it.
+        let points = json!([[100, 100], [-30, 100], [9_000_000, 9_000_000]]);
+        let r = s.execute(VP, json!({"planes": planes, "clone": [{"source": [150, 100], "points": points, "size": 20}]})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(r["dabs"].as_u64(), Some(1), "{r}");
+        let b = s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().surface().unwrap().content_bounds();
+        assert!(Rect::new(0, 0, 200, 200).contains_rect(&b), "{b:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn layer_param_paints_that_layer_not_the_active_one() {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 200})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "floor"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#40c040"})).unwrap();
+        s.edit("stripe", |doc, active| {
+            doc.layer_mut(active.unwrap()).unwrap().surface_mut().unwrap().fill_rect(Rect::new(140, 80, 160, 120), &[1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+            Ok(())
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+        let floor = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "other"})).unwrap();
+        let other = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        let planes = json!([{"corners": [[0, 0], [200, 0], [200, 200], [0, 200]]}]);
+        let clone = json!([{"source": [150, 100], "points": [[100, 100]], "size": 20}]);
+        let surf = |s: &Session, id| s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().surface().unwrap().clone();
+        let r = s.execute(VP, json!({"planes": planes, "clone": clone, "layer": floor.0})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(r["layer"].as_u64(), Some(floor.0));
+        assert!(surf(&s, floor).rgba(100, 100)[0] > 0.9, "{:?}", surf(&s, floor).rgba(100, 100));
+        assert!(surf(&s, other).content_bounds().is_empty(), "the active layer stays untouched");
+        s.undo();
+        // A new layer goes right above the named layer.
+        let r = s.execute(VP, json!({"planes": planes, "clone": clone, "layer": floor.0, "newLayer": true})).unwrap();
+        let d = &s.active().unwrap().doc;
+        let ids: Vec<u64> = d.layers.iter().map(|l| l.id.0).collect();
+        let at = |id: u64| ids.iter().position(|&i| i == id).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(at(r["layer"].as_u64().unwrap()), at(floor.0) + 1, "{ids:?}");
+        s.undo();
+        let before = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+        assert!(s.execute(VP, json!({"planes": planes, "clone": clone, "layer": 999_999})).is_err());
+        assert!(s.execute(VP, json!({"planes": planes, "clone": clone, "layer": 999_999, "newLayer": true})).is_err());
+        assert!(std::sync::Arc::ptr_eq(&s.active().unwrap().doc, &before));
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/warp_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/warp_cmds.rs
index 57d6081c66..6a98b608fb 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/warp_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/warp_cmds.rs
@@ -71,10 +71,17 @@ pub fn smart_warp_doc_space(layer: &Layer) -> Option<Warp> {
 }
 
 /// Parses the warp params: a full `"warp"` object, or `"style"` (+ `"bend"`, `"hDistort"`,
-/// `"vDistort"`, `"vertical"`), `"mesh"` and `"grid"` over `rect`.
+/// `"vDistort"`, `"vertical"`; `"values"` for a cylinder), `"mesh"` and `"grid"` over `rect`.
 pub fn warp_from_params(cmd: &str, p: &Value, rect: [f64; 4]) -> Result<Warp> {
     if let Some(w) = p.get("warp") {
-        let w: Warp = serde_json::from_value(w.clone()).map_err(|e| bad(cmd, format!("bad `warp`: {e}")))?;
+        let mut w: Warp = serde_json::from_value(w.clone()).map_err(|e| bad(cmd, format!("bad `warp`: {e}")))?;
+        // A cylinder is its values: the mesh is rebuilt from them, whatever was passed.
+        if w.style == WarpStyle::Cylinder {
+            if w.vertical || w.h_distort != 0.0 || w.v_distort != 0.0 {
+                return Err(bad(cmd, CYLINDER_SHAPE));
+            }
+            w = Warp::cylinder(&w.values, w.bounds).ok_or_else(|| bad(cmd, CYLINDER_VALUES))?;
+        }
         if w.mesh.as_ref().is_some_and(|m| !m.is_valid()) {
             return Err(bad(cmd, "malformed warp mesh"));
         }
@@ -90,6 +97,13 @@ pub fn warp_from_params(cmd: &str, p: &Value, rect: [f64; 4]) -> Result<Warp> {
     w.h_distort = num("hDistort", 0.0);
     w.v_distort = num("vDistort", 0.0);
     w.vertical = p.get("vertical").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(false);
+    if style == WarpStyle::Cylinder {
+        if w.vertical || w.h_distort != 0.0 || w.v_distort != 0.0 {
+            return Err(bad(cmd, CYLINDER_SHAPE));
+        }
+        let values: Option<Vec<f64>> = p.get("values").and_then(Value::as_array).and_then(|a| a.iter().map(Value::as_f64).collect());
+        return values.and_then(|v| Warp::cylinder(&v, rect)).ok_or_else(|| bad(cmd, CYLINDER_VALUES));
+    }
     if style == WarpStyle::Custom {
         let mesh = match p.get("mesh") {
             Some(m) => {
@@ -110,6 +124,47 @@ pub fn warp_from_params(cmd: &str, p: &Value, rect: [f64; 4]) -> Result<Warp> {
     Ok(w)
 }
 
+const CYLINDER_VALUES: &str =
+    "a cylinder needs `values`: seven numbers [left, bottom, right, top, top depth, bottom depth, wrap 0..1], the right silhouette right of the left one";
+const CYLINDER_SHAPE: &str = "a cylinder is horizontal, with no hDistort or vDistort";
+
+/// A document-space cylinder `w` stored on a smart object, whose placement's inverse is `inv` and
+/// whose warp box `w.bounds` lands on `sb` in source space. A placement that only scales and
+/// moves keeps it a cylinder (written to PSD as one): the silhouettes and edges map, and the
+/// ellipses' depth, in units of the half axis, follows the change of aspect. Otherwise (rotated,
+/// skewed, flipped, in perspective) it becomes its mesh, a custom warp.
+fn cylinder_in_source(w: &Warp, inv: &Homography, sb: [f64; 4]) -> Option<Warp> {
+    let m = inv.0;
+    let axis_aligned = m[8] != 0.0 && m[1] == 0.0 && m[3] == 0.0 && m[6] == 0.0 && m[7] == 0.0;
+    let (sx, sy) = (m[0] / m[8], m[4] / m[8]);
+    if axis_aligned && sx > 0.0 && sy > 0.0 && w.values.len() == 7 {
+        let v = &w.values;
+        let (x, y) = (|v: f64| sx * v + m[2] / m[8], |v: f64| sy * v + m[5] / m[8]);
+        let k = sy / sx;
+        if let Some(c) = Warp::cylinder(&[x(v[0]), y(v[1]), x(v[2]), y(v[3]), v[4] * k, v[5] * k, v[6]], sb) {
+            return Some(c);
+        }
+    }
+    let mesh = w.to_mesh(1, 1).map_points(|p| hom_apply(inv, p));
+    Some(Warp::custom(mesh, sb))
+}
+
+/// Whether the custom warp `w` is exactly what Warp mode shows for `layer`'s stored cylinder
+/// ([`smart_warp_doc_space`]: its mesh over the same box), so committing it untouched changes
+/// nothing. Stored as a custom warp instead, the cylinder would be lost, as a PSD keeps it only
+/// as `warpCylinder` (#4112).
+fn is_stored_cylinder(layer: &Layer, w: &Warp) -> bool {
+    let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &layer.content else { return false };
+    if w.style != WarpStyle::Custom || sm.warp.as_ref().is_none_or(|s| s.style != WarpStyle::Cylinder) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let (Some(shown), Some(m)) = (smart_warp_doc_space(layer), w.mesh.as_ref()) else { return false };
+    let Some(o) = shown.mesh.as_ref() else { return false };
+    let tol = 1e-6 * (1.0 + o.points.iter().flatten().chain(&shown.bounds).fold(0.0f64, |a, v| a.max(v.abs())));
+    let near = |a: &[f64], b: &[f64]| a.len() == b.len() && a.iter().zip(b).all(|(x, y)| (x - y).abs() <= tol);
+    o.us == m.us && o.vs == m.vs && near(&shown.bounds, &w.bounds) && near(o.points.as_flattened(), m.points.as_flattened())
+}
+
 /// A Background is turned into a normal layer by the caller first
 /// ([`crate::extra_cmds::background_to_layer`]).
 /// `Err(Cancelled)` once `ctl` is cancelled: between the steps of a warp that don't check it.
@@ -166,6 +221,7 @@ fn warp_layer(
                         None => Some(Warp::custom(mesh, sb)),
                     }
                 }
+                WarpStyle::Cylinder => cylinder_in_source(w, &inv, sb),
                 _ => Some(Warp { bounds: sb, mesh: None, ..w.clone() }),
             };
             sm.warp = src_warp.filter(|w| !w.is_identity());
@@ -336,6 +392,7 @@ fn type_warp(cmd: &str, w: &Warp) -> Result<Option<photocraft_doc::text::TextWar
         WarpStyle::None => Ok(None),
         WarpStyle::Custom if w.is_identity() => Ok(None),
         WarpStyle::Custom => Err(bad(cmd, "type can only take a warp style (arc, flag, …); a custom mesh needs rasterized type")),
+        WarpStyle::Cylinder => Err(bad(cmd, "type can only take a warp style (arc, flag, …); a cylinder needs rasterized type")),
         s => Ok(Some(photocraft_doc::text::TextWarp {
             style: s.psd_name().into(),
             value: clamp(w.bend),
@@ -355,7 +412,7 @@ fn warp_type_layer(s: &mut Session, cmd: &str, id: LayerId, w: &Warp) -> Result<
     }
     s.edit("Warp", |doc, _| {
         let group = crate::transform_cmds::group_locks(doc, id);
-        let snapshot = doc.clone();
+        let (dpi, format) = (doc.resolution_dpi, doc.pixel_format());
         let l = doc.layer_mut(id).ok_or(EngineError::NoLayer(id))?;
         let locks = l.locks.union(group);
         if locks.position || locks.all {
@@ -363,7 +420,7 @@ fn warp_type_layer(s: &mut Session, cmd: &str, id: LayerId, w: &Warp) -> Result<
         }
         let LayerContent::Text(t) = &mut l.content else { return Err(EngineError::Other("not a type layer".into())) };
         t.warp = tw.clone();
-        crate::type_cmds::refresh(&snapshot, t);
+        crate::type_cmds::refresh_at(dpi, format, t);
         Ok(())
     })?;
     Ok(json!({"layer": id.0, "changed": true, "warp": tw}))
@@ -379,6 +436,10 @@ fn apply(s: &mut Session, p: &Value, cmd: &str) -> Result<Value> {
     if w.is_identity() && !is_smart {
         return Ok(json!({"layer": id.0, "changed": false}));
     }
+    // An untouched cylinder (Warp mode, then Enter) stays as it is, with no history step.
+    if p.get("mesh").is_none() && s.active().and_then(|d| d.doc.layer(id)).is_some_and(|l| is_stored_cylinder(l, &w)) {
+        return Ok(json!({"layer": id.0, "changed": false}));
+    }
     let interp = Interp::parse(p.get("interpolation").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("bicubic"));
     let content_knots = p.get("mesh").is_some() && p.get("warp").is_none();
     // A background job when started with `Session::start` (as Free Transform, #4218): the warp of
@@ -589,7 +650,7 @@ fn grid(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
 }
 
 pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
-    const P: &str = r##"{"layer":id?,"rect":[x0,y0,x1,y1]? (warp box; default = layer content ∩ selection),"style":"custom|none|arc|arcLower|arcUpper|arch|bulge|shellLower|shellUpper|flag|wave|fish|rise|fisheye|inflate|squeeze|twist","bend":%=50,"hDistort":%,"vDistort":%,"vertical":bool,"mesh":{"us":[0,…,1],"vs":[0,…,1],"points":[[x,y]…]} ((3c+1)×(3r+1) control points, row-major, document px; on a smart object `us`/`vs` span the source contents, so points equal to the placement are an identity warp even when it is skewed),"grid":[cols,rows]?,"warp":{full warp object}?,"interpolation":"bicubic|bilinear|nearest"} — on a type layer a style (or none) sets its Warp Text and the type stays editable"##;
+    const P: &str = r##"{"layer":id?,"rect":[x0,y0,x1,y1]? (warp box; default = layer content ∩ selection),"style":"custom|none|arc|arcLower|arcUpper|arch|bulge|shellLower|shellUpper|flag|wave|fish|rise|fisheye|inflate|squeeze|twist|cylinder","bend":%=50,"hDistort":%,"vDistort":%,"vertical":bool,"values":[left,bottom,right,top,topDepth,bottomDepth,wrap]? (cylinder: silhouettes and edges in document px, the ellipses' depths in half-axis units, wrap 0..1; horizontal only),"mesh":{"us":[0,…,1],"vs":[0,…,1],"points":[[x,y]…]} ((3c+1)×(3r+1) control points, row-major, document px; on a smart object `us`/`vs` span the source contents, so points equal to the placement are an identity warp even when it is skewed),"grid":[cols,rows]?,"warp":{full warp object}?,"interpolation":"bicubic|bilinear|nearest"} — on a type layer a style (or none) sets its Warp Text and the type stays editable"##;
     const S: &str = r##"{"warp":{…}? (the warp being edited; returned split),"rect":[x0,y0,x1,y1]?,"at":[x,y]? (document point; default = middle of the patch)} — without `warp`, edits the active smart object's warp. A 1×1 custom mesh is divided at the thirds first (the guides drawn on the default grid), so splitWarpCrosswise on an identity custom warp returns a 4×4 mesh (knots at 0, 1/3, 1/2, 2/3 and 1), not a 2×2. A preset is fitted as one patch and split without that step."##;
     const G: &str = r##"{"warp":{…}? (the warp being edited; returned with the new mesh),"rect":[x0,y0,x1,y1]?,"size":n|"default"|"3"|"4"|"5" (square patches, 1..=64; 1 and "default" are the single-patch grid)} — without `warp`/`style`/`mesh`, edits the active smart object's warp. The surface is kept and the new lines are real splits at i/n."##;
     vec![
@@ -741,6 +802,147 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(s.execute("edit.transform.warp", json!({"warp": Warp::custom(mesh, [0.0, 0.0, 10.0, 10.0])})).is_err());
     }
 
+    /// The seven values of a cylinder over the session's painted box (x 10..60, y 10..40).
+    const CYL: [f64; 7] = [10.0, 40.0, 60.0, 10.0, 0.3, 0.3, 0.5];
+
+    /// `style: "cylinder"` takes its seven values (#4112); anything that isn't a horizontal
+    /// cylinder is refused, never a silent no-op, and the layer is left alone.
+    #[test]
+    fn cylinder_style_needs_its_values() {
+        let mut s = session(8);
+        let before = active_surface(&s);
+        for p in [
+            json!({"style": "cylinder"}),
+            json!({"style": "cylinder", "values": [10, 40, 60, 10, 0.3, 0.3]}),
+            json!({"style": "cylinder", "values": [60, 40, 10, 10, 0.3, 0.3, 0.5]}),
+            json!({"style": "cylinder", "values": [10, 40, 60, 10, 0.3, 0.3, "x"]}),
+            json!({"style": "cylinder", "values": "seven"}),
+            json!({"style": "cylinder", "values": CYL, "vertical": true}),
+            json!({"style": "cylinder", "values": CYL, "hDistort": 10}),
+            json!({"warp": {"style": "cylinder", "bounds": [10.0, 10.0, 60.0, 40.0]}}),
+            json!({"warp": {"style": "cylinder", "values": CYL, "bounds": [10.0, 10.0, 60.0, 40.0], "vertical": true}}),
+            json!({"warp": {"style": "cylinder", "values": CYL, "bounds": [10.0, 10.0, 60.0, 40.0], "hDistort": 10.0}}),
+            json!({"warp": {"style": "cylinder", "values": CYL, "bounds": [10.0, 10.0, 60.0, 40.0], "vDistort": -5.0}}),
+        ] {
+            let e = s.execute("edit.transform.warp", p.clone()).unwrap_err().to_string();
+            assert!(e.contains("cylinder"), "{p}: {e}");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(active_surface(&s), before);
+        // On type it is refused like a custom mesh: Warp Text has no cylinder.
+        s.execute("type.create", json!({"x": 10, "y": 50, "text": "Hi"})).unwrap();
+        assert!(s.execute("edit.transform.warp", json!({"style": "cylinder", "values": CYL})).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cylinder_warps_pixels_at_every_depth() {
+        for depth in [8u64, 16, 32] {
+            let mut s = session(depth);
+            let r = s.execute("edit.transform.warp", json!({"style": "cylinder", "values": CYL})).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(r["changed"], true, "{depth}");
+            let after = active_surface(&s);
+            let b = after.content_bounds();
+            // Between the silhouettes, the edges bowed down by the ellipses.
+            assert!(b.x0 >= 9 && b.x1 <= 61 && b.y0 >= 9 && b.y1 > 40, "{depth}: {b:?}");
+            // The same cylinder as a full warp object (its mesh rebuilt from the values) agrees.
+            let mut t = session(depth);
+            let w = Warp::cylinder(&CYL, [10.0, 10.0, 60.0, 40.0]).unwrap();
+            let mut garbled = w.clone();
+            garbled.mesh = None;
+            t.execute("edit.transform.warp", json!({"warp": garbled})).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(active_surface(&t), after, "{depth}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// On a smart object the cylinder is stored in source space: still a cylinder (so it goes to
+    /// PSD as one) when the placement only scales and moves, its mesh when it rotates.
+    #[test]
+    fn smart_object_cylinder_is_stored_in_source_space() {
+        let stored = |s: &Session| {
+            let st = s.active().unwrap();
+            let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &st.doc.layer(st.active_layer.unwrap()).unwrap().content else { panic!("smart") };
+            sm.warp.clone().unwrap()
+        };
+        let mut s = session(8);
+        s.execute("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject", json!({})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.smartObjects.warp", json!({"style": "cylinder", "values": CYL, "rect": [10, 10, 60, 40]})).unwrap();
+        let w = stored(&s);
+        assert_eq!(w.style, WarpStyle::Cylinder);
+        let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &s.active().unwrap().doc.layers[1].content else { panic!("smart") };
+        let inv = crate::smart_cmds::placement(sm).inverse().unwrap();
+        let src = |x: f64, y: f64| inv.apply(x, y);
+        let ((l, t), (r, bt)) = (src(10.0, 10.0), src(60.0, 40.0));
+        for (a, b) in w.values.iter().zip([l, bt, r, t, 0.3, 0.3, 0.5]) {
+            assert!((a - b).abs() < 1e-9, "{:?}", w.values);
+        }
+        // Twice as wide: the silhouettes double, the ellipses' depth (in half axes) halves.
+        let mut s = session(8);
+        s.execute("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject", json!({})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("edit.transform", json!({"scaleX": 200, "scaleY": 100})).unwrap();
+        let wide = [-15.0, 40.0, 85.0, 10.0, 0.3, 0.3, 0.5];
+        s.execute("layer.smartObjects.warp", json!({"style": "cylinder", "values": wide, "rect": [-15, 10, 85, 40]})).unwrap();
+        let w = stored(&s);
+        assert_eq!(w.style, WarpStyle::Cylinder);
+        assert!((w.values[4] - 0.6).abs() < 1e-9 && (w.values[5] - 0.6).abs() < 1e-9, "{:?}", w.values);
+        // The silhouettes land on the source's own edges (its contents span the scaled box).
+        let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &s.active().unwrap().doc.layers[1].content else { panic!("smart") };
+        let inv = crate::smart_cmds::placement(sm).inverse().unwrap();
+        assert!((w.values[0] - inv.apply(-15.0, 10.0).0).abs() < 1e-9 && (w.values[2] - inv.apply(85.0, 10.0).0).abs() < 1e-9, "{:?}", w.values);
+        // Rotated: a custom mesh with the same shape.
+        let mut s = session(8);
+        s.execute("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject", json!({})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("edit.transform", json!({"rotate": 30})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.smartObjects.warp", json!({"style": "cylinder", "values": CYL, "rect": [10, 10, 60, 40]})).unwrap();
+        let w = stored(&s);
+        assert_eq!(w.style, WarpStyle::Custom);
+        assert_eq!(w.mesh.as_ref().map(|m| (m.nx(), m.ny())), Some((13, 4)));
+    }
+
+    /// Warp mode shows a stored cylinder as its mesh, and Enter commits that mesh untouched: the
+    /// smart object keeps its cylinder (else the next PSD save writes no warp), while a moved
+    /// point still makes it a custom warp.
+    #[test]
+    fn untouched_cylinder_committed_from_warp_mode_stays_a_cylinder() {
+        for scale in [100, 150] {
+            let mut s = session(8);
+            s.execute("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject", json!({})).unwrap();
+            s.execute("edit.transform", json!({"scaleX": scale, "scaleY": 100})).unwrap();
+            let id = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+            let rect = warp_bounds(&s.active().unwrap().doc, s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap());
+            let [x0, x1] = [f64::from(rect.x0), f64::from(rect.x1)];
+            let values = [x0, 40.0, x1, 10.0, 0.3, 0.3, 0.5];
+            s.execute("layer.smartObjects.warp", json!({"style": "cylinder", "values": values, "rect": [rect.x0, 10, rect.x1, 40]})).unwrap();
+            let stored = |s: &Session| {
+                let st = s.active().unwrap();
+                let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &st.doc.layer(id).unwrap().content else { panic!("smart") };
+                sm.warp.clone().unwrap()
+            };
+            let cylinder = stored(&s);
+            assert_eq!(cylinder.style, WarpStyle::Cylinder, "{scale}");
+            let shown = smart_warp_doc_space(s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap()).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(shown.style, WarpStyle::Custom);
+            s.execute("select.all", json!({})).unwrap();
+            let (sel, steps) = (s.active().unwrap().doc.selection.clone(), s.active().unwrap().history.past_len());
+            let r = s.execute("edit.transform.warp", json!({"layer": id.0, "rect": shown.bounds, "warp": shown, "interpolation": "bicubic"})).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(r["changed"], false, "{scale}");
+            assert_eq!(stored(&s), cylinder, "{scale}: untouched");
+            let st = s.active().unwrap();
+            assert!(st.doc.selection == sel && st.history.past_len() == steps, "{scale}: no step, the selection stays");
+            // The same mesh over another box is another warp.
+            let mut wider = shown.clone();
+            wider.bounds[2] += 10.0;
+            s.execute("edit.transform.warp", json!({"layer": id.0, "rect": wider.bounds, "warp": wider})).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(stored(&s).style, WarpStyle::Custom, "{scale}: other box");
+            s.execute("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(stored(&s), cylinder);
+            let mut moved = shown.clone();
+            if let Some(m) = moved.mesh.as_mut() {
+                m.points[20][1] += 5.0;
+            }
+            s.execute("edit.transform.warp", json!({"layer": id.0, "rect": moved.bounds, "warp": moved})).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(stored(&s).style, WarpStyle::Custom, "{scale}: edited");
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn identity_and_bend_zero_are_no_ops_at_every_depth() {
         for depth in [8u64, 16, 32] {
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/web_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/web_cmds.rs
index f77a020819..121cfe36b8 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/web_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/web_cmds.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ use photocraft_geom::Rect;
 use serde_json::{Value, json};
 
 use crate::commands::CommandSpec;
-use crate::file_cmds::{join, native_doc, stem, write_file};
+use crate::file_cmds::{is_windows_device_name, join, native_doc, portable_device_name, stem, write_file};
 use crate::{EngineError, Result, Session};
 
 fn bad(cmd: &str, msg: impl Into<String>) -> EngineError {
@@ -732,7 +732,7 @@ fn slice_file(name: &str) -> String {
 /// Generated filenames should remain usable on Windows even when a document or slice is named
 /// after a reserved device. Caller-supplied path components are still rejected below.
 fn portable_generated_stem(stem: String) -> String {
-    if is_windows_device_asset_name(&stem) { format!("{stem}_") } else { stem }
+    portable_device_name(stem)
 }
 
 fn html_escape(s: &str) -> String {
@@ -1024,6 +1024,8 @@ fn save_for_web_impl(s: &mut Session, p: &Value, write: &mut dyn FnMut(&str, &[u
 
 // ---------- Export Preferences / Quick Export ----------
 
+/// File › Export › Export Preferences…: sets the given `export.*` preferences through `prefs.set`
+/// (validated like any other preference) and returns the whole section.
 fn export_preferences(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     let cmd = "file.export.exportPreferences";
     let mut values = serde_json::Map::new();
@@ -1086,8 +1088,25 @@ fn quick_export(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
             target
         }
     };
+    // The name typed in the save dialog wins over Export Preferences' format: Quick Export as PNG
+    // renamed to `photo.jpeg` must write a JPEG, not PNG bytes upload checks refuse (#8519).
+    let fmt = match crate::file_cmds::extension(&path).as_deref() {
+        None => fmt,
+        Some("jpg" | "jpeg") => "jpg".into(),
+        Some(e @ ("png" | "gif" | "webp" | "exr")) => e.into(),
+        Some(e) => return Err(bad(cmd, format!("Quick Export writes PNG, JPEG, GIF, WebP or EXR, not .{e}; use Export As"))),
+    };
     let d = s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?;
     let doc = d.doc.clone();
+    if fmt == "exr" {
+        // EXR keeps floating-point scene values. The ordinary exporter converts to linear
+        // light; the web/sRGB pipeline would instead clamp HDR and negative values.
+        let opts = photocraft_io::ExportOptions { xmp: photocraft_io::XmpEmbed::None, ..Default::default() };
+        let out = photocraft_io::export(&doc, "exr", &opts).map_err(other)?;
+        write_file(&path, &out.bytes)?;
+        crate::automate_cmds::fire_event(s, "export");
+        return Ok(json!({"path": path, "format": fmt, "bytes": out.bytes.len(), "warnings": out.warnings}));
+    }
     let metadata = serde_json::to_value(prefs.metadata).ok().and_then(|v| v.as_str().map(str::to_string)).unwrap_or_default();
     let mut o = serde_json::Map::new();
     o.insert(
@@ -1296,13 +1315,6 @@ fn asset_settings(spec: &AssetSpec) -> WebSettings {
     }
 }
 
-fn is_windows_device_asset_name(component: &str) -> bool {
-    let stem = component.split('.').next().unwrap_or(component).trim_end_matches(' ').to_ascii_uppercase();
-    matches!(stem.as_str(), "CON" | "PRN" | "AUX" | "NUL" | "CLOCK$" | "CONIN$" | "CONOUT$")
-        || stem.strip_prefix("COM").is_some_and(|n| matches!(n, "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9"))
-        || stem.strip_prefix("LPT").is_some_and(|n| matches!(n, "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9"))
-}
-
 /// Layer names and `default` folders are document data, so reject unsafe output components.
 fn asset_path_components(relative: &str) -> Result<Vec<&str>> {
     // Split both separator styles even on Unix, where a backslash would otherwise be a legal
@@ -1316,7 +1328,7 @@ fn asset_path_components(relative: &str) -> Result<Vec<&str>> {
             || part.ends_with(' ')
             || part.contains(':')
             || part.contains('\0')
-            || is_windows_device_asset_name(part)
+            || is_windows_device_name(part)
         {
             return Err(other(format!("asset path {relative:?} has an unsafe component {part:?}")));
         }
@@ -1391,6 +1403,10 @@ fn asset_output_path(dir: &str, relative: &str) -> Result<(String, String)> {
 /// same file, the one higher in the Layers panel keeps it and the other is reported in `errors`.
 /// Names are compared ignoring case, as `Logo.png` and `logo.png` are one file on Windows and
 /// macOS.
+///
+/// A layer is trimmed to its visible pixels; an artboard keeps its whole board, transparent edges
+/// included, as File › Export › Artboards to Files writes it (Photoshop's Generator exports an
+/// artboard asset at the board's bounds).
 pub fn generate_assets(doc: &Document, dir: &str) -> (Vec<String>, Vec<Value>) {
     let dpi = f64::from(doc.resolution_dpi.max(1.0));
     let mut defaults: Option<Vec<AssetDefault>> = None;
@@ -1423,7 +1439,13 @@ pub fn generate_assets(doc: &Document, dir: &str) -> (Vec<String>, Vec<Value>) {
                 if written.contains(&key) {
                     return Err(other(format!("{rel}: another layer already writes this file; rename one of the layers")));
                 }
-                let mut one = crate::layer_menu_cmds::layer_document(doc, *id)?;
+                let mut one = match crate::artboard_cmds::artboard_document(doc, *id)? {
+                    // Like Photoshop's Generator, a board with nothing on it is refused rather
+                    // than written as a blank file.
+                    Some(board) if !has_pixels(&board) => return Err(other("the layer is empty")),
+                    Some(board) => board,
+                    None => crate::layer_menu_cmds::layer_document(doc, *id)?,
+                };
                 one.metadata = Default::default();
                 let (w0, h0) = (f64::from(one.size.width), f64::from(one.size.height));
                 // The layer's own size spec wins; default variants scale on top of it.
@@ -1469,6 +1491,11 @@ pub fn generate_assets(doc: &Document, dir: &str) -> (Vec<String>, Vec<Value>) {
     (files, errors)
 }
 
+/// Whether any pixel of `doc` is not fully transparent.
+fn has_pixels(doc: &Document) -> bool {
+    photocraft_compose::render(doc, doc.bounds()).px.iter().any(|q| q[3] > 0.0)
+}
+
 /// `<document folder>/<document name>-assets`.
 pub fn assets_dir(doc_path: &str) -> String {
     let p = std::path::Path::new(doc_path);
@@ -1476,6 +1503,8 @@ pub fn assets_dir(doc_path: &str) -> String {
     join(&dir, &format!("{}-assets", stem(doc_path)))
 }
 
+/// File › Generate › Image Assets: toggles generation for the active document (or sets it with
+/// `on`) and, when it is on and the output folder is known, writes the assets now.
 fn image_assets(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     let d = s.active().ok_or(EngineError::NoDocument)?;
     let id: DocId = d.doc.id;
@@ -1505,7 +1534,7 @@ fn image_assets(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
 /// After a save: regenerate the document's image assets when Generate › Image Assets is on.
 pub fn on_saved(s: &Session, index: usize) -> Option<Value> {
     let d = s.documents().get(index)?;
-    if !s.file_menu.image_assets.contains(&d.doc.id) || cfg!(target_arch = "wasm32") {
+    if !s.file_menu.image_assets.contains(&d.doc.id) || !s.prefs().plug_ins.generator_enabled || cfg!(target_arch = "wasm32") {
         return None;
     }
     let dir = assets_dir(d.path.as_deref()?);
@@ -1522,6 +1551,16 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
     fn has_doc(s: &Session) -> std::result::Result<(), String> {
         s.active().map(|_| ()).ok_or_else(|| "no document open".into())
     }
+
+    /// Generate ▸ Image Assets needs Preferences ▸ Plug-ins ▸ Generator enabled, as in
+    /// Photoshop (where "Enable Generator" is unchecked until turned on).
+    fn generator_enabled(s: &Session) -> std::result::Result<(), String> {
+        has_doc(s)?;
+        if !s.prefs().plug_ins.generator_enabled {
+            return Err("Enable Generator in Preferences ▸ Plug-ins".into());
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
     vec![
         spec!(
             "file.export.saveForWebLegacy",
@@ -1537,7 +1576,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             "Export Preferences…",
             &["File", "Export"],
             None,
-            r##"{"quickExportFormat":"png|jpg|gif|webp"?,"quickExportLocation":"ask|sameFolder"?,"jpegQuality":1..100?,"webpLossless":bool?,"webpQuality":1..100?,"metadata":"none|copyright|all"?,"convertToSrgb":bool?} → {values}"##,
+            r##"{"quickExportFormat":"png|jpg|gif|webp|exr"?,"quickExportLocation":"ask|sameFolder"?,"jpegQuality":1..100?,"webpLossless":bool?,"webpQuality":1..100?,"metadata":"none|copyright|all"?,"convertToSrgb":bool?} → {values}"##,
             |_| Ok(()),
             export_preferences
         ),
@@ -1556,7 +1595,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             &["File", "Generate"],
             None,
             r##"{"on":bool? (default: toggle),"dir":folder? (default <document>-assets next to the file)} → {enabled, files, errors}; layers named like "foo.png", "200% foo@2x.png", "48x48 icons/a.png8", "photo.jpg80%" are exported, now and after each save"##,
-            has_doc,
+            generator_enabled,
             image_assets
         ),
     ]
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/web_cmds/tests.rs b/crates/engine/src/web_cmds/tests.rs
index ea8fe40177..38fa82c188 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/web_cmds/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/web_cmds/tests.rs
@@ -167,6 +167,19 @@ fn reserved_document_and_slice_names_export_with_portable_names() {
     assert!(std::path::Path::new(result["html"].as_str().unwrap()).is_file());
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn a_dotted_device_file_name_exports_without_the_device_stem() {
+    // `nul.v2_` would still be the NUL device on Windows; `nul_.v2` is a file.
+    let dir = tmp("reserved-dotted-name");
+    let mut s = session(8);
+    s.execute("slice.new", json!({"rect": [0, 0, 16, 16], "name": "logo"})).unwrap();
+    let path = format!("{dir}/nul.v2.png");
+    let result = s.execute("file.export.saveForWebLegacy", json!({"path": path, "slices": "all", "format": "png24", "html": true})).unwrap();
+    let html = result["html"].as_str().unwrap();
+    assert!(html.ends_with("/nul_.v2.html"), "{html}");
+    assert!(std::path::Path::new(html).is_file());
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn platform_writer_failure_stops_export_and_preserves_saved_settings() {
     let mut s = session(8);
@@ -466,6 +479,33 @@ fn quick_export_never_replaces_the_documents_own_file_unasked() {
     s.execute("prefs.reset", json!({"path": "export"})).unwrap();
 }
 
+/// #8519: Quick Export as PNG renamed to `photo.jpeg` in the save dialog wrote PNG bytes under a
+/// JPEG name, which upload checks refuse. A Quick Export extension picks the format; another
+/// image extension is refused; no extension keeps Export Preferences' format.
+#[test]
+fn quick_export_writes_the_format_its_path_names() {
+    let dir = tmp("quick_ext");
+    let mut s = session(8);
+    s.execute("file.export.exportPreferences", json!({"quickExportFormat": "png"})).unwrap();
+    for (name, format, magic) in [
+        ("a.jpeg", "jpg", &b"\xFF\xD8\xFF"[..]),
+        ("b.JPG", "jpg", b"\xFF\xD8\xFF"),
+        ("c.gif", "gif", b"GIF8"),
+        ("d.webp", "webp", b"RIFF"),
+        ("e", "png", b"\x89PNG"),
+    ] {
+        let path = format!("{dir}/{name}");
+        let r = s.execute("file.export.quickExport", json!({"path": path})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(r["format"], json!(format), "{name}");
+        assert!(std::fs::read(&path).unwrap().starts_with(magic), "{name} holds {format} data");
+    }
+    let tif = format!("{dir}/f.tif");
+    let e = s.execute("file.export.quickExport", json!({"path": tif})).unwrap_err().to_string();
+    assert!(e.contains("Export As"), "{e}");
+    assert!(!std::path::Path::new(&tif).exists());
+    s.execute("prefs.reset", json!({"path": "export"})).unwrap();
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn same_file_sees_through_other_names_for_one_file() {
     let dir = tmp("same_file");
@@ -473,13 +513,13 @@ fn same_file_sees_through_other_names_for_one_file() {
     std::fs::write(&a, b"a").unwrap();
     std::fs::write(&c, b"c").unwrap();
     assert!(crate::file_cmds::same_file(&a, &a));
-    assert!(crate::file_cmds::same_file(&a, &format!("{dir}/./a.png")));
+    assert!(crate::file_cmds::same_file(&a, format!("{dir}/./a.png")));
     assert!(!crate::file_cmds::same_file(&a, &c));
     assert!(!crate::file_cmds::same_file(&a, &b), "a missing file is not the same file");
     std::fs::hard_link(&a, &b).unwrap();
     assert!(crate::file_cmds::same_file(&a, &b), "a hard link is the same file");
     #[cfg(windows)]
-    assert!(crate::file_cmds::same_file(&a, &format!("{dir}/A.PNG")), "NTFS names ignore case");
+    assert!(crate::file_cmds::same_file(&a, format!("{dir}/A.PNG")), "NTFS names ignore case");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -570,10 +610,35 @@ fn generator_naming_grammar() {
     assert!(parse_defaults("defaults are nice", 72.0).is_none());
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn image_assets_needs_the_generator_preference() {
+    let dir = tmp("generator_pref");
+    let mut s = session(8);
+    let id = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.renameLayer", json!({"layer": id.0, "name": "logo.png"})).unwrap();
+    assert!(!s.prefs().plug_ins.generator_enabled, "off by default, as in Photoshop");
+    assert!(!s.is_enabled("file.generate.imageAssets"), "unavailable until it is enabled");
+    assert!(s.execute("file.generate.imageAssets", json!({"dir": dir})).is_err());
+
+    s.execute("prefs.set", json!({"path": "plugIns.generatorEnabled", "value": true})).unwrap();
+    assert!(s.is_enabled("file.generate.imageAssets"));
+    assert_eq!(s.execute("file.generate.imageAssets", json!({"dir": dir})).unwrap()["enabled"], true);
+    s.active_mut().unwrap().path = Some(format!("{dir}/doc.psd"));
+    assert!(crate::automate_cmds::document_saved(&mut s, 0).is_some(), "assets are written on save");
+
+    // Turning it off again takes the menu item away and stops the export, even for a document
+    // left switched on.
+    s.execute("prefs.set", json!({"path": "plugIns.generatorEnabled", "value": false})).unwrap();
+    assert!(!s.is_enabled("file.generate.imageAssets"));
+    assert!(crate::automate_cmds::document_saved(&mut s, 0).is_none(), "no assets while Generator is off");
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn image_assets_are_generated_now_and_on_save() {
     let dir = tmp("assets");
     let mut s = session(8);
+    // Preferences ▸ Plug-ins ▸ Generator enabled: the feature is opt-in.
+    s.execute("prefs.set", json!({"path": "plugIns.generatorEnabled", "value": true})).unwrap();
     let id = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
     s.execute("layer.renameLayer", json!({"layer": id.0, "name": "logo.png, 50% small/logo.gif, logo.jpg80%"})).unwrap();
     let r = s.execute("file.generate.imageAssets", json!({"dir": dir})).unwrap();
@@ -605,6 +670,74 @@ fn image_assets_are_generated_now_and_on_save() {
     assert_eq!(decode(&files[0]).dimensions(), (128, 80));
 }
 
+/// Photoshop's Generator exports an artboard named like an asset at the board's size, transparent
+/// edges included (generator-assets renderer: the canvas bounds are the artboard's), with no
+/// preference. Layers inside the board are still trimmed to their pixels.
+#[test]
+fn image_assets_keep_full_artboards() {
+    let dir = tmp("asset-artboards");
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 64, "height": 48, "name": "boards.psd", "background": "transparent"})).unwrap();
+    s.edit("board", |doc, _| {
+        let fmt = doc.pixel_format();
+        let mut logo = Layer::raster("logo.png", fmt);
+        logo.surface_mut().unwrap().fill_rect(Rect::new(12, 10, 20, 16), &photocraft_raster::from_rgba(&fmt, [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]));
+        let board =
+            photocraft_doc::Artboard { rect: Rect::new(4, 6, 44, 36), background: photocraft_doc::ArtboardBackground::Transparent, preset: String::new() };
+        let group = photocraft_doc::Group { children: vec![logo], expanded: true, artboard: Some(board) };
+        doc.layers = vec![Layer::new("board.png", LayerContent::Group(group))];
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+
+    s.execute("prefs.set", json!({"path": "plugIns.generatorEnabled", "value": true})).unwrap();
+    let r = s.execute("file.generate.imageAssets", json!({"on": true, "dir": dir})).unwrap();
+    assert!(r["errors"].as_array().unwrap().is_empty(), "{r}");
+    let board = decode(&format!("{dir}/board.png"));
+    assert_eq!(board.dimensions(), (40, 30), "the whole board, not its trimmed pixels");
+    let px = board.to_rgba8();
+    let at = |x: usize, y: usize| &px[(y * 40 + x) * 4..(y * 40 + x) * 4 + 4];
+    assert_eq!(at(0, 0)[3], 0, "the board's empty corner stays transparent");
+    assert_eq!(at(39, 29)[3], 0);
+    // The logo keeps its place on the board: document (12, 10) is board (8, 4).
+    assert!(at(8, 4)[0] > 250 && at(8, 4)[3] == 255, "{:?}", at(8, 4));
+    assert_eq!(at(7, 4)[3], 0);
+    assert_eq!(decode(&format!("{dir}/logo.png")).dimensions(), (8, 6), "a layer on the board is still trimmed");
+}
+
+/// An artboard asset with nothing on the board (empty, or its contents all outside it) is
+/// refused like an empty layer, not written as a blank board: Photoshop's Generator refuses a
+/// zero-bounds pixmap before it pads to the board.
+#[test]
+fn image_assets_refuse_empty_artboards() {
+    let dir = tmp("asset-empty-artboards");
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 64, "height": 48, "name": "boards.psd", "background": "transparent"})).unwrap();
+    s.edit("boards", |doc, _| {
+        let fmt = doc.pixel_format();
+        let mut outside = Layer::raster("outside", fmt);
+        outside.surface_mut().unwrap().fill_rect(Rect::new(50, 40, 60, 46), &photocraft_raster::from_rgba(&fmt, [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]));
+        let board = |x0| photocraft_doc::Artboard {
+            rect: Rect::new(x0, 0, x0 + 20, 20),
+            background: photocraft_doc::ArtboardBackground::Transparent,
+            preset: String::new(),
+        };
+        let empty = photocraft_doc::Group { children: vec![], expanded: true, artboard: Some(board(0)) };
+        let off = photocraft_doc::Group { children: vec![outside], expanded: true, artboard: Some(board(24)) };
+        doc.layers = vec![Layer::new("empty.png", LayerContent::Group(empty)), Layer::new("off.png", LayerContent::Group(off))];
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+    s.execute("prefs.set", json!({"path": "plugIns.generatorEnabled", "value": true})).unwrap();
+    let r = s.execute("file.generate.imageAssets", json!({"on": true, "dir": dir})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r["files"], json!([]), "{r}");
+    let errors = r["errors"].as_array().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(errors.len(), 2, "{r}");
+    assert!(errors.iter().all(|e| e["error"].as_str().unwrap().contains("the layer is empty")), "{r}");
+    assert!(!std::path::Path::new(&format!("{dir}/empty.png")).exists());
+    assert!(!std::path::Path::new(&format!("{dir}/off.png")).exists());
+}
+
 /// #6614: two layers, or two default variants, naming one file never overwrite each other: the
 /// layer higher in the Layers panel keeps the file, whatever the case of its name, and the
 /// others are reported.
@@ -995,3 +1128,38 @@ fn web_exif_that_does_not_fit_is_reported_and_bad_exif_is_harmless() {
         assert_eq!(decode(&path).dimensions(), (64, 48));
     }
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn quick_export_exr_preserves_linear_hdr_and_alpha() {
+    use photocraft_codecs::{ChannelLayout, Format, Image, SampleType};
+    let dir = tmp("quick_exr_hdr");
+    let samples = [-0.25, 2.0, 0.125, 1.0, 4.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.5];
+    let image = Image::from_f32(2, 1, ChannelLayout::Rgba, &samples).unwrap();
+    let bytes = photocraft_codecs::encode(&image, Format::OpenExr, &Default::default()).unwrap();
+    let doc = photocraft_io::import("hdr.exr", &bytes).unwrap().document;
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.add_document(doc, Some(format!("{dir}/source.psd")));
+    for convert in [true, false] {
+        s.execute("file.export.exportPreferences", json!({"quickExportFormat": "exr", "quickExportLocation": "sameFolder", "convertToSrgb": convert})).unwrap();
+        let result = s.execute("file.export.quickExport", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(result["format"], "exr");
+        let path = format!("{dir}/source.exr");
+        assert_eq!(result["path"], path);
+        assert_eq!(result["bytes"].as_u64(), Some(std::fs::metadata(&path).unwrap().len()));
+        let decoded = decode(&path);
+        assert_eq!(decoded.sample_type(), SampleType::F32);
+        let actual = decoded.convert(ChannelLayout::Rgba, SampleType::F32).to_f32_samples().unwrap();
+        for (got, expected) in actual.iter().zip(samples) {
+            assert!((got - expected).abs() < 0.0001, "EXR preserves scene values: {actual:?}");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(actual.len(), samples.len());
+    }
+    // The format preference must never silently overwrite the source EXR.
+    let own = format!("{dir}/source.exr");
+    s.active_mut().unwrap().path = Some(own.clone());
+    let before = std::fs::read(&own).unwrap();
+    assert!(s.execute("file.export.quickExport", json!({})).is_err());
+    assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&own).unwrap(), before);
+    s.execute("file.export.quickExport", json!({"path": format!("{dir}/explicit.exr")})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(decode(&format!("{dir}/explicit.exr")).dimensions(), (2, 1));
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/affinity.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/affinity.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/affinity.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/affinity.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/artboard_export_names.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/artboard_export_names.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/artboard_export_names.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/artboard_export_names.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/it/atn_crystallize_cell_size.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/atn_crystallize_cell_size.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7b72a6ff70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/engine/tests/it/atn_crystallize_cell_size.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+//! #7669: strict ATN export must not replace a native fractional Crystallize cell size.
+use photocraft_engine::actions_cmds::Action;
+use photocraft_engine::{Session, atn_cmds};
+use photocraft_psd::{atn, descriptor::Value as D};
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+
+const CRYSTALLIZE: &str = "filter.pixelate.crystallize";
+
+/// Procedural colours expose cell-boundary changes without relying on external images.
+fn fixture(depth: u32) -> Session {
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 24, "height": 18, "depth": depth})).unwrap();
+    s.edit("procedural fixture", |doc, active| {
+        let surface = doc.layer_mut(active.unwrap()).unwrap().surface_mut().unwrap();
+        let format = surface.format();
+        let bytes: Vec<_> =
+            (0..432).flat_map(|i| photocraft_raster::from_rgba(&format, [(i % 11) as f32 / 10.0, (i % 7) as f32 / 6.0, (i % 5) as f32 / 4.0, 1.0])).collect();
+        surface.write_region(photocraft_doc::Rect::from_xywh(0, 0, 24, 18), &bytes);
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+    s
+}
+
+/// Compare the actual flattened document rather than just the imported parameters.
+fn pixels(s: &Session) -> Vec<[f32; 4]> {
+    photocraft_compose::flatten(&s.active().unwrap().doc).px
+}
+
+/// Fractions remain valid native edits; strict integer ATN conversion must refuse them.
+#[test]
+fn fractional_cell_sizes_remain_native_and_are_refused_by_strict_export() {
+    let mut silently_exported = Vec::new();
+    for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
+        for cell_size in [3.1, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 10.25, 299.9] {
+            let params = json!({"cellSize": cell_size});
+            let action = Action::new("Fractional Crystallize", vec![(CRYSTALLIZE.into(), params.clone())]);
+            let mut direct = fixture(depth);
+            direct.execute(CRYSTALLIZE, params).unwrap();
+            let expected = pixels(&direct);
+            let mut native = fixture(depth);
+            native.actions.list.push(action.clone());
+            native.execute("actions.play", json!({"action": "Fractional Crystallize"})).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(pixels(&native), expected);
+
+            if cell_size == 5.4 {
+                let mut rounded = fixture(depth);
+                rounded.execute(CRYSTALLIZE, json!({"cellSize": 5})).unwrap();
+                assert_ne!(pixels(&rounded), expected, "fixture must expose 5.4 vs 5: {depth}");
+            }
+            if let Ok((bytes, skipped)) = atn_cmds::export("Crystallize", &[&action], &[], false) {
+                let imported = atn_cmds::import(&bytes).unwrap();
+                assert!(skipped.is_empty() && imported.unsupported.is_empty() && imported.warnings.is_empty());
+                let exported = imported.actions[0].steps[0].1["cellSize"].clone();
+                let mut replay = fixture(depth);
+                replay.actions.list = imported.actions;
+                replay.execute("actions.play", json!({"action": "Fractional Crystallize"})).unwrap();
+                let changed = pixels(&replay) != expected;
+                if cell_size == 5.4 {
+                    assert!(changed, "baseline must expose the reported pixel loss: {depth}");
+                }
+                silently_exported.push(format!("depth {depth}: {cell_size} -> {exported}, pixels changed: {changed}"));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    assert!(silently_exported.is_empty(), "strict export silently accepted fractional cell sizes:\n{}", silently_exported.join("\n"));
+}
+
+/// Integer sizes, bounds and omitted defaults retain their binary descriptor and playback.
+#[test]
+fn integer_cell_sizes_and_defaults_preserve_playback() {
+    for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
+        let mut cases = vec![Value::Null, json!({}), json!({"target": "pixels"}), json!({"cellSize": 5.0})];
+        cases.extend([3, 5, 10, 100, 300].map(|cell_size| json!({"cellSize": cell_size})));
+        for params in cases {
+            let action = Action::new("Integer Crystallize", vec![(CRYSTALLIZE.into(), params.clone())]);
+            let mut direct = fixture(depth);
+            direct.execute(CRYSTALLIZE, params.clone()).unwrap();
+            let mut native = fixture(depth);
+            native.actions.list.push(action.clone());
+            native.execute("actions.play", json!({"action": "Integer Crystallize"})).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(pixels(&native), pixels(&direct));
+
+            let (bytes, skipped) = atn_cmds::export("Crystallize", &[&action], &[], false).unwrap();
+            assert!(skipped.is_empty());
+            let file = atn::parse(&bytes).unwrap();
+            let descriptor = file.actions[0].items[0].descriptor.as_ref().unwrap();
+            if let Some(cell_size) = params.get("cellSize").and_then(Value::as_f64) {
+                assert!(matches!(descriptor.get("ClSz"), Some(D::Integer(n)) if f64::from(*n) == cell_size));
+            }
+            let imported = atn_cmds::import(&bytes).unwrap();
+            assert!(imported.unsupported.is_empty() && imported.warnings.is_empty());
+            assert_eq!(imported.actions.len(), 1);
+            assert_eq!(imported.actions[0].steps.len(), 1);
+            assert_eq!(imported.actions[0].steps[0].0, CRYSTALLIZE);
+            let mut replay = fixture(depth);
+            replay.actions.list = imported.actions;
+            replay.execute("actions.play", json!({"action": "Integer Crystallize"})).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(pixels(&replay), pixels(&direct), "depth {depth}: {params}");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Skipping is explicit and reports exactly which edits were lost, preserving supported order.
+#[test]
+fn skipping_fractional_cell_sizes_reports_action_and_step() {
+    let action =
+        Action::new("Mixed Crystallize", [5.0, 5.4, 10.0, 10.25].into_iter().map(|cell_size| (CRYSTALLIZE.into(), json!({"cellSize": cell_size}))).collect());
+    let error = atn_cmds::export("Crystallize", &[&action], &[], false).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(error.contains("step 2 of `Mixed Crystallize`"), "{error}");
+    assert!(error.contains(CRYSTALLIZE) && error.contains("skipUnsupported"), "{error}");
+    let (bytes, skipped) = atn_cmds::export("Crystallize", &[&action], &[], true).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        skipped,
+        vec![
+            atn_cmds::Skipped { action: "Mixed Crystallize".into(), step: 1, id: CRYSTALLIZE.into() },
+            atn_cmds::Skipped { action: "Mixed Crystallize".into(), step: 3, id: CRYSTALLIZE.into() },
+        ]
+    );
+    let imported = atn_cmds::import(&bytes).unwrap();
+    assert!(imported.unsupported.is_empty() && imported.warnings.is_empty());
+    assert_eq!(imported.actions.len(), 1);
+    let steps = &imported.actions[0].steps;
+    assert_eq!(steps.len(), 2);
+    for (step, cell_size) in steps.iter().zip([5.0, 10.0]) {
+        assert_eq!(step.0, CRYSTALLIZE);
+        assert_eq!(step.1["cellSize"].as_f64(), Some(cell_size));
+    }
+}
+
+/// The plain event still cannot carry mask/channel targets or nonnumeric cell sizes.
+#[test]
+fn non_pixel_targets_and_malformed_fields_are_still_refused() {
+    for params in [
+        json!({"cellSize": 5, "target": "mask"}),
+        json!({"cellSize": 5, "target": "quickMask"}),
+        json!({"cellSize": 5, "target": "channel"}),
+        json!({"cellSize": 5, "target": null}),
+        json!({"cellSize": null}),
+        json!({"cellSize": "5.4"}),
+        json!({"cellSize": 2147483648_i64}),
+        json!({"cellSize": -2147483649_i64}),
+        json!({"cellSize": 1e100}),
+    ] {
+        let action = Action::new("Unsupported Crystallize", vec![(CRYSTALLIZE.into(), params.clone())]);
+        assert!(atn_cmds::export("Crystallize", &[&action], &[], false).is_err(), "{params}");
+        let (bytes, skipped) = atn_cmds::export("Crystallize", &[&action], &[], true).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(skipped, vec![atn_cmds::Skipped { action: "Unsupported Crystallize".into(), step: 0, id: CRYSTALLIZE.into() }]);
+        assert!(atn_cmds::import(&bytes).unwrap().actions[0].steps.is_empty());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/atn_ripple_amount.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/atn_ripple_amount.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/atn_ripple_amount.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/atn_ripple_amount.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/it/atn_selective_color.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/atn_selective_color.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..454846f59e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/engine/tests/it/atn_selective_color.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+//! #7672: strict ATN export must preserve both accepted Selective Color parameter forms.
+use photocraft_engine::actions_cmds::Action;
+use photocraft_engine::{Session, atn_cmds};
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+
+const RANGES: [&str; 9] = ["reds", "yellows", "greens", "cyans", "blues", "magentas", "whites", "neutrals", "blacks"];
+const COMMANDS: [&str; 2] = ["image.adjustments.selectiveColor", "layer.newAdjustmentLayer.selectiveColor"];
+
+fn fixture(depth: u32) -> Session {
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 10, "height": 2, "depth": depth})).unwrap();
+    let palette = [
+        [0.85, 0.10, 0.05, 1.0],
+        [0.85, 0.80, 0.05, 1.0],
+        [0.05, 0.85, 0.10, 1.0],
+        [0.05, 0.80, 0.85, 1.0],
+        [0.10, 0.05, 0.85, 1.0],
+        [0.85, 0.05, 0.80, 1.0],
+        [0.90, 0.93, 0.95, 1.0],
+        [0.45, 0.50, 0.55, 1.0],
+        [0.05, 0.08, 0.10, 1.0],
+        [0.65, 0.20, 0.70, 0.4],
+    ];
+    s.edit("synthetic colours", |doc, active| {
+        let surface = doc.layer_mut(active.unwrap()).unwrap().surface_mut().unwrap();
+        let format = surface.format();
+        let bytes: Vec<_> = palette.iter().cycle().take(20).flat_map(|rgba| photocraft_raster::from_rgba(&format, *rgba)).collect();
+        surface.write_region(doc_bounds(), &bytes);
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+    s
+}
+
+fn doc_bounds() -> photocraft_doc::Rect {
+    photocraft_doc::Rect::from_xywh(0, 0, 10, 2)
+}
+
+fn pixels(s: &Session) -> Vec<[f32; 4]> {
+    photocraft_compose::flatten(&s.active().unwrap().doc).px
+}
+
+fn check_cases(id: &str, cases: &[Value], require_effect: bool) {
+    let mut failures = Vec::new();
+    for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
+        for params in cases {
+            let action = Action::new("Selective Color", vec![(id.into(), params.clone())]);
+            let mut direct = fixture(depth);
+            let before = pixels(&direct);
+            direct.execute(id, params.clone()).unwrap();
+            let expected = pixels(&direct);
+            if require_effect {
+                assert_ne!(expected, before, "ineffective fixture: {id}, depth {depth}, {params}");
+            }
+
+            let mut native = fixture(depth);
+            native.actions.list.push(action.clone());
+            native.execute("actions.play", json!({"action": action.name})).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(pixels(&native), expected, "native replay: {id}, depth {depth}, {params}");
+
+            let (bytes, skipped) = atn_cmds::export("Regression", &[&action], &[], false).unwrap();
+            assert!(skipped.is_empty());
+            let imported = atn_cmds::import(&bytes).unwrap();
+            assert!(imported.unsupported.is_empty());
+            assert!(imported.warnings.is_empty());
+            assert_eq!(imported.actions.len(), 1);
+            assert_eq!(imported.actions[0].steps.len(), 1);
+            assert_eq!(imported.actions[0].steps[0].0, id);
+
+            let mut replay = fixture(depth);
+            replay.actions.list = imported.actions;
+            replay.execute("actions.play", json!({"action": action.name})).unwrap();
+            if pixels(&replay) != expected {
+                failures.push(format!("{id}, depth {depth}, {params}"));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    assert!(failures.is_empty(), "ATN playback changed the result:\n{}", failures.join("\n"));
+}
+
+fn scalar_cases() -> Vec<Value> {
+    RANGES
+        .iter()
+        .flat_map(|range| {
+            ["relative", "absolute"].map(|method| json!({"method": method, "colors": range, "cyan": 35, "magenta": -12.5, "yellow": 17.75, "black": 9}))
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn scalar_selective_color_actions_preserve_pixels_at_every_depth() {
+    let mut cases = scalar_cases();
+    cases.push(json!({"method": "absolute", "colors": "reds", "cyan": 35}));
+    check_cases(COMMANDS[0], &cases, true);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn scalar_selective_color_adjustment_layers_preserve_pixels_at_every_depth() {
+    check_cases(COMMANDS[1], &scalar_cases(), true);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mixed_forms_method_precedence_nulls_and_clamping_keep_their_effect() {
+    let cases = [
+        json!({"method": "absolute", "reds": [10, 20, 30, 40], "blues": [-10, 5, 0, 4], "colors": "reds", "cyan": 0, "yellow": -17.5}),
+        json!({"method": "relative", "relative": false, "colors": "reds", "cyan": 35}),
+        json!({"method": "absolute", "relative": true, "colors": "neutrals", "black": 15}),
+        json!({"colors": "blues", "magenta": -25}),
+        json!({"method": null, "relative": null, "reds": null, "colors": "reds", "cyan": 35, "black": null}),
+        json!({"method": "absolute", "colors": "reds", "cyan": 175, "magenta": -150}),
+        json!({"method": "absolute", "reds": [175, -150, 0, 0]}),
+        json!({"method": "absolute", "reds": [10, 20, 30, 40], "colors": "reds", "cyan": null}),
+        json!({}),
+        json!({"colors": "reds"}),
+    ];
+    for id in COMMANDS {
+        check_cases(id, &cases, false);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn per_range_array_controls_still_preserve_pixels() {
+    let cases: Vec<_> = RANGES.iter().map(|range| json!({"method": "absolute", *range: [35, -12.5, 17.75, 9]})).collect();
+    for id in COMMANDS {
+        check_cases(id, &cases, true);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn malformed_selective_color_params_cannot_be_silently_exported() {
+    for params in [
+        json!({"colors": "purples", "cyan": 35}),
+        json!({"colors": 3}),
+        json!({"colors": "reds", "cyan": "35"}),
+        json!({"method": "sideways"}),
+        json!({"relative": "yes"}),
+        json!({"reds": [10, 20]}),
+        json!({"reds": [10, "20", 0, 0]}),
+    ] {
+        for id in COMMANDS {
+            let action = Action::new("Invalid", vec![(id.into(), params.clone())]);
+            assert!(atn_cmds::export("Regression", &[&action], &[], false).is_err(), "strict export accepted {id} {params}");
+            let (_, skipped) = atn_cmds::export("Regression", &[&action], &[], true).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(skipped.len(), 1, "skipUnsupported must report {id} {params}");
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/atn_stroke_width.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/atn_stroke_width.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/atn_stroke_width.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/atn_stroke_width.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/it/background_and_mask_depth.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/background_and_mask_depth.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1fa400e244
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/engine/tests/it/background_and_mask_depth.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+use photocraft_color::SampleType;
+use photocraft_engine::Session;
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+
+const STYLES: [&str; 10] =
+    ["dropShadow", "innerShadow", "outerGlow", "innerGlow", "stroke", "colorOverlay", "gradientOverlay", "patternOverlay", "bevelEmboss", "satin"];
+const VECTOR_MASKS: [&str; 3] = ["layer.vectorMask.add", "layer.vectorMask.revealAll", "layer.vectorMask.hideAll"];
+
+fn background_only() -> Session {
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 40, "height": 30})).unwrap();
+    s
+}
+
+fn has_background(s: &Session) -> bool {
+    s.active().unwrap().doc.background().is_some()
+}
+
+fn converts_and_undoes(cmd: &str, params: Value) {
+    let mut s = background_only();
+    s.execute(cmd, params).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{cmd}: {e}"));
+    assert!(!has_background(&s), "{cmd} left a Background carrying the change");
+    s.execute("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert!(has_background(&s), "{cmd}: one undo restores the Background");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn layer_styles_and_vector_masks_turn_the_background_into_a_layer() {
+    for kind in STYLES {
+        converts_and_undoes(&format!("layer.layerStyle.{kind}"), json!({}));
+    }
+    for cmd in VECTOR_MASKS {
+        converts_and_undoes(cmd, json!({}));
+    }
+    converts_and_undoes("layer.layerStyle.replace", json!({"effects": [{"kind": "stroke"}]}));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn clearing_a_style_keeps_the_background() {
+    let mut s = background_only();
+    s.execute("layer.layerStyle.replace", json!({"effects": []})).unwrap();
+    assert!(has_background(&s));
+}
+
+fn mask_sample(s: &Session) -> SampleType {
+    let st = s.active().unwrap();
+    st.doc.walk().into_iter().find_map(|(_, _, l)| l.mask.as_ref().map(|m| m.surface.format().sample)).expect("a layer mask")
+}
+
+fn painted(depth: u32) -> Session {
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 40, "height": 30, "depth": depth})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("paint.stroke", json!({"points": [[5, 10], [30, 10]], "size": 8, "hardness": 1.0, "color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+    s
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn frame_and_remove_background_masks_match_the_document_depth() {
+    for depth in [16, 32] {
+        let want = if depth == 16 { SampleType::U16 } else { SampleType::F32 };
+        for (cmd, params) in [
+            ("layer.new.frameFromLayers", json!({})),
+            ("layer.new.frame", json!({"x": 4, "y": 4, "width": 16, "height": 12})),
+            ("layer.new.frame", json!({"x": 4, "y": 4, "width": 16, "height": 12, "shape": "ellipse"})),
+            ("layer.removeBackground", json!({})),
+        ] {
+            let mut s = painted(depth);
+            s.execute(cmd, params.clone()).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{cmd} {params}: {e}"));
+            assert_eq!(mask_sample(&s), want, "{cmd} {params} in a {depth}-bit document");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn copied_style_over_background() -> (Session, u64, u64) {
+    let mut s = background_only();
+    let bg = s.active().unwrap().doc.background().unwrap().id.0;
+    s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.layerStyle.dropShadow", json!({})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.layerStyle.copyLayerStyle", json!({})).unwrap();
+    let layer = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap().0;
+    (s, bg, layer)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn pasting_a_style_onto_the_background_turns_it_into_a_layer() {
+    let (mut s, bg, _) = copied_style_over_background();
+    s.execute("layer.layerStyle.pasteLayerStyle", json!({"layer": bg})).unwrap();
+    assert!(!has_background(&s), "the pasted style landed on a Background");
+    s.execute("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert!(has_background(&s), "one undo restores the Background");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn pasting_a_style_with_no_layer_skips_the_background() {
+    let (mut s, bg, layer) = copied_style_over_background();
+    s.execute("layer.select", json!({"layer": bg})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.select", json!({"layer": layer, "mode": "add"})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.layerStyle.pasteLayerStyle", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert!(has_background(&s));
+    assert!(s.active().unwrap().doc.background().unwrap().effects.items.is_empty());
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/background_layer_consistency.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/background_layer_consistency.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/background_layer_consistency.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/background_layer_consistency.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/brush_smoothing.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/brush_smoothing.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/brush_smoothing.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/brush_smoothing.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/camera_raw_exposure_clamp.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/camera_raw_exposure_clamp.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/camera_raw_exposure_clamp.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/camera_raw_exposure_clamp.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/camera_raw_noise_clamp.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/camera_raw_noise_clamp.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/camera_raw_noise_clamp.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/camera_raw_noise_clamp.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/clipping_semantics.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/clipping_semantics.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/clipping_semantics.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/clipping_semantics.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/close_document.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/close_document.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/close_document.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/close_document.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/command_lookup.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/command_lookup.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/command_lookup.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/command_lookup.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/it/convert_keeps_references.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/convert_keeps_references.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a9859d912e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/engine/tests/it/convert_keeps_references.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+use photocraft_doc::{LayerId, SliceOrigin};
+use photocraft_engine::Session;
+use serde_json::json;
+
+fn art() -> (Session, LayerId) {
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 40, "height": 30})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Art"})).unwrap();
+    let id = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+    s.execute("paint.stroke", json!({"points": [[5, 10], [20, 10]], "size": 8, "hardness": 1.0, "color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.newLayerBasedSlice", json!({})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("image.variables.define", json!({"defs": [{"name": "v", "layer": id.0, "type": "visibility"}]})).unwrap();
+    (s, id)
+}
+
+fn references_point_at(s: &Session, id: LayerId) -> bool {
+    let doc = &s.active().unwrap().doc;
+    let slice = doc.slices.list.iter().any(|sl| sl.origin == SliceOrigin::Layer && sl.layer == Some(id));
+    let comps = doc.layer_comps.iter().all(|c| c.states.iter().any(|st| st.layer == id));
+    let vars = doc.variables.defs.iter().all(|d| d.layer == id);
+    slice && comps && vars
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn converting_a_layer_keeps_its_slice_comps_and_variables() {
+    for cmd in ["layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject", "filter.convertForSmartFilters"] {
+        let (mut s, id) = art();
+        s.execute("layerComp.new", json!({"name": "A", "visibility": true, "position": true, "appearance": true})).unwrap();
+        s.execute(cmd, json!({})).unwrap();
+        let smart = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        assert!(references_point_at(&s, smart), "{cmd} left references on the old layer");
+        s.execute("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert!(references_point_at(&s, id), "{cmd}: undo restores the original references");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_comp_does_not_put_the_converted_layers_style_on_the_smart_object() {
+    let (mut s, _) = art();
+    s.execute("layer.layerStyle.dropShadow", json!({})).unwrap();
+    let r = s.execute("layerComp.new", json!({"name": "A", "visibility": true, "position": true, "appearance": true})).unwrap();
+    let comp = r["comp"].as_u64().unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject", json!({})).unwrap();
+    let smart = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+    s.execute("layerComp.apply", json!({"comp": comp})).unwrap();
+    assert!(s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(smart).unwrap().effects.items.is_empty(), "the style stays inside the smart object");
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/it/copy_shape_placement.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/copy_shape_placement.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ee6d016984
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/engine/tests/it/copy_shape_placement.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+//! Copy placement must use source-space bounds before destination cache clipping.
+use photocraft_doc::LayerContent;
+use photocraft_engine::Session;
+use serde_json::json;
+
+/// Cover source clipping, groups, missing caches, destination depth, placement and Undo/Redo.
+#[test]
+fn copying_shapes_to_smaller_documents_preserves_requested_center() {
+    for x in [90, 700] {
+        for grouped in [false, true] {
+            for missing_cache in [false, true] {
+                for depth in [8, 16] {
+                    for at in [None, Some([40, 60])] {
+                        let mut s = Session::new();
+                        s.execute("file.new", json!({"width":800,"height":600,"background":"transparent"})).unwrap();
+                        let mut ids = Vec::new();
+                        for offset in if grouped { vec![0, 30] } else { vec![0] } {
+                            s.execute("shape.create", json!({"kind":"rect","rect":[x+offset,20,20,20],"fill":"#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+                            s.execute("layer.layerStyle.dropShadow", json!({"size":4,"distance":3})).unwrap();
+                            ids.push(s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap());
+                        }
+                        if grouped {
+                            s.active_mut().unwrap().selected_layers = ids.clone();
+                            s.execute("layer.groupLayers", json!({})).unwrap();
+                        }
+                        if missing_cache {
+                            s.edit("drop cached shapes", |doc, _| {
+                                for id in &ids {
+                                    let LayerContent::Shape(shape) = &mut doc.layer_mut(*id).unwrap().content else { panic!("shape") };
+                                    shape.cache = None;
+                                }
+                                Ok(())
+                            })
+                            .unwrap();
+                        }
+                        s.execute("file.new", json!({"width":100,"height":100,"depth":depth,"background":"transparent"})).unwrap();
+                        let before = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+                        let mut params = json!({"source":0,"document":1,"center":true});
+                        if let Some(at) = at {
+                            params["center"] = json!(false);
+                            params["at"] = json!(at);
+                        }
+                        let result = s.execute("layer.copyToDocument", params).unwrap();
+                        let target = at.unwrap_or([50, 50]);
+                        let dx = target[0] - (x + if grouped { 25 } else { 10 });
+                        let dy = target[1] - 30;
+                        assert_eq!(result["offset"], json!([dx, dy]), "x={x}, grouped={grouped}, cache missing={missing_cache}");
+                        let st = s.active().unwrap();
+                        let shapes: Vec<_> = st
+                            .doc
+                            .walk()
+                            .into_iter()
+                            .filter_map(|(_, _, layer)| if let LayerContent::Shape(shape) = &layer.content { Some(shape) } else { None })
+                            .collect();
+                        assert_eq!(shapes.len(), if grouped { 2 } else { 1 });
+                        for shape in shapes {
+                            let fresh = photocraft_vector::render_shape(shape, st.doc.pixel_format(), st.doc.bounds());
+                            assert!(
+                                shape.cache.as_ref() == Some(&fresh),
+                                "cache mismatch: x={x}, grouped={grouped}, cache missing={missing_cache}, depth={depth}, at={at:?}"
+                            );
+                            assert!(!fresh.content_bounds().is_empty());
+                        }
+                        let after = st.doc.clone();
+                        assert!(s.undo());
+                        assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc, before);
+                        assert!(s.redo());
+                        assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc, after);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/corpus_atn.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/corpus_atn.rs
similarity index 72%
rename from crates/engine/tests/corpus_atn.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/corpus_atn.rs
index 77f9fd0c4a..afc11cbc2a 100644
--- a/crates/engine/tests/corpus_atn.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tests/it/corpus_atn.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
 use photocraft_engine::Session;
-use serde_json::json;
+use photocraft_engine::actions_cmds::Action;
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
 
 fn collect(dir: &Path, out: &mut Vec<PathBuf>) {
     // An unreadable folder fails the test rather than shrinking the corpus.
@@ -30,6 +31,47 @@ fn collect(dir: &Path, out: &mut Vec<PathBuf>) {
 const FLOOR_FILES: usize = 16;
 const CEILING_UNSUPPORTED: usize = 540;
 
+/// Save writes a compound `layer.setProps` (name, opacity, blend) as one Set per property, because
+/// Photoshop applies only the rename of a combined one (#8304); loading gives one step per
+/// property. Merge consecutive `layer.setProps` steps of one target so both sides compare as the
+/// same actions.
+fn merge_set_props(actions: &[Action]) -> Vec<Action> {
+    actions
+        .iter()
+        .map(|a| {
+            let mut out = a.clone();
+            out.steps.clear();
+            out.disabled.clear();
+            out.dialogs.clear();
+            for (i, (id, params)) in a.steps.iter().enumerate() {
+                let merged = match (out.steps.last_mut(), params.as_object()) {
+                    (Some((last_id, Value::Object(last))), Some(p))
+                        if id == "layer.setProps"
+                            && last_id == id
+                            && last.get("layer") == p.get("layer")
+                            && p.keys().all(|k| k == "layer" || !last.contains_key(k)) =>
+                    {
+                        last.extend(p.iter().map(|(k, v)| (k.clone(), v.clone())));
+                        true
+                    }
+                    _ => false,
+                };
+                if !merged {
+                    out.steps.push((id.clone(), params.clone()));
+                }
+                let at = out.steps.len() - 1;
+                if a.disabled.contains(&i) {
+                    out.disabled.insert(at);
+                }
+                if a.dialogs.contains(&i) {
+                    out.dialogs.insert(at);
+                }
+            }
+            out
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn atn_corpus_loads_saves_and_reloads() {
     let root = Path::new(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR")).join("../../corpus/atn");
@@ -68,7 +110,7 @@ fn atn_corpus_loads_saves_and_reloads() {
         let bytes = photocraft_engine::paint::tile::b64_decode(saved["data"].as_str().unwrap_or("")).unwrap_or_default();
         let mut t = Session::new();
         match t.execute("actions.load", json!({"data": photocraft_engine::paint::tile::b64_encode(&bytes)})) {
-            Ok(_) if t.actions.list == first => {}
+            Ok(_) if merge_set_props(&t.actions.list) == merge_set_props(&first) => {}
             Ok(_) => {
                 // Name the first step that differs, so a mapping asymmetry is quick to find.
                 let detail = first
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/crop_content_aware.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/crop_content_aware.rs
similarity index 71%
rename from crates/engine/tests/crop_content_aware.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/crop_content_aware.rs
index f41d46a9b5..0cc3dbdeca 100644
--- a/crates/engine/tests/crop_content_aware.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tests/it/crop_content_aware.rs
@@ -157,3 +157,62 @@ fn bad_params_and_unfillable_crops_fail_cleanly() {
         assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), past, "{p}");
     }
 }
+
+/// `doc` with its left 16 columns red, then cropped to x = 16 keeping the cropped pixels: the red
+/// lies hidden past the canvas's left edge.
+fn hidden_red(background: &str) -> Session {
+    let mut s = doc("rgb", 8, background);
+    s.execute("tools.setColors", json!({"foreground": "#ff0000", "background": "#000000"})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 0, "y": 0, "width": 16, "height": 48})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"contents": "foreground"})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("select.deselect", json!({})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("image.crop", json!({"x": 16, "y": 0, "width": 48, "height": 48, "deleteCroppedPixels": false})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(size(&s), (48, 48));
+    s
+}
+
+const RED: [f32; 4] = [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0];
+
+/// A straight frame pulled back out over pixels a Delete Cropped Pixels off crop hid fills over
+/// them from the canvas, as Photoshop does with Delete Cropped Pixels off or on (#8060).
+#[test]
+fn extending_crop_fills_over_the_hidden_pixels() {
+    for background in ["transparent", "white"] {
+        for delete in [false, true] {
+            let mut s = hidden_red(background);
+            let green = layer(&s).rgba(24, 24);
+            crop(&mut s, json!({"x": -24, "y": 0, "width": 72, "height": 48, "deleteCroppedPixels": delete}), true).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(size(&s), (72, 48));
+            let surf = layer(&s);
+            for y in 0..48 {
+                for x in 0..24 {
+                    let px = surf.rgba(x, y);
+                    assert!(close(px, green, 0.06), "{background} delete {delete}: ({x}, {y}) is filled from the canvas, not the hidden red: {px:?}");
+                }
+                assert!(close(surf.rgba(40, y), green, 1e-6), "{background} delete {delete}: the canvas is unchanged");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A turned frame that reaches over the Background's hidden pixels shows them, not a fill
+/// from the canvas (#8060).
+#[test]
+fn rotated_crop_keeps_the_hidden_pixels() {
+    let mut s = hidden_red("white");
+    // A diamond on the canvas's left edge: its left half lies over the hidden red, all of it inside
+    // the turned canvas (so nothing takes the background colour).
+    crop(&mut s, json!({"x": -10, "y": 14, "width": 20, "height": 20, "angle": 45, "deleteCroppedPixels": false}), true).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(size(&s), (20, 20));
+    let (w, h) = size(&s);
+    let surf = layer(&s);
+    let mut red = 0;
+    for y in 0..h as i32 {
+        for x in 0..w as i32 {
+            let px = surf.rgba(x, y);
+            assert!(px[0] > 0.5 && px[3] > 0.99, "no background colour or transparency at ({x}, {y}): {px:?}");
+            red += usize::from(close(px, RED, 0.06));
+        }
+    }
+    assert!(red >= 100, "the hidden red shows in the turned frame: {red} red pixels");
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/current_affinity_artboards.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/current_affinity_artboards.rs
similarity index 97%
rename from crates/engine/tests/current_affinity_artboards.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/current_affinity_artboards.rs
index e3b27e856b..8348b4065f 100644
--- a/crates/engine/tests/current_affinity_artboards.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tests/it/current_affinity_artboards.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! Artboards recognized from current .af properties move with their children and undo together.
 #![allow(clippy::unwrap_used, clippy::expect_used, clippy::panic)]
 
-#[path = "../../io/tests/support/current_affinity.rs"]
+#[path = "../../../io/tests/support/current_affinity.rs"]
 mod fixture;
 
 use fixture::{Marker, document};
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/duplicate_layer_comps.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/duplicate_layer_comps.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/duplicate_layer_comps.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/duplicate_layer_comps.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/duplicate_slices.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/duplicate_slices.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/duplicate_slices.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/duplicate_slices.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/duplicate_variables.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/duplicate_variables.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/duplicate_variables.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/duplicate_variables.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/empty_selection_combine.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/empty_selection_combine.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/empty_selection_combine.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/empty_selection_combine.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/eraser_locked.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/eraser_locked.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/eraser_locked.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/eraser_locked.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/explicit_layer_target.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/explicit_layer_target.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/explicit_layer_target.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/explicit_layer_target.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/it/export_shape_strokes.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/export_shape_strokes.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0875f4bfc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/engine/tests/it/export_shape_strokes.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+//! Regression coverage for #8341: canvas resizing must scale shape strokes too.
+use photocraft_doc::{LayerContent, LayerId};
+use photocraft_engine::{
+    Session,
+    web_cmds::{WebSettings, web_document},
+};
+use serde_json::json;
+
+fn shape_session(depth: u32) -> (Session, LayerId) {
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 1024, "height": 1024, "depth": depth, "background": "transparent"})).unwrap();
+    let id = s.execute("shape.create", json!({"rect": [256, 256, 512, 512], "fill": null, "stroke": {"width": 32, "color": "#000000"}})).unwrap()["layer"]
+        .as_u64()
+        .unwrap();
+    (s, LayerId(id))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn web_downscale_keeps_stroke_only_shape_proportions_at_every_depth() {
+    for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
+        let (s, id) = shape_session(depth);
+        let original = &s.active().unwrap().doc;
+        for params in [json!({"percent": 25}), json!({"width": 256, "height": 256})] {
+            let (scaled, sx, sy) = web_document(original, &params, &WebSettings::default()).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!((scaled.size.width, scaled.size.height), (256, 256));
+            assert_eq!((sx, sy), (0.25, 0.25));
+            let LayerContent::Shape(sh) = &scaled.layer(id).unwrap().content else {
+                panic!("shape lost");
+            };
+            assert_eq!(sh.stroke.as_ref().unwrap().width, 8.0, "{depth}-bit stroke");
+            let pixels = photocraft_compose::flatten(&scaled);
+            let alpha = |x: usize| pixels.px[128 * 256 + x][3];
+            assert!(alpha(62) > 0.99, "scaled stroke is visible");
+            assert!(alpha(52) < 0.01, "stroke must not retain its original width");
+            assert!(alpha(128) < 0.01, "no fill is introduced");
+        }
+        let LayerContent::Shape(sh) = &original.layer(id).unwrap().content else {
+            panic!("shape lost");
+        };
+        assert_eq!(sh.stroke.as_ref().unwrap().width, 32.0, "export leaves the source untouched");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn image_size_scales_strokes_once_and_undo_restores_them() {
+    let (mut s, id) = shape_session(8);
+    s.execute("shape.edit", json!({"layer": id.0, "stroke": {"dashes": [2, 1], "dashOffset": 0.5}})).unwrap();
+    let before = s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().clone();
+    s.execute("image.imageSize", json!({"width": 512, "height": 512})).unwrap();
+    let LayerContent::Shape(sh) = &s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().content else {
+        panic!("shape lost");
+    };
+    assert_eq!(sh.stroke.as_ref().unwrap().width, 16.0);
+    assert_eq!(sh.stroke.as_ref().unwrap().dashes, vec![2.0, 1.0], "dash lengths stay in stroke-width units");
+    assert_eq!(sh.stroke.as_ref().unwrap().dash_offset, 0.5);
+    s.execute("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap(), &before);
+    s.execute("edit.redo", json!({})).unwrap();
+    let LayerContent::Shape(sh) = &s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().content else {
+        panic!("shape lost");
+    };
+    assert_eq!(sh.stroke.as_ref().unwrap().width, 16.0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn grouped_strokes_scale_up_and_unchanged_size_is_a_noop() {
+    let (mut s, id) = shape_session(8);
+    s.edit("Group", |doc, _| {
+        let children = std::mem::take(&mut doc.layers);
+        doc.layers.push(photocraft_doc::Layer::group("Outer", vec![photocraft_doc::Layer::group("Inner", children)]));
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+    let original = &s.active().unwrap().doc;
+    for (width, expected) in [(1024, 32.0), (1280, 40.0), (256, 8.0)] {
+        let (scaled, _, _) = web_document(original, &json!({"width": width}), &WebSettings::default()).unwrap();
+        let LayerContent::Shape(sh) = &scaled.layer(id).unwrap().content else {
+            panic!("shape lost");
+        };
+        assert_eq!(sh.stroke.as_ref().unwrap().width, expected);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn png_export_contains_the_scaled_stroke_and_keeps_the_source_document() {
+    let (mut s, _) = shape_session(8);
+    let before = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+    let mut bytes = Vec::new();
+    photocraft_engine::web_cmds::save_for_web_with_writer(
+        &mut s,
+        &json!({"format": "png24", "path": "stroke.png", "width": 256, "height": 256}),
+        &mut |_, encoded| {
+            bytes = encoded.to_vec();
+            Ok(())
+        },
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    let image = photocraft_codecs::decode(&bytes).unwrap().convert(photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgba, photocraft_codecs::SampleType::U8);
+    assert_eq!(image.dimensions(), (256, 256));
+    let alpha = |x: usize| image.data()[(128 * 256 + x) * 4 + 3];
+    assert_eq!(alpha(62), 255);
+    assert_eq!(alpha(52), 0);
+    assert_eq!(alpha(128), 0);
+    assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc, before);
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/fill_lock_transparency.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/fill_lock_transparency.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/fill_lock_transparency.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/fill_lock_transparency.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/filter_locked.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/filter_locked.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/filter_locked.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/filter_locked.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/finite_command_params.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/finite_command_params.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/finite_command_params.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/finite_command_params.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/flatten_background.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/flatten_background.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/flatten_background.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/flatten_background.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/gallery_colours.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/gallery_colours.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/gallery_colours.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/gallery_colours.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/gauss_small_sigma.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/gauss_small_sigma.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/gauss_small_sigma.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/gauss_small_sigma.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/gradient_overlay_strokes.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/gradient_overlay_strokes.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/gradient_overlay_strokes.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/gradient_overlay_strokes.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/guide_layout_limit.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/guide_layout_limit.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/guide_layout_limit.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/guide_layout_limit.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/guide_layout_preview.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/guide_layout_preview.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/guide_layout_preview.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/guide_layout_preview.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/hdr_gamma_direction.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/hdr_gamma_direction.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/hdr_gamma_direction.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/hdr_gamma_direction.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/huge_doc_flatten.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/huge_doc_flatten.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/huge_doc_flatten.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/huge_doc_flatten.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/jpeg_exif_resolution.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/jpeg_exif_resolution.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/jpeg_exif_resolution.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/jpeg_exif_resolution.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/keyboard_shortcut_bulk.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/keyboard_shortcut_bulk.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/keyboard_shortcut_bulk.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/keyboard_shortcut_bulk.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/kra.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/kra.rs
similarity index 96%
rename from crates/engine/tests/kra.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/kra.rs
index 8bdf10531c..783c5fb28f 100644
--- a/crates/engine/tests/kra.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tests/it/kra.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! Krita documents opened through the session: read-only source, 16-bit layers, editable
 //! layers with history, and saving as OpenRaster or native. The files come from
 //! `tools/krita-oracles/generate.py` in https://github.com/storytold/photocraft-corpus. Run with
-//! `KRITA_TEST_DIR=<dir> cargo test -p photocraft-engine --test kra -- --ignored --nocapture`.
+//! `KRITA_TEST_DIR=<dir> cargo test -p photocraft-engine --test it -- kra:: --ignored --nocapture`.
 use photocraft_engine::Session;
 use serde_json::json;
 
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ fn krita_documents_open_read_only_and_stay_editable() {
     assert!(session.execute("file.save", json!({})).is_err());
 
     // Krita's merged image is the composite (the corpus files carry no ICC profile, so both
-    // sides are sRGB); crates/io/tests/krita_corpus.rs compares every file.
+    // sides are sRGB); crates/io/tests/it/krita_corpus.rs compares every file.
     let ours = photocraft_compose::flatten(&session.active().unwrap().doc);
     let zip_bytes = std::fs::read(&path).unwrap();
     let zip = photocraft_format::zip::ZipReader::new(&zip_bytes).unwrap();
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/kys_import.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/kys_import.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/kys_import.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/kys_import.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/layer_delete_last.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/layer_delete_last.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/layer_delete_last.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/layer_delete_last.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/layer_mask_depth.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/layer_mask_depth.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/layer_mask_depth.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/layer_mask_depth.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/layer_props_several.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/layer_props_several.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/layer_props_several.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/layer_props_several.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/layer_range_panel_order.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/layer_range_panel_order.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/layer_range_panel_order.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/layer_range_panel_order.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/live_line_transform.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/live_line_transform.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/live_line_transform.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/live_line_transform.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/it/main.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..25455e539c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/engine/tests/it/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+//! The crate's integration tests, linked into one test binary.
+
+mod affinity;
+mod artboard_export_names;
+mod atn_crystallize_cell_size;
+mod atn_ripple_amount;
+mod atn_selective_color;
+mod atn_stroke_width;
+mod background_and_mask_depth;
+mod background_layer_consistency;
+mod brush_smoothing;
+mod camera_raw_exposure_clamp;
+mod camera_raw_noise_clamp;
+mod clipping_semantics;
+mod close_document;
+mod command_lookup;
+mod convert_keeps_references;
+mod copy_shape_placement;
+mod corpus_atn;
+mod crop_content_aware;
+mod current_affinity_artboards;
+mod duplicate_layer_comps;
+mod duplicate_slices;
+mod duplicate_variables;
+mod empty_selection_combine;
+mod eraser_locked;
+mod explicit_layer_target;
+mod export_shape_strokes;
+mod fill_lock_transparency;
+mod filter_locked;
+mod finite_command_params;
+mod flatten_background;
+mod gallery_colours;
+mod gauss_small_sigma;
+mod gradient_overlay_strokes;
+mod guide_layout_limit;
+mod guide_layout_preview;
+mod hdr_gamma_direction;
+mod huge_doc_flatten;
+mod jpeg_exif_resolution;
+mod keyboard_shortcut_bulk;
+mod kra;
+mod kys_import;
+mod layer_delete_last;
+mod layer_mask_depth;
+mod layer_props_several;
+mod layer_range_panel_order;
+mod live_line_transform;
+mod mask_lock_all;
+mod merge_transparent_bounds;
+mod missing_layer_error;
+mod nonfinite_style;
+mod open_identity;
+mod path_blur_speed_clamp;
+mod path_transform_target;
+mod pdn;
+mod photoshop_oracles;
+mod pixel_lock_edits;
+mod precheck;
+mod prefs_usage;
+mod rasterize_psd_reopen;
+mod rasterize_selected_layers;
+mod rendering_preferences;
+mod save_keeps_encoding;
+mod selection_layer_commands;
+mod shortcut_sets;
+mod shortcuts_headless;
+mod smart_clipboard_sources;
+mod smart_duplicates;
+mod smart_filter_canvas_geometry;
+mod smart_object_tones;
+mod smart_psd;
+mod style_and_align;
+mod svg_smart_object;
+mod transform_budget_unclamped;
+mod type_format_targets;
+mod type_postscript_font;
+mod undo_keeps_active_layer;
+mod unicode_colors;
+mod unsupported_smart_filters;
+mod wand_transparent_copy;
+mod working_rgb_profile;
+mod xmp_charref;
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/it/mask_lock_all.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/mask_lock_all.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..74ea71ff62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/engine/tests/it/mask_lock_all.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+use photocraft_doc::LayerMask;
+use photocraft_engine::Session;
+use serde_json::json;
+
+const COMMANDS: [&str; 7] = [
+    "layer.layerMask.revealAll",
+    "layer.layerMask.hideAll",
+    "layer.layerMask.revealSelection",
+    "layer.layerMask.hideSelection",
+    "layer.layerMask.delete",
+    "layer.maskAllObjects",
+    "image.adjustments.invert",
+];
+
+fn masked(all: bool) -> Session {
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 40, "height": 30})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("paint.stroke", json!({"points": [[5, 10], [20, 10]], "size": 8, "hardness": 1.0, "color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.layerMask.revealAll", json!({})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("paint.stroke", json!({"points": [[25, 20], [35, 20]], "size": 6, "hardness": 1.0, "color": "#000000", "target": "mask"})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 2, "y": 2, "width": 20, "height": 15})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.setProps", json!({"locks": {"all": all}})).unwrap();
+    s
+}
+
+fn mask(s: &Session) -> Option<LayerMask> {
+    let st = s.active().unwrap();
+    st.doc.layer(st.active_layer.unwrap()).unwrap().mask.clone()
+}
+
+fn undo_depth(s: &Session) -> usize {
+    s.active().unwrap().history.past_len()
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn lock_all_refuses_every_mask_command() {
+    for cmd in COMMANDS {
+        let mut s = masked(true);
+        let before = mask(&s);
+        let undo = undo_depth(&s);
+        let err = s.execute(cmd, json!({"target": "mask"})).unwrap_err();
+        assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "Could not complete your request because the layer \"Layer 1\" is locked", "{cmd}");
+        assert_eq!(mask(&s), before, "{cmd} left the mask unchanged");
+        assert_eq!(undo_depth(&s), undo, "{cmd} added no history step");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn unlocked_layers_still_take_every_mask_command() {
+    for cmd in COMMANDS {
+        let mut s = masked(false);
+        let before = mask(&s);
+        s.execute(cmd, json!({"target": "mask"})).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{cmd}: {e}"));
+        assert_ne!(mask(&s), before, "{cmd} changed the mask");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_locked_layer_among_the_selected_layers_refuses_the_whole_mask() {
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 40, "height": 30})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+    let first = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.setProps", json!({"locks": {"all": true}})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.select", json!({"layer": first.0, "mode": "add"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().selected_layers.len(), 2);
+    assert!(s.execute("layer.layerMask.hideAll", json!({})).is_err());
+    assert!(s.active().unwrap().doc.walk().iter().all(|(_, _, l)| l.mask.is_none()), "no layer got a mask");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn paste_into_a_lock_all_group_refuses_before_pasting() {
+    for cmd in ["edit.pasteSpecial.pasteInto", "edit.pasteSpecial.pasteOutside"] {
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 40, "height": 30})).unwrap();
+        let child = s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Child"})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap();
+        s.execute("paint.stroke", json!({"points": [[5, 10], [20, 10]], "size": 8, "hardness": 1.0, "color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("select.all", json!({})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("edit.copy", json!({})).unwrap();
+        let group = s.execute("layer.groupLayers", json!({})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.setProps", json!({"layer": group, "locks": {"all": true}})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.select", json!({"layer": child, "mode": "replace"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 2, "y": 2, "width": 20, "height": 15})).unwrap();
+        let layers = s.active().unwrap().doc.walk().len();
+        let undo = undo_depth(&s);
+        assert!(s.execute(cmd, json!({})).is_err(), "{cmd}");
+        assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc.walk().len(), layers, "{cmd} pasted no layer");
+        assert_eq!(undo_depth(&s), undo, "{cmd} added no history step");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/merge_transparent_bounds.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/merge_transparent_bounds.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/merge_transparent_bounds.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/merge_transparent_bounds.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/missing_layer_error.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/missing_layer_error.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/missing_layer_error.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/missing_layer_error.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/nonfinite_style.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/nonfinite_style.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/nonfinite_style.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/nonfinite_style.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/it/open_identity.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/open_identity.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2fa4ae17f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/engine/tests/it/open_identity.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+//! Background imports report the admitted document's identity, not just its temporary tab index.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use photocraft_engine::Session;
+use photocraft_engine::jobs::{OpenSource, Started};
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+
+fn source() -> Session {
+    let mut session = Session::new();
+    session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 6})).unwrap();
+    session.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+    session.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#336699"})).unwrap();
+    session
+}
+
+fn open(session: &mut Session, name: &str, bytes: Vec<u8>) -> Value {
+    match session.start_open(name, OpenSource::Bytes(Arc::new(bytes))).unwrap() {
+        Started::Done(result) => result,
+        Started::Job(job) => session.wait_job(job).unwrap(),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn open_identity_reports_the_live_document_after_tabs_move() {
+    let input = source();
+    let bytes = photocraft_io::export(&input.active().unwrap().doc, "synthetic.png", &Default::default()).unwrap().bytes;
+    let mut session = source();
+    let result = open(&mut session, "synthetic.png", bytes);
+    let index = result["document"].as_u64().unwrap() as usize;
+    let imported = session.documents()[index].doc.id;
+    assert_eq!(result["docId"], imported.0, "the engine result must carry the actual admitted identity: {result}");
+    session.move_document(index, 0).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(session.documents()[0].doc.id.0, result["docId"]);
+    assert_ne!(session.documents()[index].doc.id, imported, "the old index now identifies another document");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn open_identity_reports_the_remapped_id_when_a_native_document_is_opened_twice() {
+    let mut session = source();
+    let original = session.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+    // A wholly synthetic in-memory native file retains its DocId. PNG and DNG allocate fresh
+    // IDs during decode, so they cannot deterministically exercise this collision.
+    let bytes = photocraft_format::PcraftWriter::new().save_zip(&original, &Default::default()).unwrap().0;
+    let result = open(&mut session, "synthetic.pcraft", bytes);
+    let index = result["document"].as_u64().unwrap() as usize;
+    let admitted = session.documents()[index].doc.id;
+    assert_ne!(admitted, original.id, "the original document still owns its persisted ID");
+    assert_eq!(result["docId"], admitted.0, "report the remapped identity, not the ID decoded from the file");
+    assert!(Arc::ptr_eq(&session.documents()[0].doc, &original));
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/path_blur_speed_clamp.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/path_blur_speed_clamp.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/path_blur_speed_clamp.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/path_blur_speed_clamp.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/path_transform_target.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/path_transform_target.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/path_transform_target.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/path_transform_target.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/pdn.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/pdn.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/pdn.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/pdn.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/photoshop_oracles.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/photoshop_oracles.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from crates/engine/tests/photoshop_oracles.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/photoshop_oracles.rs
index b1f0a133a1..88e63b67fc 100644
--- a/crates/engine/tests/photoshop_oracles.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tests/it/photoshop_oracles.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //! `cargo xtask corpus --all`. Feature `corpus` (run with `cargo xtask test-corpus`); a missing
 //! corpus fails.
 //!
-//! The io corpus test (`crates/io/tests/corpus.rs`) flattens imported documents, which composite
+//! The io corpus test (`crates/io/tests/it/corpus.rs`) flattens imported documents, which composite
 //! Photoshop's own cached pixels for smart objects and type layers. This test throws those caches
 //! away: every smart object is re-rendered from its embedded source through our smart-filter
 //! stack, and every type layer is re-laid-out and re-rasterised by our text engine; the flatten is
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/pixel_lock_edits.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/pixel_lock_edits.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/pixel_lock_edits.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/pixel_lock_edits.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/precheck.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/precheck.rs
similarity index 54%
rename from crates/engine/tests/precheck.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/precheck.rs
index f549fbb8c8..b737ddea5a 100644
--- a/crates/engine/tests/precheck.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tests/it/precheck.rs
@@ -7,28 +7,32 @@ use serde_json::{Value, json};
 
 /// Documents in different states: a Background only, a pixel layer active, a group active, a
 /// selection, no document.
-fn states() -> Vec<(&'static str, Session)> {
-    let mut out = Vec::new();
-    out.push(("no document", Session::new()));
+const STATES: [&str; 5] = ["no document", "background only", "pixel layer", "group, no background", "selection"];
+
+/// A fresh session in `state`.
+fn state(state: &str) -> Session {
     let mut s = Session::new();
-    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 40, "height": 30, "background": "white"})).unwrap();
-    out.push(("background only", s));
-    let mut s = Session::new();
-    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 40, "height": 30, "background": "white"})).unwrap();
-    s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
-    s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
-    out.push(("pixel layer", s));
-    let mut s = Session::new();
-    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 40, "height": 30, "background": "transparent"})).unwrap();
-    s.execute("layer.new.group", json!({})).unwrap();
-    out.push(("group, no background", s));
-    let mut s = Session::new();
-    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 40, "height": 30, "background": "white"})).unwrap();
-    s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
-    s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#00ff00"})).unwrap();
-    s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 2, "y": 2, "width": 10, "height": 10})).unwrap();
-    out.push(("selection", s));
-    out
+    if state == "no document" {
+        return s;
+    }
+    let background = if state == "group, no background" { "transparent" } else { "white" };
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 40, "height": 30, "background": background})).unwrap();
+    match state {
+        "pixel layer" => {
+            s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+            s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+        }
+        "group, no background" => {
+            s.execute("layer.new.group", json!({})).unwrap();
+        }
+        "selection" => {
+            s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+            s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#00ff00"})).unwrap();
+            s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 2, "y": 2, "width": 10, "height": 10})).unwrap();
+        }
+        _ => {}
+    }
+    s
 }
 
 fn params() -> Vec<Value> {
@@ -63,13 +67,13 @@ fn precheck_agrees_with_execute() {
     let mut disagreements = Vec::new();
     for id in PRECHECKED {
         for p in params() {
-            for (state, _) in states() {
-                // A fresh copy of the state for each call: execute changes it.
-                let mut s = states().into_iter().find(|(n, _)| *n == state).map(|(_, s)| s).unwrap();
+            for name in STATES {
+                // A fresh session for each call: execute changes it.
+                let mut s = state(name);
                 let pre = s.precheck(id, &p).is_ok();
                 let ran = s.execute(id, p.clone()).is_ok();
                 if pre != ran {
-                    disagreements.push(format!("{id} {p} on {state}: precheck {pre}, execute {ran}"));
+                    disagreements.push(format!("{id} {p} on {name}: precheck {pre}, execute {ran}"));
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/prefs_usage.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/prefs_usage.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/prefs_usage.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/prefs_usage.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/rasterize_psd_reopen.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/rasterize_psd_reopen.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/rasterize_psd_reopen.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/rasterize_psd_reopen.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/rasterize_selected_layers.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/rasterize_selected_layers.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/rasterize_selected_layers.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/rasterize_selected_layers.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/rendering_preferences.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/rendering_preferences.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/rendering_preferences.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/rendering_preferences.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/save_keeps_encoding.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/save_keeps_encoding.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/save_keeps_encoding.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/save_keeps_encoding.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/selection_layer_commands.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/selection_layer_commands.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/selection_layer_commands.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/selection_layer_commands.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/shortcut_sets.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/shortcut_sets.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/shortcut_sets.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/shortcut_sets.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/shortcuts_headless.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/shortcuts_headless.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/shortcuts_headless.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/shortcuts_headless.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/smart_clipboard_sources.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/smart_clipboard_sources.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/smart_clipboard_sources.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/smart_clipboard_sources.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/smart_duplicates.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/smart_duplicates.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/smart_duplicates.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/smart_duplicates.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/smart_filter_canvas_geometry.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/smart_filter_canvas_geometry.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/smart_filter_canvas_geometry.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/smart_filter_canvas_geometry.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/it/smart_object_tones.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/smart_object_tones.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3c57526bad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/engine/tests/it/smart_object_tones.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+use photocraft_doc::{LayerContent, LayerId};
+use photocraft_engine::{Session, smart_cmds};
+use photocraft_raster::Surface;
+use serde_json::json;
+
+fn mean_difference(a: &Surface, b: &Surface) -> f64 {
+    let r = a.content_bounds().intersect(&b.content_bounds());
+    let (mut sum, mut n) = (0f64, 0u32);
+    for y in r.y0..r.y1 {
+        for x in r.x0..r.x1 {
+            let (p, q) = (a.rgba(x, y), b.rgba(x, y));
+            for c in 0..3 {
+                sum += f64::from((p[c] - q[c]).abs());
+                n += 1;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    sum / f64::from(n.max(1)) * 255.0
+}
+
+fn converted(cmd: &str) -> (Session, LayerId, LayerId) {
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 64, "height": 48})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("paint.stroke", json!({"points": [[5, 10], [60, 40]], "size": 20, "hardness": 0.3, "color": "#e04a20"})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("paint.stroke", json!({"points": [[5, 40], [60, 5]], "size": 14, "hardness": 0.6, "color": "#2a7fd0"})).unwrap();
+    let pixel = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.duplicate", json!({})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject", json!({})).unwrap();
+    let smart = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+    s.execute(cmd, json!({})).unwrap();
+    (s, pixel, smart)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn smart_objects_re_render_with_the_tones_of_the_converted_document() {
+    for cmd in ["image.mode.bits32", "image.mode.grayscale"] {
+        let (s, pixel, smart) = converted(cmd);
+        let st = s.active().unwrap();
+        let layer = st.doc.layer(smart).unwrap().clone();
+        let mut rerendered = layer.clone();
+        smart_cmds::refresh_layer(&st.doc, &mut rerendered).unwrap();
+        let (LayerContent::Smart(stored), LayerContent::Smart(fresh)) = (&layer.content, &rerendered.content) else { panic!("not a smart object") };
+        let (stored, fresh) = (stored.cache.as_ref().unwrap(), fresh.cache.as_ref().unwrap());
+        let reference = st.doc.layer(pixel).unwrap().surface().unwrap();
+        let drift = mean_difference(stored, fresh);
+        assert!(drift < 1.0, "{cmd}: a re-render drifts {drift:.2}/255 from the converted rendering");
+        let (off, baseline) = (mean_difference(fresh, reference), mean_difference(stored, reference));
+        assert!(
+            off <= baseline + 0.5,
+            "{cmd}: the re-render is {off:.2}/255 from a pixel layer converted the same way, the converted rendering {baseline:.2}/255"
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/smart_psd.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/smart_psd.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/engine/tests/smart_psd.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/smart_psd.rs
index 5bba21f122..4aeda1519b 100644
--- a/crates/engine/tests/smart_psd.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tests/it/smart_psd.rs
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ fn photoshop_samples() {
 }
 
 /// PSD export of a 24 MP smart object versus the same layer as pixels (release:
-/// `cargo test --release -p photocraft-engine --test smart_psd -- --ignored --nocapture perf`).
+/// `cargo test --release -p photocraft-engine --test it -- --ignored --nocapture smart_psd::perf`).
 #[test]
 #[ignore = "benchmark"]
 fn perf_24mp_smart_object_export() {
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/style_and_align.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/style_and_align.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/style_and_align.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/style_and_align.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/svg_smart_object.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/svg_smart_object.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/svg_smart_object.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/svg_smart_object.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/transform_budget_unclamped.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/transform_budget_unclamped.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/transform_budget_unclamped.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/transform_budget_unclamped.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/type_format_targets.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/type_format_targets.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/type_format_targets.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/type_format_targets.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/it/type_postscript_font.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/type_postscript_font.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..06171d7d84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/engine/tests/it/type_postscript_font.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+//! `type.create` accepts an exact PostScript face name in its font field.
+
+use photocraft_doc::{LayerContent, LayerId};
+use photocraft_engine::Session;
+use serde_json::json;
+
+fn font_with_postscript_name(source: &[u8], postscript: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut bytes = source.to_vec();
+    let count = u16::from_be_bytes(bytes[4..6].try_into().unwrap()) as usize;
+    let name_record = (0..count).map(|i| 12 + i * 16).find(|r| &bytes[*r..r + 4] == b"name").unwrap();
+    for i in 0..count {
+        let r = 12 + i * 16;
+        let offset = u32::from_be_bytes(bytes[r + 8..r + 12].try_into().unwrap()) as usize;
+        if &bytes[r..r + 4] == b"OS/2" {
+            bytes[offset + 4..offset + 6].copy_from_slice(&900u16.to_be_bytes());
+        }
+    }
+    let names = [(1u16, "PhotoCraft Black Test"), (2, "Black"), (6, postscript), (16, "PhotoCraft Black Test"), (17, "Black")];
+    let mut table = Vec::new();
+    let mut strings = Vec::new();
+    for value in [0u16, names.len() as u16, (6 + names.len() * 12) as u16] {
+        table.extend(value.to_be_bytes());
+    }
+    for (id, value) in names {
+        let encoded: Vec<_> = value.encode_utf16().flat_map(u16::to_be_bytes).collect();
+        for n in [3u16, 1, 0x409, id, encoded.len() as u16, strings.len() as u16] {
+            table.extend(n.to_be_bytes());
+        }
+        strings.extend(encoded);
+    }
+    table.extend(strings);
+    let offset = bytes.len() as u32;
+    bytes[name_record + 8..name_record + 12].copy_from_slice(&offset.to_be_bytes());
+    bytes[name_record + 12..name_record + 16].copy_from_slice(&(table.len() as u32).to_be_bytes());
+    bytes.extend(table);
+    bytes
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn type_create_resolves_exact_postscript_font_names() {
+    let ps = "PhotoCraft-Black-Test";
+    photocraft_text::shared()
+        .lock()
+        .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner())
+        .fonts
+        .register_font_data(font_with_postscript_name(photocraft_text::fonts::INTER_REGULAR.as_slice(), ps));
+
+    let mut session = Session::new();
+    session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 100, "background": "transparent"})).unwrap();
+    let response = session.execute("type.create", json!({"text": "Test", "font": ps})).unwrap();
+    assert!(response["warnings"].as_array().is_none_or(Vec::is_empty), "{response}");
+    let id = LayerId(response["layer"].as_u64().unwrap());
+    let LayerContent::Text(text) = &session.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().content else { panic!("not a text layer") };
+    let style = &text.char_runs()[0].style;
+    assert_eq!(style.font_family, "PhotoCraft Black Test");
+    assert_eq!(style.postscript_name.as_deref(), Some(ps));
+    assert_eq!(style.weight, 900);
+
+    let regular = session.execute("type.create", json!({"text": "Test", "font": "Inter"})).unwrap();
+    assert!(regular["warnings"].as_array().is_none_or(Vec::is_empty), "{regular}");
+    let missing = session.execute("type.create", json!({"text": "Test", "font": "No Such Family 123"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(missing["warnings"], json!(["font 'No Such Family 123' is not installed; text may render using a fallback face"]));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn exact_postscript_face_clears_retained_weight_variation() {
+    let ps = "PhotoCraft-Black-Test-Var";
+    photocraft_text::shared()
+        .lock()
+        .unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner())
+        .fonts
+        .register_font_data(font_with_postscript_name(photocraft_text::fonts::INTER_REGULAR.as_slice(), ps));
+
+    let mut session = Session::new();
+    session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 100, "background": "transparent"})).unwrap();
+    let response = session.execute("type.create", json!({"text": "Test", "font": "Inter", "variations": {"wght": 300}})).unwrap();
+    let id = LayerId(response["layer"].as_u64().unwrap());
+
+    // Setting an exact PostScript face should clear the previously retained wght variation
+    session.execute("type.setStyle", json!({"layer": id.0, "font": ps})).unwrap();
+    let LayerContent::Text(text) = &session.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().content else { panic!("not a text layer") };
+    let style = &text.char_runs()[0].style;
+    assert_eq!(style.font_family, "PhotoCraft Black Test");
+    assert_eq!(style.weight, 900);
+    assert!(!style.variations.iter().any(|v| v.axis == "wght"));
+
+    // Supplying a variations.wght in the same call should apply after clearing
+    session.execute("type.setStyle", json!({"layer": id.0, "font": ps, "variations": {"wght": 700}})).unwrap();
+    let LayerContent::Text(text2) = &session.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().content else { panic!("not a text layer") };
+    let style2 = &text2.char_runs()[0].style;
+    assert_eq!(style2.font_family, "PhotoCraft Black Test");
+    assert_eq!(style2.weight, 900);
+    assert_eq!(style2.variations.iter().find(|v| v.axis == "wght").map(|v| v.value), Some(700.0));
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/undo_keeps_active_layer.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/undo_keeps_active_layer.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/undo_keeps_active_layer.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/undo_keeps_active_layer.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/unicode_colors.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/unicode_colors.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/unicode_colors.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/unicode_colors.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/it/unsupported_smart_filters.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/unsupported_smart_filters.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8861fea4d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/engine/tests/it/unsupported_smart_filters.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+use photocraft_doc::{LayerContent, LayerId, SmartFilter};
+use photocraft_engine::{Session, smart_cmds};
+use serde_json::json;
+
+const STORED: [f32; 4] = [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0];
+
+fn mockup() -> (Session, LayerId) {
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 40, "height": 30})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"contents": "color", "color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject", json!({})).unwrap();
+    let id = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+    s.edit("imported filter", |doc, _| {
+        let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &mut doc.layer_mut(id).unwrap().content else { panic!("not a smart object") };
+        sm.smart_filters.push(SmartFilter {
+            command: "psd.unsupportedFilter".into(),
+            params: json!({"name": "Sharpen", "filterID": 1399353968, "psd": ""}),
+            blend: photocraft_color::BlendMode::Normal,
+            opacity: 1.0,
+            visible: true,
+        });
+        let c = sm.cache.as_mut().unwrap();
+        let r = c.content_bounds();
+        c.fill_rect(r, &STORED);
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+    (s, id)
+}
+
+fn cache(s: &Session, id: LayerId) -> photocraft_raster::Surface {
+    let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().content else { panic!("not a smart object") };
+    sm.cache.clone().unwrap()
+}
+
+fn png() -> Vec<u8> {
+    let image = photocraft_codecs::Image::from_u8(8, 8, photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgb, vec![0; 8 * 8 * 3]).unwrap();
+    photocraft_codecs::encode(&image, photocraft_codecs::Format::Png, &Default::default()).unwrap()
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn geometry_edits_keep_the_stored_render_of_an_unsupported_filter() {
+    for (cmd, params) in [("edit.transform", json!({"scaleX": 50, "scaleY": 50})), ("image.imageSize", json!({"width": 20, "height": 15}))] {
+        let (mut s, id) = mockup();
+        let before = cache(&s, id).content_bounds();
+        s.execute(cmd, params).unwrap();
+        let after = cache(&s, id);
+        let r = after.content_bounds();
+        assert!(r.width() < before.width(), "{cmd} resized the stored render");
+        assert_eq!(after.rgba((r.x0 + r.x1) / 2, (r.y0 + r.y1) / 2), STORED, "{cmd} kept the stored render");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn replacing_contents_reports_the_filters_it_cannot_apply() {
+    let (mut s, id) = mockup();
+    let r = smart_cmds::replace_contents_bytes(&mut s, id, "new.png", png()).unwrap();
+    let warnings = r["warnings"].as_array().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(warnings.len(), 1, "{r}");
+    assert!(warnings[0].as_str().unwrap().contains("Sharpen"), "{r}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn supported_filters_still_re_render_after_a_transform() {
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 40, "height": 30})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"contents": "color", "color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject", json!({})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("filter.blur.gaussianBlur", json!({"radius": 2})).unwrap();
+    let id = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+    s.edit("stale cache", |doc, _| {
+        let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &mut doc.layer_mut(id).unwrap().content else { panic!("not a smart object") };
+        let c = sm.cache.as_mut().unwrap();
+        let r = c.content_bounds();
+        c.fill_rect(r, &STORED);
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+    s.execute("edit.transform", json!({"scaleX": 50, "scaleY": 50})).unwrap();
+    let c = cache(&s, id);
+    let r = c.content_bounds();
+    assert_ne!(c.rgba((r.x0 + r.x1) / 2, (r.y0 + r.y1) / 2), STORED, "a supported filter re-renders from the source");
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/wand_transparent_copy.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/wand_transparent_copy.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/wand_transparent_copy.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/wand_transparent_copy.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/working_rgb_profile.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/working_rgb_profile.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/engine/tests/working_rgb_profile.rs
rename to crates/engine/tests/it/working_rgb_profile.rs
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/it/xmp_charref.rs b/crates/engine/tests/it/xmp_charref.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a4b98da4e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/engine/tests/it/xmp_charref.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+use photocraft_engine::file_cmds::read_file_info;
+
+#[test]
+fn numeric_character_references_are_decoded() {
+    let xmp = "<x:xmpmeta xmlns:x=\"adobe:ns:meta/\"><rdf:RDF><rdf:Description>\
+        <dc:description><rdf:Alt><rdf:li xml:lang=\"x-default\">Line one&#xA;Line two &#169; &#38; co &#x41; &amp;#38;</rdf:li></rdf:Alt></dc:description>\
+        </rdf:Description></rdf:RDF></x:xmpmeta>";
+    let info = read_file_info(Some(xmp));
+    assert_eq!(info["description"], "Line one\nLine two © & co A &#38;");
+}
+
+/// Many `&` with no `;` near them stay literal, and are scanned a bounded distance each (a
+/// multi-megabyte XMP once made this quadratic).
+#[test]
+fn a_long_run_of_ampersands_without_semicolons_is_left_unchanged() {
+    let run = "&".repeat(200_000);
+    let xmp = format!(
+        "<x:xmpmeta xmlns:x=\"adobe:ns:meta/\"><rdf:RDF><rdf:Description>\
+        <dc:description><rdf:Alt><rdf:li xml:lang=\"x-default\">{run}</rdf:li></rdf:Alt></dc:description>\
+        </rdf:Description></rdf:RDF></x:xmpmeta>"
+    );
+    let info = read_file_info(Some(&xmp));
+    assert_eq!(info["description"], run.as_str());
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/live_dab_matches_replay.rs b/crates/engine/tests/live_dab_matches_replay.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aae7e32b53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/engine/tests/live_dab_matches_replay.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+use photocraft_engine::{Session, retouch_cmds::LiveDab};
+use photocraft_paint::StrokePoint;
+use serde_json::json;
+
+fn setup(depth: u32, mode: &str) -> Session {
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width":200,"height":120,"depth":depth,"mode":mode})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+    s.edit("texture", |doc, active| {
+        let bounds = doc.bounds();
+        let surf = doc.layer_mut(active.unwrap()).unwrap().surface_mut().unwrap();
+        let fmt = surf.format();
+        let mut px = Vec::new();
+        for y in 0..120 {
+            for x in 0..200 {
+                px.extend(photocraft_raster::from_rgba(
+                    &fmt,
+                    [((x * 7 + y * 3) % 31) as f32 / 31.0, x as f32 / 200.0, y as f32 / 120.0, 0.4 + ((x + y) % 7) as f32 / 12.0],
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+        surf.write_region(bounds, &px);
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+    s
+}
+
+fn pixels(s: &Session) -> Vec<f32> {
+    let st = s.active().unwrap();
+    st.doc.layer(st.active_layer.unwrap()).unwrap().surface().unwrap().read_region(st.doc.bounds())
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn pressure_shape_and_smoothing_match_replay() {
+    let mut failures = Vec::new();
+    for cmd in ["paint.smudge", "paint.blur", "paint.sharpen", "paint.dodge", "paint.burn", "paint.sponge"] {
+        for case in ["pressure", "locked", "ellipse", "smoothing", "scattering"] {
+            for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
+                let mut s = setup(depth, "rgb");
+                match case {
+                    "locked" => {
+                        s.edit("lock alpha", |doc, active| {
+                            doc.layer_mut(active.unwrap()).unwrap().locks.transparency = true;
+                            Ok(())
+                        })
+                        .unwrap();
+                    }
+                    "ellipse" => {
+                        s.tools.brush.roundness = 0.2;
+                        s.tools.brush.angle = 37.0;
+                    }
+                    "smoothing" => {
+                        s.tools.brush.smoothing.amount = 0.6;
+                    }
+                    "scattering" => {
+                        s.tools.brush.scattering.enabled = true;
+                        s.tools.brush.scattering.scatter.jitter = 1.0;
+                    }
+                    _ => {}
+                }
+                let points = [[40.0, 40.0, 0.1], [65.0, 50.0, 0.4], [100.0, 60.0, 1.0], [140.0, 70.0, 0.7], [60.0, 40.0, 0.2]];
+                let params = json!({"points":points,"size":40,"hardness":70,"strength":80,"opacity":55,"spacing":25});
+                s.execute(cmd, params.clone()).unwrap();
+                let want = pixels(&s);
+                s.execute("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+                let mut start = params.clone();
+                start["points"] = json!([points[0]]);
+                let mut live = LiveDab::begin(&s, cmd, &start).unwrap();
+                for q in &points[1..] {
+                    live.push(&[StrokePoint::new(q[0], q[1], q[2] as f32)]).unwrap();
+                }
+                s.offer_live_dab(live).unwrap();
+                let result = s.execute(cmd, params).unwrap();
+                assert_eq!(result["fromLive"], true);
+                let got = pixels(&s);
+                let count = got.iter().zip(&want).filter(|(a, b)| a != b).count();
+                let max = got.iter().zip(&want).map(|(a, b)| (a - b).abs()).fold(0.0f32, f32::max);
+                if count > 0 {
+                    failures.push(format!("{cmd} {case} depth={depth}: {count} channels differ, max={max}"));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    assert!(failures.is_empty(), "{}", failures.join("\n"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn native_modes_selection_and_lock_match_replay() {
+    for mode in ["rgb", "gray", "cmyk", "lab"] {
+        for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
+            let mut s = setup(depth, mode);
+            s.edit("lock alpha", |doc, active| {
+                doc.layer_mut(active.unwrap()).unwrap().locks.transparency = true;
+                Ok(())
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+            s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x":30,"y":20,"width":110,"height":60})).unwrap();
+            let points = [[-10.0, 30.0], [80.0, 50.0], [160.0, 80.0], [60.0, 60.0]];
+            for cmd in ["paint.blur", "paint.sharpen", "paint.dodge", "paint.burn", "paint.sponge", "paint.smudge"] {
+                let params = json!({"points":points,"size":30,"hardness":40,"strength":70,"opacity":37});
+                let expected_damage = s.execute(cmd, params.clone()).unwrap()["damage"].clone();
+                let want = pixels(&s);
+                s.execute("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+                let mut start = params.clone();
+                start["points"] = json!([points[0]]);
+                let mut live = LiveDab::begin(&s, cmd, &start).unwrap();
+                for q in &points[1..] {
+                    live.push(&[StrokePoint::new(q[0], q[1], 1.0)]).unwrap();
+                }
+                s.offer_live_dab(live).unwrap();
+                let result = s.execute(cmd, params).unwrap();
+                assert_eq!(result["fromLive"], true);
+                assert_eq!(result["damage"], expected_damage);
+                assert_eq!(pixels(&s), want, "{mode} {depth} {cmd}");
+                s.execute("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn changed_document_refuses_live_pixels() {
+    let mut s = setup(8, "rgb");
+    let p = json!({"points":[[40,40],[80,60]],"size":30});
+    let live = LiveDab::begin(&s, "paint.blur", &p).unwrap();
+    s.execute("paint.stroke", json!({"points":[[40,40],[80,60]],"color":"#ffffff","size":20})).unwrap();
+    let mut replay = Session::new();
+    replay.add_document((*s.active().unwrap().doc).clone(), None);
+    replay.tools.brush = s.tools.brush.clone();
+    s.offer_live_dab(live).unwrap();
+    assert!(s.execute("paint.blur", p.clone()).unwrap().get("fromLive").is_none());
+    replay.execute("paint.blur", p).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(pixels(&s), pixels(&replay));
+}
+
+/// An independent paint-level oracle gives Smudge a generously padded working region. Pixels
+/// picked up by the initial small dab must not depend on the final stroke's bounding rectangle.
+#[test]
+fn smudge_pickup_matches_full_neighborhood_when_pressure_expands() {
+    use photocraft_paint::{
+        Stroke,
+        retouch::{Smudge, apply_dab_stroke},
+    };
+
+    let points = [[40.0, 40.0, 0.1], [65.0, 50.0, 0.4], [100.0, 60.0, 1.0], [140.0, 70.0, 0.7], [60.0, 40.0, 0.2]];
+    for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
+        let mut s = setup(depth, "rgb");
+        let params = json!({"points":points,"size":40,"hardness":70,"strength":80,"opacity":55,"spacing":25});
+        let (mut expected, lock) = {
+            let st = s.active().unwrap();
+            let id = st.active_layer.unwrap();
+            (st.doc.layer(id).unwrap().surface().unwrap().clone(), st.doc.effective_locks(id).transparency)
+        };
+        let stroke = Stroke {
+            brush: photocraft_engine::retouch_cmds::stroke_brush(&s.tools.brush, &params),
+            points: points.iter().map(|q| StrokePoint::new(q[0], q[1], q[2] as f32)).collect(),
+        };
+        let mut effect = Smudge::new(0.8, None, 40.0).with_alpha(Some(3));
+        apply_dab_stroke(&mut expected, &stroke, None, lock, 40, |work, fp| effect.dab(work, fp));
+        let bounds = s.active().unwrap().doc.bounds();
+        let want = expected.read_region(bounds);
+        s.execute("paint.smudge", params.clone()).unwrap();
+        assert!(pixels(&s) == want, "command must read the whole pickup square at depth {depth}");
+        s.execute("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+        let live = LiveDab::begin(&s, "paint.smudge", &params).unwrap();
+        s.offer_live_dab(live).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(s.execute("paint.smudge", params).unwrap()["fromLive"], true);
+        assert!(pixels(&s) == want, "a single batch uses the same pickup square at depth {depth}");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn pressure_sized_live_dabs_commit_only_the_requested_mask_or_channel() {
+    use photocraft_raster::Surface;
+
+    let fill = |surface: &mut Surface| {
+        let values: Vec<f32> = (0..120).flat_map(|y| (0..200).map(move |x| ((x * 7 + y * 3) % 31) as f32 / 31.0)).collect();
+        surface.write_region(photocraft_geom::Rect::new(0, 0, 200, 120), &values);
+    };
+    for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
+        let mut s = setup(depth, "rgb");
+        s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.layerMask.revealAll", json!({})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("channel.new", json!({"fill":"white"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("select.editInQuickMaskMode", json!({"on":true})).unwrap();
+        s.edit("mask texture", |doc, active| {
+            fill(&mut doc.layer_mut(active.unwrap()).unwrap().mask.as_mut().unwrap().surface);
+            fill(&mut doc.channels[0].surface);
+            fill(&mut doc.quick_mask.as_mut().unwrap().surface);
+            Ok(())
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+        let before = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+        for target in [json!("mask"), json!({"channel":0}), json!("quickMask")] {
+            for cmd in ["paint.smudge", "paint.blur", "paint.sharpen", "paint.dodge", "paint.burn", "paint.sponge"] {
+                let points = [[40.0, 40.0, 0.1], [65.0, 50.0, 0.4], [100.0, 60.0, 1.0], [140.0, 70.0, 0.7], [60.0, 40.0, 0.2]];
+                let params = json!({"target":target,"points":points,"size":40,"hardness":70,"strength":80,"opacity":55,"spacing":25});
+                s.execute(cmd, params.clone()).unwrap();
+                let want = s.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+                s.execute("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+                let mut start = params.clone();
+                start["points"] = json!([points[0]]);
+                let mut live = LiveDab::begin(&s, cmd, &start).unwrap();
+                for q in &points[1..] {
+                    live.push(&[StrokePoint::new(q[0], q[1], q[2] as f32)]).unwrap();
+                }
+                s.offer_live_dab(live).unwrap();
+                assert_eq!(s.execute(cmd, params).unwrap()["fromLive"], true);
+                assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc, want, "depth={depth} {cmd} target={target}");
+                s.execute("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+                assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().doc, before);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/panic_hunt.rs b/crates/engine/tests/panic_hunt.rs
index 893ba5c23d..91f42be306 100644
--- a/crates/engine/tests/panic_hunt.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/tests/panic_hunt.rs
@@ -30,9 +30,14 @@ static PANICS: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);
 /// One run at a time, so a panic is charged to the run that caused it.
 static RUN: Mutex<()> = Mutex::new(());
 
-/// Run `f` on a worker thread. `None` if it timed out, else whether it finished without
-/// panicking, contained or not (returning Ok or a graceful Err both count).
-fn run_watched(f: impl FnOnce() + Send + 'static) -> Option<bool> {
+/// Budget for the self-test below, which checks how panics are counted, not hangs. The panic hook
+/// prints a backtrace under `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` (as in CI), and on a loaded Windows runner the
+/// first symbol lookup alone can take 15–20 s.
+const SELF_TEST_DEADLINE: Duration = Duration::from_secs(120);
+
+/// Run `f` on a worker thread. `None` if it took longer than `deadline`, else whether it
+/// finished without panicking, contained or not (returning Ok or a graceful Err both count).
+fn run_watched(deadline: Duration, f: impl FnOnce() + Send + 'static) -> Option<bool> {
     static HOOK: Once = Once::new();
     HOOK.call_once(|| {
         let default = std::panic::take_hook();
@@ -48,13 +53,13 @@ fn run_watched(f: impl FnOnce() + Send + 'static) -> Option<bool> {
         let r = catch_unwind(AssertUnwindSafe(f));
         let _ = tx.send(r.is_ok());
     });
-    rx.recv_timeout(DEADLINE).ok().map(|ok| ok && PANICS.load(Ordering::SeqCst) == before)
+    rx.recv_timeout(deadline).ok().map(|ok| ok && PANICS.load(Ordering::SeqCst) == before)
 }
 
 /// Run `id` with `p` on a fresh session; see [`run_watched`].
 fn run_once(id: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<bool> {
     let (id, p) = (id.to_string(), p.clone());
-    run_watched(move || {
+    run_watched(DEADLINE, move || {
         let mut s = fresh();
         let _ = s.execute(&id, p);
     })
@@ -107,11 +112,11 @@ fn no_command_panics_or_hangs_on_adversarial_params() {
 /// #4982: a panic the code under test contains still fails the run; a graceful `Err` does not.
 #[test]
 fn contained_panics_count_and_graceful_errors_do_not() {
-    let contained = run_watched(|| {
+    let contained = run_watched(SELF_TEST_DEADLINE, || {
         let _ = catch_unwind(|| panic!("contained, as Session::execute does"));
     });
     assert_eq!(contained, Some(false));
-    let graceful = run_watched(|| {
+    let graceful = run_watched(SELF_TEST_DEADLINE, || {
         let mut s = fresh();
         assert!(s.execute("layer.delete", json!({"layer": 999999})).is_err());
     });
diff --git a/crates/engine/tests/smart_rerender_fallback.rs b/crates/engine/tests/smart_rerender_fallback.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1359ec0aeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/engine/tests/smart_rerender_fallback.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use photocraft_doc::{LayerContent, SmartObject, SmartSource};
+use photocraft_engine::{EngineError, Session};
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+
+fn deny_blur(id: &str, _: &Value) -> photocraft_engine::Result<()> {
+    if id == "filter.blur.gaussianBlur" { Err(EngineError::Other("denied".into())) } else { Ok(()) }
+}
+
+fn edits() -> [(&'static str, Value); 2] {
+    [("edit.transform", json!({"scaleX": 50, "scaleY": 100})), ("image.imageSize", json!({"width": 100, "height": 50}))]
+}
+
+fn blurred_smart_object() -> Session {
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 100})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 20, "y": 20, "width": 100, "height": 50})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"contents": "color", "color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("select.deselect", json!({})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject", json!({})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("filter.blur.gaussianBlur", json!({"radius": 2})).unwrap();
+    s
+}
+
+fn cache_width(s: &Session) -> i32 {
+    let st = s.active().unwrap();
+    let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &st.doc.layer(st.active_layer.unwrap()).unwrap().content else { panic!("not a smart object") };
+    sm.cache.as_ref().unwrap().content_bounds().width() as i32
+}
+
+fn edit_smart_object(s: &mut Session, edit: impl FnOnce(&mut SmartObject)) {
+    let st = s.active_mut().unwrap();
+    let id = st.active_layer.unwrap();
+    let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &mut Arc::make_mut(&mut st.doc).layer_mut(id).unwrap().content else { panic!("not a smart object") };
+    edit(sm);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_smart_object_whose_filters_are_denied_keeps_the_resampled_fallback() {
+    for (cmd, params) in edits() {
+        let mut s = blurred_smart_object();
+        let before = cache_width(&s);
+        s.authorize = Some(deny_blur);
+        s.execute(cmd, params).unwrap();
+        let after = cache_width(&s);
+        assert!(after < before * 3 / 4, "{cmd}: the fallback stayed at {after} px wide (was {before})");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_smart_object_that_fails_to_re_render_keeps_the_resampled_fallback() {
+    let unrenderable =
+        [SmartSource::Linked { path: "missing.psd".into() }, SmartSource::Embedded { file_name: "broken.png".into(), bytes: Arc::new(vec![0; 16]) }];
+    for (cmd, params) in edits() {
+        for source in &unrenderable {
+            let mut s = blurred_smart_object();
+            let before = cache_width(&s);
+            edit_smart_object(&mut s, |sm| sm.source = source.clone());
+            s.execute(cmd, params.clone()).unwrap();
+            let after = cache_width(&s);
+            assert!(after < before * 3 / 4, "{cmd} with {source:?}: the fallback stayed at {after} px wide (was {before})");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn an_allowed_smart_object_still_re_renders_at_the_new_size() {
+    for (cmd, params) in edits() {
+        let mut s = blurred_smart_object();
+        let before = cache_width(&s);
+        s.execute(cmd, params).unwrap();
+        let after = cache_width(&s);
+        assert!(after < before * 3 / 4, "{cmd}: {after} px wide (was {before})");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/format/src/atomic.rs b/crates/format/src/atomic.rs
index 3a4aeca6c0..8cd349efff 100644
--- a/crates/format/src/atomic.rs
+++ b/crates/format/src/atomic.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,9 @@
 //!
 //! [`atomic_write`] never truncates the destination. It writes a temporary file in the **same
 //! directory**, flushes it to stable storage (`sync_all`), renames it over the destination and,
-//! on Unix, fsyncs the directory so the rename itself survives a power loss. If anything fails,
-//! the destination keeps its previous bytes and the temporary file is removed.
+//! flushes the directory so the rename itself survives a power loss. Failures before replacement
+//! keep the destination's previous bytes. On Windows a failed publication flush reports that the
+//! new file is in place but its durability could not be confirmed (#7858).
 //!
 //! - **Windows:** antivirus scanners and the search indexer briefly hold files open, which makes
 //!   the replacing rename fail with `PermissionDenied`. The rename is retried with exponential
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ pub trait AtomicFs {
     fn rename(&self, from: &Path, to: &Path) -> io::Result<()>;
     /// Remove a (temporary) file.
     fn remove(&self, path: &Path) -> io::Result<()>;
-    /// Flush a directory entry change (Unix); a no-op elsewhere.
+    /// Flush a directory entry change on Unix and Windows; a no-op elsewhere.
     fn sync_dir(&self, dir: &Path) -> io::Result<()>;
     /// Copy the metadata a replacement should keep — mode, extended attributes, ACL — from the
     /// file about to be replaced onto the temporary file. Best effort; see [`meta`].
@@ -100,12 +101,27 @@ impl AtomicFs for RealFs {
     fn remove(&self, path: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {
         std::fs::remove_file(path)
     }
+    /// Flush directory publication using a directory handle on Unix and Windows.
+    /// Windows requests only `FILE_ADD_FILE`; opening or flushing the handle can fail the save.
     fn sync_dir(&self, dir: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {
         #[cfg(unix)]
         {
-            sync_file(&std::fs::File::open(dir)?)
+            open_dir_for_sync(dir)?.map_or(Ok(()), |d| sync_file(&d))
         }
-        #[cfg(not(unix))]
+        #[cfg(windows)]
+        {
+            use std::os::windows::fs::OpenOptionsExt;
+
+            // FILE_ADD_FILE is the directory equivalent of FILE_WRITE_DATA. Requesting only
+            // this right permits FlushFileBuffers without requiring GENERIC_WRITE's additional
+            // directory permissions. BACKUP_SEMANTICS opens a directory, not a volume: no
+            // administrative privilege or volume-wide flush is needed.
+            const FILE_ADD_FILE: u32 = 0x0002;
+            const FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS: u32 = 0x0200_0000;
+            let directory = std::fs::OpenOptions::new().access_mode(FILE_ADD_FILE).custom_flags(FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS).open(dir)?;
+            directory.sync_all()
+        }
+        #[cfg(not(any(unix, windows)))]
         {
             let _ = dir;
             Ok(())
@@ -172,8 +188,8 @@ impl RenameRetry {
 
 /// Atomically replace (or create) `path` with `bytes`. See the module docs.
 ///
-/// Errors keep their [`io::ErrorKind`] and say what happened and that the original file is
-/// unchanged.
+/// Errors keep their [`io::ErrorKind`]. Before replacement they say the original is unchanged;
+/// a Windows publication-flush error says the new file may not survive a power loss.
 pub fn atomic_write(path: &Path, bytes: &[u8]) -> io::Result<()> {
     atomic_write_with(&RealFs, RenameRetry::platform(), path, bytes)
 }
@@ -238,12 +254,79 @@ pub fn atomic_write_with_progress(fs: &dyn AtomicFs, retry: RenameRetry, path: &
         let _ = fs.remove(&tmp);
         return Err(rename_error(e, path));
     }
-    // The new bytes are in place; a failed directory fsync can't be undone and must not report
-    // the save as failed, so it is best effort.
-    let _ = fs.sync_dir(&dir);
+    // The new bytes are in place, but until the directory is flushed the rename may not survive
+    // a power loss (#4968). Windows fails the save on any failed flush (#7858). Elsewhere a file
+    // system that can't flush directories at all counts as done; any other failure is reported,
+    // so the caller keeps the document unsaved and its recovery data instead of discarding them
+    // on a save that may not last.
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    fs.sync_dir(&dir).map_err(|e| publication_error(e, path))?;
+    #[cfg(not(windows))]
+    dir_synced(fs.sync_dir(&dir)).map_err(|e| unconfirmed_error(e, path))?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
+/// `dir` opened to flush it, or `None` when it can't be opened for that because it has no read
+/// permission (a write-and-search-only folder): no flush can be attempted there, so none failed.
+/// Any other error is returned.
+#[cfg(unix)]
+fn open_dir_for_sync(dir: &Path) -> io::Result<Option<std::fs::File>> {
+    match std::fs::File::open(dir) {
+        Ok(d) => Ok(Some(d)),
+        Err(e) if e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied => Ok(None),
+        Err(e) => Err(e),
+    }
+}
+
+/// `result` of flushing a directory, with "this file system can't flush directories" counted as
+/// success: `EINVAL` (Linux file systems without directory fsync), `ENOTSUP`/`EOPNOTSUPP` and,
+/// on Apple platforms, `ENOTTY`, or [`io::ErrorKind::Unsupported`]. Waiting or retrying won't
+/// change those, and failing every save there would make saving impossible. Any other error is
+/// returned: the flush was attempted and failed.
+#[cfg(not(windows))]
+pub(crate) fn dir_synced(result: io::Result<()>) -> io::Result<()> {
+    match result {
+        Err(e) if dir_sync_unsupported(&e) => Ok(()),
+        other => other,
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(windows))]
+fn dir_sync_unsupported(e: &io::Error) -> bool {
+    if e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::Unsupported {
+        return true;
+    }
+    // errno values: EINVAL is 22 everywhere; ENOTSUP and EOPNOTSUPP are 95 on Linux and
+    // Android, 45 and 102 on Apple platforms, 45 on the BSDs; ENOTTY is 25. Elsewhere 45 means
+    // something else (illumos: EDEADLK), so only EINVAL and `Unsupported` count there.
+    const EINVAL: i32 = 22;
+    let unsupported: &[i32] = if cfg!(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android")) {
+        &[EINVAL, 95]
+    } else if cfg!(target_vendor = "apple") {
+        &[EINVAL, 45, 102, 25]
+    } else if cfg!(any(target_os = "freebsd", target_os = "openbsd", target_os = "netbsd", target_os = "dragonfly")) {
+        &[EINVAL, 45]
+    } else if cfg!(unix) {
+        &[EINVAL]
+    } else {
+        &[]
+    };
+    e.raw_os_error().is_some_and(|code| unsupported.contains(&code))
+}
+
+/// The error for a file that was published but whose directory flush failed: same kind, saying
+/// the file is in place but may not survive a power loss. (Windows reports `publication_error`.)
+#[cfg(not(windows))]
+fn unconfirmed_error(e: io::Error, path: &Path) -> io::Error {
+    context(
+        e,
+        format!(
+            "{} was written, but the folder could not be flushed to disk, so the save may not survive a power loss or crash; save again or to another folder",
+            path.display()
+        ),
+    )
+}
+
 /// Run `rename`, retrying with backoff while it fails with `PermissionDenied` (see
 /// [`RenameRetry`]). For callers that rename through their own handles (capability directories).
 pub fn retry_rename(retry: RenameRetry, mut rename: impl FnMut() -> io::Result<()>) -> io::Result<()> {
@@ -316,6 +399,15 @@ fn context(e: io::Error, msg: String) -> io::Error {
 
 const UNCHANGED: &str = "the original file was not changed";
 
+/// Replacement already happened: never claim that the original file is unchanged or undo it.
+#[cfg(windows)]
+pub(crate) fn publication_error(error: io::Error, path: &Path) -> io::Error {
+    io::Error::new(
+        error.kind(),
+        format!("wrote {}, but could not confirm the save is durable; it may not survive a power loss or crash: {error}", path.display()),
+    )
+}
+
 fn write_error(e: io::Error, path: &Path, dir: &Path) -> io::Error {
     let msg = match e.kind() {
         io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied | io::ErrorKind::ReadOnlyFilesystem => {
diff --git a/crates/format/src/atomic/tests.rs b/crates/format/src/atomic/tests.rs
index d4381705a0..bc26ae6d0a 100644
--- a/crates/format/src/atomic/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/format/src/atomic/tests.rs
@@ -41,6 +41,10 @@ struct Faulty {
     /// Fail the first N renames with PermissionDenied (a transient lock), then succeed.
     locked_renames: Cell<u32>,
     renames: Cell<u32>,
+    /// Fail the directory flush (the durability barrier after publication, #4968, #7858)
+    /// with this raw OS error, or with this kind.
+    fail_sync_dir: Option<Result<i32, io::ErrorKind>>,
+    synced: Cell<u32>,
 }
 
 impl AtomicFs for Faulty {
@@ -66,8 +70,14 @@ impl AtomicFs for Faulty {
     fn remove(&self, path: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {
         RealFs.remove(path)
     }
+    /// Count publication barriers and optionally fail before the real directory flush.
     fn sync_dir(&self, dir: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {
-        RealFs.sync_dir(dir)
+        self.synced.set(self.synced.get() + 1);
+        match self.fail_sync_dir {
+            Some(Ok(code)) => Err(io::Error::from_raw_os_error(code)),
+            Some(Err(kind)) => Err(io::Error::new(kind, "injected directory flush failure")),
+            None => RealFs.sync_dir(dir),
+        }
     }
     fn copy_metadata(&self, from: &Path, to: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {
         RealFs.copy_metadata(from, to)
@@ -76,6 +86,39 @@ impl AtomicFs for Faulty {
 
 const NO_RETRY: RenameRetry = RenameRetry { attempts: 0, first_delay_ms: 0 };
 
+/// A successful rename does not establish power-loss durability. A failed Windows publication
+/// barrier must leave the new bytes in place, report uncertainty, and allow a subsequent retry.
+#[cfg(windows)]
+#[test]
+fn a_failed_publication_flush_is_reported_and_can_be_retried() {
+    let d = TempDir::new("publication-flush");
+    let p = d.0.join("document.pcraft");
+    std::fs::write(&p, ORIGINAL).unwrap();
+    let fs = Faulty { fail_sync_dir: Some(Err(io::ErrorKind::Other)), ..Default::default() };
+
+    let error = atomic_write_with(&fs, NO_RETRY, &p, b"new document").unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(fs.synced.get(), 1, "{error}");
+    assert_eq!(error.kind(), io::ErrorKind::Other);
+    assert!(error.to_string().contains("document.pcraft"), "{error}");
+    assert!(error.to_string().contains("may not survive"), "{error}");
+    assert!(!error.to_string().contains(UNCHANGED), "the replacement already happened: {error}");
+    assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&p).unwrap(), b"new document");
+    assert_no_temp(&d.0);
+
+    atomic_write(&p, b"retried document").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&p).unwrap(), b"retried document");
+    assert_no_temp(&d.0);
+}
+
+/// A real Windows directory handle must flush successfully and preserve directory-open errors.
+#[cfg(windows)]
+#[test]
+fn windows_directory_flush_opens_a_directory_and_reports_open_errors() {
+    let d = TempDir::new("sync-directory");
+    RealFs.sync_dir(&d.0).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(RealFs.sync_dir(&d.0.join("missing")).unwrap_err().kind(), io::ErrorKind::NotFound);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn replaces_and_creates() {
     let d = TempDir::new("ok");
@@ -113,6 +156,7 @@ fn creates_missing_parent_folders() {
     assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&p).unwrap(), b"x");
 }
 
+/// A partial temporary write must preserve the original and never reach publication or its flush.
 #[test]
 fn write_failure_halfway_keeps_original() {
     let d = TempDir::new("write");
@@ -124,9 +168,11 @@ fn write_failure_halfway_keeps_original() {
     assert!(e.to_string().contains("not changed"), "{e}");
     assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&p).unwrap(), ORIGINAL);
     assert_eq!(fs.renames.get(), 0, "never renames after a failed write");
+    assert_eq!(fs.synced.get(), 0, "nothing was published");
     assert_no_temp(&d.0);
 }
 
+/// A failed replacement must preserve the original and skip the publication barrier.
 #[test]
 fn rename_failure_keeps_original() {
     let d = TempDir::new("rename");
@@ -134,6 +180,7 @@ fn rename_failure_keeps_original() {
     std::fs::write(&p, ORIGINAL).unwrap();
     let fs = Faulty { fail_rename: Some(io::ErrorKind::Other), ..Default::default() };
     assert!(atomic_write_with(&fs, NO_RETRY, &p, b"new").is_err());
+    assert_eq!(fs.synced.get(), 0, "a failed replacement never reaches the publication barrier");
     assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&p).unwrap(), ORIGINAL);
     assert_no_temp(&d.0);
 }
@@ -283,6 +330,19 @@ fn keeps_the_original_file_mode() {
     assert_eq!(std::fs::metadata(&p).unwrap().permissions().mode() & 0o777, 0o600);
 }
 
+#[cfg(unix)]
+#[test]
+fn new_file_follows_the_process_umask() {
+    use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
+    let d = TempDir::new("umask");
+    let probe = d.0.join("probe.psd");
+    std::fs::File::create(&probe).unwrap();
+    let expected = std::fs::metadata(&probe).unwrap().permissions().mode() & 0o777;
+    let p = d.0.join("fresh.psd");
+    atomic_write(&p, b"new").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(std::fs::metadata(&p).unwrap().permissions().mode() & 0o777, expected);
+}
+
 #[cfg(unix)]
 #[test]
 fn writes_through_a_symlink() {
@@ -386,3 +446,38 @@ fn sync_file_flushes_a_local_file() {
     let file = std::fs::OpenOptions::new().write(true).create_new(true).open(&path).unwrap();
     sync_file(&file).unwrap();
 }
+
+/// #4968: the rename succeeded but the directory flush failed. The new bytes are in place, and
+/// the save is reported as unconfirmed (same kind, saying so) instead of as a success, so the
+/// caller keeps the document unsaved and its recovery data.
+#[test]
+fn a_failed_directory_flush_is_reported_not_swallowed() {
+    let d = TempDir::new("syncdir");
+    let p = d.0.join("doc.pcraft");
+    std::fs::write(&p, ORIGINAL).unwrap();
+    let fs = Faulty { fail_sync_dir: Some(Err(io::ErrorKind::Other)), ..Default::default() };
+    let e = atomic_write_with(&fs, NO_RETRY, &p, b"new").unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(e.kind(), io::ErrorKind::Other);
+    let msg = e.to_string();
+    assert!(msg.contains("doc.pcraft") && msg.contains("may not survive"), "{msg}");
+    assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&p).unwrap(), b"new", "published: the new bytes are in place");
+    assert_no_temp(&d.0);
+}
+
+/// A file system that can't flush directories at all (Linux's EINVAL, ENOTSUP, or an
+/// `Unsupported` error) still saves: failing every save there would make saving impossible.
+/// Windows fails the save on any failed flush (#7858), so this is the Unix rule.
+#[cfg(not(windows))]
+#[test]
+fn a_directory_flush_the_file_system_cannot_do_still_saves() {
+    let d = TempDir::new("syncdir-unsupported");
+    let p = d.0.join("doc.pcraft");
+    let fs = Faulty { fail_sync_dir: Some(Err(io::ErrorKind::Unsupported)), ..Default::default() };
+    atomic_write_with(&fs, NO_RETRY, &p, b"new").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&p).unwrap(), b"new");
+    // EINVAL (22) means "can't flush a directory" only on Unix; EIO (5) is a real failure.
+    assert_eq!(dir_synced(Err(io::Error::from_raw_os_error(22))).is_ok(), cfg!(unix));
+    assert!(dir_synced(Err(io::Error::from_raw_os_error(5))).is_err());
+    let fs = Faulty { fail_sync_dir: Some(Ok(5)), ..Default::default() };
+    assert!(atomic_write_with(&fs, NO_RETRY, &p, b"newer").is_err());
+}
diff --git a/crates/format/src/autosave.rs b/crates/format/src/autosave.rs
index fa3c9a4085..c5ba725edc 100644
--- a/crates/format/src/autosave.rs
+++ b/crates/format/src/autosave.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 //! [`RecoveryStore`] is the app-facing lifecycle: an entry is only deleted once
 //! the document is saved or closed, never just because it was recovered.
 
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
@@ -20,7 +21,6 @@ use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
 use photocraft_doc::Document;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
-use crate::store::write_atomic;
 use crate::{FormatError, PcraftWriter, Result, SaveOptions, SaveStats};
 
 /// Sidecar describing an autosave.
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ fn worker(rx: Receiver<Job>, bundle: PathBuf, sidecar: PathBuf, last: Arc<Mutex<
         let r = (|| {
             std::fs::create_dir_all(&bundle)?;
             let stats = writer.save_dir(&job.snapshot, &bundle, &job.opts)?;
-            write_atomic(&sidecar, &serde_json::to_vec_pretty(&job.info)?)?;
+            write_sidecar(&sidecar, &serde_json::to_vec_pretty(&job.info)?)?;
             Ok(stats)
         })();
         if let Ok(mut results) = completed.lock() {
@@ -180,42 +180,119 @@ fn worker(rx: Receiver<Job>, bundle: PathBuf, sidecar: PathBuf, last: Arc<Mutex<
     }
 }
 
+fn write_sidecar(path: &Path, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    {
+        use std::os::unix::fs::OpenOptionsExt;
+        struct PrivateFs;
+        impl crate::atomic::AtomicFs for PrivateFs {
+            fn write_new(&self, tmp: &Path, bytes: &[u8]) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+                use std::io::Write;
+                let mut f = std::fs::OpenOptions::new().write(true).create_new(true).mode(0o600).open(tmp)?;
+                f.write_all(bytes)?;
+                crate::atomic::sync_file(&f)
+            }
+            fn rename(&self, from: &Path, to: &Path) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+                crate::atomic::RealFs.rename(from, to)
+            }
+            fn remove(&self, path: &Path) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+                crate::atomic::RealFs.remove(path)
+            }
+            fn sync_dir(&self, dir: &Path) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+                crate::atomic::RealFs.sync_dir(dir)
+            }
+            fn copy_metadata(&self, from: &Path, to: &Path) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+                crate::atomic::RealFs.copy_metadata(from, to)
+            }
+        }
+        crate::atomic::atomic_write_with(&PrivateFs, crate::atomic::RenameRetry::platform(), path, bytes)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    #[cfg(not(unix))]
+    {
+        crate::store::write_atomic(path, bytes)
+    }
+}
+
+fn read_sidecar_bounded(path: &Path, max: usize) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+    use std::io::Read;
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    let mut file = {
+        use rustix::fs::{Mode, OFlags, open};
+        let fd = open(path, OFlags::RDONLY | OFlags::NOFOLLOW | OFlags::NONBLOCK | OFlags::CLOEXEC, Mode::empty()).ok()?;
+        let file = std::fs::File::from(fd);
+        if !file.metadata().ok()?.is_file() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let _ = rustix::fs::fcntl_setfl(&file, OFlags::empty());
+        file
+    };
+    #[cfg(not(unix))]
+    let mut file = {
+        if !std::fs::symlink_metadata(path).ok()?.file_type().is_file() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let file = std::fs::File::open(path).ok()?;
+        if !file.metadata().ok()?.is_file() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        file
+    };
+    let mut bytes = Vec::new();
+    (&mut file).take((max as u64).saturating_add(1)).read_to_end(&mut bytes).ok()?;
+    if bytes.len() > max {
+        return None;
+    }
+    Some(bytes)
+}
+
 /// Recoverable documents in `recovery_dir`, newest first. A sidecar must be named after its own
 /// (sanitized) key, so a stray or hand-edited one can never point outside the directory.
+///
+/// Each key is looked at once, after the directory has been read: an autosave may publish a
+/// document's first sidecar while the listing runs, and judging the bundle and the sidecar as
+/// each name came up listed that bundle twice, or not at all.
 pub fn list_recovery(recovery_dir: &Path) -> Vec<RecoveryEntry> {
-    let mut out = Vec::new();
     let Ok(rd) = std::fs::read_dir(recovery_dir) else {
-        return out;
+        return Vec::new();
     };
-    for e in rd.flatten() {
-        let p = e.path();
-        if p.extension().is_some_and(|x| x == "json")
-            && let Ok(bytes) = std::fs::read(&p)
-            && let Ok(info) = serde_json::from_slice::<RecoveryInfo>(&bytes)
-            && sanitize(&info.key) == info.key
-            && p.file_stem().is_some_and(|stem| *stem == *info.key)
-        {
-            let bundle = recovery_dir.join(format!("{}.pcraft", info.key));
-            if bundle.join(crate::store::MANIFEST).is_file() {
-                out.push(RecoveryEntry { info, bundle });
-            }
-        } else if e.file_type().is_ok_and(|ft| ft.is_dir())
-            && let Some(entry) = sidecarless_entry(recovery_dir, &p)
-        {
-            out.push(entry);
-        }
-    }
+    let keys: BTreeSet<String> = rd
+        .flatten()
+        .filter_map(|e| {
+            let name = e.file_name().into_string().ok()?;
+            name.strip_suffix(".json").or_else(|| name.strip_suffix(".pcraft")).map(str::to_string)
+        })
+        .collect();
+    let mut out: Vec<RecoveryEntry> = keys.iter().filter_map(|key| recovery_entry(recovery_dir, key)).collect();
     out.sort_by(|a, b| b.info.saved_at.cmp(&a.info.saved_at).then(a.info.key.cmp(&b.info.key)));
     out
 }
 
+/// `key`'s entry. The sidecar is tried again last: it can appear after the first look, once the
+/// bundle it describes is committed, and is never removed by a save.
+fn recovery_entry(recovery_dir: &Path, key: &str) -> Option<RecoveryEntry> {
+    let bundle = recovery_dir.join(format!("{key}.pcraft"));
+    sidecar_entry(recovery_dir, key, &bundle).or_else(|| sidecarless_entry(recovery_dir, &bundle)).or_else(|| sidecar_entry(recovery_dir, key, &bundle))
+}
+
+fn sidecar_entry(recovery_dir: &Path, key: &str, bundle: &Path) -> Option<RecoveryEntry> {
+    let bytes = read_sidecar_bounded(&recovery_dir.join(format!("{key}.json")), 1 << 20)?;
+    let info = serde_json::from_slice::<RecoveryInfo>(&bytes).ok()?;
+    (sanitize(&info.key) == info.key && info.key == key && bundle.join(crate::store::MANIFEST).is_file())
+        .then(|| RecoveryEntry { info, bundle: bundle.to_path_buf() })
+}
+
 /// A committed `<key>.pcraft` bundle (its manifest is written last) whose sidecar was never
 /// published, e.g. a crash during a document's first autosave. The metadata is rebuilt from the
 /// manifest (read like a load reads it) and its modification time. Incomplete bundles (no
 /// readable manifest) and bundles with anything at the sidecar's path are not entries.
 fn sidecarless_entry(recovery_dir: &Path, bundle: &Path) -> Option<RecoveryEntry> {
     let key = bundle.file_name()?.to_str()?.strip_suffix(".pcraft")?;
-    if key.is_empty() || sanitize(key) != key || std::fs::symlink_metadata(recovery_dir.join(format!("{key}.json"))).is_ok() {
+    if !std::fs::symlink_metadata(bundle).is_ok_and(|m| m.is_dir())
+        || key.is_empty()
+        || sanitize(key) != key
+        || std::fs::symlink_metadata(recovery_dir.join(format!("{key}.json"))).is_ok()
+    {
         return None;
     }
     let meta = std::fs::symlink_metadata(bundle.join(crate::store::MANIFEST)).ok().filter(|m| m.is_file())?;
@@ -402,6 +479,9 @@ fn untouched_for(path: &Path, min_age: std::time::Duration, missing_ok: bool) ->
 }
 
 fn remove_entry(dir: &Path, key: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    if sanitize(key) != key {
+        return Err(FormatError::corrupt("recovery entry key contains path components"));
+    }
     let bundle = dir.join(format!("{key}.pcraft"));
     if bundle.exists() {
         std::fs::remove_dir_all(bundle)?;
diff --git a/crates/format/src/convert.rs b/crates/format/src/convert.rs
index 3f21e7e47c..54f6a17081 100644
--- a/crates/format/src/convert.rs
+++ b/crates/format/src/convert.rs
@@ -42,6 +42,8 @@ pub(crate) trait Fetch {
     /// Canonical (little-endian) tile bytes of the given expected length.
     fn tile(&mut self, hash: &str, len: usize) -> Result<Vec<u8>>;
     fn blob(&mut self, hash: &str) -> Result<Arc<Vec<u8>>>;
+    /// Fetch an optional display payload without allocating beyond its stricter limit.
+    fn blob_bounded(&mut self, hash: &str, limit: usize) -> Result<Arc<Vec<u8>>>;
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn hex(bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
@@ -161,6 +163,7 @@ fn layer_m(l: &Layer, sink: &mut dyn Sink) -> LayerM {
                 SmartSource::Embedded { file_name, bytes } => SmartSourceM::Embedded { file_name: file_name.clone(), blob: sink.blob(bytes) },
                 SmartSource::Linked { path } => SmartSourceM::Linked { path: path.clone() },
             },
+            vector_preview: s.vector_preview.as_ref().map(|preview| VectorPreviewM { source_hash: preview.source_hash, svg: sink.blob(&preview.svg) }),
             transform: s.transform,
             smart_filters: s.smart_filters.clone(),
             cache: s.cache.as_ref().map(|c| surface_m(c, sink)),
@@ -211,6 +214,7 @@ fn layer_m(l: &Layer, sink: &mut dyn Sink) -> LayerM {
         blend_if: l.blend_if.clone(),
         advanced: l.advanced,
         video: l.video.as_ref().map(|v| video_m(v, sink)),
+        xmp: l.xmp.as_deref().map(str::to_string),
     }
 }
 
@@ -235,7 +239,7 @@ pub(crate) fn doc_m(d: &Document, sink: &mut dyn Sink) -> DocM {
         ruler_origin: d.ruler_origin,
         selection: d.selection.as_ref().map(|s| surface_m(s, sink)),
         metadata: MetadataM {
-            xmp: d.metadata.xmp.clone(),
+            xmp: d.metadata.xmp.as_deref().map(str::to_owned),
             exif: opt_blob(&d.metadata.exif, sink),
             text: d.metadata.text.clone(),
             psd_resources: d.metadata.psd_resources.iter().map(|(id, n, b)| (*id, n.clone(), sink.blob(b))).collect(),
@@ -478,33 +482,52 @@ impl Loader<'_> {
                 density: *density,
                 feather: *feather,
             }),
-            ContentM::Smart { contents_id, source, transform, smart_filters, cache, psd_raw, filters_enabled, filter_mask, warp, stack_mode, perspective } => {
-                LayerContent::Smart(SmartObject {
-                    contents_id: self.contents_id(*contents_id, source),
-                    source: match source {
-                        SmartSourceM::Embedded { file_name, blob } => SmartSource::Embedded { file_name: file_name.clone(), bytes: self.fetch.blob(blob)? },
-                        SmartSourceM::Linked { path } => SmartSource::Linked { path: path.clone() },
-                    },
-                    transform: *transform,
-                    smart_filters: smart_filters.clone(),
-                    cache: self.opt_surface(cache)?,
-                    psd_raw: self.opt_blob(psd_raw)?,
-                    filters_enabled: *filters_enabled,
-                    filter_mask: match filter_mask {
-                        Some(mm) => Some(LayerMask {
-                            surface: self.surface(&mm.surface)?,
-                            enabled: mm.enabled,
-                            linked: mm.linked,
-                            density: mm.density,
-                            feather: mm.feather,
-                        }),
-                        None => None,
-                    },
-                    warp: warp.clone().filter(|w| w.mesh.as_ref().is_none_or(|m| m.is_valid())),
-                    stack_mode: *stack_mode,
-                    perspective: perspective.filter(|p| p.iter().all(|v| v.is_finite())),
-                })
-            }
+            ContentM::Smart {
+                contents_id,
+                source,
+                vector_preview,
+                transform,
+                smart_filters,
+                cache,
+                psd_raw,
+                filters_enabled,
+                filter_mask,
+                warp,
+                stack_mode,
+                perspective,
+            } => LayerContent::Smart(SmartObject {
+                contents_id: self.contents_id(*contents_id, source),
+                source: match source {
+                    SmartSourceM::Embedded { file_name, blob } => SmartSource::Embedded { file_name: file_name.clone(), bytes: self.fetch.blob(blob)? },
+                    SmartSourceM::Linked { path } => SmartSource::Linked { path: path.clone() },
+                },
+                vector_preview: match vector_preview {
+                    // A display-only preview must not prevent recovery of the native source
+                    // and cached pixels if its optional blob is missing or damaged.
+                    Some(preview) => {
+                        self.fetch.blob_bounded(&preview.svg, 16 << 20).ok().map(|svg| photocraft_doc::VectorPreview { source_hash: preview.source_hash, svg })
+                    }
+                    None => None,
+                },
+                transform: *transform,
+                smart_filters: smart_filters.clone(),
+                cache: self.opt_surface(cache)?,
+                psd_raw: self.opt_blob(psd_raw)?,
+                filters_enabled: *filters_enabled,
+                filter_mask: match filter_mask {
+                    Some(mm) => Some(LayerMask {
+                        surface: self.surface(&mm.surface)?,
+                        enabled: mm.enabled,
+                        linked: mm.linked,
+                        density: mm.density,
+                        feather: mm.feather,
+                    }),
+                    None => None,
+                },
+                warp: warp.clone().filter(|w| w.mesh.as_ref().is_none_or(|m| m.is_valid())),
+                stack_mode: *stack_mode,
+                perspective: perspective.filter(|p| p.iter().all(|v| v.is_finite())),
+            }),
         };
         let mask = match &m.mask {
             Some(mm) => {
@@ -547,6 +570,7 @@ impl Loader<'_> {
             blend_if: m.blend_if.clone(),
             advanced: m.advanced,
             video: m.video.as_ref().map(|v| self.video(v)).transpose()?,
+            xmp: m.xmp.as_deref().map(Arc::from),
         })
     }
 
@@ -579,7 +603,7 @@ impl Loader<'_> {
         }
         let quick_mask = m.quick_mask.as_ref().map(|c| self.channel(c)).transpose()?;
         let mut md = Metadata {
-            xmp: m.metadata.xmp.clone(),
+            xmp: m.metadata.xmp.as_deref().map(std::sync::Arc::from),
             exif: self.opt_blob(&m.metadata.exif)?,
             text: m.metadata.text.clone(),
             psd_resources: Vec::new(),
diff --git a/crates/format/src/lib.rs b/crates/format/src/lib.rs
index 0c87720212..992e925ae9 100644
--- a/crates/format/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/format/src/lib.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 //! blobs/<blake3>.zst       content-addressed binary data (ICC, EXIF, PSD blocks, smart objects)
 //! thumb.png                optional thumbnail (caller-rendered)
 //! composite/preview.png    optional flattened preview (caller-rendered)
+//! save.lock                directory bundles only: held while a save runs (empty)
 //! ```
 //!
 //! A bundle is either a ZIP archive (STORE entries) or a directory with the
@@ -15,7 +16,9 @@
 //! already compressed/wrote, so only new tiles are encoded. Directory saves
 //! verify existing content-addressed objects once per writer and folder,
 //! rechecking files whose size or modification time changes; they replace
-//! damaged or missing objects and garbage-collect unreferenced ones.
+//! damaged or missing objects and garbage-collect unreferenced ones. A directory
+//! save holds an OS file lock on `save.lock` throughout, so two writers (or two
+//! processes) saving one bundle take turns instead of removing each other's objects.
 //!
 //! This crate sits at L3 next to the compositor, so it does not render.
 //! Callers pass previews in [`SaveOptions`]; `photocraft-io` does that.
diff --git a/crates/format/src/manifest.rs b/crates/format/src/manifest.rs
index 8cb31f653e..918d7cc639 100644
--- a/crates/format/src/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/format/src/manifest.rs
@@ -242,6 +242,9 @@ pub struct LayerM {
     pub advanced: photocraft_doc::AdvancedBlending,
     #[serde(default)]
     pub video: Option<VideoDataM>,
+    /// The layer's own XMP packet (missing in older files = none).
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub xmp: Option<String>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
@@ -306,6 +309,8 @@ pub enum ContentM {
         #[serde(default)]
         contents_id: Option<u64>,
         source: SmartSourceM,
+        #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+        vector_preview: Option<VectorPreviewM>,
         transform: Affine,
         smart_filters: Vec<SmartFilter>,
         cache: Option<SurfaceM>,
@@ -324,6 +329,13 @@ pub enum ContentM {
     },
 }
 
+/// The native source remains separate from this optional display-only SVG blob.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct VectorPreviewM {
+    pub source_hash: [u8; 32],
+    pub svg: Hash,
+}
+
 fn full_density() -> f32 {
     1.0
 }
diff --git a/crates/format/src/read.rs b/crates/format/src/read.rs
index 4ebfcbbfa6..8c72a20406 100644
--- a/crates/format/src/read.rs
+++ b/crates/format/src/read.rs
@@ -23,8 +23,28 @@ pub fn read_file(path: &Path) -> io::Result<Vec<u8>> {
 
 /// [`read_file`] with a chosen read size (tests use small ones to exercise the loop).
 pub fn read_file_with(path: &Path, chunk: usize) -> io::Result<Vec<u8>> {
-    let mut f = std::fs::File::open(path)?;
-    let len = f.metadata().map(|m| m.len()).unwrap_or(0);
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    let (mut f, metadata) = {
+        use rustix::fs::{Mode, OFlags, open};
+        let fd = open(path, OFlags::RDONLY | OFlags::NONBLOCK | OFlags::CLOEXEC, Mode::empty()).map_err(io::Error::from)?;
+        let f = std::fs::File::from(fd);
+        let metadata = f.metadata()?;
+        if !metadata.is_file() {
+            return Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, "path is not a regular file"));
+        }
+        rustix::fs::fcntl_setfl(&f, OFlags::empty()).map_err(io::Error::from)?;
+        (f, metadata)
+    };
+    #[cfg(not(unix))]
+    let (mut f, metadata) = {
+        let f = std::fs::File::open(path)?;
+        let metadata = f.metadata()?;
+        if !metadata.is_file() {
+            return Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, "path is not a regular file"));
+        }
+        (f, metadata)
+    };
+    let len = metadata.len();
     read_all_with(&mut f, len, chunk)
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/format/src/store.rs b/crates/format/src/store.rs
index 83e6d3fad0..7b51d438bf 100644
--- a/crates/format/src/store.rs
+++ b/crates/format/src/store.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,10 @@ use crate::{FormatError, LoadOptions, Result, SaveOptions};
 pub(crate) const MANIFEST: &str = "manifest.json";
 pub(crate) const THUMB: &str = "thumb.png";
 pub(crate) const COMPOSITE: &str = "composite/preview.png";
+/// The file a directory save holds an exclusive lock on for its whole transaction (#4957).
+pub(crate) const SAVE_LOCK: &str = "save.lock";
+/// How long a directory save waits for another save of the same bundle to finish.
+const SAVE_LOCK_WAIT: std::time::Duration = std::time::Duration::from_secs(10);
 
 fn tile_path(h: &str) -> String {
     format!("tiles/{h}.zst")
@@ -122,10 +126,17 @@ pub fn read_entry(file: &mut impl std::io::Read, len: u64, max: usize, path: &st
 /// The saver checks the same bound, so every bundle it writes loads again.
 const MAX_MANIFEST_DEPTH: usize = 3 * (convert::MAX_GROUP_DEPTH + 1) + 64;
 
-/// Rejects JSON nested deeper than [`MAX_MANIFEST_DEPTH`] with a linear scan (no recursion), so
-/// parsing with serde_json's recursion limit disabled can't exhaust the stack on hostile input.
+/// Most JSON items (arrays and objects opened, plus elements and members after a comma) a
+/// manifest may hold. Parsing builds a `serde_json::Value` tree of tens of bytes per item, so
+/// `[0,0,…]` costs about 16× its size in memory; a typical manifest spends 20 bytes or more per
+/// item, so this still admits manifests of about 80 MiB.
+const MAX_MANIFEST_ITEMS: usize = 4 << 20;
+
+/// Rejects JSON nested deeper than [`MAX_MANIFEST_DEPTH`] or holding more than
+/// [`MAX_MANIFEST_ITEMS`] items with a linear scan (no recursion), so parsing with serde_json's
+/// recursion limit disabled can't exhaust the stack, nor tiny values the memory, on hostile input.
 fn check_manifest_depth(json: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
-    let (mut depth, mut in_str, mut escaped) = (0usize, false, false);
+    let (mut depth, mut items, mut in_str, mut escaped) = (0usize, 0usize, false, false);
     for &b in json {
         if in_str {
             match b {
@@ -147,6 +158,12 @@ fn check_manifest_depth(json: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
             b']' | b'}' => depth = depth.saturating_sub(1),
             _ => {}
         }
+        if matches!(b, b'[' | b'{' | b',') {
+            items += 1;
+            if items > MAX_MANIFEST_ITEMS {
+                return Err(FormatError::LimitExceeded(format!("manifest JSON holds more than {MAX_MANIFEST_ITEMS} values")));
+            }
+        }
     }
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -232,17 +249,22 @@ impl Fetch for LoadFetch<'_> {
     }
 
     fn blob(&mut self, hash: &str) -> Result<Arc<Vec<u8>>> {
+        self.blob_bounded(hash, self.opts.max_blob_bytes)
+    }
+
+    fn blob_bounded(&mut self, hash: &str, limit: usize) -> Result<Arc<Vec<u8>>> {
+        let limit = limit.min(self.opts.max_blob_bytes);
         if let Some(b) = self.blobs.get(hash) {
-            return Ok(b.clone());
+            return if b.len() <= limit { Ok(b.clone()) } else { Err(FormatError::LimitExceeded("optional preview blob exceeds its limit".into())) };
         }
         if !is_valid_hash(hash) {
             return Err(FormatError::corrupt(format!("invalid blob hash `{hash}`")));
         }
         let path = blob_path(hash);
-        let z = self.src.get(&path, self.opts.max_blob_bytes)?;
+        let z = self.src.get(&path, limit)?;
         // Blob length is not in the manifest; the frame header bounds it and
         // we cap at max_blob_bytes.
-        let data = decompress_bounded(&z, self.opts.max_blob_bytes, None, &path)?;
+        let data = decompress_bounded(&z, limit, None, &path)?;
         self.account(data.len())?;
         if hash_bytes(&data) != hash {
             return Err(FormatError::corrupt(format!("{path}: content does not match its hash")));
@@ -390,6 +412,8 @@ pub struct PcraftWriter {
     compressed_budget: usize,
     verified_directory: Option<DirectoryVerificationCache>,
     reverify_budget: u64,
+    /// How long [`Self::save_dir`] waits for another save of the bundle ([`SAVE_LOCK_WAIT`]).
+    lock_wait: std::time::Duration,
 }
 
 impl Default for PcraftWriter {
@@ -401,6 +425,35 @@ impl Default for PcraftWriter {
             compressed_budget: usize::MAX,
             verified_directory: None,
             reverify_budget: DEFAULT_REVERIFY_BUDGET,
+            lock_wait: SAVE_LOCK_WAIT,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Hold `dir`'s [`SAVE_LOCK`] for a directory save, so two writers (two stores, or two
+/// processes) can't interleave: each lists the existing objects, writes its own, publishes its
+/// manifest and removes what that manifest doesn't reference. Interleaved, one writer's cleanup
+/// could remove an object the other's winning manifest needs (#4957). The lock is the OS's
+/// advisory file lock, released when the returned file is dropped or the process ends, so a
+/// crash leaves no stale lock. Another save holding it is waited for up to `wait`; after that the
+/// save fails without writing anything. A file system without file locks (some network shares)
+/// saves unlocked, as before.
+fn lock_bundle(dir: &Path, wait: std::time::Duration) -> Result<Option<std::fs::File>> {
+    let path = dir.join(SAVE_LOCK);
+    validate_bundle_file(dir, &path)?;
+    let file = std::fs::OpenOptions::new().read(true).write(true).create(true).truncate(false).open(&path)?;
+    let start = std::time::Instant::now();
+    loop {
+        match file.try_lock() {
+            Ok(()) => return Ok(Some(file)),
+            Err(std::fs::TryLockError::WouldBlock) if start.elapsed() < wait => std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(20)),
+            Err(std::fs::TryLockError::WouldBlock) => {
+                return Err(FormatError::Io(std::io::Error::new(
+                    std::io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock,
+                    format!("another save of {} is in progress; nothing was written", dir.display()),
+                )));
+            }
+            Err(std::fs::TryLockError::Error(_)) => return Ok(None),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -552,14 +605,69 @@ fn validate_bundle_file(root: &Path, path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
     plain_file_or_missing(path)
 }
 
-fn write_bundle_file(root: &Path, path: &Path, data: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
+/// Flush `dir`, the folder `written` was just renamed into, as `atomic_write` does (with the
+/// full-flush fallback of `sync_file`, #1336). Windows flushes through the injected `AtomicFs`
+/// and fails on any error (#7858).
+#[cfg(not(windows))]
+fn flush_bundle_dir(dir: &Path, written: &Path) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    use crate::atomic::AtomicFs;
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    {
+        FLUSHED.with(|f| f.borrow_mut().push(dir.to_path_buf()));
+        let named = |p: Option<&Path>, name: &str| p.and_then(Path::file_name).is_some_and(|n| n == name);
+        if FAIL_DIR_FLUSH.with(|f| {
+            let hit = f.get().is_some_and(|name| named(Some(written), name) || named(written.parent(), name));
+            if hit {
+                f.set(None);
+            }
+            hit
+        }) {
+            return Err(std::io::Error::other("injected folder flush failure"));
+        }
+    }
+    let _ = written;
+    crate::atomic::RealFs.sync_dir(dir)
+}
+
+/// [`flush_bundle_dir`], as the save's error when the flush was attempted and failed: `written`
+/// is in place, but may not survive a power loss or crash (#4968).
+#[cfg(not(windows))]
+fn confirm_flushed(dir: &Path, written: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    crate::atomic::dir_synced(flush_bundle_dir(dir, written)).map_err(|e| {
+        FormatError::Io(std::io::Error::new(
+            e.kind(),
+            format!("{} was written, but its folder could not be flushed to disk, so the save may not survive a power loss or crash: {e}", written.display()),
+        ))
+    })
+}
+
+#[cfg(all(test, not(windows)))]
+thread_local! {
+    /// Tests: the bundle file, or folder, whose next folder flush fails, once, on this thread.
+    static FAIL_DIR_FLUSH: std::cell::Cell<Option<&'static str>> = const { std::cell::Cell::new(None) };
+    /// Tests: the folders flushed on this thread, in order.
+    static FLUSHED: std::cell::RefCell<Vec<PathBuf>> = const { std::cell::RefCell::new(Vec::new()) };
+}
+
+/// Publish a validated bundle entry through a flushed temporary file and replacing rename.
+/// On Windows, propagate a failed directory barrier even though the new entry is already visible.
+fn write_bundle_file(root: &Path, path: &Path, data: &[u8], fs: &dyn crate::atomic::AtomicFs) -> Result<()> {
+    #[cfg(not(windows))]
+    let _ = fs;
     validate_bundle_file(root, path)?;
     let parent = path.parent().ok_or_else(|| unsafe_bundle_entry(path))?;
     let name = path.file_name().ok_or_else(|| unsafe_bundle_entry(path))?;
     let mut temporary = None;
     for _ in 0..8 {
         let candidate = parent.join(crate::atomic::temp_name(&name.to_string_lossy()));
-        match std::fs::OpenOptions::new().write(true).create_new(true).open(&candidate) {
+        let mut opts = std::fs::OpenOptions::new();
+        opts.write(true).create_new(true);
+        #[cfg(unix)]
+        {
+            use std::os::unix::fs::OpenOptionsExt;
+            opts.mode(0o600);
+        }
+        match opts.open(&candidate) {
             Ok(file) => {
                 temporary = Some((candidate, file));
                 break;
@@ -589,10 +697,14 @@ fn write_bundle_file(root: &Path, path: &Path, data: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
         // itself, never its referent, even if one appears after this check.
         validate_bundle_file(root, path)?;
         crate::atomic::retry_rename(crate::atomic::RenameRetry::platform(), || std::fs::rename(&tmp, path))?;
-        #[cfg(unix)]
+        #[cfg(windows)]
         {
-            let _ = std::fs::File::open(parent).and_then(|d| d.sync_all());
+            fs.sync_dir(parent).map_err(|e| crate::atomic::publication_error(e, path))?;
         }
+        // Elsewhere a failed flush is reported too (#4968), but a file system that can't flush a
+        // directory at all still saves, as in `atomic_write`.
+        #[cfg(not(windows))]
+        confirm_flushed(parent, path)?;
         Ok(())
     })();
     if result.is_err() && validate_bundle_file(root, &tmp).is_ok() {
@@ -763,6 +875,12 @@ impl PcraftWriter {
         self.compressed.clear();
     }
 
+    /// How long a directory save waits for another save of the same bundle to finish before
+    /// failing without writing anything (10 s by default; see [`Self::save_dir`]).
+    pub fn set_lock_wait(&mut self, wait: std::time::Duration) {
+        self.lock_wait = wait;
+    }
+
     fn prepare(&mut self, doc: &Document, opts: &SaveOptions) -> Result<Prepared> {
         self.hash_cache.retain(|_, (w, _)| w.strong_count() > 0);
         self.blob_hash_cache.retain(|_, (w, _)| w.strong_count() > 0);
@@ -844,10 +962,18 @@ impl PcraftWriter {
 
     /// Save into a directory bundle: reuses only valid existing objects,
     /// rewrites missing or damaged objects, then writes the manifest
-    /// atomically and removes unreferenced objects.
+    /// atomically and removes unreferenced objects. The whole save holds the bundle's
+    /// `save.lock`, so saves of one bundle from other writers or processes wait their turn.
     pub fn save_dir(&mut self, doc: &Document, dir: &Path, opts: &SaveOptions) -> Result<SaveStats> {
+        self.save_dir_with(doc, dir, opts, &crate::atomic::RealFs)
+    }
+
+    /// The same save path with an injectable publication barrier, for failure/GC ordering tests.
+    fn save_dir_with(&mut self, doc: &Document, dir: &Path, opts: &SaveOptions, fs: &dyn crate::atomic::AtomicFs) -> Result<SaveStats> {
         let canonical_dir = bundle_root(dir)?;
         let dir = canonical_dir.as_path();
+        // Held until the end of the save: listing, writing, publishing and cleanup (#4957).
+        let _lock = lock_bundle(dir, self.lock_wait)?;
         let existing = list_objects(dir)?;
         // Reject a hostile existing entry before writing any object or manifest. This also
         // covers entries that this save would otherwise leave untouched or garbage-collect.
@@ -901,7 +1027,7 @@ impl PcraftWriter {
                 Object::Tile(..) => stats.tiles_written += 1,
                 Object::Blob(_) => stats.blobs_written += 1,
             }
-            write_bundle_file(dir, &object_path, &obj.compressed())?;
+            write_bundle_file(dir, &object_path, &obj.compressed(), fs)?;
             let written = path_signature(&object_path)?;
             if let Some(cache) = &mut self.verified_directory {
                 match written {
@@ -915,12 +1041,29 @@ impl PcraftWriter {
             }
         }
         for (name, data) in &p.previews {
-            write_bundle_file(dir, &dir.join(name), data)?;
+            write_bundle_file(dir, &dir.join(name), data, fs)?;
         }
         // Pin all GC directories before removing stale previews or objects.
         // Unix cleanup then stays within these directories even if a pathname is swapped.
         let gc = BundleGc::new(dir)?;
-        write_bundle_file(dir, &dir.join(MANIFEST), &p.manifest)?;
+        #[cfg(windows)]
+        {
+            // A previous attempt may have published an object and then failed its directory
+            // flush. The retry can reuse those valid bytes (including cached ones), so flush
+            // both object directories again before publishing a manifest that references them.
+            // This also persists the fixed subdirectories of a newly created bundle.
+            for sub in ["tiles", "blobs"] {
+                fs.sync_dir(&dir.join(sub)).map_err(|e| crate::atomic::publication_error(e, &dir.join(sub)))?;
+            }
+        }
+        #[cfg(not(windows))]
+        for sub in ["tiles", "blobs"] {
+            let folder = dir.join(sub);
+            if folder.is_dir() {
+                confirm_flushed(&folder, &folder)?;
+            }
+        }
+        write_bundle_file(dir, &dir.join(MANIFEST), &p.manifest, fs)?;
         // Omitted previews belong to the previous manifest until the new one commits.
         // After commit, a locked leftover is only housekeeping, just like unused objects.
         for stale in [THUMB, COMPOSITE] {
@@ -1082,6 +1225,72 @@ fn gc_pinned_directory_handles_resist_subdirectory_swap() {
     std::fs::remove_dir_all(root).unwrap();
 }
 
+/// #4968: a manifest whose folder can't be flushed fails the save, and the objects the previous
+/// manifest references stay in place; the next save that flushes removes what is unreferenced.
+#[cfg(all(test, not(windows)))]
+#[test]
+fn a_failed_manifest_flush_keeps_the_previous_objects() {
+    use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
+
+    static NEXT: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
+    let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("pcraft-flush-{}-{}", std::process::id(), NEXT.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed)));
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+    let dir = std::fs::canonicalize(dir).unwrap();
+    let mut doc = Document::new("flush", photocraft_doc::Size::new(64, 64), photocraft_color::ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8);
+    let id = doc.insert_above(None, photocraft_doc::Layer::raster("paint", doc.pixel_format()));
+    let paint = |doc: &mut Document, red: f32| {
+        doc.layer_mut(id).unwrap().surface_mut().unwrap().fill_rect(photocraft_geom::Rect::new(0, 0, 64, 64), &[red, 0.5, 0.25, 1.0]);
+    };
+    paint(&mut doc, 1.0);
+    let mut w = PcraftWriter::new();
+    w.save_dir(&doc, &dir, &SaveOptions::default()).unwrap();
+    let old = list_objects(&dir).unwrap();
+    paint(&mut doc, 0.0);
+    FAIL_DIR_FLUSH.with(|f| f.set(Some(MANIFEST)));
+    let e = w.save_dir(&doc, &dir, &SaveOptions::default()).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(e.to_string().contains("could not be flushed"), "{e}");
+    let now = list_objects(&dir).unwrap();
+    assert!(old.is_subset(&now), "the previous manifest's objects are kept");
+    assert!(now.len() > old.len(), "the new objects were written");
+    let stats = w.save_dir(&doc, &dir, &SaveOptions::default()).unwrap();
+    assert!(stats.objects_removed > 0, "the next save removes the unreferenced objects");
+    assert_eq!(crate::load_path(&dir).unwrap(), doc);
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(dir).unwrap();
+}
+
+/// An object whose folder flush failed is reused by the retried save, which writes no new object
+/// there: that save still flushes the object folder before committing a manifest that names it.
+#[cfg(all(test, not(windows)))]
+#[test]
+fn a_retried_save_flushes_the_folder_of_a_reused_object() {
+    use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
+
+    static NEXT: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
+    let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("pcraft-retry-{}-{}", std::process::id(), NEXT.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed)));
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+    let dir = std::fs::canonicalize(dir).unwrap();
+    // One layer of one tile: the retry finds its only object already written.
+    let mut doc = Document::new("retry", photocraft_doc::Size::new(16, 16), photocraft_color::ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8);
+    let id = doc.insert_above(None, photocraft_doc::Layer::raster("paint", doc.pixel_format()));
+    doc.layer_mut(id).unwrap().surface_mut().unwrap().fill_rect(photocraft_geom::Rect::new(0, 0, 16, 16), &[1.0, 0.5, 0.25, 1.0]);
+    let mut w = PcraftWriter::new();
+    FAIL_DIR_FLUSH.with(|f| f.set(Some("tiles")));
+    let e = w.save_dir(&doc, &dir, &SaveOptions::default()).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(e.to_string().contains("could not be flushed"), "{e}");
+    assert!(!dir.join(MANIFEST).exists(), "nothing committed");
+    let written = list_objects(&dir).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(written.iter().filter(|o| o.starts_with("tiles/")).count(), 1, "{written:?}");
+    FLUSHED.with(|f| f.borrow_mut().clear());
+    let stats = w.save_dir(&doc, &dir, &SaveOptions::default()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(stats.tiles_written, 0, "the tile is reused");
+    let flushed = FLUSHED.with(|f| f.borrow().clone());
+    let tiles = flushed.iter().position(|d| *d == dir.join("tiles"));
+    let manifest = flushed.iter().rposition(|d| *d == dir);
+    assert!(tiles.is_some() && tiles < manifest, "tiles flushed before the manifest: {flushed:?}");
+    assert_eq!(crate::load_path(&dir).unwrap(), doc);
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(dir).unwrap();
+}
+
 fn list_objects(dir: &Path) -> Result<HashSet<String>> {
     let mut out = HashSet::new();
     for sub in ["tiles", "blobs"] {
@@ -1118,3 +1327,6 @@ pub(crate) fn write_atomic(path: &Path, data: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
     crate::atomic::atomic_write(path, data)?;
     Ok(())
 }
+
+#[cfg(all(test, windows))]
+mod durability_tests;
diff --git a/crates/format/src/store/durability_tests.rs b/crates/format/src/store/durability_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..477c476a99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/format/src/store/durability_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+//! Exercise the real directory save, including cached-object reuse and garbage collection.
+use std::cell::{Cell, RefCell};
+use std::io;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, SampleType};
+use photocraft_doc::{Document, Layer, Size};
+
+use super::{MANIFEST, PcraftWriter, SaveOptions, list_objects};
+use crate::atomic::{AtomicFs, RealFs};
+
+/// The object or manifest directory barrier at which to inject one publication failure.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+enum FailAt {
+    Tiles,
+    Blobs,
+    Manifest,
+}
+
+/// Real filesystem operations with recorded barriers and a single failure at the chosen stage.
+struct PublicationFault {
+    root: PathBuf,
+    old_manifest: Vec<u8>,
+    stage: FailAt,
+    armed: Cell<bool>,
+    synced: RefCell<Vec<PathBuf>>,
+}
+
+impl AtomicFs for PublicationFault {
+    /// Keep temporary-file writes and file flushes real; only directory barriers are injected.
+    fn write_new(&self, path: &Path, bytes: &[u8]) -> io::Result<()> {
+        RealFs.write_new(path, bytes)
+    }
+    /// Publish through the real rename so a barrier error occurs after replacement.
+    fn rename(&self, from: &Path, to: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {
+        RealFs.rename(from, to)
+    }
+    /// Use real cleanup so the test can detect premature removal of old objects.
+    fn remove(&self, path: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {
+        RealFs.remove(path)
+    }
+    /// Preserve normal replacement metadata behavior during failure injection.
+    fn copy_metadata(&self, from: &Path, to: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {
+        RealFs.copy_metadata(from, to)
+    }
+    /// Record every barrier and fail the selected stage once, allowing a same-writer retry.
+    fn sync_dir(&self, dir: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self.synced.borrow_mut().push(dir.to_path_buf());
+        let fail = match self.stage {
+            FailAt::Tiles => dir == self.root.join("tiles"),
+            FailAt::Blobs => dir == self.root.join("blobs"),
+            FailAt::Manifest => dir == self.root && std::fs::read(dir.join(MANIFEST))? != self.old_manifest,
+        };
+        if fail && self.armed.replace(false) {
+            return Err(io::Error::other("injected publication flush failure"));
+        }
+        RealFs.sync_dir(dir)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Failed object or manifest publication retains old objects; a retry flushes reused objects
+/// before the manifest and resumes garbage collection only after durable publication.
+#[test]
+fn failed_bundle_publication_retains_old_objects_and_same_writer_retry_is_durable() {
+    static NEXT: std::sync::atomic::AtomicU64 = std::sync::atomic::AtomicU64::new(0);
+    for stage in [FailAt::Tiles, FailAt::Blobs, FailAt::Manifest] {
+        let id = NEXT.fetch_add(1, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
+        let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("pcraft-durability-{}-{id}", std::process::id()));
+        std::fs::create_dir(&dir).unwrap();
+        let dir = std::fs::canonicalize(dir).unwrap();
+        let mut old = Document::new("old", Size::new(1, 1), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8);
+        let mut layer = Layer::raster("pixels", old.pixel_format());
+        layer.surface_mut().unwrap().write_pixel(0, 0, &[1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+        old.layers.push(layer);
+        old.metadata.exif = Some(Arc::new(vec![1; 100]));
+        let mut new = old.clone();
+        new.name = "new".into();
+        new.layers[0].surface_mut().unwrap().write_pixel(0, 0, &[0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0]);
+        new.metadata.exif = Some(Arc::new(vec![2; 100]));
+
+        let mut writer = PcraftWriter::new();
+        writer.save_dir(&old, &dir, &SaveOptions::default()).unwrap();
+        let old_objects: Vec<_> = list_objects(&dir).unwrap().into_iter().map(|p| (p.clone(), std::fs::read(dir.join(p)).unwrap())).collect();
+        assert!(old_objects.len() >= 2);
+        let fs = PublicationFault {
+            old_manifest: std::fs::read(dir.join(MANIFEST)).unwrap(),
+            root: dir.clone(),
+            stage,
+            armed: Cell::new(true),
+            synced: RefCell::new(Vec::new()),
+        };
+
+        let error = writer.save_dir_with(&new, &dir, &SaveOptions::default(), &fs).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(!fs.armed.get(), "the {stage:?} failure fired");
+        assert!(error.to_string().contains("may not survive"), "{error}");
+        let expected = if matches!(stage, FailAt::Manifest) { &new } else { &old };
+        assert_eq!(&crate::load_path(&dir).unwrap(), expected);
+        for (path, bytes) in &old_objects {
+            assert_eq!(&std::fs::read(dir.join(path)).unwrap(), bytes, "old object removed before durable publication: {path}");
+        }
+
+        fs.synced.borrow_mut().clear();
+        writer.save_dir_with(&new, &dir, &SaveOptions::default(), &fs).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(crate::load_path(&dir).unwrap(), new);
+        let synced = fs.synced.borrow();
+        let publication = synced.iter().rposition(|p| p == &dir).unwrap();
+        for sub in ["tiles", "blobs"] {
+            assert!(
+                synced.iter().position(|p| p == &dir.join(sub)).is_some_and(|position| position < publication),
+                "retry must flush reused {sub} before its manifest"
+            );
+        }
+        assert!(old_objects.iter().all(|(p, _)| !dir.join(p).exists()), "cleanup resumes after the durable retry");
+        std::fs::remove_dir_all(dir).unwrap();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/format/src/zip.rs b/crates/format/src/zip.rs
index 9ec92c2fba..5057e52168 100644
--- a/crates/format/src/zip.rs
+++ b/crates/format/src/zip.rs
@@ -127,11 +127,24 @@ impl<'a> ZipReader<'a> {
         if bytes.len() < 22 {
             return Err(FormatError::corrupt("not a zip archive (too short)"));
         }
-        // End of central directory: scan back over a possible comment.
+        // A comment may itself contain the signature. Only accept a record whose
+        // declared comment reaches the end of the archive (APPNOTE 4.3.16).
         let min = bytes.len().saturating_sub(22 + 65535);
         let eocd = (min..=bytes.len() - 22)
             .rev()
-            .find(|&i| u32_at(bytes, i).ok() == Some(EOCD_SIG))
+            .find(|&i| {
+                if u32_at(bytes, i).ok() != Some(EOCD_SIG) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                let comment_end = u16_at(bytes, i + 20).ok().and_then(|length| i.checked_add(22)?.checked_add(usize::from(length)));
+                let directory_end = u32_at(bytes, i + 16)
+                    .ok()
+                    .zip(u32_at(bytes, i + 12).ok())
+                    .and_then(|(offset, size)| usize::try_from(offset).ok()?.checked_add(usize::try_from(size).ok()?));
+                // In the supported non-ZIP64 layout, the central directory immediately
+                // precedes this record. A zeroed signature in a comment is not an empty ZIP.
+                comment_end == Some(bytes.len()) && directory_end == Some(i)
+            })
             .ok_or_else(|| FormatError::corrupt("zip end-of-central-directory not found"))?;
         let count = u16_at(bytes, eocd + 10)? as usize;
         let cd_size = u32_at(bytes, eocd + 12)? as usize;
@@ -263,6 +276,56 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(matches!(r.read_by_name("a.txt", 3), Err(FormatError::LimitExceeded(_))));
     }
 
+    fn archive_with_comment(comment: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut writer = ZipWriter::new();
+        writer.add("manifest.json", b"project content").unwrap();
+        let mut bytes = writer.finish().unwrap();
+        let length_offset = bytes.len() - 2;
+        bytes[length_offset..].copy_from_slice(&u16::try_from(comment.len()).unwrap().to_le_bytes());
+        bytes.extend_from_slice(comment);
+        bytes
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn directory_signature_inside_comment_does_not_hide_entries() {
+        for length in [22, 32, usize::from(u16::MAX)] {
+            let mut comment = vec![0; length];
+            comment[..4].copy_from_slice(&EOCD_SIG.to_le_bytes());
+            let bytes = archive_with_comment(&comment);
+            let reader = ZipReader::new(&bytes).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(reader.entries.len(), 1, "comment length {length}");
+            assert_eq!(reader.read_by_name("manifest.json", 100).unwrap(), b"project content");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn archive_comments_support_empty_short_and_maximum_lengths() {
+        for length in [0, 1, 21, 22, 100, usize::from(u16::MAX)] {
+            let bytes = archive_with_comment(&vec![b'x'; length]);
+            let reader = ZipReader::new(&bytes).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(reader.read_by_name("manifest.json", 100).unwrap(), b"project content", "comment length {length}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn central_directory_digital_signature_remains_supported() {
+        let mut bytes = archive_with_comment(b"signed archive");
+        let eocd = bytes.len() - 22 - b"signed archive".len();
+        let signature = [0x50, 0x4b, 0x05, 0x05, 3, 0, 1, 2, 3];
+        let size = u32_at(&bytes, eocd + 12).unwrap() + signature.len() as u32;
+        bytes[eocd + 12..eocd + 16].copy_from_slice(&size.to_le_bytes());
+        bytes.splice(eocd..eocd, signature);
+        let reader = ZipReader::new(&bytes).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(reader.read_by_name("manifest.json", 100).unwrap(), b"project content");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn truncated_archive_comment_is_rejected() {
+        let mut bytes = archive_with_comment(b"comment");
+        bytes.pop();
+        assert!(ZipReader::new(&bytes).is_err());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn crc_matches_bitwise_reference() {
         // Bit-at-a-time IEEE CRC-32 as the oracle, over lengths that cross
diff --git a/crates/format/tests/analysis.rs b/crates/format/tests/it/analysis.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/format/tests/analysis.rs
rename to crates/format/tests/it/analysis.rs
diff --git a/crates/format/tests/autosave.rs b/crates/format/tests/it/autosave.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/format/tests/autosave.rs
rename to crates/format/tests/it/autosave.rs
index a1954682a1..24d61d50d3 100644
--- a/crates/format/tests/autosave.rs
+++ b/crates/format/tests/it/autosave.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! Background autosave and crash recovery.
 
-mod common;
+use crate::common;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use common::*;
diff --git a/crates/format/tests/common/mod.rs b/crates/format/tests/it/common/mod.rs
similarity index 97%
rename from crates/format/tests/common/mod.rs
rename to crates/format/tests/it/common/mod.rs
index 0c91e33e32..ce0381ff7c 100644
--- a/crates/format/tests/common/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/format/tests/it/common/mod.rs
@@ -66,7 +66,12 @@ pub fn rich_doc(mode: ColorMode, depth: SampleType) -> Document {
     mask.linked = false;
     paint.mask = Some(mask);
     paint.effects.items.push(Effect::ColorOverlay { common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Normal, 0.8), color: Color::rgb(1.0, 0.2, 0.1) });
-    paint.effects.items.push(Effect::GradientOverlay { common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Normal, 0.8), gradient: Gradient::default(), dither: true });
+    paint.effects.items.push(Effect::GradientOverlay {
+        common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Normal, 0.8),
+        gradient: Gradient::default(),
+        dither: true,
+        interpolation: None,
+    });
     paint.effects.psd_raw = Some(blob(3, 64));
     paint.psd_blocks.push((*b"vmsk", blob(4, 40)));
     paint.psd_blocks.push((*b"lnsr", blob(5, 4)));
@@ -169,6 +174,7 @@ pub fn rich_doc(mode: ColorMode, depth: SampleType) -> Document {
         "Smart",
         LayerContent::Smart(SmartObject {
             contents_id: SmartContentsId::fresh(),
+            vector_preview: None,
             source: SmartSource::Embedded { file_name: "inner.png".into(), bytes: blob(11, 2000) },
             transform: Affine::scale(0.5),
             smart_filters: vec![SmartFilter {
@@ -198,6 +204,7 @@ pub fn rich_doc(mode: ColorMode, depth: SampleType) -> Document {
         "Linked",
         LayerContent::Smart(SmartObject {
             contents_id: SmartContentsId::fresh(),
+            vector_preview: None,
             source: SmartSource::Linked { path: "/tmp/linked.psd".into() },
             transform: Affine::IDENTITY,
             smart_filters: vec![],
@@ -228,7 +235,7 @@ pub fn rich_doc(mode: ColorMode, depth: SampleType) -> Document {
     d.color_table = Some(photocraft_doc::ColorTable { colors: vec![[0, 0, 0], [255, 128, 0]], transparent: Some(1) });
     d.duotone = Some(photocraft_doc::Duotone {
         inks: vec![photocraft_doc::DuotoneInk::new("Black", [0.0; 3]), photocraft_doc::DuotoneInk::new("PANTONE 151 C", [1.0, 0.5, 0.0])],
-        psd_raw: Some(vec![1, 2, 3]),
+        psd_raw: Some(vec![1, 2, 3].into()),
     });
     d.guides =
         Guides { horizontal: vec![10.0, 20.5], vertical: vec![100.25], colors: vec![GuideColor { vertical: true, position: 100.25, rgb: [0x33, 0x66, 0xff] }] };
diff --git a/crates/format/tests/corruption.rs b/crates/format/tests/it/corruption.rs
similarity index 96%
rename from crates/format/tests/corruption.rs
rename to crates/format/tests/it/corruption.rs
index 727b37cb70..1a69a60055 100644
--- a/crates/format/tests/corruption.rs
+++ b/crates/format/tests/it/corruption.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! Damaged or hostile bundles must fail cleanly, never panic.
 
-mod common;
+use crate::common;
 use common::*;
 use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, SampleType};
 use photocraft_format::*;
@@ -128,6 +128,24 @@ fn over_deep_manifest_fails_cleanly() {
     assert!(matches!(e, FormatError::Corrupt(_)), "{e}");
 }
 
+/// A manifest of millions of tiny values (`[0,0,…]` deflates about 1000:1) is refused before
+/// it is parsed into a JSON tree, which would cost about 16 bytes of memory per input byte.
+#[test]
+fn manifest_with_too_many_values_is_refused() {
+    let n = (4 << 20) + 16;
+    let mut m = Vec::with_capacity(2 * n + 1);
+    m.push(b'[');
+    for i in 0..n {
+        m.extend_from_slice(if i == 0 { b"0" } else { b",0" });
+    }
+    m.push(b']');
+    let b = rebuild(&sample(), |name, d| Some(if name == "manifest.json" { m.clone() } else { d }));
+    let e = load_from_bytes(&b).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(matches!(e, FormatError::LimitExceeded(_)), "{e}");
+    let e = read_manifest(&b).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(matches!(e, FormatError::LimitExceeded(_)), "{e}");
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn too_new_version_rejected() {
     let b = rebuild(&sample(), |n, d| {
diff --git a/crates/format/tests/directory_symlinks.rs b/crates/format/tests/it/directory_symlinks.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/format/tests/directory_symlinks.rs
rename to crates/format/tests/it/directory_symlinks.rs
index edeebbdc3d..0a8d7d2462 100644
--- a/crates/format/tests/directory_symlinks.rs
+++ b/crates/format/tests/it/directory_symlinks.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! Directory cleanup only owns content-addressed objects; unrelated files survive.
 
-mod common;
+use crate::common;
 
 use common::temp_dir;
 use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, SampleType};
diff --git a/crates/format/tests/float_roundtrip.rs b/crates/format/tests/it/float_roundtrip.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/format/tests/float_roundtrip.rs
rename to crates/format/tests/it/float_roundtrip.rs
diff --git a/crates/format/tests/layer_labels.rs b/crates/format/tests/it/layer_labels.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/format/tests/layer_labels.rs
rename to crates/format/tests/it/layer_labels.rs
diff --git a/crates/format/tests/it/main.rs b/crates/format/tests/it/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6c822f4282
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/format/tests/it/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//! The crate's integration tests, linked into one test binary.
+
+mod analysis;
+mod autosave;
+mod common;
+mod corruption;
+mod directory_symlinks;
+mod float_roundtrip;
+mod layer_labels;
+mod roundtrip;
+mod smart_contents;
diff --git a/crates/format/tests/roundtrip.rs b/crates/format/tests/it/roundtrip.rs
similarity index 89%
rename from crates/format/tests/roundtrip.rs
rename to crates/format/tests/it/roundtrip.rs
index 725bc2c070..06d3928fd1 100644
--- a/crates/format/tests/roundtrip.rs
+++ b/crates/format/tests/it/roundtrip.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! doc → .pcraft → doc equality, incremental saves, ids, previews.
 
-mod common;
+use crate::common;
 use common::*;
 use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, SampleType};
 use photocraft_doc::text::{CharStyle, ParagraphStyle, TextRun};
@@ -11,6 +11,46 @@ use photocraft_raster::Rgba8Image;
 
 const MODES: [ColorMode; 4] = [ColorMode::Rgb, ColorMode::Grayscale, ColorMode::Cmyk, ColorMode::Lab];
 
+#[test]
+fn gradient_overlay_interpolation_roundtrips_in_native_documents() {
+    use photocraft_doc::effects::GradientInterpolation;
+    use photocraft_doc::{Color, Effect, FxCommon, Gradient};
+
+    for mode in MODES {
+        for depth in [SampleType::U8, SampleType::U16, SampleType::F32] {
+            let mut doc = rich_doc(mode, depth);
+            let source = GradientInterpolation {
+                method: "smooth".into(),
+                smoothness: 73.0,
+                stops: vec![(0.0, Color::rgb(0.123456, 0.4, 0.9)), (0.4, Color::WHITE), (1.0, Color::BLACK)],
+            };
+            let effect = Effect::GradientOverlay {
+                common: FxCommon::new(photocraft_doc::BlendMode::Normal, 1.0),
+                gradient: Gradient::default(),
+                dither: true,
+                interpolation: Some(source),
+            }
+            .in_mode(mode);
+            doc.layers.first_mut().unwrap().effects.items.push(effect);
+            let bytes = save_to_bytes(&doc, &SaveOptions::default()).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(load_from_bytes(&bytes).unwrap(), doc);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn old_effect_snapshots_need_no_interpolation_record() {
+    let effect = photocraft_doc::Effect::GradientOverlay {
+        common: photocraft_doc::FxCommon::new(photocraft_doc::BlendMode::Normal, 1.0),
+        gradient: photocraft_doc::Gradient::default(),
+        dither: false,
+        interpolation: None,
+    };
+    let json = serde_json::to_value(&effect).unwrap();
+    assert!(json["GradientOverlay"].get("interpolation").is_none());
+    assert_eq!(serde_json::from_value::<photocraft_doc::Effect>(json).unwrap(), effect);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn custom_shape_stroke_roundtrip_keeps_every_style_field() {
     for mode in MODES {
@@ -599,6 +639,32 @@ fn path_text_shape_roundtrips() {
     assert_eq!(shape, Some(TextShape::Path { path, start: 12.5, flip: true }));
 }
 
+/// Area type (#218): the whole path, ops and fill rule included, survives .pcraft.
+#[test]
+fn area_text_shape_roundtrips() {
+    use photocraft_doc::text::TextShape;
+    use photocraft_doc::vector::{FillRule, Path, PathOp, Subpath};
+    let mut doc = rich_doc(ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8);
+    let mut path = Path::new(vec![
+        Subpath::polygon(&[(0.0, 0.0), (200.0, 0.0), (200.0, 120.0), (0.0, 120.0)]),
+        Subpath::polygon(&[(80.0, 40.0), (120.0, 40.0), (120.0, 80.0)]).with_op(PathOp::Subtract),
+    ]);
+    path.fill_rule = FillRule::EvenOdd;
+    let ids: Vec<LayerId> = doc.walk().into_iter().filter(|(_, _, l)| matches!(l.content, LayerContent::Text(_))).map(|(_, _, l)| l.id).collect();
+    assert!(!ids.is_empty());
+    for id in ids {
+        if let Some(LayerContent::Text(t)) = doc.layer_mut(id).map(|l| &mut l.content) {
+            t.shape = TextShape::Area { path: path.clone() };
+        }
+    }
+    let back = load_from_bytes(&save_to_bytes(&doc, &SaveOptions::default()).unwrap()).unwrap();
+    let shape = back.walk().into_iter().find_map(|(_, _, l)| match &l.content {
+        LayerContent::Text(t) => Some(t.shape.clone()),
+        _ => None,
+    });
+    assert_eq!(shape, Some(TextShape::Area { path }));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn channel_restrictions_and_bevel_elements_roundtrip() {
     use photocraft_doc::{Bevel, BevelContour, BevelTexture, Contour, Effect};
@@ -768,6 +834,34 @@ fn a_non_finite_float_is_refused_at_save_rather_than_breaking_every_later_load()
     assert_eq!(back, doc);
 }
 
+/// #4957: a directory save holds the bundle's lock for its whole transaction. While another
+/// writer holds it, a save waits, then fails without writing anything; once it is released the
+/// save goes ahead.
+#[test]
+fn directory_save_waits_for_the_bundle_lock() {
+    let doc = rich_doc(ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8);
+    let dir = temp_dir("lock");
+    let other = std::fs::OpenOptions::new().read(true).write(true).create(true).truncate(false).open(dir.join("save.lock")).unwrap();
+    // A file system without file locks saves unlocked (`lock_bundle`), so there's nothing to test.
+    match other.try_lock() {
+        Ok(()) => {}
+        Err(std::fs::TryLockError::Error(e)) if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::Unsupported => return,
+        Err(std::fs::TryLockError::Error(e)) => panic!("locking save.lock failed: {e}"),
+        Err(std::fs::TryLockError::WouldBlock) => panic!("save.lock is already locked"),
+    }
+    let mut w = PcraftWriter::new();
+    w.set_lock_wait(std::time::Duration::from_millis(100));
+    let e = w.save_dir(&doc, &dir, &SaveOptions::default()).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(e.to_string().contains("in progress"), "{e}");
+    assert!(!dir.join("manifest.json").exists(), "nothing written while locked");
+    assert!(!dir.join("tiles").exists() || std::fs::read_dir(dir.join("tiles")).unwrap().count() == 0);
+    other.unlock().unwrap();
+    w.save_dir(&doc, &dir, &SaveOptions::default()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(load_path(&dir).unwrap(), doc);
+    drop(other);
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(dir).unwrap();
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn variables_follow_layer_id_remapping() {
     let mut doc = rich_doc(ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8);
diff --git a/crates/format/tests/smart_contents.rs b/crates/format/tests/it/smart_contents.rs
similarity index 69%
rename from crates/format/tests/smart_contents.rs
rename to crates/format/tests/it/smart_contents.rs
index ce91f85710..3202214014 100644
--- a/crates/format/tests/smart_contents.rs
+++ b/crates/format/tests/it/smart_contents.rs
@@ -141,3 +141,37 @@ fn extreme_smart_contents_ids_remap_without_poisoning_allocator() {
     assert!(SmartContentsId::fresh().0 < u64::MAX / 2);
     assert!(LayerId::fresh().0 < u64::MAX / 2);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn native_vector_display_preview_roundtrips_separately_from_original_payload() {
+    let source = Arc::new(b"%PDF-1.7\noriginal editable source".to_vec());
+    let svg = Arc::new(br#"<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="8" height="6"/>"#.to_vec());
+    let mut smart = SmartObject::new(SmartSource::Embedded { file_name: "Artwork.ai".into(), bytes: source.clone() }, Affine::IDENTITY, None);
+    smart.vector_preview = Some(photocraft_doc::VectorPreview { source_hash: *blake3::hash(&source).as_bytes(), svg });
+    let mut doc = Document::new("native vector", Size::new(8, 6), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8);
+    doc.layers.push(Layer::new("vector", LayerContent::Smart(smart)));
+    let bytes = save_to_bytes(&doc, &Default::default()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(load_from_bytes(&bytes).unwrap(), doc);
+    let missing_preview = rewrite_manifest(&bytes, |manifest| {
+        manifest["document"]["layers"][0]["content"]["vector_preview"]["svg"] = serde_json::json!("0".repeat(64));
+    });
+    let recovered = load_from_bytes(&missing_preview).unwrap();
+    let LayerContent::Smart(recovered_smart) = &recovered.layers[0].content else { panic!("smart object lost") };
+    assert!(recovered_smart.vector_preview.is_none(), "an unavailable display preview must not hide the original vector");
+    assert_eq!(recovered_smart.source, SmartSource::Embedded { file_name: "Artwork.ai".into(), bytes: source.clone() });
+    let mut oversized = doc.clone();
+    let LayerContent::Smart(oversized_smart) = &mut oversized.layers[0].content else { panic!("smart object lost") };
+    oversized_smart.vector_preview.as_mut().unwrap().svg = Arc::new(vec![b'x'; (16 << 20) + 1]);
+    let oversized = save_to_bytes(&oversized, &Default::default()).unwrap();
+    let recovered = load_from_bytes(&oversized).unwrap();
+    let LayerContent::Smart(recovered_smart) = &recovered.layers[0].content else { panic!("smart object lost") };
+    assert!(recovered_smart.vector_preview.is_none(), "an oversized optional preview is ignored before unbounded decompression");
+    assert_eq!(recovered_smart.source, SmartSource::Embedded { file_name: "Artwork.ai".into(), bytes: source.clone() });
+    let legacy = rewrite_manifest(&bytes, |manifest| {
+        manifest["document"]["layers"][0]["content"].as_object_mut().unwrap().remove("vector_preview");
+    });
+    let back = load_from_bytes(&legacy).unwrap();
+    let LayerContent::Smart(smart) = &back.layers[0].content else { panic!("smart object lost") };
+    assert!(smart.vector_preview.is_none());
+    assert_eq!(smart.source, SmartSource::Embedded { file_name: "Artwork.ai".into(), bytes: source });
+}
diff --git a/crates/geom/src/lib.rs b/crates/geom/src/lib.rs
index d95e4b847f..44a078dd36 100644
--- a/crates/geom/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/geom/src/lib.rs
@@ -96,6 +96,14 @@ impl Rect {
     pub fn inflate(&self, d: i32) -> Rect {
         Rect::new(self.x0.saturating_sub(d), self.y0.saturating_sub(d), self.x1.saturating_add(d), self.y1.saturating_add(d))
     }
+    /// How many tiles overlap this rect, without visiting them (a rect can span billions).
+    pub fn tile_count(&self) -> u64 {
+        if self.is_empty() {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        let (a, b) = (TileCoord::containing(self.x0, self.y0), TileCoord::containing(self.x1 - 1, self.y1 - 1));
+        ((i64::from(b.tx) - i64::from(a.tx) + 1) as u64) * ((i64::from(b.ty) - i64::from(a.ty) + 1) as u64)
+    }
     /// All tiles overlapping this rect.
     pub fn tiles(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = TileCoord> + use<> {
         let (a, b) = if self.is_empty() {
@@ -181,14 +189,16 @@ impl Affine {
     pub fn determinant(&self) -> f64 {
         self.m[0] * self.m[3] - self.m[1] * self.m[2]
     }
+    /// Returns `None` for a near-singular matrix or non-finite determinant/inverse coefficients.
     pub fn inverse(&self) -> Option<Affine> {
         let det = self.determinant();
-        if det.abs() < 1e-12 {
+        if !det.is_finite() || det.abs() < 1e-12 {
             return None;
         }
         let [a, b, c, d, e, f] = self.m;
         let inv = 1.0 / det;
-        Some(Affine { m: [d * inv, -b * inv, -c * inv, a * inv, (c * f - d * e) * inv, (b * e - a * f) * inv] })
+        let inverse = Affine { m: [d * inv, -b * inv, -c * inv, a * inv, (c * f - d * e) * inv, (b * e - a * f) * inv] };
+        inverse.m.iter().all(|v| v.is_finite()).then_some(inverse)
     }
 }
 
@@ -245,6 +255,34 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(Affine::scale(0.0).inverse().is_none());
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn affine_inverse_rejects_non_finite_coefficients() {
+        for value in [f64::NAN, f64::INFINITY, f64::NEG_INFINITY] {
+            for index in 0..6 {
+                let mut transform = Affine::IDENTITY;
+                transform.m[index] = value;
+                assert!(transform.inverse().is_none(), "coefficient {index}: {value}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn affine_inverse_rejects_determinant_overflow() {
+        assert!(Affine::scale(f64::MAX).inverse().is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn affine_inverse_rejects_translation_overflow() {
+        let transform = Affine { m: [1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, -f64::MAX, f64::MAX] };
+        assert_eq!(transform.determinant(), 1.0);
+        assert!(transform.inverse().is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn affine_inverse_keeps_large_finite_translations() {
+        assert_eq!(Affine::translate(f64::MAX, -f64::MAX).inverse(), Some(Affine::translate(-f64::MAX, f64::MAX)));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn affine_then_order() {
         let t = Affine::translate(10.0, 0.0).then(&Affine::scale(2.0));
diff --git a/crates/geom/src/warp.rs b/crates/geom/src/warp.rs
index 9c8f138747..cbbd746195 100644
--- a/crates/geom/src/warp.rs
+++ b/crates/geom/src/warp.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,9 @@
 //! - **Custom meshes** ([`BezierMesh`]): a grid of bicubic Bezier patches. The default is one
 //!   patch (a 4×4 control grid); split warps add patch rows/columns by exact de Casteljau
 //!   subdivision, so splitting never changes the shape.
+//! - **Cylinder** ([`WarpStyle::Cylinder`], Transform Warp only): seven `warpValues` that
+//!   Photoshop turns into a 4 × 1 patch mesh wrapping the contents round a cylinder; see
+//!   [`cylinder_mesh`].
 //!
 //! Pure geometry: resampling lives in `photocraft-algo::warp`.
 
@@ -38,6 +41,10 @@ pub enum WarpStyle {
     Inflate,
     Squeeze,
     Twist,
+    /// Edit › Transform › Warp's Cylinder (`warpCylinder`): not one of the fifteen bend presets
+    /// (Warp Text doesn't have it), it takes seven values instead of a bend; see
+    /// [`Warp::cylinder`].
+    Cylinder,
 }
 
 impl WarpStyle {
@@ -60,7 +67,8 @@ impl WarpStyle {
         WarpStyle::Twist,
     ];
 
-    /// Every style (none, custom, presets).
+    /// The styles the Warp menus list: none, custom and the presets. [`WarpStyle::Cylinder`] is
+    /// read from PSDs and taken by commands, but has no editor yet.
     pub fn all() -> impl Iterator<Item = WarpStyle> {
         [WarpStyle::None, WarpStyle::Custom].into_iter().chain(Self::PRESETS)
     }
@@ -85,6 +93,7 @@ impl WarpStyle {
             WarpStyle::Inflate => "warpInflate",
             WarpStyle::Squeeze => "warpSqueeze",
             WarpStyle::Twist => "warpTwist",
+            WarpStyle::Cylinder => "warpCylinder",
         }
     }
 
@@ -109,6 +118,7 @@ impl WarpStyle {
             "Fisheye" => "fisheye",
             "Inflate" => "inflate",
             "Squeeze" => "squeeze",
+            "Cylinder" => "cylinder",
             _ => "twist",
         }
     }
@@ -133,17 +143,19 @@ impl WarpStyle {
             WarpStyle::Inflate => "Inflate",
             WarpStyle::Squeeze => "Squeeze",
             WarpStyle::Twist => "Twist",
+            WarpStyle::Cylinder => "Cylinder",
         }
     }
 
     /// Parses a short id, a PSD name or a label (case-insensitive, spaces ignored).
     pub fn parse(s: &str) -> Option<WarpStyle> {
         let k: String = s.chars().filter(|c| !c.is_whitespace()).collect::<String>().to_ascii_lowercase();
-        Self::all().find(|w| w.id().to_ascii_lowercase() == k || w.psd_name().to_ascii_lowercase() == k)
+        Self::all().chain([WarpStyle::Cylinder]).find(|w| w.id().to_ascii_lowercase() == k || w.psd_name().to_ascii_lowercase() == k)
     }
 
+    /// One of the fifteen bend presets ([`Self::PRESETS`]).
     pub fn is_preset(self) -> bool {
-        !matches!(self, WarpStyle::None | WarpStyle::Custom)
+        Self::PRESETS.contains(&self)
     }
 }
 
@@ -357,7 +369,7 @@ fn preset_grid(style: WarpStyle, b: f64, hd: f64, vd: f64, vertical: bool, aspec
                 g[2][2][1] -= a;
             }
         }
-        WarpStyle::None | WarpStyle::Custom => {}
+        WarpStyle::None | WarpStyle::Custom | WarpStyle::Cylinder => {}
     }
     // Vertical distortion: the top and bottom rows scale about their end points' midpoint (by
     // 1 ∓ vd) and the middle rows follow by the blend of those two moves.
@@ -412,6 +424,101 @@ fn split_cubic(p: [[f64; 2]; 4], t: f64) -> [[f64; 2]; 7] {
     [p[0], a, d, f, e, c, p[3]]
 }
 
+/// Photoshop's Cylinder warp as a Bezier mesh in the `warp` descriptor's value space (the space
+/// of its `bounds`), from the seven `warpValues` `v` of a horizontal cylinder with no
+/// perspective. Like a custom warp's mesh, its control-point box is what the placement quad
+/// frames. `None` unless there are seven finite values with the right silhouette right of the
+/// left one.
+///
+/// The model was measured against Photoshop 2026's renders of a UV grid (issue #4112: within
+/// 0.3 px vertically and 1.2 px horizontally at the 99th percentile), not taken from Adobe's code:
+/// - `v[0]`, `v[2]`: the left and right silhouettes. Half axis `a = (v[2] − v[0]) / 2`.
+/// - `v[3]`, `v[1]`: the top and bottom edges at the silhouettes (the centre lines of the upper
+///   and lower ellipses); `v[4]`, `v[5]`: those ellipses' depth in units of `a`.
+/// - `v[6]` (0..1): how far the contents wrap round. The outer `uL` of the contents on each side
+///   is on the back of the cylinder and collapses onto the silhouette: 1/6 at 0, 0.006 at 1.
+///
+/// Four patches across (`us = [0, uL, 0.5, 1 − uL, 1]`: back, front left, front right, back) and
+/// one down; control rows are linear between the top and bottom edge.
+pub fn cylinder_mesh(v: &[f64]) -> Option<BezierMesh> {
+    let v: [f64; 7] = v.try_into().ok()?;
+    if !v.iter().all(|x| x.is_finite()) || v[2] <= v[0] {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let a = (v[2] - v[0]) / 2.0;
+    let cx = (v[0] + v[2]) / 2.0;
+    let [ul, kx, ky, my] = cylinder_shape(v[6]);
+    let s = [-1.0, -1.0, -1.0, -1.0, -1.0, -kx, 0.0, kx, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0];
+    let e = [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, ky, my, 1.0, my, ky, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0];
+    let mut points = Vec::with_capacity(13 * 4);
+    for r in 0..4 {
+        let t = f64::from(r) / 3.0;
+        for (sk, ek) in s.iter().zip(e) {
+            let (top, bottom) = (v[3] + v[4] * a * ek, v[1] + v[5] * a * ek);
+            points.push([cx + a * sk, top + (bottom - top) * t]);
+        }
+    }
+    let mesh = BezierMesh { us: vec![0.0, ul, 0.5, 1.0 - ul, 1.0], vs: vec![0.0, 1.0], points };
+    mesh.is_valid().then_some(mesh)
+}
+
+/// `[uL, kx, ky, my]` for a cylinder's wrap `g` (`warpValues[6]`, clamped to 0..1): the share of
+/// the contents on the back on each side, then the front patches' inner x control point (in
+/// units of the half axis) and their ellipse factors. Linear between the measured rows.
+fn cylinder_shape(g: f64) -> [f64; 4] {
+    let n = CYLINDER_SHAPE.len() - 1;
+    let x = if g.is_finite() { g.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * n as f64 } else { 0.0 };
+    let i = (x.floor() as usize).min(n - 1);
+    let (a, b, t) = (CYLINDER_SHAPE[i], CYLINDER_SHAPE[i + 1], x - i as f64);
+    std::array::from_fn(|k| a[k] + (b[k] - a[k]) * t)
+}
+
+/// [`cylinder_shape`]'s rows for `g` = 0, 0.025 … 1, measured from Photoshop's renders (#4112):
+/// no closed form was found.
+const CYLINDER_SHAPE: [[f64; 4]; 41] = [
+    [0.166169, 0.655404, 0.382374, 1.003104],
+    [0.157304, 0.650228, 0.388326, 1.002685],
+    [0.148438, 0.645374, 0.394211, 1.007918],
+    [0.140060, 0.639652, 0.401415, 1.006938],
+    [0.131885, 0.634064, 0.408465, 1.006069],
+    [0.123875, 0.628845, 0.414586, 1.005743],
+    [0.116162, 0.623565, 0.421033, 1.005233],
+    [0.108674, 0.618563, 0.426905, 1.004990],
+    [0.101198, 0.614439, 0.431943, 1.010787],
+    [0.094322, 0.609611, 0.437749, 1.010560],
+    [0.087757, 0.604929, 0.443406, 1.010361],
+    [0.081514, 0.600390, 0.448907, 1.010190],
+    [0.075599, 0.596012, 0.454288, 1.010019],
+    [0.069994, 0.591836, 0.459420, 1.009888],
+    [0.064709, 0.587844, 0.464361, 1.009768],
+    [0.059740, 0.584026, 0.469109, 1.009669],
+    [0.055072, 0.580427, 0.473609, 1.009588],
+    [0.050712, 0.576990, 0.477904, 1.009528],
+    [0.046635, 0.573760, 0.481968, 1.009477],
+    [0.042824, 0.570758, 0.485764, 1.009440],
+    [0.039295, 0.567910, 0.489377, 1.009411],
+    [0.036023, 0.565229, 0.492800, 1.009382],
+    [0.032681, 0.563478, 0.495519, 1.015285],
+    [0.029877, 0.561152, 0.498513, 1.015270],
+    [0.027282, 0.559012, 0.501313, 1.015245],
+    [0.024894, 0.557004, 0.503913, 1.015241],
+    [0.022693, 0.555163, 0.506331, 1.015225],
+    [0.020668, 0.553463, 0.508575, 1.015213],
+    [0.018816, 0.551877, 0.510651, 1.015217],
+    [0.017106, 0.550434, 0.512556, 1.015214],
+    [0.015542, 0.549100, 0.514319, 1.015213],
+    [0.014115, 0.547868, 0.515936, 1.015223],
+    [0.012806, 0.546743, 0.517432, 1.015223],
+    [0.011600, 0.545730, 0.518775, 1.015228],
+    [0.010506, 0.544788, 0.520034, 1.015230],
+    [0.009510, 0.543920, 0.521179, 1.015238],
+    [0.008600, 0.543134, 0.522224, 1.015244],
+    [0.007763, 0.542420, 0.523173, 1.015251],
+    [0.007006, 0.541757, 0.524065, 1.015252],
+    [0.006315, 0.541164, 0.524867, 1.015252],
+    [0.005686, 0.540608, 0.525602, 1.015261],
+];
+
 /// Inverse of the Bernstein interpolation matrix at t = 0, 1/3, 2/3, 1 (rows: control point,
 /// columns: sample). Exact rational values.
 const BERN_INV: [[f64; 4]; 4] = [[1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0], [-5.0 / 6.0, 3.0, -1.5, 1.0 / 3.0], [1.0 / 3.0, -1.5, 3.0, -5.0 / 6.0], [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]];
@@ -474,38 +581,50 @@ impl BezierMesh {
 
     /// Control points per row.
     pub fn nx(&self) -> usize {
-        3 * (self.us.len() - 1) + 1
+        3usize.saturating_mul(self.us.len().saturating_sub(1)).saturating_add(1)
     }
     /// Control point rows.
     pub fn ny(&self) -> usize {
-        3 * (self.vs.len() - 1) + 1
+        3usize.saturating_mul(self.vs.len().saturating_sub(1)).saturating_add(1)
     }
     pub fn point(&self, i: usize, j: usize) -> [f64; 2] {
-        self.points[j * self.nx() + i]
+        self.points.get(j.saturating_mul(self.nx()).saturating_add(i)).copied().unwrap_or([0.0; 2])
     }
 
     /// Checks the invariants (knots and point count); malformed data from files is rejected.
     pub fn is_valid(&self) -> bool {
-        let knots_ok = |k: &[f64]| k.len() >= 2 && k[0] == 0.0 && k[k.len() - 1] == 1.0 && k.windows(2).all(|w| w[1] > w[0]);
-        knots_ok(&self.us)
-            && knots_ok(&self.vs)
-            && self.points.len() == self.nx() * self.ny()
-            && self.points.iter().all(|p| p[0].is_finite() && p[1].is_finite())
+        let knots_ok = |k: &[f64]| (2..=65).contains(&k.len()) && k[0] == 0.0 && k[k.len() - 1] == 1.0 && k.windows(2).all(|w| w[1] > w[0]);
+        if !knots_ok(&self.us) || !knots_ok(&self.vs) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let Some(nx) = (self.us.len() - 1).checked_mul(3).and_then(|v| v.checked_add(1)) else {
+            return false;
+        };
+        let Some(ny) = (self.vs.len() - 1).checked_mul(3).and_then(|v| v.checked_add(1)) else {
+            return false;
+        };
+        let Some(expected) = nx.checked_mul(ny) else {
+            return false;
+        };
+        self.points.len() == expected && self.points.iter().all(|p| p[0].is_finite() && p[1].is_finite())
     }
 
     fn locate(knots: &[f64], s: f64) -> (usize, f64) {
-        let n = knots.len() - 1;
-        let s = s.clamp(0.0, 1.0);
-        let mut i = 0;
-        while i + 1 < n && s > knots[i + 1] {
-            i += 1;
+        if knots.len() < 2 {
+            return (0, 0.0);
         }
+        let n = knots.len() - 1;
+        let s = if s.is_finite() { s.clamp(0.0, 1.0) } else { 0.0 };
+        let i = knots[1..n].partition_point(|&k| k < s);
         let w = knots[i + 1] - knots[i];
         (i, if w > 0.0 { (s - knots[i]) / w } else { 0.0 })
     }
 
     /// Evaluates the surface at normalised `(s, t)`.
     pub fn eval(&self, s: f64, t: f64) -> [f64; 2] {
+        if self.us.len() < 2 || self.vs.len() < 2 {
+            return [0.0; 2];
+        }
         let (pi, a) = Self::locate(&self.us, s);
         let (pj, b) = Self::locate(&self.vs, t);
         let (ba, bb) = (bernstein(a), bernstein(b));
@@ -513,7 +632,10 @@ impl BezierMesh {
         let mut out = [0.0; 2];
         for (j, wb) in bb.iter().enumerate() {
             for (i, wa) in ba.iter().enumerate() {
-                let p = self.points[(3 * pj + j) * nx + 3 * pi + i];
+                let idx = (3 * pj + j).saturating_mul(nx).saturating_add(3 * pi + i);
+                let Some(&p) = self.points.get(idx) else {
+                    return [0.0; 2];
+                };
                 let k = wa * wb;
                 out[0] += p[0] * k;
                 out[1] += p[1] * k;
@@ -555,7 +677,7 @@ impl BezierMesh {
     /// Exact when the patches came from an unedited split; otherwise the outer control points are
     /// kept and the inner handles extrapolated.
     pub fn remove_split_u(&mut self, k: usize) -> bool {
-        if k == 0 || k + 1 >= self.us.len() {
+        if k == 0 || k >= self.us.len().saturating_sub(1) {
             return false;
         }
         let a = (self.us[k] - self.us[k - 1]) / (self.us[k + 1] - self.us[k - 1]);
@@ -917,15 +1039,18 @@ pub struct Warp {
     pub vertical: bool,
     /// The source box `[x0, y0, x1, y1]` the warp is defined over.
     pub bounds: [f64; 4],
-    /// Control mesh for [`WarpStyle::Custom`] (output coordinates).
+    /// Control mesh for [`WarpStyle::Custom`] and [`WarpStyle::Cylinder`] (output coordinates).
     #[serde(default)]
     pub mesh: Option<BezierMesh>,
+    /// A cylinder's seven `warpValues` (see [`Warp::cylinder`]); empty for other styles.
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Vec::is_empty")]
+    pub values: Vec<f64>,
 }
 
 impl Warp {
     /// No warp over `bounds`.
     pub fn none(bounds: [f64; 4]) -> Warp {
-        Warp { style: WarpStyle::None, bend: 0.0, h_distort: 0.0, v_distort: 0.0, vertical: false, bounds, mesh: None }
+        Warp { style: WarpStyle::None, bend: 0.0, h_distort: 0.0, v_distort: 0.0, vertical: false, bounds, mesh: None, values: Vec::new() }
     }
 
     /// A preset style.
@@ -938,6 +1063,13 @@ impl Warp {
         Warp { style: WarpStyle::Custom, mesh: Some(mesh), ..Warp::none(bounds) }
     }
 
+    /// A horizontal Cylinder warp over `bounds` from its seven `warpValues` (see
+    /// [`cylinder_mesh`]). `None` when they don't describe one.
+    pub fn cylinder(values: &[f64], bounds: [f64; 4]) -> Option<Warp> {
+        let mesh = cylinder_mesh(values)?;
+        Some(Warp { style: WarpStyle::Cylinder, mesh: Some(mesh), values: values.to_vec(), ..Warp::none(bounds) })
+    }
+
     fn style_warp(&self) -> Option<StyleWarp> {
         StyleWarp::new(self.style, self.bend, self.h_distort, self.v_distort, self.vertical, self.bounds)
     }
@@ -946,11 +1078,32 @@ impl Warp {
     pub fn is_identity(&self) -> bool {
         match self.style {
             WarpStyle::None => true,
-            WarpStyle::Custom => match &self.mesh {
+            WarpStyle::Custom | WarpStyle::Cylinder => match &self.mesh {
                 None => true,
                 Some(m) => {
-                    let id = BezierMesh::fit(&|s, t| self.box_point(s, t), m.us.clone(), m.vs.clone());
-                    m.points.iter().zip(&id.points).all(|(a, b)| (a[0] - b[0]).abs() < 1e-9 && (a[1] - b[1]).abs() < 1e-9)
+                    if !m.is_valid() {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                    let nx = m.nx();
+                    let (pc, pr) = (m.us.len() - 1, m.vs.len() - 1);
+                    for pj in 0..pr {
+                        for j in 0..4 {
+                            let v = m.vs[pj] + (m.vs[pj + 1] - m.vs[pj]) * j as f64 / 3.0;
+                            for pi in 0..pc {
+                                for i in 0..4 {
+                                    let u = m.us[pi] + (m.us[pi + 1] - m.us[pi]) * i as f64 / 3.0;
+                                    let expected = self.box_point(u, v);
+                                    let actual = m.points[(3 * pj + j) * nx + 3 * pi + i];
+                                    // Relative to the magnitude so the fit's rounding at large origins isn't rejected.
+                                    let tol = |e: f64| (1e-9 * e.abs().max(1.0)).min(1e-6);
+                                    if (actual[0] - expected[0]).abs() >= tol(expected[0]) || (actual[1] - expected[1]).abs() >= tol(expected[1]) {
+                                        return false;
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    true
                 }
             },
             _ => self.style_warp().is_none(),
@@ -966,7 +1119,7 @@ impl Warp {
     pub fn map(&self, x: f64, y: f64) -> (f64, f64) {
         match self.style {
             WarpStyle::None => (x, y),
-            WarpStyle::Custom => match &self.mesh {
+            WarpStyle::Custom | WarpStyle::Cylinder => match &self.mesh {
                 Some(m) => {
                     let b = self.bounds;
                     let (w, h) = (b[2] - b[0], b[3] - b[1]);
@@ -986,9 +1139,9 @@ impl Warp {
     }
 
     /// The warp as a control mesh (a preset is its own Bezier patch split into `cols × rows`;
-    /// custom warps return their own mesh).
+    /// custom and cylinder warps return their own mesh).
     pub fn to_mesh(&self, cols: usize, rows: usize) -> BezierMesh {
-        if let (WarpStyle::Custom, Some(m)) = (self.style, &self.mesh) {
+        if let (WarpStyle::Custom | WarpStyle::Cylinder, Some(m)) = (self.style, &self.mesh) {
             return m.clone();
         }
         let (cols, rows) = (cols.clamp(1, 64), rows.clamp(1, 64));
@@ -1275,6 +1428,26 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn remove_split_u_rejects_out_of_range_indices() {
+        let original = BezierMesh::identity(B, 2, 3);
+        for k in [0, original.us.len() - 1, original.us.len(), usize::MAX - 1, usize::MAX] {
+            let mut mesh = original.clone();
+            assert!(!mesh.remove_split_u(k), "index {k}");
+            assert_eq!(mesh, original, "index {k} must leave the mesh unchanged");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn remove_split_v_rejects_out_of_range_indices() {
+        let original = BezierMesh::identity(B, 2, 3);
+        for k in [0, original.vs.len() - 1, original.vs.len(), usize::MAX - 1, usize::MAX] {
+            let mut mesh = original.clone();
+            assert!(!mesh.remove_split_v(k), "index {k}");
+            assert_eq!(mesh, original, "index {k} must leave the mesh unchanged");
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn splits_are_exact_and_removable() {
         let mut m = BezierMesh::identity(B, 1, 1);
@@ -1364,4 +1537,127 @@ mod tests {
         let ob = Warp::none(B).output_bounds();
         assert!((ob[0] - 10.0).abs() < 1e-9 && (ob[3] - 70.0).abs() < 1e-9);
     }
+
+    /// A cylinder over a 1000 × 1000 source like #4112's: silhouettes at x 100 and 900, edges at
+    /// y 200 (top) and 800 (bottom), ellipses 0.3 deep, half wrapped round.
+    const CYL: [f64; 7] = [100.0, 800.0, 900.0, 200.0, 0.3, 0.3, 0.5];
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cylinder_style_is_read_and_named_but_not_a_bend_preset() {
+        for s in ["cylinder", "warpCylinder", "Cylinder"] {
+            assert_eq!(WarpStyle::parse(s), Some(WarpStyle::Cylinder), "{s}");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(WarpStyle::Cylinder.psd_name(), "warpCylinder");
+        assert_eq!(WarpStyle::Cylinder.id(), "cylinder");
+        assert!(!WarpStyle::Cylinder.is_preset());
+        assert!(StyleWarp::new(WarpStyle::Cylinder, 50.0, 0.0, 0.0, false, B).is_none());
+        // The Warp menus list what they can edit.
+        assert!(WarpStyle::all().all(|s| s != WarpStyle::Cylinder));
+        assert_eq!(WarpStyle::all().filter(|s| s.is_preset()).count(), 15);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cylinder_values_that_describe_no_cylinder_are_refused() {
+        assert!(cylinder_mesh(&CYL[..6]).is_none(), "six values");
+        assert!(cylinder_mesh(&[CYL.as_slice(), &[0.0]].concat()).is_none(), "eight values");
+        for i in 0..7 {
+            for bad in [f64::NAN, f64::INFINITY] {
+                let mut v = CYL;
+                v[i] = bad;
+                assert!(cylinder_mesh(&v).is_none(), "value {i} = {bad}");
+            }
+        }
+        let mut v = CYL;
+        v[2] = v[0];
+        assert!(Warp::cylinder(&v, [0.0, 0.0, 1000.0, 1000.0]).is_none(), "no width");
+        v[2] = 50.0;
+        assert!(Warp::cylinder(&v, [0.0, 0.0, 1000.0, 1000.0]).is_none(), "right silhouette left of the left one");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cylinder_wraps_the_contents_between_its_silhouettes() {
+        let w = Warp::cylinder(&CYL, [0.0, 0.0, 1000.0, 1000.0]).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(w.style, WarpStyle::Cylinder);
+        assert_eq!(w.values, CYL);
+        assert!(!w.is_identity());
+        let m = w.mesh.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((m.nx(), m.ny()), (13, 4));
+        let [ul, ..] = cylinder_shape(0.5);
+        assert!((m.us[1] - ul).abs() < 1e-12 && (m.us[3] - (1.0 - ul)).abs() < 1e-12);
+        // The middle of the contents is at the front: centred, on the ellipses' near side.
+        assert!(close(w.map(500.0, 0.0), (500.0, 200.0 + 0.3 * 400.0), 1e-9));
+        assert!(close(w.map(500.0, 1000.0), (500.0, 800.0 + 0.3 * 400.0), 1e-9));
+        // What wraps round the back lies on the silhouettes, at the edges' ends.
+        for x in [0.0, ul * 500.0, ul * 1000.0] {
+            assert!(close(w.map(x, 0.0), (100.0, 200.0), 1e-9), "{x}");
+            assert!(close(w.map(1000.0 - x, 1000.0), (900.0, 800.0), 1e-9), "{x}");
+        }
+        // Across the front x only grows, and the two halves mirror each other.
+        let mut last = f64::MIN;
+        for i in 0..=200 {
+            let x = 1000.0 * (ul + (1.0 - 2.0 * ul) * f64::from(i) / 200.0);
+            let (px, py) = w.map(x, 400.0);
+            assert!(px >= last - 1e-9, "x {x}");
+            last = px;
+            let (qx, qy) = w.map(1000.0 - x, 400.0);
+            assert!(close((px - 500.0, py), (500.0 - qx, qy), 1e-9), "x {x}");
+        }
+        // Every point stays inside the control-point box the placement frames.
+        let cb = m.control_bounds();
+        let ob = w.output_bounds();
+        assert!(ob[0] >= cb[0] - 1e-9 && ob[1] >= cb[1] - 1e-9 && ob[2] <= cb[2] + 1e-9 && ob[3] <= cb[3] + 1e-9);
+        assert!((cb[0] - 100.0).abs() < 1e-9 && (cb[2] - 900.0).abs() < 1e-9);
+        // The box's bottom is the lower ellipse's deepest control point (`my` > 1).
+        assert!((cb[3] - (800.0 + 0.3 * 400.0 * cylinder_shape(0.5)[3])).abs() < 1e-9);
+        assert_eq!(w.to_mesh(4, 4), *m, "a cylinder is its own mesh");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cylinder_shape_follows_the_measured_rows() {
+        assert_eq!(cylinder_shape(0.0), CYLINDER_SHAPE[0]);
+        assert_eq!(cylinder_shape(1.0), CYLINDER_SHAPE[40]);
+        assert_eq!(cylinder_shape(-3.0), CYLINDER_SHAPE[0]);
+        assert_eq!(cylinder_shape(7.0), CYLINDER_SHAPE[40]);
+        assert_eq!(cylinder_shape(f64::NAN), CYLINDER_SHAPE[0]);
+        let mid = cylinder_shape(0.0125);
+        for k in 0..4 {
+            assert!((mid[k] - (CYLINDER_SHAPE[0][k] + CYLINDER_SHAPE[1][k]) / 2.0).abs() < 1e-12);
+        }
+        // The more it wraps, the less of the contents is on the back.
+        assert!(CYLINDER_SHAPE.windows(2).all(|r| r[1][0] < r[0][0]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn is_identity_rejects_malformed_custom_mesh_without_allocating() {
+        let us: Vec<f64> = (0..=1000).map(|i| i as f64 / 1000.0).collect();
+        let vs: Vec<f64> = (0..=1000).map(|i| i as f64 / 1000.0).collect();
+        let malformed = BezierMesh { us, vs, points: Vec::new() };
+        assert!(!malformed.is_valid());
+        let w = Warp::custom(malformed.clone(), B);
+        assert!(!w.is_identity());
+        assert_eq!(malformed.eval(0.5, 0.5), [0.0, 0.0]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn locate_binary_search_matches_linear_scan() {
+        let knots = [0.0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.85, 1.0];
+        let linear = |s: f64| {
+            let n = knots.len() - 1;
+            let s = if s.is_finite() { s.clamp(0.0, 1.0) } else { 0.0 };
+            let mut i = 0;
+            while i + 1 < n && s > knots[i + 1] {
+                i += 1;
+            }
+            let w = knots[i + 1] - knots[i];
+            (i, if w > 0.0 { (s - knots[i]) / w } else { 0.0 })
+        };
+        for k in -10..=110 {
+            let s = k as f64 / 100.0;
+            assert_eq!(BezierMesh::locate(&knots, s), linear(s), "s={s}");
+        }
+        for &s in &knots {
+            assert_eq!(BezierMesh::locate(&knots, s), linear(s), "knot={s}");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(BezierMesh::locate(&knots, f64::NAN), linear(f64::NAN));
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/gpu/Cargo.toml b/crates/gpu/Cargo.toml
index 81b51f4c35..e33ec9c01a 100644
--- a/crates/gpu/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/gpu/Cargo.toml
@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@ photocraft-color = { workspace = true }
 photocraft-raster = { workspace = true }
 photocraft-doc = { workspace = true }
 photocraft-compose = { workspace = true }
+# Camera Raw's per-pixel stages (`camera_raw.rs`) take their constants from the CPU develop.
+photocraft-algo = { workspace = true }
+bytemuck = { workspace = true }
 # Same major version as eframe's wgpu so the app's device can be shared.
 wgpu = { version = "30", default-features = false, features = ["std", "wgsl"] }
 log = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/crates/gpu/examples/bench_camera_raw.rs b/crates/gpu/examples/bench_camera_raw.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..be206fe382
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/gpu/examples/bench_camera_raw.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+//! Camera Raw's preview develop on the 858×572 proxy of a 6000×4000 image: the CPU develop
+//! against the GPU pass (upload, render, readback), for per-pixel settings.
+//! `cargo run --release -p photocraft-gpu --example bench_camera_raw [-- --quick]`
+use std::time::Instant;
+
+use photocraft_algo::camera_raw::{CameraRaw, Wheel, develop, per_pixel, white_black_points};
+use photocraft_gpu::CameraRawDevelop;
+
+fn median(mut v: Vec<f64>) -> f64 {
+    v.sort_by(f64::total_cmp);
+    v[v.len() / 2]
+}
+
+fn time(runs: usize, mut f: impl FnMut()) -> f64 {
+    f();
+    median(
+        (0..runs)
+            .map(|_| {
+                let t = Instant::now();
+                f();
+                t.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1e3
+            })
+            .collect(),
+    )
+}
+
+/// [`time`] for a call that can fail: its first error ends the benchmark instead of being timed.
+fn try_time<E>(runs: usize, mut f: impl FnMut() -> Result<(), E>) -> Result<f64, E> {
+    let mut failed = None;
+    let ms = time(runs, || {
+        if failed.is_none() {
+            failed = f().err();
+        }
+    });
+    failed.map_or(Ok(ms), Err)
+}
+
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    let runs = if std::env::args().any(|a| a == "--quick") { 5 } else { 40 };
+    let (w, h) = (858usize, 572usize);
+    let instance = wgpu::Instance::new(wgpu::InstanceDescriptor::new_without_display_handle_from_env());
+    let options = wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions { power_preference: wgpu::PowerPreference::HighPerformance, ..Default::default() };
+    let adapter = pollster::block_on(instance.request_adapter(&options))?;
+    let (device, queue) = pollster::block_on(adapter.request_device(&Default::default()))?;
+    let info = adapter.get_info();
+    println!("adapter: {} ({:?}), proxy {w}x{h}, median of {runs}", info.name, info.backend);
+    let built = Instant::now();
+    let mut pass = CameraRawDevelop::new(&device)?;
+    println!("pipeline build: {:.1} ms", built.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1e3);
+    let src: Vec<[f32; 4]> = (0..w * h)
+        .map(|i| {
+            let (x, y) = ((i % w) as f32 / w as f32, (i / w) as f32 / h as f32);
+            [0.1 + 0.8 * x, 0.2 + 0.6 * y, 0.6 - 0.5 * x * y, 1.0]
+        })
+        .collect();
+    let scale = w as f32 / 6000.0;
+    let mut hsl = [0.0; 8];
+    hsl[1] = 30.0;
+    hsl[5] = -40.0;
+    let sets = [
+        (
+            "Basic (WB, Exposure, Contrast, Whites, Blacks)",
+            CameraRaw { temperature: 20.0, exposure: 0.4, contrast: 25.0, whites: 30.0, blacks: -20.0, pixel_scale: scale, ..Default::default() },
+        ),
+        (
+            "every per-pixel stage",
+            CameraRaw {
+                temperature: 20.0,
+                tint: 5.0,
+                exposure: 0.4,
+                contrast: 25.0,
+                whites: 30.0,
+                blacks: -20.0,
+                vibrance: 30.0,
+                saturation: 10.0,
+                curve_lights: 20.0,
+                point_curve: vec![[0.0, 8.0], [128.0, 140.0], [255.0, 250.0]],
+                hsl_hue: hsl,
+                hsl_sat: hsl,
+                hsl_lum: hsl,
+                grade_shadows: Wheel { hue: 210.0, sat: 30.0, lum: 0.0 },
+                grade_highlights: Wheel { hue: 40.0, sat: 20.0, lum: 5.0 },
+                vignette_amount: -30.0,
+                grain_amount: 25.0,
+                pixel_scale: scale,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        ),
+    ];
+    for (name, p) in &sets {
+        let cpu = time(runs, || {
+            let mut px = src.clone();
+            develop(&mut px, w, h, p, false);
+        });
+        let points_ms = time(runs, || {
+            std::hint::black_box(white_black_points(&src, w, h, p));
+        });
+        let points = white_black_points(&src, w, h, p);
+        let stages = per_pixel(p, w, h, false, points).ok_or("not per pixel")?;
+        let size = [w as u32, h as u32];
+        let upload = try_time(runs, || pass.develop(&device, &queue, None, &src, None, size, &stages).map(drop))?;
+        let cached = try_time(runs, || pass.develop(&device, &queue, None, &src, Some(1), size, &stages).map(drop))?;
+        println!("{name}:");
+        println!("  CPU develop                          {cpu:7.2} ms");
+        println!("  GPU, source uploaded every time      {upload:7.2} ms");
+        println!("  GPU, source cached (slider drag)     {cached:7.2} ms");
+        println!("  Whites/Blacks points on the CPU      {points_ms:7.2} ms (cached per WB/Exposure/Contrast in the dialog)");
+    }
+    let shadows = CameraRaw { shadows: 50.0, pixel_scale: scale, ..Default::default() };
+    let cpu = time(runs.min(10), || {
+        let mut px = src.clone();
+        develop(&mut px, w, h, &shadows, false);
+    });
+    println!("for reference, Shadows +50 (CPU only): {cpu:.2} ms");
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/gpu/examples/bench_shape_drag.rs b/crates/gpu/examples/bench_shape_drag.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..820c1e187f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/gpu/examples/bench_shape_drag.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+//! Styled shape group translation: synchronized frame time and effect-map rebuild counters.
+use photocraft_color::{Color, ColorMode, SampleType};
+use photocraft_doc::{Document, Fill, Layer, LayerContent, Path, ShapeLayer, Subpath};
+use photocraft_geom::{Affine, Size};
+use photocraft_gpu::Compositor;
+use std::time::Instant;
+
+/// Translate the fixture's paths and raster caches together, as a group drag preview does.
+fn moved(base: &Document, offset: i32) -> Document {
+    let mut doc = base.clone();
+    if let Some(group) = doc.layers.last_mut().and_then(Layer::children_mut) {
+        for layer in group {
+            if let LayerContent::Shape(shape) = &mut layer.content {
+                shape.path = shape.path.transform(&Affine::translate(f64::from(offset), f64::from(offset)));
+                if let Some(cache) = &mut shape.cache {
+                    *cache = cache.translated(offset, offset, photocraft_compose::bounds::content_bounds(cache));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    doc
+}
+/// Measure synchronized drag frames; quick mode also verifies fresh-render parity.
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    let quick = std::env::args().any(|a| a == "--quick");
+    let size = if quick { Size::new(1600, 1200) } else { Size::new(6000, 4000) };
+    let mut doc = Document::with_background("styled shapes", size, ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8, Color::WHITE);
+    let mut children = Vec::new();
+    for i in 0..12 {
+        let x = 100.1 + f64::from(i % 4) * f64::from(size.width) / 5.0;
+        let y = 100.2 + f64::from(i / 4) * f64::from(size.height) / 4.0;
+        let w = f64::from(size.width) / 7.0;
+        let h = f64::from(size.height) / 6.0;
+        let mut shape = ShapeLayer {
+            path: Path::new(vec![Subpath::polygon(&[(x, y), (x + w, y), (x + w, y + h), (x, y + h)])]),
+            fill: Some(Fill::Solid(Color::rgb(0.2, 0.4, 0.8))),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        shape.cache = Some(photocraft_vector::render_shape(&shape, doc.pixel_format(), doc.bounds()));
+        let mut layer = Layer::new(format!("shape {i}"), LayerContent::Shape(shape));
+        layer.effects.items.push(photocraft_doc::Effect::default_drop_shadow());
+        children.push(layer);
+    }
+    doc.layers.push(Layer::group("group", children));
+    let adapter = pollster::block_on(
+        wgpu::Instance::default()
+            .request_adapter(&wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions { power_preference: wgpu::PowerPreference::HighPerformance, ..Default::default() }),
+    )?;
+    let (device, queue) = pollster::block_on(adapter.request_device(&Default::default()))?;
+    println!("adapter={:?} document={}x{}", adapter.get_info().name, size.width, size.height);
+    let mut comp = Compositor::try_new_with_format(&device, Compositor::preferred_acc_format(&adapter))?;
+    let mut samples = Vec::new();
+    for frame in 0..8 {
+        let start = Instant::now();
+        let current = moved(&doc, frame * 3);
+        let preview_ms = start.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1000.0;
+        let stats = comp.render(&device, &queue, &current, current.bounds(), |_, _| {})?;
+        device.poll(wgpu::PollType::Wait { submission_index: None, timeout: None })?;
+        let ms = start.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1000.0;
+        println!(
+            "frame={frame} ms={ms:.3} preview_ms={preview_ms:.3} fx_shapes={} fx_programs={} fx_pixels={}",
+            stats.fx_shapes, stats.fx_programs, stats.fx_pixels
+        );
+        if frame > 1 {
+            samples.push(ms);
+        }
+    }
+    samples.sort_by(f64::total_cmp);
+    println!("warm_median_ms={:.3}", samples.get(samples.len() / 2).copied().unwrap_or_default());
+    if quick {
+        let current = moved(&doc, 21);
+        let warm = photocraft_gpu::render_to_vec(&mut comp, &device, &queue, &current, current.bounds())?;
+        let mut fresh = Compositor::try_new_with_format(&device, Compositor::preferred_acc_format(&adapter))?;
+        let expected = photocraft_gpu::render_to_vec(&mut fresh, &device, &queue, &current, current.bounds())?;
+        let difference = warm.iter().zip(&expected).flat_map(|(a, b)| a.iter().zip(b).map(|(a, b)| (a - b).abs())).fold(0.0f32, f32::max);
+        println!("fresh_render_max_difference={difference}");
+        if difference >= 1.0 / 255.0 {
+            return Err("reused effect maps differ from fresh rendering".into());
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/gpu/examples/zero_block_probe.rs b/crates/gpu/examples/zero_block_probe.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ef9a5b44a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/gpu/examples/zero_block_probe.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+//! Probe: do textures uploaded like egui-wgpu's (TEXTURE_BINDING | COPY_DST, one full
+//! `write_texture`) read back exactly what was written? Uploads mostly-transparent images with a
+//! few opaque texels, samples every texel in a render pass, reads the target back and counts
+//! texels that differ. Between uploads it frees render targets cleared to red, so stale memory is
+//! red if the driver hands it back without honouring the copy.
+//!
+//! cargo run --release -p photocraft-gpu --example zero_block_probe -- [dx12|vulkan|gl] [rounds] [guard] [adapter=<name>]
+//!
+//! `adapter=<name>` probes the first adapter whose name contains `<name>` (case-insensitive), e.g.
+//! `adapter=iris` on a machine that also has a discrete GPU; without it wgpu picks its default adapter.
+
+use wgpu::util::DeviceExt;
+
+const SHADER: &str = r"
+@group(0) @binding(0) var t: texture_2d<f32>;
+@vertex fn vs(@builtin(vertex_index) i: u32) -> @builtin(position) vec4<f32> {
+    let p = array(vec2(-1.0, -3.0), vec2(-1.0, 1.0), vec2(3.0, 1.0));
+    return vec4(p[i], 0.0, 1.0);
+}
+@fragment fn fs(@builtin(position) p: vec4<f32>) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
+    return textureLoad(t, vec2<i32>(p.xy), 0);
+}
+";
+
+fn main() {
+    let args: Vec<String> = std::env::args().collect();
+    let backends = match args.get(1).map(String::as_str) {
+        Some("vulkan") => wgpu::Backends::VULKAN,
+        Some("gl") => wgpu::Backends::GL,
+        _ => wgpu::Backends::DX12,
+    };
+    let rounds: usize = args.get(2).and_then(|s| s.parse().ok()).unwrap_or(300);
+    // `guard`: transparent texels are uploaded as (0, 0, 0, 1), as `photocraft_ui_egui::texel_guard` does.
+    let guard = args.get(3).is_some_and(|a| a == "guard");
+    let instance = wgpu::Instance::new(wgpu::InstanceDescriptor { backends, ..wgpu::InstanceDescriptor::new_without_display_handle() });
+    let adapter = match args.iter().find_map(|a| a.strip_prefix("adapter=")).map(str::to_lowercase) {
+        Some(want) => {
+            let adapters = pollster::block_on(instance.enumerate_adapters(backends));
+            let names: Vec<String> = adapters.iter().map(|a| a.get_info().name).collect();
+            adapters
+                .into_iter()
+                .find(|a| a.get_info().name.to_lowercase().contains(&want))
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("no adapter matches {want:?}; found {names:?}"))
+        }
+        None => pollster::block_on(instance.request_adapter(&wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions::default())).expect("adapter"),
+    };
+    let info = adapter.get_info();
+    println!("adapter: {} ({:?}) driver {} {}", info.name, info.backend, info.driver, info.driver_info);
+    let (device, queue) = pollster::block_on(adapter.request_device(&wgpu::DeviceDescriptor::default())).expect("device");
+
+    let fmt = wgpu::TextureFormat::Rgba8Unorm;
+    let module = device.create_shader_module(wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor { label: None, source: wgpu::ShaderSource::Wgsl(SHADER.into()) });
+    let pipeline = device.create_render_pipeline(&wgpu::RenderPipelineDescriptor {
+        label: None,
+        layout: None,
+        vertex: wgpu::VertexState { module: &module, entry_point: Some("vs"), compilation_options: Default::default(), buffers: &[] },
+        fragment: Some(wgpu::FragmentState {
+            module: &module,
+            entry_point: Some("fs"),
+            compilation_options: Default::default(),
+            targets: &[Some(wgpu::ColorTargetState { format: fmt, blend: None, write_mask: wgpu::ColorWrites::ALL })],
+        }),
+        primitive: Default::default(),
+        depth_stencil: None,
+        multisample: Default::default(),
+        multiview_mask: None,
+        cache: None,
+    });
+
+    let mut bad_textures = 0;
+    let mut bad_texels = 0usize;
+    for round in 0..rounds {
+        // Vary the size like the brush previews and icons do.
+        let (w, h) = (16 + (round as u32 * 37) % 300, 16 + (round as u32 * 13) % 60);
+        // Free some red render targets first: their memory is what a not-zeroed heap hands back.
+        for _ in 0..2 {
+            let rt = device.create_texture(&wgpu::TextureDescriptor {
+                label: Some("red-rt"),
+                size: wgpu::Extent3d { width: w, height: h, depth_or_array_layers: 1 },
+                mip_level_count: 1,
+                sample_count: 1,
+                dimension: wgpu::TextureDimension::D2,
+                format: fmt,
+                usage: wgpu::TextureUsages::RENDER_ATTACHMENT | wgpu::TextureUsages::TEXTURE_BINDING,
+                view_formats: &[],
+            });
+            let view = rt.create_view(&Default::default());
+            let mut enc = device.create_command_encoder(&Default::default());
+            enc.begin_render_pass(&wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor {
+                label: None,
+                color_attachments: &[Some(wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment {
+                    view: &view,
+                    depth_slice: None,
+                    resolve_target: None,
+                    ops: wgpu::Operations { load: wgpu::LoadOp::Clear(wgpu::Color { r: 1.0, g: 0.03, b: 0.03, a: 1.0 }), store: wgpu::StoreOp::Store },
+                })],
+                ..Default::default()
+            });
+            queue.submit([enc.finish()]);
+        }
+        // The upload: transparent except a diagonal band of opaque grey, like a stroke strip.
+        let mut px = if guard { [0u8, 0, 0, 1].repeat((w * h) as usize) } else { vec![0u8; (w * h * 4) as usize] };
+        for y in 0..h {
+            for x in 0..w {
+                if (x as i64 * h as i64 / w as i64 - y as i64).abs() < 3 {
+                    let i = ((y * w + x) * 4) as usize;
+                    px[i..i + 4].copy_from_slice(&[200, 200, 200, 255]);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        let tex = device.create_texture_with_data(
+            &queue,
+            &wgpu::TextureDescriptor {
+                label: Some("egui-like"),
+                size: wgpu::Extent3d { width: w, height: h, depth_or_array_layers: 1 },
+                mip_level_count: 1,
+                sample_count: 1,
+                dimension: wgpu::TextureDimension::D2,
+                format: fmt,
+                usage: wgpu::TextureUsages::TEXTURE_BINDING | wgpu::TextureUsages::COPY_DST,
+                view_formats: &[],
+            },
+            wgpu::util::TextureDataOrder::LayerMajor,
+            &px,
+        );
+        let target = device.create_texture(&wgpu::TextureDescriptor {
+            label: Some("target"),
+            size: wgpu::Extent3d { width: w, height: h, depth_or_array_layers: 1 },
+            mip_level_count: 1,
+            sample_count: 1,
+            dimension: wgpu::TextureDimension::D2,
+            format: fmt,
+            usage: wgpu::TextureUsages::RENDER_ATTACHMENT | wgpu::TextureUsages::COPY_SRC,
+            view_formats: &[],
+        });
+        let bind = device.create_bind_group(&wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor {
+            label: None,
+            layout: &pipeline.get_bind_group_layout(0),
+            entries: &[wgpu::BindGroupEntry { binding: 0, resource: wgpu::BindingResource::TextureView(&tex.create_view(&Default::default())) }],
+        });
+        let tview = target.create_view(&Default::default());
+        let row = (w * 4).div_ceil(256) * 256;
+        let buf = device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
+            label: None,
+            size: u64::from(row * h),
+            usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_DST | wgpu::BufferUsages::MAP_READ,
+            mapped_at_creation: false,
+        });
+        let mut enc = device.create_command_encoder(&Default::default());
+        {
+            let mut pass = enc.begin_render_pass(&wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor {
+                label: None,
+                color_attachments: &[Some(wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment {
+                    view: &tview,
+                    depth_slice: None,
+                    resolve_target: None,
+                    ops: wgpu::Operations { load: wgpu::LoadOp::Clear(wgpu::Color::BLUE), store: wgpu::StoreOp::Store },
+                })],
+                ..Default::default()
+            });
+            pass.set_pipeline(&pipeline);
+            pass.set_bind_group(0, &bind, &[]);
+            pass.draw(0..3, 0..1);
+        }
+        enc.copy_texture_to_buffer(
+            wgpu::TexelCopyTextureInfo { texture: &target, mip_level: 0, origin: wgpu::Origin3d::ZERO, aspect: wgpu::TextureAspect::All },
+            wgpu::TexelCopyBufferInfo { buffer: &buf, layout: wgpu::TexelCopyBufferLayout { offset: 0, bytes_per_row: Some(row), rows_per_image: None } },
+            wgpu::Extent3d { width: w, height: h, depth_or_array_layers: 1 },
+        );
+        queue.submit([enc.finish()]);
+        buf.slice(..).map_async(wgpu::MapMode::Read, |_| {});
+        device.poll(wgpu::PollType::wait_indefinitely()).expect("poll");
+        let data = buf.slice(..).get_mapped_range().expect("mapped");
+        let mut bad = 0;
+        let mut first = None;
+        for y in 0..h {
+            for x in 0..w {
+                let got = &data[(y * row + x * 4) as usize..(y * row + x * 4 + 4) as usize];
+                let want = &px[((y * w + x) * 4) as usize..((y * w + x) * 4 + 4) as usize];
+                if got != want {
+                    bad += 1;
+                    first.get_or_insert((x, y, got.to_vec()));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if bad > 0 {
+            bad_textures += 1;
+            bad_texels += bad;
+            if bad_textures <= 10 {
+                println!("round {round}: {w}x{h} texture has {bad} wrong texels, first {first:?}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    println!("{bad_textures}/{rounds} textures read back wrong ({bad_texels} texels)");
+}
diff --git a/crates/gpu/src/camera_raw.rs b/crates/gpu/src/camera_raw.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3f1833a54b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/gpu/src/camera_raw.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,418 @@
+//! Camera Raw's per-pixel develop on the GPU, for the dialog's interactive preview (#6916).
+//!
+//! One fragment pass (`camera_raw.wgsl`) runs the stages that read only their own pixel: white
+//! balance and exposure, Contrast without Texture or Clarity, Whites and Blacks, Vibrance and
+//! Saturation, the tone curves, the Color Mixer, Color Grading, the vignette and grain. Their
+//! constants and tables come from [`photocraft_algo::camera_raw::per_pixel`], which the CPU
+//! develop builds its own from, so both evaluate the same maths; the curves and the Whites and
+//! Blacks rows are rows of one `R32Float` texture. Settings with a spatial stage (Dehaze, Shadows
+//! and Highlights, Texture, Clarity, Detail) have no [`PerPixel`] and stay on the CPU.
+//!
+//! The pipeline is built on demand ([`CameraRawDevelop::new`]), not with the compositor (#6419).
+//! It renders into `Rgba32Float`; [`CameraRawDevelop::supported`] says whether the adapter can.
+
+use photocraft_algo::camera_raw::{CURVE_LUT, PerPixel, VignetteStyle, WB_STEPS};
+
+use crate::Unsupported;
+
+/// The pass's WGSL source.
+pub const CAMERA_RAW_SHADER: &str = include_str!("camera_raw.wgsl");
+
+const FORMAT: wgpu::TextureFormat = wgpu::TextureFormat::Rgba32Float;
+/// `Params` in the shader: 19 rows of 16 bytes.
+const PARAMS_SIZE: u64 = 19 * 16;
+/// Rows of the table texture: parametric, master, red, green, blue curves; Whites, Blacks.
+const LUT_ROWS: u32 = 7;
+const LUT_WIDTH: u32 = CURVE_LUT as u32;
+const BYTES_PER_PIXEL: u32 = 16;
+
+struct Image {
+    key: Option<u64>,
+    size: [u32; 2],
+    texture: wgpu::Texture,
+    view: wgpu::TextureView,
+}
+
+impl Image {
+    fn new(device: &wgpu::Device, label: &str, size: [u32; 2], usage: wgpu::TextureUsages) -> Self {
+        let texture = device.create_texture(&wgpu::TextureDescriptor {
+            label: Some(label),
+            size: wgpu::Extent3d { width: size[0], height: size[1], depth_or_array_layers: 1 },
+            mip_level_count: 1,
+            sample_count: 1,
+            dimension: wgpu::TextureDimension::D2,
+            format: FORMAT,
+            usage,
+            view_formats: &[],
+        });
+        let view = texture.create_view(&Default::default());
+        Image { key: None, size, texture, view }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The Camera Raw preview pass and its textures (reused while the size stays).
+pub struct CameraRawDevelop {
+    pipeline: wgpu::RenderPipeline,
+    layout: wgpu::BindGroupLayout,
+    params: wgpu::Buffer,
+    luts: wgpu::Texture,
+    luts_view: wgpu::TextureView,
+    source: Option<Image>,
+    target: Option<Image>,
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    readback: Option<wgpu::Buffer>,
+}
+
+impl CameraRawDevelop {
+    /// Whether `adapter` can render the pass's `Rgba32Float` output.
+    pub fn supported(adapter: &wgpu::Adapter) -> bool {
+        adapter.get_texture_format_features(FORMAT).allowed_usages.contains(wgpu::TextureUsages::RENDER_ATTACHMENT)
+    }
+
+    /// Builds the pipeline. A shader or pipeline the driver can't build is an `Err`, so the
+    /// caller keeps the CPU develop (where errors only arrive asynchronously, on WebGPU, creation
+    /// is assumed to have worked).
+    pub fn new(device: &wgpu::Device) -> Result<Self, Unsupported> {
+        match crate::first_error(device, || Self::build(device)) {
+            (dev, None) => Ok(dev),
+            (_, Some(e)) => Err(Unsupported(format!("couldn't build the Camera Raw pipeline: {e}"))),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn build(device: &wgpu::Device) -> Self {
+        let module = device
+            .create_shader_module(wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor { label: Some("pc_camera_raw"), source: wgpu::ShaderSource::Wgsl(CAMERA_RAW_SHADER.into()) });
+        let layout = device.create_bind_group_layout(&wgpu::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor {
+            label: Some("pc_camera_raw"),
+            entries: &[
+                wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry {
+                    binding: 0,
+                    visibility: wgpu::ShaderStages::FRAGMENT,
+                    ty: wgpu::BindingType::Buffer {
+                        ty: wgpu::BufferBindingType::Uniform,
+                        has_dynamic_offset: false,
+                        min_binding_size: wgpu::BufferSize::new(PARAMS_SIZE),
+                    },
+                    count: None,
+                },
+                crate::tex_entry(1),
+                crate::tex_entry(2),
+            ],
+        });
+        let pipeline_layout = device.create_pipeline_layout(&wgpu::PipelineLayoutDescriptor {
+            label: Some("pc_camera_raw"),
+            bind_group_layouts: &[Some(&layout)],
+            immediate_size: 0,
+        });
+        let pipeline = device.create_render_pipeline(&wgpu::RenderPipelineDescriptor {
+            label: Some("pc_camera_raw"),
+            layout: Some(&pipeline_layout),
+            vertex: wgpu::VertexState { module: &module, entry_point: Some("vs"), buffers: &[], compilation_options: Default::default() },
+            primitive: wgpu::PrimitiveState::default(),
+            depth_stencil: None,
+            multisample: wgpu::MultisampleState::default(),
+            fragment: Some(wgpu::FragmentState {
+                module: &module,
+                entry_point: Some("fs"),
+                targets: &[Some(wgpu::ColorTargetState { format: FORMAT, blend: None, write_mask: wgpu::ColorWrites::ALL })],
+                compilation_options: Default::default(),
+            }),
+            multiview_mask: None,
+            cache: None,
+        });
+        let params = device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
+            label: Some("pc_camera_raw_params"),
+            size: PARAMS_SIZE,
+            usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::UNIFORM | wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
+            mapped_at_creation: false,
+        });
+        let luts = device.create_texture(&wgpu::TextureDescriptor {
+            label: Some("pc_camera_raw_luts"),
+            size: wgpu::Extent3d { width: LUT_WIDTH, height: LUT_ROWS, depth_or_array_layers: 1 },
+            mip_level_count: 1,
+            sample_count: 1,
+            dimension: wgpu::TextureDimension::D2,
+            format: wgpu::TextureFormat::R32Float,
+            usage: wgpu::TextureUsages::TEXTURE_BINDING | wgpu::TextureUsages::COPY_DST,
+            view_formats: &[],
+        });
+        let luts_view = luts.create_view(&Default::default());
+        CameraRawDevelop {
+            pipeline,
+            layout,
+            params,
+            luts,
+            luts_view,
+            source: None,
+            target: None,
+            #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+            readback: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Records the develop of `source` (`w × h` straight RGBA, display-encoded) with `stages`
+    /// into `encoder` and returns the `Rgba32Float` texture it renders. The source is uploaded
+    /// unless the last one had the same `key` and size (`None` always uploads).
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    pub fn encode(
+        &mut self,
+        device: &wgpu::Device,
+        queue: &wgpu::Queue,
+        encoder: &mut wgpu::CommandEncoder,
+        source: &[[f32; 4]],
+        key: Option<u64>,
+        size: [u32; 2],
+        stages: &PerPixel,
+    ) -> Result<&wgpu::Texture, Unsupported> {
+        check_size(device, source, size)?;
+        let [w, h] = size;
+        let usage = wgpu::TextureUsages::TEXTURE_BINDING | wgpu::TextureUsages::COPY_DST;
+        let src = match self.source.take() {
+            Some(s) if s.size == size => s,
+            _ => Image::new(device, "pc_camera_raw_source", size, usage),
+        };
+        let src = self.source.insert(src);
+        if key.is_none() || src.key != key {
+            queue.write_texture(
+                wgpu::TexelCopyTextureInfo { texture: &src.texture, mip_level: 0, origin: wgpu::Origin3d::ZERO, aspect: wgpu::TextureAspect::All },
+                bytemuck::cast_slice(source),
+                wgpu::TexelCopyBufferLayout { offset: 0, bytes_per_row: Some(w * BYTES_PER_PIXEL), rows_per_image: Some(h) },
+                wgpu::Extent3d { width: w, height: h, depth_or_array_layers: 1 },
+            );
+            src.key = key;
+        }
+        queue.write_buffer(&self.params, 0, &params(size, stages));
+        queue.write_texture(
+            wgpu::TexelCopyTextureInfo { texture: &self.luts, mip_level: 0, origin: wgpu::Origin3d::ZERO, aspect: wgpu::TextureAspect::All },
+            bytemuck::cast_slice(&tables(stages)),
+            wgpu::TexelCopyBufferLayout { offset: 0, bytes_per_row: Some(LUT_WIDTH * 4), rows_per_image: Some(LUT_ROWS) },
+            wgpu::Extent3d { width: LUT_WIDTH, height: LUT_ROWS, depth_or_array_layers: 1 },
+        );
+        let target = match self.target.take() {
+            Some(t) if t.size == size => t,
+            _ => Image::new(device, "pc_camera_raw_target", size, wgpu::TextureUsages::RENDER_ATTACHMENT | wgpu::TextureUsages::COPY_SRC),
+        };
+        let target = self.target.insert(target);
+        let group = device.create_bind_group(&wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor {
+            label: Some("pc_camera_raw"),
+            layout: &self.layout,
+            entries: &[
+                wgpu::BindGroupEntry { binding: 0, resource: self.params.as_entire_binding() },
+                wgpu::BindGroupEntry { binding: 1, resource: wgpu::BindingResource::TextureView(&src.view) },
+                wgpu::BindGroupEntry { binding: 2, resource: wgpu::BindingResource::TextureView(&self.luts_view) },
+            ],
+        });
+        {
+            let mut pass = encoder.begin_render_pass(&wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor {
+                label: Some("pc_camera_raw"),
+                color_attachments: &[Some(wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment {
+                    view: &target.view,
+                    depth_slice: None,
+                    resolve_target: None,
+                    ops: wgpu::Operations { load: wgpu::LoadOp::Clear(wgpu::Color::TRANSPARENT), store: wgpu::StoreOp::Store },
+                })],
+                depth_stencil_attachment: None,
+                timestamp_writes: None,
+                occlusion_query_set: None,
+                multiview_mask: None,
+            });
+            pass.set_pipeline(&self.pipeline);
+            pass.set_bind_group(0, &group, &[]);
+            pass.draw(0..3, 0..1);
+        }
+        Ok(&target.texture)
+    }
+
+    /// Develops `source` and reads the result back (blocking; native only, the web has no
+    /// blocking wait). GPU errors and a lost device are `Err`; `health`, when the device is
+    /// watched, records a loss.
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    pub fn develop(
+        &mut self,
+        device: &wgpu::Device,
+        queue: &wgpu::Queue,
+        health: Option<&crate::DeviceHealth>,
+        source: &[[f32; 4]],
+        key: Option<u64>,
+        size: [u32; 2],
+        stages: &PerPixel,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<[f32; 4]>, Unsupported> {
+        if let Some(f) = health.and_then(crate::DeviceHealth::fault) {
+            return Err(Unsupported(f.to_string()));
+        }
+        let (result, error) = crate::first_error(device, || self.develop_inner(device, queue, health, source, key, size, stages));
+        match error {
+            Some(e) => {
+                // A half-done upload must not be taken for the cached source next time.
+                self.source = None;
+                Err(Unsupported(format!("GPU Camera Raw develop failed: {e}")))
+            }
+            None => result,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    fn develop_inner(
+        &mut self,
+        device: &wgpu::Device,
+        queue: &wgpu::Queue,
+        health: Option<&crate::DeviceHealth>,
+        source: &[[f32; 4]],
+        key: Option<u64>,
+        size: [u32; 2],
+        stages: &PerPixel,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<[f32; 4]>, Unsupported> {
+        check_size(device, source, size)?;
+        let [w, h] = size;
+        let row = (w * BYTES_PER_PIXEL).div_ceil(wgpu::COPY_BYTES_PER_ROW_ALIGNMENT) * wgpu::COPY_BYTES_PER_ROW_ALIGNMENT;
+        let bytes = u64::from(row) * u64::from(h);
+        let mut encoder = device.create_command_encoder(&wgpu::CommandEncoderDescriptor { label: Some("pc_camera_raw") });
+        self.encode(device, queue, &mut encoder, source, key, size, stages)?;
+        let Some(target) = self.target.as_ref().map(|t| &t.texture) else { return Err(Unsupported("no Camera Raw target".into())) };
+        let buffer = match self.readback.take() {
+            Some(b) if b.size() == bytes => b,
+            _ => device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
+                label: Some("pc_camera_raw_readback"),
+                size: bytes,
+                usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_DST | wgpu::BufferUsages::MAP_READ,
+                mapped_at_creation: false,
+            }),
+        };
+        encoder.copy_texture_to_buffer(
+            wgpu::TexelCopyTextureInfo { texture: target, mip_level: 0, origin: wgpu::Origin3d::ZERO, aspect: wgpu::TextureAspect::All },
+            wgpu::TexelCopyBufferInfo { buffer: &buffer, layout: wgpu::TexelCopyBufferLayout { offset: 0, bytes_per_row: Some(row), rows_per_image: Some(h) } },
+            wgpu::Extent3d { width: w, height: h, depth_or_array_layers: 1 },
+        );
+        let index = queue.submit([encoder.finish()]);
+        buffer.slice(..).map_async(wgpu::MapMode::Read, |_| {});
+        match health {
+            Some(hl) => {
+                if !hl.wait(device, Some(index)) {
+                    return Err(Unsupported(hl.fault().map_or_else(|| "GPU device lost".into(), |f| f.to_string())));
+                }
+            }
+            None => {
+                device.poll(wgpu::PollType::Wait { submission_index: Some(index), timeout: None }).map_err(|e| Unsupported(format!("GPU wait failed: {e}")))?;
+            }
+        }
+        let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(source.len());
+        {
+            let data = buffer.slice(..).get_mapped_range().map_err(|e| Unsupported(format!("GPU readback failed: {e:?}")))?;
+            let width = w as usize * BYTES_PER_PIXEL as usize;
+            for y in 0..h as usize {
+                let start = y * row as usize;
+                let line = data.get(start..start + width).ok_or_else(|| Unsupported("short GPU readback".into()))?;
+                out.extend(bytemuck::pod_collect_to_vec::<u8, [f32; 4]>(line));
+            }
+        }
+        buffer.unmap();
+        self.readback = Some(buffer);
+        Ok(out)
+    }
+}
+
+fn check_size(device: &wgpu::Device, source: &[[f32; 4]], [w, h]: [u32; 2]) -> Result<(), Unsupported> {
+    let max = device.limits().max_texture_dimension_2d;
+    if w == 0 || h == 0 || w > max || h > max {
+        return Err(Unsupported(format!("a {w}×{h} Camera Raw preview doesn't fit the GPU's {max} px textures")));
+    }
+    if source.len() as u64 != u64::from(w) * u64::from(h) {
+        return Err(Unsupported(format!("{} Camera Raw preview pixels for {w}×{h}", source.len())));
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Flags of `Params.flags`, in the shader's bit order.
+fn flags(s: &PerPixel) -> u32 {
+    let wb = s.whites_blacks.as_ref();
+    let on = [
+        s.gains.is_some(),
+        s.contrast.is_some(),
+        wb.is_some_and(|w| w.whites.is_some()),
+        wb.is_some_and(|w| w.blacks.is_some()),
+        wb.is_some_and(|w| w.per_channel),
+        s.presence.is_some(),
+        s.parametric.is_some(),
+        s.point[0].is_some(),
+        s.point[1].is_some(),
+        s.point[2].is_some(),
+        s.point[3].is_some(),
+        s.hsl.is_some(),
+        s.grade.is_some(),
+        s.vignette.is_some(),
+        s.grain.is_some(),
+        s.clamp,
+    ];
+    on.iter().enumerate().fold(0, |f, (bit, on)| if *on { f | 1 << bit } else { f })
+}
+
+/// The shader's `Params` for a `size` image.
+fn params(size: [u32; 2], s: &PerPixel) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let g = s.gains.unwrap_or([1.0; 3]);
+    let presence = s.presence.unwrap_or_default();
+    let hsl = s.hsl.unwrap_or_default();
+    let grade = s.grade.as_ref();
+    let vig = s.vignette.as_ref();
+    let grain = s.grain.as_ref();
+    let mut out: Vec<u8> = Vec::with_capacity(PARAMS_SIZE as usize);
+    out.extend([size[0], size[1], flags(s)].iter().flat_map(|v| v.to_le_bytes()).chain(s.encoding.to_le_bytes()));
+    let mut f = |v: [f32; 4]| out.extend(v.iter().flat_map(|x| x.to_le_bytes()));
+    f([g[0], g[1], g[2], s.contrast.unwrap_or(0.0)]);
+    f([presence[0], presence[1], 0.0, 0.0]);
+    for row in hsl {
+        f([row[0], row[1], row[2], row[3]]);
+        f([row[4], row[5], row[6], row[7]]);
+    }
+    for k in 0..4 {
+        let (t, l) = grade.map_or(([0.0; 3], 0.0), |gr| (gr.tints[k], gr.lums[k]));
+        f([t[0], t[1], t[2], l]);
+    }
+    f(grade.map_or([0.0; 4], |gr| [gr.blend, gr.balance, 0.0, 0.0]));
+    let style = |v: VignetteStyle| match v {
+        VignetteStyle::HighlightPriority => 0.0,
+        VignetteStyle::ColorPriority => 1.0,
+        VignetteStyle::PaintOverlay => 2.0,
+    };
+    f(vig.map_or([0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 2.0], |v| [v.amount, v.highlights, style(v.style), v.power]));
+    f(vig.map_or([0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0], |v| [v.centre[0], v.centre[1], v.axes[0], v.axes[1]]));
+    f(vig.map_or([0.0; 4], |v| [v.edges[0], v.edges[1], 0.0, 0.0]));
+    f(grain.map_or([1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0], |gr| [gr.cell, gr.roughness, gr.amount, gr.scale]));
+    let seed = grain.map_or(0, |gr| gr.seed);
+    let fine = seed.wrapping_add(7);
+    out.extend([seed as u32, (seed >> 32) as u32, fine as u32, (fine >> 32) as u32].iter().flat_map(|v| v.to_le_bytes()));
+    out
+}
+
+/// The table texture's rows (see [`LUT_ROWS`]); rows of stages that are off stay zero.
+fn tables(s: &PerPixel) -> Vec<f32> {
+    let mut t = vec![0.0f32; (LUT_WIDTH * LUT_ROWS) as usize];
+    let mut put = |row: usize, v: &[f32]| {
+        let start = row * LUT_WIDTH as usize;
+        let n = v.len().min(LUT_WIDTH as usize);
+        if let (Some(dst), Some(src)) = (t.get_mut(start..start + n), v.get(..n)) {
+            dst.copy_from_slice(src);
+        }
+    };
+    if let Some(l) = &s.parametric {
+        put(0, l);
+    }
+    for (k, l) in s.point.iter().enumerate() {
+        if let Some(l) = l {
+            put(1 + k, l);
+        }
+    }
+    if let Some(wb) = &s.whites_blacks {
+        if let Some(r) = &wb.whites {
+            put(5, r);
+        }
+        if let Some(r) = &wb.blacks {
+            put(6, r);
+        }
+    }
+    t
+}
+
+// The Whites and Blacks rows fit a table row.
+const _: () = assert!(WB_STEPS <= CURVE_LUT);
diff --git a/crates/gpu/src/camera_raw.wgsl b/crates/gpu/src/camera_raw.wgsl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..abad7cbbc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/gpu/src/camera_raw.wgsl
@@ -0,0 +1,416 @@
+// Camera Raw's per-pixel develop stages (`photocraft_algo::camera_raw::develop`, constants from
+// `camera_raw::per_pixel`), one fragment per pixel. Each function mirrors the CPU code it is
+// named after, in the same order of operations; `camera_raw.rs` holds the bindings.
+
+struct Params {
+    size: vec2<u32>,
+    flags: u32,
+    // The document's transfer curve: 0 for sRGB's, else a power-law gamma.
+    encoding: f32,
+    // White balance gains (rgb), Contrast's strength (w).
+    gains: vec4<f32>,
+    // Vibrance, Saturation.
+    presence: vec4<f32>,
+    // Color Mixer bands 0-3 and 4-7: hue, saturation, luminance.
+    hsl: array<vec4<f32>, 6>,
+    // Color Grading wheels: tint (rgb), luminance (w).
+    tints: array<vec4<f32>, 4>,
+    // Blending, Balance.
+    grade: vec4<f32>,
+    // [amount, highlights, style, power], [centre, axes], [edges].
+    vignette: array<vec4<f32>, 3>,
+    // Cell, roughness, amount, full-resolution pixels per pixel.
+    grain: vec4<f32>,
+    // The two octaves' seeds as (low, high) words.
+    seeds: vec4<u32>,
+}
+
+@group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> P: Params;
+@group(0) @binding(1) var src: texture_2d<f32>;
+// R32Float rows of `LUT_WIDTH`: parametric, master, red, green, blue curves; Whites, Blacks rows.
+@group(0) @binding(2) var luts: texture_2d<f32>;
+
+const GAINS: u32 = 0u;
+const CONTRAST: u32 = 1u;
+const WHITES: u32 = 2u;
+const BLACKS: u32 = 3u;
+const PER_CHANNEL: u32 = 4u;
+const PRESENCE: u32 = 5u;
+const PARAMETRIC: u32 = 6u;
+const MASTER: u32 = 7u;
+const RED: u32 = 8u;
+const HSL: u32 = 11u;
+const GRADE: u32 = 12u;
+const VIGNETTE: u32 = 13u;
+const GRAIN: u32 = 14u;
+const CLAMP: u32 = 15u;
+
+const CURVE_LUT: i32 = 1024;
+const WB_STEPS: i32 = 33;
+const TAU: f32 = 6.2831855;
+
+struct VOut {
+    @builtin(position) pos: vec4<f32>,
+}
+
+@vertex
+fn vs(@builtin(vertex_index) vi: u32) -> VOut {
+    let uv = vec2(f32((vi << 1u) & 2u), f32(vi & 2u));
+    return VOut(vec4(uv.x * 2.0 - 1.0, 1.0 - uv.y * 2.0, 0.0, 1.0));
+}
+
+fn on(flag: u32) -> bool {
+    return (P.flags & (1u << flag)) != 0u;
+}
+
+fn luma(c: vec3<f32>) -> f32 {
+    return 0.2126 * c.x + 0.7152 * c.y + 0.0722 * c.z;
+}
+
+fn smoothstep_(e0: f32, e1: f32, x: f32) -> f32 {
+    let t = clamp((x - e0) / (e1 - e0), 0.0, 1.0);
+    return t * t * (3.0 - 2.0 * t);
+}
+
+fn rem_euclid(x: f32, m: f32) -> f32 {
+    let r = x % m;
+    return select(r, r + m, r < 0.0);
+}
+
+fn srgb_to_linear(v: f32) -> f32 {
+    if v <= 0.04045 {
+        return v / 12.92;
+    }
+    return pow((v + 0.055) / 1.055, 2.4);
+}
+
+fn linear_to_srgb(v: f32) -> f32 {
+    if v <= 0.0031308 {
+        return v * 12.92;
+    }
+    return 1.055 * pow(v, 1.0 / 2.4) - 0.055;
+}
+
+fn decode(v: f32) -> f32 {
+    if P.encoding > 0.0 {
+        return pow(max(v, 0.0), P.encoding);
+    }
+    return srgb_to_linear(v);
+}
+
+fn encode(v: f32) -> f32 {
+    if P.encoding > 0.0 {
+        return pow(max(v, 0.0), 1.0 / P.encoding);
+    }
+    return linear_to_srgb(v);
+}
+
+fn lut_at(row: i32, i: i32) -> f32 {
+    return textureLoad(luts, vec2(i, row), 0).r;
+}
+
+// `lut_eval`: linear inside 0..1, extended linearly outside (float documents).
+fn lut_eval(row: i32, v: f32) -> f32 {
+    if v < 0.0 {
+        return v + lut_at(row, 0);
+    }
+    if v > 1.0 {
+        return lut_at(row, CURVE_LUT - 1) + (v - 1.0);
+    }
+    let x = v * f32(CURVE_LUT - 1);
+    let i = min(i32(x), CURVE_LUT - 2);
+    let t = x - f32(i);
+    let a = lut_at(row, i);
+    return a + (lut_at(row, i + 1) - a) * t;
+}
+
+// `whites_blacks::curve` on one row.
+fn wb_curve(row: i32, v: f32) -> f32 {
+    if v >= 1.0 {
+        return 1.0;
+    }
+    let p = max(v, 0.0) * f32(WB_STEPS - 1);
+    let j = min(i32(p), WB_STEPS - 2);
+    let s = p - f32(j);
+    let a = lut_at(row, j);
+    return a + (lut_at(row, j + 1) - a) * s;
+}
+
+fn grey(v: f32) -> f32 {
+    var g = v;
+    if on(WHITES) {
+        g = wb_curve(5, g);
+    }
+    if on(BLACKS) {
+        g = wb_curve(6, g);
+    }
+    return g;
+}
+
+// `whites_blacks::apply`.
+fn whites_blacks(q: vec3<f32>) -> vec3<f32> {
+    let lin = vec3(decode(q.x), decode(q.y), decode(q.z));
+    var out = q;
+    if on(PER_CHANNEL) {
+        for (var c = 0; c < 3; c++) {
+            let over = max(lin[c] - 1.0, 0.0);
+            out[c] = encode(srgb_to_linear(grey(linear_to_srgb(min(lin[c], 1.0)))) + over);
+        }
+        return out;
+    }
+    let y = max(luma(lin), 0.0);
+    if y <= 1e-7 {
+        return q;
+    }
+    let y2 = srgb_to_linear(grey(linear_to_srgb(min(y, 1.0)))) + max(y - 1.0, 0.0);
+    let k = y2 / y;
+    for (var c = 0; c < 3; c++) {
+        out[c] = encode(lin[c] * k);
+    }
+    return out;
+}
+
+fn rgb_to_hsv(c: vec3<f32>) -> vec3<f32> {
+    let mx = max(max(c.x, c.y), c.z);
+    let mn = min(min(c.x, c.y), c.z);
+    let d = mx - mn;
+    var h = 0.0;
+    if d <= 1e-9 {
+        h = 0.0;
+    } else if mx == c.x {
+        h = 60.0 * rem_euclid((c.y - c.z) / d, 6.0);
+    } else if mx == c.y {
+        h = 60.0 * ((c.z - c.x) / d + 2.0);
+    } else {
+        h = 60.0 * ((c.x - c.y) / d + 4.0);
+    }
+    return vec3(h, select(0.0, d / mx, mx > 1e-9), mx);
+}
+
+fn hsv_to_rgb(hue: f32, s: f32, v: f32) -> vec3<f32> {
+    let h = rem_euclid(hue, 360.0) / 60.0;
+    let c = v * s;
+    let x = c * (1.0 - abs((h % 2.0) - 1.0));
+    var rgb: vec3<f32>;
+    switch u32(h) {
+        case 0u: { rgb = vec3(c, x, 0.0); }
+        case 1u: { rgb = vec3(x, c, 0.0); }
+        case 2u: { rgb = vec3(0.0, c, x); }
+        case 3u: { rgb = vec3(0.0, x, c); }
+        case 4u: { rgb = vec3(x, 0.0, c); }
+        default: { rgb = vec3(c, 0.0, x); }
+    }
+    let m = v - c;
+    return rgb + vec3(m);
+}
+
+const HSL_BANDS = array<f32, 8>(0.0, 30.0, 60.0, 120.0, 180.0, 240.0, 270.0, 300.0);
+
+fn band(k: i32, row: i32) -> f32 {
+    return P.hsl[row * 2 + k / 4][k % 4];
+}
+
+// `band_weights` folded into the three sums.
+fn hsl_shift(h: f32) -> vec3<f32> {
+    var bands = HSL_BANDS;
+    var d = vec3(0.0);
+    for (var k = 0; k < 8; k++) {
+        let c = bands[k];
+        let prev = bands[(k + 7) % 8];
+        let next = bands[(k + 1) % 8];
+        let diff = ((h - c + 540.0) % 360.0) - 180.0;
+        let span = select(rem_euclid(c - prev, 360.0), rem_euclid(next - c, 360.0), diff >= 0.0);
+        let w = max(1.0 - abs(diff) / max(span, 1e-3), 0.0);
+        d += w * vec3(band(k, 0), band(k, 1), band(k, 2));
+    }
+    return d;
+}
+
+// `photo_util::hash01`: 64-bit words as (low, high).
+fn mul_wide(a: u32, b: u32) -> vec2<u32> {
+    let a0 = a & 0xffffu;
+    let a1 = a >> 16u;
+    let b0 = b & 0xffffu;
+    let b1 = b >> 16u;
+    let p00 = a0 * b0;
+    let p01 = a0 * b1;
+    let p10 = a1 * b0;
+    let p11 = a1 * b1;
+    let mid = (p00 >> 16u) + (p01 & 0xffffu) + (p10 & 0xffffu);
+    return vec2((p00 & 0xffffu) | (mid << 16u), p11 + (p01 >> 16u) + (p10 >> 16u) + (mid >> 16u));
+}
+
+fn mul64(a: vec2<u32>, b: vec2<u32>) -> vec2<u32> {
+    let w = mul_wide(a.x, b.x);
+    return vec2(w.x, w.y + a.x * b.y + a.y * b.x);
+}
+
+fn shr64(z: vec2<u32>, n: u32) -> vec2<u32> {
+    return vec2((z.x >> n) | (z.y << (32u - n)), z.y >> n);
+}
+
+fn i64_(v: i32) -> vec2<u32> {
+    return vec2(bitcast<u32>(v), select(0u, 0xffffffffu, v < 0));
+}
+
+fn hash01(x: i32, y: i32, seed: vec2<u32>) -> f32 {
+    var z = mul64(i64_(x), vec2(0x7f4a7c15u, 0x9e3779b9u)) ^ mul64(i64_(y), vec2(0x27d4eb4fu, 0xc2b2ae3du)) ^ mul64(seed, vec2(0x9e3779f9u, 0x165667b1u));
+    z = mul64(z ^ shr64(z, 30u), vec2(0x1ce4e5b9u, 0xbf58476du));
+    z = mul64(z ^ shr64(z, 27u), vec2(0x133111ebu, 0x94d049bbu));
+    z = z ^ shr64(z, 31u);
+    return f32(z.y >> 8u) / 16777216.0;
+}
+
+fn value_noise(x: f32, y: f32, seed: vec2<u32>) -> f32 {
+    let xi = floor(x);
+    let yi = floor(y);
+    let tx = x - xi;
+    let ty = y - yi;
+    let sx = tx * tx * (3.0 - 2.0 * tx);
+    let sy = ty * ty * (3.0 - 2.0 * ty);
+    let ix = i32(xi);
+    let iy = i32(yi);
+    let h00 = hash01(ix, iy, seed);
+    let h10 = hash01(ix + 1, iy, seed);
+    let h01 = hash01(ix, iy + 1, seed);
+    let h11 = hash01(ix + 1, iy + 1, seed);
+    let top = h00 + (h10 - h00) * sx;
+    let bot = h01 + (h11 - h01) * sx;
+    return top + (bot - top) * sy;
+}
+
+@fragment
+fn fs(@builtin(position) pos: vec4<f32>) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
+    let p = vec2<i32>(floor(pos.xy));
+    let q = textureLoad(src, p, 0);
+    var c = q.rgb;
+    // 1. White balance and exposure.
+    if on(GAINS) {
+        for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            c[i] = linear_to_srgb(max(srgb_to_linear(c[i]) * P.gains[i], 0.0));
+        }
+    }
+    // 3. Contrast (without Texture and Clarity).
+    if on(CONTRAST) {
+        let l0 = max(luma(c), 0.0);
+        let lc = min(l0, 1.0);
+        var lv = lc;
+        let xx = clamp(lv, 0.0, 1.0);
+        lv += -P.gains.w * sin(TAU * xx) / TAU;
+        lv = max(lv, 0.0) + (l0 - lc);
+        if l0 > 1e-5 {
+            c = c * (lv / l0);
+        } else {
+            c = c + vec3(lv - l0);
+        }
+    }
+    // 3b. Whites and Blacks.
+    if on(WHITES) || on(BLACKS) {
+        c = whites_blacks(c);
+    }
+    // 4. Vibrance and Saturation.
+    if on(PRESENCE) {
+        let l = luma(c);
+        let mx = max(max(c.x, c.y), c.z);
+        let mn = min(min(c.x, c.y), c.z);
+        let sat = select(0.0, (mx - mn) / mx, mx > 1e-6);
+        let hue = rgb_to_hsv(c).x;
+        let skin = clamp(1.0 - (abs(hue - 25.0) / 25.0), 0.0, 1.0) * 0.5;
+        let k = 1.0 + P.presence.y + P.presence.x * (1.0 - sat) * (1.0 - skin);
+        c = vec3(l) + (c - vec3(l)) * max(k, 0.0);
+    }
+    // 5. Tone curves.
+    if on(PARAMETRIC) {
+        c = vec3(lut_eval(0, c.x), lut_eval(0, c.y), lut_eval(0, c.z));
+    }
+    if on(MASTER) {
+        c = vec3(lut_eval(1, c.x), lut_eval(1, c.y), lut_eval(1, c.z));
+    }
+    for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+        if on(RED + u32(i)) {
+            c[i] = lut_eval(2 + i, c[i]);
+        }
+    }
+    // 6. Color Mixer.
+    if on(HSL) {
+        let hsv = rgb_to_hsv(max(c, vec3(0.0)));
+        let s = hsv.y;
+        if s > 1e-4 {
+            let d = hsl_shift(hsv.x);
+            let nh = hsv.x + d.x / 100.0 * 30.0;
+            let ns = clamp(s * (1.0 + d.y / 100.0), 0.0, 1.0);
+            var out = hsv_to_rgb(nh, ns, hsv.z);
+            let l0 = luma(c);
+            let l1 = luma(out);
+            if l1 > 1e-6 {
+                out = out * l0 / l1;
+            }
+            let k = exp2(d.z / 100.0 * 1.0 * s);
+            c = out * k;
+        }
+    }
+    // 7. Color Grading.
+    if on(GRADE) {
+        let l = clamp(luma(c), 0.0, 1.0);
+        let blend = P.grade.x;
+        let bal = P.grade.y;
+        let sh = 1.0 - smoothstep_(0.0, 0.5 + bal + blend, l);
+        let hi = smoothstep_(0.5 + bal - blend, 1.0, l);
+        let mid = max(1.0 - sh - hi, 0.0);
+        let masks = vec4(sh, mid, hi, 1.0);
+        for (var k = 0; k < 4; k++) {
+            c += masks[k] * P.tints[k].xyz;
+            if P.tints[k].w != 0.0 {
+                c = c * exp2(masks[k] * P.tints[k].w / 100.0 * 0.6);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    // 9. Vignette.
+    if on(VIGNETTE) {
+        let amt = P.vignette[0].x;
+        let hl = P.vignette[0].y;
+        let style = u32(P.vignette[0].z);
+        let pw = P.vignette[0].w;
+        let centre = P.vignette[1].xy;
+        let axes = P.vignette[1].zw;
+        let dx = abs((f32(p.x) + 0.5 - centre.x) / axes.x);
+        let dy = abs((f32(p.y) + 0.5 - centre.y) / axes.y);
+        let r = pow(pow(dx, pw) + pow(dy, pw), 1.0 / pw);
+        let m = smoothstep_(P.vignette[2].x, P.vignette[2].y, r);
+        if m > 0.0 {
+            let l = clamp(luma(c), 0.0, 1.0);
+            if style == 2u {
+                let goal = select(1.0, 0.0, amt < 0.0);
+                let k = m * abs(amt);
+                c += (vec3(goal) - c) * k;
+            } else {
+                var k = exp2(amt * 2.0 * m);
+                if amt < 0.0 && hl > 0.0 {
+                    let protect = smoothstep_(0.6, 1.0, l) * hl;
+                    k += (1.0 - k) * protect;
+                }
+                if style == 1u {
+                    let nl = l * k;
+                    c += vec3(nl - l);
+                } else {
+                    c = c * k;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    // 9. Grain, in full-resolution coordinates.
+    if on(GRAIN) {
+        let cell = P.grain.x;
+        let rough = P.grain.y;
+        let fx = f32(p.x) * P.grain.w / cell;
+        let fy = f32(p.y) * P.grain.w / cell;
+        let n = value_noise(fx, fy, P.seeds.xy) * (1.0 - rough) + (value_noise(fx * 2.3, fy * 2.3, P.seeds.zw) - 0.0) * rough;
+        let l = clamp(luma(c), 0.0, 1.0);
+        let g = (n - 0.5) * 2.0 * P.grain.z * (0.4 + 2.4 * l * (1.0 - l));
+        c += vec3(g);
+    }
+    if on(CLAMP) {
+        c = clamp(c, vec3(0.0), vec3(1.0));
+    }
+    return vec4(c, q.a);
+}
diff --git a/crates/gpu/src/compose.wgsl b/crates/gpu/src/compose.wgsl
index 1b62e2d46d..1a475827e8 100644
--- a/crates/gpu/src/compose.wgsl
+++ b/crates/gpu/src/compose.wgsl
@@ -139,9 +139,13 @@ fn hard_light(cb: f32, cs: f32) -> f32 {
     let s = 2.0 * cs - 1.0;
     return cb + s - cb * s;
 }
+// The W3C curve, as Photoshop: D(cb) is the cubic below a quarter, sqrt above it (#8804).
 fn soft_light_ps(cb: f32, cs: f32) -> f32 {
     if (cs <= 0.5) { return 2.0 * cb * cs + cb * cb * (1.0 - 2.0 * cs); }
-    return 2.0 * cb * (1.0 - cs) + sqrt(max(cb, 0.0)) * (2.0 * cs - 1.0);
+    let b = max(cb, 0.0);
+    var d = sqrt(b);
+    if (b <= 0.25) { d = ((16.0 * b - 12.0) * b + 4.0) * b; }
+    return 2.0 * cb * (1.0 - cs) + d * (2.0 * cs - 1.0);
 }
 fn vivid_light_ps(cb: f32, cs: f32) -> f32 {
     if (cs <= 0.5) {
@@ -612,8 +616,22 @@ fn levels_float(record: i32, v: f32) -> f32 {
     return lut_at(base + 3) + mapped * (lut_at(base + 4) - lut_at(base + 3));
 }
 
-fn tone_channel(row: i32, v: f32, identity: f32) -> f32 {
+fn tone_channel(row: i32, v: f32, identity: f32, extrapolate: f32) -> f32 {
     if (identity > 0.5) { return v; }
+    // Mirrors compose::adjust::lut_extended: past 0..1 along the end segments' slopes, measured
+    // over TONE_SLOPE_SPAN (16) table steps.
+    if (extrapolate > 0.5 && abs(v) <= 3.0e38) {
+        if (v < 0.0) {
+            let a = textureLoad(lut_tex, vec2(0, row), 0).r;
+            let b = textureLoad(lut_tex, vec2(16, row), 0).r;
+            return a + v * (b - a) * (4095.0 / 16.0);
+        }
+        if (v > 1.0) {
+            let a = textureLoad(lut_tex, vec2(4079, row), 0).r;
+            let b = textureLoad(lut_tex, vec2(4095, row), 0).r;
+            return b + (v - 1.0) * (b - a) * (4095.0 / 16.0);
+        }
+    }
     return lut(row, v);
 }
 
@@ -647,7 +665,7 @@ fn adjust(c: vec3<f32>) -> vec3<f32> {
             return clamp(v, vec3(0.0), vec3(1.0));
         }
         case 6: { return vec3(exposure(c.r, p0), exposure(c.g, p0), exposure(c.b, p0)); }  // Exposure
-        case 7: { return vec3(tone_channel(0, c.r, p0.x), tone_channel(1, c.g, p0.y), tone_channel(2, c.b, p0.z)); } // Levels / Curves / modern Brightness/Contrast (compose::adjust::modern_lut)
+        case 7: { return vec3(tone_channel(0, c.r, p0.x, p0.w), tone_channel(1, c.g, p0.y, p0.w), tone_channel(2, c.b, p0.z, p0.w)); } // Levels / Curves / modern Brightness/Contrast (compose::adjust::modern_lut)
         case 17: { return vec3(levels_float(0, levels_float(1, c.r)), levels_float(0, levels_float(2, c.g)), levels_float(0, levels_float(3, c.b))); }
         case 8: {                                                              // Hue/Saturation
             let hsl = rgb_to_hsl(c);
@@ -675,13 +693,30 @@ fn adjust(c: vec3<f32>) -> vec3<f32> {
             if (light > 0.0) { lc = c + (1.0 - c) * light; }
             let lh = rgb_to_hsl(lc);
             hh = rem_euclid(lh.x + (p0.x + dh) / 360.0, 1.0);
-            // Raising saturation divides by 1 - s; lowering it multiplies by 1 + s.
-            if (sat > 0.0) {
-                ss = clamp(lh.y / max(1.0 - sat, 1.0 / 512.0), 0.0, 1.0);
+            var rgb: vec3<f32>;
+            if (hdr) {
+                // 32-bit: the chroma scaled around the lightness, unclipped, by Photoshop's factor
+                // in whole numbers (compose::adjust::hue_saturation_in, hdr_saturation_factor).
+                var k: f32;
+                if (sat <= 0.0) {
+                    k = 1.0 - floor(-sat * 256.0 + 1e-4) / 256.0;
+                } else {
+                    let steps = min(u32(floor(sat * 254.0 + 1e-4)), 254u);
+                    k = f32(min(65280u / (255u - steps), 32767u)) / 256.0;
+                }
+                let d = (max(max(lc.r, lc.g), lc.b) - min(min(lc.r, lc.g), lc.b)) * k;
+                let lo = lh.z - d / 2.0;
+                let hi = lh.z + d / 2.0;
+                rgb = vec3(hue_ch(lo, hi, hh + 1.0 / 3.0), hue_ch(lo, hi, hh), hue_ch(lo, hi, hh - 1.0 / 3.0));
             } else {
-                ss = clamp(lh.y * (1.0 + sat), 0.0, 1.0);
+                // Raising saturation divides by 1 - s; lowering it multiplies by 1 + s.
+                if (sat > 0.0) {
+                    ss = clamp(lh.y / max(1.0 - sat, 1.0 / 512.0), 0.0, 1.0);
+                } else {
+                    ss = clamp(lh.y * (1.0 + sat), 0.0, 1.0);
+                }
+                rgb = hsl_to_rgb(hh, ss, lh.z);
             }
-            var rgb = hsl_to_rgb(hh, ss, lh.z);
             // compose::adjust::range_lightness: towards the brightest channel when raised, the darkest when lowered.
             let rl = clamp(dl, -1.0, 1.0);
             if (rl > 0.0) {
@@ -730,7 +765,8 @@ fn adjust(c: vec3<f32>) -> vec3<f32> {
             if (c.r >= c.g && c.r >= c.b) { primary = 0; } else if (c.g >= c.b) { primary = 2; }
             var secondary = 5;
             if (c.b <= c.r && c.b <= c.g) { secondary = 1; } else if (c.r <= c.g) { secondary = 3; }
-            let g = clamp(mn + (mid - mn) * w[secondary] / 100.0 + (mx - mid) * w[primary] / 100.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+            // 32-bit: superwhites stay, up to Photoshop's 16
+            let g = clamp(mn + (mid - mn) * w[secondary] / 100.0 + (mx - mid) * w[primary] / 100.0, 0.0, select(1.0, 16.0, hdr));
             if (p1.z > 0.5) {
                 if (hdr) { return set_lum(p2.rgb, g, F32_MAX); }                // 32-bit: nothing clips at 1
                 return clamp(set_lum(p2.rgb, g, 1.0), vec3(0.0), vec3(1.0));   // Color blend of the tint
@@ -935,6 +971,9 @@ fn fs_atop(in: VOut) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
     let base = textureLoad(tex_a, p, 0);
     if (base.a <= 0.0) { return base; }
     let s = textureLoad(tex_b, p, 0);
+    if (op.mode == M_DISSOLVE) {
+        return select(base, vec4(s.rgb, base.a), dissolve_noise(doc_px(p)) < s.a * op.opacity);
+    }
     let r = composite_g(op.mode, vec4(base.rgb, 1.0), s, op.opacity, (op.flags & F_TEXT_GAMMA) != 0u);
     return vec4(r.rgb, base.a);
 }
@@ -950,6 +989,7 @@ fn fs_adjust(in: VOut) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
 }
 
 // Mix an adjusted result B back over the original A with blend mode, opacity and mask.
+// Both ordinary and clipped adjustments use this pass, retaining the original alpha.
 @fragment
 fn fs_adjmix(in: VOut) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
     let p = local(in.pos);
@@ -957,6 +997,9 @@ fn fs_adjmix(in: VOut) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
     let k = op.opacity * mask_value(doc_px(p));
     if (k <= 0.0) { return b; }
     let a = textureLoad(tex_b, p, 0);
+    if (op.mode == M_DISSOLVE) {
+        return select(b, vec4(a.rgb, b.a), dissolve_noise(doc_px(p)) < k);
+    }
     let bl = blend_rgb(op.mode, b.rgb, a.rgb);
     return vec4(b.rgb + (bl - b.rgb) * k, b.a);
 }
@@ -1118,6 +1161,16 @@ fn fx_color(d: vec2<i32>) -> vec4<f32> {
     return op.color;
 }
 
+// effects::paint: blend an effect's colour `s` (alpha = colour alpha × coverage × opacity) into
+// `dst` at document pixel `d`. Dissolve takes the effect fully or not at all (effects::dissolves_in).
+fn fx_composite(d: vec2<i32>, dst: vec4<f32>, s: vec4<f32>) -> vec4<f32> {
+    if (op.mode == M_DISSOLVE) {
+        if (dissolve_noise(d) < s.a) { return composite(M_NORMAL, dst, vec4(s.rgb, 1.0), 1.0); }
+        return dst;
+    }
+    return composite(op.mode, dst, s, 1.0);
+}
+
 // Effect chain steps (`kind`): 0 A at `opacity` × alpha; 1 an opaque copy of A (a clipping base
 // for clipped layers' effects); 2 A's colour with alpha `opacity` inside B's shape (the layer
 // before its interior effects); 3 A with its alpha × B's alpha (the shape's own alpha); 4 the
@@ -1136,7 +1189,7 @@ fn fs_fxinit(in: VOut) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
             let a = textureLoad(tex_b, p, 0).a;
             let s = textureLoad(tex_c, p, 0);
             if (s.a <= 0.0 || a <= INSIDE_EPS) { return c; }
-            return composite(op.mode, c, vec4(s.rgb, op.opacity * min(s.a / a, 1.0)), 1.0);
+            return fx_composite(doc_px(p), c, vec4(s.rgb, op.opacity * min(s.a / a, 1.0)));
         }
         case 5: {
             let a = textureLoad(tex_b, p, 0).a;
@@ -1153,6 +1206,7 @@ fn fs_fxinit(in: VOut) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
 // beneath a layer of alpha `l` (disjoint areas).
 fn outline_share(cov: f32, l: f32) -> f32 {
     let outside = max(1.0 - clamp(cov, 0.0, 1.0), 0.0);
+    if (outside <= 1e-6) { return 0.0; }
     let rest = 1.0 - clamp(l, 0.0, 1.0);
     if (rest <= 1e-6) { return 1.0; }
     return min(outside / rest, 1.0);
@@ -1185,12 +1239,12 @@ fn fs_fxpaint(in: VOut) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
         let k = min(m * op.p0.x, 1.0) * op.opacity;
         if (k <= 0.0) { return dst; }
         let t = 1.0 - clamp(m, 0.0, 1.0);
-        return composite(op.mode, dst, vec4(lut(0, t), lut(1, t), lut(2, t), lut(3, t) * k), 1.0);
+        return fx_composite(d, dst, vec4(lut(0, t), lut(1, t), lut(2, t), lut(3, t) * k));
     }
     let k = m * op.opacity;
     if (k <= 0.0) { return dst; }
     let c = fx_color(d);
-    return composite(op.mode, dst, vec4(c.rgb, c.a * k), 1.0);
+    return fx_composite(d, dst, vec4(c.rgb, c.a * k));
 }
 
 // Outside strokes (A = the exterior result before them, B = the layer, C = coverage so far in
@@ -1218,16 +1272,19 @@ fn fs_fxstroke(in: VOut) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
         k = k * outline_share(a, lay_a);
     } else if (a > INSIDE_EPS) {
         // Pixel layers: the stroke shows beneath only through the part the shape leaves
-        // (`effects.rs`): (1 - a) / (1 - layer alpha), 1 under an opaque layer.
+        // (`effects.rs`): (1 - a) / (1 - layer alpha), none beneath a fully covered pixel.
         if (vector) {
             k = 0.0;
-        } else if (lay_a >= 1.0) {
-            k = 1.0;
         } else {
-            k = clamp((1.0 - clamp(a, 0.0, 1.0)) / (1.0 - lay_a), 0.0, 1.0);
+            k = k * outline_share(a, lay_a);
         }
     }
-    let share = k * op.opacity * (1.0 - cover);
+    var cov = k * op.opacity;
+    if (op.mode == M_DISSOLVE) {
+        // effects.rs: a Dissolve stroke covers each pixel fully or not at all.
+        cov = select(0.0, 1.0, cov > 0.0 && dissolve_noise(d) < cov);
+    }
+    let share = cov * (1.0 - cover);
     if (op.kind == 1) { return vec4(cover + share, lay_a, 0.0, 0.0); }
     var acc = vec4(0.0);
     if (!first) { acc = textureLoad(layer_tex, p, 0); }
@@ -1280,7 +1337,14 @@ fn fs_fxmerge(in: VOut) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
     let atop = (op.flags & F_ATOP) != 0u;
     var before = c;
     if (atop) { before = vec4(c.rgb, 1.0); }
-    let o = mix_premul(before, w, op.opacity);
+    var o: vec4<f32>;
+    if (op.mode == M_DISSOLVE) {
+        // Match the CPU effects compositor: opacity gates the completed stack, not
+        // its individual colours or alpha. Use document coordinates across chunks.
+        o = select(before, w, dissolve_noise(doc_px(p)) < op.opacity);
+    } else {
+        o = mix_premul(before, w, op.opacity);
+    }
     if (atop) {
         if (c.a > 0.0) { return vec4(o.rgb, c.a); }
         return c;
@@ -1435,7 +1499,7 @@ fn fs_mbevelshade(in: VOut) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
 }
 
 // One bevel shading value (`bevel_maps`' shade_into): highlight (p1.z = 0) or shadow amount for
-// height-gradient scale `depth`, times `region`, through the gloss contour.
+// height-gradient scale `depth`, times `region`, with the shading through the gloss contour.
 fn bevel_part(p: vec2<i32>, depth: f32, region: f32) -> f32 {
     let gx = (ra(p + vec2(1, 0)) - ra(p - vec2(1, 0))) * 0.5 * depth;
     let gy = (ra(p + vec2(0, 1)) - ra(p - vec2(0, 1))) * 0.5 * depth;
@@ -1443,14 +1507,15 @@ fn bevel_part(p: vec2<i32>, depth: f32, region: f32) -> f32 {
     let len = sqrt(n.x * n.x + n.y * n.y + 1.0);
     let shade = (n.x * op.p0.x + n.y * op.p0.y + n.z * op.p0.z) / len;
     let se = op.p0.w;
-    let k = shade - se;
+    var k = shade - se;
+    // effects::bevel_maps: the gloss contour maps the shading, a flat face's as the neutral (#7360).
+    if (op.p1.w > 0.5) { k = lut(0, shade) - lut(0, se); }
     var v = 0.0;
     if (op.p1.z > 0.5) {
         if (k <= 0.0) { v = clamp(-k / max(se, 1e-3), 0.0, 1.0) * region; }
     } else if (k > 0.0) {
         v = clamp(k / max(1.0 - se, 1e-3), 0.0, 1.0) * region;
     }
-    if (op.p1.w > 0.5) { v = lut(0, v); }
     return v;
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/gpu/src/fx.rs b/crates/gpu/src/fx.rs
index db204a3bf4..898eb2b87a 100644
--- a/crates/gpu/src/fx.rs
+++ b/crates/gpu/src/fx.rs
@@ -664,7 +664,23 @@ pub(crate) fn shape_key(layer: &Layer, canvas: Rect) -> u64 {
         LayerContent::Shape(sh) => {
             std::mem::discriminant(&layer.content).hash(&mut h);
             if photocraft_compose::effect_outline(layer).is_some() {
-                format!("{:?}", sh.path).hash(&mut h);
+                // The cached maps live in region-local coordinates. Preserve their identity
+                // under translation so sync_fx can verify coverage and reuse them after a move.
+                let mut outline =
+                    sh.path.control_bounds().map_or_else(|| sh.path.clone(), |(x, y, _, _)| sh.path.transform(&photocraft_geom::Affine::translate(-x, -y)));
+                // Integer translation can perturb fractional f64 coordinates in the low bits.
+                // Quantize only the fingerprint (1/65536 px); rendering keeps the original path,
+                // and sync_fx still requires exact coverage equality before reusing moved maps.
+                for subpath in &mut outline.subpaths {
+                    for knot in &mut subpath.knots {
+                        for point in [&mut knot.anchor, &mut knot.in_ctrl, &mut knot.out_ctrl] {
+                            // Adding zero also canonicalizes negative zero in Debug output.
+                            point.x = (point.x * 65536.0).round() / 65536.0 + 0.0;
+                            point.y = (point.y * 65536.0).round() / 65536.0 + 0.0;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                format!("{outline:?}").hash(&mut h);
             }
         }
         other => std::mem::discriminant(other).hash(&mut h),
@@ -746,6 +762,42 @@ mod tests {
     use photocraft_color::BlendMode;
     use photocraft_doc::FxCommon;
 
+    /// Filled-shape identity survives integer moves, including fractional anchors and handles.
+    #[test]
+    fn filled_shape_key_preserves_translation_but_detects_deformation() {
+        use photocraft_doc::{Fill, Path, ShapeLayer, Subpath};
+        let mut layer = Layer::new(
+            "shape",
+            LayerContent::Shape(ShapeLayer {
+                path: Path::new(vec![Subpath::polygon(&[(20.0, 20.0), (70.0, 20.0), (70.0, 60.0), (20.0, 60.0)])]),
+                fill: Some(Fill::Solid(photocraft_color::Color::WHITE)),
+                ..Default::default()
+            }),
+        );
+        let canvas = Rect::new(0, 0, 200, 200);
+        let before = shape_key(&layer, canvas);
+        let LayerContent::Shape(shape) = &mut layer.content else { unreachable!() };
+        shape.path = shape.path.transform(&photocraft_geom::Affine::translate(13.0, 7.0));
+        assert_eq!(before, shape_key(&layer, canvas));
+        let LayerContent::Shape(shape) = &mut layer.content else { unreachable!() };
+        shape.path.subpaths[0].knots[1].anchor.x += 3.0;
+        assert_ne!(before, shape_key(&layer, canvas));
+
+        let LayerContent::Shape(shape) = &mut layer.content else { unreachable!() };
+        shape.path = Path::new(vec![Subpath::polygon(&[(0.1, 0.2), (0.3, 0.2), (0.3, 1.7), (0.1, 1.7)])]);
+        shape.path.subpaths[0].knots[1].out_ctrl = photocraft_geom::Point::new(0.45, 0.65);
+        let original = shape.path.clone();
+        let before = shape_key(&layer, canvas);
+        for (dx, dy) in [(1.0, 1.0), (-13.0, 7.0), (100_000.0, -100_000.0)] {
+            let LayerContent::Shape(shape) = &mut layer.content else { unreachable!() };
+            shape.path = original.transform(&photocraft_geom::Affine::translate(dx, dy));
+            assert_eq!(before, shape_key(&layer, canvas), "fractional path translated by {dx}, {dy}");
+        }
+        let LayerContent::Shape(shape) = &mut layer.content else { unreachable!() };
+        shape.path.subpaths[0].knots[1].out_ctrl.x += 0.01;
+        assert_ne!(before, shape_key(&layer, canvas), "a handle deformation invalidates the key");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn programs_key_on_geometry_not_colour() {
         let light = GlobalLight::default();
diff --git a/crates/gpu/src/health.rs b/crates/gpu/src/health.rs
index 61aacf8b58..5c07fbc180 100644
--- a/crates/gpu/src/health.rs
+++ b/crates/gpu/src/health.rs
@@ -30,6 +30,14 @@ impl Fault {
         matches!(self, Fault::Lost(_))
     }
 
+    /// An out-of-memory error on a device that still works: freeing memory and trying again can
+    /// succeed, unlike after a loss or a validation error (#6564). Only wgpu's own out-of-memory
+    /// error is recorded with exactly [`OUT_OF_MEMORY`]; a validation error that merely mentions
+    /// memory is not one.
+    pub fn is_out_of_memory(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Fault::Error(s) if s == OUT_OF_MEMORY)
+    }
+
     /// The driver's or wgpu's message.
     pub fn detail(&self) -> &str {
         match self {
@@ -48,6 +56,9 @@ impl fmt::Display for Fault {
     }
 }
 
+/// The message an out-of-memory [`Fault::Error`] carries (wgpu's `Error::OutOfMemory`).
+pub const OUT_OF_MEMORY: &str = "Out of Memory";
+
 #[derive(Default)]
 struct Inner {
     faulted: AtomicBool,
@@ -99,19 +110,50 @@ impl DeviceHealth {
         self.0.errors.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
         let text = e.to_string();
         log::error!("uncaptured wgpu error: {text}");
-        // Errors about invalid or lost objects follow a device loss whose callback may not have
-        // run yet (it fires on the next poll).
-        let lower = text.to_ascii_lowercase();
-        let fault = if lower.contains("lost") || lower.contains("destroyed") { Fault::Lost(first_line(&text)) } else { Fault::Error(first_line(&text)) };
-        self.mark(fault);
+        self.mark(fault_of(e));
     }
 
-    /// Mark the device unusable. The first fault is kept; a later device loss upgrades an error.
+    /// Record an error an error scope caught.
+    ///
+    /// [`DeviceHealth::watch`]'s uncaptured-error handler never sees a scoped error, so without
+    /// this a watched device would keep being handed to a GPU that has already failed. Polls
+    /// first: a lost device is a [`Fault::Lost`], and its callback may not have run yet (it fires
+    /// on a poll, and `Device::poll` panics on a lost device).
+    ///
+    /// The poll is a single non-blocking check, never a fence wait. This runs on the UI thread
+    /// immediately after a failed frame, so `PollType::Wait` with no timeout would stall the app
+    /// until every in-flight submission drained (or forever, if the device is wedged). A
+    /// non-blocking poll loses nothing here: wgpu still reads the fence and fires the
+    /// device-lost callback for a lost device, it just never blocks waiting for one.
+    ///
+    /// A device that only recorded an error is still polled and marked, so a loss or an
+    /// out-of-memory error can upgrade that fault as [`DeviceHealth::mark`] allows (#6564).
+    pub fn caught(&self, device: &wgpu::Device, error: &wgpu::Error) {
+        if self.lost() {
+            return;
+        }
+        #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+        self.poll(device);
+        #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+        let _ = device;
+        if self.lost() {
+            return;
+        }
+        self.mark(fault_of(error));
+    }
+
+    fn lost(&self) -> bool {
+        self.fault().is_some_and(|f| f.is_lost())
+    }
+
+    /// Mark the device unusable. The first fault is kept; a later device loss upgrades an error,
+    /// and a later out-of-memory error upgrades another one, so the canvas can still recover by
+    /// itself when memory ran out after a validation error in the same frame (#6564).
     pub fn mark(&self, fault: Fault) {
         let mut slot = self.0.fault.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner);
         let replace = match slot.as_ref() {
             None => true,
-            Some(old) => !old.is_lost() && fault.is_lost(),
+            Some(old) => !old.is_lost() && (fault.is_lost() || (fault.is_out_of_memory() && !old.is_out_of_memory())),
         };
         if replace {
             *slot = Some(fault);
@@ -169,16 +211,29 @@ impl DeviceHealth {
     /// wait).
     #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
     pub fn wait(&self, device: &wgpu::Device, index: Option<wgpu::SubmissionIndex>) -> bool {
+        self.wait_idle(device, index);
+        self.is_ok()
+    }
+
+    /// Like [`Self::wait`], but returns whether the wait completed: `false` also when the poll
+    /// itself failed, so the work may still be running.
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    pub fn wait_idle(&self, device: &wgpu::Device, index: Option<wgpu::SubmissionIndex>) -> bool {
         if !self.is_ok() {
             return false;
         }
         let poll = std::panic::catch_unwind(std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe(|| device.poll(wgpu::PollType::Wait { submission_index: index, timeout: None })));
         match poll {
-            Ok(Ok(_)) => {}
-            Ok(Err(e)) => log::warn!("wgpu poll: {e}"),
-            Err(_) => self.lost_by_poll(),
+            Ok(Ok(_)) => self.is_ok(),
+            Ok(Err(e)) => {
+                log::warn!("wgpu poll: {e}");
+                false
+            }
+            Err(_) => {
+                self.lost_by_poll();
+                false
+            }
         }
-        self.is_ok()
     }
 
     /// Non-blocking poll (reclaims staging memory), skipped once the device is unusable.
@@ -192,6 +247,21 @@ impl DeviceHealth {
     }
 }
 
+/// The fault a wgpu error stands for. Errors about invalid or lost objects follow a device loss
+/// whose callback may not have run yet (it fires on the next poll), so they count as a loss
+/// rather than as an error. Only wgpu's own out-of-memory error is [`OUT_OF_MEMORY`].
+fn fault_of(e: &wgpu::Error) -> Fault {
+    let text = e.to_string();
+    let lower = text.to_ascii_lowercase();
+    if matches!(e, wgpu::Error::OutOfMemory { .. }) {
+        Fault::Error(OUT_OF_MEMORY.into())
+    } else if lower.contains("lost") || lower.contains("destroyed") {
+        Fault::Lost(first_line(&text))
+    } else {
+        Fault::Error(first_line(&text))
+    }
+}
+
 fn first_line(s: &str) -> String {
     let line = s.lines().map(str::trim).find(|l| !l.is_empty()).unwrap_or("");
     let mut out: String = line.chars().take(200).collect();
@@ -229,5 +299,17 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(Fault::Error("x".into()).to_string(), "GPU error: x");
         assert_eq!(first_line("\n  Buffer 'pc' is invalid\nmore"), "Buffer 'pc' is invalid");
         assert_eq!(first_line(&"a".repeat(300)).chars().count(), 201);
+        assert!(Fault::Error("Out of Memory".into()).is_out_of_memory());
+        assert!(!Fault::Error("Validation Error".into()).is_out_of_memory());
+        assert!(!Fault::Error("Validation Error: buffer allocation would run out of memory".into()).is_out_of_memory());
+        // A later out-of-memory error replaces another error, but never a loss.
+        let h = DeviceHealth::new();
+        h.mark(Fault::Error("Validation Error".into()));
+        h.mark(Fault::Error(OUT_OF_MEMORY.into()));
+        assert!(h.fault().is_some_and(|f| f.is_out_of_memory()));
+        h.mark(Fault::Lost("reset".into()));
+        h.mark(Fault::Error(OUT_OF_MEMORY.into()));
+        assert!(h.fault().is_some_and(|f| f.is_lost()));
+        assert!(!Fault::Lost("out of memory".into()).is_out_of_memory());
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/gpu/src/lib.rs b/crates/gpu/src/lib.rs
index 4d3fd8f93a..7770662b15 100644
--- a/crates/gpu/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/gpu/src/lib.rs
@@ -34,10 +34,14 @@
 //! (Multichannel documents, patterns larger than the texture limit, uncached gradients with
 //! coincident colour or opacity stops) returns [`Unsupported`];
 //! callers fall back to the CPU compositor.
+//!
+//! [`CameraRawDevelop`] (`camera_raw.rs`) is a separate pass, not part of the compositor: Camera
+//! Raw's per-pixel develop stages for the dialog's preview, built the first time the dialog opens.
 #![forbid(unsafe_code)]
 #![deny(clippy::unwrap_used, clippy::expect_used, clippy::panic, clippy::unimplemented, clippy::todo, clippy::unreachable)]
 
 pub mod bounds;
+mod camera_raw;
 mod fx;
 pub mod health;
 pub mod plan;
@@ -54,6 +58,7 @@ use photocraft_doc::{DocId, Document, LayerContent, LayerId, Pattern};
 use photocraft_geom::{Rect, TILE_SIZE, TileCoord};
 use photocraft_raster::{Surface, Tile};
 
+pub use camera_raw::{CAMERA_RAW_SHADER, CameraRawDevelop};
 pub use health::{DeviceHealth, Fault};
 pub use plan::{Kernel, Plan, Role, Unsupported, plan};
 pub use timing::{GpuTimer, GpuTiming};
@@ -468,6 +473,12 @@ pub struct Compositor {
     resident_budget: u64,
     /// GPU memory the effect-map cache may hold ([`FX_BUDGET`] or less).
     fx_budget: u64,
+    /// Layer-page bytes the last full fit check asked for ([`Compositor::fit_layers`]).
+    layer_need: u64,
+    /// Bytes of `fx_budget` lent to `resident_budget` so those pages fit.
+    lent: u64,
+    /// `resident_budget` was set exactly ([`Compositor::set_resident_budget`]): nothing is lent.
+    exact_resident: bool,
     /// What the view shows: a full refresh draws these cells last, so their pages are the
     /// ones still resident for the edits that follow.
     focus: Option<Rect>,
@@ -482,6 +493,9 @@ pub struct Compositor {
     layer_alloc: Option<String>,
     /// Bytes of pages dropped to admit new ones, not yet counted towards an intermediate submit.
     admit_freed: u64,
+    /// Test hook ([`Compositor::fail_layer_allocs`]): how many more layer page textures fail as
+    /// out of memory.
+    fail_allocs: u32,
     acc_format: wgpu::TextureFormat,
     /// Whether the effect-map pipelines could be built (else documents with layer effects are
     /// [`Unsupported`] and use the CPU compositor).
@@ -613,8 +627,8 @@ fn lru_victims<K>(mut pages: Vec<(u64, K, u64)>, total: u64, incoming: u64, budg
 }
 
 /// Runs `f` inside GPU error scopes and returns the first error raised.
-/// Native wgpu reports errors synchronously; where they only arrive asynchronously (WebGPU) none
-/// is reported.
+/// Native wgpu reports validation/internal/OOM errors synchronously; where they only arrive
+/// asynchronously (WebGPU) none is reported.
 fn first_error<T>(device: &wgpu::Device, f: impl FnOnce() -> T) -> (T, Option<wgpu::Error>) {
     let validation = device.push_error_scope(wgpu::ErrorFilter::Validation);
     let internal = device.push_error_scope(wgpu::ErrorFilter::Internal);
@@ -631,17 +645,30 @@ fn first_error<T>(device: &wgpu::Device, f: impl FnOnce() -> T) -> (T, Option<wg
     (out, error)
 }
 
-/// Unwatched native callers need GPU errors to become `Unsupported` instead of reaching wgpu's
-/// default panic handler. Watched callers keep their fault callbacks, which stop work promptly
-/// and update the health flag shared with the canvas.
-fn scoped_work<T>(device: &wgpu::Device, watched: bool, f: impl FnOnce() -> Result<T, Unsupported>) -> Result<T, Unsupported> {
+/// Runs `f` inside the error scopes of [`first_error`], turning a reported error into
+/// [`Unsupported`] instead of letting it escape to wgpu's panic handler.
+///
+/// Every native caller needs this, watched or not: a validation error (writing into a destroyed
+/// or too-small buffer, say) is raised synchronously and never reaches the health callbacks, so a
+/// watched compositor still panicked on it. WebGPU reports its errors asynchronously, long after
+/// the scope has popped, so wasm relies on the health callbacks alone.
+///
+/// A scope also swallows the error that [`DeviceHealth`]'s uncaptured-error handler would have
+/// recorded, so a reported error is handed back to `health`: a watched device must stop being
+/// used and let the caller fall back to the CPU compositor.
+fn scoped_work<T>(device: &wgpu::Device, health: Option<DeviceHealth>, f: impl FnOnce() -> Result<T, Unsupported>) -> Result<T, Unsupported> {
     // WebGPU errors arrive asynchronously; its callers still use the health callbacks.
-    if watched || cfg!(target_arch = "wasm32") {
+    if cfg!(target_arch = "wasm32") {
         return f();
     }
     let (result, error) = first_error(device, f);
     match error {
-        Some(error) => Err(Unsupported(format!("GPU work failed: {error}"))),
+        Some(error) => {
+            if let Some(health) = health.as_ref() {
+                health.caught(device, &error);
+            }
+            Err(Unsupported(format!("GPU work failed: {error}")))
+        }
         None => result,
     }
 }
@@ -665,9 +692,9 @@ impl Compositor {
     /// to the CPU compositor. Where errors only arrive asynchronously (WebGPU), creation is assumed
     /// to have worked.
     pub fn try_new_with_format(device: &wgpu::Device, acc_format: wgpu::TextureFormat) -> Result<Self, Unsupported> {
-        match first_error(device, || Self::new_with_format(device, acc_format)) {
-            (comp, None) => Ok(comp),
-            (_, Some(e)) => Err(Unsupported(format!("couldn't build the compositor's pipelines: {e}"))),
+        match first_error(device, || Self::build(device, acc_format)) {
+            ((comp, None), None) => Ok(comp),
+            ((_, Some(e)), _) | (_, Some(e)) => Err(Unsupported(format!("couldn't build the compositor's pipelines: {e}"))),
         }
     }
 
@@ -675,6 +702,18 @@ impl Compositor {
     /// `Rgba16Float` on adapters that can't render to `Rgba32Float` (e.g. some Intel Vulkan drivers),
     /// which otherwise panics at render-pipeline creation. See `Compositor::preferred_acc_format`.
     pub fn new_with_format(device: &wgpu::Device, acc_format: wgpu::TextureFormat) -> Self {
+        let (comp, error) = Self::build(device, acc_format);
+        if let Some(e) = error {
+            log::error!("GPU compositor: couldn't build its pipelines: {e}");
+        }
+        comp
+    }
+
+    /// The compositor and the first error raised building its (non-map) pipelines. They are
+    /// built in parallel, each inside its own error scope on the thread that builds it (wgpu's
+    /// scopes are per thread): on DX12, FXC compiles one shader at a time and the ~30 pipelines
+    /// took about 8 s on one core (#6419).
+    fn build(device: &wgpu::Device, acc_format: wgpu::TextureFormat) -> (Self, Option<wgpu::Error>) {
         let module = device.create_shader_module(wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor { label: Some("pc_compose"), source: wgpu::ShaderSource::Wgsl(SHADER.into()) });
         let bgl0 = device.create_bind_group_layout(&wgpu::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor {
             label: Some("pc_compose_uniforms"),
@@ -709,19 +748,42 @@ impl Compositor {
                 cache: None,
             }))
         };
-        let mut pipelines: HashMap<_, _> =
-            Kernel::DRAWN.iter().filter(|k| !k.is_map()).filter_map(|&k| Some(((k, acc_format), pipeline(k, acc_format)?))).collect();
         // Effect maps render to R32Float / R16Float, which some adapters (e.g. GL without float
         // render targets) can't: then layer effects use the CPU compositor and the rest stays here.
-        let maps = Kernel::DRAWN.iter().filter(|k| k.is_map()).flat_map(|&k| [(k, MAP32), (k, MAP16)]);
-        let (maps, map_error) = first_error(device, || maps.filter_map(|key| Some((key, pipeline(key.0, key.1)?))).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+        let keys = Kernel::DRAWN.iter().filter(|k| !k.is_map()).map(|&k| (k, acc_format));
+        let keys: Vec<_> = keys.chain(Kernel::DRAWN.iter().filter(|k| k.is_map()).flat_map(|&k| [(k, MAP32), (k, MAP16)])).collect();
+        let built = fx::par_map(keys, |key| {
+            let (built, error) = first_error(device, || pipeline(key.0, key.1));
+            (key, built, error)
+        });
+        let (mut pipelines, mut maps) = (HashMap::new(), Vec::new());
+        let (mut error, mut map_error) = (None, None);
+        for (key, built, e) in built {
+            let map = key.0.is_map();
+            // A failed map pipeline turns all effect maps off below. A failed non-map pipeline
+            // keeps its (invalid) handle: draws look pipelines up by key, so dropping it would
+            // turn a validation error into a missing-key panic on the first draw.
+            if let Some(e) = e {
+                if map {
+                    map_error.get_or_insert(e);
+                    continue;
+                }
+                error.get_or_insert(e);
+            }
+            let Some(p) = built else { continue };
+            if map {
+                maps.push((key, p));
+            } else {
+                pipelines.insert(key, p);
+            }
+        }
         if let Some(e) = &map_error {
             log::info!("GPU compositor: no effect-map pipelines ({e}); layer effects use the CPU");
         } else {
             pipelines.extend(maps);
         }
         let dummy = Tex::new(device, "pc_compose_dummy", 1, 1, wgpu::TextureFormat::Rgba8Unorm, wgpu::TextureUsages::TEXTURE_BINDING).view;
-        Self {
+        let comp = Self {
             kit: Kit { pipelines, bgl0, bgl1, dummy },
             pool: Vec::new(),
             residents: HashMap::new(),
@@ -738,6 +800,9 @@ impl Compositor {
             chunk: CHUNK,
             resident_budget: RESIDENT_BUDGET,
             fx_budget: (FX_BUDGET as u64).saturating_sub(prefix::MAX_BYTES),
+            layer_need: 0,
+            lent: 0,
+            exact_resident: false,
             focus: None,
             frame: 0,
             stamp: 0,
@@ -745,13 +810,15 @@ impl Compositor {
             recorded: 0,
             layer_alloc: None,
             admit_freed: 0,
+            fail_allocs: 0,
             acc_format,
             effect_maps: map_error.is_none(),
             cmyk: 0,
             health: None,
             timer: None,
         }
-        .with_texture_limit(device.limits().max_texture_dimension_2d)
+        .with_texture_limit(device.limits().max_texture_dimension_2d);
+        (comp, error)
     }
 
     fn with_texture_limit(mut self, max: u32) -> Self {
@@ -784,9 +851,21 @@ impl Compositor {
         self.page
     }
 
-    /// Set the GPU memory resident layer pages may hold (default [`RESIDENT_BUDGET`]).
+    /// Test hook: the next `n` layer page textures fail as if the device were out of memory
+    /// (a real one can't be forced), so the fallback paths of #6563 can be tested.
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub fn fail_layer_allocs(&mut self, n: u32) {
+        self.fail_allocs = n;
+    }
+
+    /// Set the GPU memory resident layer pages may hold (default [`RESIDENT_BUDGET`]), exactly:
+    /// nothing is lent to it ([`Self::fit_layers`]) until the next [`Self::set_memory_budget`].
     pub fn set_resident_budget(&mut self, bytes: u64) {
+        // The loan goes back to the effect maps, so the total budget stays what it was.
+        self.fx_budget = self.fx_budget.saturating_add(self.lent);
+        self.lent = 0;
         self.resident_budget = bytes;
+        self.exact_resident = true;
     }
 
     /// Set the GPU memory the compositor may hold for layer pages and caches together
@@ -797,6 +876,36 @@ impl Compositor {
         self.prefix.set_budget((caches / 2).min(prefix::MAX_BYTES));
         self.fx_budget = caches.saturating_sub(self.prefix.budget());
         self.resident_budget = bytes.saturating_sub(caches);
+        self.lent = 0;
+        self.exact_resident = false;
+        self.lend();
+    }
+
+    /// Record that a render needs `needed` bytes of layer pages and return the resident budget
+    /// they now have. A render of the `whole` document sets the need; a part of it only raises
+    /// it, so a large partial refresh never shrinks what the next full one keeps resident.
+    ///
+    /// Pages that miss their share by less than the effect-map share borrow from it: an evicted
+    /// effect map is rebuilt by the next refresh that draws it, but one page too many sends the
+    /// whole refresh to the CPU compositor, 10× slower (#5973, P60: 150 layers of 6 MP on an
+    /// integrated GPU missed by 5 % and took 680 ms instead of 62).
+    /// The lower-stack share is never lent: it is what keeps a mid-stack edit at half the work.
+    /// The loan holds across [`Self::set_memory_budget`] until a later call needs less or more.
+    pub fn fit_layers(&mut self, needed: u64, whole: bool) -> u64 {
+        self.layer_need = if whole { needed } else { self.layer_need.max(needed) };
+        self.lend();
+        self.resident_budget
+    }
+
+    /// Return the loan to the effect maps, then lend what [`Self::layer_need`] still lacks, if
+    /// the effect-map share covers it (lending part of it would fit nothing and only evict maps).
+    fn lend(&mut self) {
+        self.fx_budget = self.fx_budget.saturating_add(self.lent);
+        self.resident_budget = self.resident_budget.saturating_sub(self.lent);
+        let short = self.layer_need.saturating_sub(self.resident_budget);
+        self.lent = if short <= self.fx_budget && !self.exact_resident { short } else { 0 };
+        self.fx_budget = self.fx_budget.saturating_sub(self.lent);
+        self.resident_budget = self.resident_budget.saturating_add(self.lent);
     }
 
     /// The budget of layer pages, effect maps and lower-stack chunks (bytes).
@@ -1050,7 +1159,7 @@ impl Compositor {
         region: Rect,
         mut sink: impl FnMut(&mut wgpu::CommandEncoder, ChunkOut<'_>),
     ) -> Result<Stats, Unsupported> {
-        let result = scoped_work(device, self.health.is_some(), || {
+        let result = scoped_work(device, self.health.clone(), || {
             let mut encoder = device.create_command_encoder(&wgpu::CommandEncoderDescriptor { label: Some("pc_compose") });
             if self.timer.as_ref().is_some_and(timing::GpuTimer::busy) {
                 // The readback map completes on a poll. The app polls every frame, but a
@@ -1111,7 +1220,7 @@ impl Compositor {
         region: Rect,
         sink: &mut dyn FnMut(&mut wgpu::CommandEncoder, ChunkOut<'_>),
     ) -> Result<Stats, Unsupported> {
-        let result = scoped_work(device, self.health.is_some(), || self.encode_inner(device, queue, encoder, doc, region, sink, false));
+        let result = scoped_work(device, self.health.clone(), || self.encode_inner(device, queue, encoder, doc, region, sink, false));
         if result.is_err() {
             self.discard_failed_work();
         }
@@ -1260,12 +1369,15 @@ impl Compositor {
                 self.layer_alloc = None;
                 submit_batch(device, queue, encoder, self.health.as_ref(), self.timer.as_mut(), &mut last_submit);
                 #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-                match self.health.as_ref() {
-                    Some(h) => {
-                        h.wait(device, last_submit.clone());
-                    }
-                    None => {
-                        let _ = device.poll(wgpu::PollType::Wait { submission_index: last_submit.clone(), timeout: None });
+                {
+                    let idle = match self.health.as_ref() {
+                        Some(h) => h.wait_idle(device, last_submit.clone()),
+                        None => device.poll(wgpu::PollType::Wait { submission_index: last_submit.clone(), timeout: None }).is_ok(),
+                    };
+                    // The GPU has run every timestamp submitted so far, so a retry that fails too
+                    // can drop this measurement without switching timing off for good.
+                    if idle && let Some(t) = self.timer.as_mut() {
+                        t.drained();
                     }
                 }
                 self.staged = 0;
@@ -1408,7 +1520,11 @@ impl Compositor {
             return Some(device.create_texture(desc));
         }
         for retry in [false, true] {
-            let (texture, error) = first_error(device, || device.create_texture(desc));
+            let (texture, mut error) = first_error(device, || device.create_texture(desc));
+            if error.is_none() && self.fail_allocs > 0 {
+                self.fail_allocs -= 1;
+                error = Some(wgpu::Error::OutOfMemory { source: "out of memory (test hook)".into() });
+            }
             match error {
                 None => return Some(texture),
                 Some(wgpu::Error::OutOfMemory { .. }) if !retry => {
diff --git a/crates/gpu/src/plan.rs b/crates/gpu/src/plan.rs
index 6cb44b9200..38cc879b09 100644
--- a/crates/gpu/src/plan.rs
+++ b/crates/gpu/src/plan.rs
@@ -361,8 +361,15 @@ struct Planner<'a> {
     cx: DocCtx<'a>,
     fx: Vec<FxLayer<'a>>,
     checkpoints: Vec<Checkpoint>,
+    /// Layers planned so far, counting a layer each time it is planned (a clipped pass-through
+    /// group is planned twice).
+    visits: usize,
 }
 
+/// Most layer plannings one document may take: a pass-through group with clipped layers is
+/// planned twice, so groups nested in one another double the work at every level.
+const MAX_PLAN_VISITS: usize = 100_000;
+
 /// Coverage source of an effect paint (`kind` in `fs_fxpaint`); flags refine it.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 enum Cov {
@@ -455,7 +462,7 @@ pub const SHAPE_MAP: usize = usize::MAX;
 
 impl<'a> Planner<'a> {
     fn new(cx: DocCtx<'a>) -> Self {
-        Planner { passes: Vec::new(), free: Vec::new(), refs: Vec::new(), cx, fx: Vec::new(), checkpoints: Vec::new() }
+        Planner { passes: Vec::new(), free: Vec::new(), refs: Vec::new(), cx, fx: Vec::new(), checkpoints: Vec::new(), visits: 0 }
     }
 
     fn finish(self, root: Slot) -> Plan<'a> {
@@ -607,6 +614,10 @@ impl<'a> Planner<'a> {
 
     /// composite_layer, honouring the layer's channel restrictions.
     fn layer(&mut self, layer: &'a Layer, clipped: &'a [Layer], backdrop: Slot) -> Result<Slot, Unsupported> {
+        self.visits += 1;
+        if self.visits > MAX_PLAN_VISITS {
+            return Err(Unsupported("too many nested layers to plan for the GPU (composited on the CPU)".into()));
+        }
         self.check_advanced(layer, clipped)?;
         self.restricted(layer, backdrop, |s, b| s.layer_any(layer, clipped, b))
     }
@@ -1016,7 +1027,7 @@ impl<'a> Planner<'a> {
         }
         let mut p = Pass::new(Kernel::Adjust, 0);
         p.a = Some(src);
-        let (kind, params, lut) = adjustment_program(adj, self.cx.transfer, self.cx.depth);
+        let (kind, params, lut) = adjustment_program(adj, self.cx.transfer, self.cx.depth, self.cx.mode);
         p.adjust_kind = kind;
         p.params = params;
         p.lut = lut;
@@ -1329,7 +1340,9 @@ impl<'a> Planner<'a> {
                 p.c = cover.map(|c| self.retain(c));
                 p.d = acc;
                 let a = self.emit(p);
-                let mut p = self.fx_pass_kernel(Kernel::FxStroke, w, content, &Paint::Color([0.0; 3]), BlendMode::Normal, st.common.opacity, flags, clip, sb);
+                // The stroke's mode rides along only for Dissolve, whose coverage is all or
+                // nothing in this pass as in the colour pass (#6995).
+                let mut p = self.fx_pass_kernel(Kernel::FxStroke, w, content, &Paint::Color([0.0; 3]), st.common.blend, st.common.opacity, flags, clip, sb);
                 p.adjust_kind = 1;
                 p.map = Some(map(i, 0));
                 p.c = cover;
@@ -1643,7 +1656,7 @@ fn transfer_exponent(t: Transfer) -> f32 {
 }
 
 /// Adjustment → (kernel kind, parameters, LUT rows). Kinds are the `switch` in `adjust()`.
-pub fn adjustment_program(adj: &Adjustment, transfer: Transfer, depth: photocraft_color::SampleType) -> Program {
+pub fn adjustment_program(adj: &Adjustment, transfer: Transfer, depth: photocraft_color::SampleType, mode: photocraft_color::ColorMode) -> Program {
     let mut p = [[0.0f32; 4]; 4];
     match adj {
         Adjustment::Invert => (1, p, None),
@@ -1698,10 +1711,13 @@ pub fn adjustment_program(adj: &Adjustment, transfer: Transfer, depth: photocraf
             for (v, identity) in p[0].iter_mut().zip(adjust::float_tone_identity(adj, Some(depth))) {
                 *v = if identity { 1.0 } else { 0.0 };
             }
+            // p0.w: continue the curve past 0..1 (32-bit RGB Curves, #7157).
+            p[0][3] = if adjust::float_tone_extrapolates(adj, Some(depth), mode) { 1.0 } else { 0.0 };
             (7, p, Some(adjust::tone_luts_depth(adj, Some(depth)).iter().take(3).map(|t| to_row(t)).collect()))
         }
         Adjustment::HueSaturation { hue, saturation, lightness, colorize, ranges } => {
-            p[0] = [*hue, saturation / 100.0, lightness / 100.0, if *colorize { 1.0 } else { 0.0 }];
+            let sat = adjust::colorize_saturation(saturation / 100.0, lightness / 100.0, *colorize, Some(depth));
+            p[0] = [*hue, sat, lightness / 100.0, if *colorize { 1.0 } else { 0.0 }];
             if !*colorize && ranges.iter().any(|r| !r.is_neutral()) {
                 // Range edits: hue-indexed rows (shift, saturation, lightness), as on the CPU.
                 p[1][0] = 1.0;
@@ -1757,9 +1773,9 @@ pub fn adjustment_program(adj: &Adjustment, transfer: Transfer, depth: photocraf
             (13, p, Some(rows))
         }
         Adjustment::ColorBalance { shadows, midtones, highlights, preserve_luminosity } => {
-            // Per-channel curves (compose::adjust::color_balance_channel), through the Levels kernel.
-            let tones = [*shadows, *midtones, *highlights];
-            (7, p, Some(lut_rows(|ch, v| adjust::color_balance_channel(tones, *preserve_luminosity, ch, v), 3)))
+            // Per-channel curves (compose::adjust::BalanceCurve), through the Levels kernel.
+            let curves = adjust::BalanceCurve::rgb([*shadows, *midtones, *highlights], *preserve_luminosity);
+            (7, p, Some(lut_rows(|ch, v| curves[ch].eval(v), 3)))
         }
         Adjustment::SelectiveColor { relative, adjustments } => {
             // 9 ranges × CMYK don't fit the 16 params: they go in LUT row 0 (read texel-exact).
@@ -1873,6 +1889,23 @@ mod tests {
     use photocraft_color::{Color, ColorMode, SampleType};
     use photocraft_geom::Size;
 
+    #[test]
+    fn nested_pass_through_groups_with_clipped_layers_are_not_planned_exponentially() {
+        let mut layers = vec![Layer::raster("leaf", photocraft_color::PixelFormat::RGBA8)];
+        for _ in 0..30 {
+            let group = Layer::group("g", layers);
+            let mut clipped = Layer::raster("c", photocraft_color::PixelFormat::RGBA8);
+            clipped.clipped = true;
+            layers = vec![group, clipped];
+        }
+        let mut doc = Document::new("nest", Size::new(8, 8), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8);
+        doc.layers = layers;
+        let started = std::time::Instant::now();
+        let Err(error) = plan(&doc) else { panic!("2^30 plannings must be refused") };
+        assert!(error.0.contains("too many nested layers"), "{}", error.0);
+        assert!(started.elapsed().as_secs() < 10, "{:?}", started.elapsed());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn stops_closer_than_one_lut_step_stay_on_the_cpu() {
         assert!(check_gradient_stops(&[(0.4999_f32, ()), (0.5, ())]).is_err());
@@ -1965,7 +1998,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn color_lookup_with_an_overflowing_stored_size_uploads_no_table() {
         for size in [1 << 22, u32::MAX] {
             let a = Adjustment::ColorLookup { name: "x".into(), lut: Some(std::sync::Arc::new(vec![0.5; 24])), size, tetrahedral: false, dither: false };
-            let (kind, _, rows) = adjustment_program(&a, Transfer::Srgb, SampleType::U8);
+            let (kind, _, rows) = adjustment_program(&a, Transfer::Srgb, SampleType::U8, photocraft_color::ColorMode::Rgb);
             assert_eq!((kind, rows.is_none()), (0, true), "size {size}");
         }
     }
diff --git a/crates/gpu/src/timing.rs b/crates/gpu/src/timing.rs
index e79548d84c..0f072bfc3e 100644
--- a/crates/gpu/src/timing.rs
+++ b/crates/gpu/src/timing.rs
@@ -95,8 +95,9 @@ pub struct GpuTimer {
     /// A recording was abandoned after it had already submitted timestamps. Writing a query
     /// again resets that slot (wgpu-core resets per write), and resetting one an in-flight
     /// submission is still writing is undefined, with no way to learn when it has drained.
-    /// That only happens when a refresh fails after a flush, which on this path means the
-    /// device faulted and the canvas is about to drop to the CPU compositor anyway, so
+    /// That only happens when a refresh fails after a flush that nothing waited for (a refresh
+    /// whose page retry waited for the GPU calls [`Self::drained`] first), which is rare: usually
+    /// the device faulted and the canvas is about to drop to the CPU compositor anyway. So
     /// measuring simply stops: no number, which is the contract everywhere else here.
     stopped: bool,
     /// Timestamps and pixels of the measurement being read back, and its readback flag.
@@ -236,6 +237,12 @@ impl GpuTimer {
         self.flushed = false;
     }
 
+    /// The caller waited until the GPU finished everything submitted so far: no timestamp of
+    /// this recording is still in flight, so [`Self::cancel`] can reuse its slots safely.
+    pub fn drained(&mut self) {
+        self.flushed = false;
+    }
+
     /// Whether a measurement is being read back (so this refresh won't be measured).
     pub fn busy(&self) -> bool {
         self.in_flight.is_some()
diff --git a/crates/gpu/tests/it/camera_raw.rs b/crates/gpu/tests/it/camera_raw.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ff841c825a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/gpu/tests/it/camera_raw.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,370 @@
+//! Camera Raw's GPU preview pass against the CPU develop (the oracle), stage by stage, at 8, 16
+//! and 32 bits. Skips, with a message, when there is no adapter or device or it can't render
+//! `Rgba32Float`; with `WGPU_BACKEND` set those fail instead, as in `parity.rs`. A pipeline that
+//! doesn't build on an adapter that can run it fails. The shader itself is validated without a
+//! GPU ([`the_shader_validates_without_a_gpu`]), so a WGSL error fails on every runner.
+
+use photocraft_algo::camera_raw::{CameraRaw, Wheel, develop, per_pixel, white_black_points};
+use photocraft_gpu::{CameraRawDevelop, DeviceHealth, Fault};
+
+/// Largest difference from the CPU develop, per channel. The pass evaluates the same
+/// expressions in f32, so what remains is the GPU's own `pow`, `exp2` and `sin` (a few ulps) and
+/// how they move a value across a table entry; measured at most about 1e-5 on NVIDIA (Vulkan,
+/// DX12) and WARP. 1/4096 keeps a margin and stays well under one 8-bit step (the compositor's
+/// tolerance is 1/255).
+const TOL: f32 = 1.0 / 4096.0;
+
+struct Gpu {
+    device: wgpu::Device,
+    queue: wgpu::Queue,
+    dev: CameraRawDevelop,
+    _lock: std::sync::MutexGuard<'static, ()>,
+}
+
+fn gpu() -> Option<Gpu> {
+    let lock = crate::GPU_LOCK.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+    let required = std::env::var_os("WGPU_BACKEND").is_some();
+    // `WGPU_BACKEND` picks the backend; `PHOTOCRAFT_TEST_FALLBACK_ADAPTER=1` the software one (WARP).
+    let instance = wgpu::Instance::new(wgpu::InstanceDescriptor::new_without_display_handle_from_env());
+    let fallback = std::env::var_os("PHOTOCRAFT_TEST_FALLBACK_ADAPTER").is_some();
+    let options = wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions { force_fallback_adapter: fallback, ..Default::default() };
+    let adapter = match pollster::block_on(instance.request_adapter(&options)) {
+        Ok(a) => a,
+        Err(e) => {
+            assert!(!required, "WGPU_BACKEND is set but has no adapter: {e}");
+            eprintln!("skipping Camera Raw GPU tests: no adapter ({e})");
+            return None;
+        }
+    };
+    let info = adapter.get_info();
+    if !CameraRawDevelop::supported(&adapter) {
+        assert!(!required, "WGPU_BACKEND is set but {} can't render Rgba32Float", info.name);
+        eprintln!("skipping Camera Raw GPU tests: adapter can't render Rgba32Float");
+        return None;
+    }
+    let (device, queue) = match pollster::block_on(adapter.request_device(&wgpu::DeviceDescriptor::default())) {
+        Ok(d) => d,
+        Err(e) => {
+            assert!(!required, "WGPU_BACKEND is set but {} has no device: {e}", info.name);
+            eprintln!("skipping Camera Raw GPU tests: no device ({e})");
+            return None;
+        }
+    };
+    eprintln!("Camera Raw GPU tests on {:?} ({})", info.backend, info.name);
+    // The adapter can run the pass: a pipeline that doesn't build is a bug in it, not a skip.
+    let dev = CameraRawDevelop::new(&device).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("the Camera Raw pipeline didn't build on {}: {}", info.name, e.0));
+    Some(Gpu { device, queue, dev, _lock: lock })
+}
+
+/// The Camera Raw shader parses and validates (naga, as wgpu does before any driver sees it),
+/// with no adapter: the GPU tests below skip on runners without one.
+#[test]
+fn the_shader_validates_without_a_gpu() {
+    let src = photocraft_gpu::CAMERA_RAW_SHADER;
+    let module = wgpu::naga::front::wgsl::parse_str(src).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{}", e.emit_to_string(src)));
+    wgpu::naga::valid::Validator::new(wgpu::naga::valid::ValidationFlags::all(), wgpu::naga::valid::Capabilities::empty())
+        .validate(&module)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{}", e.emit_to_string(src)));
+    assert!(!module.entry_points.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+enum Depth {
+    Eight,
+    Sixteen,
+    Float,
+}
+
+const DEPTHS: [Depth; 3] = [Depth::Eight, Depth::Sixteen, Depth::Float];
+
+fn hash(i: usize, c: u64) -> f32 {
+    let mut z = (i as u64).wrapping_mul(0x9E37_79B9_7F4A_7C15) ^ c.wrapping_mul(0xC2B2_AE3D_27D4_EB4F);
+    z = (z ^ (z >> 29)).wrapping_mul(0xBF58_476D_1CE4_E5B9);
+    (z >> 40) as f32 / (1u64 << 24) as f32
+}
+
+/// Gradients, noise and saturated patches (every Color Mixer band), quantized to `depth`. The
+/// 32-bit image also has values above 1 and a few below 0.
+fn image(w: usize, h: usize, depth: Depth) -> Vec<[f32; 4]> {
+    (0..w * h)
+        .map(|i| {
+            let (x, y) = ((i % w) as f32 / w as f32, (i / w) as f32 / h as f32);
+            let mut c = if (i / w).is_multiple_of(4) {
+                // A hue sweep at full and half saturation.
+                let hue = x * 6.0;
+                let f = |n: f32| (((hue + n) % 6.0 - 3.0).abs() - 1.0).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+                let s = if (i / w).is_multiple_of(8) { 1.0 } else { 0.5 };
+                [f(0.0), f(4.0), f(2.0)].map(|v| (1.0 - s) * 0.6 + s * v)
+            } else {
+                [0.1 + 0.8 * x, 0.2 + 0.6 * y, 0.5 - 0.4 * x * y].map(|v| v + (hash(i, 1) - 0.5) * 0.15)
+            };
+            if let Depth::Float = depth {
+                c = c.map(|v| v * (1.0 + 1.5 * y) - 0.02 * hash(i, 2));
+            }
+            let q = |v: f32| match depth {
+                Depth::Eight => (v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 255.0).round() / 255.0,
+                Depth::Sixteen => (v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 32768.0).round() / 32768.0,
+                Depth::Float => v,
+            };
+            [q(c[0]), q(c[1]), q(c[2]), 1.0]
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// Develops `p` both ways and returns the largest channel difference.
+fn compare(g: &mut Gpu, p: &CameraRaw, depth: Depth) -> f32 {
+    let (w, h) = (171, 113);
+    let float = matches!(depth, Depth::Float);
+    let src = image(w, h, depth);
+    let mut cpu = src.clone();
+    develop(&mut cpu, w, h, p, float);
+    let points = white_black_points(&src, w, h, p);
+    let stages = per_pixel(p, w, h, float, points).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("{p:?} has a spatial stage"));
+    let out = g.dev.develop(&g.device, &g.queue, None, &src, None, [w as u32, h as u32], &stages).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(out.len(), cpu.len());
+    let mut worst = (0.0f32, 0usize);
+    for (i, (a, b)) in out.iter().zip(&cpu).enumerate() {
+        assert!(a.iter().all(|v| v.is_finite()), "{p:?} {depth:?}: non-finite GPU pixel {i}: {a:?}");
+        assert_eq!(a[3], b[3], "alpha is kept");
+        for c in 0..3 {
+            let d = (a[c] - b[c]).abs();
+            if d > worst.0 {
+                worst = (d, i);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    let (d, i) = worst;
+    assert!(d <= TOL, "{p:?} {depth:?}: GPU {:?} vs CPU {:?} at pixel {i} (source {:?}), off by {d}", out[i], cpu[i], src[i]);
+    if !float {
+        assert!(out.iter().all(|q| q[..3].iter().all(|v| (0.0..=1.0).contains(v))), "{p:?} {depth:?}: clipped like the CPU");
+    }
+    d
+}
+
+fn check(name: &str, sets: &[CameraRaw]) {
+    let Some(mut g) = gpu() else { return };
+    for p in sets {
+        for depth in DEPTHS {
+            let d = compare(&mut g, p, depth);
+            eprintln!("{name} {depth:?}: max |GPU - CPU| = {d:.2e}");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn white_balance_and_exposure() {
+    check(
+        "white balance",
+        &[
+            CameraRaw { temperature: 40.0, tint: -25.0, ..Default::default() },
+            CameraRaw { temperature: -70.0, tint: 60.0, exposure: -1.2, ..Default::default() },
+            CameraRaw { exposure: 1.5, ..Default::default() },
+        ],
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn contrast_without_texture_or_clarity() {
+    check("contrast", &[CameraRaw { contrast: 60.0, ..Default::default() }, CameraRaw { contrast: -80.0, exposure: 0.4, ..Default::default() }]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn whites_and_blacks() {
+    check(
+        "whites/blacks",
+        &[
+            CameraRaw { whites: 70.0, blacks: -45.0, ..Default::default() },
+            CameraRaw { whites: -60.0, blacks: 50.0, temperature: 20.0, ..Default::default() },
+            CameraRaw { whites: 30.0, ..Default::default() },
+            CameraRaw { blacks: -100.0, exposure: -0.5, ..Default::default() },
+            // ProPhoto's power-law encoding.
+            CameraRaw { whites: 50.0, blacks: -30.0, encoding_gamma: 1.8, ..Default::default() },
+        ],
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn tone_curves() {
+    check(
+        "tone curves",
+        &[
+            CameraRaw {
+                curve_highlights: -60.0,
+                curve_lights: 30.0,
+                curve_darks: 40.0,
+                curve_shadows: -20.0,
+                curve_splits: [20.0, 45.0, 80.0],
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            CameraRaw { point_curve: vec![[0.0, 20.0], [64.0, 50.0], [192.0, 220.0], [255.0, 245.0]], ..Default::default() },
+            CameraRaw {
+                point_curve_red: vec![[0.0, 0.0], [128.0, 160.0], [255.0, 255.0]],
+                point_curve_green: vec![[0.0, 10.0], [255.0, 230.0]],
+                point_curve_blue: vec![[0.0, 0.0], [100.0, 70.0], [255.0, 255.0]],
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        ],
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn vibrance_and_saturation() {
+    check(
+        "presence",
+        &[
+            CameraRaw { vibrance: 70.0, ..Default::default() },
+            CameraRaw { saturation: -60.0, ..Default::default() },
+            CameraRaw { vibrance: -40.0, saturation: 50.0, ..Default::default() },
+        ],
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn color_mixer() {
+    let ramp = |k: f32| std::array::from_fn(|i| ((i as f32 * 37.0 + k) % 200.0) - 100.0);
+    check(
+        "color mixer",
+        &[
+            CameraRaw { hsl_hue: ramp(0.0), ..Default::default() },
+            CameraRaw { hsl_sat: ramp(50.0), ..Default::default() },
+            CameraRaw { hsl_lum: ramp(120.0), ..Default::default() },
+            CameraRaw { hsl_hue: ramp(10.0), hsl_sat: ramp(80.0), hsl_lum: ramp(150.0), ..Default::default() },
+        ],
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn color_grading() {
+    check(
+        "color grading",
+        &[
+            CameraRaw { grade_shadows: Wheel { hue: 220.0, sat: 70.0, lum: 20.0 }, ..Default::default() },
+            CameraRaw {
+                grade_midtones: Wheel { hue: 120.0, sat: 30.0, lum: -15.0 },
+                grade_highlights: Wheel { hue: 40.0, sat: 50.0, lum: 10.0 },
+                grade_global: Wheel { hue: 300.0, sat: 15.0, lum: 5.0 },
+                grade_blending: 80.0,
+                grade_balance: -40.0,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        ],
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn vignette() {
+    check(
+        "vignette",
+        &[
+            CameraRaw { vignette_amount: -70.0, ..Default::default() },
+            CameraRaw { vignette_amount: -50.0, vignette_roundness: -60.0, vignette_feather: 20.0, vignette_highlights: 70.0, ..Default::default() },
+            CameraRaw {
+                vignette_amount: 60.0,
+                vignette_roundness: 80.0,
+                vignette_midpoint: 20.0,
+                vignette_style: "colorPriority".into(),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            CameraRaw { vignette_amount: -40.0, vignette_style: "paintOverlay".into(), ..Default::default() },
+            CameraRaw { vignette_amount: 40.0, vignette_style: "paintOverlay".into(), ..Default::default() },
+        ],
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn grain_in_full_resolution_coordinates() {
+    check(
+        "grain",
+        &[
+            CameraRaw { grain_amount: 60.0, seed: 3, ..Default::default() },
+            // A preview proxy: the noise lattice is sampled at full-resolution positions.
+            CameraRaw { grain_amount: 80.0, grain_size: 60.0, grain_roughness: 90.0, seed: u32::MAX, pixel_scale: 0.143, ..Default::default() },
+            CameraRaw { grain_amount: 25.0, grain_size: 0.0, grain_roughness: 0.0, seed: 77, pixel_scale: 0.5, ..Default::default() },
+        ],
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn every_per_pixel_stage_at_once() {
+    let mut hsl = [0.0; 8];
+    hsl[1] = 35.0;
+    hsl[5] = -50.0;
+    check(
+        "all stages",
+        &[CameraRaw {
+            temperature: 25.0,
+            tint: 10.0,
+            exposure: 0.3,
+            contrast: 25.0,
+            whites: 20.0,
+            blacks: -15.0,
+            vibrance: 30.0,
+            saturation: 10.0,
+            curve_darks: 20.0,
+            point_curve: vec![[0.0, 8.0], [255.0, 250.0]],
+            hsl_hue: hsl,
+            hsl_sat: hsl,
+            hsl_lum: hsl,
+            grade_shadows: Wheel { hue: 210.0, sat: 25.0, lum: 0.0 },
+            vignette_amount: -30.0,
+            grain_amount: 20.0,
+            pixel_scale: 0.2,
+            ..Default::default()
+        }],
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn identity_leaves_pixels_alone_and_spatial_settings_have_no_pass() {
+    let Some(mut g) = gpu() else { return };
+    let p = CameraRaw::default();
+    let src = image(64, 32, Depth::Float);
+    let stages = per_pixel(&p, 64, 32, false, None).unwrap();
+    let out = g.dev.develop(&g.device, &g.queue, None, &src, Some(1), [64, 32], &stages).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(out, src, "the CPU develop returns early, unclipped");
+    for spatial in [
+        CameraRaw { dehaze: 10.0, ..Default::default() },
+        CameraRaw { shadows: 10.0, ..Default::default() },
+        CameraRaw { highlights: -10.0, ..Default::default() },
+        CameraRaw { texture: 10.0, ..Default::default() },
+        CameraRaw { clarity: 10.0, ..Default::default() },
+        CameraRaw { sharpen_amount: 10.0, ..Default::default() },
+        CameraRaw { noise_luminance: 10.0, ..Default::default() },
+        CameraRaw { noise_color: 10.0, ..Default::default() },
+    ] {
+        assert!(spatial.spatial() && per_pixel(&spatial, 64, 32, false, Some((0.0, 1.0))).is_none(), "{spatial:?}");
+    }
+    // Whites and Blacks need the image's points.
+    assert!(per_pixel(&CameraRaw { whites: 10.0, ..Default::default() }, 64, 32, false, None).is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_cached_source_is_reused_and_a_new_key_uploads() {
+    let Some(mut g) = gpu() else { return };
+    let p = CameraRaw { exposure: 0.5, ..Default::default() };
+    let stages = per_pixel(&p, 64, 32, false, None).unwrap();
+    let a = image(64, 32, Depth::Eight);
+    let b: Vec<[f32; 4]> = a.iter().map(|q| [q[2], q[0], q[1], 1.0]).collect();
+    let first = g.dev.develop(&g.device, &g.queue, None, &a, Some(7), [64, 32], &stages).unwrap();
+    // Same key: the uploaded source stays (callers key by the proxy's identity).
+    assert_eq!(g.dev.develop(&g.device, &g.queue, None, &b, Some(7), [64, 32], &stages).unwrap(), first);
+    let mut cpu = b.clone();
+    develop(&mut cpu, 64, 32, &p, false);
+    let other = g.dev.develop(&g.device, &g.queue, None, &b, Some(8), [64, 32], &stages).unwrap();
+    assert!(other.iter().zip(&cpu).all(|(x, y)| (0..3).all(|c| (x[c] - y[c]).abs() <= TOL)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn bad_sizes_and_faulted_devices_are_errors() {
+    let Some(mut g) = gpu() else { return };
+    let stages = per_pixel(&CameraRaw { exposure: 0.5, ..Default::default() }, 4, 4, false, None).unwrap();
+    let px = vec![[0.5f32; 4]; 16];
+    for size in [[0, 4], [4, 0], [5, 4], [3, 3], [u32::MAX, 1]] {
+        assert!(g.dev.develop(&g.device, &g.queue, None, &px, None, size, &stages).is_err(), "{size:?}");
+    }
+    let health = DeviceHealth::new();
+    health.mark(Fault::Lost("test".into()));
+    assert!(g.dev.develop(&g.device, &g.queue, Some(&health), &px, None, [4, 4], &stages).is_err());
+    // And the pass still works afterwards.
+    assert!(g.dev.develop(&g.device, &g.queue, Some(&DeviceHealth::new()), &px, None, [4, 4], &stages).is_ok());
+}
diff --git a/crates/gpu/tests/device_loss.rs b/crates/gpu/tests/it/device_loss.rs
similarity index 88%
rename from crates/gpu/tests/device_loss.rs
rename to crates/gpu/tests/it/device_loss.rs
index 294961ee8d..3875bd4a89 100644
--- a/crates/gpu/tests/device_loss.rs
+++ b/crates/gpu/tests/it/device_loss.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 //! The compositor on a lost device (#243): renders return `Unsupported` (so callers use the CPU
-//! compositor) instead of panicking with "Buffer 'pc_compose_uniforms' is invalid". Skips when no
-//! GPU adapter exists.
+//! compositor) instead of panicking with "Buffer 'pc_compose_uniforms' is invalid". Also covers a
+//! caught validation error on a watched device, which must fault the health flag so callers stop
+//! issuing GPU work. Skips when no GPU adapter exists.
 
 use photocraft_color::{Color, ColorMode, SampleType};
 use photocraft_doc::{Document, Layer, LayerContent};
@@ -8,8 +9,7 @@ use photocraft_geom::{Rect, Size};
 use photocraft_gpu::{Compositor, DeviceHealth, Fault, render_to_vec};
 use photocraft_raster::Surface;
 
-/// Concurrent wgpu instances in one process segfault on some drivers (see `parity.rs`).
-static GPU_LOCK: std::sync::Mutex<()> = std::sync::Mutex::new(());
+use crate::GPU_LOCK;
 
 fn device() -> Option<(wgpu::Adapter, wgpu::Device, wgpu::Queue)> {
     let instance = wgpu::Instance::default();
@@ -185,6 +185,34 @@ fn a_captured_render_error_preserves_the_device_for_a_later_render() {
     }
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn a_watched_validation_error_faults_health_instead_of_panicking() {
+    let _lock = GPU_LOCK.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+    let Some((adapter, device, queue)) = device() else { return };
+    let Ok(mut comp) = Compositor::try_new_with_format(&device, Compositor::preferred_acc_format(&adapter)) else { return };
+    let health = DeviceHealth::watch(&device);
+    comp.set_health(health.clone());
+    let d = doc();
+    assert!(health.is_ok(), "a fresh watched device starts healthy");
+    let result = std::panic::catch_unwind(std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe(|| {
+        comp.render(&device, &queue, &d, d.bounds(), |_, _| {
+            // A buffer past the device's valid limit is rejected synchronously, so the error
+            // reaches the compositor's error scope and never the uncaptured-error callback a
+            // watched device would otherwise record it with.
+            let _ = device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
+                label: Some("synthetic_invalid_buffer"),
+                size: device.limits().max_buffer_size + 1,
+                usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
+                mapped_at_creation: false,
+            });
+        })
+    }));
+    assert!(result.is_ok(), "a caught validation error must return Err instead of reaching wgpu's panic handler");
+    assert!(result.unwrap().is_err(), "the invalid buffer must fail this render");
+    assert!(!health.is_ok(), "the caught error must fault the device's health so callers stop issuing GPU work");
+    assert!(health.fault().is_some(), "the fault must be reportable");
+}
+
 fn assert_recovery_after_invalid_encoder(encode_only: bool) {
     let _lock = GPU_LOCK.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
     let Some((adapter, device, queue)) = device() else { return };
diff --git a/crates/gpu/tests/it/main.rs b/crates/gpu/tests/it/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..027db9d995
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/gpu/tests/it/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//! The crate's integration tests, linked into one test binary.
+
+/// Concurrent wgpu instances in one process segfault on some drivers (RADV), so every test that
+/// creates a device takes this lock and holds it until the device is dropped.
+static GPU_LOCK: std::sync::Mutex<()> = std::sync::Mutex::new(());
+
+mod camera_raw;
+mod device_loss;
+mod parity;
+mod pipeline_errors;
+mod timing;
+mod uniform_limits;
+mod vector_mask;
diff --git a/crates/gpu/tests/parity.rs b/crates/gpu/tests/it/parity.rs
similarity index 91%
rename from crates/gpu/tests/parity.rs
rename to crates/gpu/tests/it/parity.rs
index cacd79c0ff..14a3e62243 100644
--- a/crates/gpu/tests/parity.rs
+++ b/crates/gpu/tests/it/parity.rs
@@ -12,9 +12,7 @@ use photocraft_gpu::{Compositor, render_to_vec};
 /// lands on that side at the Hue/Saturation pixel in `adjustment_layers`).
 const TOL: f32 = 1.0 / 255.0 + 4.0 * f32::EPSILON;
 
-/// Concurrent wgpu instances in one process segfault on some drivers (RADV), so the GPU tests
-/// take this lock and hold it until their device is dropped.
-static GPU_LOCK: std::sync::Mutex<()> = std::sync::Mutex::new(());
+use crate::GPU_LOCK;
 
 struct Gpu {
     device: wgpu::Device,
@@ -59,6 +57,14 @@ fn hdr_adjustments_preserve_range_and_cpu_parity() {
             black: Vec::new(),
             pencil: false,
         },
+        // #7157: an edited curve continues past 0..1 along its end segments (Photoshop's `[[0,0],[255,128]]`).
+        Adjustment::Curves {
+            master: vec![CurvePoint { input: 0.0, output: 0.0 }, CurvePoint { input: 1.0, output: 128.0 / 255.0 }],
+            per_channel: std::array::from_fn(|_| identity.clone()),
+            space: Default::default(),
+            black: Vec::new(),
+            pencil: false,
+        },
         // 32-bit Photoshop rules: unclipped, legacy pivot 127, the mixer's 1/1024 steps and halved constant.
         Adjustment::BrightnessContrast { brightness: 25.0, contrast: 30.0, legacy: true },
         Adjustment::BrightnessContrast { brightness: -20.0, contrast: -30.0, legacy: true },
@@ -67,6 +73,7 @@ fn hdr_adjustments_preserve_range_and_cpu_parity() {
         Adjustment::PhotoFilter { color: [0.97, 0.76, 0.0], density: 0.4, preserve_luminosity: true },
         Adjustment::PhotoFilter { color: [0.2, 0.6, 0.9], density: 0.3, preserve_luminosity: false },
         Adjustment::BlackWhite { weights: [70.0, 20.0, 50.0, 10.0, 90.0, 30.0], tint: Some([0.9, 0.7, 0.5]) },
+        Adjustment::BlackWhite { weights: [40.0, 60.0, 40.0, 60.0, 20.0, 80.0], tint: None },
     ] {
         let mut d = Document::new("HDR adjustments", Size::new(3, 1), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::F32);
         let mut layer = Layer::raster("pixels", PixelFormat::RGBA32F);
@@ -711,6 +718,29 @@ fn lookup(n: usize, tetrahedral: bool, dither: bool) -> Adjustment {
     Adjustment::ColorLookup { name: "test".into(), lut: Some(std::sync::Arc::new(t)), size: n as u32, tetrahedral, dither }
 }
 
+/// 32-bit Hue/Saturation on colours at and above HSL lightness 1 and with a negative channel,
+/// where the HSL saturation divides by zero: the GPU scales the chroma as the CPU does
+/// (compose::adjust::hue_saturation_in), finite and unclipped.
+#[test]
+fn hdr_hue_saturation_bright_colours() {
+    let Some(mut g) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut d = Document::new("t", Size::new(4, 1), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::F32);
+    let mut bg = Layer::raster("bg", d.pixel_format());
+    let px = [2.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.25, -0.25, 0.0, 1.0, 1.1, 0.9, 1.0, 1.0, 0.55, 0.45, 0.5, 1.0];
+    bg.surface_mut().unwrap().write_region(Rect::from_xywh(0, 0, 4, 1), &px);
+    d.layers.push(bg);
+    for (hue, saturation) in [(40.0, 0.0), (0.0, 25.0), (0.0, -25.0), (40.0, 75.0)] {
+        let hs = Adjustment::HueSaturation { hue, saturation, lightness: 0.0, colorize: false, ranges: HueRange::defaults() };
+        d.layers.push(Layer::new("hs", LayerContent::Adjustment(hs)));
+        check(&mut g, &d, &format!("hue {hue} saturation {saturation} on bright colours"));
+        d.layers.pop();
+    }
+    // A PSD can store a Colorize saturation beyond 100: clamped before the 32-bit scaling on both.
+    let hs = Adjustment::HueSaturation { hue: 200.0, saturation: 150.0, lightness: 50.0, colorize: true, ranges: HueRange::defaults() };
+    d.layers.push(Layer::new("hs", LayerContent::Adjustment(hs)));
+    check(&mut g, &d, "colorize saturation 150");
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn adjustment_layers() {
     let Some(mut g) = gpu() else { return };
@@ -730,6 +760,14 @@ fn adjustment_layers() {
         let pf = Adjustment::PhotoFilter { color: [0.93, 0.54, 0.0], density: 0.6, preserve_luminosity: true };
         d.layers.push(Layer::new("pf", LayerContent::Adjustment(pf)));
         check(&mut g, &d, &format!("photo filter {depth:?}"));
+        // Colorize: the saturation scaled by 1 - |lightness| at 32 bits (compose::adjust::colorize_saturation).
+        let hs = Adjustment::HueSaturation { hue: -160.0, saturation: 40.0, lightness: 5.0, colorize: true, ranges: HueRange::defaults() };
+        d.layers.push(Layer::new("hs", LayerContent::Adjustment(hs)));
+        check(&mut g, &d, &format!("colorize {depth:?}"));
+        // Hue/Saturation: at 32 bits the raised saturation isn't clipped.
+        let hs = Adjustment::HueSaturation { hue: 40.0, saturation: 25.0, lightness: -10.0, colorize: false, ranges: HueRange::defaults() };
+        d.layers.push(Layer::new("hs2", LayerContent::Adjustment(hs)));
+        check(&mut g, &d, &format!("hue/saturation {depth:?}"));
         // Threshold: whole 16-bit samples against the level in 16 bits, or the float luminosity.
         d.layers.push(Layer::new("th", LayerContent::Adjustment(Adjustment::Threshold { level: 0.5 })));
         check(&mut g, &d, &format!("threshold {depth:?}"));
@@ -794,6 +832,19 @@ fn groups_masks_and_clipping() {
         d.layers.extend([base, c1, c2]);
         check(&mut g, &d, &format!("clipping hidden={hidden}"));
     }
+    // #3052/#4921: a clipped Dissolve layer retains opacity/fill binary coverage
+    // across the partially covered clipping base; the GPU must match the CPU.
+    for (opacity, fill) in [(0.4, 1.0), (0.8, 0.5)] {
+        let mut d = base_doc(56, 44);
+        let base = noise_layer("base", PixelFormat::RGBA8, Rect::new(5, 6, 48, 40), 45, 0.0);
+        let mut clip = noise_layer("dissolve clip", PixelFormat::RGBA8, d.bounds(), 46, 0.0);
+        clip.clipped = true;
+        clip.blend = BlendMode::Dissolve;
+        clip.opacity = opacity;
+        clip.fill_opacity = fill;
+        d.layers.extend([base, clip]);
+        check(&mut g, &d, "clipped Dissolve opacity/fill CPU/GPU parity");
+    }
     // Clipped group base (isolated) with a clipped layer.
     let mut d = base_doc(56, 44);
     let mut gb = Layer::group("gb", vec![child(18, BlendMode::Normal)]);
@@ -913,7 +964,7 @@ fn hard_stop_effects_and_gradient_maps_request_cpu() {
             }
             let paint = FxPaint::Gradient(gradient.clone());
             let effects = [
-                Effect::GradientOverlay { common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Normal, 1.0), gradient, dither: false },
+                Effect::GradientOverlay { common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Normal, 1.0), gradient, dither: false, interpolation: None },
                 Effect::Stroke(StrokeFx {
                     common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Normal, 1.0),
                     size: 1.0,
@@ -1534,6 +1585,14 @@ fn effect_cases() -> Vec<(&'static str, Vec<Effect>)> {
     let mut bevel_contour = bevel(BevelStyle::InnerBevel, true, 8.0, 3.0);
     bevel_contour.gloss_contour = contour();
     bevel_contour.use_global_light = false;
+    // #7360: a gloss contour that starts at 100 % (Rolling Slope - Descending), as on the type in
+    // the report; its flat face and slopes take the contour-mapped shading on both renderers.
+    let mut bevel_gloss_high = bevel(BevelStyle::InnerBevel, true, 8.0, 2.0);
+    bevel_gloss_high.gloss_contour = Contour::Custom {
+        name: "descending".into(),
+        points: vec![Cp { input: 0.0, output: 1.0 }, Cp { input: 0.4, output: 0.4 }, Cp { input: 1.0, output: 0.0 }],
+        corners: vec![],
+    };
     vec![
         ("drop shadow", vec![Effect::DropShadow(shadow(BlendMode::Multiply, 0.75, 120.0, 6.0, 8.0, 0.0))]),
         ("drop shadow spread contour", vec![Effect::DropShadow(ds_contour)]),
@@ -1559,6 +1618,29 @@ fn effect_cases() -> Vec<(&'static str, Vec<Effect>)> {
             vec![Effect::InnerGlow(glow(FxPaint::Color(Color::rgb(0.2, 1.0, 0.8)), GlowTechnique::Precise, 6.0, 0.3, GlowSource::Edge))],
         ),
         ("inner glow precise center", vec![Effect::InnerGlow(glow(pat_paint.clone(), GlowTechnique::Precise, 5.0, 0.0, GlowSource::Center))]),
+        // Dissolve effects (#6995): the same speckle as the CPU, pixel for pixel.
+        (
+            "outer glow dissolve",
+            vec![Effect::OuterGlow(Glow {
+                common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Dissolve, 0.8),
+                ..glow(FxPaint::Color(Color::rgb(1.0, 0.9, 0.2)), GlowTechnique::Softer, 10.0, 0.3, GlowSource::Edge)
+            })],
+        ),
+        (
+            "inner glow dissolve gradient",
+            vec![Effect::InnerGlow(Glow {
+                common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Dissolve, 1.0),
+                ..glow(FxPaint::Gradient(gradient()), GlowTechnique::Softer, 7.0, 0.1, GlowSource::Edge)
+            })],
+        ),
+        ("drop shadow dissolve", vec![Effect::DropShadow(shadow(BlendMode::Dissolve, 0.75, 120.0, 6.0, 8.0, 0.0))]),
+        (
+            "stroke outside dissolve",
+            vec![Effect::Stroke(StrokeFx {
+                common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Dissolve, 0.6),
+                ..stroke(4.0, StrokePosition::Outside, FxPaint::Color(Color::rgb(0.1, 0.2, 0.9)))
+            })],
+        ),
         ("bevel inner", vec![Effect::BevelEmboss(bevel(BevelStyle::InnerBevel, true, 7.0, 2.0))]),
         ("bevel outer", vec![Effect::BevelEmboss(bevel(BevelStyle::OuterBevel, true, 6.0, 0.0))]),
         ("bevel emboss down", vec![Effect::BevelEmboss(bevel(BevelStyle::Emboss, false, 8.0, 1.0))]),
@@ -1600,6 +1682,7 @@ fn effect_cases() -> Vec<(&'static str, Vec<Effect>)> {
             })],
         ),
         ("bevel contour own light", vec![Effect::BevelEmboss(bevel_contour)]),
+        ("bevel gloss starting high", vec![Effect::BevelEmboss(bevel_gloss_high)]),
         ("satin", vec![Effect::Satin(satin)]),
         ("satin inverted contour", vec![Effect::Satin(satin_inv)]),
         ("stroke outside colour", vec![Effect::Stroke(stroke(4.0, StrokePosition::Outside, FxPaint::Color(Color::rgb(0.95, 0.85, 0.1))))]),
@@ -1612,6 +1695,7 @@ fn effect_cases() -> Vec<(&'static str, Vec<Effect>)> {
                 common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Normal, 0.8),
                 gradient: Gradient { style: GradientStyle::Radial, ..gradient() },
                 dither: false,
+                interpolation: None,
             }],
         ),
         (
@@ -1683,7 +1767,7 @@ fn effect_cases() -> Vec<(&'static str, Vec<Effect>)> {
                     invert: false,
                 }),
                 Effect::ColorOverlay { common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::SoftLight, 0.5), color: Color::rgb(0.9, 0.3, 0.2) },
-                Effect::GradientOverlay { common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Overlay, 0.4), gradient: gradient(), dither: false },
+                Effect::GradientOverlay { common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Overlay, 0.4), gradient: gradient(), dither: false, interpolation: None },
                 Effect::Stroke(stroke(3.0, StrokePosition::Outside, FxPaint::Color(Color::rgb(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)))),
             ],
         ),
@@ -1803,6 +1887,24 @@ fn layer_effects_opacity_fill_blend_and_off_canvas() {
         d.layers.push(l);
         fx_check(&mut g, &d, &format!("outside stroke at fill {fill}"));
     }
+    // An Outside stroke has no share beneath fully opaque pixels (#5861): non-Normal layers with
+    // an Outside stroke on a soft blob and a hard square. (Blend Interior Effects as Group, where
+    // that share shows through the layer's mode, is composited on the CPU.)
+    for blend in [BlendMode::Multiply, BlendMode::Screen] {
+        let mut d = fx_doc(80, 80, SampleType::U8);
+        let mut l = blob("ring", d.pixel_format(), 40.0, 40.0, 20.0, [0.9, 0.1, 0.1]);
+        l.effects.items = vec![Effect::Stroke(stroke(4.0, StrokePosition::Outside, FxPaint::Color(Color::rgb(0.1, 0.2, 0.9))))];
+        l.blend = blend;
+        d.layers.push(l);
+        fx_check(&mut g, &d, &format!("outside stroke under a {blend:?} blob"));
+        let mut d = fx_doc(40, 40, SampleType::U8);
+        let mut l = Layer::raster("square", d.pixel_format());
+        l.surface_mut().unwrap().fill_rect(Rect::new(15, 15, 25, 25), &[1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+        l.effects.items = vec![Effect::Stroke(stroke(3.0, StrokePosition::Outside, FxPaint::Color(Color::rgb(0.0, 0.0, 1.0))))];
+        l.blend = blend;
+        d.layers.push(l);
+        fx_check(&mut g, &d, &format!("outside stroke under a {blend:?} square"));
+    }
     // Shapes partly off the canvas (their effects reach back in) and a masked effect layer.
     let mut d = fx_doc(90, 70, SampleType::U8);
     let mut l = blob("edge", d.pixel_format(), 4.0, 66.0, 18.0, [0.9, 0.9, 0.2]);
@@ -2813,6 +2915,59 @@ fn layer_pages_are_admitted_under_a_zero_budget_and_stay_on_the_gpu() {
     check(&mut g, &d, "after zero-budget renders");
 }
 
+/// A layer page texture the device has no memory for (#6563): the compositor drops the pages
+/// this cell doesn't use and tries again, then submits, waits and runs the cell once more, and
+/// only then ends this refresh on the CPU. The device stays healthy and the next refresh is back
+/// on the GPU. The test hook makes the next `n` page textures fail as out of memory.
+#[test]
+fn a_layer_page_out_of_memory_retries_then_ends_only_that_refresh_on_the_cpu() {
+    let Some(mut g) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut d = base_doc(600, 500);
+    d.layers.push(noise_layer("mid", PixelFormat::RGBA8, Rect::new(-20, 10, 590, 480), 71, 0.0));
+    let mut top = noise_layer("top", PixelFormat::RGBA8, Rect::new(30, -15, 620, 510), 72, 0.2);
+    top.blend = BlendMode::Multiply;
+    d.layers.push(top);
+    g.paged.set_composite_cache_budget(0);
+    let cpu = photocraft_compose::flatten(&d);
+    let encode = |g: &mut Gpu, d: &Document| {
+        let mut encoder = g.device.create_command_encoder(&wgpu::CommandEncoderDescriptor::default());
+        g.paged.encode(&g.device, &g.queue, &mut encoder, d, d.bounds(), &mut |_, _| {})
+    };
+    let render = |g: &mut Gpu, d: &Document| photocraft_gpu::render_to_vec_stats(&mut g.paged, &g.device, &g.queue, d, d.bounds());
+    let matches = |out: &[[f32; 4]], what: &str| {
+        let worst = worst_diff(&cpu.px, out);
+        assert!(worst.0 <= TOL, "{what}: max diff {:.2}/255 at {}", worst.0 * 255.0, worst.1);
+    };
+    // Every case starts with no pages, so the first page texture is the one that fails.
+    let fresh = |g: &mut Gpu, d: &Document, n: u32| {
+        g.paged.forget_doc(d.id);
+        g.paged.fail_layer_allocs(n);
+    };
+
+    // One failure: the second try right away succeeds (`encode` can't submit, so this is the
+    // only retry it has).
+    fresh(&mut g, &d, 1);
+    encode(&mut g, &d).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("one failed page texture is retried at once: {}", e.0));
+    // Two: both tries fail, and `encode` gives the refresh to the CPU.
+    fresh(&mut g, &d, 2);
+    let e = encode(&mut g, &d).expect_err("encode can't submit to free memory");
+    assert_eq!(e.0, photocraft_gpu::OVER_BUDGET);
+    assert!(g.paged.fault().is_none(), "out of memory for a page doesn't lose the device");
+    // `render` submits, waits and runs the cell once more, which then succeeds.
+    fresh(&mut g, &d, 2);
+    let (out, s) = render(&mut g, &d).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("render retries after submitting: {}", e.0));
+    assert!(s.flushes > 0, "{s:?}");
+    matches(&out, "after the submit-and-retry");
+    // Four: the retry after the submit fails as well, so this refresh goes to the CPU...
+    fresh(&mut g, &d, 4);
+    let e = render(&mut g, &d).expect_err("every try failed");
+    assert_eq!(e.0, photocraft_gpu::OVER_BUDGET);
+    assert!(g.paged.fault().is_none(), "out of memory for a page doesn't lose the device");
+    // ...and the next one is back on the GPU.
+    let (out, _) = render(&mut g, &d).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("the refresh after an out-of-memory one is on the GPU: {}", e.0));
+    matches(&out, "the refresh after the CPU one");
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn the_focused_view_stays_resident_after_a_full_refresh() {
     let _gamma = TEXT_GAMMA.lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner());
@@ -2842,6 +2997,45 @@ fn the_focused_view_stays_resident_after_a_full_refresh() {
     }
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn layer_pages_that_just_miss_borrow_the_effect_map_share() {
+    let _gamma = TEXT_GAMMA.lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner());
+    let Some(g) = gpu() else { return };
+    let d = big_doc();
+    let mut comp = Compositor::try_new_with_format(&g.device, wgpu::TextureFormat::Rgba32Float).unwrap();
+    comp.set_texture_limit(PAGED_LIMIT);
+    let need = comp.working_set(&d, d.bounds());
+    // Pages get three quarters of the budget and effect maps an eighth: at 5/4 of the need the
+    // pages' own share misses by about 6 %, which the effect-map share covers (#5973, P60).
+    let budget = need / 4 * 5;
+    comp.set_memory_budget(budget);
+    let own = comp.resident_budget();
+    assert!(own < need && !comp.fits_budget(&d, d.bounds()));
+    assert_eq!(comp.fit_layers(need, true), need, "lends exactly the shortfall");
+    assert_eq!(comp.memory_budget(), budget, "the total stays");
+    comp.set_memory_budget(budget);
+    assert_eq!(comp.resident_budget(), need, "the loan holds across the budget set before every refresh");
+    assert_eq!(comp.fit_layers(need / 2, false), need, "a partial refresh doesn't shrink it");
+    photocraft_gpu::render_to_vec(&mut comp, &g.device, &g.queue, &d, d.bounds()).unwrap();
+    let (out, s) = photocraft_gpu::render_to_vec_stats(&mut comp, &g.device, &g.queue, &d, d.bounds()).unwrap();
+    // Every page stays resident; effect maps may be evicted and rebuilt, that's the loan.
+    assert_eq!(s.tiles_uploaded, 0, "{s:?}");
+    assert!(worst_diff(&photocraft_compose::render(&d, d.bounds()).px, &out).0 <= TOL);
+    // A need the effect-map share can't cover lends nothing (it would only evict maps), and a
+    // smaller need gives the loan back.
+    assert_eq!(comp.fit_layers(budget, true), own);
+    comp.fit_layers(need, true);
+    assert_eq!(comp.fit_layers(own, true), own);
+    assert_eq!(comp.memory_budget(), budget);
+    // An exact resident budget returns the loan and lends nothing until the next memory budget.
+    comp.fit_layers(need, true);
+    comp.set_resident_budget(own);
+    assert_eq!(comp.memory_budget(), budget, "the loan went back to the effect maps");
+    assert_eq!(comp.fit_layers(need, true), own, "an exact budget stays exact");
+    comp.set_memory_budget(budget);
+    assert_eq!(comp.resident_budget(), need, "the next memory budget lends again");
+}
+
 // A pass-through group holding an adjustment renders isolated when layers clip to it, on the GPU
 // as on the CPU (psd-tools passthrough_clipping_mask_adjustment).
 #[test]
@@ -2893,3 +3087,60 @@ fn soft_shapes_match_the_cpu() {
         }
     }
 }
+
+/// An adjustment has no standalone source alpha: its opacity and mask gate binary coverage.
+#[test]
+fn dissolve_adjustment_matches_cpu() {
+    let Some(mut g) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut d = base_doc(64, 48);
+    let mut adjustment = Layer::new("invert", LayerContent::Adjustment(Adjustment::Invert));
+    adjustment.blend = BlendMode::Dissolve;
+    adjustment.opacity = 0.5;
+    adjustment.mask = Some(mask(Rect::new(0, 0, 32, 48), 31, 0.0));
+    d.layers.push(adjustment);
+    check(&mut g, &d, "dissolve adjustment + mask");
+}
+
+/// Clipped pixels still use document-positioned noise, without changing the base alpha.
+#[test]
+fn dissolve_clipped_layer_matches_cpu() {
+    let Some(mut g) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut d = base_doc(64, 48);
+    let mut clipped = Layer::new("clipped", LayerContent::Fill(Fill::Solid(Color::BLACK)));
+    clipped.clipped = true;
+    clipped.blend = BlendMode::Dissolve;
+    clipped.opacity = 0.5;
+    d.layers.push(clipped);
+    check(&mut g, &d, "dissolve clipped");
+}
+
+/// Layer opacity gates the completed effects stack, instead of fading its pixels.
+#[test]
+fn dissolve_effects_stack_matches_cpu() {
+    let Some(mut g) = gpu() else { return };
+    let mut d = base_doc(64, 48);
+    let mut styled = Layer::new("styled", LayerContent::Fill(Fill::Solid(Color::BLACK)));
+    styled.blend = BlendMode::Dissolve;
+    styled.opacity = 0.5;
+    styled.effects.items.push(Effect::ColorOverlay { common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Normal, 1.0), color: Color::BLACK });
+    d.layers.push(styled);
+    check(&mut g, &d, "dissolve effects");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn dissolve_clipped_adjustment_matches_cpu() {
+    let Some(mut g) = gpu() else { return };
+    for fmt in [PixelFormat::RGBA8, PixelFormat::RGBA16, PixelFormat::RGBA32F] {
+        let mut d = Document::new("clipped adjustment", Size::new(272, 24), ColorMode::Rgb, fmt.sample);
+        let base = noise_layer("base", fmt, Rect::new(-3, -2, 268, 22), 47, 0.0);
+        let mut adjustment = Layer::new("invert", LayerContent::Adjustment(Adjustment::Invert));
+        adjustment.clipped = true;
+        adjustment.blend = BlendMode::Dissolve;
+        adjustment.opacity = 0.6;
+        adjustment.fill_opacity = 0.5;
+        adjustment.mask = Some(mask(Rect::new(0, 0, 260, 24), 48, 0.0));
+        d.layers.extend([base, adjustment]);
+        check(&mut g, &d, &format!("clipped Dissolve adjustment {fmt:?}"));
+        diff_rect(&mut g, &d, Rect::new(250, 1, 270, 20), "clipped adjustment offset region").unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{e}"));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/gpu/tests/it/pipeline_errors.rs b/crates/gpu/tests/it/pipeline_errors.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..28d7a56791
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/gpu/tests/it/pipeline_errors.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+//! #6419: the compositor's pipelines are built on several threads. A pipeline the device can't
+//! build is still an `Err` from `try_new_with_format`, not a panic from wgpu's default error
+//! handler (error scopes are per thread). Skips when no GPU adapter exists.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use photocraft_color::{Color, ColorMode, SampleType};
+use photocraft_doc::Document;
+use photocraft_geom::Size;
+use photocraft_gpu::{Compositor, render_to_vec};
+
+use crate::GPU_LOCK;
+
+fn device() -> Option<(wgpu::Adapter, wgpu::Device, wgpu::Queue)> {
+    let instance = wgpu::Instance::default();
+    let Ok(adapter) = pollster::block_on(instance.request_adapter(&wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions::default())) else {
+        eprintln!("skipping: no adapter");
+        return None;
+    };
+    let (device, queue) = pollster::block_on(adapter.request_device(&wgpu::DeviceDescriptor::default())).ok()?;
+    Some((adapter, device, queue))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_pipeline_built_on_another_thread_fails_as_an_error() {
+    let _lock = GPU_LOCK.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+    let Some((adapter, device, _queue)) = device() else { return };
+    // Never a render target, so every accumulation pipeline fails validation.
+    let Err(e) = Compositor::try_new_with_format(&device, wgpu::TextureFormat::Rgb9e5Ufloat) else {
+        panic!("a compositor accumulating into Rgb9e5Ufloat");
+    };
+    assert!(e.0.contains("couldn't build the compositor's pipelines"), "{e:?}");
+    // The device is still usable for a compositor it can build.
+    assert!(Compositor::try_new_with_format(&device, Compositor::preferred_acc_format(&adapter)).is_ok());
+}
+
+/// `new_with_format` on a device whose errors go to the caller's handler: a pipeline that failed
+/// to build stays in the compositor as an invalid handle, so a draw reports GPU errors instead of
+/// panicking on a missing pipeline.
+#[test]
+fn a_compositor_with_failed_pipelines_draws_without_panicking() {
+    let _lock = GPU_LOCK.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+    let Some((_adapter, device, queue)) = device() else { return };
+    // As the app does (`DeviceHealth::watch`): GPU errors go to a handler, not wgpu's default panic.
+    device.on_uncaptured_error(Arc::new(|_: wgpu::Error| {}));
+    let mut comp = Compositor::new_with_format(&device, wgpu::TextureFormat::Rgb9e5Ufloat);
+    let doc = Document::with_background("t", Size::new(8, 8), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8, Color::rgba(0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0));
+    // Drawing into an unrenderable format can't succeed, but must not panic.
+    let _ = render_to_vec(&mut comp, &device, &queue, &doc, doc.bounds());
+}
diff --git a/crates/gpu/tests/timing.rs b/crates/gpu/tests/it/timing.rs
similarity index 88%
rename from crates/gpu/tests/timing.rs
rename to crates/gpu/tests/it/timing.rs
index 24c2057253..76348695c5 100644
--- a/crates/gpu/tests/timing.rs
+++ b/crates/gpu/tests/it/timing.rs
@@ -111,6 +111,7 @@ fn measure(device: &wgpu::Device, queue: &wgpu::Queue, comp: &mut Compositor, do
 
 #[test]
 fn gpu_time_tracks_execution_not_submission() {
+    let _lock = crate::GPU_LOCK.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
     let Some((device, queue, mut comp)) = gpu() else { return };
     let size = Size::new(3000, 2000);
     let doc = document(size);
@@ -138,9 +139,11 @@ fn gpu_time_tracks_execution_not_submission() {
     assert_eq!(t.px, area(full), "the measurement carries the pixels of the refresh it measured");
     assert!(t.spans >= 1, "at least one command buffer was timed");
 
-    // The premise: on this adapter the refresh really is dominated by GPU execution. A machine
-    // fast enough that it isn't cannot tell the two timings apart, so say so instead of failing.
-    if wall_ms < 3.0 * submit_ms {
+    // The premise: on this adapter the refresh really is dominated by GPU execution. `wall_ms`
+    // includes `submit_ms`, so the GPU execution window is `wall_ms - submit_ms`; a machine fast
+    // enough that this window isn't well above `3.0 * submit_ms` cannot tell the two timings
+    // apart, so say so instead of failing.
+    if wall_ms - submit_ms < 3.0 * submit_ms {
         eprintln!("SKIP the comparison: this GPU finishes a 6 MP composite in {wall_ms:.1} ms against {submit_ms:.1} ms of encoding");
         return;
     }
@@ -164,6 +167,7 @@ fn gpu_time_tracks_execution_not_submission() {
 
 #[test]
 fn an_unmeasured_compositor_reports_nothing() {
+    let _lock = crate::GPU_LOCK.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
     let Some((device, queue, _)) = gpu() else { return };
     let mut comp = Compositor::new(&device);
     assert!(!comp.measures_gpu_time(), "timing is off until it is asked for");
@@ -175,6 +179,7 @@ fn an_unmeasured_compositor_reports_nothing() {
 
 #[test]
 fn a_refresh_that_submits_several_times_is_one_measurement() {
+    let _lock = crate::GPU_LOCK.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
     let Some((device, queue, mut comp)) = gpu() else { return };
     // A budget far below the document's layer pages makes the refresh evict as it goes, which is
     // what makes it submit in batches: the measurement must span all of them, not just the last.
@@ -208,6 +213,7 @@ fn a_refresh_that_submits_several_times_is_one_measurement() {
 
 #[test]
 fn refreshes_faster_than_the_readback_stay_valid() {
+    let _lock = crate::GPU_LOCK.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
     let Some((device, queue, mut comp)) = gpu() else { return };
     // Refreshes arriving before the last measurement has been read back must simply go
     // unmeasured. Mapping the readback buffer again while its first map is still pending is a
@@ -232,6 +238,7 @@ fn refreshes_faster_than_the_readback_stay_valid() {
 /// wrote no timestamps itself — and the compositor would silently never measure again.
 #[test]
 fn a_failed_refresh_that_recorded_nothing_keeps_the_timer_alive() {
+    let _lock = crate::GPU_LOCK.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
     let Some((device, queue, _)) = gpu() else { return };
     let mut timer = timing::GpuTimer::new(&device, &queue).expect("the device has timestamp queries");
 
@@ -280,3 +287,25 @@ fn a_failed_refresh_that_recorded_nothing_keeps_the_timer_alive() {
     let after = after.expect("the timer still measures after a refresh that recorded nothing");
     assert_eq!(after.px, 4096, "the measurement belongs to the refresh that produced it");
 }
+
+/// A refresh whose layer pages ran out of GPU memory even after the submit-and-retry ends on the
+/// CPU (#6563), but measuring goes on: the retry waited for the GPU, so none of the dropped
+/// measurement's timestamps were still in flight.
+#[test]
+fn an_out_of_memory_refresh_does_not_stop_gpu_timing() {
+    let _lock = crate::GPU_LOCK.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+    let Some((device, queue, mut comp)) = gpu() else { return };
+    let doc = document(Size::new(640, 480));
+    let full = doc.bounds();
+    // The first page texture fails twice, and twice more in the retry after the submit.
+    comp.fail_layer_allocs(4);
+    assert!(comp.render(&device, &queue, &doc, full, |_, _| {}).is_err(), "every try failed");
+    let mut timing = None;
+    for _ in 0..4 {
+        timing = measure(&device, &queue, &mut comp, &doc, full).2;
+        if timing.is_some() {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    assert!(timing.is_some(), "GPU timing stopped for good after one out-of-memory refresh");
+}
diff --git a/crates/gpu/tests/uniform_limits.rs b/crates/gpu/tests/it/uniform_limits.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/gpu/tests/uniform_limits.rs
rename to crates/gpu/tests/it/uniform_limits.rs
index 994dbd7508..90dfa57aed 100644
--- a/crates/gpu/tests/uniform_limits.rs
+++ b/crates/gpu/tests/it/uniform_limits.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use photocraft_doc::{Document, Fill, Layer, LayerContent};
 use photocraft_geom::Size;
 use photocraft_gpu::{Compositor, DeviceHealth, plan, render_to_vec};
 
-static GPU_LOCK: std::sync::Mutex<()> = std::sync::Mutex::new(());
+use crate::GPU_LOCK;
 
 fn fills(count: usize) -> Document {
     fills_size(count, Size::new(1, 1))
diff --git a/crates/gpu/tests/vector_mask.rs b/crates/gpu/tests/it/vector_mask.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from crates/gpu/tests/vector_mask.rs
rename to crates/gpu/tests/it/vector_mask.rs
index 43d3d081e3..d0d7e7a012 100644
--- a/crates/gpu/tests/vector_mask.rs
+++ b/crates/gpu/tests/it/vector_mask.rs
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ fn painted(name: &str, fmt: PixelFormat, rgba: [f32; 4]) -> Layer {
 
 #[test]
 fn vector_masks_match_the_cpu() {
+    let _lock = crate::GPU_LOCK.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
     let Some(mut g) = gpu() else { return };
     for depth in [SampleType::U8, SampleType::U16] {
         for (inverted, density) in [(false, 1.0), (true, 1.0), (false, 0.6)] {
diff --git a/crates/heif/README.md b/crates/heif/README.md
index 8915129443..9d859e8401 100644
--- a/crates/heif/README.md
+++ b/crates/heif/README.md
@@ -30,5 +30,5 @@ inside it (fuzzing found two in 0.1.1) becomes `Error::Malformed`.
 
 The crate depends on no other PhotoCraft crate and knows nothing of `photocraft-codecs`' types;
 `codecs` → `heif` is the one allowed dependency between standalone crates (`cargo xtask layers`).
-Tests on real files live in `photocraft-codecs` (`tests/heif.rs`, features `corpus,heif`, files
+Tests on real files live in `photocraft-codecs` (`tests/it/heif.rs`, features `corpus,heif`, files
 fetched by `cargo xtask corpus --heif`).
diff --git a/crates/io/Cargo.toml b/crates/io/Cargo.toml
index 74ea6a1b5a..4b12dd8763 100644
--- a/crates/io/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/io/Cargo.toml
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ blake3 = { version = "1.8", default-features = false, features = ["pure"] }
 # pdn.rs inflates Paint.NET's gzip pixel chunks.
 flate2 = { workspace = true }
 # ora.rs reads OpenRaster's stack.xml (already in the tree through usvg).
-roxmltree = "0.20"
+roxmltree = "0.21"
 # Reuse usvg's locked header reader to bound embedded SVG raster data before decoding.
 imagesize = "0.13"
 # SVG import (svg.rs): usvg parses, resvg rasterises what the shape model can't hold. Both are
@@ -56,4 +56,9 @@ photocraft-affinity = { workspace = true, features = ["synth"] }
 flate2 = { workspace = true }
 photocraft-psd = { workspace = true, features = ["testgen"] }
 photocraft-raw = { workspace = true, features = ["testgen"] }
+photocraft-testkit = { workspace = true }
 proptest = { workspace = true }
+# Lossless JPEG XL encoder for the JPEG XL DNG preview test (tests only), as in photocraft-raw.
+zune-jpegxl = { version = "=0.5.2", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
+zune-core = { workspace = true }
+tiff = { version = "0.11", default-features = false, features = ["deflate", "lzw"] }
diff --git a/crates/io/examples/big_psb_check.rs b/crates/io/examples/big_psb_check.rs
index 3d0f407583..3b1c21034b 100644
--- a/crates/io/examples/big_psb_check.rs
+++ b/crates/io/examples/big_psb_check.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 //!
 //! `cargo run --release -p photocraft-io --example big_psb_check -- <file.psb>...`
 //!
-//! The opt-in tests in `tests/large_files.rs` generate and check the same files.
+//! The opt-in tests in `tests/it/large_files.rs` generate and check the same files.
 
 use photocraft_psd::fixtures::sample;
 
diff --git a/crates/io/examples/oracle_diff.rs b/crates/io/examples/oracle_diff.rs
index a7f295d463..fddef567a9 100644
--- a/crates/io/examples/oracle_diff.rs
+++ b/crates/io/examples/oracle_diff.rs
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ fn main() {
     }
 }
 
-/// The corpus oracle table (as `tests/corpus.rs`), files in parallel, without a test build.
+/// The corpus oracle table (as `tests/it/corpus.rs`), files in parallel, without a test build.
 fn corpus_summary(root: &std::path::Path) {
     fn collect(dir: &std::path::Path, out: &mut Vec<std::path::PathBuf>) {
         let Ok(rd) = std::fs::read_dir(dir) else { return };
diff --git a/crates/io/src/abr_map.rs b/crates/io/src/abr_map.rs
index 549ac40970..a41ba3ac01 100644
--- a/crates/io/src/abr_map.rs
+++ b/crates/io/src/abr_map.rs
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ pub fn map_file(f: &AbrFile, group: &str) -> AbrImport {
 /// [`map_file`] that checks `ctl` before each brush.
 pub fn map_file_with(f: &AbrFile, group: &str, ctl: &photocraft_raster::Interrupt) -> Result<AbrImport, photocraft_raster::Cancelled> {
     let mut out = AbrImport { version: f.version, warnings: f.warnings.clone(), ..Default::default() };
-    let mut m = Mapper { file: f, warnings: BTreeSet::new(), unknown: BTreeSet::new() };
+    let mut m = Mapper { file: f, warnings: BTreeSet::new(), unknown: BTreeSet::new(), tips: Default::default() };
     let total = f.legacy.len().max(f.samples.len()).max(f.presets.len()).max(1) as f32;
     let step = |i: usize| -> Result<(), photocraft_raster::Cancelled> {
         ctl.check()?;
@@ -255,18 +255,26 @@ struct Mapper<'a> {
     file: &'a AbrFile,
     warnings: BTreeSet<String>,
     unknown: BTreeSet<String>,
+    /// Tips already converted, by sample: presets can name one sample thousands of times, and a
+    /// tile clones by sharing its data.
+    tips: std::collections::HashMap<*const AbrSample, (photocraft_paint::tile::GrayTile, f32)>,
 }
 
 impl Mapper<'_> {
     /// A sampled tip (downsampled to [`MAX_TIP_EDGE`]) and its size (larger side).
     fn tip(&mut self, s: &AbrSample) -> (TipShape, f32) {
+        if let Some((tile, size)) = self.tips.get(&std::ptr::from_ref(s)) {
+            return (TipShape::Sampled(tile.clone()), *size);
+        }
         let v = s.to_unit();
         let (w, h, v) = fit(s.width, s.height, v, MAX_TIP_EDGE);
         if (w, h) != (s.width, s.height) {
             self.warnings.insert(format!("tips larger than {MAX_TIP_EDGE} px were downsampled"));
         }
         let data = v.iter().map(|x| (x.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 65535.0 + 0.5) as u16).collect();
-        (TipShape::Sampled(GrayTile { width: w, height: h, data }), s.width.max(s.height) as f32)
+        let (tile, size) = (GrayTile { width: w, height: h, data }, s.width.max(s.height) as f32);
+        self.tips.insert(std::ptr::from_ref(s), (tile.clone(), size));
+        (TipShape::Sampled(tile), size)
     }
 
     fn dynamic(&mut self, d: Option<&Descriptor>) -> Dynamic {
@@ -473,7 +481,8 @@ impl Mapper<'_> {
                 tilt_y: (num(d, "brushPoseTiltY").unwrap_or(0.0) * 0.9).clamp(-90.0, 90.0) as f32,
                 rotation: num(d, "brushPoseAngle").unwrap_or(0.0).rem_euclid(360.0) as f32,
                 pressure: pct(d, "brushPosePressure").unwrap_or(1.0).clamp(0.0, 1.0),
-                override_tilt: boolean(d, "overridePoseTiltX").unwrap_or(false) || boolean(d, "overridePoseTiltY").unwrap_or(false),
+                override_tilt_x: boolean(d, "overridePoseTiltX").unwrap_or(false),
+                override_tilt_y: boolean(d, "overridePoseTiltY").unwrap_or(false),
                 override_rotation: boolean(d, "overridePoseAngle").unwrap_or(false),
                 override_pressure: boolean(d, "overridePosePressure").unwrap_or(false),
             };
diff --git a/crates/io/src/abr_map/tests.rs b/crates/io/src/abr_map/tests.rs
index 501e331af9..26f68d7aa0 100644
--- a/crates/io/src/abr_map/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/io/src/abr_map/tests.rs
@@ -128,6 +128,43 @@ fn grit_pattern() -> PsdPattern {
     }
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn pose_axes_abr_import_preserves_independent_stylus_tilt() {
+    let input = photocraft_paint::StrokePoint { tilt_x: 13.0, tilt_y: -27.0, pressure: 0.71, rotation: 67.0, wheel: 0.24, time: 73.0, ..Default::default() };
+    for subversion in [1, 2] {
+        for (x, y) in [(false, false), (true, false), (false, true), (true, true)] {
+            let preset = Descriptor::new("brushPreset")
+                .with("Brsh", Value::Descriptor(Descriptor::new("computedBrush").with("Dmtr", u(b"#Pxl", 47.0))))
+                .with("useBrushPose", Value::Boolean(true))
+                .with("brushPoseTiltX", prc(50.0))
+                .with("brushPoseTiltY", prc(-20.0))
+                .with("overridePoseTiltX", Value::Boolean(x))
+                .with("overridePoseTiltY", Value::Boolean(y));
+            let bytes = write_v6(subversion, &[], &[], &[preset], false).unwrap();
+            let imported = read_abr(&bytes, "Pose axes").unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(imported.presets.len(), 1);
+            let b = &imported.presets[0].brush;
+            assert!(b.pose.enabled);
+            assert_eq!((b.pose.tilt_x, b.pose.tilt_y), (45.0, -18.0), "ABR percentages retain the W3C degree conversion");
+            let mut expected = input;
+            if x {
+                expected.tilt_x = 45.0;
+            }
+            if y {
+                expected.tilt_y = -18.0;
+            }
+            assert_eq!(
+                photocraft_paint::dynamics::apply_pose(b, input),
+                expected,
+                "v6.{subversion}, X={x}, Y={y}: one axis must not override the other's tablet data"
+            );
+            let stored = serde_json::to_vec(&imported.presets[0]).unwrap();
+            let restored: photocraft_paint::BrushPreset = serde_json::from_slice(&stored).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(photocraft_paint::dynamics::apply_pose(&restored.brush, input), expected, "preset persistence retains the independent flags");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn v6_settings_map_onto_brush_sections() {
     for sub in [1, 2] {
@@ -166,7 +203,7 @@ fn v6_settings_map_onto_brush_sections() {
         assert!(b.transfer.enabled);
         assert_eq!((b.transfer.opacity.control, b.transfer.opacity.minimum), (Control::PenPressure, 0.1));
         assert_eq!((b.transfer.flow.control, b.transfer.flow.jitter), (Control::Fade, 0.15));
-        assert!(b.pose.enabled && b.pose.override_rotation && !b.pose.override_tilt);
+        assert!(b.pose.enabled && b.pose.override_rotation && !b.pose.override_tilt_x && !b.pose.override_tilt_y);
         assert_eq!((b.pose.tilt_x, b.pose.rotation), (45.0, 90.0));
         assert!(b.wet_edges && b.noise && b.build_up);
         assert_eq!((b.opacity, b.flow, b.smoothing.amount, b.pressure_size), (0.8, 0.6, 0.4, true));
diff --git a/crates/io/src/adjust_map.rs b/crates/io/src/adjust_map.rs
index 9cd7479b81..3a9d18f94e 100644
--- a/crates/io/src/adjust_map.rs
+++ b/crates/io/src/adjust_map.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ fn bef32(d: &[u8], at: usize) -> Option<f32> {
 }
 
 fn unsupported(key: &[u8; 4], data: &[u8]) -> Adjustment {
-    Adjustment::Unsupported { psd_key: String::from_utf8_lossy(key).into_owned(), raw: data.to_vec() }
+    Adjustment::Unsupported { psd_key: String::from_utf8_lossy(key).into_owned(), raw: data.into() }
 }
 
 fn levels_rec(d: &[u8], at: usize) -> Option<LevelsChannel> {
@@ -139,6 +139,19 @@ pub fn label(key: &[u8; 4]) -> &'static str {
     }
 }
 
+/// Keys of a Brightness/Contrast `CgEd` descriptor: the ones [`write`] emits plus Photoshop's
+/// preset bookkeeping.
+const BRIT_CGED_KEYS: [&str; 9] = ["Vrsn", "Brgh", "Cntr", "means", "Lab ", "useLegacy", "Auto", "presetKind", "presetFileName"];
+
+/// Whether a `brit` layer's `CgEd` descriptor holds settings Brightness/Contrast has no place
+/// for. Photoshop 2026's Light adjustment (Exposure, Contrast, Highlights, Shadows, Whites,
+/// Blacks) is stored under the `brit` key; read as Brightness/Contrast it kept only Contrast and
+/// lost the rest without a word (#6542), so such a layer stays [`Adjustment::Unsupported`].
+pub fn is_extended_brit(cged: Option<&[u8]>) -> bool {
+    cged.and_then(|c| VersionedDescriptor::parse_prefix(c).ok())
+        .is_some_and(|(v, _)| v.descriptor.items.iter().any(|(k, _)| !BRIT_CGED_KEYS.iter().any(|n| k.is(n))))
+}
+
 /// Why [`parse`] keeps a block as [`Adjustment::Unsupported`], when there is more to say than
 /// "it could not be read" (so far: Color Lookup).
 pub fn unreadable_reason(key: &[u8; 4], data: &[u8]) -> Option<String> {
@@ -204,6 +217,8 @@ fn parse_any(key: &[u8; 4], data: &[u8], cged: Option<&[u8]>) -> Adjustment {
         b"nvrt" => Some(Adjustment::Invert),
         b"thrs" => be16(data, 0).map(|v| Adjustment::Threshold { level: f32::from(v) / 255.0 }),
         b"post" => be16(data, 0).map(|v| Adjustment::Posterize { levels: u32::from(v) }),
+        // Kept raw (with its `CgEd`, which the PSD writer keeps while the layer is unchanged).
+        b"brit" if is_extended_brit(cged) => None,
         b"brit" => {
             let modern = cged.and_then(|c| VersionedDescriptor::parse_prefix(c).ok()).and_then(|(v, _)| {
                 let d = v.descriptor;
@@ -450,6 +465,12 @@ fn read_lookup(d: &[u8]) -> Result<Adjustment, String> {
         _ => ("x.cube", "CUBE"),
     };
     let lut = photocraft_cms::lutfile::parse(ext, bytes).map_err(|e| format!("its {format} LUT can't be read ({e})"))?;
+    if !lut.domain_is_default() {
+        return Err(format!(
+            "its LUT has a non-default input domain (DOMAIN_MIN {:?}, DOMAIN_MAX {:?}), which is not supported yet",
+            lut.domain_min, lut.domain_max
+        ));
+    }
     let name = desc_text(&desc, "LUT3DFileName").or_else(|| desc_text(&desc, "NM  ")).unwrap_or_default();
     Ok(Adjustment::ColorLookup {
         name,
@@ -813,7 +834,7 @@ pub fn write(adj: &Adjustment) -> Vec<([u8; 4], Vec<u8>)> {
         Adjustment::Unsupported { psd_key, raw } => {
             let k = psd_key.as_bytes();
             if k.len() == 4 {
-                return vec![([k[0], k[1], k[2], k[3]], raw.clone())];
+                return vec![([k[0], k[1], k[2], k[3]], raw.to_vec())];
             }
         }
     }
@@ -1032,7 +1053,7 @@ mod tests {
         let inkl = Adjustment::Levels { master: lc(0, 255), per_channel: [lc(0, 255), lc(5, 250), lc(0, 255)], space: ToneSpace::Cmyk, black: lc(30, 255) };
         let b = write(&inkl);
         assert_eq!(parse(&b[0].0, &b[0].1, None, Channels::Cmyk), inkl);
-        rt(Adjustment::Unsupported { psd_key: "selc".into(), raw: vec![1, 2, 3] });
+        rt(Adjustment::Unsupported { psd_key: "selc".into(), raw: vec![1, 2, 3].into() });
         rt(Adjustment::GradientMap { stops: vec![(0.0, [0.0, 0.0, 0.0]), (0.5, [1.0, 0.0, 0.0]), (1.0, [1.0, 1.0, 1.0])], reverse: true, dither: false });
         rt(Adjustment::GradientMap { stops: vec![(0.0, [0.0, 0.0, 0.0]), (1.0, [1.0, 1.0, 1.0])], reverse: false, dither: true });
         rt(Adjustment::SelectiveColor { relative: true, adjustments: std::array::from_fn(|r| [r as f32 * 10.0 - 40.0, 5.0, -100.0, 100.0]) });
@@ -1112,6 +1133,46 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(matches!(parse(b"selc", &[0, 1, 0, 0], None, Channels::Rgb), Adjustment::Unsupported { .. }));
     }
 
+    fn cube_lookup_block(cube: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let en = |t: &str, val: &str| Value::Enumerated { type_id: photocraft_psd::descriptor::Id::new(t), value: photocraft_psd::descriptor::Id::new(val) };
+        let desc = Descriptor::new("null")
+            .with("LUTFormat", en("LUTFormatType", "LUTFormatCUBE"))
+            .with("LUT3DFileName", Value::Text(photocraft_psd::descriptor::UnicodeString::new_nul("domain.cube")))
+            .with("LUT3DFileData", Value::RawData(cube.to_vec()));
+        let mut block = vec![0, 1];
+        block.extend(VersionedDescriptor::new(desc).to_bytes());
+        block
+    }
+
+    fn identity_cube(domain: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
+        format!("{domain}LUT_3D_SIZE 2\n0 0 0\n1 0 0\n0 1 0\n1 1 0\n0 0 1\n1 0 1\n0 1 1\n1 1 1\n").into_bytes()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn color_lookup_custom_domains_are_kept_unsupported() {
+        let domains = ["DOMAIN_MIN 0 0 0\nDOMAIN_MAX 0.5 0.5 0.5\n", "DOMAIN_MIN 0 0.25 0\nDOMAIN_MAX 1 0.75 1\n", "LUT_3D_INPUT_RANGE 0 0.5\n"];
+        for domain in domains {
+            let raw = cube_lookup_block(&identity_cube(domain));
+            let Adjustment::Unsupported { psd_key, raw: kept } = parse(b"clrL", &raw, None, Channels::Rgb) else {
+                panic!("custom LUT domain was applied instead of kept unsupported: {domain}")
+            };
+            assert_eq!(psd_key, "clrL");
+            assert_eq!(*kept, *raw);
+            let reason = unreadable_reason(b"clrL", &raw).expect("custom domain has an explanation");
+            assert!(reason.contains("DOMAIN_MIN") && reason.contains("DOMAIN_MAX"), "{reason}");
+            assert!(reason.to_ascii_lowercase().contains("not supported"), "{reason}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn color_lookup_default_domains_stay_supported() {
+        for domain in ["", "DOMAIN_MIN 0 0 0\nDOMAIN_MAX 1 1 1\n"] {
+            let raw = cube_lookup_block(&identity_cube(domain));
+            assert!(matches!(parse(b"clrL", &raw, None, Channels::Rgb), Adjustment::ColorLookup { size: 2, .. }));
+            assert_eq!(unreadable_reason(b"clrL", &raw), None);
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn malformed_falls_back_to_unsupported() {
         assert!(matches!(parse(b"levl", &[0, 2, 1], None, Channels::Rgb), Adjustment::Unsupported { .. }));
@@ -1346,7 +1407,7 @@ mod tests {
             assert_eq!(*t, photocraft_cms::lutfile::LutFile::identity(2).data);
         }
         // Every kind except a malformed Unsupported key has an encoding.
-        assert!(write(&Adjustment::Unsupported { psd_key: "abc".into(), raw: vec![] }).is_empty());
+        assert!(write(&Adjustment::Unsupported { psd_key: "abc".into(), raw: Vec::new().into() }).is_empty());
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/crates/io/src/affinity.rs b/crates/io/src/affinity.rs
index 639fc18fee..f794e1be40 100644
--- a/crates/io/src/affinity.rs
+++ b/crates/io/src/affinity.rs
@@ -28,6 +28,10 @@ pub const EXTENSIONS: &[&str] = &["af", "afphoto", "afdesign", "afpub"];
 const MAX_PIXELS: u64 = 64 << 20;
 /// Canvas side in pixels.
 const MAX_SIDE: f64 = 300_000.0;
+/// Decoded pixel bytes allowed across the whole import: the caps above are per call, so a small
+/// container of embedded images could still decode (and keep) a surface each until the process
+/// dies. ORA and KRA budget their decoded pixels the same way.
+const MAX_PIXEL_BYTES: u64 = 1 << 30;
 
 pub fn has_extension(name: &str) -> bool {
     name.rsplit(['/', '\\']).next().and_then(|n| n.rsplit_once('.')).is_some_and(|(_, ext)| EXTENSIONS.iter().any(|e| ext.eq_ignore_ascii_case(e)))
@@ -43,7 +47,7 @@ pub(crate) fn import(name: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<ImportResult, IoError>
             // Type layers draw from their model, within the import's raster bound: the sizes and
             // frames come from an untrusted file.
             let mut document = b.doc;
-            crate::text_import::prepare(&mut document);
+            crate::text_import::prepare(&mut document, None);
             // Save never writes back over the Affinity file.
             Ok(ImportResult { document, warnings, source_read_only: true, preview_only: false })
         }
@@ -82,6 +86,20 @@ struct Builder {
     /// Document pixels (in the canvas) per Affinity document pixel: always 1; spreads are offset.
     format: PixelFormat,
     canvas: Rect,
+    /// Decoded pixel bytes left for embedded images and their resampled surfaces.
+    pixel_budget: u64,
+}
+
+/// Deduct `cost` bytes from a decoded-pixel budget; `false` (leaving the budget alone) when it
+/// cannot cover them.
+fn charge(budget: &mut u64, cost: u64) -> bool {
+    match budget.checked_sub(cost) {
+        Some(rest) => {
+            *budget = rest;
+            true
+        }
+        None => false,
+    }
 }
 
 fn affine(a: af::Affine) -> Affine {
@@ -108,7 +126,7 @@ impl Builder {
         let mut doc = Document::new(name, size, ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8);
         doc.resolution_dpi = d.dpi as f32;
         let canvas = Rect::new(0, 0, size.width as i32, size.height as i32);
-        Ok(Self { doc, warnings: Vec::new(), format: PixelFormat::RGBA8, canvas })
+        Ok(Self { doc, warnings: Vec::new(), format: PixelFormat::RGBA8, canvas, pixel_budget: MAX_PIXEL_BYTES })
     }
 
     fn warn(&mut self, w: &str) {
@@ -425,7 +443,17 @@ impl Builder {
             })
         });
         let mut sh = ShapeLayer { path, fill, stroke, ..ShapeLayer::default() };
-        sh.cache = Some(photocraft_vector::render_shape(&sh, self.format, self.canvas));
+        // The pixel cache is optional (the shape renders from its path without it), so charge the
+        // area it would cover to the import's pixel budget and go without it when that is spent:
+        // geometry across a 300000 px canvas would otherwise be rasterized for every shape.
+        let reach = sh.stroke.as_ref().map_or(0, |s| (s.width.ceil() as i32).saturating_add(1));
+        let area = frame.inflate(reach).intersect(&self.canvas);
+        let cost = u64::from(area.width()).saturating_mul(u64::from(area.height())).saturating_mul(self.format.bytes_per_pixel() as u64);
+        if charge(&mut self.pixel_budget, cost) {
+            sh.cache = Some(photocraft_vector::render_shape(&sh, self.format, self.canvas));
+        } else {
+            self.warn("shapes covering more pixels than the import's memory allows were left without a pixel cache");
+        }
         sh
     }
 
@@ -494,6 +522,10 @@ impl Builder {
                 match photocraft_codecs::decode_with(bytes, &opts) {
                     Ok(d) => {
                         let (w, h) = d.dimensions();
+                        if !charge(&mut self.pixel_budget, u64::from(w).saturating_mul(u64::from(h)).saturating_mul(4)) {
+                            self.warn("the document's embedded images need more pixel memory than the import allows; the rest were left out");
+                            return None;
+                        }
                         Some((w, h, d.to_rgba8()))
                     }
                     Err(_) => {
@@ -548,6 +580,10 @@ impl Builder {
         let exact = a == 1.0 && d == 1.0 && b == 0.0 && c == 0.0 && e.fract() == 0.0 && f.fract() == 0.0;
         let inv = m.inverse()?;
         let (rw, rh) = (r.width() as usize, r.height() as usize);
+        if !charge(&mut self.pixel_budget, (rw as u64).saturating_mul(rh as u64).saturating_mul(channels as u64)) {
+            self.warn("the document's images need more pixel memory than the import allows; the rest were left out");
+            return None;
+        }
         let mut buf = vec![0u8; rw * rh * channels];
         let at = |x: i64, y: i64, ch: usize| -> f64 {
             if x < 0 || y < 0 || x >= i64::from(w) || y >= i64::from(h) {
@@ -619,3 +655,75 @@ fn color(c: ap::Color) -> Color {
         }
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// A transparent 64×64 page holding one image node per entry; the identity transform maps
+    /// each image onto the page's top-left corner.
+    fn affinity_document(images: Vec<(u32, u32, Pixels)>) -> af::Document {
+        let nodes = images
+            .into_iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .map(|(i, (width, height, pixels))| af::Node {
+                class: photocraft_affinity::synth::tag(b"ImgN"),
+                name: format!("Image {i}"),
+                visible: true,
+                locked: false,
+                opacity: 1.0,
+                blend: Blend::Normal,
+                kind: Kind::Image(af::Image { width, height, pixels, transform: af::Affine::IDENTITY }),
+                mask: None,
+                pixel_mask: None,
+                children: Vec::new(),
+            })
+            .collect();
+        af::Document {
+            dpi: 72.0,
+            spreads: vec![af::Spread { bounds: af::Rect { x0: 0.0, y0: 0.0, x1: 64.0, y1: 64.0 }, pages: Vec::new(), transparent: true, nodes }],
+            saved_by: None,
+            warnings: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_pixel_budget_refuses_what_does_not_fit() {
+        let mut budget = 100u64;
+        assert!(charge(&mut budget, 60));
+        assert!(!charge(&mut budget, 60), "a later image cannot overdraw the import's budget");
+        assert_eq!(budget, 40, "a refused charge leaves the budget alone");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn images_past_the_pixel_budget_are_left_out() {
+        // Two 64×64 RGBA images cost 16 KiB each when resampled; a 16 KiB budget admits one and
+        // the second is dropped with a warning instead of being staged anyway.
+        let d = affinity_document(vec![(64, 64, Pixels::Rgba8(vec![0; 64 * 64 * 4])), (64, 64, Pixels::Rgba8(vec![0; 64 * 64 * 4]))]);
+        let mut b = Builder::new("budget", &d).unwrap();
+        b.pixel_budget = 64 * 64 * 4;
+        b.document(&d).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(b.doc.layers.len(), 1, "the image past the budget must not import");
+        assert!(b.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("pixel memory")), "{:?}", b.warnings);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn embedded_images_past_the_pixel_budget_are_not_decoded_into_it() {
+        // An 8×8 embedded PNG costs 256 bytes decoded and 256 more resampled.
+        let png = {
+            let img = photocraft_codecs::Image::from_u8(8, 8, photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgba, vec![0; 8 * 8 * 4]).unwrap();
+            photocraft_codecs::encode(&img, photocraft_codecs::Format::Png, &photocraft_codecs::EncodeOptions::default()).unwrap()
+        };
+        let d = affinity_document(vec![(8, 8, Pixels::Encoded(png))]);
+        let mut b = Builder::new("budget", &d).unwrap();
+        b.pixel_budget = 8 * 8 * 4 - 1;
+        b.document(&d).unwrap();
+        assert!(b.doc.layers.is_empty(), "the embedded image must not import past the budget");
+        assert!(b.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("pixel memory")), "{:?}", b.warnings);
+        // The same image imports when the budget covers the decode and the resample.
+        let mut ok = Builder::new("room", &d).unwrap();
+        ok.pixel_budget = 8 * 8 * 4 * 2;
+        ok.document(&d).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(ok.doc.layers.len(), 1, "within the budget the image imports as a smart object");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/io/src/asl_map.rs b/crates/io/src/asl_map.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..76e9e11757
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/io/src/asl_map.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,410 @@
+//! Layer style libraries (`.asl`) ⇄ PhotoCraft styles.
+//!
+//! The container is parsed by [`photocraft_psd::asl`]. Each style's `Lefx` is the same effects
+//! tree as a layer's `lfx2` block ([`crate::effects_map`]); `blendOptions` ("Include Layer
+//! Blending Options") carries the blend mode, opacity and fill opacity; the file's patterns feed
+//! the styles' Pattern Overlays, pattern strokes and bevel textures.
+//!
+//! What PhotoCraft doesn't model (an effect kind it doesn't know, advanced blending keys, an
+//! effects scale other than 100 %) is left out with a warning naming the style, and the rest of
+//! the file still imports.
+
+use std::collections::{BTreeSet, HashMap, HashSet};
+
+use photocraft_color::BlendMode;
+use photocraft_doc::{Effect, FxPaint, Pattern};
+use photocraft_psd::asl::{self, AslFile};
+use photocraft_psd::descriptor::{Descriptor, Id, Value};
+
+use crate::blocks::{enum_of, get_desc, num};
+use crate::effects_map::{blend_from_id, blend_value, effects_descriptor, effects_from_descriptor, is_known_effects_key};
+use crate::pattern_map::{from_psd, to_psd};
+
+/// One style as PhotoCraft keeps it.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct AslStyle {
+    /// Unique within the file (empty names get "Style N", repeats get "Name 2").
+    pub name: String,
+    /// The effects (switched off when the style's effects were).
+    pub effects: Vec<Effect>,
+    /// Blending options, when the style was saved with them.
+    pub blend: Option<BlendMode>,
+    /// 0..1.
+    pub opacity: Option<f32>,
+    /// 0..1.
+    pub fill_opacity: Option<f32>,
+}
+
+/// The result of reading a library.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
+pub struct AslImport {
+    pub styles: Vec<AslStyle>,
+    /// Patterns embedded in the file.
+    pub patterns: Vec<Pattern>,
+    /// What was left out, for the user.
+    pub warnings: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+/// Patterns an effect list refers to: `(name, id)` in first-use order, without repeats.
+pub fn referenced_patterns(effects: &[Effect]) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
+    let mut out: Vec<(String, String)> = Vec::new();
+    let mut push = |name: &str, id: &str| {
+        if !out.iter().any(|(n, i)| if id.is_empty() { n == name } else { i == id }) {
+            out.push((name.to_string(), id.to_string()));
+        }
+    };
+    for e in effects {
+        match e {
+            Effect::PatternOverlay { name, id, .. } => push(name, id),
+            Effect::Stroke(s) => {
+                if let FxPaint::Pattern { name, id, .. } = &s.paint {
+                    push(name, id);
+                }
+            }
+            Effect::BevelEmboss(b) => {
+                if let Some(t) = &b.texture {
+                    push(&t.name, &t.id);
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+fn pct(d: &Descriptor, key: &str) -> Option<f32> {
+    num(d.get(key)).filter(|v| v.is_finite()).map(|v| (v as f32 / 100.0).clamp(0.0, 1.0))
+}
+
+/// Style names in use within one file (ASCII-lowercased), with the next number to try for each
+/// repeated name, so a file of identical names stays linear.
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Taken {
+    names: HashSet<String>,
+    next: HashMap<String, usize>,
+}
+
+impl Taken {
+    /// `name`, else `name 2`, `name 3`… (case-insensitive); in use from then on.
+    fn unique(&mut self, name: &str) -> String {
+        let key = name.to_ascii_lowercase();
+        if self.names.insert(key.clone()) {
+            return name.to_string();
+        }
+        let from = self.next.get(&key).copied().unwrap_or(2);
+        let i = (from..).find(|i| !self.names.contains(&format!("{key} {i}"))).unwrap_or(from);
+        self.names.insert(format!("{key} {i}"));
+        self.next.insert(key, i + 1);
+        format!("{name} {i}")
+    }
+}
+
+/// Reads an `.asl` style library.
+pub fn read_asl(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<AslImport, String> {
+    let file = asl::parse(bytes).map_err(|e| format!("not a readable style library (.asl): {e}"))?;
+    let mut out = AslImport { patterns: file.patterns.iter().filter_map(from_psd).collect(), ..Default::default() };
+    if let Some(e) = &file.pattern_error {
+        out.warnings.push(format!("the file's patterns could not be read and were skipped ({e})"));
+    }
+    let skipped_patterns = file.patterns.len().saturating_sub(out.patterns.len());
+    if skipped_patterns > 0 {
+        out.warnings.push(format!("{skipped_patterns} empty or unreadable patterns were skipped"));
+    }
+    let mut taken = Taken::default();
+    let mut missing: BTreeSet<String> = BTreeSet::new();
+    for (i, s) in file.styles.iter().enumerate() {
+        let base = if s.name.trim().is_empty() { format!("Style {}", i + 1) } else { s.name.trim().to_string() };
+        let name = taken.unique(&base);
+        let mut style = AslStyle { name: name.clone(), effects: Vec::new(), blend: None, opacity: None, fill_opacity: None };
+        let mut left_out: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+        if let Some(fx) = get_desc(&s.style, "Lefx") {
+            let (master, mut effects) = effects_from_descriptor(fx);
+            if !master {
+                effects.iter_mut().for_each(|e| e.set_enabled(false));
+            }
+            for (k, _) in &fx.items {
+                if !is_known_effects_key(k.as_bytes()) {
+                    left_out.push(String::from_utf8_lossy(k.as_bytes()).trim().to_string());
+                }
+            }
+            if let Some(scale) = num(fx.get("Scl ")).filter(|v| v.is_finite() && (v - 100.0).abs() > 0.01) {
+                left_out.push(format!("effects scale {scale:.0} %"));
+            }
+            style.effects = effects;
+        }
+        if let Some(b) = get_desc(&s.style, "blendOptions") {
+            style.blend = enum_of(b, "Md  ").and_then(blend_from_id);
+            style.opacity = pct(b, "Opct");
+            style.fill_opacity = pct(b, "fillOpacity");
+            for (k, _) in &b.items {
+                if !matches!(k.as_bytes(), b"Md  " | b"Opct" | b"fillOpacity") {
+                    left_out.push(format!("blending option {}", String::from_utf8_lossy(k.as_bytes()).trim()));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        for (pname, pid) in referenced_patterns(&style.effects) {
+            if !out.patterns.iter().any(|p| if pid.is_empty() { p.name == pname } else { p.id == pid }) {
+                missing.insert(if pname.is_empty() { pid } else { pname });
+            }
+        }
+        if !left_out.is_empty() {
+            out.warnings.push(format!("\"{name}\": left out {}", left_out.join(", ")));
+        }
+        out.styles.push(style);
+    }
+    if !missing.is_empty() {
+        let list: Vec<String> = missing.into_iter().collect();
+        out.warnings.push(format!("patterns not in the file (they must be in the pattern library to render): {}", list.join(", ")));
+    }
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+/// A stable UUID-shaped id for a style (Photoshop gives every style one).
+fn style_id(index: usize, name: &str) -> String {
+    // FNV-1a over the name, mixed with the index: deterministic output for deterministic tests.
+    let mut h: u128 = 0x6c62_272e_07bb_0142_62b8_2175_6295_c58d;
+    for b in name.bytes().chain(index.to_le_bytes()) {
+        h ^= u128::from(b);
+        h = h.wrapping_mul(0x0000_0000_0100_0000_0000_0000_0000_013b);
+    }
+    let x = format!("{h:032x}");
+    let p = |a: usize, b: usize| x.get(a..b).unwrap_or("0");
+    format!("{}-{}-{}-{}-{}", p(0, 8), p(8, 12), p(12, 16), p(16, 20), p(20, 32))
+}
+
+/// Writes styles (and the patterns their effects use) as an `.asl` style library.
+pub fn write_asl(styles: &[AslStyle], patterns: &[Pattern]) -> Result<Vec<u8>, String> {
+    let pct = |v: f32| Value::UnitFloat { unit: *b"#Prc", value: f64::from(v.clamp(0.0, 1.0)) * 100.0 };
+    let file = AslFile {
+        patterns: patterns.iter().map(to_psd).collect(),
+        pattern_error: None,
+        styles: styles
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .map(|(i, s)| {
+                // A style library's effects object has class `Lefx` (a layer's `lfx2` uses `null`).
+                let mut lefx = effects_descriptor(true, &s.effects);
+                lefx.class_id = Id::new("Lefx");
+                let mut d =
+                    Descriptor::new("Styl").with("documentMode", Value::Descriptor(Descriptor::new("documentMode"))).with("Lefx", Value::Descriptor(lefx));
+                if s.blend.is_some() || s.opacity.is_some() || s.fill_opacity.is_some() {
+                    d = d.with(
+                        "blendOptions",
+                        Value::Descriptor(
+                            Descriptor::new("blendOptions")
+                                .with("Md  ", blend_value(s.blend.unwrap_or(BlendMode::Normal)))
+                                .with("Opct", pct(s.opacity.unwrap_or(1.0)))
+                                .with("fillOpacity", pct(s.fill_opacity.unwrap_or(1.0))),
+                        ),
+                    );
+                }
+                asl::AslStyle { name: s.name.clone(), id: style_id(i, &s.name), style: d }
+            })
+            .collect(),
+    };
+    asl::write(&file).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use photocraft_color::{Color, ColorMode, PixelFormat, SampleType};
+    use photocraft_doc::{BevelTexture, FxCommon, StrokePosition};
+    use photocraft_psd::descriptor::UnicodeString;
+    use photocraft_raster::Surface;
+
+    fn pattern(id: &str, s: SampleType) -> Pattern {
+        let fmt = PixelFormat::new(ColorMode::Rgb, s, true);
+        let mut surf = Surface::new(fmt);
+        for y in 0..3 {
+            for x in 0..4 {
+                surf.write_pixel(x, y, &[x as f32 / 4.0, y as f32 / 3.0, 0.5, 1.0]);
+            }
+        }
+        let mut p = Pattern::new("Grid", surf, 4, 3);
+        p.id = id.into();
+        p
+    }
+
+    /// Every effect kind with its descriptor defaults (the reader fills in what's absent).
+    fn defaults() -> Vec<Effect> {
+        let d = |k: &str| Value::Descriptor(Descriptor::new(k));
+        let lefx = Descriptor::new("null")
+            .with("DrSh", d("DrSh"))
+            .with("IrSh", d("IrSh"))
+            .with("OrGl", d("OrGl"))
+            .with("IrGl", d("IrGl"))
+            .with("ebbl", d("ebbl"))
+            .with("ChFX", d("ChFX"))
+            .with("SoFi", d("SoFi"))
+            .with("GrFl", d("GrFl"))
+            .with("FrFX", d("FrFX"));
+        effects_from_descriptor(&lefx).1
+    }
+
+    fn styles() -> Vec<AslStyle> {
+        let mut fx = defaults();
+        assert_eq!(fx.len(), 9);
+        for e in &mut fx {
+            match e {
+                Effect::DropShadow(s) => (s.distance, s.size, s.color) = (7.0, 9.0, Color::rgb(0.2, 0.1, 0.0)),
+                Effect::Stroke(s) => (s.size, s.position, s.paint) = (4.0, StrokePosition::Inside, FxPaint::Color(Color::rgb(0.0, 0.0, 1.0))),
+                Effect::ColorOverlay { common, color } => (*common, *color) = (FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Multiply, 0.5), Color::rgb(1.0, 0.5, 0.0)),
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+        let mut bevel = defaults().into_iter().find(|e| matches!(e, Effect::BevelEmboss(_))).unwrap();
+        if let Effect::BevelEmboss(b) = &mut bevel {
+            b.size = 6.0;
+            b.texture = Some(BevelTexture { name: "Grid".into(), id: "pat-2".into(), scale: 0.5, depth: 1.0, invert: false, link: true, phase: (0.0, 0.0) });
+        }
+        vec![
+            AslStyle { name: "Gold".into(), effects: fx, blend: Some(BlendMode::Screen), opacity: Some(0.8), fill_opacity: Some(0.25) },
+            AslStyle {
+                name: "Textured".into(),
+                effects: vec![
+                    bevel,
+                    Effect::PatternOverlay {
+                        common: FxCommon { enabled: true, blend: BlendMode::Normal, opacity: 1.0 },
+                        name: "Grid".into(),
+                        id: "pat-1".into(),
+                        scale: 2.0,
+                        angle: 0.0,
+                        link: true,
+                        phase: (0.0, 0.0),
+                    },
+                ],
+                blend: None,
+                opacity: None,
+                fill_opacity: None,
+            },
+        ]
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn round_trip_keeps_effects_blending_and_patterns() {
+        let pats = vec![pattern("pat-1", SampleType::U8), pattern("pat-2", SampleType::U16)];
+        let bytes = write_asl(&styles(), &pats).unwrap();
+        let back = read_asl(&bytes).unwrap();
+        assert!(back.warnings.is_empty(), "{:?}", back.warnings);
+        assert_eq!(back.patterns, pats);
+        assert_eq!(back.styles.len(), 2);
+        let (a, b) = (&back.styles[0], &styles()[0]);
+        assert_eq!((a.blend, a.opacity, a.fill_opacity), (b.blend, b.opacity, b.fill_opacity));
+        // Effects go through the same descriptor writer and reader as PSD `lfx2`.
+        let via_lfx2 = |fx: &[Effect]| effects_from_descriptor(&effects_descriptor(true, fx)).1;
+        for (x, y) in back.styles.iter().zip(styles()) {
+            assert_eq!(x.name, y.name);
+            assert_eq!(x.effects, via_lfx2(&y.effects));
+            assert_eq!(x.effects.len(), y.effects.len());
+        }
+        assert_eq!(referenced_patterns(&back.styles[1].effects), vec![("Grid".to_string(), "pat-2".to_string()), ("Grid".to_string(), "pat-1".to_string())]);
+    }
+
+    /// A library as Photoshop lays it out, built by hand from descriptors.
+    fn synthetic(lefx: Descriptor, blend: Option<Descriptor>, names: &[&str]) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut style = Descriptor::new("Styl").with("documentMode", Value::Descriptor(Descriptor::new("documentMode"))).with("Lefx", Value::Descriptor(lefx));
+        if let Some(b) = blend {
+            style = style.with("blendOptions", Value::Descriptor(b));
+        }
+        let file = AslFile {
+            patterns: vec![],
+            pattern_error: None,
+            styles: names.iter().map(|n| asl::AslStyle { name: (*n).into(), id: "x".into(), style: style.clone() }).collect(),
+        };
+        asl::write(&file).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn blend_options_names_and_warnings() {
+        let en = |t: &str, v: &str| Value::Enumerated { type_id: Id::new(t), value: Id::new(v) };
+        let pc = |v: f64| Value::UnitFloat { unit: *b"#Prc", value: v };
+        let lefx = Descriptor::new("null")
+            .with("Scl ", pc(100.0))
+            .with("masterFXSwitch", Value::Boolean(false))
+            .with(
+                "SoFi",
+                Value::Descriptor(Descriptor::new("SoFi").with("enab", Value::Boolean(true)).with("Md  ", en("BlnM", "Nrml")).with("Opct", pc(100.0)).with(
+                    "Clr ",
+                    Value::Descriptor(
+                        Descriptor::new("RGBC").with("Rd  ", Value::Double(255.0)).with("Grn ", Value::Double(0.0)).with("Bl  ", Value::Double(0.0)),
+                    ),
+                )),
+            )
+            .with("futureFX", Value::Descriptor(Descriptor::new("futureFX")));
+        let blend = Descriptor::new("blendOptions")
+            .with("Md  ", en("BlnM", "multiply"))
+            .with("Opct", pc(40.0))
+            .with("fillOpacity", pc(0.0))
+            .with("knockout", Value::Integer(1));
+        let bytes = synthetic(lefx, Some(blend), &["Red", "", "red", "  "]);
+        let imp = read_asl(&bytes).unwrap();
+        let names: Vec<&str> = imp.styles.iter().map(|s| s.name.as_str()).collect();
+        assert_eq!(names, ["Red", "Style 2", "red 2", "Style 4"]);
+        let s = &imp.styles[0];
+        assert_eq!((s.blend, s.opacity, s.fill_opacity), (Some(BlendMode::Multiply), Some(0.4), Some(0.0)));
+        assert_eq!(s.effects.len(), 1);
+        // The style's effects were switched off.
+        assert!(!s.effects[0].enabled());
+        assert!(imp.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("futureFX") && w.contains("knockout")), "{:?}", imp.warnings);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn missing_patterns_are_reported() {
+        let po = Descriptor::new("patternFill").with("enab", Value::Boolean(true)).with(
+            "Ptrn",
+            Value::Descriptor(
+                Descriptor::new("Ptrn").with("Nm  ", Value::Text(UnicodeString::new_nul("Bubbles"))).with("Idnt", Value::Text(UnicodeString::new_nul("b-1"))),
+            ),
+        );
+        let bytes = synthetic(Descriptor::new("null").with("patternFill", Value::Descriptor(po)), None, &["P"]);
+        let imp = read_asl(&bytes).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(imp.styles[0].effects.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(imp.styles[0].blend, None);
+        assert!(imp.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("Bubbles")), "{:?}", imp.warnings);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn hostile_bytes_are_errors() {
+        let bytes = write_asl(&styles(), &[pattern("pat-1", SampleType::U8)]).unwrap();
+        for cut in 0..bytes.len() {
+            assert!(read_asl(&bytes[..cut]).is_err(), "cut {cut}");
+        }
+        for i in 0..bytes.len() {
+            let mut c = bytes.clone();
+            c[i] ^= 0xa5;
+            let _ = read_asl(&c);
+        }
+        assert!(read_asl(b"").is_err());
+        assert!(read_asl(&photocraft_psd::grd::write(&[])).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn exported_effects_object_has_class_lefx() {
+        let bytes = write_asl(&styles(), &[]).unwrap();
+        let file = asl::parse(&bytes).unwrap();
+        for s in &file.styles {
+            let lefx = get_desc(&s.style, "Lefx").unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(lefx.class_id, Id::new("Lefx"), "{}", s.name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn many_identical_names_import_quickly() {
+        let names = vec!["A"; asl::MAX_STYLES];
+        let bytes = synthetic(Descriptor::new("Lefx"), None, &names);
+        let start = std::time::Instant::now();
+        let imp = read_asl(&bytes).unwrap();
+        assert!(start.elapsed() < std::time::Duration::from_secs(10), "{:?}", start.elapsed());
+        assert_eq!(imp.styles.len(), asl::MAX_STYLES);
+        assert_eq!(imp.styles[1].name, "A 2");
+        assert_eq!(imp.styles.last().unwrap().name, format!("A {}", asl::MAX_STYLES));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn style_ids_are_uuid_shaped() {
+        let id = style_id(3, "Gold");
+        assert_eq!(id.len(), 36);
+        assert_ne!(id, style_id(4, "Gold"));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/io/src/blocks.rs b/crates/io/src/blocks.rs
index 1ae5e1fffa..0cfe0b5e8e 100644
--- a/crates/io/src/blocks.rs
+++ b/crates/io/src/blocks.rs
@@ -182,6 +182,17 @@ pub fn color_from_desc(d: &Descriptor) -> Option<Color> {
             Color::rgb(g("Rd  ")? / 255.0, g("Grn ")? / 255.0, g("Bl  ")? / 255.0)
         }
     })
+    .map(|c| with_pc_alpha(c, d))
+}
+
+/// PSD colour descriptors have no alpha. PhotoCraft writes `pcAl` (0..1) so shape fill
+/// opacity round-trips (#6180). Photoshop ignores the key.
+fn with_pc_alpha(mut c: Color, d: &Descriptor) -> Color {
+    // A hostile file's NaN or infinity would survive the clamp: keep the colour opaque instead.
+    if let Some(a) = num(d.get("pcAl")).filter(|a| a.is_finite()) {
+        c.alpha = (a as f32).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+    }
+    c
 }
 
 /// [`Color`] → descriptor in its own model.
@@ -204,6 +215,13 @@ pub fn color_to_desc(c: &Color) -> Descriptor {
     }
 }
 
+/// Solid shape fills have no other alpha slot. Write `pcAl` only here so gradient stops
+/// keep using `Trns` alone (#6180).
+fn color_to_desc_with_pc_alpha(c: &Color) -> Descriptor {
+    let desc = color_to_desc(c);
+    if c.alpha.is_finite() && (c.alpha - 1.0).abs() > 1e-6 { desc.with("pcAl", Value::Double(f64::from(c.alpha.clamp(0.0, 1.0)))) } else { desc }
+}
+
 pub(crate) fn get_desc<'a>(d: &'a Descriptor, key: &str) -> Option<&'a Descriptor> {
     match d.get(key)? {
         Value::Descriptor(x) | Value::GlobalObject(x) => Some(x),
@@ -499,7 +517,7 @@ pub fn write_fill(f: &Fill) -> ([u8; 4], Vec<u8>) {
 /// A fill as (block key, descriptor with class `null`).
 pub fn fill_to_desc(f: &Fill) -> ([u8; 4], Descriptor) {
     match f {
-        Fill::Solid(c) => (*b"SoCo", Descriptor::new("null").with("Clr ", Value::Descriptor(color_to_desc(c)))),
+        Fill::Solid(c) => (*b"SoCo", Descriptor::new("null").with("Clr ", Value::Descriptor(color_to_desc_with_pc_alpha(c)))),
         Fill::Gradient { stops, angle, scale, style, reverse, opacity_stops, midpoints, offset, dither, align } => {
             let prc = |v: f32| Value::UnitFloat { unit: *b"#Prc", value: f64::from(v * 100.0) };
             let mut d = Descriptor::new("null")
@@ -568,9 +586,10 @@ pub(crate) fn with_pattern_placement(mut d: Descriptor, angle: f32, link: bool,
 
 /// The warp of a placed layer (`SoLd`/`SoLE` `quiltWarp` or `warp` descriptor): style, bend,
 /// distortions, axis, bounds and, for `warpCustom`, the `customEnvelopeWarp` mesh: one 4 × 4
-/// patch, or the multi-patch grid Photoshop's split warp writes as `quiltWarp`. Read-only: the
-/// raw block is what gets written back. `None` when absent or `warpNone` with no mesh. A `PlLd`
-/// record keeps its warp elsewhere: see [`parse_plld_warp`].
+/// patch, or the multi-patch grid Photoshop's split warp writes as `quiltWarp`; for
+/// `warpCylinder` its seven `warpValues`. Read-only: the raw block is what gets written back.
+/// `None` when absent or `warpNone` with no mesh. A `PlLd` record keeps its warp elsewhere: see
+/// [`parse_plld_warp`].
 pub fn parse_placed_warp(key: &[u8; 4], data: &[u8]) -> Option<photocraft_geom::warp::Warp> {
     if key != b"SoLd" && key != b"SoLE" {
         return None;
@@ -583,7 +602,8 @@ pub fn parse_placed_warp(key: &[u8; 4], data: &[u8]) -> Option<photocraft_geom::
 /// A `warp` or `quiltWarp` descriptor (the `SoLd` key, or the whole descriptor after a `PlLd`
 /// record's corners) as a warp: `Some(None)` for no warp (`warpNone`, or a warp that moves
 /// nothing), `None` when it can't be read (an unknown style, missing bounds, a mesh that is
-/// neither one 4 × 4 patch nor a consistent quilt grid).
+/// neither one 4 × 4 patch nor a consistent quilt grid, a cylinder that isn't a horizontal one
+/// without perspective, the only kind measured).
 pub(crate) fn warp_of(w: &Descriptor) -> Option<Option<photocraft_geom::warp::Warp>> {
     use photocraft_geom::warp::{BezierMesh, Warp, WarpStyle};
     let style = enum_of(w, "warpStyle").and_then(|v| WarpStyle::parse(&String::from_utf8_lossy(v)))?;
@@ -597,6 +617,17 @@ pub(crate) fn warp_of(w: &Descriptor) -> Option<Option<photocraft_geom::warp::Wa
     warp.h_distort = num(w.get("warpPerspective")).unwrap_or(0.0);
     warp.v_distort = num(w.get("warpPerspectiveOther")).unwrap_or(0.0);
     warp.vertical = enum_of(w, "warpRotate") == Some(b"Vrtc");
+    if style == WarpStyle::Cylinder {
+        if warp.vertical || warp.h_distort != 0.0 || warp.v_distort != 0.0 {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let values: Vec<f64> = match w.get("warpValues")? {
+            Value::List(l) => l.iter().map(|v| num(Some(v))).collect::<Option<_>>()?,
+            Value::UnitFloats { values, .. } => values.clone(),
+            _ => return None,
+        };
+        return Some(Some(Warp::cylinder(&values, bounds)?));
+    }
     if style == WarpStyle::Custom {
         let env = get_desc(w, "customEnvelopeWarp")?;
         let Some(Value::ObjectArray(arr)) = env.get("meshPoints") else { return None };
@@ -702,12 +733,14 @@ pub(crate) fn parse_prefix_versioned(data: &[u8]) -> Option<Descriptor> {
 }
 
 /// The source-space box Photoshop maps onto a placed layer's `Trnf` quad: the bounding box of a
-/// custom warp's control points (one patch or a split grid), which may spill past the source,
-/// else the source rect `0..w × 0..h`. Mapping the source rect instead counts the overhang twice
-/// and stretches the placement. A degenerate or non-finite box falls back to the source rect.
+/// custom warp's control points (one patch or a split grid) or of a cylinder's mesh (#4112),
+/// which may spill past the source, else the source rect `0..w × 0..h`. Mapping the source rect
+/// instead counts the overhang twice and stretches the placement. A degenerate or non-finite box
+/// falls back to the source rect.
 pub(crate) fn placed_frame(warp: Option<&photocraft_geom::warp::Warp>, w: f64, h: f64) -> [f64; 4] {
+    use photocraft_geom::warp::WarpStyle;
     let rect = [0.0, 0.0, w, h];
-    let Some(m) = warp.filter(|wp| wp.style == photocraft_geom::warp::WarpStyle::Custom).and_then(|wp| wp.mesh.as_ref()).filter(|m| m.is_valid()) else {
+    let Some(m) = warp.filter(|wp| matches!(wp.style, WarpStyle::Custom | WarpStyle::Cylinder)).and_then(|wp| wp.mesh.as_ref()).filter(|m| m.is_valid()) else {
         return rect;
     };
     let inf = f64::INFINITY;
@@ -716,6 +749,16 @@ pub(crate) fn placed_frame(warp: Option<&photocraft_geom::warp::Warp>, w: f64, h
     if ok { b } else { rect }
 }
 
+/// The source-space box a projective (Distort / Perspective) placement maps onto its corners: a
+/// cylinder's control-point box, as for an affine placement (#4112), else the source rect. A
+/// custom warp keeps the source rect here: there is no Photoshop reference for that combination.
+pub(crate) fn perspective_frame(warp: Option<&photocraft_geom::warp::Warp>, w: f64, h: f64) -> [f64; 4] {
+    match warp {
+        Some(wp) if wp.style == photocraft_geom::warp::WarpStyle::Cylinder => placed_frame(warp, w, h),
+        _ => [0.0, 0.0, w, h],
+    }
+}
+
 /// Smart object identifier and transform from `SoLd`/`SoLE` (best effort). A `PlLd` block
 /// stores no source size, so its transform needs the embedded file: see [`parse_plld`].
 pub fn parse_smart(key: &[u8; 4], data: &[u8]) -> (String, Affine) {
@@ -753,17 +796,17 @@ pub fn corners_affine(p: &[f64; 8], frame: [f64; 4]) -> Option<Affine> {
 
 /// The transform and (Distort/Perspective) projective placement of a `PlLd` record's corners `p`
 /// for a source of `size` warped by `warp`: the inverse of [`crate::smart_map::plld_bytes`]'s
-/// quad. As for `SoLd`'s `Trnf` (#3677), affine corners frame a single-patch custom warp's
+/// quad. As for `SoLd`'s `Trnf` (#3677), affine corners frame a custom warp's or a cylinder's
 /// control-point box (which may spill past the source), else the source rect; projective corners
-/// frame the source rect, as `parse_smart_perspective` reads them. `PlLd` stores no source size:
-/// without the source file (`None`) the layer is taken as placed at 100 %, the edge lengths being
-/// its size (a custom warp's box needs no size); position and rotation stay right, only Replace
-/// Contents and re-renders depend on the scale. Import and export (which keeps an unedited record
-/// verbatim) both place a `PlLd` layer with this.
+/// frame [`perspective_frame`], as `parse_smart_perspective` reads them. `PlLd` stores no source
+/// size: without the source file (`None`) the layer is taken as placed at 100 %, the edge lengths
+/// being its size (a custom warp's box needs no size); position and rotation stay right, only
+/// Replace Contents and re-renders depend on the scale. Import and export (which keeps an unedited
+/// record verbatim) both place a `PlLd` layer with this.
 pub fn plld_transform(p: &[f64; 8], size: Option<(f64, f64)>, warp: Option<&photocraft_geom::warp::Warp>) -> (Affine, Option<[f64; 9]>) {
     let (w, h) = size.unwrap_or_else(|| ((p[2] - p[0]).hypot(p[3] - p[1]), (p[6] - p[0]).hypot(p[7] - p[1])));
-    let perspective = corners_perspective([[p[0], p[1]], [p[2], p[3]], [p[4], p[5]], [p[6], p[7]]], (w, h));
-    let frame = if perspective.is_some() { [0.0, 0.0, w, h] } else { placed_frame(warp, w, h) };
+    let perspective = corners_perspective_in([[p[0], p[1]], [p[2], p[3]], [p[4], p[5]], [p[6], p[7]]], perspective_frame(warp, w, h));
+    let frame = if perspective.is_some() { perspective_frame(warp, w, h) } else { placed_frame(warp, w, h) };
     (corners_affine(p, frame).unwrap_or(Affine::IDENTITY), perspective)
 }
 
@@ -838,18 +881,27 @@ pub fn parse_smart_perspective(key: &[u8; 4], data: &[u8]) -> Option<[f64; 9]> {
         (p.len() == 8 && p.iter().all(|v| v.is_finite())).then(|| [[p[0], p[1]], [p[2], p[3]], [p[4], p[5]], [p[6], p[7]]])
     };
     let q = quad("nonAffineTransform").or_else(|| quad("Trnf"))?;
-    corners_perspective(q, (w, h))
+    // The warp `parse_placed_warp` reads: a split warp's `quiltWarp` comes first.
+    let warp = get_desc(&d, "quiltWarp").or_else(|| get_desc(&d, "warp")).and_then(warp_of).flatten();
+    corners_perspective_in(q, perspective_frame(warp.as_ref(), w, h))
 }
 
 /// The projective placement of a `w` × `h` source onto corners `q` that aren't a parallelogram;
 /// `None` for affine corners (see [`corners_affine`]) or an empty size.
 pub fn corners_perspective(q: [[f64; 2]; 4], (w, h): (f64, f64)) -> Option<[f64; 9]> {
+    corners_perspective_in(q, [0.0, 0.0, w, h])
+}
+
+/// [`corners_perspective`] for the source-space box `frame` (left, top, right, bottom; see
+/// [`perspective_frame`]).
+pub(crate) fn corners_perspective_in(q: [[f64; 2]; 4], frame: [f64; 4]) -> Option<[f64; 9]> {
     // A parallelogram (top-left + bottom-right = top-right + bottom-left) is affine.
     let tol = 1e-6 * (1.0 + q.iter().flatten().fold(0.0f64, |m, v| m.max(v.abs())));
-    if (0..2).all(|i| (q[0][i] + q[2][i] - q[1][i] - q[3][i]).abs() <= tol) || w <= 0.0 || h <= 0.0 {
+    let ok = frame.iter().all(|v| v.is_finite()) && frame[2] > frame[0] && frame[3] > frame[1];
+    if (0..2).all(|i| (q[0][i] + q[2][i] - q[1][i] - q[3][i]).abs() <= tol) || !ok {
         return None;
     }
-    photocraft_algo::transform::Homography::rect_to_quad([0.0, 0.0, w, h], q).map(|m| m.0)
+    photocraft_algo::transform::Homography::rect_to_quad(frame, q).map(|m| m.0)
 }
 
 /// `masterFXSwitch` from an `lfx2` block (defaults to `true`).
@@ -991,6 +1043,55 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(super::color_from_desc(&Descriptor::new("HSBC").with("Strt", Value::Double(50.0))).is_none());
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn color_descriptor_keeps_photocraft_alpha() {
+        use photocraft_color::Color;
+        use photocraft_doc::Fill;
+        let c = Color::rgba(0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.25);
+        let (k, d) = super::fill_to_desc(&Fill::Solid(c));
+        let Fill::Solid(back) = super::fill_from_desc(&k, &d).unwrap() else { panic!("solid") };
+        assert!((back.alpha - 0.25).abs() < 1e-5);
+        assert!((back.to_rgb()[0] - 0.2).abs() < 1e-3);
+        let (k, d) = super::fill_to_desc(&Fill::Solid(Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)));
+        let Fill::Solid(opaque) = super::fill_from_desc(&k, &d).unwrap() else { panic!("solid") };
+        assert!((opaque.alpha - 1.0).abs() < 1e-6);
+        assert!(super::color_to_desc(&c).get("pcAl").is_none(), "generic colour descriptors have no pcAl");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn non_finite_photocraft_alpha_is_ignored() {
+        use photocraft_color::Color;
+        for bad in [f64::NAN, f64::INFINITY, f64::NEG_INFINITY] {
+            let d = super::color_to_desc(&Color::rgb(0.2, 0.4, 0.6)).with("pcAl", Value::Double(bad));
+            let c = super::color_from_desc(&d).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(c.alpha, 1.0, "pcAl {bad}");
+        }
+        let d = super::color_to_desc(&Color::rgb(0.2, 0.4, 0.6)).with("pcAl", Value::Double(0.5));
+        assert!((super::color_from_desc(&d).unwrap().alpha - 0.5).abs() < 1e-6);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn gradient_stop_alpha_round_trips_once() {
+        use photocraft_color::Color;
+        use photocraft_doc::Fill;
+        let fill = Fill::Gradient {
+            stops: vec![(0.0, Color::rgba(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5)), (1.0, Color::WHITE)],
+            angle: 90.0,
+            scale: 1.0,
+            style: photocraft_doc::GradientStyle::Linear,
+            reverse: false,
+            opacity_stops: vec![],
+            midpoints: vec![],
+            offset: (0.0, 0.0),
+            dither: false,
+            align: true,
+        };
+        let (k, d) = super::fill_to_desc(&fill);
+        let Fill::Gradient { stops, opacity_stops, .. } = super::fill_from_desc(&k, &d).unwrap() else { panic!("grad") };
+        assert!((stops[0].1.alpha - 1.0).abs() < 1e-4, "colour alpha lives in Trns, not the stop colour");
+        assert!(opacity_stops.iter().any(|(_, a)| (*a - 0.5).abs() < 1e-3), "{opacity_stops:?}");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn blending_ranges_map_to_blend_if() {
         use photocraft_doc::{BlendIf, BlendRange};
@@ -1517,6 +1618,143 @@ mod more_tests {
         assert_eq!(placed_frame(None, 50.0, 25.0), [0.0, 0.0, 50.0, 25.0]);
     }
 
+    /// A `SoLd` placed on `quad` (`Trnf` and `nonAffineTransform`) for a 1000 × 1000 source,
+    /// warped by `warp`.
+    fn sold_placed(quad: [f64; 8], warp: Descriptor) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let list = Value::List(quad.iter().map(|v| Value::Double(*v)).collect());
+        let d = Descriptor::new("null")
+            .with("Trnf", list.clone())
+            .with("nonAffineTransform", list)
+            .with("Sz  ", Value::Descriptor(Descriptor::new("Pnt ").with("Wdth", Value::Double(1000.0)).with("Hght", Value::Double(1000.0))))
+            .with("warp", Value::Descriptor(warp));
+        let mut data = b"soLD".to_vec();
+        data.extend_from_slice(&4u32.to_be_bytes());
+        data.extend(VersionedDescriptor::new(d).to_bytes());
+        data
+    }
+
+    /// A `warpCylinder` descriptor as #4112 describes it: horizontal, no perspective, seven
+    /// `warpValues` in the space of `bounds`.
+    fn cylinder_desc(values: Value) -> Descriptor {
+        let e = |t: &str, v: &str| Value::Enumerated { type_id: Id::new(t), value: Id::new(v) };
+        let bounds = Descriptor::new("classFloatRect")
+            .with("Top ", Value::Double(0.0))
+            .with("Left", Value::Double(0.0))
+            .with("Btom", Value::Double(1000.0))
+            .with("Rght", Value::Double(1000.0));
+        Descriptor::new("warp")
+            .with("warpStyle", e("warpStyle", "warpCylinder"))
+            .with("warpValue", Value::Double(0.0))
+            .with("warpValues", values)
+            .with("warpPerspective", Value::Double(0.0))
+            .with("warpPerspectiveOther", Value::Double(0.0))
+            .with("warpRotate", e("Ornt", "Hrzn"))
+            .with("bounds", Value::Descriptor(bounds))
+    }
+
+    const CYL: [f64; 7] = [100.0, 800.0, 900.0, 200.0, 0.3, 0.3, 0.5];
+
+    fn doubles(v: &[f64]) -> Value {
+        Value::List(v.iter().map(|x| Value::Double(*x)).collect())
+    }
+
+    /// A projective placement is framed by the warp `parse_placed_warp` imports: an unreadable
+    /// `quiltWarp` next to a cylinder under `warp` imports no warp, so the source rect is framed.
+    #[test]
+    fn perspective_frame_follows_the_warp_parse_placed_warp_reads() {
+        let quad = [10.0, 20.0, 410.0, 60.0, 400.0, 480.0, 30.0, 520.0];
+        let list = Value::List(quad.iter().map(|v| Value::Double(*v)).collect());
+        let unreadable =
+            Descriptor::new("quiltWarp").with("warpStyle", Value::Enumerated { type_id: Id::new("warpStyle"), value: Id::new("warpSomethingNew") });
+        let d = Descriptor::new("null")
+            .with("Trnf", list.clone())
+            .with("nonAffineTransform", list)
+            .with("Sz  ", Value::Descriptor(Descriptor::new("Pnt ").with("Wdth", Value::Double(1000.0)).with("Hght", Value::Double(1000.0))))
+            .with("quiltWarp", Value::Descriptor(unreadable))
+            .with("warp", Value::Descriptor(cylinder_desc(doubles(&CYL))));
+        let mut data = b"soLD".to_vec();
+        data.extend_from_slice(&4u32.to_be_bytes());
+        data.extend(VersionedDescriptor::new(d).to_bytes());
+        assert_eq!(parse_placed_warp(b"SoLd", &data), None);
+        let h = photocraft_algo::transform::Homography(parse_smart_perspective(b"SoLd", &data).expect("projective"));
+        let (px, py) = h.apply(1000.0, 1000.0);
+        assert!((px - 400.0).abs() < 1e-6 && (py - 480.0).abs() < 1e-6, "{px},{py}");
+    }
+    /// #4112: a `warpCylinder` placed layer comes in as the cylinder its seven values describe,
+    /// instead of no warp (which re-rendered the contents flat).
+    #[test]
+    fn placed_cylinder_warp_is_read() {
+        use photocraft_geom::warp::{Warp, WarpStyle};
+        let quad = [0.0, 0.0, 800.0, 0.0, 800.0, 800.0, 0.0, 800.0];
+        let want = Warp::cylinder(&CYL, [0.0, 0.0, 1000.0, 1000.0]).unwrap();
+        let w = parse_placed_warp(b"SoLd", &sold_placed(quad, cylinder_desc(doubles(&CYL)))).expect("a cylinder");
+        assert_eq!(w, want);
+        assert_eq!(w.style, WarpStyle::Cylinder);
+        // Values written as one unit-float list read the same.
+        let floats = Value::UnitFloats { unit: *b"#Pxl", values: CYL.to_vec() };
+        assert_eq!(parse_placed_warp(b"SoLE", &sold_placed(quad, cylinder_desc(floats))), Some(want));
+    }
+
+    /// Cylinders nobody has measured (vertical, with perspective) and broken values stay
+    /// unreadable, as every cylinder was before: the layer keeps the pixels Photoshop stored.
+    #[test]
+    fn placed_cylinder_warps_that_cant_be_read() {
+        let quad = [0.0, 0.0, 800.0, 0.0, 800.0, 800.0, 0.0, 800.0];
+        let read = |d: Descriptor| parse_placed_warp(b"SoLd", &sold_placed(quad, d));
+        let e = |t: &str, v: &str| Value::Enumerated { type_id: Id::new(t), value: Id::new(v) };
+        let with = |key: &str, v: Value| {
+            let mut d = cylinder_desc(doubles(&CYL));
+            d.items.iter_mut().filter(|(k, _)| k.is(key)).for_each(|(_, old)| *old = v.clone());
+            d
+        };
+        assert!(read(with("warpRotate", e("Ornt", "Vrtc"))).is_none(), "vertical");
+        assert!(read(with("warpPerspective", Value::Double(20.0))).is_none(), "perspective");
+        assert!(read(with("warpPerspectiveOther", Value::Double(-5.0))).is_none(), "the other perspective");
+        assert!(read(cylinder_desc(doubles(&CYL[..6]))).is_none(), "six values");
+        assert!(read(cylinder_desc(Value::List(vec![Value::Text(UnicodeString::new_nul("x")); 7]))).is_none(), "not numbers");
+        assert!(read(cylinder_desc(Value::Double(1.0))).is_none(), "one number");
+        let mut flipped = CYL;
+        flipped.swap(0, 2);
+        assert!(read(cylinder_desc(doubles(&flipped))).is_none(), "silhouettes swapped");
+        let mut no_values = cylinder_desc(doubles(&CYL));
+        no_values.items.retain(|(k, _)| !k.is("warpValues"));
+        assert!(read(no_values).is_none(), "no warpValues");
+    }
+
+    /// Like a custom warp's (#3677), a cylinder's control-point box is what the placement quad
+    /// frames, for affine corners and for projective ones (`nonAffineTransform`).
+    #[test]
+    fn placed_cylinder_quad_frames_its_control_box() {
+        use photocraft_geom::warp::Warp;
+        let cb = Warp::cylinder(&CYL, [0.0, 0.0, 1000.0, 1000.0]).unwrap().mesh.unwrap().control_bounds();
+        // Affine: the box lands on the quad.
+        let quad = [10.0, 20.0, 410.0, 20.0, 410.0, 520.0, 10.0, 520.0];
+        let (_, a) = parse_smart(b"SoLd", &sold_placed(quad, cylinder_desc(doubles(&CYL))));
+        let [m0, m1, m2, m3, m4, m5] = a.m;
+        let map = |x: f64, y: f64| (m0 * x + m2 * y + m4, m1 * x + m3 * y + m5);
+        for ((x, y), (qx, qy)) in
+            [(cb[0], cb[1]), (cb[2], cb[1]), (cb[2], cb[3]), (cb[0], cb[3])].into_iter().zip(quad.as_chunks::<2>().0.iter().map(|p| (p[0], p[1])))
+        {
+            let (px, py) = map(x, y);
+            assert!((px - qx).abs() < 1e-9 && (py - qy).abs() < 1e-9, "{x},{y} → {px},{py}, not {qx},{qy}");
+        }
+        assert!(parse_smart_perspective(b"SoLd", &sold_placed(quad, cylinder_desc(doubles(&CYL)))).is_none(), "affine");
+        // Projective: the same box lands on the four corners.
+        let quad = [10.0, 20.0, 410.0, 60.0, 400.0, 480.0, 30.0, 520.0];
+        let h = photocraft_algo::transform::Homography(parse_smart_perspective(b"SoLd", &sold_placed(quad, cylinder_desc(doubles(&CYL)))).expect("projective"));
+        for ((x, y), (qx, qy)) in
+            [(cb[0], cb[1]), (cb[2], cb[1]), (cb[2], cb[3]), (cb[0], cb[3])].into_iter().zip(quad.as_chunks::<2>().0.iter().map(|p| (p[0], p[1])))
+        {
+            let (px, py) = h.apply(x, y);
+            assert!((px - qx).abs() < 1e-6 && (py - qy).abs() < 1e-6, "{x},{y} → {px},{py}, not {qx},{qy}");
+        }
+        // Without a warp a projective quad still frames the source rect.
+        let none = Descriptor::new("warp").with("warpStyle", Value::Enumerated { type_id: Id::new("warpStyle"), value: Id::new("warpNone") });
+        let h = photocraft_algo::transform::Homography(parse_smart_perspective(b"SoLd", &sold_placed(quad, none)).expect("projective"));
+        let (px, py) = h.apply(1000.0, 1000.0);
+        assert!((px - 400.0).abs() < 1e-6 && (py - 480.0).abs() < 1e-6);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn effects_switch() {
         let mut lfx = vec![0, 0, 0, 0];
diff --git a/crates/io/src/camera_raw_xmp.rs b/crates/io/src/camera_raw_xmp.rs
index 159e298a06..a2e63322d0 100644
--- a/crates/io/src/camera_raw_xmp.rs
+++ b/crates/io/src/camera_raw_xmp.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,9 @@
 //! `x:xmpmeta/rdf:RDF/rdf:Description`, as attributes or as child elements.
 //!
 //! Loading applies only the settings the file holds, over the current ones, as Camera Raw's
-//! Load Settings does; settings PhotoCraft has no control for (lens corrections, calibration,
-//! geometry, defringe, …) are ignored and named in the report. Saving writes every supported
+//! Load Settings does; settings PhotoCraft has no control for (lens corrections, geometry,
+//! defringe, …) are ignored and named in the report. The same reader fills the dialog from a
+//! raw file's sidecar (`IMG_0001.xmp` beside `IMG_0001.CR2`), and the writer keeps it. Saving writes every supported
 //! control, so loading the file in Photoshop reproduces the dialog.
 //!
 //! White balance: a Camera Raw Filter on a rendered image uses the relative
@@ -100,6 +101,14 @@ const SCALARS: &[(&str, Field, f32, f32)] = &[
     ("PostCropVignetteRoundness", |p| &mut p.vignette_roundness, -100.0, 100.0),
     ("PostCropVignetteFeather", |p| &mut p.vignette_feather, 0.0, 100.0),
     ("PostCropVignetteHighlightContrast", |p| &mut p.vignette_highlights, 0.0, 100.0),
+    // Calibration
+    ("ShadowTint", |p| &mut p.shadow_tint, -100.0, 100.0),
+    ("RedHue", |p| &mut p.calibration_hue[0], -100.0, 100.0),
+    ("RedSaturation", |p| &mut p.calibration_sat[0], -100.0, 100.0),
+    ("GreenHue", |p| &mut p.calibration_hue[1], -100.0, 100.0),
+    ("GreenSaturation", |p| &mut p.calibration_sat[1], -100.0, 100.0),
+    ("BlueHue", |p| &mut p.calibration_hue[2], -100.0, 100.0),
+    ("BlueSaturation", |p| &mut p.calibration_sat[2], -100.0, 100.0),
 ];
 
 type Curve = fn(&mut CameraRaw) -> &mut Vec<[f32; 2]>;
@@ -265,6 +274,25 @@ fn escape(s: &str) -> String {
     s.replace('&', "&amp;").replace('<', "&lt;").replace('>', "&gt;").replace('"', "&quot;")
 }
 
+/// The XMP toolkit [`save`] names on `x:xmpmeta`.
+const TOOLKIT: &str = "PhotoCraft";
+const META_NS: &str = "adobe:ns:meta/";
+
+/// Did [`save`] write this file? True when its `x:xmpmeta` names PhotoCraft as the toolkit
+/// (`x:xmptk`). Lightroom, Bridge and Camera Raw put their own toolkit there when they write a
+/// file, so a sidecar another application touched since reads false. Never panics.
+pub fn is_photocraft_xmp(bytes: &[u8]) -> bool {
+    if bytes.len() > MAX_XMP_BYTES {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let Ok(text) = std::str::from_utf8(bytes) else { return false };
+    let Ok(doc) = roxmltree::Document::parse(text.trim_start_matches('\u{feff}')) else { return false };
+    doc.descendants()
+        .find(|n| n.is_element() && n.tag_name().namespace() == Some(META_NS) && n.tag_name().name() == "xmpmeta")
+        .and_then(|n| n.attribute((META_NS, "xmptk")))
+        == Some(TOOLKIT)
+}
+
 /// Write `params` as a Camera Raw settings file Photoshop's Load Settings… reads.
 pub fn save(params: &CameraRaw) -> String {
     let mut p = params.clone();
@@ -357,7 +385,8 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(p.point_curve_red, vec![[0.0, 0.0], [128.0, 140.0], [255.0, 255.0]]);
         assert_eq!(p.dehaze, 12.0);
         // Lens vignetting, calibration and geometry have no counterpart.
-        assert_eq!(r.ignored, vec!["VignetteAmount".to_string(), "RedHue".to_string()]);
+        assert_eq!(r.ignored, vec!["VignetteAmount".to_string()], "the Calibration panel's keys load now");
+        assert_eq!(p.calibration_hue[0], -5.0);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -420,4 +449,24 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(p, before);
         assert_eq!(r.ignored, vec!["Contrast2012".to_string(), "ToneCurvePV2012".to_string()]);
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn is_photocraft_xmp_reads_the_toolkit_marker() {
+        let own = save(&CameraRaw { contrast: 15.0, ..CameraRaw::default() });
+        assert!(is_photocraft_xmp(own.as_bytes()));
+        let wrapped = format!("\u{feff}<?xpacket begin=\"\" id=\"W5M0MpCehiHzreSzNTczkc9d\"?>\n{own}<?xpacket end=\"w\"?>");
+        assert!(is_photocraft_xmp(wrapped.as_bytes()), "an xpacket wrapper and a byte order mark");
+        assert!(!is_photocraft_xmp(FIXTURE), "Camera Raw's own toolkit");
+        for other in [
+            &b""[..],
+            b"<x:xmpmeta",
+            b"<x:xmpmeta xmlns:x=\"adobe:ns:meta/\"/>",
+            b"<x:xmpmeta xmlns:x=\"adobe:ns:meta/\" xmptk=\"PhotoCraft\"/>",
+            b"<x:xmpmeta xmlns:x=\"other:ns/\" x:xmptk=\"PhotoCraft\"/>",
+            b"<x:xmpmeta xmlns:x=\"adobe:ns:meta/\" x:xmptk=\"PhotoCraft 2\"/>",
+            b"\xff\xfe",
+        ] {
+            assert!(!is_photocraft_xmp(other), "{}", String::from_utf8_lossy(other));
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/io/src/channel_map.rs b/crates/io/src/channel_map.rs
index 74e42feb11..ef3b389bee 100644
--- a/crates/io/src/channel_map.rs
+++ b/crates/io/src/channel_map.rs
@@ -4,15 +4,18 @@
 //! one 13-byte record per extra channel: colour space (u16), four u16 colour components, opacity
 //! (u16, 0..100) and kind (u8: 0 = colour indicates selected areas, 1 = masked ("protected")
 //! areas, 2 = spot channel). Resource 1007 has the same records without the version and the spot
-//! kind, each followed by a padding byte (14 bytes).
+//! kind, each followed by a padding byte (14 bytes). Photoshop 27's TIFFs use the same 13-byte
+//! 1077 records.
 
-use photocraft_color::{Color, ColorMode};
+use photocraft_color::{Color, ColorMode, SampleType};
 use photocraft_doc::{AlphaChannel, ColorIndicates};
 
 pub(crate) const DISPLAY_INFO: u16 = 1077;
 pub(crate) const DISPLAY_INFO_OLD: u16 = 1007;
 /// Quick Mask information: channel id (u16) and an "initially empty" flag (u8).
 pub(crate) const QUICK_MASK_INFO: u16 = 1022;
+/// Alpha channel identifiers (Photoshop 6): one big-endian u32 per extra channel, no count prefix.
+pub(crate) const ALPHA_IDENTIFIERS: u16 = 1053;
 
 const SPACE_RGB: u16 = 0;
 const SPACE_HSB: u16 = 1;
@@ -20,6 +23,33 @@ const SPACE_CMYK: u16 = 2;
 const SPACE_LAB: u16 = 7;
 const SPACE_GRAY: u16 = 8;
 
+/// Converts one spot channel's plane (native-endian samples) between the document's ink density
+/// (1 = solid ink) and the way Photoshop stores a spot channel (0 = solid ink, the maximum =
+/// bare paper; every PSD and TIFF Photoshop 27.11 saves stores it so). The conversion is its own
+/// inverse, so it serves both open and save. Every reader and writer of Photoshop-polarity spot
+/// planes goes through here: a change to the in-memory convention changes only this function.
+/// Alpha channels are stored straight (the maximum = selected) and never come here.
+pub(crate) fn photoshop_spot_plane(plane: &mut [u8], sample: SampleType) {
+    crate::pixels::invert_plane(plane, sample);
+}
+
+/// Resource 1053 for `count` channels: one big-endian u32 identifier each, with no length prefix
+/// (Photoshop, ag-psd and psd-tools read u32s until the resource ends). Photoshop 27.11 numbers a
+/// new document's channels 3, 4, 5, … in every colour mode (RGB, CMYK, Gray and Lab, in its PSDs
+/// and TIFFs alike), so these do too. `transparency`: the merged image's transparency channel
+/// comes first, with identifier 0 (Photoshop's transparent PSD lists `0, 3, 4, 5`).
+pub(crate) fn alpha_identifiers(transparency: bool, count: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(count.saturating_add(1).saturating_mul(4));
+    if transparency {
+        out.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_be_bytes());
+    }
+    for i in 0..count {
+        let id = 3u32.saturating_add(u32::try_from(i).unwrap_or(u32::MAX));
+        out.extend_from_slice(&id.to_be_bytes());
+    }
+    out
+}
+
 /// Resource 1077 for `channels` (in file order): a version, then 13 bytes per channel (colour
 /// space, four components, opacity, kind). Every corpus file, Photoshop's included, uses 13;
 /// 14-byte records (the older 1007 layout) shift every channel after the first.
@@ -46,12 +76,33 @@ pub(crate) fn display_info(channels: &[&AlphaChannel], transparency: bool) -> Ve
     out
 }
 
+/// The records of a DisplayInfo resource (`versioned` = 1077: 13-byte records after a version;
+/// else the older 1007 with 14-byte records). A trailing partial record is left out.
+fn display_records(data: &[u8], versioned: bool) -> std::slice::ChunksExact<'_, u8> {
+    let (body, size) = if versioned { (data.get(4..).unwrap_or(&[]), 13) } else { (data, 14) };
+    body.chunks_exact(size)
+}
+
+/// Which of the extra channels are spot channels (kind 2), after skipping `skip` records (the
+/// merged transparency channel's), in the same records [`apply_display_info`] reads. A channel
+/// without a record is not a spot.
+pub(crate) fn spot_flags(data: &[u8], versioned: bool, skip: usize) -> Vec<bool> {
+    display_records(data, versioned).skip(skip).map(|rec| rec.get(12) == Some(&2)).collect()
+}
+
+/// Whether a DisplayInfo resource 1077 marks any channel as a spot (kind 2), in 13-byte records
+/// (Photoshop's, and PhotoCraft's since 0.8.2) or in the 14-byte padded records PhotoCraft wrote
+/// up to 0.7.0.
+pub(crate) fn display_info_marks_spot(data: &[u8]) -> bool {
+    let body = data.get(4..).unwrap_or_default();
+    [13, 14].into_iter().any(|size| body.chunks_exact(size).any(|rec| rec.get(12) == Some(&2)))
+}
+
 /// Applies a DisplayInfo resource (`versioned` = 1077: 13-byte records after a version; else the
 /// older 1007 with 14-byte records) to the imported channels in order, after skipping `skip`
 /// records (the merged transparency channel's).
 pub(crate) fn apply_display_info(data: &[u8], versioned: bool, skip: usize, channels: &mut [AlphaChannel]) {
-    let (body, size) = if versioned { (data.get(4..).unwrap_or(&[]), 13) } else { (data, 14) };
-    for (c, rec) in channels.iter_mut().zip(body.chunks_exact(size).skip(skip)) {
+    for (c, rec) in channels.iter_mut().zip(display_records(data, versioned).skip(skip)) {
         let u = |i: usize| u16::from_be_bytes([rec[i], rec[i + 1]]);
         let comps = [u(2), u(4), u(6), u(8)];
         let color = decode_color(u(0), comps);
@@ -149,6 +200,15 @@ mod tests {
         assert!((back[0].opacity - 0.3).abs() < 1e-6);
         assert_eq!(back[0].indicates, ColorIndicates::SelectedAreas);
         assert_eq!(back[1].spot, s.spot);
+        assert_eq!(spot_flags(&bytes, true, 0), [false, true]);
+        assert!(display_info_marks_spot(&bytes));
+        assert!(!display_info_marks_spot(&display_info(&[&a], true)), "alpha and transparency records only");
+        assert!(!display_info_marks_spot(&bytes[..10]));
+        // Photoshop 27 writes a 13-byte record (no pad): red spot, solidity 60.
+        let ps = [0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0xff, 0xff, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x3c, 2];
+        let mut spot = vec![AlphaChannel::new("S", Surface::new(PixelFormat::GRAY8))];
+        apply_display_info(&ps, true, 0, &mut spot);
+        assert_eq!(spot[0].spot.map(|(c, s)| (c.to_rgb(), (s * 100.0).round() as u16)), Some(([1.0, 0.0, 0.0], 60)));
         // With the merged transparency's record first, the channels still get their own.
         let with_t = display_info(&[&a, &s], true);
         assert_eq!(with_t.len(), 4 + 3 * 13);
@@ -156,10 +216,79 @@ mod tests {
         apply_display_info(&with_t, true, 1, &mut back);
         assert_eq!(back[0].indicates, ColorIndicates::SelectedAreas);
         assert_eq!(back[1].spot, s.spot);
+        assert_eq!(spot_flags(&with_t, true, 1), [false, true]);
         // Truncated data is ignored rather than misread.
         let mut c = vec![AlphaChannel::new("x", Surface::new(PixelFormat::GRAY8))];
         apply_display_info(&bytes[..10], true, 0, &mut c);
         assert_eq!(c[0].opacity, 0.5);
+        assert!(spot_flags(&bytes[..10], true, 0).is_empty());
+        assert!(spot_flags(&bytes, true, 5).is_empty());
+
+        // 14 unpadded records are a multiple of 14 as well (14×13 = 13×14). Resource 1077
+        // still reads them as 13-byte records; the last spot's solidity must survive.
+        let mut many = Vec::new();
+        for i in 0..14 {
+            let mut ch = AlphaChannel::new(format!("{i}"), Surface::new(PixelFormat::GRAY8));
+            ch.spot = Some((Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0), (i as f32) / 14.0));
+            many.push(ch);
+        }
+        let refs: Vec<&AlphaChannel> = many.iter().collect();
+        let packed = display_info(&refs, false);
+        assert_eq!(packed.len(), 4 + 14 * 13);
+        let mut got: Vec<AlphaChannel> = (0..14).map(|i| AlphaChannel::new(format!("{i}"), Surface::new(PixelFormat::GRAY8))).collect();
+        apply_display_info(&packed, true, 0, &mut got);
+        assert_eq!(got[13].spot.map(|(_, s)| (s * 100.0).round() as u16), many[13].spot.map(|(_, s)| (s * 100.0).round() as u16));
+    }
+
+    /// Resource 1053 as Photoshop 27.11 numbers a new document's channels: 3, 4, 5 in every colour
+    /// mode, with the merged transparency first as 0 (its transparent PSD lists `0, 3, 4, 5`).
+    #[test]
+    fn alpha_identifiers_are_numbered_as_photoshop_does() {
+        let ids = |transparency, count| alpha_identifiers(transparency, count).as_chunks::<4>().0.iter().map(|c| u32::from_be_bytes(*c)).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        assert_eq!(ids(false, 3), [3, 4, 5]);
+        assert_eq!(ids(true, 3), [0, 3, 4, 5]);
+        assert_eq!(ids(false, 1), [3]);
+        assert!(ids(false, 0).is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(ids(true, 0), [0]);
+        assert_eq!(alpha_identifiers(false, 2), [0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 4]);
+    }
+
+    /// PhotoCraft 0.1.0 to 0.7.0 padded each 1077 record to 14 bytes, so a spot after the first
+    /// record sits where a 13-byte reader finds no kind 2; it is still recognised.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_spot_is_found_in_padded_records() {
+        let alpha = |kind: u8| [0, 0, 0xff, 0xff, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 50, kind, 0];
+        let mut old = 1u32.to_be_bytes().to_vec();
+        old.extend_from_slice(&alpha(1));
+        old.extend_from_slice(&alpha(0));
+        old.extend_from_slice(&alpha(2));
+        assert_eq!(spot_flags(&old, true, 0), [false, false, false], "13-byte records misread the padded ones");
+        assert!(display_info_marks_spot(&old));
+        old.truncate(old.len() - 14);
+        assert!(!display_info_marks_spot(&old), "two alpha records");
+    }
+
+    /// Photoshop's spot ink (0 = solid) and the document's density (1 = solid) at every depth,
+    /// both ways: the 25 % / 75 % columns of the Photoshop oracles store 191 / 64.
+    #[test]
+    fn photoshop_spot_plane_converts_both_ways() {
+        let mut p8 = vec![255u8, 64, 191, 0];
+        photoshop_spot_plane(&mut p8, SampleType::U8);
+        assert_eq!(p8, [0, 191, 64, 255]);
+        photoshop_spot_plane(&mut p8, SampleType::U8);
+        assert_eq!(p8, [255, 64, 191, 0]);
+        let mut p16: Vec<u8> = [65535u16, 16448, 0].iter().flat_map(|v| v.to_ne_bytes()).collect();
+        photoshop_spot_plane(&mut p16, SampleType::U16);
+        let back: Vec<u16> = p16.as_chunks::<2>().0.iter().map(|c| u16::from_ne_bytes(*c)).collect();
+        assert_eq!(back, [0, 49087, 65535]);
+        let mut p32: Vec<u8> = [1.0f32, 0.25].iter().flat_map(|v| v.to_ne_bytes()).collect();
+        photoshop_spot_plane(&mut p32, SampleType::F32);
+        let back: Vec<f32> = p32.as_chunks::<4>().0.iter().map(|c| f32::from_ne_bytes(*c)).collect();
+        assert_eq!(back, [0.0, 0.75]);
+        // A trailing partial sample is left alone rather than misread.
+        let mut odd = vec![0u8, 0, 7];
+        photoshop_spot_plane(&mut odd, SampleType::U16);
+        assert_eq!(odd, [0xff, 0xff, 7]);
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/crates/io/src/doc_path.rs b/crates/io/src/doc_path.rs
index 37e7daf214..8c3c36c93d 100644
--- a/crates/io/src/doc_path.rs
+++ b/crates/io/src/doc_path.rs
@@ -35,13 +35,20 @@ impl std::error::Error for NotFollowed {}
 /// a relative `document` is taken from the working directory, where it was opened from.
 pub fn resolve(stored: &str, document: Option<&Path>) -> Result<PathBuf, NotFollowed> {
     let document = document.map(|d| if d.is_relative() { std::path::absolute(d).unwrap_or_else(|_| d.to_path_buf()) } else { d.to_path_buf() });
-    let path = craft_docpath::resolve(stored, document.as_deref()).map_err(NotFollowed::Refused)?;
-    // A path that is still relative would be taken from the working directory, which the
-    // document does not choose.
-    if path.is_relative() {
-        return Err(NotFollowed::NoDocumentFolder);
-    }
-    Ok(path)
+    craft_docpath::resolve_absolute(stored, document.as_deref()).map_err(|r| match r {
+        // Without a document, a relative path resolves but stays relative.
+        Refused::Invalid if document.is_none() && craft_docpath::resolve(stored, None).is_ok_and(|p| cfg!(windows) || !is_windows_form(&p)) => {
+            NotFollowed::NoDocumentFolder
+        }
+        r => NotFollowed::Refused(r),
+    })
+}
+
+/// Whether `path`, as `craft_docpath` writes it, has a Windows drive or share root (`C:x`, `C:\x`,
+/// `\\server\share\x`). Outside Windows no document folder makes such a path absolute.
+fn is_windows_form(path: &Path) -> bool {
+    let s = path.as_os_str().as_encoded_bytes();
+    s.starts_with(b"\\") || matches!(s, [l, b':', ..] if l.is_ascii_alphabetic())
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -55,5 +62,22 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(resolve("logo.png", None), Err(NotFollowed::NoDocumentFolder));
         assert_eq!(resolve(r"\\192.0.2.1\share\x.png", Some(&doc)), Err(NotFollowed::Refused(Refused::Network)));
         assert_eq!(resolve("//192.0.2.1/share/x.png", None), Err(NotFollowed::Refused(Refused::Network)));
+        assert_eq!(resolve("jar:logo.png", None), Err(NotFollowed::Refused(Refused::Url)));
+        // Colons in names: an alternate data stream or a URL on Windows, a plain character elsewhere.
+        if cfg!(windows) {
+            assert_eq!(resolve("img/fig:1.png", Some(&doc)), Err(NotFollowed::Refused(Refused::Invalid)));
+            assert_eq!(resolve("chapter1:intro.png", None), Err(NotFollowed::Refused(Refused::Url)));
+        } else {
+            assert_eq!(resolve("img/fig:1.png", Some(&doc)), Ok(std::env::temp_dir().join("art").join("img").join("fig:1.png")));
+            assert_eq!(resolve("chapter1:intro.png", None), Err(NotFollowed::NoDocumentFolder));
+        }
+        // Outside Windows a Windows path names no file: it is refused, not reported as relative.
+        if !cfg!(windows) {
+            for stored in [r"C:\art\logo.png", "C:logo.png"] {
+                assert_eq!(resolve(stored, Some(&doc)), Err(NotFollowed::Refused(Refused::Invalid)), "{stored}");
+                assert_eq!(resolve(stored, None), Err(NotFollowed::Refused(Refused::Invalid)), "{stored}");
+            }
+            assert_eq!(resolve("../logo.png", None), Err(NotFollowed::NoDocumentFolder));
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/io/src/effects_map.rs b/crates/io/src/effects_map.rs
index 45e0d7469e..416aa56b56 100644
--- a/crates/io/src/effects_map.rs
+++ b/crates/io/src/effects_map.rs
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ pub(crate) fn blend_long_value(m: BlendMode) -> Value {
     Value::Enumerated { type_id: Id::new("BlnM"), value: Id::new(n) }
 }
 
-fn blend_value(m: BlendMode) -> Value {
+pub(crate) fn blend_value(m: BlendMode) -> Value {
     let n = BLEND_NAMES.iter().find(|(b, _)| *b == m).map_or("Nrml", |(_, n)| n);
     Value::Enumerated { type_id: Id::new("BlnM"), value: Id::new(n) }
 }
@@ -265,7 +265,9 @@ fn parse_one(key: &str, d: &Descriptor) -> Option<Effect> {
         "IrGl" => Effect::InnerGlow(parse_glow(d, true)),
         "FrFX" => Effect::Stroke(parse_stroke(d)),
         "SoFi" => Effect::ColorOverlay { common: common(d, BlendMode::Normal, 1.0), color: color(d, "Clr ") },
-        "GrFl" => Effect::GradientOverlay { common: common(d, BlendMode::Normal, 1.0), gradient: gradient_from(d), dither: bool_of(d, "Dthr") },
+        "GrFl" => {
+            Effect::GradientOverlay { common: common(d, BlendMode::Normal, 1.0), gradient: gradient_from(d), dither: bool_of(d, "Dthr"), interpolation: None }
+        }
         "patternFill" => {
             let (name, id) = pattern_ref(d);
             let (angle, link, phase) = pattern_placement(d);
@@ -303,7 +305,19 @@ const KINDS: [(&str, &str); 10] = [
 /// Parses `lfx2` block data: `(master switch, effects)`.
 pub fn parse_lfx2(data: &[u8]) -> Option<(bool, Vec<Effect>)> {
     let (vd, _) = VersionedDescriptor::parse_prefix(data.get(4..)?).ok()?;
-    let d = vd.descriptor;
+    Some(effects_from_descriptor(&vd.descriptor))
+}
+
+/// Keys of an effects descriptor (`lfx2`, a style library's `Lefx`) that
+/// [`effects_from_descriptor`] reads, or that carry no effect of their own.
+pub fn is_known_effects_key(key: &[u8]) -> bool {
+    KINDS.iter().any(|(single, multi)| single.as_bytes() == key || (!multi.is_empty() && multi.as_bytes() == key))
+        || matches!(key, b"masterFXSwitch" | b"Scl " | b"numModifyingFX")
+}
+
+/// The effects of an effects descriptor (the body of `lfx2`, a style library's `Lefx`):
+/// `(master switch, effects)`.
+pub fn effects_from_descriptor(d: &Descriptor) -> (bool, Vec<Effect>) {
     let master = !matches!(d.get("masterFXSwitch"), Some(Value::Boolean(false)));
     let mut out = Vec::new();
     for (single, multi) in KINDS {
@@ -319,7 +333,7 @@ pub fn parse_lfx2(data: &[u8]) -> Option<(bool, Vec<Effect>)> {
                 }
             }
             _ => {
-                if let Some(x) = get_desc(&d, single)
+                if let Some(x) = get_desc(d, single)
                     && let Some(e) = parse_one(single, x)
                 {
                     out.push(e);
@@ -327,7 +341,7 @@ pub fn parse_lfx2(data: &[u8]) -> Option<(bool, Vec<Effect>)> {
             }
         }
     }
-    Some((master, out))
+    (master, out)
 }
 
 fn unit(u: &[u8; 4], v: f32) -> Value {
@@ -428,7 +442,7 @@ fn write_one(e: &Effect) -> (&'static str, Descriptor) {
             ("FrFX", d)
         }
         Effect::ColorOverlay { common: c, color } => ("SoFi", with_common(Descriptor::new("SoFi"), c).with("Clr ", Value::Descriptor(color_to_desc(color)))),
-        Effect::GradientOverlay { common: c, gradient, dither } => {
+        Effect::GradientOverlay { common: c, gradient, dither, .. } => {
             ("GrFl", gradient_keys(with_common(Descriptor::new("GrFl"), c), gradient).with("Dthr", Value::Boolean(*dither)))
         }
         Effect::PatternOverlay { common: c, name, id, scale, angle, link, phase } => (
@@ -515,6 +529,13 @@ fn write_one(e: &Effect) -> (&'static str, Descriptor) {
 
 /// Serializes effects as `lfx2` block data.
 pub fn write_lfx2(master: bool, items: &[Effect]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut out = 0u32.to_be_bytes().to_vec();
+    out.extend(VersionedDescriptor::new(effects_descriptor(master, items)).to_bytes());
+    out
+}
+
+/// Effects as an effects descriptor (the body of `lfx2`, a style library's `Lefx`).
+pub fn effects_descriptor(master: bool, items: &[Effect]) -> Descriptor {
     let mut d = Descriptor::new("null").with("Scl ", unit(b"#Prc", 100.0)).with("masterFXSwitch", Value::Boolean(master));
     for (single, multi) in KINDS {
         let of_kind: Vec<Descriptor> = items.iter().map(write_one).filter(|(k, _)| *k == single).map(|(_, d)| d).collect();
@@ -526,9 +547,7 @@ pub fn write_lfx2(master: bool, items: &[Effect]) -> Vec<u8> {
             _ => d = d.with(single, Value::Descriptor(of_kind.into_iter().next().unwrap_or_default())),
         }
     }
-    let mut out = 0u32.to_be_bytes().to_vec();
-    out.extend(VersionedDescriptor::new(d).to_bytes());
-    out
+    d
 }
 
 fn fixed(v: u32) -> f32 {
@@ -694,7 +713,7 @@ mod tests {
                 overprint: true,
             }),
             Effect::ColorOverlay { common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Overlay, 0.5), color: Color::rgb(0.0, 0.0, 1.0) },
-            Effect::GradientOverlay { common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Normal, 1.0), gradient: g, dither: true },
+            Effect::GradientOverlay { common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Normal, 1.0), gradient: g, dither: true, interpolation: None },
             Effect::PatternOverlay {
                 common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Normal, 1.0),
                 name: "Bubbles".into(),
diff --git a/crates/io/src/flat.rs b/crates/io/src/flat.rs
index 24cb647e44..55f602a6e9 100644
--- a/crates/io/src/flat.rs
+++ b/crates/io/src/flat.rs
@@ -92,7 +92,17 @@ fn cicp_profile(img: &Image) -> Option<Arc<Vec<u8>>> {
 /// milliseconds (a still GIF has one). One frame at a time becomes a document, so the caller
 /// can flatten and drop it. Returns the number of frames; stops at the first error `each` gives.
 pub fn import_gif_frames(name: &str, bytes: &[u8], each: &mut dyn FnMut(Document, u32) -> Result<(), IoError>) -> Result<usize, IoError> {
-    let frames = codecs::decode_gif_frames(bytes, &codecs::DecodeOptions::default())?;
+    import_frames(name, codecs::decode_gif_frames(bytes, &codecs::DecodeOptions::default())?, each)
+}
+
+/// Every frame of a WebP as a single-layer document, as [`import_gif_frames`] does for a GIF: an
+/// animation's frames composited onto its canvas, with their durations in milliseconds; a still
+/// WebP is one frame.
+pub fn import_webp_frames(name: &str, bytes: &[u8], each: &mut dyn FnMut(Document, u32) -> Result<(), IoError>) -> Result<usize, IoError> {
+    import_frames(name, codecs::decode_webp_frames(bytes, &codecs::DecodeOptions::default())?, each)
+}
+
+fn import_frames(name: &str, frames: Vec<codecs::AnimationFrame>, each: &mut dyn FnMut(Document, u32) -> Result<(), IoError>) -> Result<usize, IoError> {
     let n = frames.len();
     for f in frames {
         each(image_to_document(name, &f.image)?.document, f.delay_ms)?;
@@ -270,9 +280,10 @@ pub(crate) fn image_to_document(name: &str, img: &Image) -> Result<ImportResult,
         bg
     };
     doc.layers.push(layer);
+    warnings.extend(crate::tiff_layers::channels_from_extras(&mut doc, img));
     doc.icc_profile = img.icc.clone().map(Arc::new);
     doc.metadata.exif = img.meta.exif.clone().map(Arc::new);
-    doc.metadata.xmp = img.meta.xmp.clone();
+    doc.metadata.xmp = img.meta.xmp.as_deref().map(Arc::from);
     doc.metadata.text = img.meta.text.clone();
     if let Some((x, y)) = img.meta.dpi {
         doc.resolution_dpi = x;
@@ -405,10 +416,11 @@ fn document_to_image_for(doc: &Document, warnings: &mut Vec<String>, cmyk_target
             let count = doc.layer_count();
             warnings.push(format!("{count} layer(s) flattened; layers, masks and blend modes are not kept"));
         }
-        let cmyk = fmt.mode == ColorMode::Cmyk && cmyk_target;
-        // Only a CMYK target needs the document's profile; RGB-only targets keep the compositor's
-        // own handling (built-in coated CMYK when the embedded profile is unusable).
-        let space = if cmyk {
+        let cs = csample(fmt.sample);
+        if fmt.mode == ColorMode::Cmyk && cmyk_target {
+            // A CMYK target is written as CMYK with the document's own profile (#2220), which it
+            // therefore needs; RGB-only targets keep the compositor's own handling (built-in
+            // coated CMYK when the embedded profile is unusable).
             use photocraft_cms::{Builtin, ColorSpace, Intent, Profile, Transform};
             let profile = match doc.icc_profile.as_ref() {
                 Some(bytes) => Profile::parse(bytes).map_err(|e| IoError::Unsupported(format!("invalid CMYK composite profile: {e}")))?,
@@ -423,32 +435,24 @@ fn document_to_image_for(doc: &Document, warnings: &mut Vec<String>, cmyk_target
             if icc.is_none() {
                 icc = Some(profile.to_bytes().to_vec());
             }
-            photocraft_compose::cmyk_space(doc)
+            let (data, opaque) = cmyk_composite(doc, canvas, cs, n, warnings)?;
+            Image::from_raw(w, h, layout_for(ColorMode::Cmyk, !opaque), cs, data)?
         } else {
-            None
-        };
-        let gray = fmt.mode == ColorMode::Grayscale;
-        if (fmt.mode == ColorMode::Cmyk && !cmyk) || fmt.mode == ColorMode::Lab {
-            // RGB-only targets use the sRGB composite directly, without reseparating CMYK.
-            warnings.push(format!("{:?} composite written as sRGB RGB (colour-managed conversion)", fmt.mode));
-            icc = Some(photocraft_cms::Builtin::Srgb.profile().to_bytes().to_vec());
-        }
-        let cs = csample(fmt.sample);
-        let colors = if cmyk {
-            4
-        } else if gray {
-            1
-        } else {
-            3
-        };
-        // Rendered and quantised in bands (no full-size float composite), with alpha; the alpha
-        // is dropped afterwards, in place, when every pixel turned out opaque.
-        let mut data = try_buffer(n, (colors + 1) * cs.bytes())?;
-        let mut opaque = true;
-        let _ = photocraft_compose::render_bands(doc, canvas, 0, |band| -> Result<(), ()> {
-            opaque &= band.px.iter().all(|p| p[3] >= 1.0);
-            let parts = crate::pixels::par_map(crate::pixels::bands(band.px.len()), |range| {
-                photocraft_color::convert::with_cmyk_space(space.as_ref(), || {
+            let gray = fmt.mode == ColorMode::Grayscale;
+            if matches!(fmt.mode, ColorMode::Cmyk | ColorMode::Lab) {
+                // RGB-only targets use the sRGB composite directly, without separating CMYK; the
+                // compositor renders Lab documents in sRGB. Either way the file is tagged sRGB.
+                warnings.push(format!("{:?} composite written as sRGB RGB (colour-managed conversion)", fmt.mode));
+                icc = Some(photocraft_cms::Builtin::Srgb.profile().to_bytes().to_vec());
+            }
+            let colors = if gray { 1 } else { 3 };
+            // Rendered and quantised in bands (no full-size float composite), with alpha; the
+            // alpha is dropped afterwards, in place, when every pixel turned out opaque.
+            let mut data = try_buffer(n, (colors + 1) * cs.bytes())?;
+            let mut opaque = true;
+            let _ = photocraft_compose::render_bands(doc, canvas, 0, |band| -> Result<(), ()> {
+                opaque &= band.px.iter().all(|p| p[3] >= 1.0);
+                let parts = crate::pixels::par_map(crate::pixels::bands(band.px.len()), |range| {
                     let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(range.len() * (colors + 1) * cs.bytes());
                     let mut put = |v: f32| {
                         let v = if v.is_nan() { 0.0 } else { v };
@@ -458,15 +462,8 @@ fn document_to_image_for(doc: &Document, warnings: &mut Vec<String>, cmyk_target
                             CSample::F16 | CSample::F32 => out.extend_from_slice(&v.to_ne_bytes()),
                         }
                     };
-                    let mut converted = [0.0; 5];
                     for p in &band.px[range] {
-                        if cmyk {
-                            let channels = photocraft_raster::from_rgba_into(&fmt, *p, &mut converted);
-                            for value in converted.iter().take(channels) {
-                                put(*value);
-                            }
-                            continue;
-                        } else if gray {
+                        if gray {
                             put(photocraft_color::convert::rgb_to_gray([p[0], p[1], p[2]]));
                         } else {
                             put(p[0]);
@@ -476,6 +473,80 @@ fn document_to_image_for(doc: &Document, warnings: &mut Vec<String>, cmyk_target
                         put(p[3]);
                     }
                     out
+                });
+                for part in parts {
+                    data.extend_from_slice(&part);
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            });
+            if opaque {
+                drop_alpha(&mut data, colors * cs.bytes(), cs.bytes());
+            }
+            let layout = layout_for(if gray { ColorMode::Grayscale } else { ColorMode::Rgb }, !opaque);
+            Image::from_raw(w, h, layout, cs, data)?
+        }
+    };
+    let meta = codecs::Metadata {
+        exif: doc.metadata.exif.as_ref().map(|e| e.to_vec()),
+        xmp: doc.metadata.xmp.as_deref().map(str::to_owned),
+        text: doc.metadata.text.clone(),
+        dpi: Some((doc.resolution_dpi, doc.resolution_dpi)),
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    Ok(img.with_icc(icc).with_meta(meta))
+}
+
+/// A CMYK document's composite as interleaved CMYK + alpha samples (`cs`), with whether every
+/// pixel came out opaque (the caller then drops the alpha). Stacks the native CMYK compositor
+/// handles are mixed on their ink values, so opaque pixels keep their exact inks; any other
+/// document is composited in RGB and converted back through its own CMYK profile, as PSD
+/// export's merged image is. Rendered and quantised in bands on every core.
+fn cmyk_composite(doc: &Document, canvas: Rect, cs: CSample, n: usize, warnings: &mut Vec<String>) -> Result<(Vec<u8>, bool), IoError> {
+    let mut data = try_buffer(n, 5 * cs.bytes())?;
+    let mut opaque = true;
+    let put = |out: &mut Vec<u8>, v: f32| {
+        let v = if v.is_finite() { v } else { 0.0 };
+        match cs {
+            CSample::U8 => out.push((v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 255.0).round() as u8),
+            CSample::U16 => out.extend_from_slice(&((v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 65535.0).round() as u16).to_ne_bytes()),
+            CSample::F16 | CSample::F32 => out.extend_from_slice(&v.to_ne_bytes()),
+        }
+    };
+    let native = photocraft_compose::cmyk::render_cmyk_bands(doc, canvas, 0, |band| -> Result<(), ()> {
+        opaque &= band.px.iter().all(|p| p[4] >= 1.0);
+        let parts = crate::pixels::par_map(crate::pixels::bands(band.px.len()), |range| {
+            let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(range.len() * 5 * cs.bytes());
+            for p in band.px.get(range).unwrap_or_default() {
+                for v in p {
+                    put(&mut out, *v);
+                }
+            }
+            out
+        });
+        for part in parts {
+            data.extend_from_slice(&part);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    });
+    if native.is_none() {
+        // Through RGB and back: the colour model is kept, exact ink values are not.
+        warnings.push("CMYK composite converted back through the document's CMYK profile; ink values can differ from the layers'".to_string());
+        let space = photocraft_compose::cmyk_space(doc);
+        let to = PixelFormat::new(ColorMode::Cmyk, SampleType::F32, true);
+        let _ = photocraft_compose::render_bands(doc, canvas, 0, |band| -> Result<(), ()> {
+            opaque &= band.px.iter().all(|p| p[3] >= 1.0);
+            let parts = crate::pixels::par_map(crate::pixels::bands(band.px.len()), |range| {
+                // The composite came through the document's CMYK profile: convert back through it.
+                photocraft_color::convert::with_cmyk_space(space.as_ref(), || {
+                    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(range.len() * 5 * cs.bytes());
+                    let mut v = [0.0f32; 5];
+                    for p in band.px.get(range).unwrap_or_default() {
+                        photocraft_raster::from_rgba_into(&to, *p, &mut v);
+                        for x in v {
+                            put(&mut out, x);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    out
                 })
             });
             for part in parts {
@@ -483,29 +554,11 @@ fn document_to_image_for(doc: &Document, warnings: &mut Vec<String>, cmyk_target
             }
             Ok(())
         });
-        if opaque {
-            drop_alpha(&mut data, colors * cs.bytes(), cs.bytes());
-        }
-        let layout = layout_for(
-            if cmyk {
-                ColorMode::Cmyk
-            } else if gray {
-                ColorMode::Grayscale
-            } else {
-                ColorMode::Rgb
-            },
-            !opaque,
-        );
-        Image::from_raw(w, h, layout, cs, data)?
-    };
-    let meta = codecs::Metadata {
-        exif: doc.metadata.exif.as_ref().map(|e| e.to_vec()),
-        xmp: doc.metadata.xmp.clone(),
-        text: doc.metadata.text.clone(),
-        dpi: Some((doc.resolution_dpi, doc.resolution_dpi)),
-        ..Default::default()
-    };
-    Ok(img.with_icc(icc).with_meta(meta))
+    }
+    if opaque {
+        drop_alpha(&mut data, 4 * cs.bytes(), cs.bytes());
+    }
+    Ok((data, opaque))
 }
 
 /// An empty buffer with room for `pixels × bytes_per_pixel` bytes, or an error (not an abort)
@@ -616,6 +669,12 @@ pub(crate) fn export_flat_with(doc: &Document, format: Format, opts: &ExportOpti
     if format == Format::Tga {
         img = tga_image(doc, img, opts.tga_bits, &mut warnings)?;
     }
+    if format == Format::Dds {
+        img = dds_image(doc, img, &mut warnings)?;
+    }
+    if format == Format::Tiff {
+        warnings.extend(crate::tiff_layers::stamp_flat_channels(doc, &mut img));
+    }
     encode_image(&img, format, opts, warnings)
 }
 
@@ -654,7 +713,7 @@ fn tga_image(doc: &Document, img: Image, bits: Option<TgaBits>, warnings: &mut V
             warnings.push("transparency composited over white; a 24-bit Targa has no alpha".into());
             matte_over_white(&img)
         }
-        (TgaBits::Bits32, [channel]) => tga_with_alpha_channel(doc, img, channel, warnings),
+        (TgaBits::Bits32, [channel]) => with_alpha_channel(doc, img, channel, "Targa", warnings),
         (TgaBits::Bits32, alphas) => {
             if !alphas.is_empty() {
                 warnings.push("Targa holds one alpha channel; with several, none was written (as in Photoshop)".into());
@@ -667,11 +726,32 @@ fn tga_image(doc: &Document, img: Image, bits: Option<TgaBits>, warnings: &mut V
     }
 }
 
-/// A 32-bit Targa's image: the colours (composited over white where the layers are transparent)
-/// and `channel`'s values as the alpha.
-fn tga_with_alpha_channel(doc: &Document, img: Image, channel: &AlphaChannel, warnings: &mut Vec<String>) -> Result<Image, IoError> {
+/// The image a DDS texture holds (#8563): as with a 32-bit Targa, the document's alpha channel
+/// becomes the texture's alpha when it has exactly one (spot channels don't count), the colours
+/// composited over white where the layers are transparent; BC1 keeps it as on/off, BC2 and BC3
+/// in full. With none, the layers' transparency is the alpha as before; with several, none of
+/// them is written. Grayscale textures keep their transparency.
+fn dds_image(doc: &Document, img: Image, warnings: &mut Vec<String>) -> Result<Image, IoError> {
+    let alphas: Vec<&AlphaChannel> = doc.channels.iter().filter(|c| c.spot.is_none()).collect();
+    match alphas.as_slice() {
+        [] => Ok(img),
+        [channel] if img.layout().is_rgb() => with_alpha_channel(doc, img, channel, "texture", warnings),
+        [_] => {
+            warnings.push("a grayscale DDS keeps the layers' transparency; the alpha channel was not saved".into());
+            Ok(img)
+        }
+        _ => {
+            warnings.push("a DDS texture holds one alpha channel; with several, none was written".into());
+            Ok(img)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A 32-bit Targa's or a texture's image: the colours (composited over white where the layers are
+/// transparent) and `channel`'s values as the alpha. `what` names the file in the warning.
+fn with_alpha_channel(doc: &Document, img: Image, channel: &AlphaChannel, what: &str, warnings: &mut Vec<String>) -> Result<Image, IoError> {
     let img = if img.layout().has_alpha() {
-        warnings.push("transparency composited over white; the alpha channel is the Targa's alpha".into());
+        warnings.push(format!("transparency composited over white; the alpha channel is the {what}'s alpha"));
         matte_over_white(&img)?
     } else {
         img
diff --git a/crates/io/src/hue_sat_filter_map.rs b/crates/io/src/hue_sat_filter_map.rs
index d7ce04938d..05af178c27 100644
--- a/crates/io/src/hue_sat_filter_map.rs
+++ b/crates/io/src/hue_sat_filter_map.rs
@@ -173,7 +173,8 @@ pub(super) fn export_item(f: &SmartFilter) -> Result<Descriptor, String> {
         Descriptor::new("Hst2").with("H   ", master.0).with("Strt", master.1).with("Lght", setting(p, "lightness", 0.0, -100.0, 100.0)?),
     )];
     for (i, key) in RANGES.iter().enumerate() {
-        if let Some(o) = p.get(*key) {
+        // A `null` range is an untouched one, like a missing key.
+        if let Some(o) = p.get(*key).filter(|o| !o.is_null()) {
             adjs.extend(range_entry(i, o)?);
         }
     }
@@ -303,6 +304,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(export(json!({"hue": 12.4})), json!({"colorize": false, "hue": 12, "saturation": 0, "lightness": 0}));
         assert_eq!(export(json!({"hue": -400, "lightness": 101, "layer": 3})), json!({"colorize": false, "hue": -180, "saturation": 0, "lightness": 100}));
         assert_eq!(export(J::Null), json!({"colorize": false, "hue": 0, "saturation": 0, "lightness": 0}));
+        assert_eq!(export(json!({"reds": null})), json!({"colorize": false, "hue": 0, "saturation": 0, "lightness": 0}));
         // Colorize starts at 25 % saturation and wraps the hue into 0..360.
         assert_eq!(export(json!({"colorize": true, "hue": -30})), json!({"colorize": true, "hue": 330, "saturation": 25, "lightness": 0}));
         // The full set (`to_params`): neutral ranges at their default extent are left out, reds
diff --git a/crates/io/src/kra.rs b/crates/io/src/kra.rs
index 64e4facf61..af9b238971 100644
--- a/crates/io/src/kra.rs
+++ b/crates/io/src/kra.rs
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ impl Reader<'_, '_> {
         if file.pixel_size != space.pixel_size() {
             return Err(invalid(format!("{name}: pixel size {} does not match its colour space", file.pixel_size)));
         }
-        let cost = file.decoded_bytes(fmt.bytes_per_pixel())?;
+        let cost = file.decoded_bytes(fmt.bytes_per_pixel(), dx, dy)?;
         self.budget = self.budget.checked_sub(cost).ok_or_else(|| invalid("decoded layers exceed the 1 GiB limit"))?;
         let mut surface = match self.default_pixel(name, space)? {
             Some(px) if px.iter().any(|v| *v != 0.0) => Surface::with_default(fmt, &space.to_format(&px, fmt)),
diff --git a/crates/io/src/kra/tiles.rs b/crates/io/src/kra/tiles.rs
index 67fd02fca5..d7330868b7 100644
--- a/crates/io/src/kra/tiles.rs
+++ b/crates/io/src/kra/tiles.rs
@@ -216,9 +216,27 @@ impl<'a> TileFile<'a> {
         Ok(TileFile { width, height, pixel_size, tiles })
     }
 
-    /// Bytes the decoded tiles take at `bpp` bytes per pixel.
-    pub(crate) fn decoded_bytes(&self, bpp: usize) -> Result<usize> {
-        self.tiles.len().checked_mul(self.width * self.height).and_then(|n| n.checked_mul(bpp)).ok_or_else(|| invalid("tile size overflow"))
+    /// Bytes the decoded tiles take at `bpp` bytes per pixel: the larger of their own pixels and
+    /// the whole 256×256 backing tiles they land in (a surface stores no less than a tile, so
+    /// sparse tiles at distinct positions retain far more than they hold).
+    pub(crate) fn decoded_bytes(&self, bpp: usize, dx: i32, dy: i32) -> Result<usize> {
+        let overflow = || invalid("tile size overflow");
+        let logical = self.tiles.len().checked_mul(self.width * self.height).and_then(|n| n.checked_mul(bpp)).ok_or_else(overflow)?;
+        let side = photocraft_geom::TILE_SIZE;
+        let (w, h) = (i32::try_from(self.width.max(1)).map_err(|_| overflow())?, i32::try_from(self.height.max(1)).map_err(|_| overflow())?);
+        let mut backing = std::collections::HashSet::new();
+        for &(x, y, _) in &self.tiles {
+            // The tile lands at its offset position and covers every backing tile its box overlaps.
+            let (x, y) = (x.checked_add(dx).ok_or_else(overflow)?, y.checked_add(dy).ok_or_else(overflow)?);
+            let (x1, y1) = (x.checked_add(w - 1).ok_or_else(overflow)?, y.checked_add(h - 1).ok_or_else(overflow)?);
+            for c in x.div_euclid(side)..=x1.div_euclid(side) {
+                for r in y.div_euclid(side)..=y1.div_euclid(side) {
+                    backing.insert((c, r));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        let tile_bytes = (side as usize).checked_mul(side as usize).and_then(|n| n.checked_mul(bpp)).ok_or_else(overflow)?;
+        Ok(logical.max(backing.len().checked_mul(tile_bytes).ok_or_else(overflow)?))
     }
 
     /// Writes every tile into `surface` (format `surface.format()`), offset by (`dx`, `dy`).
@@ -260,3 +278,31 @@ impl<'a> TileFile<'a> {
         Ok(())
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn file(positions: &[(i32, i32)]) -> TileFile<'static> {
+        TileFile { width: 64, height: 64, pixel_size: 4, tiles: positions.iter().map(|&(x, y)| (x, y, &[][..])).collect() }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sparse_tiles_are_charged_for_the_backing_tiles_they_land_in() {
+        // Sixteen 64×64 tiles that fill one 256×256 backing tile cost what they hold.
+        let dense: Vec<_> = (0..4).flat_map(|y| (0..4).map(move |x| (x * 64, y * 64))).collect();
+        assert_eq!(file(&dense).decoded_bytes(4, 0, 0).unwrap(), 16 * 64 * 64 * 4);
+        // The same number far apart each take a whole backing tile: 16 × 256 × 256 × 4.
+        let sparse: Vec<_> = (0..16).map(|i| (i * 10_240, 0)).collect();
+        assert_eq!(file(&sparse).decoded_bytes(4, 0, 0).unwrap(), 16 * 256 * 256 * 4);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_placement_offset_and_tile_extent_decide_the_backing_tiles() {
+        // One 64×64 tile straddling a backing-tile corner once offset touches four.
+        assert_eq!(file(&[(0, 0)]).decoded_bytes(4, 224, 224).unwrap(), 4 * 256 * 256 * 4);
+        // A tile wider than a backing tile reaches the ones between its corners.
+        let wide = TileFile { width: 1024, height: 1, pixel_size: 4, tiles: vec![(0, 0, &[][..])] };
+        assert_eq!(wide.decoded_bytes(4, 0, 0).unwrap(), 4 * 256 * 256 * 4);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/io/src/lib.rs b/crates/io/src/lib.rs
index d71a5d716b..e39b0314db 100644
--- a/crates/io/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/io/src/lib.rs
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ pub mod abr_map;
 mod adjust_map;
 pub mod affinity;
 pub mod annotations_map;
+pub mod asl_map;
 pub mod blocks;
 pub mod camera_raw_xmp;
 mod channel_map;
@@ -73,6 +74,7 @@ mod text_import;
 pub mod text_styles_map;
 pub mod tiff_layers;
 pub mod vector_map;
+pub mod vector_preview;
 mod xcf;
 
 use photocraft_codecs::{CodecError, EncodeOptions};
@@ -82,8 +84,8 @@ use photocraft_psd::{PsdError, PsdFile};
 
 pub use adjust_map::ADJUSTMENT_KEYS;
 pub use flat::{
-    DEFAULT_LOSSY_WEBP_QUALITY, apply_file_encoding, document_to_image, file_encoding, import_gif_frames, import_tiff_page, tga_alpha_channel_to_transparency,
-    tga_default_bits,
+    DEFAULT_LOSSY_WEBP_QUALITY, apply_file_encoding, document_to_image, file_encoding, import_gif_frames, import_tiff_page, import_webp_frames,
+    tga_alpha_channel_to_transparency, tga_default_bits,
 };
 pub use psd_export::{PsdExportOptions, document_to_psd, document_to_psd_with};
 pub use psd_import::{psd_to_document, psd_to_document_with};
@@ -232,6 +234,9 @@ pub struct ExportOptions {
     pub document_path: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
     /// Reuse one cache per open document for native saves; other formats ignore it.
     pub pcraft_cache: Option<PcraftExportCache>,
+    /// PSD/PSB and layered TIFF: read and embed the files linked smart objects name (see
+    /// [`PsdExportOptions::read_linked_files`]). On by default; automation turns it off.
+    pub read_linked_files: bool,
 }
 
 impl Default for ExportOptions {
@@ -246,6 +251,7 @@ impl Default for ExportOptions {
             psd_maximize_compatibility: true,
             document_path: None,
             pcraft_cache: None,
+            read_linked_files: true,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -318,14 +324,57 @@ pub fn import_with_svg_group_depth_and_interrupt(
     max_group_depth: usize,
     ctl: &photocraft_raster::Interrupt,
 ) -> Result<ImportResult, IoError> {
-    ctl.check().map_err(|_| IoError::Cancelled)?;
-    let r = import_stages(name, bytes, ctl, max_group_depth)?;
-    ctl.check().map_err(|_| IoError::Cancelled)?;
-    ctl.progress(1.0);
-    Ok(r)
+    import_with_options_and_interrupt(name, bytes, &ImportOptions { max_group_depth, ..Default::default() }, ctl)
 }
 
-fn import_psd(name: &str, bytes: &[u8], ctl: &photocraft_raster::Interrupt) -> Result<ImportResult, IoError> {
+/// The user's settings that shape an import.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct ImportOptions {
+    /// SVG groups nested deeper than this are rasterised.
+    pub max_group_depth: usize,
+    /// The demosaic method camera raws are developed with.
+    pub demosaic: raw::Demosaic,
+}
+
+impl Default for ImportOptions {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        ImportOptions { max_group_depth: photocraft_doc::MAX_GROUP_DEPTH, demosaic: raw::Demosaic::default() }
+    }
+}
+
+/// [`import`] with the user's import settings.
+pub fn import_with_options(name: &str, bytes: &[u8], opts: &ImportOptions) -> Result<ImportResult, IoError> {
+    import_with_options_and_interrupt(name, bytes, opts, &photocraft_raster::Interrupt::NONE)
+}
+
+/// [`import_with`] with the user's import settings.
+pub fn import_with_options_and_interrupt(name: &str, bytes: &[u8], opts: &ImportOptions, ctl: &photocraft_raster::Interrupt) -> Result<ImportResult, IoError> {
+    import_for_open_with(name, bytes, opts, ctl).map(|(result, _)| result)
+}
+
+/// The ordinary import result plus whether PSD/PSB decoding encountered damaged data.
+/// Interactive callers can ask whether to continue before adding the document. This is
+/// information, not a save policy: accepting it opens an ordinary, writable document.
+/// Non-interactive callers keep using [`import`], which still returns readable content
+/// and warnings without requiring confirmation.
+///
+/// The flag is independent of the wording of `warnings`. An ordinary compatibility
+/// warning does not set it. No file is decoded a second time to obtain this information.
+pub fn import_for_open(name: &str, bytes: &[u8], opts: &ImportOptions) -> Result<(ImportResult, bool), IoError> {
+    import_for_open_with(name, bytes, opts, &photocraft_raster::Interrupt::NONE)
+}
+
+/// [`import_for_open`] with cancellation and progress, shared with [`import_with_options_and_interrupt`].
+pub fn import_for_open_with(name: &str, bytes: &[u8], opts: &ImportOptions, ctl: &photocraft_raster::Interrupt) -> Result<(ImportResult, bool), IoError> {
+    ctl.check().map_err(|_| IoError::Cancelled)?;
+    let mut damaged = false;
+    let result = import_stages(name, bytes, ctl, opts, &mut damaged)?;
+    ctl.check().map_err(|_| IoError::Cancelled)?;
+    ctl.progress(1.0);
+    Ok((result, damaged))
+}
+
+fn import_psd(name: &str, bytes: &[u8], ctl: &photocraft_raster::Interrupt, damaged: &mut bool) -> Result<ImportResult, IoError> {
     // A merged image the import reads is decoded with the parse: a ZIP one is inflated once.
     let (file, merged) = PsdFile::from_bytes_and_merged_recovering(
         bytes,
@@ -337,13 +386,17 @@ fn import_psd(name: &str, bytes: &[u8], ctl: &photocraft_raster::Interrupt) -> R
     psd_import::check_group_depth(&file)?;
     ctl.check().map_err(|_| IoError::Cancelled)?;
     ctl.progress(0.05);
-    let (mut document, warnings) = psd_import::psd_to_document_decoded(&file, ctl, merged).ok_or(IoError::Cancelled)?;
+    let (mut document, warnings, psd_damaged) = psd_import::psd_to_document_decoded_integrity(&file, ctl, merged).ok_or(IoError::Cancelled)?;
+    *damaged = psd_damaged;
     document.name = name.to_string();
-    text_import::prepare(&mut document);
+    let txt2 = file.global_blocks.iter().find(|b| &b.key == b"Txt2").and_then(|b| photocraft_text::psd::parse_txt2(&b.data));
+    text_import::prepare(&mut document, txt2.as_ref());
     Ok(ImportResult { document, warnings, source_read_only: false, preview_only: false })
 }
 
-fn import_stages(name: &str, bytes: &[u8], ctl: &photocraft_raster::Interrupt, max_group_depth: usize) -> Result<ImportResult, IoError> {
+/// Dispatches format-specific importers and propagates a structured PSD damage
+/// flag alongside the ordinary best-effort import result.
+fn import_stages(name: &str, bytes: &[u8], ctl: &photocraft_raster::Interrupt, opts: &ImportOptions, damaged: &mut bool) -> Result<ImportResult, IoError> {
     // A declared native extension must reach its loader so malformed bundles retain format errors.
     if has_extension(name, photocraft_format::EXTENSION) || photocraft_format::is_pcraft(bytes) {
         let document = photocraft_format::load_from_bytes(bytes)?;
@@ -352,7 +405,7 @@ fn import_stages(name: &str, bytes: &[u8], ctl: &photocraft_raster::Interrupt, m
     // Magic first: an Affinity file renamed .psd is still Affinity (#5258 corpus
     // preview_never_saves_back_to_its_native_or_renamed_source).
     if is_psd(bytes) {
-        return import_psd(name, bytes, ctl);
+        return import_psd(name, bytes, ctl, damaged);
     }
     if affinity::is_affinity(bytes) || affinity::has_extension(name) {
         return affinity::import(name, bytes);
@@ -377,15 +430,15 @@ fn import_stages(name: &str, bytes: &[u8], ctl: &photocraft_raster::Interrupt, m
         return pdn::import(name, bytes, ctl);
     }
     if raw::is_raw(bytes) {
-        return raw::import_raw(name, bytes);
+        return raw::import_raw_demosaic(name, bytes, opts.demosaic);
     }
     if is_svg_input(name, bytes) {
-        return svg::import_svg_with_group_depth(name, bytes, max_group_depth);
+        return svg::import_svg_with_group_depth(name, bytes, opts.max_group_depth);
     }
     // A `.psd`/`.psb`/`.psdt` with no raster signature keeps the PSD error instead of
     // `codec: unrecognized image format` (#5258). Magic already returned above.
     if is_psd_input(name, bytes) {
-        return import_psd(name, bytes, ctl);
+        return import_psd(name, bytes, ctl, damaged);
     }
     flat::import_flat(name, bytes)
 }
@@ -501,6 +554,7 @@ fn export_stages(doc: &Document, name_or_ext: &str, opts: &ExportOptions, ctl: &
             force_psb: opts.force_psb || ext == "psb",
             maximize_compatibility: opts.psd_maximize_compatibility,
             document_path: opts.document_path.clone(),
+            read_linked_files: opts.read_linked_files,
             ..Default::default()
         };
         let (mut file, mut warnings) = with_span(ctl, 0.0, PSD_MODEL_DONE, |ctl| psd_export::document_to_psd_interruptible(doc, &o, ctl));
@@ -616,7 +670,44 @@ pub fn merged_composite(file: &PsdFile) -> Result<Vec<[f32; 4]>, IoError> {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use super::{import, is_psd_input, is_svg_input};
+    use super::{ImportOptions, import, import_for_open, is_psd_input, is_svg_input};
+    use photocraft_psd::{Compression, Version, testgen};
+
+    /// Verifies a valid PSD remains editable after import.
+    #[test]
+    fn valid_psd_can_still_be_edited() {
+        let bytes = testgen::small(Version::Psd, Compression::Raw).to_bytes().unwrap();
+        let imported = import("valid.psd", &bytes).unwrap();
+        assert!(!imported.source_read_only);
+    }
+
+    /// Verifies corrupt PSD channels produce warnings and an interactive damage flag
+    /// without rejecting otherwise readable headless imports.
+    #[test]
+    fn unreadable_psd_channel_keeps_best_effort_import_and_reports_damage() {
+        let mut file = testgen::small(Version::Psd, Compression::Raw);
+        let channel = file.layers_mut()[0].channels.iter_mut().find(|c| c.id == 0).unwrap();
+        channel.data.clear();
+        let bytes = file.to_bytes().unwrap();
+        let imported = import("damaged.psd", &bytes).unwrap();
+        assert!(!imported.source_read_only);
+        assert!(imported.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("could not be decoded")));
+        let (opened, damaged) = import_for_open("damaged.psd", &bytes, &ImportOptions::default()).unwrap();
+        assert!(damaged);
+        assert!(!opened.source_read_only);
+        assert!(!opened.preview_only);
+        assert_eq!(opened.warnings, imported.warnings);
+        assert_eq!(opened.document.layers.len(), imported.document.layers.len());
+    }
+
+    /// Verifies healthy PSD data never requires damage confirmation.
+    #[test]
+    fn valid_psd_does_not_request_damage_confirmation() {
+        let bytes = testgen::small(Version::Psd, Compression::Raw).to_bytes().unwrap();
+        let (result, damaged) = import_for_open("valid.psd", &bytes, &ImportOptions::default()).unwrap();
+        assert!(!damaged);
+        assert!(!result.source_read_only);
+    }
 
     #[test]
     fn svg_extension_does_not_override_another_format_signature() {
diff --git a/crates/io/src/linked.rs b/crates/io/src/linked.rs
index cdbbfa9753..c714726b0a 100644
--- a/crates/io/src/linked.rs
+++ b/crates/io/src/linked.rs
@@ -125,10 +125,15 @@ pub fn find_linked_file(meta: &Metadata, uuid: &str) -> Option<LinkedFile> {
 
 /// Borrow only the selected embedded payload, without copying other smart objects or reading disk.
 pub fn embedded_payload<'a>(meta: &'a Metadata, uuid: &str) -> Option<(String, &'a [u8])> {
+    embedded_payload_in_blocks(meta.psd_global_blocks.iter().map(|(_, key, data)| (key, data.as_slice())), uuid)
+}
+
+/// Borrow one selected payload from PSD global blocks without copying unrelated files.
+pub fn embedded_payload_in_blocks<'a>(blocks: impl IntoIterator<Item = (&'a [u8; 4], &'a [u8])>, uuid: &str) -> Option<(String, &'a [u8])> {
     if uuid.is_empty() {
         return None;
     }
-    for (_, key, data) in &meta.psd_global_blocks {
+    for (key, data) in blocks {
         if !matches!(key, b"lnk2" | b"lnk3" | b"lnkD") {
             continue;
         }
diff --git a/crates/io/src/ora.rs b/crates/io/src/ora.rs
index 6d1bcfd87f..193680d31e 100644
--- a/crates/io/src/ora.rs
+++ b/crates/io/src/ora.rs
@@ -77,9 +77,9 @@ pub(crate) fn krita_blend(id: &str) -> Option<(BlendMode, bool)> {
         "dodge" => (B::ColorDodge, false),
         "burn" => (B::ColorBurn, false),
         "hard_light" => (B::HardLight, false),
-        "soft_light" => (B::SoftLight, false),
-        // The W3C soft light curve, close to but not Photoshop's.
-        "soft_light_svg" => (B::SoftLight, true),
+        // Krita's own Soft Light keeps sqrt(cb) over dark backdrops; Photoshop's is the W3C curve.
+        "soft_light" => (B::SoftLight, true),
+        "soft_light_svg" => (B::SoftLight, false),
         "diff" => (B::Difference, false),
         "exclusion" => (B::Exclusion, false),
         "linear_burn" => (B::LinearBurn, false),
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ pub(crate) fn krita_id(mode: BlendMode) -> Option<&'static str> {
         B::LinearDodge => "linear_dodge",
         B::LighterColor => "lighter color",
         B::Overlay => "overlay",
-        B::SoftLight => "soft_light",
+        B::SoftLight => "soft_light_svg",
         B::HardLight => "hard_light",
         B::VividLight => "vivid_light",
         B::LinearLight => "linear light",
@@ -167,9 +167,6 @@ const SVG_OPS: [(&str, BlendMode); 15] = [
 /// A composite-op attribute as a blend mode; unknown names fall back to Normal with a warning.
 fn composite_op(op: &str, layer: &str, warnings: &mut Warnings) -> BlendMode {
     if let Some((_, mode)) = SVG_OPS.iter().find(|(name, _)| *name == op) {
-        if op == "svg:soft-light" {
-            warnings.note("svg:soft-light (the W3C curve) opens as Photoshop's Soft Light, which differs slightly");
-        }
         return *mode;
     }
     match op {
@@ -523,6 +520,20 @@ fn png(w: u32, h: u32, px: &[[f32; 4]], sample: CSample) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
 
 /// `px` (row-major over `rect`) cut down to the pixels that aren't fully transparent, with
 /// transparent pixels zeroed, so masked-out or empty margins aren't written.
+/// Most bytes of straight RGBA floats one layer may take while it is written. A layer is one PNG
+/// of its content's bounding box, so a few pixels far apart make a box of mostly nothing; refuse
+/// that rather than allocate it. 1.5 × [`MAX_ENTRY`] of floats is at most 8 B/px × a third of that
+/// raw, so the PNG stays within what [`Reader::png`] will read back.
+const MAX_EXPORT_LAYER_BYTES: u64 = 3 * MAX_ENTRY as u64 / 2;
+
+fn admit_layer(rect: Rect) -> Result<()> {
+    let bytes = u64::from(rect.width()).saturating_mul(u64::from(rect.height())).saturating_mul(std::mem::size_of::<[f32; 4]>() as u64);
+    if bytes > MAX_EXPORT_LAYER_BYTES {
+        return Err(IoError::Unsupported(format!("a {}×{} layer is too large to save to OpenRaster", rect.width(), rect.height())));
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 fn crop(rect: Rect, mut px: Vec<[f32; 4]>) -> (Rect, Vec<[f32; 4]>) {
     let w = rect.width() as usize;
     if w == 0 {
@@ -612,11 +623,12 @@ impl Writer<'_> {
     }
 
     /// The layer's own pixels (straight RGBA floats) and their bounds; its pixel mask applied.
-    fn pixels(&mut self, layer: &Layer) -> (Rect, Vec<[f32; 4]>) {
+    fn pixels(&mut self, layer: &Layer) -> Result<(Rect, Vec<[f32; 4]>)> {
         let canvas = self.doc.bounds();
         let (rect, mut buf) = match &layer.content {
             LayerContent::Raster(s) => {
                 let r = s.content_bounds();
+                admit_layer(r)?;
                 (r, photocraft_compose::surface_to_buffer(s, r).px)
             }
             _ => {
@@ -630,6 +642,7 @@ impl Writer<'_> {
                 solo.mask = None;
                 solo.effects = Default::default();
                 let r = photocraft_compose::composite_bounds(&solo, canvas).unwrap_or(canvas).intersect(&canvas);
+                admit_layer(r)?;
                 (r, photocraft_compose::render_layer(&solo, r).px)
             }
         };
@@ -645,7 +658,7 @@ impl Writer<'_> {
                 p[3] *= layer.fill_opacity.clamp(0.0, 1.0);
             }
         }
-        crop(rect, buf)
+        Ok(crop(rect, buf))
     }
 
     fn layers(&mut self, layers: &[Layer], depth: usize) -> Result<()> {
@@ -674,7 +687,7 @@ impl Writer<'_> {
                     if self.dry {
                         continue;
                     }
-                    let (rect, px) = self.pixels(layer);
+                    let (rect, px) = self.pixels(layer)?;
                     let (rect, px) = if rect.is_empty() { (Rect::from_xywh(0, 0, 1, 1), vec![[0.0; 4]]) } else { (rect, px) };
                     let src = format!("data/layer{}.png", self.next);
                     self.next += 1;
diff --git a/crates/io/src/ora/tests.rs b/crates/io/src/ora/tests.rs
index c7c253ef29..c5576ce0ef 100644
--- a/crates/io/src/ora/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/io/src/ora/tests.rs
@@ -327,9 +327,45 @@ fn reads_other_applications_stacks() {
     assert_eq!(get("Strange").blend, BlendMode::Normal);
     assert!(get("Lost").surface().unwrap().content_bounds().is_empty());
     let all = r.warnings.join("\n");
-    for needle in ["svg:dst-in", "<text>", "missing from the archive", "krita:hard mix", "svg:soft-light"] {
+    for needle in ["svg:dst-in", "<text>", "missing from the archive", "krita:hard mix"] {
         assert!(all.contains(needle), "{needle} not in {all}");
     }
+    // svg:soft-light is the W3C curve, which is Photoshop's Soft Light (#8804): no warning.
+    assert!(!all.contains("soft-light"), "{all}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn krita_soft_light_ids_map_to_photoshop_soft_light() {
+    // Krita's own soft_light keeps sqrt(cb) over dark backdrops, so it is the approximation;
+    // soft_light_svg is the W3C curve Photoshop uses (#8804).
+    assert_eq!(super::krita_blend("soft_light"), Some((BlendMode::SoftLight, true)));
+    assert_eq!(super::krita_blend("soft_light_svg"), Some((BlendMode::SoftLight, false)));
+    assert_eq!(super::krita_id(BlendMode::SoftLight), Some("soft_light_svg"));
+    let xml = r#"<image w="2" h="2"><stack>
+      <layer name="Own" src="a.png" composite-op="krita:soft_light"/>
+      <layer name="W3C" src="a.png" composite-op="krita:soft_light_svg"/>
+    </stack></image>"#;
+    let r = crate::import("soft.ora", &archive(xml, &[("a.png", solid_png(2, 2, [40, 40, 40, 255]))])).unwrap();
+    assert!(r.document.layers.iter().all(|l| l.blend == BlendMode::SoftLight));
+    let all = r.warnings.join("\n");
+    assert!(all.contains("krita:soft_light blend mode is approximated"), "{all}");
+    assert!(!all.contains("soft_light_svg"), "{all}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn soft_light_exports_as_svg_soft_light() {
+    // The W3C id, not krita:soft_light_svg (which import also accepts): other applications read it.
+    let mut d = doc(SampleType::U8);
+    let mut soft = block("Soft", PixelFormat::RGBA8, 0, 0, 10, 10, 5);
+    soft.blend = BlendMode::SoftLight;
+    d.layers.push(soft);
+    let out = export(&d).unwrap();
+    let xml = String::from_utf8(ZipReader::new(&out.bytes).unwrap().read_by_name("stack.xml", 1 << 20).unwrap()).unwrap();
+    assert!(xml.contains("name=\"Soft\"") && xml.contains("composite-op=\"svg:soft-light\""), "{xml}");
+    assert!(!xml.contains("soft_light"), "{xml}");
+    let (back, exported, imported) = round_trip(&d);
+    assert!(back.layers.iter().any(|l| l.name == "Soft" && l.blend == BlendMode::SoftLight));
+    assert!(!exported.iter().chain(&imported).any(|w| w.to_lowercase().contains("soft")), "{exported:?} {imported:?}");
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/crates/io/src/palette_map.rs b/crates/io/src/palette_map.rs
index 9d1d677ad3..45b8168f1c 100644
--- a/crates/io/src/palette_map.rs
+++ b/crates/io/src/palette_map.rs
@@ -146,3 +146,144 @@ fn bits(doc: &Document) -> Vec<u8> {
     });
     out
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use photocraft_color::{Color, SampleType};
+    use photocraft_doc::Size;
+
+    fn document(width: u32, height: u32, depth: SampleType, mode: ColorMode, pixels: &[f32]) -> Document {
+        let mut doc = Document::with_background("palette test", Size::new(width, height), ColorMode::Rgb, depth, Color::rgba(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0));
+        let bounds = doc.bounds();
+        doc.layers[0].surface_mut().unwrap().write_region(bounds, pixels);
+        doc.mode = mode;
+        doc
+    }
+
+    fn round_trip(doc: &Document) -> (PsdFile, Document) {
+        let (file, _) = document_to_psd(doc, false).unwrap();
+        let bytes = file.to_bytes().unwrap();
+        let file = PsdFile::from_bytes(&bytes).unwrap();
+        let back = crate::import("test.psd", &bytes).unwrap().document;
+        (file, back)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn full_palette_endpoints_round_trip_with_either_transparent_endpoint() {
+        let colors: Vec<_> = (0..=255).map(|v| [v, 255 - v, v / 2]).collect();
+        for transparent in [0, 255] {
+            let opaque = 255 - transparent;
+            let rgb = colors[usize::from(opaque)].map(|v| f32::from(v) / 255.0);
+            let mut doc = document(2, 1, SampleType::U8, ColorMode::Indexed, &[rgb[0], rgb[1], rgb[2], 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]);
+            doc.color_table = Some(ColorTable { colors: colors.clone(), transparent: Some(transparent) });
+            let (file, back) = round_trip(&doc);
+            assert_eq!((file.header.color_mode, file.header.depth, file.header.channels), (PsdMode::Indexed, 8, 1));
+            assert_eq!(file.decode_merged().unwrap(), [opaque, transparent]);
+            assert_eq!(file.resource(COLOR_TABLE_COUNT).unwrap().data, [1, 0]);
+            assert_eq!(file.color_mode_data.len(), 768);
+            for (i, c) in colors.iter().enumerate() {
+                assert_eq!([file.color_mode_data[i], file.color_mode_data[256 + i], file.color_mode_data[512 + i]], *c);
+            }
+            assert_eq!(back.color_table, doc.color_table);
+            let surface = back.layers[0].surface().unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(surface.pixel(0, 0), vec![rgb[0], rgb[1], rgb[2], 1.0]);
+            assert_eq!(surface.pixel(1, 0)[3], 0.0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn indexed_alpha_threshold_uses_stored_samples_at_all_depths() {
+        for depth in [SampleType::U8, SampleType::U16, SampleType::F32] {
+            let mut doc = document(3, 1, depth, ColorMode::Indexed, &[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.49, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.51]);
+            doc.color_table = Some(ColorTable { colors: vec![[0, 0, 0], [255, 255, 255]], transparent: Some(1) });
+            let (file, back) = round_trip(&doc);
+            assert_eq!(file.decode_merged().unwrap(), [1, 0, 0], "{depth:?}");
+            let surface = back.layers[0].surface().unwrap();
+            assert_eq!((0..3).map(|x| surface.pixel(x, 0)[3]).collect::<Vec<_>>(), [0.0, 1.0, 1.0]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn small_palette_zero_pads_unused_entries_and_rejects_invalid_lengths() {
+        let mut doc = document(1, 1, SampleType::U8, ColorMode::Indexed, &[1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+        doc.color_table = Some(ColorTable { colors: vec![[255, 0, 0]], transparent: None });
+        let (file, back) = round_trip(&doc);
+        assert_eq!(file.color_mode_data[0], 255);
+        assert!(file.color_mode_data[1..].iter().all(|&v| v == 0));
+        assert_eq!(back.color_table, doc.color_table);
+        for count in [0, 257] {
+            doc.color_table = Some(ColorTable { colors: vec![[0, 0, 0]; count], transparent: None });
+            assert!(document_to_psd(&doc, false).is_none(), "{count}");
+        }
+        doc.color_table = None;
+        assert!(document_to_psd(&doc, false).is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn indexed_import_bounds_malformed_count_and_transparency_resources() {
+        let mut doc = document(1, 1, SampleType::U8, ColorMode::Indexed, &[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+        doc.color_table = Some(ColorTable { colors: vec![[0, 0, 0], [255, 255, 255]], transparent: None });
+        let (original, _) = document_to_psd(&doc, false).unwrap();
+        for (count, expected) in [(vec![0, 0], 1), (vec![1, 1], 256), (vec![255, 255], 256), (vec![0], 256)] {
+            let mut file = original.clone();
+            file.resources.retain(|r| r.id != COLOR_TABLE_COUNT);
+            file.resources.push(ImageResource::new(COLOR_TABLE_COUNT, count));
+            file.resources.push(ImageResource::new(TRANSPARENCY_INDEX, vec![255, 255]));
+            let bytes = file.to_bytes().unwrap();
+            let back = crate::import("malformed.psd", &bytes).unwrap().document;
+            let table = back.color_table.unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(table.colors.len(), expected);
+            assert_eq!(table.transparent, None);
+            assert_eq!(back.layers[0].surface().unwrap().pixel(0, 0)[3], 1.0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn bitmap_rows_are_msb_first_and_independently_byte_padded() {
+        for depth in [SampleType::U8, SampleType::U16, SampleType::F32] {
+            for width in [1u32, 7, 8, 9, 15, 17] {
+                // Opposite rows expose padding carried into the next row or reversed bit order.
+                let pixels: Vec<_> = (0..2)
+                    .flat_map(|y| {
+                        (0..width).flat_map(move |x| {
+                            let v = if (x + y) % 2 == 0 { 0.0 } else { 1.0 };
+                            [v, v, v, 1.0]
+                        })
+                    })
+                    .collect();
+                let doc = document(width, 2, depth, ColorMode::Bitmap, &pixels);
+                let (file, back) = round_trip(&doc);
+                assert_eq!((file.header.color_mode, file.header.depth, file.header.channels), (PsdMode::Bitmap, 1, 1));
+                let mut expected = Vec::new();
+                for y in 0..2 {
+                    for byte in 0..width.div_ceil(8) {
+                        let mut packed = 0;
+                        for bit in 0..8 {
+                            let x = byte * 8 + bit;
+                            if x < width && (x + y) % 2 == 0 {
+                                packed |= 0x80 >> bit;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        expected.push(packed);
+                    }
+                }
+                assert_eq!(file.decode_merged().unwrap(), expected, "{depth:?}, width={width}");
+                assert!(file.color_mode_data.is_empty());
+                assert_eq!(back.mode, ColorMode::Bitmap);
+                let gray_alpha: Vec<_> = pixels.as_chunks::<4>().0.iter().flat_map(|p| [p[0], p[3]]).collect();
+                assert_eq!(back.layers[0].surface().unwrap().read_region(back.bounds()), gray_alpha);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn bitmap_alpha_is_flattened_over_white_before_thresholding() {
+        for depth in [SampleType::U8, SampleType::U16, SampleType::F32] {
+            let doc = document(3, 1, depth, ColorMode::Bitmap, &[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.49, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.51]);
+            let (file, back) = round_trip(&doc);
+            assert_eq!(file.decode_merged().unwrap(), [0x20], "{depth:?}");
+            assert_eq!(back.layers[0].surface().unwrap().read_region(back.bounds()), [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/io/src/pattern_map.rs b/crates/io/src/pattern_map.rs
index bd84d9aeb1..eeda1943cc 100644
--- a/crates/io/src/pattern_map.rs
+++ b/crates/io/src/pattern_map.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, PixelFormat, SampleType};
 use photocraft_doc::{Document, Pattern};
 use photocraft_geom::Rect;
-use photocraft_psd::patterns::{PatternBudget, PsdPattern, block_key, mode_channels, parse_pattern_block_with, write_pattern_block};
+use photocraft_psd::patterns::{PatternBudget, PsdPattern, block_has_user_mask, block_key, mode_channels, parse_pattern_block_with, write_pattern_block};
 use photocraft_raster::Surface;
 
 use crate::pixels::{deinterleave, interleave, max_sample, psd_depth, sample_for_depth, zero_sample};
@@ -124,12 +124,13 @@ pub fn from_global_blocks(doc: &Document) -> Vec<Pattern> {
         .collect()
 }
 
-/// Global blocks to write: the raw ones while they still match [`Document::patterns`], else the
-/// raw pattern blocks replaced by one written from the document (at the first one's position).
+/// Global blocks to write: the raw ones while they still match [`Document::patterns`] (see
+/// [`repair_legacy_blocks`]), else the raw pattern blocks replaced by one written from the
+/// document (at the first one's position).
 pub fn export_global_blocks(doc: &Document) -> Vec<photocraft_doc::PsdGlobalBlock> {
     let raw = &doc.metadata.psd_global_blocks;
     if from_global_blocks(doc) == doc.patterns {
-        return raw.clone();
+        return repair_legacy_blocks(raw);
     }
     let key = block_key(psd_depth(doc.depth));
     let fresh = write_pattern_block(&doc.patterns.iter().map(to_psd).collect::<Vec<_>>()).unwrap_or_default();
@@ -151,6 +152,31 @@ pub fn export_global_blocks(doc: &Document) -> Vec<photocraft_doc::PsdGlobalBloc
     out
 }
 
+/// `raw` with each pattern block that keeps transparency where older PhotoCraft builds put it
+/// (which Photoshop refuses, #8054) rewritten in place from its own patterns. Every other block,
+/// unreadable pattern blocks included, is kept verbatim. Blocks are decoded in order with one
+/// shared budget, as [`from_global_blocks`] decodes them.
+fn repair_legacy_blocks(raw: &[photocraft_doc::PsdGlobalBlock]) -> Vec<photocraft_doc::PsdGlobalBlock> {
+    if !raw.iter().any(|(_, k, d)| PATTERN_KEYS.contains(k) && block_has_user_mask(d)) {
+        return raw.to_vec();
+    }
+    let mut budget = PatternBudget::default();
+    raw.iter()
+        .map(|b @ (sig, key, data)| {
+            if !PATTERN_KEYS.contains(key) {
+                return b.clone();
+            }
+            match parse_pattern_block_with(data, &mut budget) {
+                Ok(ps) if block_has_user_mask(data) => match write_pattern_block(&ps) {
+                    Ok(fresh) => (*sig, *key, Arc::new(fresh)),
+                    Err(_) => b.clone(),
+                },
+                _ => b.clone(),
+            }
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
 /// Reads a `.pat` pattern file.
 pub fn read_pat(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<Pattern>, String> {
     let ps = photocraft_psd::patterns::parse_pat_file(bytes).map_err(|e| format!("not a readable .pat file: {e}"))?;
@@ -217,4 +243,38 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(from_global_blocks(&d2), d.patterns);
         assert_eq!(read_pat(&write_pat(&d.patterns).unwrap()).unwrap(), d.patterns);
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn transparent_pattern_blocks_from_older_builds_are_rewritten_on_save() {
+        // #8054: Define Pattern over transparency, then a Pattern Fill layer; Photoshop refused
+        // the PSD because the pattern's transparency sat in the user mask array.
+        let mut d = Document::new("x", photocraft_geom::Size { width: 4, height: 4 }, ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U16);
+        d.patterns.push(pattern(ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U16, true));
+        let out = export_global_blocks(&d);
+        assert_eq!(out.len(), 1);
+        assert!(!block_has_user_mask(&out[0].2));
+        // Move the transparency into the user mask array, as older builds wrote it: a 16-bit
+        // pattern's array is raw, so it is the last 8 + 23 + 5 × 3 × 2 bytes of the pattern.
+        let mut legacy = out[0].2.to_vec();
+        let end = 4 + u32::from_be_bytes([legacy[0], legacy[1], legacy[2], legacy[3]]) as usize;
+        legacy[end - (8 + 23 + 30) - 4..end].rotate_left(4);
+        assert!(block_has_user_mask(&legacy));
+        // A pattern block that doesn't decode (pattern version 2) sits beside it.
+        let unreadable = (*b"8BIM", *b"Patt", Arc::new(vec![0, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0]));
+        let other = (*b"8BIM", *b"Txt2", Arc::new(vec![1]));
+        d.metadata.psd_global_blocks = vec![other.clone(), (*b"8BIM", *b"Pat2", Arc::new(legacy)), unreadable.clone()];
+        assert_eq!(from_global_blocks(&d), d.patterns, "older files still open");
+        // The patterns are unchanged: only the legacy block is rewritten, in place; the other
+        // blocks are kept verbatim.
+        let out = export_global_blocks(&d);
+        assert_eq!(out.len(), 3);
+        assert_eq!((&out[0], &out[2]), (&other, &unreadable));
+        assert_eq!(out[1].1, *b"Pat2");
+        assert!(!block_has_user_mask(&out[1].2));
+        let mut back = d.clone();
+        back.metadata.psd_global_blocks = out;
+        assert_eq!(from_global_blocks(&back), d.patterns);
+        // Saving again keeps every block as it is.
+        assert_eq!(export_global_blocks(&back), back.metadata.psd_global_blocks);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/io/src/pixels.rs b/crates/io/src/pixels.rs
index 0251f83755..15e648df1a 100644
--- a/crates/io/src/pixels.rs
+++ b/crates/io/src/pixels.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,14 @@ pub fn sample_for_depth(depth: u16) -> SampleType {
     }
 }
 
+/// Complements every native-endian sample of one plane (`max − v`, `1 − v` for float). A
+/// trailing partial sample is left unchanged.
+pub(crate) fn invert_plane(bytes: &mut [u8], s: SampleType) {
+    for c in bytes.chunks_exact_mut(s.bytes().max(1)) {
+        invert_sample(c, s);
+    }
+}
+
 fn invert_sample(bytes: &mut [u8], s: SampleType) {
     match s {
         SampleType::U8 => bytes[0] = 255 - bytes[0],
@@ -47,7 +55,7 @@ pub fn interleave(planes: &[Option<&[u8]>], fill: &[Vec<u8>], n: usize, s: Sampl
         return out;
     }
     let bs = bands(n);
-    let step = bs.first().map_or(n, |b| b.len()) * row;
+    let step = bs.first().map_or(n, ExactSizeIterator::len) * row;
     par_map(bs.into_iter().zip(out.chunks_mut(step)).collect(), |(band, part)| {
         for (c, plane) in planes.iter().enumerate() {
             let src = plane.and_then(|p| p.get(band.start * bps..)).unwrap_or_default();
diff --git a/crates/io/src/psd_export.rs b/crates/io/src/psd_export.rs
index 0fc1a94e4f..eacab4f203 100644
--- a/crates/io/src/psd_export.rs
+++ b/crates/io/src/psd_export.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,10 @@ use crate::psd_import::REGENERATED;
 const RASTER_STALE_KEYS: [&[u8; 4]; 8] = [b"SoCo", b"GdFl", b"PtFl", b"SoLd", b"PlLd", b"SoLE", b"TySh", b"vscg"];
 
 const PSD_MAX_FILE_SIZE: u64 = 2 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024;
+/// Most bytes of one layer's interleaved samples the exporter gathers. The interleaved bytes and
+/// the channel planes made from them (or the band parts and the joined buffer) are alive together,
+/// so the peak is about twice this; it is also what fits in a file of at most [`PSD_MAX_FILE_SIZE`].
+const MAX_LAYER_GATHER_BYTES: u64 = if cfg!(target_pointer_width = "64") { 1 << 30 } else { 256 << 20 };
 const PSD_ESTIMATE_FIXED_OVERHEAD: u64 = 1024 * 1024;
 const PSD_ESTIMATE_LAYER_OVERHEAD: u64 = 64 * 1024;
 
@@ -50,6 +54,10 @@ pub struct PsdExportOptions {
     /// The path of the document's own file: linked smart objects are resolved against it
     /// ([`crate::doc_path::resolve`]) before they are read and embedded.
     pub document_path: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
+    /// Read and embed the files linked smart objects name. On by default; automation turns it
+    /// off, since a stored path is document data rather than a granted file: such a layer is
+    /// then written as pixels, with a warning.
+    pub read_linked_files: bool,
 }
 
 impl Default for PsdExportOptions {
@@ -61,6 +69,7 @@ impl Default for PsdExportOptions {
             merged_compression: Compression::Rle,
             maximize_compatibility: true,
             document_path: None,
+            read_linked_files: true,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -71,6 +80,8 @@ struct Ex {
     dpi: f32,
     /// The document's own file, which linked smart objects are resolved against.
     document: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
+    /// Whether linked files may be read and embedded ([`PsdExportOptions::read_linked_files`]).
+    read_linked_files: bool,
     /// Character/paragraph styles written into every type layer's engine data.
     text_styles: photocraft_doc::TextStyles,
     mask_fmt: PixelFormat,
@@ -143,6 +154,18 @@ fn contents_uuid(contents_id: SmartContentsId, bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
     crate::smart_map::uuid_from(identity.finalize().as_bytes())
 }
 
+type OwnedSourceHash = (std::sync::Arc<Vec<u8>>, [u8; 32]);
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+thread_local! { pub(crate) static EMBED_HASHED_SOURCE_BYTES: std::cell::Cell<usize> = const { std::cell::Cell::new(0) }; }
+
+/// The actual payload digest used by the source-conversion cache, separate from preview checks.
+fn embed_source_hash(bytes: &[u8]) -> [u8; 32] {
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    EMBED_HASHED_SOURCE_BYTES.with(|count| count.set(count.get().saturating_add(bytes.len())));
+    *blake3::hash(bytes).as_bytes()
+}
+
 /// Smart-object state collected while emitting layers, written into the global blocks at the end.
 #[derive(Default)]
 struct SmartOut {
@@ -158,8 +181,12 @@ struct SmartOut {
     prune_ok: bool,
     /// Files to embed.
     add: Vec<crate::linked::LinkedFile>,
-    /// Sources converted so far, by contents identity and bytes (`Err` = can't be embedded).
-    converted: std::collections::HashMap<(SmartContentsId, [u8; 32]), Result<Source, String>>,
+    /// Sources converted so far, by contents identity, bytes and whether they were read from a
+    /// link (`Err` = can't be embedded).
+    converted: std::collections::HashMap<(SmartContentsId, [u8; 32], bool), Result<Source, String>>,
+    /// Only immutable Embedded Arc owners are memoized; pinning them prevents address reuse.
+    /// Ephemeral linked-file reads always hash their current bytes independently.
+    embedded_hashes: std::collections::HashMap<usize, OwnedSourceHash>,
     /// Each placed layer has its own id, even when it duplicates an imported layer.
     placed_used: std::collections::HashSet<String>,
     /// Original instances reserve their imported placement regardless of layer order.
@@ -183,6 +210,9 @@ struct SmartOut {
     /// The unfiltered pixels of each smart object whose filter mask shows: its layer record holds
     /// the filtered pixels without the mask, as Photoshop's do (`compose::filter_mask`).
     unfiltered: std::collections::HashMap<photocraft_doc::LayerId, Surface>,
+    /// Native vector previews validated once per source and preview, shared by both their
+    /// `pcVP` block and the source document of the filter caches.
+    vector_previews: crate::vector_preview::ExportCache,
 }
 
 /// Whether a smart object's filter mask shows: enabled over at least one visible, enabled filter.
@@ -234,6 +264,20 @@ impl SmartOut {
         SmartOut { depth, globals, known, prune_ok: true, old_fx, linked_contents, placed_owners, unplaced_owners, ..Default::default() }
     }
 
+    /// The validated native preview of `sm`, checked against its embedded bytes or the preserved
+    /// embedded file it links to (never a disk path).
+    fn vector_preview(&mut self, sm: &photocraft_doc::SmartObject) -> Option<std::sync::Arc<crate::vector_preview::Exported>> {
+        let preview = sm.vector_preview.as_ref()?;
+        let (owner, source) = match &sm.source {
+            photocraft_doc::SmartSource::Embedded { bytes, .. } => (bytes, bytes.as_slice()),
+            photocraft_doc::SmartSource::Linked { path } => self
+                .globals
+                .iter()
+                .find_map(|(_, key, data)| crate::linked::embedded_payload_in_blocks([(key, data.as_slice())], path).map(|(_, bytes)| (data, bytes)))?,
+        };
+        self.vector_previews.get(preview, owner, source)
+    }
+
     /// The document's global blocks with the linked-layer files and filter caches brought up to
     /// date: unreferenced files dropped (when every reference is known), new files appended,
     /// filter caches kept or regenerated per smart object. Unchanged blocks stay byte-identical.
@@ -375,6 +419,13 @@ impl Ex {
         if r.is_empty() {
             return (PsdRect::default(), self.empty_channels(), warnings);
         }
+        // A layer record is one dense rectangle, so a few pixels far apart make a box of mostly
+        // nothing, gathered and then copied again. Past the cap the layer is saved empty, said so.
+        let dense = u64::from(r.width()).saturating_mul(u64::from(r.height())).saturating_mul(s.format().bytes_per_pixel() as u64);
+        if dense > MAX_LAYER_GATHER_BYTES {
+            warnings.push(format!("layer \"{name}\" spans {}×{} px, too large to write: saved without its pixels", r.width(), r.height()));
+            return (PsdRect::default(), self.empty_channels(), warnings);
+        }
         // The interleaved gather is the sequential pass for full-canvas layers, so it runs
         // in row bands on all cores and the band results concatenate in order.
         let row_len = r.width() as usize;
@@ -573,6 +624,9 @@ impl Ex {
         if effects_unchanged(l) == Some(false) {
             raw.retain(|(k, _)| k != b"lmfx");
         }
+        // Regenerate the private preview from its typed, source-bound value. Never retain a
+        // stale block after source replacement or rasterization.
+        raw.retain(|(key, _)| key != &crate::vector_preview::PSD_KEY);
         let mut regenerated: Vec<([u8; 4], Vec<u8>)> = Vec::new();
         // `keys` is in the importer's priority order (`psd_raw` came from the first key present),
         // not file order: Photoshop writes `PlLd` before `SoLd`, and overwriting the first match
@@ -630,8 +684,8 @@ impl Ex {
                     photocraft_doc::Adjustment::Unsupported { psd_key, .. } => Some(psd_key.as_bytes()),
                     _ => None,
                 };
-                let keep =
-                    keep || matches!(a, photocraft_doc::Adjustment::Unsupported { raw: r, .. } if raw.iter().any(|(k, d)| own == Some(&k[..]) && d == r));
+                let keep = keep
+                    || matches!(a, photocraft_doc::Adjustment::Unsupported { raw: r, .. } if raw.iter().any(|(k, d)| own == Some(&k[..]) && d[..] == r[..]));
                 if !keep {
                     raw.retain(|(k, _)| !adjust_map::ADJUSTMENT_KEYS.contains(&k) && k != b"CgEd" && own != Some(&k[..]));
                     let w = adjust_map::write(a);
@@ -658,6 +712,10 @@ impl Ex {
                 crate::vector_map::shape_blocks(sh, &mut raw, w, h, self.dpi);
             }
             LayerContent::Text(t) => {
+                if matches!(t.shape, photocraft_doc::text::TextShape::Area { .. }) {
+                    self.warnings
+                        .push(format!("layer \"{}\": area type is saved as paragraph text over its path's bounds (PSD area type is not written yet)", l.name));
+                }
                 // Text layers without PSD data (created here) get a generated TySh.
                 let generated = t.psd_raw.is_none().then(|| std::sync::Arc::new(photocraft_text::psd::build_tysh(t, self.dpi, None)));
                 let src = t.psd_raw.as_ref().or(generated.as_ref());
@@ -678,6 +736,9 @@ impl Ex {
                 }
             }
             LayerContent::Smart(sm) => {
+                if let Some(preview) = self.smart.vector_preview(sm) {
+                    raw.push((crate::vector_preview::PSD_KEY, preview.block.clone()));
+                }
                 let parsed = sm.psd_raw.as_deref().and_then(|d| crate::smart_map::parse_sold(d));
                 if sm.psd_raw.is_some() && parsed.is_none() && !self.plld_edited(sm) {
                     // Placed-layer data that isn't `SoLd` (a CS2 `PlLd` record, or one we can't
@@ -731,9 +792,24 @@ impl Ex {
             let id = self.layer_ids.get(&l.id).copied().unwrap_or(0);
             crate::comps_map::set_cmls(&mut raw, crate::comps_map::write_cmls(comps, last.as_ref(), l, id));
         }
+        self.layer_xmp_block(l, &mut raw);
         regenerated.into_iter().chain(raw).map(|(k, d)| TaggedBlock::new(k, d)).collect()
     }
 
+    /// Writes the layer's XMP packet into its `shmd` block (created when it has none). Import
+    /// takes the packet out of `shmd`, so a layer without one keeps the block as it was.
+    fn layer_xmp_block(&mut self, l: &Layer, raw: &mut Vec<([u8; 4], Vec<u8>)>) {
+        let Some(xmp) = l.xmp.as_deref() else { return };
+        let pos = raw.iter().position(|(k, _)| k == b"shmd");
+        match photocraft_psd::metadata::put_layer_xmp(pos.map(|i| raw[i].1.as_slice()), xmp) {
+            Ok(data) => match pos {
+                Some(i) => raw[i].1 = data,
+                None => raw.push((*b"shmd", data)),
+            },
+            Err(e) => self.warnings.push(format!("layer \"{}\": its XMP metadata was not saved (its metadata block can't be read: {e})", l.name)),
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Keeps, regenerates or removes the `vmsk`/`vsms` block of a non-shape layer.
     fn vector_mask_block(&mut self, l: &Layer, raw: &mut Vec<([u8; 4], Vec<u8>)>) {
         let (w, h) = (self.canvas.width(), self.canvas.height());
@@ -922,7 +998,8 @@ impl Ex {
     /// they are; a linked file is read and embedded).
     fn smart_source(&mut self, sm: &photocraft_doc::SmartObject, template: Option<&crate::smart_map::Placed>) -> Result<Source, String> {
         use photocraft_doc::SmartSource;
-        match &sm.source {
+        let preview = self.smart.vector_preview(sm).and_then(|preview| Some((preview.document.clone(), preview.frame?)));
+        let mut source = match &sm.source {
             // A file of the imported document, or one its placed-layer data names (a missing
             // link stays a smart object, as in Photoshop).
             SmartSource::Linked { path } if self.smart.known.contains(path) || template.is_some_and(|t| t.idnt == *path) => {
@@ -962,17 +1039,30 @@ impl Ex {
             SmartSource::Linked { path } => {
                 #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
                 {
+                    if !self.read_linked_files {
+                        return Err(format!("the linked file {path} is not read for this export"));
+                    }
                     let file = crate::doc_path::resolve(path, self.document.as_deref()).map_err(|e| format!("the linked file {path} is not opened: {e}"))?;
                     let bytes = std::fs::read(file).map_err(|e| format!("the linked file {path} can't be read: {e}"))?;
                     let name = path.rsplit(['/', '\\']).next().unwrap_or(path).to_string();
+                    let source = self.embed(sm.contents_id, &name, &bytes, true)?;
                     self.warnings.push(format!("the linked smart object {name} was embedded (PSD export keeps no external links)"));
-                    self.embed(sm.contents_id, &name, &bytes)
+                    Ok(source)
                 }
                 #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
                 Err(format!("the linked file {path} can't be read here"))
             }
-            SmartSource::Embedded { file_name, bytes } => self.embed(sm.contents_id, file_name, bytes),
+            SmartSource::Embedded { file_name, bytes } => {
+                let identity = std::sync::Arc::as_ptr(bytes).addr();
+                let hash = self.smart.embedded_hashes.entry(identity).or_insert_with(|| (bytes.clone(), embed_source_hash(bytes))).1;
+                self.embed_hashed(sm.contents_id, file_name, bytes, false, hash)
+            }
+        }?;
+        if let Some((preview, frame)) = preview {
+            source.size = frame;
+            self.smart.docs.insert(source.uuid.clone(), preview);
         }
+        Ok(source)
     }
 
     /// The composite of the source `uuid` (an embedded file of this export or of the imported
@@ -1016,17 +1106,25 @@ impl Ex {
 
     /// Adds `bytes` as an embedded file (converted to PSB when it is a `.pcraft` bundle), once
     /// per contents identity and bytes. Equal bytes in independent objects stay independent.
-    fn embed(&mut self, contents_id: SmartContentsId, file_name: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Source, String> {
-        let key = (contents_id, *blake3::hash(bytes).as_bytes());
+    /// `linked`: the bytes were read from a path the document names, so only a file PhotoCraft
+    /// can open is embedded (a link to a text or settings file is written as pixels instead).
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    fn embed(&mut self, contents_id: SmartContentsId, file_name: &str, bytes: &[u8], linked: bool) -> Result<Source, String> {
+        self.embed_hashed(contents_id, file_name, bytes, linked, embed_source_hash(bytes))
+    }
+
+    /// Reuse conversion only for the same contents identity, actual-byte digest and linked-file policy.
+    fn embed_hashed(&mut self, contents_id: SmartContentsId, file_name: &str, bytes: &[u8], linked: bool, hash: [u8; 32]) -> Result<Source, String> {
+        let key = (contents_id, hash, linked);
         if let Some(r) = self.smart.converted.get(&key) {
             return r.clone();
         }
-        let r = self.convert_source(contents_id, file_name, bytes);
+        let r = self.convert_source(contents_id, file_name, bytes, linked);
         self.smart.converted.insert(key, r.clone());
         r
     }
 
-    fn convert_source(&mut self, contents_id: SmartContentsId, file_name: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Source, String> {
+    fn convert_source(&mut self, contents_id: SmartContentsId, file_name: &str, bytes: &[u8], linked: bool) -> Result<Source, String> {
         let (name, data, size, dpi, nested) = if photocraft_format::is_pcraft(bytes) {
             if self.smart.depth >= MAX_NESTING {
                 return Err(format!("smart objects nest more than {MAX_NESTING} deep"));
@@ -1034,7 +1132,7 @@ impl Ex {
             let doc = photocraft_format::load_from_bytes(bytes).map_err(|e| format!("its contents can't be read: {e}"))?;
             let (file, warnings) = document_to_psd_nested(
                 &doc,
-                &PsdExportOptions { force_psb: true, document_path: self.document.clone(), ..Default::default() },
+                &PsdExportOptions { force_psb: true, document_path: self.document.clone(), read_linked_files: self.read_linked_files, ..Default::default() },
                 self.smart.depth + 1,
                 &Interrupt::NONE,
             );
@@ -1044,9 +1142,13 @@ impl Ex {
             let size = (f64::from(doc.size.width), f64::from(doc.size.height));
             (format!("{stem}.psb"), data, size, f64::from(doc.resolution_dpi), Some(doc))
         } else {
-            // Formats we can't decode (vector PDF/AI…) are still embedded; their size comes from the layer.
-            let (size, dpi) =
-                crate::linked::source_geometry(file_name, bytes, &photocraft_raster::Interrupt::NONE).unwrap_or(((0.0, 0.0), f64::from(self.dpi)));
+            // Embedded formats we can't decode (vector PDF/AI…) are kept; their size comes from the
+            // layer. A linked file we can't decode is not embedded.
+            let (size, dpi) = match crate::linked::source_geometry(file_name, bytes, &photocraft_raster::Interrupt::NONE) {
+                Ok(geometry) => geometry,
+                Err(e) if linked => return Err(format!("the linked file {file_name} is not an image PhotoCraft can open: {e}")),
+                Err(_) => ((0.0, 0.0), f64::from(self.dpi)),
+            };
             (file_name.to_string(), bytes.to_vec(), size, dpi, None)
         };
         let uuid = contents_uuid(contents_id, &data);
@@ -1222,9 +1324,12 @@ pub(crate) fn pascal_names_resource(names: &[&str]) -> Vec<u8> {
     let mut v = Vec::new();
     for n in names {
         let b = legacy_name(n);
-        v.push(b.len() as u8);
-        v.extend_from_slice(&b);
+        let n = b.len().min(255);
+        v.push(n as u8);
+        v.extend_from_slice(&b[..n]);
     }
+    // No per-string pad: Photoshop's resource 1006 for "Spot Color 1" is 13 bytes
+    // (length byte + 12 characters). The 8BIM container pads an odd resource separately.
     v
 }
 
@@ -1323,6 +1428,9 @@ fn cmyk_of(fmt: &PixelFormat) -> bool {
 /// `ctl` gets the fraction of rows done after each band; once it is cancelled the rest of the
 /// image is left blank (the caller discards it).
 fn merged_planes(doc: &Document, fmt: &PixelFormat, cmyk: bool, matte: bool, ctl: &Interrupt) -> (Vec<u8>, bool, bool) {
+    if cmyk && let Some(planes) = merged_ink_planes(doc, fmt.sample, matte, ctl) {
+        return planes;
+    }
     let sample = fmt.sample;
     let cc = fmt.mode.color_channels();
     let bps = sample.bytes();
@@ -1380,6 +1488,57 @@ fn merged_planes(doc: &Document, fmt: &PixelFormat, cmyk: bool, matte: bool, ctl
     (planes, has_alpha, translucent)
 }
 
+/// [`merged_planes`] of a CMYK document whose layers are mixed on their ink values
+/// (`photocraft_compose::cmyk`), so opaque pixels keep their exact inks; `None` for documents
+/// that composite in RGB. Reports progress and stops on cancel like [`merged_planes`].
+fn merged_ink_planes(doc: &Document, sample: SampleType, matte: bool, ctl: &Interrupt) -> Option<(Vec<u8>, bool, bool)> {
+    let bps = sample.bytes();
+    let n = doc.size.area() as usize;
+    let plane = n * bps;
+    let mut planes = vec![0u8; plane * 5];
+    let (mut has_alpha, mut translucent) = (false, false);
+    let canvas = doc.bounds();
+    let w = canvas.width() as usize;
+    let rows = canvas.height().max(1) as f32;
+    // A cancelled export leaves the rest blank (the caller discards it), so the result stands either way.
+    let _ = photocraft_compose::cmyk::render_cmyk_bands(doc, canvas, 0, |band| -> Result<(), ()> {
+        if ctl.cancelled() {
+            return Err(());
+        }
+        // Retain alpha whenever it differs from opaque at the stored precision.
+        has_alpha |= band.px.iter().any(|p| match sample {
+            SampleType::U8 => q255(p[4]) < 255,
+            SampleType::U16 => (p[4].clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 65535.0 + 0.5) as u16 != u16::MAX,
+            SampleType::F32 => p[4] != 1.0,
+        });
+        translucent |= band.px.iter().any(|p| p[4] < 1.0);
+        let start = (band.rect.y0 - canvas.y0) as usize * w;
+        let parts = crate::pixels::par_map(crate::pixels::bands(band.px.len()), |range| {
+            let mut out: Vec<Vec<u8>> = (0..5).map(|_| Vec::with_capacity(range.len() * bps)).collect();
+            for p in band.px.get(range.clone()).unwrap_or(&[]) {
+                for (c, o) in out.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+                    // Inks matted against white paper (no ink) like Photoshop (see
+                    // `pixels::matte`), and stored inverted as PSD's CMYK is.
+                    let v = if c < 4 { 1.0 - if matte { crate::pixels::matte(p[c], p[4], 0.0) } else { p[c] } } else { p[4] };
+                    encode_be(v, sample, o);
+                }
+            }
+            (range.start, out)
+        });
+        for (at, part) in parts {
+            for (c, src) in part.iter().enumerate() {
+                let o = c * plane + (start + at) * bps;
+                if let Some(dst) = planes.get_mut(o..o + src.len()) {
+                    dst.copy_from_slice(src);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        ctl.progress((band.rect.y1 - canvas.y0) as f32 / rows);
+        Ok(())
+    })?;
+    Some((planes, has_alpha, translucent))
+}
+
 /// The merged image of a file saved without Maximize Compatibility: Photoshop's white placeholder
 /// in the document's colour channels, with no alpha. Encoded like [`merged_planes`], so CMYK white
 /// is no ink and Lab white is L 100 with neutral a*/b*.
@@ -1519,7 +1678,7 @@ pub(crate) fn estimate_psd_size(doc: &Document) -> Option<u64> {
 
     structural_bytes = structural_bytes
         .checked_add(u64::try_from(doc.icc_profile.as_ref().map_or(0, |profile| profile.len())).ok()?)?
-        .checked_add(u64::try_from(doc.metadata.xmp.as_ref().map_or(0, String::len)).ok()?)?
+        .checked_add(u64::try_from(doc.metadata.xmp.as_deref().map_or(0, str::len)).ok()?)?
         .checked_add(u64::try_from(doc.metadata.exif.as_ref().map_or(0, |data| data.len())).ok()?)?;
     for (_, name, data) in &doc.metadata.psd_resources {
         structural_bytes = structural_bytes.checked_add(u64::try_from(name.len()).ok()?)?.checked_add(u64::try_from(data.len()).ok()?)?;
@@ -1570,7 +1729,7 @@ fn document_to_psd_nested(doc: &Document, opts: &PsdExportOptions, depth: u32, c
         .duotone
         .as_ref()
         .filter(|d| !d.inks.is_empty() && doc.mode == ColorMode::Duotone && fmt.mode == ColorMode::Grayscale && fmt.sample == SampleType::U8)
-        .map(|d| d.psd_raw.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| crate::duotone_map::write(d)));
+        .map(|d| d.psd_raw.as_deref().map_or_else(|| crate::duotone_map::write(d), <[u8]>::to_vec));
     let sample = fmt.sample;
     let cc = fmt.mode.color_channels();
     let big = doc.size.width > 30_000 || doc.size.height > 30_000;
@@ -1580,6 +1739,7 @@ fn document_to_psd_nested(doc: &Document, opts: &PsdExportOptions, depth: u32, c
         fmt,
         dpi: doc.resolution_dpi,
         document: opts.document_path.clone(),
+        read_linked_files: opts.read_linked_files,
         text_styles: doc.text_styles.clone(),
         text_index: Default::default(),
         mask_fmt: PixelFormat::new(ColorMode::Grayscale, sample, false),
@@ -1721,7 +1881,11 @@ fn document_to_psd_nested(doc: &Document, opts: &PsdExportOptions, depth: u32, c
     };
     for a in &extra {
         let s = if a.surface.format() != ex.mask_fmt { a.surface.convert(ex.mask_fmt) } else { a.surface.clone() };
-        let bytes = s.to_interleaved(canvas);
+        let mut bytes = s.to_interleaved(canvas);
+        // Spot ink as Photoshop stores it (0 = solid); an alpha channel stays straight.
+        if a.spot.is_some() {
+            crate::channel_map::photoshop_spot_plane(&mut bytes, sample);
+        }
         planes.extend(deinterleave(&bytes, 1, sample, &[false]).remove(0));
     }
     let channels = (cc + usize::from(has_alpha) + extra.len()) as u16;
@@ -1753,6 +1917,9 @@ fn document_to_psd_nested(doc: &Document, opts: &PsdExportOptions, depth: u32, c
         resources.push(ImageResource::new(1006, pascal_names_resource(&names)));
         resources.push(ImageResource::new(1045, unicode_names_resource(&names)));
         resources.push(ImageResource::new(crate::channel_map::DISPLAY_INFO, crate::channel_map::display_info(&extra, has_alpha)));
+        // Photoshop writes 1053 in every file with an extra channel. Its absence is how a file from
+        // an earlier PhotoCraft is told apart (`psd_import::earlier_photocraft_spot_planes`).
+        resources.push(ImageResource::new(crate::channel_map::ALPHA_IDENTIFIERS, crate::channel_map::alpha_identifiers(has_alpha, extra.len())));
     }
     if let Some(id) = quick_mask_id {
         let mut data = id.to_be_bytes().to_vec();
@@ -1804,7 +1971,13 @@ fn document_to_psd_nested(doc: &Document, opts: &PsdExportOptions, depth: u32, c
         if !ex.records.is_empty() && matches!(&key, b"Lr16" | b"Lr32" | b"Layr") {
             continue;
         }
-        global_blocks.push(global_block(block_signature(sig, key, version), key, &data));
+        let block = global_block(block_signature(sig, key, version), key, &data);
+        // A kept merged-transparency marker describes the opened file's composite. Over an opaque
+        // one it would make the first alpha channel read back as the transparency, and vanish.
+        if !has_alpha && block.is_merged_transparency_marker() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        global_blocks.push(block);
     }
     if let Some(txt2) = txt2 {
         let mut tb = TaggedBlock::new(*b"Txt2", txt2.clone());
@@ -1829,6 +2002,12 @@ fn document_to_psd_nested(doc: &Document, opts: &PsdExportOptions, depth: u32, c
         if !keep_imported_resource(doc, *id, data) {
             continue;
         }
+        // 1053 is written afresh with the extra channels. A kept copy (from a Multichannel file, or
+        // a document saved by an earlier version) would be a second one, or list channels that
+        // are gone.
+        if *id == crate::channel_map::ALPHA_IDENTIFIERS {
+            continue;
+        }
         let mut r = ImageResource::new(*id, data.to_vec());
         r.name = legacy_name(name);
         resources.push(r);
@@ -1845,10 +2024,10 @@ fn document_to_psd_nested(doc: &Document, opts: &PsdExportOptions, depth: u32, c
     resources.push(version_info_resource(real_merged));
 
     let has_layers = !ex.records.is_empty();
-    // Photoshop writes a merged-transparency marker (`Mtrn`, `Mt16`, `Mt32`) before the layer
-    // block, and won't open a file whose `Lr32` comes first (#5068): the layer block goes right
-    // after the last kept marker, else first.
-    let index = global_blocks.iter().rposition(|b| matches!(&b.key, b"Mtrn" | b"Mt16" | b"Mt32")).map_or(0, |i| i + 1);
+    // Photoshop writes a merged-transparency marker (`Mtrn`, `Mt16`, `Mt32`; `MTrn` in a TIFF)
+    // before the layer block, and won't open a file whose `Lr32` comes first (#5068): the layer
+    // block goes right after the last kept marker, else first.
+    let index = global_blocks.iter().rposition(TaggedBlock::is_merged_transparency_marker).map_or(0, |i| i + 1);
     let placement = match (has_layers, sample) {
         (true, SampleType::U16) => LayerInfoPlacement::GlobalBlock { index, signature: *b"8BIM", key: *b"Lr16", padding: None },
         (true, SampleType::F32) => LayerInfoPlacement::GlobalBlock { index, signature: *b"8BIM", key: *b"Lr32", padding: None },
@@ -1956,6 +2135,100 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(back.layers.len() == 1 && bg.name == "Background" && bg.locks.transparency && bg.locks.position, "{:?}", bg.locks);
     }
 
+    /// A layered document with a spot and an alpha channel. Each channel holds 100 %, 25 %, 75 %
+    /// and 0 % in four columns, the layout of the Photoshop spot oracles.
+    fn spot_and_alpha_document() -> Document {
+        let mut doc = document(4, 1);
+        doc.layers.push(Layer::group("Group", vec![Layer::raster("Layer 1", doc.pixel_format())]));
+        let channel = |name: &str| {
+            let mut s = Surface::new(PixelFormat::GRAY8);
+            s.write_interleaved(doc.bounds(), &[255, 64, 191, 0]);
+            photocraft_doc::AlphaChannel::new(name, s)
+        };
+        let mut spot = channel("Spot Color 1");
+        spot.spot = Some((photocraft_doc::Color::rgb(0.0, 0.6, 1.0), 0.0));
+        let alpha = channel("Alpha 1");
+        doc.channels.extend([spot, alpha]);
+        doc
+    }
+
+    /// The extra planes after the colour channels (and the merged transparency) of `file`.
+    fn extra_planes(file: &PsdFile, count: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let planes = file.decode_merged().unwrap();
+        let plane = (file.header.width * file.header.height) as usize * usize::from(file.header.depth / 8);
+        planes[planes.len() - count * plane..].to_vec()
+    }
+
+    /// Resource 1053's identifiers.
+    fn alpha_ids(file: &PsdFile) -> Option<Vec<u32>> {
+        file.resource(crate::channel_map::ALPHA_IDENTIFIERS).map(|r| r.data.as_chunks::<4>().0.iter().map(|c| u32::from_be_bytes(*c)).collect())
+    }
+
+    /// A PSD stores spot ink as Photoshop's own PSDs do (0 = solid ink: the 100, 25, 75 and 0 %
+    /// columns are 0, 191, 64, 255) and an alpha channel straight (255 = selected). The global
+    /// layer mask stays empty and flag bit 3 stays on the layers only, not on the group's closing
+    /// divider: Photoshop opens those as they are, and 509 of the corpus's 721 Photoshop PSDs have
+    /// an empty mask too. Opening the file gives the same ink back.
+    #[test]
+    fn psd_stores_spot_ink_as_photoshop_does() {
+        let doc = spot_and_alpha_document();
+        let file = PsdFile::from_bytes(&document_to_psd(&doc).to_bytes().unwrap()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(extra_planes(&file, 2), [0, 191, 64, 255, 255, 64, 191, 0], "spot, then alpha");
+        assert_eq!(file.global_layer_mask.as_ref().map(|m| m.data.len()), Some(0));
+        let flags: Vec<u8> = file.layers().iter().map(|l| l.flags.0 & LayerFlags::BIT4_USEFUL).collect();
+        assert_eq!(flags, [0, LayerFlags::BIT4_USEFUL, LayerFlags::BIT4_USEFUL], "closing divider, layer, group");
+        let back = crate::import("spot.psd", &file.to_bytes().unwrap()).unwrap().document;
+        assert!(back.channels[0].spot.is_some() && back.channels[1].spot.is_none());
+        for c in &back.channels {
+            assert_eq!(c.surface.to_interleaved(back.bounds()), [255, 64, 191, 0], "{}", c.name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Resource 1053 numbers the extra channels as Photoshop 27.11 does in a new document: 3, 4, 5
+    /// in every colour mode, after 0 for the merged transparency when there is one (its
+    /// transparent PSD lists `0, 3, 4, 5`). A Quick Mask is an extra channel too. Without extra
+    /// channels there is none.
+    #[test]
+    fn psd_alpha_identifiers_number_the_channels_as_photoshop_does() {
+        use photocraft_color::Color;
+        let size = photocraft_geom::Size::new(4, 1);
+        for mode in [ColorMode::Rgb, ColorMode::Cmyk, ColorMode::Grayscale, ColorMode::Lab] {
+            let mut doc = Document::with_background("bg", size, mode, SampleType::U8, Color::rgb(1.0, 1.0, 1.0));
+            assert_eq!(alpha_ids(&document_to_psd(&doc)), None, "{mode:?} without channels");
+            doc.channels = spot_and_alpha_document().channels;
+            let file = document_to_psd(&doc);
+            assert!(!file.merged_has_alpha(), "{mode:?}");
+            assert_eq!(alpha_ids(&file), Some(vec![3, 4]), "{mode:?}");
+            doc.quick_mask = Some(photocraft_doc::AlphaChannel::new("Quick Mask", Surface::new(PixelFormat::GRAY8)));
+            assert_eq!(alpha_ids(&document_to_psd(&doc)), Some(vec![3, 4, 5]), "{mode:?} with a Quick Mask");
+        }
+        // The empty layer leaves the composite transparent.
+        let file = document_to_psd(&spot_and_alpha_document());
+        assert!(file.merged_has_alpha());
+        assert_eq!(alpha_ids(&file), Some(vec![0, 3, 4]));
+    }
+
+    /// A save writes one fresh 1053 for the channels the document has. A Photoshop file's own is
+    /// not kept on open (it would be new metadata after every round trip), and one a document
+    /// carries anyway (kept by an earlier version) is never written: next to the fresh one it
+    /// would be a second, and without channels it would list channels that are gone. The
+    /// identifiers here, 3 and 2, are those of psd-tools' `cmyk-alpha-spot.psd` (Photoshop 24.7).
+    #[test]
+    fn a_kept_alpha_identifiers_resource_is_not_written() {
+        let kept = || (crate::channel_map::ALPHA_IDENTIFIERS, String::new(), std::sync::Arc::new([0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 2].to_vec()));
+        let mut file = document_to_psd(&spot_and_alpha_document());
+        file.resources.retain(|r| r.id != crate::channel_map::ALPHA_IDENTIFIERS);
+        file.resources.push(ImageResource::new(kept().0, kept().2.to_vec()));
+        let mut opened = crate::import("ps.psd", &file.to_bytes().unwrap()).unwrap().document;
+        assert!(!opened.metadata.psd_resources.iter().any(|(id, ..)| *id == crate::channel_map::ALPHA_IDENTIFIERS));
+        opened.metadata.psd_resources.push(kept());
+        let again = PsdFile::from_bytes(&crate::export(&opened, "x.psd", &crate::ExportOptions::default()).unwrap().bytes).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(again.resources.iter().filter(|r| r.id == crate::channel_map::ALPHA_IDENTIFIERS).count(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(alpha_ids(&again), Some(vec![0, 3, 4]));
+        opened.channels.clear();
+        assert_eq!(alpha_ids(&document_to_psd(&opened)), None, "no channels left");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn group_divider_id_wraps_without_colliding_with_imported_layer_ids() {
         let mut doc = document(8, 8);
@@ -1982,7 +2255,12 @@ mod tests {
     /// `transparentbg.psd` re-saved both ways). The layer block follows a kept marker.
     #[test]
     fn layer_block_follows_a_kept_merged_transparency_marker() {
-        for (depth, key, marker) in [(SampleType::F32, *b"Lr32", *b"Mt32"), (SampleType::U16, *b"Lr16", *b"Mt16"), (SampleType::F32, *b"Lr32", *b"Mtrn")] {
+        for (depth, key, marker) in [
+            (SampleType::F32, *b"Lr32", *b"Mt32"),
+            (SampleType::U16, *b"Lr16", *b"Mt16"),
+            (SampleType::F32, *b"Lr32", *b"Mtrn"),
+            (SampleType::F32, *b"Lr32", *b"MTrn"),
+        ] {
             let mut doc = Document::new("t", photocraft_geom::Size::new(8, 6), ColorMode::Rgb, depth);
             let mut s = Surface::new(doc.pixel_format());
             s.fill_rect(photocraft_geom::Rect::new(1, 1, 5, 4), &[0.5, 0.2, 0.9, 1.0]);
@@ -2002,6 +2280,28 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(matches!(saved.layer_info_placement, LayerInfoPlacement::GlobalBlock { index: 0, .. }));
     }
 
+    /// A merged-transparency marker kept from the opened file describes that file's composite.
+    /// Saved with an opaque composite, it would make the first alpha channel read back as the
+    /// merged transparency, and the channel would be gone: the save drops it.
+    #[test]
+    fn an_opaque_save_drops_a_kept_merged_transparency_marker() {
+        for (depth, marker) in [(SampleType::U8, *b"MTrn"), (SampleType::U8, *b"Mtrn"), (SampleType::U16, *b"Mt16"), (SampleType::F32, *b"Mt32")] {
+            let case = format!("{depth:?} {}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&marker));
+            let mut doc = Document::new("t", photocraft_geom::Size::new(8, 6), ColorMode::Rgb, depth);
+            let mut s = Surface::new(doc.pixel_format());
+            s.fill_rect(photocraft_geom::Rect::new(0, 0, 8, 6), &[0.5, 0.2, 0.9, 1.0]);
+            doc.layers.push(Layer::new("Layer 1", LayerContent::Raster(s)));
+            doc.channels.push(photocraft_doc::AlphaChannel::new("Alpha 1", Surface::new(PixelFormat::GRAY8)));
+            doc.metadata.psd_global_blocks = vec![(*b"8BIM", marker, std::sync::Arc::new(Vec::new()))];
+            let file = document_to_psd(&doc);
+            assert!(!file.global_blocks.iter().any(TaggedBlock::is_merged_transparency_marker), "{case}");
+            assert!(!file.merged_has_alpha(), "{case}");
+            let back = crate::import("a.psd", &file.to_bytes().unwrap()).unwrap().document;
+            let names: Vec<&str> = back.channels.iter().map(|c| c.name.as_str()).collect();
+            assert_eq!(names, ["Alpha 1"], "{case}");
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn unreadable_lr16_warns_on_import_and_is_not_saved_twice() {
         // #2700: a 16-bit file whose Lr16 block claims five layers but holds none.
@@ -2087,6 +2387,42 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(density, 0.5);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn light_adjustment_is_kept_verbatim_and_warned() {
+        // #6542: Photoshop 2026's Light layer is a `brit` block whose `CgEd` descriptor carries
+        // more than Brightness/Contrast. Synthetic block: the extra key names are placeholders.
+        use photocraft_psd::descriptor::{Descriptor, Value, VersionedDescriptor};
+        let brit = vec![0, 0, 0xff, 0xfe, 0, 127, 0, 0];
+        let d = Descriptor::new("null")
+            .with("Vrsn", Value::Integer(1))
+            .with("Brgh", Value::Integer(0))
+            .with("Cntr", Value::Integer(-2))
+            .with("Exps", Value::Double(-2.3))
+            .with("Hghl", Value::Integer(-64))
+            .with("useLegacy", Value::Boolean(false));
+        let cged = VersionedDescriptor::new(d).to_bytes();
+        let adjustment = crate::adjust_map::parse(b"brit", &brit, Some(&cged), crate::adjust_map::Channels::Rgb);
+        assert_eq!(adjustment, photocraft_doc::Adjustment::Unsupported { psd_key: "brit".into(), raw: brit.clone().into() });
+        let mut doc = Document::with_background("Light", photocraft_geom::Size::new(8, 8), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8, photocraft_doc::Color::WHITE);
+        let mut layer = Layer::new("Light 1", LayerContent::Adjustment(adjustment));
+        layer.psd_blocks = vec![(*b"brit", std::sync::Arc::new(brit.clone())), (*b"CgEd", std::sync::Arc::new(cged.clone()))];
+        doc.layers.push(layer);
+        let block = |file: &PsdFile, key: &[u8; 4]| {
+            let records = &file.layer_info.as_ref().unwrap().layers;
+            records.iter().flat_map(|r| r.blocks.iter()).find(|b| b.key == *key).map(|b| b.data.clone())
+        };
+        let file = PsdFile::from_bytes(&document_to_psd(&doc).to_bytes().unwrap()).unwrap();
+        let (restored, warnings) = crate::psd_import::psd_to_document(&file);
+        assert!(warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("\"Light 1\"") && w.contains("Light settings")), "{warnings:?}");
+        // Saved again unchanged, both blocks are written back byte for byte.
+        let again = PsdFile::from_bytes(&document_to_psd(&restored).to_bytes().unwrap()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(block(&again, b"brit").as_deref(), Some(&brit[..]));
+        assert_eq!(block(&again, b"CgEd").as_deref(), Some(&cged[..]));
+        // A plain Brightness/Contrast descriptor still reads as Brightness/Contrast.
+        let plain = crate::adjust_map::write(&photocraft_doc::Adjustment::BrightnessContrast { brightness: 5.0, contrast: -2.0, legacy: false });
+        assert!(!crate::adjust_map::is_extended_brit(Some(&plain[1].1)));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn size_limit_boundary_keeps_limit_and_switches_above_it() {
         assert!(!exceeds_psd_size_limit(Some(PSD_MAX_FILE_SIZE)));
diff --git a/crates/io/src/psd_import.rs b/crates/io/src/psd_import.rs
index 159d90018c..21d14b4739 100644
--- a/crates/io/src/psd_import.rs
+++ b/crates/io/src/psd_import.rs
@@ -51,16 +51,27 @@ pub(crate) struct Ctx<'a> {
     pub cc: usize,
     pub cmyk: bool,
     pub warnings: Vec<String>,
+    /// Decoding encountered damaged PSD data; interactive opens ask whether to continue.
+    pub damaged: bool,
     /// Document resolution (type sizes are converted to points with it).
     pub dpi: f32,
     /// The parsed `Txt2` block (type settings EngineData lacks, e.g. optical kerning).
     pub txt2: Option<photocraft_text::engine_data::Value>,
     /// Smart-filter caches from the global `FEid`/`FXid` blocks (filter masks, by placed id).
     pub filter_effects: Vec<photocraft_psd::filter_effects::FilterEffectsItem>,
+    /// Filter masks already decoded, by placed id: every layer of a source reads the same item, and
+    /// a surface clones by sharing its tiles.
+    pub filter_masks: std::collections::HashMap<String, Option<LayerMask>>,
+    /// The same for the unfiltered pixels the mask mixes back in.
+    pub unfiltered: std::collections::HashMap<String, Option<Surface>>,
+    /// Pixel bytes retained in [`Self::unfiltered`], held under [`MAX_UNFILTERED_BYTES`].
+    pub unfiltered_bytes: u64,
     /// Placed layers naming the same source share editable contents, not their placement.
     pub smart_contents: std::collections::HashMap<String, SmartContentsId>,
     /// Source sizes of `PlLd`-only placed layers, by source id (read once per embedded file).
     pub plld_sizes: std::collections::HashMap<String, Option<(f64, f64)>>,
+    /// Shared vector previews are hashed/parsed once, under a per-file work budget.
+    pub vector_previews: crate::vector_preview::ImportCache,
     /// Cancellation and progress for background opens (checked per layer record).
     pub ctl: photocraft_raster::Interrupt<'a>,
     /// Layer records decoded so far, out of `total` (progress).
@@ -132,6 +143,13 @@ impl Ctx<'_> {
         self.warnings.push(s.into());
     }
 
+    /// Records a PSD decoding failure and marks the import as potentially incomplete.
+    /// Unlike compatibility warnings, this requires interactive confirmation.
+    fn warn_unreadable_data(&mut self, s: impl Into<String>) {
+        self.damaged = true;
+        self.warn(s);
+    }
+
     /// Source id, transform, (Distort/Perspective) projective placement and warp of a placed
     /// layer that has only a `PlLd` block, as Photoshop CS2 and older write it (#2465). `PlLd`
     /// stores the placed corners but not the source size, which comes from the embedded file.
@@ -162,12 +180,13 @@ impl Ctx<'_> {
         Placement { id, transform, perspective, warp }
     }
 
+    /// Decodes a PSD layer channel, marking the document damaged if its data is unreadable.
     fn channel_plane(&mut self, rec: &LayerRecord, id: i16, name: &str) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
         rec.channel(id)?;
         match rec.decode_channel(id, self.file.header.depth, self.file.header.version) {
             Ok(p) => Some(p),
             Err(e) => {
-                self.warn(format!("layer \"{name}\": channel {id} could not be decoded ({e}); treated as empty"));
+                self.warn_unreadable_data(format!("layer \"{name}\": channel {id} could not be decoded ({e}); treated as empty"));
                 None
             }
         }
@@ -180,6 +199,8 @@ impl Ctx<'_> {
         rec.decode_channel(id, self.file.header.depth, self.file.header.version).ok()
     }
 
+    /// Builds a raster surface from the layer channels, leaving the surface empty if
+    /// any present channel fails to decode rather than inventing replacement pixels.
     fn record_surface(&mut self, rec: &LayerRecord, name: &str) -> Surface {
         let r = rec.rect;
         if r.is_empty() || r.size().is_err() {
@@ -200,7 +221,7 @@ impl Ctx<'_> {
             let mut planes: Vec<Option<Vec<u8>>> = Vec::with_capacity(decoded.len());
             for (&id, p) in ids.iter().zip(decoded) {
                 if p.is_none() && rec.channel(id).is_some() {
-                    self.warn(format!("layer \"{name}\": channel {id} could not be decoded; treated as empty"));
+                    self.warn_unreadable_data(format!("layer \"{name}\": channel {id} could not be decoded; treated as empty"));
                 }
                 planes.push(p);
             }
@@ -214,7 +235,7 @@ impl Ctx<'_> {
         // Only decoded channel data justifies a buffer: the decoders bound their output by the
         // bytes in the file, but a bare rectangle can declare 300000² pixels in a few bytes (#755).
         if planes.iter().all(Option::is_none) {
-            self.warn(format!("layer \"{name}\": no channel data for its {w}x{h} bounds; treated as empty"));
+            self.warn_unreadable_data(format!("layer \"{name}\": no channel data for its {w}x{h} bounds; treated as empty"));
             return Surface::new(self.fmt);
         }
         let refs: Vec<Option<&[u8]>> = planes.iter().map(|p| p.as_deref()).collect();
@@ -231,6 +252,8 @@ impl Ctx<'_> {
         surf
     }
 
+    /// Restores the selected user mask from its channel and metadata, recording an
+    /// integrity failure if the mask channel cannot be decoded.
     fn record_mask(&mut self, rec: &LayerRecord, name: &str) -> Option<LayerMask> {
         let m = rec.layer_mask()?;
         let (id, rect, default, flags) = match selected_real_mask(rec) {
@@ -264,14 +287,19 @@ impl Ctx<'_> {
     /// document coordinates, white beyond its bounds (`filterMaskExtendWithWhite`). An all-white
     /// mask is no mask.
     fn filter_mask(&mut self, placed: &str, stack: &crate::smart_map::FilterStack, name: &str) -> Option<LayerMask> {
+        if let Some(done) = self.filter_masks.get(placed) {
+            return done.clone();
+        }
         let item = self.filter_effects.iter().find(|i| i.id == placed)?;
-        match crate::smart_map::mask_from_item(item, self.mask_fmt.sample, stack) {
+        let mask = match crate::smart_map::mask_from_item(item, self.mask_fmt.sample, stack) {
             Ok(m) => m,
             Err(e) => {
                 self.warn(format!("layer \"{name}\": {e}; the filter mask was ignored"));
                 None
             }
-        }
+        };
+        self.filter_masks.insert(placed.to_string(), mask.clone());
+        mask
     }
 
     fn apply_common(&mut self, l: &mut Layer, rec: &LayerRecord, blend_override: Option<photocraft_psd::BlendMode>) {
@@ -330,6 +358,19 @@ impl Ctx<'_> {
         // Blend If lives in the layer record's blending ranges.
         l.blend_if = crate::blocks::blend_if_from_ranges(&rec.blending_ranges);
         l.psd_id = rec.layer_id();
+        // The layer's XMP packet (`shmd` › `cust` › `layerXMP`) becomes the field; the rest of
+        // `shmd` stays in `psd_blocks`, where export puts the packet back.
+        if let Some(i) = l.psd_blocks.iter().position(|(k, _)| k == b"shmd")
+            && let Some((xmp, rest)) = photocraft_psd::metadata::take_layer_xmp(&l.psd_blocks[i].1)
+        {
+            l.xmp = Some(Arc::from(xmp));
+            match rest {
+                Some(data) => l.psd_blocks[i].1 = Arc::new(data),
+                None => {
+                    l.psd_blocks.remove(i);
+                }
+            }
+        }
         let name = l.name.clone();
         l.mask = self.record_mask(rec, &name);
     }
@@ -364,10 +405,16 @@ impl Ctx<'_> {
             // Kept verbatim for saving, but it renders as nothing: say so rather than open the
             // layer silently without its effect (#1763).
             if matches!(adj, photocraft_doc::Adjustment::Unsupported { .. }) {
-                let why = adjust_map::unreadable_reason(k, &data).map(|r| format!(" ({r})")).unwrap_or_default();
+                // Photoshop 2026's Light adjustment shares the Brightness/Contrast key (#6542).
+                let light = k == b"brit" && adjust_map::is_extended_brit(cged);
+                let why = if light {
+                    " (Light adjustments, with Exposure, Highlights, Shadows, Whites and Blacks, aren't supported yet)".to_string()
+                } else {
+                    adjust_map::unreadable_reason(k, &data).map(|r| format!(" ({r})")).unwrap_or_default()
+                };
                 self.warn(format!(
                     "layer \"{name}\": its {} settings could not be read{why}; the layer is kept as saved but has no effect",
-                    adjust_map::label(k)
+                    if light { "Light" } else { adjust_map::label(k) }
                 ));
             }
             LayerContent::Adjustment(adj)
@@ -385,10 +432,17 @@ impl Ctx<'_> {
                 })
                 .flatten();
             if let Some(mut t) = parsed {
+                let mut path_error = None;
                 if let Some(txt2) = &self.txt2 {
                     photocraft_text::psd::apply_txt2(&mut t, &block.data, txt2);
+                    // Type on a path keeps its path only in its `Txt2` frame (#7962).
+                    path_error = photocraft_text::psd::apply_txt2_path(&mut t, &block.data, txt2).err();
                     photocraft_text::psd::apply_txt2_frame(&mut t, &block.data, txt2);
                 }
+                if let Some(e) = path_error {
+                    let shape = if matches!(t.shape, photocraft_doc::text::TextShape::Box { .. }) { "paragraph" } else { "point" };
+                    self.warn(format!("layer \"{name}\": its type path could not be read ({e}); it opens as {shape} text"));
+                }
                 // Photoshop's pixels stay until edited. Writers without type pixels are
                 // rendered by text_import::prepare instead of retaining an empty cache.
                 let cache = self.record_surface(rec, &name);
@@ -426,7 +480,24 @@ impl Ctx<'_> {
             let shown = stack.enabled && stack.filters.iter().any(|f| f.visible);
             let cache = match (&placed, filter_mask.as_ref().filter(|m| m.enabled && shown)) {
                 (Some(p), Some(m)) => {
-                    let unfiltered = self.filter_effects.iter().find(|i| i.id == p.placed).and_then(|i| crate::smart_map::unfiltered_from_item(i, self.fmt));
+                    let unfiltered = match self.unfiltered.get(&p.placed) {
+                        Some(done) => done.clone(),
+                        None => {
+                            // Every distinct source is kept until the import ends, so what they add up to is
+                            // bounded: past the limit the layer keeps its stored pixels, unmixed.
+                            let item = self.filter_effects.iter().find(|i| i.id == p.placed);
+                            let cost = item
+                                .and_then(|i| i.rect.size().ok())
+                                .map_or(0, |(w, h)| (w as u64).saturating_mul(h as u64).saturating_mul(self.fmt.bytes_per_pixel() as u64));
+                            let fits = self.unfiltered_bytes.saturating_add(cost) <= MAX_UNFILTERED_BYTES;
+                            let made = item.filter(|_| fits).and_then(|i| crate::smart_map::unfiltered_from_item(i, self.fmt));
+                            if made.is_some() {
+                                self.unfiltered_bytes += cost;
+                            }
+                            self.unfiltered.insert(p.placed.clone(), made.clone());
+                            made
+                        }
+                    };
                     match unfiltered {
                         Some(u) => photocraft_compose::filter_mask::mix(&u, &stored, m),
                         None => stored,
@@ -434,9 +505,16 @@ impl Ctx<'_> {
                 }
                 _ => stored,
             };
+            let vector_preview = rec.block(&crate::vector_preview::PSD_KEY).and_then(|block| {
+                let file = self.file;
+                self.vector_previews.decode(&id, &block.data, || {
+                    crate::linked::embedded_payload_in_blocks(file.global_blocks.iter().map(|b| (&b.key, b.data.as_slice())), &id).map(|(_, source)| source)
+                })
+            });
             LayerContent::Smart(SmartObject {
                 contents_id,
                 source: SmartSource::Linked { path: id },
+                vector_preview,
                 transform,
                 smart_filters: stack.filters,
                 cache: Some(cache),
@@ -492,7 +570,7 @@ impl Ctx<'_> {
             self.warn(format!(
                 "layer \"{name}\": its adjustment settings could not be read (unknown adjustment type \"{key}\"); the layer is kept as saved but has no effect"
             ));
-            let raw = rec.block(&k).map(|b| b.data.clone()).unwrap_or_default();
+            let raw = rec.block(&k).map(|b| b.data.as_slice()).unwrap_or_default().into();
             LayerContent::Adjustment(photocraft_doc::Adjustment::Unsupported { psd_key: key, raw })
         } else {
             LayerContent::Raster(self.record_surface(rec, &name))
@@ -627,6 +705,9 @@ pub(crate) fn group_depth(file: &PsdFile) -> usize {
 /// Additional-layer-information keys (Adobe PSD spec, plus `cust`, `vowv` and `SoLE` seen in
 /// Photoshop's files) that are not an adjustment of their own: names, ids, locks, effects,
 /// masks, metadata, and the fill, type, placed and shape content read before.
+/// Most pixel bytes the smart-filter `FEid` sources may keep decoded across one import.
+const MAX_UNFILTERED_BYTES: u64 = 1 << 30;
+
 const LAYER_INFO_KEYS: [&[u8; 4]; 50] = [
     b"luni", b"lyid", b"lnsr", b"lsct", b"lsdk", b"lspf", b"lclr", b"iOpa", b"clbl", b"infx", b"knko", b"tsly", b"lmgm", b"vmgm", b"brst", b"shmd", b"fxrp",
     b"lfx2", b"lfxs", b"lmfx", b"lrFX", b"lyvr", b"sn2P", b"cust", b"CgEd", b"vmsk", b"vsms", b"vogk", b"vowv", b"vstk", b"vscg", b"artb", b"artd", b"abdd",
@@ -659,7 +740,7 @@ fn be_to_ne_plane(plane: &[u8], s: SampleType, n: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
     interleave(&[Some(plane)], &[zero_sample(s)], n, s, &[false])
 }
 
-fn unicode_names(data: &[u8]) -> Vec<String> {
+pub(crate) fn unicode_names(data: &[u8]) -> Vec<String> {
     let mut out = Vec::new();
     let mut at = 0;
     while at + 4 <= data.len() {
@@ -798,6 +879,7 @@ fn mark_background(file: &PsdFile, layers: &mut [Layer]) {
     }
 }
 
+/// Converts a parsed PSD into a document, preserving best-effort recovery warnings.
 pub fn psd_to_document(file: &PsdFile) -> (Document, Vec<String>) {
     // Never cancelled, so always `Some`; the fallback is unreachable.
     psd_to_document_with(file, &photocraft_raster::Interrupt::NONE)
@@ -810,6 +892,69 @@ pub fn psd_to_document_with(file: &PsdFile, ctl: &photocraft_raster::Interrupt)
     psd_to_document_decoded(file, ctl, None)
 }
 
+/// Whether `file` stores spot planes the way earlier PhotoCraft versions (releases 0.1.0 to
+/// 0.16.0) wrote them: straight (the maximum = solid ink), the opposite of Photoshop, which
+/// stores 0 = solid ink in every PSD and TIFF it saves. Their files are recognised by three
+/// things together:
+///
+/// - DisplayInfo (1077) marks at least one spot channel;
+/// - there is no Alpha Identifiers resource (1053), or one that lists fewer channels than the
+///   file has ([`photoshop_identified_channels`]). Photoshop has written it, one identifier per
+///   extra channel, in every file with an extra channel since version 6, and PhotoCraft writes it
+///   now. No earlier PhotoCraft wrote one of its own, but each kept the 1053 of a Photoshop file
+///   it opened (a transparent document's `[0]`, for one) and wrote it back unchanged, after the
+///   channels added in it, which it stored straight;
+/// - the version info (1057) is byte for byte what those versions wrote: writer "Adobe Photoshop"
+///   with reader "Adobe Photoshop CS6", both NUL-terminated (0.1.0 to 0.7.0), or reader "Adobe
+///   Photoshop 2026" without a NUL (0.8.2 on), with either merged-data flag.
+///
+/// Any other file is read in Photoshop's polarity. psd-tools' `cmyk-spot.psd`, for one, also has
+/// spots and no 1053, but names psd-tools in 1057 and stores Photoshop's polarity. A Photoshop
+/// file that an earlier PhotoCraft opened and saved again kept Photoshop's 1053 and its planes as
+/// Photoshop stored them, so it is read in Photoshop's polarity too; when channels were added
+/// there, only the planes after the ones the kept 1053 lists are read straight.
+///
+/// Keeping these files' ink is the only reason this exists: deleting it (and its one caller)
+/// reads every file in Photoshop's polarity, at the cost of inverting the spot ink of PSDs saved
+/// by those versions.
+pub(crate) fn earlier_photocraft_spot_planes(file: &PsdFile) -> bool {
+    use photocraft_psd::descriptor::UnicodeString;
+    use photocraft_psd::resources::VersionInfo;
+
+    let marks_spot = file.resource(crate::channel_map::DISPLAY_INFO).is_some_and(|r| crate::channel_map::display_info_marks_spot(&r.data));
+    let identifies_every_channel = match file.header.color_mode.color_channels() {
+        Some(color) => {
+            let channels = file.header.channels.saturating_sub(color).saturating_sub(u16::from(file.merged_has_alpha()));
+            photoshop_identified_channels(file) >= usize::from(channels)
+        }
+        // Multichannel has no fixed number of colour channels to count from.
+        None => file.resource(crate::channel_map::ALPHA_IDENTIFIERS).is_some(),
+    };
+    if !marks_spot || identifies_every_channel {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let Some(r) = file.resource(ids::VERSION_INFO) else { return false };
+    // Byte for byte: a resource with anything after the fields is someone else's.
+    let Ok(v) = VersionInfo::from_bytes(&r.data) else { return false };
+    if v.to_bytes() != r.data {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let writers = [
+        (UnicodeString::new_nul("Adobe Photoshop"), UnicodeString::new_nul("Adobe Photoshop CS6")),
+        (UnicodeString::new("Adobe Photoshop"), UnicodeString::new("Adobe Photoshop 2026")),
+    ];
+    v.version == 1 && v.file_version == 1 && writers.iter().any(|(writer, reader)| v.writer == *writer && v.reader == *reader)
+}
+
+/// How many extra channels, after the merged transparency, the Alpha Identifiers resource (1053)
+/// lists: its identifiers other than 0, which Photoshop gives the merged transparency (first, and
+/// in some files with no transparency plane at all). 0 without a 1053. In a file from an earlier
+/// PhotoCraft ([`earlier_photocraft_spot_planes`]) these are the channels of the Photoshop file
+/// it opened, stored as Photoshop stored them; the channels after them were added there.
+pub(crate) fn photoshop_identified_channels(file: &PsdFile) -> usize {
+    file.resource(crate::channel_map::ALPHA_IDENTIFIERS).map_or(0, |r| r.data.as_chunks::<4>().0.iter().filter(|id| **id != [0; 4]).count())
+}
+
 /// Whether the import reads the merged composite: for a flattened or multichannel file (it *is*
 /// the image), a file without layers, or extra alpha/spot channels behind the colour ones.
 pub(crate) fn merged_needed(file: &PsdFile) -> bool {
@@ -833,6 +978,17 @@ pub(crate) fn psd_to_document_decoded(
     ctl: &photocraft_raster::Interrupt,
     decoded: Option<photocraft_psd::Result<Vec<u8>>>,
 ) -> Option<(Document, Vec<String>)> {
+    psd_to_document_decoded_integrity(file, ctl, decoded).map(|(document, warnings, _)| (document, warnings))
+}
+
+/// Also reports whether unrecoverable channel, layer or merged-image data was discarded.
+/// Interactive opens use this to ask whether to continue. Both ordinary imports and
+/// the low-level conversion API retain their existing best-effort behaviour.
+pub(crate) fn psd_to_document_decoded_integrity(
+    file: &PsdFile,
+    ctl: &photocraft_raster::Interrupt,
+    decoded: Option<photocraft_psd::Result<Vec<u8>>>,
+) -> Option<(Document, Vec<String>, bool)> {
     let h = &file.header;
     let mut warnings = Vec::new();
     let mode = doc_mode(h.color_mode).unwrap_or_else(|| {
@@ -857,7 +1013,7 @@ pub(crate) fn psd_to_document_decoded(
                 }
             }
             ids::ICC_PROFILE => doc.icc_profile = Some(Arc::new(r.data.clone())),
-            ids::XMP => doc.metadata.xmp = Some(String::from_utf8_lossy(&r.data).into_owned()),
+            ids::XMP => doc.metadata.xmp = Some(String::from_utf8_lossy(&r.data).into()),
             ids::EXIF => doc.metadata.exif = Some(Arc::new(r.data.clone())),
             1032 => parse_guides(&r.data, &mut doc),
             ids::GLOBAL_ANGLE | ids::GLOBAL_ALTITUDE => {
@@ -888,6 +1044,10 @@ pub(crate) fn psd_to_document_decoded(
                 doc.clipping_path = Some(photocraft_doc::ClippingPath { name, flatness: 0.0 });
                 doc.metadata.psd_resources.push((r.id, String::from_utf8_lossy(&r.name).into_owned(), Arc::new(r.data.clone())));
             }
+            // Resource 1053 is written afresh with the extra channels on every save, so a kept copy
+            // would be new metadata after each round trip. Multichannel has no such rewrite: the
+            // imported bytes are the channel ids, copied back while they still match.
+            crate::channel_map::ALPHA_IDENTIFIERS if !multichannel => {}
             id if MAPPED_RESOURCES.contains(&id) => {}
             id => doc.metadata.psd_resources.push((id, String::from_utf8_lossy(&r.name).into_owned(), Arc::new(r.data.clone()))),
         }
@@ -899,7 +1059,9 @@ pub(crate) fn psd_to_document_decoded(
     // A 16/32-bit file whose layer block can't be parsed would otherwise open as a flattened
     // file without a word (#2700). The raw block is kept, but a PSD save writes the document's
     // own layers in its place (see `psd_export`).
+    let mut damaged = false;
     if let Some((b, e)) = file.unreadable_layer_block() {
+        damaged = true;
         warnings.push(format!(
             "the layers ({} block) could not be read ({e}); only the merged image was opened. Saving as PSD replaces the unreadable layer data",
             b.key_str()
@@ -924,11 +1086,16 @@ pub(crate) fn psd_to_document_decoded(
         cc,
         cmyk: fmt.mode == ColorMode::Cmyk,
         warnings,
+        damaged,
         dpi: doc.resolution_dpi,
         txt2: file.global_blocks.iter().find(|b| &b.key == b"Txt2").and_then(|b| photocraft_text::psd::parse_txt2(&b.data)),
         filter_effects: Vec::new(),
+        filter_masks: Default::default(),
+        unfiltered: Default::default(),
+        unfiltered_bytes: 0,
         smart_contents: Default::default(),
         plld_sizes: Default::default(),
+        vector_previews: Default::default(),
         ctl: *ctl,
         done: 0,
         total: file.layers().len(),
@@ -963,15 +1130,15 @@ pub(crate) fn psd_to_document_decoded(
         }
         ctl.progress(0.1);
         if let Err(e) = &m {
-            cx.warn(format!("merged image could not be decoded: {e}"));
+            cx.warn_unreadable_data(format!("merged image could not be decoded: {e}"));
             if can_recover_layers(file) {
-                cx.warn("extra alpha/spot channels in the merged image could not be recovered");
+                cx.warn_unreadable_data("extra alpha/spot channels in the merged image could not be recovered");
             }
         }
         Some(m)
     } else {
         if let Some(Err(e)) = decoded {
-            cx.warn(format!("merged image could not be decoded; opened the available layers instead: {e}"));
+            cx.warn_unreadable_data(format!("merged image could not be decoded; opened the available layers instead: {e}"));
         }
         None
     };
@@ -1074,7 +1241,7 @@ pub(crate) fn psd_to_document_decoded(
                 cx.warn("duotone inks are not interpreted (shown as grayscale)");
             }
             let inks = inks.unwrap_or_else(|| vec![photocraft_doc::DuotoneInk::new("Black", [0.0; 3])]);
-            doc.duotone = Some(photocraft_doc::Duotone { inks, psd_raw: Some(file.color_mode_data.clone()) });
+            doc.duotone = Some(photocraft_doc::Duotone { inks, psd_raw: Some(file.color_mode_data.as_slice().into()) });
         } else if !file.color_mode_data.is_empty() {
             cx.warn("color mode data is not preserved");
         }
@@ -1100,7 +1267,7 @@ pub(crate) fn psd_to_document_decoded(
             }
             // A merged image that failed to decode was reported above.
             Err(_) if matches!(merged, Some(Err(_))) => {}
-            Err(e) => cx.warn(format!("the image could not be read: {e}")),
+            Err(e) => cx.warn_unreadable_data(format!("the image could not be read: {e}")),
         }
     }
 
@@ -1114,10 +1281,29 @@ pub(crate) fn psd_to_document_decoded(
         // Photoshop lists every extra channel, the merged transparency first when there is one.
         let skip = usize::from(file.merged_has_alpha() && names.len() == usize::from(h.channels).saturating_sub(cc));
         let names = names.get(skip..).unwrap_or_default();
+        // Which planes hold spot ink in Photoshop's polarity (0 = solid): the DisplayInfo records
+        // the channel options are read from below, the transparency's first when `skip` is 1.
+        // A file from an earlier PhotoCraft stores them straight and is read as it was written,
+        // past the channels of the Photoshop file it opened, if any.
+        let straight_from = if earlier_photocraft_spot_planes(file) { photoshop_identified_channels(file) } else { usize::MAX };
+        let photoshop_spots = if let Some(r) = file.resource(crate::channel_map::DISPLAY_INFO) {
+            crate::channel_map::spot_flags(&r.data, true, skip)
+        } else if let Some(r) = file.resource(crate::channel_map::DISPLAY_INFO_OLD) {
+            crate::channel_map::spot_flags(&r.data, false, skip)
+        } else {
+            Vec::new()
+        };
         for (k, idx) in (first..usize::from(h.channels)).enumerate() {
-            let Some(p) = merged_plane(all, idx, plane) else { break };
+            let Some(p) = merged_plane(all, idx, plane) else {
+                cx.warn_unreadable_data(format!("merged extra channel {idx} is incomplete and was not imported"));
+                break;
+            };
+            let mut raw = be_to_ne_plane(p, depth, n);
+            if k < straight_from && photoshop_spots.get(k).copied().unwrap_or(false) {
+                crate::channel_map::photoshop_spot_plane(&mut raw, depth);
+            }
             let mut s = Surface::new(cx.mask_fmt);
-            s.write_interleaved(canvas, &be_to_ne_plane(p, depth, n));
+            s.write_interleaved(canvas, &raw);
             s.prune();
             let name = names.get(k).cloned().unwrap_or_else(|| format!("Alpha {}", k + 1));
             doc.channels.push(AlphaChannel::new(name, s));
@@ -1153,13 +1339,15 @@ pub(crate) fn psd_to_document_decoded(
         return None;
     }
     ctl.progress(1.0);
-    Some((doc, cx.warnings))
+    Some((doc, cx.warnings, cx.damaged))
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use photocraft_psd::{Compression, PsdError, Version, testgen};
+    use photocraft_psd::descriptor::UnicodeString;
+    use photocraft_psd::resources::VersionInfo;
+    use photocraft_psd::{Compression, ImageData, ImageResource, PsdError, Version, testgen};
 
     /// #5200: the Multichannel fallback checks its RGBA output against the budget before
     /// allocating it (here a 2x2 image, 16 bytes, against caps of 15 and 16 bytes).
@@ -1198,6 +1386,64 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(unicode_names(&data), ["A"]);
     }
 
+    /// Verifies an unreadable layer channel sets the structured damage indicator.
+    #[test]
+    fn unreadable_layer_channel_marks_conversion_damaged() {
+        let mut file = testgen::small(Version::Psd, Compression::Raw);
+        let channel = file.layers_mut()[0].channels.iter_mut().find(|c| c.id == 0).unwrap();
+        channel.data.clear();
+        assert!(file.layers()[0].decode_channel(0, file.header.depth, file.header.version).is_err());
+
+        let (_, warnings, damaged) = psd_to_document_decoded_integrity(&file, &photocraft_raster::Interrupt::NONE, None).unwrap();
+        assert!(damaged);
+        assert!(warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("could not be decoded")));
+    }
+
+    /// Verifies an unreadable user-mask channel sets the structured damage indicator.
+    #[test]
+    fn unreadable_mask_channel_marks_conversion_damaged() {
+        let mut file = testgen::small(Version::Psd, Compression::Raw);
+        let channel = file.layers_mut()[0].channels.iter_mut().find(|c| c.id == CHANNEL_USER_MASK).unwrap();
+        channel.data.clear();
+
+        let (_, warnings, damaged) = psd_to_document_decoded_integrity(&file, &photocraft_raster::Interrupt::NONE, None).unwrap();
+        assert!(damaged);
+        assert!(warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("could not be decoded")));
+    }
+
+    /// A layer whose bounds hold pixels but whose colour and transparency channels are missing
+    /// lost its pixel data: the open asks before continuing.
+    #[test]
+    fn layer_bounds_without_channel_data_mark_conversion_damaged() {
+        let mut file = testgen::small(Version::Psd, Compression::Raw);
+        file.layers_mut()[0].channels.retain(|c| c.id == CHANNEL_USER_MASK);
+
+        let (_, warnings, damaged) = psd_to_document_decoded_integrity(&file, &photocraft_raster::Interrupt::NONE, None).unwrap();
+        assert!(damaged);
+        assert!(warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("no channel data")));
+    }
+
+    /// A layer without pixels (an empty layer, or a text or shape layer written without a
+    /// pixel cache) has empty bounds: nothing is missing, so the file is not damaged even when
+    /// it lists no colour or transparency channel.
+    #[test]
+    fn empty_layer_without_channel_data_is_not_damaged() {
+        let mut file = testgen::small(Version::Psd, Compression::Raw);
+        file.layers_mut()[0].channels.retain(|c| c.id == CHANNEL_USER_MASK);
+        file.layers_mut()[0].rect = Default::default();
+
+        let (_, warnings, damaged) = psd_to_document_decoded_integrity(&file, &photocraft_raster::Interrupt::NONE, None).unwrap();
+        assert!(!damaged, "an empty layer marked the PSD damaged: {warnings:?}");
+    }
+
+    /// Verifies healthy layer channels do not mark the PSD as damaged.
+    #[test]
+    fn valid_layer_channels_keep_conversion_editable() {
+        let file = testgen::small(Version::Psd, Compression::Raw);
+        let (_, warnings, damaged) = psd_to_document_decoded_integrity(&file, &photocraft_raster::Interrupt::NONE, None).unwrap();
+        assert!(!damaged, "unexpectedly marked good PSD damaged: {warnings:?}");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn merged_plane_checks_offsets() {
         let all = [1u8, 2, 3, 4];
@@ -1205,4 +1451,266 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(merged_plane(&all, 2, 2), None);
         assert_eq!(merged_plane(&all, usize::MAX, 2), None);
     }
+
+    /// Resource 1057's data.
+    fn version_info(writer: UnicodeString, reader: UnicodeString, has_real_merged_data: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
+        VersionInfo { version: 1, has_real_merged_data, writer, reader, file_version: 1 }.to_bytes()
+    }
+
+    /// The 1057 PhotoCraft 0.1.0 to 0.7.0 wrote: Photoshop CS6's names, NUL-terminated.
+    fn version_info_cs6(has_real_merged_data: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
+        version_info(UnicodeString::new_nul("Adobe Photoshop"), UnicodeString::new_nul("Adobe Photoshop CS6"), has_real_merged_data)
+    }
+
+    /// The 1057 PhotoCraft writes since 0.8.2: Photoshop 2026's bytes, no NUL.
+    fn version_info_2026(has_real_merged_data: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
+        photocraft_psd::resources::version_info_resource(has_real_merged_data).data
+    }
+
+    /// An opaque 4 × 1 RGB document with the Photoshop spot oracles' channels in their order:
+    /// "Spot A", "Alpha 1" and "Spot B", each holding 100, 25, 75 and 0 % in four columns.
+    fn channels_document(depth: SampleType) -> Document {
+        let mut doc = Document::with_background("old", Size::new(4, 1), ColorMode::Rgb, depth, photocraft_color::Color::rgb(1.0, 1.0, 1.0));
+        let gray = PixelFormat::new(ColorMode::Grayscale, depth, false);
+        let canvas = doc.bounds();
+        let channel = |name: &str, spot: Option<(photocraft_color::Color, f32)>| {
+            let mut s = Surface::new(gray);
+            s.write_region(canvas, &[1.0, 0.25, 0.75, 0.0]);
+            AlphaChannel { spot, ..AlphaChannel::new(name, s) }
+        };
+        doc.channels.push(channel("Spot A", Some((photocraft_color::Color::rgb(0.0, 0.627, 1.0), 0.0))));
+        doc.channels.push(channel("Alpha 1", None));
+        doc.channels.push(channel("Spot B", Some((photocraft_color::Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.627), 0.5))));
+        doc
+    }
+
+    /// Each channel's values on an 8-bit scale.
+    fn ink(doc: &Document) -> Vec<Vec<u8>> {
+        doc.channels.iter().map(|c| c.surface.read_region(doc.bounds()).iter().map(|v| (v * 255.0).round() as u8).collect()).collect()
+    }
+
+    fn spots(doc: &Document) -> Vec<bool> {
+        doc.channels.iter().map(|c| c.spot.is_some()).collect()
+    }
+
+    /// `doc` (opaque, 8 or 16-bit) saved the way PhotoCraft 0.1.0 to 0.16.0 saved it: spot planes
+    /// straight (the maximum = solid ink), no 1053, and `version_info` as resource 1057. `padded`
+    /// lays DisplayInfo out in the 14-byte records of 0.1.0 to 0.7.0.
+    fn as_earlier_photocraft_saved(doc: &Document, version_info: Vec<u8>, padded: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut file = crate::psd_export::document_to_psd(doc);
+        assert!(!file.merged_has_alpha());
+        file.resources.retain(|r| r.id != crate::channel_map::ALPHA_IDENTIFIERS);
+        for r in &mut file.resources {
+            match r.id {
+                ids::VERSION_INFO => r.data = version_info.clone(),
+                crate::channel_map::DISPLAY_INFO if padded => {
+                    let (version, records) = r.data.split_at(4);
+                    r.data = version.iter().copied().chain(records.chunks(13).flat_map(|rec| rec.iter().copied().chain([0]))).collect();
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+        let mut planes = file.decode_merged().unwrap();
+        let plane = planes.len() / usize::from(file.header.channels);
+        for (k, c) in doc.channels.iter().enumerate() {
+            if c.spot.is_some() {
+                // At 8 and 16 bits the complement of a sample is that of each of its bytes.
+                planes[(3 + k) * plane..(4 + k) * plane].iter_mut().for_each(|b| *b = !*b);
+            }
+        }
+        file.image_data = ImageData::encode(Compression::Raw, &planes, &file.header).unwrap();
+        file.to_bytes().unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// PSDs that PhotoCraft 0.1.0 to 0.16.0 saved with spot channels store them straight. They
+    /// open with the ink they had in those versions (which read every plane straight), whichever
+    /// 1057 they carry. Saved again, they get Photoshop's polarity and a 1053, and reopen with the
+    /// same ink. (A 0.1.0 to 0.7.0 file's padded records misread every channel's options after
+    /// the first, here Spot B's kind, as those versions' successors always have; its ink is kept.)
+    #[test]
+    fn spot_planes_from_earlier_photocraft_keep_their_ink() {
+        for depth in [SampleType::U8, SampleType::U16] {
+            let doc = channels_document(depth);
+            let cases = [
+                ("0.1.0 to 0.7.0", version_info_cs6(true), true),
+                ("0.8.2 on", version_info_2026(true), false),
+                ("0.8.2 on, Maximize Compatibility off", version_info_2026(false), false),
+                ("0.1.0 to 0.7.0, 13-byte records", version_info_cs6(true), false),
+            ];
+            for (what, version_info, padded) in cases {
+                let bytes = as_earlier_photocraft_saved(&doc, version_info, padded);
+                assert!(earlier_photocraft_spot_planes(&PsdFile::from_bytes(&bytes).unwrap()), "{what}");
+                let opened = crate::import("old.psd", &bytes).unwrap().document;
+                assert_eq!(ink(&opened), ink(&doc), "{depth:?} {what}: the ink earlier versions opened");
+                assert!(spots(&opened)[0], "{depth:?} {what}");
+                if !padded {
+                    assert_eq!(spots(&opened), spots(&doc), "{depth:?} {what}");
+                }
+                let saved = crate::export(&opened, "old.psd", &crate::ExportOptions::default()).unwrap();
+                let file = PsdFile::from_bytes(&saved.bytes).unwrap();
+                assert!(file.resource(crate::channel_map::ALPHA_IDENTIFIERS).is_some() && !earlier_photocraft_spot_planes(&file), "{what}");
+                let again = crate::import("again.psd", &saved.bytes).unwrap().document;
+                assert_eq!(ink(&again), ink(&doc), "{depth:?} {what}: saved again");
+                assert_eq!(spots(&again), spots(&opened), "{depth:?} {what}: saved again");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A 0.1.0 to 0.7.0 file whose first extra channel is an alpha channel, spots after it. In its
+    /// 14-byte DisplayInfo records the spots' kind bytes sit where a 13-byte reader (main's, and
+    /// this one's) doesn't look, so only the padded reading finds a spot for the rule. Every plane
+    /// is then read straight, as those versions read it, and keeps its ink. The 13-byte reader
+    /// opens each channel's options from shifted bytes, as on main: here every channel opens as
+    /// an alpha channel. A spot of 2 % solidity puts a 2 where that reader looks for the kind, so
+    /// that channel opens as a spot: without the rule its plane would be inverted. Saved again and
+    /// reopened, every channel keeps its ink and kind.
+    #[test]
+    fn an_early_file_with_an_alpha_channel_first_keeps_its_ink() {
+        for solidity in [0.0, 0.02] {
+            let mut doc = channels_document(SampleType::U8);
+            doc.channels.swap(0, 1);
+            doc.channels[1].spot = Some((photocraft_color::Color::rgb(0.0, 0.627, 1.0), solidity));
+            let names: Vec<&str> = doc.channels.iter().map(|c| c.name.as_str()).collect();
+            assert_eq!(names, ["Alpha 1", "Spot A", "Spot B"]);
+            let bytes = as_earlier_photocraft_saved(&doc, version_info_cs6(true), true);
+            let file = PsdFile::from_bytes(&bytes).unwrap();
+            let info = &file.resource(crate::channel_map::DISPLAY_INFO).unwrap().data;
+            let misread = solidity > 0.0;
+            assert_eq!(crate::channel_map::spot_flags(info, true, 0), [false, misread, false], "{solidity}: 13-byte records");
+            assert!(earlier_photocraft_spot_planes(&file), "{solidity}: found in the 14-byte records");
+            let opened = crate::import("old.psd", &bytes).unwrap().document;
+            assert_eq!(ink(&opened), ink(&doc), "{solidity}: the ink 0.7.0 opened");
+            assert_eq!(spots(&opened), [false, misread, false], "{solidity}: kinds as main reads them");
+            let saved = crate::export(&opened, "old.psd", &crate::ExportOptions::default()).unwrap();
+            let again = crate::import("again.psd", &saved.bytes).unwrap().document;
+            assert_eq!(ink(&again), ink(&doc), "{solidity}: saved again");
+            assert_eq!(spots(&again), spots(&opened), "{solidity}: saved again");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A file with spots and no 1053 that no earlier PhotoCraft wrote is read in Photoshop's
+    /// polarity (0 = solid ink). psd-tools' `cmyk-spot.psd` is one: its 1057 names psd-tools as
+    /// writer and reader. So is a file with no 1057, with Photoshop CS6's names without the NUL,
+    /// or with bytes after PhotoCraft's.
+    #[test]
+    fn other_files_without_alpha_identifiers_use_photoshop_polarity() {
+        let doc = channels_document(SampleType::U8);
+        let mut trailing = version_info_2026(true);
+        trailing.extend([0, 0]);
+        let cases = [
+            ("psd-tools", Some(version_info(UnicodeString::new("psd-tools 1.10.0"), UnicodeString::new("psd-tools 1.10.0"), true))),
+            ("no 1057", None),
+            ("CS6 without a NUL", Some(version_info(UnicodeString::new("Adobe Photoshop"), UnicodeString::new("Adobe Photoshop CS6"), true))),
+            ("bytes after PhotoCraft's 1057", Some(trailing)),
+        ];
+        for (what, info) in cases {
+            // Photoshop's polarity, as this version writes it, without 1053.
+            let mut file = crate::psd_export::document_to_psd(&doc);
+            file.resources.retain(|r| r.id != crate::channel_map::ALPHA_IDENTIFIERS && r.id != ids::VERSION_INFO);
+            file.resources.extend(info.map(|d| ImageResource::new(ids::VERSION_INFO, d)));
+            let bytes = file.to_bytes().unwrap();
+            assert!(!earlier_photocraft_spot_planes(&PsdFile::from_bytes(&bytes).unwrap()), "{what}");
+            let opened = crate::import("x.psd", &bytes).unwrap().document;
+            assert_eq!(ink(&opened), ink(&doc), "{what}");
+            assert_eq!(spots(&opened), spots(&doc), "{what}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The rule needs a spot in DisplayInfo and no 1053, besides PhotoCraft's 1057.
+    #[test]
+    fn the_earlier_photocraft_rule_needs_a_spot_and_no_alpha_identifiers() {
+        let mut doc = channels_document(SampleType::U8);
+        let old = PsdFile::from_bytes(&as_earlier_photocraft_saved(&doc, version_info_2026(true), false)).unwrap();
+        assert!(earlier_photocraft_spot_planes(&old));
+        let mut with_ids = old.clone();
+        with_ids.resources.push(ImageResource::new(crate::channel_map::ALPHA_IDENTIFIERS, crate::channel_map::alpha_identifiers(false, 3)));
+        assert!(!earlier_photocraft_spot_planes(&with_ids), "a 1053");
+        let mut no_info = old.clone();
+        no_info.resources.retain(|r| r.id != crate::channel_map::DISPLAY_INFO);
+        assert!(!earlier_photocraft_spot_planes(&no_info), "no DisplayInfo");
+        doc.channels.retain(|c| c.spot.is_none());
+        let alpha_only = PsdFile::from_bytes(&as_earlier_photocraft_saved(&doc, version_info_2026(true), false)).unwrap();
+        assert!(!earlier_photocraft_spot_planes(&alpha_only), "alpha channels only");
+    }
+
+    /// `doc` as an earlier PhotoCraft saved a Photoshop file it had opened with the first `kept`
+    /// of `doc`'s channels: it wrote back the Photoshop file's 1053, `stale_ids`, unchanged and
+    /// those channels' planes as Photoshop stored them (it had read and written them straight),
+    /// and stored the channels added after them straight.
+    fn as_earlier_photocraft_resaved(doc: &Document, stale_ids: &[u32], kept: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut file = crate::psd_export::document_to_psd(doc);
+        file.resources.retain(|r| r.id != crate::channel_map::ALPHA_IDENTIFIERS && r.id != ids::VERSION_INFO);
+        file.resources.push(ImageResource::new(crate::channel_map::ALPHA_IDENTIFIERS, stale_ids.iter().flat_map(|id| id.to_be_bytes()).collect()));
+        file.resources.push(ImageResource::new(ids::VERSION_INFO, version_info_2026(true)));
+        let mut planes = file.decode_merged().unwrap();
+        let plane = planes.len() / usize::from(file.header.channels);
+        let first = usize::from(file.header.channels) - doc.channels.len();
+        for (k, c) in doc.channels.iter().enumerate().skip(kept) {
+            if c.spot.is_some() {
+                planes[(first + k) * plane..(first + k + 1) * plane].iter_mut().for_each(|b| *b = !*b);
+            }
+        }
+        file.image_data = ImageData::encode(Compression::Raw, &planes, &file.header).unwrap();
+        file.to_bytes().unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// An earlier PhotoCraft kept the 1053 of a Photoshop file it opened and wrote it back
+    /// unchanged, so a spot channel added there sits behind a 1053 that doesn't list it: a
+    /// transparent Photoshop document's `[0]` (the white plate of a DTF print, added before
+    /// saving), the `[0, 3]` of one with a spot channel already, or a `[0]` kept through a
+    /// flatten that removed the transparency. The added spot is stored straight and keeps its
+    /// ink; the Photoshop file's own spot keeps Photoshop's polarity. Saved again, both reopen
+    /// the same.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_spot_added_behind_a_kept_alpha_identifiers_resource_keeps_its_ink() {
+        let transparent = |names: &[&str]| {
+            let mut doc = channels_document(SampleType::U8);
+            doc.layers = vec![Layer::raster("Layer 1", doc.pixel_format())];
+            doc.channels.retain(|c| names.contains(&c.name.as_str()));
+            doc
+        };
+        let mut flattened = channels_document(SampleType::U8);
+        flattened.channels.retain(|c| c.name == "Spot A");
+        let cases = [
+            ("transparent, one spot added", transparent(&["Spot A"]), vec![0], 0),
+            ("transparent, a Photoshop spot and one added", transparent(&["Spot A", "Spot B"]), vec![0, 3], 1),
+            ("flattened, one spot added", flattened, vec![0], 0),
+        ];
+        for (what, doc, stale_ids, kept) in cases {
+            let bytes = as_earlier_photocraft_resaved(&doc, &stale_ids, kept);
+            let file = PsdFile::from_bytes(&bytes).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(file.merged_has_alpha(), what.starts_with("transparent"), "{what}");
+            assert!(earlier_photocraft_spot_planes(&file), "{what}");
+            let opened = crate::import("old.psd", &bytes).unwrap().document;
+            assert_eq!(ink(&opened), ink(&doc), "{what}: the ink earlier versions opened");
+            assert_eq!(spots(&opened), spots(&doc), "{what}");
+            let saved = crate::export(&opened, "old.psd", &crate::ExportOptions::default()).unwrap();
+            let again = crate::import("again.psd", &saved.bytes).unwrap().document;
+            assert_eq!(ink(&again), ink(&doc), "{what}: saved again");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A 1053 that lists every extra channel, as Photoshop and this version write it, keeps the
+    /// file in Photoshop's polarity, with PhotoCraft's (Photoshop 2026's) 1057 too: a transparent
+    /// file with a spot, and Photoshop's own `[0]` in a file without a transparency plane.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_complete_alpha_identifiers_resource_keeps_photoshop_polarity() {
+        let mut doc = channels_document(SampleType::U8);
+        doc.layers = vec![Layer::raster("Layer 1", doc.pixel_format())];
+        let bytes = as_earlier_photocraft_resaved(&doc, &[0, 3, 4, 5], 3);
+        let file = PsdFile::from_bytes(&bytes).unwrap();
+        assert!(file.merged_has_alpha());
+        assert!(!earlier_photocraft_spot_planes(&file));
+        assert_eq!(ink(&crate::import("ps.psd", &bytes).unwrap().document), ink(&doc));
+        let mut opaque = channels_document(SampleType::U8);
+        opaque.channels.clear();
+        let mut file = PsdFile::from_bytes(&as_earlier_photocraft_resaved(&opaque, &[0], 0)).unwrap();
+        file.resources.retain(|r| r.id != crate::channel_map::DISPLAY_INFO);
+        file.resources.push(ImageResource::new(
+            crate::channel_map::DISPLAY_INFO,
+            crate::channel_map::display_info(&channels_document(SampleType::U8).channels.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), false),
+        ));
+        assert_eq!(photoshop_identified_channels(&file), 0, "0 is the transparency's");
+        assert!(!earlier_photocraft_spot_planes(&file), "no channel left unlisted");
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/io/src/raw.rs b/crates/io/src/raw.rs
index 820de8935b..a1ed4aaa01 100644
--- a/crates/io/src/raw.rs
+++ b/crates/io/src/raw.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use photocraft_cms::{Builtin, Intent, Profile, Transform};
 use photocraft_codecs::{self as codecs, ChannelLayout, Format, Image, SampleType};
+pub use photocraft_raw::Demosaic;
 use photocraft_raw::{CameraLook, DevelopOptions, Limits, PreviewColorSpace, RawError, Reference, Sensor, WhiteBalance};
 pub use photocraft_raw::{EXTENSIONS, Tone, retone};
 
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ fn upright_preview(raw: &[u8], jpeg: &[u8], limits: &photocraft_raw::Limits) ->
 
 /// Camera Raw's Temperature, Tint, Exposure, Shadows, Highlights, Clarity, Texture and Dehaze,
 /// applied while developing the sensor data (the open-time Camera Raw dialog) instead of to the
-/// developed RGB pixels.
+/// developed RGB pixels, and the demosaic method.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
 pub struct RawTuning {
     /// −100…100, as `photocraft_algo::camera_raw::CameraRaw::temperature`.
@@ -58,6 +59,7 @@ pub struct RawTuning {
     pub tint: f32,
     /// EV, as `CameraRaw::exposure`.
     pub exposure: f32,
+    pub demosaic: Demosaic,
     /// −100…100, as `CameraRaw::shadows`: in linear light before the tone curve, as Camera Raw
     /// does for raw files ([`photocraft_raw::Tone`]).
     pub shadows: f32,
@@ -95,7 +97,7 @@ pub fn import_raw_tuned(name: &str, bytes: &[u8], tuning: &RawTuning) -> Result<
     // The colour rendering the default open used (a look fitted to the camera's JPEG for files
     // without colour calibration), so re-developing changes only what the sliders change.
     let camera_look = default_look(bytes, &sensor);
-    let mut opts = DevelopOptions { limits: limits(), exposure, tone, camera_look, ..Default::default() };
+    let mut opts = DevelopOptions { limits: limits(), exposure, demosaic: tuning.demosaic, tone, camera_look, ..Default::default() };
     let wb_applied = match sensor.camera_wb {
         Some(m) => {
             let g = wb_gains(tuning.temperature, tuning.tint);
@@ -115,7 +117,7 @@ pub fn import_raw_tuned(name: &str, bytes: &[u8], tuning: &RawTuning) -> Result<
         .filter(|(_, v)| *v != 0.0)
         .map(|(k, v)| format!(", {k} {v:+.0}"))
         .collect::<String>();
-    let summary = format!("developed in Camera Raw (exposure {:+.2} EV{tone}, {wb})", tuning.exposure);
+    let summary = format!("developed in Camera Raw (exposure {:+.2} EV{tone}, {wb}, {} demosaic)", tuning.exposure, tuning.demosaic.id());
     Ok((developed_document(name, bytes, format, dev, &summary)?, wb_applied))
 }
 
@@ -188,7 +190,12 @@ fn developed_document(name: &str, bytes: &[u8], format: &str, dev: photocraft_ra
 
 /// Develops a raw file with the default settings.
 pub fn import_raw(name: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<ImportResult, IoError> {
-    import_raw_with(name, bytes, &DevelopOptions { limits: limits(), ..Default::default() })
+    import_raw_demosaic(name, bytes, Demosaic::default())
+}
+
+/// Develops a raw file with the default settings and the `demosaic` method.
+pub fn import_raw_demosaic(name: &str, bytes: &[u8], demosaic: Demosaic) -> Result<ImportResult, IoError> {
+    import_raw_with(name, bytes, &DevelopOptions { limits: limits(), demosaic, ..Default::default() })
 }
 
 /// Smallest preview long edge preferred for the colour fit (a smaller preview decodes faster;
@@ -254,6 +261,16 @@ fn develop_fitted(bytes: &[u8], opts: &DevelopOptions) -> Result<photocraft_raw:
 /// a preview fallback): what the open-time Camera Raw dialog looks for.
 pub const DEVELOPED_NOTE: &str = "developed with default settings";
 
+/// The demosaic method a default open developed with, read back from its [`DEVELOPED_NOTE`]
+/// warning: the open-time dialog starts from it, whatever the preference says by the time the
+/// (background) open lands.
+pub fn developed_demosaic(warnings: &[String]) -> Option<Demosaic> {
+    let note = warnings.iter().find(|w| w.contains(DEVELOPED_NOTE))?;
+    let after = &note[note.find(DEVELOPED_NOTE)? + DEVELOPED_NOTE.len()..];
+    let id = after.trim_start().strip_prefix('(')?.split(" demosaic").next()?;
+    Demosaic::from_id(id)
+}
+
 /// Develops a raw file with explicit settings. Without `opts.camera_look`, a file without
 /// colour calibration gets one fitted to its embedded JPEG when that clearly helps.
 pub fn import_raw_with(name: &str, bytes: &[u8], opts: &DevelopOptions) -> Result<ImportResult, IoError> {
@@ -263,29 +280,64 @@ pub fn import_raw_with(name: &str, bytes: &[u8], opts: &DevelopOptions) -> Resul
             let summary = format!("{DEVELOPED_NOTE} ({} demosaic, as-shot white balance)", opts.demosaic.id());
             developed_document(name, bytes, format, dev, &summary)
         }
-        Err(RawError::Unsupported(reason)) => match photocraft_raw::embedded_preview(bytes) {
-            Some(p) => {
-                let img = upright_preview(bytes, p.jpeg, &opts.limits)?;
-                let mut r = image_to_document(name, &img)?;
-                r.warnings.insert(
-                    0,
-                    format!(
-                        "{format}: {reason} is not supported yet; opened the camera's embedded {}x{} JPEG preview instead (8-bit, not the raw sensor data)",
-                        p.width, p.height
-                    ),
-                );
-                Ok(r)
-            }
-            None => Err(IoError::Raw(RawError::Unsupported(reason))),
-        },
+        Err(RawError::Unsupported(reason)) => {
+            let jpeg = photocraft_raw::embedded_preview(bytes);
+            // A DNG 1.7 converter keeps only its small thumbnail as JPEG and writes the larger
+            // previews as JPEG XL, like the raw data (#8125): open the largest of either kind.
+            let jpeg_area = jpeg.map_or(0, |p| u64::from(p.width) * u64::from(p.height));
+            let jxl = photocraft_raw::embedded_jxl_preview(bytes, &opts.limits).filter(|p| u64::from(p.width) * u64::from(p.height) > jpeg_area);
+            let (img, kind, (w, h)) = match (jxl, jpeg) {
+                (Some(p), _) => {
+                    let size = (p.width, p.height);
+                    (jxl_preview_image(bytes, p)?, "JPEG XL", size)
+                }
+                (None, Some(p)) => (upright_preview(bytes, p.jpeg, &opts.limits)?, "JPEG", (p.width, p.height)),
+                (None, None) => return Err(IoError::Raw(RawError::Unsupported(reason))),
+            };
+            let mut r = image_to_document(name, &img)?;
+            let depth = if img.sample_type() == SampleType::U8 { "8-bit" } else { "16-bit" };
+            r.warnings.insert(
+                0,
+                format!(
+                    "{format}: {reason} is not supported yet; opened the camera's embedded {w}x{h} {kind} preview instead ({depth}, not the raw sensor data)"
+                ),
+            );
+            Ok(r)
+        }
         Err(e) => Err(IoError::Raw(e)),
     }
 }
 
+/// A decoded JPEG XL preview as an image: in its stated colour space (sRGB when it states
+/// none), turned upright by the raw's orientation (DNG previews are stored as the raw is).
+fn jxl_preview_image(raw: &[u8], p: photocraft_raw::DecodedPreview) -> Result<Image, IoError> {
+    let img = if p.bits == 8 {
+        Image::from_u8(p.width, p.height, ChannelLayout::Rgb, p.rgb.iter().map(|&v| v.min(255) as u8).collect())?
+    } else {
+        let max = f64::from((1u32 << p.bits.clamp(1, 16)) - 1);
+        let rgb: Vec<u16> = p.rgb.iter().map(|&v| (f64::from(v).min(max) * 65535.0 / max).round() as u16).collect();
+        Image::from_u16(p.width, p.height, ChannelLayout::Rgb, &rgb)?
+    };
+    let icc = match p.color_space {
+        Some(PreviewColorSpace::AdobeRgb) => Some(Builtin::AdobeRgbCompat.profile().to_bytes().to_vec()),
+        Some(PreviewColorSpace::ProPhoto) => Some(Builtin::ProPhotoCompat.profile().to_bytes().to_vec()),
+        Some(PreviewColorSpace::Srgb) | None => None,
+    };
+    Ok(img.with_icc(icc).oriented(photocraft_raw::orientation(raw).unwrap_or(1))?)
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    #[test]
+    fn the_developed_note_says_which_demosaic_method_was_used() {
+        let note = format!("NEF: {DEVELOPED_NOTE} (mhc demosaic, as-shot white balance) into 16-bit ProPhoto RGB");
+        assert_eq!(developed_demosaic(&["unrelated".to_string(), note]), Some(Demosaic::Mhc));
+        assert_eq!(developed_demosaic(&[format!("{DEVELOPED_NOTE} (amaze demosaic)")]), None);
+        assert_eq!(developed_demosaic(&["opened the embedded preview".to_string()]), None);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn camera_names_drop_a_repeated_make() {
         assert_eq!(camera_name(Some("Canon"), Some("Canon EOS 80D")), "Canon EOS 80D");
diff --git a/crates/io/src/smart_map.rs b/crates/io/src/smart_map.rs
index 78b2d79201..fcc9eec3f9 100644
--- a/crates/io/src/smart_map.rs
+++ b/crates/io/src/smart_map.rs
@@ -146,11 +146,12 @@ struct Known {
     command: &'static str,
 }
 
+/// A four-character PSD code as the big-endian integer Photoshop stores it as.
 const fn code(c: &[u8; 4]) -> i32 {
     i32::from_be_bytes(*c)
 }
 
-const KNOWN: [Known; 45] = [
+const KNOWN: [Known; 53] = [
     Known { class: "GsnB", filter_id: code(b"GsnB"), name: "Gaussian Blur...", command: "filter.blur.gaussianBlur" },
     Known { class: "boxblur", filter_id: 840, name: "Box Blur...", command: "filter.blur.boxBlur" },
     Known { class: "MtnB", filter_id: code(b"MtnB"), name: "Motion Blur...", command: "filter.blur.motionBlur" },
@@ -198,6 +199,17 @@ const KNOWN: [Known; 45] = [
     // Smart Sharpen has a numeric filterID and a stringID class, like Box Blur.
     Known { class: SMART_SHARPEN, filter_id: 1131, name: "Smart Sharpen...", command: "filter.sharpen.smartSharpen" },
     Known { class: "DstS", filter_id: code(b"DstS"), name: "Dust & Scratches...", command: "filter.noise.dustAndScratches" },
+    // Distort (Photoshop 27, `corpus`-style check: one smart object per filter saved from Photoshop
+    // and read back). Shear isn't mapped yet: its curve lives on Photoshop's own grid.
+    Known { class: "Pnch", filter_id: code(b"Pnch"), name: "Pinch...", command: "filter.distort.pinch" },
+    Known { class: "Plr ", filter_id: code(b"Plr "), name: "Polar Coordinates...", command: "filter.distort.polarCoordinates" },
+    Known { class: "Rple", filter_id: code(b"Rple"), name: "Ripple...", command: "filter.distort.ripple" },
+    Known { class: "Sphr", filter_id: code(b"Sphr"), name: "Spherize...", command: "filter.distort.spherize" },
+    Known { class: "Twrl", filter_id: code(b"Twrl"), name: "Twirl...", command: "filter.distort.twirl" },
+    Known { class: "Wave", filter_id: code(b"Wave"), name: "Wave...", command: "filter.distort.wave" },
+    Known { class: "ZgZg", filter_id: code(b"ZgZg"), name: "ZigZag...", command: "filter.distort.zigZag" },
+    // Image › Adjustments › Invert on a smart object: no settings, so no `Fltr` (`hasoptions` false).
+    Known { class: "Invr", filter_id: code(b"Invr"), name: "Invert", command: "image.adjustments.invert" },
     Known { class: "LnsF", filter_id: code(b"LnsF"), name: "Lens Flare...", command: "filter.render.lensFlare" },
     // These three also read the item's foreground and background colours (`coloured_params`).
     Known { class: "Fbrs", filter_id: code(b"Fbrs"), name: "Fibers...", command: "filter.render.fibers" },
@@ -262,6 +274,15 @@ fn smart_sharpen_params(f: &Descriptor) -> Option<J> {
     Some(J::Object(out))
 }
 
+/// Photoshop enum codes ↔ PhotoCraft parameter values, per filter setting.
+const RIPPLE_SIZE: [(&[u8; 4], &str); 3] = [(b"Sml ", "small"), (b"Mdm ", "medium"), (b"Lrg ", "large")];
+const SPHERIZE_MODE: [(&[u8; 4], &str); 3] = [(b"Nrml", "normal"), (b"HrzO", "horizontalOnly"), (b"VrtO", "verticalOnly")];
+const POLAR_MODE: [(&[u8; 4], &str); 2] = [(b"RctP", "rectangularToPolar"), (b"PlrR", "polarToRectangular")];
+const ZIGZAG_STYLE: [(&[u8; 4], &str); 3] = [(b"PndR", "pondRipples"), (b"OtFr", "outFromCenter"), (b"ArnC", "aroundCenter")];
+const WAVE_TYPE: [(&[u8; 4], &str); 3] = [(b"WvSn", "sine"), (b"WvTr", "triangle"), (b"WvSq", "square")];
+const UNDEFINED_AREAS: [(&[u8; 4], &str); 2] = [(b"WrpA", "wrap"), (b"RptE", "repeat")];
+
+/// The PSD filter record that PhotoCraft's `command` is written as, if it has one.
 fn known_by_command(command: &str) -> Option<&'static Known> {
     KNOWN.iter().find(|k| k.command == command)
 }
@@ -295,10 +316,12 @@ fn color_halftone_params(f: &Descriptor) -> Option<J> {
     Some(json!({"maxRadius": radius, "channel1": angle("Ang1")?, "channel2": angle("Ang2")?, "channel3": angle("Ang3")?, "channel4": angle("Ang4")?}))
 }
 
+/// A numeric descriptor item as a finite number; `None` when it is absent, not a number, or not finite.
 fn px(d: &Descriptor, key: &str) -> Option<f64> {
     num(d.get(key)).filter(|v| v.is_finite())
 }
 
+/// An integer descriptor item; `None` when it is absent or of another type.
 fn int(d: &Descriptor, key: &str) -> Option<i32> {
     match d.get(key)? {
         Value::Integer(i) => Some(*i),
@@ -547,15 +570,49 @@ fn custom_params(f: &Descriptor) -> Option<J> {
     Some(json!({"kernel": kernel?, "scale": scale, "offset": offset}))
 }
 
+/// The settings of Photoshop's Wave, as it writes them (and we write them back).
+const WAVE_KEYS: [&str; 10] = ["Wvtp", "NmbG", "WLMn", "WLMx", "AmMn", "AmMx", "SclH", "SclV", "UndA", "RndS"];
+
 /// Our command and parameters for a known Photoshop filter; `None` when the filter (or one of its
 /// settings) is not modelled. `item` is the whole `filterFX` entry (Pointillize reads its `BckC`,
 /// Tiles its colours).
 fn known_params(class: &str, f: Option<&Descriptor>, item: &Descriptor) -> Option<(&'static str, J)> {
     let k = KNOWN.iter().find(|k| k.class == class)?;
     let params = match (class, f) {
-        ("adaptCorrect", None) => json!({}),
+        ("adaptCorrect" | "Invr", None) => json!({}),
         (c, None) if NO_OPTIONS.contains(&c) => json!({}),
         (_, None) => return None,
+        // Exactly the settings Photoshop writes (and we write back); an extra or repeated one keeps
+        // the filter verbatim rather than lose it on save.
+        ("Pnch", Some(f)) if exact_keys(f, &["Amnt"]) => json!({"amount": int(f, "Amnt")?}),
+        ("Twrl", Some(f)) if exact_keys(f, &["Angl"]) => json!({"angle": int(f, "Angl")?}),
+        ("Rple", Some(f)) if exact_keys(f, &["Amnt", "RplS"]) => json!({"amount": int(f, "Amnt")?, "size": enum_name(f, "RplS", "RplS", &RIPPLE_SIZE)?}),
+        ("Sphr", Some(f)) if exact_keys(f, &["Amnt", "SphM"]) => json!({"amount": int(f, "Amnt")?, "mode": enum_name(f, "SphM", "SphM", &SPHERIZE_MODE)?}),
+        ("Plr ", Some(f)) if exact_keys(f, &["Cnvr"]) => json!({"mode": enum_name(f, "Cnvr", "Cnvr", &POLAR_MODE)?}),
+        ("ZgZg", Some(f)) if exact_keys(f, &["Amnt", "NmbR", "ZZTy"]) => {
+            json!({"amount": int(f, "Amnt")?, "ridges": int(f, "NmbR")?, "style": enum_name(f, "ZZTy", "ZZTy", &ZIGZAG_STYLE)?})
+        }
+        ("Wave", Some(f)) if exact_keys(f, &WAVE_KEYS) => {
+            // PhotoCraft's Wave has no Scale: a scaled wave stays verbatim rather than lose it. The
+            // same for more generators than the renderer models, which would draw fewer than
+            // Photoshop did (and than the file asks for, once its cached pixels are re-rendered).
+            let generators = int(f, "NmbG")?;
+            let modelled = u32::try_from(generators).is_ok_and(|g| (1..=photocraft_algo::MAX_WAVE_GENERATORS).contains(&g));
+            if int(f, "SclH")? != 100 || int(f, "SclV")? != 100 || !modelled {
+                return None;
+            }
+            json!({
+                "type": enum_name(f, "Wvtp", "Wvtp", &WAVE_TYPE)?,
+                "generators": generators,
+                "wavelengthMin": int(f, "WLMn")?,
+                "wavelengthMax": int(f, "WLMx")?,
+                "amplitudeMin": int(f, "AmMn")?,
+                "amplitudeMax": int(f, "AmMx")?,
+                "undefinedAreas": enum_name(f, "UndA", "UndA", &UNDEFINED_AREAS)?,
+                // `RndS` is a signed long; the seed is its bit pattern.
+                "seed": (int(f, "RndS")? as u32),
+            })
+        }
         ("GsnB" | "boxblur" | "Mdn " | "HghP" | "Mxm " | "Mnm ", Some(f)) => json!({"radius": px(f, "Rds ")?}),
         ("MtnB", Some(f)) => json!({"angle": int(f, "Angl")?, "distance": px(f, "Dstn")?}),
         ("UnsM", Some(f)) => json!({"amount": px(f, "Amnt")?, "radius": px(f, "Rds ")?, "threshold": int(f, "Thsh")?}),
@@ -1120,6 +1177,37 @@ fn fltr_for(k: &Known, p: &J) -> Result<Option<Descriptor>, String> {
         // No settings to write; any parameter keys an old record carries have no effect on the
         // filter either, so nothing is lost.
         c if NO_OPTIONS.contains(&c) => return Ok(None),
+        // Keys and order as Photoshop writes them.
+        "Pnch" => d.with("Amnt", pi(p, "amount", 50.0)),
+        "Twrl" => d.with("Angl", pi(p, "angle", 50.0)),
+        "Rple" => d.with("Amnt", pi(p, "amount", 100.0)).with("RplS", enum_param(p, "size", "medium", "RplS", &RIPPLE_SIZE)?),
+        "Sphr" => d.with("Amnt", pi(p, "amount", 100.0)).with("SphM", enum_param(p, "mode", "normal", "SphM", &SPHERIZE_MODE)?),
+        "Plr " => d.with("Cnvr", enum_param(p, "mode", "rectangularToPolar", "Cnvr", &POLAR_MODE)?),
+        "ZgZg" => {
+            d.with("Amnt", pi(p, "amount", 10.0)).with("NmbR", pi(p, "ridges", 5.0)).with("ZZTy", enum_param(p, "style", "pondRipples", "ZZTy", &ZIGZAG_STYLE)?)
+        }
+        "Wave" => {
+            // The seed the renderer draws with (engine `filters::seed`): a u32, else a legacy signed
+            // or fractional seed, rounded and saturated, as its bit pattern.
+            let seed = match p.get("seed").and_then(J::as_u64).and_then(|s| u32::try_from(s).ok()) {
+                Some(s) => Value::Integer(s as i32),
+                None => pi(p, "seed", 0.0),
+            };
+            // The renderer draws at most MAX_WAVE_GENERATORS: write what PhotoCraft rendered, so
+            // Photoshop doesn't draw more generators than the user saw.
+            let generators = pf(p, "generators", 5.0).round().clamp(1.0, f64::from(photocraft_algo::MAX_WAVE_GENERATORS)) as i32;
+            d.with("Wvtp", enum_param(p, "type", "sine", "Wvtp", &WAVE_TYPE)?)
+                .with("NmbG", Value::Integer(generators))
+                .with("WLMn", pi(p, "wavelengthMin", 10.0))
+                .with("WLMx", pi(p, "wavelengthMax", 120.0))
+                .with("AmMn", pi(p, "amplitudeMin", 5.0))
+                .with("AmMx", pi(p, "amplitudeMax", 35.0))
+                .with("SclH", Value::Integer(100))
+                .with("SclV", Value::Integer(100))
+                .with("UndA", enum_param(p, "undefinedAreas", "wrap", "UndA", &UNDEFINED_AREAS)?)
+                .with("RndS", seed)
+        }
+        "Invr" => return Ok(None),
         _ => return Err("not a recognized filter".into()),
     }))
 }
@@ -1248,8 +1336,8 @@ pub struct PlacedSpec<'a> {
 
 /// Where the frame corners land (top-left, top-right, bottom-right, bottom-left), as x, y pairs.
 /// The frame is [`crate::blocks::placed_frame`] of `warp`, the warp the block stores, for an
-/// affine placement (the inverse of `parse_smart`), the source rect for a projective one (as
-/// `parse_smart_perspective` reads it).
+/// affine placement (the inverse of `parse_smart`), [`crate::blocks::perspective_frame`] of it
+/// for a projective one (as `parse_smart_perspective` reads it).
 fn quad_points(s: &PlacedSpec<'_>, warp: Option<&Warp>) -> [f64; 8] {
     let (w, h) = s.size;
     let [a, b, c, d, e, f] = s.transform.m;
@@ -1257,7 +1345,7 @@ fn quad_points(s: &PlacedSpec<'_>, warp: Option<&Warp>) -> [f64; 8] {
         Some(p) => photocraft_algo::transform::Homography(*p).apply(x, y),
         None => (a * x + c * y + e, b * x + d * y + f),
     };
-    let [x0, y0, x1, y1] = if s.perspective.is_some() { [0.0, 0.0, w, h] } else { crate::blocks::placed_frame(warp, w, h) };
+    let [x0, y0, x1, y1] = if s.perspective.is_some() { crate::blocks::perspective_frame(warp, w, h) } else { crate::blocks::placed_frame(warp, w, h) };
     let mut out = [0.0; 8];
     for (i, (x, y)) in [(x0, y0), (x1, y0), (x1, y1), (x0, y1)].into_iter().enumerate() {
         (out[2 * i], out[2 * i + 1]) = map(x, y);
@@ -1308,10 +1396,10 @@ fn warp_head(class: &str, w: &Warp) -> Descriptor {
         .with("Left", Value::Double(x0))
         .with("Btom", Value::Double(y1))
         .with("Rght", Value::Double(x1));
-    Descriptor::new(class)
-        .with("warpStyle", enumv("warpStyle", w.style.psd_name()))
-        .with("warpValue", Value::Double(w.bend))
-        .with("warpPerspective", Value::Double(w.h_distort))
+    let d = Descriptor::new(class).with("warpStyle", enumv("warpStyle", w.style.psd_name())).with("warpValue", Value::Double(w.bend));
+    // A cylinder is stored as its seven `warpValues` (#4112).
+    let d = if w.style == WarpStyle::Cylinder { d.with("warpValues", Value::List(w.values.iter().copied().map(Value::Double).collect())) } else { d };
+    d.with("warpPerspective", Value::Double(w.h_distort))
         .with("warpPerspectiveOther", Value::Double(w.v_distort))
         .with("warpRotate", enumv("Ornt", if w.vertical { "Vrtc" } else { "Hrzn" }))
         .with("bounds", Value::Descriptor(bounds))
@@ -1329,7 +1417,8 @@ fn mesh_points(m: &BezierMesh) -> Value {
 
 /// The `warp` descriptor (also the `PlLd` warp). A split warp is written as no warp: `SoLd`
 /// keeps it in `quiltWarp` ([`quilt_desc`]), next to this `warpNone`, as Photoshop does. A
-/// custom warp without a usable mesh is written as no warp, with a message.
+/// custom warp without a usable mesh is written as no warp, with a message. A cylinder is
+/// written as its seven `warpValues`.
 fn warp_desc(w: Option<&Warp>, size: (f64, f64), warnings: &mut Vec<String>) -> Value {
     let none = Warp::none([0.0, 0.0, size.0, size.1]);
     let mut w = w.unwrap_or(&none).clone();
@@ -1731,8 +1820,27 @@ mod tests {
             sf("image.adjustments.levels", json!({"inBlack": 20, "inWhite": 220, "gamma": 1.4, "red": {"inBlack": 0, "inWhite": 255, "gamma": 0.8}})),
             sf("image.adjustments.curves", json!({"points": [[0.0, 0.0], [64.0, 40.0], [255.0, 255.0]], "blue": [[0.0, 20.0], [255.0, 235.0]]})),
             sf("image.adjustments.shadowsHighlights", json!({})),
+            sf("filter.sharpen.sharpen", json!({})),
+            // Photoshop stores Dust & Scratches' radius in whole pixels (a `long`).
+            sf("filter.noise.dustAndScratches", json!({"radius": 4, "threshold": 12})),
+            sf(
+                "image.adjustments.hueSaturation",
+                json!({"colorize": false, "hue": 10, "saturation": -20, "lightness": 5, "reds": {"hue": 5, "saturation": 0, "lightness": -3, "range": [315, 345, 15, 45]}}),
+            ),
             // A pencil-drawn curve: 256 output levels (`Mpng`).
             sf("image.adjustments.curves", json!({"pencil": true, "points": (0..256).rev().collect::<Vec<i32>>()})),
+            sf("filter.distort.pinch", json!({"amount": -28})),
+            sf("filter.distort.polarCoordinates", json!({"mode": "rectangularToPolar"})),
+            sf("filter.distort.ripple", json!({"amount": 250, "size": "small"})),
+            sf("filter.distort.spherize", json!({"amount": 60, "mode": "verticalOnly"})),
+            sf("filter.distort.twirl", json!({"angle": -355})),
+            sf(
+                "filter.distort.wave",
+                json!({"type": "square", "generators": 3, "wavelengthMin": 20, "wavelengthMax": 90, "amplitudeMin": 4, "amplitudeMax": 30,
+                       "undefinedAreas": "repeat", "seed": 4_000_000_000u32}),
+            ),
+            sf("filter.distort.zigZag", json!({"amount": 30, "ridges": 7, "style": "aroundCenter"})),
+            sf("image.adjustments.invert", json!({})),
         ];
         for mut f in filters.into_iter().chain(wind_extrude_tiles_settings()) {
             f.blend = BlendMode::Overlay;
@@ -2101,6 +2209,48 @@ mod tests {
             .with("filterID", Value::Integer(id))
     }
 
+    /// The `Fltr` descriptors Photoshop 27 wrote for these filters (one smart object each, saved as
+    /// PSD and read back), with the settings PhotoCraft reads from them.
+    const PHOTOSHOP_FLTR: [(&str, &str, &str); 6] = [
+        ("filter.distort.pinch", r#"{"amount":-28}"#, "0000000600500069006e00630068000000000000506e63680000000100000000416d6e746c6f6e67ffffffe4"),
+        ("filter.distort.twirl", r#"{"angle":-355}"#, "000000060054007700690072006c0000000000005477726c0000000100000000416e676c6c6f6e67fffffe9d"),
+        (
+            "filter.distort.ripple",
+            r#"{"amount":-273,"size":"large"}"#,
+            "000000070052006900700070006c006500000000000052706c650000000200000000416d6e746c6f6e67fffffeef0000000052706c53656e756d0000000052706c53000000004c726720",
+        ),
+        (
+            "filter.distort.spherize",
+            r#"{"amount":-1,"mode":"horizontalOnly"}"#,
+            "00000009005300700068006500720069007a0065000000000000537068720000000200000000416d6e746c6f6e67ffffffff000000005370684d656e756d000000005370684d0000000048727a4f",
+        ),
+        (
+            "filter.distort.polarCoordinates",
+            r#"{"mode":"polarToRectangular"}"#,
+            "000000120050006f006c0061007200200043006f006f007200640069006e0061007400650073000000000000506c72200000000100000000436e7672656e756d00000000436e767200000000506c7252",
+        ),
+        (
+            "filter.distort.zigZag",
+            r#"{"amount":-42,"ridges":11,"style":"pondRipples"}"#,
+            "00000007005a00690067005a006100670000000000005a675a670000000300000000416d6e746c6f6e67ffffffd6000000004e6d62526c6f6e670000000b000000005a5a5479656e756d000000005a5a547900000000506e6452",
+        ),
+    ];
+
+    /// Photoshop's Wave with Scale 100% / 28%: PhotoCraft's Wave has no Scale.
+    const PHOTOSHOP_WAVE: &str = "000000050057006100760065000000000000576176650000000a0000000057767470656e756d00000000577674700000000057765472000000004e6d62476c6f6e670000014c00000000574c4d6e6c6f6e67000000d500000000574c4d786c6f6e67000000d600000000416d4d6e6c6f6e67000000f000000000416d4d786c6f6e67000000f10000000053636c486c6f6e67000000640000000053636c566c6f6e670000001c00000000556e6441656e756d00000000556e6441000000005772704100000000526e64536c6f6e670013624a";
+
+    /// A `filterFX` list item as Photoshop writes it (enabled, Normal at 100%, with options), wrapping the `Fltr` descriptor `fltr`.
+    fn photoshop_fltr_item(fltr: Descriptor) -> Descriptor {
+        let id = code(fltr.class_id.as_bytes().try_into().unwrap());
+        Descriptor::new("filterFX")
+            .with("Nm  ", Value::Text(UnicodeString::new_nul("from Photoshop")))
+            .with("blendOptions", Value::Descriptor(Descriptor::new("blendOptions").with("Opct", unit(b"#Prc", 100.0)).with("Md  ", enumv("BlnM", "normal"))))
+            .with("enab", Value::Boolean(true))
+            .with("hasoptions", Value::Boolean(true))
+            .with("Fltr", Value::Descriptor(fltr))
+            .with("filterID", Value::Integer(id))
+    }
+
     fn wind(method: &str, direction: &str) -> Descriptor {
         Descriptor::new("Wnd ").with("WndM", enumv("WndM", method)).with("Drct", enumv("Drct", direction))
     }
@@ -2580,17 +2730,233 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(filter_from_item(&bare).command, UNSUPPORTED_FILTER);
     }
 
+    /// Distort smart filters from a Photoshop file open as their PhotoCraft filters, and the ones
+    /// PhotoCraft writes carry the same settings, keys and order as Photoshop's.
+    #[test]
+    fn photoshop_distort_filters_read_and_write_like_photoshop() {
+        for (command, params, hex) in PHOTOSHOP_FLTR {
+            let ps = Descriptor::from_bytes(&from_hex(hex).unwrap()).unwrap();
+            let f = filter_from_item(&photoshop_fltr_item(ps.clone()));
+            let want: J = serde_json::from_str(params).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!((f.command.as_str(), &f.params), (command, &want), "{command}");
+            let ours = match item_for_filter(&f).unwrap().get("Fltr") {
+                Some(Value::Descriptor(d)) => d.clone(),
+                other => panic!("{command}: no Fltr ({other:?})"),
+            };
+            assert_eq!((&ours.class_id, &ours.items), (&ps.class_id, &ps.items), "{command}: same keys, values and order");
+        }
+        // A scaled wave can't be modelled, so it stays Photoshop's, unchanged.
+        let wave = Descriptor::from_bytes(&from_hex(PHOTOSHOP_WAVE).unwrap()).unwrap();
+        let item = photoshop_fltr_item(wave);
+        let f = filter_from_item(&item);
+        assert_eq!(f.command, UNSUPPORTED_FILTER);
+        assert_eq!(item_for_filter(&f).unwrap().get("Fltr"), item.get("Fltr"));
+        // Unscaled, but with 332 generators (the renderer draws 64 at most), it stays Photoshop's too.
+        let mut unscaled = match item.get("Fltr") {
+            Some(Value::Descriptor(d)) => d.clone(),
+            other => panic!("wave: no Fltr ({other:?})"),
+        };
+        set(&mut unscaled, "SclV", Value::Integer(100));
+        let item = photoshop_fltr_item(unscaled);
+        let f = filter_from_item(&item);
+        assert_eq!(f.command, UNSUPPORTED_FILTER);
+        assert_eq!(item_for_filter(&f).unwrap().get("Fltr"), item.get("Fltr"));
+
+        // An extra or repeated setting PhotoCraft doesn't model keeps the filter Photoshop's, unchanged.
+        let mut fltrs: Vec<Descriptor> = PHOTOSHOP_FLTR.iter().map(|(_, _, hex)| Descriptor::from_bytes(&from_hex(hex).unwrap()).unwrap()).collect();
+        let mut wave = unscaled_wave();
+        set(&mut wave, "NmbG", Value::Integer(5));
+        assert_eq!(filter_from_item(&photoshop_fltr_item(wave.clone())).command, "filter.distort.wave", "the plain wave maps");
+        fltrs.push(wave);
+        for ps in fltrs {
+            let name = String::from_utf8_lossy(ps.class_id.as_bytes()).into_owned();
+            let mut repeated = ps.clone();
+            repeated.items.push(ps.items[0].clone());
+            for odd in [ps.clone().with("Xtra", Value::Integer(7)), repeated] {
+                let item = photoshop_fltr_item(odd);
+                let f = filter_from_item(&item);
+                assert_eq!(f.command, UNSUPPORTED_FILTER, "{name}");
+                assert_eq!(item_for_filter(&f).unwrap().get("Fltr"), item.get("Fltr"), "{name}: written back unchanged");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Photoshop's Wave ([`PHOTOSHOP_WAVE`]) at 100% scale both ways.
+    fn unscaled_wave() -> Descriptor {
+        let mut wave = Descriptor::from_bytes(&from_hex(PHOTOSHOP_WAVE).unwrap()).unwrap();
+        set(&mut wave, "SclV", Value::Integer(100));
+        wave
+    }
+
+    /// An unscaled Wave opens as PhotoCraft's Wave (Triangle, the other settings as stored) up to
+    /// the generators the renderer models; one more and it stays Photoshop's, unchanged.
+    #[test]
+    fn wave_maps_up_to_the_generators_the_renderer_models() {
+        let max = i32::try_from(photocraft_algo::MAX_WAVE_GENERATORS).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(max, 64);
+        let mut wave = Descriptor::from_bytes(&from_hex(PHOTOSHOP_WAVE).unwrap()).unwrap();
+        set(&mut wave, "SclV", Value::Integer(100));
+        for (generators, mapped) in [(1, true), (max, true), (max + 1, false), (999, false), (0, false), (-1, false)] {
+            set(&mut wave, "NmbG", Value::Integer(generators));
+            let item = photoshop_fltr_item(wave.clone());
+            let f = filter_from_item(&item);
+            if mapped {
+                assert_eq!(
+                    (f.command.as_str(), &f.params),
+                    (
+                        "filter.distort.wave",
+                        &json!({"type": "triangle", "generators": generators, "wavelengthMin": 213, "wavelengthMax": 214, "amplitudeMin": 240,
+                                "amplitudeMax": 241, "undefinedAreas": "wrap", "seed": 1270346})
+                    ),
+                    "{generators} generators"
+                );
+                match item_for_filter(&f).unwrap().get("Fltr") {
+                    Some(Value::Descriptor(ours)) => assert_eq!((&ours.class_id, &ours.items), (&wave.class_id, &wave.items), "{generators} generators"),
+                    other => panic!("wave: no Fltr ({other:?})"),
+                }
+            } else {
+                assert_eq!(f.command, UNSUPPORTED_FILTER, "{generators} generators");
+                assert_eq!(item_for_filter(&f).unwrap().get("Fltr"), item.get("Fltr"), "{generators} generators");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// PhotoCraft draws at most `MAX_WAVE_GENERATORS` generators, so a Wave edited past that exports
+    /// the 64 it rendered, and a count below 1 exports 1, instead of Photoshop drawing more.
+    #[test]
+    fn wave_export_writes_only_the_generators_the_renderer_draws() {
+        let max = i32::try_from(photocraft_algo::MAX_WAVE_GENERATORS).unwrap();
+        for (stored, written) in [(100, max), (999, max), (max + 1, max), (max, max), (5, 5), (1, 1), (0, 1), (-3, 1)] {
+            let wave = sf(
+                "filter.distort.wave",
+                json!({"type": "sine", "generators": stored, "wavelengthMin": 20, "wavelengthMax": 90, "amplitudeMin": 4, "amplitudeMax": 30}),
+            );
+            let fltr = match item_for_filter(&wave).unwrap().get("Fltr") {
+                Some(Value::Descriptor(d)) => d.clone(),
+                other => panic!("wave: no Fltr ({other:?})"),
+            };
+            assert_eq!(int(&fltr, "NmbG"), Some(written), "{stored} generators");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// `RndS` is the seed the renderer draws with, also for a legacy signed or fractional seed
+    /// (stored as is by `layer.smartFilter.setParams`), not 0.
+    #[test]
+    fn wave_export_writes_the_seed_the_renderer_draws() {
+        for (stored, written) in [
+            (json!(77), 77),
+            (json!(4_000_000_000u32), -294_967_296),
+            (json!(-1), -1),
+            (json!(7.4), 7),
+            (json!(-2.6), -3),
+            (json!(1e12), i32::MAX),
+            (json!("x"), 0),
+        ] {
+            let wave = sf("filter.distort.wave", json!({"generators": 3, "seed": stored}));
+            let fltr = match item_for_filter(&wave).unwrap().get("Fltr") {
+                Some(Value::Descriptor(d)) => d.clone(),
+                other => panic!("wave: no Fltr ({other:?})"),
+            };
+            assert_eq!(int(&fltr, "RndS"), Some(written), "seed {stored}");
+            // And it reads back as that bit pattern.
+            assert_eq!(known_params("Wave", Some(&fltr), &Descriptor::new("filterFX")).unwrap().1["seed"], json!(written as u32), "seed {stored}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Invert on a smart object: Photoshop stores no `Fltr`, `hasoptions` false and its filter id.
+    #[test]
+    fn invert_smart_filter_reads_and_writes_like_photoshop() {
+        let item = Descriptor::new("filterFX")
+            .with("Nm  ", Value::Text(UnicodeString::new_nul("Invert")))
+            .with("blendOptions", Value::Descriptor(Descriptor::new("blendOptions").with("Opct", unit(b"#Prc", 100.0)).with("Md  ", enumv("BlnM", "normal"))))
+            .with("enab", Value::Boolean(true))
+            .with("hasoptions", Value::Boolean(false))
+            .with("FrgC", rgbc(255.0))
+            .with("BckC", rgbc(0.0))
+            .with("filterID", Value::Integer(code(b"Invr")));
+        let f = filter_from_item(&item);
+        assert_eq!((f.command.as_str(), &f.params), ("image.adjustments.invert", &json!({})));
+        let back = item_for_filter(&f).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(back.get("Fltr"), None);
+        assert_eq!(back.get("hasoptions"), Some(&Value::Boolean(false)));
+        assert_eq!(back.get("filterID"), Some(&Value::Integer(code(b"Invr"))));
+        assert_eq!(back.get("Nm  "), Some(&Value::Text(UnicodeString::new_nul("Invert"))));
+    }
+
+    /// A filter PhotoCraft doesn't model, or a known one with settings it doesn't, is kept verbatim; only its visibility and blend change.
+    #[test]
+    fn photoshop_sharpen_without_fltr_imports_as_sharpen() {
+        // #6267: Photoshop's Sharpen item holds only its name, blending and `filterID`.
+        let item = Descriptor::new("filterFX")
+            .with("Nm  ", Value::Text(UnicodeString::new_nul("Sharpen")))
+            .with("blendOptions", Value::Descriptor(Descriptor::new("blendOptions").with("Opct", unit(b"#Prc", 100.0)).with("Md  ", enumv("BlnM", "normal"))))
+            .with("enab", Value::Boolean(true))
+            .with("hasoptions", Value::Boolean(false))
+            .with("filterID", Value::Integer(1_399_353_968));
+        let f = filter_from_item(&item);
+        assert_eq!((f.command.as_str(), &f.params), ("filter.sharpen.sharpen", &json!({})));
+        // Hue/Saturation with an unnumbered range and Dust & Scratches with a missing setting fail
+        // cleanly instead of panicking.
+        let bad = SmartFilter {
+            command: "image.adjustments.hueSaturation".into(),
+            params: json!({"reds": {"range": [1, "x", 3, 4]}}),
+            blend: BlendMode::Normal,
+            opacity: 1.0,
+            visible: true,
+        };
+        assert!(item_for_filter(&bad).is_err());
+        let dust = Descriptor::new("filterFX")
+            .with("Fltr", Value::Descriptor(Descriptor::new("DstS").with("Rds ", Value::Integer(3))))
+            .with("filterID", Value::Integer(code(b"DstS")));
+        assert_eq!(filter_from_item(&dust).command, UNSUPPORTED_FILTER);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn hue_saturation_ranges_are_not_lost() {
+        let hue_sat = |params: J| item_for_filter(&sf("image.adjustments.hueSaturation", params));
+        // A range that is not an object is an error, not a silently dropped setting.
+        assert!(hue_sat(json!({"reds": 5})).is_err());
+        assert!(hue_sat(json!({"reds": null})).is_ok());
+        // Colorize's 25% default is the master saturation's only: a range's stays 0.
+        let d = hue_sat(json!({"colorize": true, "reds": {"hue": 5}})).unwrap();
+        let adjs = adjustment_list(get_desc(&d, "Fltr").unwrap()).unwrap();
+        let saturations: Vec<_> = adjs.iter().map(|a| int(a, "Strt")).collect();
+        assert_eq!(saturations, [Some(25), Some(0)]);
+        // A repeated range (or master) would overwrite the first: the filter is kept verbatim.
+        let entry = |range: Option<i32>| {
+            let e = Descriptor::new("Hst2").with("H   ", Value::Integer(0)).with("Strt", Value::Integer(0)).with("Lght", Value::Integer(0));
+            let Some(r) = range else { return Value::Descriptor(e) };
+            let e = ["BgnR", "BgnS", "EndS", "EndR"].iter().fold(e.with("LclR", Value::Integer(r)), |e, k| e.with(k, Value::Integer(10)));
+            Value::Descriptor(e)
+        };
+        for adjs in [vec![entry(None), entry(Some(1)), entry(Some(1))], vec![entry(None), entry(None)]] {
+            let fltr = Descriptor::new("HStr").with("Clrz", Value::Boolean(false)).with("Adjs", Value::List(adjs));
+            let item = Descriptor::new("filterFX")
+                .with("Nm  ", Value::Text(UnicodeString::new_nul("Hue/Saturation...")))
+                .with(
+                    "blendOptions",
+                    Value::Descriptor(Descriptor::new("blendOptions").with("Opct", unit(b"#Prc", 100.0)).with("Md  ", enumv("BlnM", "normal"))),
+                )
+                .with("enab", Value::Boolean(true))
+                .with("Fltr", Value::Descriptor(fltr))
+                .with("filterID", Value::Integer(code(b"HStr")));
+            let f = filter_from_item(&item);
+            assert_eq!(f.command, UNSUPPORTED_FILTER);
+            assert_eq!(item_for_filter(&f).unwrap(), item);
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn unknown_filters_keep_their_descriptor() {
         let item = Descriptor::new("filterFX")
-            .with("Nm  ", Value::Text(UnicodeString::new_nul("Twirl...")))
+            .with("Nm  ", Value::Text(UnicodeString::new_nul("Shear...")))
             .with("blendOptions", Value::Descriptor(Descriptor::new("blendOptions").with("Opct", unit(b"#Prc", 100.0)).with("Md  ", enumv("BlnM", "normal"))))
             .with("enab", Value::Boolean(true))
-            .with("Fltr", Value::Descriptor(Descriptor::new("Twrl").with("Angl", Value::Integer(50))))
-            .with("filterID", Value::Integer(code(b"Twrl")));
+            .with("Fltr", Value::Descriptor(Descriptor::new("Shr ").with("UndA", enumv("UndA", "WrpA"))))
+            .with("filterID", Value::Integer(code(b"Shr ")));
         let f = filter_from_item(&item);
         assert_eq!(f.command, UNSUPPORTED_FILTER);
-        assert_eq!(f.params["name"], "Twirl...");
+        assert_eq!(f.params["name"], "Shear...");
         assert_eq!(item_for_filter(&f).unwrap(), item);
         // Hidden and re-blended: only those keys change.
         let mut g = f.clone();
@@ -3093,11 +3459,13 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Filters with no PSD equivalent are skipped with a warning each, and the writable ones around them still export.
     #[test]
     fn unwritable_filters_are_reported_not_fatal() {
         let stack = FilterStack {
             filters: vec![
-                sf("filter.distort.twirl", json!({"angle": 50})),
+                // Shear's curve isn't mapped to Photoshop's grid yet.
+                sf("filter.distort.shear", json!({"amount": 40})),
                 sf("filter.blur.gaussianBlur", json!({"radius": 2.0})),
                 sf(UNSUPPORTED_FILTER, json!({"psd": "zz"})),
                 sf("image.adjustments.levels", json!({"cyan": {"gamma": 2.0}})),
@@ -3506,6 +3874,53 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(!quad_moved(&p.descriptor, &spec, spec.warp));
     }
 
+    /// #4112: a regenerated `SoLd` (after Replace Contents, a move…) writes a cylinder back as
+    /// `warpCylinder` and its seven values, not as no warp, and frames its control-point box with
+    /// the quad, affine or projective, so import places it where it was.
+    #[test]
+    fn cylinder_warp_round_trips_through_sold() {
+        let v = [100.0, 800.0, 900.0, 200.0, 0.3, 0.3, 0.5];
+        let warp = Warp::cylinder(&v, [0.0, 0.0, 1000.0, 1000.0]).unwrap();
+        let transform = Affine { m: [0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5, 40.0, 30.0] };
+        let mut spec =
+            PlacedSpec { idnt: "i", placed: "p", transform, perspective: None, size: (1000.0, 1000.0), dpi: 72.0, warp: Some(&warp), filter_fx: None };
+        let mut warnings = Vec::new();
+        let sold = sold_bytes(None, &spec, &mut warnings);
+        assert!(warnings.is_empty(), "{warnings:?}");
+        let p = parse_sold(&sold).expect("parses");
+        let Some(Value::Descriptor(w)) = p.descriptor.get("warp") else { panic!("no warp") };
+        assert_eq!(crate::blocks::enum_of(w, "warpStyle"), Some(b"warpCylinder".as_slice()));
+        let Some(Value::List(values)) = w.get("warpValues") else { panic!("no warpValues") };
+        assert_eq!(values.iter().filter_map(|x| num(Some(x))).collect::<Vec<_>>(), v);
+        assert!(w.get("customEnvelopeWarp").is_none());
+        assert_eq!(crate::blocks::parse_placed_warp(b"SoLd", &sold), Some(warp.clone()));
+        for (a, b) in p.transform.m.iter().zip(transform.m) {
+            assert!((a - b).abs() < 1e-9, "{:?}", p.transform);
+        }
+        // The quad is the image of the control-point box, not of the source rect.
+        let cb = warp.mesh.as_ref().unwrap().control_bounds();
+        let Some(Value::List(q)) = p.descriptor.get("Trnf") else { panic!("no Trnf") };
+        let q: Vec<f64> = q.iter().filter_map(|x| num(Some(x))).collect();
+        let want = [cb[0], cb[1], cb[2], cb[1], cb[2], cb[3], cb[0], cb[3]].map(|c| 0.5 * c);
+        for (i, (a, b)) in q.iter().zip(want).enumerate() {
+            let shift = if i % 2 == 0 { 40.0 } else { 30.0 };
+            assert!((a - (b + shift)).abs() < 1e-9, "corner {i}: {q:?}");
+        }
+        assert!(!quad_moved(&p.descriptor, &spec, spec.warp));
+        // A projective placement comes back as the same map.
+        let h = photocraft_algo::transform::Homography::rect_to_quad(cb, [[10.0, 20.0], [410.0, 60.0], [400.0, 480.0], [30.0, 520.0]]).unwrap();
+        spec.perspective = Some(h.0);
+        let sold = sold_bytes(None, &spec, &mut warnings);
+        let back = crate::blocks::parse_smart_perspective(b"SoLd", &sold).expect("projective");
+        let n = |m: [f64; 9]| m.map(|x| x / m[8]);
+        for (a, b) in n(back).iter().zip(n(h.0)) {
+            assert!((a - b).abs() < 1e-9 * (1.0 + b.abs()), "{back:?} vs {:?}", h.0);
+        }
+        let plld = plld_bytes(&spec, &mut warnings);
+        assert_eq!(crate::blocks::parse_plld_warp(&plld), crate::blocks::PlldWarp::Warp(warp));
+        assert!(warnings.is_empty(), "{warnings:?}");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn hex_and_uuid() {
         assert_eq!(from_hex(&to_hex(&[0, 1, 0xab, 0xff])), Some(vec![0, 1, 0xab, 0xff]));
diff --git a/crates/io/src/svg.rs b/crates/io/src/svg.rs
index 85ccf1f184..312b2b8f03 100644
--- a/crates/io/src/svg.rs
+++ b/crates/io/src/svg.rs
@@ -28,6 +28,75 @@ use crate::{ImportResult, IoError};
 pub const MAX_SIDE: u32 = 16_384;
 /// A rasterised fallback layer or a smart-object render never exceeds this many pixels.
 const MAX_RASTER_PIXELS: u64 = 24_000_000;
+/// Largest decoded byte size (RGBA8) accepted for an embedded raster image before resvg decodes
+/// it. resvg/tiny-skia allocate the full intrinsic image before any destination-size scaling,
+/// so a highly compressed PNG or WebP could otherwise trigger gigabyte-scale allocation and
+/// decompression that the destination pixmap's size check never sees.
+const MAX_EMBEDDED_IMAGE_BYTES: u64 = MAX_RASTER_PIXELS * 4;
+
+/// The IHDR width/height of a PNG, read directly from its header (no decoding): the signature
+/// (8 bytes), the IHDR chunk's length and type (8 bytes), then big-endian width and height.
+fn png_dimensions(data: &[u8]) -> Option<(u32, u32)> {
+    let sig = data.get(0..8)?;
+    if sig != [0x89, b'P', b'N', b'G', 0x0D, 0x0A, 0x1A, 0x0A] {
+        return None;
+    }
+    if data.get(12..16)? != b"IHDR" {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let w = u32::from_be_bytes(data.get(16..20)?.try_into().ok()?);
+    let h = u32::from_be_bytes(data.get(20..24)?.try_into().ok()?);
+    Some((w, h))
+}
+
+/// Intrinsic dimensions of a raster image resvg can embed, from its header alone, for formats
+/// where decoding allocates the full image before any destination scaling (PNG, WebP).
+/// Returns `Some(Some((w, h)))` when the format is PNG/WebP and its header parses cleanly,
+/// `Some(None)` when the format is PNG/WebP (by MIME or magic bytes under `"text/plain"`)
+/// and its header is malformed, or `None` for other formats.
+/// A JPEG's size from its frame header (the first SOF marker), without decoding anything.
+fn jpeg_dimensions(data: &[u8]) -> Option<(u32, u32)> {
+    let mut i = 2;
+    loop {
+        if *data.get(i)? != 0xFF {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let marker = *data.get(i + 1)?;
+        match marker {
+            0xFF => i += 1,
+            // SOF0..SOF15, but for DHT (C4), JPG (C8) and DAC (CC).
+            0xC0..=0xCF if !matches!(marker, 0xC4 | 0xC8 | 0xCC) => {
+                let h = u16::from_be_bytes([*data.get(i + 5)?, *data.get(i + 6)?]);
+                let w = u16::from_be_bytes([*data.get(i + 7)?, *data.get(i + 8)?]);
+                return Some((u32::from(w), u32::from(h)));
+            }
+            // Start of scan or end of image before any frame header.
+            0xD8..=0xDA => return None,
+            0x01 | 0xD0..=0xD7 => i += 2,
+            _ => i += 2 + usize::from(u16::from_be_bytes([*data.get(i + 2)?, *data.get(i + 3)?])),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn embedded_image_dimensions(mime: &str, data: &[u8]) -> Option<Option<(u32, u32)>> {
+    match mime {
+        "image/png" => Some(png_dimensions(data)),
+        "image/webp" | "image/gif" => Some(photocraft_codecs::probe_size(data).ok()),
+        "image/jpeg" | "image/jpg" => Some(jpeg_dimensions(data)),
+        "text/plain" => {
+            if data.starts_with(&[0x89, b'P', b'N', b'G', 0x0D, 0x0A, 0x1A, 0x0A]) {
+                Some(png_dimensions(data))
+            } else if (data.get(0..4) == Some(b"RIFF") && data.get(8..12) == Some(b"WEBP")) || data.starts_with(b"GIF8") {
+                Some(photocraft_codecs::probe_size(data).ok())
+            } else if data.starts_with(&[0xFF, 0xD8, 0xFF]) {
+                Some(jpeg_dimensions(data))
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        }
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
 /// Aggregate memory for retained fallback surfaces in the document's pixel format.
 const MAX_PIXEL_BYTES: u64 = 1 << 30;
 /// Estimated peak during raster conversion (retained surfaces + RGBA8 pixmap + f32 staging + tiles).
@@ -65,50 +134,192 @@ fn fonts() -> Arc<usvg::fontdb::Database> {
         }
         #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
         db.load_system_fonts();
-        configure_generic_fonts(&mut db);
+        resolve_generic_families(&mut db, system_generic_family);
         Arc::new(db)
     })
     .clone()
 }
 
-/// fontdb's defaults name common Windows fonts. If those families aren't installed,
-/// usvg's missing-family fallback resolves to nothing and drops otherwise valid SVG text.
-/// Keep existing mappings; fill only missing generics with a family actually in this database.
-fn configure_generic_fonts(db: &mut usvg::fontdb::Database) {
-    use usvg::fontdb::{Family, Query};
-    for (generic, candidates) in [
-        (Family::Serif, &["Noto Serif", "DejaVu Serif", "Liberation Serif", "Inter"][..]),
-        (Family::SansSerif, &["Noto Sans", "DejaVu Sans", "Liberation Sans", "Inter"][..]),
-        (Family::Monospace, &["Noto Sans Mono", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Liberation Mono", "JetBrains Mono"][..]),
+/// Installed families that stand in for each generic one, best first: the metric-compatible
+/// Liberation and Croscore fonts, then common Linux defaults, then the bundled craft fonts.
+const SANS_SERIF: &[&str] = &["Liberation Sans", "Arimo", "Helvetica", "DejaVu Sans", "Noto Sans", photocraft_text::fonts::DEFAULT_FAMILY];
+const SERIF: &[&str] = &["Liberation Serif", "Tinos", "Times", "DejaVu Serif", "Noto Serif"];
+const MONOSPACE: &[&str] = &["Liberation Mono", "Cousine", "Courier", "DejaVu Sans Mono", "Noto Sans Mono", photocraft_text::fonts::MONO_FAMILY];
+
+/// Points the generic families (`sans-serif`, `serif`, `monospace`, `cursive`, `fantasy`) at
+/// fonts the database holds. fontdb names Windows fonts for them (Arial, Times New Roman,
+/// Courier New…): on a system without those, every family of a usual
+/// `font-family="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"` misses, and usvg drops the text although
+/// hundreds of fonts are installed, where a browser sets it in a fallback font. A generic whose
+/// font is installed is left alone. Otherwise the system's choice (`system`, Fontconfig on Linux)
+/// wins when the database has it, then the first installed stand-in, then the sans-serif choice,
+/// then any font at all.
+fn resolve_generic_families(db: &mut usvg::fontdb::Database, system: impl Fn(&str) -> Option<String>) {
+    use usvg::fontdb::Family;
+    let has = |db: &usvg::fontdb::Database, name: &str| db.faces().any(|f| f.families.iter().any(|(n, _)| n.eq_ignore_ascii_case(name)));
+    let Some(any) = db.faces().find_map(|f| f.families.first()).map(|(n, _)| n.clone()) else { return };
+    let mut sans = None;
+    for (generic, css, stand_ins) in [
+        (Family::SansSerif, "sans-serif", SANS_SERIF),
+        (Family::Serif, "serif", SERIF),
+        (Family::Monospace, "monospace", MONOSPACE),
+        (Family::Cursive, "cursive", &[][..]),
+        (Family::Fantasy, "fantasy", &[][..]),
     ] {
-        if db.query(&Query { families: &[generic], ..Default::default() }).is_some() {
-            continue;
+        let current = db.family_name(&generic).to_string();
+        let pick = if has(db, &current) {
+            current
+        } else {
+            system(css)
+                .filter(|n| has(db, n))
+                .or_else(|| stand_ins.iter().find(|n| has(db, n)).map(|n| n.to_string()))
+                .or_else(|| sans.clone())
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| any.clone())
+        };
+        match generic {
+            Family::SansSerif => db.set_sans_serif_family(pick.clone()),
+            Family::Serif => db.set_serif_family(pick.clone()),
+            Family::Monospace => db.set_monospace_family(pick.clone()),
+            Family::Cursive => db.set_cursive_family(pick.clone()),
+            _ => db.set_fantasy_family(pick.clone()),
         }
-        let family = candidates
-            .iter()
-            .find(|name| db.query(&Query { families: &[Family::Name(name)], ..Default::default() }).is_some())
-            .map(|name| (*name).to_string())
-            .or_else(|| db.faces().find_map(|face| face.families.first().map(|(name, _)| name.clone())));
-        if let Some(family) = family {
-            match generic {
-                Family::Serif => db.set_serif_family(family),
-                Family::SansSerif => db.set_sans_serif_family(family),
-                Family::Monospace => db.set_monospace_family(family),
-                _ => {}
-            }
+        if generic == Family::SansSerif {
+            sans = Some(pick);
         }
     }
 }
 
+/// The family Fontconfig sets a generic family in (`fc-match sans-serif`), as the rest of the
+/// desktop does; `None` without Fontconfig.
+#[cfg(all(target_os = "linux", not(target_arch = "wasm32")))]
+fn system_generic_family(generic: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    let out = std::process::Command::new("fc-match").args(["--format=%{family[0]}", generic]).output().ok()?;
+    let name = String::from_utf8(out.stdout).ok()?;
+    Some(name.trim().to_string()).filter(|n| out.status.success() && !n.is_empty())
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(all(target_os = "linux", not(target_arch = "wasm32"))))]
+fn system_generic_family(_generic: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    None
+}
+
+/// Most font file bytes [`in_memory`] keeps; past it a face stays on disk (slow, still right).
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+const MAX_CACHED_FONT_BYTES: usize = 256 << 20;
+
+/// `id`, or the same face loaded from memory when the database names a file for it. fontdb
+/// re-reads a system font's whole file for every glyph usvg outlines (about a millisecond a
+/// character with Times New Roman), so a short entity-expanded text could keep an import busy
+/// for minutes. Each file is read once per process; the parse's own database copy then holds
+/// every face of that file from memory.
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+fn in_memory(id: usvg::fontdb::ID, db: &mut Arc<usvg::fontdb::Database>) -> usvg::fontdb::ID {
+    use std::collections::HashMap;
+    use std::path::PathBuf;
+    use std::sync::{Mutex, PoisonError};
+    use usvg::fontdb::Source;
+    type Files = (HashMap<PathBuf, Arc<Vec<u8>>>, usize);
+    static FILES: OnceLock<Mutex<Files>> = OnceLock::new();
+    static LOADING: Mutex<()> = Mutex::new(());
+    let Some((Source::File(path), index)) = db.face_source(id) else { return id };
+    let files = || FILES.get_or_init(Mutex::default).lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner);
+    let fits = |files: &Files, len: usize| files.1.saturating_add(len) <= MAX_CACHED_FONT_BYTES;
+    let cached = files().0.get(&path).cloned();
+    // One miss at a time, so imports wanting the same file read it once: a second one waits
+    // here, then takes the bytes the first one kept.
+    let loading = cached.is_none().then(|| LOADING.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner));
+    let cached = cached.or_else(|| files().0.get(&path).cloned());
+    let bytes = match cached {
+        Some(b) => b,
+        None => {
+            // The size first: a file past the budget isn't read at all, on this lookup or the next.
+            let Ok(len) = std::fs::metadata(&path).map(|m| usize::try_from(m.len()).unwrap_or(usize::MAX)) else { return id };
+            if !fits(&files(), len) {
+                return id;
+            }
+            let Ok(b) = std::fs::read(&path) else { return id };
+            let b = Arc::new(b);
+            // The face has to load from the bytes before they're kept or the file's faces leave
+            // the database: a file replaced or cut short since fontdb indexed it stays on disk.
+            let mut probe = usvg::fontdb::Database::new();
+            let ids = probe.load_font_source(Source::Binary(b.clone()));
+            if !ids.iter().any(|&n| probe.face_source(n).is_some_and(|(_, i)| i == index)) {
+                return id;
+            }
+            let mut files = files();
+            if !fits(&files, b.len()) {
+                return id;
+            }
+            files.1 = files.1.saturating_add(b.len());
+            files.0.insert(path.clone(), b.clone());
+            b
+        }
+    };
+    drop(loading);
+    let db = Arc::make_mut(db);
+    let same_file: Vec<_> = db.faces().filter(|f| matches!(&f.source, Source::File(p) if *p == path)).map(|f| f.id).collect();
+    // Last first: fontdb's slots are reused last-freed-first, so the file's faces come back in
+    // their old places and order, and the fallback search (first face with the character)
+    // still finds the face it finds on disk.
+    for f in same_file.into_iter().rev() {
+        db.remove_face(f);
+    }
+    let loaded = db.load_font_source(Source::Binary(bytes));
+    loaded.into_iter().find(|&n| db.face_source(n).is_some_and(|(_, i)| i == index)).unwrap_or(id)
+}
+
+/// usvg's font choice, with the chosen faces read from memory ([`in_memory`]).
+fn font_resolver() -> usvg::FontResolver<'static> {
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    {
+        let select = usvg::FontResolver::default_font_selector();
+        let fallback = usvg::FontResolver::default_fallback_selector();
+        usvg::FontResolver {
+            select_font: Box::new(move |font, db| select(font, db).map(|id| in_memory(id, db))),
+            select_fallback: Box::new(move |c, used, db| fallback(c, used, db).map(|id| in_memory(id, db))),
+        }
+    }
+    #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+    usvg::FontResolver::default()
+}
+
 /// Parse options for an untrusted drawing. `<image href>` resolves only `data:` URLs: a file path
 /// or relative href is never read, so opening an SVG cannot pull local files (`/etc/...`,
 /// `~/.ssh/...`) into the document. Embedded SVG images get no `<image>` resolution at all
 /// (`usvg` already blanks it for sub-SVGs).
 fn options(fontdb: Arc<usvg::fontdb::Database>) -> usvg::Options<'static> {
+    let default_resolver = usvg::ImageHrefResolver::default_data_resolver();
+    let resolve_data: usvg::ImageHrefDataResolverFn<'static> = Box::new(move |mime, data, opts| {
+        // Reject embedded images whose decoded RGBA storage would exceed the budget before
+        // resvg (which allocates the full intrinsic image before any destination scaling) ever
+        // sees them. Formats without a cheap header probe fall through unchanged; their decode
+        // path is bounded elsewhere or accepted as-is, matching the previous behavior.
+        if let Some(probed) = embedded_image_dimensions(mime, &data) {
+            let (w, h) = probed?;
+            let decoded = u64::from(w).saturating_mul(u64::from(h)).saturating_mul(4);
+            if decoded > MAX_EMBEDDED_IMAGE_BYTES {
+                return None;
+            }
+        }
+        // An embedded `image/svg+xml` value can itself be gzip-compressed (SVGZ-in-data-URL).
+        // The default resolver's sub-SVG loader checks for the gzip magic and decompresses
+        // again with no byte limit of its own. Apply our bounded inflate first: if the data is
+        // gzip-compressed, hand the default resolver the already-decompressed (and
+        // size-checked) bytes, which no longer start with the gzip magic, so it parses them
+        // directly instead of decompressing a second time.
+        if (mime == "image/svg+xml" || mime == "text/plain") && data.starts_with(&[0x1f, 0x8b]) {
+            return match inflate(&data) {
+                Ok(xml) if !xml.starts_with(&[0x1f, 0x8b]) => default_resolver("image/svg+xml", std::sync::Arc::new(xml.into_owned()), opts),
+                _ => None,
+            };
+        }
+        default_resolver(mime, data, opts)
+    });
     usvg::Options {
         resources_dir: None,
-        image_href_resolver: usvg::ImageHrefResolver { resolve_data: usvg::ImageHrefResolver::default_data_resolver(), resolve_string: Box::new(|_, _| None) },
+        image_href_resolver: usvg::ImageHrefResolver { resolve_data, resolve_string: Box::new(|_, _| None) },
         fontdb,
+        font_resolver: font_resolver(),
         ..usvg::Options::default()
     }
 }
@@ -141,7 +352,11 @@ fn parse_with(bytes: &[u8], fonts: fn() -> Arc<usvg::fontdb::Database>) -> Resul
     let fontdb = if has_text { fonts() } else { Arc::new(usvg::fontdb::Database::new()) };
     let fontless_text = has_text && fontdb.faces().next().is_none();
     let opt = options(fontdb);
-    let tree = usvg::Tree::from_data(&xml, &opt).map_err(|e| IoError::Svg(e.to_string()))?;
+    // Parse the already-bounded-and-decoded text with from_str, not from_data: from_data
+    // re-checks the gzip magic and would decompress a second time without our size limit if
+    // the inflated content happened to start with a nested gzip stream.
+    let text = std::str::from_utf8(&xml).map_err(|_| IoError::Svg("the SVG is not valid UTF-8".into()))?;
+    let tree = usvg::Tree::from_str(text, &opt).map_err(|e| IoError::Svg(e.to_string()))?;
     Ok(Parsed { tree, fontless_text })
 }
 
@@ -152,6 +367,9 @@ struct ImageBudget {
     pixels: u64,
     xml_bytes: u64,
     svg_images: u64,
+    draw_nodes: u64,
+    repeatable_raster: bool,
+    repeatable_svg: bool,
     fontless_text: bool,
     error: Option<String>,
 }
@@ -346,7 +564,69 @@ fn parse_image_bounded_with(
     if let Some(error) = budget.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner).error.clone() {
         return Err(IoError::Svg(error));
     }
-    tree.map_err(|e| IoError::Svg(e.to_string()))
+    let tree = tree.map_err(|e| IoError::Svg(e.to_string()))?;
+    // Include nested SVG trees too. Paint servers can reuse one parsed raster in many
+    // drawing nodes, so the work estimate must not assume every source is decoded once.
+    let nodes = u64::try_from(count_nodes_with_limit(tree.root(), true, usize::MAX, false)).unwrap_or(u64::MAX);
+    let mut counter = budget.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+    counter.draw_nodes = counter.draw_nodes.saturating_add(nodes);
+    let (raster, svg) = repeatable_image_resources(&tree);
+    counter.repeatable_raster |= raster;
+    counter.repeatable_svg |= svg;
+    Ok(tree)
+}
+
+/// Used paint/effect resources can decode an image once per use. Ordinary paths, gradients,
+/// clipping paths and blur filters without image references do not multiply unrelated photos.
+fn repeatable_image_resources(tree: &usvg::Tree) -> (bool, bool) {
+    fn visit(group: &usvg::Group, depth: usize, seen: &mut std::collections::HashSet<usize>, steps: &mut usize, kinds: &mut (bool, bool)) {
+        if depth > MAX_RECURSION || *steps >= 1_000_000 {
+            *kinds = (true, true); // Conservative when resource inspection itself reaches its bound.
+            return;
+        }
+        if !seen.insert((group as *const usvg::Group).addr()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        for node in group.children() {
+            *steps = steps.saturating_add(1);
+            match node {
+                usvg::Node::Image(image) => match image.kind() {
+                    usvg::ImageKind::SVG(_) => kinds.1 = true,
+                    _ => kinds.0 = true,
+                },
+                usvg::Node::Group(child) => visit(child, depth + 1, seen, steps, kinds),
+                _ => {}
+            }
+            node.subroots(|root| visit(root, depth + 1, seen, steps, kinds));
+            if (kinds.0 && kinds.1) || *steps >= 1_000_000 {
+                if *steps >= 1_000_000 {
+                    *kinds = (true, true);
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    let (mut seen, mut steps, mut kinds) = (std::collections::HashSet::new(), 0, (false, false));
+    for root in tree.patterns().iter().map(|p| p.root()).chain(tree.masks().iter().map(|m| m.root())).chain(tree.clip_paths().iter().map(|c| c.root())) {
+        visit(root, 0, &mut seen, &mut steps, &mut kinds);
+    }
+    for filter in tree.filters() {
+        for primitive in filter.primitives() {
+            if let usvg::filter::Kind::Image(image) = primitive.kind() {
+                visit(image.root(), 0, &mut seen, &mut steps, &mut kinds);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    kinds
+}
+
+struct ParsedWork {
+    parsed: Parsed,
+    svg_images: u64,
+    decoded: u64,
+    draw_nodes: u64,
+    repeatable_raster: bool,
+    repeatable_svg: bool,
 }
 
 fn parse_bounded(bytes: &[u8], max_pixels: u64) -> Result<Parsed, IoError> {
@@ -358,10 +638,18 @@ fn parse_bounded_inner(bytes: &[u8], max_pixels: u64) -> Result<(Parsed, u64), I
 }
 
 fn parse_bounded_inner_with(bytes: &[u8], max_pixels: u64, fonts: fn() -> Arc<usvg::fontdb::Database>) -> Result<(Parsed, u64), IoError> {
+    parse_bounded_work_with(bytes, max_pixels, fonts).map(|work| (work.parsed, work.svg_images))
+}
+
+/// The decoder's charged pixels, including raster images inside nested SVG images.
+fn parse_bounded_work_with(bytes: &[u8], max_pixels: u64, fonts: fn() -> Arc<usvg::fontdb::Database>) -> Result<ParsedWork, IoError> {
     let budget = Arc::new(Mutex::new(ImageBudget {
         pixels: max_pixels.min(MAX_RASTER_PIXELS),
         xml_bytes: MAX_BOUNDED_SVG_BYTES,
         svg_images: 0,
+        draw_nodes: 0,
+        repeatable_raster: false,
+        repeatable_svg: false,
         fontless_text: false,
         error: None,
     }));
@@ -374,7 +662,15 @@ fn parse_bounded_inner_with(bytes: &[u8], max_pixels: u64, fonts: fn() -> Arc<us
             return Err(IoError::Svg("embedded SVG intermediate images exceed the SVG cache budget".into()));
         }
     }
-    Ok((Parsed { tree, fontless_text: counter.fontless_text }, counter.svg_images))
+    let decoded = max_pixels.min(MAX_RASTER_PIXELS).saturating_sub(counter.pixels);
+    Ok(ParsedWork {
+        parsed: Parsed { tree, fontless_text: counter.fontless_text },
+        svg_images: counter.svg_images,
+        decoded,
+        draw_nodes: counter.draw_nodes,
+        repeatable_raster: counter.repeatable_raster,
+        repeatable_svg: counter.repeatable_svg,
+    })
 }
 
 /// The plain XML of `bytes`: itself, or the inflated content of a gzip `.svgz`, refused past
@@ -496,6 +792,45 @@ pub fn import_svg_bounded(name: &str, bytes: &[u8], max_cached_pixels: u64) -> R
     import_svg_inner(name, bytes, MAX_GROUP_DEPTH, Some(max_cached_pixels), false)
 }
 
+/// Import a drawing with one aggregate pixel-work allowance and return its conservative charge.
+/// This includes decoded raster pixels (including repeated paints), eager layer-cache surfaces
+/// and embedded-SVG intermediate surfaces. Image decoding and each canvas/cache component keep
+/// their independent 24 MP caps; the aggregate allowance can pay for several components.
+/// Raster-bearing patterns, masks and image-filter resources conservatively reserve repaint
+/// work across drawing nodes; ordinary vector paths, artboard clips and blur alone do not.
+/// [`import_svg_bounded`] retains its existing independent image/cache limits.
+pub fn import_svg_bounded_with_work(name: &str, bytes: &[u8], max_work: u64) -> Result<(ImportResult, u64), IoError> {
+    if max_work == 0 {
+        return Err(IoError::Svg("SVG preview validation work budget is exhausted".into()));
+    }
+    let ParsedWork { parsed, svg_images, decoded, draw_nodes, repeatable_raster, repeatable_svg } =
+        parse_bounded_work_with(bytes, max_work.min(MAX_RASTER_PIXELS), fonts)?;
+    let area = canvas(&parsed.tree, &mut Vec::new()).size.area();
+    let uses = draw_nodes.max(1);
+    let intermediate_surfaces = svg_images.saturating_mul(if repeatable_svg { uses } else { 1 }).saturating_add(1);
+    // Only raster-bearing repeatable resources can repaint an already-parsed image. Plain
+    // vector paths alongside a photo do not decode that photo again for each path.
+    let decoded_work = decoded
+        .checked_mul(if repeatable_raster { uses } else { 1 })
+        .filter(|pixels| *pixels <= max_work)
+        .ok_or_else(|| IoError::Svg("SVG image decoding exceeds the validation work budget".into()))?;
+    let cache_limit = (max_work.saturating_sub(decoded_work) / intermediate_surfaces).min(MAX_RASTER_PIXELS);
+    if area > cache_limit {
+        return Err(IoError::Svg("SVG preview decoding and rendering exceed the validation work budget".into()));
+    }
+    let nodes = count_nodes(parsed.tree.root(), true);
+    let layers = area.checked_mul(u64::try_from(nodes.max(1)).unwrap_or(u64::MAX));
+    // import_parsed uses this same bound to select one whole-drawing fallback before it
+    // renders any layer caches. A tiny canvas cannot hide a huge decoded source image.
+    let rendered = if nodes > MAX_NODES || layers.is_none_or(|pixels| pixels > cache_limit) { area } else { layers.unwrap_or(area) };
+    let work = rendered
+        .checked_mul(intermediate_surfaces)
+        .and_then(|pixels| decoded_work.checked_add(pixels))
+        .filter(|pixels| *pixels <= max_work)
+        .ok_or_else(|| IoError::Svg("SVG preview validation work budget exceeded".into()))?;
+    import_parsed(name, parsed, MAX_GROUP_DEPTH, Some(cache_limit), false).map(|imported| (imported, work))
+}
+
 /// The same cache bound without a lossy aggregate-budget fallback. Smart-object operations
 /// use this variant so editing contents or changing Stack Mode fails before excessive caches
 /// are rendered, rather than silently changing the source's layer structure.
@@ -656,18 +991,25 @@ fn surface(pixmap: &tiny_skia::Pixmap, rect: Rect, fmt: PixelFormat) -> Surface
 
 /// Drawable elements in the tree (iterative: the nesting can be anything).
 fn count_nodes(root: &usvg::Group, include_text: bool) -> usize {
-    let mut n = 0;
+    count_nodes_with_limit(root, include_text, MAX_NODES, true)
+}
+
+/// Count structural cache nodes or drawing nodes, stopping only at the caller's limit.
+fn count_nodes_with_limit(root: &usvg::Group, include_text: bool, limit: usize, count_groups: bool) -> usize {
+    let mut n: usize = 0;
     let mut stack: Vec<&usvg::Group> = vec![root];
     while let Some(g) = stack.pop() {
         for node in g.children() {
-            n += 1;
+            if count_groups || !matches!(node, usvg::Node::Group(_)) {
+                n = n.saturating_add(1);
+            }
             if let usvg::Node::Group(child) = node {
                 stack.push(child);
             }
             if include_text && let usvg::Node::Text(text) = node {
                 stack.push(text.flattened());
             }
-            if n > MAX_NODES {
+            if n > limit {
                 return n;
             }
         }
@@ -902,7 +1244,25 @@ impl Conv {
             _ => FillRule::NonZero,
         };
         let mut sh = ShapeLayer { path: Path { subpaths, fill_rule, inverted: false }, fill, stroke, ..Default::default() };
-        sh.cache = Some(photocraft_vector::render_shape(&sh, self.fmt, self.canvas));
+        // The pixel cache is optional, so it is charged like any other retained raster and left
+        // out (the shape renders from its path) once the budget is spent: compact geometry can
+        // cover the whole canvas in every one of thousands of shapes.
+        let b = data.bounds();
+        let reach = sh.stroke.as_ref().map_or(0.0, |s| s.width);
+        let area = Rect::new(
+            (b.left() - reach).floor() as i32,
+            (b.top() - reach).floor() as i32,
+            (b.right() + reach).ceil() as i32,
+            (b.bottom() + reach).ceil() as i32,
+        )
+        .intersect(&self.canvas);
+        let pixels = u64::from(area.width()) * u64::from(area.height());
+        if self.can_retain_pixels(pixels) {
+            sh.cache = Some(photocraft_vector::render_shape(&sh, self.fmt, self.canvas));
+            let bytes = pixels * self.fmt.bytes_per_pixel() as u64;
+            self.pixel_budget -= bytes;
+            self.retained_pixel_bytes += bytes;
+        }
         Some(Layer::new(self.name(p.id(), 0), LayerContent::Shape(sh)))
     }
 
@@ -1111,6 +1471,87 @@ mod tests {
         bytes
     }
 
+    /// Source-image decoding and canvas rendering are separate work components.
+    #[test]
+    fn preview_work_counts_large_compressed_rasters_on_tiny_canvases() {
+        let image = photocraft_codecs::Image::from_u8(64, 64, photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgb, vec![255; 64 * 64 * 3]).unwrap();
+        let png = photocraft_codecs::encode(&image, photocraft_codecs::Format::Png, &Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let svg = image_svg(&embedded_image("image/png", &png));
+        let (imported, work) = import_svg_bounded_with_work("work", svg.as_bytes(), 8192).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(imported.document.size, Size::new(1, 1));
+        assert!(work >= 4097, "a one-pixel canvas must pay for its 4096-pixel decoded raster: {work}");
+        assert!(import_svg_bounded_with_work("work", svg.as_bytes(), 4096).is_err(), "decoder work cannot leave the canvas unpaid");
+        let (same, exact_work) = import_svg_bounded_with_work("work", svg.as_bytes(), work).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(exact_work, work);
+        assert_eq!(same.document.size, imported.document.size);
+    }
+
+    /// A full-size input and output may each use the existing 24 MP component allowance.
+    #[test]
+    fn preview_work_can_pay_for_both_a_24mp_image_and_a_24mp_canvas() {
+        let image = photocraft_codecs::Image::from_u8(6000, 4000, photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgb, vec![255; 6000 * 4000 * 3]).unwrap();
+        let png = photocraft_codecs::encode(&image, photocraft_codecs::Format::Png, &Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let data = png.iter().map(|byte| format!("%{byte:02X}")).collect::<String>();
+        let svg = format!(
+            r#"<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="6000" height="4000"><image width="6000" height="4000" href="data:image/png,{data}"/></svg>"#
+        );
+        assert!(import_svg_bounded_with_work("work", svg.as_bytes(), 48_000_000 - 1).is_err());
+        let (imported, work) = import_svg_bounded_with_work("work", svg.as_bytes(), 48_000_000).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(work, 48_000_000);
+        assert_eq!(imported.document.size, Size::new(6000, 4000));
+        assert!(!imported.document.layers.is_empty(), "the legal component limits must still retain the display");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn preview_work_plain_paths_and_artboard_clip_do_not_repeat_photo_decode() {
+        let image = photocraft_codecs::Image::from_u8(6000, 4000, photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgb, vec![255; 6000 * 4000 * 3]).unwrap();
+        let png = photocraft_codecs::encode(&image, photocraft_codecs::Format::Png, &Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let data = png.iter().map(|byte| format!("%{byte:02X}")).collect::<String>();
+        let svg = format!(
+            r#"<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="6000" height="4000"><defs><clipPath id="page"><path d="M0 0H6000V4000H0Z"/></clipPath></defs><g clip-path="url(#page)"><image width="6000" height="4000" href="data:image/png,{data}"/><path d="M0 0H4V4Z"/><path d="M5 5H9V9Z"/><path d="M10 10H14V14Z"/><path d="M15 15H19V19Z"/></g></svg>"#
+        );
+        let parsed = parse_bounded_work_with(svg.as_bytes(), MAX_RASTER_PIXELS, fonts).unwrap();
+        assert!(!parsed.repeatable_raster && !parsed.repeatable_svg);
+        let (imported, work) = import_svg_bounded_with_work("photo and paths", svg.as_bytes(), 48_000_000).unwrap();
+        assert!(work <= 48_000_000, "ordinary photo composition stays within two full-size surfaces: {work}");
+        assert_eq!(imported.document.size, Size::new(6000, 4000));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn preview_work_repeatable_raster_patterns_pay_for_repainting() {
+        let image = photocraft_codecs::Image::from_u8(64, 64, photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgb, vec![255; 64 * 64 * 3]).unwrap();
+        let png = photocraft_codecs::encode(&image, photocraft_codecs::Format::Png, &Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let data = png.iter().map(|byte| format!("%{byte:02X}")).collect::<String>();
+        let svg = format!(
+            r#"<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="8" height="8"><defs><pattern id="paint" width="1" height="1" patternUnits="userSpaceOnUse"><image width="1" height="1" href="data:image/png,{data}"/></pattern></defs><path fill="url(#paint)" d="M0 0H4V4H0Z"/><path fill="url(#paint)" d="M4 4H8V8H4Z"/></svg>"#
+        );
+        let parsed = parse_bounded_work_with(svg.as_bytes(), MAX_RASTER_PIXELS, fonts).unwrap();
+        assert!(parsed.repeatable_raster);
+        assert!(
+            import_svg_bounded_with_work("pattern", svg.as_bytes(), 8192).is_err(),
+            "repeated pattern painting cannot be charged as one decode plus a tiny canvas"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn preview_work_use_images_charge_each_resolved_occurrence() {
+        let image = photocraft_codecs::Image::from_u8(64, 64, photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgb, vec![255; 64 * 64 * 3]).unwrap();
+        let png = photocraft_codecs::encode(&image, photocraft_codecs::Format::Png, &Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let data = png.iter().map(|byte| format!("%{byte:02X}")).collect::<String>();
+        let svg = format!(
+            r##"<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="4" height="4"><defs><image id="photo" width="1" height="1" href="data:image/png,{data}"/></defs><use href="#photo"/><use href="#photo" x="1"/><use href="#photo" x="2"/></svg>"##
+        );
+        let parsed = parse_bounded_work_with(svg.as_bytes(), MAX_RASTER_PIXELS, fonts).unwrap();
+        assert!(parsed.decoded >= 3 * 4096, "each resolved use must reserve its own raster decode: {}", parsed.decoded);
+        assert!(!parsed.repeatable_raster);
+        assert!(import_svg_bounded_with_work("uses", svg.as_bytes(), 3 * 4096).is_err());
+        let blurred = svg
+            .replace("<defs>", "<defs><filter id=\"blur\"><feGaussianBlur stdDeviation=\"0.1\"/></filter>")
+            .replace("<use href=", "<use filter=\"url(#blur)\" href=");
+        let parsed = parse_bounded_work_with(blurred.as_bytes(), MAX_RASTER_PIXELS, fonts).unwrap();
+        assert!(!parsed.repeatable_raster && !parsed.repeatable_svg, "blur without image resources must not multiply source decoding");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn embedded_raster_intrinsic_sizes_are_rejected_before_pixel_decode() {
         let png = png_dimensions(32768, 32768);
@@ -1227,6 +1668,64 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(r.warnings.iter().all(|w| !w.contains("font")), "{:?}", r.warnings);
     }
 
+    /// #4806: text placed by a `transform` (Illustrator writes `matrix(1 0 0 1 x y)` on every text
+    /// element), on the text or on a group around it, lands where resvg draws it. usvg leaves the
+    /// glyph outlines' absolute transforms at identity, so reading them dropped the transform: the
+    /// text went off the canvas or kept its untransformed place and size.
+    ///
+    /// Shaped with the bundled Inter alone, never a system font: on a machine without fonts (a
+    /// bare CI image or VM) the test would otherwise have nothing to check, and the drawing and
+    /// its reference come from the same parse, so both use that face.
+    #[test]
+    fn transformed_text_lands_where_resvg_draws_it() {
+        fn inter() -> Arc<usvg::fontdb::Database> {
+            let mut db = usvg::fontdb::Database::new();
+            db.load_font_data(photocraft_text::fonts::INTER_REGULAR.to_vec());
+            Arc::new(db)
+        }
+        assert!(inter().faces().next().is_some(), "the bundled Inter loads");
+        let font = r#"font-size="24" font-family="Inter" fill="black""#;
+        let cases = [
+            format!(r#"<text transform="translate(10 40)" {font}>IHI</text>"#),
+            format!(r#"<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 10 40)" {font}>IHI</text>"#),
+            format!(r#"<text transform="translate(10 0)" x="20" y="40" {font}>IHI</text>"#),
+            format!(r#"<text transform="scale(2)" x="5" y="25" {font}>IHI</text>"#),
+            format!(r#"<g transform="translate(10 40)"><text {font}>IHI</text></g>"#),
+            format!(r#"<g transform="translate(60 0)"><g transform="rotate(90)"><text x="5" y="20" {font}>IHI</text></g></g>"#),
+        ];
+        for c in cases {
+            let svg = format!(r#"<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="120" height="60">{c}</svg>"#);
+            let parsed = parse_with(svg.as_bytes(), inter).unwrap();
+            assert!(!parsed.fontless_text, "{c}");
+            let mut reference = tiny_skia::Pixmap::new(120, 60).unwrap();
+            resvg::render(&parsed.tree, tiny_skia::Transform::default(), &mut reference.as_mut());
+            let r = import_parsed("t", parsed, MAX_GROUP_DEPTH, None, false).unwrap();
+            let [layer] = r.document.layers.as_slice() else { panic!("one text layer, got {}: {c}", r.document.layers.len()) };
+            assert!(matches!(layer.content, LayerContent::Group(_)), "text stays outline shapes: {c}");
+            let imported = photocraft_compose::flatten(&r.document);
+            let (mut both, mut either) = (0usize, 0usize);
+            let (mut a_box, mut b_box) = ([i32::MAX, i32::MAX, i32::MIN, i32::MIN], [i32::MAX, i32::MAX, i32::MIN, i32::MIN]);
+            let grow = |bx: &mut [i32; 4], x: i32, y: i32| *bx = [bx[0].min(x), bx[1].min(y), bx[2].max(x), bx[3].max(y)];
+            for (i, px) in reference.pixels().iter().enumerate() {
+                let (x, y) = ((i % 120) as i32, (i / 120) as i32);
+                let (a, b) = (imported.get(x, y)[3] > 0.5, px.alpha() > 127);
+                if a {
+                    grow(&mut a_box, x, y);
+                }
+                if b {
+                    grow(&mut b_box, x, y);
+                }
+                both += usize::from(a && b);
+                either += usize::from(a || b);
+            }
+            assert!(either > 50, "resvg draws the text on the canvas: {c}");
+            // Same place and size to the pixel; the outlines are filled by a different rasteriser,
+            // so the edges of thin stems may differ by half a pixel.
+            assert!(a_box.iter().zip(b_box).all(|(a, b)| (a - b).abs() <= 1), "imported {a_box:?}, resvg {b_box:?}: {c}");
+            assert!(both * 10 >= either * 7, "imported glyphs cover what resvg draws ({both} of {either} px): {c}");
+        }
+    }
+
     /// #4266: a group clipped by one path (the PhotoCraft icon's rounded square) stays editable
     /// shapes with the clip as its vector mask, and looks as resvg draws the drawing; a clip of
     /// two shapes is still rasterised, with the warning.
@@ -1275,6 +1774,201 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(r.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("clip-path")), "{:?}", r.warnings);
     }
 
+    /// A database with the bundled Inter alone, generics resolved without Fontconfig: none of
+    /// fontdb's Windows defaults (Arial, Times New Roman, Courier New) is in it.
+    fn inter_only() -> Arc<usvg::fontdb::Database> {
+        let mut db = usvg::fontdb::Database::new();
+        db.load_font_data(include_bytes!("../../../assets/fonts/Inter-Regular.ttf").to_vec());
+        resolve_generic_families(&mut db, |_| None);
+        Arc::new(db)
+    }
+
+    /// Text asking for fonts that aren't installed (`Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif` on a Linux
+    /// without them) is set in an installed font, as a browser does, instead of being dropped.
+    #[test]
+    fn text_in_missing_fonts_falls_back_to_an_installed_one() {
+        for family in ["Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif", "Times New Roman", "Courier New, monospace", "cursive", "fantasy"] {
+            let svg = format!(
+                "<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"120\" height=\"60\"><text x=\"5\" y=\"45\" font-size=\"48\" font-family=\"{family}\">II</text></svg>"
+            );
+            let parsed = parse_with(svg.as_bytes(), inter_only).unwrap();
+            assert!(!parsed.fontless_text);
+            let r = import_parsed("t", parsed, MAX_GROUP_DEPTH, None, false).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(r.document.layers.first().map(|l| l.name.as_str()), Some("II"), "{family}: {:?}", r.warnings);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// #9406: a font installed on disk (how the system fonts load) is read once, not once per
+    /// glyph: fontdb re-reads a file source's whole font on every glyph it outlines, about a
+    /// millisecond a character. The face text is set in comes from memory, and the outlines
+    /// match the same font loaded from memory in the first place.
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    #[test]
+    fn text_in_a_font_on_disk_is_set_from_memory() {
+        fn inter_on_disk() -> Arc<usvg::fontdb::Database> {
+            let mut db = usvg::fontdb::Database::new();
+            let _ = db.load_font_file(concat!(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"), "/../../assets/fonts/Inter-Regular.ttf"));
+            Arc::new(db)
+        }
+        assert!(inter_on_disk().faces().all(|f| matches!(f.source, usvg::fontdb::Source::File(_))));
+        let svg = b"<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"120\" height=\"60\"><text x=\"5\" y=\"45\" font-size=\"48\" font-family=\"Inter\">IHI</text></svg>";
+        let parsed = parse_with(svg, inter_on_disk).unwrap();
+        let faces: Vec<_> = parsed.tree.fontdb().faces().map(|f| matches!(f.source, usvg::fontdb::Source::Binary(_))).collect();
+        assert_eq!(faces, [true], "the face text was set in is held in memory");
+        let on_disk = import_parsed("t", parsed, MAX_GROUP_DEPTH, None, false).unwrap();
+        let in_memory = import_parsed("t", parse_with(svg, inter_only).unwrap(), MAX_GROUP_DEPTH, None, false).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(on_disk.document.layers.first().map(|l| l.name.as_str()), Some("IHI"));
+        let outlines = |r: &ImportResult| {
+            let groups = r.document.layers.iter().filter_map(|l| if let LayerContent::Group(g) = &l.content { Some(g) } else { None });
+            groups
+                .flat_map(|g| &g.children)
+                .filter_map(|l| if let LayerContent::Shape(s) = &l.content { Some(s.path.clone()) } else { None })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        };
+        assert!(outlines(&on_disk).iter().any(|p| !p.subpaths.is_empty()), "the text has outlines");
+        assert_eq!(outlines(&on_disk), outlines(&in_memory));
+    }
+
+    /// A font file that no longer loads (replaced or cut short since fontdb indexed it) keeps its
+    /// faces in the database and isn't remembered: once the file is whole again, text is set
+    /// from it.
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    #[test]
+    fn a_font_file_gone_bad_since_indexing_is_not_cached() {
+        use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
+        static BAD: AtomicBool = AtomicBool::new(true);
+        fn indexed_then_overwritten() -> Arc<usvg::fontdb::Database> {
+            let path = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("photocraft-svg-test-bad-{}.ttf", std::process::id()));
+            std::fs::write(&path, include_bytes!("../../../assets/fonts/Inter-Regular.ttf")).unwrap();
+            let mut db = usvg::fontdb::Database::new();
+            db.load_font_file(&path).unwrap();
+            if BAD.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
+                std::fs::write(&path, b"not a font any more").unwrap();
+            }
+            Arc::new(db)
+        }
+        let svg = b"<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"120\" height=\"60\"><text x=\"5\" y=\"45\" font-family=\"Inter\">IHI</text></svg>";
+        let parsed = parse_with(svg, indexed_then_overwritten).unwrap();
+        let sources: Vec<_> = parsed.tree.fontdb().faces().map(|f| matches!(f.source, usvg::fontdb::Source::File(_))).collect();
+        assert_eq!(sources, [true], "the face stays in the database, on disk");
+        BAD.store(false, Ordering::SeqCst);
+        let parsed = parse_with(svg, indexed_then_overwritten).unwrap();
+        let sources: Vec<_> = parsed.tree.fontdb().faces().map(|f| matches!(f.source, usvg::fontdb::Source::Binary(_))).collect();
+        assert_eq!(sources, [true], "the whole file is read into memory now");
+        let layers = import_parsed("t", parsed, MAX_GROUP_DEPTH, None, false).unwrap().document.layers;
+        assert_eq!(layers.first().map(|l| l.name.as_str()), Some("IHI"));
+        assert!(
+            layers.iter().any(|l| matches!(&l.content, LayerContent::Group(g) if g.children.iter().any(|c| matches!(&c.content, LayerContent::Shape(s) if !s.path.subpaths.is_empty())))),
+            "the text has outlines"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Imports that miss the cache for the same file at once read it once: every one sets its
+    /// text from the same bytes, not a copy of its own next to the kept one.
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    #[test]
+    fn imports_missing_the_same_font_at_once_share_one_read() {
+        use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+        static ROUND: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);
+        fn fresh_file() -> Arc<usvg::fontdb::Database> {
+            let round = ROUND.load(Ordering::SeqCst);
+            let path = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("photocraft-svg-test-shared-{}-{round}.ttf", std::process::id()));
+            let mut db = usvg::fontdb::Database::new();
+            db.load_font_file(&path).unwrap();
+            Arc::new(db)
+        }
+        let svg = b"<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"120\" height=\"60\"><text x=\"5\" y=\"45\" font-family=\"Inter\">IHI</text></svg>";
+        for round in 0..5 {
+            ROUND.store(round, Ordering::SeqCst);
+            let path = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("photocraft-svg-test-shared-{}-{round}.ttf", std::process::id()));
+            std::fs::write(&path, include_bytes!("../../../assets/fonts/Inter-Regular.ttf")).unwrap();
+            let start = Arc::new(std::sync::Barrier::new(8));
+            let threads: Vec<_> = (0..8)
+                .map(|_| {
+                    let start = start.clone();
+                    std::thread::spawn(move || {
+                        start.wait();
+                        let parsed = parse_with(svg, fresh_file).unwrap();
+                        let bytes: Vec<_> = parsed
+                            .tree
+                            .fontdb()
+                            .faces()
+                            .filter_map(|f| if let usvg::fontdb::Source::Binary(b) = &f.source { Some(Arc::as_ptr(b).cast::<u8>() as usize) } else { None })
+                            .collect();
+                        bytes
+                    })
+                })
+                .collect();
+            let bytes: Vec<_> = threads.into_iter().flat_map(|t| t.join().unwrap()).collect();
+            assert_eq!(bytes.len(), 8, "every import set its text from memory");
+            assert!(bytes.iter().all(|&b| b == bytes[0]), "round {round}: {bytes:x?}");
+            let _ = std::fs::remove_file(&path);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// #9406: moving a font collection into memory keeps its faces in their order, so the
+    /// fallback search for a later text still finds the face it found on disk first.
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    #[test]
+    fn a_collection_in_memory_keeps_its_face_order() {
+        fn collection_on_disk() -> Arc<usvg::fontdb::Database> {
+            // A two-face .ttc of the bundled Inter Regular and SemiBold: the `ttcf` header, then
+            // each font with its table offsets moved by where it starts.
+            let fonts: [&[u8]; 2] = [include_bytes!("../../../assets/fonts/Inter-Regular.ttf"), include_bytes!("../../../assets/fonts/Inter-SemiBold.ttf")];
+            let mut ttc = b"ttcf
".to_vec();
+            let mut start = 20;
+            let mut body = Vec::new();
+            for f in fonts {
+                ttc.extend_from_slice(&u32::try_from(start).unwrap().to_be_bytes());
+                let mut font = f.to_vec();
+                for t in 0..usize::from(u16::from_be_bytes([font[4], font[5]])) {
+                    let at = 12 + t * 16 + 8;
+                    let off = u32::from_be_bytes(font[at..at + 4].try_into().unwrap()) + u32::try_from(start).unwrap();
+                    font[at..at + 4].copy_from_slice(&off.to_be_bytes());
+                }
+                font.resize(font.len().next_multiple_of(4), 0);
+                start += font.len();
+                body.extend(font);
+            }
+            ttc.extend(body);
+            let path = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("photocraft-svg-test-{}.ttc", std::process::id()));
+            std::fs::write(&path, ttc).unwrap();
+            let mut db = usvg::fontdb::Database::new();
+            db.load_font_file(&path).unwrap();
+            Arc::new(db)
+        }
+        let order = |db: &usvg::fontdb::Database| db.faces().map(|f| (f.index, f.weight.0)).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        assert_eq!(order(&collection_on_disk()), [(0, 400), (1, 600)]);
+        let svg = b"<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"120\" height=\"60\"><text x=\"5\" y=\"45\" font-family=\"Inter\">IHI</text></svg>";
+        let parsed = parse_with(svg, collection_on_disk).unwrap();
+        let db = parsed.tree.fontdb();
+        assert!(db.faces().all(|f| matches!(f.source, usvg::fontdb::Source::Binary(_))), "both faces of the file are in memory");
+        assert_eq!(order(db), [(0, 400), (1, 600)]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn generic_families_point_at_installed_fonts() {
+        use usvg::fontdb::Family;
+        let db = inter_only();
+        for g in [Family::SansSerif, Family::Serif, Family::Monospace, Family::Cursive, Family::Fantasy] {
+            assert_eq!(db.family_name(&g), "Inter", "{g:?}");
+        }
+        // The system's choice wins when installed; a generic whose font is installed stays.
+        let mut db = usvg::fontdb::Database::new();
+        db.load_font_data(include_bytes!("../../../assets/fonts/Inter-Regular.ttf").to_vec());
+        db.load_font_data(include_bytes!("../../../assets/fonts/JetBrainsMono-Regular.ttf").to_vec());
+        db.set_cursive_family("Inter");
+        resolve_generic_families(&mut db, |g| Some(if g == "serif" { "JetBrains Mono" } else { "Not Installed" }.to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(db.family_name(&Family::Serif), "JetBrains Mono");
+        assert_eq!(db.family_name(&Family::Monospace), "JetBrains Mono", "the bundled mono stand-in");
+        assert_eq!(db.family_name(&Family::SansSerif), "Inter");
+        assert_eq!(db.family_name(&Family::Cursive), "Inter");
+        // An empty database is left alone.
+        let mut empty = usvg::fontdb::Database::new();
+        resolve_generic_families(&mut empty, |_| Some("Inter".into()));
+        assert_eq!(empty.family_name(&Family::SansSerif), "Arial");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn rasterized_groups_stop_at_the_aggregate_pixel_budget() {
         let mut svg = String::from("<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"256\" height=\"256\">");
@@ -1371,7 +2065,7 @@ mod tests {
         fn inter() -> Arc<usvg::fontdb::Database> {
             let mut db = usvg::fontdb::Database::new();
             db.load_font_data(include_bytes!("../../../assets/fonts/Inter-Regular.ttf").to_vec());
-            configure_generic_fonts(&mut db);
+            resolve_generic_families(&mut db, |_| None);
             Arc::new(db)
         }
         let svg=br#"<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="100" height="30"><text x="2" y="24" font-size="20" font-family="Unavailable Authored Font">LOGO</text></svg>"#;
@@ -1380,7 +2074,69 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(!parsed.tree.root().children().is_empty(), "missing-family fallback must preserve text geometry");
         let mut db = (*inter()).clone();
         let before = db.query(&usvg::fontdb::Query { families: &[usvg::fontdb::Family::Serif], ..Default::default() });
-        configure_generic_fonts(&mut db);
+        resolve_generic_families(&mut db, |_| None);
         assert_eq!(db.query(&usvg::fontdb::Query { families: &[usvg::fontdb::Family::Serif], ..Default::default() }), before);
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn resolve_data_rejects_oversized_and_malformed_embedded_png_and_webp() {
+        let opt = options(Arc::new(usvg::fontdb::Database::new()));
+        let resolve = &opt.image_href_resolver.resolve_data;
+        let img = photocraft_codecs::Image::from_u8(2, 2, photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgb, vec![255; 12]).unwrap();
+        let valid_png = photocraft_codecs::encode(&img, photocraft_codecs::Format::Png, &Default::default()).unwrap();
+        assert!(resolve("image/png", Arc::new(valid_png.clone()), &opt).is_some());
+        assert!(resolve("text/plain", Arc::new(valid_png.clone()), &opt).is_some());
+
+        let mut huge_png = valid_png;
+        huge_png[16..20].copy_from_slice(&40_000u32.to_be_bytes());
+        huge_png[20..24].copy_from_slice(&40_000u32.to_be_bytes());
+        assert!(resolve("image/png", Arc::new(huge_png.clone()), &opt).is_none(), "oversized PNG rejected before decode");
+        assert!(resolve("text/plain", Arc::new(huge_png), &opt).is_none(), "oversized mime-less PNG rejected before decode");
+
+        // Malformed WebP header under image/webp or text/plain must be rejected at the probe step.
+        let bad_webp = b"RIFF\x10\x00\x00\x00WEBPVP8 ".to_vec();
+        assert!(resolve("image/webp", Arc::new(bad_webp.clone()), &opt).is_none());
+        assert!(resolve("text/plain", Arc::new(bad_webp), &opt).is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn jpeg_dimensions_come_from_the_frame_header_and_oversized_jpegs_are_refused() {
+        // SOI, an APP0 segment of length 4, then SOF0 (length 11): 8 bits, height 40000, width 30000.
+        let jpeg = |h: u16, w: u16| {
+            let mut v = vec![0xFF, 0xD8, 0xFF, 0xE0, 0x00, 0x04, 0, 0, 0xFF, 0xC0, 0x00, 0x0B, 8];
+            v.extend(h.to_be_bytes());
+            v.extend(w.to_be_bytes());
+            v.extend([1, 1, 0x11, 0]);
+            v
+        };
+        assert_eq!(jpeg_dimensions(&jpeg(40_000, 30_000)), Some((30_000, 40_000)));
+        assert_eq!(jpeg_dimensions(&[0xFF, 0xD8, 0xFF, 0xDA, 0, 2]), None);
+        assert_eq!(jpeg_dimensions(&[0xFF, 0xD8]), None);
+        let opt = options(Arc::new(usvg::fontdb::Database::new()));
+        let resolve = &opt.image_href_resolver.resolve_data;
+        // 1.2 billion pixels would be 4.8 GB of RGBA before resvg scaled anything down.
+        assert!(resolve("image/jpeg", Arc::new(jpeg(40_000, 30_000)), &opt).is_none());
+        assert!(resolve("text/plain", Arc::new(jpeg(40_000, 30_000)), &opt).is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn resolve_data_rejects_nested_gzip_and_handles_text_plain_svgz() {
+        use std::io::Write;
+        fn gz(bytes: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+            let mut e = flate2::write::GzEncoder::new(Vec::new(), flate2::Compression::fast());
+            e.write_all(bytes).unwrap();
+            e.finish().unwrap()
+        }
+        let opt = options(Arc::new(usvg::fontdb::Database::new()));
+        let resolve = &opt.image_href_resolver.resolve_data;
+        let svg = b"<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"4\" height=\"4\"><rect width=\"4\" height=\"4\"/></svg>";
+        let once = gz(svg);
+        assert!(resolve("image/svg+xml", Arc::new(once.clone()), &opt).is_some());
+        assert!(resolve("text/plain", Arc::new(once.clone()), &opt).is_some());
+
+        // Doubly gzip-compressed payload must be rejected rather than decompressed a second time by usvg.
+        let twice = gz(&once);
+        assert!(resolve("image/svg+xml", Arc::new(twice.clone()), &opt).is_none());
+        assert!(resolve("text/plain", Arc::new(twice), &opt).is_none());
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/io/src/text_import.rs b/crates/io/src/text_import.rs
index 9272f0b5b7..0522f39e90 100644
--- a/crates/io/src/text_import.rs
+++ b/crates/io/src/text_import.rs
@@ -28,8 +28,14 @@ fn render_bounded(eng: &mut photocraft_text::TextEngine, t: &mut TextLayer, dpi:
 /// - a type layer without pixels (ag-psd, GIMP and other writers leave the image data out and
 ///   let Photoshop re-render on open) is rendered from its model, instead of staying empty
 ///   until it is edited.
-pub(crate) fn prepare(doc: &mut Document) {
-    fn visit(layers: &mut [Layer], eng: &mut photocraft_text::TextEngine, dpi: f32, format: photocraft_color::PixelFormat) {
+pub(crate) fn prepare(doc: &mut Document, txt2: Option<&photocraft_text::engine_data::Value>) {
+    fn visit(
+        layers: &mut [Layer],
+        eng: &mut photocraft_text::TextEngine,
+        dpi: f32,
+        format: photocraft_color::PixelFormat,
+        txt2: Option<&photocraft_text::engine_data::Value>,
+    ) {
         for l in layers {
             match &mut l.content {
                 LayerContent::Text(t) => {
@@ -56,11 +62,12 @@ pub(crate) fn prepare(doc: &mut Document) {
                     if changed {
                         t.sync_summary();
                     }
+                    photocraft_text::psd::refine_legacy_point_origin(t, dpi, eng, txt2);
                     if t.cache.is_none() {
                         render_bounded(eng, t, dpi, format);
                     }
                 }
-                LayerContent::Group(g) => visit(&mut g.children, eng, dpi, format),
+                LayerContent::Group(g) => visit(&mut g.children, eng, dpi, format, txt2),
                 _ => {}
             }
         }
@@ -68,5 +75,5 @@ pub(crate) fn prepare(doc: &mut Document) {
     let dpi = doc.resolution_dpi;
     let format = doc.pixel_format();
     let mut eng = photocraft_text::shared().lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner());
-    visit(&mut doc.layers, &mut eng, dpi, format);
+    visit(&mut doc.layers, &mut eng, dpi, format, txt2);
 }
diff --git a/crates/io/src/tiff_layers.rs b/crates/io/src/tiff_layers.rs
index 6caf335768..2949a551cc 100644
--- a/crates/io/src/tiff_layers.rs
+++ b/crates/io/src/tiff_layers.rs
@@ -11,11 +11,13 @@
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use photocraft_codecs::{self as codecs, ChannelLayout, Format, Image, SampleType as CSample};
-use photocraft_color::ColorMode;
-use photocraft_doc::Document;
+use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, PixelFormat, SampleType};
+use photocraft_doc::{AlphaChannel, Document};
+use photocraft_geom::Rect;
 use photocraft_psd::resources::ids;
 use photocraft_psd::tiff::{ByteOrder, ImageSourceData, resources_from_bytes, resources_to_bytes};
 use photocraft_psd::{ColorMode as PsdMode, Compression, Header, ImageData, ImageResource, ResolutionInfo};
+use photocraft_raster::Surface;
 
 use crate::flat::{csample, encode_image, image_to_document, layout_for, single_layer, try_buffer};
 use crate::psd_export::PsdExportOptions;
@@ -101,13 +103,36 @@ pub(crate) fn import_layered(name: &str, img: &Image, layers: &[u8]) -> Result<I
         CSample::F16 | CSample::F32 => 32,
     };
     let (w, h) = img.dimensions();
-    let channels = u16::try_from(img.layout().channels()).map_err(|_| IoError::Unsupported("too many channels".into()))?;
+    let mut data = planar_big_endian(&img, color_channels, mode == PsdMode::Cmyk)?;
+    let bps = img.sample_type().bytes();
+    let plane_len = (w as usize).saturating_mul(h as usize).saturating_mul(bps);
+    let mut added = 0usize;
+    for e in img.meta.extra_samples.iter().take(codecs::MAX_EXTRA_SAMPLES) {
+        match native_plane_to_be(&e.data, bps) {
+            Ok(be) if be.len() == plane_len => {
+                data.extend(be);
+                added += 1;
+            }
+            _ => warnings.push("an extra TIFF sample did not match the image and was dropped".into()),
+        }
+    }
+    let channels = u16::try_from(img.layout().channels().saturating_add(added)).map_err(|_| IoError::Unsupported("too many channels".into()))?;
     let header = Header::new(isd.version, w, h, channels, depth, mode);
-    let data = planar_big_endian(&img, color_channels, mode == PsdMode::Cmyk)?;
     let image_data = ImageData { compression: Compression::Raw, data };
-    let file = isd.into_psd(header, resources, image_data);
+    let mut file = isd.into_psd(header, resources, image_data);
+    // Empty `Patt` and the default filter mask are written so Photoshop's block list matches
+    // a file it saved. They carry nothing the document stores, so they are not kept: a
+    // round trip would otherwise grow `metadata.psd_global_blocks` on every open.
+    file.global_blocks.retain(|b| {
+        let empty_pattern = matches!(&b.key, b"Patt" | b"Pat2" | b"Pat3") && b.data.is_empty();
+        let default_filter_mask = &b.key == b"FMsk" && b.data.as_slice() == FILTER_MASK_DEFAULT;
+        !empty_pattern && !default_filter_mask
+    });
     // The same nesting limit as opening a PSD (#2940).
     crate::psd_import::check_group_depth(&file)?;
+    // Spot planes are read in Photoshop's polarity (0 = solid ink), as from a PSD. The importer's
+    // rule for PSDs from earlier PhotoCraft versions never applies: those versions stored no
+    // extra samples in a TIFF, and a TIFF with them carries 1053.
     let (mut doc, w) = psd_to_document(&file);
     warnings.extend(w);
     doc.name = name.to_string();
@@ -200,22 +225,28 @@ pub(crate) fn export_layered(doc: &Document, opts: &ExportOptions, ctl: &photocr
     }
     let mut warnings = Vec::new();
     let big = doc.size.width > 30_000 || doc.size.height > 30_000;
-    // The PSD exporter renders the composite we need for the TIFF itself: unmatted (the TIFF
-    // keeps straight alpha) and uncompressed (its planes are interleaved below).
+    // The PSD exporter renders the composite we need for the TIFF itself, uncompressed (its
+    // planes are interleaved below). A spot (or any user channel) is saved the way Photoshop's
+    // TIFF dialog does with "Save Transparency" off: the composite is colour plus those
+    // channels, matted on white, and each layer keeps its own transparency. With no user
+    // channel the composite stays unmatted, straight RGBA, which is what a plain transparent
+    // TIFF already round-trips as.
     // Layer data is written PSD-style ("Adobe Photoshop Document Data Block", 4-byte lengths), as
     // Photoshop writes it: Photoshop does not read the PSB-style header ("... Data V0002") in a
     // TIFF and opens only the composite, as one locked Background. The exporter's size estimate
     // counts layer planes uncompressed, so a document with many canvas-sized layers passes 2 GB
     // while its real layer data is a small fraction of that; it is not used here. PSB-style data
     // is written only past 30000 px, when asked for, or when a length really overflows 32 bits.
+    let user_channels = !doc.channels.is_empty() || doc.quick_mask.is_some();
     let force_psb = opts.force_psb || big;
     let psd_opts = PsdExportOptions {
         force_psb,
         size_limit_psb: false,
-        merged_matte: false,
+        merged_matte: user_channels,
         merged_compression: Compression::Raw,
         maximize_compatibility: true,
         document_path: opts.document_path.clone(),
+        read_linked_files: opts.read_linked_files,
     };
     // TIFF has no palette, bitmap or duotone layout: the PSD model of an Indexed Color, Bitmap
     // or Duotone document is made in its pixel format (RGB or Grayscale), which the PSD exporter
@@ -233,7 +264,7 @@ pub(crate) fn export_layered(doc: &Document, opts: &ExportOptions, ctl: &photocr
     ctl.check().map_err(|_| IoError::Cancelled)?;
     warnings.extend(w);
     let order = if codecs::tiff_writes_little_endian() { ByteOrder::Little } else { ByteOrder::Big };
-    let (layers, w) = match ImageSourceData::from_psd(&file).to_bytes(order) {
+    let (layers, w) = match tiff_image_source(doc, &file).to_bytes(order) {
         Err(photocraft_psd::PsdError::LimitExceeded(_)) if !force_psb => {
             let psb_opts = PsdExportOptions { force_psb: true, ..psd_opts };
             let (psb, w) = crate::with_span(ctl, 0.0, TIFF_MODEL_DONE, |ctl| crate::psd_export::document_to_psd_interruptible(doc, &psb_opts, ctl));
@@ -241,7 +272,7 @@ pub(crate) fn export_layered(doc: &Document, opts: &ExportOptions, ctl: &photocr
             warnings.extend(w);
             warnings.push("layer data exceeds 4 GB; written with PSB-sized lengths, which some readers do not open".into());
             file = psb;
-            ImageSourceData::from_psd(&file).to_bytes(order)?
+            tiff_image_source(doc, &file).to_bytes(order)?
         }
         r => r?,
     };
@@ -251,24 +282,60 @@ pub(crate) fn export_layered(doc: &Document, opts: &ExportOptions, ctl: &photocr
     // The profile and XMP are written as TIFF tags, not as resources. EXIF stays a resource
     // (1058), which the PSD importer reads back unchanged; a block rebuilt from the TIFF's own
     // Exif directory keeps only the Exif, GPS and descriptive tags.
-    let resources: Vec<ImageResource> = file.resources.iter().filter(|r| !matches!(r.id, ids::ICC_PROFILE | ids::XMP)).cloned().collect();
-    let resources = resources_to_bytes(&resources)?;
+    let mut resources: Vec<ImageResource> = file.resources.iter().filter(|r| !matches!(r.id, ids::ICC_PROFILE | ids::XMP)).cloned().collect();
 
     let fmt = doc.pixel_format();
     let cc = fmt.mode.color_channels();
     let has_alpha = file.layer_info.as_ref().is_some_and(|l| l.merged_alpha);
     let channels = cc + usize::from(has_alpha);
-    let extra = usize::from(file.header.channels).saturating_sub(channels);
-    if extra > 0 {
-        warnings.push(format!("{extra} alpha channel(s) are not written to TIFF (one transparency channel only)"));
+    let extra_n = usize::from(file.header.channels).saturating_sub(channels);
+    let kept = extra_n.min(codecs::MAX_EXTRA_SAMPLES);
+    if extra_n > kept {
+        warnings.push(format!("{extra_n} extra channels; TIFF keeps the first {kept}"));
     }
+    // With spot or alpha channels, the IFD image is colour + those channels. The merged
+    // transparency plane stays out of the IFD (see above); a file with no extra channels keeps
+    // it, so a plain transparent TIFF still opens with alpha.
+    let write_alpha = has_alpha && kept == 0;
+    // One identifier per extra sample actually stored. The PSD model's 1053 lists the merged
+    // transparency too, which the IFD leaves out next to extra samples, so it is not copied.
+    resources.retain(|r| r.id != crate::channel_map::ALPHA_IDENTIFIERS);
+    if kept > 0 {
+        resources.push(ImageResource::new(crate::channel_map::ALPHA_IDENTIFIERS, crate::channel_map::alpha_identifiers(false, kept)));
+    }
+    // Resource 1022 names a channel of the PSD merged image, which counts the transparency plane.
+    // The IFD below does not, so the id moves back by one.
+    if has_alpha
+        && kept > 0
+        && let Some(r) = resources.iter_mut().find(|r| r.id == crate::channel_map::QUICK_MASK_INFO)
+        && r.data.len() >= 2
+    {
+        let id = u16::from_be_bytes([r.data[0], r.data[1]]).saturating_sub(1);
+        let be = id.to_be_bytes();
+        r.data[0] = be[0];
+        r.data[1] = be[1];
+    }
+    // The name and DisplayInfo resources list the merged transparency plane first. The IFD
+    // leaves that plane out, so the resources must too: Photoshop pairs each name with the
+    // next sample past the colour channels.
+    if has_alpha && !write_alpha {
+        drop_merged_transparency(&mut resources);
+    }
+    // Past MAX_EXTRA_SAMPLES the TIFF stores only the first `kept` channels: the name and
+    // DisplayInfo resources describe just those, and a Quick Mask among the rest is dropped.
+    if extra_n > kept {
+        keep_first_channels(&mut resources, kept, cc);
+    }
+    let resources = resources_to_bytes(&resources)?;
+    let ifd_channels = cc + usize::from(write_alpha);
     let sample = csample(fmt.sample);
     let (w, h) = (doc.size.width, doc.size.height);
     let cmyk = fmt.mode == ColorMode::Cmyk;
-    let data = interleave(&file.image_data.data, w, h, channels, cc, sample, cmyk)?;
+    let data = interleave(&file.image_data.data, w, h, ifd_channels, cc, sample, cmyk)?;
+    let extras = native_extra_planes(&file.image_data.data, w, h, channels, kept, sample)?;
     ctl.check().map_err(|_| IoError::Cancelled)?;
     ctl.progress(TIFF_COMPOSITE_DONE);
-    let layout = layout_for(fmt.mode, has_alpha);
+    let layout = layout_for(fmt.mode, write_alpha);
     let mut img = Image::from_raw(w, h, layout, sample, data)?;
     img.icc = doc.icc_profile.as_ref().map(|i| i.to_vec());
     img.meta = codecs::Metadata {
@@ -276,16 +343,185 @@ pub(crate) fn export_layered(doc: &Document, opts: &ExportOptions, ctl: &photocr
         // importer reads it back from there unchanged. A second copy in `meta.exif` (the codec's
         // Exif directory) would be read back in its place, rebuilt without the thumbnail and IFD0
         // orientation (#1545).
-        xmp: doc.metadata.xmp.clone().filter(|_| opts.xmp == crate::XmpEmbed::All),
+        xmp: doc.metadata.xmp.as_deref().map(str::to_owned).filter(|_| opts.xmp == crate::XmpEmbed::All),
         text: if opts.xmp == crate::XmpEmbed::All { doc.metadata.text.clone() } else { Vec::new() },
         dpi: Some((doc.resolution_dpi, doc.resolution_dpi)),
         photoshop_resources: Some(resources),
         photoshop_layers: Some(layers),
+        extra_samples: extras,
         ..Default::default()
     };
     encode_image(&img, Format::Tiff, opts, warnings)
 }
 
+/// The layer data (`ImageSourceData`) of a layered TIFF saved from `file`, adjusted the way
+/// Photoshop writes it.
+fn tiff_image_source(doc: &Document, file: &photocraft_psd::PsdFile) -> ImageSourceData {
+    // Photoshop pairs alpha-name resources with samples past the colour channels and ignores
+    // the ExtraSamples kind. The merged transparency must not occupy that first slot when a
+    // spot is also stored. Layer transparency stays in each layer's channel −1.
+    let mut isd = ImageSourceData::from_psd(file);
+    let spot_extras = file.header.channels as usize > {
+        let cc = doc.pixel_format().mode.color_channels();
+        let alpha = file.layer_info.as_ref().is_some_and(|l| l.merged_alpha);
+        cc + usize::from(alpha)
+    };
+    // Positive layer count: the merged image's first extra sample is not transparency
+    // (Photoshop's own spot TIFF does this; a negative count would claim the spot plane is alpha).
+    if spot_extras && let Some(info) = &mut isd.layer_info {
+        info.merged_alpha = false;
+    }
+    // A merged-transparency marker kept from an opened file (Photoshop's `MTrn`) would make the
+    // first spot read back as transparency. The PSD export already drops it over an opaque
+    // composite; a transparent one keeps it there, but the TIFF leaves that sample out here.
+    if spot_extras {
+        isd.global_blocks.retain(|b| !b.is_merged_transparency_marker());
+    }
+    if let Some(info) = &mut isd.layer_info {
+        for layer in &mut info.layers {
+            // Photoshop sets flag bit 3 on every record it writes, group dividers included (299 of
+            // the 305 dividers in the corpus's Photoshop files). PhotoCraft's PSDs set it on
+            // layers only, unchanged here.
+            layer.flags.0 |= photocraft_psd::layer::LayerFlags::BIT4_USEFUL;
+            photoshop_layer_blocks(&mut layer.blocks);
+        }
+    }
+    // Photoshop reads a fixed 14-byte user-mask record from `LMsk` and an empty `Patt`
+    // before the filter mask. A zero-length `LMsk` is what makes it report that the
+    // layer data could not be read.
+    if let Some(mask) = &mut isd.global_layer_mask
+        && mask.data.len() < 14
+    {
+        *mask = photocraft_psd::GlobalLayerMask::photoshop_default();
+    }
+    if !isd.global_blocks.iter().any(|b| matches!(&b.key, b"Patt" | b"Pat2" | b"Pat3")) {
+        isd.global_blocks.insert(0, photocraft_psd::TaggedBlock::new(*b"Patt", Vec::new()));
+    }
+    if !isd.global_blocks.iter().any(|b| &b.key == b"FMsk") {
+        isd.global_blocks.push(photocraft_psd::TaggedBlock::new(*b"FMsk", FILTER_MASK_DEFAULT.to_vec()));
+    }
+    isd
+}
+
+/// Removes the leading transparency entry from the channel-name resources (1006, 1045) and
+/// from DisplayInfo (1077). Each is left unchanged when it is too short to hold that entry.
+fn drop_merged_transparency(resources: &mut [ImageResource]) {
+    for r in resources {
+        r.data = match r.id {
+            1006 => drop_first_pascal(&r.data),
+            1045 => drop_first_unicode(&r.data),
+            id if id == crate::channel_map::DISPLAY_INFO => drop_first_display_record(&r.data),
+            _ => continue,
+        };
+    }
+}
+
+fn drop_first_pascal(data: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let Some(&n) = data.first() else { return data.to_vec() };
+    let end = 1usize.saturating_add(usize::from(n));
+    data.get(end..).unwrap_or(data).to_vec()
+}
+
+fn drop_first_unicode(data: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let Some(nbe) = data.get(..4) else { return data.to_vec() };
+    let n = u32::from_be_bytes([nbe[0], nbe[1], nbe[2], nbe[3]]) as usize;
+    let end = 4usize.saturating_add(n.saturating_mul(2));
+    data.get(end..).unwrap_or(data).to_vec()
+}
+
+/// Trims the channel-name resources (1006, 1045) and DisplayInfo (1077) to their first `kept`
+/// entries, and drops Quick Mask info (1022) when its channel is not one of the `kept` extra
+/// samples, which start at sample `first_extra`. A resource too short for `kept` entries is
+/// left as it is.
+fn keep_first_channels(resources: &mut Vec<ImageResource>, kept: usize, first_extra: usize) {
+    for r in resources.iter_mut() {
+        r.data = match r.id {
+            1006 => first_pascal_names(&r.data, kept),
+            1045 => first_unicode_names(&r.data, kept),
+            id if id == crate::channel_map::DISPLAY_INFO => first_display_records(&r.data, kept),
+            _ => continue,
+        };
+    }
+    let end = first_extra.saturating_add(kept);
+    resources.retain(|r| r.id != crate::channel_map::QUICK_MASK_INFO || r.data.get(..2).is_none_or(|b| usize::from(u16::from_be_bytes([b[0], b[1]])) < end));
+}
+
+fn first_pascal_names(data: &[u8], n: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut at = 0usize;
+    for _ in 0..n {
+        let Some(&len) = data.get(at) else { return data.to_vec() };
+        at = at.saturating_add(1).saturating_add(usize::from(len));
+    }
+    data.get(..at).unwrap_or(data).to_vec()
+}
+
+fn first_unicode_names(data: &[u8], n: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut at = 0usize;
+    for _ in 0..n {
+        let Some(b) = data.get(at..at.saturating_add(4)) else { return data.to_vec() };
+        let len = u32::from_be_bytes([b[0], b[1], b[2], b[3]]) as usize;
+        at = at.saturating_add(4).saturating_add(len.saturating_mul(2));
+    }
+    data.get(..at).unwrap_or(data).to_vec()
+}
+
+/// Resource 1077: a 4-byte version, then 13-byte records. Keeps the first `n` records.
+fn first_display_records(data: &[u8], n: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let end = 4usize.saturating_add(n.saturating_mul(13));
+    data.get(..end).unwrap_or(data).to_vec()
+}
+
+/// Resource 1077: a 4-byte version, then 13-byte records. Drops the first record.
+fn drop_first_display_record(data: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    const RECORD: usize = 13;
+    if data.len() < 4 + RECORD {
+        return data.to_vec();
+    }
+    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(data.len() - RECORD);
+    out.extend_from_slice(&data[..4]);
+    out.extend_from_slice(&data[4 + RECORD..]);
+    out
+}
+
+/// Filter-mask block (`FMsk`) Photoshop writes next to a layered TIFF: the same red 50%
+/// overlay as [`photocraft_psd::GlobalLayerMask::photoshop_default`], without the kind byte.
+const FILTER_MASK_DEFAULT: &[u8] = &[0, 0, 0xff, 0xff, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 50];
+
+/// Blocks Photoshop writes on every layer of a layered TIFF, when the layer does not
+/// already carry them. Defaults match a plain pixel layer (clipped-as-group on, nothing
+/// locked, no label).
+fn photoshop_layer_blocks(blocks: &mut Vec<photocraft_psd::TaggedBlock>) {
+    let has = |k: &[u8; 4]| blocks.iter().any(|b| &b.key == k);
+    let mut add = Vec::new();
+    if !has(b"lnsr") {
+        add.push(photocraft_psd::TaggedBlock::name_source(*b"layr"));
+    }
+    if !has(b"clbl") {
+        add.push(photocraft_psd::TaggedBlock::blend_clipped_as_group(true));
+    }
+    if !has(b"infx") {
+        add.push(photocraft_psd::TaggedBlock::blend_interior_elements(false));
+    }
+    if !has(b"knko") {
+        add.push(photocraft_psd::TaggedBlock::knockout(0));
+    }
+    if !has(b"lspf") {
+        add.push(photocraft_psd::TaggedBlock::protection(0));
+    }
+    if !has(b"lclr") {
+        add.push(photocraft_psd::TaggedBlock::sheet_color(0));
+    }
+    let at = blocks
+        .iter()
+        .position(|b| &b.key == b"lyid")
+        .map(|i| i + 1)
+        .or_else(|| blocks.iter().position(|b| &b.key == b"luni").map(|i| i + 1))
+        .unwrap_or(blocks.len());
+    for (i, block) in add.into_iter().enumerate() {
+        blocks.insert(at.saturating_add(i), block);
+    }
+}
+
 /// Removes the blocks a document kept verbatim from a little-endian TIFF because their layout
 /// is unknown ([`photocraft_psd::TaggedBlock::is_foreign_order`]) before `file` is written as a
 /// PSD: their bytes are in the wrong order for a PSD and cannot be converted. Returns a warning
@@ -315,6 +551,418 @@ pub fn strip_foreign_order_blocks(file: &mut photocraft_psd::PsdFile) -> Vec<Str
     warnings
 }
 
+/// Big-endian planar samples (a PSD merged-image plane) to native endian, or the reverse.
+fn swap_plane(src: &[u8], bps: usize, to_be: bool) -> Result<Vec<u8>, IoError> {
+    if bps == 1 {
+        return Ok(src.to_vec());
+    }
+    if !matches!(bps, 2 | 4) || !src.len().is_multiple_of(bps) {
+        return Err(IoError::Unsupported("an extra channel plane is incomplete".into()));
+    }
+    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(src.len());
+    for c in src.chunks_exact(bps) {
+        match (bps, to_be, c) {
+            (2, true, [a, b]) => {
+                let v = u16::from_ne_bytes([*a, *b]);
+                out.extend_from_slice(&v.to_be_bytes());
+            }
+            (2, false, [a, b]) => {
+                let v = u16::from_be_bytes([*a, *b]);
+                out.extend_from_slice(&v.to_ne_bytes());
+            }
+            (4, true, [a, b, c, d]) => {
+                let v = f32::from_ne_bytes([*a, *b, *c, *d]);
+                out.extend_from_slice(&v.to_be_bytes());
+            }
+            (4, false, [a, b, c, d]) => {
+                let v = f32::from_be_bytes([*a, *b, *c, *d]);
+                out.extend_from_slice(&v.to_ne_bytes());
+            }
+            _ => return Err(IoError::Unsupported("an extra channel plane is incomplete".into())),
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+/// Native-endian extra-sample plane → big-endian, for the PSD merged image a layered TIFF rebuilds.
+fn native_plane_to_be(src: &[u8], bps: usize) -> Result<Vec<u8>, IoError> {
+    swap_plane(src, bps, true)
+}
+
+/// Extra planes of a PSD merged image (`skip` colour-and-alpha planes already consumed), as
+/// native-endian TIFF extra samples. A spot plane is already Photoshop ink (0 = solid, max =
+/// paper); an alpha plane is already straight. Neither is inverted again here.
+fn native_extra_planes(planes: &[u8], w: u32, h: u32, skip: usize, count: usize, sample: CSample) -> Result<Vec<codecs::ExtraSample>, IoError> {
+    let bps = sample.bytes();
+    let n = (w as usize).checked_mul(h as usize).ok_or_else(|| IoError::Unsupported("image size overflows".into()))?;
+    let plane = n.checked_mul(bps).ok_or_else(|| IoError::Unsupported("image size overflows".into()))?;
+    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(count);
+    for i in 0..count {
+        let at = skip.checked_add(i).and_then(|k| k.checked_mul(plane)).ok_or_else(|| IoError::Unsupported("image size overflows".into()))?;
+        let Some(src) = planes.get(at..at.saturating_add(plane)) else {
+            return Err(IoError::Unsupported("the merged image is missing an extra channel".into()));
+        };
+        if src.len() != plane {
+            return Err(IoError::Unsupported("the merged image is missing an extra channel".into()));
+        }
+        out.push(codecs::ExtraSample { kind: 0, data: swap_plane(src, bps, false)? });
+    }
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+/// One grayscale channel as native-endian samples in `img`'s sample type.
+fn channel_plane(channel: &AlphaChannel, canvas: Rect, sample: CSample) -> Result<Vec<u8>, String> {
+    let depth = match sample {
+        CSample::U8 => SampleType::U8,
+        CSample::U16 => SampleType::U16,
+        CSample::F16 | CSample::F32 => SampleType::F32,
+    };
+    let fmt = PixelFormat::new(ColorMode::Grayscale, depth, false);
+    let owned;
+    let surface = if channel.surface.format() == fmt {
+        &channel.surface
+    } else {
+        owned = channel.surface.convert(fmt);
+        &owned
+    };
+    let mut bytes = surface.to_interleaved(canvas);
+    let n = (canvas.width() as usize).saturating_mul(canvas.height() as usize);
+    let expect = n.saturating_mul(depth.bytes());
+    if bytes.len() != expect {
+        return Err(format!("channel \"{}\" does not cover the canvas", channel.name));
+    }
+    if channel.spot.is_some() {
+        crate::channel_map::photoshop_spot_plane(&mut bytes, depth);
+    }
+    if sample == CSample::F16 {
+        let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(n.saturating_mul(2));
+        for arr in bytes.as_chunks::<4>().0 {
+            let v = f32::from_ne_bytes(*arr);
+            out.extend_from_slice(&codecs::f16::from_f32(v).to_ne_bytes());
+        }
+        return Ok(out);
+    }
+    Ok(bytes)
+}
+
+/// Composites straight alpha over white and drops it. Photoshop's TIFF save with
+/// "Save Transparency" off stores that matte in the colour samples and keeps transparency
+/// only inside each layer. Fully opaque pixels are copied unchanged, so they stay identical
+/// to a composite that was quantized before the matte. `false` when there is no alpha or
+/// the buffer is not one sample per channel.
+fn matte_and_drop_alpha(img: &mut Image) -> bool {
+    if !img.layout().has_alpha() {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let (w, h) = img.dimensions();
+    let sample = img.sample_type();
+    let dst = img.layout().without_alpha();
+    let bps = sample.bytes();
+    let keep = dst.channels().saturating_mul(bps);
+    let stride = img.layout().channels().saturating_mul(bps);
+    if stride == 0 || keep == 0 || bps == 0 || stride <= keep || !img.data().len().is_multiple_of(stride) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let cmyk = img.layout().is_cmyk();
+    let white_byte: u8 = if cmyk { 0 } else { 255 };
+    let white_u16: u16 = if cmyk { 0 } else { u16::MAX };
+    let white_f: f32 = if cmyk { 0.0 } else { 1.0 };
+    // Lab's white is L* 100 with a* and b* 0, which PhotoCraft holds mid-range (`(0 + 128) / 255`).
+    let lab = img.layout().is_lab();
+    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(img.data().len() / stride * keep);
+    for px in img.data().chunks_exact(stride) {
+        let Some(color) = px.get(..keep) else { return false };
+        let Some(alpha) = px.get(keep..keep.saturating_add(bps)) else { return false };
+        let ok = if lab {
+            let (Some(l), Some(ab)) = (color.get(..bps), color.get(bps..)) else { return false };
+            matte_pixel(sample, l, alpha, white_byte, white_u16, white_f, &mut out) && matte_pixel(sample, ab, alpha, 128, 128 * 257, 128.0 / 255.0, &mut out)
+        } else {
+            matte_pixel(sample, color, alpha, white_byte, white_u16, white_f, &mut out)
+        };
+        if !ok {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    let icc = img.icc.clone();
+    let meta = img.meta.clone();
+    let warnings = img.warnings.clone();
+    let Ok(mut next) = Image::from_raw(w, h, dst, sample, out) else { return false };
+    next.icc = icc;
+    next.meta = meta;
+    next.warnings = warnings;
+    *img = next;
+    true
+}
+
+/// One pixel of [`matte_and_drop_alpha`]. Opaque samples are copied; a clear pixel becomes
+/// `white`; anything in between is `c·a + white·(1−a)` in normalized space.
+fn matte_pixel(sample: CSample, color: &[u8], alpha: &[u8], white_byte: u8, white_u16: u16, white_f: f32, out: &mut Vec<u8>) -> bool {
+    match sample {
+        CSample::U8 => {
+            let Some(&a) = alpha.first() else { return false };
+            if a == 255 {
+                out.extend_from_slice(color);
+            } else if a == 0 {
+                out.resize(out.len().saturating_add(color.len()), white_byte);
+            } else {
+                let af = f32::from(a) / 255.0;
+                for &c in color {
+                    let m = crate::pixels::matte(f32::from(c) / 255.0, af, white_f);
+                    out.push((m.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 255.0).round() as u8);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        CSample::U16 => {
+            let Some(a) = ne_u16(alpha) else { return false };
+            if a == u16::MAX {
+                out.extend_from_slice(color);
+            } else if a == 0 {
+                for _ in 0..color.len() / 2 {
+                    out.extend_from_slice(&white_u16.to_ne_bytes());
+                }
+            } else {
+                let af = f32::from(a) / 65535.0;
+                for pair in color.as_chunks::<2>().0 {
+                    let c = u16::from_ne_bytes(*pair);
+                    let m = crate::pixels::matte(f32::from(c) / 65535.0, af, white_f);
+                    out.extend_from_slice(&((m.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 65535.0).round() as u16).to_ne_bytes());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        CSample::F32 => {
+            let Some(a) = ne_f32(alpha) else { return false };
+            if a == 1.0 {
+                out.extend_from_slice(color);
+            } else if a == 0.0 || !a.is_finite() {
+                for _ in 0..color.len() / 4 {
+                    out.extend_from_slice(&white_f.to_ne_bytes());
+                }
+            } else {
+                let af = a.clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+                for quad in color.as_chunks::<4>().0 {
+                    let m = crate::pixels::matte(f32::from_ne_bytes(*quad), af, white_f);
+                    out.extend_from_slice(&m.to_ne_bytes());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        CSample::F16 => {
+            let Some(bits) = ne_u16(alpha) else { return false };
+            let a = codecs::f16::from_bits(bits).to_f32();
+            if a == 1.0 {
+                out.extend_from_slice(color);
+            } else if a == 0.0 || !a.is_finite() {
+                let w = codecs::f16::from_f32(white_f).to_bits().to_ne_bytes();
+                for _ in 0..color.len() / 2 {
+                    out.extend_from_slice(&w);
+                }
+            } else {
+                let af = a.clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+                for pair in color.as_chunks::<2>().0 {
+                    let c = codecs::f16::from_bits(u16::from_ne_bytes(*pair)).to_f32();
+                    let m = codecs::f16::from_f32(crate::pixels::matte(c, af, white_f)).to_bits();
+                    out.extend_from_slice(&m.to_ne_bytes());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    true
+}
+
+fn ne_u16(b: &[u8]) -> Option<u16> {
+    let arr: [u8; 2] = b.get(..2)?.try_into().ok()?;
+    Some(u16::from_ne_bytes(arr))
+}
+
+fn ne_f32(b: &[u8]) -> Option<f32> {
+    let arr: [u8; 4] = b.get(..4)?.try_into().ok()?;
+    Some(f32::from_ne_bytes(arr))
+}
+
+/// Writes alpha and spot channels (and a Quick Mask) into a flat TIFF: extra samples in the
+/// IFD, plus Photoshop resources for the name, ink colour and solidity. At most
+/// [`codecs::MAX_EXTRA_SAMPLES`] are kept. A TIFF with no extra channels is left unchanged.
+/// When any are written, the composite's own transparency is left out of the IFD: readers pair
+/// the channel resources with every sample past the colour channels, in order.
+pub(crate) fn stamp_flat_channels(doc: &Document, img: &mut Image) -> Vec<String> {
+    let total = doc.channels.len().saturating_add(usize::from(doc.quick_mask.is_some()));
+    if total == 0 {
+        return Vec::new();
+    }
+    let mut warnings = Vec::new();
+    let (w, h) = img.dimensions();
+    if w != doc.size.width || h != doc.size.height {
+        warnings.push("extra channels were not written: the image size differs from the document".into());
+        return warnings;
+    }
+    let max = codecs::MAX_EXTRA_SAMPLES;
+    let mut picked: Vec<&AlphaChannel> = doc.channels.iter().take(max).collect();
+    if let Some(q) = &doc.quick_mask
+        && picked.len() < max
+    {
+        picked.push(q);
+    }
+    if total > picked.len() {
+        warnings.push(format!("{total} extra channels; TIFF keeps the first {}", picked.len()));
+    }
+    let canvas = Rect::new(0, 0, w as i32, h as i32);
+    let mut planes = Vec::with_capacity(picked.len());
+    for ch in &picked {
+        match channel_plane(ch, canvas, img.sample_type()) {
+            Ok(data) => planes.push(data),
+            Err(msg) => {
+                warnings.push(msg);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    picked.truncate(planes.len());
+    if picked.is_empty() {
+        return warnings;
+    }
+    let names: Vec<&str> = picked.iter().map(|c| c.name.as_str()).collect();
+    let quick_last = matches!((picked.last(), doc.quick_mask.as_ref()), (Some(p), Some(q)) if std::ptr::eq(*p, q));
+    let color_channels = img.layout().color_channels();
+    // Save Transparency off: the colour samples are the composite over white, and the
+    // alpha plane is not an extra sample (it would be named as the first spot). The
+    // composite transparency is gone after this; say so, because the user did not pick
+    // that option themselves.
+    if img.layout().has_alpha() {
+        if !matte_and_drop_alpha(img) {
+            warnings.push("extra channels were not written: the composite transparency could not be separated from them".into());
+            return warnings;
+        }
+        warnings.push(
+            "transparency composited over white; a TIFF with alpha or spot channels stores them as extra samples and drops image transparency (Save Transparency off)"
+                .into(),
+        );
+    }
+    let quick_id = if quick_last { u16::try_from(color_channels.saturating_add(picked.len()).saturating_sub(1)).ok() } else { None };
+    match channel_resources(img.meta.photoshop_resources.as_deref(), &names, &picked, quick_id) {
+        Ok(bytes) => img.meta.photoshop_resources = Some(bytes),
+        Err(e) => warnings.push(format!("spot channel options were not written to the TIFF: {e}")),
+    }
+    img.meta.extra_samples = planes.into_iter().map(|data| codecs::ExtraSample { kind: 0, data }).collect();
+    warnings
+}
+
+/// Existing Photoshop resources with the channel-name, display-info and quick-mask blocks replaced.
+fn channel_resources(existing: Option<&[u8]>, names: &[&str], channels: &[&AlphaChannel], quick_id: Option<u16>) -> Result<Vec<u8>, IoError> {
+    let mut resources = match existing.filter(|b| !b.is_empty()) {
+        Some(b) => resources_from_bytes(b)?.0,
+        None => Vec::new(),
+    };
+    resources.retain(|r| {
+        !matches!(r.id, 1006 | 1045 | crate::channel_map::DISPLAY_INFO | crate::channel_map::QUICK_MASK_INFO | crate::channel_map::ALPHA_IDENTIFIERS)
+    });
+    resources.push(ImageResource::new(1006, crate::psd_export::pascal_names_resource(names)));
+    resources.push(ImageResource::new(1045, crate::psd_export::unicode_names_resource(names)));
+    resources.push(ImageResource::new(crate::channel_map::DISPLAY_INFO, crate::channel_map::display_info(channels, false)));
+    resources.push(ImageResource::new(crate::channel_map::ALPHA_IDENTIFIERS, crate::channel_map::alpha_identifiers(false, names.len())));
+    if let Some(id) = quick_id {
+        let mut data = id.to_be_bytes().to_vec();
+        data.push(0);
+        resources.push(ImageResource::new(crate::channel_map::QUICK_MASK_INFO, data));
+    }
+    Ok(resources_to_bytes(&resources)?)
+}
+
+/// Extra samples of a flat TIFF become alpha / spot channels. Layered TIFFs rebuild those
+/// through the PSD importer instead, so this is only for a file with no layer tag.
+pub(crate) fn channels_from_extras(doc: &mut Document, img: &Image) -> Vec<String> {
+    if img.meta.extra_samples.is_empty() {
+        return Vec::new();
+    }
+    let mut warnings = Vec::new();
+    let (w, h) = img.dimensions();
+    if w != doc.size.width || h != doc.size.height {
+        warnings.push("extra TIFF samples were dropped: their size differs from the image".into());
+        return warnings;
+    }
+    let parsed = img.meta.photoshop_resources.as_deref().filter(|b| !b.is_empty()).and_then(|b| resources_from_bytes(b).ok());
+    let none = Vec::new();
+    let resources = parsed.as_ref().map(|(r, _)| r.as_slice()).unwrap_or(&none);
+    let all_names = resources.iter().find(|r| r.id == 1045).map(|r| crate::psd_import::unicode_names(&r.data)).unwrap_or_default();
+    // As in the PSD importer: Photoshop lists the image transparency first ("Transparency", with
+    // its own display record), ahead of the channels the extra samples hold.
+    let skip = usize::from(img.layout().has_alpha() && all_names.len() == img.meta.extra_samples.len().saturating_add(1));
+    let names = all_names.get(skip..).unwrap_or_default();
+    let spots = if let Some(r) = resources.iter().find(|r| r.id == crate::channel_map::DISPLAY_INFO) {
+        crate::channel_map::spot_flags(&r.data, true, skip)
+    } else if let Some(r) = resources.iter().find(|r| r.id == crate::channel_map::DISPLAY_INFO_OLD) {
+        crate::channel_map::spot_flags(&r.data, false, skip)
+    } else {
+        Vec::new()
+    };
+    let start = doc.channels.len();
+    let n_px = (w as usize).saturating_mul(h as usize);
+    for (k, e) in img.meta.extra_samples.iter().take(codecs::MAX_EXTRA_SAMPLES).enumerate() {
+        let spot = spots.get(k).copied().unwrap_or(false);
+        match mask_from_plane(&e.data, w, h, n_px, img.sample_type(), doc.depth, spot) {
+            Ok(surface) => {
+                let name = names.get(k).cloned().filter(|s| !s.is_empty()).unwrap_or_else(|| format!("Alpha {}", k + 1));
+                doc.channels.push(AlphaChannel::new(name, surface));
+            }
+            Err(msg) => warnings.push(msg),
+        }
+    }
+    if doc.channels.len() == start {
+        return warnings;
+    }
+    {
+        let slice = &mut doc.channels[start..];
+        if let Some(r) = resources.iter().find(|r| r.id == crate::channel_map::DISPLAY_INFO) {
+            crate::channel_map::apply_display_info(&r.data, true, skip, slice);
+        } else if let Some(r) = resources.iter().find(|r| r.id == crate::channel_map::DISPLAY_INFO_OLD) {
+            crate::channel_map::apply_display_info(&r.data, false, skip, slice);
+        }
+    }
+    let first = img.layout().color_channels().saturating_add(usize::from(img.layout().has_alpha()));
+    if let Some(r) = resources.iter().find(|r| r.id == crate::channel_map::QUICK_MASK_INFO)
+        && r.data.len() >= 2
+        && let Some(k) = usize::from(u16::from_be_bytes([r.data[0], r.data[1]])).checked_sub(first)
+        && start.saturating_add(k) < doc.channels.len()
+    {
+        doc.quick_mask = Some(doc.channels.remove(start + k));
+    }
+    warnings
+}
+
+/// Native-endian extra-sample bytes → a grayscale surface at the document depth.
+/// `photoshop_spot`: the sample is a spot channel in Photoshop's polarity (0 = solid ink).
+fn mask_from_plane(data: &[u8], w: u32, h: u32, n: usize, from: CSample, depth: SampleType, photoshop_spot: bool) -> Result<Surface, String> {
+    let rect = Rect::new(0, 0, w as i32, h as i32);
+    let mut bytes = match (from, depth) {
+        (CSample::U8, SampleType::U8) | (CSample::U16, SampleType::U16) | (CSample::F32, SampleType::F32) => {
+            if data.len() != n.saturating_mul(from.bytes()) {
+                return Err("an extra TIFF sample did not match the image and was dropped".into());
+            }
+            data.to_vec()
+        }
+        (CSample::F16, SampleType::F32) => {
+            if data.len() != n.saturating_mul(2) {
+                return Err("an extra TIFF sample did not match the image and was dropped".into());
+            }
+            let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(n.saturating_mul(4));
+            for arr in data.as_chunks::<2>().0 {
+                let v = codecs::f16::from_bits(u16::from_ne_bytes(*arr)).to_f32();
+                out.extend_from_slice(&v.to_ne_bytes());
+            }
+            out
+        }
+        _ => return Err(format!("an extra TIFF sample ({from:?}) does not match the document depth and was dropped")),
+    };
+    if photoshop_spot {
+        crate::channel_map::photoshop_spot_plane(&mut bytes, depth);
+    }
+    if bytes.len() != n.saturating_mul(depth.bytes()) {
+        return Err("an extra TIFF sample did not match the image and was dropped".into());
+    }
+    let mut s = Surface::new(PixelFormat::new(ColorMode::Grayscale, depth, false));
+    s.write_interleaved(rect, &bytes);
+    s.prune();
+    Ok(s)
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use photocraft_doc::{Color, Document, Fill, FillCache, Layer, LayerContent};
diff --git a/crates/io/src/vector_map.rs b/crates/io/src/vector_map.rs
index 3bd127445d..621edf47b8 100644
--- a/crates/io/src/vector_map.rs
+++ b/crates/io/src/vector_map.rs
@@ -258,10 +258,20 @@ pub fn parse_vstk(data: &[u8], dpi: f32) -> Option<VstkInfo> {
         _ => Vec::new(),
     };
     let paint = get_desc(&d, "strokeStyleContent").and_then(content_fill).unwrap_or(Fill::Solid(photocraft_color::Color::BLACK));
+    let mut opacity = num(d.get("strokeStyleOpacity")).map_or(1.0, |v| v as f32 / 100.0);
+    // Write folds colour alpha into strokeStyleOpacity for Photoshop. Restore both Appearance
+    // fields when pcAl is present so PhotoCraft does not show a maxed colour alpha (#6180).
+    if let Fill::Solid(c) = &paint
+        && c.alpha.is_finite()
+        && c.alpha > 1e-6
+        && (c.alpha - 1.0).abs() > 1e-6
+    {
+        opacity = (opacity / c.alpha).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+    }
     let stroke = ShapeStroke {
         width: unit_px(d.get("strokeStyleLineWidth"), dpi).unwrap_or(1.0) as f32,
         paint,
-        opacity: num(d.get("strokeStyleOpacity")).map_or(1.0, |v| v as f32 / 100.0),
+        opacity,
         align,
         cap,
         join,
@@ -276,10 +286,28 @@ fn en(ty: &str, v: &str) -> Value {
     Value::Enumerated { type_id: Id::new(ty), value: Id::new(v) }
 }
 
+/// Photoshop's stroke colour has no alpha. Fold the colour's alpha into `strokeStyleOpacity`
+/// so Appearance still matches after a PSD round-trip (#6180).
+fn fold_stroke_color_alpha(s: &ShapeStroke) -> ShapeStroke {
+    let mut out = s.clone();
+    if let Fill::Solid(c) = &mut out.paint
+        && c.alpha.is_finite()
+        && (c.alpha - 1.0).abs() > 1e-6
+    {
+        out.opacity = (out.opacity * c.alpha).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+        c.alpha = 1.0;
+    }
+    out
+}
+
 pub fn vstk_bytes(stroke: Option<&ShapeStroke>, fill_enabled: bool, dpi: f32) -> Vec<u8> {
     let default = ShapeStroke::default();
-    let s = stroke.unwrap_or(&default);
-    let (_, content) = fill_to_desc(&s.paint);
+    let folded = stroke.map(fold_stroke_color_alpha);
+    let s = folded.as_ref().unwrap_or(&default);
+    // Keep pcAl on the original colour so Appearance can restore fill/stroke alphas separately
+    // from the folded Photoshop opacity (#6180).
+    let paint = stroke.map(|st| &st.paint).unwrap_or(&s.paint);
+    let (_, content) = fill_to_desc(paint);
     let class = match s.paint {
         Fill::Solid(_) => "solidColorLayer",
         Fill::Gradient { .. } => "gradientLayer",
@@ -660,6 +688,20 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(off.stroke.is_none() && off.fill_enabled);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn vstk_folds_color_alpha_into_stroke_opacity() {
+        let s = ShapeStroke { width: 2.0, paint: Fill::Solid(Color::rgba(0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.4)), opacity: 0.5, ..ShapeStroke::default() };
+        let bytes = vstk_bytes(Some(&s), true, 72.0);
+        let raw = crate::blocks::parse_prefix_versioned(&bytes).unwrap();
+        let file_opacity = crate::blocks::num(raw.get("strokeStyleOpacity")).unwrap() as f32 / 100.0;
+        assert!((file_opacity - 0.2).abs() < 1e-4, "Photoshop sees the product in strokeStyleOpacity");
+        let got = parse_vstk(&bytes, 72.0).unwrap().stroke.unwrap();
+        assert!((got.opacity - 0.5).abs() < 1e-4);
+        let Fill::Solid(c) = got.paint else { panic!("solid") };
+        assert!((c.alpha - 0.4).abs() < 1e-5);
+        assert!((c.to_rgb()[2] - 1.0).abs() < 1e-3);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn vogk_roundtrip() {
         for s in [
@@ -671,7 +713,7 @@ mod tests {
             let b = vogk_bytes(&s, 72.0).unwrap();
             assert_eq!(live_from_vogk(&b), Some(s));
         }
-        assert!(vogk_bytes(&LiveShape::Polygon { rect: [0.0; 4], sides: 5, star_ratio: 1.0 }, 72.0).is_none());
+        assert!(vogk_bytes(&LiveShape::Polygon { rect: [0.0; 4], sides: 5, star_ratio: 1.0, corner_radius: 0.0 }, 72.0).is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -699,7 +741,7 @@ mod tests {
         // Edit: path changes → vmsk regenerated, live dropped when polygon.
         let mut edited = sh.clone();
         edited.path.subpaths.pop();
-        edited.live = Some(LiveShape::Polygon { rect: [0.0; 4], sides: 3, star_ratio: 1.0 });
+        edited.live = Some(LiveShape::Polygon { rect: [0.0; 4], sides: 3, star_ratio: 1.0, corner_radius: 0.0 });
         shape_blocks(&edited, &mut raw, 64, 64, 72.0);
         assert!(!raw.iter().any(|(k, _)| k == b"vogk"));
         let (p, _) = path_from_vmsk(&raw[0].1, 64, 64).unwrap();
diff --git a/crates/io/src/vector_preview.rs b/crates/io/src/vector_preview.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..53bc4c90ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/io/src/vector_preview.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,562 @@
+//! PhotoCraft's private PSD display-preview block. The linked-layer payload is never replaced.
+//!
+//! `pcVP` carries a versioned header, BLAKE3 of the native AI/PDF/EPS source, the SVG byte
+//! length and a bounded display-only SVG. Other readers may ignore it and use PSD cached pixels.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use photocraft_doc::VectorPreview;
+use photocraft_geom::Size;
+
+pub const PSD_KEY: [u8; 4] = *b"pcVP";
+const HEADER: &[u8; 8] = b"PCVP\0\0\0\x01";
+const MAX_BYTES: usize = 16 * 1024 * 1024;
+const MAX_PIXELS: u64 = 24_000_000;
+const PREFIX: usize = 44;
+
+/// Recognize native-vector payloads by content; names never authorize a preview.
+pub fn is_native_source(source: &[u8]) -> bool {
+    source.starts_with(b"%PDF-") || source.starts_with(b"%!PS-Adobe-") || source.starts_with(&[0xc5, 0xd0, 0xd3, 0xc6])
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+thread_local! { static HASHED_SOURCE_BYTES: std::cell::Cell<usize> = const { std::cell::Cell::new(0) }; }
+
+/// Hash only a supported, bounded source. PSD import caches this result per source UUID.
+pub(crate) fn source_hash(source: &[u8]) -> Option<[u8; 32]> {
+    if source.is_empty() || source.len() > MAX_BYTES || !is_native_source(source) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    HASHED_SOURCE_BYTES.with(|count| count.set(count.get().saturating_add(source.len())));
+    Some(*blake3::hash(source).as_bytes())
+}
+
+/// Verify the source binding and render limits before retaining a preview from a file.
+pub fn validate(preview: &VectorPreview, source: &[u8]) -> Option<Size> {
+    document(preview, source).map(|document| document.size)
+}
+
+/// Recover only the unitless source-pixel frame of a normalized preview, without drawing it.
+/// The caller must compute `expected_source_hash` from the actual immutable native source;
+/// the preview's claimed digest alone never establishes that binding. Rendering callers must
+/// still use [`validate`] before drawing. Unsupported metadata leaves the PSD frame available.
+pub fn frame_metadata(preview: &VectorPreview, expected_source_hash: [u8; 32]) -> Option<(f64, f64)> {
+    if preview.source_hash != expected_source_hash || preview.svg.is_empty() || preview.svg.len() > MAX_BYTES || !crate::svg::is_svg(&preview.svg) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let text = std::str::from_utf8(&preview.svg).ok()?;
+    let parsed = roxmltree::Document::parse(text).ok()?;
+    let root = parsed.root_element();
+    if root.tag_name().name() != "svg" {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let dimension = |key| root.attribute(key)?.parse::<f64>().ok();
+    let (width, height) = dimension("width").zip(dimension("height"))?;
+    (width.is_finite() && height.is_finite() && width > 0.0 && height > 0.0 && width <= 16384.0 && height <= 16384.0 && width * height <= MAX_PIXELS as f64)
+        .then_some((width, height))
+}
+
+/// Exact source-pixel frame of a normalized preview. Native PSD dimensions can be fractional;
+/// the integer display canvas alone must not replace their placement coordinate system.
+pub fn frame(preview: &VectorPreview, source: &[u8]) -> Option<(f64, f64)> {
+    frame_for_svg(&preview.svg, validate(preview, source)?)
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn frame_for_svg(svg: &[u8], size: Size) -> Option<(f64, f64)> {
+    let text = std::str::from_utf8(svg).ok()?;
+    let parsed = roxmltree::Document::parse(text).ok()?;
+    let root = parsed.root_element();
+    let dimension = |key| root.attribute(key).and_then(|value| value.parse::<f64>().ok());
+    let Some((width, height)) = dimension("width").zip(dimension("height")) else {
+        // A general SVG may spell lengths in physical units. Its validated display canvas is
+        // the fallback; our normalized native previews always write unitless source pixels.
+        return Some((f64::from(size.width), f64::from(size.height)));
+    };
+    if !width.is_finite() || !height.is_finite() || width <= 0.0 || height <= 0.0 || width > 16384.0 || height > 16384.0 || width * height > MAX_PIXELS as f64 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    // Match svg::canvas's f32 conversion, minimum size and rounding exactly. A mismatched
+    // viewport cannot supply trusted source geometry even when the SVG itself can render.
+    let rounded = |value: f64| ((value as f32).max(1.0).round() as u32).clamp(1, 16384);
+    (rounded(width) == size.width && rounded(height) == size.height).then_some((width, height))
+}
+
+/// Bounded display document used for PSD smart-filter source caches, never as embedded contents.
+pub(crate) fn document(preview: &VectorPreview, source: &[u8]) -> Option<photocraft_doc::Document> {
+    if preview.source_hash != source_hash(source)? {
+        return None;
+    }
+    display_document(&preview.svg)
+}
+
+/// Bounded preview parsing after the caller has checked the original-source binding.
+fn display_document(svg: &[u8]) -> Option<photocraft_doc::Document> {
+    display_document_with_budget(svg, 4 * MAX_PIXELS)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+thread_local! { static RENDERED_PREVIEWS: std::cell::Cell<usize> = const { std::cell::Cell::new(0) }; }
+
+/// Keep callers that need only a display document separate from aggregate-work accounting.
+fn display_document_with_budget(svg: &[u8], max_pixels: u64) -> Option<photocraft_doc::Document> {
+    display_document_with_work(svg, max_pixels).map(|(document, _)| document)
+}
+
+/// Validate a display-only SVG and report the decode/render allowance it consumed.
+fn display_document_with_work(svg: &[u8], max_pixels: u64) -> Option<(photocraft_doc::Document, u64)> {
+    if max_pixels == 0 || svg.is_empty() || svg.len() > MAX_BYTES || !crate::svg::is_svg(svg) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    RENDERED_PREVIEWS.with(|count| count.set(count.get().saturating_add(1)));
+    crate::svg::import_svg_bounded_with_work("Preview.svg", svg, max_pixels).ok().map(|(imported, work)| (imported.document, work))
+}
+
+/// Serialize only a validated preview of the same native source; the blob is four-byte padded.
+pub fn encode(preview: &VectorPreview, source: &[u8]) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+    validate(preview, source)?;
+    block_bytes(preview)
+}
+
+/// The `pcVP` blob of a preview whose source binding and SVG the caller has validated.
+fn block_bytes(preview: &VectorPreview) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(PREFIX + preview.svg.len() + 3);
+    out.extend_from_slice(HEADER);
+    out.extend_from_slice(&preview.source_hash);
+    out.extend_from_slice(&u32::try_from(preview.svg.len()).ok()?.to_be_bytes());
+    out.extend_from_slice(&preview.svg);
+    out.resize(out.len().next_multiple_of(4), 0);
+    Some(out)
+}
+
+/// Reject unknown versions, stale hashes, malformed SVG, oversize payloads and trailing data.
+pub fn decode(block: &[u8], source: &[u8]) -> Option<VectorPreview> {
+    decode_with_hash(block, source_hash(source)?)
+}
+
+/// PSD imports reuse the hash of their immutable, bounded embedded source. This function
+/// never hashes the large source again and still verifies every block's source binding.
+pub(crate) fn decode_with_hash(block: &[u8], expected_hash: [u8; 32]) -> Option<VectorPreview> {
+    decode_with_hash_budget(block, expected_hash, 4 * MAX_PIXELS).map(|(preview, _)| preview)
+}
+
+/// Check the bounded private block before rendering, retaining its actual validation charge.
+fn decode_with_hash_budget(block: &[u8], expected_hash: [u8; 32], max_pixels: u64) -> Option<(VectorPreview, u64)> {
+    if block.len() > PREFIX + MAX_BYTES + 3 || block.get(..8)? != HEADER {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let source_hash: [u8; 32] = block.get(8..40)?.try_into().ok()?;
+    let length = usize::try_from(u32::from_be_bytes(block.get(40..44)?.try_into().ok()?)).ok()?;
+    if length == 0 || length > MAX_BYTES {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let end = PREFIX.checked_add(length)?;
+    if block.len() != end.next_multiple_of(4) || block.get(end..)?.iter().any(|byte| *byte != 0) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    // Reject mismatched native contents before allocating or parsing any SVG data.
+    if source_hash != expected_hash {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let svg = block.get(PREFIX..end)?;
+    let (_, work) = display_document_with_work(svg, max_pixels)?;
+    Some((VectorPreview { source_hash, svg: Arc::new(svg.to_vec()) }, work))
+}
+
+/// One PSD import's source/preview identities and aggregate validation budget. Cached instances
+/// share the preview allocation and do not spend the work budget again.
+pub(crate) struct ImportCache {
+    source_hashes: std::collections::HashMap<String, Option<[u8; 32]>>,
+    previews: std::collections::HashMap<([u8; 32], [u8; 32]), Option<VectorPreview>>,
+    remaining_pixels: u64,
+}
+
+impl Default for ImportCache {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new(96_000_000)
+    }
+}
+
+impl ImportCache {
+    /// Start one file operation with an independent aggregate preview-work allowance.
+    fn new(max_pixels: u64) -> Self {
+        Self { source_hashes: Default::default(), previews: Default::default(), remaining_pixels: max_pixels }
+    }
+
+    /// The source callback borrows the first matching immutable linked-layer payload. No disk
+    /// paths are followed, and an exhausted import does not hash additional unknown sources.
+    pub(crate) fn decode<'a>(&mut self, id: &str, block: &[u8], source: impl FnOnce() -> Option<&'a [u8]>) -> Option<VectorPreview> {
+        if block.len() > PREFIX + MAX_BYTES + 3 || block.get(..8)? != HEADER {
+            return None;
+        }
+        if self.remaining_pixels == 0 && !self.source_hashes.contains_key(id) {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let hash = (*self.source_hashes.entry(id.to_string()).or_insert_with(|| source_hash(source()?)))?;
+        let key = (hash, *blake3::hash(block).as_bytes());
+        if let Some(cached) = self.previews.get(&key) {
+            return cached.clone();
+        }
+        let limit = self.remaining_pixels;
+        let decoded = decode_with_hash_budget(block, hash, limit);
+        let preview = match decoded {
+            Some((preview, work)) => {
+                self.remaining_pixels = self.remaining_pixels.saturating_sub(work);
+                Some(preview)
+            }
+            None => {
+                // A failed parse can already have decoded images. Reserve its full attempted
+                // allowance, even when no display document was returned.
+                self.remaining_pixels = self.remaining_pixels.saturating_sub(limit);
+                None
+            }
+        };
+        self.previews.insert(key, preview.clone());
+        preview
+    }
+}
+
+/// A native preview validated once per PSD export: its bounded display document (the smart-filter
+/// source cache), the exact source-pixel frame (`None` when the SVG's own size does not supply
+/// one) and the encoded `pcVP` block.
+pub(crate) struct Exported {
+    pub(crate) document: photocraft_doc::Document,
+    pub(crate) frame: Option<(f64, f64)>,
+    pub(crate) block: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+type SourceIdentity = (usize, usize, usize);
+type SourceEntry = (Arc<Vec<u8>>, Option<[u8; 32]>);
+type PreviewIdentity = ([u8; 32], [u8; 32]);
+
+/// One PSD export's source/preview identities and aggregate validation budget, mirroring
+/// [`ImportCache`]. Instances sharing one immutable source and preview allocation hash and render
+/// once; distinct previews share the import's 96 MP budget.
+pub(crate) struct ExportCache {
+    /// Hash of the actual source bytes by (owning allocation, offset, length). Each entry keeps
+    /// its owner alive, so an address can never be reused for other bytes during the export.
+    sources: std::collections::HashMap<SourceIdentity, SourceEntry>,
+    /// Content hash of each preview SVG allocation, kept alive in the same way.
+    svgs: std::collections::HashMap<usize, (Arc<Vec<u8>>, [u8; 32])>,
+    previews: std::collections::HashMap<PreviewIdentity, Option<Arc<Exported>>>,
+    remaining_pixels: u64,
+}
+
+impl Default for ExportCache {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new(96_000_000)
+    }
+}
+
+impl ExportCache {
+    /// Start one file operation with an independent aggregate preview-work allowance.
+    fn new(max_pixels: u64) -> Self {
+        Self { sources: Default::default(), svgs: Default::default(), previews: Default::default(), remaining_pixels: max_pixels }
+    }
+
+    /// The validated preview of `source`, a byte range of the immutable `owner`. The preview's
+    /// claimed hash is compared with the hash of those actual bytes on every call; only that
+    /// hash and the render are reused.
+    pub(crate) fn get(&mut self, preview: &VectorPreview, owner: &Arc<Vec<u8>>, source: &[u8]) -> Option<Arc<Exported>> {
+        let base = owner.as_ptr().addr();
+        let offset = source.as_ptr().addr().checked_sub(base)?;
+        // Only a range of the pinned owner may be identified by its address.
+        if offset.checked_add(source.len())? > owner.len() || preview.svg.is_empty() || preview.svg.len() > MAX_BYTES {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let key = (base, offset, source.len());
+        let svg_key = Arc::as_ptr(&preview.svg).addr();
+        // An exhausted export does not hash additional unknown sources or previews.
+        if self.remaining_pixels == 0 && !(self.sources.contains_key(&key) && self.svgs.contains_key(&svg_key)) {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let hash = self.sources.entry(key).or_insert_with(|| (Arc::clone(owner), source_hash(source))).1?;
+        if preview.source_hash != hash {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let svg_hash = self.svgs.entry(svg_key).or_insert_with(|| (Arc::clone(&preview.svg), *blake3::hash(&preview.svg).as_bytes())).1;
+        if let Some(cached) = self.previews.get(&(hash, svg_hash)) {
+            return cached.clone();
+        }
+        let limit = self.remaining_pixels;
+        let exported = match display_document_with_work(&preview.svg, limit) {
+            Some((document, work)) => {
+                self.remaining_pixels = self.remaining_pixels.saturating_sub(work);
+                let frame = frame_for_svg(&preview.svg, document.size);
+                block_bytes(preview).map(|block| Arc::new(Exported { document, frame, block }))
+            }
+            None => {
+                // Failed validation may already have spent its whole decode allowance.
+                self.remaining_pixels = self.remaining_pixels.saturating_sub(limit);
+                None
+            }
+        };
+        self.previews.insert((hash, svg_hash), exported.clone());
+        exported
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+
+    /// Frame recovery parses bounded geometry only; display validation remains a separate gate.
+    #[test]
+    fn metadata_frame_is_source_bound_and_does_not_decode_old_preview_images() {
+        let source = b"%PDF-1.7\noriginal native vector";
+        let hash = *blake3::hash(source).as_bytes();
+        let mut preview = photocraft_doc::VectorPreview {
+            source_hash: hash,
+            svg: std::sync::Arc::new(
+                br#"<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="8.3" height="6.2"><image href="data:image/png;base64,AAAA" width="8" height="6"/></svg>"#
+                    .to_vec(),
+            ),
+        };
+        assert_eq!(super::frame_metadata(&preview, hash), Some((8.3, 6.2)));
+        assert!(super::validate(&preview, source).is_none(), "malformed image data is still rejected by actual display validation");
+        assert!(super::frame_metadata(&preview, [0; 32]).is_none());
+        for (width, height) in [("8pt", "6"), ("NaN", "6"), ("0", "6"), ("16384", "16384")] {
+            preview.svg = std::sync::Arc::new(format!(r#"<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="{width}" height="{height}"/>"#).into_bytes());
+            assert!(super::frame_metadata(&preview, hash).is_none(), "unsupported frame {width} by {height}");
+        }
+    }
+    use super::*;
+
+    const SOURCE: &[u8] = b"%PDF-1.7\nprivate native source";
+    const SVG: &[u8] = br#"<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="8" height="6"><rect width="8" height="6" fill="red"/></svg>"#;
+
+    fn preview() -> VectorPreview {
+        VectorPreview { source_hash: *blake3::hash(SOURCE).as_bytes(), svg: Arc::new(SVG.to_vec()) }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn block_roundtrip_binds_preview_to_exact_native_contents() {
+        let preview = preview();
+        let block = encode(&preview, SOURCE).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(decode(&block, SOURCE), Some(preview));
+        assert!(decode(&block, b"%PDF-1.7\nchanged source").is_none());
+        assert!(decode(&block, SVG).is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn malformed_preview_blocks_are_ignored_without_losing_the_native_source() {
+        let good = encode(&preview(), SOURCE).unwrap();
+        for truncated in [0, 7, 39, 43, good.len() - 1] {
+            assert!(decode(&good[..truncated], SOURCE).is_none());
+        }
+        let mut bad = good.clone();
+        bad[7] = 2;
+        assert!(decode(&bad, SOURCE).is_none());
+        bad = good.clone();
+        bad[40..44].copy_from_slice(&u32::MAX.to_be_bytes());
+        assert!(decode(&bad, SOURCE).is_none());
+        bad = good;
+        bad.extend_from_slice(&[0; 4]);
+        assert!(decode(&bad, SOURCE).is_none());
+        let mut preview = preview();
+        preview.svg = Arc::new(b"not SVG".to_vec());
+        assert!(encode(&preview, SOURCE).is_none());
+        preview.svg = Arc::new(br#"<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16384" height="16384"/>"#.to_vec());
+        assert!(encode(&preview, SOURCE).is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn many_psd_instances_hash_the_native_payload_once_and_share_the_validated_preview() {
+        use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, SampleType};
+        use photocraft_doc::{Document, Layer, LayerContent, SmartObject, SmartSource};
+        use photocraft_geom::Affine;
+        use photocraft_raster::Surface;
+
+        let mut source = vec![b' '; MAX_BYTES];
+        source[..SOURCE.len()].copy_from_slice(SOURCE);
+        let preview = VectorPreview { source_hash: *blake3::hash(&source).as_bytes(), svg: Arc::new(SVG.to_vec()) };
+        let mut doc = Document::new("shared preview", Size::new(8, 6), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8);
+        let mut smart = SmartObject::new(
+            SmartSource::Embedded { file_name: "Artwork.ai".into(), bytes: Arc::new(source.clone()) },
+            Affine::IDENTITY,
+            Some(Surface::new(doc.pixel_format())),
+        );
+        smart.vector_preview = Some(preview.clone());
+        doc.layers.push(Layer::new("native", LayerContent::Smart(smart)));
+        let out = crate::export(&doc, "psd", &Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let mut file = photocraft_psd::PsdFile::from_bytes(&out.bytes).unwrap();
+        let record = file.layers()[0].clone();
+        *file.layers_mut() = vec![record; 100];
+        let before = HASHED_SOURCE_BYTES.with(std::cell::Cell::get);
+        let (back, _) = crate::psd_to_document(&file);
+        let hashed = HASHED_SOURCE_BYTES.with(std::cell::Cell::get) - before;
+        assert_eq!(hashed, source.len(), "a shared 16 MiB payload must not be hashed per layer");
+        let previews: Vec<_> = back
+            .layers
+            .iter()
+            .map(|layer| {
+                let LayerContent::Smart(smart) = &layer.content else { panic!("smart object lost") };
+                smart.vector_preview.as_ref().expect("preview lost")
+            })
+            .collect();
+        assert_eq!(previews.len(), 100);
+        assert!(previews.iter().all(|actual| **actual == preview));
+        assert!(previews.iter().all(|actual| Arc::ptr_eq(&actual.svg, &previews[0].svg)), "shared layers retain one SVG allocation");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn psd_export_hashes_and_renders_a_shared_native_preview_once_for_all_instances() {
+        use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, SampleType};
+        use photocraft_doc::{Document, Layer, LayerContent, SmartObject, SmartSource};
+        use photocraft_geom::Affine;
+        use photocraft_raster::Surface;
+
+        let counters = || {
+            (
+                HASHED_SOURCE_BYTES.with(std::cell::Cell::get),
+                RENDERED_PREVIEWS.with(std::cell::Cell::get),
+                crate::psd_export::EMBED_HASHED_SOURCE_BYTES.with(std::cell::Cell::get),
+            )
+        };
+        let mut source = vec![b' '; 256 * 1024];
+        source[..SOURCE.len()].copy_from_slice(SOURCE);
+        let preview = VectorPreview { source_hash: *blake3::hash(&source).as_bytes(), svg: Arc::new(SVG.to_vec()) };
+        let mut doc = Document::new("shared preview", Size::new(8, 6), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8);
+        let mut smart = SmartObject::new(
+            SmartSource::Embedded { file_name: "Artwork.ai".into(), bytes: Arc::new(source.clone()) },
+            Affine::IDENTITY,
+            Some(Surface::new(doc.pixel_format())),
+        );
+        smart.vector_preview = Some(preview.clone());
+        for _ in 0..100 {
+            doc.layers.push(Layer::new("native", LayerContent::Smart(smart.clone())));
+        }
+        let check = |bytes: &[u8]| {
+            let back = crate::import("shared.psd", bytes).unwrap().document;
+            assert_eq!(back.layers.len(), 100);
+            for layer in &back.layers {
+                let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &layer.content else { panic!("smart object lost") };
+                assert_eq!(sm.vector_preview.as_ref(), Some(&preview), "valid preview lost");
+                let SmartSource::Linked { path } = &sm.source else { panic!("expected the PSD embedded-file table") };
+                assert_eq!(crate::linked::embedded_payload(&back.metadata, path).unwrap().1, source.as_slice(), "original native bytes changed");
+            }
+            back
+        };
+
+        // Embedded instances share one source allocation.
+        let before = counters();
+        let out = crate::export(&doc, "psd", &Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let after = counters();
+        assert_eq!(after.0 - before.0, source.len(), "the shared native source must not be hashed per layer or per use");
+        assert_eq!(after.1 - before.1, 1, "the shared preview must not be rendered per layer or per use");
+        assert_eq!(after.2 - before.2, source.len(), "the conversion cache must not re-hash the shared Embedded owner per layer");
+        let file = photocraft_psd::PsdFile::from_bytes(&out.bytes).unwrap();
+        assert!(file.layers().iter().all(|layer| layer.block(&PSD_KEY).is_some()));
+        let back = check(&out.bytes);
+
+        // Reopened instances link to one preserved embedded file of the document.
+        let before = counters();
+        let again = crate::export(&back, "psd", &Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let after = counters();
+        assert_eq!(after.0 - before.0, source.len(), "the preserved linked payload must not be hashed per layer or per use");
+        assert_eq!(after.1 - before.1, 1, "the reopened shared preview must not be rendered per layer or per use");
+        assert_eq!(after.2 - before.2, 0, "preserved linked-table sources need no Embedded conversion hash");
+        check(&again.bytes);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn export_cache_checks_actual_source_bytes_and_bounds_distinct_previews() {
+        let owner = Arc::new(SOURCE.to_vec());
+        let red = preview();
+        let mut blue = red.clone();
+        blue.svg = Arc::new(String::from_utf8(SVG.to_vec()).unwrap().replace("red", "blue").into_bytes());
+        // A claimed hash of other bytes is never trusted, even after the real source was cached.
+        let mut stale = red.clone();
+        stale.source_hash = *blake3::hash(b"%PDF-1.7\nother").as_bytes();
+        let changed = Arc::new(b"%PDF-1.7\nprivate native sourcf".to_vec());
+        let mut cache = ExportCache::new(95);
+        assert!(cache.get(&stale, &owner, owner.as_slice()).is_none());
+        let first = cache.get(&red, &owner, owner.as_slice()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(first.block, encode(&red, SOURCE).unwrap());
+        assert_eq!(first.frame, Some((8.0, 6.0)));
+        assert!(cache.get(&red, &changed, changed.as_slice()).is_none(), "equal-length changed bytes must not reuse the cached hash");
+        assert!(cache.get(&stale, &owner, owner.as_slice()).is_none());
+        // A range outside the owner cannot be keyed by its address.
+        assert!(cache.get(&red, &owner, SOURCE).is_none());
+        let remaining = cache.remaining_pixels;
+        assert_eq!(remaining, 47);
+        for _ in 0..100 {
+            assert!(Arc::ptr_eq(&cache.get(&red, &owner, owner.as_slice()).unwrap(), &first));
+        }
+        assert_eq!(cache.remaining_pixels, remaining, "cached instances are free");
+        // Two 8×6 previews take 96 pixels; a 95-pixel export may validate only one.
+        assert!(cache.get(&blue, &owner, owner.as_slice()).is_none());
+        assert_eq!(cache.remaining_pixels, 0);
+        let other = Arc::new(SOURCE.to_vec());
+        assert!(cache.get(&red, &other, other.as_slice()).is_none(), "an exhausted export hashes no further sources");
+        assert!(cache.get(&red, &owner, owner.as_slice()).is_some(), "a valid cache hit spends no work");
+    }
+
+    /// Distinct tiny previews are cheap; a tiny canvas cannot disguise a large raster decode.
+    #[test]
+    fn preview_caches_charge_decode_work_and_retain_many_normal_tiny_previews() {
+        let owner = Arc::new(SOURCE.to_vec());
+        let mut imports = ImportCache::new(10_000);
+        let mut exports = ExportCache::new(10_000);
+        let mut tiny = Vec::new();
+        for n in 0..12 {
+            let mut drawing = preview();
+            drawing.svg = Arc::new(String::from_utf8(SVG.to_vec()).unwrap().replace("red", &format!("#{n:06x}")).into_bytes());
+            let block = block_bytes(&drawing).unwrap();
+            assert!(imports.decode("native", &block, || Some(SOURCE)).is_some());
+            assert!(exports.get(&drawing, &owner, owner.as_slice()).is_some());
+            tiny.push((drawing, block));
+        }
+        assert_eq!(imports.remaining_pixels, 10_000 - 12 * 48);
+        assert_eq!(exports.remaining_pixels, imports.remaining_pixels);
+        let image = photocraft_codecs::Image::from_u8(64, 64, photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgb, vec![255; 64 * 64 * 3]).unwrap();
+        let png = photocraft_codecs::encode(&image, photocraft_codecs::Format::Png, &Default::default()).unwrap();
+        let data = png.iter().map(|byte| format!("%{byte:02X}")).collect::<String>();
+        let mut drawing = preview();
+        drawing.svg = Arc::new(
+            format!(r#"<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1" height="1"><image width="1" height="1" href="data:image/png,{data}"/></svg>"#)
+                .into_bytes(),
+        );
+        let block = block_bytes(&drawing).unwrap();
+        let before = imports.remaining_pixels;
+        assert!(imports.decode("native", &block, || None).is_some());
+        assert!(exports.get(&drawing, &owner, owner.as_slice()).is_some());
+        assert!(before - imports.remaining_pixels >= 4097);
+        assert_eq!(exports.remaining_pixels, imports.remaining_pixels);
+        // An invalid new preview may already spend work; its attempted allowance is charged.
+        let mut invalid = preview();
+        invalid.svg = Arc::new(br#"<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1" height="1"><image href="data:image/png,invalid"/></svg>"#.to_vec());
+        assert!(imports.decode("native", &block_bytes(&invalid).unwrap(), || None).is_none());
+        assert!(exports.get(&invalid, &owner, owner.as_slice()).is_none());
+        assert_eq!(imports.remaining_pixels, 0);
+        assert_eq!(exports.remaining_pixels, 0);
+        assert!(imports.decode("native", &tiny[0].1, || None).is_some(), "valid import cache hits remain available");
+        assert!(exports.get(&tiny[0].0, &owner, owner.as_slice()).is_some(), "valid export cache hits remain available");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn distinct_import_previews_share_a_work_budget_and_cached_instances_are_free() {
+        let red = preview();
+        let mut blue = red.clone();
+        blue.svg = Arc::new(String::from_utf8(SVG.to_vec()).unwrap().replace("red", "blue").into_bytes());
+        let red_block = encode(&red, SOURCE).unwrap();
+        let blue_block = encode(&blue, SOURCE).unwrap();
+        // Two 8×6 previews would take 96 pixels; a 95-pixel import may validate only one.
+        // This small budget exercises the production 96 MP policy without allocating 96 MP.
+        let mut cache = ImportCache::new(95);
+        assert!(cache.decode("shared", &red_block, || Some(SOURCE)).is_some());
+        assert_eq!(cache.remaining_pixels, 47);
+        for _ in 0..100 {
+            assert!(cache.decode("shared", &red_block, || panic!("cached source was read again")).is_some());
+        }
+        assert_eq!(cache.remaining_pixels, 47);
+        assert!(cache.decode("shared", &blue_block, || panic!("cached source was read again")).is_none());
+        assert_eq!(cache.remaining_pixels, 0);
+        assert!(cache.decode("new source", &blue_block, || panic!("exhausted import read another source")).is_none());
+        assert!(cache.decode("shared", &red_block, || panic!("valid cache hit spent work")).is_some());
+        let mut cache = ImportCache::new(96);
+        assert!(cache.decode("shared", &red_block, || Some(SOURCE)).is_some());
+        assert!(cache.decode("shared", &blue_block, || None).is_some());
+        assert_eq!(cache.remaining_pixels, 0);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/io/src/xcf.rs b/crates/io/src/xcf.rs
index d5cda4aa4d..5ec8b5edb2 100644
--- a/crates/io/src/xcf.rs
+++ b/crates/io/src/xcf.rs
@@ -205,15 +205,17 @@ impl<'a> Cursor<'a> {
 
     /// A STRING: `n+1` then `n` bytes and a NUL (0 for the empty string).
     fn string(&mut self) -> Result<String> {
+        Ok(String::from_utf8_lossy(self.string_bytes()?).into_owned())
+    }
+
+    /// The same bounded STRING read without allocating or decoding an unused field.
+    fn string_bytes(&mut self) -> Result<&'a [u8]> {
         let n = self.u32()? as usize;
-        if n == 0 {
-            return Ok(String::new());
-        }
         if n > MAX_STRING {
             return Err(invalid(format!("a string of {n} bytes exceeds the limit")));
         }
         let s = self.take(n)?;
-        Ok(String::from_utf8_lossy(s.strip_suffix(&[0]).unwrap_or(s)).into_owned())
+        Ok(s.strip_suffix(&[0]).unwrap_or(s))
     }
 
     fn skip(&mut self, n: usize) -> Result<()> {
@@ -227,8 +229,8 @@ struct Prop<'a> {
     data: &'a [u8],
 }
 
-/// Reads a property list; `fixed` gives the native payload sizes the spec says GIMP trusts over
-/// the length word. Ends at PROP_END (type 0) or at the end of the file.
+/// Reads a property list, measuring known payloads whose length words GIMP writes incorrectly.
+/// Ends at PROP_END (type 0).
 fn props<'a>(c: &mut Cursor<'a>) -> Result<Vec<Prop<'a>>> {
     let mut out = Vec::new();
     loop {
@@ -239,12 +241,14 @@ fn props<'a>(c: &mut Cursor<'a>) -> Result<Vec<Prop<'a>>> {
         }
         // PROP_COLORMAP's length word was wrong in some releases (n+4 for 3n+4 bytes); its real
         // size follows from the count. PROP_USER_UNIT's length is wrong in every release.
+        // PROP_LINK_LAYER's length can be four bytes short (#8857); read all its fields.
         let len = match kind {
             1 => {
                 let n = c.at(c.pos).u32()? as usize;
                 4usize.checked_add(n.checked_mul(3).ok_or_else(|| invalid("colormap overflow"))?).ok_or_else(|| invalid("colormap overflow"))?
             }
             24 => user_unit_len(c)?,
+            48 => link_layer_len(c)?,
             _ => len,
         };
         if len > MAX_PAYLOAD {
@@ -258,6 +262,16 @@ fn props<'a>(c: &mut Cursor<'a>) -> Result<Vec<Prop<'a>>> {
     }
 }
 
+/// A PROP_LINK_LAYER payload: flags, a path STRING, then the source width and height.
+/// The dimensions are present for raster links too, where their values are unused.
+fn link_layer_len(c: &Cursor<'_>) -> Result<usize> {
+    let mut p = c.at(c.pos);
+    p.skip(4)?;
+    p.string_bytes()?;
+    p.skip(8)?;
+    Ok(p.pos - c.pos)
+}
+
 /// The real size of a PROP_USER_UNIT payload: a float, a count and three (XCF 21+) or five
 /// strings. Measured without consuming.
 fn user_unit_len(c: &Cursor<'_>) -> Result<usize> {
diff --git a/crates/io/src/xcf/tests.rs b/crates/io/src/xcf/tests.rs
index 400887f92b..24481f1956 100644
--- a/crates/io/src/xcf/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/io/src/xcf/tests.rs
@@ -577,6 +577,82 @@ fn clipping_text_vector_effects_and_floating_selections_are_reported() {
     assert!(w.contains("text layer") && w.contains("vector layer") && w.contains("floating selection"), "{w}");
 }
 
+/// #8857: GIMP's link-layer length omits one u32. Trusting it shifts the hierarchy pointer
+/// by four bytes, even though the cached pixels and every offset in the file are valid.
+#[test]
+fn linked_layers_open_cached_pixels_with_short_or_correct_property_lengths() {
+    for (precision, depth, data) in [
+        (150, SampleType::U8, vec![51, 102, 153, 255]),
+        (250, SampleType::U16, [13107u16, 26214, 39321, 65535].into_iter().flat_map(u16::to_be_bytes).collect()),
+        (600, SampleType::F32, [0.2f32, 0.4, 0.6, 1.0].into_iter().flat_map(f32::to_be_bytes).collect()),
+    ] {
+        for (path, width, height) in [("assets/étiquette.svg", 2000, 1270), ("assets/label.png", 0, 0), ("", 0, 0)] {
+            let mut payload = W { out: Vec::new(), wide: true };
+            payload.u32(1);
+            payload.string(path);
+            payload.u32(width);
+            payload.u32(height);
+            let payload = payload.out;
+            let marker = [48u32.to_be_bytes(), (payload.len() as u32).to_be_bytes()].concat();
+            let mut img = TestImage::rgb8(1, 1);
+            img.version = 25;
+            img.precision = precision;
+            let mut linked = TestLayer::rgba("Linked", 1, 1, data.clone());
+            // Later properties must still be read, including unknown ones skipped by length.
+            linked.props = vec![(48, payload.clone()), (99, vec![1, 2, 3]), (33, 0.375f32.to_be_bytes().to_vec()), (8, 0u32.to_be_bytes().to_vec())];
+            img.layers.push(linked);
+            img.layers.push(TestLayer::rgba("Bottom", 1, 1, data.clone()));
+            for short in [false, true] {
+                let mut bytes = img.write();
+                let at = bytes.windows(marker.len()).position(|w| w == marker).unwrap();
+                if short {
+                    bytes[at + 4..at + 8].copy_from_slice(&((payload.len() - 4) as u32).to_be_bytes());
+                }
+                let r = open(&bytes).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("precision {precision}, path {path:?}, short {short}: {e}"));
+                assert!(r.source_read_only);
+                assert_eq!(r.document.depth, depth);
+                assert_eq!(r.document.layers.len(), 2);
+                let linked = layer_at(&r.document.layers, "Linked");
+                assert_eq!(linked.opacity, 0.375);
+                assert!(!linked.visible);
+                for layer in [linked, layer_at(&r.document.layers, "Bottom")] {
+                    for (got, expected) in pixel(&layer, 0, 0).into_iter().zip([0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1.0]) {
+                        assert!((got - expected).abs() < 1e-5, "precision {precision}: {got} != {expected}");
+                    }
+                }
+                assert!(r.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("is a link layer and opens as pixels")));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn truncated_and_oversized_link_layer_fields_are_errors() {
+    let mut payload = W { out: Vec::new(), wide: true };
+    payload.u32(1);
+    payload.string("assets/label.svg");
+    payload.u32(2000);
+    payload.u32(1270);
+    let payload = payload.out;
+    let marker = [48u32.to_be_bytes(), (payload.len() as u32).to_be_bytes()].concat();
+    let mut img = TestImage::rgb8(1, 1);
+    img.version = 25;
+    let mut linked = TestLayer::rgba("Linked", 1, 1, vec![51, 102, 153, 255]);
+    linked.props.push((48, payload.clone()));
+    img.layers.push(linked);
+    let bytes = img.write();
+    let start = bytes.windows(marker.len()).position(|w| w == marker).unwrap() + 8;
+    // Cut within the flags, string length, path and either dimension.
+    for end in start..start + payload.len() {
+        assert!(open(&bytes[..end]).is_err(), "truncated at {end}");
+    }
+    for len in [(MAX_STRING + 1) as u32, u32::MAX] {
+        let mut oversized = bytes.clone();
+        oversized[start + 4..start + 8].copy_from_slice(&len.to_be_bytes());
+        assert!(open(&oversized).is_err(), "path length {len}");
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn version_3_files_use_32_bit_pointers_and_legacy_modes() {
     let mut img = TestImage::rgb8(5, 5);
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/adjust_blend_roundtrip.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/adjust_blend_roundtrip.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/io/tests/adjust_blend_roundtrip.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/adjust_blend_roundtrip.rs
index 4e8b727af2..1159836047 100644
--- a/crates/io/tests/adjust_blend_roundtrip.rs
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/adjust_blend_roundtrip.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 //! document flattens to the same composite (within 1/255) in every case, so nothing a user made
 //! in PhotoCraft silently disappears or changes when Photoshop opens the file.
 
-mod common;
+use crate::common;
 
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ fn adjustments() -> Vec<(Adjustment, bool)> {
         (Adjustment::SelectiveColor { relative: true, adjustments: std::array::from_fn(|r| [r as f32 * 10.0 - 40.0, 5.0, -30.0, 20.0]) }, true),
         (Adjustment::SelectiveColor { relative: false, adjustments: std::array::from_fn(|r| [0.0, r as f32 * 5.0, 0.0, -10.0]) }, true),
         // A block this version cannot read (a truncated Selective Color) is kept verbatim.
-        (Adjustment::Unsupported { psd_key: "selc".into(), raw: vec![0, 1, 0, 0] }, true),
+        (Adjustment::Unsupported { psd_key: "selc".into(), raw: vec![0, 1, 0, 0].into() }, true),
     ];
     // Compile-time guard: a new Adjustment kind must be added to the list above.
     for (a, _) in &all {
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/adjust_warnings.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/adjust_warnings.rs
similarity index 54%
rename from crates/io/tests/adjust_warnings.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/adjust_warnings.rs
index c5bba01827..c9199835d2 100644
--- a/crates/io/tests/adjust_warnings.rs
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/adjust_warnings.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use photocraft_doc::{Adjustment, Document, Layer, LayerContent};
 use photocraft_geom::Size;
 use photocraft_io::*;
 use photocraft_psd::descriptor::{Descriptor, Id, UnicodeString, Value, VersionedDescriptor};
+use photocraft_psd::{Compression, LayerFlags, LayerRecord, PsdFile, TaggedBlock, Version, testgen};
 use photocraft_raster::Surface;
 
 fn reopen(adj: Adjustment, path: &str, opts: &ExportOptions) -> (Document, Vec<String>) {
@@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ fn reopen(adj: Adjustment, path: &str, opts: &ExportOptions) -> (Document, Vec<S
 #[test]
 fn unreadable_adjustments_warn_on_open() {
     // A Color Lookup that uses a profile, not a LUT file: kept verbatim, not applied.
-    let profile = Adjustment::Unsupported { psd_key: "clrL".into(), raw: vec![0, 2, 0, 0] };
+    let profile = Adjustment::Unsupported { psd_key: "clrL".into(), raw: vec![0, 2, 0, 0].into() };
     for (path, opts) in [("x.psd", ExportOptions::default()), ("x.psb", ExportOptions { force_psb: true, ..Default::default() })] {
         let (doc, warnings) = reopen(profile.clone(), path, &opts);
         assert!(matches!(&doc.layers[0].content, LayerContent::Adjustment(Adjustment::Unsupported { .. })), "{path}");
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ fn unreadable_adjustments_warn_on_open() {
         assert!(w[0].contains("Color Lookup") && w[0].contains("version 2") && w[0].contains("no effect"), "{path}: {}", w[0]);
     }
     // Another kind without a specific reason still names the layer and the adjustment.
-    let (_, warnings) = reopen(Adjustment::Unsupported { psd_key: "levl".into(), raw: vec![0, 9] }, "x.psd", &ExportOptions::default());
+    let (_, warnings) = reopen(Adjustment::Unsupported { psd_key: "levl".into(), raw: vec![0, 9].into() }, "x.psd", &ExportOptions::default());
     assert!(warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("Teal Look") && w.contains("Levels settings could not be read;")), "{warnings:?}");
 }
 
@@ -48,6 +49,10 @@ fn readable_adjustments_open_without_warnings() {
 /// cyan, so the table is not the identity).
 fn photoshop_clr_l_block() -> Vec<u8> {
     let cube = b"LUT_3D_SIZE 2\n0 0 0\n0 1 1\n0 1 0\n1 1 0\n0 0 1\n1 0 1\n0 1 1\n1 1 1\n";
+    photoshop_clr_l_block_from_cube(cube)
+}
+
+fn photoshop_clr_l_block_from_cube(cube: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
     let en = |t: &str, val: &str| Value::Enumerated { type_id: Id::new(t), value: Id::new(val) };
     let text = |t: &str| Value::Text(UnicodeString::new_nul(t));
     let desc = Descriptor::new("null")
@@ -61,13 +66,53 @@ fn photoshop_clr_l_block() -> Vec<u8> {
     raw
 }
 
+fn identity_cube(domain: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
+    format!("{domain}LUT_3D_SIZE 2\n0 0 0\n1 0 0\n0 1 0\n1 1 0\n0 0 1\n1 0 1\n0 1 1\n1 1 1\n").into_bytes()
+}
+
+fn synthetic_lookup_psd(version: Version, depth: u16, cube: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    const LAYER_NAME: &str = "Custom-domain LUT";
+    let mut file = testgen::layered(version, photocraft_psd::ColorMode::Rgb, depth, Compression::Rle);
+    let mut flags = LayerFlags::default();
+    flags.set_pixel_data_irrelevant(true);
+    // Photoshop stores layer-block alignment inside the block length. Make the source payload
+    // canonical so the exporter can preserve it exactly rather than adding alignment on save.
+    let mut clrl = photoshop_clr_l_block_from_cube(cube);
+    clrl.resize(clrl.len().next_multiple_of(2), 0);
+    let record = LayerRecord {
+        name: LAYER_NAME.as_bytes().to_vec(),
+        flags,
+        blocks: vec![TaggedBlock::new(*b"clrL", clrl), TaggedBlock::unicode_name(LAYER_NAME), TaggedBlock::layer_id(9876)],
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    file.layers_mut().insert(0, record);
+    file.to_bytes().expect("serialize synthetic PSD/PSB")
+}
+
+fn unsupported_lookup_raw(doc: &Document) -> &[u8] {
+    let layer = doc.layers.iter().find(|layer| layer.name == "Custom-domain LUT").expect("lookup layer");
+    let LayerContent::Adjustment(Adjustment::Unsupported { psd_key, raw }) = &layer.content else {
+        panic!("expected preserved unsupported Color Lookup, got {:?}", layer.content)
+    };
+    assert_eq!(psd_key, "clrL");
+    raw
+}
+
+fn parsed_lookup_block(bytes: &[u8]) -> (String, Vec<u8>) {
+    let file = PsdFile::from_bytes(bytes).expect("parse PSD/PSB");
+    let layer = file.layers().iter().find(|layer| layer.name() == "Custom-domain LUT").expect("lookup layer record");
+    let blocks: Vec<_> = layer.blocks.iter().filter(|block| block.key == *b"clrL").collect();
+    assert_eq!(blocks.len(), 1, "lookup blocks on layer: {blocks:?}");
+    (layer.name(), blocks[0].data.clone())
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn photoshop_layout_color_lookup_round_trips_through_psb() {
     // A kept-raw `clrL` block in Photoshop's layout survives a PSB round trip and reopens as a
     // working Color Lookup, with no warning naming the layer (#1763).
     let raw = photoshop_clr_l_block();
     let opts = ExportOptions { force_psb: true, ..Default::default() };
-    let (doc, warnings) = reopen(Adjustment::Unsupported { psd_key: "clrL".into(), raw: raw.clone() }, "x.psb", &opts);
+    let (doc, warnings) = reopen(Adjustment::Unsupported { psd_key: "clrL".into(), raw: raw.as_slice().into() }, "x.psb", &opts);
     assert!(warnings.iter().all(|w| !w.contains("Teal Look")), "{warnings:?}");
     let LayerContent::Adjustment(Adjustment::ColorLookup { name, size, lut: Some(table), tetrahedral: false, dither: false }) = &doc.layers[0].content else {
         panic!("{:?}", doc.layers[0].content)
@@ -109,3 +154,59 @@ fn short_color_lookup_table_warns_on_open() {
     let (_, warnings) = reopen(none, "x.pcraft", &ExportOptions::default());
     assert!(warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("Teal Look") && w.contains("no usable table")), "{warnings:?}");
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn custom_domain_lookup_warns_and_round_trips_verbatim() {
+    let domains = ["DOMAIN_MIN 0 0 0\nDOMAIN_MAX 0.5 0.5 0.5\n", "DOMAIN_MIN 0 0.25 0\nDOMAIN_MAX 1 0.75 1\n", "LUT_3D_INPUT_RANGE 0 0.5\n"];
+    for domain in domains {
+        let cube = identity_cube(domain);
+        for (version, depth, extension) in [
+            (Version::Psd, 8, "psd"),
+            (Version::Psd, 16, "psd"),
+            (Version::Psd, 32, "psd"),
+            (Version::Psb, 8, "psb"),
+            (Version::Psb, 16, "psb"),
+            (Version::Psb, 32, "psb"),
+        ] {
+            let input = synthetic_lookup_psd(version, depth, &cube);
+            let (_, source_block) = parsed_lookup_block(&input);
+            let name = format!("input.{extension}");
+            let opened = import(&name, &input).expect("open synthetic PSD/PSB");
+            assert_eq!(unsupported_lookup_raw(&opened.document), source_block, "{extension}, {depth}-bit, {domain:?}");
+            let warnings: Vec<_> = opened.warnings.iter().filter(|warning| warning.contains("Custom-domain LUT")).collect();
+            assert_eq!(warnings.len(), 1, "{extension}, {depth}-bit: {:?}", opened.warnings);
+            assert!(
+                warnings[0].contains("Color Lookup")
+                    && warnings[0].contains("DOMAIN_MIN")
+                    && warnings[0].contains("DOMAIN_MAX")
+                    && warnings[0].to_ascii_lowercase().contains("not supported"),
+                "{}",
+                warnings[0]
+            );
+
+            let native = export(&opened.document, "preserved.pcraft", &ExportOptions::default()).expect("save native document");
+            let native_open = import("preserved.pcraft", &native.bytes).expect("reopen native document");
+            assert_eq!(unsupported_lookup_raw(&native_open.document), source_block, "native preservation, {extension}, {depth}-bit");
+
+            let output_name = format!("roundtrip.{extension}");
+            let options = ExportOptions { force_psb: version.is_psb(), ..Default::default() };
+            let saved = export(&native_open.document, &output_name, &options).expect("re-export PSD/PSB");
+            let (_, output_block) = parsed_lookup_block(&saved.bytes);
+            assert_eq!(output_block, source_block, "saved block, {extension}, {depth}-bit, {domain:?}");
+            let reopened = import(&output_name, &saved.bytes).expect("reopen re-exported PSD/PSB");
+            assert_eq!(unsupported_lookup_raw(&reopened.document), source_block, "reopened block, {extension}, {depth}-bit");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_domain_lookup_stays_readable() {
+    for (version, domain, extension) in [(Version::Psd, "", "psd"), (Version::Psb, "DOMAIN_MIN 0 0 0\nDOMAIN_MAX 1 1 1\n", "psb")] {
+        let cube = identity_cube(domain);
+        let input = synthetic_lookup_psd(version, 8, &cube);
+        let opened = import(&format!("default.{extension}"), &input).expect("open default-domain LUT");
+        let layer = opened.document.layers.iter().find(|layer| layer.name == "Custom-domain LUT").expect("lookup layer");
+        assert!(matches!(layer.content, LayerContent::Adjustment(Adjustment::ColorLookup { size: 2, .. })), "{:?}", layer.content);
+        assert!(opened.warnings.iter().all(|warning| !warning.contains("Custom-domain LUT")), "{:?}", opened.warnings);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/affinity.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/affinity.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/affinity.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/affinity.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/affinity_artboards.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/affinity_artboards.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from crates/io/tests/affinity_artboards.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/affinity_artboards.rs
index 67e3739043..26a9a3c7e5 100644
--- a/crates/io/tests/affinity_artboards.rs
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/affinity_artboards.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! Current .af artboards stay separate, editable and clipped through native/PSD saves.
 #![allow(clippy::unwrap_used, clippy::expect_used, clippy::panic)]
 
-#[path = "support/current_affinity.rs"]
+#[path = "../support/current_affinity.rs"]
 mod fixture;
 
 use fixture::{Marker, document};
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/affinity_corpus.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/affinity_corpus.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/affinity_corpus.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/affinity_corpus.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/annotations.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/annotations.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/annotations.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/annotations.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/artboard_guide_order.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/artboard_guide_order.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/artboard_guide_order.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/artboard_guide_order.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/banded.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/banded.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/banded.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/banded.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/it/blend_modes_corpus.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/blend_modes_corpus.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..296e2e2a50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/blend_modes_corpus.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+//! Blend modes against Photoshop's own merged image of psd-tools `blend-modes/rgb-blend-modes.psd`:
+//! one 64 × 64 cell per mode, a duck over a rainbow backdrop.
+#![cfg(feature = "corpus")]
+
+use photocraft_color::BlendMode;
+use photocraft_geom::Rect;
+use photocraft_io::{import, merged_composite};
+use photocraft_psd::PsdFile;
+
+const CELL: i32 = 64;
+
+/// The largest and mean difference in 8-bit levels between our flatten and Photoshop's merged image
+/// over the cell of `mode`, on the pixels where that cell's duck is fully opaque (its anti-aliased
+/// edge mixes in the backdrop, which says nothing about the mode).
+fn cell_error(mode: BlendMode) -> (f32, f32) {
+    let path = std::path::Path::new(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR")).join("../../corpus/psd-tools/blend-modes/rgb-blend-modes.psd");
+    let bytes = std::fs::read(path).expect("run cargo xtask corpus --psd-tools");
+    let doc = import("rgb-blend-modes.psd", &bytes).expect("opens").document;
+    let file = PsdFile::from_bytes(&bytes).expect("parses");
+    let merged = merged_composite(&file).expect("merged image");
+    let ours = photocraft_compose::flatten(&doc).px;
+    let width = doc.size.width as i32;
+    let duck = doc.walk().into_iter().map(|(_, _, l)| l).find(|l| l.name == "rubber_duck_PNG1" && l.blend == mode).expect("the mode's duck");
+    let surface = duck.surface().expect("duck pixels");
+    let bounds = surface.content_bounds();
+    let (x0, y0) = ((bounds.x0 / CELL) * CELL, (bounds.y0 / CELL) * CELL);
+    let mut alpha = vec![[0.0f32; 4]; (CELL * CELL) as usize];
+    surface.read_rgba_into(Rect::from_xywh(x0, y0, CELL as u32, CELL as u32), &mut alpha);
+    let (mut max, mut sum, mut n) = (0.0f32, 0.0f32, 0u32);
+    for y in 1..CELL - 1 {
+        for x in 1..CELL - 1 {
+            // Opaque, and so are its four neighbours (one pixel in from the edge).
+            let opaque = |dx: i32, dy: i32| alpha[((y + dy) * CELL + x + dx) as usize][3] >= 1.0;
+            if !(opaque(0, 0) && opaque(-1, 0) && opaque(1, 0) && opaque(0, -1) && opaque(0, 1)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let i = ((y0 + y) * width + x0 + x) as usize;
+            for c in 0..3 {
+                let d = ((ours[i][c] * 255.0).round() - (merged[i][c] * 255.0).round()).abs();
+                max = max.max(d);
+                sum += d;
+                n += 1;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    assert!(n > 3000, "{mode:?}: only {n} opaque samples");
+    (max, sum / n as f32)
+}
+
+/// #8804: Soft Light over the dark parts of the rainbow. With `sqrt(cb)` below a quarter the cell
+/// was up to 20 levels too light; the W3C curve Photoshop uses is within 7.
+#[test]
+fn soft_light_matches_photoshop_over_dark_backdrops() {
+    let (max, mean) = cell_error(BlendMode::SoftLight);
+    eprintln!("Soft Light: max {max} mean {mean:.3}");
+    assert!(max <= 7.0 && mean < 0.6, "max {max} mean {mean}");
+}
+
+/// The modes #8804 checked next to Soft Light stay where they were.
+#[test]
+fn separable_light_modes_match_photoshop() {
+    for mode in [BlendMode::Multiply, BlendMode::Screen, BlendMode::Overlay, BlendMode::HardLight] {
+        let (max, mean) = cell_error(mode);
+        eprintln!("{mode:?}: max {max} mean {mean:.3}");
+        assert!(max <= 3.0, "{mode:?}: max {max} mean {mean}");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/cancel.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/cancel.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/cancel.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/cancel.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/channels.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/channels.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/channels.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/channels.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/cmyk_composite_export.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/cmyk_composite_export.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from crates/io/tests/cmyk_composite_export.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/cmyk_composite_export.rs
index 31c0b6969f..83e6b37818 100644
--- a/crates/io/tests/cmyk_composite_export.rs
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/cmyk_composite_export.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use photocraft_cms::{Builtin, Intent, Profile, Transform};
 use photocraft_codecs::{ChannelLayout, SampleType as CodecSample, decode};
-use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, PixelFormat, SampleType};
+use photocraft_color::{BlendMode, ColorMode, PixelFormat, SampleType};
 use photocraft_doc::{Document, Layer, LayerContent, LayerMask};
 use photocraft_geom::{Rect, Size};
 use photocraft_io::{ExportOptions, document_to_image, export};
@@ -223,6 +223,9 @@ fn composite_uses_distinctive_document_profile_on_every_worker() {
     let mut doc = document(SampleType::F32, 0.5);
     doc.size = Size::new(64, 64);
     doc.icc_profile = Some(profile.to_bytes());
+    // Hue mixes channels, so the stack is composited in RGB and converted back through the
+    // profile (the empty layer leaves the composite as it is): the path under test.
+    doc.layers[1].blend = BlendMode::Hue;
     let rgb = photocraft_compose::flatten(&doc);
     let transform = Transform::new(Builtin::Srgb.profile(), &profile, Intent::RelativeColorimetric, true).unwrap();
     let fallback = Transform::new(Builtin::Srgb.profile(), Builtin::CoatedCmyk.profile(), Intent::RelativeColorimetric, true).unwrap();
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/it/cmyk_export.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/cmyk_export.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..043da677f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/cmyk_export.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+//! A CMYK document is written to flat formats as CMYK with its own profile whatever its layers
+//! (#2220), mixing layers on their ink values so opaque pixels keep their exact inks.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use photocraft_cms::Builtin;
+use photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout;
+use photocraft_color::{BlendMode, ColorMode, PixelFormat, SampleType};
+use photocraft_doc::{Document, Layer};
+use photocraft_geom::{Rect, Size};
+use photocraft_io::*;
+
+fn cmyk_doc(depth: SampleType) -> Document {
+    let mut d = Document::new("c", Size::new(12, 8), ColorMode::Cmyk, depth);
+    d.icc_profile = Some(Arc::new(Builtin::CoatedCmyk.profile().to_bytes().to_vec()));
+    d
+}
+
+fn fill(depth: SampleType, alpha: bool, rects: &[(Rect, [f32; 5])]) -> Layer {
+    let mut l = Layer::raster("l", PixelFormat::new(ColorMode::Cmyk, depth, alpha));
+    if let Some(s) = l.surface_mut() {
+        for (r, c) in rects {
+            s.fill_rect(*r, &c[..if alpha { 5 } else { 4 }]);
+        }
+    }
+    l
+}
+
+/// Paper (no ink), K-only black "type", and a four-colour patch, as separate layers.
+fn layered(depth: SampleType) -> Document {
+    let mut d = cmyk_doc(depth);
+    d.layers.push(fill(depth, false, &[(Rect::new(0, 0, 12, 8), [0.0; 5])]));
+    d.layers.push(fill(depth, true, &[(Rect::new(0, 0, 6, 8), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0])]));
+    d.layers.push(fill(depth, true, &[(Rect::new(6, 0, 12, 4), [0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.1, 1.0])]));
+    d
+}
+
+fn decode(bytes: &[u8]) -> photocraft_codecs::Image {
+    photocraft_codecs::decode(bytes).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("decode: {e}"))
+}
+
+/// Normalized C, M, Y, K (and alpha) of pixel (x, y).
+fn pixel(img: &photocraft_codecs::Image, x: u32, y: u32) -> Vec<f32> {
+    let n = img.layout().channels();
+    let (w, _) = img.dimensions();
+    let v = img.to_normalized();
+    let i = ((y * w + x) as usize) * n;
+    v[i..i + n].to_vec()
+}
+
+fn q8(v: f32) -> f32 {
+    (v * 255.0).round() / 255.0
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn layered_cmyk_tiff_stays_cmyk_with_the_document_profile_and_exact_inks() {
+    for depth in [SampleType::U8, SampleType::U16, SampleType::F32] {
+        let d = layered(depth);
+        let r = export(&d, "a.tif", &ExportOptions::default()).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{depth:?}: {e}"));
+        assert!(!r.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("written as sRGB") || w.contains("converted back")), "{depth:?}: {:?}", r.warnings);
+        let img = decode(&r.bytes);
+        assert_eq!(img.layout(), ChannelLayout::Cmyk, "{depth:?}: opaque CMYK, no alpha");
+        assert_eq!(img.icc.as_deref(), d.icc_profile.as_deref().map(|v| &v[..]), "{depth:?}: the document's own profile");
+        // Exact inks: K-only black stays K-only, the four-colour patch keeps every ink, paper stays blank.
+        let (k, rich, paper) = (pixel(&img, 2, 3), pixel(&img, 8, 1), pixel(&img, 8, 6));
+        let tol = if depth == SampleType::U8 { 0.0 } else { 1e-4 };
+        let close = |a: &[f32], b: [f32; 4]| a.iter().zip(b).all(|(x, y)| (x - y).abs() <= tol);
+        let want_rich = if depth == SampleType::U8 { [q8(0.2), q8(0.4), q8(0.6), q8(0.1)] } else { [0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.1] };
+        assert!(close(&k, [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]), "{depth:?}: {k:?}");
+        assert!(close(&rich, want_rich), "{depth:?}: {rich:?}");
+        assert!(close(&paper, [0.0; 4]), "{depth:?}: {paper:?}");
+        // And it reads back as a CMYK document.
+        let back = import("a.tif", &r.bytes).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{e}")).document;
+        assert_eq!(back.mode, ColorMode::Cmyk, "{depth:?}");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn the_reported_case_an_empty_extra_layer() {
+    // #2220: one layer converted to CMYK plus an empty layer used to export as RGB.
+    let mut d = cmyk_doc(SampleType::U8);
+    d.layers.push(fill(SampleType::U8, false, &[(Rect::new(0, 0, 12, 8), [0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.0, 1.0])]));
+    d.layers.push(Layer::raster("empty", PixelFormat::new(ColorMode::Cmyk, SampleType::U8, true)));
+    for ext in ["tif", "jpg"] {
+        let r = export(&d, &format!("a.{ext}"), &ExportOptions::default()).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{ext}: {e}"));
+        assert_eq!(decode(&r.bytes).layout(), ChannelLayout::Cmyk, "{ext}");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn transparency_is_kept_in_tiff_and_composited_over_paper_in_jpeg() {
+    let mut d = cmyk_doc(SampleType::U8);
+    d.layers.push(fill(SampleType::U8, true, &[(Rect::new(0, 0, 6, 8), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0])]));
+    d.layers.push(fill(SampleType::U8, true, &[(Rect::new(6, 0, 12, 4), [0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5])]));
+    let tif = decode(&export(&d, "a.tif", &ExportOptions::default()).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{e}")).bytes);
+    assert_eq!(tif.layout(), ChannelLayout::CmykA);
+    assert_eq!(pixel(&tif, 8, 1), vec![0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, q8(0.5)], "straight ink and coverage");
+    assert_eq!(pixel(&tif, 8, 6)[4], 0.0, "uncovered stays transparent");
+    let r = export(&d, "a.jpg", &ExportOptions::default()).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{e}"));
+    let jpg = decode(&r.bytes);
+    assert_eq!(jpg.layout(), ChannelLayout::Cmyk, "{:?}", r.warnings);
+    // JPEG is lossy: half-covered magenta over blank paper is about M50; uncovered paper has no ink.
+    let (half, blank, k) = (pixel(&jpg, 9, 1), pixel(&jpg, 9, 6), pixel(&jpg, 2, 3));
+    assert!((half[1] - 0.5).abs() < 0.06 && half[0] < 0.06 && half[3] < 0.06, "{half:?}");
+    assert!(blank.iter().all(|v| *v < 0.06), "{blank:?}");
+    assert!(k[3] > 0.94 && k[..3].iter().all(|v| *v < 0.06), "{k:?}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiply_adds_inks_exactly() {
+    // Multiply darkens: each ink of the result is b + s − b·s, with no ink the layers don't have.
+    let mut d = layered(SampleType::U16);
+    let mut m = fill(SampleType::U16, true, &[(Rect::new(0, 0, 12, 8), [0.0, 0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0])]);
+    m.blend = BlendMode::Multiply;
+    d.layers.push(m);
+    let r = export(&d, "a.tif", &ExportOptions::default()).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{e}"));
+    assert!(!r.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("converted back")), "{:?}", r.warnings);
+    let img = decode(&r.bytes);
+    assert_eq!(img.layout(), ChannelLayout::Cmyk);
+    let mul = |b: f32, s: f32| b + s - b * s;
+    let close = |a: &[f32], b: [f32; 4]| a.iter().zip(b).all(|(x, y)| (x - y).abs() <= 1e-4);
+    let (k, rich, paper) = (pixel(&img, 2, 3), pixel(&img, 8, 1), pixel(&img, 8, 6));
+    assert!(close(&k, [0.0, 0.5, 0.0, 1.0]), "{k:?}");
+    assert!(close(&rich, [0.2, mul(0.4, 0.5), 0.6, 0.1]), "{rich:?}");
+    assert!(close(&paper, [0.0, 0.5, 0.0, 0.0]), "{paper:?}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn other_stacks_stay_cmyk_through_the_profile() {
+    // Hue mixes channels, so it isn't composited on ink values: the RGB composite is converted back.
+    let mut d = layered(SampleType::U8);
+    let mut m = fill(SampleType::U8, true, &[(Rect::new(0, 0, 12, 8), [0.0, 0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0])]);
+    m.blend = BlendMode::Hue;
+    d.layers.push(m);
+    let r = export(&d, "a.tif", &ExportOptions::default()).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{e}"));
+    assert!(r.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("converted back through the document's CMYK profile")), "{:?}", r.warnings);
+    let img = decode(&r.bytes);
+    assert_eq!(img.layout(), ChannelLayout::Cmyk);
+    assert_eq!(img.icc.as_deref(), d.icc_profile.as_deref().map(|v| &v[..]));
+    // Magenta's hue on the four-colour patch shifts its colour; the page still has ink.
+    assert!(pixel(&img, 2, 3)[3] > 0.5, "{:?}", pixel(&img, 2, 3));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn rgb_only_formats_still_get_rgb_through_the_profile() {
+    let r = export(&layered(SampleType::U8), "a.png", &ExportOptions::default()).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{e}"));
+    let img = decode(&r.bytes);
+    assert!(matches!(img.layout(), ChannelLayout::Rgb | ChannelLayout::Rgba), "{:?}", img.layout());
+    assert!(r.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("Cmyk composite written as sRGB RGB")), "{:?}", r.warnings);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ink_adjustments_export_exact_inks() {
+    // Invert in CMYK turns every ink into its opposite: blank paper becomes four-colour black,
+    // K-only black loses its K and gains full C, M and Y.
+    let mut d = layered(SampleType::U8);
+    d.layers.push(Layer::new("inv", photocraft_doc::LayerContent::Adjustment(photocraft_doc::Adjustment::Invert)));
+    let r = export(&d, "a.tif", &ExportOptions::default()).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{e}"));
+    assert!(!r.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("converted back")), "{:?}", r.warnings);
+    let img = decode(&r.bytes);
+    assert_eq!(img.layout(), ChannelLayout::Cmyk);
+    assert_eq!(pixel(&img, 8, 6), vec![1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0], "paper");
+    assert_eq!(pixel(&img, 2, 3), vec![1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0], "K-only black");
+    let inv = |v: f32| (255.0 - (v * 255.0).round()) / 255.0;
+    assert_eq!(pixel(&img, 8, 1), vec![inv(0.2), inv(0.4), inv(0.6), inv(0.1)], "four-colour patch");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn channel_weighing_adjustments_go_through_the_profile() {
+    // Threshold weighs the channels together: it isn't an ink-by-ink edit.
+    let mut d = layered(SampleType::U8);
+    d.layers.push(Layer::new("t", photocraft_doc::LayerContent::Adjustment(photocraft_doc::Adjustment::Threshold { level: 0.5 })));
+    let r = export(&d, "a.tif", &ExportOptions::default()).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{e}"));
+    assert!(r.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("converted back through the document's CMYK profile")), "{:?}", r.warnings);
+    assert_eq!(decode(&r.bytes).layout(), ChannelLayout::Cmyk);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn layer_effects_export_their_inks() {
+    // K-only type with a K-only drop shadow on blank paper: the TIFF has black ink only.
+    use photocraft_doc::effects::{Contour, Effect, FxCommon, Shadow};
+    let mut d = cmyk_doc(SampleType::U8);
+    d.layers.push(fill(SampleType::U8, false, &[(Rect::new(0, 0, 12, 8), [0.0; 5])]));
+    let mut t = fill(SampleType::U8, true, &[(Rect::new(2, 2, 6, 5), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0])]);
+    t.effects.enabled = true;
+    t.effects.items.push(Effect::DropShadow(Shadow {
+        common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Multiply, 0.75),
+        color: photocraft_color::Color { mode: ColorMode::Cmyk, c: [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0], alpha: 1.0 },
+        angle: 135.0,
+        use_global_light: false,
+        distance: 2.0,
+        spread: 0.0,
+        size: 1.0,
+        contour: Contour::Linear,
+        anti_alias: false,
+        noise: 0.0,
+        knocks_out: true,
+    }));
+    d.layers.push(t);
+    let r = export(&d, "a.tif", &ExportOptions::default()).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{e}"));
+    assert!(!r.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("converted back")), "{:?}", r.warnings);
+    let img = decode(&r.bytes);
+    assert_eq!(img.layout(), ChannelLayout::Cmyk);
+    let mut shadow = 0;
+    for y in 0..8 {
+        for x in 0..12 {
+            let p = pixel(&img, x, y);
+            assert_eq!(&p[..3], &[0.0; 3], "({x},{y}) {p:?}");
+            shadow += usize::from(p[3] > 0.0 && p[3] < 1.0);
+        }
+    }
+    assert!(shadow > 0, "a soft shadow");
+    assert_eq!(pixel(&img, 3, 3), vec![0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0], "type");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn psd_merged_image_keeps_exact_inks() {
+    // The PSD's merged image (what other apps show and print) is mixed on the inks too: K-only
+    // black under a Multiply layer stays K-only, and the four-colour patch keeps its inks.
+    let mut d = layered(SampleType::U8);
+    let mut m = fill(SampleType::U8, true, &[(Rect::new(0, 0, 12, 8), [0.0, 0.4, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0])]);
+    m.blend = BlendMode::Multiply;
+    d.layers.push(m);
+    let r = export(&d, "a.psd", &ExportOptions::default()).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{e}"));
+    let f = photocraft_psd::PsdFile::from_bytes(&r.bytes).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{e}"));
+    let planes = f.decode_merged().unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{e}"));
+    let n = 12 * 8;
+    // Planar, inverted (255 = no ink).
+    let ink = |c: usize, x: usize, y: usize| 255 - i32::from(planes.get(c * n + y * 12 + x).copied().unwrap_or(0));
+    let q = |v: f32| (v * 255.0).round() as i32;
+    assert_eq!([ink(0, 2, 3), ink(1, 2, 3), ink(2, 2, 3), ink(3, 2, 3)], [0, q(0.4), 0, 255], "K-only black with magenta multiplied in");
+    let mul = |b: f32, s: f32| b + s - b * s;
+    let qb = |v: f32| ((v * 255.0).round()) / 255.0;
+    let want = [q(0.2), q(mul(qb(0.4), qb(0.4))), q(0.6), q(0.1)];
+    let got = [ink(0, 8, 1), ink(1, 8, 1), ink(2, 8, 1), ink(3, 8, 1)];
+    assert!(got.iter().zip(want).all(|(g, w)| (g - w).abs() <= 1), "{got:?} vs {want:?}");
+}
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/color.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/color.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/io/tests/color.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/color.rs
index c5d4479904..06b5134e17 100644
--- a/crates/io/tests/color.rs
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/color.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! ICC profiles through import/export: byte-exact PSD round trips with real profiles, PNG/JPEG
 //! embedding and extraction, colour-managed CMYK → RGB for formats without CMYK.
 
-mod common;
+use crate::common;
 
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ fn gradient_maps_with_cmyk_lab_gray_stops_import_and_keep_their_space() {
             }
             let fmt = doc.pixel_format();
             doc.layers.push(raster("Background", fmt, doc.bounds(), 3, false));
-            doc.layers.push(Layer::new("Map", LayerContent::Adjustment(Adjustment::Unsupported { psd_key: "grdm".into(), raw: block.clone() })));
+            doc.layers.push(Layer::new("Map", LayerContent::Adjustment(Adjustment::Unsupported { psd_key: "grdm".into(), raw: block.as_slice().into() })));
             let bytes = export(&doc, "x.psd", &ExportOptions::default()).unwrap().bytes;
             let mut back = import("x.psd", &bytes).unwrap().document;
             let LayerContent::Adjustment(Adjustment::GradientMap { stops: got, .. }) = &back.layers[1].content else {
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/common/mod.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/common/mod.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/io/tests/common/mod.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/common/mod.rs
index 28c1a01906..c964b08b82 100644
--- a/crates/io/tests/common/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/common/mod.rs
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ pub fn gen_doc(mode: ColorMode, depth: SampleType, f: Features) -> Document {
                 black: Vec::new(),
                 pencil: false,
             },
-            Adjustment::Unsupported { psd_key: "selc".into(), raw: vec![0, 1, 0, 0] },
+            Adjustment::Unsupported { psd_key: "selc".into(), raw: vec![0, 1, 0, 0].into() },
         ];
         // Colour adjustments (Photoshop offers them for colour documents only: they would tint
         // a grayscale composite).
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/composite.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/composite.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/io/tests/composite.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/composite.rs
index fbb9e5ab3d..cef80e6a08 100644
--- a/crates/io/tests/composite.rs
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/composite.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! Composite oracle: the merged image stored in a PSD must match our
 //! compositor's rendering of the imported document.
 
-mod common;
+use crate::common;
 
 use common::*;
 use photocraft_color::{BlendMode, ColorMode, SampleType};
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/comps_artboards.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/comps_artboards.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/comps_artboards.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/comps_artboards.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/corpus.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/corpus.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/io/tests/corpus.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/corpus.rs
index 710b2a8644..182d60095a 100644
--- a/crates/io/tests/corpus.rs
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/corpus.rs
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
 //! asserts import + flatten return (Ok or Err) without panicking.
 #![cfg(feature = "corpus")]
 
-mod common;
+use crate::common;
 
 use std::panic::{AssertUnwindSafe, catch_unwind};
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
@@ -154,9 +154,9 @@ const MIXED: Source = Source { label: "io corpus", dir: "corpus/psd", group_dept
 /// 226 vs the merged image + 10 vs the thumbnail (Advanced Blending knockouts: +7).
 const PSD_TOOLS: Source = Source { label: "psd-tools corpus", dir: "corpus/psd-tools", group_depth: 0, pass_floor: 249, roundtrip_floor: 308 };
 
-/// Our Photoshop-authored oracles (256 files; https://github.com/storytold/photocraft-corpus),
+/// Our Photoshop-authored oracles (258 files; https://github.com/storytold/photocraft-corpus),
 /// grouped by feature (`smart-filters`, `effects`, `text`, `adjustments/<mode><bits>`).
-const PHOTOSHOP: Source = Source { label: "photoshop oracles", dir: "corpus/photoshop", group_depth: 2, pass_floor: 188, roundtrip_floor: 258 };
+const PHOTOSHOP: Source = Source { label: "photoshop oracles", dir: "corpus/photoshop", group_depth: 2, pass_floor: 190, roundtrip_floor: 258 };
 
 /// The corpus directory; a missing corpus fails the test.
 fn locate(src: &Source) -> PathBuf {
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/corpus_regressions.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/corpus_regressions.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/io/tests/corpus_regressions.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/corpus_regressions.rs
index b335642cc9..26266c9f07 100644
--- a/crates/io/tests/corpus_regressions.rs
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/corpus_regressions.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 //! Synthetic reproductions of failures found by the psd-tools corpus
-//! (`cargo xtask corpus --psd-tools`; see `tests/corpus.rs`). The corpus
+//! (`cargo xtask corpus --psd-tools`; see `tests/it/corpus.rs`). The corpus
 //! files themselves are never committed: each test rebuilds the relevant
 //! structure from our own documents.
 
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/it/cylinder_warp.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/cylinder_warp.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8ed1caa916
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/cylinder_warp.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+//! Smart objects warped with Photoshop's Cylinder (#4112) through PSD persistence and a re-render
+//! from their contents, as Replace Contents, Relink and Edit Contents do.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, SampleType};
+use photocraft_doc::{Document, Layer, LayerContent, SmartObject, SmartSource};
+use photocraft_geom::warp::{Warp, WarpStyle};
+use photocraft_geom::{Affine, Rect, Size};
+use photocraft_io::{ExportOptions, export, import, smart_map};
+use photocraft_psd::PsdFile;
+use photocraft_raster::Surface;
+
+/// Silhouettes at x 10 and 90, edges at y 20 and 80, ellipses 0.3 deep, wrapped as little as
+/// Photoshop allows (a sixth of the contents on the back on each side).
+const VALUES: [f64; 7] = [10.0, 80.0, 90.0, 20.0, 0.3, 0.3, 0.0];
+
+/// A 100 × 100 source: a red band at the left and a blue band at the right (both on the back of
+/// the cylinder), green in between.
+fn contents() -> Surface {
+    let mut s = Surface::new(photocraft_color::PixelFormat::new(ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8, true));
+    s.fill_rect(Rect::new(0, 0, 100, 100), &[0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+    s.fill_rect(Rect::new(0, 0, 5, 100), &[1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+    s.fill_rect(Rect::new(95, 0, 100, 100), &[0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0]);
+    s
+}
+
+fn document(transform: Affine, perspective: Option<[f64; 9]>) -> (Document, Warp) {
+    let pixels = contents();
+    let mut source = Document::new("label", Size::new(100, 100), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8);
+    source.layers.push(Layer::new("art", LayerContent::Raster(pixels.clone())));
+    let bytes = photocraft_format::save_to_bytes(&source, &Default::default()).unwrap();
+    let warp = Warp::cylinder(&VALUES, [0.0, 0.0, 100.0, 100.0]).unwrap();
+    let mut sm = SmartObject::new(SmartSource::Embedded { file_name: "label.pcraft".into(), bytes: Arc::new(bytes) }, transform, None);
+    sm.warp = Some(warp.clone());
+    sm.perspective = perspective;
+    sm.cache = Some(render(&sm));
+    let mut doc = Document::new("jar", Size::new(160, 160), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8);
+    doc.layers.push(Layer::new("label", LayerContent::Smart(sm)));
+    (doc, warp)
+}
+
+/// The smart object drawn from its contents, as the engine re-renders it.
+fn render(sm: &SmartObject) -> Surface {
+    let src = contents();
+    match &sm.perspective {
+        Some(p) => {
+            photocraft_algo::warp::place_source_projective(&src, Rect::new(0, 0, 100, 100), &photocraft_algo::transform::Homography(*p), sm.warp.as_ref())
+        }
+        None => photocraft_algo::warp::place_source(&src, Rect::new(0, 0, 100, 100), &sm.transform, sm.warp.as_ref()),
+    }
+    .unwrap()
+}
+
+fn smart(doc: &Document) -> &SmartObject {
+    let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &doc.layers[0].content else { panic!("not a smart object") };
+    sm
+}
+
+fn round_trip(doc: &Document) -> (PsdFile, Document) {
+    let out = export(doc, "psd", &ExportOptions::default()).unwrap();
+    assert!(!out.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("warp") || w.contains("written as pixels")), "{:?}", out.warnings);
+    (PsdFile::from_bytes(&out.bytes).unwrap(), import("psd", &out.bytes).unwrap().document)
+}
+
+/// Opaque pixels of the render that are mostly `channel` (0 red, 1 green, 2 blue).
+fn count(s: &Surface, channel: usize) -> usize {
+    let r = s.content_bounds();
+    s.read_region(r).as_chunks::<4>().0.iter().filter(|p| p[3] > 0.5 && p[channel] > 0.5 && (0..3).all(|c| c == channel || p[c] < 0.5)).count()
+}
+
+/// Before #4112 a cylinder was read as no warp: re-rendering the contents drew them flat, the
+/// red and blue bands that wrap round the back included. Now the PSD keeps the cylinder and the
+/// re-render hides the back and centres the front between the silhouettes.
+#[test]
+fn a_cylinder_survives_psd_and_wraps_the_contents_again() {
+    let transform = Affine { m: [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 30.0, 20.0] };
+    let (doc, warp) = document(transform, None);
+    let (file, back) = round_trip(&doc);
+    let layer = file.layers().iter().find(|l| l.name() == "label").unwrap();
+    let sold = smart_map::parse_sold(&layer.block(b"SoLd").unwrap().data).unwrap();
+    let Some(photocraft_psd::descriptor::Value::Descriptor(w)) = sold.descriptor.get("warp") else { panic!("no warp") };
+    assert!(matches!(w.get("warpStyle"), Some(photocraft_psd::descriptor::Value::Enumerated { value, .. }) if value.as_bytes() == b"warpCylinder"));
+    let sm = smart(&back);
+    assert_eq!(sm.warp.as_ref().map(|w| w.style), Some(WarpStyle::Cylinder));
+    assert_eq!(sm.warp.as_ref(), Some(&warp));
+    for (a, b) in sm.transform.m.iter().zip(transform.m) {
+        assert!((a - b).abs() < 1e-9, "{:?}", sm.transform);
+    }
+    let out = render(sm);
+    assert_eq!((count(&out, 0), count(&out, 2)), (0, 0), "the bands on the back are hidden");
+    assert!(count(&out, 1) > 3000, "the front is drawn");
+    // Between the silhouettes (x 10 and 90, shifted by 30) and no further.
+    let b = out.content_bounds();
+    assert!(b.x0 >= 39 && b.x1 <= 121, "{b:?}");
+    // The middle of the contents is at the front, centred.
+    let mid = out.pixel(80, 60);
+    assert!(mid[1] > 0.9 && mid[3] > 0.9, "{mid:?}");
+    // Saved again unchanged, the block is written as it was read.
+    let (again, _) = round_trip(&back);
+    let layer2 = again.layers().iter().find(|l| l.name() == "label").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(layer2.block(b"SoLd").unwrap().data, layer.block(b"SoLd").unwrap().data);
+}
+
+/// Mockups usually place the label in perspective (`nonAffineTransform`): that placement and
+/// the cylinder both come back.
+#[test]
+fn a_cylinder_in_perspective_survives_psd() {
+    let cb = Warp::cylinder(&VALUES, [0.0, 0.0, 100.0, 100.0]).unwrap().mesh.unwrap().control_bounds();
+    let h = photocraft_algo::transform::Homography::rect_to_quad(cb, [[20.0, 20.0], [140.0, 30.0], [135.0, 150.0], [25.0, 140.0]]).unwrap();
+    let (doc, warp) = document(Affine::IDENTITY, Some(h.0));
+    let (_, back) = round_trip(&doc);
+    let sm = smart(&back);
+    assert_eq!(sm.warp.as_ref(), Some(&warp));
+    let p = sm.perspective.expect("still projective");
+    let n = |m: [f64; 9]| m.map(|v| v / m[8]);
+    for (a, b) in n(p).iter().zip(n(h.0)) {
+        assert!((a - b).abs() < 1e-9 * (1.0 + b.abs()), "{p:?} vs {:?}", h.0);
+    }
+    let out = render(sm);
+    assert_eq!((count(&out, 0), count(&out, 2)), (0, 0));
+    assert!(count(&out, 1) > 3000);
+}
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/effects_multi.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/effects_multi.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/effects_multi.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/effects_multi.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/exif_resolution.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/exif_resolution.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/exif_resolution.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/exif_resolution.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/export_progress.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/export_progress.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/export_progress.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/export_progress.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/exr_part_profile.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/exr_part_profile.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/exr_part_profile.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/exr_part_profile.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/flat.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/flat.rs
similarity index 96%
rename from crates/io/tests/flat.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/flat.rs
index 72126d0bc0..f6e888eb06 100644
--- a/crates/io/tests/flat.rs
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/flat.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! Flat formats through photocraft-codecs, and export warnings.
 
-mod common;
+use crate::common;
 
 use common::*;
 use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, SampleType};
@@ -56,6 +56,10 @@ codec_rt!(fits_rgb32, "fits", ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::F32, false, 0.0);
 codec_rt!(dpx_gray8, "dpx", ColorMode::Grayscale, SampleType::U8, false, 0.0);
 codec_rt!(dpx_rgb16, "dpx", ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U16, false, 0.0);
 codec_rt!(dpx_rgba16, "dpx", ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U16, true, 0.0);
+// Cineon stores 10-bit code values: within half a 10-bit step.
+codec_rt!(cin_gray16, "cin", ColorMode::Grayscale, SampleType::U16, false, 0.5 / 1023.0);
+codec_rt!(cin_rgb16, "cin", ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U16, false, 0.5 / 1023.0);
+codec_rt!(iff_rgb8_opaque, "iff", ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8, false, 0.0);
 
 fn indexed_bmp_8() -> Vec<u8> {
     const FILE_HEADER_SIZE: usize = 14;
@@ -1173,7 +1177,7 @@ fn a_lab_document_with_one_layer_is_not_reported_as_flattened() {
 fn a_stereo_png_keeps_its_stereo_mark_on_save() {
     use photocraft_codecs::{ChannelLayout, EncodeOptions, Format, Image, PngStereo, SampleType as CS};
     let img = Image::from_raw(4, 2, ChannelLayout::Rgb, CS::U8, vec![40u8; 24]).unwrap();
-    for view in [PngStereo::Horizontal, PngStereo::Vertical] {
+    for view in [PngStereo::CrossFuse, PngStereo::DivergingFuse] {
         let bytes = photocraft_codecs::encode(&img, Format::Png, &EncodeOptions { png_stereo: Some(view), ..Default::default() }).unwrap();
         let doc = import("stereo.png", &bytes).unwrap().document;
         assert_eq!(doc.file_encoding.png_stereo, Some(view.mode()));
@@ -1187,3 +1191,39 @@ fn a_stereo_png_keeps_its_stereo_mark_on_save() {
     let plain = export(&single(ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8, false), "png", &ExportOptions::default()).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(photocraft_codecs::png_stereo(&plain.bytes), None);
 }
+
+/// #8563: a DDS export writes the document's alpha channel as the texture's alpha, as a 32-bit
+/// Targa does: exactly in an uncompressed texture, to 4 bits in BC2, interpolated in BC3, and on
+/// or off in BC1. With several alpha channels none is written, with a warning.
+#[test]
+fn dds_writes_the_alpha_channel_as_the_texture_alpha() {
+    use photocraft_codecs::DdsCompression;
+    let d = with_alpha_channel(single(ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8, false), "Alpha 1");
+    for compression in DdsCompression::ALL {
+        let mut opts = ExportOptions::default();
+        opts.encode.dds.compression = compression;
+        let r = export(&d, "a.dds", &opts).unwrap();
+        let img = photocraft_codecs::decode(&r.bytes).expect("decode dds");
+        assert_eq!(img.layout(), photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgba, "{compression:?}");
+        let (w, _) = img.dimensions();
+        let tolerance = match compression {
+            DdsCompression::None => 1.0,
+            DdsCompression::Bc2 => 9.0,
+            _ => 18.0,
+        };
+        for (i, px) in img.data().as_chunks::<4>().0.iter().enumerate() {
+            let x = i as u32 % w;
+            let want = alpha_value(x) * 255.0;
+            if compression == DdsCompression::Bc1 && x == 4 {
+                continue; // half opacity sits on BC1's on/off threshold
+            }
+            assert!((f32::from(px[3]) - want).abs() <= tolerance, "{compression:?} pixel {i}: alpha {} want {want}", px[3]);
+        }
+    }
+    // Two alpha channels: Photoshop's rule for Targa, none of them is written.
+    let two = with_alpha_channel(d.clone(), "Alpha 2");
+    let r = export(&two, "a.dds", &ExportOptions::default()).unwrap();
+    assert!(r.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("several")), "{:?}", r.warnings);
+    let img = photocraft_codecs::decode(&r.bytes).expect("decode dds");
+    assert!(!img.layout().has_alpha() || img.data().as_chunks::<4>().0.iter().all(|p| p[3] == 255));
+}
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/gif_frames.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/gif_frames.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/gif_frames.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/gif_frames.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/guides_v2.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/guides_v2.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/guides_v2.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/guides_v2.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/heif.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/heif.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/heif.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/heif.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/heif_unsupported.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/heif_unsupported.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/heif_unsupported.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/heif_unsupported.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/krita_corpus.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/krita_corpus.rs
similarity index 97%
rename from crates/io/tests/krita_corpus.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/krita_corpus.rs
index b0b3a01d63..ab2c56c143 100644
--- a/crates/io/tests/krita_corpus.rs
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/krita_corpus.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 //! Krita's own rendering of the layer stack (`mergedimage.png`). The files are generated by
 //! `tools/krita-oracles/generate.py` in https://github.com/storytold/photocraft-corpus and are
 //! not bundled. Run with
-//! `KRITA_TEST_DIR=<dir> cargo test -p photocraft-io --test krita_corpus -- --ignored --nocapture`.
+//! `KRITA_TEST_DIR=<dir> cargo test -p photocraft-io --test it -- krita_corpus:: --ignored --nocapture`.
 
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/lab16.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/lab16.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/lab16.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/lab16.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/large_files.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/large_files.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from crates/io/tests/large_files.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/large_files.rs
index f492dd2d65..b0a2669480 100644
--- a/crates/io/tests/large_files.rs
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/large_files.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 //!
 //! The two layered documents run in memory; the streamed files are written to
 //! `$PHOTOCRAFT_FIXTURE_DIR` (default: the system temp dir), removed afterwards, and are opt-in:
-//! `cargo test --release -p photocraft-io --test large_files -- --ignored`.
+//! `cargo test --release -p photocraft-io --test it -- large_files:: --ignored`.
 
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/large_psb.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/large_psb.rs
similarity index 96%
rename from crates/io/tests/large_psb.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/large_psb.rs
index bcde955bd0..da9f6ca9a1 100644
--- a/crates/io/tests/large_psb.rs
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/large_psb.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ fn undecodable_channel_leaves_the_layer_empty() {
 
 /// A flattened 29000² RGB PSB: its merged image decodes to 2.52 GB, past the old 2 GiB cap, which
 /// opened it as a document with no layers. Needs about 12 GB of memory, so it is opt-in:
-/// `cargo test --release -p photocraft-io --test large_psb -- --ignored`.
+/// `cargo test --release -p photocraft-io --test it -- large_psb:: --ignored`.
 #[test]
 #[ignore = "allocates ~12 GB; run in release"]
 fn flattened_psb_with_a_merged_image_over_2_gib_opens() {
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/layer_labels.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/layer_labels.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/layer_labels.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/layer_labels.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/it/layer_xmp.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/layer_xmp.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..87a02b0876
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/layer_xmp.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+//! A layer's own XMP packet (`Layer::xmp`, PSD `shmd` › `cust` › `layerXMP`) survives every
+//! layered format and keeps the rest of a Photoshop `shmd` block as it was.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, SampleType};
+use photocraft_doc::{Document, Layer, Size};
+use photocraft_io::{ExportOptions, export, import};
+use photocraft_psd::PsdFile;
+use photocraft_psd::metadata::{layer_xmp, put_layer_xmp};
+
+const A: &str = r#"<x:xmpmeta xmlns:x="adobe:ns:meta/"><rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"><rdf:Description rdf:about="" xmlns:app="http://example.com/app/1.0/"><app:arc>120</app:arc></rdf:Description></rdf:RDF></x:xmpmeta>"#;
+const G: &str = r#"<x:xmpmeta xmlns:x="adobe:ns:meta/"><rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"><rdf:Description rdf:about="" xmlns:app="http://example.com/app/1.0/"><app:name>Café 🎨</app:name></rdf:Description></rdf:RDF></x:xmpmeta>"#;
+
+/// `shmd` of a Photoshop 2026 layer without XMP: a `cust` item holding only `layerTime`.
+const PS_WITHOUT_XMP: &str =
+    "000000013842494d63757374000000000000003400000010000000010000000000086d6574616461746100000001000000096c6179657254696d65646f756241dab643ffd86bec00";
+
+fn unhex(h: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
+    (0..h.len()).step_by(2).map(|i| u8::from_str_radix(&h[i..i + 2], 16).unwrap()).collect()
+}
+
+fn xmps(d: &Document) -> Vec<(String, Option<String>)> {
+    d.walk().into_iter().map(|(_, _, l)| (l.name.clone(), l.xmp.as_deref().map(str::to_string))).collect()
+}
+
+fn layer_shmd<'a>(f: &'a PsdFile, name: &str) -> Option<&'a [u8]> {
+    f.layers().iter().find(|r| r.name() == name).and_then(|r| r.block(b"shmd")).map(|b| b.data.as_slice())
+}
+
+fn sample(depth: SampleType) -> Document {
+    let mut doc = Document::new("Layer XMP", Size::new(4, 4), ColorMode::Rgb, depth);
+    let mut a = Layer::raster("A", doc.pixel_format());
+    a.xmp = Some(Arc::from(A));
+    let plain = Layer::raster("Plain", doc.pixel_format());
+    let mut g = Layer::group("G", vec![plain]);
+    g.xmp = Some(Arc::from(G));
+    doc.layers.extend([a, g]);
+    doc
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn layer_xmp_round_trips_through_every_layered_format_and_depth() {
+    let psb = ExportOptions { force_psb: true, ..Default::default() };
+    let tiff = ExportOptions { tiff_layers: true, ..Default::default() };
+    for depth in SampleType::ALL {
+        let doc = sample(depth);
+        for (path, opts) in [("x.psd", &ExportOptions::default()), ("x.psb", &psb), ("x.tif", &tiff), ("x.pcraft", &ExportOptions::default())] {
+            let bytes = export(&doc, path, opts).unwrap().bytes;
+            let back = import(path, &bytes).unwrap().document;
+            assert_eq!(xmps(&back), xmps(&doc), "{path} {depth:?}");
+        }
+        // Stored as Photoshop stores it; a layer without XMP gets no block.
+        let bytes = export(&doc, "x.psd", &ExportOptions::default()).unwrap().bytes;
+        let f = PsdFile::from_bytes(&bytes).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(layer_shmd(&f, "A").and_then(layer_xmp).as_deref(), Some(A));
+        assert_eq!(layer_shmd(&f, "G").and_then(layer_xmp).as_deref(), Some(G));
+        assert!(layer_shmd(&f, "Plain").is_none());
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn photoshop_shmd_keeps_its_other_data() {
+    let without = unhex(PS_WITHOUT_XMP);
+    let with = put_layer_xmp(Some(&without), A).unwrap();
+    // A layer as an older PhotoCraft kept it: Photoshop's block verbatim, no field.
+    let mut doc = Document::new("PS", Size::new(2, 2), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8);
+    let mut l = Layer::raster("L", doc.pixel_format());
+    l.psd_blocks.push((*b"shmd", Arc::new(with.clone())));
+    doc.layers.push(l);
+    let bytes = export(&doc, "x.psd", &ExportOptions::default()).unwrap().bytes;
+
+    // Opening it gives the packet to the field and keeps the rest of the block.
+    let mut back = import("x.psd", &bytes).unwrap().document;
+    let l = &back.layers[0];
+    assert_eq!(l.xmp.as_deref(), Some(A));
+    assert_eq!(l.psd_blocks.iter().find(|(k, _)| k == b"shmd").map(|(_, d)| d.as_slice()), Some(without.as_slice()));
+
+    // Unchanged, the block is written back byte for byte.
+    let again = export(&back, "x.psd", &ExportOptions::default()).unwrap().bytes;
+    assert_eq!(layer_shmd(&PsdFile::from_bytes(&again).unwrap(), "L"), Some(with.as_slice()));
+
+    // Edited, `layerTime` stays; removed, the block is Photoshop's block without XMP.
+    back.layers[0].xmp = Some(Arc::from(G));
+    let edited = export(&back, "x.psd", &ExportOptions::default()).unwrap().bytes;
+    assert_eq!(layer_shmd(&PsdFile::from_bytes(&edited).unwrap(), "L"), Some(put_layer_xmp(Some(&without), G).unwrap().as_slice()));
+    back.layers[0].xmp = None;
+    let removed = export(&back, "x.psd", &ExportOptions::default()).unwrap().bytes;
+    assert_eq!(layer_shmd(&PsdFile::from_bytes(&removed).unwrap(), "L"), Some(without.as_slice()));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn an_unreadable_shmd_is_kept_and_reported() {
+    let mut doc = Document::new("Bad", Size::new(2, 2), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8);
+    let mut l = Layer::raster("L", doc.pixel_format());
+    l.psd_blocks.push((*b"shmd", Arc::new(vec![0, 0, 0, 9])));
+    l.xmp = Some(Arc::from(A));
+    doc.layers.push(l);
+    let out = export(&doc, "x.psd", &ExportOptions::default()).unwrap();
+    assert!(out.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("XMP metadata was not saved")), "{:?}", out.warnings);
+    assert_eq!(layer_shmd(&PsdFile::from_bytes(&out.bytes).unwrap(), "L"), Some([0, 0, 0, 9].as_slice()));
+}
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/it/main.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5e68cd172f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+//! The crate's integration tests, linked into one test binary.
+
+mod adjust_blend_roundtrip;
+mod adjust_warnings;
+mod affinity;
+mod affinity_artboards;
+mod affinity_corpus;
+mod annotations;
+mod artboard_guide_order;
+mod banded;
+mod blend_modes_corpus;
+mod cancel;
+mod channels;
+mod cmyk_composite_export;
+mod cmyk_export;
+mod color;
+mod common;
+mod composite;
+mod comps_artboards;
+mod corpus;
+mod corpus_regressions;
+mod cylinder_warp;
+mod effects_multi;
+mod exif_resolution;
+mod export_progress;
+mod exr_part_profile;
+mod flat;
+mod gif_frames;
+mod guides_v2;
+mod heif;
+mod heif_unsupported;
+mod krita_corpus;
+mod lab16;
+mod large_files;
+mod large_psb;
+mod layer_labels;
+mod layer_xmp;
+mod modes;
+mod multichannel;
+mod native_vector_preview;
+mod orientation;
+mod pattern_fill_psd;
+mod pcraft_manifest_name;
+mod pdn_corpus;
+mod png_text_metadata;
+mod psd16_merged_transparency;
+mod psd32_export;
+mod psd_background;
+mod psd_block_alignment;
+mod psd_block_layout;
+mod psd_damaged_merged;
+mod psd_empty_channels;
+mod psd_font_identity;
+mod psd_kerning;
+mod psd_layer_block_length;
+mod psd_maximize_compatibility;
+mod psd_noise_fill_roundtrip;
+mod psd_recovery_generated;
+mod psd_roundtrip_bytes;
+mod psd_structure;
+mod psd_style_sheets;
+mod psd_thumbnail;
+mod psd_type_bounds;
+mod psd_type_photoshop_bytes;
+mod psd_unknown_adjustment;
+mod psd_vertical_type;
+mod raw;
+mod resolution_axes;
+mod roundtrip;
+mod smart_contents_identity;
+mod smart_corpus;
+mod svg;
+mod text_corpus;
+mod text_styles;
+mod tiff_corpus;
+mod tiff_layers;
+mod tiff_pages;
+mod tiff_type_geometry;
+mod vector;
+mod xcf;
+mod xmp_export;
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/modes.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/modes.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/modes.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/modes.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/multichannel.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/multichannel.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/multichannel.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/multichannel.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/it/native_vector_preview.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/native_vector_preview.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d1a8964eb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/native_vector_preview.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+//! Native embedded files stay native while PhotoCraft retains a source-bound display preview.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, SampleType};
+use photocraft_doc::{Document, Layer, LayerContent, SmartObject, SmartSource, VectorPreview};
+use photocraft_geom::{Affine, Size};
+use photocraft_io::{ExportOptions, export, import, linked, smart_map, vector_preview};
+use photocraft_psd::PsdFile;
+use photocraft_raster::Surface;
+
+const PDF: &[u8] = b"%PDF-1.7\nopaque native source bytes\n%%EOF\n";
+const EPS: &[u8] = b"%!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0\n%%BoundingBox: 0 0 8 6\n1 0 0 setrgbcolor 0 0 8 6 rectfill\nshowpage\n%%EOF\n";
+const SVG: &[u8] = br#"<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="8" height="6"><rect width="8" height="6" fill="red"/></svg>"#;
+
+fn fixture(name: &str, source: &[u8]) -> Document {
+    let mut doc = Document::new("native", Size::new(20, 20), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8);
+    let mut cache = Surface::new(doc.pixel_format());
+    cache.fill_rect(photocraft_geom::Rect::new(2, 3, 18, 15), &[1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+    let mut sm = SmartObject::new(
+        SmartSource::Embedded { file_name: name.into(), bytes: Arc::new(source.to_vec()) },
+        Affine { m: [2.0, 0.0, 0.0, 2.0, 2.0, 3.0] },
+        Some(cache),
+    );
+    sm.vector_preview = Some(VectorPreview { source_hash: *blake3::hash(source).as_bytes(), svg: Arc::new(SVG.to_vec()) });
+    doc.layers.push(Layer::new("native", LayerContent::Smart(sm)));
+    doc
+}
+
+fn smart(doc: &Document) -> &SmartObject {
+    let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &doc.layers[0].content else { panic!("native vector was rasterized") };
+    sm
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ai_pdf_eps_psd_and_psb_roundtrips_keep_source_bytes_preview_and_pixel_frame() {
+    for (name, bytes) in [("Artwork.ai", PDF), ("Artwork.pdf", PDF), ("Artwork.eps", EPS)] {
+        for extension in ["psd", "psb"] {
+            let original = fixture(name, bytes);
+            let output = export(&original, extension, &ExportOptions::default()).unwrap();
+            assert!(!output.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("smart object written as pixels")), "{:?}", output.warnings);
+            let file = PsdFile::from_bytes(&output.bytes).unwrap();
+            let placed = smart_map::parse_sold(&file.layers()[0].block(b"SoLd").unwrap().data).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(smart_map::stored_size(&placed.descriptor), Some((8.0, 6.0)));
+            assert!(file.layers()[0].block(&vector_preview::PSD_KEY).is_some());
+            let back = import(extension, &output.bytes).unwrap().document;
+            let sm = smart(&back);
+            let SmartSource::Linked { path } = &sm.source else { panic!("expected PSD embedded-table source") };
+            let (actual_name, actual_bytes) = linked::embedded_payload(&back.metadata, path).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(actual_name, name);
+            assert_eq!(actual_bytes, bytes);
+            assert_eq!(sm.vector_preview, smart(&original).vector_preview);
+            assert_eq!(sm.transform, smart(&original).transform);
+            let again = export(&back, extension, &Default::default()).unwrap();
+            let again = import(extension, &again.bytes).unwrap().document;
+            assert_eq!(smart(&again).vector_preview, sm.vector_preview);
+            assert_eq!(smart(&again).transform, sm.transform);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn stale_or_corrupt_psd_preview_is_discarded_and_native_source_survives() {
+    let output = export(&fixture("Artwork.ai", PDF), "psd", &Default::default()).unwrap();
+    for hash_offset in [8, 44] {
+        let mut file = PsdFile::from_bytes(&output.bytes).unwrap();
+        let block = file.layers_mut()[0].blocks.iter_mut().find(|b| b.key == vector_preview::PSD_KEY).unwrap();
+        block.data[hash_offset] ^= 0xff;
+        let back = import("test.psd", &file.to_bytes().unwrap()).unwrap().document;
+        let sm = smart(&back);
+        assert!(sm.vector_preview.is_none());
+        let SmartSource::Linked { path } = &sm.source else { panic!("source disappeared") };
+        assert_eq!(linked::embedded_payload(&back.metadata, path).unwrap().1, PDF);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn replacing_native_source_cannot_export_a_stale_preview() {
+    let mut doc = fixture("Artwork.ai", PDF);
+    let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &mut doc.layers[0].content else { unreachable!() };
+    sm.source = SmartSource::Embedded { file_name: "Artwork.ai".into(), bytes: Arc::new(b"%PDF-1.7\nother".to_vec()) };
+    let output = export(&doc, "psd", &Default::default()).unwrap();
+    let file = PsdFile::from_bytes(&output.bytes).unwrap();
+    assert!(file.layers()[0].block(&vector_preview::PSD_KEY).is_none());
+    assert!(smart(&import("test.psd", &output.bytes).unwrap().document).vector_preview.is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn native_preview_supplies_unfiltered_pixels_for_psd_smart_filter_masks() {
+    let mut doc = fixture("Artwork.ai", PDF);
+    let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &mut doc.layers[0].content else { unreachable!() };
+    sm.smart_filters.push(photocraft_doc::SmartFilter {
+        command: "filter.blur.gaussianBlur".into(),
+        params: serde_json::json!({"radius": 1.0}),
+        blend: photocraft_color::BlendMode::Normal,
+        opacity: 1.0,
+        visible: true,
+    });
+    let mut mask = photocraft_doc::LayerMask::reveal_all();
+    // All-white masks intentionally reopen as None. Use an actual masked region to prove
+    // native-preview source pixels keep a nontrivial mask through PSD serialization.
+    mask.surface.fill_rect(photocraft_geom::Rect::new(4, 4, 8, 8), &[0.0]);
+    sm.filter_mask = Some(mask);
+    let out = export(&doc, "psd", &Default::default()).unwrap();
+    assert!(!out.warnings.iter().any(|warning| warning.contains("smart filter mask was not written")), "{:?}", out.warnings);
+    let file = PsdFile::from_bytes(&out.bytes).unwrap();
+    assert!(file.global_blocks.iter().any(|block| &block.key == b"FEid"));
+    let back = import("test.psd", &out.bytes).unwrap().document;
+    let mask = smart(&back).filter_mask.as_ref().expect("nontrivial filter mask was lost");
+    assert_eq!(mask.value(5, 5), 0.0);
+    assert_eq!(mask.value(0, 0), 1.0);
+    assert!(smart(&back).vector_preview.is_some());
+    assert_eq!(smart(&back).smart_filters.len(), 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn one_hundred_shared_native_instances_keep_source_bytes_and_preview_through_psd_resaves() {
+    let mut doc = fixture("Artwork.ai", PDF);
+    let layer = doc.layers[0].clone();
+    for _ in 1..100 {
+        doc.layers.push(Layer::new("native", layer.content.clone()));
+    }
+    let check = |bytes: &[u8]| {
+        let back = import("shared.psd", bytes).unwrap().document;
+        assert_eq!(back.layers.len(), 100);
+        let file = PsdFile::from_bytes(bytes).unwrap();
+        assert!(file.layers().iter().all(|layer| layer.block(&vector_preview::PSD_KEY).is_some()));
+        for layer in &back.layers {
+            let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &layer.content else { panic!("native vector was rasterized") };
+            assert_eq!(sm.vector_preview, smart(&doc).vector_preview);
+            assert_eq!(sm.transform, smart(&doc).transform);
+            let SmartSource::Linked { path } = &sm.source else { panic!("expected PSD embedded-table source") };
+            assert_eq!(linked::embedded_payload(&back.metadata, path).unwrap(), ("Artwork.ai".to_string(), PDF));
+        }
+        back
+    };
+    let back = check(&export(&doc, "psd", &Default::default()).unwrap().bytes);
+    check(&export(&back, "psd", &Default::default()).unwrap().bytes);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn native_preview_preserves_fractional_source_pixel_frame_in_psd() {
+    let mut doc = fixture("Artwork.ai", PDF);
+    let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &mut doc.layers[0].content else { unreachable!() };
+    let svg = br#"<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="8.3" height="6.2"><rect width="8" height="6" fill="red"/></svg>"#;
+    sm.vector_preview.as_mut().unwrap().svg = Arc::new(svg.to_vec());
+    assert_eq!(vector_preview::frame(sm.vector_preview.as_ref().unwrap(), PDF), Some((8.3, 6.2)));
+    let out = export(&doc, "psd", &Default::default()).unwrap();
+    let file = PsdFile::from_bytes(&out.bytes).unwrap();
+    let placed = smart_map::parse_sold(&file.layers()[0].block(b"SoLd").unwrap().data).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(smart_map::stored_size(&placed.descriptor), Some((8.3, 6.2)));
+    let back = import("test.psd", &out.bytes).unwrap().document;
+    assert_eq!(smart(&back).transform, smart(&doc).transform);
+    let again = export(&back, "psd", &Default::default()).unwrap();
+    let file = PsdFile::from_bytes(&again.bytes).unwrap();
+    let placed = smart_map::parse_sold(&file.layers()[0].block(b"SoLd").unwrap().data).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(smart_map::stored_size(&placed.descriptor), Some((8.3, 6.2)));
+}
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/orientation.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/orientation.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/orientation.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/orientation.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/pattern_fill_psd.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/pattern_fill_psd.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/pattern_fill_psd.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/pattern_fill_psd.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/pcraft_manifest_name.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/pcraft_manifest_name.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from crates/io/tests/pcraft_manifest_name.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/pcraft_manifest_name.rs
index 285fa02203..fffb88fa8b 100644
--- a/crates/io/tests/pcraft_manifest_name.rs
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/pcraft_manifest_name.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! A `.pcraft` bundle's manifest reports the file it is in (#3312): writing a document to a new
 //! name must not leave the previous one inside, on every path that produces `.pcraft` bytes.
 
-mod common;
+use crate::common;
 
 use common::*;
 use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, SampleType};
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/pdn_corpus.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/pdn_corpus.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from crates/io/tests/pdn_corpus.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/pdn_corpus.rs
index 1e67b3d22b..c85b87f3ee 100644
--- a/crates/io/tests/pdn_corpus.rs
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/pdn_corpus.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 //! Local PDN oracles are not bundled. Set PDN_TEST_DIR to a directory containing PDNs and their
-//! exported PNGs, then run `cargo test -p photocraft-io --test pdn_corpus -- --ignored --nocapture`.
+//! exported PNGs, then run `cargo test -p photocraft-io --test it -- pdn_corpus:: --ignored --nocapture`.
 
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/png_text_metadata.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/png_text_metadata.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/png_text_metadata.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/png_text_metadata.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/psd16_merged_transparency.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/psd16_merged_transparency.rs
similarity index 97%
rename from crates/io/tests/psd16_merged_transparency.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/psd16_merged_transparency.rs
index 02d6c0e6b3..03030e557c 100644
--- a/crates/io/tests/psd16_merged_transparency.rs
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/psd16_merged_transparency.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 //! Photoshop's 16-bit PSB in the report has four channels, a positive layer count in `Lr16`, no
 //! `Mt16` block, and one alpha channel name, "Transparency". Re-saving it wrote five channels.
 
-mod common;
+use crate::common;
 
 use common::raster;
 use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, SampleType};
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ fn resave_keeps_a_name_marked_merged_transparency() {
             // transparency named in the alpha channel names.
             let mut ps = ours.clone();
             ps.layer_info.as_mut().expect("layers").merged_alpha = false;
-            ps.global_blocks.retain(|b| !matches!(&b.key, b"Mtrn" | b"Mt16" | b"Mt32"));
+            ps.global_blocks.retain(|b| !b.is_merged_transparency_marker());
             assert!(!ps.merged_has_alpha(), "{case}: nothing marks it yet");
             let name: Vec<u8> = [0u8, 0, 0, 13].into_iter().chain("Transparency\0".encode_utf16().flat_map(u16::to_be_bytes)).collect();
             ps.resources.retain(|r| !matches!(r.id, 1006 | 1045));
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/psd32_export.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/psd32_export.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/io/tests/psd32_export.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/psd32_export.rs
index b4707fadb0..f9a297a7f6 100644
--- a/crates/io/tests/psd32_export.rs
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/psd32_export.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //! resources, layer info in an `Lr32` global block with an empty classic layer info, channel
 //! compression codes valid for 32-bit data, and a raw big-endian float merged image.
 
-mod common;
+use crate::common;
 
 use common::Features;
 use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, SampleType};
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/psd_background.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/psd_background.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/psd_background.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/psd_background.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/psd_block_alignment.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/psd_block_alignment.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/psd_block_alignment.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/psd_block_alignment.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/psd_block_layout.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/psd_block_layout.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/io/tests/psd_block_layout.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/psd_block_layout.rs
index bb858633b5..d081bfbc43 100644
--- a/crates/io/tests/psd_block_layout.rs
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/psd_block_layout.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //! to even, a layer info body not padded to 4 and, in PSB, `cinf`/`lnkE` read and written
 //! with 4-byte lengths; psd-tools rejected or misaligned all of them.
 
-mod common;
+use crate::common;
 
 use photocraft_io::*;
 use photocraft_psd::descriptor::{Descriptor, VersionedDescriptor};
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/psd_damaged_merged.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/psd_damaged_merged.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/psd_damaged_merged.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/psd_damaged_merged.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/psd_empty_channels.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/psd_empty_channels.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/io/tests/psd_empty_channels.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/psd_empty_channels.rs
index 285f03cfcd..610bb145cc 100644
--- a/crates/io/tests/psd_empty_channels.rs
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/psd_empty_channels.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-mod common;
+use crate::common;
 use common::Features;
 use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, SampleType};
 use photocraft_io::{ExportOptions, export};
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/psd_font_identity.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/psd_font_identity.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/psd_font_identity.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/psd_font_identity.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/psd_kerning.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/psd_kerning.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/io/tests/psd_kerning.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/psd_kerning.rs
index ad492fce25..8b85c4f3ba 100644
--- a/crates/io/tests/psd_kerning.rs
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/psd_kerning.rs
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ fn add_type_layer(objects: &[(&str, &str)], kept: &[(&str, i32)], at: usize) ->
             (l.name.clone(), index, t.char_runs().iter().flat_map(|r| r.style.features.iter().filter(|f| f.tag != "calt").map(|f| f.tag.clone())).collect())
         })
         .collect();
-    let hi = layers.iter().find(|l| l.0 == "Hi").and_then(|l| l.1).unwrap() as usize;
+    let hi = usize::try_from(layers.iter().find(|l| l.0 == "Hi").and_then(|l| l.1).unwrap()).unwrap();
     let run = txt2.path(&["1", "1"]).and_then(E::as_array).unwrap()[hi].path(&["0", "6", "0"]).and_then(E::as_array).unwrap()[0].clone();
     (layers, run)
 }
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/psd_layer_block_length.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/psd_layer_block_length.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/io/tests/psd_layer_block_length.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/psd_layer_block_length.rs
index acb4a6b15c..71f8e2552d 100644
--- a/crates/io/tests/psd_layer_block_length.rs
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/psd_layer_block_length.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 //! Photoshop writes these blocks this way. Readers that check the block length exactly (Unity's
 //! PSD Importer, "Incorrect length for InfoLayers") reject a block whose length counts the padding.
 
-mod common;
+use crate::common;
 
 use common::Features;
 use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, SampleType};
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/psd_maximize_compatibility.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/psd_maximize_compatibility.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/psd_maximize_compatibility.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/psd_maximize_compatibility.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/psd_noise_fill_roundtrip.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/psd_noise_fill_roundtrip.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/psd_noise_fill_roundtrip.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/psd_noise_fill_roundtrip.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/it/psd_recovery_generated.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/psd_recovery_generated.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7b9e4bb2e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/psd_recovery_generated.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+//! PSD/PSB recovery regression tests using in-memory Rust-generated fixtures.
+//!
+//! No `.psd` file is checked into the repository and no Python generator runs.
+//! Fixtures are created at the beginning of each test, so parallel test order
+//! does not matter. See the ignored test for GUI-ready temporary files.
+
+#[path = "../support/recovery_psd.rs"]
+mod recovery_psd;
+
+use photocraft_io::{ImportOptions, import, import_for_open};
+use photocraft_psd::PsdFile;
+
+/// Verifies a generated, two-layer PSD opens without source restrictions or damage prompts.
+#[test]
+fn valid_generated_psd_opens_normally() {
+    let bytes = recovery_psd::make_psd(false);
+    assert_eq!(bytes.len(), 74_986, "the fixture should retain the reference PSD layout");
+    let result = import("valid-two-layers.psd", &bytes).expect("generated healthy PSD must import");
+    assert!(!result.source_read_only);
+    assert!(!result.preview_only);
+    assert_eq!(result.document.layers.len(), 2);
+    let (_, damaged) = import_for_open("valid-two-layers.psd", &bytes, &ImportOptions::default()).unwrap();
+    assert!(!damaged);
+}
+
+/// Verifies a truncated green PackBits row leaves the PSD container and merged image
+/// readable, while normal import reports a warning and interactive open reports damage.
+#[test]
+fn corrupt_generated_rle_channel_keeps_best_effort_import_and_reports_damage() {
+    let bytes = recovery_psd::make_psd(true);
+    assert_eq!(bytes.len(), 74_986, "the fixture should retain the reference PSD layout");
+    let (parsed, _) = PsdFile::from_bytes_and_merged(&bytes, |_| false).expect("the PSD container must stay valid");
+    let layer = parsed.layers().iter().find(|layer| layer.name() == "BROKEN orange RLE").expect("generated upper layer exists");
+
+    assert!(layer.decode_channel(0, parsed.header.depth, parsed.header.version).is_ok());
+    assert!(layer.decode_channel(1, parsed.header.depth, parsed.header.version).is_err());
+    assert!(layer.decode_channel(2, parsed.header.depth, parsed.header.version).is_ok());
+    assert!(parsed.decode_merged().is_ok(), "the composite must remain recoverable");
+
+    let imported = import("corrupt-green-rle.psd", &bytes).expect("headless imports keep readable content");
+    assert!(!imported.source_read_only);
+    assert!(!imported.preview_only);
+    assert_eq!(imported.document.layers.len(), 2);
+    assert!(imported.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("could not be decoded")));
+
+    let (opened, damaged) = import_for_open("corrupt-green-rle.psd", &bytes, &ImportOptions::default()).unwrap();
+    assert!(damaged, "interactive opening must ask whether to continue");
+    assert!(!opened.source_read_only, "the flag does not introduce a save restriction");
+    assert_eq!(opened.warnings, imported.warnings);
+    assert_eq!(opened.document.layers.len(), imported.document.layers.len());
+}
+
+/// Verifies a truncated merged preview triggers confirmation without losing intact layers.
+#[test]
+fn damaged_composite_keeps_layers_and_requests_interactive_confirmation() {
+    let mut file = PsdFile::from_bytes(&recovery_psd::make_psd(false)).unwrap();
+    file.image_data.data.truncate(file.image_data.data.len() / 2);
+    let bytes = file.to_bytes().unwrap();
+    let imported = import("damaged-preview.psd", &bytes).expect("intact layers are still usable");
+    assert_eq!(imported.document.layers.len(), 2);
+    assert!(!imported.source_read_only);
+    let (opened, damaged) = import_for_open("damaged-preview.psd", &bytes, &ImportOptions::default()).unwrap();
+    assert!(damaged);
+    assert_eq!(opened.warnings, imported.warnings);
+    assert!(opened.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("merged image")));
+}
+
+/// Verifies mismatched resolution metadata produces a warning but no damage prompt.
+#[test]
+fn ordinary_compatibility_warning_does_not_mean_damaged() {
+    use photocraft_psd::{ImageResource, ResolutionInfo, resources::ids};
+    let mut file = PsdFile::from_bytes(&recovery_psd::make_psd(false)).unwrap();
+    let resolution = ResolutionInfo { v_res_fixed: ResolutionInfo::from_dpi(150.0).v_res_fixed, ..ResolutionInfo::from_dpi(300.0) };
+    file.resources.push(ImageResource::new(ids::RESOLUTION_INFO, resolution.to_bytes()));
+    let (opened, damaged) = import_for_open("resolution.psd", &file.to_bytes().unwrap(), &ImportOptions::default()).unwrap();
+    assert!(!damaged);
+    assert!(opened.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("vertical resolution")));
+}
+
+/// Verifies a structurally unparseable PSD still fails instead of offering recovery.
+#[test]
+fn fatal_parse_errors_are_not_turned_into_confirmation_requests() {
+    let bytes = b"8BPS\0";
+    assert!(import("truncated.psd", bytes).is_err());
+    assert!(import_for_open("truncated.psd", bytes, &ImportOptions::default()).is_err());
+}
+
+/// Generate the same two PSDs on demand for manual testing in the GUI.
+///
+/// Run with:
+/// cargo test -p photocraft-io --test it \
+///   psd_recovery_generated::write_psds_for_manual_gui_test -- --ignored --nocapture
+///
+/// The files go to the system's temp folder, not into the repository.
+#[test]
+#[ignore = "writes temporary PSD fixtures only when manual GUI testing is requested"]
+fn write_psds_for_manual_gui_test() {
+    let output = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("photocraft-psd-recovery-{}", std::process::id()));
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&output).expect("create temporary fixture directory");
+
+    for (name, corrupt) in [("valid-two-layers.psd", false), ("corrupt-green-rle.psd", true)] {
+        let path = output.join(name);
+        std::fs::write(&path, recovery_psd::make_psd(corrupt)).expect("write generated temporary PSD");
+        println!("{}", path.display());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/psd_roundtrip_bytes.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/psd_roundtrip_bytes.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/psd_roundtrip_bytes.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/psd_roundtrip_bytes.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/psd_structure.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/psd_structure.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/io/tests/psd_structure.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/psd_structure.rs
index 410a9f60e9..a110fbd367 100644
--- a/crates/io/tests/psd_structure.rs
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/psd_structure.rs
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ fn a_colour_book_ink_shows_its_lab_equivalent_or_the_grey_plate() {
     assert_eq!(duo.inks.len(), 2);
     let [r, g, b] = duo.inks[1].color;
     assert!(r < 0.1 && g > 0.4 && b > 0.35, "{:?}", duo.inks[1].color);
-    assert_eq!(duo.psd_raw.as_ref(), Some(&f.color_mode_data), "the block is kept raw");
+    assert_eq!(duo.psd_raw.as_deref(), Some(f.color_mode_data.as_slice()), "the block is kept raw");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -633,9 +633,7 @@ fn adjustment_and_fill_layers_from_psd() {
     use photocraft_doc::{Adjustment, Fill};
     assert!(matches!(d.layers[n - 4].content, LayerContent::Adjustment(Adjustment::Invert)));
     assert!(matches!(d.layers[n - 3].content, LayerContent::Adjustment(Adjustment::Posterize { levels: 4 })));
-    assert!(
-        matches!(&d.layers[n - 2].content, LayerContent::Adjustment(Adjustment::Unsupported { psd_key, raw }) if psd_key == "selc" && raw == &vec![1, 2, 3])
-    );
+    assert!(matches!(&d.layers[n - 2].content, LayerContent::Adjustment(Adjustment::Unsupported { psd_key, raw }) if psd_key == "selc" && **raw == [1, 2, 3]));
     assert!(matches!(&d.layers[n - 1].content, LayerContent::Fill(Fill::Solid(c)) if c.c[0] == 1.0));
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/psd_style_sheets.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/psd_style_sheets.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/psd_style_sheets.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/psd_style_sheets.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/psd_thumbnail.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/psd_thumbnail.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/psd_thumbnail.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/psd_thumbnail.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/psd_type_bounds.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/psd_type_bounds.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/io/tests/psd_type_bounds.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/psd_type_bounds.rs
index a80bc9b7ab..b87d4f4a3a 100644
--- a/crates/io/tests/psd_type_bounds.rs
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/psd_type_bounds.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 //!
 //! Fonts: the bundled Inter (deterministic), so our render is the "Photoshop" render here.
 
-mod common;
+use crate::common;
 
 use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, SampleType};
 use photocraft_doc::text::TextShape;
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/psd_type_photoshop_bytes.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/psd_type_photoshop_bytes.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/psd_type_photoshop_bytes.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/psd_type_photoshop_bytes.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/psd_unknown_adjustment.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/psd_unknown_adjustment.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/io/tests/psd_unknown_adjustment.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/psd_unknown_adjustment.rs
index 5a7981c5c8..8b1f0cbdd3 100644
--- a/crates/io/tests/psd_unknown_adjustment.rs
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/psd_unknown_adjustment.rs
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ fn unknown_adjustment_key_opens_as_unsupported_and_saves_verbatim() {
         let (d, warnings) = open(&f);
         let k = String::from_utf8_lossy(&key).into_owned();
         assert!(
-            matches!(content(&d, "Mystery"), LayerContent::Adjustment(Adjustment::Unsupported { psd_key, raw }) if *psd_key == k && *raw == data),
+            matches!(content(&d, "Mystery"), LayerContent::Adjustment(Adjustment::Unsupported { psd_key, raw }) if *psd_key == k && **raw == data[..]),
             "{k}: {:?}",
             content(&d, "Mystery")
         );
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/psd_vertical_type.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/psd_vertical_type.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/psd_vertical_type.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/psd_vertical_type.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/raw.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/raw.rs
similarity index 82%
rename from crates/io/tests/raw.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/raw.rs
index 2927634993..52250c24d7 100644
--- a/crates/io/tests/raw.rs
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/raw.rs
@@ -22,6 +22,28 @@ fn dng_opens_as_16_bit_prophoto() {
     assert!(r.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("DNG") && w.contains("ProPhoto")), "{:?}", r.warnings);
 }
 
+/// #8125: a lossy DNG's floating-point LinearRaw data, JPEG XL-compressed, is developed (not
+/// replaced by a preview). The test codestream is an integer one the reader takes as floats.
+#[test]
+fn floating_point_jpeg_xl_dng_is_developed() {
+    use photocraft_raw::testgen::DngStorage;
+    use zune_core::{bit_depth::BitDepth, colorspace::ColorSpace, options::EncoderOptions};
+    let (w, h) = (24, 16);
+    let data: Vec<u16> = scene(w, h).iter().flat_map(|p| p.map(|v| (v * 20000.0) as u16)).collect();
+    let bytes: Vec<u8> = data.iter().flat_map(|v| v.to_ne_bytes()).collect();
+    let mut segment = Vec::new();
+    zune_jpegxl::JxlSimpleEncoder::new(&bytes, EncoderOptions::new(w, h, ColorSpace::RGB, BitDepth::Sixteen)).encode(&mut segment).unwrap();
+    let mut spec = DngSpec::cfa(w, h, data);
+    spec.samples = 3;
+    spec.white = 0;
+    spec.storage = DngStorage::JxlStrips { rows: h };
+    spec.jxl_segments = vec![segment];
+    spec.raw_extra = vec![(339, Val::Short(vec![3; 3]))];
+    let r = import("lossy.dng", &spec.build()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!((r.document.size.width, r.document.size.height, r.document.depth), (24, 16, SampleType::U16));
+    assert!(r.warnings.iter().all(|w| !w.contains("preview")), "{:?}", r.warnings);
+}
+
 /// #3497: a monochrome (one-sample LinearRaw) DNG, as VueScan writes film scans, opens as a
 /// 16-bit RGB document (neutral grey) instead of failing as unsupported.
 #[test]
@@ -194,6 +216,79 @@ fn unsupported_raw_falls_back_to_the_embedded_preview() {
     assert!(r.warnings.first().is_some_and(|w| w.contains("Nikon compressed NEF") && w.contains("embedded")), "{:?}", r.warnings);
 }
 
+/// A DNG 1.7 laid out as converters write one with JPEG XL raw data: an 8×6 JPEG thumbnail in
+/// IFD0, raw data this reader refuses (here floating-point LinearRaw), and a 40×30 preview
+/// compressed with JPEG XL, stored as the raw is (IFD0 Orientation 6).
+fn dng_with_jxl_preview() -> Vec<u8> {
+    use zune_core::{bit_depth::BitDepth, colorspace::ColorSpace, options::EncoderOptions};
+    let thumb = Image::from_u8(8, 6, ChannelLayout::Rgb, vec![90; 8 * 6 * 3]).unwrap();
+    let thumb = photocraft_codecs::encode(&thumb, Format::Jpeg, &EncodeOptions::default()).unwrap();
+    let (w, h) = (40usize, 30usize);
+    let rgb: Vec<u8> = (0..w * h).flat_map(|i| [(i % w * 6) as u8, (i / w * 8) as u8, 120]).collect();
+    let mut preview = Vec::new();
+    zune_jpegxl::JxlSimpleEncoder::new(&rgb, EncoderOptions::new(w, h, ColorSpace::RGB, BitDepth::Eight)).encode(&mut preview).unwrap();
+    let mut t = TiffBuilder::default();
+    let raw_strip = t.blob(vec![0; 4 * 4 * 3 * 2]);
+    let raw = t.ifd(vec![
+        (254, Val::Long(vec![0])),
+        (256, Val::Long(vec![4])),
+        (257, Val::Long(vec![4])),
+        (258, Val::Short(vec![16, 16, 16])),
+        (259, Val::Short(vec![1])),
+        (262, Val::Short(vec![34892])),
+        (273, Val::Blobs(vec![raw_strip])),
+        (277, Val::Short(vec![3])),
+        (278, Val::Long(vec![4])),
+        (279, Val::Long(vec![4 * 4 * 3 * 2])),
+        (339, Val::Short(vec![3, 3, 3])),
+    ]);
+    let preview_len = preview.len() as u32;
+    let preview_strip = t.blob(preview);
+    let preview = t.ifd(vec![
+        (254, Val::Long(vec![1])),
+        (256, Val::Long(vec![w as u32])),
+        (257, Val::Long(vec![h as u32])),
+        (258, Val::Short(vec![8, 8, 8])),
+        (259, Val::Short(vec![52546])),
+        (262, Val::Short(vec![2])),
+        (273, Val::Blobs(vec![preview_strip])),
+        (277, Val::Short(vec![3])),
+        (278, Val::Long(vec![h as u32])),
+        (279, Val::Long(vec![preview_len])),
+        (50970, Val::Long(vec![2])),
+    ]);
+    let thumb_len = thumb.len() as u32;
+    let thumb_strip = t.blob(thumb);
+    let ifd0 = t.ifd(vec![
+        (254, Val::Long(vec![1])),
+        (256, Val::Long(vec![8])),
+        (257, Val::Long(vec![6])),
+        (258, Val::Short(vec![8, 8, 8])),
+        (259, Val::Short(vec![7])),
+        (262, Val::Short(vec![6])),
+        (271, Val::Ascii("Synthetic".into())),
+        (273, Val::Blobs(vec![thumb_strip])),
+        (274, Val::Short(vec![6])),
+        (277, Val::Short(vec![3])),
+        (278, Val::Long(vec![6])),
+        (279, Val::Long(vec![thumb_len])),
+        (330, Val::Ifds(vec![raw, preview])),
+        (50706, Val::Byte(vec![1, 7, 0, 0])),
+    ]);
+    t.chain = vec![ifd0];
+    t.build()
+}
+
+/// #8125: a DNG whose raw data isn't supported opens its full JPEG XL preview, upright, not
+/// the small JPEG thumbnail.
+#[test]
+fn unsupported_dng_falls_back_to_its_jpeg_xl_preview() {
+    let r = import("photo.dng", &dng_with_jxl_preview()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!((r.document.size.width, r.document.size.height), (30, 40), "the 40×30 preview, turned upright: {:?}", r.warnings);
+    let w = r.warnings.first().map_or("", String::as_str);
+    assert!(w.contains("floating-point") && w.contains("40x30 JPEG XL preview"), "{:?}", r.warnings);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn unsupported_raw_without_preview_is_a_clear_error() {
     let mut cr3 = vec![0, 0, 0, 24];
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/resolution_axes.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/resolution_axes.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/io/tests/resolution_axes.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/resolution_axes.rs
index f7f8cbf006..fb2bd209e2 100644
--- a/crates/io/tests/resolution_axes.rs
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/resolution_axes.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! A file whose horizontal and vertical resolutions differ opens at the horizontal one, and the
 //! import says the vertical one is not kept (#1018). Equal axes, the common case, open silently.
 
-mod common;
+use crate::common;
 
 use common::*;
 use photocraft_codecs::{ChannelLayout, EncodeOptions, Format, Image, Metadata, SampleType as CSample};
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/roundtrip.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/roundtrip.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/io/tests/roundtrip.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/roundtrip.rs
index dcb7bce62a..155429eba2 100644
--- a/crates/io/tests/roundtrip.rs
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/roundtrip.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! Document → PSD → Document round trips.
 
-mod common;
+use crate::common;
 
 use common::*;
 use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, SampleType};
@@ -116,6 +116,7 @@ fn text_shape_smart_raw_blocks_survive() {
         "Smart",
         LayerContent::Smart(SmartObject {
             contents_id: SmartContentsId::fresh(),
+            vector_preview: None,
             source: SmartSource::Linked { path: String::new() },
             transform: photocraft_geom::Affine::IDENTITY,
             smart_filters: vec![],
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/smart_contents_identity.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/smart_contents_identity.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/smart_contents_identity.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/smart_contents_identity.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/smart_corpus.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/smart_corpus.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/io/tests/smart_corpus.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/smart_corpus.rs
index 494a43071c..f258c01103 100644
--- a/crates/io/tests/smart_corpus.rs
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/smart_corpus.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 //! ones dropped).
 #![cfg(feature = "corpus")]
 
-mod common;
+use crate::common;
 
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use std::sync::Arc;
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/svg.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/svg.rs
similarity index 81%
rename from crates/io/tests/svg.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/svg.rs
index 4f21bd5dcb..c71bb0ae4f 100644
--- a/crates/io/tests/svg.rs
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/svg.rs
@@ -190,6 +190,31 @@ fn png_data_url() -> String {
     out
 }
 
+/// A small valid PNG whose IHDR claims `w`x`h`, far larger than its actual (tiny) image data.
+/// The header alone must be enough to reject it before any decode is attempted.
+fn png_data_url_with_claimed_size(w: u32, h: u32) -> String {
+    let img = photocraft_codecs::Image::from_u8(2, 2, photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgb, vec![255, 0, 0, 0, 255, 0, 0, 0, 255, 255, 255, 255]).unwrap();
+    let mut bytes = photocraft_codecs::encode(&img, photocraft_codecs::Format::Png, &Default::default()).unwrap();
+    // IHDR starts right after the 8-byte signature and 8-byte chunk length/type: width at 16,
+    // height at 20 (big-endian u32 each).
+    bytes[16..20].copy_from_slice(&w.to_be_bytes());
+    bytes[20..24].copy_from_slice(&h.to_be_bytes());
+    const T: &[u8; 64] = b"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";
+    let mut out = String::from("data:image/png;base64,");
+    for chunk in bytes.chunks(3) {
+        let n = chunk.len();
+        let v = (u32::from(chunk[0]) << 16) | (u32::from(*chunk.get(1).unwrap_or(&0)) << 8) | u32::from(*chunk.get(2).unwrap_or(&0));
+        for i in 0..4 {
+            if i <= n {
+                out.push(T[((v >> (18 - 6 * i)) & 63) as usize] as char);
+            } else {
+                out.push('=');
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn embedded_raster_images_become_pixel_layers() {
     let r = open(&format!(
@@ -204,6 +229,18 @@ fn embedded_raster_images_become_pixel_layers() {
     assert!(close(px(d, 16, 16), [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]), "{:?}", px(d, 16, 16));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn embedded_png_with_a_huge_claimed_size_is_not_decoded() {
+    // The IHDR claims 40000x40000 (6.4 GB RGBA decoded) but the display size is tiny; the
+    // header-only check must reject it before resvg ever decodes the actual (2x2) image data.
+    let r = open(&format!(
+        "<svg {NS} width=\"20\" height=\"20\"><image id=\"photo\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" href=\"{}\"/></svg>",
+        png_data_url_with_claimed_size(40_000, 40_000)
+    ));
+    // Rejected at the resolver: no image layer is produced (resvg treats it as a missing image).
+    assert!(r.document.layers.is_empty() || !matches!(r.document.layers[0].content, LayerContent::Raster(_)), "{:?}", r.document.layers);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn text_becomes_outline_shapes_or_warns_without_a_font() {
     let r = open(&format!(
@@ -221,57 +258,6 @@ fn text_becomes_outline_shapes_or_warns_without_a_font() {
     assert!(dark > 4, "glyph strokes cross the middle row: {dark}");
 }
 
-/// #4806: text placed by a `transform` (Illustrator writes `matrix(1 0 0 1 x y)` on every text
-/// element), on the text or on a group around it, lands where resvg draws it. usvg leaves the
-/// glyph outlines' absolute transforms at identity, so reading them dropped the transform: the
-/// text went off the canvas or kept its untransformed place and size.
-#[test]
-fn transformed_text_lands_where_resvg_draws_it() {
-    let font = "font-size=\"24\" font-family=\"DejaVu Sans, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" fill=\"black\"";
-    let cases = [
-        format!("<text transform=\"translate(10 40)\" {font}>IHI</text>"),
-        format!("<text transform=\"matrix(1 0 0 1 10 40)\" {font}>IHI</text>"),
-        format!("<text transform=\"translate(10 0)\" x=\"20\" y=\"40\" {font}>IHI</text>"),
-        format!("<text transform=\"scale(2)\" x=\"5\" y=\"25\" {font}>IHI</text>"),
-        format!("<g transform=\"translate(10 40)\"><text {font}>IHI</text></g>"),
-        format!("<g transform=\"translate(60 0)\"><g transform=\"rotate(90)\"><text x=\"5\" y=\"20\" {font}>IHI</text></g></g>"),
-    ];
-    for c in cases {
-        let svg = format!("<svg {NS} width=\"120\" height=\"60\">{c}</svg>");
-        let r = open(&svg);
-        let d = &r.document;
-        if d.layers.is_empty() {
-            // No font at all on this machine: the import says so instead.
-            assert!(r.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("font")), "{:?}", r.warnings);
-            return;
-        }
-        assert!(matches!(d.layers[0].content, LayerContent::Group(_)), "text stays outline shapes: {c}");
-        let imported = photocraft_compose::flatten(d);
-        let reference = svg::rasterize(svg.as_bytes(), 1.0).unwrap();
-        let (mut both, mut either) = (0usize, 0usize);
-        let (mut a_box, mut b_box) = ([i32::MAX, i32::MAX, i32::MIN, i32::MIN], [i32::MAX, i32::MAX, i32::MIN, i32::MIN]);
-        let grow = |bx: &mut [i32; 4], x: i32, y: i32| *bx = [bx[0].min(x), bx[1].min(y), bx[2].max(x), bx[3].max(y)];
-        for y in 0..60 {
-            for x in 0..120 {
-                let (a, b) = (imported.get(x, y)[3] > 0.5, reference.get(x, y)[3] > 0.5);
-                if a {
-                    grow(&mut a_box, x, y);
-                }
-                if b {
-                    grow(&mut b_box, x, y);
-                }
-                both += usize::from(a && b);
-                either += usize::from(a || b);
-            }
-        }
-        assert!(either > 50, "resvg draws the text on the canvas: {c}");
-        // Same place and size to the pixel; the outlines are filled by a different rasteriser, so
-        // the edges of thin stems may differ by half a pixel.
-        assert!(a_box.iter().zip(b_box).all(|(a, b)| (a - b).abs() <= 1), "imported {a_box:?}, resvg {b_box:?}: {c}");
-        assert!(both * 10 >= either * 7, "imported glyphs cover what resvg draws ({both} of {either} px): {c}");
-    }
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn size_comes_from_the_viewbox_and_huge_drawings_shrink_to_fit() {
     let r = open(&format!("<svg {NS} viewBox=\"0 0 300 150\"><rect width=\"300\" height=\"150\"/></svg>"));
@@ -296,6 +282,52 @@ fn gzip(bytes: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
     e.finish().unwrap()
 }
 
+/// A `data:` URL of `bytes` under `mime`, base64-encoded.
+fn base64_data_url(mime: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
+    const T: &[u8; 64] = b"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";
+    let mut out = format!("data:{mime};base64,");
+    for chunk in bytes.chunks(3) {
+        let n = chunk.len();
+        let v = (u32::from(chunk[0]) << 16) | (u32::from(*chunk.get(1).unwrap_or(&0)) << 8) | u32::from(*chunk.get(2).unwrap_or(&0));
+        for i in 0..4 {
+            if i <= n {
+                out.push(T[((v >> (18 - 6 * i)) & 63) as usize] as char);
+            } else {
+                out.push('=');
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn gzip_compressed_embedded_svg_decompresses_once_with_a_size_cap() {
+    // A small gzip-compressed SVG embedded via data URL (SVGZ-in-data-URL) must still import.
+    let inner = format!("<svg {NS} width=\"4\" height=\"4\"><rect width=\"4\" height=\"4\" fill=\"#00ff00\"/></svg>");
+    let url = base64_data_url("image/svg+xml", &gzip(inner.as_bytes()));
+    let r = open(&format!("<svg {NS} width=\"10\" height=\"10\"><image x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"10\" height=\"10\" href=\"{url}\"/></svg>"));
+    assert!(
+        r.document.layers.iter().any(|l| matches!(l.content, LayerContent::Raster(_))),
+        "valid embedded gzip SVG must decode into a raster layer: {:?}",
+        r.document.layers
+    );
+
+    // A gzip-compressed embedded SVG whose decompressed size exceeds the cap must be rejected
+    // by our bounded inflate, not silently decompressed again without a limit by usvg.
+    let mut bomb = format!("<svg {NS} width=\"4\" height=\"4\">").into_bytes();
+    bomb.resize(usize::try_from(svg::MAX_INFLATED_BYTES).unwrap() + 1024, b' ');
+    bomb.extend_from_slice(b"</svg>");
+    let gz = gzip(&bomb);
+    assert!(gz.len() < 2 << 20, "{} bytes compressed", gz.len());
+    let url = base64_data_url("image/svg+xml", &gz);
+    let start = std::time::Instant::now();
+    let r = open(&format!("<svg {NS} width=\"10\" height=\"10\"><image x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"10\" height=\"10\" href=\"{url}\"/></svg>"));
+    assert!(start.elapsed() < std::time::Duration::from_secs(5), "took {:?}", start.elapsed());
+    // The embedded bomb is rejected; the outer drawing may still open (e.g. with a missing
+    // image), but must not have decoded the bomb into a raster layer.
+    assert!(r.document.layers.iter().all(|l| !matches!(l.content, LayerContent::Raster(_))), "{:?}", r.document.layers);
+}
+
 /// 8 000 nested groups (70 KB) overflowed the XML parser's recursion on a 2 MB thread stack, an
 /// abort nothing can catch. It is an error now, found before the parser runs; the thread here
 /// has a small stack so a regression aborts the test instead of passing by luck.
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/text_corpus.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/text_corpus.rs
similarity index 63%
rename from crates/io/tests/text_corpus.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/text_corpus.rs
index 8597ac49d8..32e914d051 100644
--- a/crates/io/tests/text_corpus.rs
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/text_corpus.rs
@@ -169,6 +169,107 @@ fn corpus_photoshop_txt2_survives_an_unedited_save() {
     println!("Txt2 kept byte-for-byte in {checked} Photoshop type files");
 }
 
+/// #7962: Photoshop's type on a path (`Txt2` frames, EngineData calls it a text box) opens on its
+/// path, at the anchors the generator gave Photoshop; the circle re-renders where Photoshop drew
+/// it; and a save after an edit (new text, a moved path) reopens on the layer's path.
+#[cfg(feature = "corpus")]
+#[test]
+fn corpus_photoshop_path_text_opens_on_its_path() {
+    use photocraft_doc::text::TextShape;
+    use photocraft_geom::Point;
+    let root = Path::new(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR")).join("../../corpus/photoshop/text");
+    let k = 0.5522847498 * 96.0;
+    let cases: [(&str, bool, Vec<[f64; 2]>); 2] = [
+        // Photoshop sets the type from the closed path's last anchor (the bottom).
+        ("path-circle.psd", true, vec![[128.0, 224.0], [32.0, 128.0], [128.0, 32.0], [224.0, 128.0]]),
+        ("path-wave-open.psd", false, vec![[16.0, 100.0], [160.0, 80.0], [304.0, 60.0]]),
+    ];
+    let mut engine = photocraft_text::TextEngine::with_system_fonts();
+    for (file, closed, anchors) in cases {
+        let f = root.join(file);
+        let bytes = std::fs::read(&f).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{}: {e}: run `cargo xtask corpus --photoshop`", f.display()));
+        let imp = photocraft_io::import(file, &bytes).unwrap();
+        assert!(!imp.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("type path")), "{file}: {:?}", imp.warnings);
+        let doc = imp.document;
+        let mut all = Vec::new();
+        walk(&doc.layers, &mut all);
+        let layer = all.iter().find(|l| matches!(l.content, LayerContent::Text(_))).unwrap();
+        let LayerContent::Text(t) = &layer.content else { unreachable!() };
+        let doc_anchors = |t: &photocraft_doc::TextLayer| -> Vec<Point> {
+            let TextShape::Path { path, start, flip } = &t.shape else { panic!("{file}: not path text: {:?}", t.shape) };
+            assert_eq!((path.closed, *start, *flip), (closed, 0.0, false), "{file}");
+            path.knots.iter().map(|k| t.transform.apply(k.anchor)).collect()
+        };
+        let got = doc_anchors(t);
+        assert_eq!(got.len(), anchors.len(), "{file}");
+        for (g, [x, y]) in got.iter().zip(&anchors) {
+            assert!((g.x - x).abs() < 1e-3 && (g.y - y).abs() < 1e-3, "{file}: anchor {g:?}, want ({x}, {y})");
+        }
+        if closed {
+            // The circle's handles are the generator's (kappa × r), so the path is the circle.
+            let TextShape::Path { path, .. } = &t.shape else { unreachable!() };
+            let h = t.transform.apply(path.knots[0].out_ctrl);
+            assert!((h.x - (128.0 - k)).abs() < 1e-3 && (h.y - 224.0).abs() < 1e-3, "{file}: handle {h:?}");
+        }
+
+        // Photoshop's pixels (the wave's EngineData text is blank: Photoshop drew nothing).
+        if let Some(ps) = t.cache.as_ref().filter(|c| !c.content_bounds().is_empty()) {
+            let ps_rect = ps.content_bounds();
+            let (_, ours) = engine.render(t, doc.resolution_dpi, doc.pixel_format());
+            let our_rect = ours.surface.content_bounds();
+            let u = Rect::new(ps_rect.x0.min(our_rect.x0), ps_rect.y0.min(our_rect.y0), ps_rect.x1.max(our_rect.x1), ps_rect.y1.max(our_rect.y1));
+            let (a, b) = (alpha(ps, u), alpha(&ours.surface, u));
+            let inter: f32 = a.iter().zip(&b).map(|(x, y)| x.min(*y)).sum();
+            let union: f32 = a.iter().zip(&b).map(|(x, y)| x.max(*y)).sum();
+            let iou = if union > 0.0 { inter / union } else { 1.0 };
+            let edges = [ps_rect.x0 - our_rect.x0, ps_rect.y0 - our_rect.y0, ps_rect.x1 - our_rect.x1, ps_rect.y1 - our_rect.y1];
+            println!("{file}: ps={ps_rect:?} ours={our_rect:?} iou={iou:.2} edges={edges:?}");
+            // Where the type starts on the path and how far it reaches across it hold with any
+            // font; the far end and the glyph overlap need the font Photoshop used (a wider
+            // fallback runs further around the circle).
+            let [x0, y0, _, y1] = edges;
+            assert!([x0, y0, y1].iter().all(|d| d.abs() <= 8), "{file}: ink bounds {our_rect:?}, Photoshop's {ps_rect:?}");
+            let family = t.runs.first().map(|r| r.style.font_family.clone()).unwrap_or_default();
+            if engine.fonts.has_family(&family) {
+                assert!(edges.iter().all(|d| d.abs() <= 8), "{file}: ink bounds {our_rect:?}, Photoshop's {ps_rect:?}");
+                assert!(iou > 0.2, "{file}: the glyphs sit where Photoshop drew them (IoU {iou:.2})");
+            } else {
+                eprintln!("{file}: {family:?} not installed, far edge and overlap comparison skipped");
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Edited: new text and the path moved 10 px right; saved and opened again.
+        let mut edited = doc.clone();
+        let id = layer.id;
+        for l in edited.layers.iter_mut() {
+            if l.id != id {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let LayerContent::Text(t) = &mut l.content else { continue };
+            t.text = format!("{} again", t.text);
+            if let Some(r) = t.runs.last_mut() {
+                r.len += " again".len();
+            }
+            t.sync_summary();
+            if let TextShape::Path { path, .. } = &mut t.shape {
+                for k in &mut path.knots {
+                    *k = k.transform(&photocraft_geom::Affine::translate(10.0, 0.0));
+                }
+            }
+            t.psd_raw = Some(std::sync::Arc::new(photocraft_text::psd::build_tysh(t, edited.resolution_dpi, None)));
+        }
+        let out = photocraft_io::export(&edited, file, &Default::default()).unwrap().bytes;
+        let back = photocraft_io::import(file, &out).unwrap().document;
+        let mut all = Vec::new();
+        walk(&back.layers, &mut all);
+        let LayerContent::Text(bt) = &all.iter().find(|l| matches!(l.content, LayerContent::Text(_))).unwrap().content else { unreachable!() };
+        assert!(bt.text.ends_with(" again"), "{file}: {:?}", bt.text);
+        for (g, [x, y]) in doc_anchors(bt).iter().zip(&anchors) {
+            assert!((g.x - (x + 10.0)).abs() < 1e-3 && (g.y - y).abs() < 1e-3, "{file}: saved anchor {g:?}, want ({}, {y})", x + 10.0);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// A text layer created in PhotoCraft (no PSD data) exports as an editable type layer and
 /// imports back with the same model.
 #[test]
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/text_styles.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/text_styles.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/text_styles.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/text_styles.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/tiff_corpus.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/tiff_corpus.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/tiff_corpus.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/tiff_corpus.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/it/tiff_layers.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/tiff_layers.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..11e37591bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/tiff_layers.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1123 @@
+//! Layered TIFF (Photoshop layer data in tags 37724 / 34377): Document → TIFF → Document round
+//! trips in every mode and depth, equivalence with the PSD path, the flat fall-backs, files
+//! written by an independent implementation (psdtags, both byte orders), and malformed input.
+
+use crate::common;
+
+use common::*;
+use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, SampleType};
+use photocraft_doc::{Document, LayerContent};
+use photocraft_io::*;
+use photocraft_psd::tiff::{ByteOrder, ImageSourceData};
+
+fn tiff(doc: &Document, layers: bool) -> ExportResult {
+    export(doc, "x.tif", &ExportOptions { tiff_layers: layers, ..Default::default() }).expect("export")
+}
+
+/// The two Photoshop tags of a TIFF: (resources, layers).
+fn tags(bytes: &[u8]) -> (Option<Vec<u8>>, Option<Vec<u8>>) {
+    let (r, l) = photocraft_codecs::tiff_photoshop_tags(bytes);
+    (r.map(<[u8]>::to_vec), l.map(<[u8]>::to_vec))
+}
+
+fn roundtrip(doc: &Document) -> Document {
+    let r = tiff(doc, true);
+    let (resources, layers) = tags(&r.bytes);
+    let layers = layers.expect("layer data");
+    assert!(resources.is_some_and(|r| !r.is_empty()), "image resources");
+    // The layer data matches the container's byte order and is byte-stable through the psd crate.
+    let order = if photocraft_codecs::tiff_writes_little_endian() { ByteOrder::Little } else { ByteOrder::Big };
+    let (isd, w) = ImageSourceData::from_bytes(&layers).expect("parse layer data");
+    assert!(w.is_empty(), "{w:?}");
+    assert_eq!(isd.byte_order, order);
+    assert_eq!(isd.to_bytes(order).unwrap().0, layers);
+    // The TIFF is a plain image to any other reader: the composite at the document's size.
+    let flat = photocraft_codecs::decode(&r.bytes).expect("flat decode");
+    assert_eq!(flat.dimensions(), (doc.size.width, doc.size.height));
+    // Extra alpha channels and a Quick Mask travel as TIFF extra samples (at most MAX_EXTRA_SAMPLES).
+    let extra = doc.channels.len() + usize::from(doc.quick_mask.is_some());
+    assert!(!r.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("not written")), "{:?}", r.warnings);
+    if extra > 0 && extra <= photocraft_codecs::MAX_EXTRA_SAMPLES {
+        assert_eq!(flat.meta.extra_samples.len(), extra, "{:?}", r.warnings);
+    }
+    import("x.tif", &r.bytes).expect("import").document
+}
+
+/// `doc` as a layered TIFF round trip returns it, including extra channels.
+fn expected(doc: &Document) -> Document {
+    doc.clone()
+}
+
+macro_rules! rt_case {
+    ($name:ident, $mode:expr, $depth:expr, $f:expr) => {
+        #[test]
+        fn $name() {
+            let d = gen_doc($mode, $depth, $f);
+            let back = roundtrip(&d);
+            assert_docs_eq(&expected(&d), &back);
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+rt_case!(rt_rgb8_all, ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8, Features::ALL);
+rt_case!(rt_rgb16_all, ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U16, Features::ALL);
+rt_case!(rt_rgb32_all, ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::F32, Features::ALL);
+rt_case!(rt_gray8_all, ColorMode::Grayscale, SampleType::U8, Features::ALL);
+rt_case!(rt_gray16_all, ColorMode::Grayscale, SampleType::U16, Features::ALL);
+rt_case!(rt_gray32_all, ColorMode::Grayscale, SampleType::F32, Features::ALL);
+rt_case!(rt_cmyk8_all, ColorMode::Cmyk, SampleType::U8, Features::ALL);
+rt_case!(rt_cmyk16_all, ColorMode::Cmyk, SampleType::U16, Features::ALL);
+rt_case!(rt_rgb8_pixels, ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8, Features::PIXELS);
+rt_case!(rt_gray16_pixels, ColorMode::Grayscale, SampleType::U16, Features::PIXELS);
+rt_case!(rt_cmyk8_pixels, ColorMode::Cmyk, SampleType::U8, Features::PIXELS);
+
+#[test]
+fn tiff_and_psd_open_as_the_same_document() {
+    for (mode, depth) in [(ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8), (ColorMode::Cmyk, SampleType::U16), (ColorMode::Grayscale, SampleType::F32)] {
+        let d = gen_doc(mode, depth, Features::ALL);
+        let psd = export(&d, "x.psd", &ExportOptions::default()).unwrap();
+        let from_psd = import("x.psd", &psd.bytes).unwrap().document;
+        let from_tif = roundtrip(&d);
+        assert_docs_eq(&expected(&from_psd), &from_tif);
+        // The composite the TIFF carries is what the document looks like.
+        let tif = tiff(&d, true);
+        let flat = import(
+            "flat.tif",
+            &photocraft_codecs::encode(&photocraft_codecs::decode(&tif.bytes).unwrap(), photocraft_codecs::Format::Tiff, &Default::default()).unwrap(),
+        )
+        .unwrap()
+        .document;
+        let a = photocraft_compose::flatten(&d).px;
+        let b = photocraft_compose::flatten(&flat).px;
+        assert!(max_diff(&a, &b) <= 2.0 / 255.0, "{mode:?} {depth:?}: composite differs by {}", max_diff(&a, &b));
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn every_compression_keeps_the_layers() {
+    use photocraft_codecs::TiffCompression;
+    let d = gen_doc(ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U16, Features::PIXELS);
+    for c in [TiffCompression::None, TiffCompression::Lzw, TiffCompression::Deflate, TiffCompression::PackBits] {
+        let mut opts = ExportOptions { tiff_layers: true, ..Default::default() };
+        opts.encode.tiff_compression = c;
+        let r = export(&d, "x.tiff", &opts).unwrap();
+        let back = import("x.tiff", &r.bytes).unwrap().document;
+        assert_docs_eq(&d, &back);
+    }
+}
+
+/// The Artist tag's text, and the bytes every EXIF assertion looks for.
+const ARTIST: &[u8] = b"fixture-artist";
+
+/// A minimal little-endian EXIF (TIFF) block with a single Artist tag and no Orientation, so
+/// `upright_exif` passes it through untouched.
+fn exif() -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut artist = ARTIST.to_vec();
+    artist.push(0); // ASCII NUL terminator
+    let mut v = b"II*\0\x08\0\0\0".to_vec(); // TIFF header, first IFD at 8
+    v.extend_from_slice(&1u16.to_le_bytes()); // one entry
+    v.extend_from_slice(&0x013bu16.to_le_bytes()); // Artist
+    v.extend_from_slice(&2u16.to_le_bytes()); // ASCII
+    v.extend_from_slice(&(artist.len() as u32).to_le_bytes());
+    v.extend_from_slice(&26u32.to_le_bytes()); // value offset: 8 + 2 + 12 + 4
+    v.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes()); // no next IFD
+    v.extend_from_slice(&artist);
+    v
+}
+
+/// #1545: a layered TIFF carries EXIF as Photoshop resource 1058 and reads it back, so it must
+/// not report a loss it never makes. A flat TIFF writes it as its own tags and keeps it too.
+#[test]
+fn layered_tiff_keeps_exif_without_claiming_a_loss() {
+    let mut d = gen_doc(ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8, Features::PIXELS);
+    d.metadata.exif = Some(std::sync::Arc::new(exif()));
+
+    let r = tiff(&d, true);
+    assert!(!r.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("EXIF")), "a layered TIFF keeps EXIF, so it must not claim to drop it: {:?}", r.warnings);
+    // ...and the tags really are in the file, so the missing warning is a true absence of loss.
+    let back = import("x.tif", &r.bytes).unwrap().document;
+    let kept = back.metadata.exif.as_deref().expect("EXIF survives the layered export");
+    assert!(kept.windows(ARTIST.len()).any(|w| w == ARTIST), "the Artist tag did not survive: {kept:?}");
+
+    // The flat path writes the EXIF block's tags as the TIFF's own (here IFD0's Artist, which
+    // reads back as the document's Artist text), so it reports no loss either.
+    let flat = tiff(&d, false);
+    assert!(!flat.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("EXIF")), "a flat TIFF keeps EXIF: {:?}", flat.warnings);
+    let back = import("x.tif", &flat.bytes).unwrap().document;
+    let artist = std::str::from_utf8(ARTIST).unwrap().trim_end_matches('\0');
+    assert!(back.metadata.text.iter().any(|(k, v)| k == "Artist" && v == artist), "{:?}", back.metadata.text);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn discard_layers_writes_a_flat_file() {
+    let d = gen_doc(ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8, Features::PIXELS);
+    let r = tiff(&d, false);
+    assert_eq!(tags(&r.bytes), (None, None));
+    assert!(r.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("flattened")), "{:?}", r.warnings);
+    let back = import("x.tif", &r.bytes).unwrap().document;
+    assert_eq!(back.layers.len(), 1);
+    assert!(!tiff_layers::would_write_layers(&back));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_plain_background_needs_no_layer_data() {
+    let d = import("x.png", &export(&gen_doc(ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8, Features::PIXELS), "x.png", &Default::default()).unwrap().bytes).unwrap().document;
+    assert_eq!(d.layers.len(), 1);
+    assert!(!tiff_layers::would_write_layers(&d));
+    let r = tiff(&d, true);
+    assert_eq!(tags(&r.bytes), (None, None));
+    assert!(r.warnings.is_empty(), "{:?}", r.warnings);
+    let back = import("x.tif", &r.bytes).unwrap().document;
+    assert_docs_eq(&d, &back);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn lab_documents_are_saved_flat_with_a_warning() {
+    let d = gen_doc(ColorMode::Lab, SampleType::U8, Features::PIXELS);
+    let r = tiff(&d, true);
+    assert_eq!(tags(&r.bytes), (None, None));
+    assert!(r.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("Lab") && w.contains("layers are not kept")), "{:?}", r.warnings);
+    assert!(import("x.tif", &r.bytes).is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn transparency_is_straight_in_the_composite() {
+    // A translucent layer over nothing: the TIFF's composite keeps its colour under the alpha
+    // instead of being matted against white like a PSD's merged image.
+    let mut d = Document::new("t", photocraft_geom::Size::new(4, 4), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8);
+    let fmt = d.pixel_format();
+    let mut l = raster("Red", fmt, photocraft_geom::Rect::new(0, 0, 4, 4), 0, false);
+    if let LayerContent::Raster(s) = &mut l.content {
+        let px: Vec<f32> = (0..16).flat_map(|_| [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5]).collect();
+        s.write_region(photocraft_geom::Rect::new(0, 0, 4, 4), &px);
+    }
+    d.layers.push(l);
+    let r = tiff(&d, true);
+    let flat = photocraft_codecs::decode(&r.bytes).unwrap();
+    assert!(flat.layout().has_alpha());
+    let px = flat.data();
+    assert_eq!(&px[..4], &[255, 0, 0, 128]);
+    let back = import("x.tif", &r.bytes).unwrap().document;
+    assert_docs_eq(&d, &back);
+}
+
+/// Photoshop (27.11) saves a layered TIFF with Save Transparency as a composite with a
+/// transparency sample, a positive layer count and an `MTrn` block first in the layer data
+/// (the specification's key is `Mtrn`; `nrTM` in an `II` file). That sample is the merged
+/// transparency: it opens as no alpha channel, and a PSD save doesn't write it twice.
+#[test]
+fn photoshop_mtrn_marks_the_merged_transparency_of_a_layered_tiff() {
+    use photocraft_psd::{PsdFile, TaggedBlock};
+    for depth in [SampleType::U8, SampleType::U16] {
+        let mut d = Document::new("t", photocraft_geom::Size::new(8, 6), ColorMode::Rgb, depth);
+        let fmt = d.pixel_format();
+        d.layers.push(raster("shape", fmt, photocraft_geom::Rect::new(1, 1, 5, 4), 3, true));
+        let r = tiff(&d, true);
+        let mut img = photocraft_codecs::decode(&r.bytes).expect("decode");
+        assert!(img.layout().has_alpha(), "{depth:?}: the composite has a transparency sample");
+        let (isd, _) = ImageSourceData::from_bytes(&tags(&r.bytes).1.expect("layer data")).expect("parse");
+        for order in [ByteOrder::Little, ByteOrder::Big] {
+            let case = format!("{depth:?} {order:?}");
+            // Photoshop's form of the same layer data.
+            let mut ps = isd.clone();
+            ps.layer_info.as_mut().expect("layers").merged_alpha = false;
+            ps.global_blocks.insert(0, TaggedBlock::new(*b"MTrn", Vec::new()));
+            let layers = ps.to_bytes(order).expect("layer data").0;
+            if order == ByteOrder::Little {
+                assert!(layers.windows(12).any(|w| w == b"MIB8nrTM\0\0\0\0"), "{case}: stored as Photoshop stores it");
+            }
+            img.meta.photoshop_layers = Some(layers);
+            let bytes = photocraft_codecs::encode(&img, photocraft_codecs::Format::Tiff, &photocraft_codecs::EncodeOptions::default()).expect("encode");
+
+            let opened = import("x.tif", &bytes).expect("import").document;
+            let names: Vec<&str> = opened.channels.iter().map(|c| c.name.as_str()).collect();
+            assert!(names.is_empty(), "{case}: no alpha channel from the merged transparency: {names:?}");
+            // The marker is kept for the next save.
+            let mut want = d.clone();
+            want.metadata.psd_global_blocks = vec![(*b"8BIM", *b"MTrn", std::sync::Arc::new(Vec::new()))];
+            assert_docs_eq(&want, &opened);
+            let psd = PsdFile::from_bytes(&export(&opened, "x.psd", &ExportOptions::default()).expect("PSD save").bytes).expect("parse");
+            assert_eq!(psd.header.channels, 4, "{case}: colour + merged transparency");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn big_documents_use_the_psb_signature() {
+    // Forcing PSB stands in for a > 30000 px document.
+    let d = gen_doc(ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8, Features::PIXELS);
+    let r = export(&d, "x.tif", &ExportOptions { force_psb: true, tiff_layers: true, ..Default::default() }).unwrap();
+    let (_, layers) = tags(&r.bytes);
+    assert!(layers.unwrap().starts_with(photocraft_psd::tiff::SIGNATURE_PSB));
+    let back = import("x.tif", &r.bytes).unwrap().document;
+    assert_docs_eq(&d, &back);
+}
+
+/// Files written by psdtags (`scripts/layered_tiff_fixtures.py`): two RGB layers, "Background"
+/// (RLE) and an offset, translucent "Upper é" (ZIP, Multiply, opacity 200), in both byte orders
+/// at 8 and 16 bits. Binary files stay out of this repository: run the script to write them
+/// to `corpus/layered-tiff/` (gitignored); without them these checks are skipped.
+fn fixture(name: &str) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+    let bytes = std::fs::read(format!("{}/../../corpus/layered-tiff/{name}", env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))).ok();
+    if bytes.is_none() {
+        eprintln!("skipped {name}: run `python scripts/layered_tiff_fixtures.py` to write corpus/layered-tiff/");
+    }
+    bytes
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn psdtags_fixtures_open_with_their_layers() {
+    for (name, depth) in [
+        ("layered-le-8bit.tif", SampleType::U8),
+        ("layered-be-8bit.tif", SampleType::U8),
+        ("layered-le-16bit.tif", SampleType::U16),
+        ("layered-be-16bit.tif", SampleType::U16),
+    ] {
+        let Some(bytes) = fixture(name) else { continue };
+        let r = import(name, &bytes).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{name}: {e}"));
+        let d = &r.document;
+        assert_eq!(d.size, photocraft_geom::Size::new(6, 4), "{name}");
+        assert_eq!(d.mode, ColorMode::Rgb);
+        assert_eq!(d.depth, depth, "{name}");
+        let names: Vec<&str> = d.layers.iter().map(|l| l.name.as_str()).collect();
+        assert_eq!(names, ["Background", "Upper \u{e9}"], "{name}");
+        let upper = &d.layers[1];
+        assert_eq!(upper.blend, photocraft_color::BlendMode::Multiply);
+        assert!((upper.opacity - 200.0 / 255.0).abs() < 1e-6);
+        let LayerContent::Raster(s) = &upper.content else { panic!("raster") };
+        let bounds = s.content_bounds();
+        assert_eq!((bounds.x0, bounds.y0, bounds.width(), bounds.height()), (1, 1, 4, 3), "{name}");
+        // Pixel (x=2, y=0) of the upper layer: the generator's ramp, alpha 160/255.
+        let px = s.pixel(3, 1);
+        let expect = |v: u32| (v % 256) as f32 / 255.0;
+        assert!((px[0] - expect(2 * 40 + 7)).abs() < 1e-3, "{name}: {px:?}");
+        assert!((px[1] - expect(7 * 3)).abs() < 1e-3, "{name}: {px:?}");
+        assert!((px[3] - 160.0 / 255.0).abs() < 1e-3, "{name}: {px:?}");
+        let LayerContent::Raster(bg) = &d.layers[0].content else { panic!("raster") };
+        let b = bg.pixel(5, 3);
+        assert!((b[0] - expect(5 * 40 + 1)).abs() < 1e-3, "{name}: {b:?}");
+        assert!((b[3] - 1.0).abs() < 1e-6);
+        assert_eq!(d.resolution_dpi, 300.0);
+        // tifffile writes a Software tag; nothing else is worth a warning.
+        assert!(r.warnings.iter().all(|w| w.contains("text metadata")), "{name}: {:?}", r.warnings);
+        // psdtags wrote the composite's alpha sample without the transparency flag, so by the
+        // PSD rules it is an alpha channel. A re-save keeps it as a TIFF extra sample.
+        assert_eq!(d.channels.len(), 1, "{name}");
+        let out = tiff(d, true);
+        let back = import(name, &out.bytes).unwrap().document;
+        assert_docs_eq(d, &back);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Advanced Blending (`knko`, `infx`, `clbl`, `tsly`, `lmgm`, `vmgm`), fill opacity (`iOpa`),
+/// channel restrictions (`brst`) and Blend If (the records' blending ranges) survive a layered
+/// TIFF with its layer data in either byte order: the encoder's own, and the other one made by
+/// transcoding the tag (the same length, spliced in place).
+#[test]
+fn advanced_blending_survives_layered_tiff_in_both_byte_orders() {
+    use photocraft_doc::{AdvancedBlending, BlendRange, Knockout};
+    for depth in [SampleType::U8, SampleType::U16, SampleType::F32] {
+        let mut d = gen_doc(ColorMode::Rgb, depth, Features::PIXELS);
+        let adv = AdvancedBlending {
+            knockout: Knockout::Deep,
+            blend_interior: true,
+            blend_clipped: false,
+            transparency_shapes: false,
+            layer_mask_hides_effects: true,
+            vector_mask_hides_effects: true,
+        };
+        d.layers[1].advanced = adv;
+        d.layers[1].fill_opacity = 64.0 / 255.0;
+        d.layers[1].excluded_channels = 0b010;
+        d.layers[1].blend_if.set(0, [BlendRange { black: [10, 40], white: [200, 250] }, BlendRange { black: [0, 0], white: [128, 128] }]);
+        d.layers[2].advanced.knockout = Knockout::Shallow;
+        let r = tiff(&d, true);
+        let (_, layers) = tags(&r.bytes);
+        let layers = layers.expect("layer data");
+        let (isd, w) = ImageSourceData::from_bytes(&layers).expect("parse");
+        assert!(w.is_empty(), "{w:?}");
+        let native = isd.byte_order;
+        let other = if native == ByteOrder::Little { ByteOrder::Big } else { ByteOrder::Little };
+        let (swapped, w) = isd.to_bytes(other).expect("transcode");
+        assert!(w.is_empty(), "{depth:?}: blocks dropped while transcoding: {w:?}");
+        assert_eq!(swapped.len(), layers.len());
+        let at = r.bytes.windows(layers.len()).position(|x| x == &layers[..]).expect("tag data in the file");
+        let mut flipped = r.bytes.clone();
+        flipped[at..at + layers.len()].copy_from_slice(&swapped);
+        for (order, bytes) in [(native, &r.bytes), (other, &flipped)] {
+            let back = import("x.tif", bytes).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{depth:?} {order:?}: {e}")).document;
+            let l = &back.layers[1];
+            assert_eq!(l.advanced, adv, "{depth:?} {order:?}");
+            assert_eq!(l.fill_opacity, 64.0 / 255.0, "{depth:?} {order:?}");
+            assert_eq!(l.excluded_channels, 0b010, "{depth:?} {order:?}");
+            assert_eq!(l.blend_if, d.layers[1].blend_if, "{depth:?} {order:?}");
+            assert_eq!(back.layers[2].advanced.knockout, Knockout::Shallow, "{depth:?} {order:?}");
+            assert_docs_eq(&expected(&d), &back);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn damaged_layer_data_opens_flattened() {
+    let d = gen_doc(ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8, Features::PIXELS);
+    let r = tiff(&d, true);
+    let (_, layers) = tags(&r.bytes);
+    let layers = layers.unwrap();
+    let at = r.bytes.windows(layers.len()).position(|w| w == &layers[..]).unwrap();
+    // Garbage after the signature: no layers, a warning, the composite as one layer.
+    let mut bad = r.bytes.clone();
+    for b in &mut bad[at + 36..at + 36 + 24] {
+        *b ^= 0xa5;
+    }
+    let r2 = import("x.tif", &bad).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r2.document.layers.len(), 1);
+    assert!(r2.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("could not be read")), "{:?}", r2.warnings);
+    // Truncations and bit flips through the whole file: never a panic. A run takes a quarter of
+    // them, a different quarter each day.
+    let sweep = photocraft_testkit::Sweep::new(4);
+    let mut case = 0;
+    let mut runs = || {
+        case += 1;
+        sweep.includes(case)
+    };
+    for cut in (0..r.bytes.len()).step_by(11).filter(|_| runs()) {
+        let _ = import("x.tif", &r.bytes[..cut]);
+    }
+    for i in (0..r.bytes.len()).step_by(29).filter(|_| runs()) {
+        let mut b = r.bytes.clone();
+        b[i] ^= 0x5a;
+        let _ = import("x.tif", &b);
+    }
+    for name in ["layered-le-8bit.tif", "layered-be-16bit.tif"] {
+        let Some(bytes) = fixture(name) else { continue };
+        for cut in (0..bytes.len()).step_by(7).filter(|_| runs()) {
+            let _ = import(name, &bytes[..cut]);
+        }
+        for i in (0..bytes.len()).step_by(5).filter(|_| runs()) {
+            let mut b = bytes.clone();
+            b[i] ^= 0xff;
+            let _ = import(name, &b);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Every sample of a TIFF, read by the `tiff` crate rather than PhotoCraft's decoder.
+///
+/// That decoder drops unspecified extra samples when the photometric interpretation is RGB, so
+/// the file is retagged MinIsBlack first. The result is then a multiband image of every sample,
+/// which is what libtiff's `TIFFReadScanline` returns and what a RIP walks.
+fn independent_samples(bytes: &[u8]) -> (u16, Vec<u16>, Vec<u16>, u32, Vec<u8>) {
+    let mut tags = tiff::decoder::Decoder::new(std::io::Cursor::new(bytes)).expect("tiff tags");
+    let spp: u16 = tags.get_tag_unsigned(tiff::tags::Tag::SamplesPerPixel).expect("spp");
+    let bps = tags.get_tag_u16_vec(tiff::tags::Tag::BitsPerSample).expect("bps");
+    let extra = tags.get_tag_u16_vec(tiff::tags::Tag::ExtraSamples).unwrap_or_default();
+    let rows = tags.find_tag_unsigned::<u32>(tiff::tags::Tag::RowsPerStrip).ok().flatten().unwrap_or(0);
+    let patched = photometric_min_is_black(bytes);
+    let mut dec = tiff::decoder::Decoder::new(std::io::Cursor::new(patched.as_slice())).expect("tiff decode");
+    let tiff::decoder::DecodingResult::U8(samples) = dec.read_image().expect("read image") else {
+        panic!("expected 8-bit samples");
+    };
+    (spp, bps, extra, rows, samples)
+}
+
+/// Classic-TIFF photometric tag 262 → 1 (MinIsBlack), value stored inline in the IFD entry.
+fn photometric_min_is_black(src: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut bytes = src.to_vec();
+    let le = bytes.first().copied() == Some(b'I');
+    let ru16 = |b: &[u8], i: usize| -> Option<u16> {
+        let s = b.get(i..i + 2)?;
+        Some(if le { u16::from_le_bytes([s[0], s[1]]) } else { u16::from_be_bytes([s[0], s[1]]) })
+    };
+    let ru32 = |b: &[u8], i: usize| -> Option<u32> {
+        let s = b.get(i..i + 4)?;
+        Some(if le { u32::from_le_bytes(s.try_into().ok()?) } else { u32::from_be_bytes(s.try_into().ok()?) })
+    };
+    let Some(ifd) = ru32(&bytes, 4) else { return bytes };
+    let Some(n) = ru16(&bytes, ifd as usize) else { return bytes };
+    for e in 0..n as usize {
+        let at = ifd as usize + 2 + e * 12;
+        if ru16(&bytes, at) == Some(262) {
+            let value = if le { 1u16.to_le_bytes() } else { 1u16.to_be_bytes() };
+            if let Some(slot) = bytes.get_mut(at + 8..at + 10) {
+                slot.copy_from_slice(&value);
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    bytes
+}
+
+fn assert_plane(samples: &[u8], spp: usize, plane: usize, expected: &[u8]) {
+    assert_eq!(samples.len(), expected.len().saturating_mul(spp));
+    let mut bad = 0usize;
+    let mut first = None;
+    for (i, want) in expected.iter().enumerate() {
+        let got = samples.get(i * spp + plane).copied();
+        if got != Some(*want) {
+            bad += 1;
+            first.get_or_insert((i, got));
+        }
+    }
+    assert_eq!(bad, 0, "{bad} mismatches, first {first:?}");
+}
+
+/// A multi-layer transparent document, large enough for several TIFF strips and several
+/// raster tiles, with a spot whose every pixel is a known value.
+#[test]
+fn dtf_like_spot_is_written_in_full() {
+    use photocraft_color::{Color, PixelFormat};
+    use photocraft_doc::{AlphaChannel, Layer};
+    use photocraft_geom::{Rect, Size};
+    use photocraft_psd::tiff::resources_from_bytes;
+    use photocraft_raster::Surface;
+
+    let (w, h) = (900u32, 360u32);
+    let mut doc = Document::new("dtf", Size::new(w, h), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8);
+    let fmt = doc.pixel_format();
+    let mut art = Surface::new(fmt);
+    let px = photocraft_raster::from_rgba(&fmt, [0.2, 0.5, 0.9, 1.0]);
+    art.fill_rect(Rect::new(30, 20, 870, 340), &px);
+    doc.layers.push(Layer::new("Art", LayerContent::Raster(art)));
+    let mut ink = Surface::new(fmt);
+    let px = photocraft_raster::from_rgba(&fmt, [0.9, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5]);
+    ink.fill_rect(Rect::new(80, 40, 700, 300), &px);
+    let mut layer = Layer::new("Ink", LayerContent::Raster(ink));
+    layer.opacity = 0.8;
+    doc.layers.push(layer);
+
+    let n = (w as usize) * (h as usize);
+    let mut spot_bytes = vec![0u8; n];
+    for y in 0..h as usize {
+        for x in 0..w as usize {
+            spot_bytes[y * w as usize + x] = ((x * 3 + y * 17) % 251) as u8;
+        }
+    }
+    // Outside the artwork the composite is transparent, but the spot is not zero: a reader that
+    // binds "Spot Color 1" to the alpha plane fails here.
+    assert_eq!(spot_bytes[10 * w as usize + 10], 200);
+    let gray = PixelFormat::new(ColorMode::Grayscale, SampleType::U8, false);
+    let spot_surface = Surface::from_interleaved(gray, Rect::new(0, 0, w as i32, h as i32), &spot_bytes);
+    let mut channel = AlphaChannel::new("Spot Color 1", spot_surface);
+    channel.spot = Some((Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0), 0.6));
+    doc.channels.push(channel);
+
+    let mut seen = Vec::new();
+    for (name, layers) in [("flat", false), ("layered", true)] {
+        let opts = ExportOptions { tiff_layers: layers, ..ExportOptions::default() };
+        let r = export(&doc, "dtf.tif", &opts).unwrap();
+        assert!(!r.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("not written")), "{name}: {:?}", r.warnings);
+        let img = photocraft_codecs::decode(&r.bytes).unwrap();
+        assert!(!img.layout().has_alpha(), "{name}: {:?}", img.layout());
+        assert_eq!(img.layout().color_channels(), 3, "{name}");
+        assert_eq!(img.meta.extra_samples.len(), 1, "{name}");
+        assert_eq!(img.meta.extra_samples[0].kind, 0, "{name}");
+        // Photoshop stores spot ink inverted: document 255 (solid) is file 0.
+        let stored_spot: Vec<u8> = spot_bytes.iter().map(|b| 255 - b).collect();
+        assert_eq!(img.meta.extra_samples[0].data, stored_spot, "{name} own decoder");
+
+        let (spp, bps, extra, rows, samples) = independent_samples(&r.bytes);
+        assert_eq!(spp, 4, "{name}");
+        assert_eq!(bps, vec![8, 8, 8, 8], "{name}");
+        assert_eq!(extra, vec![0], "{name} ExtraSamples");
+        assert!(rows > 0 && rows < h, "{name} rows_per_strip {rows}");
+        assert_plane(&samples, 4, 3, &stored_spot);
+        seen.push(samples.clone());
+
+        // Outside the artwork the composite is matted to white (Save Transparency off). The
+        // spot at that pixel is not zero, so a reader that binds the name to the alpha fails.
+        let at = (10 * w as usize + 10) * 4;
+        assert_eq!(&samples[at..at + 3], &[255, 255, 255], "{name} matted rgb");
+        let (resources, layer_tag) = tags(&r.bytes);
+        let resources = resources.expect("photoshop resources");
+        let (blocks, warnings) = resources_from_bytes(&resources).unwrap();
+        assert!(warnings.is_empty(), "{name} {warnings:?}");
+        let block = |id: u16| blocks.iter().find(|b| b.id == id).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("{name} missing {id}"));
+        // "Spot Color 1" is 12 characters: Photoshop stores 13 bytes and pads the 8BIM block, not the string.
+        assert_eq!(block(1006).data, b"\x0cSpot Color 1", "{name}");
+        assert_eq!(block(1045).data.len(), 30, "{name}");
+        let info = &block(1077).data;
+        assert_eq!(info.len(), 17, "{name}");
+        assert_eq!(u16::from_be_bytes([info[14], info[15]]), 60, "{name} solidity");
+        assert_eq!(info[16], 2, "{name} spot kind");
+        // Photoshop numbers a new document's channels from 3.
+        assert_eq!(block(1053).data, 3u32.to_be_bytes(), "{name} channel id");
+
+        let back = import("dtf.tif", &r.bytes).unwrap().document;
+        assert_eq!(back.channels.len(), 1, "{name}");
+        assert_eq!(back.channels[0].name, "Spot Color 1");
+        let (ink, sol) = back.channels[0].spot.expect("spot");
+        assert_eq!(ink.to_rgb(), [1.0, 0.0, 0.0], "{name}");
+        assert!((sol - 0.6).abs() < 1e-4, "{name}");
+        let area = Rect::new(0, 0, w as i32, h as i32);
+        assert_eq!(back.channels[0].surface.to_interleaved(area), spot_bytes, "{name} reimport");
+        if layers {
+            let layer_tag = layer_tag.expect("layer tag");
+            let (isd, w) = ImageSourceData::from_bytes(&layer_tag).unwrap();
+            assert!(w.is_empty(), "{w:?}");
+            let info = isd.layer_info.expect("layers");
+            assert!(!info.merged_alpha, "{name}");
+            assert!(info.layers.iter().all(|l| l.flags.0 & 0x08 != 0), "{name} photoshop flag");
+            assert!(info.layers.iter().all(|l| l.blocks.iter().any(|b| &b.key == b"lnsr")), "{name} lnsr");
+            let mask = isd.global_layer_mask.expect("LMsk");
+            assert_eq!(mask.data.len(), 14, "{name}");
+            assert_eq!(mask.opacity(), Some(50));
+            assert_eq!(mask.kind(), Some(128));
+            assert_photoshop_layered_tiff(&r.bytes, true);
+            assert_eq!(back.layers.len(), 2, "{name}");
+            let ink = back.layers.iter().find(|l| l.name == "Ink").expect("ink layer");
+            let px = ink.surface().expect("ink pixels").pixel(100, 100);
+            assert!((px[3] - 0.5).abs() < 0.02, "{name} layer alpha {px:?}");
+            let outside = ink.surface().expect("ink pixels").pixel(0, 0);
+            assert!(outside[3] < 0.02, "{name} transparent pixel {outside:?}");
+        } else {
+            assert!(layer_tag.is_none(), "{name}");
+        }
+    }
+    assert_eq!(seen[0], seen[1], "flat and layered IFD samples differ");
+}
+
+/// A transparent document with no user channels still stores image alpha.
+#[test]
+fn transparent_tiff_without_channels_keeps_image_alpha() {
+    use photocraft_doc::Layer;
+    use photocraft_geom::{Rect, Size};
+    use photocraft_raster::Surface;
+
+    let mut doc = Document::new("t", Size::new(8, 8), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8);
+    let fmt = doc.pixel_format();
+    let mut art = Surface::new(fmt);
+    art.fill_rect(Rect::new(1, 1, 6, 6), &photocraft_raster::from_rgba(&fmt, [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5]));
+    doc.layers.push(Layer::new("Art", LayerContent::Raster(art)));
+    for layers in [false, true] {
+        let r = export(&doc, "t.tif", &ExportOptions { tiff_layers: layers, ..ExportOptions::default() }).unwrap();
+        let img = photocraft_codecs::decode(&r.bytes).unwrap();
+        assert!(img.layout().has_alpha(), "{layers}");
+        assert!(img.meta.extra_samples.is_empty(), "{layers}");
+        let mut dec = tiff::decoder::Decoder::new(std::io::Cursor::new(r.bytes.as_slice())).unwrap();
+        let extra = dec.get_tag_u16_vec(tiff::tags::Tag::ExtraSamples).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(extra, vec![2], "{layers}");
+        assert!(!r.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("Save Transparency")), "{layers}: {:?}", r.warnings);
+        if layers {
+            assert_photoshop_layered_tiff(&r.bytes, false);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A flat TIFF that also stores an alpha or spot channel mattes the composite on white
+/// and drops image transparency. The export says so.
+#[test]
+fn flat_tiff_warns_when_extra_channels_matte_transparency() {
+    use photocraft_color::{Color, PixelFormat};
+    use photocraft_doc::{AlphaChannel, Layer};
+    use photocraft_geom::{Rect, Size};
+    use photocraft_raster::Surface;
+
+    let mut doc = Document::new("t", Size::new(4, 4), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8);
+    let fmt = doc.pixel_format();
+    let mut art = Surface::new(fmt);
+    // (0, 0) stays transparent. (1, 1) is half-red, so the matte is halfway to white.
+    art.fill_rect(Rect::new(1, 1, 2, 2), &photocraft_raster::from_rgba(&fmt, [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5]));
+    doc.layers.push(Layer::new("Art", LayerContent::Raster(art)));
+    let mut spot = AlphaChannel::new("Spot Color 1", Surface::new(PixelFormat::new(ColorMode::Grayscale, SampleType::U8, false)));
+    spot.spot = Some((Color::rgb(0.0, 1.0, 0.0), 1.0));
+    doc.channels.push(spot);
+
+    let r = export(&doc, "t.tif", &ExportOptions { tiff_layers: false, ..ExportOptions::default() }).unwrap();
+    assert!(r.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("composited over white") && w.contains("Save Transparency")), "{:?}", r.warnings);
+    let img = photocraft_codecs::decode(&r.bytes).unwrap();
+    assert!(!img.layout().has_alpha(), "{:?}", img.layout());
+    assert_eq!(img.meta.extra_samples.len(), 1);
+    let (_spp, _bps, extra, _rows, samples) = independent_samples(&r.bytes);
+    assert_eq!(extra, vec![0]);
+    // 4 samples per pixel: RGB + spot. (0, 0) was transparent and is now white.
+    assert_eq!(&samples[..3], &[255, 255, 255]);
+    // Half-red over white is about (255, 128, 128). Pixel (1, 1), 4 samples per pixel.
+    let (x, y, width, spp) = (1usize, 1usize, 4usize, 4usize);
+    let at = (y * width + x) * spp;
+    let rgb = &samples[at..at + 3];
+    assert!(rgb[0] > 250 && (rgb[1] as i16 - 128).abs() <= 2 && (rgb[2] as i16 - 128).abs() <= 2, "{rgb:?}");
+}
+
+/// A 4×4 RGB document whose one layer is transparent outside its middle, plus a "White" spot
+/// channel with solid ink in its left half: the shape of a UV print's underbase.
+fn transparent_art_with_white_spot() -> Document {
+    use photocraft_color::{Color, PixelFormat};
+    use photocraft_doc::{AlphaChannel, Layer};
+    use photocraft_geom::{Rect, Size};
+    use photocraft_raster::Surface;
+
+    let mut doc = Document::new("t", Size::new(4, 4), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8);
+    let fmt = doc.pixel_format();
+    let mut art = Surface::new(fmt);
+    art.fill_rect(Rect::new(1, 1, 3, 3), &photocraft_raster::from_rgba(&fmt, [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]));
+    doc.layers.push(Layer::new("Layer 1", LayerContent::Raster(art)));
+    let gray = PixelFormat::new(ColorMode::Grayscale, SampleType::U8, false);
+    let mut plate = Surface::new(gray);
+    plate.fill_rect(Rect::new(0, 0, 2, 4), &photocraft_raster::from_rgba(&gray, [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]));
+    let mut white = AlphaChannel::new("White", plate);
+    white.spot = Some((Color::rgb(0.8, 0.2, 0.2), 1.0));
+    doc.channels.push(white);
+    doc
+}
+
+/// The first channel's ink at (0, 0), inked, and at (3, 0), bare.
+fn ink(d: &Document) -> (f32, f32) {
+    (d.channels[0].surface.pixel(0, 0)[0], d.channels[0].surface.pixel(3, 0)[0])
+}
+
+/// `doc` laid out as Photoshop 25.12 saves a TIFF with Save Transparency on: R, G, B,
+/// transparency and spot samples, with "Transparency" first in the channel names and display
+/// records. With `layers`, the layer data has a positive layer count and an `MTrn` block (the
+/// specification's key is `Mtrn`); without, the file is flat. Built from the PSD model of `doc`.
+fn photoshop_transparency_and_spot_tiff(doc: &Document, layers: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
+    use photocraft_psd::{Compression, TaggedBlock};
+
+    let opts = PsdExportOptions { merged_matte: false, merged_compression: Compression::Raw, ..Default::default() };
+    let (file, _) = document_to_psd_with(doc, &opts);
+    let planes = file.decode_merged().unwrap();
+    let n = 16;
+    assert_eq!(planes.len(), 5 * n);
+    let rgba: Vec<u8> = (0..n).flat_map(|i| (0..4).map(move |c| (i, c))).map(|(i, c)| planes[c * n + i]).collect();
+    let mut img = photocraft_codecs::Image::from_raw(4, 4, photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgba, photocraft_codecs::SampleType::U8, rgba).unwrap();
+    img.meta.extra_samples = vec![photocraft_codecs::ExtraSample { kind: 0, data: planes[4 * n..].to_vec() }];
+    img.meta.photoshop_resources = Some(photocraft_psd::tiff::resources_to_bytes(&file.resources).unwrap());
+    if layers {
+        let mut isd = ImageSourceData::from_psd(&file);
+        if let Some(info) = &mut isd.layer_info {
+            info.merged_alpha = false;
+        }
+        isd.global_blocks.insert(0, TaggedBlock::new(*b"MTrn", Vec::new()));
+        let order = if photocraft_codecs::tiff_writes_little_endian() { ByteOrder::Little } else { ByteOrder::Big };
+        img.meta.photoshop_layers = Some(isd.to_bytes(order).unwrap().0);
+    }
+    photocraft_codecs::encode(&img, photocraft_codecs::Format::Tiff, &photocraft_codecs::EncodeOptions::default()).unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Photoshop's layered TIFF with transparency next to a spot channel opens with the spot as the
+/// only channel. A layered re-save leaves the transparency sample out next to the spot, so it
+/// must also drop the `MTrn` marker, or the spot would read back as transparency.
+#[test]
+fn photoshop_mtrn_tiff_opens_without_a_transparency_channel() {
+    use photocraft_psd::TaggedBlock;
+
+    let bytes = photoshop_transparency_and_spot_tiff(&transparent_art_with_white_spot(), true);
+    let opened = import("t.tif", &bytes).unwrap().document;
+    let names: Vec<&str> = opened.channels.iter().map(|c| c.name.as_str()).collect();
+    assert_eq!(names, ["White"]);
+    assert!(opened.channels[0].spot.is_some());
+    assert_eq!(ink(&opened), (1.0, 0.0));
+
+    let r = tiff(&opened, true);
+    let (isd, _) = ImageSourceData::from_bytes(&tags(&r.bytes).1.unwrap()).unwrap();
+    assert!(!isd.global_blocks.iter().any(TaggedBlock::is_merged_transparency_marker));
+    let back = import("t.tif", &r.bytes).unwrap().document;
+    let names: Vec<&str> = back.channels.iter().map(|c| c.name.as_str()).collect();
+    assert_eq!(names, ["White"]);
+    assert_eq!(ink(&back), (1.0, 0.0));
+}
+
+/// The same Photoshop layout in a flat TIFF (no layer data): the image keeps its transparency,
+/// and the spot gets its own name and display record, not the leading "Transparency" ones, so
+/// it opens as a spot with its ink the right way round.
+#[test]
+fn photoshop_flat_tiff_with_transparency_opens_its_spot_as_a_spot() {
+    let bytes = photoshop_transparency_and_spot_tiff(&transparent_art_with_white_spot(), false);
+    assert!(tags(&bytes).1.is_none(), "flat: no layer data");
+    let opened = import("t.tif", &bytes).unwrap().document;
+    let names: Vec<&str> = opened.channels.iter().map(|c| c.name.as_str()).collect();
+    assert_eq!(names, ["White"]);
+    assert!(opened.channels[0].spot.is_some(), "a spot, not an alpha channel");
+    assert_eq!(ink(&opened), (1.0, 0.0));
+    let LayerContent::Raster(s) = &opened.layers[0].content else { panic!("raster") };
+    assert_eq!(s.pixel(0, 0)[3], 0.0, "the image keeps its transparency");
+}
+
+/// A Lab document with a spot channel keeps the spot as a CIELab extra sample, and its
+/// transparency is matted on Lab white (L* 100, a* and b* 0), not on the maximum of every sample.
+#[test]
+fn lab_tiff_keeps_spot_and_mattes_on_lab_white() {
+    use photocraft_color::{Color, PixelFormat};
+    use photocraft_doc::{AlphaChannel, Layer};
+    use photocraft_geom::{Rect, Size};
+    use photocraft_raster::Surface;
+
+    for sample in [SampleType::U8, SampleType::U16] {
+        let mut doc = Document::new("t", Size::new(4, 4), ColorMode::Lab, sample);
+        let fmt = doc.pixel_format();
+        let mut art = Surface::new(fmt);
+        // (0, 0) stays transparent.
+        art.fill_rect(Rect::new(1, 1, 2, 2), &photocraft_raster::from_rgba(&fmt, [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]));
+        doc.layers.push(Layer::new("Art", LayerContent::Raster(art)));
+        let mut plate = Surface::new(PixelFormat::new(ColorMode::Grayscale, sample, false));
+        plate.fill_rect(Rect::new(0, 0, 2, 4), &photocraft_raster::from_rgba(&plate.format(), [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]));
+        let mut spot = AlphaChannel::new("Spot Color 1", plate);
+        spot.spot = Some((Color::rgb(0.0, 1.0, 0.0), 1.0));
+        doc.channels.push(spot);
+
+        // Lab is always saved flat, whether layers were asked for or not.
+        for layers in [false, true] {
+            let r = export(&doc, "t.tif", &ExportOptions { tiff_layers: layers, ..ExportOptions::default() }).unwrap();
+            let img = photocraft_codecs::decode(&r.bytes).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(img.layout(), photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Lab, "{sample:?} {layers}");
+            assert_eq!(img.meta.extra_samples.len(), 1, "{sample:?} {layers}");
+            let white = &img.to_normalized()[..3];
+            assert!((white[0] - 1.0).abs() < 1e-3 && (white[1] - 128.0 / 255.0).abs() < 1e-3 && (white[2] - 128.0 / 255.0).abs() < 1e-3, "{white:?}");
+            let back = import("t.tif", &r.bytes).unwrap().document;
+            assert_eq!(back.pixel_format().mode, ColorMode::Lab, "{sample:?} {layers}");
+            assert_eq!(back.channels.len(), 1, "{sample:?} {layers}");
+            assert_eq!(back.channels[0].name, "Spot Color 1");
+            assert!(back.channels[0].spot.is_some(), "{sample:?} {layers}");
+            let plate = |c: &AlphaChannel| c.surface.to_interleaved(Rect::new(0, 0, 4, 4));
+            assert_eq!(plate(&back.channels[0]), plate(&doc.channels[0]), "{sample:?} {layers}");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Tag 37724 walked as raw bytes (not through [`ImageSourceData`]).
+///
+/// Matches a Photoshop 27 layered TIFF: classic 4-byte block lengths, `Layr` then a 14-byte
+/// `LMsk`, no `MTrn` (that block is only for a composite that keeps both transparency and a
+/// spot). A 4320×4320 RGB spot plate is 74_649_600 bytes and still fits those u32 lengths;
+/// this check uses the same layout on a smaller image.
+fn assert_photoshop_layered_tiff(bytes: &[u8], with_spot: bool) {
+    assert!(bytes.starts_with(b"II"), "little-endian TIFF");
+    let u16_at = |i: usize| u16::from_le_bytes([bytes[i], bytes[i + 1]]);
+    let u32_at = |i: usize| u32::from_le_bytes(bytes[i..i + 4].try_into().unwrap());
+    let ifd = u32_at(4) as usize;
+    let n = u16_at(ifd) as usize;
+    let mut layers = None;
+    let mut spp = 0u16;
+    let mut extra = Vec::new();
+    for e in 0..n {
+        let at = ifd + 2 + e * 12;
+        let tag = u16_at(at);
+        let typ = u16_at(at + 2);
+        let count = u32_at(at + 4) as usize;
+        let val = u32_at(at + 8) as usize;
+        let unit: usize = match typ {
+            3 => 2,
+            4 => 4,
+            _ => 1,
+        };
+        let size = unit.saturating_mul(count);
+        let inline = at + 8;
+        let raw = if size <= 4 { &bytes[inline..inline + size] } else { &bytes[val..val + size] };
+        match tag {
+            277 => spp = u16::from_le_bytes([raw[0], raw[1]]),
+            338 => extra = raw.as_chunks::<2>().0.iter().map(|c| u16::from_le_bytes(*c)).collect(),
+            37724 => layers = Some(raw),
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+    let isd = layers.expect("37724");
+    let sig = b"Adobe Photoshop Document Data Block\0";
+    assert!(isd.starts_with(sig), "PSB-sized lengths");
+    let mut pos = sig.len();
+    let mut keys = Vec::new();
+    let mut layr: Option<Vec<u8>> = None;
+    while pos + 12 <= isd.len() {
+        assert_eq!(&isd[pos..pos + 4], b"MIB8", "block at {pos}");
+        let key = [isd[pos + 7], isd[pos + 6], isd[pos + 5], isd[pos + 4]];
+        let len = u32::from_le_bytes(isd[pos + 8..pos + 12].try_into().unwrap()) as usize;
+        let body = &isd[pos + 12..pos + 12 + len];
+        if &key == b"Layr" {
+            layr = Some(body.to_vec());
+        }
+        if &key == b"LMsk" {
+            assert_eq!(body, &[0, 0, 0xff, 0xff, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x32, 0, 0x80, 0]);
+        }
+        keys.push(key);
+        pos += 12 + len;
+        let rest = &isd[pos..];
+        let pad = (0..=3).find(|&k| k == rest.len() || rest.get(k..k + 4) == Some(b"MIB8")).unwrap_or(0);
+        pos += pad;
+    }
+    assert_eq!(pos, isd.len(), "trailing bytes after the last block");
+    assert_eq!(keys.first(), Some(b"Layr"));
+    assert_eq!(keys.get(1), Some(b"LMsk"));
+    assert!(!keys.iter().any(|k| k == b"MTrn" || k == b"Mtrn"));
+    let layr = layr.expect("Layr");
+    let count = i16::from_le_bytes([layr[0], layr[1]]);
+    if with_spot {
+        assert!(count > 0, "layer count {count}");
+        assert_eq!((spp, extra.as_slice()), (4, [0u16].as_slice()));
+    } else {
+        assert!(count < 0, "layer count {count}");
+        assert_eq!(extra, vec![2]);
+    }
+    let nch = u16::from_le_bytes([layr[18], layr[19]]) as usize;
+    let mut ids = Vec::new();
+    let mut p = 20;
+    for _ in 0..nch {
+        ids.push(i16::from_le_bytes([layr[p], layr[p + 1]]));
+        p += 6;
+    }
+    assert!(ids.contains(&-1), "channel ids {ids:?}");
+}
+
+/// Photoshop 27's Kato-Karate TIFF stores spot ink inverted: every non-white artwork pixel
+/// has spot 0, and the white background is spot 255. An alpha channel is the other way
+/// around (255 = selected). Photoshop's PSDs store both the same way, and so does a PSD saved
+/// here. Everything round-trips, PSD → TIFF → PSD included.
+#[test]
+fn spot_ink_is_stored_as_zero_and_alpha_is_not() {
+    use photocraft_color::{Color, PixelFormat};
+    use photocraft_doc::{AlphaChannel, Layer};
+    use photocraft_geom::{Rect, Size};
+    use photocraft_psd::PsdFile;
+    use photocraft_raster::Surface;
+
+    for depth in [SampleType::U8, SampleType::U16, SampleType::F32] {
+        let (w, h) = (8u32, 8u32);
+        let mut doc = Document::new("pol", Size::new(w, h), ColorMode::Rgb, depth);
+        let fmt = doc.pixel_format();
+        let mut art = Surface::new(fmt);
+        art.fill_rect(Rect::new(2, 2, 6, 6), &photocraft_raster::from_rgba(&fmt, [1.0, 0.2, 0.1, 1.0]));
+        doc.layers.push(Layer::new("Art", LayerContent::Raster(art)));
+        let gray = PixelFormat::new(ColorMode::Grayscale, depth, false);
+        let n = (w as usize) * (h as usize);
+        let mut ink = vec![0.0f32; n];
+        for y in 2..6 {
+            for x in 2..6 {
+                ink[y * w as usize + x] = 1.0;
+            }
+        }
+        let mut spot = AlphaChannel::new("Spot Color 1", Surface::new(gray));
+        spot.surface.write_region(Rect::new(0, 0, w as i32, h as i32), &ink);
+        spot.spot = Some((Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0), 0.6));
+        doc.channels.push(spot);
+        let mut alpha = AlphaChannel::new("Alpha 1", Surface::new(gray));
+        alpha.surface.write_region(Rect::new(0, 0, w as i32, h as i32), &ink);
+        doc.channels.push(alpha);
+
+        let psd = export(&doc, "pol.psd", &ExportOptions::default()).unwrap();
+        let file = PsdFile::from_bytes(&psd.bytes).unwrap();
+        let merged = file.decode_merged().unwrap();
+        let bps = depth.bytes();
+        let plane = n * bps;
+        let first = 3 + usize::from(file.merged_has_alpha());
+        let spot_plane = &merged[first * plane..(first + 1) * plane];
+        let alpha_plane = &merged[(first + 1) * plane..(first + 2) * plane];
+        // Background (0,0) and artwork (3,3). Spot: 0 = solid ink, max = paper.
+        // Alpha: max = selected, 0 = empty.
+        assert_stored(spot_plane, 0, depth, false, "psd spot background");
+        assert_stored(spot_plane, (3 * w as usize + 3) * bps, depth, true, "psd spot art");
+        assert_stored(alpha_plane, 0, depth, true, "psd alpha background");
+        assert_stored(alpha_plane, (3 * w as usize + 3) * bps, depth, false, "psd alpha art");
+        // The merged transparency (0), then the spot and the alpha channel (3, 4).
+        assert_eq!(file.resource(1053).map(|r| identifiers(&r.data)), Some(vec![0, 3, 4]), "{depth:?}");
+        let back = import("pol.psd", &psd.bytes).unwrap().document;
+        let area = Rect::new(0, 0, w as i32, h as i32);
+        assert_eq!(back.channels[0].surface.to_interleaved(area), doc.channels[0].surface.to_interleaved(area), "{depth:?} psd spot");
+        assert_eq!(back.channels[1].surface.to_interleaved(area), doc.channels[1].surface.to_interleaved(area), "{depth:?} psd alpha");
+        assert!(back.channels[0].spot.is_some(), "{depth:?}");
+        assert!(back.channels[1].spot.is_none(), "{depth:?}");
+
+        if depth == SampleType::U8 {
+            for layers in [false, true] {
+                // The document as opened from the PSD, so the PSD's own resources come along.
+                let r = export(&back, "pol.tif", &ExportOptions { tiff_layers: layers, ..ExportOptions::default() }).unwrap();
+                let (spp, _bps, extra, _rows, samples) = independent_samples(&r.bytes);
+                assert_eq!((spp, extra.as_slice()), (5, [0u16, 0].as_slice()), "{layers}");
+                // Reference TIFF: artwork spot sample is 0, background spot sample is 255.
+                assert_eq!(samples[3], 255, "{layers} background spot");
+                assert_eq!(samples[(3 * w as usize + 3) * 5 + 3], 0, "{layers} art spot");
+                assert_eq!(samples[4], 0, "{layers} background alpha");
+                assert_eq!(samples[(3 * w as usize + 3) * 5 + 4], 255, "{layers} art alpha");
+                // One identifier per extra sample, numbered from 3 (no transparency sample).
+                assert_eq!(tiff_alpha_identifiers(&r.bytes), [3, 4], "{layers}");
+                let from_tiff = import("pol.tif", &r.bytes).unwrap().document;
+                assert_eq!(from_tiff.channels[0].surface.to_interleaved(area), doc.channels[0].surface.to_interleaved(area), "{layers}");
+                assert_eq!(from_tiff.channels[1].surface.to_interleaved(area), doc.channels[1].surface.to_interleaved(area), "{layers}");
+                assert!(from_tiff.channels[0].spot.is_some() && from_tiff.channels[1].spot.is_none(), "{layers}");
+                // Saved as PSD again: the first PSD's planes, and one 1053 of its own. The flat TIFF's
+                // composite was matted on white, so only the layered one brings transparency back.
+                let psd = PsdFile::from_bytes(&export(&from_tiff, "pol.psd", &ExportOptions::default()).unwrap().bytes).unwrap();
+                let again = psd.decode_merged().unwrap();
+                assert_eq!(again[again.len() - 2 * plane..], merged[(first * plane)..(first + 2) * plane], "{layers} tiff to psd");
+                assert_eq!(psd.merged_has_alpha(), layers, "{layers} tiff to psd");
+                let want: Vec<u32> = if layers { vec![0, 3, 4] } else { vec![3, 4] };
+                assert_eq!(psd.resources.iter().filter(|r| r.id == 1053).map(|r| identifiers(&r.data)).collect::<Vec<_>>(), [want], "{layers} tiff to psd");
+                let reopened = import("pol.psd", &psd.to_bytes().unwrap()).unwrap().document;
+                assert_eq!(reopened.channels[0].surface.to_interleaved(area), doc.channels[0].surface.to_interleaved(area), "{layers}");
+                assert_eq!(reopened.channels[1].surface.to_interleaved(area), doc.channels[1].surface.to_interleaved(area), "{layers}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The big-endian u32s of a resource 1053.
+fn identifiers(data: &[u8]) -> Vec<u32> {
+    data.as_chunks::<4>().0.iter().map(|c| u32::from_be_bytes(*c)).collect()
+}
+
+/// The identifiers in a TIFF's resource 1053 (none without one).
+fn tiff_alpha_identifiers(bytes: &[u8]) -> Vec<u32> {
+    let resources = tags(bytes).0.expect("photoshop resources");
+    let (blocks, _) = photocraft_psd::tiff::resources_from_bytes(&resources).unwrap();
+    blocks.iter().find(|b| b.id == 1053).map(|b| identifiers(&b.data)).unwrap_or_default()
+}
+
+/// `at` addresses one sample of a big-endian PSD plane. `zero` expects 0; otherwise the
+/// maximum sample (255 / 65535 / 1.0).
+fn assert_stored(plane: &[u8], at: usize, depth: SampleType, zero: bool, what: &str) {
+    match depth {
+        SampleType::U8 => {
+            let v = plane[at];
+            assert_eq!(v, if zero { 0 } else { 255 }, "{what} {v}");
+        }
+        SampleType::U16 => {
+            let v = u16::from_be_bytes([plane[at], plane[at + 1]]);
+            assert_eq!(v, if zero { 0 } else { 65535 }, "{what} {v}");
+        }
+        SampleType::F32 => {
+            let v = f32::from_be_bytes([plane[at], plane[at + 1], plane[at + 2], plane[at + 3]]);
+            assert_eq!(v, if zero { 0.0 } else { 1.0 }, "{what} {v}");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Quick Mask stays the last channel after the merged transparency plane is omitted.
+#[test]
+fn spot_tiff_keeps_quick_mask_when_composite_alpha_is_omitted() {
+    use photocraft_color::{Color, PixelFormat};
+    use photocraft_doc::{AlphaChannel, Layer};
+    use photocraft_geom::{Rect, Size};
+    use photocraft_raster::Surface;
+
+    let mut doc = Document::new("q", Size::new(8, 8), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8);
+    let fmt = doc.pixel_format();
+    let mut art = Surface::new(fmt);
+    art.fill_rect(Rect::new(1, 1, 6, 6), &photocraft_raster::from_rgba(&fmt, [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5]));
+    doc.layers.push(Layer::new("Art", LayerContent::Raster(art)));
+    let gray = PixelFormat::new(ColorMode::Grayscale, SampleType::U8, false);
+    let area = Rect::new(0, 0, 8, 8);
+    let mut spot_bytes = vec![9u8; 64];
+    spot_bytes[0] = 3;
+    let mut channel = AlphaChannel::new("Spot Color 1", Surface::from_interleaved(gray, area, &spot_bytes));
+    channel.spot = Some((Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0), 0.6));
+    doc.channels.push(channel);
+    let mut qbytes = vec![7u8; 64];
+    qbytes[1] = 4;
+    doc.quick_mask = Some(AlphaChannel::new("Quick Mask", Surface::from_interleaved(gray, area, &qbytes)));
+
+    for layers in [false, true] {
+        let r = export(&doc, "q.tif", &ExportOptions { tiff_layers: layers, ..ExportOptions::default() }).unwrap();
+        let (spp, _bps, extra, _rows, samples) = independent_samples(&r.bytes);
+        assert_eq!((spp, extra.as_slice()), (5, [0, 0].as_slice()), "{layers}");
+        let stored_spot: Vec<u8> = spot_bytes.iter().map(|b| 255 - b).collect();
+        assert_plane(&samples, 5, 3, &stored_spot);
+        // A Quick Mask is an alpha channel: stored straight, not as spot ink.
+        assert_plane(&samples, 5, 4, &qbytes);
+        let back = import("q.tif", &r.bytes).unwrap().document;
+        assert_eq!(back.channels.len(), 1, "{layers}");
+        assert_eq!(back.channels[0].surface.to_interleaved(area), spot_bytes, "{layers}");
+        let qm = back.quick_mask.as_ref().unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("{layers}: no quick mask"));
+        assert_eq!(qm.surface.to_interleaved(area), qbytes, "{layers}");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_export_options_write_a_flat_tiff() {
+    // Scripted and agent saves (CLI, batch, MCP) build on the defaults: layers only on request.
+    let d = gen_doc(ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8, Features::PIXELS);
+    assert!(tiff_layers::would_write_layers(&d));
+    let r = export(&d, "x.tif", &ExportOptions::default()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(tags(&r.bytes), (None, None));
+    assert_eq!(import("x.tif", &r.bytes).unwrap().document.layers.len(), 1);
+}
+
+/// #2940: layered TIFF data whose groups nest past the document's cap is rejected with the same
+/// limit error as a PSD, instead of being converted.
+#[test]
+fn layered_tiff_nested_past_the_cap_is_rejected() {
+    use photocraft_psd::{GroupSpec, LayerSpec, PixelData, PsdBuilder, PsdFile};
+    let tiff_nested = |levels: usize| {
+        let mut b = PsdBuilder::new(4, 4);
+        for _ in 0..levels {
+            b.begin_group(GroupSpec::new("g"));
+        }
+        b.push_layer(LayerSpec::new("deep", 0, 0, 1, 1, PixelData::Rgba8(vec![1, 2, 3, 4])));
+        for _ in 0..levels {
+            b.end_group().unwrap();
+        }
+        let file = PsdFile::from_bytes(&b.to_bytes().unwrap()).unwrap();
+        let order = if photocraft_codecs::tiff_writes_little_endian() { ByteOrder::Little } else { ByteOrder::Big };
+        let layers = ImageSourceData::from_psd(&file).to_bytes(order).unwrap().0;
+        let d = gen_doc(ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8, Features::PIXELS);
+        let mut img = photocraft_codecs::decode(&tiff(&d, false).bytes).unwrap();
+        img.meta.photoshop_layers = Some(layers);
+        photocraft_codecs::encode(&img, photocraft_codecs::Format::Tiff, &photocraft_codecs::EncodeOptions::default()).unwrap()
+    };
+    let err = import("deep.tif", &tiff_nested(101)).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.to_string().contains("nested deeper than 100"), "{err}");
+    let r = import("hundred.tif", &tiff_nested(100)).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r.document.max_group_depth(), 100);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn layered_tiff_writes_photoshops_global_layer_mask() {
+    // #9095: Photoshop reads only the composite of a layered TIFF whose `LMsk` block is empty
+    // ("There was a problem reading the layer data"); it writes 14 bytes there itself: overlay
+    // colour space 0, colour (65535, 0, 0, 0), opacity 50, kind 128, one filler byte.
+    for depth in [SampleType::U8, SampleType::U16] {
+        let d = gen_doc(ColorMode::Rgb, depth, Features::PIXELS);
+        let (_, layers) = tags(&tiff(&d, true).bytes);
+        let (isd, _) = ImageSourceData::from_bytes(&layers.expect("layer data")).expect("parse layer data");
+        let mask = isd.global_layer_mask.expect("LMsk block");
+        assert_eq!(mask.data, [0, 0, 0xff, 0xff, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 50, 128, 0], "{depth:?}");
+    }
+}
+
+/// Past MAX_EXTRA_SAMPLES (16), a layered TIFF stores the first 16 extra channels. Its channel
+/// resources must describe those 16 and no more: 16 names in 1006 and 1045, 16 DisplayInfo
+/// records and 16 identifiers, and no Quick Mask record for a Quick Mask that wasn't stored.
+#[test]
+fn channels_past_sixteen_leave_no_resources_behind() {
+    use photocraft_color::PixelFormat;
+    use photocraft_doc::{AlphaChannel, Layer};
+    use photocraft_geom::{Rect, Size};
+    use photocraft_raster::Surface;
+
+    let mut doc = Document::new("t", Size::new(8, 8), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8);
+    let fmt = doc.pixel_format();
+    let mut art = Surface::new(fmt);
+    art.fill_rect(Rect::new(0, 0, 8, 8), &photocraft_raster::from_rgba(&fmt, [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]));
+    doc.layers.push(Layer::new("Art", LayerContent::Raster(art)));
+    let gray = PixelFormat::new(ColorMode::Grayscale, SampleType::U8, false);
+    for i in 1..=18 {
+        doc.channels.push(AlphaChannel::new(format!("Alpha {i}"), Surface::new(gray)));
+    }
+    doc.quick_mask = Some(AlphaChannel::new("Quick Mask", Surface::new(gray)));
+
+    let r = tiff(&doc, true);
+    assert!(r.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("19 extra channels") && w.contains("first 16")), "{:?}", r.warnings);
+    let (resources, _) = tags(&r.bytes);
+    let (resources, _) = photocraft_psd::tiff::resources_from_bytes(&resources.expect("resources")).expect("parse resources");
+    let data = |id: u16| resources.iter().find(|r| r.id == id).map(|r| r.data.clone()).unwrap_or_default();
+    let pascal = data(1006);
+    let (mut at, mut names) = (0usize, 0usize);
+    while let Some(&len) = pascal.get(at) {
+        at += 1 + usize::from(len);
+        names += 1;
+    }
+    assert_eq!(names, 16, "1006");
+    let unicode = data(1045);
+    let (mut at, mut names) = (0usize, 0usize);
+    while let Some(b) = unicode.get(at..at + 4) {
+        at += 4 + 2 * u32::from_be_bytes([b[0], b[1], b[2], b[3]]) as usize;
+        names += 1;
+    }
+    assert_eq!(names, 16, "1045");
+    assert_eq!(data(1077).len(), 4 + 16 * 13, "1077");
+    assert_eq!(data(1053).len(), 16 * 4, "1053");
+    assert!(resources.iter().all(|r| r.id != 1022), "the Quick Mask was not stored, so its record goes");
+
+    let flat = photocraft_codecs::decode(&r.bytes).expect("decode");
+    assert_eq!(flat.meta.extra_samples.len(), 16);
+    let back = import("x.tif", &r.bytes).expect("import").document;
+    let names: Vec<&str> = back.channels.iter().map(|c| c.name.as_str()).collect();
+    let want: Vec<String> = (1..=16).map(|i| format!("Alpha {i}")).collect();
+    assert_eq!(names, want.iter().map(String::as_str).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+    assert!(back.quick_mask.is_none());
+}
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/tiff_pages.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/tiff_pages.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/tiff_pages.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/tiff_pages.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/tiff_type_geometry.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/tiff_type_geometry.rs
similarity index 62%
rename from crates/io/tests/tiff_type_geometry.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/tiff_type_geometry.rs
index 8a04c2dc97..326ec35cee 100644
--- a/crates/io/tests/tiff_type_geometry.rs
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/tiff_type_geometry.rs
@@ -5,9 +5,14 @@ use photocraft_doc::text::{CharStyle, TextRun};
 use photocraft_doc::{Document, Layer, LayerContent, Size, TextLayer};
 use photocraft_geom::Affine;
 use photocraft_io::{ExportOptions, PsdExportOptions, document_to_psd_with, export, import, psd_to_document};
+use photocraft_psd::descriptor::{Value, VersionedDescriptor};
 
 fn document() -> Document {
-    let mut doc = Document::new("Synthetic type", Size::new(640, 400), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8);
+    document_in(ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8)
+}
+
+fn document_in(mode: ColorMode, depth: SampleType) -> Document {
+    let mut doc = Document::new("Synthetic type", Size::new(640, 400), mode, depth);
     doc.resolution_dpi = 300.0;
     let mut t = TextLayer {
         text: "Synthetic".into(),
@@ -46,6 +51,49 @@ fn photoshop_mixed_order_tiff_import_keeps_editable_geometry_and_pixels() {
     assert_eq!(rerendered.content_bounds(), after.cache.as_ref().unwrap().content_bounds());
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn layered_tiff_export_keeps_tysh_text_descriptor_big_endian() {
+    for (mode, depth) in [
+        (ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8),
+        (ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U16),
+        (ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::F32),
+        (ColorMode::Grayscale, SampleType::U8),
+        (ColorMode::Grayscale, SampleType::U16),
+        (ColorMode::Grayscale, SampleType::F32),
+        (ColorMode::Cmyk, SampleType::U8),
+        (ColorMode::Cmyk, SampleType::U16),
+    ] {
+        let doc = document_in(mode, depth);
+        let (psd, _) = document_to_psd_with(&doc, &PsdExportOptions::default());
+        let canonical = &psd.layers()[0].block(b"TySh").unwrap().data;
+        let encoded = export(&doc, "test.tif", &ExportOptions { tiff_layers: true, ..Default::default() }).unwrap();
+        let (_, layers) = photocraft_codecs::tiff_photoshop_tags(&encoded.bytes);
+        let layers = layers.expect("layered TIFF tag 37724");
+        let block_at = layers.windows(8).position(|window| window == b"MIB8hSyT").expect("little-endian TySh block");
+        let length_at = block_at + 8;
+        let length_bytes: [u8; 4] = layers.get(length_at..length_at + 4).expect("TySh length").try_into().expect("four-byte length");
+        let length = usize::try_from(u32::from_le_bytes(length_bytes)).expect("test block length fits usize");
+        let data_at = length_at + 4;
+        let payload = layers.get(data_at..data_at + length).expect("TySh payload");
+        let (_, descriptor_len) = VersionedDescriptor::parse_prefix(canonical.get(52..).unwrap()).unwrap();
+        let text_section_len = 2 + descriptor_len;
+        assert_eq!(payload.get(50..52), Some(&50u16.to_be_bytes()[..]), "{mode:?} {depth:?}");
+        assert_eq!(payload.get(52..56), Some(&16u32.to_be_bytes()[..]), "{mode:?} {depth:?}");
+        assert_eq!(payload.get(50..50 + text_section_len), canonical.get(50..50 + text_section_len), "{mode:?} {depth:?}");
+        let descriptor = VersionedDescriptor::parse_prefix(payload.get(52..).unwrap()).unwrap().0;
+        assert!(matches!(descriptor.descriptor.get("Txt "), Some(Value::Text(value)) if value.to_string_lossy() == doc.layers[0].name));
+
+        let opened = import("photoshop.tif", &encoded.bytes).unwrap();
+        assert!(!opened.warnings.iter().any(|warning| warning.contains("TySh")), "{:?}", opened.warnings);
+        let LayerContent::Text(before) = &doc.layers[0].content else { panic!("source type") };
+        let LayerContent::Text(after) = &opened.document.layers[0].content else { panic!("imported type") };
+        assert_eq!(after.transform, before.transform, "{mode:?} {depth:?}");
+        assert_eq!(after.size_pt, before.size_pt, "{mode:?} {depth:?}");
+        assert_eq!(after.text, before.text, "{mode:?} {depth:?}");
+        assert_eq!(after.cache.as_ref().unwrap().content_bounds(), before.cache.as_ref().unwrap().content_bounds(), "{mode:?} {depth:?}");
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn foreign_or_unsafe_type_keeps_cached_pixels_without_editable_geometry() {
     let doc = document();
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/vector.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/vector.rs
similarity index 90%
rename from crates/io/tests/vector.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/vector.rs
index e32cbed3fa..71bf66823c 100644
--- a/crates/io/tests/vector.rs
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/vector.rs
@@ -135,6 +135,37 @@ fn shape_layer_typed_roundtrip() {
     }
 }
 
+/// #6180: Appearance fill and stroke alphas survive PSD save/load, and a redraw
+/// (move/crop) uses those values instead of snapping to opaque.
+#[test]
+fn rectangle_appearance_alphas_survive_psd_and_redraw() {
+    let mut d = doc();
+    let sh = ShapeLayer {
+        path: photocraft_vector::shapes::rect(16.0, 16.0, 128.0, 96.0),
+        fill: Some(Fill::Solid(Color::rgba(1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5))),
+        stroke: Some(ShapeStroke { width: 4.0, paint: Fill::Solid(Color::rgba(0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.4)), opacity: 0.5, ..ShapeStroke::default() }),
+        live: Some(LiveShape::Rect { rect: [16.0, 16.0, 128.0, 96.0], radii: [0.0; 4] }),
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    d.layers.push(shape_layer(sh));
+    let b = roundtrip(&d);
+    let LayerContent::Shape(s) = &b.layers[1].content else { panic!("not a shape") };
+    let Fill::Solid(fill) = s.fill.as_ref().unwrap() else { panic!("solid fill") };
+    assert!((fill.alpha - 0.5).abs() < 1e-4, "fill appearance alpha {}", fill.alpha);
+    let st = s.stroke.as_ref().unwrap();
+    let Fill::Solid(stroke_c) = &st.paint else { panic!("solid stroke") };
+    assert!((stroke_c.alpha - 0.4).abs() < 1e-4, "stroke colour alpha {}", stroke_c.alpha);
+    assert!((st.opacity - 0.5).abs() < 1e-4, "stroke opacity {}", st.opacity);
+    let mut redrawn = s.clone();
+    redrawn.cache = Some(photocraft_vector::render_shape(&redrawn, photocraft_color::PixelFormat::RGBA8, Rect::new(0, 0, 256, 256)));
+    let Fill::Solid(fill2) = redrawn.fill.as_ref().unwrap() else { panic!("solid fill") };
+    assert!((fill2.alpha - 0.5).abs() < 1e-4);
+    let st2 = redrawn.stroke.as_ref().unwrap();
+    let Fill::Solid(stroke2) = &st2.paint else { panic!("solid stroke") };
+    assert!((stroke2.alpha - 0.4).abs() < 1e-4);
+    assert!((st2.opacity - 0.5).abs() < 1e-4);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn custom_stroke_styles_roundtrip_through_psd_vstk() {
     for align in [StrokeAlign::Inside, StrokeAlign::Center, StrokeAlign::Outside] {
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/xcf.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/xcf.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/io/tests/xcf.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/xcf.rs
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/xmp_export.rs b/crates/io/tests/it/xmp_export.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from crates/io/tests/xmp_export.rs
rename to crates/io/tests/it/xmp_export.rs
index 8d22017ff6..08af0006c7 100644
--- a/crates/io/tests/xmp_export.rs
+++ b/crates/io/tests/it/xmp_export.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ fn doc_with_xmp() -> Document {
     let mut s = Surface::new(d.pixel_format());
     s.fill_rect(photocraft_geom::Rect::new(0, 0, 8, 6), &[0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 1.0]);
     d.layers.push(Layer::new("flat", LayerContent::Raster(s)));
-    d.metadata.xmp = Some(XMP.to_string());
+    d.metadata.xmp = Some(XMP.into());
     d
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/support/recovery_psd.rs b/crates/io/tests/support/recovery_psd.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4d26bec646
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/io/tests/support/recovery_psd.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+//! Minimal, deterministic PSD fixtures for the PSD recovery tests.
+//!
+//! Pure Rust / std: no binary fixtures, external assets, Python, or build script.
+//! The damaged fixture has valid layer records and a valid merged composite;
+//! only the green channel of the orange layer contains a truncated PackBits run.
+
+const WIDTH: usize = 128;
+const HEIGHT: usize = 96;
+const PANEL: (usize, usize, usize, usize) = (20, 16, 108, 80);
+const PANEL_RGB: [u8; 3] = [244, 156, 28];
+const PANEL_ALPHA: u8 = 220;
+
+struct Channel {
+    id: i16,
+    data: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+struct Layer {
+    record: Vec<u8>,
+    pixels: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+/// Writes the big-endian 32-bit length of a PSD section to the output buffer.
+fn put_len(out: &mut Vec<u8>, len: usize) {
+    out.extend_from_slice(&u32::try_from(len).expect("test PSD section fits u32").to_be_bytes());
+}
+
+/// Builds the three RGB planes of the deterministic blue checkerboard background.
+fn background_rgb() -> [Vec<u8>; 3] {
+    let mut planes: [Vec<u8>; 3] = std::array::from_fn(|_| Vec::with_capacity(WIDTH * HEIGHT));
+    for y in 0..HEIGHT {
+        for x in 0..WIDTH {
+            let checker = u8::try_from((x / 16 + y / 16) % 2).expect("checker value is 0 or 1");
+            planes[0].push(34 + checker * 12);
+            planes[1].push(102 + checker * 15);
+            planes[2].push(184 + checker * 12);
+        }
+    }
+    planes
+}
+
+/// Encodes a layer channel without compression, including its PSD compression marker.
+fn raw_channel(id: i16, pixels: &[u8]) -> Channel {
+    let mut data = Vec::with_capacity(2 + pixels.len());
+    data.extend_from_slice(&0u16.to_be_bytes()); // 0 = uncompressed
+    data.extend_from_slice(pixels);
+    Channel { id, data }
+}
+
+/// Encodes constant-color PackBits rows, optionally truncating the middle row.
+/// The corrupt variant keeps the row-length table structurally valid.
+fn rle_channel(id: i16, sample: u8, width: usize, height: usize, corrupt: bool) -> Channel {
+    let mut rows: Vec<Vec<u8>> = Vec::with_capacity(height);
+    for y in 0..height {
+        if corrupt && y == height / 2 {
+            // 0 declares one literal byte, but that byte is missing.
+            // Its row-length entry remains valid: this tests the decoder.
+            rows.push(vec![0]);
+            continue;
+        }
+        let mut row = Vec::new();
+        let mut remaining = width;
+        while remaining != 0 {
+            let count = remaining.min(128);
+            // PackBits negative repeat count -(count - 1), modulo 256.
+            let header = u8::try_from(257 - count).expect("PackBits repeat header fits u8");
+            row.extend_from_slice(&[header, sample]);
+            remaining -= count;
+        }
+        rows.push(row);
+    }
+    let mut data = Vec::new();
+    data.extend_from_slice(&1u16.to_be_bytes()); // 1 = PackBits/RLE
+    for row in &rows {
+        data.extend_from_slice(&u16::try_from(row.len()).expect("row fits PSD u16 length").to_be_bytes());
+    }
+    for row in rows {
+        data.extend_from_slice(&row);
+    }
+    Channel { id, data }
+}
+
+/// Serializes a PSD layer record and its channel payloads separately, in file order.
+fn layer(name: &str, rect: (i32, i32, i32, i32), channels: Vec<Channel>) -> Layer {
+    let (left, top, right, bottom) = rect;
+    let name_bytes = name.as_bytes();
+    let name_len = u8::try_from(name_bytes.len()).expect("layer name fits Pascal string");
+
+    let mut extra = Vec::new();
+    extra.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_be_bytes()); // no layer mask
+    extra.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_be_bytes()); // no blending ranges
+    extra.push(name_len);
+    extra.extend_from_slice(name_bytes);
+    while extra.len() % 4 != 0 {
+        extra.push(0);
+    }
+
+    let mut record = Vec::new();
+    for coordinate in [top, left, bottom, right] {
+        record.extend_from_slice(&coordinate.to_be_bytes());
+    }
+    record.extend_from_slice(&u16::try_from(channels.len()).expect("channel count fits u16").to_be_bytes());
+    for channel in &channels {
+        record.extend_from_slice(&channel.id.to_be_bytes());
+        put_len(&mut record, channel.data.len());
+    }
+    record.extend_from_slice(b"8BIMnorm");
+    record.extend_from_slice(&[255, 0, 0, 0]); // opacity, clipping, flags, filler
+    put_len(&mut record, extra.len());
+    record.extend_from_slice(&extra);
+
+    let mut pixels = Vec::new();
+    for channel in channels {
+        pixels.extend_from_slice(&channel.data);
+    }
+    Layer { record, pixels }
+}
+
+/// Composites the orange rectangle over the checkerboard as an uncompressed
+/// merged RGB image, independent of the deliberately damaged layer channel.
+fn merged_rgb(background: &[Vec<u8>; 3]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut planes = background.clone();
+    for y in PANEL.1..PANEL.3 {
+        for x in PANEL.0..PANEL.2 {
+            let pixel = y * WIDTH + x;
+            for channel in 0..3 {
+                let fg = u32::from(PANEL_RGB[channel]);
+                let bg = u32::from(background[channel][pixel]);
+                let alpha = u32::from(PANEL_ALPHA);
+                let mixed = (fg * alpha + bg * (255 - alpha) + 127) / 255;
+                planes[channel][pixel] = u8::try_from(mixed).expect("composite pixel fits u8");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    let mut data = Vec::new();
+    data.extend_from_slice(&0u16.to_be_bytes()); // merged composite: uncompressed
+    for plane in &planes {
+        data.extend_from_slice(plane);
+    }
+    data
+}
+
+/// Returns a complete PSD file in memory. `corrupt` changes *only* one RLE row
+/// in the green channel of the upper layer; the file is otherwise well framed.
+pub fn make_psd(corrupt: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let background = background_rgb();
+    let background_layer =
+        layer("SAFE blue background", (0, 0, WIDTH as i32, HEIGHT as i32), (0..3).map(|ch| raw_channel(ch, &background[ch as usize])).collect());
+
+    let panel_width = PANEL.2 - PANEL.0;
+    let panel_height = PANEL.3 - PANEL.1;
+    let top_layer = layer(
+        "BROKEN orange RLE",
+        (PANEL.0 as i32, PANEL.1 as i32, PANEL.2 as i32, PANEL.3 as i32),
+        vec![
+            rle_channel(0, PANEL_RGB[0], panel_width, panel_height, false),
+            rle_channel(1, PANEL_RGB[1], panel_width, panel_height, corrupt),
+            rle_channel(2, PANEL_RGB[2], panel_width, panel_height, false),
+            rle_channel(-1, PANEL_ALPHA, panel_width, panel_height, false),
+        ],
+    );
+    // Photoshop stores the top layer's record first.
+    let layers = [top_layer, background_layer];
+    let mut layer_info = Vec::new();
+    layer_info.extend_from_slice(&2i16.to_be_bytes());
+    for layer in &layers {
+        layer_info.extend_from_slice(&layer.record);
+    }
+    for layer in &layers {
+        layer_info.extend_from_slice(&layer.pixels);
+    }
+    if layer_info.len() % 2 != 0 {
+        layer_info.push(0); // layer info is padded to an even size
+    }
+
+    let mut layer_and_mask = Vec::new();
+    put_len(&mut layer_and_mask, layer_info.len());
+    layer_and_mask.extend_from_slice(&layer_info);
+    layer_and_mask.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_be_bytes()); // empty global layer mask
+
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    out.extend_from_slice(b"8BPS");
+    out.extend_from_slice(&1u16.to_be_bytes()); // PSD (not PSB)
+    out.extend_from_slice(&[0u8; 6]);
+    out.extend_from_slice(&3u16.to_be_bytes()); // RGB channels
+    out.extend_from_slice(&(HEIGHT as u32).to_be_bytes());
+    out.extend_from_slice(&(WIDTH as u32).to_be_bytes());
+    out.extend_from_slice(&8u16.to_be_bytes()); // 8 bits per channel
+    out.extend_from_slice(&3u16.to_be_bytes()); // RGB colour mode
+    out.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_be_bytes()); // no colour-mode data
+    out.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_be_bytes()); // no image resources
+    put_len(&mut out, layer_and_mask.len());
+    out.extend_from_slice(&layer_and_mask);
+    out.extend_from_slice(&merged_rgb(&background));
+    out
+}
diff --git a/crates/io/tests/tiff_layers.rs b/crates/io/tests/tiff_layers.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 56e51bf9f9..0000000000
--- a/crates/io/tests/tiff_layers.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,394 +0,0 @@
-//! Layered TIFF (Photoshop layer data in tags 37724 / 34377): Document → TIFF → Document round
-//! trips in every mode and depth, equivalence with the PSD path, the flat fall-backs, files
-//! written by an independent implementation (psdtags, both byte orders), and malformed input.
-
-mod common;
-
-use common::*;
-use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, SampleType};
-use photocraft_doc::{Document, LayerContent};
-use photocraft_io::*;
-use photocraft_psd::tiff::{ByteOrder, ImageSourceData};
-
-fn tiff(doc: &Document, layers: bool) -> ExportResult {
-    export(doc, "x.tif", &ExportOptions { tiff_layers: layers, ..Default::default() }).expect("export")
-}
-
-/// The two Photoshop tags of a TIFF: (resources, layers).
-fn tags(bytes: &[u8]) -> (Option<Vec<u8>>, Option<Vec<u8>>) {
-    let (r, l) = photocraft_codecs::tiff_photoshop_tags(bytes);
-    (r.map(<[u8]>::to_vec), l.map(<[u8]>::to_vec))
-}
-
-fn roundtrip(doc: &Document) -> Document {
-    let r = tiff(doc, true);
-    let (resources, layers) = tags(&r.bytes);
-    let layers = layers.expect("layer data");
-    assert!(resources.is_some_and(|r| !r.is_empty()), "image resources");
-    // The layer data matches the container's byte order and is byte-stable through the psd crate.
-    let order = if photocraft_codecs::tiff_writes_little_endian() { ByteOrder::Little } else { ByteOrder::Big };
-    let (isd, w) = ImageSourceData::from_bytes(&layers).expect("parse layer data");
-    assert!(w.is_empty(), "{w:?}");
-    assert_eq!(isd.byte_order, order);
-    assert_eq!(isd.to_bytes(order).unwrap().0, layers);
-    // The TIFF is a plain image to any other reader: the composite at the document's size.
-    let flat = photocraft_codecs::decode(&r.bytes).expect("flat decode");
-    assert_eq!(flat.dimensions(), (doc.size.width, doc.size.height));
-    // A TIFF holds one transparency channel: extra alpha channels (and a Quick Mask) are not
-    // kept, and the export says so.
-    let extra = doc.channels.len() + usize::from(doc.quick_mask.is_some());
-    assert_eq!(r.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("alpha channel(s) are not written")), extra > 0, "{:?}", r.warnings);
-    import("x.tif", &r.bytes).expect("import").document
-}
-
-/// `doc` as a layered TIFF round trip returns it: without extra alpha channels or a Quick Mask.
-fn expected(doc: &Document) -> Document {
-    let mut d = doc.clone();
-    d.channels.clear();
-    d.quick_mask = None;
-    d
-}
-
-macro_rules! rt_case {
-    ($name:ident, $mode:expr, $depth:expr, $f:expr) => {
-        #[test]
-        fn $name() {
-            let d = gen_doc($mode, $depth, $f);
-            let back = roundtrip(&d);
-            assert_docs_eq(&expected(&d), &back);
-        }
-    };
-}
-
-rt_case!(rt_rgb8_all, ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8, Features::ALL);
-rt_case!(rt_rgb16_all, ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U16, Features::ALL);
-rt_case!(rt_rgb32_all, ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::F32, Features::ALL);
-rt_case!(rt_gray8_all, ColorMode::Grayscale, SampleType::U8, Features::ALL);
-rt_case!(rt_gray16_all, ColorMode::Grayscale, SampleType::U16, Features::ALL);
-rt_case!(rt_gray32_all, ColorMode::Grayscale, SampleType::F32, Features::ALL);
-rt_case!(rt_cmyk8_all, ColorMode::Cmyk, SampleType::U8, Features::ALL);
-rt_case!(rt_cmyk16_all, ColorMode::Cmyk, SampleType::U16, Features::ALL);
-rt_case!(rt_rgb8_pixels, ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8, Features::PIXELS);
-rt_case!(rt_gray16_pixels, ColorMode::Grayscale, SampleType::U16, Features::PIXELS);
-rt_case!(rt_cmyk8_pixels, ColorMode::Cmyk, SampleType::U8, Features::PIXELS);
-
-#[test]
-fn tiff_and_psd_open_as_the_same_document() {
-    for (mode, depth) in [(ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8), (ColorMode::Cmyk, SampleType::U16), (ColorMode::Grayscale, SampleType::F32)] {
-        let d = gen_doc(mode, depth, Features::ALL);
-        let psd = export(&d, "x.psd", &ExportOptions::default()).unwrap();
-        let from_psd = import("x.psd", &psd.bytes).unwrap().document;
-        let from_tif = roundtrip(&d);
-        assert_docs_eq(&expected(&from_psd), &from_tif);
-        // The composite the TIFF carries is what the document looks like.
-        let tif = tiff(&d, true);
-        let flat = import(
-            "flat.tif",
-            &photocraft_codecs::encode(&photocraft_codecs::decode(&tif.bytes).unwrap(), photocraft_codecs::Format::Tiff, &Default::default()).unwrap(),
-        )
-        .unwrap()
-        .document;
-        let a = photocraft_compose::flatten(&d).px;
-        let b = photocraft_compose::flatten(&flat).px;
-        assert!(max_diff(&a, &b) <= 2.0 / 255.0, "{mode:?} {depth:?}: composite differs by {}", max_diff(&a, &b));
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn every_compression_keeps_the_layers() {
-    use photocraft_codecs::TiffCompression;
-    let d = gen_doc(ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U16, Features::PIXELS);
-    for c in [TiffCompression::None, TiffCompression::Lzw, TiffCompression::Deflate, TiffCompression::PackBits] {
-        let mut opts = ExportOptions { tiff_layers: true, ..Default::default() };
-        opts.encode.tiff_compression = c;
-        let r = export(&d, "x.tiff", &opts).unwrap();
-        let back = import("x.tiff", &r.bytes).unwrap().document;
-        assert_docs_eq(&d, &back);
-    }
-}
-
-/// The Artist tag's text, and the bytes every EXIF assertion looks for.
-const ARTIST: &[u8] = b"fixture-artist";
-
-/// A minimal little-endian EXIF (TIFF) block with a single Artist tag and no Orientation, so
-/// `upright_exif` passes it through untouched.
-fn exif() -> Vec<u8> {
-    let mut artist = ARTIST.to_vec();
-    artist.push(0); // ASCII NUL terminator
-    let mut v = b"II*\0\x08\0\0\0".to_vec(); // TIFF header, first IFD at 8
-    v.extend_from_slice(&1u16.to_le_bytes()); // one entry
-    v.extend_from_slice(&0x013bu16.to_le_bytes()); // Artist
-    v.extend_from_slice(&2u16.to_le_bytes()); // ASCII
-    v.extend_from_slice(&(artist.len() as u32).to_le_bytes());
-    v.extend_from_slice(&26u32.to_le_bytes()); // value offset: 8 + 2 + 12 + 4
-    v.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes()); // no next IFD
-    v.extend_from_slice(&artist);
-    v
-}
-
-/// #1545: a layered TIFF carries EXIF as Photoshop resource 1058 and reads it back, so it must
-/// not report a loss it never makes. A flat TIFF writes it as its own tags and keeps it too.
-#[test]
-fn layered_tiff_keeps_exif_without_claiming_a_loss() {
-    let mut d = gen_doc(ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8, Features::PIXELS);
-    d.metadata.exif = Some(std::sync::Arc::new(exif()));
-
-    let r = tiff(&d, true);
-    assert!(!r.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("EXIF")), "a layered TIFF keeps EXIF, so it must not claim to drop it: {:?}", r.warnings);
-    // ...and the tags really are in the file, so the missing warning is a true absence of loss.
-    let back = import("x.tif", &r.bytes).unwrap().document;
-    let kept = back.metadata.exif.as_deref().expect("EXIF survives the layered export");
-    assert!(kept.windows(ARTIST.len()).any(|w| w == ARTIST), "the Artist tag did not survive: {kept:?}");
-
-    // The flat path writes the EXIF block's tags as the TIFF's own (here IFD0's Artist, which
-    // reads back as the document's Artist text), so it reports no loss either.
-    let flat = tiff(&d, false);
-    assert!(!flat.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("EXIF")), "a flat TIFF keeps EXIF: {:?}", flat.warnings);
-    let back = import("x.tif", &flat.bytes).unwrap().document;
-    let artist = std::str::from_utf8(ARTIST).unwrap().trim_end_matches('\0');
-    assert!(back.metadata.text.iter().any(|(k, v)| k == "Artist" && v == artist), "{:?}", back.metadata.text);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn discard_layers_writes_a_flat_file() {
-    let d = gen_doc(ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8, Features::PIXELS);
-    let r = tiff(&d, false);
-    assert_eq!(tags(&r.bytes), (None, None));
-    assert!(r.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("flattened")), "{:?}", r.warnings);
-    let back = import("x.tif", &r.bytes).unwrap().document;
-    assert_eq!(back.layers.len(), 1);
-    assert!(!tiff_layers::would_write_layers(&back));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn a_plain_background_needs_no_layer_data() {
-    let d = import("x.png", &export(&gen_doc(ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8, Features::PIXELS), "x.png", &Default::default()).unwrap().bytes).unwrap().document;
-    assert_eq!(d.layers.len(), 1);
-    assert!(!tiff_layers::would_write_layers(&d));
-    let r = tiff(&d, true);
-    assert_eq!(tags(&r.bytes), (None, None));
-    assert!(r.warnings.is_empty(), "{:?}", r.warnings);
-    let back = import("x.tif", &r.bytes).unwrap().document;
-    assert_docs_eq(&d, &back);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn lab_documents_are_saved_flat_with_a_warning() {
-    let d = gen_doc(ColorMode::Lab, SampleType::U8, Features::PIXELS);
-    let r = tiff(&d, true);
-    assert_eq!(tags(&r.bytes), (None, None));
-    assert!(r.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("Lab") && w.contains("layers are not kept")), "{:?}", r.warnings);
-    assert!(import("x.tif", &r.bytes).is_ok());
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn transparency_is_straight_in_the_composite() {
-    // A translucent layer over nothing: the TIFF's composite keeps its colour under the alpha
-    // instead of being matted against white like a PSD's merged image.
-    let mut d = Document::new("t", photocraft_geom::Size::new(4, 4), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8);
-    let fmt = d.pixel_format();
-    let mut l = raster("Red", fmt, photocraft_geom::Rect::new(0, 0, 4, 4), 0, false);
-    if let LayerContent::Raster(s) = &mut l.content {
-        let px: Vec<f32> = (0..16).flat_map(|_| [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5]).collect();
-        s.write_region(photocraft_geom::Rect::new(0, 0, 4, 4), &px);
-    }
-    d.layers.push(l);
-    let r = tiff(&d, true);
-    let flat = photocraft_codecs::decode(&r.bytes).unwrap();
-    assert!(flat.layout().has_alpha());
-    let px = flat.data();
-    assert_eq!(&px[..4], &[255, 0, 0, 128]);
-    let back = import("x.tif", &r.bytes).unwrap().document;
-    assert_docs_eq(&d, &back);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn big_documents_use_the_psb_signature() {
-    // Forcing PSB stands in for a > 30000 px document.
-    let d = gen_doc(ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8, Features::PIXELS);
-    let r = export(&d, "x.tif", &ExportOptions { force_psb: true, tiff_layers: true, ..Default::default() }).unwrap();
-    let (_, layers) = tags(&r.bytes);
-    assert!(layers.unwrap().starts_with(photocraft_psd::tiff::SIGNATURE_PSB));
-    let back = import("x.tif", &r.bytes).unwrap().document;
-    assert_docs_eq(&d, &back);
-}
-
-/// Files written by psdtags (`scripts/layered_tiff_fixtures.py`): two RGB layers, "Background"
-/// (RLE) and an offset, translucent "Upper é" (ZIP, Multiply, opacity 200), in both byte orders
-/// at 8 and 16 bits. Binary files stay out of this repository: run the script to write them
-/// to `corpus/layered-tiff/` (gitignored); without them these checks are skipped.
-fn fixture(name: &str) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
-    let bytes = std::fs::read(format!("{}/../../corpus/layered-tiff/{name}", env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))).ok();
-    if bytes.is_none() {
-        eprintln!("skipped {name}: run `python scripts/layered_tiff_fixtures.py` to write corpus/layered-tiff/");
-    }
-    bytes
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn psdtags_fixtures_open_with_their_layers() {
-    for (name, depth) in [
-        ("layered-le-8bit.tif", SampleType::U8),
-        ("layered-be-8bit.tif", SampleType::U8),
-        ("layered-le-16bit.tif", SampleType::U16),
-        ("layered-be-16bit.tif", SampleType::U16),
-    ] {
-        let Some(bytes) = fixture(name) else { continue };
-        let r = import(name, &bytes).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{name}: {e}"));
-        let d = &r.document;
-        assert_eq!(d.size, photocraft_geom::Size::new(6, 4), "{name}");
-        assert_eq!(d.mode, ColorMode::Rgb);
-        assert_eq!(d.depth, depth, "{name}");
-        let names: Vec<&str> = d.layers.iter().map(|l| l.name.as_str()).collect();
-        assert_eq!(names, ["Background", "Upper \u{e9}"], "{name}");
-        let upper = &d.layers[1];
-        assert_eq!(upper.blend, photocraft_color::BlendMode::Multiply);
-        assert!((upper.opacity - 200.0 / 255.0).abs() < 1e-6);
-        let LayerContent::Raster(s) = &upper.content else { panic!("raster") };
-        let bounds = s.content_bounds();
-        assert_eq!((bounds.x0, bounds.y0, bounds.width(), bounds.height()), (1, 1, 4, 3), "{name}");
-        // Pixel (x=2, y=0) of the upper layer: the generator's ramp, alpha 160/255.
-        let px = s.pixel(3, 1);
-        let expect = |v: u32| (v % 256) as f32 / 255.0;
-        assert!((px[0] - expect(2 * 40 + 7)).abs() < 1e-3, "{name}: {px:?}");
-        assert!((px[1] - expect(7 * 3)).abs() < 1e-3, "{name}: {px:?}");
-        assert!((px[3] - 160.0 / 255.0).abs() < 1e-3, "{name}: {px:?}");
-        let LayerContent::Raster(bg) = &d.layers[0].content else { panic!("raster") };
-        let b = bg.pixel(5, 3);
-        assert!((b[0] - expect(5 * 40 + 1)).abs() < 1e-3, "{name}: {b:?}");
-        assert!((b[3] - 1.0).abs() < 1e-6);
-        assert_eq!(d.resolution_dpi, 300.0);
-        // tifffile writes a Software tag; nothing else is worth a warning.
-        assert!(r.warnings.iter().all(|w| w.contains("text metadata")), "{name}: {:?}", r.warnings);
-        // psdtags wrote the composite's alpha sample without the transparency flag, so by the
-        // PSD rules it is an alpha channel (which a re-save cannot keep). Re-saving keeps
-        // everything else; the file is then in the encoder's byte order.
-        assert_eq!(d.channels.len(), 1, "{name}");
-        let out = tiff(d, true);
-        let back = import(name, &out.bytes).unwrap().document;
-        assert_docs_eq(&expected(d), &back);
-    }
-}
-
-/// Advanced Blending (`knko`, `infx`, `clbl`, `tsly`, `lmgm`, `vmgm`), fill opacity (`iOpa`),
-/// channel restrictions (`brst`) and Blend If (the records' blending ranges) survive a layered
-/// TIFF with its layer data in either byte order: the encoder's own, and the other one made by
-/// transcoding the tag (the same length, spliced in place).
-#[test]
-fn advanced_blending_survives_layered_tiff_in_both_byte_orders() {
-    use photocraft_doc::{AdvancedBlending, BlendRange, Knockout};
-    for depth in [SampleType::U8, SampleType::U16, SampleType::F32] {
-        let mut d = gen_doc(ColorMode::Rgb, depth, Features::PIXELS);
-        let adv = AdvancedBlending {
-            knockout: Knockout::Deep,
-            blend_interior: true,
-            blend_clipped: false,
-            transparency_shapes: false,
-            layer_mask_hides_effects: true,
-            vector_mask_hides_effects: true,
-        };
-        d.layers[1].advanced = adv;
-        d.layers[1].fill_opacity = 64.0 / 255.0;
-        d.layers[1].excluded_channels = 0b010;
-        d.layers[1].blend_if.set(0, [BlendRange { black: [10, 40], white: [200, 250] }, BlendRange { black: [0, 0], white: [128, 128] }]);
-        d.layers[2].advanced.knockout = Knockout::Shallow;
-        let r = tiff(&d, true);
-        let (_, layers) = tags(&r.bytes);
-        let layers = layers.expect("layer data");
-        let (isd, w) = ImageSourceData::from_bytes(&layers).expect("parse");
-        assert!(w.is_empty(), "{w:?}");
-        let native = isd.byte_order;
-        let other = if native == ByteOrder::Little { ByteOrder::Big } else { ByteOrder::Little };
-        let (swapped, w) = isd.to_bytes(other).expect("transcode");
-        assert!(w.is_empty(), "{depth:?}: blocks dropped while transcoding: {w:?}");
-        assert_eq!(swapped.len(), layers.len());
-        let at = r.bytes.windows(layers.len()).position(|x| x == &layers[..]).expect("tag data in the file");
-        let mut flipped = r.bytes.clone();
-        flipped[at..at + layers.len()].copy_from_slice(&swapped);
-        for (order, bytes) in [(native, &r.bytes), (other, &flipped)] {
-            let back = import("x.tif", bytes).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{depth:?} {order:?}: {e}")).document;
-            let l = &back.layers[1];
-            assert_eq!(l.advanced, adv, "{depth:?} {order:?}");
-            assert_eq!(l.fill_opacity, 64.0 / 255.0, "{depth:?} {order:?}");
-            assert_eq!(l.excluded_channels, 0b010, "{depth:?} {order:?}");
-            assert_eq!(l.blend_if, d.layers[1].blend_if, "{depth:?} {order:?}");
-            assert_eq!(back.layers[2].advanced.knockout, Knockout::Shallow, "{depth:?} {order:?}");
-            assert_docs_eq(&expected(&d), &back);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn damaged_layer_data_opens_flattened() {
-    let d = gen_doc(ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8, Features::PIXELS);
-    let r = tiff(&d, true);
-    let (_, layers) = tags(&r.bytes);
-    let layers = layers.unwrap();
-    let at = r.bytes.windows(layers.len()).position(|w| w == &layers[..]).unwrap();
-    // Garbage after the signature: no layers, a warning, the composite as one layer.
-    let mut bad = r.bytes.clone();
-    for b in &mut bad[at + 36..at + 36 + 24] {
-        *b ^= 0xa5;
-    }
-    let r2 = import("x.tif", &bad).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(r2.document.layers.len(), 1);
-    assert!(r2.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("could not be read")), "{:?}", r2.warnings);
-    // Every truncation and a sweep of bit flips through the whole file: never a panic.
-    for cut in (0..r.bytes.len()).step_by(11) {
-        let _ = import("x.tif", &r.bytes[..cut]);
-    }
-    for i in (0..r.bytes.len()).step_by(29) {
-        let mut b = r.bytes.clone();
-        b[i] ^= 0x5a;
-        let _ = import("x.tif", &b);
-    }
-    for name in ["layered-le-8bit.tif", "layered-be-16bit.tif"] {
-        let Some(bytes) = fixture(name) else { continue };
-        for cut in (0..bytes.len()).step_by(7) {
-            let _ = import(name, &bytes[..cut]);
-        }
-        for i in (0..bytes.len()).step_by(5) {
-            let mut b = bytes.clone();
-            b[i] ^= 0xff;
-            let _ = import(name, &b);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn default_export_options_write_a_flat_tiff() {
-    // Scripted and agent saves (CLI, batch, MCP) build on the defaults: layers only on request.
-    let d = gen_doc(ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8, Features::PIXELS);
-    assert!(tiff_layers::would_write_layers(&d));
-    let r = export(&d, "x.tif", &ExportOptions::default()).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(tags(&r.bytes), (None, None));
-    assert_eq!(import("x.tif", &r.bytes).unwrap().document.layers.len(), 1);
-}
-
-/// #2940: layered TIFF data whose groups nest past the document's cap is rejected with the same
-/// limit error as a PSD, instead of being converted.
-#[test]
-fn layered_tiff_nested_past_the_cap_is_rejected() {
-    use photocraft_psd::{GroupSpec, LayerSpec, PixelData, PsdBuilder, PsdFile};
-    let tiff_nested = |levels: usize| {
-        let mut b = PsdBuilder::new(4, 4);
-        for _ in 0..levels {
-            b.begin_group(GroupSpec::new("g"));
-        }
-        b.push_layer(LayerSpec::new("deep", 0, 0, 1, 1, PixelData::Rgba8(vec![1, 2, 3, 4])));
-        for _ in 0..levels {
-            b.end_group().unwrap();
-        }
-        let file = PsdFile::from_bytes(&b.to_bytes().unwrap()).unwrap();
-        let order = if photocraft_codecs::tiff_writes_little_endian() { ByteOrder::Little } else { ByteOrder::Big };
-        let layers = ImageSourceData::from_psd(&file).to_bytes(order).unwrap().0;
-        let d = gen_doc(ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8, Features::PIXELS);
-        let mut img = photocraft_codecs::decode(&tiff(&d, false).bytes).unwrap();
-        img.meta.photoshop_layers = Some(layers);
-        photocraft_codecs::encode(&img, photocraft_codecs::Format::Tiff, &photocraft_codecs::EncodeOptions::default()).unwrap()
-    };
-    let err = import("deep.tif", &tiff_nested(101)).unwrap_err();
-    assert!(err.to_string().contains("nested deeper than 100"), "{err}");
-    let r = import("hundred.tif", &tiff_nested(100)).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(r.document.max_group_depth(), 100);
-}
diff --git a/crates/ipp/src/lib.rs b/crates/ipp/src/lib.rs
index 0f8f303ee0..7fc6532862 100644
--- a/crates/ipp/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/ipp/src/lib.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 #![deny(clippy::unwrap_used, clippy::expect_used, clippy::panic, clippy::unimplemented, clippy::todo, clippy::unreachable)]
 
 use std::io::{Read, Write};
-use std::net::{TcpStream, ToSocketAddrs};
+use std::net::{SocketAddr, TcpStream, ToSocketAddrs};
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::time::Duration;
 
@@ -67,6 +67,8 @@ pub struct Printer {
 /// Timeouts: connecting, and each request (a Print-Job carries the whole PDF).
 const CONNECT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(3);
 const REQUEST: Duration = Duration::from_secs(60);
+/// The whole reply, however it trickles in: the timeouts above only cover each read.
+const REPLY_DEADLINE: Duration = Duration::from_secs(120);
 /// Largest reply read.
 const MAX_REPLY: usize = 16 << 20;
 /// Largest number of attributes taken from a reply.
@@ -111,12 +113,36 @@ impl Endpoint {
         .find(Endpoint::reachable)
     }
 
-    /// `server` as a socket path (starts with `/`) or `host[:port]` (port 631 by default).
+    /// `server` as a socket path (starts with `/`) or `host[:port]` (port 631 by default). An IPv6
+    /// server is `[address]` or `[address]:port`; written bare (more than one `:`) it keeps the
+    /// default port, because its last `:` cannot be told apart from a port separator. Anything else
+    /// after the bracket (`[::1]:abc`) stays the host, so a mistyped endpoint cannot resolve rather
+    /// than quietly becoming the default one.
     pub fn parse(server: &str) -> Endpoint {
         if server.starts_with('/') {
             return Endpoint::Unix(PathBuf::from(server));
         }
-        let (host, port) = server.rsplit_once(':').and_then(|(h, p)| p.parse().ok().map(|p| (h.to_string(), p))).unwrap_or((server.to_string(), 631));
+        // `[IPv6]:port` - the brackets tell the address from the port, and are not part of the host.
+        if let Some(rest) = server.strip_prefix('[')
+            && let Some((host, tail)) = rest.split_once(']')
+        {
+            // Nothing after the bracket, or a real `:port`, is understood. Anything else (`[::1]:abc`,
+            // `[::1]:70000`, `[::1]junk`) keeps the whole string as the host, so the mistyped endpoint
+            // stays unresolvable instead of quietly becoming the default one.
+            let port = if tail.is_empty() {
+                631
+            } else if let Some(port) = tail.strip_prefix(':').and_then(|p| p.parse().ok()) {
+                port
+            } else {
+                return Endpoint::Tcp(server.to_string(), 631);
+            };
+            return Endpoint::Tcp(host.to_string(), port);
+        }
+        // A bare IPv6 literal has more than one ':', so splitting on the last one would cut the
+        // address in half: it is the host, and the port stays the default. A zone id (`fe80::1%eth0`)
+        // carries no ':', so there a port can still follow the address.
+        let host_port = if server.matches(':').count() > 1 && !server.contains('%') { None } else { server.rsplit_once(':') };
+        let (host, port) = host_port.and_then(|(h, p)| p.parse().ok().map(|p| (h.to_string(), p))).unwrap_or((server.to_string(), 631));
         Endpoint::Tcp(host, port)
     }
 
@@ -142,17 +168,23 @@ impl Endpoint {
             Endpoint::Tcp(host, port) => {
                 let addr = (host.as_str(), *port).to_socket_addrs().map_err(|e| Error::Unreachable(format!("{host}:{port}: {e}")))?.next();
                 let addr = addr.ok_or_else(|| Error::Unreachable(format!("{host}:{port}: no address")))?;
-                let s = TcpStream::connect_timeout(&addr, CONNECT).map_err(|e| Error::Unreachable(format!("{host}:{port}: {e}")))?;
-                let _ = s.set_read_timeout(Some(REQUEST));
-                let _ = s.set_write_timeout(Some(REQUEST));
-                Ok(Stream::Tcp(s))
+                open_tcp(host, *port, addr, |addr| TcpStream::connect_timeout(&addr, CONNECT))
             }
         }
     }
 
+    /// The endpoint as an HTTP authority: an IPv6 host is bracketed, or its last colon reads as the
+    /// port separator and the request carries a host CUPS has never heard of. A scoped address keeps
+    /// its zone id and writes it escaped as "%25": "%" is not valid inside an authority (RFC 3986
+    /// section 3.2.2 reserves it for escaping), and the escaped form is what CUPS, curl and the
+    /// ipp:// URIs CUPS writes use for a zone. RFC 9844 (Aug 2025) obsoleted RFC 6874, which had made
+    /// that form URI syntax, so this is interop rather than a standard; dropping the zone instead
+    /// would name a different host on the wire than the socket was opened to. The socket still gets
+    /// the raw address%zone, which is the form a resolver understands.
     fn host(&self) -> String {
         match self {
             Endpoint::Unix(_) => "localhost".into(),
+            Endpoint::Tcp(host, port) if host.contains(':') => format!("[{}]:{port}", host.replace('%', "%25")),
             Endpoint::Tcp(host, port) => format!("{host}:{port}"),
         }
     }
@@ -162,11 +194,22 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for Endpoint {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         match self {
             Endpoint::Unix(p) => write!(f, "{}", p.display()),
+            Endpoint::Tcp(h, p) if h.contains(':') => write!(f, "[{h}]:{p}"),
             Endpoint::Tcp(h, p) => write!(f, "{h}:{p}"),
         }
     }
 }
 
+/// Open one address and put the request timeouts on it. The connect call is a parameter so the
+/// refusal path can be tested at all: no port is guaranteed to stay free between picking one and
+/// using it, and what a refused connect reported is what the caller is supposed to hear.
+fn open_tcp(host: &str, port: u16, addr: SocketAddr, open: impl FnOnce(SocketAddr) -> std::io::Result<TcpStream>) -> Result<Stream> {
+    let s = open(addr).map_err(|e| Error::Unreachable(format!("{host}:{port}: {e}")))?;
+    let _ = s.set_read_timeout(Some(REQUEST));
+    let _ = s.set_write_timeout(Some(REQUEST));
+    Ok(Stream::Tcp(s))
+}
+
 enum Stream {
     #[cfg(unix)]
     Unix(std::os::unix::net::UnixStream),
@@ -280,56 +323,31 @@ pub struct Reply {
     pub attributes: Vec<Attribute>,
 }
 
+/// The attribute range for one group delimiter in a parsed message. Ranges are half-open and
+/// include empty groups, so repeated group tags remain distinct.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+struct GroupRange {
+    tag: u8,
+    start: usize,
+    end: usize,
+}
+
+/// Parsed message details kept private so the public flat `Reply` API stays source-compatible.
+struct ParsedMessage {
+    reply: Reply,
+    end: usize,
+    groups: Vec<GroupRange>,
+}
+
 impl Reply {
     /// Parses an IPP message (RFC 8010 §3): header, then groups of attributes until the end tag.
     pub fn parse(b: &[u8]) -> Result<Reply> {
-        Self::parse_at(b).map(|(r, _)| r)
+        parse_message(b).map(|parsed| parsed.reply)
     }
 
     /// Parses a message and returns where its attributes end (document data may follow).
     fn parse_at(b: &[u8]) -> Result<(Reply, usize)> {
-        let bad = |m: &str| Error::Protocol(m.to_string());
-        if b.len() < 9 {
-            return Err(bad("reply shorter than an IPP header"));
-        }
-        let status = u16::from_be_bytes([b[2], b[3]]);
-        let request_id = u32::from_be_bytes([b[4], b[5], b[6], b[7]]);
-        let mut pos = 8;
-        let mut group = 0u8;
-        let mut attributes: Vec<Attribute> = Vec::new();
-        loop {
-            let tag = *b.get(pos).ok_or_else(|| bad("reply ends before the end-of-attributes tag"))?;
-            pos += 1;
-            if tag == TAG_END {
-                return Ok((Reply { status, request_id, attributes }, pos));
-            }
-            if tag < 0x10 {
-                group = tag;
-                continue;
-            }
-            let name_len =
-                usize::from(u16::from_be_bytes([*b.get(pos).ok_or_else(|| bad("cut attribute"))?, *b.get(pos + 1).ok_or_else(|| bad("cut attribute"))?]));
-            pos += 2;
-            let name = b.get(pos..pos + name_len).ok_or_else(|| bad("cut attribute name"))?;
-            pos += name_len;
-            let value_len =
-                usize::from(u16::from_be_bytes([*b.get(pos).ok_or_else(|| bad("cut attribute"))?, *b.get(pos + 1).ok_or_else(|| bad("cut attribute"))?]));
-            pos += 2;
-            let value = b.get(pos..pos + value_len).ok_or_else(|| bad("cut attribute value"))?.to_vec();
-            pos += value_len;
-            if name_len == 0 {
-                // An additional value of the previous attribute.
-                match attributes.last_mut() {
-                    Some(last) if last.group == group => last.values.push(value),
-                    _ => return Err(bad("an additional value with no attribute before it")),
-                }
-            } else {
-                attributes.push(Attribute { group, tag, name: String::from_utf8_lossy(name).into_owned(), values: vec![value] });
-            }
-            if attributes.len() > MAX_ATTRIBUTES {
-                return Err(bad("too many attributes"));
-            }
-        }
+        parse_message(b).map(|parsed| (parsed.reply, parsed.end))
     }
 
     /// The server's own message for an error status, or a name for the code.
@@ -351,8 +369,72 @@ impl Reply {
     }
 }
 
-/// POSTs `body` (IPP, with any document data after it) to `path` and returns the reply.
-fn post(endpoint: &Endpoint, path: &str, body: &[u8]) -> Result<Reply> {
+/// Parses one IPP message while preserving each group instance for private consumers that need
+/// object boundaries. The public reply remains a flat list of attributes.
+fn parse_message(b: &[u8]) -> Result<ParsedMessage> {
+    let bad = |m: &str| Error::Protocol(m.to_string());
+    if b.len() < 9 {
+        return Err(bad("reply shorter than an IPP header"));
+    }
+    let status = u16::from_be_bytes([b[2], b[3]]);
+    let request_id = u32::from_be_bytes([b[4], b[5], b[6], b[7]]);
+    let mut pos = 8;
+    let mut group = 0u8;
+    let mut active_group = None;
+    let mut last_attribute_group = None;
+    let mut attributes: Vec<Attribute> = Vec::new();
+    let mut groups: Vec<GroupRange> = Vec::new();
+    loop {
+        let tag = *b.get(pos).ok_or_else(|| bad("reply ends before the end-of-attributes tag"))?;
+        pos += 1;
+        if tag == TAG_END {
+            if let Some(last) = groups.last_mut() {
+                last.end = attributes.len();
+            }
+            return Ok(ParsedMessage { reply: Reply { status, request_id, attributes }, end: pos, groups });
+        }
+        if tag < 0x10 {
+            if let Some(last) = groups.last_mut() {
+                last.end = attributes.len();
+            }
+            if groups.len() >= MAX_ATTRIBUTES {
+                return Err(bad("too many attribute groups"));
+            }
+            group = tag;
+            let group_index = groups.len();
+            groups.push(GroupRange { tag, start: attributes.len(), end: attributes.len() });
+            active_group = Some(group_index);
+            continue;
+        }
+        let name_len =
+            usize::from(u16::from_be_bytes([*b.get(pos).ok_or_else(|| bad("cut attribute"))?, *b.get(pos + 1).ok_or_else(|| bad("cut attribute"))?]));
+        pos += 2;
+        let name = b.get(pos..pos + name_len).ok_or_else(|| bad("cut attribute name"))?;
+        pos += name_len;
+        let value_len =
+            usize::from(u16::from_be_bytes([*b.get(pos).ok_or_else(|| bad("cut attribute"))?, *b.get(pos + 1).ok_or_else(|| bad("cut attribute"))?]));
+        pos += 2;
+        let value = b.get(pos..pos + value_len).ok_or_else(|| bad("cut attribute value"))?.to_vec();
+        pos += value_len;
+        if name_len == 0 {
+            // Additional values can continue an attribute only within this exact group instance.
+            match attributes.last_mut() {
+                Some(last) if last_attribute_group == active_group => last.values.push(value),
+                _ => return Err(bad("an additional value with no attribute before it")),
+            }
+        } else {
+            attributes.push(Attribute { group, tag, name: String::from_utf8_lossy(name).into_owned(), values: vec![value] });
+            last_attribute_group = active_group;
+        }
+        if attributes.len() > MAX_ATTRIBUTES {
+            return Err(bad("too many attributes"));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// POSTs `body` (IPP, with any document data after it) to `path` and returns the parsed reply with
+/// its private group boundaries.
+fn post(endpoint: &Endpoint, path: &str, body: &[u8]) -> Result<ParsedMessage> {
     let mut stream = endpoint.connect()?;
     let head = format!(
         "POST {path} HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: {}\r\nContent-Type: application/ipp\r\nContent-Length: {}\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\n",
@@ -374,9 +456,9 @@ fn post(endpoint: &Endpoint, path: &str, body: &[u8]) -> Result<Reply> {
         }));
     }
     let body = if headers.iter().any(|(k, v)| k == "transfer-encoding" && v.contains("chunked")) { dechunk(body)? } else { body.to_vec() };
-    let reply = Reply::parse(&body)?;
-    if reply.status >= 0x0400 {
-        return Err(Error::Status(reply.status, reply.status_message()));
+    let reply = parse_message(&body)?;
+    if reply.reply.status >= 0x0400 {
+        return Err(Error::Status(reply.reply.status, reply.reply.status_message()));
     }
     Ok(reply)
 }
@@ -393,7 +475,13 @@ fn read_response(stream: &mut Stream) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
     let mut body_at = None;
     let mut expected: Option<usize> = None;
     let mut chunked = false;
+    // Where the chunk walk resumes, so each read costs its own bytes, not the whole body again.
+    let mut chunk_at = 0usize;
+    let started = std::time::Instant::now();
     loop {
+        if started.elapsed() > REPLY_DEADLINE {
+            return Err(Error::Protocol("the print server took too long to reply".into()));
+        }
         let n = stream.read(&mut buf).map_err(|e| Error::Protocol(format!("reading: {e}")))?;
         if n == 0 {
             return Ok(raw);
@@ -414,7 +502,7 @@ fn read_response(stream: &mut Stream) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
         let body = raw.get(at..).unwrap_or_default();
         let complete = match expected {
             Some(len) if !chunked => body.len() >= len,
-            _ if chunked => chunked_complete(body),
+            _ if chunked => chunked_complete(body, &mut chunk_at),
             _ => false,
         };
         if complete {
@@ -442,8 +530,11 @@ fn http_response(raw: &[u8]) -> Result<(u16, Headers, &[u8])> {
 /// `0\r\n\r\n` inside a chunk's payload (an attribute value can hold it) does not count. A
 /// malformed or impossible size counts as complete, so [`dechunk`] reports it instead of
 /// waiting for more.
-fn chunked_complete(mut b: &[u8]) -> bool {
+fn chunked_complete(body: &[u8], resume: &mut usize) -> bool {
+    let mut b = body.get(*resume..).unwrap_or_default();
     loop {
+        // Chunks already walked are not walked again: `resume` marks the start of this one.
+        *resume = body.len() - b.len();
         let Some(line_end) = b.windows(2).position(|w| w == b"\r\n") else { return false };
         let size_str = String::from_utf8_lossy(b.get(..line_end).unwrap_or(&[]));
         let Ok(size) = usize::from_str_radix(size_str.split(';').next().unwrap_or_default().trim(), 16) else { return true };
@@ -511,41 +602,35 @@ pub fn printers(endpoint: &Endpoint) -> Result<Vec<Printer>> {
 fn queues(endpoint: &Endpoint, op: u16, is_class: bool) -> Result<Vec<Printer>> {
     let mut r = Request::new(op, 1);
     r.attr_many(TAG_KEYWORD, "requested-attributes", &["printer-name", "printer-info", "printer-state", "printer-is-accepting-jobs"]);
-    let reply = match post(endpoint, "/", &r.end()) {
+    let parsed = match post(endpoint, "/", &r.end()) {
         Ok(reply) => reply,
         // CUPS answers "not found" ("No destinations added.") when no printer is set up.
         Err(Error::Status(0x0406, _)) => return Ok(Vec::new()),
         Err(e) => return Err(e),
     };
     let mut out = Vec::new();
-    let mut current: Option<Printer> = None;
-    for a in reply.attributes.iter().filter(|a| a.group == TAG_PRINTER_GROUP) {
-        match a.name.as_str() {
-            "printer-name" => {
-                if let Some(p) = current.take() {
-                    out.push(p);
-                }
-                current = Some(Printer { name: a.text(), info: String::new(), state: 3, accepting_jobs: true, is_default: false, is_class });
+    let attributes = &parsed.reply.attributes;
+    for group in parsed.groups.iter().filter(|group| group.tag == TAG_PRINTER_GROUP) {
+        let Some(group_attributes) = attributes.get(group.start..group.end) else {
+            return Err(Error::Protocol("invalid printer attribute group range".into()));
+        };
+        let mut name = None;
+        let mut info = String::new();
+        let mut state = 3;
+        let mut accepting_jobs = true;
+        for a in group_attributes {
+            match a.name.as_str() {
+                "printer-name" if name.is_none() => name = Some(a.text()),
+                "printer-info" => info = a.text(),
+                "printer-state" => state = a.int().unwrap_or(3).clamp(0, 5) as u32,
+                "printer-is-accepting-jobs" => accepting_jobs = a.values.first().is_none_or(|v| v.first() != Some(&0)),
+                _ => {}
             }
-            "printer-info" => {
-                if let Some(p) = &mut current {
-                    p.info = a.text();
-                }
-            }
-            "printer-state" => {
-                if let Some(p) = &mut current {
-                    p.state = a.int().unwrap_or(3).clamp(0, 5) as u32;
-                }
-            }
-            "printer-is-accepting-jobs" => {
-                if let Some(p) = &mut current {
-                    p.accepting_jobs = a.values.first().is_none_or(|v| v.first() != Some(&0));
-                }
-            }
-            _ => {}
+        }
+        if let Some(name) = name.filter(|name| !name.is_empty()) {
+            out.push(Printer { name, info, state, accepting_jobs, is_default: false, is_class });
         }
     }
-    out.extend(current);
     Ok(out)
 }
 
@@ -554,7 +639,7 @@ pub fn default_printer(endpoint: &Endpoint) -> Result<Option<String>> {
     let mut r = Request::new(OP_CUPS_GET_DEFAULT, 2);
     r.attr_many(TAG_KEYWORD, "requested-attributes", &["printer-name"]);
     match post(endpoint, "/", &r.end()) {
-        Ok(reply) => Ok(reply.attributes.iter().find(|a| a.name == "printer-name").map(Attribute::text).filter(|n| !n.is_empty())),
+        Ok(reply) => Ok(reply.reply.attributes.iter().find(|a| a.name == "printer-name").map(Attribute::text).filter(|n| !n.is_empty())),
         // CUPS answers "not found" when no default is set.
         Err(Error::Status(0x0406, _)) => Ok(None),
         Err(e) => Err(e),
@@ -590,7 +675,7 @@ pub fn print_job(endpoint: &Endpoint, job: &Job<'_>) -> Result<u32> {
     }
     let mut body = r.end();
     body.extend_from_slice(job.document);
-    let reply = post(endpoint, &path, &body)?;
+    let reply = post(endpoint, &path, &body)?.reply;
     reply
         .attributes
         .iter()
diff --git a/crates/ipp/src/tests.rs b/crates/ipp/src/tests.rs
index ab236d75ee..14ddf43846 100644
--- a/crates/ipp/src/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ipp/src/tests.rs
@@ -137,6 +137,161 @@ fn printers_are_listed_with_state_and_default() {
     }
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn printer_attributes_before_name_are_preserved() {
+    let state = 5u32.to_be_bytes();
+    let base: [Attr<'_>; 4] = [
+        (TAG_TEXT, "printer-info", &[b"Studio Printer"]),
+        (TAG_ENUM, "printer-state", &[&state]),
+        (TAG_BOOLEAN, "printer-is-accepting-jobs", &[b"\0"]),
+        (TAG_NAME, "printer-name", &[b"studio"]),
+    ];
+    let body = ipp(0, &[ok_header(), (TAG_PRINTER_GROUP, &base)]);
+    for chunked in [false, true] {
+        let (ep, _) = fake(body.clone(), chunked, 200);
+        let list = printers(&ep).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(list.len(), 1, "chunked {chunked}");
+        assert_eq!((list[0].name.as_str(), list[0].info.as_str(), list[0].state, list[0].accepting_jobs), ("studio", "Studio Printer", 5, false));
+        assert!(!list[0].is_class);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn printer_groups_do_not_share_metadata() {
+    let state_a = 4u32.to_be_bytes();
+    let state_b = 5u32.to_be_bytes();
+    let body = ipp(
+        0,
+        &[
+            ok_header(),
+            (
+                TAG_PRINTER_GROUP,
+                &[(TAG_NAME, "printer-name", &[b"first"]), (TAG_TEXT, "printer-info", &[b"First printer"]), (TAG_ENUM, "printer-state", &[&state_a])],
+            ),
+            (
+                TAG_PRINTER_GROUP,
+                &[(TAG_TEXT, "printer-info", &[b"Second printer"]), (TAG_ENUM, "printer-state", &[&state_b]), (TAG_NAME, "printer-name", &[b"second"])],
+            ),
+        ],
+    );
+    let (ep, _) = fake(body, false, 200);
+    let list = queues(&ep, OP_CUPS_GET_PRINTERS, false).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(list.len(), 2);
+    assert_eq!((list[0].name.as_str(), list[0].info.as_str(), list[0].state), ("first", "First printer", 4));
+    assert_eq!((list[1].name.as_str(), list[1].info.as_str(), list[1].state), ("second", "Second printer", 5));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn printer_attribute_order_does_not_change_results() {
+    let state = 5u32.to_be_bytes();
+    let fields: [Attr<'_>; 4] = [
+        (TAG_TEXT, "printer-info", &[b"Studio Printer"]),
+        (TAG_ENUM, "printer-state", &[&state]),
+        (TAG_BOOLEAN, "printer-is-accepting-jobs", &[b"\0"]),
+        (TAG_NAME, "printer-name", &[b"studio"]),
+    ];
+    let expected = Printer { name: "studio".into(), info: "Studio Printer".into(), state: 5, accepting_jobs: false, is_default: false, is_class: false };
+    let mut permutations = 0;
+    for first in 0..4 {
+        for second in 0..4 {
+            for third in 0..4 {
+                for fourth in 0..4 {
+                    let order = [first, second, third, fourth];
+                    if order[0] == order[1]
+                        || order[0] == order[2]
+                        || order[0] == order[3]
+                        || order[1] == order[2]
+                        || order[1] == order[3]
+                        || order[2] == order[3]
+                    {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    permutations += 1;
+                    let ordered = order.iter().map(|index| fields[*index]).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                    let body = ipp(0, &[ok_header(), (TAG_PRINTER_GROUP, &ordered)]);
+                    let (ep, _) = fake(body, false, 200);
+                    assert_eq!(queues(&ep, OP_CUPS_GET_PRINTERS, false).unwrap(), vec![expected.clone()], "order {order:?}");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    assert_eq!(permutations, 24);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn class_attributes_before_name_are_preserved() {
+    let state = 5u32.to_be_bytes();
+    let body = ipp(
+        0,
+        &[
+            ok_header(),
+            (
+                TAG_PRINTER_GROUP,
+                &[
+                    (TAG_BOOLEAN, "printer-is-accepting-jobs", &[b"\0"]),
+                    (TAG_TEXT, "printer-info", &[b"Shared studio"]),
+                    (TAG_ENUM, "printer-state", &[&state]),
+                    (TAG_NAME, "printer-name", &[b"studio-class"]),
+                ],
+            ),
+        ],
+    );
+    let (ep, rx) = fake(body, true, 200);
+    let classes = queues(&ep, OP_CUPS_GET_CLASSES, true).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(rx.recv().unwrap().0, OP_CUPS_GET_CLASSES);
+    assert_eq!(classes.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        (classes[0].name.as_str(), classes[0].info.as_str(), classes[0].state, classes[0].accepting_jobs, classes[0].is_class),
+        ("studio-class", "Shared studio", 5, false, true)
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn empty_or_unnamed_groups_do_not_leak_metadata() {
+    let body = ipp(
+        0,
+        &[
+            ok_header(),
+            (TAG_PRINTER_GROUP, &[(TAG_NAME, "printer-name", &[b"named"])]),
+            (TAG_PRINTER_GROUP, &[]),
+            (TAG_PRINTER_GROUP, &[(TAG_TEXT, "printer-info", &[b"orphan metadata"])]),
+            (TAG_PRINTER_GROUP, &[(TAG_NAME, "printer-name", &[b"next"]), (TAG_ENUM, "printer-state", &[&3u32.to_be_bytes()])]),
+        ],
+    );
+    let (ep, _) = fake(body, false, 200);
+    let list = queues(&ep, OP_CUPS_GET_PRINTERS, false).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(list.len(), 2);
+    assert_eq!((list[0].name.as_str(), list[0].info.as_str()), ("named", ""));
+    assert_eq!((list[1].name.as_str(), list[1].info.as_str()), ("next", ""));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn additional_values_do_not_cross_group_boundaries() {
+    let valid = ipp(0, &[ok_header(), (TAG_PRINTER_GROUP, &[(TAG_KEYWORD, "supported", &[b"one", b"two"])])]);
+    let reply = Reply::parse(&valid).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(reply.attributes.iter().find(|a| a.name == "supported").map(|a| a.values.as_slice()), Some(&[b"one".to_vec(), b"two".to_vec()][..]));
+
+    let mut body = vec![2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, TAG_PRINTER_GROUP];
+    body.extend_from_slice(&[TAG_NAME, 0, 12]);
+    body.extend_from_slice(b"printer-name");
+    body.extend_from_slice(&[0, 5]);
+    body.extend_from_slice(b"first");
+    body.extend_from_slice(&[TAG_TEXT, 0, 12]);
+    body.extend_from_slice(b"printer-info");
+    body.extend_from_slice(&[0, 6]);
+    body.extend_from_slice(b"before");
+    body.push(TAG_PRINTER_GROUP);
+    body.extend_from_slice(&[TAG_TEXT, 0, 0, 0, 5]);
+    body.extend_from_slice(b"after");
+    body.extend_from_slice(&[TAG_NAME, 0, 12]);
+    body.extend_from_slice(b"printer-name");
+    body.extend_from_slice(&[0, 6]);
+    body.extend_from_slice(b"second");
+    body.push(TAG_END);
+    let (ep, _) = fake(body, true, 200);
+    assert!(matches!(queues(&ep, OP_CUPS_GET_PRINTERS, false), Err(Error::Protocol(_))));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn default_printer_is_read_and_absence_is_not_an_error() {
     let (ep, rx) = fake(ipp(0, &[ok_header(), (TAG_PRINTER_GROUP, &[(TAG_NAME, "printer-name", &[b"Office"])])]), false, 200);
@@ -158,7 +313,10 @@ fn a_print_job_carries_the_document_and_returns_its_id() {
     assert_eq!(op, OP_PRINT_JOB);
     assert_eq!(doc, pdf);
     let get = |n: &str| attrs.iter().find(|a| a.name == n).cloned().unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("{n}"));
-    assert_eq!(get("printer-uri").values[0], format!("ipp://{}/printers/Office", ep.host()).as_bytes());
+    let uri = String::from_utf8(get("printer-uri").values[0].clone()).unwrap();
+    // Spelled out here rather than echoed back from host(), so the printer-uri the server receives is
+    // pinned down even when the authority is an IP literal.
+    assert!(uri.starts_with("ipp://127.0.0.1:") && uri.ends_with("/printers/Office"), "{uri}");
     assert_eq!(get("job-name").values[0], b"photo.psd");
     assert_eq!(get("requesting-user-name").values[0], b"diego");
     assert_eq!(get("document-format").values[0], b"application/pdf");
@@ -186,9 +344,36 @@ fn error_statuses_and_broken_replies_are_errors() {
     assert!(matches!(printers(&ep), Err(Error::Protocol(_))));
     let (ep, _rx) = fake(b"not ipp at all".to_vec(), false, 200);
     assert!(matches!(printers(&ep), Err(Error::Protocol(_))));
-    // Nobody listening.
-    let e = printers(&Endpoint::Tcp("127.0.0.1".into(), 1)).unwrap_err();
+    // Nobody reachable. A port is never guaranteed to be free, let alone to stay free: that is what
+    // made the old port-1 case fail on a FreeBSD CI VM. A name that can never resolve (RFC 2606)
+    // reaches the same exit without owning or releasing anything.
+    let e = printers(&Endpoint::Tcp("printer.invalid".into(), 631)).unwrap_err();
     assert!(matches!(e, Error::Unreachable(_)), "{e}");
+    assert!(e.to_string().contains("printer.invalid"), "{e} does not name the server it tried");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_refused_connection_is_unreachable_and_keeps_why() {
+    // The refused-connect path, with the machine no longer deciding what is closed: the connect call
+    // is a parameter, so this test cannot race for an ephemeral port with anything.
+    let addr: SocketAddr = "192.0.2.9:631".parse().unwrap();
+    let asked_for = std::cell::RefCell::new(None);
+    let open = |seen: SocketAddr| -> std::io::Result<TcpStream> {
+        *asked_for.borrow_mut() = Some(seen);
+        Err(std::io::Error::new(std::io::ErrorKind::ConnectionRefused, "nobody is listening on this port"))
+    };
+    let e = match open_tcp("printserver", 631, addr, open) {
+        Ok(_) => panic!("nothing opens {addr}"),
+        Err(e) => e,
+    };
+    assert_eq!(*asked_for.borrow(), Some(addr), "the connector is handed the resolved address");
+    match &e {
+        Error::Unreachable(m) => {
+            assert!(m.contains("printserver:631"), "{e} does not name the endpoint");
+            assert!(m.contains("nobody is listening on this port"), "{e} loses why the connect failed");
+        }
+        other => panic!("expected Unreachable, got {other}"),
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -232,6 +417,54 @@ fn the_unix_socket_endpoint_works_and_detect_honours_cups_server() {
     let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
 }
 
+/// An IPv6 print server is not a `host:port` split: a bare address has more than one ':', and the
+/// brackets of `[address]:port` must not end up inside the host, where no resolver can read them.
+#[test]
+fn an_ipv6_print_server_is_parsed_as_a_host_not_as_host_port() {
+    assert_eq!(Endpoint::parse("::1"), Endpoint::Tcp("::1".into(), 631));
+    assert_eq!(Endpoint::parse("fe80::1"), Endpoint::Tcp("fe80::1".into(), 631));
+    assert_eq!(Endpoint::parse("2001:db8::1"), Endpoint::Tcp("2001:db8::1".into(), 631));
+    assert_eq!(Endpoint::parse("[::1]"), Endpoint::Tcp("::1".into(), 631));
+    assert_eq!(Endpoint::parse("[::1]:631"), Endpoint::Tcp("::1".into(), 631));
+    assert_eq!(Endpoint::parse("[fe80::1]:6310"), Endpoint::Tcp("fe80::1".into(), 6310));
+    // A zone id carries no ':', so a port can still follow it without brackets.
+    assert_eq!(Endpoint::parse("fe80::1%eth0:631"), Endpoint::Tcp("fe80::1%eth0".into(), 631));
+    // What already worked is unchanged.
+    assert_eq!(Endpoint::parse("cups.example"), Endpoint::Tcp("cups.example".into(), 631));
+    assert_eq!(Endpoint::parse("cups.example:6310"), Endpoint::Tcp("cups.example".into(), 6310));
+    assert_eq!(Endpoint::parse("127.0.0.1:6310"), Endpoint::Tcp("127.0.0.1".into(), 6310));
+    assert_eq!(Endpoint::parse("/var/run/cups/cups.sock"), Endpoint::Unix("/var/run/cups/cups.sock".into()));
+    // A mistyped bracketed endpoint is not quietly the default one: the whole string stays the host,
+    // so nothing can resolve it and detect() reports the endpoint unreachable.
+    assert_eq!(Endpoint::parse("[::1]:abc"), Endpoint::Tcp("[::1]:abc".into(), 631));
+    assert_eq!(Endpoint::parse("[::1]:70000"), Endpoint::Tcp("[::1]:70000".into(), 631));
+    assert_eq!(Endpoint::parse("[::1]junk"), Endpoint::Tcp("[::1]junk".into(), 631));
+    assert!(!Endpoint::parse("[::1]:abc").reachable());
+}
+
+/// The authority a request carries (the `Host:` header and the `ipp://` printer-uri) has to bracket an
+/// IPv6 host, or its last colon reads as the port separator and CUPS sees a nonsense host.
+#[test]
+fn an_ipv6_endpoint_writes_its_authority_in_brackets() {
+    assert_eq!(Endpoint::parse("::1").host(), "[::1]:631");
+    assert_eq!(Endpoint::parse("[::1]:631").host(), "[::1]:631");
+    assert_eq!(Endpoint::parse("[fe80::1]:6310").host(), "[fe80::1]:6310");
+    assert_eq!(Endpoint::parse("cups.example").host(), "cups.example:631");
+    assert_eq!(Endpoint::parse("cups.example:6310").host(), "cups.example:6310");
+    assert_eq!(Endpoint::parse("127.0.0.1:6310").host(), "127.0.0.1:6310");
+    // A scoped address keeps its zone id, but the authority writes it "%25"-escaped: a bare "%" is
+    // not valid inside an authority, and the escaped form is what CUPS and curl-style ipp:// URIs
+    // use. The host itself stays raw, because that is what the resolver gets.
+    assert_eq!(Endpoint::parse("fe80::1%3:631").host(), "[fe80::1%253]:631");
+    assert_eq!(Endpoint::parse("[fe80::1%3]:6310").host(), "[fe80::1%253]:6310");
+    assert_eq!(Endpoint::parse("fe80::1%eth0:631").host(), "[fe80::1%25eth0]:631");
+    assert_eq!(Endpoint::parse("fe80::1%3:631"), Endpoint::Tcp("fe80::1%3".into(), 631));
+    // What the user is shown is written the same way, with the zone exactly as it was typed.
+    assert_eq!(Endpoint::parse("::1").to_string(), "[::1]:631");
+    assert_eq!(Endpoint::parse("cups.example:6310").to_string(), "cups.example:6310");
+    assert_eq!(Endpoint::parse("fe80::1%3:631").to_string(), "[fe80::1%3]:631");
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn requests_start_with_the_mandatory_attributes() {
     let r = Request::new(OP_PRINT_JOB, 9).end();
@@ -351,10 +584,29 @@ fn a_last_chunk_pattern_inside_a_value_does_not_end_the_reply() {
     assert_eq!(list.len(), 1);
     assert_eq!(list[0].name, "Of\r\n0\r\n\r\nfice");
     // The boundary walk itself: complete only at a zero-size chunk, never on payload bytes.
-    assert!(!chunked_complete(b"5\r\nab\r\n0"));
-    assert!(!chunked_complete(b"7\r\n\r\n0\r\n\r\nx\r\n"));
-    assert!(chunked_complete(b"7\r\n\r\n0\r\n\r\nx\r\n0\r\n\r\n"));
-    assert!(chunked_complete(b"zz\r\n") && dechunk(b"zz\r\n").is_err());
+    assert!(!complete(b"5\r\nab\r\n0"));
+    assert!(!complete(b"7\r\n\r\n0\r\n\r\nx\r\n"));
+    assert!(complete(b"7\r\n\r\n0\r\n\r\nx\r\n0\r\n\r\n"));
+    assert!(complete(b"zz\r\n") && dechunk(b"zz\r\n").is_err());
+}
+
+/// [`chunked_complete`] on a whole body at once.
+fn complete(body: &[u8]) -> bool {
+    chunked_complete(body, &mut 0)
+}
+
+/// Fed a byte at a time, as a server dripping the reply would, the walk resumes where it stopped
+/// and agrees with the one-shot answer at every length.
+#[test]
+fn the_chunk_walk_resumes_instead_of_starting_over() {
+    let body = b"3\r\nabc\r\n10\r\n0123456789abcdef\r\n0\r\n\r\n";
+    let mut at = 0;
+    for len in 0..=body.len() {
+        let prefix = &body[..len];
+        assert_eq!(chunked_complete(prefix, &mut at), complete(prefix), "{len}");
+        assert!(at <= len);
+    }
+    assert!(at > 0, "it moved past the chunks already walked");
 }
 
 /// A chunk size that cannot be satisfied (`usize::MAX`, `usize::MAX - 1`, anything past the
@@ -362,7 +614,7 @@ fn a_last_chunk_pattern_inside_a_value_does_not_end_the_reply() {
 #[test]
 fn an_impossible_chunk_size_is_a_protocol_error_not_a_panic() {
     for size_line in ["ffffffffffffffff", "fffffffffffffffe", "1000001"] {
-        assert!(chunked_complete(format!("{size_line}\r\n").as_bytes()));
+        assert!(complete(format!("{size_line}\r\n").as_bytes()));
         assert!(dechunk(format!("{size_line}\r\nab\r\n").as_bytes()).is_err());
         let listener = std::net::TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").unwrap();
         let port = listener.local_addr().unwrap().port();
diff --git a/crates/paint/Cargo.toml b/crates/paint/Cargo.toml
index afb9a196d0..b72880c40c 100644
--- a/crates/paint/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/paint/Cargo.toml
@@ -13,5 +13,10 @@ photocraft-color = { workspace = true }
 photocraft-raster = { workspace = true }
 serde = { workspace = true }
 
+# Large tips rasterize, accumulate and composite in parallel (the same pixels as serially).
+[target.'cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))'.dependencies]
+rayon = { workspace = true }
+
 [dev-dependencies]
+photocraft-cms = { workspace = true }
 serde_json = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/crates/paint/examples/big_dab_bench.rs b/crates/paint/examples/big_dab_bench.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a31265224c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/paint/examples/big_dab_bench.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+//! Where a large brush's time goes: one dab of a 2000 px tip, by stage.
+//! `cargo run --release -p photocraft-paint --example big_dab_bench [size] [hardness]`
+use photocraft_color::PixelFormat;
+use photocraft_geom::Rect;
+use photocraft_paint::{BrushContext, BrushSettings, Dab, StrokePoint, StrokeRenderer};
+use photocraft_raster::Surface;
+use std::time::Instant;
+
+fn main() {
+    let args: Vec<String> = std::env::args().collect();
+    let size: f32 = args.get(1).and_then(|s| s.parse().ok()).unwrap_or(2000.0);
+    let hardness: f32 = args.get(2).and_then(|s| s.parse().ok()).unwrap_or(0.0);
+    let brush = BrushSettings { size, hardness, spacing: 0.25, color: [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0], ..Default::default() };
+    let fmt = PixelFormat::RGBA8;
+    let mut pre = Surface::new(fmt);
+    pre.fill_rect(Rect::new(0, 0, 4928, 3280), &[0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0]);
+    let mut target = pre.clone();
+    // Stage 1: the tip's coverage alone.
+    let ctx = BrushContext::new(&brush);
+    let dab = Dab::round(photocraft_geom::Point::new(2464.0, 1640.0), size / 2.0, 1.0);
+    let rect = ctx.dab_rect(&dab, false);
+    let mut cov = Vec::new();
+    let t = Instant::now();
+    ctx.rasterize(&dab, false, rect, &mut cov);
+    let raster = t.elapsed();
+    println!("tip {size} px, hardness {hardness}: dab rect {}x{} = {:.1} MP", rect.width(), rect.height(), rect.width() as f64 * rect.height() as f64 / 1e6);
+    println!("  rasterize (coverage):      {:>7.1} ms", raster.as_secs_f64() * 1e3);
+    // Stage 2+3: push through the renderer (rasterize + accumulate), then composite.
+    let mut r = StrokeRenderer::new(&brush, Some(fmt), 1.0);
+    let t = Instant::now();
+    // Two points a pixel apart: the generator places the first dab at once (a lone point waits).
+    r.push(&[StrokePoint::new(2464.0, 1640.0, 1.0), StrokePoint::new(2465.0, 1640.0, 1.0)]);
+    let push = t.elapsed();
+    println!("  push (rasterize+accumulate): {:>5.1} ms  (accumulate ≈ {:.1} ms)", push.as_secs_f64() * 1e3, push.saturating_sub(raster).as_secs_f64() * 1e3);
+    let t = Instant::now();
+    let dmg = r.composite(&pre, &mut target, None, false, false);
+    let comp = t.elapsed();
+    println!("  composite (dirty tiles):   {:>7.1} ms  over {}x{}", comp.as_secs_f64() * 1e3, dmg.width(), dmg.height());
+    // A second dab half a spacing away, as a stroke does: the same again.
+    let t = Instant::now();
+    r.push(&[StrokePoint::new(2464.0 + f64::from(size) * 0.25, 1640.0, 1.0), StrokePoint::new(2466.0 + f64::from(size) * 0.25, 1640.0, 1.0)]);
+    let dmg = r.composite(&pre, &mut target, None, false, false);
+    println!("  next dab push+composite:   {:>7.1} ms  over {}x{}", t.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1e3, dmg.width(), dmg.height());
+}
diff --git a/crates/paint/examples/stroke_bench.rs b/crates/paint/examples/stroke_bench.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2a6b59cfa7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/paint/examples/stroke_bench.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+//! A long stroke of one tip, timed per dab: a zigzag over a 4928×3280 RGBA8 document that sweeps
+//! the whole page, `push` then `composite` after every point, as painting does per frame. Small
+//! tips are the everyday case; a long stroke grows the stroke's tile map to thousands of tiles,
+//! and the time per dab must not grow with it.
+//! `cargo run --release -p photocraft-paint --example stroke_bench -- [size] [hardness] [dabs]`
+use photocraft_color::PixelFormat;
+use photocraft_geom::Rect;
+use photocraft_paint::{BrushSettings, StrokePoint, StrokeRenderer};
+use photocraft_raster::Surface;
+use std::time::Instant;
+
+fn main() {
+    let args: Vec<String> = std::env::args().collect();
+    let size: f32 = args.get(1).and_then(|s| s.parse().ok()).unwrap_or(20.0);
+    let hardness: f32 = args.get(2).and_then(|s| s.parse().ok()).unwrap_or(0.0);
+    let dabs: usize = args.get(3).and_then(|s| s.parse().ok()).unwrap_or(6000);
+    let (w, h) = (4928.0f64, 3280.0f64);
+    let brush = BrushSettings { size, hardness, spacing: 0.25, color: [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0], ..Default::default() };
+    let fmt = PixelFormat::RGBA8;
+    let mut pre = Surface::new(fmt);
+    pre.fill_rect(Rect::new(0, 0, w as i32, h as i32), &[0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0]);
+    let mut target = pre.clone();
+    // Segments from the top margin to the bottom one and back, advancing across the width so that
+    // `dabs` dabs at the brush's spacing sweep the document once.
+    let step = f64::from(size) * 0.25;
+    let margin = f64::from(size);
+    let span = h - 2.0 * margin;
+    let segments = ((dabs as f64 * step) / span).ceil().max(1.0) as usize;
+    let dx = (w - 2.0 * margin) / segments as f64;
+    let mut r = StrokeRenderer::new(&brush, Some(fmt), 1.0);
+    let (mut t_push, mut t_comp) = (0.0f64, 0.0f64);
+    let t_all = Instant::now();
+    let mut pos = (margin, margin);
+    r.push(&[StrokePoint::new(pos.0, pos.1, 1.0)]);
+    let mut pushes = 0usize;
+    'stroke: for seg in 0..segments {
+        let (x0, y0) = pos;
+        let (x1, y1) = (margin + (seg + 1) as f64 * dx, if seg % 2 == 0 { h - margin } else { margin });
+        let n = (((x1 - x0).powi(2) + (y1 - y0).powi(2)).sqrt() / step).ceil().max(1.0) as usize;
+        for i in 1..=n {
+            let f = i as f64 / n as f64;
+            let t = Instant::now();
+            r.push(&[StrokePoint::new(x0 + (x1 - x0) * f, y0 + (y1 - y0) * f, 1.0)]);
+            let tp = t.elapsed().as_secs_f64();
+            r.composite(&pre, &mut target, None, false, false);
+            t_comp += t.elapsed().as_secs_f64() - tp;
+            t_push += tp;
+            pushes += 1;
+            if r.dab_count() >= dabs {
+                break 'stroke;
+            }
+        }
+        pos = (x1, y1);
+    }
+    let total = t_all.elapsed().as_secs_f64();
+    let placed = r.dab_count();
+    println!(
+        "tip {size} px, hardness {hardness}: {placed} dabs in {pushes} pushes over {segments} segments: {:.0} ms (push {:.0}, composite {:.0}), {:.1} µs per dab",
+        total * 1e3,
+        t_push * 1e3,
+        t_comp * 1e3,
+        total * 1e6 / placed.max(1) as f64
+    );
+}
diff --git a/crates/paint/src/brush.rs b/crates/paint/src/brush.rs
index 7695ec3a60..fc61e41152 100644
--- a/crates/paint/src/brush.rs
+++ b/crates/paint/src/brush.rs
@@ -410,9 +410,9 @@ pub struct SectionLocks {
     pub protect_texture: bool,
 }
 
-/// Brush Pose: stylus values used instead of (override) or for missing device data.
+/// Brush Pose: fixed values used for the selected stylus-component overrides.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-#[serde(default, rename_all = "camelCase")]
+#[serde(from = "PoseWire", into = "PoseWire")]
 pub struct Pose {
     pub enabled: bool,
     /// Degrees, -90..90 (W3C Pointer Events convention).
@@ -422,7 +422,8 @@ pub struct Pose {
     pub rotation: f32,
     /// 0..1.
     pub pressure: f32,
-    pub override_tilt: bool,
+    pub override_tilt_x: bool,
+    pub override_tilt_y: bool,
     pub override_rotation: bool,
     pub override_pressure: bool,
 }
@@ -435,13 +436,88 @@ impl Default for Pose {
             tilt_y: 0.0,
             rotation: 0.0,
             pressure: 1.0,
-            override_tilt: false,
+            override_tilt_x: false,
+            override_tilt_y: false,
             override_rotation: false,
             override_pressure: false,
         }
     }
 }
 
+// Old presets used one combined flag. Keep that JSON input and readback while the
+// model has only the two independent sources of truth. Explicit axis fields win.
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(default, rename_all = "camelCase")]
+struct PoseWire {
+    enabled: bool,
+    tilt_x: f32,
+    tilt_y: f32,
+    rotation: f32,
+    pressure: f32,
+    override_tilt: bool,
+    #[serde(default, deserialize_with = "pose_axis_bool")]
+    override_tilt_x: Option<bool>,
+    #[serde(default, deserialize_with = "pose_axis_bool")]
+    override_tilt_y: Option<bool>,
+    override_rotation: bool,
+    override_pressure: bool,
+}
+
+// Missing axis keys migrate from the old flag; a present null/non-boolean is an error.
+fn pose_axis_bool<'de, D: serde::Deserializer<'de>>(d: D) -> Result<Option<bool>, D::Error> {
+    bool::deserialize(d).map(Some)
+}
+
+impl Default for PoseWire {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            enabled: false,
+            tilt_x: 0.0,
+            tilt_y: 0.0,
+            rotation: 0.0,
+            pressure: 1.0,
+            override_tilt: false,
+            override_tilt_x: None,
+            override_tilt_y: None,
+            override_rotation: false,
+            override_pressure: false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<PoseWire> for Pose {
+    fn from(p: PoseWire) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            enabled: p.enabled,
+            tilt_x: p.tilt_x,
+            tilt_y: p.tilt_y,
+            rotation: p.rotation,
+            pressure: p.pressure,
+            override_tilt_x: p.override_tilt_x.unwrap_or(p.override_tilt),
+            override_tilt_y: p.override_tilt_y.unwrap_or(p.override_tilt),
+            override_rotation: p.override_rotation,
+            override_pressure: p.override_pressure,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Pose> for PoseWire {
+    fn from(p: Pose) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            enabled: p.enabled,
+            tilt_x: p.tilt_x,
+            tilt_y: p.tilt_y,
+            rotation: p.rotation,
+            pressure: p.pressure,
+            override_tilt: p.override_tilt_x && p.override_tilt_y,
+            override_tilt_x: Some(p.override_tilt_x),
+            override_tilt_y: Some(p.override_tilt_y),
+            override_rotation: p.override_rotation,
+            override_pressure: p.override_pressure,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Stroke smoothing (Photoshop's Smoothing % and its options).
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[serde(default, rename_all = "camelCase")]
diff --git a/crates/paint/src/brush_tests.rs b/crates/paint/src/brush_tests.rs
index 7bcf2d7a8f..d573e7cb3f 100644
--- a/crates/paint/src/brush_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/paint/src/brush_tests.rs
@@ -278,6 +278,58 @@ fn stroke_has_no_seams() {
     }
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn hard_round_presets_have_smooth_large_stroke_outlines() {
+    // #8842: the centre can be solid while widely spaced discs scallop the outline.
+    // Measure the rendered 50% edge of a 150 px stroke, including its sub-pixel position.
+    for preset in crate::presets::builtin().into_iter().filter(|p| p.name.starts_with("Hard Round")) {
+        for fmt in [PixelFormat::RGBA8, PixelFormat::RGBA16, PixelFormat::RGBA32F] {
+            for smoothing in [0.0, 0.49] {
+                let mut b = preset.brush.clone();
+                b.size = 150.0;
+                b.smoothing.amount = smoothing;
+                let mut s = Surface::new(fmt);
+                render_stroke(&mut s, &b, &line(100.0, 800.0, 120.0), None, false, 1.0);
+                let (mut min, mut max) = (f32::INFINITY, f32::NEG_INFINITY);
+                for x in 220..680 {
+                    let edge = (0..120)
+                        .find_map(|y| {
+                            let (a, next) = (s.rgba(x, y)[3], s.rgba(x, y + 1)[3]);
+                            (a <= 0.5 && next > 0.5).then(|| y as f32 + (0.5 - a) / (next - a))
+                        })
+                        .expect("a full-pressure stroke has a half-coverage edge");
+                    min = min.min(edge);
+                    max = max.max(edge);
+                }
+                assert!(max - min < 0.25, "{} {fmt:?} smoothing {smoothing}: scalloped edge spans {} px", preset.name, max - min);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn hard_round_presets_have_continuous_pressure_opacity_tapers() {
+    // #8842 also shows nested disc boundaries when pressure controls opacity and size.
+    // A smooth input ramp must not turn into several-percent steps between adjacent pixels.
+    let points: Vec<_> =
+        (0..=100).map(|i| StrokePoint { time: i as f64 * 8.0, ..StrokePoint::new(100.0 + i as f64 * 7.0, 120.0, 0.95 - i as f32 * 0.009) }).collect();
+    for preset in crate::presets::builtin().into_iter().filter(|p| p.name.starts_with("Hard Round")) {
+        for fmt in [PixelFormat::RGBA8, PixelFormat::RGBA16, PixelFormat::RGBA32F] {
+            for smoothing in [0.0, 0.49] {
+                let mut b = preset.brush.clone();
+                b.size = 150.0;
+                b.pressure_opacity = true;
+                b.smoothing.amount = smoothing;
+                let mut s = Surface::new(fmt);
+                render_stroke(&mut s, &b, &points, None, false, 1.0);
+                assert!(s.rgba(200, 120)[3] > 0.7 && s.rgba(699, 120)[3] < 0.3, "{}: the stroke must still taper", preset.name);
+                let max_jump = (200..699).map(|x| (s.rgba(x + 1, 120)[3] - s.rgba(x, 120)[3]).abs()).fold(0.0f32, f32::max);
+                assert!(max_jump < 0.02, "{} {fmt:?} smoothing {smoothing}: opacity jumps by {max_jump}", preset.name);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 // ---------- dynamics ----------
 
 #[test]
@@ -981,6 +1033,93 @@ fn catch_up_on_stroke_end_finishes_the_pose_of_a_still_pen() {
     assert_eq!(out.len(), n);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn pose_axes_override_only_the_selected_stylus_components() {
+    let input = StrokePoint { x: 20.0, y: 30.0, pressure: 0.71, tilt_x: 13.0, tilt_y: -27.0, rotation: 67.0, wheel: 0.24, time: 73.0 };
+    for enabled in [false, true] {
+        for (x, y) in [(false, false), (true, false), (false, true), (true, true)] {
+            let b: BrushSettings = serde_json::from_value(serde_json::json!({"pose": {
+                "enabled": enabled, "tiltX": 45, "tiltY": -18,
+                "overrideTiltX": x, "overrideTiltY": y,
+                "pressure": 0.4, "rotation": 120
+            }}))
+            .unwrap();
+            let mut expected = input;
+            if enabled && x {
+                expected.tilt_x = 45.0;
+            }
+            if enabled && y {
+                expected.tilt_y = -18.0;
+            }
+            assert_eq!(crate::dynamics::apply_pose(&b, input), expected, "enabled={enabled}, X={x}, Y={y}");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn pose_axes_reach_dabs_and_pixels_at_all_rgba_depths() {
+    let points = [
+        StrokePoint { tilt_x: 13.0, tilt_y: -27.0, ..StrokePoint::new(20.0, 30.0, 0.71) },
+        StrokePoint { tilt_x: -31.0, tilt_y: 42.0, ..StrokePoint::new(75.0, 45.0, 0.83) },
+    ];
+    for (x, y) in [(true, false), (false, true), (true, true)] {
+        let b: BrushSettings = serde_json::from_value(serde_json::json!({
+            "size": 20, "roundness": 0.47, "angle": -23,
+            "pressureSize": false, "smoothing": {"enabled": false},
+            "shapeDynamics": {"enabled": true, "brushProjection": true},
+            "pose": {"enabled": true, "tiltX": 45, "tiltY": -18, "overrideTiltX": x, "overrideTiltY": y}
+        }))
+        .unwrap();
+        let expected_points: Vec<_> =
+            points.iter().map(|p| StrokePoint { tilt_x: if x { 45.0 } else { p.tilt_x }, tilt_y: if y { -18.0 } else { p.tilt_y }, ..*p }).collect();
+        let mut expected_brush = b.clone();
+        expected_brush.pose.enabled = false;
+        let actual_dabs = dabs_of(&b, &points);
+        let expected_dabs = dabs_of(&expected_brush, &expected_points);
+        assert_eq!(actual_dabs.len(), expected_dabs.len());
+        for (index, (actual, expected)) in actual_dabs.iter().zip(&expected_dabs).enumerate() {
+            assert_eq!(actual, expected, "resolved tilt reaches dab {index}");
+        }
+        for format in [PixelFormat::RGBA8, PixelFormat::RGBA16, PixelFormat::RGBA32F] {
+            let mut actual = Surface::new(format);
+            let mut expected = Surface::new(format);
+            render_stroke(&mut actual, &b, &points, None, false, 1.0);
+            render_stroke(&mut expected, &expected_brush, &expected_points, None, false, 1.0);
+            assert!(actual.rgba(20, 30)[3] > 0.0, "the comparison includes painted pixels");
+            for py in 0..80 {
+                for px in 0..100 {
+                    assert_eq!(actual.rgba(px, py), expected.rgba(px, py), "{format:?}, X={x}, Y={y}, pixel ({px},{py})");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn pose_axes_legacy_combined_override_and_existing_rotation_pressure_are_preserved() {
+    let input = StrokePoint { tilt_x: 13.0, tilt_y: -27.0, pressure: 0.71, rotation: 67.0, ..Default::default() };
+    for enabled in [false, true] {
+        for legacy in [false, true] {
+            let b: BrushSettings = serde_json::from_value(serde_json::json!({"pose": {
+                "enabled": enabled, "tiltX": 45, "tiltY": -18, "overrideTilt": legacy,
+                "pressure": 0.4, "overridePressure": true, "rotation": 120, "overrideRotation": true
+            }}))
+            .unwrap();
+            let expected = StrokePoint {
+                tilt_x: if enabled && legacy { 45.0 } else { input.tilt_x },
+                tilt_y: if enabled && legacy { -18.0 } else { input.tilt_y },
+                pressure: if enabled { 0.4 } else { input.pressure },
+                rotation: if enabled { 120.0 } else { input.rotation },
+                ..input
+            };
+            assert_eq!(crate::dynamics::apply_pose(&b, input), expected);
+            let stored = serde_json::to_vec(&b).unwrap();
+            let restored: BrushSettings = serde_json::from_slice(&stored).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(crate::dynamics::apply_pose(&restored, input), expected, "legacy brush settings retain their painting behavior through persistence");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn pose_overrides_stylus_values() {
     let b = BrushSettings {
@@ -1601,6 +1740,106 @@ fn an_aliased_stroke_at_partial_opacity_is_one_flat_colour() {
     }
 }
 
+/// Large tips rasterize, accumulate and composite in parallel (rows of a dab, tiles of a stroke);
+/// the pixels are the ones the serial path gives, with 8-bit dithering, a selection, Dissolve and
+/// per-dab colour included.
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+#[test]
+fn large_tips_render_the_same_in_parallel_and_serially() {
+    let mut sel = Surface::new(PixelFormat::GRAY8);
+    sel.fill_rect(Rect::new(0, 0, 900, 700), &[1.0]);
+    sel.fill_rect(Rect::new(300, 0, 400, 700), &[0.0]);
+    let strokes: Vec<(BrushSettings, Vec<StrokePoint>)> = vec![
+        (BrushSettings { size: 700.0, hardness: 0.0, flow: 0.6, color: [0.9, 0.2, 0.1, 1.0], ..brush() }, line(200.0, 700.0, 350.0)),
+        (
+            BrushSettings { size: 420.0, hardness: 1.0, opacity: 0.5, mode: BlendMode::Dissolve, color: [0.1, 0.5, 0.9, 1.0], ..brush() },
+            line(150.0, 750.0, 300.0),
+        ),
+        (
+            BrushSettings {
+                size: 500.0,
+                hardness: 0.3,
+                color_dynamics: ColorDynamics { enabled: true, hue_jitter: 0.5, per_tip: true, ..Default::default() },
+                color: [0.2, 0.8, 0.3, 1.0],
+                ..brush()
+            },
+            line(100.0, 800.0, 400.0),
+        ),
+    ];
+    let render = |parallel_from: usize| -> Vec<Vec<f32>> {
+        crate::render::set_parallel_min_pixels(parallel_from);
+        strokes
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(b, pts)| {
+                let mut s = Surface::new(PixelFormat::RGBA8);
+                s.fill_rect(Rect::new(0, 0, 900, 700), &[0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0]);
+                let (mut with_sel, mut plain) = (s.clone(), s);
+                render_stroke(&mut with_sel, b, pts, Some(&sel), false, 1.0);
+                render_stroke(&mut plain, b, pts, None, false, 1.0);
+                let mut px = with_sel.read_region(Rect::new(0, 0, 900, 700));
+                px.extend(plain.read_region(Rect::new(0, 0, 900, 700)));
+                px
+            })
+            .collect()
+    };
+    // The threshold is process-wide: put the default back however the test ends, a panic
+    // inside a render included.
+    struct Restore;
+    impl Drop for Restore {
+        fn drop(&mut self) {
+            crate::render::set_parallel_min_pixels(crate::render::DEFAULT_PARALLEL_MIN_PIXELS);
+        }
+    }
+    let _restore = Restore;
+    let parallel = render(0);
+    let serial = render(usize::MAX);
+    for (i, (p, s)) in parallel.iter().zip(&serial).enumerate() {
+        assert_eq!(p.len(), s.len());
+        let diff = p.iter().zip(s).filter(|(a, b)| a != b).count();
+        assert_eq!(diff, 0, "stroke {i}: {diff} pixels differ between the parallel and the serial render");
+        assert!(p.iter().any(|v| (*v - 0.5).abs() > 0.1), "stroke {i} painted something");
+    }
+}
+
+/// A CMYK document with its own profile: blend modes other than Normal convert each pixel through
+/// that profile, which is active per thread, so a stroke composited in parallel gives the pixels the
+/// serial path gives (the workers enter the caller's CMYK space too).
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+#[test]
+fn a_parallel_composite_converts_through_the_documents_cmyk_profile() {
+    use photocraft_cms::synth::{CmykParams, cmyk_profile};
+    use photocraft_color::convert::{CmykSpace, with_cmyk_space};
+    let profile =
+        cmyk_profile(&CmykParams { description: "Brush Test CMYK".into(), tvi: [0.26, 0.26, 0.26, 0.3], grid_a2b: 5, grid_b2a: 9, ..Default::default() });
+    let bytes = profile.to_bytes();
+    let Some(space) = CmykSpace::for_profile(Some(&bytes)) else { panic!("the synthetic profile is a CMYK space") };
+    let fmt = PixelFormat::new(ColorMode::Cmyk, SampleType::U16, true);
+    // A 40 px Multiply line over 1100 px dirties more than 16 tiles: the composite's batch is
+    // worth the threads at the default threshold, and always at threshold 0.
+    let b = BrushSettings { size: 40.0, hardness: 0.5, mode: BlendMode::Multiply, color: [0.2, 0.4, 0.9, 1.0], ..brush() };
+    let pts = line(40.0, 1140.0, 60.0);
+    let full = Rect::new(0, 0, 1200, 120);
+    let render = |parallel_from: usize| -> Vec<f32> {
+        crate::render::set_parallel_min_pixels(parallel_from);
+        let mut s = Surface::new(fmt);
+        s.fill_rect(full, &[0.1, 0.5, 0.3, 0.05, 1.0]);
+        with_cmyk_space(Some(&space), || render_stroke(&mut s, &b, &pts, None, false, 1.0));
+        s.read_region(full)
+    };
+    struct Restore;
+    impl Drop for Restore {
+        fn drop(&mut self) {
+            crate::render::set_parallel_min_pixels(crate::render::DEFAULT_PARALLEL_MIN_PIXELS);
+        }
+    }
+    let _restore = Restore;
+    let parallel = render(0);
+    let serial = render(usize::MAX);
+    let diff = parallel.iter().zip(&serial).filter(|(a, b)| a != b).count();
+    assert_eq!(diff, 0, "{diff} samples differ between the parallel and the serial composite in a profiled CMYK document");
+    assert!(serial.chunks(5).any(|p| (p[1] - 0.5).abs() > 0.05), "the stroke painted something");
+}
+
 /// Photoshop (measured): a 100 px brush with a 20 px Dual Brush tip resized to 50 / 2 / 1 px has a
 /// 10 / 0.4 / 0.2 px dual tip, unrounded and with no floor, and back at 100 px it is 20 px again; past
 /// 5000 px the dual tip is capped there and the proportion is lost (#4809).
diff --git a/crates/paint/src/dynamics.rs b/crates/paint/src/dynamics.rs
index a34effa6a5..5c8c88b640 100644
--- a/crates/paint/src/dynamics.rs
+++ b/crates/paint/src/dynamics.rs
@@ -26,6 +26,9 @@ const MAX_GRID_STEPS: f64 = 1e7;
 const MIN_SPEED_STEP: f64 = 0.5;
 /// Maximum airbrush catch-up dabs for one input segment.
 const MAX_AIRBRUSH_DABS_PER_SEGMENT: usize = 512;
+/// Most steps one distance-spaced segment emits: two far-apart points at a quarter-pixel spacing
+/// would otherwise be billions of steps, all buffered before the first is drawn.
+const MAX_DISTANCE_STEPS_PER_SEGMENT: usize = 1 << 20;
 
 /// The dab centre of the pixel-grid cell holding `v` (see [`PathWalker::pixel_grid`]): the
 /// pixel's centre for `offset` 0.5, the nearest pixel corner for 0. A value within rounding
@@ -336,12 +339,17 @@ impl PathWalker {
             match self.speed.filter(|_| dt > 0.0 && dt.is_finite()) {
                 None => {
                     if !self.grid.is_some_and(|g| self.grid_steps(&a, &p, g, out)) {
-                        while self.next_at <= len + 1e-9 {
+                        let mut emitted = 0usize;
+                        while self.next_at <= len + 1e-9 && emitted < MAX_DISTANCE_STEPS_PER_SEGMENT {
                             let q = lerp_pt(&a, &p, (self.next_at / len).min(1.0));
                             self.emit(q, out);
                             self.next_at += step_len(&q).max(0.25);
+                            emitted += 1;
                         }
-                        self.next_at -= len;
+                        // Cut short: the rest of the segment is skipped, spacing restarts at its end.
+                        // Only when the cap held back a step that was still due; a segment that ends right at the cap keeps its carry-over.
+                        let cut_short = emitted == MAX_DISTANCE_STEPS_PER_SEGMENT && self.next_at <= len + 1e-9;
+                        self.next_at = if cut_short { step_len(&p).max(0.25) } else { self.next_at - len };
                     }
                 }
                 Some(iv) => {
@@ -706,8 +714,10 @@ impl DualBuilder {
 pub fn apply_pose(b: &BrushSettings, mut p: StrokePoint) -> StrokePoint {
     let pose = &b.pose;
     if pose.enabled {
-        if pose.override_tilt {
+        if pose.override_tilt_x {
             p.tilt_x = pose.tilt_x;
+        }
+        if pose.override_tilt_y {
             p.tilt_y = pose.tilt_y;
         }
         if pose.override_rotation {
@@ -813,3 +823,38 @@ impl DabGenerator {
         }
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod walker_budget_tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn one_far_segment_emits_a_bounded_number_of_steps() {
+        let steps = std::cell::Cell::new(0usize);
+        let mut count = |_: StepInput| steps.set(steps.get() + 1);
+        let mut walker = PathWalker::new(None);
+        walker.push(StrokePoint::new(0.0, 0.0, 1.0), &|_: &StrokePoint| 1.0, &mut count);
+        // At a quarter pixel, a billion-pixel segment is four billion steps.
+        walker.push(StrokePoint::new(1.0e9, 0.0, 1.0), &|_: &StrokePoint| 0.25, &mut count);
+        assert!(steps.get() <= MAX_DISTANCE_STEPS_PER_SEGMENT + 1, "{}", steps.get());
+        // Spacing carries on from the end of the cut segment.
+        let before = steps.get();
+        walker.push(StrokePoint::new(1.0e9 + 10.0, 0.0, 1.0), &|_: &StrokePoint| 1.0, &mut count);
+        assert!(steps.get() > before && steps.get() - before <= 11, "{} more steps", steps.get() - before);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_segment_ending_at_the_cap_keeps_its_carry_over() {
+        let steps = std::cell::Cell::new(0usize);
+        let mut count = |_: StepInput| steps.set(steps.get() + 1);
+        let mut walker = PathWalker::new(None);
+        let one = |_: &StrokePoint| 1.0;
+        walker.push(StrokePoint::new(0.0, 0.0, 1.0), &one, &mut count);
+        // Exactly the cap in steps, then 0.75 left before the next is due.
+        let end = MAX_DISTANCE_STEPS_PER_SEGMENT as f64 + 0.25;
+        walker.push(StrokePoint::new(end, 0.0, 1.0), &one, &mut count);
+        let before = steps.get();
+        walker.push(StrokePoint::new(end + 0.8, 0.0, 1.0), &one, &mut count);
+        assert_eq!(steps.get(), before + 1);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/paint/src/mixer.rs b/crates/paint/src/mixer.rs
index 49abb127a1..f620520b9b 100644
--- a/crates/paint/src/mixer.rs
+++ b/crates/paint/src/mixer.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 //! weight. The reservoir amount drains per dab unless `load` is 100 %, so low Load strokes dry out.
 //! A dry brush (`wet = 0`) paints only reservoir colour; an empty, wet brush smears canvas colour.
 
-use photocraft_raster::{Surface, from_rgba, to_rgba};
+use photocraft_raster::{Surface, from_rgba, from_rgba_into, to_rgba};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 use crate::Stroke;
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ pub struct MixerSettings {
     /// Pick up colour from all visible layers instead of the target layer only.
     pub sample_all_layers: bool,
     /// Load the brush with the stroke color after each stroke (the automatic Load option).
+    #[serde(alias = "reloadAfterStroke")]
     pub load_after_stroke: bool,
     /// Empty the brush after each stroke (the automatic Clean option).
     pub clean_after_stroke: bool,
@@ -34,7 +35,7 @@ pub struct MixerSettings {
 
 impl Default for MixerSettings {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        Self { wet: 0.5, load: 0.5, mix: 0.5, flow: 1.0, sample_all_layers: false, load_after_stroke: true, clean_after_stroke: true }
+        Self { wet: 0.5, load: 0.5, mix: 0.5, flow: 1.0, sample_all_layers: false, clean_after_stroke: true, load_after_stroke: true }
     }
 }
 
@@ -48,6 +49,8 @@ pub struct MixerState {
     pub amount: f32,
     /// Colour picked up from the canvas (straight RGBA), None = clean.
     pub pickup: Option<[f32; 4]>,
+    /// A bounded 64 x 64 spatial load in tip-local coordinates. Empty cells carry no paint.
+    pub spatial: Option<Vec<[f32; 4]>>,
     /// The color recorded by the last stroke (its color) or the last Load Brush or Clean Brush
     /// (the foreground). None = no stroke, load or clean yet.
     pub color: Option<[f32; 4]>,
@@ -56,11 +59,13 @@ pub struct MixerState {
 impl MixerState {
     /// Load Brush: fill the reservoir with a color (full).
     pub fn load(&mut self, color: [f32; 4]) {
+        self.spatial = None;
         self.reservoir = Some(color);
         self.amount = 1.0;
     }
     /// Clean Brush: empty the reservoir and the pickup well.
     pub fn clean(&mut self) {
+        self.spatial = None;
         self.reservoir = None;
         self.amount = 0.0;
         self.pickup = None;
@@ -76,11 +81,16 @@ impl MixerState {
     /// After a stroke in `color`: the automatic Clean empties the brush, then the automatic Load
     /// fills the reservoir again.
     pub fn end_stroke(&mut self, color: [f32; 4], clean: bool, load: bool) {
+        // Automatic Load replenishes a sampled tip as well as a solid-color load.
+        // Move its bounded buffer through Clean instead of allocating a copy.
+        let spatial = if load { self.spatial.take() } else { None };
+        let paint = if spatial.is_some() { self.reservoir.unwrap_or(color) } else { color };
         if clean {
             self.clean();
         }
         if load {
-            self.load(color);
+            self.load(paint);
+            self.spatial = spatial;
         }
         self.color = Some(color);
     }
@@ -91,6 +101,34 @@ impl MixerState {
     }
 }
 
+/// Sample a spatial load at a dab pixel using the dab's rotation, aspect and flips.
+/// Keeping the reservoir in tip coordinates lets it follow subsequent brush poses.
+pub fn load_at(load: &[[f32; 4]], dab: &crate::Dab, x: f32, y: f32) -> [f32; 4] {
+    let mut dx = x - dab.center.x as f32;
+    let mut dy = y - dab.center.y as f32;
+    if dab.proj_scale < 0.999 {
+        let (sin, cos) = dab.proj_angle.sin_cos();
+        let along = (dx * cos - dy * sin) * (1.0 / dab.proj_scale.max(0.05) - 1.0);
+        dx += along * cos;
+        dy -= along * sin;
+    }
+    let (sin, cos) = dab.angle.sin_cos();
+    let mut u = (dx * cos - dy * sin) / dab.radius.max(0.01);
+    let mut v = (dx * sin + dy * cos) / (dab.radius * dab.roundness).max(0.5);
+    if dab.flip_x {
+        u = -u;
+    }
+    if dab.flip_y {
+        v = -v;
+    }
+    if !(-1.0..1.0).contains(&u) || !(-1.0..1.0).contains(&v) {
+        return [0.0; 4];
+    }
+    let col = ((u + 1.0) * 32.0) as usize;
+    let row = ((v + 1.0) * 32.0) as usize;
+    load.get(row * 64 + col).copied().unwrap_or([0.0; 4])
+}
+
 /// Paint a Mixer Brush stroke. `sample` is the surface colour is picked up from (the layer itself
 /// when None; a flattened composite for Sample All Layers). Returns the damaged rectangle.
 pub fn apply_mixer_stroke(
@@ -103,6 +141,50 @@ pub fn apply_mixer_stroke(
     lock_transparency: bool,
 ) -> Rect {
     let fmt = target.format();
+    let mut st = stroke.clone();
+    st.brush.opacity = 1.0;
+    apply_dab_stroke(target, &st, selection, lock_transparency, 0, |work, fp| {
+        apply_mixer_dab(work, fp, fmt, sample, m, state, lock_transparency);
+    })
+}
+
+/// One incremental wet-paint dab, shared by recorded strokes and the live document transaction.
+pub fn apply_mixer_dab(
+    work: &mut crate::retouch::Region,
+    fp: &crate::retouch::Footprint,
+    fmt: photocraft_color::PixelFormat,
+    sample: Option<&Surface>,
+    m: &MixerSettings,
+    state: &mut MixerState,
+    lock_transparency: bool,
+) {
+    let sample = sample.map(|surface| {
+        let source = crate::retouch::Region::read(surface, work.rect);
+        if surface.format().mode == fmt.mode && surface.format().alpha == fmt.alpha {
+            source
+        } else {
+            let mut native = crate::retouch::Region::new(work.rect, fmt.channels());
+            for (src, dst) in source.data.chunks_exact(source.ch).zip(native.data.chunks_exact_mut(native.ch)) {
+                from_rgba_into(&fmt, to_rgba(&surface.format(), src), dst);
+            }
+            native
+        }
+    });
+    apply_mixer_dab_region(work, fp, fmt, sample.as_ref(), m, state, lock_transparency);
+}
+
+/// Contiguous native-channel sample variant. `sample` must have the same rectangle and
+/// channel layout as `work`. The live compositor supplies it directly, avoiding a tiled
+/// temporary surface and a heap allocation for every sampled/deposited pixel.
+pub fn apply_mixer_dab_region(
+    work: &mut crate::retouch::Region,
+    fp: &crate::retouch::Footprint,
+    fmt: photocraft_color::PixelFormat,
+    sample: Option<&crate::retouch::Region>,
+    m: &MixerSettings,
+    state: &mut MixerState,
+    lock_transparency: bool,
+) {
     let n = fmt.channels();
     let a = alpha_index(&fmt);
     let nc = fmt.mode.color_channels();
@@ -117,70 +199,81 @@ pub fn apply_mixer_stroke(
     let mut amount = if res.is_some() { state.amount.clamp(0.0, 1.0) } else { 0.0 };
     let mut pickup: Option<Vec<f32>> = state.pickup.map(native);
     let (wet, mix, flow, load) = (m.wet.clamp(0.0, 1.0), m.mix.clamp(0.0, 1.0), m.flow.clamp(0.0, 1.0), m.load.clamp(0.0, 1.0));
-    let mut st = stroke.clone();
-    st.brush.opacity = 1.0;
     let mut acc = vec![0.0f32; n];
     let mut paint = vec![0.0f32; n];
-    let dmg = apply_dab_stroke(target, &st, selection, lock_transparency, 0, |work, fp| {
-        // Transfer › Wetness / Mix Jitter scale the settings per dab.
-        let (wet, mix) = (wet * fp.dab.wet.clamp(0.0, 1.0), mix * fp.dab.mix.clamp(0.0, 1.0));
-        // Sample the canvas under the dab.
-        acc.iter_mut().for_each(|v| *v = 0.0);
-        let (mut wsum, mut asum) = (0.0f32, 0.0f32);
-        let r = fp.rect.intersect(&work.rect);
+    // Transfer › Wetness / Mix Jitter scale the settings per dab.
+    let (wet, mix) = (wet * fp.dab.wet.clamp(0.0, 1.0), mix * fp.dab.mix.clamp(0.0, 1.0));
+    // Sample the canvas under the dab.
+    acc.iter_mut().for_each(|v| *v = 0.0);
+    let (mut wsum, mut asum) = (0.0f32, 0.0f32);
+    let r = fp.rect.intersect(&work.rect);
+    for y in r.y0..r.y1 {
+        for x in r.x0..r.x1 {
+            let w = fp.at(x, y);
+            if w <= 0.0 {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let px = sample.unwrap_or(work).px(x, y);
+            let al = a.map_or(1.0, |ai| px[ai]);
+            for c in 0..nc {
+                acc[c] += px[c] * w * al;
+            }
+            wsum += w;
+            asum += w * al;
+        }
+    }
+    if asum > 1e-6 && wet > 0.0 {
+        let ca = asum / wsum.max(1e-6);
+        let canvas: Vec<f32> = (0..n).map(|c| if c < nc { acc[c] / asum } else { 1.0 }).collect();
+        pickup = Some(match pickup.take() {
+            None => canvas,
+            Some(p) => p.iter().zip(&canvas).map(|(p, c)| p + (c - p) * PICKUP_RATE * wet * ca).collect(),
+        });
+    }
+    let wr = if res.is_some() { amount * (1.0 - mix * wet) } else { 0.0 };
+    let wp = if pickup.is_some() { mix * wet } else { 0.0 };
+    let total = wr + wp;
+    if total > 1e-6 {
+        for c in 0..n {
+            let rv = res.as_ref().map_or(0.0, |v| v[c]);
+            let pv = pickup.as_ref().map_or(0.0, |v| v[c]);
+            paint[c] = (rv * wr + pv * wp) / total;
+        }
+        let dep = total.min(1.0) * flow;
+        let mut local = vec![0.0; n];
+        let mut mixed = vec![0.0; n];
         for y in r.y0..r.y1 {
             for x in r.x0..r.x1 {
-                let w = fp.at(x, y);
-                if w <= 0.0 {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                let px: Vec<f32> = match sample {
-                    Some(s) => {
-                        let v = s.pixel(x, y);
-                        if s.format() == fmt { v } else { from_rgba(&fmt, s.rgba(x, y)) }
-                    }
-                    None => work.px(x, y).to_vec(),
-                };
-                let al = a.map_or(1.0, |ai| px[ai]);
-                for c in 0..nc {
-                    acc[c] += px[c] * w * al;
-                }
-                wsum += w;
-                asum += w * al;
-            }
-        }
-        if asum > 1e-6 && wet > 0.0 {
-            let ca = asum / wsum.max(1e-6);
-            let canvas: Vec<f32> = (0..n).map(|c| if c < nc { acc[c] / asum } else { 1.0 }).collect();
-            pickup = Some(match pickup.take() {
-                None => canvas,
-                Some(p) => p.iter().zip(&canvas).map(|(p, c)| p + (c - p) * PICKUP_RATE * wet * ca).collect(),
-            });
-        }
-        let wr = if res.is_some() { amount * (1.0 - mix * wet) } else { 0.0 };
-        let wp = if pickup.is_some() { mix * wet } else { 0.0 };
-        let total = wr + wp;
-        if total > 1e-6 {
-            for c in 0..n {
-                let rv = res.as_ref().map_or(0.0, |v| v[c]);
-                let pv = pickup.as_ref().map_or(0.0, |v| v[c]);
-                paint[c] = (rv * wr + pv * wp) / total;
-            }
-            let dep = total.min(1.0) * flow;
-            for y in r.y0..r.y1 {
-                for x in r.x0..r.x1 {
-                    let k = fp.at(x, y) * dep;
-                    if k > 0.0 {
+                let k = fp.at(x, y) * dep;
+                if k > 0.0 {
+                    if let Some(load) = &state.spatial {
+                        let loaded = load_at(load, &fp.dab, x as f32 + 0.5, y as f32 + 0.5);
+                        from_rgba_into(&fmt, loaded, &mut local);
+                        let local_wr = wr * loaded[3];
+                        let local_total = local_wr + wp;
+                        if local_total > 1e-6 {
+                            for (c, value) in mixed.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+                                *value = (local.get(c).copied().unwrap_or(0.0) * local_wr
+                                    + pickup.as_ref().and_then(|p| p.get(c)).copied().unwrap_or(0.0) * wp)
+                                    / local_total;
+                            }
+                            if let Some(ai) = a
+                                && let Some(alpha) = mixed.get_mut(ai)
+                            {
+                                *alpha = 1.0;
+                            }
+                            over_native(&fmt, work.px_mut(x, y), &mixed, fp.at(x, y) * local_total.min(1.0) * flow, lock_transparency);
+                        }
+                    } else {
                         over_native(&fmt, work.px_mut(x, y), &paint, k, lock_transparency);
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
-        amount *= 1.0 - 0.08 * (1.0 - load);
-    });
+    }
+    amount *= 1.0 - 0.08 * (1.0 - load);
     state.amount = amount;
     state.pickup = pickup.map(|p| to_rgba(&fmt, &p));
-    dmg
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -284,6 +377,38 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!((st.reservoir, st.amount, st.pickup), (Some(green), 1.0, None));
     }
 
+    /// Spatial paint reservoirs honor independent automatic clean and reload choices.
+    #[test]
+    fn spatial_load_obeys_automatic_clean_and_load() {
+        let foreground = [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0];
+        let sampled = [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0];
+        let tip = vec![sampled; 4096];
+        let mut state = MixerState::default();
+        state.load(sampled);
+        state.spatial = Some(tip.clone());
+        state.color = Some(foreground);
+        state.amount = 0.1;
+        state.end_stroke(foreground, true, true);
+        assert_eq!(state.spatial.as_ref(), Some(&tip));
+        assert_eq!((state.reservoir, state.amount, state.pickup), (Some(sampled), 1.0, None));
+        state.begin_stroke(foreground);
+        assert_eq!(state.spatial.as_ref(), Some(&tip));
+        state.end_stroke(foreground, true, false);
+        assert!(state.spatial.is_none() && state.reservoir.is_none());
+        state.begin_stroke(foreground);
+        assert!(state.reservoir.is_none(), "Clean stays empty until a new color or Load");
+    }
+
+    /// Older serialized reload settings remain compatible with the automatic load field.
+    #[test]
+    fn earlier_reload_setting_deserializes_as_automatic_load() {
+        let settings: MixerSettings = serde_json::from_value(serde_json::json!({"reloadAfterStroke":false})).unwrap();
+        assert!(!settings.load_after_stroke);
+        let saved = serde_json::to_value(settings).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(saved["loadAfterStroke"], false);
+        assert!(saved.get("reloadAfterStroke").is_none());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn dry_empty_brush_paints_nothing() {
         let mut s = Surface::new(PixelFormat::RGBA8);
@@ -313,3 +438,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(run(1.0).is_some_and(|p| p[2] > 0.2));
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[path = "mixer_reference_tests.rs"]
+mod reference_tests;
diff --git a/crates/paint/src/mixer_reference_tests.rs b/crates/paint/src/mixer_reference_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..73242fa2f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/paint/src/mixer_reference_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+// Frozen pre-optimization dab kernel. Keep independent of the optimized implementation.
+use super::*;
+/// Keep the allocation-heavy scalar kernel independent so optimizations cannot silently change pickup or blending.
+fn reference(
+    work: &mut crate::retouch::Region,
+    fp: &crate::retouch::Footprint,
+    fmt: photocraft_color::PixelFormat,
+    sample: Option<&Surface>,
+    m: &MixerSettings,
+    state: &mut MixerState,
+    lock_transparency: bool,
+) {
+    let n = fmt.channels();
+    let a = alpha_index(&fmt);
+    let nc = fmt.mode.color_channels();
+    let native = |c: [f32; 4]| {
+        let mut v = from_rgba(&fmt, c);
+        if let Some(ai) = a {
+            v[ai] = 1.0;
+        }
+        v
+    };
+    let res = state.reservoir.map(native);
+    let mut amount = if res.is_some() { state.amount.clamp(0.0, 1.0) } else { 0.0 };
+    let mut pickup: Option<Vec<f32>> = state.pickup.map(native);
+    let (wet, mix, flow, load) = (m.wet.clamp(0.0, 1.0), m.mix.clamp(0.0, 1.0), m.flow.clamp(0.0, 1.0), m.load.clamp(0.0, 1.0));
+    let mut acc = vec![0.0f32; n];
+    let mut paint = vec![0.0f32; n];
+    // Transfer › Wetness / Mix Jitter scale the settings per dab.
+    let (wet, mix) = (wet * fp.dab.wet.clamp(0.0, 1.0), mix * fp.dab.mix.clamp(0.0, 1.0));
+    // Sample the canvas under the dab.
+    acc.iter_mut().for_each(|v| *v = 0.0);
+    let (mut wsum, mut asum) = (0.0f32, 0.0f32);
+    let r = fp.rect.intersect(&work.rect);
+    for y in r.y0..r.y1 {
+        for x in r.x0..r.x1 {
+            let w = fp.at(x, y);
+            if w <= 0.0 {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let px: Vec<f32> = match sample {
+                Some(s) => {
+                    let v = s.pixel(x, y);
+                    if s.format() == fmt { v } else { from_rgba(&fmt, s.rgba(x, y)) }
+                }
+                None => work.px(x, y).to_vec(),
+            };
+            let al = a.map_or(1.0, |ai| px[ai]);
+            for c in 0..nc {
+                acc[c] += px[c] * w * al;
+            }
+            wsum += w;
+            asum += w * al;
+        }
+    }
+    if asum > 1e-6 && wet > 0.0 {
+        let ca = asum / wsum.max(1e-6);
+        let canvas: Vec<f32> = (0..n).map(|c| if c < nc { acc[c] / asum } else { 1.0 }).collect();
+        pickup = Some(match pickup.take() {
+            None => canvas,
+            Some(p) => p.iter().zip(&canvas).map(|(p, c)| p + (c - p) * PICKUP_RATE * wet * ca).collect(),
+        });
+    }
+    let wr = if res.is_some() { amount * (1.0 - mix * wet) } else { 0.0 };
+    let wp = if pickup.is_some() { mix * wet } else { 0.0 };
+    let total = wr + wp;
+    if total > 1e-6 {
+        for c in 0..n {
+            let rv = res.as_ref().map_or(0.0, |v| v[c]);
+            let pv = pickup.as_ref().map_or(0.0, |v| v[c]);
+            paint[c] = (rv * wr + pv * wp) / total;
+        }
+        let dep = total.min(1.0) * flow;
+        for y in r.y0..r.y1 {
+            for x in r.x0..r.x1 {
+                let k = fp.at(x, y) * dep;
+                if k > 0.0 {
+                    if let Some(load) = &state.spatial {
+                        let loaded = load_at(load, &fp.dab, x as f32 + 0.5, y as f32 + 0.5);
+                        let local = from_rgba(&fmt, loaded);
+                        let local_wr = wr * loaded[3];
+                        let local_total = local_wr + wp;
+                        if local_total > 1e-6 {
+                            let mut mixed = paint.clone();
+                            for (c, value) in mixed.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+                                *value = (local.get(c).copied().unwrap_or(0.0) * local_wr
+                                    + pickup.as_ref().and_then(|p| p.get(c)).copied().unwrap_or(0.0) * wp)
+                                    / local_total;
+                            }
+                            if let Some(ai) = a
+                                && let Some(alpha) = mixed.get_mut(ai)
+                            {
+                                *alpha = 1.0;
+                            }
+                            over_native(&fmt, work.px_mut(x, y), &mixed, fp.at(x, y) * local_total.min(1.0) * flow, lock_transparency);
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        over_native(&fmt, work.px_mut(x, y), &paint, k, lock_transparency);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    amount *= 1.0 - 0.08 * (1.0 - load);
+    state.amount = amount;
+    state.pickup = pickup.map(|p| to_rgba(&fmt, &p));
+}
+
+/// The incremental kernel matches the frozen reference across color models, bit depths and spatial loads.
+#[test]
+fn contiguous_mixer_matches_frozen_kernel_across_models_depths_and_spatial_loads() {
+    use crate::retouch::Region;
+    use crate::{BrushContext, BrushSettings, Stroke, StrokePoint};
+    use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, PixelFormat, SampleType};
+    let rect = Rect::new(-16, -16, 32, 32);
+    for mode in [ColorMode::Rgb, ColorMode::Grayscale, ColorMode::Cmyk, ColorMode::Lab] {
+        for depth in [SampleType::U8, SampleType::U16, SampleType::F32] {
+            for alpha in [false, true] {
+                let fmt = PixelFormat::new(mode, depth, alpha);
+                let mut surface = Surface::new(fmt);
+                let values: Vec<_> = (0..rect.width() * rect.height()).flat_map(|i| from_rgba(&fmt, [(i % 31) as f32 / 30.0, 0.3, 0.7, 0.6])).collect();
+                surface.write_region(rect, &values);
+                let mut source = Surface::new(PixelFormat::RGBA32F);
+                source.fill_rect(rect, &[0.8, 0.2, 0.1, 0.75]);
+                let brush = BrushSettings { size: 24.0, angle: 33.0, roundness: 0.6, pressure_size: false, ..Default::default() };
+                let dabs = crate::dabs(&Stroke { brush: brush.clone(), points: vec![StrokePoint::new(4.0, 4.0, 1.0)] });
+                let ctx = BrushContext::new(&brush);
+                for spatial in [false, true] {
+                    for sample in [None, Some(&source), Some(&surface)] {
+                        for lock in [false, true] {
+                            let mut state = MixerState::default();
+                            state.load([0.1, 0.8, 0.2, 1.0]);
+                            if spatial {
+                                state.spatial =
+                                    Some((0..4096).map(|i| [if i % 64 < 32 { 1.0 } else { 0.0 }, 0.2, 0.8, if i % 7 == 0 { 0.0 } else { 1.0 }]).collect());
+                            }
+                            let mut expected_state = state.clone();
+                            let mut actual = Region::read(&surface, rect);
+                            let mut expected = actual.clone();
+                            let settings = MixerSettings::default();
+                            for (index, dab) in dabs.iter().enumerate() {
+                                let fp = ctx.footprint(dab, index);
+                                reference(&mut expected, &fp, fmt, sample, &settings, &mut expected_state, lock);
+                                apply_mixer_dab(&mut actual, &fp, fmt, sample, &settings, &mut state, lock);
+                            }
+                            assert_eq!(actual, expected, "{mode:?} {depth:?} alpha={alpha} spatial={spatial} lock={lock}");
+                            assert_eq!(state, expected_state);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/paint/src/presets.rs b/crates/paint/src/presets.rs
index f711d0eb51..dd87d2554e 100644
--- a/crates/paint/src/presets.rs
+++ b/crates/paint/src/presets.rs
@@ -36,19 +36,18 @@ fn paper(seed: u32, depth: f32) -> Texture {
 
 fn general(base: &BrushSettings) -> Vec<BrushPreset> {
     let g = |n: &str, b: BrushSettings| preset("General", n, b);
+    // Dense dabs keep large hard-round outlines and pressure-opacity tapers continuous (#8842).
+    let hard_round = BrushSettings { spacing: 0.05, ..base.clone() };
     vec![
-        g("Hard Round", BrushSettings { size: 30.0, hardness: 1.0, ..base.clone() }),
+        g("Hard Round", BrushSettings { size: 30.0, hardness: 1.0, ..hard_round.clone() }),
         g("Soft Round", BrushSettings { size: 45.0, hardness: 0.0, ..base.clone() }),
-        g("Hard Round Fine", BrushSettings { size: 5.0, hardness: 1.0, spacing: 0.1, ..base.clone() }),
+        g("Hard Round Fine", BrushSettings { size: 5.0, hardness: 1.0, ..hard_round.clone() }),
         g("Soft Round Large", BrushSettings { size: 300.0, hardness: 0.0, spacing: 0.15, ..base.clone() }),
-        g("Hard Round Pressure Size", BrushSettings { size: 30.0, hardness: 1.0, shape_dynamics: size_dyn(pressure()), ..base.clone() }),
+        g("Hard Round Pressure Size", BrushSettings { size: 30.0, hardness: 1.0, shape_dynamics: size_dyn(pressure()), ..hard_round.clone() }),
         g("Soft Round Pressure Size", BrushSettings { size: 45.0, hardness: 0.0, shape_dynamics: size_dyn(pressure()), ..base.clone() }),
-        g("Hard Round Pressure Opacity", BrushSettings { size: 30.0, hardness: 1.0, transfer: transfer(pressure(), Dynamic::default()), ..base.clone() }),
+        g("Hard Round Pressure Opacity", BrushSettings { size: 30.0, hardness: 1.0, transfer: transfer(pressure(), Dynamic::default()), ..hard_round.clone() }),
         g("Soft Round Pressure Opacity", BrushSettings { size: 45.0, hardness: 0.0, transfer: transfer(pressure(), Dynamic::default()), ..base.clone() }),
-        g(
-            "Hard Round Pressure Opacity and Flow",
-            BrushSettings { size: 30.0, hardness: 0.9, transfer: transfer(pressure(), pressure_min(0.2)), ..base.clone() },
-        ),
+        g("Hard Round Pressure Opacity and Flow", BrushSettings { size: 30.0, hardness: 0.9, transfer: transfer(pressure(), pressure_min(0.2)), ..hard_round }),
         g("Airbrush Soft", BrushSettings { size: 80.0, hardness: 0.0, flow: 0.1, spacing: 0.1, build_up: true, build_up_rate: 25.0, ..base.clone() }),
         g(
             "Airbrush Pressure Flow",
diff --git a/crates/paint/src/procedural.rs b/crates/paint/src/procedural.rs
index 5a14521fba..5469dacebc 100644
--- a/crates/paint/src/procedural.rs
+++ b/crates/paint/src/procedural.rs
@@ -87,8 +87,20 @@ pub fn chalk_tip(n: u32, seed: u32) -> GrayTile {
     })
 }
 
+/// Most primitives one generated tip is drawn from, and most (pixel × primitive) visits it costs:
+/// every pixel is tested against every primitive, so both counts are the caller's to multiply.
+const MAX_PRIMITIVES: u32 = 4096;
+const MAX_TIP_WORK: u64 = 1 << 27;
+
+/// `count` limited so that an `n`×`n` tip tests at most [`MAX_TIP_WORK`] pixel/primitive pairs.
+fn clamp_primitives(n: u32, count: u32) -> u32 {
+    let per_primitive = (u64::from(n) * u64::from(n)).max(1);
+    count.min(MAX_PRIMITIVES).min(u32::try_from(MAX_TIP_WORK / per_primitive).unwrap_or(u32::MAX))
+}
+
 /// A spatter tip: a cluster of round droplets of different sizes.
 pub fn spatter_tip(n: u32, seed: u32, drops: u32) -> GrayTile {
+    let drops = clamp_primitives(n, drops);
     let salt = u64::from(seed) + 202;
     let s = n as f32;
     let blobs: Vec<(f32, f32, f32)> = (0..drops)
@@ -162,6 +174,7 @@ pub fn leaf_tip(n: u32) -> GrayTile {
 
 /// Grass: a tuft of tapered, slightly curved blades rising from the bottom edge.
 pub fn grass_tip(n: u32, seed: u32, blades: u32) -> GrayTile {
+    let blades = clamp_primitives(n, blades);
     let salt = u64::from(seed) + 505;
     let s = n as f32;
     let bl: Vec<(f32, f32, f32, f32)> = (0..blades)
@@ -217,7 +230,7 @@ pub fn star_tip(n: u32) -> GrayTile {
 pub fn rake_tip(n: u32, seed: u32, bristles: u32) -> GrayTile {
     let salt = u64::from(seed) + 707;
     let s = n as f32;
-    let k = bristles.max(1);
+    let k = clamp_primitives(n, bristles).max(1);
     let dots: Vec<(f32, f32, f32)> = (0..k)
         .map(|i| {
             let x = s * (i as f32 + 0.5) / k as f32;
@@ -239,6 +252,19 @@ pub fn rake_tip(n: u32, seed: u32, bristles: u32) -> GrayTile {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    #[test]
+    fn tips_with_absurd_primitive_counts_stay_cheap() {
+        // 4 billion drops over a 1024² tip would be 4·10¹⁵ pixel tests.
+        let t = std::time::Instant::now();
+        assert_eq!(spatter_tip(1024, 1, u32::MAX).width, 1024);
+        assert_eq!(grass_tip(1024, 1, u32::MAX).height, 1024);
+        assert_eq!(rake_tip(1024, 1, u32::MAX).width, 1024);
+        assert!(t.elapsed().as_secs() < 60, "{:?}", t.elapsed());
+        assert!(clamp_primitives(1024, u32::MAX) <= MAX_PRIMITIVES);
+        assert!(clamp_primitives(60_000, 100) < 100, "a huge tip gets fewer primitives");
+        assert_eq!(clamp_primitives(0, 7), 7);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn patterns_are_seamless_and_in_range() {
         for st in [PatternStyle::Noise, PatternStyle::Paper, PatternStyle::Canvas, PatternStyle::Dots] {
diff --git a/crates/paint/src/render.rs b/crates/paint/src/render.rs
index b68e7a3190..b3246f1f57 100644
--- a/crates/paint/src/render.rs
+++ b/crates/paint/src/render.rs
@@ -39,6 +39,57 @@ fn dither8(px: &mut [f32], x: i32, y: i32) {
 
 /// Edge of a stroke-buffer tile.
 pub const COV_TILE: i32 = 64;
+
+/// Work on at least this many pixels runs in parallel (rows of a dab, tiles of a stroke): below
+/// it the threads cost more than they save. A large soft tip is tens of megapixels per dab, and
+/// every stage of it is independent per row or tile, so the pixels come out the same.
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+pub(crate) const DEFAULT_PARALLEL_MIN_PIXELS: usize = 256 * 256;
+
+/// The threshold in use: [`DEFAULT_PARALLEL_MIN_PIXELS`] (tests move it).
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+static PARALLEL_MIN_PIXELS: std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize = std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(DEFAULT_PARALLEL_MIN_PIXELS);
+
+/// Whether `pixels` of independent work are worth the thread pool (the web has none: there every
+/// stage takes its serial path).
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+fn parallel(pixels: usize) -> bool {
+    pixels >= PARALLEL_MIN_PIXELS.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed)
+}
+
+/// Tests: the pixel count from which work runs in parallel (`usize::MAX` keeps everything serial).
+/// The static is process-wide, so brush tests on other threads see the change too; that is
+/// harmless, because every stage gives the same pixels serially and in parallel (the point of
+/// the test that uses this), so no test can tell which way it ran.
+#[cfg(all(test, not(target_arch = "wasm32")))]
+pub(crate) fn set_parallel_min_pixels(n: usize) {
+    PARALLEL_MIN_PIXELS.store(n, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
+}
+
+/// `f` over `items`, in parallel when `pixels` are worth it.
+fn for_each_item<T: Send>(items: &mut [T], pixels: usize, f: impl Fn(&mut T) + Sync) {
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    if parallel(pixels) {
+        use rayon::prelude::*;
+        items.par_iter_mut().for_each(&f);
+        return;
+    }
+    #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+    let _ = pixels;
+    items.iter_mut().for_each(&f);
+}
+
+/// `f` over `items`, collecting its results in order, in parallel when `pixels` are worth it.
+fn map_items<T: Sync, R: Send>(items: &[T], pixels: usize, f: impl Fn(&T) -> R + Sync) -> Vec<R> {
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    if parallel(pixels) {
+        use rayon::prelude::*;
+        return items.par_iter().map(&f).collect();
+    }
+    #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+    let _ = pixels;
+    items.iter().map(&f).collect()
+}
 /// Computed tips with a smaller radius (in pixels) are rasterised by area, not at pixel centres.
 const SMALL_TIP_RADIUS: f32 = 3.0;
 /// Sub-pixel sample offsets (a 4×4 grid) for the area coverage of small tips.
@@ -466,61 +517,62 @@ impl CoverageMap {
         let (t0x, t0y) = (rect.x0.div_euclid(COV_TILE), rect.y0.div_euclid(COV_TILE));
         let (t1x, t1y) = ((rect.x1 - 1).div_euclid(COV_TILE), (rect.y1 - 1).div_euclid(COV_TILE));
         let want_col = color.is_some() && nc > 0;
+        // The tiles this dab touches (a tile with no value in it is skipped), each independent of
+        // the others: a large dab's tiles accumulate in parallel, to the same values.
+        let mut keys: Vec<((i32, i32), Rect)> = Vec::new();
         for ty in t0y..=t1y {
             for tx in t0x..=t1x {
                 let tr = Rect::new(tx * COV_TILE, ty * COV_TILE, (tx + 1) * COV_TILE, (ty + 1) * COV_TILE).intersect(&rect);
                 if tr.is_empty() {
                     continue;
                 }
-                // Skip tiles this dab doesn't touch.
-                let any = (tr.y0..tr.y1).any(|y| {
-                    let row = (y - rect.y0) as usize * w;
-                    vals[row + (tr.x0 - rect.x0) as usize..row + (tr.x1 - rect.x0) as usize].iter().any(|&v| v > 0.0)
-                });
-                if !any {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                let tile = self.tiles.entry((tx, ty)).or_insert_with(|| CovTile {
-                    cov: vec![0.0; (COV_TILE * COV_TILE) as usize],
-                    depth: Vec::new(),
-                    col: if want_col { vec![0.0; (COV_TILE * COV_TILE) as usize * nc] } else { Vec::new() },
-                });
+                keys.push(((tx, ty), tr));
+            }
+        }
+        let touched = map_items(&keys, keys.len() * (COV_TILE * COV_TILE) as usize, |(_, tr)| {
+            (tr.y0..tr.y1).any(|y| {
+                let row = (y - rect.y0) as usize * w;
+                vals[row + (tr.x0 - rect.x0) as usize..row + (tr.x1 - rect.x0) as usize].iter().any(|&v| v > 0.0)
+            })
+        });
+        // The touched tiles leave the map while they accumulate and go back after: the dab's cost
+        // follows the tiles under it (one to four for a small tip), not the size of the map, which a
+        // long stroke grows to thousands of tiles.
+        let n = (COV_TILE * COV_TILE) as usize;
+        let mut tiles: Vec<(Rect, (i32, i32), CovTile)> = keys
+            .into_iter()
+            .zip(touched)
+            .filter(|(_, t)| *t)
+            .map(|((key, tr), _)| {
+                let mut tile = self.tiles.remove(&key).unwrap_or_else(|| CovTile { cov: vec![0.0; n], depth: Vec::new(), col: Vec::new() });
                 if want_col && tile.col.is_empty() {
-                    tile.col = vec![0.0; (COV_TILE * COV_TILE) as usize * nc];
+                    tile.col = vec![0.0; n * nc];
                 }
                 if depth.is_some() && tile.depth.is_empty() {
-                    tile.depth = vec![0.0; (COV_TILE * COV_TILE) as usize];
-                }
-                self.dirty.insert((tx, ty));
-                for y in tr.y0..tr.y1 {
-                    let row = (y - rect.y0) as usize * w;
-                    let trow = ((y - ty * COV_TILE) * COV_TILE) as usize;
-                    for x in tr.x0..tr.x1 {
-                        let v = vals[row + (x - rect.x0) as usize];
-                        if v <= 0.0 {
-                            continue;
-                        }
-                        let ti = trow + (x - tx * COV_TILE) as usize;
-                        if let (Some(dv), Some(slot)) = (depth.and_then(|dp| dp.get(row + (x - rect.x0) as usize)), tile.depth.get_mut(ti)) {
-                            *slot = slot.max(*dv);
-                        }
-                        let c = tile.cov[ti];
-                        let nv = if ceil > c { c + v * (ceil - c) } else { c };
-                        if nv <= c {
-                            continue;
-                        }
-                        if let (true, Some(col)) = (want_col, color) {
-                            let k = if c < 1.0 { (nv - c) / (1.0 - c) } else { 0.0 };
-                            let p = &mut tile.col[ti * nc..(ti + 1) * nc];
-                            for i in 0..nc {
-                                p[i] = col[i] * k + p[i] * (1.0 - k);
-                            }
-                        }
-                        tile.cov[ti] = nv;
-                    }
+                    tile.depth = vec![0.0; n];
                 }
+                self.dirty.insert(key);
+                (tr, key, tile)
+            })
+            .collect();
+        let dab = DabValues { vals, rect, w, ceil, color: if want_col { color } else { None }, depth, nc };
+        // The serial path stays a plain loop over an inlined step (see `rasterize_round`).
+        #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+        if parallel(tiles.len() * n) {
+            use rayon::prelude::*;
+            tiles.par_iter_mut().for_each(|(tr, key, tile)| dab.tile(*tr, *key, tile));
+        } else {
+            for (tr, key, tile) in &mut tiles {
+                dab.tile(*tr, *key, tile);
             }
         }
+        #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+        for (tr, key, tile) in &mut tiles {
+            dab.tile(*tr, *key, tile);
+        }
+        for (_, key, tile) in tiles {
+            self.tiles.insert(key, tile);
+        }
     }
 
     fn take_dirty(&mut self) -> Vec<(i32, i32)> {
@@ -587,6 +639,55 @@ impl UnionLive {
     }
 }
 
+/// One dab's coverage (`vals` over `rect`, `w` wide) as [`CoverageMap::accumulate`] adds it to
+/// a tile: the dab's opacity ceiling, its colour when the stroke has per-dab colour (`nc` channels),
+/// its Wet Edges depth.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct DabValues<'a> {
+    vals: &'a [f32],
+    rect: Rect,
+    w: usize,
+    ceil: f32,
+    color: Option<&'a [f32]>,
+    depth: Option<&'a [f32]>,
+    nc: usize,
+}
+
+impl DabValues<'_> {
+    /// Adds the dab over `tr` (within tile `(tx, ty)`) to `tile`.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn tile(self, tr: Rect, (tx, ty): (i32, i32), tile: &mut CovTile) {
+        let DabValues { vals, rect, w, ceil, color, depth, nc } = self;
+        for y in tr.y0..tr.y1 {
+            let row = (y - rect.y0) as usize * w;
+            let trow = ((y - ty * COV_TILE) * COV_TILE) as usize;
+            for x in tr.x0..tr.x1 {
+                let v = vals[row + (x - rect.x0) as usize];
+                if v <= 0.0 {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let ti = trow + (x - tx * COV_TILE) as usize;
+                if let (Some(dv), Some(slot)) = (depth.and_then(|dp| dp.get(row + (x - rect.x0) as usize)), tile.depth.get_mut(ti)) {
+                    *slot = slot.max(*dv);
+                }
+                let c = tile.cov[ti];
+                let nv = if ceil > c { c + v * (ceil - c) } else { c };
+                if nv <= c {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if let Some(col) = color {
+                    let k = if c < 1.0 { (nv - c) / (1.0 - c) } else { 0.0 };
+                    let p = &mut tile.col[ti * nc..(ti + 1) * nc];
+                    for i in 0..nc {
+                        p[i] = col[i] * k + p[i] * (1.0 - k);
+                    }
+                }
+                tile.cov[ti] = nv;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Incremental stroke rendering: feed points, composite dirty tiles from the pre-stroke pixels.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct StrokeRenderer {
@@ -603,6 +704,19 @@ pub struct StrokeRenderer {
     dab_buf: Vec<Dab>,
     dual_buf: Vec<Dab>,
     all_dabs: Option<Vec<Dab>>,
+    regions: RegionPool,
+}
+
+/// The tile buffers [`StrokeRenderer::composite`] works in, kept from one composite to the next:
+/// a small stroke's few tiles reuse theirs instead of growing and trimming the heap every frame
+/// (that cost a 50 px stroke a third of its time). A clone starts with none.
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+struct RegionPool(Vec<Vec<f32>>);
+
+impl Clone for RegionPool {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        Self::default()
+    }
 }
 
 impl StrokeRenderer {
@@ -695,6 +809,7 @@ impl StrokeRenderer {
                         dab_buf: Vec::new(),
                         dual_buf: Vec::new(),
                         all_dabs: None,
+                        regions: RegionPool::default(),
                     })
                 }
                 Some(m) => {
@@ -746,6 +861,7 @@ impl StrokeRenderer {
             dab_buf: Vec::new(),
             dual_buf: Vec::new(),
             all_dabs: None,
+            regions: RegionPool::default(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -876,6 +992,7 @@ impl StrokeRenderer {
             dab_buf: dabs,
             dual_buf: duals,
             all_dabs: None,
+            regions: RegionPool::default(),
         };
         t.raster_pending();
         // Tiles whose coverage the tail doesn't change still composite the same: redraw them all.
@@ -989,77 +1106,106 @@ impl StrokeRenderer {
         // colour, as in Photoshop, not grain that a tolerance-0 Magic Wand or Paint Bucket trips on.
         let dither = fmt.sample == SampleType::U8 && !b.aliased;
         let mut dmg = Rect::EMPTY;
-        let mut region = Vec::new();
-        for (tx, ty) in keys {
-            let Some(tile) = self.cov.tiles.get(&(tx, ty)) else { continue };
-            let tr = Rect::new(tx * COV_TILE, ty * COV_TILE, (tx + 1) * COV_TILE, (ty + 1) * COV_TILE).intersect(&bounds);
-            if tr.is_empty() {
-                continue;
-            }
-            pre.read_region_into(tr, &mut region);
-            let sel = selection.map(|s| (s.channels(), s.read_region(tr)));
-            let w = tr.width() as usize;
-            for y in tr.y0..tr.y1 {
-                for x in tr.x0..tr.x1 {
-                    let ti = ((y - ty * COV_TILE) * COV_TILE + (x - tx * COV_TILE)) as usize;
-                    let c = tile.cov[ti];
-                    if c <= 0.0 {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-                    let i = (y - tr.y0) as usize * w + (x - tr.x0) as usize;
-                    let m = self.ctx.stroke_mask_wet(c, tile.depth.get(ti).copied(), self.dual.as_ref().map(|d| d.get(x, y)), x, y);
-                    let s = sel.as_ref().map_or(1.0, |(sc, v)| v[i * sc]);
-                    let mut k = (m * opacity * s).min(1.0);
-                    if k <= 0.0 {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-                    if b.mode == BlendMode::Dissolve {
-                        k = if hash2(x, y, b.seed) < k { 1.0 } else { 0.0 };
-                        if k == 0.0 {
+        // Each tile composites into a buffer of its own (a large stroke's tiles in parallel, to
+        // the same pixels); the writes to the target go one by one, in order. Batches keep the
+        // pending buffers few, and the pool keeps them from one composite to the next.
+        const BATCH: usize = 256;
+        let mut pool = std::mem::take(&mut self.regions.0);
+        // The document's CMYK profile is active per thread: the workers enter the caller's, or a
+        // blend mode other than Normal would convert their tiles through the built-in coated CMYK.
+        let cmyk = photocraft_color::convert::active_cmyk_space();
+        for batch in keys.chunks(BATCH) {
+            let mut items: Vec<((i32, i32), Rect, Vec<f32>)> = batch.iter().map(|&key| (key, Rect::EMPTY, pool.pop().unwrap_or_default())).collect();
+            let composite_tile = |(key, done, region): &mut ((i32, i32), Rect, Vec<f32>)| {
+                let (tx, ty) = *key;
+                let Some(tile) = self.cov.tiles.get(&(tx, ty)) else { return };
+                let tr = Rect::new(tx * COV_TILE, ty * COV_TILE, (tx + 1) * COV_TILE, (ty + 1) * COV_TILE).intersect(&bounds);
+                if tr.is_empty() {
+                    return;
+                }
+                pre.read_region_into(tr, region);
+                let sel = selection.map(|s| (s.channels(), s.read_region(tr)));
+                // Per-dab colour rewrites the source per pixel, so each tile works on its own copy
+                // that starts from the brush colour. (Before the tiles ran in parallel, one `src`
+                // carried over from tile to tile; a tile without per-dab colour then painted with
+                // whatever colour the previous tile's last pixel had left in it. Such a tile only
+                // occurs when the stroke has no per-dab colour at all, and then `src` is never
+                // rewritten, so the pixels are the same either way; the copy per tile is the
+                // intended reading.)
+                let mut src = src;
+                let w = tr.width() as usize;
+                for y in tr.y0..tr.y1 {
+                    for x in tr.x0..tr.x1 {
+                        let ti = ((y - ty * COV_TILE) * COV_TILE + (x - tx * COV_TILE)) as usize;
+                        let c = tile.cov[ti];
+                        if c <= 0.0 {
                             continue;
                         }
-                    }
-                    let px = &mut region[i * n..(i + 1) * n];
-                    if b.erase {
-                        if let (Some(a), false) = (a_idx, lock_transparency) {
-                            px[a] *= 1.0 - k;
+                        let i = (y - tr.y0) as usize * w + (x - tr.x0) as usize;
+                        let m = self.ctx.stroke_mask_wet(c, tile.depth.get(ti).copied(), self.dual.as_ref().map(|d| d.get(x, y)), x, y);
+                        let s = sel.as_ref().map_or(1.0, |(sc, v)| v[i * sc]);
+                        let mut k = (m * opacity * s).min(1.0);
+                        if k <= 0.0 {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        if b.mode == BlendMode::Dissolve {
+                            k = if hash2(x, y, b.seed) < k { 1.0 } else { 0.0 };
+                            if k == 0.0 {
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        let px = &mut region[i * n..(i + 1) * n];
+                        if b.erase {
+                            if let (Some(a), false) = (a_idx, lock_transparency) {
+                                px[a] *= 1.0 - k;
+                            }
+                            if dither {
+                                dither8(px, x, y);
+                            }
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        if lock_transparency && a_idx.is_some_and(|a| px[a] <= 0.0) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        if self.per_dab_color && !tile.col.is_empty() {
+                            let p = &tile.col[ti * nc..(ti + 1) * nc];
+                            for ch in 0..nc {
+                                src[ch] = p[ch] / c;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if matches!(b.mode, BlendMode::Normal | BlendMode::Dissolve) {
+                            over_native(&fmt, px, &src[..n], k, lock_transparency);
+                        } else {
+                            let d = to_rgba(&fmt, px);
+                            let sr = to_rgba(&fmt, &src[..n]);
+                            let o = if lock_transparency {
+                                photocraft_color::blend::composite_atop(b.mode, d, sr, k)
+                            } else {
+                                photocraft_color::blend::composite(b.mode, d, sr, k)
+                            };
+                            let mut enc = [0.0f32; 8];
+                            from_rgba_into(&fmt, o, &mut enc);
+                            px.copy_from_slice(&enc[..n]);
                         }
                         if dither {
                             dither8(px, x, y);
                         }
-                        continue;
-                    }
-                    if lock_transparency && a_idx.is_some_and(|a| px[a] <= 0.0) {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-                    if self.per_dab_color && !tile.col.is_empty() {
-                        let p = &tile.col[ti * nc..(ti + 1) * nc];
-                        for ch in 0..nc {
-                            src[ch] = p[ch] / c;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    if matches!(b.mode, BlendMode::Normal | BlendMode::Dissolve) {
-                        over_native(&fmt, px, &src[..n], k, lock_transparency);
-                    } else {
-                        let d = to_rgba(&fmt, px);
-                        let sr = to_rgba(&fmt, &src[..n]);
-                        let o = if lock_transparency {
-                            photocraft_color::blend::composite_atop(b.mode, d, sr, k)
-                        } else {
-                            photocraft_color::blend::composite(b.mode, d, sr, k)
-                        };
-                        let mut enc = [0.0f32; 8];
-                        from_rgba_into(&fmt, o, &mut enc);
-                        px.copy_from_slice(&enc[..n]);
-                    }
-                    if dither {
-                        dither8(px, x, y);
                     }
                 }
+                *done = tr;
+            };
+            for_each_item(&mut items, batch.len() * (COV_TILE * COV_TILE) as usize, |item| {
+                photocraft_color::convert::with_cmyk_space(cmyk.as_ref(), || composite_tile(item))
+            });
+            for (_, tr, region) in items {
+                if !tr.is_empty() {
+                    target.write_region(tr, &region);
+                    dmg = dmg.union(&tr);
+                }
+                pool.push(region);
             }
-            target.write_region(tr, &region);
-            dmg = dmg.union(&tr);
         }
+        self.regions.0 = pool;
         if all { bounds } else { dmg }
     }
 }
@@ -1090,22 +1236,57 @@ fn rasterize_round(d: &Dab, rect: Rect, out: &mut [f32], hardness: f32, aliased:
     let ro = d.roundness.max(0.5 / d.radius).min(1.0);
     let rm = (d.radius * ro).max(0.5);
     let w = rect.width() as usize;
+    if w == 0 {
+        return;
+    }
     let reach = if aliased { rm } else { tip_reach(rm, hardness).max(rm) };
-    let reach2 = (reach + 0.5) * (reach + 0.5);
+    let tip = RoundTip { cx, cy, ro, rm, reach2: (reach + 0.5) * (reach + 0.5), hardness, alpha: d.alpha, aliased, x0: rect.x0, y0: rect.y0 };
+    // Rows are independent: a large tip's rows run in parallel, to the same values. The serial
+    // path stays a plain loop over an inlined row: the same code as before the threads (a closure
+    // passed to a helper cost a small tip half its rasterization time).
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    if parallel(out.len()) {
+        use rayon::prelude::*;
+        out.par_chunks_exact_mut(w).enumerate().for_each(|(yy, row)| tip.row(yy, row));
+        return;
+    }
     for (yy, row) in out.chunks_exact_mut(w).enumerate() {
-        let dy = (rect.y0 + yy as i32) as f32 + 0.5 - cy;
-        if aliased {
+        tip.row(yy, row);
+    }
+}
+
+/// A round tip's coverage, computed row by row (see [`rasterize_round`]).
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct RoundTip {
+    cx: f32,
+    cy: f32,
+    ro: f32,
+    rm: f32,
+    reach2: f32,
+    hardness: f32,
+    alpha: f32,
+    aliased: bool,
+    x0: i32,
+    y0: i32,
+}
+
+impl RoundTip {
+    /// Row `yy` of the tip's rectangle into `row`.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn row(self, yy: usize, row: &mut [f32]) {
+        let dy = (self.y0 + yy as i32) as f32 + 0.5 - self.cy;
+        if self.aliased {
             for (xx, dst) in row.iter_mut().enumerate() {
-                let dx = (rect.x0 + xx as i32) as f32 + 0.5 - cx;
-                let d2 = (dx * ro).powi(2) + dy * dy;
-                *dst = if d2 < reach2 && d2.sqrt() <= rm { d.alpha } else { 0.0 };
+                let dx = (self.x0 + xx as i32) as f32 + 0.5 - self.cx;
+                let d2 = (dx * self.ro).powi(2) + dy * dy;
+                *dst = if d2 < self.reach2 && d2.sqrt() <= self.rm { self.alpha } else { 0.0 };
             }
         } else {
             for (xx, dst) in row.iter_mut().enumerate() {
-                let dx = (rect.x0 + xx as i32) as f32 + 0.5 - cx;
-                let d2 = (dx * ro).powi(2) + dy * dy;
-                let val = if d2 >= reach2 { 0.0 } else { tip_falloff(d2.sqrt(), rm, hardness) };
-                *dst = if val <= 0.0 { 0.0 } else { val * d.alpha };
+                let dx = (self.x0 + xx as i32) as f32 + 0.5 - self.cx;
+                let d2 = (dx * self.ro).powi(2) + dy * dy;
+                let val = if d2 >= self.reach2 { 0.0 } else { tip_falloff(d2.sqrt(), self.rm, self.hardness) };
+                *dst = if val <= 0.0 { 0.0 } else { val * self.alpha };
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/crates/paint/src/replace.rs b/crates/paint/src/replace.rs
index 3cb02e9a24..20619cd48a 100644
--- a/crates/paint/src/replace.rs
+++ b/crates/paint/src/replace.rs
@@ -127,6 +127,8 @@ pub fn color_replacement_effect(pre: Surface, rs: ReplaceSettings) -> impl FnMut
             return;
         }
         let (w, h) = (r.width() as usize, r.height() as usize);
+        let mut pre_px = vec![[0.0f32; 4]; w * h];
+        pre.read_rgba_into(r, &mut pre_px);
         // Per-pixel match weight.
         let mut weight = vec![0.0f32; w * h];
         for y in r.y0..r.y1 {
@@ -136,7 +138,7 @@ pub fn color_replacement_effect(pre: Surface, rs: ReplaceSettings) -> impl FnMut
                 }
                 // Match against the pre-stroke colours, so pixels recoloured by earlier dabs of
                 // this stroke still count as the sampled colour.
-                let c = pre.rgba(x, y);
+                let c = pre_px[(y - r.y0) as usize * w + (x - r.x0) as usize];
                 if c[3] <= 0.0 {
                     continue;
                 }
diff --git a/crates/paint/src/retouch.rs b/crates/paint/src/retouch.rs
index dcb5a6b958..06bafe6cfb 100644
--- a/crates/paint/src/retouch.rs
+++ b/crates/paint/src/retouch.rs
@@ -284,6 +284,10 @@ pub fn mix_back(target: &mut Surface, orig: &Region, work: &Region, rect: Rect,
             let wv = work.px(x, y);
             let i = out.index(x, y) * n;
             let o = &mut out.data[i..i + n];
+            // Untouched by the dabs: keep the pixel exactly (the premultiplied mix can round it).
+            if *o == *wv {
+                continue;
+            }
             match a {
                 // Alpha changes: mix premultiplied, so colour under transparent pixels doesn't bleed in.
                 Some(a) if !lock_transparency => mix_premultiplied(o, wv, a, k),
@@ -336,8 +340,14 @@ pub struct Smudge {
 }
 
 impl Smudge {
+    /// Radius of the carried-colour buffer, including pixels outside a pressure-sized dab.
+    /// Both the first pickup and every subsequent pickup need this entire neighbourhood.
+    pub fn sampling_radius(max_brush_size: f32) -> i32 {
+        ((max_brush_size / 2.0).ceil() as i32).saturating_add(2)
+    }
+
     pub fn new(strength: f32, finger: Option<Vec<f32>>, max_brush_size: f32) -> Self {
-        Self { strength: strength.clamp(0.0, 1.0), finger, radius: (max_brush_size / 2.0).ceil() as i32 + 2, alpha: None, carry: None }
+        Self { strength: strength.clamp(0.0, 1.0), finger, radius: Self::sampling_radius(max_brush_size), alpha: None, carry: None }
     }
 
     /// Mix in premultiplied space using alpha channel `a` (the format's [`alpha_index`]).
diff --git a/crates/paint/src/tile.rs b/crates/paint/src/tile.rs
index 38ca38410e..8ea0e776b6 100644
--- a/crates/paint/src/tile.rs
+++ b/crates/paint/src/tile.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ impl GrayTile {
         self.data.iter().map(|&v| f32::from(v) / 65535.0).collect()
     }
     pub fn is_valid(&self) -> bool {
-        self.width > 0 && self.height > 0 && self.data.len() == self.width as usize * self.height as usize
+        self.width > 0 && self.height > 0 && (self.width as usize).checked_mul(self.height as usize) == Some(self.data.len())
     }
 
     /// A box-filtered copy whose larger side is at most `max_side` (the whole tile when it is
@@ -157,7 +157,9 @@ impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for GrayTile {
     fn deserialize<D: Deserializer<'de>>(d: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error> {
         use serde::de::Error;
         let t = GrayTileIn::deserialize(d)?;
-        let n = t.width as usize * t.height as usize;
+        let Some(n) = (t.width as usize).checked_mul(t.height as usize) else {
+            return Err(D::Error::custom("tile dimensions overflow the address space"));
+        };
         let data: Vec<u16> = match t.data {
             DataIn::B64(s) => {
                 let b = b64_decode(&s).ok_or_else(|| D::Error::custom("invalid base64 in tile data"))?;
@@ -232,6 +234,9 @@ pub struct Mips {
 
 impl Mips {
     pub fn new(t: &GrayTile) -> Self {
+        if !t.is_valid() {
+            return Self { levels: vec![(1, 1, vec![0.0])] };
+        }
         let mut levels = vec![(t.width as usize, t.height as usize, t.to_f32())];
         while let Some((w, h, v)) = levels.last() {
             if *w <= 1 && *h <= 1 {
@@ -335,6 +340,18 @@ mod tests {
         let f: GrayTile = serde_json::from_str(r#"{"width":2,"height":1,"data":[0.0,1.0]}"#).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(f.data, vec![0, 65535].into());
         assert!(serde_json::from_str::<GrayTile>(r#"{"width":2,"height":2,"data":[0.0,1.0]}"#).is_err());
+        assert!(serde_json::from_str::<GrayTile>(r#"{"width":4294967295,"height":4294967295,"data":[0.0]}"#).is_err());
+        let invalid = GrayTile { width: u32::MAX, height: u32::MAX, data: vec![1].into() };
+        assert!(!invalid.is_valid());
+        assert_eq!(Mips::new(&invalid).levels, vec![(1, 1, vec![0.0])]);
+    }
+
+    /// `u32::MAX * u32::MAX` only overflows `usize` on 32-bit targets (wasm); 64-bit hits the length check.
+    #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
+    #[test]
+    fn oversized_dimensions_report_address_space_overflow() {
+        let err = serde_json::from_str::<GrayTile>(r#"{"width":4294967295,"height":4294967295,"data":[0.0]}"#).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("tile dimensions overflow the address space"));
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/crates/plugins/Cargo.toml b/crates/plugins/Cargo.toml
index 09a69ca838..a88b7711f3 100644
--- a/crates/plugins/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/plugins/Cargo.toml
@@ -24,6 +24,10 @@ wasmi = { version = "2.0.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "valid
 [target.'cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))'.dependencies]
 rayon = { workspace = true }
 
+# Opening a plug-in file without blocking on a FIFO (the flag constant only).
+[target.'cfg(unix)'.dependencies]
+rustix = { version = "1.1", default-features = false, features = ["std", "fs"] }
+
 [dev-dependencies]
 # WebAssembly text -> binary for the hostile-module fixtures (Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception).
 wat = "1.228"
diff --git a/crates/plugins/src/apply.rs b/crates/plugins/src/apply.rs
index 7a144a28b9..ba3f29f89d 100644
--- a/crates/plugins/src/apply.rs
+++ b/crates/plugins/src/apply.rs
@@ -70,6 +70,9 @@ fn read_clamped(s: &Surface, rect: Rect, extent: Rect) -> Vec<f32> {
     out
 }
 
+/// Most bands one run is split into.
+const MAX_BANDS: u64 = 1 << 16;
+
 impl Plugin {
     /// The rectangle a run writes: the layer's content (grown by the plug-in's overlap) or the
     /// canvas, limited to the selection's bounds.
@@ -113,6 +116,13 @@ impl Plugin {
         }
         let mut bands = Vec::new();
         let (t0, t1) = (TileCoord::containing(area.x0, area.y0), TileCoord::containing(area.x1 - 1, area.y1 - 1));
+        // Counted before any is made: a few distant tiles make `area` a grid of millions of
+        // bands, each a call into the plug-in, planned before the deadline starts.
+        let columns = (i64::from(t1.tx) - i64::from(t0.tx) + 1).max(0) as u64;
+        let rows = (i64::from(t1.ty) - i64::from(t0.ty) + 1).max(0) as u64;
+        if columns.div_ceil(across as u64).saturating_mul(rows) > MAX_BANDS {
+            return Err(Error::Limit(format!("more than {MAX_BANDS} bands (the layer's content is spread too widely)")));
+        }
         for ty in t0.ty..=t1.ty {
             let mut tx = t0.tx;
             while tx <= t1.tx {
diff --git a/crates/plugins/src/lib.rs b/crates/plugins/src/lib.rs
index 57ee000471..ce6e44ccd6 100644
--- a/crates/plugins/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/plugins/src/lib.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ pub mod registry;
 mod runtime;
 
 pub use apply::format_code;
-pub use manifest::{Area, Kind, Manifest, ParamSpec};
+pub use manifest::{Area, Kind, Manifest, ParamSpec, Unit};
 pub use runtime::{ABI_VERSION, Limits, Plugin};
 
 /// A plug-in error. Every way a module can misbehave ends here, never in a panic.
diff --git a/crates/plugins/src/manifest.rs b/crates/plugins/src/manifest.rs
index 52994bc740..133c0fa843 100644
--- a/crates/plugins/src/manifest.rs
+++ b/crates/plugins/src/manifest.rs
@@ -30,12 +30,47 @@ pub enum Area {
     Canvas,
 }
 
+/// What a `number` or `int` parameter measures (`"unit"` in the manifest).
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum Unit {
+    /// No unit (the default): a level, factor, count or percentage, the same at any image size.
+    #[default]
+    None,
+    /// A length in document pixels (a radius, distance, shift or size). On a reduced live preview
+    /// the host divides it by the reduction, so the preview matches what OK applies.
+    Px,
+}
+
+impl Unit {
+    fn is_none(&self) -> bool {
+        *self == Unit::None
+    }
+}
+
+/// Reads `"unit"` leniently: `"px"` is [`Unit::Px`]; anything else (an unknown string such as
+/// `"pt"`, a number, `null`, an array…) is unitless, as when the field is absent. Manifests from
+/// before `unit` existed could carry any value there (unknown fields were ignored), and they must
+/// keep installing.
+fn lenient_unit<'de, D: serde::Deserializer<'de>>(d: D) -> std::result::Result<Unit, D::Error> {
+    Ok(match Value::deserialize(d)? {
+        Value::String(s) if s == "px" => Unit::Px,
+        _ => Unit::None,
+    })
+}
+
 /// One declared parameter.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[serde(tag = "type", rename_all = "camelCase")]
 pub enum ParamSpec {
     /// A real number in `min..=max` (a slider in the dialog).
-    Number { min: f64, max: f64, default: f64 },
+    Number {
+        min: f64,
+        max: f64,
+        default: f64,
+        #[serde(default, deserialize_with = "lenient_unit", skip_serializing_if = "Unit::is_none")]
+        unit: Unit,
+    },
     /// A whole number in `min..=max`.
     Int {
         #[serde(default = "int_min")]
@@ -44,6 +79,8 @@ pub enum ParamSpec {
         max: i64,
         #[serde(default)]
         default: i64,
+        #[serde(default, deserialize_with = "lenient_unit", skip_serializing_if = "Unit::is_none")]
+        unit: Unit,
     },
     /// A checkbox.
     Bool {
@@ -122,7 +159,7 @@ impl Manifest {
                 return Err(Error::Manifest(format!("invalid parameter name {k:?}")));
             }
             match spec {
-                ParamSpec::Number { min, max, default } if !(min.is_finite() && max.is_finite() && default.is_finite()) || min > max => {
+                ParamSpec::Number { min, max, default, .. } if !(min.is_finite() && max.is_finite() && default.is_finite()) || min > max => {
                     return Err(Error::Manifest(format!("parameter `{k}`: bad range")));
                 }
                 ParamSpec::Int { min, max, .. } if min > max => return Err(Error::Manifest(format!("parameter `{k}`: bad range"))),
@@ -147,7 +184,7 @@ impl Manifest {
             .params
             .iter()
             .map(|(k, spec)| match spec {
-                ParamSpec::Number { min, max, default } => format!("\"{k}\":{min}..{max}={default}"),
+                ParamSpec::Number { min, max, default, .. } => format!("\"{k}\":{min}..{max}={default}"),
                 ParamSpec::Int { default, .. } => format!("\"{k}\":int={default}"),
                 ParamSpec::Bool { default } => format!("\"{k}\":bool={default}"),
                 ParamSpec::Choice { options, default } => {
@@ -179,11 +216,11 @@ impl Manifest {
             let v = given.get(k).filter(|v| !v.is_null());
             let wrong = |what: &str| Error::Params(format!("`{k}` must be {what}"));
             let resolved = match spec {
-                ParamSpec::Number { min, max, default } => match v {
+                ParamSpec::Number { min, max, default, .. } => match v {
                     None => json!((*default).clamp(*min, *max)),
                     Some(v) => json!(v.as_f64().filter(|f| f.is_finite()).ok_or_else(|| wrong("a number"))?.clamp(*min, *max)),
                 },
-                ParamSpec::Int { min, max, default } => match v {
+                ParamSpec::Int { min, max, default, .. } => match v {
                     None => json!((*default).clamp(*min, *max)),
                     Some(v) => {
                         let f = v.as_f64().filter(|f| f.is_finite()).ok_or_else(|| wrong("a number"))?;
@@ -209,6 +246,61 @@ impl Manifest {
         }
         Ok(out)
     }
+
+    /// Whether parameter `key` is a length in pixels (`"unit": "px"`).
+    pub fn is_pixel_param(&self, key: &str) -> bool {
+        self.pixel_params().any(|(k, ..)| k == key)
+    }
+
+    /// `(key, min, max, default, is_int)` of each parameter declared `"unit": "px"`.
+    fn pixel_params(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&str, f64, f64, f64, bool)> {
+        self.params.iter().filter_map(|(k, spec)| match spec {
+            ParamSpec::Number { min, max, default, unit: Unit::Px } => Some((k.as_str(), *min, *max, *default, false)),
+            ParamSpec::Int { min, max, default, unit: Unit::Px } => Some((k.as_str(), *min as f64, *max as f64, *default as f64, true)),
+            _ => None,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// The value [`Manifest::resolve_params`] would use for a pixel parameter: the given number, or
+    /// the default when missing, within `min..=max`. `None` for a value of the wrong type (which
+    /// `resolve_params` rejects) or one that isn't finite.
+    fn pixel_value(params: &Map<String, Value>, key: &str, min: f64, max: f64, default: f64) -> Option<f64> {
+        let v = match params.get(key).filter(|v| !v.is_null()) {
+            None => default,
+            Some(v) => v.as_f64()?,
+        };
+        // `max`/`min` rather than `clamp`, which panics on a reversed or NaN range.
+        v.is_finite().then(|| v.max(min).min(max))
+    }
+
+    /// Proxy factor for a live preview with `params` on a document reduced `k` times: the largest
+    /// factor up to `k` at which no pixel parameter with a positive minimum, divided by it, drops
+    /// below that minimum. A clamped value would change the feature size (as for built-in filters,
+    /// #2063), so such a preview runs less reduced instead. Always at least 1.
+    pub fn preview_factor(&self, params: &Map<String, Value>, k: u32) -> u32 {
+        self.pixel_params().fold(k.max(1), |k, (key, min, max, default, _)| match Self::pixel_value(params, key, min, max, default) {
+            Some(v) if min > 0.0 => k.min((v / min).floor().max(1.0).min(f64::from(k)) as u32),
+            Some(v) if max < 0.0 => k.min((v / max).floor().max(1.0).min(f64::from(k)) as u32),
+            _ => k,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Rewrites the plug-in's `params` for a live preview on a copy of the document reduced `k`
+    /// times: each pixel parameter (the given value, or its default when missing) is divided by
+    /// `k`, rounded for `int`s and kept within its range, so the preview shows the same lengths in
+    /// document pixels as OK applies (#7524). Unitless parameters, unknown keys and values of the
+    /// wrong type (which [`Manifest::resolve_params`] rejects) are left as they are.
+    pub fn scale_for_preview(&self, params: &mut Map<String, Value>, k: u32) {
+        if k <= 1 {
+            return;
+        }
+        let k = f64::from(k);
+        for (key, min, max, default, int) in self.pixel_params() {
+            let Some(v) = Self::pixel_value(params, key, min, max, default) else { continue };
+            let x = (v / k).max(min).min(max);
+            params.insert(key.to_string(), if int { json!(x.round().max(min).min(max) as i64) } else { json!(x) });
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 /// Reads the `params` object keeping its key order (serde_json's `Map` would sort it).
@@ -224,10 +316,16 @@ fn ordered_params<'de, D: serde::Deserializer<'de>>(d: D) -> std::result::Result
         }
         fn visit_map<A: serde::de::MapAccess<'de>>(self, mut map: A) -> std::result::Result<Self::Value, A::Error> {
             let mut out = Vec::new();
-            while let Some((k, v)) = map.next_entry::<String, ParamSpec>()? {
+            while let Some(k) = map.next_key::<String>()? {
+                // A repeated key would give one value two dialog controls, the last spec winning.
+                // Named before its spec is read or counted, so the error is about the key.
+                if out.iter().any(|(seen, _)| *seen == k) {
+                    return Err(serde::de::Error::custom(format!("parameter {k:?} is declared twice")));
+                }
                 if out.len() >= MAX_PARAMS {
                     return Err(serde::de::Error::custom(format!("too many parameters (limit {MAX_PARAMS})")));
                 }
+                let v = map.next_value::<ParamSpec>()?;
                 out.push((k, v));
             }
             Ok(out)
@@ -306,8 +404,12 @@ fn visible(c: char) -> bool {
     !c.is_whitespace() && !c.is_control() && !in_ranges(c, FORMAT) && !in_ranges(c, BLANK)
 }
 
+/// Names the host's `plugin.run` command takes for itself: a parameter of the same name would be
+/// read as the command's routing (which layer or channel is filtered), not as the plug-in's.
+const HOST_KEYS: [&str; 4] = ["id", "layer", "target", "channel"];
+
 fn valid_key(k: &str) -> bool {
-    (1..=64).contains(&k.len()) && k.bytes().all(|b| b.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || b == b'_') && !k.starts_with('_') && k != "id" && k != "layer"
+    (1..=64).contains(&k.len()) && k.bytes().all(|b| b.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || b == b'_') && !k.starts_with('_') && !HOST_KEYS.contains(&k)
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -379,6 +481,9 @@ mod tests {
             r#"{"id":"a","name":"x","kind":"filter","params":{"r":{"type":"number","min":5,"max":1,"default":1}}}"#,
             r#"{"id":"a","name":"x","kind":"filter","params":{"c":{"type":"choice","options":[]}}}"#,
             r#"{"id":"a","name":"x","kind":"filter","params":{"__x":{"type":"bool"}}}"#,
+            // Names the host command routes by: a plug-in default must not steer the filter.
+            r#"{"id":"a","name":"x","kind":"filter","params":{"target":{"type":"bool","default":false}}}"#,
+            r#"{"id":"a","name":"x","kind":"filter","params":{"channel":{"type":"int","min":0,"max":3,"default":1}}}"#,
             r#"{"id":"a","name":"x","kind":"filter","params":[1]}"#,
         ] {
             assert!(Manifest::parse(bad.as_bytes()).is_err(), "{bad}");
@@ -387,6 +492,128 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(Manifest::parse(&vec![b' '; MAX_MANIFEST_BYTES + 1]).is_err());
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_a_parameter_declared_twice() {
+        // Both entries were kept: two dialog controls for one value, and the last spec won.
+        let twice = br#"{"id":"a","name":"x","kind":"filter",
+            "params":{"n":{"type":"bool"},"n":{"type":"number","min":0,"max":1,"default":0}}}"#;
+        assert!(matches!(Manifest::parse(twice), Err(Error::Manifest(_))));
+        // The error names the key, also when the second spec is broken or past the limit.
+        let broken = br#"{"id":"a","name":"x","kind":"filter","params":{"n":{"type":"bool"},"n":{"type":"nope"}}}"#;
+        let many: Vec<String> = (0..MAX_PARAMS).map(|i| format!(r#""p{i}":{{"type":"bool"}}"#)).collect();
+        let past = format!(r#"{{"id":"a","name":"x","kind":"filter","params":{{{},"p0":{{"type":"bool"}}}}}}"#, many.join(","));
+        for (json, key) in [(&broken[..], "n"), (past.as_bytes(), "p0")] {
+            let e = Manifest::parse(json).err().map(|e| e.to_string()).unwrap_or_default();
+            assert!(e.contains(&format!("parameter {key:?} is declared twice")), "{e}");
+        }
+        // Keys differing in case are different parameters.
+        let m = Manifest::parse(br#"{"id":"a","name":"x","kind":"filter","params":{"n":{"type":"bool"},"N":{"type":"bool"}}}"#).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(m.params_notation(), r#"{"n":bool=false,"N":bool=false}"#);
+    }
+
+    /// Chromatic Aberration-like: a pixel shift, a pixel int, a signed pixel offset and a unitless
+    /// `size` (a name the built-in filters treat as pixels).
+    const PIXELS: &str = r#"{"id":"org.example.fringe","name":"Fringe","kind":"filter",
+        "params":{"amount":{"type":"number","min":0,"max":100,"default":12,"unit":"px"},
+                  "radius":{"type":"int","min":2,"max":50,"default":10,"unit":"px"},
+                  "shift":{"type":"number","min":-40,"max":40,"default":0,"unit":"px"},
+                  "size":{"type":"number","min":0,"max":100,"default":50},
+                  "mix":{"type":"number","min":0,"max":1,"default":1,"unit":"none"}}}"#;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parses_units_and_keeps_old_manifests_unitless() {
+        let m = Manifest::parse(PIXELS.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+        assert!(m.is_pixel_param("amount") && m.is_pixel_param("radius") && m.is_pixel_param("shift"));
+        assert!(!m.is_pixel_param("size") && !m.is_pixel_param("mix") && !m.is_pixel_param("missing"));
+        assert!(matches!(m.params[0].1, ParamSpec::Number { unit: Unit::Px, .. }));
+        assert!(matches!(m.params[1].1, ParamSpec::Int { unit: Unit::Px, .. }));
+        // No `unit` is unitless, and unitless params serialize as before (no `unit` key).
+        let old = Manifest::parse(FULL.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+        assert!(old.params.iter().all(|(k, _)| !old.is_pixel_param(k)));
+        let schema = serde_json::to_value(&m).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(schema["params"]["amount"]["unit"], "px");
+        assert!(schema["params"]["size"].get("unit").is_none() && schema["params"]["mix"].get("unit").is_none());
+        assert_eq!(Manifest::parse(serde_json::to_string(&m).unwrap().as_bytes()).unwrap(), m);
+        // A unit is a `number`/`int` property; the dialog notation is unchanged by it.
+        assert_eq!(m.params_notation(), r#"{"amount":0..100=12,"radius":int=10,"shift":-40..40=0,"size":0..100=50,"mix":0..1=1}"#);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn unknown_units_are_unitless() {
+        // Unknown fields were always ignored, so a manifest may already carry any `unit`: it must
+        // keep installing, unscaled, exactly as when the field is absent.
+        for unit in [r#""pt""#, r#""PX""#, r#""""#, "5", "true", "null", r#"["px"]"#, r#"{"px":1}"#] {
+            let text = format!(r#"{{"id":"a","name":"x","kind":"filter","params":{{"r":{{"type":"number","min":0,"max":9,"default":1,"unit":{unit}}}}}}}"#);
+            for text in [text.clone(), text.replace(r#""type":"number""#, r#""type":"int""#)] {
+                let m = Manifest::parse(text.as_bytes()).unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{text}: {e}"));
+                assert!(!m.is_pixel_param("r"), "{text}");
+                let mut p = json!({"r": 8}).as_object().unwrap().clone();
+                m.scale_for_preview(&mut p, 4);
+                assert_eq!(Value::Object(p), json!({"r": 8}), "{text}");
+                assert!(serde_json::to_value(&m).unwrap()["params"]["r"].get("unit").is_none(), "{text}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn preview_scales_pixel_params_only() {
+        // #7524: at a reduction of 4, a 12 px shift must be 3 proxy pixels (12 document pixels).
+        let m = Manifest::parse(PIXELS.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+        let given = json!({"id": "org.example.fringe", "amount": 12, "radius": 10, "shift": -20, "size": 40, "mix": 0.5});
+        let mut p = given.as_object().unwrap().clone();
+        m.scale_for_preview(&mut p, 4);
+        assert_eq!(
+            Value::Object(p.clone()),
+            json!({"id": "org.example.fringe", "amount": 3.0, "radius": 3, "shift": -5.0, "size": 40, "mix": 0.5}),
+            "px params divided (ints rounded, signs kept); unitless and other keys untouched"
+        );
+        // The scaled values are what the plug-in receives.
+        assert_eq!(m.resolve_params(&Value::Object(p)).unwrap()["amount"], json!(3.0));
+        // Missing px params get their scaled default, so the default isn't previewed unscaled.
+        let mut p = Map::new();
+        m.scale_for_preview(&mut p, 2);
+        assert_eq!(Value::Object(p), json!({"amount": 6.0, "radius": 5, "shift": 0.0}));
+        // Never below the minimum, and values are clamped into range first, as `resolve_params` does.
+        let mut p = json!({"radius": 3, "amount": 1000}).as_object().unwrap().clone();
+        m.scale_for_preview(&mut p, 4);
+        assert_eq!(Value::Object(p), json!({"radius": 2, "amount": 25.0, "shift": 0.0}));
+        // A full-resolution preview changes nothing.
+        for k in [0, 1] {
+            let mut p = given.as_object().unwrap().clone();
+            m.scale_for_preview(&mut p, k);
+            assert_eq!(Value::Object(p), given);
+        }
+        // Wrong types and non-numbers are left for `resolve_params` to reject, never a panic.
+        let mut p = json!({"amount": "lots", "radius": true, "shift": [1]}).as_object().unwrap().clone();
+        m.scale_for_preview(&mut p, 4);
+        assert_eq!(Value::Object(p.clone()), json!({"amount": "lots", "radius": true, "shift": [1]}));
+        assert!(m.resolve_params(&Value::Object(p)).is_err());
+        // A plug-in without px params is never touched, even with built-in pixel names.
+        let old = Manifest::parse(br#"{"id":"a","name":"x","kind":"filter","params":{"radius":{"type":"number","min":0,"max":9,"default":4}}}"#).unwrap();
+        let mut p = json!({"radius": 8}).as_object().unwrap().clone();
+        old.scale_for_preview(&mut p, 4);
+        assert_eq!(Value::Object(p), json!({"radius": 8}));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn preview_factor_keeps_pixel_params_above_their_minimum() {
+        let m = Manifest::parse(PIXELS.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+        let p = |v: Value| v.as_object().unwrap().clone();
+        // radius min 2: 10 px allows 4, 5 px allows 2, 3 px only full resolution.
+        assert_eq!(m.preview_factor(&p(json!({"radius": 10})), 4), 4);
+        assert_eq!(m.preview_factor(&p(json!({"radius": 5})), 4), 2);
+        assert_eq!(m.preview_factor(&p(json!({"radius": 3})), 4), 1);
+        // Missing: the default (10). Params with a zero or negative minimum don't limit it.
+        assert_eq!(m.preview_factor(&Map::new(), 8), 5);
+        assert_eq!(m.preview_factor(&p(json!({"radius": 50, "amount": 0, "shift": -40})), 8), 8);
+        // Never more than the document's factor, never 0; bad values don't limit it.
+        assert_eq!(m.preview_factor(&p(json!({"radius": 50})), 2), 2);
+        assert_eq!(m.preview_factor(&p(json!({"radius": 50})), 0), 1);
+        assert_eq!(m.preview_factor(&p(json!({"radius": "x"})), 4), 4);
+        let unitless = Manifest::parse(FULL.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(unitless.preview_factor(&p(json!({"amount": 0.01})), 4), 4);
+    }
+
     fn with_name(name: &str) -> Result<Manifest> {
         Manifest::parse(json!({"id": "org.example.tone", "name": name, "kind": "filter"}).to_string().as_bytes())
     }
diff --git a/crates/plugins/src/registry.rs b/crates/plugins/src/registry.rs
index 92eb5f3f1b..c819fb3de6 100644
--- a/crates/plugins/src/registry.rs
+++ b/crates/plugins/src/registry.rs
@@ -54,19 +54,35 @@ pub fn revision() -> u64 {
     REVISION.load(Ordering::Relaxed)
 }
 
+/// Opens `path` for reading without waiting on a FIFO or device that has no writer.
+#[cfg(unix)]
+fn open_regular(path: &std::path::Path) -> std::io::Result<std::fs::File> {
+    use std::os::unix::fs::OpenOptionsExt;
+    // O_NONBLOCK: opening a writer-less FIFO read-only returns at once; the caller then sees it
+    // is not a regular file. Regular files ignore the flag.
+    std::fs::OpenOptions::new().read(true).custom_flags(rustix::fs::OFlags::NONBLOCK.bits() as i32).open(path)
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(unix))]
+fn open_regular(path: &std::path::Path) -> std::io::Result<std::fs::File> {
+    std::fs::File::open(path)
+}
+
 /// Reads a `.wasm` file (refusing anything that isn't a regular file or exceeds the module limit)
 /// and loads it.
 #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 pub fn load_file(path: &std::path::Path, limits: Limits) -> Result<Plugin> {
     use std::io::Read;
-    let meta = std::fs::metadata(path).map_err(|e| Error::Io(format!("{}: {e}", path.display())))?;
+    // Open first, without blocking on a FIFO, and judge the file that was opened: a name checked
+    // and then opened again can be swapped for a special file in between.
+    let f = open_regular(path).map_err(|e| Error::Io(format!("{}: {e}", path.display())))?;
+    let meta = f.metadata().map_err(|e| Error::Io(format!("{}: {e}", path.display())))?;
     if !meta.is_file() {
         return Err(Error::Io(format!("{} is not a file", path.display())));
     }
     if meta.len() > limits.max_module_bytes as u64 {
         return Err(Error::Module(format!("{} is {} bytes (limit {})", path.display(), meta.len(), limits.max_module_bytes)));
     }
-    let f = std::fs::File::open(path).map_err(|e| Error::Io(format!("{}: {e}", path.display())))?;
     let mut bytes = Vec::new();
     f.take(limits.max_module_bytes as u64 + 1).read_to_end(&mut bytes).map_err(|e| Error::Io(format!("{}: {e}", path.display())))?;
     Ok(Plugin::load(&bytes, limits)?.with_source(path.display().to_string()))
diff --git a/crates/plugins/src/runtime.rs b/crates/plugins/src/runtime.rs
index e436133b92..c82171a5ac 100644
--- a/crates/plugins/src/runtime.rs
+++ b/crates/plugins/src/runtime.rs
@@ -184,8 +184,9 @@ impl Plugin {
         let limits = StoreLimitsBuilder::new().memory_size(self.limits.max_memory_bytes).memories(1).tables(4).table_elements(100_000).instances(1).build();
         let mut store = Store::new(&self.engine, limits);
         store.limiter(|l| l);
-        // The start function (if any) runs on this fuel.
-        store.set_fuel(self.limits.fuel_base).map_err(wasm_err)?;
+        // The start function (if any) runs on this fuel. It cannot be interrupted to check the
+        // deadline the way a call can, so it gets no more than one slice, however much a call may use.
+        store.set_fuel(self.limits.fuel_base.min(FUEL_SLICE)).map_err(wasm_err)?;
         let linker = Linker::<StoreLimits>::new(&self.engine);
         let instance = linker.instantiate_and_start(&mut store, &self.module).map_err(wasm_err)?;
         let memory = instance.get_memory(&store, "memory").ok_or_else(|| Error::Abi("the module must export its linear memory as `memory`".into()))?;
diff --git a/crates/plugins/tests/abi.rs b/crates/plugins/tests/abi.rs
index a75eedd88b..61ee32791f 100644
--- a/crates/plugins/tests/abi.rs
+++ b/crates/plugins/tests/abi.rs
@@ -317,3 +317,48 @@ fn folder_loading_skips_bad_files() {
     assert!(photocraft_plugins::registry::load_file(&dir, Limits::default()).is_err(), "a directory is not a module");
     std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir).ok();
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn a_start_function_that_spins_is_cut_off_at_one_slice() {
+    // `fuel_base` is what a call may use; the start function cannot be interrupted to check the
+    // clock, so it gets one slice of it at most.
+    let spin = "(func $spin (loop $l (br $l))) (start $spin)";
+    let limits = Limits { fuel_base: u64::MAX / 4, ..Limits::default() };
+    let (error, took) = run_err(&module(MANIFEST, 1, "(i32.const 0)", spin), limits);
+    assert!(matches!(error, Error::Trap(_) | Error::Limit(_)), "{error:?}");
+    assert!(took < Duration::from_secs(30), "{took:?}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn content_spread_over_millions_of_bands_is_refused_before_planning_them() {
+    let p = Plugin::load(INVERT, Limits::default()).unwrap();
+    let mut s = Surface::new(PixelFormat::RGBA8);
+    s.write_pixel(0, 0, &[0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 1.0]);
+    s.write_pixel(4_000_000, 4_000_000, &[0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 1.0]);
+    let t = Instant::now();
+    let e = p.apply(&s, Rect::new(0, 0, 8, 8), None, &json!({})).expect_err("a 15600 × 15600 tile grid is not one run");
+    assert!(matches!(e, Error::Limit(_)), "{e:?}");
+    assert!(t.elapsed() < Duration::from_secs(5), "{:?}", t.elapsed());
+}
+
+#[cfg(unix)]
+#[test]
+fn a_fifo_in_place_of_a_module_file_does_not_block_loading() {
+    let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("photocraft-plugin-fifo-{}", std::process::id()));
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+    let path = dir.join("evil.wasm");
+    let _ = std::fs::remove_file(&path);
+    // `rustix::fs::mknodat` is unavailable on Apple targets. `mkfifo` is the
+    // POSIX utility for creating this special file and keeps this regression
+    // test available on macOS as well as other Unix platforms.
+    let status = std::process::Command::new("mkfifo").arg(&path).status().unwrap();
+    assert!(status.success(), "mkfifo failed with {status}");
+    let (tx, rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
+    let p = path.clone();
+    std::thread::spawn(move || {
+        let _ = tx.send(photocraft_plugins::registry::load_file(&p, Limits::default()).map(|_| ()));
+    });
+    let r = rx.recv_timeout(Duration::from_secs(10)).expect("loading a FIFO must not block");
+    assert!(matches!(r, Err(Error::Io(_))), "{r:?}");
+    let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+}
diff --git a/crates/psd/README.md b/crates/psd/README.md
index d745fd5bd8..421d706ab7 100644
--- a/crates/psd/README.md
+++ b/crates/psd/README.md
@@ -106,6 +106,7 @@ testgen::{all_cases, merged_only, layered, small, sample_descriptor, pattern_pla
 | PSB 8-byte-length keys | ✓ | ✓ | – | LMsk Lr16 Lr32 Layr Mt16 Mt32 Mtrn Alph FMsk lnk2 FEid FXid PxSD |
 | Lr16 / Lr32 / Layr layer info | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | lifted into `layer_info`; re-inserted at its original position |
 | luni lsct lsdk lyid lnsr clbl infx knko lspf lclr iOpa shmd | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | `TaggedBlock::parsed()` |
+| Layer XMP (`shmd` › `cust` › `layerXMP`) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | `metadata::layer_xmp` / `take_layer_xmp` / `put_layer_xmp`, laid out as Photoshop 2026 writes it |
 | ActionDescriptor (all OSTypes) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | including references, `ObAr` (best effort), `UnFl`, `Pth `, version-16 wrapper |
 | Layer tree (groups) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | open/closed folders plus bounding dividers; tolerant of malformed nesting |
 | RGBA8 extraction | ✓ | – | – | RGB / gray / CMYK layers; merged image also supports indexed / bitmap / duotone |
@@ -144,7 +145,7 @@ allocations for padded channels return an error on failure.
 * Builder → `rgba8` correctness.
 * Unknown blend modes and unknown blocks pass through unchanged.
 
-`tests/corpus.rs` walks `corpus/psd/**/*.{psd,psb}` at the workspace root when that directory exists. For each file it asserts that parsing succeeds and the file round-trips byte for byte, and it prints a result per file. Without the directory it skips silently.
+`tests/it/corpus.rs` walks `corpus/psd/**/*.{psd,psb}` at the workspace root when that directory exists. For each file it asserts that parsing succeeds and the file round-trips byte for byte, and it prints a result per file. Without the directory it skips silently.
 
 A `cargo-fuzz` skeleton lives in `fuzz/`. It is its own workspace and is excluded from photocraft's. Run it with `cargo +nightly fuzz run parse` (or `descriptor`) from `crates/psd`.
 
diff --git a/crates/psd/fuzz/Cargo.toml b/crates/psd/fuzz/Cargo.toml
index 1c874bf4f0..8682bbb725 100644
--- a/crates/psd/fuzz/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/psd/fuzz/Cargo.toml
@@ -36,6 +36,13 @@ test = false
 doc = false
 bench = false
 
+[[bin]]
+name = "asl"
+path = "fuzz_targets/asl.rs"
+test = false
+doc = false
+bench = false
+
 [[bin]]
 name = "image_source_data"
 path = "fuzz_targets/image_source_data.rs"
diff --git a/crates/psd/fuzz/fuzz_targets/asl.rs b/crates/psd/fuzz/fuzz_targets/asl.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cbf2c9169c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/psd/fuzz/fuzz_targets/asl.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//! Fuzz the `.asl` style library parser: any input must return `Ok` or `Err`, never panic, and
+//! anything that parses must write back and parse to the same number of styles.
+#![no_main]
+
+use libfuzzer_sys::fuzz_target;
+use photocraft_psd::asl;
+
+fuzz_target!(|data: &[u8]| {
+    if let Ok(f) = asl::parse(data)
+        && let Ok(bytes) = asl::write(&f)
+    {
+        let back = asl::parse(&bytes).expect("a written library parses");
+        assert_eq!(back.styles.len(), f.styles.len());
+    }
+});
diff --git a/crates/psd/fuzz/fuzz_targets/grd.rs b/crates/psd/fuzz/fuzz_targets/grd.rs
index 2779a96846..16ab26a137 100644
--- a/crates/psd/fuzz/fuzz_targets/grd.rs
+++ b/crates/psd/fuzz/fuzz_targets/grd.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //!
 //! The cap assertions below are invariants, not fast checks: at libFuzzer default `-max_len`
 //! of 4096 no input can carry 10 001 gradients or 1001 stops, so they only fire on long runs with
-//! a raised limit. The inputs that do reach those caps are in `crates/psd/tests/swatch_malformed.rs`.
+//! a raised limit. The inputs that do reach those caps are in `crates/psd/tests/it/swatch_malformed.rs`.
 #![no_main]
 use libfuzzer_sys::fuzz_target;
 use photocraft_psd::grd::{self, GrdColor};
diff --git a/crates/psd/src/abr.rs b/crates/psd/src/abr.rs
index 0a0a41ffbf..6a9f0806c5 100644
--- a/crates/psd/src/abr.rs
+++ b/crates/psd/src/abr.rs
@@ -435,6 +435,7 @@ fn parse_v6_within(r: &mut Rd, out: &mut AbrFile, budget: &mut Budget) -> Result
         return Err(PsdError::Unsupported(format!("brush file subversion {}", out.subversion)));
     }
     let mut hierarchy = None;
+    let mut patterns = PatternBudget::default();
     while r.left() >= 12 {
         let sig = r.arr::<4>()?;
         if &sig != b"8BIM" {
@@ -458,16 +459,17 @@ fn parse_v6_within(r: &mut Rd, out: &mut AbrFile, budget: &mut Budget) -> Result
         match &key {
             b"samp" => read_samp(data, out.subversion, out, budget)?,
             b"patt" => {
-                // Patterns share the samples' budget, so neither can claim it twice.
+                // Patterns share the samples' budget and one padding budget across every `patt`
+                // section, so neither can be claimed twice and failed blocks still deduct their
+                // decoded charges.
                 let limit = u64::try_from(budget.0).unwrap_or(u64::MAX);
-                let mut patterns = PatternBudget::with_decoded_limit(limit);
+                patterns.cap_decoded_to(limit);
                 let left = patterns.decoded_left();
-                match parse_pattern_block_with(data, &mut patterns) {
-                    Ok(p) => {
-                        let spent = usize::try_from(left.saturating_sub(patterns.decoded_left())).unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
-                        budget.spend(spent)?;
-                        out.patterns.extend(p);
-                    }
+                let res = parse_pattern_block_with(data, &mut patterns);
+                let spent = usize::try_from(left.saturating_sub(patterns.decoded_left())).unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
+                budget.spend(spent)?;
+                match res {
+                    Ok(p) => out.patterns.extend(p),
                     Err(e) => out.warnings.push(format!("embedded patterns unreadable: {e}")),
                 }
             }
@@ -706,10 +708,39 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!((out.samples.len(), out.patterns.len(), left), (1, 2, 0));
         // One byte short: the patterns no longer fit after the sample (they used not to count).
         let (out, left) = parse_within(189);
-        assert_eq!((out.samples.len(), out.patterns.len(), left), (1, 0, 89));
+        assert_eq!((out.samples.len(), out.patterns.len(), left), (1, 0, 14));
         assert!(out.warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("embedded patterns unreadable")), "{:?}", out.warnings);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn failed_pattern_section_does_not_refund_budget_to_later_sections() {
+        let p = PsdPattern {
+            mode: 3,
+            width: 5,
+            height: 3,
+            name: "p".into(),
+            id: "id".into(),
+            palette: None,
+            depth: 8,
+            channels: vec![vec![1; 15], vec![2; 15], vec![3; 15]],
+            alpha: None,
+        };
+        let valid = write_pattern_block(std::slice::from_ref(&p)).unwrap();
+        let mut malformed = valid.clone();
+        malformed.extend_from_slice(&100u32.to_be_bytes());
+
+        let mut body = 2u16.to_be_bytes().to_vec();
+        section(&mut body, b"patt", &malformed);
+        section(&mut body, b"patt", &valid);
+        let mut out = AbrFile::default();
+        let mut budget = Budget(60);
+        parse_v6_within(&mut Rd::new(&body), &mut out, &mut budget).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(out.patterns.is_empty(), "a failed block is discarded atomically");
+        assert_eq!(budget.0, 0, "the failed block's first 45 bytes and later partial 15-byte charge are retained");
+        assert_eq!(out.warnings.iter().filter(|w| w.contains("embedded patterns unreadable")).count(), 2);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn v1_v2_round_trip_raw_and_rle() {
         for version in [1u16, 2] {
diff --git a/crates/psd/src/asl.rs b/crates/psd/src/asl.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..26cd27b9bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/psd/src/asl.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+//! Photoshop layer style libraries (`.asl`, the Styles panel's Import Styles… / Export Styles…).
+//!
+//! Layout of a version 3 style library:
+//!
+//! ```text
+//! file    := u16 2, "8BSL", u16 3 (sub-version),
+//!            u32 pattern section length, patterns (the `Patt` block record format),
+//!            u32 style count, style × count
+//! style   := u32 length, then that many bytes: identity, style descriptor, zero padding
+//! identity:= versioned descriptor (class `null`): `Nm  ` name, `Idnt` id (Unicode strings)
+//! style descriptor := versioned descriptor (class `Styl`): `documentMode`, `Lefx` (the same
+//!            tree as a layer's `lfx2` block), optional `blendOptions` (`Md  `, `Opct`,
+//!            `fillOpacity`)
+//! ```
+//!
+//! The reader skips up to three padding bytes after each style record whatever its length says,
+//! so it reads files whose record length counts the padding and files whose length does not.
+//! The writer counts the padding in the record length, which reads correctly either way.
+//!
+//! Malformed input is an error, never a panic. A pattern section that doesn't decode is reported
+//! in [`AslFile::pattern_error`] and skipped (its length is known), so the styles still load.
+
+use crate::descriptor::{Descriptor, UnicodeString, Value, VersionedDescriptor};
+use crate::error::{PsdError, Result};
+use crate::patterns::{PsdPattern, parse_pattern_block, write_pattern_block};
+
+/// Most styles read from one file.
+pub const MAX_STYLES: usize = 10_000;
+
+/// One style of a library.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub struct AslStyle {
+    /// The name shown in the Styles panel (may be empty or repeated).
+    pub name: String,
+    /// The style's unique id (usually a UUID).
+    pub id: String,
+    /// The style descriptor (class `Styl`): `Lefx`, `blendOptions`, `documentMode`.
+    pub style: Descriptor,
+}
+
+/// A parsed style library.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Default)]
+pub struct AslFile {
+    /// Patterns embedded for the styles' Pattern Overlays, pattern strokes and bevel textures.
+    pub patterns: Vec<PsdPattern>,
+    /// Why the pattern section was skipped, if it didn't decode (read only).
+    pub pattern_error: Option<String>,
+    /// Styles in file order.
+    pub styles: Vec<AslStyle>,
+}
+
+struct Rd<'a> {
+    b: &'a [u8],
+    p: usize,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Rd<'a> {
+    fn take(&mut self, n: usize) -> Result<&'a [u8]> {
+        let end = self.p.checked_add(n).filter(|&e| e <= self.b.len()).ok_or(PsdError::UnexpectedEof { offset: self.p, needed: n })?;
+        let s = self.b.get(self.p..end).ok_or(PsdError::UnexpectedEof { offset: self.p, needed: n })?;
+        self.p = end;
+        Ok(s)
+    }
+    fn u16(&mut self) -> Result<u16> {
+        let b = self.take(2)?;
+        Ok(u16::from_be_bytes([b[0], b[1]]))
+    }
+    fn u32(&mut self) -> Result<u32> {
+        let b = self.take(4)?;
+        Ok(u32::from_be_bytes([b[0], b[1], b[2], b[3]]))
+    }
+    fn remaining(&self) -> usize {
+        self.b.len().saturating_sub(self.p)
+    }
+}
+
+fn text(d: &Descriptor, key: &str) -> String {
+    match d.get(key) {
+        Some(Value::Text(t)) => t.to_string_lossy(),
+        _ => String::new(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn read_style(body: &[u8]) -> Result<AslStyle> {
+    let (identity, used) = VersionedDescriptor::parse_prefix(body)?;
+    let rest = body.get(used..).ok_or(PsdError::UnexpectedEof { offset: used, needed: 4 })?;
+    let (style, _) = VersionedDescriptor::parse_prefix(rest)?;
+    let id = &identity.descriptor;
+    Ok(AslStyle { name: text(id, "Nm  "), id: text(id, "Idnt"), style: style.descriptor })
+}
+
+/// Parses an `.asl` style library.
+pub fn parse(data: &[u8]) -> Result<AslFile> {
+    let mut r = Rd { b: data, p: 0 };
+    let version = r.u16()?;
+    let sig = r.take(4)?;
+    if sig != b"8BSL" {
+        return Err(PsdError::InvalidSignature { expected: "8BSL", found: [sig[0], sig[1], sig[2], sig[3]] });
+    }
+    let sub = r.u16()?;
+    if version != 2 || sub != 3 {
+        return Err(PsdError::Unsupported(format!("style library version {version}.{sub} (only 2.3, Photoshop 6 and later)")));
+    }
+    let plen = r.u32()? as usize;
+    let section = r.take(plen)?;
+    let (patterns, pattern_error) = match parse_pattern_block(section) {
+        Ok(p) => (p, None),
+        Err(e) => (Vec::new(), Some(e.to_string())),
+    };
+    let count = r.u32()? as usize;
+    // Every style needs at least its own length word.
+    if count > r.remaining() / 4 {
+        return Err(PsdError::invalid(format!("{count} styles cannot fit in the remaining {} bytes", r.remaining())));
+    }
+    if count > MAX_STYLES {
+        return Err(PsdError::LimitExceeded("too many styles in one library"));
+    }
+    let mut styles = Vec::with_capacity(count);
+    for _ in 0..count {
+        let len = r.u32()? as usize;
+        let body = r.take(len)?;
+        styles.push(read_style(body)?);
+        let pad = (4 - len % 4) % 4;
+        r.p = r.p.saturating_add(pad).min(data.len());
+    }
+    Ok(AslFile { patterns, pattern_error: pattern_error.filter(|_| !section.is_empty()), styles })
+}
+
+/// Writes a version 3 `.asl` style library.
+pub fn write(file: &AslFile) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    out.extend_from_slice(&2u16.to_be_bytes());
+    out.extend_from_slice(b"8BSL");
+    out.extend_from_slice(&3u16.to_be_bytes());
+    let patterns = write_pattern_block(&file.patterns)?;
+    let plen = u32::try_from(patterns.len()).map_err(|_| PsdError::LimitExceeded("pattern section larger than 4 GB"))?;
+    out.extend_from_slice(&plen.to_be_bytes());
+    out.extend_from_slice(&patterns);
+    let count = u32::try_from(file.styles.len()).map_err(|_| PsdError::LimitExceeded("too many styles"))?;
+    out.extend_from_slice(&count.to_be_bytes());
+    for s in &file.styles {
+        let identity =
+            Descriptor::new("null").with("Nm  ", Value::Text(UnicodeString::new_nul(&s.name))).with("Idnt", Value::Text(UnicodeString::new_nul(&s.id)));
+        let mut body = VersionedDescriptor::new(identity).to_bytes();
+        body.extend(VersionedDescriptor::new(s.style.clone()).to_bytes());
+        body.resize(body.len().div_ceil(4) * 4, 0);
+        let len = u32::try_from(body.len()).map_err(|_| PsdError::LimitExceeded("style larger than 4 GB"))?;
+        out.extend_from_slice(&len.to_be_bytes());
+        out.extend_from_slice(&body);
+    }
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::descriptor::Id;
+
+    fn pattern() -> PsdPattern {
+        PsdPattern {
+            mode: 3,
+            width: 3,
+            height: 2,
+            name: "Dots".into(),
+            id: "a1b2".into(),
+            palette: None,
+            depth: 8,
+            channels: vec![vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], vec![9; 6], vec![200; 6]],
+            alpha: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn style(name: &str) -> AslStyle {
+        let lefx = Descriptor::new("null").with("masterFXSwitch", Value::Boolean(true)).with(
+            "SoFi",
+            Value::Descriptor(Descriptor::new("SoFi").with("enab", Value::Boolean(true)).with("Opct", Value::UnitFloat { unit: *b"#Prc", value: 50.0 })),
+        );
+        let blend = Descriptor::new("blendOptions")
+            .with("Md  ", Value::Enumerated { type_id: Id::new("BlnM"), value: Id::new("Mltp") })
+            .with("fillOpacity", Value::UnitFloat { unit: *b"#Prc", value: 25.0 });
+        AslStyle {
+            name: name.into(),
+            id: format!("id-{name}"),
+            style: Descriptor::new("Styl")
+                .with("documentMode", Value::Descriptor(Descriptor::new("documentMode")))
+                .with("Lefx", Value::Descriptor(lefx))
+                .with("blendOptions", Value::Descriptor(blend)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn sample() -> AslFile {
+        AslFile { patterns: vec![pattern()], pattern_error: None, styles: vec![style("Gold"), style(""), style("Ünïcode ✓")] }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn round_trip() {
+        let f = sample();
+        let b = write(&f).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(&b[..8], b"\0\x028BSL\0\x03");
+        assert_eq!(b.len() % 4, 0);
+        assert_eq!(parse(&b).unwrap(), f);
+        let empty = AslFile::default();
+        assert_eq!(parse(&write(&empty).unwrap()).unwrap(), empty);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn record_lengths_without_padding_also_read() {
+        // A writer that leaves the padding out of each record length.
+        let f = sample();
+        let mut out = write(&AslFile { styles: vec![], ..f.clone() }).unwrap();
+        out.truncate(out.len() - 4);
+        out.extend_from_slice(&(f.styles.len() as u32).to_be_bytes());
+        for s in &f.styles {
+            let identity =
+                Descriptor::new("null").with("Nm  ", Value::Text(UnicodeString::new_nul(&s.name))).with("Idnt", Value::Text(UnicodeString::new_nul(&s.id)));
+            let mut body = VersionedDescriptor::new(identity).to_bytes();
+            body.extend(VersionedDescriptor::new(s.style.clone()).to_bytes());
+            body.push(7); // odd length
+            out.extend_from_slice(&(body.len() as u32).to_be_bytes());
+            let pad = (4 - body.len() % 4) % 4;
+            out.extend_from_slice(&body);
+            out.extend(std::iter::repeat_n(0, pad));
+        }
+        assert_eq!(parse(&out).unwrap().styles, f.styles);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn bad_pattern_section_is_skipped() {
+        let mut b = write(&AslFile { patterns: vec![], pattern_error: None, styles: vec![style("A")] }).unwrap();
+        // Replace the empty pattern section with 8 bytes of garbage.
+        let tail = b.split_off(12);
+        b.truncate(8);
+        b.extend_from_slice(&8u32.to_be_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(&[0, 0, 0, 4, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff]);
+        b.extend(tail);
+        let f = parse(&b).unwrap();
+        assert!(f.pattern_error.is_some());
+        assert_eq!(f.styles.len(), 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn hostile_input_errors() {
+        assert!(parse(b"").is_err());
+        assert!(parse(b"\0\x028BSL\0\x02").is_err());
+        assert!(parse(b"\0\x028BPS\0\x03").is_err());
+        // A count far beyond the data.
+        let mut b = b"\0\x028BSL\0\x03\0\0\0\0".to_vec();
+        b.extend_from_slice(&u32::MAX.to_be_bytes());
+        assert!(parse(&b).is_err());
+        // A pattern length beyond the data.
+        assert!(parse(b"\0\x028BSL\0\x03\xff\xff\xff\xff").is_err());
+        let b = write(&sample()).unwrap();
+        for cut in 0..b.len() {
+            assert!(parse(&b[..cut]).is_err(), "cut at {cut}");
+        }
+        for i in 0..b.len() {
+            for x in [0x5a, 0xff, 0x01] {
+                let mut c = b.clone();
+                c[i] ^= x;
+                let _ = parse(&c);
+            }
+        }
+        // Seeded random noise after a valid header.
+        let mut seed = 0x1234_5678u32;
+        for _ in 0..500 {
+            let mut c = b"\0\x028BSL\0\x03".to_vec();
+            for _ in 0..(seed % 200) {
+                seed ^= seed << 13;
+                seed ^= seed >> 17;
+                seed ^= seed << 5;
+                c.push(seed as u8);
+            }
+            let _ = parse(&c);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/psd/src/file.rs b/crates/psd/src/file.rs
index fab262732b..eec73ed072 100644
--- a/crates/psd/src/file.rs
+++ b/crates/psd/src/file.rs
@@ -39,6 +39,14 @@ pub struct GlobalLayerMask {
 }
 
 impl GlobalLayerMask {
+    /// The mask Photoshop writes for a layered file that has no global mask of its own:
+    /// an RGB red overlay at 50% opacity, kind 128 (use the per-layer setting), plus the
+    /// filler byte. A zero-length `LMsk` block in a TIFF makes Photoshop give up on the
+    /// layer data (it reads this 14-byte record from the block).
+    pub fn photoshop_default() -> Self {
+        GlobalLayerMask { data: vec![0, 0, 0xff, 0xff, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 50, 128, 0] }
+    }
+
     fn be16(&self, at: usize) -> Option<u16> {
         self.data.get(at..at + 2).map(|b| u16::from_be_bytes([b[0], b[1]]))
     }
@@ -352,12 +360,12 @@ impl PsdFile {
     }
 
     /// `true` if the merged image carries a transparency channel: its first extra channel, when
-    /// the layer count was stored negative or a "Saving Merged Transparency" global block (`Mtrn`,
-    /// `Mt16`, `Mt32`) is present. Photoshop marks 32-bit documents with `Mt32` and a positive
-    /// layer count (psd-tools transparentbg.psd). Photoshop also names the merged transparency
-    /// "Transparency" and lists it first among the alpha channel names, and some of its 16-bit
-    /// PSBs carry no other mark (#4654): when the layers sit in a global `Lr16`/`Lr32` block, that
-    /// name with one name per extra channel marks it too.
+    /// the layer count was stored negative or a "Saving Merged Transparency" global block (see
+    /// [`TaggedBlock::is_merged_transparency_marker`]) is present. Photoshop marks 32-bit documents
+    /// with `Mt32` and a positive layer count (psd-tools transparentbg.psd). Photoshop also names
+    /// the merged transparency "Transparency" and lists it first among the alpha channel names,
+    /// and some of its 16-bit PSBs carry no other mark (#4654): when the layers sit in a global
+    /// `Lr16`/`Lr32` block, that name with one name per extra channel marks it too.
     pub fn merged_has_alpha(&self) -> bool {
         let Some(color) = self.header.color_mode.color_channels() else {
             return false;
@@ -365,7 +373,7 @@ impl PsdFile {
         if self.header.channels <= color {
             return false;
         }
-        let marked = self.global_blocks.iter().any(|b| matches!(&b.key, b"Mtrn" | b"Mt16" | b"Mt32"));
+        let marked = self.global_blocks.iter().any(TaggedBlock::is_merged_transparency_marker);
         match &self.layer_info {
             Some(li) => {
                 let in_block = matches!(self.layer_info_placement, LayerInfoPlacement::GlobalBlock { .. });
@@ -583,4 +591,27 @@ mod write_tests {
             }
         }
     }
+
+    /// A positive layer count plus a merged-transparency marker still makes the first extra
+    /// channel the transparency, for the specification's keys and for the `MTrn` Photoshop
+    /// writes in a layered TIFF.
+    #[test]
+    fn merged_transparency_markers_mark_the_first_extra_channel() {
+        let mut file = testgen::small(Version::Psd, Compression::Raw);
+        if let Some(li) = &mut file.layer_info {
+            li.merged_alpha = false;
+        }
+        assert!(!file.merged_has_alpha());
+        for key in [*b"Mtrn", *b"MTrn", *b"Mt16", *b"Mt32"] {
+            let mut marked = file.clone();
+            marked.global_blocks.push(TaggedBlock::new(key, Vec::new()));
+            assert!(marked.merged_has_alpha(), "{}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&key));
+        }
+        // Other keys, and the marker's letters in another case, do not.
+        for key in [*b"MTRN", *b"mtrn", *b"Lr16"] {
+            let mut other = file.clone();
+            other.global_blocks.push(TaggedBlock::new(key, Vec::new()));
+            assert!(!other.merged_has_alpha(), "{}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&key));
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/psd/src/lib.rs b/crates/psd/src/lib.rs
index 6fb47cbdb9..5248456d52 100644
--- a/crates/psd/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/psd/src/lib.rs
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ pub mod abr;
 pub mod aco;
 pub mod act;
 pub mod ase;
+pub mod asl;
 pub mod atn;
 pub mod blend;
 pub mod builder;
diff --git a/crates/psd/src/metadata.rs b/crates/psd/src/metadata.rs
index 9e85d8cee7..24d2eebca6 100644
--- a/crates/psd/src/metadata.rs
+++ b/crates/psd/src/metadata.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 //! `shmd` (metadata setting) layer block: a list of keyed sub-blocks, such as `cmls` (layer comp
-//! state, a versioned descriptor), `cust` and `mlst`.
+//! state, a versioned descriptor), `cust` (the layer's modify time and XMP packet) and `mlst`.
 //!
 //! Layout (Adobe PSD spec, "Metadata setting"): u32 count, then per item the signature `8BIM`,
 //! a 4-byte key, a copy-on-sheet-duplication byte, 3 padding bytes, a u32 length and the data.
 //! Photoshop pads item data to an even length (the padding is part of the stored length), so
 //! parsing and writing are exact: `write(parse(b)) == b`.
 
+use crate::descriptor::{Descriptor, Id, UnicodeString, Value, VersionedDescriptor};
 use crate::error::{PsdError, Result};
 use crate::io::{Reader, WriteExt};
 
@@ -71,10 +72,166 @@ pub fn write_shmd(items: &[MetadataItem]) -> Vec<u8> {
     out
 }
 
+/// The `shmd` item that holds a layer's own metadata (its modify time and XMP).
+const CUST: [u8; 4] = *b"cust";
+/// Key of a layer's XMP packet in the `cust` descriptor.
+const LAYER_XMP: &str = "layerXMP";
+
+// A layer's XMP packet (Photoshop's `layer.xmpMetadata.rawData`), as observed in files Photoshop
+// 2026 saves: a `TEXT` item `layerXMP` (UTF-16 with a terminating NUL) in the `metadata`
+// descriptor (version 16, class name a lone NUL) of the `shmd` item `cust`, after the
+// `layerTime` double that every Photoshop layer has. A layer without XMP has no `layerXMP` item.
+
+fn pad_even(mut v: Vec<u8>) -> Vec<u8> {
+    if v.len() % 2 == 1 {
+        v.push(0);
+    }
+    v
+}
+
+/// The `cust` descriptor of `item`, or `None` when it isn't one.
+fn cust_descriptor(item: &MetadataItem) -> Option<VersionedDescriptor> {
+    (item.key == CUST).then(|| VersionedDescriptor::parse_prefix(&item.data).ok().map(|(d, _)| d)).flatten()
+}
+
+/// The XMP packet stored on a layer whose `shmd` block data is `shmd`, or `None` when it has
+/// none (or the block can't be read).
+pub fn layer_xmp(shmd: &[u8]) -> Option<String> {
+    let items = parse_shmd(shmd).ok()?;
+    items.iter().filter_map(cust_descriptor).find_map(|d| match d.descriptor.get(LAYER_XMP) {
+        Some(Value::Text(t)) => Some(t.to_string_lossy()),
+        _ => None,
+    })
+}
+
+/// Splits a layer's XMP packet out of its `shmd` block data: the packet, and the block without
+/// it (`None` when nothing is left). `None` when the block holds no packet, so the caller keeps
+/// the original bytes. A `cust` item left empty is dropped, the other items are kept as stored.
+pub fn take_layer_xmp(shmd: &[u8]) -> Option<(String, Option<Vec<u8>>)> {
+    let mut items = parse_shmd(shmd).ok()?;
+    let (i, mut vd) = items.iter().enumerate().find_map(|(i, it)| cust_descriptor(it).filter(|d| d.descriptor.get(LAYER_XMP).is_some()).map(|d| (i, d)))?;
+    let at = vd.descriptor.items.iter().position(|(k, _)| k.is(LAYER_XMP))?;
+    let xmp = match vd.descriptor.items.remove(at).1 {
+        Value::Text(t) => t.to_string_lossy(),
+        _ => return None,
+    };
+    if vd.descriptor.items.is_empty() {
+        items.remove(i);
+    } else {
+        items[i].data = pad_even(vd.to_bytes());
+    }
+    Some((xmp, (!items.is_empty()).then(|| write_shmd(&items))))
+}
+
+/// `shmd` block data (`shmd`, or a new block when `None`) with `xmp` as the layer's XMP packet,
+/// written as Photoshop writes it: it replaces an existing packet in place, or is appended to
+/// the `cust` descriptor (a new `cust` item when there is none). An unreadable block is an
+/// error, so the caller never replaces data it couldn't read.
+pub fn put_layer_xmp(shmd: Option<&[u8]>, xmp: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let mut items = match shmd {
+        Some(b) => parse_shmd(b)?,
+        None => Vec::new(),
+    };
+    let value = Value::Text(UnicodeString::new_nul(xmp));
+    match items.iter().position(|it| it.key == CUST) {
+        Some(i) => {
+            let (mut vd, _) = VersionedDescriptor::parse_prefix(&items[i].data)?;
+            match vd.descriptor.items.iter_mut().find(|(k, _)| k.is(LAYER_XMP)) {
+                Some(entry) => entry.1 = value,
+                None => vd.descriptor.items.push((Id::new(LAYER_XMP), value)),
+            }
+            items[i].data = pad_even(vd.to_bytes());
+        }
+        None => {
+            let d = Descriptor { name: UnicodeString::new_nul(""), class_id: Id::new("metadata"), items: vec![(Id::new(LAYER_XMP), value)] };
+            items.push(MetadataItem::new(CUST, VersionedDescriptor::new(d).to_bytes()));
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(write_shmd(&items))
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    fn unhex(lines: &[&str]) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let h: String = lines.concat();
+        (0..h.len()).step_by(2).map(|i| u8::from_str_radix(&h[i..i + 2], 16).unwrap()).collect()
+    }
+
+    /// `shmd` of a layer saved by Photoshop 2026 after a script set its XMP to [`PS_PACKET`].
+    const PS_WITH_XMP: &[&str] = &[
+        "000000013842494d63757374000000000000024800000010000000010000000000086d65746164617461000000020000",
+        "00096c6179657254696d65646f756241dab643ffd54363000000086c61796572584d505445585400000100003c007800",
+        "3a0078006d0070006d00650074006100200078006d006c006e0073003a0078003d002200610064006f00620065003a00",
+        "6e0073003a006d006500740061002f0022003e003c007200640066003a00520044004600200078006d006c006e007300",
+        "3a007200640066003d00220068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e00770033002e006f00720067002f00",
+        "31003900390039002f00300032002f00320032002d007200640066002d00730079006e007400610078002d006e007300",
+        "230022003e003c007200640066003a004400650073006300720069007000740069006f006e0020007200640066003a00",
+        "610062006f00750074003d0022002200200078006d006c006e0073003a00730061006d0070006c0065003d0022006800",
+        "7400740070003a002f002f006500780061006d0070006c0065002e0063006f006d002f00730061006d0070006c006500",
+        "2f0031002e0030002f0022003e003c00730061006d0070006c0065003a00760061006c00750065003e0061006c007000",
+        "680061002d003100320033003c002f00730061006d0070006c0065003a00760061006c00750065003e003c002f007200",
+        "640066003a004400650073006300720069007000740069006f006e003e003c002f007200640066003a00520044004600",
+        "3e003c002f0078003a0078006d0070006d006500740061003e000000",
+    ];
+    /// `shmd` of a layer without XMP in the same file (its own `layerTime` only).
+    const PS_WITHOUT_XMP: &[&str] =
+        &["000000013842494d63757374000000000000003400000010000000010000000000086d6574616461746100000001000000096c6179657254696d65646f756241dab643ffd86bec00"];
+    const PS_PACKET: &str = concat!(
+        r#"<x:xmpmeta xmlns:x="adobe:ns:meta/"><rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">"#,
+        r#"<rdf:Description rdf:about="" xmlns:sample="http://example.com/sample/1.0/"><sample:value>alpha-123</sample:value>"#,
+        r#"</rdf:Description></rdf:RDF></x:xmpmeta>"#
+    );
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reads_photoshop_layer_xmp() {
+        assert_eq!(layer_xmp(&unhex(PS_WITH_XMP)).as_deref(), Some(PS_PACKET));
+        assert_eq!(layer_xmp(&unhex(PS_WITHOUT_XMP)), None);
+        assert!(take_layer_xmp(&unhex(PS_WITHOUT_XMP)).is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn take_then_put_is_exact() {
+        let ps = unhex(PS_WITH_XMP);
+        let (xmp, rest) = take_layer_xmp(&ps).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(xmp, PS_PACKET);
+        let rest = rest.unwrap();
+        // What's left is a layer without XMP, shaped as Photoshop writes one.
+        assert_eq!(rest.len(), unhex(PS_WITHOUT_XMP).len());
+        assert_eq!(layer_xmp(&rest), None);
+        assert_eq!(put_layer_xmp(Some(&rest), &xmp).unwrap(), ps);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn put_replaces_in_place_and_creates_a_block() {
+        let ps = unhex(PS_WITH_XMP);
+        let edited = put_layer_xmp(Some(&ps), "<x:xmpmeta xmlns:x=\"adobe:ns:meta/\"/>").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(layer_xmp(&edited).as_deref(), Some("<x:xmpmeta xmlns:x=\"adobe:ns:meta/\"/>"));
+        // `layerTime` is kept, still first.
+        let items = parse_shmd(&edited).unwrap();
+        let d = cust_descriptor(&items[0]).unwrap().descriptor;
+        assert!(d.items[0].0.is("layerTime") && d.items[1].0.is(LAYER_XMP) && d.items.len() == 2);
+
+        let fresh = put_layer_xmp(None, PS_PACKET).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(layer_xmp(&fresh).as_deref(), Some(PS_PACKET));
+        assert_eq!(take_layer_xmp(&fresh), Some((PS_PACKET.to_string(), None)));
+        // Other items (here a layer comp state) stay as they were.
+        let comps = write_shmd(&[MetadataItem::new(*b"cmls", vec![1, 2])]);
+        let both = put_layer_xmp(Some(&comps), PS_PACKET).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(parse_shmd(&both).unwrap()[0], parse_shmd(&comps).unwrap()[0]);
+        assert_eq!(take_layer_xmp(&both).unwrap().1.unwrap(), comps);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn put_refuses_an_unreadable_block() {
+        assert!(put_layer_xmp(Some(&[0, 0, 0, 9]), PS_PACKET).is_err());
+        let bad_cust = write_shmd(&[MetadataItem::new(CUST, vec![0, 0, 0, 16, 1])]);
+        assert!(put_layer_xmp(Some(&bad_cust), PS_PACKET).is_err());
+        assert_eq!(layer_xmp(&bad_cust), None);
+        assert!(take_layer_xmp(&bad_cust).is_none());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn roundtrip_exact() {
         let items = vec![MetadataItem::new(*b"cmls", vec![1, 2, 3]), MetadataItem { copy: true, ..MetadataItem::new(*b"cust", vec![9; 4]) }];
diff --git a/crates/psd/src/patterns.rs b/crates/psd/src/patterns.rs
index 7f845f525e..85bf285db9 100644
--- a/crates/psd/src/patterns.rs
+++ b/crates/psd/src/patterns.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,9 @@
 //! `.pat` file is `8BPT`, version u16 (1), count u32, then the patterns without length prefixes.
 //! Photoshop writes the channel count as 24 and only marks the real channels as written; like
 //! ag-psd (MIT) we take the first written arrays as the colour channels and the next one as
-//! transparency.
+//! transparency. Photoshop stores a pattern's transparency in the last (sheet mask) array and
+//! leaves the user mask unwritten (psd-tools multichannel-pattern-fill.psd, Photoshop CC 2019); a
+//! file with transparency in the user mask array is refused by Photoshop (#8054).
 
 use crate::compression::{Compression, MAX_DECODED_BYTES, PlaneLayout, decode_planes, encode_planes};
 use crate::error::{PsdError, Result};
@@ -56,6 +58,12 @@ impl PatternBudget {
         PatternBudget { decoded_left: d.decoded_left.min(decoded), padded_left: d.padded_left.min(decoded) }
     }
 
+    /// Cap both decoded and padded bytes to the amount still available to a containing file.
+    pub fn cap_decoded_to(&mut self, decoded: u64) {
+        self.decoded_left = self.decoded_left.min(decoded);
+        self.padded_left = self.padded_left.min(decoded);
+    }
+
     /// Decoded bytes still available.
     pub fn decoded_left(&self) -> u64 {
         self.decoded_left
@@ -137,7 +145,15 @@ impl<'a> Rd<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-fn read_pattern(r: &mut Rd, budget: &mut PatternBudget) -> Result<PsdPattern> {
+/// A pattern's mode, name, id and palette, up to its virtual memory array list.
+struct PatternHeader {
+    mode: u32,
+    name: String,
+    id: String,
+    palette: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+}
+
+fn read_header(r: &mut Rd) -> Result<PatternHeader> {
     let version = r.u32()?;
     if version != 1 {
         return Err(PsdError::invalid(format!("pattern version {version}")));
@@ -163,12 +179,22 @@ fn read_pattern(r: &mut Rd, budget: &mut PatternBudget) -> Result<PsdPattern> {
     } else {
         None
     };
+    Ok(PatternHeader { mode, name, id, palette })
+}
+
+/// The body of a pattern's virtual memory array list (after its version and length).
+fn read_vma_body<'a>(r: &mut Rd<'a>) -> Result<&'a [u8]> {
     let vver = r.u32()?;
     if vver != 3 {
         return Err(PsdError::invalid(format!("virtual memory array list version {vver}")));
     }
     let len = r.u32()? as usize;
-    let body = r.take(len)?;
+    r.take(len)
+}
+
+fn read_pattern(r: &mut Rd, budget: &mut PatternBudget) -> Result<PsdPattern> {
+    let PatternHeader { mode, name, id, palette } = read_header(r)?;
+    let body = read_vma_body(r)?;
     let mut v = Rd { b: body, p: 0 };
     let [top, left, bottom, right] = v.rect()?;
     let w = right.checked_sub(left).ok_or(PsdError::LimitExceeded("pattern width overflow"))?;
@@ -365,6 +391,10 @@ fn write_pattern(p: &PsdPattern, out: &mut Vec<u8>) -> Result<()> {
     out.extend_from_slice(&(p.height as u16).to_be_bytes());
     out.extend_from_slice(&(p.width as u16).to_be_bytes());
     let units: Vec<u16> = p.name.encode_utf16().chain(std::iter::once(0)).collect();
+    // The reader refuses longer names (see `read_pattern`).
+    if units.len() > 65_536 {
+        return Err(PsdError::LimitExceeded("pattern name length"));
+    }
     out.extend_from_slice(&(units.len() as u32).to_be_bytes());
     for u in units {
         out.extend_from_slice(&u.to_be_bytes());
@@ -407,12 +437,12 @@ fn write_pattern(p: &PsdPattern, out: &mut Vec<u8>) -> Result<()> {
     for _ in nc..SLOTS as usize {
         body.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_be_bytes());
     }
-    // User mask slot: transparency; sheet mask slot: unused.
+    // User mask slot: unused; sheet mask slot: transparency, where Photoshop keeps it (#8054).
+    body.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_be_bytes());
     match &p.alpha {
         Some(a) => array(a, &mut body)?,
         None => body.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_be_bytes()),
     }
-    body.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_be_bytes());
     out.extend_from_slice(&3u32.to_be_bytes());
     out.extend_from_slice(&(body.len() as u32).to_be_bytes());
     out.extend_from_slice(&body);
@@ -425,9 +455,8 @@ pub fn parse_pattern_block(data: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<PsdPattern>> {
 }
 
 /// [`parse_pattern_block`] charging `budget`, so several blocks of one document share one limit.
-/// The budget is charged only for patterns that are returned.
+/// Charges are monotonic even when a later record in the block fails.
 pub fn parse_pattern_block_with(data: &[u8], budget: &mut PatternBudget) -> Result<Vec<PsdPattern>> {
-    let mut left = budget.clone();
     let mut r = Rd { b: data, p: 0 };
     let mut out = Vec::new();
     while r.p + 4 <= data.len() {
@@ -436,14 +465,55 @@ pub fn parse_pattern_block_with(data: &[u8], budget: &mut PatternBudget) -> Resu
             break;
         }
         let body = r.take(len)?;
-        out.push(read_pattern(&mut Rd { b: body, p: 0 }, &mut left)?);
+        out.push(read_pattern(&mut Rd { b: body, p: 0 }, budget)?);
         let pad = (4 - len % 4) % 4;
         r.p = (r.p + pad).min(data.len());
     }
-    *budget = left;
     Ok(out)
 }
 
+/// Whether `Patt` / `Pat2` / `Pat3` block data keeps a pattern's transparency in the user mask
+/// array, as PhotoCraft wrote it before #8054. Photoshop refuses such a file, so a save must
+/// rewrite the block rather than keep it. Unreadable data counts as `false`.
+pub fn block_has_user_mask(data: &[u8]) -> bool {
+    let mut r = Rd { b: data, p: 0 };
+    while r.p + 4 <= data.len() {
+        let Ok(len) = r.u32() else { return false };
+        if len == 0 {
+            break;
+        }
+        let Ok(body) = r.take(len as usize) else { return false };
+        if pattern_has_user_mask(&mut Rd { b: body, p: 0 }).unwrap_or(false) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        let pad = (4 - len as usize % 4) % 4;
+        r.p = (r.p + pad).min(data.len());
+    }
+    false
+}
+
+fn pattern_has_user_mask(r: &mut Rd) -> Result<bool> {
+    read_header(r)?;
+    let mut v = Rd { b: read_vma_body(r)?, p: 0 };
+    v.rect()?;
+    let count = v.u32()?;
+    // Every array takes at least 4 bytes, so the body bounds this loop whatever `count` says.
+    for i in 0..count.saturating_add(2) {
+        if v.p >= v.b.len() {
+            break;
+        }
+        if v.u32()? == 0 {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let alen = v.u32()? as usize;
+        if i == count && alen != 0 {
+            return Ok(true);
+        }
+        v.take(alen)?;
+    }
+    Ok(false)
+}
+
 /// Serializes patterns as `Patt` / `Pat2` / `Pat3` block data.
 pub fn write_pattern_block(patterns: &[PsdPattern]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
     let mut out = Vec::new();
@@ -467,6 +537,9 @@ pub fn block_key(depth: u16) -> [u8; 4] {
     }
 }
 
+/// The most patterns a `.pat` file may hold: more are refused on read and on write.
+pub const MAX_PAT_PATTERNS: usize = 100_000;
+
 /// Parses a `.pat` pattern file.
 pub fn parse_pat_file(data: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<PsdPattern>> {
     let mut r = Rd { b: data, p: 0 };
@@ -475,10 +548,13 @@ pub fn parse_pat_file(data: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<PsdPattern>> {
         return Err(PsdError::InvalidSignature { expected: "8BPT", found: [sig[0], sig[1], sig[2], sig[3]] });
     }
     let _version = r.u16()?;
-    let count = r.u32()?;
+    let count = r.u32()? as usize;
+    if count > MAX_PAT_PATTERNS {
+        return Err(PsdError::LimitExceeded("pattern count"));
+    }
     let mut out = Vec::new();
     let mut budget = PatternBudget::default();
-    for _ in 0..count.min(100_000) {
+    for _ in 0..count {
         out.push(read_pattern(&mut r, &mut budget)?);
     }
     Ok(out)
@@ -486,6 +562,9 @@ pub fn parse_pat_file(data: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<PsdPattern>> {
 
 /// Writes a `.pat` pattern file.
 pub fn write_pat_file(patterns: &[PsdPattern]) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    if patterns.len() > MAX_PAT_PATTERNS {
+        return Err(PsdError::LimitExceeded("pattern count"));
+    }
     let mut out = b"8BPT".to_vec();
     out.extend_from_slice(&1u16.to_be_bytes());
     out.extend_from_slice(&(patterns.len() as u32).to_be_bytes());
@@ -516,6 +595,28 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    /// #9318 review: a name the reader refuses (more than 65,536 UTF-16 units with its NUL) is
+    /// refused on write, so a saved library can't become a file that loads nothing.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_name_the_reader_refuses_is_refused_on_write() {
+        let long = PsdPattern { name: "a".repeat(65_536), ..pat(8, false) };
+        assert!(matches!(write_pat_file(&[long]), Err(PsdError::LimitExceeded(_))));
+        let longest = PsdPattern { name: "a".repeat(65_535), ..pat(8, false) };
+        assert_eq!(parse_pat_file(&write_pat_file(std::slice::from_ref(&longest)).unwrap()).unwrap(), [longest]);
+    }
+
+    /// #9318 review: more patterns than a `.pat` holds are refused on write, and a file claiming
+    /// more is refused on read rather than silently cut to the first 100,000.
+    #[test]
+    fn more_patterns_than_a_pat_file_holds_are_refused() {
+        let many = vec![pat(8, false); MAX_PAT_PATTERNS + 1];
+        assert!(matches!(write_pat_file(&many), Err(PsdError::LimitExceeded(_))));
+        let mut header = b"8BPT".to_vec();
+        header.extend_from_slice(&1u16.to_be_bytes());
+        header.extend_from_slice(&(MAX_PAT_PATTERNS as u32 + 1).to_be_bytes());
+        assert!(matches!(parse_pat_file(&header), Err(PsdError::LimitExceeded(_))));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn block_and_pat_file_round_trip_at_every_depth() {
         for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
@@ -532,6 +633,47 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Offsets of the virtual memory arrays of a one-pattern block (each at its "written" flag),
+    /// with whether each is written, and the end of the array list.
+    fn vma_slots(block: &[u8], p: &PsdPattern) -> (Vec<(usize, bool)>, usize) {
+        let rect = pattern_vma_rect_offset(4, p);
+        let end = rect + u32::from_be_bytes(block[rect - 4..rect].try_into().unwrap()) as usize;
+        let (mut at, mut slots) = (rect + 20, Vec::new());
+        while at < end {
+            let written = u32::from_be_bytes(block[at..at + 4].try_into().unwrap()) != 0;
+            slots.push((at, written));
+            at += 4;
+            if written {
+                at += 4 + u32::from_be_bytes(block[at..at + 4].try_into().unwrap()) as usize;
+            }
+        }
+        (slots, end)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn transparency_goes_in_the_sheet_mask_array_like_photoshop() {
+        // #8054: transparency in the user mask array (slot 24) made Photoshop refuse the file;
+        // Photoshop keeps it in the sheet mask array (slot 25).
+        for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
+            let p = pat(depth, true);
+            let mut block = write_pattern_block(std::slice::from_ref(&p)).unwrap();
+            let (slots, end) = vma_slots(&block, &p);
+            let written: Vec<usize> = slots.iter().enumerate().filter(|(_, s)| s.1).map(|(i, _)| i).collect();
+            assert_eq!((slots.len(), written), (26, vec![0, 1, 2, 25]), "{depth}-bit");
+            assert!(!block_has_user_mask(&block));
+            // The layout older PhotoCraft builds wrote still opens, and is detected.
+            block[slots[24].0..end].rotate_left(4);
+            let (slots, _) = vma_slots(&block, &p);
+            assert!(slots[24].1 && !slots[25].1);
+            assert!(block_has_user_mask(&block));
+            assert_eq!(parse_pattern_block(&block).unwrap(), vec![p]);
+        }
+        assert!(!block_has_user_mask(&write_pattern_block(&[pat(8, false)]).unwrap()));
+        for junk in [&[][..], &[0, 0, 0, 9, 1], &[0xff; 64]] {
+            assert!(!block_has_user_mask(junk));
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn malformed_input_errors_without_panicking() {
         let blk = write_pattern_block(&[pat(8, true)]).unwrap();
@@ -729,6 +871,18 @@ mod tests {
         block
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn failed_pattern_block_keeps_partial_charge_for_the_next_block() {
+        let one = padded_gray_block(100);
+        let mut malformed = one.clone();
+        malformed.extend_from_slice(&100u32.to_be_bytes());
+        let mut budget = PatternBudget::with_decoded_limit(15_000);
+        assert!(parse_pattern_block_with(&malformed, &mut budget).is_err());
+        assert_eq!(budget.decoded_left(), 5_000);
+        assert!(parse_pattern_block_with(&one, &mut budget).is_err());
+        assert_eq!(budget.decoded_left(), 5_000);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn padding_budget_is_shared_by_every_pattern_of_a_parse() {
         // Each pattern pads 100x100 = 10000 bytes; a 15000-byte budget fits one, not two. Before
@@ -741,8 +895,9 @@ mod tests {
         let two = [one.clone(), one.clone()].concat();
         let mut budget = PatternBudget::with_decoded_limit(15_000);
         assert!(matches!(parse_pattern_block_with(&two, &mut budget), Err(PsdError::LimitExceeded(_))));
-        // A failed parse keeps nothing, so it charges nothing.
-        assert_eq!(budget.decoded_left(), 15_000);
+        // Charges are monotonic: the first pattern's 10000 bytes stay charged even when the second
+        // record fails.
+        assert_eq!(budget.decoded_left(), 5_000);
 
         // Two blocks of one document share a budget too.
         let mut budget = PatternBudget::with_decoded_limit(15_000);
diff --git a/crates/psd/src/pixels.rs b/crates/psd/src/pixels.rs
index 5af4903c55..47828c82d5 100644
--- a/crates/psd/src/pixels.rs
+++ b/crates/psd/src/pixels.rs
@@ -245,12 +245,14 @@ impl<'a> Layer<'a> {
         let rect = self.record.rect;
         let (w, h) = rect.size()?;
         let n = w.checked_mul(h).ok_or(PsdError::LimitExceeded("layer size overflow"))?;
-        if n.checked_mul(4).is_none_or(|len| len as u64 > crate::compression::MAX_DECODED_BYTES) {
-            return Err(PsdError::LimitExceeded("RGBA output exceeds MAX_DECODED_BYTES"));
-        }
         let depth = self.header.depth;
         let mode = self.header.color_mode;
         let cc = color_channel_count(mode)?;
+        // The planes (one per colour channel, filled in for channels the layer lacks, and alpha)
+        // coexist with the RGBA output, so the cap covers all of them, not the output alone.
+        if n.checked_mul(cc + 2 + 4).is_none_or(|len| len as u64 > crate::compression::MAX_DECODED_BYTES) {
+            return Err(PsdError::LimitExceeded("RGBA output exceeds MAX_DECODED_BYTES"));
+        }
         let mut color = Vec::with_capacity(cc);
         for id in 0..cc as i16 {
             let plane = if self.record.channel(id).is_some() {
diff --git a/crates/psd/src/slices.rs b/crates/psd/src/slices.rs
index 54bf4c8fcd..5d9cd50b39 100644
--- a/crates/psd/src/slices.rs
+++ b/crates/psd/src/slices.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@
 //! version reads. Unknown fields are not kept here; callers that need a byte-exact round trip
 //! keep the raw resource while the slices are unchanged.
 
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
 use crate::descriptor::{Descriptor, Id, UnicodeString, Value, VersionedDescriptor};
 use crate::error::{PsdError, Result};
 use crate::io::{Reader, WriteExt};
@@ -274,13 +276,22 @@ impl SlicesResource {
             && let Ok(vd) = VersionedDescriptor::read(r)
             && let Some(Value::List(items)) = vd.descriptor.get("slices")
         {
+            // Index each slice ID to its first occurrence once, so matching trailing
+            // descriptors against slices is linear rather than quadratic. Both the slice
+            // count and the descriptor-ID list are file-controlled, so a plain
+            // `find()` per descriptor is O(n*m) and lets a crafted resource burn CPU.
+            // `or_insert` preserves the original first-match behavior for duplicate IDs.
+            let mut id_to_index: HashMap<u32, usize> = HashMap::with_capacity(slices.len());
+            for (i, s) in slices.iter().enumerate() {
+                id_to_index.entry(s.id).or_insert(i);
+            }
             for v in items {
                 let Value::Descriptor(d) = v else { continue };
                 // An entry without a usable id belongs to no slice (not to slice 0).
                 let Some(id) = d_u32(d, "sliceID") else { continue };
                 let extra = slice_from_descriptor(d);
-                if let Some(s) = slices.iter_mut().find(|s| s.id == id) {
-                    s.outsets = extra.outsets;
+                if let Some(&i) = id_to_index.get(&id) {
+                    slices[i].outsets = extra.outsets;
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -493,4 +504,28 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(SlicesResource::from_bytes(&huge).is_err());
         assert!(SlicesResource::from_bytes(&9u32.to_be_bytes()).is_err());
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn trailing_descriptor_applies_outsets_to_first_matching_slice() {
+        // Two slices share id 1; the trailing descriptor must update the first one only,
+        // matching the pre-index behavior of `iter_mut().find()`.
+        let mut plain = SlicesResource {
+            version: 6,
+            bounds: [0, 0, 80, 100],
+            group_name: "site".into(),
+            slices: vec![
+                SliceRecord { id: 1, origin: 0, kind: 1, rect: [0, 0, 10, 10], ..Default::default() },
+                SliceRecord { id: 1, origin: 0, kind: 1, rect: [10, 10, 20, 20], ..Default::default() },
+            ],
+        };
+        for s in &mut plain.slices {
+            s.outsets = [0; 4];
+        }
+        let mut bytes = plain.to_bytes();
+        let extra = Descriptor::new("slice").with("sliceID", Value::Integer(1)).with("topOutset", Value::Integer(7));
+        VersionedDescriptor::new(Descriptor::new("null").with("slices", Value::List(vec![Value::Descriptor(extra)]))).write(&mut bytes);
+        let back = SlicesResource::from_bytes(&bytes).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(back.slices[0].outsets, [7, 0, 0, 0], "first slice receives the outset");
+        assert_eq!(back.slices[1].outsets, [0, 0, 0, 0], "later duplicate is untouched");
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/psd/src/tagged.rs b/crates/psd/src/tagged.rs
index 7728d53fd1..b16e158565 100644
--- a/crates/psd/src/tagged.rs
+++ b/crates/psd/src/tagged.rs
@@ -155,6 +155,14 @@ impl TaggedBlock {
         Self::is_foreign_order_signature(&self.signature)
     }
 
+    /// `true` for a "Saving Merged Transparency" marker: the merged image's first extra channel
+    /// is its transparency. The specification's keys are `Mtrn`, `Mt16` and `Mt32`; Photoshop
+    /// (27.11) writes `MTrn`, with a positive layer count, in a layered TIFF saved with Save
+    /// Transparency next to spot and alpha channels.
+    pub fn is_merged_transparency_marker(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(&self.key, b"Mtrn" | b"MTrn" | b"Mt16" | b"Mt32")
+    }
+
     /// Key as a string (lossy).
     pub fn key_str(&self) -> String {
         String::from_utf8_lossy(&self.key).into_owned()
diff --git a/crates/psd/src/tiff.rs b/crates/psd/src/tiff.rs
index 9a2cfe5285..8b11a6b61e 100644
--- a/crates/psd/src/tiff.rs
+++ b/crates/psd/src/tiff.rs
@@ -1162,16 +1162,16 @@ pub mod transcode {
         fn type_layer(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
             self.u16()?;
             self.f64s(6)?;
-            self.type_descriptor(50)?;
-            self.type_descriptor(1)?;
+            self.type_descriptor(50, ByteOrder::Big)?;
+            self.type_descriptor(1, self.to)?;
             self.i32s(4)
         }
 
-        fn type_descriptor(&mut self, version: u16) -> Result<()> {
+        fn type_descriptor(&mut self, version: u16, to: ByteOrder) -> Result<()> {
             let [hi, lo] = version.to_be_bytes();
             let from = if self.from.is_little() && self.r.peek_rest().starts_with(&[hi, lo, 0, 0, 0, 16]) { ByteOrder::Big } else { self.from };
             let data = self.r.peek_rest();
-            let mut descriptor = Tx::new(data, self.version, from, self.to);
+            let mut descriptor = Tx::new(data, self.version, from, to);
             descriptor.depth = self.depth;
             descriptor.u16()?;
             descriptor.versioned_descriptor()?;
@@ -1836,6 +1836,132 @@ mod tests {
         block_rt(*b"lfx2", data);
     }
 
+    fn type_layer_data() -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut data = Vec::new();
+        data.put_u16(1);
+        for value in [1.5, 0.0, -0.25, 1.75, 12.5, -3.25] {
+            data.put_f64(value);
+        }
+        data.put_u16(50);
+        let text = Descriptor::new("TxLr").with("Txt ", Value::Text(UnicodeString::new_nul("Synthetic Ω 🦀")));
+        data.extend(VersionedDescriptor::new(text).to_bytes());
+        data.put_u16(1);
+        data.extend(VersionedDescriptor::new(Descriptor::new("warp")).to_bytes());
+        for value in [11, -22, 333, 4_444] {
+            data.put_i32(value);
+        }
+        data
+    }
+
+    fn tagged_payload<'a>(bytes: &'a [u8], signature_and_key: &[u8; 8], little: bool) -> &'a [u8] {
+        let block_at = bytes.windows(8).position(|window| window == signature_and_key).expect("tagged block");
+        let length_at = block_at + 8;
+        let length_bytes: [u8; 4] = bytes.get(length_at..length_at + 4).expect("tagged block length").try_into().expect("four-byte length");
+        let length = if little { u32::from_le_bytes(length_bytes) } else { u32::from_be_bytes(length_bytes) };
+        let data_at = length_at + 4;
+        let data_end = data_at + usize::try_from(length).expect("test block length fits usize");
+        bytes.get(data_at..data_end).expect("tagged block payload")
+    }
+
+    fn legacy_little_endian_type_block() -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut tysh = Vec::new();
+        tysh.extend_from_slice(&1u16.to_le_bytes());
+        for value in [1.5f64, 0.0, -0.25, 1.75, 12.5, -3.25] {
+            tysh.extend_from_slice(&value.to_le_bytes());
+        }
+        tysh.extend_from_slice(&50u16.to_le_bytes());
+        // Independently encode a little-endian `VersionedDescriptor` with a single TEXT value.
+        tysh.extend_from_slice(&16u32.to_le_bytes());
+        tysh.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes()); // empty descriptor name
+        tysh.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes()); // four-character class id
+        tysh.extend_from_slice(b"rLxT"); // little-endian four-character class id
+        tysh.extend_from_slice(&1u32.to_le_bytes()); // one item
+        tysh.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes()); // four-character key
+        tysh.extend_from_slice(b" txT"); // little-endian four-character key
+        tysh.extend_from_slice(b"TXET"); // little-endian OSType
+        let mut units: Vec<u16> = "Synthetic Ω 🦀".encode_utf16().collect();
+        units.push(0); // `new_nul`, matching the canonical fixture
+        tysh.extend_from_slice(&u32::try_from(units.len()).expect("short test string").to_le_bytes());
+        for unit in units {
+            tysh.extend_from_slice(&unit.to_le_bytes());
+        }
+        tysh.extend_from_slice(&1u16.to_le_bytes());
+        // Empty warp descriptor, also encoded independently in little-endian order.
+        tysh.extend_from_slice(&16u32.to_le_bytes());
+        tysh.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes()); // empty descriptor name
+        tysh.extend_from_slice(&4u32.to_le_bytes()); // `warp` is a four-byte string id
+        tysh.extend_from_slice(b"warp");
+        tysh.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes()); // no items
+        for value in [11i32, -22, 333, 4_444] {
+            tysh.extend_from_slice(&value.to_le_bytes());
+        }
+
+        let mut image_source = super::SIGNATURE.to_vec();
+        image_source.extend_from_slice(b"MIB8hSyT");
+        image_source.extend_from_slice(&u32::try_from(tysh.len()).expect("short test block").to_le_bytes());
+        image_source.extend_from_slice(&tysh);
+        let padding = (4 - tysh.len() % 4) % 4;
+        image_source.resize(image_source.len() + padding, 0);
+        image_source
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn type_block_write_keeps_text_descriptor_in_psd_order() {
+        let canonical = type_layer_data();
+        let source = ImageSourceData { global_blocks: vec![TaggedBlock::new(*b"TySh", canonical.clone())], ..Default::default() };
+
+        let (little, warnings) = source.to_bytes(ByteOrder::Little).unwrap();
+        assert!(warnings.is_empty(), "{warnings:?}");
+        let payload = tagged_payload(&little, b"MIB8hSyT", true);
+        assert_eq!(payload.get(..2), Some(&[1, 0][..]), "TySh header stays in TIFF order");
+        for (index, expected) in [1.5f64, 0.0, -0.25, 1.75, 12.5, -3.25].into_iter().enumerate() {
+            let start = 2 + index * 8;
+            let bytes: [u8; 8] = payload.get(start..start + 8).unwrap().try_into().unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(f64::from_le_bytes(bytes), expected, "matrix element {index}");
+        }
+
+        let (text_descriptor, descriptor_len) = VersionedDescriptor::parse_prefix(canonical.get(52..).unwrap()).unwrap();
+        let text_section_len = 2 + descriptor_len;
+        assert_eq!(payload.get(50..52), Some(&50u16.to_be_bytes()[..]));
+        assert_eq!(payload.get(52..56), Some(&16u32.to_be_bytes()[..]));
+        assert_eq!(payload.get(50..50 + text_section_len), canonical.get(50..50 + text_section_len));
+        assert!(matches!(text_descriptor.descriptor.get("Txt "), Some(Value::Text(value)) if value.to_string_lossy() == "Synthetic Ω 🦀"));
+        let text_descriptor_from_output = VersionedDescriptor::parse_prefix(payload.get(52..).unwrap()).unwrap().0;
+        assert!(matches!(text_descriptor_from_output.descriptor.get("Txt "), Some(Value::Text(value)) if value.to_string_lossy() == "Synthetic Ω 🦀"));
+
+        let warp_at = 50 + text_section_len;
+        assert_eq!(payload.get(warp_at..warp_at + 2), Some(&1u16.to_le_bytes()[..]));
+        let (_, warp_len) = VersionedDescriptor::parse_prefix(canonical.get(warp_at + 2..).unwrap()).unwrap();
+        let warp_descriptor_at = warp_at + 2;
+        assert_eq!(payload.get(warp_descriptor_at..warp_descriptor_at + 4), Some(&16u32.to_le_bytes()[..]));
+        assert_eq!(payload.get(warp_descriptor_at + 4..warp_descriptor_at + 8), Some(&0u32.to_le_bytes()[..]));
+        assert_eq!(payload.get(warp_descriptor_at + 8..warp_descriptor_at + 12), Some(&4u32.to_le_bytes()[..]));
+        assert_eq!(payload.get(warp_descriptor_at + 12..warp_descriptor_at + 16), Some(b"warp".as_slice()));
+        assert_eq!(payload.get(warp_descriptor_at + 16..warp_descriptor_at + 20), Some(&0u32.to_le_bytes()[..]));
+        let bounds_at = warp_descriptor_at + warp_len;
+        for (index, expected) in [11i32, -22, 333, 4_444].into_iter().enumerate() {
+            let start = bounds_at + index * 4;
+            assert_eq!(payload.get(start..start + 4), Some(&expected.to_le_bytes()[..]), "bound {index}");
+        }
+
+        let (big, warnings) = source.to_bytes(ByteOrder::Big).unwrap();
+        assert!(warnings.is_empty(), "{warnings:?}");
+        assert_eq!(tagged_payload(&big, b"8BIMTySh", false), canonical);
+
+        let (reopened, warnings) = ImageSourceData::from_bytes(&little).unwrap();
+        assert!(warnings.is_empty(), "{warnings:?}");
+        assert_eq!(reopened.global_blocks[0].data, canonical);
+        assert_eq!(reopened.to_bytes(ByteOrder::Big).unwrap().0, big);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn legacy_little_endian_type_descriptor_still_imports() {
+        let input = legacy_little_endian_type_block();
+        let (reopened, warnings) = ImageSourceData::from_bytes(&input).unwrap();
+        assert!(warnings.is_empty(), "{warnings:?}");
+        assert_eq!(reopened.global_blocks[0].data, type_layer_data());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn type_block_layout() {
         let mut data = Vec::new();
diff --git a/crates/psd/tests/builder.rs b/crates/psd/tests/it/builder.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/psd/tests/builder.rs
rename to crates/psd/tests/it/builder.rs
diff --git a/crates/psd/tests/corpus.rs b/crates/psd/tests/it/corpus.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/psd/tests/corpus.rs
rename to crates/psd/tests/it/corpus.rs
diff --git a/crates/psd/tests/corpus_atn.rs b/crates/psd/tests/it/corpus_atn.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/psd/tests/corpus_atn.rs
rename to crates/psd/tests/it/corpus_atn.rs
diff --git a/crates/psd/tests/layer_block_order.rs b/crates/psd/tests/it/layer_block_order.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/psd/tests/layer_block_order.rs
rename to crates/psd/tests/it/layer_block_order.rs
diff --git a/crates/psd/tests/it/main.rs b/crates/psd/tests/it/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ee6879aa66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/psd/tests/it/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//! The crate's integration tests, linked into one test binary.
+
+mod builder;
+mod corpus;
+mod corpus_atn;
+mod layer_block_order;
+mod malformed;
+mod merged_recovery;
+mod proptests;
+mod roundtrip;
+mod swatch_malformed;
+mod tree;
diff --git a/crates/psd/tests/malformed.rs b/crates/psd/tests/it/malformed.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/psd/tests/malformed.rs
rename to crates/psd/tests/it/malformed.rs
diff --git a/crates/psd/tests/merged_recovery.rs b/crates/psd/tests/it/merged_recovery.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/psd/tests/merged_recovery.rs
rename to crates/psd/tests/it/merged_recovery.rs
diff --git a/crates/psd/tests/proptests.rs b/crates/psd/tests/it/proptests.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/psd/tests/proptests.rs
rename to crates/psd/tests/it/proptests.rs
diff --git a/crates/psd/tests/roundtrip.rs b/crates/psd/tests/it/roundtrip.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/psd/tests/roundtrip.rs
rename to crates/psd/tests/it/roundtrip.rs
index 1f23ee6284..49ad412e7c 100644
--- a/crates/psd/tests/roundtrip.rs
+++ b/crates/psd/tests/it/roundtrip.rs
@@ -232,6 +232,7 @@ fn global_mask_accessors() {
     assert_eq!(gm.opacity(), Some(50));
     assert_eq!(gm.kind(), Some(128));
     assert_eq!(GlobalLayerMask::default().kind(), None);
+    assert_eq!(GlobalLayerMask::photoshop_default().data, gm.data);
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/crates/psd/tests/swatch_malformed.rs b/crates/psd/tests/it/swatch_malformed.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/psd/tests/swatch_malformed.rs
rename to crates/psd/tests/it/swatch_malformed.rs
diff --git a/crates/psd/tests/tree.rs b/crates/psd/tests/it/tree.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/psd/tests/tree.rs
rename to crates/psd/tests/it/tree.rs
diff --git a/crates/raster/src/lib.rs b/crates/raster/src/lib.rs
index df4886dfb0..ce70830f37 100644
--- a/crates/raster/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/raster/src/lib.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::fmt;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, PixelFormat, SampleType, read_sample, write_sample};
+use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, PixelFormat, SampleType, read_sample, read_samples, write_sample};
 use photocraft_geom::{Rect, TILE_SIZE, TileCoord};
 
 /// A checked surface allocation could not be represented or reserved.
@@ -245,6 +245,56 @@ fn convert_tiles(tiles: &mut [(TileCoord, Arc<Tile>)], r: Rect, data: &[f32], w:
     }
 }
 
+fn decode_tile_row_rgba(fmt: &PixelFormat, t: &Tile, base: usize, dst: &mut [[f32; 4]], row: &mut Vec<f32>) {
+    let n = fmt.channels();
+    match (fmt.mode, fmt.sample, fmt.alpha) {
+        (ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8, true) => {
+            let src = &t.data[base..base + dst.len() * 4];
+            for (d, s) in dst.iter_mut().zip(src.as_chunks::<4>().0) {
+                *d = [s[0] as f32 / 255.0, s[1] as f32 / 255.0, s[2] as f32 / 255.0, s[3] as f32 / 255.0];
+            }
+        }
+        (ColorMode::Grayscale, SampleType::U8, true) => {
+            let src = &t.data[base..base + dst.len() * 2];
+            for (d, s) in dst.iter_mut().zip(src.as_chunks::<2>().0) {
+                let g = s[0] as f32 / 255.0;
+                *d = [g, g, g, s[1] as f32 / 255.0];
+            }
+        }
+        (ColorMode::Cmyk, SampleType::U8, _) => {
+            // Identical ink bytes share the exact ICC result; alpha is independent.
+            let mut previous: Option<([u8; 4], [f32; 3])> = None;
+            let src = &t.data[base..base + dst.len() * n];
+            for (d, s) in dst.iter_mut().zip(src.chunks_exact(n)) {
+                let ink = [s[0], s[1], s[2], s[3]];
+                let rgb = match previous {
+                    Some((key, rgb)) if key == ink => rgb,
+                    _ => {
+                        let rgb = photocraft_color::convert::cmyk_to_rgb(ink.map(|v| v as f32 / 255.0));
+                        previous = Some((ink, rgb));
+                        rgb
+                    }
+                };
+                *d = [rgb[0], rgb[1], rgb[2], s.get(4).map_or(1.0, |v| *v as f32 / 255.0)];
+            }
+        }
+        _ => {
+            // The row's samples in one pass, then its colour model resolved once:
+            // RGB and grey take their channels as `to_rgba` does, other models go
+            // through it.
+            row.resize(dst.len() * n, 0.0);
+            read_samples(&t.data, fmt.sample, base, row);
+            let a = |s: &[f32], i: usize| if fmt.alpha { s[i] } else { 1.0 };
+            let pixels = dst.iter_mut().zip(row.chunks_exact(n));
+            match fmt.mode {
+                ColorMode::Rgb => pixels.for_each(|(d, s)| *d = [s[0], s[1], s[2], a(s, 3)]),
+                ColorMode::Grayscale | ColorMode::Bitmap | ColorMode::Duotone => pixels.for_each(|(d, s)| *d = [s[0], s[0], s[0], a(s, 1)]),
+                _ => pixels.for_each(|(d, s)| *d = to_rgba(fmt, s)),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl Surface {
     /// Reads a region into a newly allocated buffer, returning an error instead of aborting if
     /// the requested pixel buffer cannot be represented or reserved.
@@ -476,30 +526,37 @@ impl Surface {
 
     /// Channel `c` at `(x0 + i·step, y)` for `i in 0..out.len()`, looking each tile up once per run
     /// (much faster than per-sample [`Surface::sample_channel`] for strided scans).
+    /// Steps below 1 read consecutive pixels; positions beyond `i32::MAX` read the default pixel.
     pub fn sample_row_strided(&self, y: i32, x0: i32, step: i32, c: usize, out: &mut [f32]) {
-        let step = step.max(1);
+        let step = i64::from(step.max(1));
         let dp = read_sample(&self.default_pixel, self.format.sample, c);
         let n = self.format.channels();
         let ty = y.div_euclid(TILE_SIZE);
         let ly = y.rem_euclid(TILE_SIZE) as usize;
         let mut i = 0;
+        let mut x = i64::from(x0);
         while i < out.len() {
-            let x = x0 + i as i32 * step;
-            let tx = x.div_euclid(TILE_SIZE);
+            if x > i64::from(i32::MAX) {
+                out[i..].fill(dp);
+                break;
+            }
+            let tx = x.div_euclid(i64::from(TILE_SIZE));
             // Samples that fall in this tile.
-            let tile_end = (tx + 1) * TILE_SIZE;
+            let tile_end = (tx + 1) * i64::from(TILE_SIZE);
             let count = (((tile_end - x) + step - 1) / step).max(1) as usize;
-            let end = (i + count).min(out.len());
-            match self.tiles.get(&TileCoord { tx, ty }) {
+            let count = count.min(out.len() - i);
+            let end = i + count;
+            match self.tiles.get(&TileCoord { tx: tx as i32, ty }) {
                 None => out[i..end].fill(dp),
                 Some(t) => {
                     for (k, o) in out[i..end].iter_mut().enumerate() {
-                        let lx = (x + k as i32 * step - tx * TILE_SIZE) as usize;
+                        let lx = (x + k as i64 * step - tx * i64::from(TILE_SIZE)) as usize;
                         *o = read_sample(&t.data, self.format.sample, (ly * TILE_SIZE as usize + lx) * n + c);
                     }
                 }
             }
             i = end;
+            x += count as i64 * step;
         }
     }
 
@@ -533,9 +590,7 @@ impl Surface {
                 match tile {
                     Some(t) => {
                         let base = (((y - tc.ty * TILE_SIZE) as usize) * TILE_SIZE as usize + (tr.x0 - tc.tx * TILE_SIZE) as usize) * n;
-                        for (i, d) in dst.iter_mut().enumerate() {
-                            *d = read_sample(&t.data, self.format.sample, base + i);
-                        }
+                        read_samples(&t.data, self.format.sample, base, dst);
                     }
                     None if n == 1 => dst.fill(dp[0]),
                     None => {
@@ -559,8 +614,8 @@ impl Surface {
         let n = fmt.channels();
         let mut stack = [0.0; 8];
         let mut heap = Vec::new();
-        let px = self.default_samples(&mut stack, &mut heap);
-        let dp = to_rgba(&fmt, px);
+        let dp = to_rgba(&fmt, self.default_samples(&mut stack, &mut heap));
+        let mut row = Vec::new();
         for tc in r.tiles() {
             let tr = tc.rect().intersect(&r);
             let tile = self.tiles.get(&tc);
@@ -572,46 +627,7 @@ impl Surface {
                     continue;
                 };
                 let base = (((y - tc.ty * TILE_SIZE) as usize) * TILE_SIZE as usize + (tr.x0 - tc.tx * TILE_SIZE) as usize) * n;
-                match (fmt.mode, fmt.sample, fmt.alpha) {
-                    (ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8, true) => {
-                        let src = &t.data[base..base + dst.len() * 4];
-                        for (d, s) in dst.iter_mut().zip(src.as_chunks::<4>().0) {
-                            *d = [s[0] as f32 / 255.0, s[1] as f32 / 255.0, s[2] as f32 / 255.0, s[3] as f32 / 255.0];
-                        }
-                    }
-                    (ColorMode::Grayscale, SampleType::U8, true) => {
-                        let src = &t.data[base..base + dst.len() * 2];
-                        for (d, s) in dst.iter_mut().zip(src.as_chunks::<2>().0) {
-                            let g = s[0] as f32 / 255.0;
-                            *d = [g, g, g, s[1] as f32 / 255.0];
-                        }
-                    }
-                    (ColorMode::Cmyk, SampleType::U8, _) => {
-                        // Identical ink bytes share the exact ICC result; alpha is independent.
-                        let mut previous: Option<([u8; 4], [f32; 3])> = None;
-                        let src = &t.data[base..base + dst.len() * n];
-                        for (d, s) in dst.iter_mut().zip(src.chunks_exact(n)) {
-                            let ink = [s[0], s[1], s[2], s[3]];
-                            let rgb = match previous {
-                                Some((key, rgb)) if key == ink => rgb,
-                                _ => {
-                                    let rgb = photocraft_color::convert::cmyk_to_rgb(ink.map(|v| v as f32 / 255.0));
-                                    previous = Some((ink, rgb));
-                                    rgb
-                                }
-                            };
-                            *d = [rgb[0], rgb[1], rgb[2], s.get(4).map_or(1.0, |v| *v as f32 / 255.0)];
-                        }
-                    }
-                    _ => {
-                        for (i, d) in dst.iter_mut().enumerate() {
-                            for (c, v) in px.iter_mut().enumerate() {
-                                *v = read_sample(&t.data, fmt.sample, base + i * n + c);
-                            }
-                            *d = to_rgba(&fmt, px);
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
+                decode_tile_row_rgba(&fmt, t, base, dst, &mut row);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -721,7 +737,9 @@ impl Surface {
     /// Fallible counterpart to [`Surface::take_tiles`]. Reserves the complete result and any
     /// default tile before removing a tile, so a reservation failure leaves the surface intact.
     pub fn try_take_tiles(&mut self, r: Rect) -> Result<Vec<(TileCoord, Arc<Tile>)>, AllocationError> {
-        let count = r.tiles().count();
+        // Counted in u64 and checked before narrowing: on 32-bit targets the grid of a sparse
+        // surface's bounds can pass `usize` (and visiting it to count it takes just as long).
+        let count = usize::try_from(r.tile_count()).map_err(|_| AllocationError::SizeOverflow)?;
         let bytes = count.checked_mul(std::mem::size_of::<(TileCoord, Arc<Tile>)>()).ok_or(AllocationError::SizeOverflow)?;
         let mut out = Vec::new();
         out.try_reserve_exact(count).map_err(|_| AllocationError::NotEnoughMemory { bytes })?;
@@ -879,6 +897,10 @@ impl Surface {
 
         // One tile row of the default pixel, to compare a finished tile with a row at a time.
         let default_row = self.default_pixel.repeat(TILE_SIZE.unsigned_abs() as usize);
+        // Target tiles rebuilt from the same source tiles at the same offset are the same tile:
+        // a bundle can point thousands of tile references at one payload, and a move would
+        // otherwise copy it into a separate buffer for each.
+        let built: std::sync::Mutex<std::collections::HashMap<Vec<usize>, Option<Arc<Tile>>>> = Default::default();
         let build_target = |dc: TileCoord| -> Option<(TileCoord, Arc<Tile>)> {
             let dr = dc.rect();
             let sr = dr.translate(dx.saturating_neg(), dy.saturating_neg());
@@ -893,6 +915,14 @@ impl Surface {
                 // A tile of only the default pixel is left out, as `prune` would.
                 return (shared.data.get(..bpp) != Some(&*self.default_pixel)).then_some((dc, shared));
             }
+            // The identities of the source tiles under a covered window (the offset is the same
+            // for every target of this call).
+            let memo_key: Option<Vec<usize>> = covered.then(|| sr.tiles().map(|sc| self.tiles.get(&sc).map_or(0, |t| Arc::as_ptr(t) as usize)).collect());
+            if let Some(k) = &memo_key
+                && let Some(hit) = built.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner).get(k)
+            {
+                return hit.clone().map(|t| (dc, t));
+            }
 
             let mut tile = Tile { data: vec![0u8; (TILE_SIZE * TILE_SIZE) as usize * bpp].into_boxed_slice() };
             let (tx0, ty0) = (i64::from(dc.tx) * i64::from(TILE_SIZE), i64::from(dc.ty) * i64::from(TILE_SIZE));
@@ -973,7 +1003,14 @@ impl Surface {
             }
             // A target that got only default pixels isn't stored, as `prune` would drop it. Checked
             // after the copy, a row at a time: a tile with content stops at its first such row.
-            tile.data.chunks(default_row.len()).any(|row| row != default_row).then(|| (dc, Arc::new(tile)))
+            let finished = tile.data.chunks(default_row.len()).any(|row| row != default_row).then(|| Arc::new(tile));
+            // Workers that missed the memo at the same time each built a copy: all of them take
+            // the one stored first, so the targets share it however many threads raced.
+            let finished = match memo_key {
+                Some(k) => built.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner).entry(k).or_insert(finished).clone(),
+                None => finished,
+            };
+            finished.map(|t| (dc, t))
         };
         #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
         {
@@ -1087,7 +1124,8 @@ impl Surface {
 
     /// Composite-friendly RGBA read (converts from the surface's model).
     pub fn rgba(&self, x: i32, y: i32) -> [f32; 4] {
-        let p = self.pixel(x, y);
+        let mut p = [0.0f32; 5];
+        self.read_pixel(x, y, &mut p);
         to_rgba(&self.format, &p)
     }
 }
@@ -1657,6 +1695,31 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn rgba_reads_match_individual_pixels_bitwise_in_every_model_and_depth() {
+        // Across tile edges and a missing tile; float samples include -0, out-of-range and NaN.
+        let rect = Rect::new(-3, -1, 300, 2);
+        for mode in [ColorMode::Rgb, ColorMode::Grayscale, ColorMode::Lab, ColorMode::Cmyk] {
+            for depth in SampleType::ALL {
+                for alpha in [false, true] {
+                    let fmt = PixelFormat::new(mode, depth, alpha);
+                    let mut s = Surface::with_default(fmt, &vec![0.25; fmt.channels()]);
+                    let values = [-0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, -0.25, f32::NAN, 0.75];
+                    for (i, x) in (-2..260).enumerate() {
+                        let px: Vec<f32> = (0..fmt.channels()).map(|c| values[(i + c * 3) % values.len()]).collect();
+                        s.write_pixel(x, 0, &px);
+                    }
+                    let mut out = vec![[0.0; 4]; (rect.width() * rect.height()) as usize];
+                    s.read_rgba_into(rect, &mut out);
+                    for (i, actual) in out.iter().enumerate() {
+                        let expected = s.rgba(rect.x0 + (i % rect.width() as usize) as i32, rect.y0 + (i / rect.width() as usize) as i32);
+                        assert_eq!(actual.map(f32::to_bits), expected.map(f32::to_bits), "{fmt:?}, pixel={i}");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn tile_content_bounds_scans_against_the_given_pixel() {
         let mut s = Surface::new(PixelFormat::GRAY8);
@@ -1799,6 +1862,37 @@ mod tests {
         let _ = s.translated(i32::MIN + 1, 3, all);
     }
 
+    /// Many references to one payload, moved off the tile grid: the rebuilt tiles that read the
+    /// same source tiles at the same offset are one tile, not a copy each.
+    #[test]
+    fn translated_shares_tiles_rebuilt_from_shared_sources() {
+        let fmt = PixelFormat::RGBA8;
+        let mut one = Surface::new(fmt);
+        let r = Rect::new(0, 0, TILE_SIZE, TILE_SIZE);
+        let px: Vec<f32> = (0..r.width() * r.height()).flat_map(|i| [(i % 251) as f32 / 255.0, (i % 7) as f32 / 7.0, 0.5, 1.0]).collect();
+        one.write_region(r, &px);
+        let payload = Arc::clone(one.tile(TileCoord::new(0, 0)).unwrap());
+        let mut s = Surface::new(fmt);
+        s.put_tiles((0..16).flat_map(|ty| (0..16).map(move |tx| TileCoord::new(tx, ty))).map(|c| (c, Arc::clone(&payload))));
+        let moved = s.translated(7, 5, s.content_bounds());
+        let distinct: std::collections::HashSet<_> = moved.tiles().map(|(_, t)| Arc::as_ptr(t)).collect();
+        // The 15 × 15 interior tiles read the same four source tiles at the same offset, so they are
+        // one tile, however many threads build them; only the 64 border tiles (cut by the
+        // content's edge) are built one by one.
+        assert!(moved.tile_count() == 289 && distinct.len() == 64 + 1, "{} tiles, {} distinct", moved.tile_count(), distinct.len());
+        let all = Rect::new(-50, -50, 16 * TILE_SIZE + 50, 16 * TILE_SIZE + 50);
+        assert_eq!(moved.read_region(all), s.read_region(all.translate(-7, -5)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_surface_bounds_tile_count_is_counted_not_walked() {
+        let mut s = Surface::new(PixelFormat::RGBA8);
+        let far = Rect::new(0, 0, i32::MAX, i32::MAX);
+        assert_eq!(far.tile_count(), u64::from(i32::MAX as u32 / TILE_SIZE as u32 + 1).pow(2));
+        // Not allocated: 2^46 entries is far past any reservation.
+        assert!(s.try_take_tiles(far).is_err());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn translated_stores_no_tiles_of_only_the_default_pixel() {
         let only_default = |t: &Surface| {
@@ -1865,6 +1959,40 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn strided_row_sampling_handles_extreme_coordinates_and_steps() {
+        for sample in SampleType::ALL {
+            let mut s = Surface::with_default(PixelFormat::new(ColorMode::Grayscale, sample, false), &[0.25]);
+            for (x, value) in [(i32::MIN, 0.1), (-1, 0.3), (0, 0.4), (i32::MAX - 1, 0.6), (i32::MAX, 0.9)] {
+                s.write_pixel(x, 0, &[value]);
+            }
+            for y in [0, 256] {
+                for (x0, step, len) in [(i32::MAX, 1, 1), (i32::MIN, i32::MAX, 3), (0, i32::MAX, 2), (i32::MAX - 1, 1, 2), (i32::MAX, i32::MAX, 0)] {
+                    let mut out = vec![0.0; len];
+                    s.sample_row_strided(y, x0, step, 0, &mut out);
+                    for (i, &got) in out.iter().enumerate() {
+                        let x = i32::try_from(i64::from(x0) + i as i64 * i64::from(step)).unwrap();
+                        assert_eq!(got, s.sample_channel(x, y, 0), "{sample:?} y={y} x0={x0} step={step} i={i}");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn strided_row_sampling_uses_default_past_coordinate_range() {
+        for sample in SampleType::ALL {
+            let mut s = Surface::with_default(PixelFormat::new(ColorMode::Grayscale, sample, false), &[0.25]);
+            s.write_pixel(i32::MAX, 0, &[0.75]);
+            s.write_pixel(i32::MIN, 0, &[1.0]);
+            for step in [1, i32::MAX] {
+                let mut out = [0.0; 4];
+                s.sample_row_strided(0, i32::MAX, step, 0, &mut out);
+                assert_eq!(out, [s.sample_channel(i32::MAX, 0, 0), s.default_pixel()[0], s.default_pixel()[0], s.default_pixel()[0]]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn strided_row_sampling_matches_sample_channel() {
         let mut s = Surface::with_default(PixelFormat::GRAY8, &[0.25]);
diff --git a/crates/raw/README.md b/crates/raw/README.md
index bb4815a4fc..268e200b7f 100644
--- a/crates/raw/README.md
+++ b/crates/raw/README.md
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Implemented only from public specifications, papers and observation of files:
 * ITU-T T.81 (ISO 10918-1) Annex H: lossless JPEG, process 14 ("LJ92").
 * The published description of Canon's CR2 container (header, raw IFD, slice tag 0xC640).
 * Publicly documented maker-note / private tags (ExifTool's tag tables): Canon ModelID (0x0010),
-  SensorInfo (0x00E0) and ColorData (0x4001), Nikon WB_RBLevels (0x000C) and BlackLevel (0x003D), Sony
+  SensorInfo (0x00E0) and ColorData (0x4001), Nikon WB_RBLevels (0x000C), ColorSpace (0x001E) and BlackLevel (0x003D), Sony
   BlackLevel (0x7310), WB_RGGBLevels (0x7313), SonyRawFileType (0x7000) and SonyToneCurve
   (0x7010), the PanasonicRaw IFD0 tags, Olympus ImageProcessing (0x2040) and CameraSettings
   (0x2020) preview tags, the Fujifilm RAF header and metadata records (RawImageCropTopLeft /
@@ -67,8 +67,8 @@ camera colour tables were copied.
 
 | Format | Status |
 |---|---|
-| DNG | Uncompressed (8–16 bit, packed or not), Deflate (compression 8, predictors 1 and 2), lossless JPEG, lossy JPEG (DNG 1.4 compression 34892: 8-bit baseline JPEG tiles or strips, gray for CFA, YCbCr-coded RGB for LinearRaw; decoded by `zune-jpeg`, the stored 8-bit values then go through the same LinearizationTable / BlackLevel / WhiteLevel as every other depth) and JPEG XL (DNG 1.7, e.g. Samsung Expert RAW; decoded by `jxl-oxide`; not in wasm32 builds, where it is `Unsupported`); strips and tiles; CFA (Bayer) and LinearRaw (three-sample colour, or one-sample monochrome such as Leica Monochrom and film-scanner DNGs, developed as neutral grey with no white balance or colour matrix); LinearizationTable, BlackLevel (+ repeat, DeltaH/V), WhiteLevel, ActiveArea, DefaultCrop, ColorMatrix1/2, CameraCalibration, ForwardMatrix, AnalogBalance, AsShotNeutral / AsShotWhiteXY, BaselineExposure, Orientation, OpcodeList2 GainMap (lens shading) |
-| DNG (lossy JPEG, floating point; opcodes other than GainMap; ProfileGainTableMap) | Unsupported / not applied (reported) |
+| DNG | Uncompressed (8–16 bit, packed or not), Deflate (compression 8, predictors 1 and 2), lossless JPEG, lossy JPEG (DNG 1.4 compression 34892: 8-bit baseline JPEG tiles or strips, gray for CFA, YCbCr-coded RGB for LinearRaw; decoded by `zune-jpeg`, the stored 8-bit values then go through the same LinearizationTable / BlackLevel / WhiteLevel as every other depth) and JPEG XL (DNG 1.7, e.g. Samsung Expert RAW; decoded by `jxl-oxide`; not in wasm32 builds, where it is `Unsupported`); strips and tiles; CFA (Bayer) and LinearRaw (three-sample colour, or one-sample monochrome such as Leica Monochrom and film-scanner DNGs, developed as neutral grey with no white balance or colour matrix); LinearizationTable, BlackLevel (+ repeat, DeltaH/V), WhiteLevel, ActiveArea, DefaultCrop, ColorMatrix1/2, CameraCalibration, ForwardMatrix, AnalogBalance, AsShotNeutral / AsShotWhiteXY, BaselineExposure, Orientation, floating-point JPEG XL raw data (DNG 1.7 lossy LinearRaw, as Adobe DNG Converter writes it; scaled by the highest WhiteLevel), OpcodeList2 GainMap (lens shading) and MapPolynomial |
+| DNG (floating point other than JPEG XL; opcodes other than OpcodeList2 GainMap and MapPolynomial; ProfileGainTableMap) | Unsupported / not applied (reported) |
 | CR2 | Lossless JPEG with slices, borders and as-shot white balance from the maker note, black measured on the masked border. CR2 has no CFA tag and the row phase varies by model, so it is measured from the data (the green diagonal), with a Canon model-ID table as the fallback (see `src/cr2.rs`) |
 | CR2 sRAW / mRAW | Unsupported |
 | NEF / NRW, ARW, PEF and other TIFF/EP raws | Uncompressed and lossless-JPEG (incl. Sony lossless ARW) CFA data |
@@ -119,7 +119,11 @@ out). One cell in three is held out: the look is used only when it shows the sam
 the matrix is plausible and the held-out mean CIE76 ΔE drops to at most 85 % of the fallback's.
 Pass it as `DevelopOptions::camera_look`; `develop` then notes "colour fitted to the camera's
 embedded JPEG (mean ΔE …)". The crate cannot decode JPEG itself: `photocraft-io` decodes the
-smallest preview at least 512 pixels long, fits and develops in one go.
+smallest preview at least 512 pixels long, fits and develops in one go. A preview without an ICC
+profile is read in the colour space the raw states (`embedded_preview_color_space`): the EXIF
+ColorSpace (a Sony body set to Adobe RGB writes Uncalibrated with Interoperability "R03"), else a
+Nikon maker note's ColorSpace (0x001E; Nikon writes no EXIF ColorSpace), sRGB when the file says
+nothing.
 Camera Raw's tuned import fits at the default exposure and as-shot white balance first,
 then applies the user's Exposure, Temperature and Tint to that same rendering.
 The D5100's measured image area is 4928 × 3264 at (8, 8) in a 4992 × 3280
@@ -149,7 +153,10 @@ Raw rendering (quarter size, medians over the frames) the measured profile is 0.
 luminance with a mean CIE76 ΔE of 1.8; the look fitted to the embedded JPEG would be 0.30 stop and
 ΔE 6.4, as it follows the camera's picture style instead. The open-time re-develop
 (`photocraft-io`'s `import_raw_tuned`) and the tone curve its previews use (`tone_curve`) take the
-same look as the default open, so changing a slider does not change the colour rendering.
+same look as the default open, so changing a slider does not change the colour rendering. The D4's
+saturation level was measured on 14-bit files and follows the sample depth (a 12-bit frame is the
+14-bit one shifted right by two, so its level is a quarter of it): the three public 12-bit D4 files
+develop within 0.02 stop of their 14-bit twin.
 
 ## Tools
 
diff --git a/crates/raw/examples/inspect.rs b/crates/raw/examples/inspect.rs
index ca7b136a90..4dd6e5709a 100644
--- a/crates/raw/examples/inspect.rs
+++ b/crates/raw/examples/inspect.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 //! Prints the raw metadata of files: `cargo run -p photocraft-raw --example inspect -- a.cr2 b.nef`
-//! (handy while adding corpus files; the oracle expectations in `tests/raw_corpus.rs` come from it).
+//! (handy while adding corpus files; the oracle expectations in `tests/it/raw_corpus.rs` come from it).
 use std::env;
 
 fn main() {
diff --git a/crates/raw/examples/rawinfo.rs b/crates/raw/examples/rawinfo.rs
index b71e2393bd..6b1722b720 100644
--- a/crates/raw/examples/rawinfo.rs
+++ b/crates/raw/examples/rawinfo.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 
 use std::time::Instant;
 
-use photocraft_raw::{Demosaic, DevelopOptions, decode, develop_sensor, dump_structure, embedded_preview, identify};
+use photocraft_raw::{Demosaic, DevelopOptions, decode, develop_sensor, dump_structure, embedded_preview, embedded_preview_color_space, identify};
 
 fn main() {
     let mut args = std::env::args().skip(1);
@@ -76,7 +76,13 @@ fn main() {
             println!("{}", dump_structure(&bytes));
         }
         if let Some(p) = embedded_preview(&bytes) {
-            println!("   preview: {}x{} JPEG, {} bytes", p.width, p.height, p.jpeg.len());
+            println!(
+                "   preview: {}x{} JPEG, {} bytes, colour space stated by the file: {:?}",
+                p.width,
+                p.height,
+                p.jpeg.len(),
+                embedded_preview_color_space(&bytes)
+            );
             if let Some(dir) = png.as_ref().filter(|d| std::path::Path::new(d).is_dir()) {
                 let stem = std::path::Path::new(&f).file_stem().map(|s| s.to_string_lossy().into_owned()).unwrap_or_default();
                 let _ = std::fs::write(format!("{dir}/{stem}.preview.jpg"), p.jpeg);
diff --git a/crates/raw/src/cameras.rs b/crates/raw/src/cameras.rs
index 84204c6bce..d7ae5e84d7 100644
--- a/crates/raw/src/cameras.rs
+++ b/crates/raw/src/cameras.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,9 @@
 //! (2 px of optical black on the left, 50 + 8 on the right show as a purple stripe otherwise). The
 //! data is already black-subtracted (the darkest image pixels reach 0). Green saturates at
 //! 15546–15672 while red and blue reach 15687–16383, so one level of 15520 makes clipped
-//! highlights white without shifting the white balance. Matrix, curve and black point copy
+//! highlights white without shifting the white balance. That level is for 14-bit files: the body
+//! also writes 12-bit ones, whose samples are the 14-bit values shifted right by two, so the
+//! level follows the sample depth (`Profile::white_at`). Matrix, curve and black point copy
 //! Photoshop Camera Raw's default rendering of these files, measured black-box: 29 NEFs opened
 //! in Photoshop 25.4 against our own linear development of the same data (8 × 8 means, pixels
 //! clipped in neither). The matrix is our first ForwardMatrix (fitted to the camera's embedded
@@ -92,7 +94,10 @@ struct Profile {
     size: (usize, usize),
     /// The image area: x, y, width, height.
     crop: (usize, usize, usize, usize),
+    /// The saturation level, in codes of `white_bits`-bit samples.
     white: f32,
+    /// The sample depth `white` was measured at.
+    white_bits: u32,
     /// The black level is known to be 0 (the data is black-subtracted in camera).
     black_zero: bool,
     forward: Mat3,
@@ -102,12 +107,25 @@ struct Profile {
     black_point: f32,
 }
 
+impl Profile {
+    /// The saturation level for `bits`-bit samples. A body that writes several depths stores the
+    /// lower ones as the deepest value shifted right (a 12-bit D4 sample is the 14-bit sample
+    /// divided by four), so the level scales by the same power of two. At the depth the level was
+    /// measured at it is returned unchanged.
+    fn white_at(&self, bits: u32) -> f32 {
+        let bits = bits.clamp(1, 16);
+        let measured = self.white_bits.clamp(1, 16);
+        if bits >= measured { self.white * f32::from(1u16 << (bits - measured)) } else { self.white / f32::from(1u16 << (measured - bits)) }
+    }
+}
+
 const PROFILES: &[Profile] = &[Profile {
     make: "NIKON CORPORATION",
     model: "NIKON D4",
     size: (4992, 3292),
     crop: (8, 6, 4928, 3280),
     white: 15520.0,
+    white_bits: 14,
     black_zero: true,
     forward: D4_FORWARD,
     color: D4_COLOR,
@@ -148,8 +166,9 @@ const IMAGE_AREAS: &[ImageArea] = &[
 ];
 
 /// Applies the measured profile of the camera that made `s`, when there is one,
-/// and its measured image area when the profile is not measured yet.
-pub(crate) fn apply(s: &mut Sensor) {
+/// and its measured image area when the profile is not measured yet. `bits` is the depth of
+/// the stored samples (the profile's saturation level depends on it).
+pub(crate) fn apply(s: &mut Sensor, bits: u32) {
     let (Some(make), Some(model)) = (s.make.as_deref(), s.model.as_deref()) else { return };
     let (make, model) = (make.trim(), model.trim());
     if let Some(a) = IMAGE_AREAS.iter().find(|a| a.make == make && a.model == model && a.size == (s.width, s.height) && s.crop == s.active) {
@@ -164,7 +183,7 @@ pub(crate) fn apply(s: &mut Sensor) {
     }
     let (x, y, w, h) = p.crop;
     s.crop = Rect::new(x, y, w, h);
-    s.white = [p.white; 3];
+    s.white = [p.white_at(bits); 3];
     if p.black_zero {
         s.warnings.retain(|w| !w.contains("black level not recorded"));
     }
@@ -217,7 +236,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn a_d4_nef_gets_its_crop_levels_matrix_and_curve() {
         let mut s = nef("NIKON D4", 4992, 3292);
-        apply(&mut s);
+        apply(&mut s, 14);
         assert_eq!(s.crop, Rect::new(8, 6, 4928, 3280));
         assert_eq!(s.white, [15520.0; 3]);
         assert_eq!(s.color.calibrations.len(), 1);
@@ -229,6 +248,28 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(s.color.balanced_to_xyz_d50([0.5, 1.0, 0.7]).is_some());
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn the_d4_white_level_follows_the_sample_depth() {
+        // 14 bits is the depth it was measured at: unchanged.
+        let mut s = nef("NIKON D4", 4992, 3292);
+        apply(&mut s, 14);
+        assert_eq!(s.white, [15520.0; 3]);
+        // A 12-bit sample is the 14-bit one shifted right by two.
+        let mut s = nef("NIKON D4", 4992, 3292);
+        apply(&mut s, 12);
+        assert_eq!(s.white, [3880.0; 3]);
+        // Everything else of the profile is independent of the depth.
+        assert_eq!(s.crop, Rect::new(8, 6, 4928, 3280));
+        assert_eq!(s.tone_curve.len(), D4_TONE.len());
+        assert!(s.warnings.is_empty());
+        // Other depths scale the same way and stay inside their own range; nonsense stays finite.
+        for (bits, white) in [(1, 15520.0 / 8192.0), (8, 15520.0 / 64.0), (13, 7760.0), (16, 62080.0), (0, 15520.0 / 8192.0), (200, 62080.0)] {
+            let mut s = nef("NIKON D4", 4992, 3292);
+            apply(&mut s, bits);
+            assert_eq!(s.white, [white; 3], "{bits} bits");
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn d5100_image_area_respects_explicit_crops_and_exact_sensor_size() {
         let mut s = nef("NIKON D5100", 4992, 3280);
@@ -236,7 +277,7 @@ mod tests {
         s.active = Rect::new(0, 0, 4984, 3280);
         s.crop = s.active;
         let wb = s.camera_wb;
-        apply(&mut s);
+        apply(&mut s, 14);
         assert_eq!(s.crop, Rect::new(8, 8, 4928, 3264));
         assert_eq!(s.active, Rect::new(0, 0, 4984, 3280));
         assert_eq!(s.camera_wb, wb);
@@ -244,11 +285,11 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(s.white, [16383.0; 3]);
 
         s.crop = Rect::new(16, 12, 4800, 3200);
-        apply(&mut s);
+        apply(&mut s, 14);
         assert_eq!(s.crop, Rect::new(16, 12, 4800, 3200));
         for (model, w, h) in [("NIKON D5100", 2496, 1640), ("NIKON D5200", 4992, 3280)] {
             let mut other = nef(model, w, h);
-            apply(&mut other);
+            apply(&mut other, 14);
             assert_eq!(other.crop, other.active);
         }
     }
@@ -256,36 +297,36 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn measured_image_areas_crop_the_borders_without_touching_the_rest() {
         let mut s = nef("NIKON D800E", 7424, 4924);
-        apply(&mut s);
+        apply(&mut s, 14);
         assert_eq!(s.crop, Rect::new(8, 6, 7360, 4912));
         // Only the image area is measured: levels, colour and tone stay untouched.
         assert!(s.color.calibrations.is_empty() && s.tone_curve.is_empty());
         assert_eq!(s.white, [16383.0; 3]);
 
         let mut s = sensor("SONY", "ILCE-7", 6048, 4024);
-        apply(&mut s);
+        apply(&mut s, 14);
         assert_eq!(s.crop, Rect::new(12, 12, 6000, 4000));
 
         // Another size or model of the same maker is left alone.
         let mut s = nef("NIKON D800E", 2496, 1646);
-        apply(&mut s);
+        apply(&mut s, 14);
         assert_eq!(s.crop, Rect::new(0, 0, 2496, 1646));
         let mut s = nef("NIKON D800", 7424, 4924);
-        apply(&mut s);
+        apply(&mut s, 14);
         assert_eq!(s.crop, Rect::new(0, 0, 7424, 4924));
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn d90_image_area_matches_the_camera_jpeg() {
         let mut s = nef("NIKON D90", 4352, 2868);
-        apply(&mut s);
+        apply(&mut s, 14);
         assert_eq!(s.crop, Rect::new(10, 10, 4288, 2848));
         // Only the image area is measured: levels, colour and tone stay untouched.
         assert!(s.color.calibrations.is_empty() && s.tone_curve.is_empty());
         assert_eq!(s.white, [16383.0; 3]);
         // An explicit crop in the file wins over the measured area.
         s.crop = Rect::new(0, 0, 4288, 2848);
-        apply(&mut s);
+        apply(&mut s, 14);
         assert_eq!(s.crop, Rect::new(0, 0, 4288, 2848));
     }
 
@@ -298,7 +339,7 @@ mod tests {
             calibrations: vec![Calibration { temperature: 6504.0, color_matrix: IDENTITY, forward_matrix: None, camera_calibration: IDENTITY }],
             ..ColorInfo::default()
         };
-        apply(&mut s);
+        apply(&mut s, 14);
         assert_eq!(s.color.calibrations.len(), 1);
         assert_eq!(s.color.calibrations[0].temperature, 6504.0, "the file's own calibration stands");
         assert!(s.tone_curve.is_empty() && s.black_point == 0.0);
@@ -309,7 +350,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn other_cameras_and_sizes_are_left_alone() {
         for (model, w, h) in [("NIKON D4S", 4992, 3292), ("NIKON D4", 2496, 1646), ("NIKON D800", 7424, 4924)] {
             let mut s = nef(model, w, h);
-            apply(&mut s);
+            apply(&mut s, 14);
             assert_eq!(s.crop, Rect::new(0, 0, w, h), "{model} {w}x{h}");
             assert!(s.tone_curve.is_empty() && s.color.calibrations.is_empty() && s.white == [16383.0; 3]);
             assert_eq!(s.warnings.len(), 1);
diff --git a/crates/raw/src/demosaic.rs b/crates/raw/src/demosaic.rs
index 8b87f14a69..fa703b2bb4 100644
--- a/crates/raw/src/demosaic.rs
+++ b/crates/raw/src/demosaic.rs
@@ -472,6 +472,14 @@ pub(crate) fn ahd_bands(h: usize) -> usize {
 
 pub(crate) const AHD_TABLE_BYTES: u64 = (LABF_STEPS as u64 + 2) * 4;
 
+/// `v` limited to `lo..=hi` like `f32::clamp`, without its panic on NaN bounds (hostile black
+/// levels can put NaN in the plane): same result for every non-NaN bound.
+#[inline(always)]
+fn clampf(v: f32, lo: f32, hi: f32) -> f32 {
+    let v = if v < lo { lo } else { v };
+    if v > hi { hi } else { v }
+}
+
 fn ahd(p: &Padded, phase: [u8; 4], to_xyz: &Mat3, out: &mut [f32], jobs: usize) {
     let (w, s) = (p.w, p.stride);
     let d = &p.data;
@@ -500,10 +508,10 @@ fn ahd(p: &Padded, phase: [u8; 4], to_xyz: &Mat3, out: &mut [f32], jobs: usize)
                 }
                 let (l, r) = (d[i - 1], d[i + 1]);
                 let gh = (l + r) * 0.5 + (2.0 * c - d[i - 2] - d[i + 2]) * 0.25;
-                g[0][k] = gh.clamp(l.min(r), l.max(r));
+                g[0][k] = clampf(gh, l.min(r), l.max(r));
                 let (u, dn) = (d[i - s], d[i + s]);
                 let gv = (u + dn) * 0.5 + (2.0 * c - d[i - 2 * s] - d[i + 2 * s]) * 0.25;
-                g[1][k] = gv.clamp(u.min(dn), u.max(dn));
+                g[1][k] = clampf(gv, u.min(dn), u.max(dn));
             }
         }
         // 2. RGB candidates and their Lab, band rows 1..n-1, columns 3..s-3.
@@ -600,6 +608,12 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn ahd_survives_nan_planes() {
+        let p = Padded::from_plane(&[f32::NAN; 64], 8, 8);
+        assert_eq!(demosaic(&p, [0, 1, 1, 2], Demosaic::Ahd, &IDENTITY, 1).len(), 192);
+    }
+
     /// Mosaics an RGB image with the given phase.
     fn mosaic(rgb: &[[f32; 3]], w: usize, h: usize, phase: [u8; 4]) -> Vec<f32> {
         (0..w * h).map(|i| rgb[i][phase[((i / w) & 1) * 2 + ((i % w) & 1)] as usize]).collect()
diff --git a/crates/raw/src/develop.rs b/crates/raw/src/develop.rs
index 71a8384cd0..ca08846a85 100644
--- a/crates/raw/src/develop.rs
+++ b/crates/raw/src/develop.rs
@@ -279,8 +279,12 @@ pub fn develop_sensor(s: &Sensor, opts: &DevelopOptions) -> Result<Developed> {
                                 let x = c.x + p;
                                 let black = bl.at(x.saturating_sub(s.active.x), y.saturating_sub(s.active.y), 0, 1);
                                 let range = s.white[0] - black;
-                                let gain = if range >= 1.0 { mult[usize::from(cfa.color(x, y)).min(2)] / range } else { 0.0 };
-                                (black, gain)
+                                // A non-finite black (a BlackLevel DOUBLE beyond f32) gives 0, as
+                                // `Scale::value` does, instead of (raw - inf) * 0 = NaN.
+                                if !(range >= 1.0 && black.is_finite()) {
+                                    return (0.0, 0.0);
+                                }
+                                (black, mult[usize::from(cfa.color(x, y)).min(2)] / range)
                             })
                             .collect();
                         let src = &s.data[y * s.width + c.x..y * s.width + c.x + w];
@@ -375,9 +379,23 @@ pub fn develop_sensor(s: &Sensor, opts: &DevelopOptions) -> Result<Developed> {
         Some(l) => GammaLut::with_tone(l.tone.as_ref()),
         None => GammaLut::with_curve(&s.tone_curve),
     };
+    // The default rendering (no Dehaze, no local tone): matrix then encode, in blocks so the
+    // encode's clamp and square root run over whole slices.
+    let plain = map.is_none() && haze.is_none();
     par::chunks_mut(&mut out, band * w * 3, |b, chunk| {
         let start = b * band * w * 3;
         let src = &rgb[start..start + chunk.len()];
+        if plain {
+            let mut buf = [0.0f32; ENCODE_BLOCK];
+            for (oc, sc) in chunk.chunks_mut(ENCODE_BLOCK).zip(src.chunks(ENCODE_BLOCK)) {
+                let n = sc.len();
+                for (t, p) in buf[..n].as_chunks_mut::<3>().0.iter_mut().zip(sc.as_chunks::<3>().0) {
+                    *t = pro(p);
+                }
+                lut.encode_into(&buf[..n], oc);
+            }
+            return;
+        }
         for (i, (o, p)) in chunk.as_chunks_mut::<3>().0.iter_mut().zip(src.as_chunks::<3>().0).enumerate() {
             let mut v = linear(b * band * w + i, p);
             if let Some(m) = &map {
@@ -476,9 +494,13 @@ fn gain_row(s: &Sensor, y: usize, x0: usize, w: usize, k: usize) -> Option<Vec<f
 /// (error below 0.2 code values).
 struct GammaLut {
     table: Vec<f32>,
+    /// `[table[i], table[i + 1] - table[i]]`: the same interpolation from one load.
+    pairs: Vec<[f32; 2]>,
 }
 
 const GAMMA_STEPS: usize = 4096;
+/// Samples per block of [`GammaLut::encode_into`] (whole pixels).
+const ENCODE_BLOCK: usize = 3 * 256;
 
 impl GammaLut {
     #[cfg(test)]
@@ -494,7 +516,7 @@ impl GammaLut {
                 tone(curve, s * s).clamp(0.0, 1.0).powf(1.0 / 1.8) * 65535.0
             })
             .collect();
-        GammaLut { table }
+        Self::from_table(table)
     }
 
     /// The gamma-1.8 encoding after a fitted [`ToneCurve`] (`None`: none, plain gamma 1.8).
@@ -508,7 +530,30 @@ impl GammaLut {
                 }
             })
             .collect();
-        GammaLut { table }
+        Self::from_table(table)
+    }
+
+    fn from_table(table: Vec<f32>) -> Self {
+        let pairs = table.windows(2).map(|p| [p[0], p[1] - p[0]]).collect();
+        GammaLut { table, pairs }
+    }
+
+    /// [`Self::encode`] of every sample of `v` into `out` (at most [`ENCODE_BLOCK`] samples):
+    /// the clamp and square root first over the whole block, then the table.
+    #[inline]
+    fn encode_into(&self, v: &[f32], out: &mut [u16]) {
+        let mut xs = [0.0f32; ENCODE_BLOCK];
+        let n = v.len().min(ENCODE_BLOCK).min(out.len());
+        for (x, &v) in xs[..n].iter_mut().zip(&v[..n]) {
+            let v = if v.is_nan() { 0.0 } else { v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) };
+            *x = v.sqrt() * GAMMA_STEPS as f32;
+        }
+        for (o, &x) in out[..n].iter_mut().zip(&xs[..n]) {
+            let i = (x as usize).min(GAMMA_STEPS);
+            let f = x - i as f32;
+            let [a, step] = self.pairs[i];
+            *o = (a + step * f + 0.5) as u16;
+        }
     }
 
     #[inline]
@@ -589,6 +634,17 @@ pub(crate) fn orient(src: Vec<u16>, w: usize, h: usize, o: u16) -> (Vec<u16>, us
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    #[test]
+    fn block_encode_matches_per_sample_encode() {
+        let lut = GammaLut::with_curve(&[[0.25, 0.5], [1.0, 1.0]]);
+        let v: Vec<f32> = (0..2000).map(|i| (i as f32 - 300.0) / 1500.0).chain([f32::NAN, f32::INFINITY, f32::NEG_INFINITY, 0.0, 1.0]).collect();
+        for n in [0, 1, 3, 255, ENCODE_BLOCK, v.len().min(ENCODE_BLOCK)] {
+            let mut out = vec![0u16; n];
+            lut.encode_into(&v[..n], &mut out);
+            assert_eq!(out, v[..n].iter().map(|&x| lut.encode(x)).collect::<Vec<_>>(), "{n}");
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn hundred_megapixel_bayer_fits_without_raising_default_limits() {
         let mut opts = DevelopOptions::default();
diff --git a/crates/raw/src/dng.rs b/crates/raw/src/dng.rs
index e8422b5419..8329a80d39 100644
--- a/crates/raw/src/dng.rs
+++ b/crates/raw/src/dng.rs
@@ -193,18 +193,26 @@ pub(crate) fn decode(t: &Tiff, limits: &Limits) -> Result<Sensor> {
     if scale.len() == 2 && (scale[0] - scale[1]).abs() > 1e-6 {
         warnings.push("non-square pixels (DefaultScale) are not resampled".to_string());
     }
-    // Opcode lists: OpcodeList2 gain maps (lens shading) are applied; everything else is reported.
+    // Opcode lists: OpcodeList2 gain maps (lens shading) and polynomials (the tone mapping lossy
+    // DNGs carry per plane, #8125) are applied; everything else is reported.
     let mut gain_maps = Vec::new();
+    let mut polynomials = Vec::new();
     for (tg, what) in [(tag::OPCODE_LIST_1, 1), (tag::OPCODE_LIST_2, 2), (tag::OPCODE_LIST_3, 3)] {
         let Some(bytes) = raw.get(tg).and_then(|e| t.raw(e)) else { continue };
-        let (maps, skipped) = opcodes::parse(bytes);
+        let ops = opcodes::parse(bytes);
         if what == 2 {
-            gain_maps = maps;
-        } else if !maps.is_empty() {
-            warnings.push(format!("DNG OpcodeList{what}: GainMap is not applied"));
+            gain_maps = ops.gain_maps;
+            polynomials = ops.polynomials;
+        } else {
+            if !ops.gain_maps.is_empty() {
+                warnings.push(format!("DNG OpcodeList{what}: GainMap is not applied"));
+            }
+            if !ops.polynomials.is_empty() {
+                warnings.push(format!("DNG OpcodeList{what}: MapPolynomial is not applied"));
+            }
         }
-        if !skipped.is_empty() {
-            warnings.push(format!("DNG OpcodeList{what}: {} not applied", skipped.join(", ")));
+        if !ops.skipped.is_empty() {
+            warnings.push(format!("DNG OpcodeList{what}: {} not applied", ops.skipped.join(", ")));
         }
     }
 
@@ -215,14 +223,18 @@ pub(crate) fn decode(t: &Tiff, limits: &Limits) -> Result<Sensor> {
     }
 
     let max = ((1u32 << plane.bits) - 1) as f32;
-    let linearization = raw.get(tag::LINEARIZATION_TABLE).map(|e| t.uints(e)).filter(|v| !v.is_empty() && v.len() <= 65536);
-    let linearization: Option<Vec<u16>> = linearization.map(|v| v.into_iter().map(|x| x.min(65535) as u16).collect());
+    // A LinearizationTable maps integer samples; floating-point data is linear already.
+    let linearization =
+        raw.get(tag::LINEARIZATION_TABLE).filter(|_| plane.float_scale.is_none()).map(|e| t.uints(e)).filter(|v| !v.is_empty() && v.len() <= 65536);
+    let mut linearization: Option<Vec<u16>> = linearization.map(|v| v.into_iter().map(|x| x.min(65535) as u16).collect());
     let white_default = match &linearization {
         Some(l) => f32::from(l.iter().copied().max().unwrap_or(u16::MAX)),
         None => max,
     };
+    // Floating-point levels are in the floats' units: scale them as the samples were.
+    let unit = plane.float_scale.unwrap_or(1.0);
     let wl = t.tag_floats(&raw, tag::WHITE_LEVEL);
-    let white = [0, 1, 2].map(|s| wl.get(s).or_else(|| wl.first()).map(|v| *v as f32).filter(|v| *v > 0.0).unwrap_or(white_default));
+    let white = [0, 1, 2].map(|s| wl.get(s).or_else(|| wl.first()).map(|v| *v as f32 * unit).filter(|v| v.is_finite() && *v > 0.0).unwrap_or(white_default));
 
     let (rows, cols) = match t.tag_uints(&raw, tag::BLACK_LEVEL_REPEAT_DIM).as_slice() {
         [r, c] if (1..=16).contains(r) && (1..=16).contains(c) => (*r as usize, *c as usize),
@@ -230,17 +242,29 @@ pub(crate) fn decode(t: &Tiff, limits: &Limits) -> Result<Sensor> {
     };
     let bl = t.tag_floats(&raw, tag::BLACK_LEVEL);
     let mut black = if bl.len() == rows * cols * samples {
-        BlackLevels { rows, cols, values: bl.iter().map(|v| *v as f32).collect(), delta_h: Vec::new(), delta_v: Vec::new() }
+        BlackLevels { rows, cols, values: bl.iter().map(|v| *v as f32 * unit).collect(), delta_h: Vec::new(), delta_v: Vec::new() }
     } else {
-        BlackLevels::uniform(bl.first().copied().unwrap_or(0.0) as f32)
+        BlackLevels::uniform(bl.first().copied().unwrap_or(0.0) as f32 * unit)
     };
     let dh = t.tag_floats(&raw, tag::BLACK_LEVEL_DELTA_H);
     if dh.len() == active.width {
-        black.delta_h = dh.iter().map(|v| *v as f32).collect();
+        black.delta_h = dh.iter().map(|v| *v as f32 * unit).collect();
     }
     let dv = t.tag_floats(&raw, tag::BLACK_LEVEL_DELTA_V);
     if dv.len() == active.height {
-        black.delta_v = dv.iter().map(|v| *v as f32).collect();
+        black.delta_v = dv.iter().map(|v| *v as f32 * unit).collect();
+    }
+
+    // MapPolynomial maps linear reference values: linearize the samples first (the table is then
+    // done with), and map them in place.
+    let mut data = plane.data;
+    if !polynomials.is_empty() {
+        if let Some(l) = linearization.take() {
+            for v in &mut data {
+                *v = l.get(usize::from(*v)).or_else(|| l.last()).copied().unwrap_or(*v);
+            }
+        }
+        opcodes::apply_polynomials(&mut data, plane.width, samples, active, &polynomials, &black, white);
     }
 
     let color = color_info(t, &ifd0);
@@ -258,7 +282,7 @@ pub(crate) fn decode(t: &Tiff, limits: &Limits) -> Result<Sensor> {
         width: plane.width,
         height: plane.height,
         samples,
-        data: plane.data,
+        data,
         cfa,
         linearization,
         black,
diff --git a/crates/raw/src/jxl.rs b/crates/raw/src/jxl.rs
index 0717dbb3cd..8dc2ff064f 100644
--- a/crates/raw/src/jxl.rs
+++ b/crates/raw/src/jxl.rs
@@ -18,15 +18,18 @@ use crate::error::{RawError, Result};
 
 /// The browser build has no JPEG XL decoder (see the module docs).
 #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
-pub(crate) fn decode(_src: &[u8], _w: usize, _h: usize, _samples: usize, _bits: u32, _limits: &Limits) -> Result<Vec<u16>> {
+pub(crate) fn decode(_src: &[u8], _w: usize, _h: usize, _samples: usize, _bits: u32, _float_scale: Option<f32>, _limits: &Limits) -> Result<Vec<u16>> {
     Err(RawError::unsupported("JPEG XL-compressed DNG (DNG 1.7) can't be opened in the browser version of PhotoCraft; open it in the desktop app"))
 }
 
 /// Decodes one segment into `w * h * samples` interleaved samples at `bits` per sample (the
-/// TIFF BitsPerSample, which DNG requires the codestream's bit depth to match).
+/// TIFF BitsPerSample, which DNG requires the codestream's bit depth to match). Floating-point
+/// samples (SampleFormat 3) come back multiplied by `float_scale`, clipped to 0..=65535.
 #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-pub(crate) fn decode(src: &[u8], w: usize, h: usize, samples: usize, bits: u32, limits: &Limits) -> Result<Vec<u16>> {
-    limits.check(w as u64, h as u64, samples as u64 * 2)?;
+pub(crate) fn decode(src: &[u8], w: usize, h: usize, samples: usize, bits: u32, float_scale: Option<f32>, limits: &Limits) -> Result<Vec<u16>> {
+    // Floating-point samples are read into an f32 buffer first: four bytes a sample, not two.
+    let sample_bytes = if float_scale.is_some() { 4 } else { 2 };
+    limits.check(w as u64, h as u64, samples as u64 * sample_bytes)?;
     // jxl-oxide decodes into f32/i32 planes: allow a few times the output size, and never more
     // than the caller's per-buffer limit.
     let budget = (w as u64).saturating_mul(h as u64).saturating_mul(samples as u64).saturating_mul(16).min(limits.max_alloc);
@@ -50,6 +53,13 @@ pub(crate) fn decode(src: &[u8], w: usize, h: usize, samples: usize, bits: u32,
             return Err(RawError::unsupported("rotated JPEG XL raw tile"));
         }
         let n = w.checked_mul(h).and_then(|p| p.checked_mul(samples)).ok_or_else(|| RawError::malformed("JPEG XL raw tile is too large"))?;
+        if let Some(scale) = float_scale {
+            let mut f = vec![0f32; n];
+            if stream.write_to_buffer(&mut f) != n {
+                return Err(RawError::malformed("JPEG XL raw data is truncated"));
+            }
+            return Ok(f.into_iter().map(|v| if v.is_nan() { 0 } else { (v * scale).clamp(0.0, 65535.0).round() as u16 }).collect());
+        }
         let mut out = vec![0u16; n];
         if stream.write_to_buffer(&mut out) != n {
             return Err(RawError::malformed("JPEG XL raw data is truncated"));
diff --git a/crates/raw/src/lib.rs b/crates/raw/src/lib.rs
index 0d1a99e796..24cd852c77 100644
--- a/crates/raw/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/raw/src/lib.rs
@@ -76,8 +76,8 @@ pub use crate::demosaic::Demosaic;
 pub use crate::develop::{DevelopOptions, Developed, RawInfo, WhiteBalance, develop_sensor};
 pub use crate::error::RawError;
 pub use crate::look::{CameraLook, LookRejected, PROXY_EDGE, Reference, ToneCurve, fit_look};
-pub use crate::opcodes::GainMap;
-pub use crate::preview::{Preview, PreviewColorSpace, embedded_preview, embedded_preview_color_space, embedded_previews};
+pub use crate::opcodes::{GainMap, MapPolynomial};
+pub use crate::preview::{DecodedPreview, Preview, PreviewColorSpace, embedded_jxl_preview, embedded_preview, embedded_preview_color_space, embedded_previews};
 pub use crate::sensor::{BlackLevels, Cfa, Rect, Sensor};
 pub use crate::tone::{Tone, retone};
 
diff --git a/crates/raw/src/ljpeg.rs b/crates/raw/src/ljpeg.rs
index 4ab32df8b8..070b3757fd 100644
--- a/crates/raw/src/ljpeg.rs
+++ b/crates/raw/src/ljpeg.rs
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ impl<'a> Bits<'a> {
     }
 
     /// A difference value: Huffman-coded category SSSS then SSSS extra bits (T.81 H.1.2.2).
-    #[inline]
+    #[inline(always)]
     fn diff(&mut self, h: &Huffman) -> Result<i32> {
         if self.n < 32 {
             self.refill();
@@ -284,8 +284,11 @@ pub(crate) fn frame(data: &[u8]) -> Result<Frame> {
 
 struct Parsed<'a> {
     frame: Frame,
-    /// Per component of the scan (in frame order): its Huffman table.
+    /// The scan's distinct Huffman tables...
     tables: Vec<Huffman>,
+    /// ...and per component of the scan (in frame order) the index of its table: components
+    /// sharing a table share one copy (one 48 KiB lookup pair in cache instead of several).
+    comp_table: Vec<usize>,
     predictor: u8,
     point_transform: u8,
     restart: usize,
@@ -378,7 +381,9 @@ fn parse(data: &[u8]) -> Result<Parsed<'_>> {
                 if ns != f.components || seg.len() < 1 + 2 * ns + 3 {
                     return Err(RawError::unsupported("lossless JPEG with non-interleaved scans"));
                 }
-                let mut tables = Vec::with_capacity(ns);
+                let mut tables: Vec<Huffman> = Vec::with_capacity(ns);
+                let mut ids: Vec<usize> = Vec::with_capacity(ns);
+                let mut comp_table = Vec::with_capacity(ns);
                 for c in 0..ns {
                     let id = seg[1 + 2 * c];
                     if comp_ids.get(c) != Some(&id) {
@@ -386,7 +391,14 @@ fn parse(data: &[u8]) -> Result<Parsed<'_>> {
                     }
                     let td = usize::from(seg[2 + 2 * c] >> 4);
                     let h = huff.get(td).and_then(Option::as_ref).ok_or_else(|| RawError::malformed("missing Huffman table"))?;
-                    tables.push(h.clone());
+                    match ids.iter().position(|&i| i == td) {
+                        Some(k) => comp_table.push(k),
+                        None => {
+                            ids.push(td);
+                            comp_table.push(tables.len());
+                            tables.push(h.clone());
+                        }
+                    }
                 }
                 let predictor = seg[1 + 2 * ns];
                 let point_transform = seg[3 + 2 * ns] & 0x0F;
@@ -397,7 +409,7 @@ fn parse(data: &[u8]) -> Result<Parsed<'_>> {
                     return Err(RawError::malformed("lossless JPEG point transform"));
                 }
                 let entropy = data.get(pos + len..).unwrap_or(&[]);
-                return Ok(Parsed { frame: f, tables, predictor, point_transform, restart, entropy });
+                return Ok(Parsed { frame: f, tables, comp_table, predictor, point_transform, restart, entropy });
             }
             _ => {} // APPn, COM, DQT, DNL… ignored
         }
@@ -427,6 +439,7 @@ pub(crate) fn decode(data: &[u8], max_samples: usize) -> Result<(Frame, Vec<u16>
     let mut out = vec![0u16; total];
     let mut bits = Bits::new(p.entropy);
     let nc = f.components;
+    let tables: Vec<&Huffman> = p.comp_table.iter().map(|&k| &p.tables[k]).collect();
     let initial = 1i32 << (f.precision - p.point_transform - 1);
     let pred = p.predictor;
     let mut interval_row = 0usize;
@@ -447,17 +460,28 @@ pub(crate) fn decode(data: &[u8], max_samples: usize) -> Result<(Frame, Vec<u16>
             // Predictor 1 (or the first line of an interval): Ra after the first column.
             for c in 0..nc {
                 let px = if first_line { initial } else { i32::from(prev[c]) };
-                cur[c] = (px + bits.diff(&p.tables[c])?) as u16;
+                cur[c] = (px + bits.diff(tables[c])?) as u16;
             }
+            // Ra: the previous pixel's sample of the same component, carried in registers.
             if nc == 1 {
-                let t = &p.tables[0];
-                for i in 1..row_len {
-                    cur[i] = (i32::from(cur[i - 1]) + bits.diff(t)?) as u16;
+                let t = tables[0];
+                let mut ra = cur[0];
+                for v in &mut cur[1..] {
+                    ra = (i32::from(ra) + bits.diff(t)?) as u16;
+                    *v = ra;
+                }
+            } else if nc == 2 {
+                let (t0, t1) = (tables[0], tables[1]);
+                let mut ra = [cur[0], cur[1]];
+                for px in cur[2..].as_chunks_mut::<2>().0 {
+                    ra[0] = (i32::from(ra[0]) + bits.diff(t0)?) as u16;
+                    ra[1] = (i32::from(ra[1]) + bits.diff(t1)?) as u16;
+                    *px = ra;
                 }
             } else {
                 for i in (nc..row_len).step_by(nc) {
                     for c in 0..nc {
-                        cur[i + c] = (i32::from(cur[i + c - nc]) + bits.diff(&p.tables[c])?) as u16;
+                        cur[i + c] = (i32::from(cur[i + c - nc]) + bits.diff(tables[c])?) as u16;
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -468,7 +492,7 @@ pub(crate) fn decode(data: &[u8], max_samples: usize) -> Result<(Frame, Vec<u16>
             continue;
         }
         for x in 0..f.width {
-            for c in 0..nc {
+            for (c, &table) in tables.iter().enumerate() {
                 let i = x * nc + c;
                 let px = if x == 0 {
                     if first_line { initial } else { i32::from(prev[i]) }
@@ -490,7 +514,7 @@ pub(crate) fn decode(data: &[u8], max_samples: usize) -> Result<(Frame, Vec<u16>
                         }
                     }
                 };
-                let d = bits.diff(&p.tables[c])?;
+                let d = bits.diff(table)?;
                 cur[i] = (px + d) as u16;
             }
         }
@@ -510,7 +534,7 @@ pub(crate) fn decode(data: &[u8], max_samples: usize) -> Result<(Frame, Vec<u16>
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use crate::testgen::lj92_encode;
+    use crate::testgen::{lj92_encode, lj92_encode_tables};
 
     /// Deterministic pseudo-random samples with some structure (smooth + noise).
     fn samples(n: usize, precision: u8, seed: u64) -> Vec<u16> {
@@ -554,6 +578,41 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Real CR2 frames declare one DHT per component. Each case gives the components
+    /// different tables (or a mixed sharing), so decoding with the wrong table for a
+    /// component, or one table for all, corrupts the output.
+    #[test]
+    fn roundtrip_with_one_huffman_table_per_component() {
+        let (w, h) = (13, 7);
+        for table_of in [&[0u8, 1][..], &[1, 0], &[0, 1, 2, 3], &[0, 1, 0, 1], &[0, 0, 1, 1], &[3, 2, 1, 0]] {
+            let comps = table_of.len();
+            for predictor in [1u8, 4, 7] {
+                for restart_rows in [None, Some(2)] {
+                    let v = samples(w * h * comps, 14, u64::from(predictor) * 7 + comps as u64);
+                    let j = lj92_encode_tables(&v, w, h, table_of, 14, predictor, restart_rows);
+                    let (f, out) = decode(&j, usize::MAX).unwrap();
+                    assert_eq!(f, Frame { precision: 14, width: w, height: h, components: comps });
+                    assert_eq!(out, v, "tables={table_of:?} pred={predictor} restart={restart_rows:?}");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn roundtrip_per_component_tables_with_16_bit_extremes() {
+        let (w, h) = (16, 9);
+        for table_of in [&[0u8, 1][..], &[0, 1, 0, 1]] {
+            let comps = table_of.len();
+            // Alternating 0 / 65535 forces the 16-bit and 32768 difference categories.
+            let v: Vec<u16> = (0..w * h * comps).map(|i| if (i / 3) % 2 == 0 { 0 } else { 65535 }).collect();
+            for (predictor, restart_rows) in [(1u8, Some(1)), (1, Some(4)), (6, Some(2)), (6, None)] {
+                let j = lj92_encode_tables(&v, w, h, table_of, 16, predictor, restart_rows);
+                let (_, out) = decode(&j, usize::MAX).unwrap();
+                assert_eq!(out, v, "tables={table_of:?} pred={predictor} restart={restart_rows:?}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn hostile_streams_error_without_panicking() {
         let v = samples(32 * 8, 14, 7);
diff --git a/crates/raw/src/nefc.rs b/crates/raw/src/nefc.rs
index db1f8b1d74..2ae312917d 100644
--- a/crates/raw/src/nefc.rs
+++ b/crates/raw/src/nefc.rs
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ pub(crate) fn read_packed(t: &Tiff, ifd: &Ifd, bits: u32, limits: &Limits) -> Re
     };
     let src = t.bytes(*off as usize, *len as usize).ok_or_else(|| RawError::malformed("packed NEF strip lies outside the file"))?;
     let data = unpack_little_rows(src, w, h, bits)?;
-    Ok(Plane { width: w, height: h, samples: 1, bits, data })
+    Ok(Plane { width: w, height: h, samples: 1, bits, data, float_scale: None })
 }
 
 fn unpack_little_rows(src: &[u8], w: usize, h: usize, bits: u32) -> Result<Vec<u16>> {
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ pub(crate) fn read_compressed(t: &Tiff, raw: &Ifd, note: Option<&(Tiff, Ifd)>, l
     let end = (last as usize).saturating_add(last_len as usize).min(t.data.len());
     let src = t.data.get(start..end).filter(|s| !s.is_empty()).ok_or_else(|| RawError::malformed("raw data lies outside the file"))?;
     let data = decode(src, width, height, bits, &table)?;
-    Ok(Plane { width, height, samples: 1, bits, data })
+    Ok(Plane { width, height, samples: 1, bits, data, float_scale: None })
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
diff --git a/crates/raw/src/opcodes.rs b/crates/raw/src/opcodes.rs
index 6be6d45077..9b333fd4cf 100644
--- a/crates/raw/src/opcodes.rs
+++ b/crates/raw/src/opcodes.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,12 @@
 //!
 //! An opcode list is big-endian whatever the file's byte order: a count, then
 //! per opcode its ID, DNG version, flags (bit 0 = optional), parameter size
-//! and parameters. Only GainMap (ID 9), the lens-shading correction phones
-//! write in OpcodeList2, is applied; other opcodes are reported.
+//! and parameters. OpcodeList2's GainMap (ID 9), the lens-shading correction
+//! phones write, and MapPolynomial (ID 8), the tone mapping lossy DNGs carry
+//! per plane, are applied; other opcodes are reported.
+
+use crate::par;
+use crate::sensor::{BlackLevels, Rect};
 
 /// One GainMap opcode: a grid of gains, bilinearly interpolated, applied to
 /// the pixels of an area (in active-area coordinates) at a row / column pitch.
@@ -154,28 +158,120 @@ fn gain_map(p: &[u8]) -> Option<GainMap> {
     })
 }
 
-/// Parses an opcode list: the gain maps, and the names of opcodes not applied.
-pub(crate) fn parse(list: &[u8]) -> (Vec<GainMap>, Vec<String>) {
-    let mut maps = Vec::new();
-    let mut skipped = Vec::new();
-    let Some(count) = be32(list, 0) else { return (maps, skipped) };
+/// One MapPolynomial opcode: `out = Σ cᵢ · inⁱ` on the linear reference values (0..1, after the
+/// black and white levels) of an area, in active-area coordinates, and a plane range, at a row /
+/// column pitch. Input and output are clipped to 0..1.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub struct MapPolynomial {
+    pub top: usize,
+    pub left: usize,
+    pub bottom: usize,
+    pub right: usize,
+    pub plane: usize,
+    pub planes: usize,
+    pub row_pitch: usize,
+    pub col_pitch: usize,
+    /// `c₀ … c_degree` (degree at most 8).
+    pub coefficients: Vec<f64>,
+}
+
+impl MapPolynomial {
+    /// The polynomial at `x`, both clipped to 0..1.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn eval(&self, x: f64) -> f64 {
+        let x = x.clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+        let y = self.coefficients.iter().rev().fold(0.0, |acc, c| acc * x + c);
+        if y.is_finite() { y.clamp(0.0, 1.0) } else { 0.0 }
+    }
+
+    /// `true` if the opcode covers active-area pixel (`ax`, `ay`) in sample `s`.
+    #[inline]
+    fn covers(&self, ax: usize, ay: usize, s: usize) -> bool {
+        s >= self.plane
+            && s - self.plane < self.planes
+            && ay >= self.top
+            && ay < self.bottom
+            && ax >= self.left
+            && ax < self.right
+            && (ay - self.top).is_multiple_of(self.row_pitch)
+            && (ax - self.left).is_multiple_of(self.col_pitch)
+    }
+}
+
+fn map_polynomial(p: &[u8]) -> Option<MapPolynomial> {
+    let u = |i: usize| be32(p, 4 * i).map(|v| v as usize);
+    let (top, left, bottom, right) = (u(0)?, u(1)?, u(2)?, u(3)?);
+    let (plane, planes, row_pitch, col_pitch, degree) = (u(4)?, u(5)?, u(6)?, u(7)?, u(8)?);
+    if degree > 8 || planes == 0 || row_pitch == 0 || col_pitch == 0 || bottom <= top || right <= left {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let coefficients = (0..=degree).map(|i| be64f(p, 36 + 8 * i)).collect::<Option<Vec<f64>>>()?;
+    Some(MapPolynomial { top, left, bottom, right, plane, planes, row_pitch, col_pitch, coefficients })
+}
+
+/// Applies `polys` in order to `data` (`width × height` pixels of `samples` interleaved u16
+/// samples), in the sensor's own units: each covered sample is taken to its linear reference value
+/// with `black` and `white`, mapped, and brought back.
+pub(crate) fn apply_polynomials(data: &mut [u16], width: usize, samples: usize, active: Rect, polys: &[MapPolynomial], black: &BlackLevels, white: [f32; 3]) {
+    if polys.is_empty() || width == 0 || samples == 0 {
+        return;
+    }
+    par::chunks_mut(data, width * samples, |y, row| {
+        let Some(ay) = y.checked_sub(active.y).filter(|ay| *ay < active.height) else { return };
+        for ax in 0..active.width {
+            let x = active.x + ax;
+            for s in 0..samples {
+                let Some(v) = row.get_mut(x * samples + s) else { return };
+                let b = black.at(ax, ay, s, samples);
+                let range = white[s.min(2)] - b;
+                if range.is_nan() || range < 1.0 {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                for p in polys.iter().filter(|p| p.covers(ax, ay, s)) {
+                    let n = (f64::from(*v) - f64::from(b)) / f64::from(range);
+                    *v = (f64::from(b) + p.eval(n) * f64::from(range)).round().clamp(0.0, 65535.0) as u16;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+/// What an opcode list holds: the gain maps and polynomials, and the names of opcodes not applied.
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub(crate) struct Opcodes {
+    pub gain_maps: Vec<GainMap>,
+    pub polynomials: Vec<MapPolynomial>,
+    pub skipped: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+/// The most MapPolynomial opcodes kept from one list. Real files carry one per plane; every
+/// polynomial is checked for every sample, so a crafted list of thousands would hang the open.
+/// Those past the cap are named as not applied.
+const MAX_POLYNOMIALS: usize = 64;
+
+/// Parses an opcode list.
+pub(crate) fn parse(list: &[u8]) -> Opcodes {
+    let mut out = Opcodes::default();
+    let Some(count) = be32(list, 0) else { return out };
     let mut at = 4usize;
     for _ in 0..count.min(4096) {
         let (Some(id), Some(size)) = (be32(list, at), be32(list, at.saturating_add(12))) else { break };
         let start = at.saturating_add(16);
         let Some(params) = list.get(start..start.saturating_add(size as usize)) else { break };
-        match (id, gain_map(params)) {
-            (9, Some(m)) => maps.push(m),
-            _ => {
-                let n = name(id);
-                if !skipped.contains(&n) {
-                    skipped.push(n);
-                }
+        let applied = match id {
+            9 => gain_map(params).map(|m| out.gain_maps.push(m)).is_some(),
+            8 if out.polynomials.len() < MAX_POLYNOMIALS => map_polynomial(params).map(|p| out.polynomials.push(p)).is_some(),
+            _ => false,
+        };
+        if !applied {
+            let n = name(id);
+            if !out.skipped.contains(&n) {
+                out.skipped.push(n);
             }
         }
         at = at.saturating_add(16).saturating_add(size as usize);
     }
-    (maps, skipped)
+    out
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -214,7 +310,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn parses_gain_maps_and_names_others() {
         let b = list(&[(9, gain_map_params([0, 0, 10, 10], 1, &[[1.0, 2.0], [3.0, 4.0]])), (1, vec![0; 8])]);
-        let (maps, skipped) = parse(&b);
+        let Opcodes { gain_maps: maps, skipped, .. } = parse(&b);
         assert_eq!(maps.len(), 1);
         assert_eq!(skipped, vec!["WarpRectilinear".to_string()]);
         let m = &maps[0];
@@ -235,7 +331,42 @@ mod tests {
         }
         let mut huge = b.clone();
         huge[4 + 16 + 32..4 + 16 + 40].copy_from_slice(&[0xFF; 8]); // points
-        assert!(parse(&huge).0.is_empty());
+        assert!(parse(&huge).gain_maps.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    fn polynomial_params(pitch: u32, degree: u32, coefficients: &[f64]) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut p = Vec::new();
+        for v in [0, 0, 10, 10, 1, 2, pitch, pitch, degree] {
+            p.extend_from_slice(&v.to_be_bytes());
+        }
+        for c in coefficients {
+            p.extend_from_slice(&c.to_be_bytes());
+        }
+        p
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parses_map_polynomials_and_refuses_bad_ones() {
+        let ops = parse(&list(&[(8, polynomial_params(1, 2, &[0.1, 0.5, 0.4]))]));
+        assert!(ops.skipped.is_empty());
+        let p = &ops.polynomials[0];
+        assert_eq!((p.plane, p.planes, p.coefficients.clone()), (1, 2, vec![0.1, 0.5, 0.4]));
+        assert!((p.eval(0.5) - (0.1 + 0.25 + 0.1)).abs() < 1e-12);
+        assert_eq!((p.eval(-1.0), p.eval(9.0)), (0.1, 1.0), "input and output clip to 0..1");
+        assert!(p.covers(3, 4, 1) && p.covers(3, 4, 2) && !p.covers(3, 4, 0) && !p.covers(3, 4, 3));
+        // A degree above 8, a zero pitch, or too few coefficients: not applied, and named.
+        for bad in [polynomial_params(1, 9, &[0.0; 10]), polynomial_params(0, 1, &[0.0, 1.0]), polynomial_params(1, 2, &[0.0, 1.0])] {
+            let ops = parse(&list(&[(8, bad)]));
+            assert!(ops.polynomials.is_empty());
+            assert_eq!(ops.skipped, vec!["MapPolynomial".to_string()]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn map_polynomials_past_the_cap_are_named_not_applied() {
+        let ops = parse(&list(&vec![(8, polynomial_params(1, 1, &[0.0, 1.0])); MAX_POLYNOMIALS + 1]));
+        assert_eq!(ops.polynomials.len(), MAX_POLYNOMIALS);
+        assert_eq!(ops.skipped, vec!["MapPolynomial".to_string()]);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -243,7 +374,7 @@ mod tests {
         // at_rv (direct 4-corner bilinear) must equal the old row() + at() path for a range of
         // sample positions, including points outside the grid that clamp.
         let b = list(&[(9, gain_map_params([0, 0, 10, 10], 1, &[[1.0, 2.0], [3.0, 4.5]]))]);
-        let (maps, _) = parse(&b);
+        let maps = parse(&b).gain_maps;
         let m = &maps[0];
         for &rv in &[-1.0, 0.0, 0.17, 0.5, 0.83, 1.0, 2.0] {
             let row = m.row(rv, 0);
diff --git a/crates/raw/src/preview.rs b/crates/raw/src/preview.rs
index 9f63173bf6..020539a386 100644
--- a/crates/raw/src/preview.rs
+++ b/crates/raw/src/preview.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 //! Finding the camera-rendered JPEG preview embedded in a raw file.
 
+use crate::Limits;
+use crate::sensor::{JPEG_XL, JpegLayout, read_plane};
 use crate::tiff::{Tiff, tag};
 
 /// An embedded baseline-JPEG preview.
@@ -101,25 +103,86 @@ pub fn embedded_previews(bytes: &[u8]) -> Vec<Preview<'_>> {
     found
 }
 
+/// A DNG 1.7 preview compressed with JPEG XL (Compression 52546), decoded. Converters that
+/// write their raw data as JPEG XL store the larger previews that way too, leaving only a small
+/// thumbnail as a JPEG stream for [`embedded_previews`] (#8125).
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub struct DecodedPreview {
+    pub width: u32,
+    pub height: u32,
+    /// BitsPerSample: `rgb` holds `0..=2^bits - 1`.
+    pub bits: u32,
+    /// Interleaved RGB, `width * height * 3` samples.
+    pub rgb: Vec<u16>,
+    /// The DNG PreviewColorSpace (tag 50970); `None` when it's unknown or grey.
+    pub color_space: Option<PreviewColorSpace>,
+}
+
+/// DNG PreviewColorSpace (DNG Specification 1.7).
+const PREVIEW_COLOR_SPACE: u16 = 50970;
+
+/// The largest JPEG XL-compressed RGB preview of a DNG that decodes within `limits`: larger ones
+/// that don't (over the limits, or damaged) give way to the next. `None` when none decodes
+/// (always in the browser build, which has no JPEG XL decoder).
+pub fn embedded_jxl_preview(bytes: &[u8], limits: &Limits) -> Option<DecodedPreview> {
+    let t = Tiff::new(bytes)?;
+    let ifd0 = t.ifd_at(t.first_ifd, 0)?;
+    if !ifd0.has(tag::DNG_VERSION) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let area = |i: &crate::tiff::Ifd| u64::from(t.tag_uint(i, tag::IMAGE_WIDTH).unwrap_or(0)) * u64::from(t.tag_uint(i, tag::IMAGE_LENGTH).unwrap_or(0));
+    let mut previews: Vec<_> = t
+        .all_ifds()
+        .into_iter()
+        .filter(|i| t.tag_uint(i, tag::NEW_SUBFILE_TYPE) == Some(1))
+        .filter(|i| t.tag_uint(i, tag::COMPRESSION) == Some(JPEG_XL) && t.tag_uint(i, tag::SAMPLES_PER_PIXEL) == Some(3))
+        // A rendered RGB (or YCbCr) picture, not a reduced-resolution LinearRaw or CFA image.
+        .filter(|i| matches!(t.tag_uint(i, tag::PHOTOMETRIC), Some(2 | 6)))
+        .collect();
+    previews.sort_by_key(|i| std::cmp::Reverse(area(i)));
+    let (ifd, plane) = previews.into_iter().find_map(|i| read_plane(&t, &i, limits, JpegLayout::Flat).ok().map(|p| (i, p)))?;
+    let color_space = match t.tag_uint(&ifd, PREVIEW_COLOR_SPACE).or_else(|| t.tag_uint(&ifd0, PREVIEW_COLOR_SPACE)) {
+        Some(2) => Some(PreviewColorSpace::Srgb),
+        Some(3) => Some(PreviewColorSpace::AdobeRgb),
+        Some(4) => Some(PreviewColorSpace::ProPhoto),
+        _ => None,
+    };
+    Some(DecodedPreview { width: u32::try_from(plane.width).ok()?, height: u32::try_from(plane.height).ok()?, bits: plane.bits, rgb: plane.data, color_space })
+}
+
 /// The colour space a raw file states for its embedded previews, which carry no ICC profile of their own.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum PreviewColorSpace {
     Srgb,
     AdobeRgb,
+    /// ProPhoto RGB, which a DNG can state for its previews (PreviewColorSpace 4).
+    ProPhoto,
 }
 
-/// The colour space the raw's EXIF gives for the camera's JPEG rendering, for a preview that declares none itself:
-/// ColorSpace (0xA001) 1 = sRGB, or Uncalibrated (0xFFFF) with the Interoperability IFD's InteropIndex "R03", the
-/// DCF option file for Adobe RGB (as a Sony body set to Adobe RGB writes; Exif and DCF specifications). `None` when
-/// the file doesn't say, and for a DNG, whose EXIF describes the original capture while its previews are the
-/// converter's. A preview's own ICC profile takes precedence over this.
+/// Nikon maker note tag ColorSpace: 1 = sRGB, 2 = Adobe RGB (4 = BT.2100, which is not a preview colour space we
+/// read), from ExifTool's public Nikon tag documentation.
+const NIKON_COLOR_SPACE: u16 = 0x001E;
+
+/// The colour space the raw states for the camera's JPEG rendering, for a preview that declares none itself:
+/// * the EXIF ColorSpace (0xA001) 1 = sRGB, or Uncalibrated (0xFFFF) with the Interoperability IFD's InteropIndex
+///   "R03", the DCF option file for Adobe RGB (as a Sony body set to Adobe RGB writes; Exif and DCF specifications);
+/// * else, where the EXIF doesn't decide, a Nikon maker note's ColorSpace (0x001E): Nikon bodies write no EXIF
+///   ColorSpace, and say Adobe RGB only here.
+///
+/// `None` when the file doesn't say, and for a DNG, whose EXIF describes the original capture while its previews
+/// are the converter's. A preview's own ICC profile takes precedence over this.
 pub fn embedded_preview_color_space(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<PreviewColorSpace> {
     let t = Tiff::new(bytes)?;
     let ifd0 = t.ifd_at(t.first_ifd, 0)?;
     if ifd0.has(tag::DNG_VERSION) {
         return None;
     }
-    let exif = t.ifd_at(t.tag_uint(&ifd0, tag::EXIF_IFD)? as usize, 0)?;
+    exif_color_space(&t, &ifd0).or_else(|| nikon_color_space(&t))
+}
+
+/// The colour space the EXIF IFD gives (see [`embedded_preview_color_space`]).
+fn exif_color_space(t: &Tiff<'_>, ifd0: &crate::tiff::Ifd) -> Option<PreviewColorSpace> {
+    let exif = t.ifd_at(t.tag_uint(ifd0, tag::EXIF_IFD)? as usize, 0)?;
     match t.tag_uint(&exif, tag::COLOR_SPACE)? {
         1 => Some(PreviewColorSpace::Srgb),
         0xFFFF => {
@@ -130,6 +193,16 @@ pub fn embedded_preview_color_space(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<PreviewColorSpace> {
     }
 }
 
+/// The colour space a Nikon maker note gives.
+fn nikon_color_space(t: &Tiff<'_>) -> Option<PreviewColorSpace> {
+    let (note, ifd) = crate::tiffep::nikon_maker_note(t, &t.all_ifds())?;
+    match note.tag_uint(&ifd, NIKON_COLOR_SPACE)? {
+        1 => Some(PreviewColorSpace::Srgb),
+        2 => Some(PreviewColorSpace::AdobeRgb),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
@@ -168,4 +241,95 @@ mod tests {
             assert_eq!(embedded_preview_color_space(junk), None);
         }
     }
+
+    /// The maker note's embedded TIFF stream (`ifd` entries, in the given byte order) behind `header`.
+    fn maker_note(header: &[u8], tags: Vec<(u16, Val)>, big_endian: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut note = TiffBuilder { big_endian, ..Default::default() };
+        let ifd = note.ifd(tags);
+        note.chain = vec![ifd];
+        let mut maker = header.to_vec();
+        maker.extend(note.build());
+        maker
+    }
+
+    /// A raw whose EXIF IFD holds the entries `exif` makes (it may add directories to the builder) and a maker note.
+    fn raw_with_note(maker: Vec<u8>, exif: impl FnOnce(&mut TiffBuilder) -> Vec<(u16, Val)>, dng: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut t = TiffBuilder::default();
+        let mut exif = exif(&mut t);
+        exif.push((tag::MAKER_NOTE, Val::Undefined(maker)));
+        let exif = t.ifd(exif);
+        let mut ifd0 = vec![(tag::MAKE, Val::Ascii("NIKON CORPORATION".into())), (tag::EXIF_IFD, Val::Ifds(vec![exif]))];
+        if dng {
+            ifd0.push((tag::DNG_VERSION, Val::Byte(vec![1, 6, 0, 0])));
+        }
+        t.chain = vec![t.ifd(ifd0)];
+        t.build()
+    }
+
+    const NIKON: &[u8] = b"Nikon\0\x02\x10\0\0";
+
+    /// A Nikon raw whose maker note has ColorSpace `color_space` (when given) and whose EXIF IFD holds `exif`.
+    fn nikon_raw(color_space: Option<u16>, exif: impl FnOnce(&mut TiffBuilder) -> Vec<(u16, Val)>, big_endian: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let tags = color_space.map(|cs| (NIKON_COLOR_SPACE, Val::Short(vec![cs]))).into_iter().chain([(0x0002, Val::Ascii("200".into()))]).collect();
+        raw_with_note(maker_note(NIKON, tags, big_endian), exif, false)
+    }
+
+    /// EXIF entries for a preview in Adobe RGB the way a Sony body writes it: Uncalibrated, Interoperability "R03".
+    fn exif_r03(t: &mut TiffBuilder) -> Vec<(u16, Val)> {
+        let interop = t.ifd(vec![(tag::INTEROP_INDEX, Val::Ascii("R03".into()))]);
+        vec![(tag::COLOR_SPACE, Val::Short(vec![0xFFFF])), (tag::INTEROP_IFD, Val::Ifds(vec![interop]))]
+    }
+
+    /// Nikon bodies write no EXIF ColorSpace; the maker note's ColorSpace (1 sRGB, 2 Adobe RGB) is
+    /// what says their JPEG previews are Adobe RGB.
+    #[test]
+    fn nikon_maker_note_colour_space_of_the_previews() {
+        for big_endian in [false, true] {
+            assert_eq!(embedded_preview_color_space(&nikon_raw(Some(2), |_| vec![], big_endian)), Some(PreviewColorSpace::AdobeRgb), "be {big_endian}");
+            assert_eq!(embedded_preview_color_space(&nikon_raw(Some(1), |_| vec![], big_endian)), Some(PreviewColorSpace::Srgb), "be {big_endian}");
+        }
+        // BT.2100 (4), unknown values, a note without the tag
+        for cs in [Some(4), Some(0), Some(3), Some(0xFFFF), None] {
+            assert_eq!(embedded_preview_color_space(&nikon_raw(cs, |_| vec![], false)), None, "{cs:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The EXIF IFD, when it states a colour space, comes before the maker note; when it does not decide, the
+    /// maker note does.
+    #[test]
+    fn exif_colour_space_comes_before_the_nikon_maker_note() {
+        // EXIF says sRGB, the note Adobe RGB: EXIF wins.
+        let raw = nikon_raw(Some(2), |_| vec![(tag::COLOR_SPACE, Val::Short(vec![1]))], false);
+        assert_eq!(embedded_preview_color_space(&raw), Some(PreviewColorSpace::Srgb));
+        // EXIF says Adobe RGB (R03), the note sRGB: EXIF wins.
+        assert_eq!(embedded_preview_color_space(&nikon_raw(Some(1), exif_r03, false)), Some(PreviewColorSpace::AdobeRgb));
+        // EXIF says Uncalibrated without R03, which decides nothing: the note does.
+        let raw = nikon_raw(Some(2), |_| vec![(tag::COLOR_SPACE, Val::Short(vec![0xFFFF]))], false);
+        assert_eq!(embedded_preview_color_space(&raw), Some(PreviewColorSpace::AdobeRgb));
+    }
+
+    /// Only a Nikon maker note is read, and not for a DNG, whose previews are the converter's.
+    #[test]
+    fn only_a_nikon_maker_note_of_a_non_dng_is_read() {
+        let tags = || vec![(NIKON_COLOR_SPACE, Val::Short(vec![2]))];
+        assert_eq!(embedded_preview_color_space(&raw_with_note(maker_note(NIKON, tags(), false), |_| vec![], false)), Some(PreviewColorSpace::AdobeRgb));
+        assert_eq!(embedded_preview_color_space(&raw_with_note(maker_note(NIKON, tags(), false), |_| vec![], true)), None);
+        for header in [&b"OLYMPUS\0II\x03\0"[..], b"SONY DSC \0\0\0", b"Nikon", b""] {
+            assert_eq!(embedded_preview_color_space(&raw_with_note(maker_note(header, tags(), false), |_| vec![], false)), None, "{header:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A maker note that is cut short or points outside the file states nothing, and never panics.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_damaged_nikon_maker_note_states_nothing() {
+        let good = maker_note(NIKON, vec![(NIKON_COLOR_SPACE, Val::Short(vec![2]))], false);
+        assert_eq!(embedded_preview_color_space(&raw_with_note(good.clone(), |_| vec![], false)), Some(PreviewColorSpace::AdobeRgb));
+        for len in 0..good.len() {
+            let _ = embedded_preview_color_space(&raw_with_note(good[..len].to_vec(), |_| vec![], false));
+        }
+        // the embedded TIFF's first-IFD offset (bytes 14..18 of the note) points outside the file
+        let mut wild = good.clone();
+        wild[14..18].copy_from_slice(&[0xFF; 4]);
+        assert_eq!(embedded_preview_color_space(&raw_with_note(wild, |_| vec![], false)), None);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/raw/src/sensor.rs b/crates/raw/src/sensor.rs
index cab5ce2a05..677361aae5 100644
--- a/crates/raw/src/sensor.rs
+++ b/crates/raw/src/sensor.rs
@@ -189,6 +189,9 @@ pub(crate) struct Plane {
     pub samples: usize,
     pub bits: u32,
     pub data: Vec<u16>,
+    /// For floating-point samples, the factor they were multiplied by (their white level becomes
+    /// 65535, `bits` is then 16): the file's black and white levels are scaled by it too.
+    pub float_scale: Option<f32>,
 }
 
 pub(crate) struct Segment {
@@ -212,7 +215,7 @@ pub(crate) enum JpegLayout {
 }
 
 /// DNG 1.7 JPEG XL compression.
-const JPEG_XL: u32 = 52546;
+pub(crate) const JPEG_XL: u32 = 52546;
 
 /// Inflates one zlib tile into at most `need` bytes. The stream must run to its end: a truncated
 /// stream, or one that holds more than `need` bytes, is an error rather than a silent cut-off.
@@ -237,9 +240,22 @@ pub(crate) fn read_plane(t: &Tiff, ifd: &Ifd, limits: &Limits, layout: JpegLayou
     if !(1..=4).contains(&samples) {
         return Err(RawError::unsupported(format!("{samples} samples per pixel")));
     }
-    if t.tag_uint(ifd, tag::SAMPLE_FORMAT) == Some(3) {
-        return Err(RawError::unsupported("floating-point raw data"));
+    // Floating-point data is read when it is JPEG XL-compressed, as converters write lossy
+    // LinearRaw (DNG 1.7, #8125): 16, 24 or 32-bit floats, read as 16-bit samples.
+    let float = t.tag_uint(ifd, tag::SAMPLE_FORMAT) == Some(3);
+    if float && compression != JPEG_XL {
+        return Err(RawError::unsupported("floating-point raw data that isn't JPEG XL-compressed"));
     }
+    if float && !matches!(bits, 16 | 24 | 32) {
+        return Err(RawError::unsupported(format!("{bits}-bit floating-point raw samples")));
+    }
+    let bits = if float { 16 } else { bits };
+    // The floats' highest white level (default 1.0; DNG 1.7 WhiteLevel has one per sample plane)
+    // becomes 65535, so no plane is clipped below its own white level.
+    let float_scale = float.then(|| {
+        let white = t.tag_floats(ifd, tag::WHITE_LEVEL).iter().map(|v| *v as f32).filter(|v| v.is_finite() && *v > 0.0).fold(0.0f32, f32::max);
+        65535.0 / if white > 0.0 { white } else { 1.0 }
+    });
     if !(1..=16).contains(&bits) {
         return Err(RawError::unsupported(format!("{bits}-bit raw samples")));
     }
@@ -259,15 +275,8 @@ pub(crate) fn read_plane(t: &Tiff, ifd: &Ifd, limits: &Limits, layout: JpegLayou
     // pixels. Each tile is charged individually below, but file-controlled padding and repeated
     // source ranges can make the *cumulative* retained samples far exceed both the input and the
     // useful image. Reject that up front: the sum of padded tile samples (two bytes each) must
-    // fit the allocation budget.
-    let mut total_tile_samples: u64 = 0;
-    for s in &segments {
-        let tile = (s.w as u64).saturating_mul(s.h as u64).saturating_mul(samples as u64);
-        total_tile_samples = total_tile_samples.saturating_add(tile);
-    }
-    if total_tile_samples.saturating_mul(2) > limits.max_alloc {
-        return Err(RawError::LimitExceeded(format!("{} bytes of retained raw tiles exceed {}", total_tile_samples.saturating_mul(2), limits.max_alloc)));
-    }
+    // fit the allocation budget (checked per segment, #4959).
+    retained_segment_bytes(&segments, samples, limits)?;
     let le = t.le;
     let tiled = t.tag_uint(ifd, tag::TILE_WIDTH).is_some();
     let decoded: Vec<Result<Vec<u16>>> = par::map(segments.len(), |i| {
@@ -293,7 +302,7 @@ pub(crate) fn read_plane(t: &Tiff, ifd: &Ifd, limits: &Limits, layout: JpegLayou
                 // The TIFF predictor runs after unpacking, per row, per sample plane.
                 match t.tag_uint(ifd, tag::PREDICTOR).unwrap_or(1) {
                     1 => Ok(v),
-                    2 => Ok(undelta(&v, samples, s.w * samples, rows, bits)),
+                    2 => Ok(undelta(v, samples, s.w * samples, rows, bits)),
                     3 => Err(RawError::unsupported("floating-point predictor (compression 8, predictor 3)")),
                     p => Err(RawError::malformed(format!("unknown predictor {p}"))),
                 }
@@ -301,39 +310,30 @@ pub(crate) fn read_plane(t: &Tiff, ifd: &Ifd, limits: &Limits, layout: JpegLayou
             // A JPEG XL segment codes only the rows inside the image (strips) or the whole tile.
             JPEG_XL => {
                 let coded_rows = if tiled { s.h } else { rows };
-                let mut v = jxl::decode(src, s.w, coded_rows, samples, bits, limits)?;
+                let mut v = jxl::decode(src, s.w, coded_rows, samples, bits, float_scale, limits)?;
                 v.resize(s.w * s.h * samples, 0);
                 Ok(v)
             }
             34892 => lossy_jpeg(src, s, rows, samples, bits, tiled, limits),
-            // Compression 7 (lossless JPEG): the frame the entropy stream declares is capped
-            // by the budget, not only by the segment, and the `Quads` scatter buffer below
-            // comes out of the same budget. `max_alloc` counts bytes, a sample is two.
-            _ => {
-                let need = s.w * rows * samples;
-                let scatter = if layout == JpegLayout::Quads && samples == 1 { s.w.saturating_mul(s.h).saturating_mul(2) as u64 } else { 0 };
-                let budget = usize::try_from(limits.max_alloc.saturating_sub(scatter) / 2).unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
-                let geom = s.w.saturating_mul(s.h).saturating_mul(samples).saturating_mul(4);
-                let (f, v) = ljpeg::decode(src, geom.min(budget))?;
-                if v.len() < need {
-                    return Err(RawError::malformed("lossless JPEG tile is smaller than its tile"));
-                }
-                if layout == JpegLayout::Quads && samples == 1 && f.components == 4 && f.width * 2 == s.w && f.height * 2 == s.h {
-                    let mut tile = vec![0u16; s.w * s.h];
-                    for (i, q) in v.as_chunks::<4>().0.iter().enumerate() {
-                        let at = 2 * (i / f.width) * s.w + 2 * (i % f.width);
-                        tile[at] = q[0];
-                        tile[at + 1] = q[1];
-                        tile[at + s.w] = q[2];
-                        tile[at + s.w + 1] = q[3];
-                    }
-                    return Ok(tile);
-                }
-                Ok(v)
-            }
+            // Compression 7 (lossless JPEG).
+            _ => lossless_jpeg(src, s, rows, samples, layout, limits),
         }
     });
-    let mut data = vec![0u16; width * height * samples];
+    // One segment holding the whole image row for row (a single strip): its buffer is the plane, no
+    // second full-size buffer and no copy. The scatter below then has no segment left to place.
+    let whole = matches!(segments.as_slice(), [s] if s.x == 0 && s.y == 0 && s.w == width && s.h >= height);
+    let mut decoded = decoded.into_iter();
+    let taken = if whole {
+        let mut d = decoded.next().ok_or_else(|| RawError::malformed("raw segment missing"))??;
+        if d.len() < width * height * samples {
+            return Err(RawError::malformed("raw segment is smaller than the image"));
+        }
+        d.truncate(width * height * samples);
+        Some(d)
+    } else {
+        None
+    };
+    let mut data = taken.unwrap_or_else(|| vec![0u16; width * height * samples]);
     for (s, d) in segments.iter().zip(decoded) {
         let d = d?;
         let rows = s.h.min(height - s.y);
@@ -344,7 +344,30 @@ pub(crate) fn read_plane(t: &Tiff, ifd: &Ifd, limits: &Limits, layout: JpegLayou
             data[at..at + cols * samples].copy_from_slice(src);
         }
     }
-    Ok(Plane { width, height, samples, bits, data })
+    Ok(Plane { width, height, samples, bits, data, float_scale })
+}
+
+/// Bytes of decoded samples the segments hold at once.
+///
+/// Each segment is charged against `limits` on its own just before it decodes, but every decoded
+/// tile is retained until the scatter at the end of [`read_plane`], so what is alive at once is
+/// their sum (plus the output plane the scatter fills), not the largest of them. A segment's geometry is declared independently of the image, so a
+/// file can carry many segments that are each admissible and together are not (#4959). For a
+/// well-formed file the segments tile the image, so their sum is about its own size, which
+/// `limits.check` has already bounded.
+fn retained_segment_bytes(segments: &[Segment], samples: usize, limits: &Limits) -> Result<u64> {
+    let mut total: u64 = 0;
+    for s in segments {
+        let bytes = (s.w as u64)
+            .checked_mul(s.h as u64)
+            .and_then(|px| px.checked_mul(samples as u64 * 2))
+            .ok_or_else(|| RawError::LimitExceeded("a raw segment is too large to decode".into()))?;
+        total = total.saturating_add(bytes);
+        if total > limits.max_alloc {
+            return Err(RawError::LimitExceeded(format!("{total} bytes of decoded segments exceed {}", limits.max_alloc)));
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(total)
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn segments(t: &Tiff, ifd: &Ifd, width: usize, height: usize) -> Result<Vec<Segment>> {
@@ -390,6 +413,37 @@ pub(crate) fn segments(t: &Tiff, ifd: &Ifd, width: usize, height: usize) -> Resu
     Ok(out)
 }
 
+/// Decodes one compression-7 (lossless JPEG) segment to the segment's own samples.
+///
+/// The frame the entropy stream declares is capped by the budget, not only by the segment, and
+/// the `Quads` scatter buffer comes out of the same budget. `max_alloc` counts bytes, a sample is two.
+fn lossless_jpeg(src: &[u8], s: &Segment, rows: usize, samples: usize, layout: JpegLayout, limits: &Limits) -> Result<Vec<u16>> {
+    let need = s.w * rows * samples;
+    let scatter = if layout == JpegLayout::Quads && samples == 1 { s.w.saturating_mul(s.h).saturating_mul(2) as u64 } else { 0 };
+    let budget = usize::try_from(limits.max_alloc.saturating_sub(scatter) / 2).unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
+    let geom = s.w.saturating_mul(s.h).saturating_mul(samples).saturating_mul(4);
+    let (f, mut v) = ljpeg::decode(src, geom.min(budget))?;
+    if v.len() < need {
+        return Err(RawError::malformed("lossless JPEG tile is smaller than its tile"));
+    }
+    if layout == JpegLayout::Quads && samples == 1 && f.components == 4 && f.width * 2 == s.w && f.height * 2 == s.h {
+        let mut tile = vec![0u16; s.w * s.h];
+        for (i, q) in v.as_chunks::<4>().0.iter().enumerate() {
+            let at = 2 * (i / f.width) * s.w + 2 * (i % f.width);
+            tile[at] = q[0];
+            tile[at + 1] = q[1];
+            tile[at + s.w] = q[2];
+            tile[at + s.w + 1] = q[3];
+        }
+        return Ok(tile);
+    }
+    // The frame may declare up to four times the segment's samples; the scatter reads only the
+    // segment's own rows, and the frame is retained until then, so keep just those (#4959).
+    v.truncate(need);
+    v.shrink_to_fit();
+    Ok(v)
+}
+
 /// Decodes one segment of a lossy DNG (Adobe DNG compression 34892): a complete baseline-DCT
 /// JPEG stream (ITU-T T.81), 8 bits per sample, as DNG 1.4 defines it. A CFA segment is a
 /// one-component (gray) JPEG; a 3-sample LinearRaw segment is a three-component one in YCbCr,
@@ -440,9 +494,8 @@ fn lossy_jpeg(src: &[u8], s: &Segment, rows: usize, samples: usize, bits: u32, t
 
 /// Reverses TIFF predictor 2 (horizontal differencing) on interleaved samples: each sample
 /// gains its channel's predecessor in the row, wrapping at the sample's container (8 or 16 bits).
-fn undelta(v: &[u16], plane: usize, row_samples: usize, rows: usize, bits: u32) -> Vec<u16> {
+fn undelta(mut out: Vec<u16>, plane: usize, row_samples: usize, rows: usize, bits: u32) -> Vec<u16> {
     let mask: u16 = if bits <= 8 { 0xFF } else { 0xFFFF };
-    let mut out = v.to_vec();
     for row in out.chunks_mut(row_samples.max(1)).take(rows) {
         for i in plane..row.len() {
             if let (Some(&prev), Some(&cur)) = (row.get(i - plane), row.get(i)) {
@@ -471,6 +524,18 @@ fn unpack(src: &[u8], w: usize, rows: usize, samples: usize, bits: u32, le: bool
     if src.len() < row_bytes * rows {
         return Err(truncated());
     }
+    // The common packings, a whole group of samples per fixed run of bytes (MSB first).
+    let per_row = w * samples;
+    match bits {
+        12 | 14 | 10 => {
+            let mut out = vec![0u16; n];
+            for (orow, row) in out.chunks_exact_mut(per_row.max(1)).zip(src.chunks_exact(row_bytes.max(1))) {
+                unpack_row_msb(row, orow, bits);
+            }
+            return Ok(out);
+        }
+        _ => {}
+    }
     let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(n);
     for r in 0..rows {
         let row = &src[r * row_bytes..(r + 1) * row_bytes];
@@ -489,10 +554,143 @@ fn unpack(src: &[u8], w: usize, rows: usize, samples: usize, bits: u32, le: bool
     Ok(out)
 }
 
+/// One MSB-first bit-packed row of 10, 12 or 14-bit samples (`row` holds at least
+/// `out.len() * bits / 8` bytes, rounded up; missing bytes read as 0, as [`unpack`] does).
+fn unpack_row_msb(row: &[u8], out: &mut [u16], bits: u32) {
+    let mask = (1u64 << bits) - 1;
+    // Samples per group and bytes per group: 4 × 10 = 40, 2 × 12 = 24, 4 × 14 = 56 bits.
+    let (g, gb) = match bits {
+        10 => (4, 5),
+        12 => (2, 3),
+        _ => (4, 7),
+    };
+    let groups = out.len() / g;
+    for (o, b) in out[..groups * g].chunks_exact_mut(g).zip(row.chunks_exact(gb)) {
+        let mut acc = 0u64;
+        for &x in b {
+            acc = (acc << 8) | u64::from(x);
+        }
+        for (k, v) in o.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+            *v = ((acc >> ((g - 1 - k) as u32 * bits)) & mask) as u16;
+        }
+    }
+    // The tail (fewer than a group): the general reader.
+    let mut acc: u32 = 0;
+    let mut have = 0u32;
+    let mut it = row.iter().skip(groups * gb);
+    for v in &mut out[groups * g..] {
+        while have < bits {
+            acc = (acc << 8) | u32::from(*it.next().unwrap_or(&0));
+            have += 8;
+        }
+        have -= bits;
+        *v = ((acc >> have) & ((1 << bits) - 1)) as u16;
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    /// The grouped 10/12/14-bit readers equal the plain bit reader on every row width.
+    #[test]
+    fn grouped_unpack_matches_the_bit_reader() {
+        let plain = |src: &[u8], w: usize, rows: usize, bits: u32| {
+            let row_bytes = (w * bits as usize).div_ceil(8);
+            let mut out = Vec::new();
+            for r in 0..rows {
+                let row = &src[r * row_bytes..(r + 1) * row_bytes];
+                let (mut acc, mut have, mut it) = (0u32, 0u32, row.iter());
+                for _ in 0..w {
+                    while have < bits {
+                        acc = (acc << 8) | u32::from(*it.next().unwrap_or(&0));
+                        have += 8;
+                    }
+                    have -= bits;
+                    out.push(((acc >> have) & ((1 << bits) - 1)) as u16);
+                }
+            }
+            out
+        };
+        let mut s = 7u64;
+        for bits in [10u32, 12, 14] {
+            for samples in [1usize, 3] {
+                // Widths whose packed rows are shorter than 16-bit containers (else `unpack` reads containers).
+                for w in [4usize, 5, 7, 8, 13, 64, 67] {
+                    let rows = 3;
+                    let src: Vec<u8> = (0..(w * samples * bits as usize).div_ceil(8) * rows)
+                        .map(|_| {
+                            s = s.wrapping_mul(6364136223846793005).wrapping_add(1442695040888963407);
+                            (s >> 40) as u8
+                        })
+                        .collect();
+                    assert_eq!(
+                        unpack(&src, w, rows, samples, bits, true).unwrap(),
+                        plain(&src, w * samples, rows, bits),
+                        "{bits} bits, {samples} samples, {w} wide"
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// #4959: a decoded segment is retained until the scatter, so the segments are charged
+    /// together. Each of these is far inside the budget on its own; their sum is not.
+    #[test]
+    fn segments_are_charged_together_rather_than_one_at_a_time() {
+        let limits = Limits { max_alloc: 8 << 20, ..Limits::default() };
+        // 1024 x 512 samples, two bytes each: one mebibyte a tile.
+        let tile = |i: usize| Segment { x: 0, y: i * 512, w: 1024, h: 512, offset: 0, len: 0 };
+        let eight: Vec<Segment> = (0..8).map(tile).collect();
+        assert_eq!(retained_segment_bytes(&eight, 1, &limits).unwrap(), 8 << 20, "the budget is spent exactly");
+
+        let nine: Vec<Segment> = (0..9).map(tile).collect();
+        assert!(matches!(retained_segment_bytes(&nine, 1, &limits), Err(RawError::LimitExceeded(_))), "one tile over");
+        assert!(retained_segment_bytes(&eight, 3, &limits).is_err(), "more samples a pixel cost proportionally more");
+
+        // A segment whose own geometry overflows is refused rather than wrapping to a small sum.
+        let huge = [Segment { x: 0, y: 0, w: usize::MAX, h: usize::MAX, offset: 0, len: 0 }];
+        assert!(matches!(retained_segment_bytes(&huge, 1, &limits), Err(RawError::LimitExceeded(_))));
+
+        // A normal tiled frame is unaffected: 6000 x 4000 in 512-pixel tiles, padding included.
+        let normal: Vec<Segment> = (0..12 * 8).map(|i| Segment { x: (i % 12) * 512, y: (i / 12) * 512, w: 512, h: 512, offset: 0, len: 0 }).collect();
+        assert!(retained_segment_bytes(&normal, 1, &Limits::default()).is_ok());
+    }
+
+    /// #4959 end to end: the sum is charged in `read_plane`, not only by the helper. An 18x18
+    /// CFA in four padded 16x16 lossless-JPEG tiles: the image (648 B) and each tile (512 B) fit
+    /// a 1500 B budget, the four retained tiles (2048 B) do not.
+    #[test]
+    fn decode_charges_the_retained_tiles_together() {
+        use crate::testgen::{DngSpec, DngStorage, mosaic, scene};
+        let mut d = DngSpec::cfa(18, 18, mosaic(&scene(18, 18), 18, [0, 1, 1, 2], 64, 4000));
+        d.bits = 12;
+        d.white = 4000;
+        d.black = vec![64];
+        d.storage = DngStorage::Lj92Tiles { width: 16, height: 16 };
+        let b = d.build();
+        let tight = Limits { max_alloc: 1500, ..Limits::default() };
+        assert!(matches!(crate::decode(&b, &tight), Err(RawError::LimitExceeded(_))));
+        let exact = Limits { max_alloc: 2048, ..Limits::default() };
+        assert!(crate::decode(&b, &exact).is_ok(), "the padded tiles exactly at the budget still decode");
+    }
+
+    /// #4959: a lossless-JPEG frame may declare up to four times its segment's samples. The
+    /// segment is charged for its own size only, so it must keep only that until the scatter.
+    #[test]
+    fn lossless_jpeg_keeps_only_the_segment() {
+        let frame: Vec<u16> = (0..64 * 64).map(|i| (i % 4096) as u16).collect();
+        let src = crate::testgen::lj92_encode(&frame, 64, 64, 1, 12, 1, None);
+        let s = Segment { x: 0, y: 0, w: 32, h: 32, offset: 0, len: src.len() };
+        let v = lossless_jpeg(&src, &s, 32, 1, JpegLayout::Flat, &Limits::default()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(v.len(), 32 * 32, "only the segment's samples are retained");
+        assert!(v.capacity() < 64 * 64, "the frame's spare capacity is released");
+        assert_eq!(v[..32], frame[..32], "the first row is the frame's first row");
+        // An edge strip keeps only the rows inside the image.
+        let v = lossless_jpeg(&src, &s, 20, 1, JpegLayout::Flat, &Limits::default()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(v.len(), 32 * 20);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn bayer_patterns() {
         for p in ["RGGB", "BGGR", "GRBG", "GBRG"] {
diff --git a/crates/raw/src/sony.rs b/crates/raw/src/sony.rs
index b00fd0360a..bb5dc0a86e 100644
--- a/crates/raw/src/sony.rs
+++ b/crates/raw/src/sony.rs
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ pub(crate) fn read_craw(t: &Tiff, ifd: &Ifd, limits: &Limits) -> Result<Plane> {
             }
         }
     });
-    Ok(Plane { width, height, samples: 1, bits: 14, data })
+    Ok(Plane { width, height, samples: 1, bits: 14, data, float_scale: None })
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
diff --git a/crates/raw/src/testgen.rs b/crates/raw/src/testgen.rs
index 9d8b8fb94c..02ea402161 100644
--- a/crates/raw/src/testgen.rs
+++ b/crates/raw/src/testgen.rs
@@ -88,9 +88,19 @@ impl BitWriter {
 
 /// Encodes `samples` (raster order, `components` interleaved, values below
 /// `2^precision`) as a lossless JPEG with the given predictor (1–7) and an
-/// optional restart interval in rows.
+/// optional restart interval in rows. All components share one Huffman table.
 pub fn lj92_encode(samples: &[u16], width: usize, height: usize, components: usize, precision: u8, predictor: u8, restart_rows: Option<usize>) -> Vec<u8> {
+    lj92_encode_tables(samples, width, height, &vec![0; components], precision, predictor, restart_rows)
+}
+
+/// Like [`lj92_encode`], but component `c` uses Huffman table `table_of[c]`
+/// (0–3; the component count is `table_of.len()`), one DHT per table id as
+/// CR2 writes them. Table `t` assigns its code lengths rotated by `t`, so the
+/// tables differ even when their statistics match.
+pub fn lj92_encode_tables(samples: &[u16], width: usize, height: usize, table_of: &[u8], precision: u8, predictor: u8, restart_rows: Option<usize>) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let components = table_of.len();
     assert_eq!(samples.len(), width * height * components);
+    assert!(table_of.iter().all(|&t| t < 4));
     let row = width * components;
     let interval = restart_rows.unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
     // Differences per sample, following T.81 H.1.2.1 prediction rules.
@@ -127,31 +137,41 @@ pub fn lj92_encode(samples: &[u16], width: usize, height: usize, components: usi
             }
         }
     }
-    // Table: categories ordered by frequency get increasing code lengths.
-    let mut freq = [0usize; 17];
-    for &d in &diffs {
-        freq[category(d) as usize] += 1;
-    }
-    let mut order: Vec<usize> = (0..17).collect();
-    order.sort_by_key(|&c| std::cmp::Reverse(freq[c]));
-    let mut len_of = [0u8; 17];
-    for (rank, &c) in order.iter().enumerate() {
-        len_of[c] = LENGTHS[rank];
-    }
-    let mut counts = [0u8; 16];
-    let mut vals: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
-    let mut code_of = [(0u32, 0u32); 17];
-    let mut code = 0u32;
-    for len in 1..=16u8 {
-        for c in 0..17 {
-            if len_of[c] == len {
-                counts[len as usize - 1] += 1;
-                vals.push(c as u8);
-                code_of[c] = (code, u32::from(len));
-                code += 1;
+    // Tables: categories ordered by frequency get increasing code lengths.
+    let mut ids: Vec<u8> = table_of.to_vec();
+    ids.sort_unstable();
+    ids.dedup();
+    let mut code_of = [[(0u32, 0u32); 17]; 4];
+    let mut dhts = Vec::new();
+    for &t in &ids {
+        let mut freq = [0usize; 17];
+        for (i, &d) in diffs.iter().enumerate() {
+            if table_of[i % components] == t {
+                freq[category(d) as usize] += 1;
             }
         }
-        code <<= 1;
+        let mut order: Vec<usize> = (0..17).collect();
+        order.sort_by_key(|&c| std::cmp::Reverse(freq[c]));
+        order.rotate_left(usize::from(t));
+        let mut len_of = [0u8; 17];
+        for (rank, &c) in order.iter().enumerate() {
+            len_of[c] = LENGTHS[rank];
+        }
+        let mut counts = [0u8; 16];
+        let mut vals: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
+        let mut code = 0u32;
+        for len in 1..=16u8 {
+            for c in 0..17 {
+                if len_of[c] == len {
+                    counts[len as usize - 1] += 1;
+                    vals.push(c as u8);
+                    code_of[usize::from(t)][c] = (code, u32::from(len));
+                    code += 1;
+                }
+            }
+            code <<= 1;
+        }
+        dhts.push((t, counts, vals));
     }
     let mut out = vec![0xFF, 0xD8];
     // SOF3
@@ -164,12 +184,14 @@ pub fn lj92_encode(samples: &[u16], width: usize, height: usize, components: usi
     for c in 0..components {
         out.extend_from_slice(&[c as u8 + 1, 0x11, 0]);
     }
-    // DHT (one table, id 0)
-    out.extend_from_slice(&[0xFF, 0xC4]);
-    out.extend_from_slice(&((2 + 17 + vals.len()) as u16).to_be_bytes());
-    out.push(0x00);
-    out.extend_from_slice(&counts);
-    out.extend_from_slice(&vals);
+    // DHT, one per table id
+    for (t, counts, vals) in &dhts {
+        out.extend_from_slice(&[0xFF, 0xC4]);
+        out.extend_from_slice(&((2 + 17 + vals.len()) as u16).to_be_bytes());
+        out.push(*t);
+        out.extend_from_slice(counts);
+        out.extend_from_slice(vals);
+    }
     if let Some(r) = restart_rows {
         out.extend_from_slice(&[0xFF, 0xDD, 0, 4]);
         out.extend_from_slice(&((r * width) as u16).to_be_bytes());
@@ -178,8 +200,8 @@ pub fn lj92_encode(samples: &[u16], width: usize, height: usize, components: usi
     out.extend_from_slice(&[0xFF, 0xDA]);
     out.extend_from_slice(&((6 + 2 * components) as u16).to_be_bytes());
     out.push(components as u8);
-    for c in 0..components {
-        out.extend_from_slice(&[c as u8 + 1, 0x00]);
+    for (c, &t) in table_of.iter().enumerate() {
+        out.extend_from_slice(&[c as u8 + 1, t << 4]);
     }
     out.extend_from_slice(&[predictor, 0, 0]);
     let mut w = BitWriter { out, acc: 0, n: 0 };
@@ -191,7 +213,7 @@ pub fn lj92_encode(samples: &[u16], width: usize, height: usize, components: usi
             rst = (rst + 1) % 8;
         }
         let s = category(d);
-        let (c, l) = code_of[s as usize];
+        let (c, l) = code_of[usize::from(table_of[i % components])][s as usize];
         w.put(c, l);
         if (1..16).contains(&s) {
             let extra = if d < 0 { (d - 1) as u32 & ((1 << s) - 1) } else { d as u32 };
@@ -487,6 +509,8 @@ pub struct DngSpec {
     pub model: String,
     /// Extra IFD0 entries, written after the generated ones (e.g. malformed colour tags).
     pub ifd0_extra: Vec<(u16, Val)>,
+    /// Extra raw-IFD entries, written after the generated ones (e.g. SampleFormat).
+    pub raw_extra: Vec<(u16, Val)>,
 }
 
 impl DngSpec {
@@ -524,6 +548,7 @@ impl DngSpec {
             make: "Photocraft".into(),
             model: "Synthetic".into(),
             ifd0_extra: Vec::new(),
+            raw_extra: Vec::new(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -772,6 +797,7 @@ impl DngSpec {
         if let Some(l) = &self.linearization {
             raw.push((50712, Val::Short(l.clone())));
         }
+        raw.extend(self.raw_extra.iter().cloned());
         let raw_ifd = t.ifd(raw);
         // IFD0: a tiny RGB thumbnail plus the DNG metadata.
         let thumb = t.blob(vec![128; 3 * 4]);
@@ -847,6 +873,27 @@ pub fn gain_map_opcode_list(area: [u32; 4], pitch: u32, gains: [[f32; 2]; 2]) ->
     b
 }
 
+/// An opcode list of MapPolynomial opcodes (ID 8), one per `(plane, coefficients)`, each over
+/// `area` (top, left, bottom, right) at pitch 1.
+pub fn map_polynomial_opcode_list(area: [u32; 4], planes: &[(u32, Vec<f64>)]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut b = (planes.len() as u32).to_be_bytes().to_vec();
+    for (plane, coefficients) in planes {
+        let mut p = Vec::new();
+        let degree = coefficients.len().saturating_sub(1) as u32;
+        for v in [area[0], area[1], area[2], area[3], *plane, 1, 1, 1, degree] {
+            p.extend_from_slice(&v.to_be_bytes());
+        }
+        for c in coefficients {
+            p.extend_from_slice(&c.to_be_bytes());
+        }
+        for v in [8u32, 0x0103_0000, 0, p.len() as u32] {
+            b.extend_from_slice(&v.to_be_bytes());
+        }
+        b.extend_from_slice(&p);
+    }
+    b
+}
+
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------- CR2
 
 /// A synthetic CR2: one lossless JPEG with `components` components, cut into
diff --git a/crates/raw/src/tiff.rs b/crates/raw/src/tiff.rs
index 0fa11685f7..6b5c44d15d 100644
--- a/crates/raw/src/tiff.rs
+++ b/crates/raw/src/tiff.rs
@@ -116,12 +116,13 @@ impl Ifd {
     }
 }
 
+/// Bytes per value of TIFF field type `typ`, BigTIFF's 8-byte types included, or 0 for an unknown type.
 pub(crate) fn type_size(typ: u16) -> usize {
     match typ {
         1 | 2 | 6 | 7 => 1,
         3 | 8 => 2,
         4 | 9 | 11 | 13 => 4,
-        5 | 10 | 12 => 8,
+        5 | 10 | 12 | 16 | 17 | 18 => 8,
         _ => 0,
     }
 }
@@ -304,6 +305,17 @@ impl<'a> Tiff<'a> {
         (!s.is_empty()).then_some(s)
     }
 
+    /// [`Tiff::ascii`] for diagnostics: reads at most `limit` bytes (and a few more, so a
+    /// character cut at the limit still decodes) of a value that may be gigabytes long and
+    /// shared by many entries.
+    pub fn ascii_prefix(&self, e: &Entry, limit: usize) -> Option<String> {
+        let b = self.raw(e)?;
+        let b = b.get(..b.len().min(limit.saturating_add(4)))?;
+        let end = b.iter().position(|&c| c == 0).unwrap_or(b.len());
+        let s = String::from_utf8_lossy(b.get(..end)?).trim().to_string();
+        (!s.is_empty()).then_some(s)
+    }
+
     pub fn tag_uint(&self, ifd: &Ifd, t: u16) -> Option<u32> {
         ifd.get(t).and_then(|e| self.uint(e, 0))
     }
@@ -344,7 +356,7 @@ pub(crate) fn dump(data: &[u8]) -> String {
                 break 'ifds;
             }
             let preview: String = if e.typ == 2 {
-                let mut a = t.ascii(e).unwrap_or_default();
+                let mut a = t.ascii_prefix(e, MAX_ASCII_PREVIEW).unwrap_or_default();
                 if a.len() > MAX_ASCII_PREVIEW {
                     // Truncate at a char boundary at or below the cap (lossy UTF-8 can hold
                     // multi-byte replacement chars).
@@ -407,6 +419,23 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(t.all_ifds().len(), 1);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn eight_byte_types_are_read_from_their_offset() {
+        for typ in [16u16, 17, 18] {
+            let mut b = b"II*\0\x08\0\0\0".to_vec();
+            b.extend_from_slice(&1u16.to_le_bytes());
+            b.extend_from_slice(&50000u16.to_le_bytes());
+            b.extend_from_slice(&typ.to_le_bytes());
+            b.extend_from_slice(&1u32.to_le_bytes());
+            b.extend_from_slice(&26u32.to_le_bytes());
+            b.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes());
+            b.extend_from_slice(&0x0102_0304_0506_0708u64.to_le_bytes());
+            let t = Tiff::new(&b).unwrap();
+            let ifd = t.ifd_at(8, 0).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(t.raw(ifd.get(50000).unwrap()), Some(&0x0102_0304_0506_0708u64.to_le_bytes()[..]), "type {typ}");
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn rational_with_zero_denominator_is_none() {
         let mut b = b"II*\0\x08\0\0\0".to_vec();
@@ -451,21 +480,21 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(out.len() < 2 << 20, "dump output was {} bytes", out.len());
         assert!(out.contains("output truncated") || out.len() < 1 << 20);
     }
-}
 
-#[test]
-fn linked_directory_values_are_read_only_as_needed() {
-    // The traversal limit is independent of the TIFF entry count: callers should
-    // never need a complete attacker-controlled offset array to visit SubIFDs.
-    let mut b = b"II*\0\x08\0\0\0".to_vec();
-    b.extend_from_slice(&1u16.to_le_bytes());
-    b.extend_from_slice(&330u16.to_le_bytes());
-    b.extend_from_slice(&4u16.to_le_bytes());
-    b.extend_from_slice(&(1_000_000u32).to_le_bytes());
-    b.extend_from_slice(&26u32.to_le_bytes());
-    b.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes());
-    b.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes());
-    b.resize(26 + 16 * 4, 0);
-    let t = Tiff::new(&b).unwrap();
-    assert!(t.all_ifds().len() <= 17);
+    #[test]
+    fn linked_directory_values_are_read_only_as_needed() {
+        // The traversal limit is independent of the TIFF entry count: callers should
+        // never need a complete attacker-controlled offset array to visit SubIFDs.
+        let mut b = b"II*\0\x08\0\0\0".to_vec();
+        b.extend_from_slice(&1u16.to_le_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(&330u16.to_le_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(&4u16.to_le_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(&(1_000_000u32).to_le_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(&26u32.to_le_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes());
+        b.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes());
+        b.resize(26 + 16 * 4, 0);
+        let t = Tiff::new(&b).unwrap();
+        assert!(t.all_ifds().len() <= 17);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/raw/src/tiffep.rs b/crates/raw/src/tiffep.rs
index 25befbddea..003eb3c18c 100644
--- a/crates/raw/src/tiffep.rs
+++ b/crates/raw/src/tiffep.rs
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ pub(crate) fn cfa(t: &Tiff, raw: &Ifd, ifds: &[Ifd]) -> Option<Cfa> {
 
 /// Nikon maker note: "Nikon\0", version, then an embedded TIFF header whose
 /// offsets are relative to itself.
-fn nikon_maker_note<'a>(t: &Tiff<'a>, ifds: &[Ifd]) -> Option<(Tiff<'a>, Ifd)> {
+pub(crate) fn nikon_maker_note<'a>(t: &Tiff<'a>, ifds: &[Ifd]) -> Option<(Tiff<'a>, Ifd)> {
     let e = ifds.iter().find_map(|i| i.get(tag::MAKER_NOTE).copied())?;
     let b = t.raw(&e)?;
     if !b.starts_with(b"Nikon\0") {
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ pub(crate) fn decode(t: &Tiff, format: RawFormat, limits: &Limits) -> Result<Sen
         black_point: 0.0,
         warnings,
     };
-    crate::cameras::apply(&mut sensor);
+    crate::cameras::apply(&mut sensor, plane.bits);
     Ok(sensor)
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/raw/src/tone.rs b/crates/raw/src/tone.rs
index 1c2730bd2c..00df46fd37 100644
--- a/crates/raw/src/tone.rs
+++ b/crates/raw/src/tone.rs
@@ -555,23 +555,39 @@ pub fn retone(px: &mut [[f32; 4]], w: usize, h: usize, curve: &[[f32; 2]], tone:
         let i = table.partition_point(|t| *t < e).clamp(1, N);
         let (a, b) = (table[i - 1], table[i]);
         let f = if b > a { ((e - a) / (b - a)).clamp(0.0, 1.0) } else { 0.0 };
-        ((i - 1) as f32 + f) / N as f32
+        (((i - 1) as f32 + f) / N as f32).powi(2)
     };
-    let mut lin: Vec<[f32; 3]> = px.iter().map(|p| [0, 1, 2].map(|k| inverse(p[k]).powi(2))).collect();
-    if let Some(haze) = Haze::new(w, h, |i| lin[i], tone.dehaze) {
-        for (i, l) in lin.iter_mut().enumerate() {
-            *l = haze.apply(i % w, i / w, *l);
-        }
-    }
+    let linear = |p: &[f32; 4]| [inverse(p[0]), inverse(p[1]), inverse(p[2])];
+    // Full-size images (the detail preview develops 16–45 MP): rows in parallel, and the linear
+    // colours recomputed where needed instead of kept as a second copy of the image.
+    let haze = Haze::new(w, h, |i| linear(&px[i]), tone.dehaze);
     let y = crate::color::rgb_to_xyz(crate::color::ROMM, crate::color::D50_XY)[1].map(|v| v as f32);
-    let lum = |c: &[f32; 3]| y[0] * c[0] + y[1] * c[1] + y[2] * c[2];
-    let map = ToneMap::new(w, h, |i| lum(&lin[i]), tone, 0.0);
-    for (i, (p, l)) in px.iter_mut().zip(&lin).enumerate() {
-        let g = map.as_ref().map_or(1.0, |m| m.gain(i % w, i / w, lum(l)));
-        for k in 0..3 {
-            p[k] = forward(l[k] * g);
+    let lum_of = |c: &[f32; 3]| y[0] * c[0] + y[1] * c[1] + y[2] * c[2];
+    let dehazed = |i: usize| {
+        let l = linear(&px[i]);
+        haze.as_ref().map_or(l, |hz| hz.apply(i % w, i / w, l))
+    };
+    let rows = crate::par::band_rows(w);
+    let lum: Vec<f32> = crate::par::map(h.div_ceil(rows), |band| {
+        let (y0, y1) = (band * rows, ((band + 1) * rows).min(h));
+        (y0 * w..y1 * w).map(|i| lum_of(&dehazed(i))).collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    })
+    .concat();
+    let map = ToneMap::new(w, h, |i| lum[i], tone, 0.0);
+    let haze = haze.as_ref();
+    crate::par::chunks_mut(&mut px[..w * h], rows * w, |band, chunk| {
+        for (j, p) in chunk.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+            let i = band * rows * w + j;
+            let mut l = [inverse(p[0]), inverse(p[1]), inverse(p[2])];
+            if let Some(hz) = haze {
+                l = hz.apply(i % w, i / w, l);
+            }
+            let g = map.as_ref().map_or(1.0, |m| m.gain(i % w, i / w, lum[i]));
+            for k in 0..3 {
+                p[k] = forward(l[k] * g);
+            }
         }
-    }
+    });
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
diff --git a/crates/raw/tests/cr3.rs b/crates/raw/tests/it/cr3.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/raw/tests/cr3.rs
rename to crates/raw/tests/it/cr3.rs
diff --git a/crates/raw/tests/development_limits.rs b/crates/raw/tests/it/development_limits.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/raw/tests/development_limits.rs
rename to crates/raw/tests/it/development_limits.rs
diff --git a/crates/raw/tests/dng.rs b/crates/raw/tests/it/dng.rs
similarity index 82%
rename from crates/raw/tests/dng.rs
rename to crates/raw/tests/it/dng.rs
index 7cc04d2a92..ca9d895960 100644
--- a/crates/raw/tests/dng.rs
+++ b/crates/raw/tests/it/dng.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! Synthetic DNG files: every storage layout decodes to the exact sensor
 //! samples, and development reproduces known colours.
 
-use photocraft_raw::testgen::{DngSpec, DngStorage, Val, baseline_jpeg, mosaic, scene};
+use photocraft_raw::testgen::{self, DngSpec, DngStorage, Val, baseline_jpeg, mosaic, scene};
 use photocraft_raw::*;
 
 fn sensor(bytes: &[u8]) -> Sensor {
@@ -685,6 +685,222 @@ fn jpeg_xl_linear_raw_develops() {
     assert_eq!(develop(&spec.build(), &DevelopOptions::default()).unwrap().rgb, d.rgb);
 }
 
+/// A LinearRaw JPEG XL strip of `data` (16-bit samples) whose raw IFD says the samples are
+/// floating-point (SampleFormat 3), as converters write lossy DNGs (#8125). The codestream is
+/// an integer one (the test encoder writes no floats): the decoder reads it as floats in 0..=1,
+/// the same values a float codestream of `data / 65535` holds.
+fn float_jxl_dng(data: &[u16], w: usize, h: usize, white: Option<f64>) -> DngSpec {
+    let mut spec = DngSpec::cfa(w, h, data.to_vec());
+    spec.samples = 3;
+    spec.white = 0;
+    spec.storage = DngStorage::JxlStrips { rows: h };
+    spec.jxl_segments = vec![jxl(data, w, h, 3, 16)];
+    spec.raw_extra = vec![(339, Val::Short(vec![3; 3]))];
+    if let Some(white) = white {
+        spec.raw_extra.push((50717, Val::Double(vec![white; 3])));
+    }
+    spec
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn floating_point_jpeg_xl_linear_raw_decodes() {
+    let (w, h) = (24, 16);
+    let data = noise(w * h * 3, 16);
+    // White level 1.0 (the default) becomes 65535: the samples read back as stored.
+    let s = sensor(&float_jxl_dng(&data, w, h, None).build());
+    assert_eq!((s.width, s.height, s.samples), (w, h, 3));
+    assert_eq!(s.data, data);
+    assert_eq!(s.white, [65535.0; 3]);
+    // A stated white level of 0.5 becomes 65535 too: samples double, those above it clip.
+    let s = sensor(&float_jxl_dng(&data, w, h, Some(0.5)).build());
+    assert_eq!(s.white, [65535.0; 3]);
+    assert_eq!(s.data, data.iter().map(|&v| (u32::from(v) * 2).min(65535) as u16).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+    // It develops like the same samples stored as integers.
+    let pixels: Vec<u16> = scene(w, h).iter().flat_map(|p| p.map(|v| (v * 20000.0) as u16)).collect();
+    let float = develop(&float_jxl_dng(&pixels, w, h, None).build(), &DevelopOptions::default()).unwrap();
+    let mut ints = DngSpec::cfa(w, h, pixels.clone());
+    ints.samples = 3;
+    ints.white = 65535;
+    ints.storage = DngStorage::Strips { rows: h };
+    assert_eq!(float.rgb, develop(&ints.build(), &DevelopOptions::default()).unwrap().rgb);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn floating_point_raw_data_that_isnt_jpeg_xl_is_unsupported() {
+    let (w, h) = (8, 4);
+    let mut spec = float_jxl_dng(&noise(w * h * 3, 16), w, h, None);
+    spec.storage = DngStorage::Strips { rows: h };
+    match decode(&spec.build(), &Limits::default()) {
+        Err(RawError::Unsupported(m)) => assert!(m.contains("floating-point"), "{m}"),
+        other => panic!("expected unsupported, got {other:?}"),
+    }
+}
+
+/// WhiteLevel has one value per sample plane: the floats are scaled by the highest, so a plane
+/// with a higher white level than the first keeps its highlights.
+#[test]
+fn floating_point_white_levels_per_plane_scale_from_the_highest() {
+    let (w, h) = (24, 16);
+    let data = noise(w * h * 3, 16);
+    let mut spec = float_jxl_dng(&data, w, h, None);
+    spec.raw_extra.push((50717, Val::Double(vec![0.5, 1.0, 0.5])));
+    let s = sensor(&spec.build());
+    assert_eq!(s.data, data, "scaled by 1.0, the highest: nothing clipped");
+    assert_eq!(s.white, [32767.5, 65535.0, 32767.5]);
+}
+
+/// `Σ cᵢ · xⁱ` at `x`, both clipped to 0..1 (as MapPolynomial).
+fn poly(c: &[f64], x: f64) -> f64 {
+    let x = x.clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+    c.iter().rev().fold(0.0, |acc, c| acc * x + c).clamp(0.0, 1.0)
+}
+
+/// #8125: a lossy DNG's OpcodeList2 carries a MapPolynomial per plane, and its colours depend on
+/// it. Each plane's samples are mapped through its polynomial, on the linear reference values.
+#[test]
+fn map_polynomial_maps_each_plane_of_floating_point_data() {
+    let (w, h) = (24, 16);
+    let data = noise(w * h * 3, 16);
+    let planes = [vec![0.0, 0.5, 0.5], vec![0.0, 1.0], vec![0.1, 0.8, 0.0, 0.3]];
+    let mut spec = float_jxl_dng(&data, w, h, None);
+    spec.opcode_list2 = Some(testgen::map_polynomial_opcode_list(
+        [0, 0, h as u32, w as u32],
+        &planes.iter().enumerate().map(|(p, c)| (p as u32, c.clone())).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+    ));
+    let bytes = spec.build();
+    let s = sensor(&bytes);
+    let want: Vec<u16> = data.iter().enumerate().map(|(i, &v)| (poly(&planes[i % 3], f64::from(v) / 65535.0) * 65535.0).round() as u16).collect();
+    assert_eq!(s.data, want);
+    assert!(s.warnings.iter().all(|w| !w.contains("MapPolynomial")), "{:?}", s.warnings);
+    let d = develop(&bytes, &DevelopOptions::default()).unwrap();
+    assert!(d.warnings.iter().all(|w| !w.contains("MapPolynomial")), "{:?}", d.warnings);
+}
+
+/// With a LinearizationTable, MapPolynomial maps the linearized values: the samples are
+/// linearized first and the table is then done with.
+#[test]
+fn map_polynomial_follows_the_linearization_table() {
+    let (w, h) = (16, 8);
+    let data = noise(w * h, 12);
+    let table: Vec<u16> = (0..4096u16).map(|i| i * 2).collect();
+    let mut spec = DngSpec::cfa(w, h, data.clone());
+    spec.bits = 12;
+    spec.white = 8190;
+    spec.linearization = Some(table.clone());
+    spec.opcode_list2 = Some(testgen::map_polynomial_opcode_list([0, 0, h as u32, w as u32], &[(0, vec![0.0, 0.0, 1.0])]));
+    let s = sensor(&spec.build());
+    assert!(s.linearization.is_none(), "applied with the polynomial");
+    let want: Vec<u16> = data.iter().map(|&v| (poly(&[0.0, 0.0, 1.0], f64::from(table[usize::from(v)]) / 8190.0) * 8190.0).round() as u16).collect();
+    assert_eq!(s.data, want);
+}
+
+/// A LinearizationTable maps integer samples: floating-point data ignores one.
+#[test]
+fn floating_point_raw_data_ignores_a_linearization_table() {
+    let (w, h) = (24, 16);
+    let data = noise(w * h * 3, 16);
+    let mut spec = float_jxl_dng(&data, w, h, None);
+    spec.linearization = Some(vec![0; 4]);
+    let s = sensor(&spec.build());
+    assert!(s.linearization.is_none());
+    assert_eq!(s.data, data);
+}
+
+/// Floating-point samples are read into four bytes each before they become 16-bit: the limits
+/// are charged for that buffer, not for the two-byte result.
+#[test]
+fn floating_point_jpeg_xl_is_charged_four_bytes_a_sample() {
+    let (w, h) = (24, 16);
+    let bytes = float_jxl_dng(&noise(w * h * 3, 16), w, h, None).build();
+    let limits = Limits { max_alloc: (w * h * 3 * 2) as u64, ..Limits::default() };
+    match decode(&bytes, &limits) {
+        Err(RawError::LimitExceeded(_)) => {}
+        other => panic!("expected the limits to refuse the f32 buffer, got {other:?}"),
+    }
+}
+
+/// When the largest JPEG XL preview doesn't decode, the next largest is used.
+#[test]
+fn a_jpeg_xl_preview_that_does_not_decode_gives_way_to_a_smaller_one() {
+    use photocraft_raw::testgen::TiffBuilder;
+    let mut t = TiffBuilder::default();
+    let preview = |t: &mut TiffBuilder, w: usize, h: usize, stream: Vec<u8>| {
+        let len = stream.len() as u32;
+        let strip = t.blob(stream);
+        t.ifd(vec![
+            (254, Val::Long(vec![1])),
+            (256, Val::Long(vec![w as u32])),
+            (257, Val::Long(vec![h as u32])),
+            (258, Val::Short(vec![8, 8, 8])),
+            (259, Val::Short(vec![52546])),
+            (262, Val::Short(vec![2])),
+            (273, Val::Blobs(vec![strip])),
+            (277, Val::Short(vec![3])),
+            (278, Val::Long(vec![h as u32])),
+            (279, Val::Long(vec![len])),
+        ])
+    };
+    let small = noise(20 * 15 * 3, 8);
+    let damaged = preview(&mut t, 40, 30, vec![0xFF, 0x0A, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
+    let valid = preview(&mut t, 20, 15, jxl(&small, 20, 15, 3, 8));
+    let ifd0 = t.ifd(vec![(254, Val::Long(vec![1])), (330, Val::Ifds(vec![damaged, valid])), (50706, Val::Byte(vec![1, 7, 0, 0]))]);
+    t.chain = vec![ifd0];
+    let p = embedded_jxl_preview(&t.build(), &Limits::default()).expect("the 20×15 preview");
+    assert_eq!((p.width, p.height, p.bits), (20, 15, 8));
+    assert_eq!(p.rgb, small);
+}
+
+/// Only a rendered RGB picture is a preview: a reduced-resolution LinearRaw image (NewSubFileType 1,
+/// three samples, JPEG XL) holds undeveloped sensor data, so the RGB one is used even when smaller.
+#[test]
+fn a_reduced_resolution_linear_raw_is_not_a_jpeg_xl_preview() {
+    use photocraft_raw::testgen::TiffBuilder;
+    let mut t = TiffBuilder::default();
+    let mut ifd = |w: usize, h: usize, photometric: u16, data: &[u16]| {
+        let stream = jxl(data, w, h, 3, 8);
+        let len = stream.len() as u32;
+        let strip = t.blob(stream);
+        t.ifd(vec![
+            (254, Val::Long(vec![1])),
+            (256, Val::Long(vec![w as u32])),
+            (257, Val::Long(vec![h as u32])),
+            (258, Val::Short(vec![8, 8, 8])),
+            (259, Val::Short(vec![52546])),
+            (262, Val::Short(vec![photometric])),
+            (273, Val::Blobs(vec![strip])),
+            (277, Val::Short(vec![3])),
+            (278, Val::Long(vec![h as u32])),
+            (279, Val::Long(vec![len])),
+        ])
+    };
+    let small = noise(20 * 15 * 3, 8);
+    let linear_raw = ifd(40, 30, 34892, &noise(40 * 30 * 3, 8));
+    let rgb = ifd(20, 15, 2, &small);
+    let ifd0 = t.ifd(vec![(254, Val::Long(vec![1])), (330, Val::Ifds(vec![linear_raw, rgb])), (50706, Val::Byte(vec![1, 7, 0, 0]))]);
+    t.chain = vec![ifd0];
+    let p = embedded_jxl_preview(&t.build(), &Limits::default()).expect("the 20×15 RGB preview");
+    assert_eq!((p.width, p.height), (20, 15));
+    assert_eq!(p.rgb, small);
+}
+
+/// A WhiteLevel too large for the sensor's levels (a DOUBLE past f32::MAX) is ignored, as a zero
+/// one is: the samples keep the default white instead of an infinite one that blacks them out.
+#[test]
+fn an_infinite_white_level_falls_back_to_the_default() {
+    let (w, h) = (24, 16);
+    let pixels: Vec<u16> = scene(w, h).iter().flat_map(|p| p.map(|v| (v * 20000.0) as u16)).collect();
+    let mut ints = DngSpec::cfa(w, h, pixels.clone());
+    ints.samples = 3;
+    ints.storage = DngStorage::Strips { rows: h };
+    ints.white = 0;
+    ints.raw_extra.push((50717, Val::Double(vec![1e300; 3])));
+    assert_eq!(sensor(&ints.build()).white, [65535.0; 3], "integer data");
+    let float = float_jxl_dng(&pixels, w, h, Some(1e300)).build();
+    assert_eq!(sensor(&float).white, [65535.0; 3], "floating-point data");
+    let default = develop(&float_jxl_dng(&pixels, w, h, None).build(), &DevelopOptions::default()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(develop(&float, &DevelopOptions::default()).unwrap().rgb, default.rgb);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn jpeg_xl_mismatches_are_errors() {
     let (w, h) = (16, 8);
diff --git a/crates/raw/tests/hostile.rs b/crates/raw/tests/it/hostile.rs
similarity index 83%
rename from crates/raw/tests/hostile.rs
rename to crates/raw/tests/it/hostile.rs
index 3212d554e1..6fdd0e7434 100644
--- a/crates/raw/tests/hostile.rs
+++ b/crates/raw/tests/it/hostile.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,32 @@
 //! Truncated and corrupted raw files must fail cleanly, never panic, and
 //! never allocate beyond the limits.
 
-use photocraft_raw::testgen::{Cr2Spec, DngSpec, DngStorage, RafPacking, RafSpec, XTRANS, mosaic, mosaic_cfa, orf, rw2, scene, sony_craw, tiff_ep};
+use photocraft_raw::testgen::{
+    Cr2Spec, DngSpec, DngStorage, RafPacking, RafSpec, Val, XTRANS, mosaic, mosaic_cfa, nef_compressed, orf, rw2, scene, sony_craw, tiff_ep,
+};
 use photocraft_raw::*;
 
+/// 12-bit samples packed little-endian, `w` per row, rows byte-aligned (Nikon's packed NEF layout).
+fn pack12(values: &[u16], w: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    for row in values.chunks_exact(w) {
+        let (mut acc, mut have) = (0u32, 0u32);
+        for v in row {
+            acc |= u32::from(*v) << have;
+            have += 12;
+            while have >= 8 {
+                out.push(acc as u8);
+                acc >>= 8;
+                have -= 8;
+            }
+        }
+        if have > 0 {
+            out.push(acc as u8);
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
+
 /// Losslessly encodes 16-bit RGB as a JPEG XL codestream.
 fn jxl_rgb16(rgb: &[u16], w: usize, h: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
     use zune_core::{bit_depth::BitDepth, colorspace::ColorSpace, options::EncoderOptions};
@@ -84,6 +107,8 @@ fn samples() -> Vec<Vec<u8>> {
         .build(),
     );
     out.push(tiff_ep("NIKON", w, h, &cfa, [0, 1, 1, 2], 12, vec![]));
+    // A Nikon NEF (packed 12-bit) whose maker note says the previews are Adobe RGB (ColorSpace 0x001E).
+    out.push(nef_compressed(w, h, 12, pack12(&cfa, w), [0, 1, 1, 2], false, vec![(0x0093, Val::Short(vec![6])), (0x001E, Val::Short(vec![2]))]));
     let codes = mosaic(&scene(64, 6), 64, [0, 1, 1, 2], 256, 1900);
     out.push(sony_craw(64, 6, &codes, [8000, 10400, 12900, 14100]));
     out.push(rw2(30, 8, &mosaic(&scene(30, 8), 30, [0, 1, 1, 2], 128, 4095), 12));
@@ -126,6 +151,12 @@ fn originals_develop() {
     }
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn a_seed_states_a_maker_note_colour_space() {
+    // The truncation and corruption tests below only exercise the maker-note reader if a seed has one.
+    assert!(samples().iter().any(|b| embedded_preview_color_space(b) == Some(PreviewColorSpace::AdobeRgb)));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn every_truncation_fails_cleanly() {
     for b in samples() {
@@ -239,3 +270,18 @@ fn lossless_jpeg_frame_larger_than_the_budget_is_refused() {
     let budget = Limits { max_alloc: 256 << 10, ..Limits::default() };
     assert!(matches!(decode(&b, &budget), Err(RawError::LimitExceeded(_))));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn a_non_finite_black_level_develops_without_panicking() {
+    // A BlackLevel DOUBLE beyond f32 reads as inf: the planes must not turn into NaN and trip
+    // the AHD demosaic.
+    let (w, h) = (64, 48);
+    let mut sensor = decode(&DngSpec::cfa(w, h, vec![1000; w * h]).build(), &Limits::default()).unwrap();
+    for black in [f32::INFINITY, f32::NEG_INFINITY, f32::NAN] {
+        sensor.black = BlackLevels::uniform(black);
+        for demosaic in [Demosaic::Ahd, Demosaic::Bilinear, Demosaic::Mhc] {
+            let d = develop_sensor(&sensor, &DevelopOptions { demosaic, ..DevelopOptions::default() });
+            assert!(d.is_ok(), "{black} {demosaic:?}: {:?}", d.err());
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/raw/tests/it/main.rs b/crates/raw/tests/it/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..27a1af788b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/raw/tests/it/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//! The crate's integration tests, linked into one test binary.
+
+mod cr3;
+mod development_limits;
+mod dng;
+mod hostile;
+mod nef_packed;
+mod nikon_d4_depth;
+mod raf;
+mod raw_corpus;
+mod vendor_codecs;
+mod vendors;
diff --git a/crates/raw/tests/nef_packed.rs b/crates/raw/tests/it/nef_packed.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/raw/tests/nef_packed.rs
rename to crates/raw/tests/it/nef_packed.rs
diff --git a/crates/raw/tests/it/nikon_d4_depth.rs b/crates/raw/tests/it/nikon_d4_depth.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..26076c7e88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/raw/tests/it/nikon_d4_depth.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+//! The Nikon D4 profile (`cameras.rs`) was measured on 14-bit NEFs. The camera also writes 12-bit
+//! files (lossless, lossy and uncompressed) whose samples are the 14-bit values shifted right by
+//! two, so the profile's saturation level must follow the sample depth: a 12-bit D4 frame has to
+//! develop as bright as the same scene at 14 bits.
+
+use photocraft_raw::testgen::{Val, tiff_ep};
+use photocraft_raw::{Demosaic, DevelopOptions, Limits, Rect, WhiteBalance, decode, develop_sensor};
+
+const WIDTH: usize = 4992;
+const HEIGHT: usize = 3292;
+
+/// A synthetic D4 NEF: a smooth ramp, 14-bit values (3000..7000, well below the saturation
+/// level) stored at `bits`.
+fn d4_nef(bits: u16) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let shift = 14 - u32::from(bits);
+    let data: Vec<u16> = (0..WIDTH * HEIGHT).map(|i| (3000 + ((i % WIDTH) + 2 * (i / WIDTH)) % 4000) as u16 >> shift).collect();
+    tiff_ep("NIKON CORPORATION", WIDTH, HEIGHT, &data, [0, 1, 1, 2], bits, vec![(272, Val::Ascii("NIKON D4".into()))])
+}
+
+/// Mean linear luminance of the developed ProPhoto frame over a small window of the image.
+fn mean_luminance(bits: u16) -> (f32, f64) {
+    let mut s = decode(&d4_nef(bits), &Limits::default()).expect("a synthetic D4 NEF decodes");
+    let white = s.white[1];
+    // Only a window is developed: the profile is keyed on the full sensor size, the test is not.
+    s.crop = Rect::new(2000, 1000, 64, 64);
+    let opts = DevelopOptions { demosaic: Demosaic::Bilinear, white_balance: WhiteBalance::Multipliers([2.0, 1.0, 1.5]), ..DevelopOptions::default() };
+    let d = develop_sensor(&s, &opts).expect("a synthetic D4 NEF develops");
+    let lin = |v: u16| (f64::from(v) / 65535.0).powf(1.8);
+    let pixels = d.rgb.as_chunks::<3>().0;
+    let y: f64 = pixels.iter().map(|p| 0.2880402 * lin(p[0]) + 0.7118741 * lin(p[1]) + 0.0000857 * lin(p[2])).sum();
+    (white, y / pixels.len() as f64)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_12_bit_d4_nef_develops_as_bright_as_the_same_scene_at_14_bit() {
+    let (white14, y14) = mean_luminance(14);
+    let (white12, y12) = mean_luminance(12);
+    let stops = (y12 / y14).log2();
+    assert!(stops.abs() < 0.2, "12-bit differs from 14-bit by {stops:.2} stops (mean Y {y12:.4} vs {y14:.4})");
+    // The 14-bit level is the measured one, untouched.
+    assert_eq!(white14, 15520.0);
+    // The 12-bit level is the same fraction of the (4095-range) data.
+    assert_eq!(white12, 3880.0);
+}
diff --git a/crates/raw/tests/raf.rs b/crates/raw/tests/it/raf.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/raw/tests/raf.rs
rename to crates/raw/tests/it/raf.rs
diff --git a/crates/raw/tests/raw_corpus.rs b/crates/raw/tests/it/raw_corpus.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/raw/tests/raw_corpus.rs
rename to crates/raw/tests/it/raw_corpus.rs
diff --git a/crates/raw/tests/vendor_codecs.rs b/crates/raw/tests/it/vendor_codecs.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/raw/tests/vendor_codecs.rs
rename to crates/raw/tests/it/vendor_codecs.rs
diff --git a/crates/raw/tests/vendors.rs b/crates/raw/tests/it/vendors.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/raw/tests/vendors.rs
rename to crates/raw/tests/it/vendors.rs
diff --git a/crates/tablet/Cargo.toml b/crates/tablet/Cargo.toml
index 8f6ad08fca..83e29c4d68 100644
--- a/crates/tablet/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/tablet/Cargo.toml
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ todo = "warn"
 # Already in Cargo.lock (eframe/wgpu/fmv-macos-events and winit pull them in); pinned exactly:
 # review the diff before bumping.
 [target.'cfg(target_os = "macos")'.dependencies]
-objc2 = "=0.6.4"
+objc2 = "=0.6.5"
 block2 = "=0.6.2"
 objc2-foundation = { version = "=0.3.2", default-features = false, features = ["std", "NSGeometry"] }
 objc2-app-kit = { version = "=0.3.2", default-features = false, features = ["std", "block2", "NSEvent"] }
diff --git a/crates/testkit/Cargo.toml b/crates/testkit/Cargo.toml
index 3e8bbed919..89f996bbea 100644
--- a/crates/testkit/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/testkit/Cargo.toml
@@ -8,9 +8,6 @@ license.workspace = true
 workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
-photocraft-geom = { workspace = true }
-photocraft-color = { workspace = true }
-photocraft-raster = { workspace = true }
 serde_json = { workspace = true }
 
 [target.'cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))'.dependencies]
diff --git a/crates/testkit/src/lib.rs b/crates/testkit/src/lib.rs
index 03af4b630f..06f70a4e2d 100644
--- a/crates/testkit/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/testkit/src/lib.rs
@@ -4,5 +4,7 @@
 pub mod gpu;
 #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 pub mod perf;
+pub mod sweep;
 
 pub use gpu::gpu_lock;
+pub use sweep::Sweep;
diff --git a/crates/testkit/src/sweep.rs b/crates/testkit/src/sweep.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..863a5c9029
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/testkit/src/sweep.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+//! Long test sweeps spread over several days.
+
+use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+/// The cases of a long sweep that this run covers. By default a run takes one of `parts` slices,
+/// chosen by the UTC date, so every case runs at least once every `parts` days.
+/// `PHOTOCRAFT_FULL_SWEEP=1` runs every case, and `PHOTOCRAFT_SWEEP_PART=<n>` replays slice `n`;
+/// [`Sweep::new`] prints the slice it picked.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct Sweep {
+    part: u64,
+    parts: u64,
+}
+
+impl Sweep {
+    pub fn new(parts: u64) -> Self {
+        if std::env::var_os("PHOTOCRAFT_FULL_SWEEP").is_some_and(|v| v == "1") {
+            eprintln!("full sweep (PHOTOCRAFT_FULL_SWEEP=1)");
+            return Self { part: 0, parts: 1 };
+        }
+        let parts = parts.max(1);
+        let part = match std::env::var("PHOTOCRAFT_SWEEP_PART") {
+            Ok(v) => {
+                let p = v.parse::<u64>().unwrap_or(u64::MAX);
+                assert!(p < parts, "PHOTOCRAFT_SWEEP_PART={v:?} is not a part number below {parts}");
+                p
+            }
+            Err(_) => SystemTime::now().duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH).map(|d| d.as_secs() / 86_400).unwrap_or_default() % parts,
+        };
+        eprintln!("sweep part {part} of {parts}: replay with PHOTOCRAFT_SWEEP_PART={part}, run every part with PHOTOCRAFT_FULL_SWEEP=1");
+        Self { part, parts }
+    }
+
+    /// Whether case `i` runs. Cases go to slices by a hash of `i`, so each slice mixes every
+    /// position of the sweep's inner loops instead of taking every `parts`-th one.
+    pub fn includes(&self, i: u64) -> bool {
+        self.parts == 1 || mix(i) % self.parts == self.part
+    }
+}
+
+/// splitmix64's finalizer.
+fn mix(mut x: u64) -> u64 {
+    x = (x ^ (x >> 30)).wrapping_mul(0xbf58_476d_1ce4_e5b9);
+    x = (x ^ (x >> 27)).wrapping_mul(0x94d0_49bb_1331_11eb);
+    x ^ (x >> 31)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_parts_cover_every_case_once() {
+        let parts: Vec<Sweep> = (0..4).map(|part| Sweep { part, parts: 4 }).collect();
+        for i in 0..1000 {
+            assert_eq!(parts.iter().filter(|s| s.includes(i)).count(), 1, "case {i}");
+        }
+        assert!(parts.iter().all(|s| (0..1000).filter(|&i| s.includes(i)).count() > 200));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/text/src/area.rs b/crates/text/src/area.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..407065355d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/text/src/area.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,590 @@
+//! Area type: text that wraps inside a closed path, like Photoshop's area type.
+//!
+//! The path is flattened once into edges. For a line's band (ascent to descent),
+//! [`AreaShape::spans`] gives the intervals that are inside the shape for the whole band, left
+//! to right. A shape with dents or holes gives several spans on a row, and the layout fills
+//! them in order at the same baseline, as Photoshop does.
+
+use std::ops::Range;
+
+use photocraft_doc::vector::{FillRule, Path, PathOp};
+use photocraft_geom::Point;
+
+/// Pieces each curved segment is cut into (about 0.1 px off a 300 px bubble's curve).
+const CURVE_PIECES: usize = 16;
+/// Most anchors an area path can have: the most `type.fillPath` accepts and a Type tool click
+/// targets (`path_target` in ui-egui).
+pub const MAX_AREA_KNOTS: usize = 4096;
+/// Largest number of edges an area keeps, so a hostile path can't make every line scan millions.
+/// A closed subpath of `n` anchors gives at most `CURVE_PIECES * n + 1` edges, so every path
+/// within [`MAX_AREA_KNOTS`] fits, even with every segment curved.
+pub const MAX_AREA_EDGES: usize = MAX_AREA_KNOTS * (CURVE_PIECES + 1);
+/// Most shape components an area keeps: every row folds each one in, so a path of thousands of
+/// tiny shapes can't make each line cost thousands of interval merges.
+pub const MAX_AREA_COMPONENTS: usize = 4096;
+/// Largest coordinate magnitude an area accepts, so f32 math on it can't overflow.
+const MAX_COORD: f64 = 1e7;
+/// Most baselines `next_row` tries before giving up.
+const MAX_ROW_STEPS: usize = 1024;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+struct Edge {
+    x0: f32,
+    y0: f32,
+    x1: f32,
+    y1: f32,
+    /// Lower and upper y of the edge.
+    lo: f32,
+    hi: f32,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+struct Component {
+    op: PathOp,
+    /// Range into `AreaShape::edges`, sorted by `lo`.
+    edges: Range<usize>,
+    /// Tallest edge in the range, so a query only looks at edges whose `lo` is within it.
+    max_h: f32,
+}
+
+/// A closed path ready for line fitting, in area space (text space, or `(y, -x)` for vertical
+/// type so its rows are columns).
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct AreaShape {
+    edges: Vec<Edge>,
+    comps: Vec<Component>,
+    rule: FillRule,
+    /// Extent of the edges: `[x0, y0, x1, y1]`.
+    pub bounds: [f32; 4],
+}
+
+fn cubic(s: &[Point; 4], t: f64) -> (f64, f64) {
+    let u = 1.0 - t;
+    let (a, b, c, d) = (u * u * u, 3.0 * u * u * t, 3.0 * u * t * t, t * t * t);
+    (a * s[0].x + b * s[1].x + c * s[2].x + d * s[3].x, a * s[0].y + b * s[1].y + c * s[2].y + d * s[3].y)
+}
+
+fn same(a: Point, b: Point) -> bool {
+    (a.x - b.x).abs() < 1e-9 && (a.y - b.y).abs() < 1e-9
+}
+
+/// f64 → f32, rejecting values that are not finite or are beyond [`MAX_COORD`].
+fn small(v: f64) -> Option<f32> {
+    let f = v as f32;
+    (v.abs() <= MAX_COORD && f.is_finite()).then_some(f)
+}
+
+impl AreaShape {
+    /// `None` when the path encloses nothing: no closed subpath, no height or width, an
+    /// inverted (unbounded) path, coordinates that aren't finite, or more than
+    /// [`MAX_AREA_EDGES`] edges or [`MAX_AREA_COMPONENTS`] components. A component with no
+    /// closed subpath encloses nothing and is left out, so an open path drawn with Intersect
+    /// doesn't empty the shape.
+    pub fn new(path: &Path, vertical: bool) -> Option<AreaShape> {
+        if path.inverted {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let map = |x: f64, y: f64| -> Option<(f32, f32)> { if vertical { Some((small(y)?, small(-x)?)) } else { Some((small(x)?, small(y)?)) } };
+        let mut edges: Vec<Edge> = Vec::new();
+        let mut comps: Vec<Component> = Vec::new();
+        for range in path.components() {
+            let op = path.effective_op(range.start);
+            let start = edges.len();
+            for sub in path.subpaths.get(range).unwrap_or(&[]) {
+                if !sub.closed {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let mut pts: Vec<(f32, f32)> = Vec::new();
+                for seg in sub.segments() {
+                    if pts.is_empty() {
+                        pts.push(map(seg[0].x, seg[0].y)?);
+                    }
+                    if same(seg[1], seg[0]) && same(seg[2], seg[3]) {
+                        pts.push(map(seg[3].x, seg[3].y)?);
+                    } else {
+                        for j in 1..=CURVE_PIECES {
+                            let (x, y) = cubic(&seg, j as f64 / CURVE_PIECES as f64);
+                            pts.push(map(x, y)?);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if edges.len().saturating_add(pts.len()) > MAX_AREA_EDGES {
+                        return None;
+                    }
+                }
+                // Closing edge back to the first point.
+                if let Some(&first) = pts.first() {
+                    pts.push(first);
+                }
+                for w in pts.windows(2) {
+                    if let [(x0, y0), (x1, y1)] = *w {
+                        edges.push(Edge { x0, y0, x1, y1, lo: y0.min(y1), hi: y0.max(y1) });
+                    }
+                }
+                if edges.len() > MAX_AREA_EDGES {
+                    return None;
+                }
+            }
+            if edges.len() == start {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if comps.len() >= MAX_AREA_COMPONENTS {
+                return None;
+            }
+            if let Some(mine) = edges.get_mut(start..) {
+                mine.sort_by(|a, b| a.lo.total_cmp(&b.lo));
+            }
+            let max_h = edges.get(start..).unwrap_or(&[]).iter().map(|e| e.hi - e.lo).fold(0.0f32, f32::max);
+            comps.push(Component { op, edges: start..edges.len(), max_h });
+        }
+        let mut b = [f32::INFINITY, f32::INFINITY, f32::NEG_INFINITY, f32::NEG_INFINITY];
+        for e in &edges {
+            b = [b[0].min(e.x0).min(e.x1), b[1].min(e.y0).min(e.y1), b[2].max(e.x0).max(e.x1), b[3].max(e.y0).max(e.y1)];
+        }
+        if edges.is_empty() || !(b[2] - b[0] >= 1.0 && b[3] - b[1] >= 1.0) {
+            return None;
+        }
+        Some(AreaShape { edges, comps, rule: path.fill_rule, bounds: b })
+    }
+
+    fn filled(&self, winding: i32) -> bool {
+        match self.rule {
+            FillRule::NonZero => winding != 0,
+            FillRule::EvenOdd => winding & 1 != 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Edges of `c` that may overlap `[ya, yb]` (a superset), found by binary search.
+    fn candidates(&self, c: &Component, ya: f32, yb: f32) -> &[Edge] {
+        let all = self.edges.get(c.edges.clone()).unwrap_or(&[]);
+        // Slack covers f32 rounding of `max_h` and of the subtraction; extras are filtered exactly later.
+        let slack = (ya.abs() + c.max_h) * 1e-6 + 1e-3;
+        let from = all.partition_point(|e| e.lo < ya - c.max_h - slack);
+        let to = all.partition_point(|e| e.lo <= yb);
+        all.get(from..to.max(from)).unwrap_or(&[])
+    }
+
+    /// Inside intervals of one component on row `y` (half-open in y, so a vertex is counted once).
+    fn component_intervals(&self, c: &Component, y: f32) -> Vec<(f32, f32)> {
+        let mut xs: Vec<(f32, i32)> = Vec::new();
+        for e in self.candidates(c, y, y) {
+            if e.lo <= y && y < e.hi {
+                let dir = if e.y0 < e.y1 { 1 } else { -1 };
+                let t = (y - e.y0) / (e.y1 - e.y0);
+                xs.push((e.x0 + t * (e.x1 - e.x0), dir));
+            }
+        }
+        xs.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.total_cmp(&b.0));
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        let (mut winding, mut start) = (0i32, 0.0f32);
+        for (x, dir) in xs {
+            let was = self.filled(winding);
+            winding = winding.saturating_add(dir);
+            let now = self.filled(winding);
+            if !was && now {
+                start = x;
+            } else if was && !now && x > start {
+                out.push((start, x));
+            }
+        }
+        out
+    }
+
+    /// Inside intervals of the whole path on row `y`, components folded in with their ops.
+    fn intervals_at(&self, y: f32) -> Vec<(f32, f32)> {
+        let mut acc: Vec<(f32, f32)> = Vec::new();
+        for c in &self.comps {
+            let v = self.component_intervals(c, y);
+            acc = match c.op {
+                PathOp::Combine | PathOp::Join => boolean(&acc, &v, |a, b| a || b),
+                PathOp::Subtract => boolean(&acc, &v, |a, b| a && !b),
+                PathOp::Intersect => boolean(&acc, &v, |a, b| a && b),
+                PathOp::Exclude => boolean(&acc, &v, |a, b| a != b),
+            };
+        }
+        acc
+    }
+
+    /// The x-ranges swept by the edges of `c` while inside `[y0, y1]`, sorted and merged.
+    fn swept(&self, c: &Component, y0: f32, y1: f32) -> Vec<(f32, f32)> {
+        let mut v: Vec<(f32, f32)> = Vec::new();
+        for e in self.candidates(c, y0, y1) {
+            if e.hi < y0 || e.lo > y1 {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if e.lo == e.hi {
+                // A horizontal edge only matters strictly inside the band.
+                if e.lo > y0 && e.lo < y1 {
+                    v.push((e.x0.min(e.x1), e.x0.max(e.x1)));
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            let at = |y: f32| e.x0 + (y - e.y0) / (e.y1 - e.y0) * (e.x1 - e.x0);
+            let (xa, xb) = (at(e.lo.max(y0)), at(e.hi.min(y1)));
+            v.push((xa.min(xb), xa.max(xb)));
+        }
+        v.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.total_cmp(&b.0));
+        let mut out: Vec<(f32, f32)> = Vec::new();
+        for (l, r) in v {
+            match out.last_mut() {
+                Some(last) if l <= last.1 => last.1 = last.1.max(r),
+                _ => out.push((l, r)),
+            }
+        }
+        out
+    }
+
+    /// Intervals inside the shape on every row of `[y0, y1]`, left to right, each at least
+    /// `min_width` wide.
+    ///
+    /// Within one component a point is inside for the whole band exactly when it is inside on
+    /// the middle row and none of that component's edges crosses its vertical segment
+    /// (`whole`); it is inside on some row when either holds (`ever`). The components then fold
+    /// together with their ops, so an edge hidden inside another component's fill (the inner
+    /// edges of a speech bubble's tail) never cuts the row, and text never sits over a cutout:
+    /// Subtract takes away everything the cut ever covers.
+    pub fn spans(&self, y0: f32, y1: f32, min_width: f32) -> Vec<(f32, f32)> {
+        if !(y0.is_finite() && y1.is_finite()) || y1 < y0 {
+            return Vec::new();
+        }
+        let mid = y0 + (y1 - y0) * 0.5;
+        let mut whole: Vec<(f32, f32)> = Vec::new();
+        let mut ever: Vec<(f32, f32)> = Vec::new();
+        for c in &self.comps {
+            let inside = self.component_intervals(c, mid);
+            let edges = self.swept(c, y0, y1);
+            let w = boolean(&inside, &edges, |a, b| a && !b);
+            let e = boolean(&inside, &edges, |a, b| a || b);
+            (whole, ever) = match c.op {
+                PathOp::Combine | PathOp::Join => (boolean(&whole, &w, |a, b| a || b), boolean(&ever, &e, |a, b| a || b)),
+                PathOp::Subtract => (boolean(&whole, &e, |a, b| a && !b), boolean(&ever, &w, |a, b| a && !b)),
+                PathOp::Intersect => (boolean(&whole, &w, |a, b| a && b), boolean(&ever, &e, |a, b| a && b)),
+                PathOp::Exclude => {
+                    let both = boolean(&whole, &w, |a, b| a && b);
+                    let x = boolean(&boolean(&whole, &e, |a, b| a && !b), &boolean(&w, &ever, |a, b| a && !b), |a, b| a || b);
+                    (x, boolean(&boolean(&ever, &e, |a, b| a || b), &both, |a, b| a && !b))
+                }
+            };
+        }
+        whole.into_iter().filter(|(l, r)| r - l >= min_width).collect()
+    }
+
+    /// The first baseline at or below `from` whose band `[b - ascent, b + descent]` has spans
+    /// at least `min_width` wide, with those spans. `None` once the band leaves the shape.
+    pub fn next_row(&self, from: f32, ascent: f32, descent: f32, min_width: f32) -> Option<(f32, Vec<(f32, f32)>)> {
+        if !(from.is_finite() && ascent.is_finite() && descent.is_finite()) {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let from = from.max(self.bounds[1] + ascent);
+        let step = ((self.bounds[3] - self.bounds[1]) / 512.0).max(0.5);
+        let mut b = from;
+        for _ in 0..MAX_ROW_STEPS {
+            if b + descent > self.bounds[3] {
+                return None;
+            }
+            let s = self.spans(b - ascent, b + descent, min_width);
+            if !s.is_empty() {
+                return Some((b, s));
+            }
+            b += step;
+        }
+        None
+    }
+
+    /// Is `(x, y)` (area space) inside the shape?
+    pub fn contains(&self, x: f32, y: f32) -> bool {
+        self.intervals_at(y).iter().any(|&(l, r)| l <= x && x < r)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Bounds `(x0, y0, x1, y1)` of an area type path's anchors and control points, when every point
+/// is finite and within the area coordinate limit (`1e7`), the same paths [`AreaShape::new`]
+/// accepts. `None` for an empty path or one with a NaN, infinite or huge coordinate, so callers
+/// that turn the bounds into a text box or a PSD rectangle never write NaN.
+pub fn path_bounds(path: &Path) -> Option<(f64, f64, f64, f64)> {
+    let ok = |p: Point| p.x.is_finite() && p.y.is_finite() && p.x.abs() <= MAX_COORD && p.y.abs() <= MAX_COORD;
+    if !path.subpaths.iter().flat_map(|s| &s.knots).all(|k| ok(k.anchor) && ok(k.in_ctrl) && ok(k.out_ctrl)) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    path.control_bounds()
+}
+
+/// Boolean combination of two sorted, disjoint interval lists, in one linear merge.
+fn boolean(a: &[(f32, f32)], b: &[(f32, f32)], f: impl Fn(bool, bool) -> bool) -> Vec<(f32, f32)> {
+    let ends = |v: &[(f32, f32)]| -> Vec<f32> { v.iter().flat_map(|&(l, r)| [l, r]).collect() };
+    let (ea, eb) = (ends(a), ends(b));
+    let mut xs: Vec<f32> = Vec::with_capacity(ea.len() + eb.len());
+    let (mut i, mut j) = (0, 0);
+    while i < ea.len() || j < eb.len() {
+        let next = match (ea.get(i), eb.get(j)) {
+            (Some(&p), Some(&q)) if q < p => {
+                j += 1;
+                q
+            }
+            (Some(&p), _) => {
+                i += 1;
+                p
+            }
+            (None, Some(&q)) => {
+                j += 1;
+                q
+            }
+            (None, None) => break,
+        };
+        if xs.last() != Some(&next) {
+            xs.push(next);
+        }
+    }
+    let (mut ia, mut ib) = (0usize, 0usize);
+    let mut out: Vec<(f32, f32)> = Vec::new();
+    for w in xs.windows(2) {
+        let &[l, r] = w else { continue };
+        let mid = (l + r) * 0.5;
+        while a.get(ia).is_some_and(|s| s.1 <= mid) {
+            ia += 1;
+        }
+        while b.get(ib).is_some_and(|s| s.1 <= mid) {
+            ib += 1;
+        }
+        let in_a = a.get(ia).is_some_and(|s| s.0 <= mid);
+        let in_b = b.get(ib).is_some_and(|s| s.0 <= mid);
+        if f(in_a, in_b) {
+            match out.last_mut() {
+                Some(last) if last.1 == l => last.1 = r,
+                _ => out.push((l, r)),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use photocraft_doc::vector::{FillRule, Knot, Path, PathOp, Subpath};
+
+    fn poly(pts: &[(f64, f64)]) -> Path {
+        Path::new(vec![Subpath::polygon(pts)])
+    }
+
+    fn close(a: (f32, f32), b: (f32, f32)) -> bool {
+        (a.0 - b.0).abs() < 0.01 && (a.1 - b.1).abs() < 0.01
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rectangle_band_is_its_width() {
+        let a = AreaShape::new(&poly(&[(0.0, 0.0), (100.0, 0.0), (100.0, 50.0), (0.0, 50.0)]), false).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(a.bounds, [0.0, 0.0, 100.0, 50.0]);
+        let s = a.spans(10.0, 20.0, 1.0);
+        assert_eq!(s.len(), 1);
+        assert!(close(s[0], (0.0, 100.0)), "{s:?}");
+        // A band leaving the shape has no span.
+        assert!(a.spans(40.0, 60.0, 1.0).is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn triangle_band_is_its_narrowest_row() {
+        // Apex at the top: the width at y is y.
+        let a = AreaShape::new(&poly(&[(50.0, 0.0), (100.0, 100.0), (0.0, 100.0)]), false).unwrap();
+        let s = a.spans(40.0, 60.0, 1.0);
+        assert_eq!(s.len(), 1);
+        assert!(close(s[0], (30.0, 70.0)), "{s:?}");
+        // Narrower than min_width: dropped.
+        assert!(a.spans(5.0, 10.0, 20.0).is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn hole_splits_the_row() {
+        let outer = Subpath::polygon(&[(0.0, 0.0), (100.0, 0.0), (100.0, 100.0), (0.0, 100.0)]);
+        let hole = Subpath::polygon(&[(40.0, 40.0), (60.0, 40.0), (60.0, 60.0), (40.0, 60.0)]).with_op(PathOp::Subtract);
+        let a = AreaShape::new(&Path::new(vec![outer.clone(), hole]), false).unwrap();
+        let s = a.spans(45.0, 55.0, 1.0);
+        assert_eq!(s.len(), 2, "{s:?}");
+        assert!(close(s[0], (0.0, 40.0)) && close(s[1], (60.0, 100.0)), "{s:?}");
+        // The same hole as a joined subpath under even-odd (a custom shape's counter).
+        let joined = Subpath::polygon(&[(40.0, 40.0), (60.0, 40.0), (60.0, 60.0), (40.0, 60.0)]).with_op(PathOp::Join);
+        let mut p = Path::new(vec![outer, joined]);
+        p.fill_rule = FillRule::EvenOdd;
+        assert_eq!(AreaShape::new(&p, false).unwrap().spans(45.0, 55.0, 1.0).len(), 2);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn intersect_and_exclude_follow_photoshop_ops() {
+        let a = Subpath::polygon(&[(0.0, 0.0), (60.0, 0.0), (60.0, 10.0), (0.0, 10.0)]);
+        let b = |op| Subpath::polygon(&[(40.0, 0.0), (100.0, 0.0), (100.0, 10.0), (40.0, 10.0)]).with_op(op);
+        let i = AreaShape::new(&Path::new(vec![a.clone(), b(PathOp::Intersect)]), false).unwrap().spans(2.0, 8.0, 1.0);
+        assert!(i.len() == 1 && close(i[0], (40.0, 60.0)), "{i:?}");
+        let x = AreaShape::new(&Path::new(vec![a, b(PathOp::Exclude)]), false).unwrap().spans(2.0, 8.0, 1.0);
+        assert!(x.len() == 2 && close(x[0], (0.0, 40.0)) && close(x[1], (60.0, 100.0)), "{x:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn curves_are_flattened() {
+        // A circle of radius 50 centred on (50, 50) from four kappa curves.
+        let k = 0.552_284_75 * 50.0;
+        let c = |x: f64, y: f64, ix: f64, iy: f64, ox: f64, oy: f64| {
+            Knot::smooth(photocraft_geom::Point::new(x, y), photocraft_geom::Point::new(ix, iy), photocraft_geom::Point::new(ox, oy))
+        };
+        let circle = Subpath {
+            closed: true,
+            knots: vec![
+                c(50.0, 0.0, 50.0 - k, 0.0, 50.0 + k, 0.0),
+                c(100.0, 50.0, 100.0, 50.0 - k, 100.0, 50.0 + k),
+                c(50.0, 100.0, 50.0 + k, 100.0, 50.0 - k, 100.0),
+                c(0.0, 50.0, 0.0, 50.0 + k, 0.0, 50.0 - k),
+            ],
+            op: PathOp::Combine,
+        };
+        let a = AreaShape::new(&Path::new(vec![circle]), false).unwrap();
+        let s = a.spans(49.0, 51.0, 1.0);
+        assert!(s.len() == 1 && s[0].0 < 1.0 && s[0].1 > 99.0, "{s:?}");
+        assert!(a.contains(50.0, 50.0) && !a.contains(3.0, 3.0));
+    }
+
+    /// A 260×160 ellipse at the origin from four kappa curves.
+    fn ellipse() -> Subpath {
+        let (cx, cy, rx, ry) = (130.0, 80.0, 130.0, 80.0);
+        let (kx, ky) = (0.552_284_75 * rx, 0.552_284_75 * ry);
+        let p = photocraft_geom::Point::new;
+        let c = |x: f64, y: f64, ix: f64, iy: f64, ox: f64, oy: f64| Knot::smooth(p(x, y), p(ix, iy), p(ox, oy));
+        Subpath {
+            closed: true,
+            knots: vec![
+                c(cx, cy - ry, cx - kx, cy - ry, cx + kx, cy - ry),
+                c(cx + rx, cy, cx + rx, cy - ky, cx + rx, cy + ky),
+                c(cx, cy + ry, cx + kx, cy + ry, cx - kx, cy + ry),
+                c(cx - rx, cy, cx - rx, cy + ky, cx - rx, cy - ky),
+            ],
+            op: PathOp::Combine,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The speech bubble: the ellipse combined with a tail whose wide end sits inside it.
+    fn bubble() -> AreaShape {
+        let tail = Subpath::polygon(&[(120.0, 64.0), (180.0, 64.0), (230.0, 210.0)]).with_op(PathOp::Combine);
+        AreaShape::new(&Path::new(vec![ellipse(), tail]), false).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn combined_overlap_hides_inner_edges() {
+        let a = bubble();
+        // Rows through the overlap: the tail's edges inside the ellipse must not cut the row.
+        for y0 in [56.0f32, 70.0, 90.0, 110.0, 120.0] {
+            let s = a.spans(y0, y0 + 18.0, 1.0);
+            assert_eq!(s.len(), 1, "band {y0}: {s:?}");
+            // The ellipse's own edge bounds the row on both sides.
+            let dy = (y0 - 80.0).abs().max((y0 + 18.0 - 80.0).abs());
+            let half = 130.0 * (1.0 - (dy / 80.0).powi(2)).sqrt();
+            assert!((s[0].0 - (130.0 - half)).abs() < 0.5 && (s[0].1 - (130.0 + half)).abs() < 0.5, "band {y0}: {s:?}");
+        }
+        // Lower down the tail pokes out on the right: still one span, out to the tail's edge.
+        let s = a.spans(130.0, 148.0, 1.0);
+        assert!(s.len() == 1 && s[0].1 > 202.0, "{s:?}");
+        // Below the ellipse only the tail is left.
+        let s = a.spans(165.0, 183.0, 1.0);
+        assert!(s.len() == 1 && s[0].0 > 190.0 && s[0].1 < 220.0, "{s:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn component_without_edges_is_left_out() {
+        let rect = Subpath::polygon(&[(0.0, 0.0), (100.0, 0.0), (100.0, 50.0), (0.0, 50.0)]);
+        let open = Subpath::polyline(&[(10.0, 10.0), (90.0, 40.0)]).with_op(PathOp::Intersect);
+        let a = AreaShape::new(&Path::new(vec![rect, open]), false).unwrap();
+        let s = a.spans(10.0, 20.0, 1.0);
+        assert!(s.len() == 1 && close(s[0], (0.0, 100.0)), "{s:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn too_many_components_give_no_area() {
+        let square = |i: usize| {
+            let x = (i % 100) as f64 * 3.0;
+            let y = (i / 100) as f64 * 3.0;
+            Subpath::polygon(&[(x, y), (x + 2.0, y), (x + 2.0, y + 2.0), (x, y + 2.0)])
+        };
+        let at_cap: Vec<Subpath> = (0..MAX_AREA_COMPONENTS).map(square).collect();
+        assert!(AreaShape::new(&Path::new(at_cap), false).is_some());
+        let over: Vec<Subpath> = (0..=MAX_AREA_COMPONENTS).map(square).collect();
+        assert!(AreaShape::new(&Path::new(over), false).is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn path_bounds_need_finite_small_points() {
+        assert_eq!(path_bounds(&poly(&[(1.0, 2.0), (30.0, 2.0), (30.0, 40.0)])), Some((1.0, 2.0, 30.0, 40.0)));
+        assert_eq!(path_bounds(&Path::default()), None);
+        for bad in [f64::NAN, f64::INFINITY, -f64::INFINITY, 2e7] {
+            // Anywhere in the path, not just the first point (`f64::min` skips a NaN).
+            assert_eq!(path_bounds(&poly(&[(0.0, 0.0), (10.0, bad), (10.0, 10.0)])), None, "{bad}");
+            assert_eq!(path_bounds(&poly(&[(bad, 0.0), (10.0, 0.0), (10.0, 10.0)])), None, "{bad}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn next_row_skips_the_narrow_top() {
+        let a = AreaShape::new(&poly(&[(50.0, 0.0), (100.0, 100.0), (0.0, 100.0)]), false).unwrap();
+        // Ascent 8: the band's top (b - 8) needs width ≥ 30, so b ≥ 38.
+        let (b, s) = a.next_row(8.0, 8.0, 2.0, 30.0).unwrap();
+        assert!((b - 38.0).abs() <= 0.51, "{b}");
+        assert!(s[0].1 - s[0].0 >= 30.0);
+        // Past the bottom: no row.
+        assert!(a.next_row(99.0, 8.0, 2.0, 1.0).is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn next_row_from_far_above_still_finds_rows() {
+        let a = AreaShape::new(&poly(&[(0.0, 0.0), (100.0, 0.0), (100.0, 50.0), (0.0, 50.0)]), false).unwrap();
+        let (b, s) = a.next_row(-1000.0, 8.0, 2.0, 10.0).unwrap();
+        assert!((b - 8.0).abs() < 0.6 && close(s[0], (0.0, 100.0)), "{b} {s:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tall_edge_survives_rounding_at_its_end() {
+        // The tallest edge's height and `y - height` both round; the lookup must still find it.
+        let a = AreaShape::new(&poly(&[(0.0, -1898.2166), (10.0, 212.32651), (0.0, 212.32651)]), false).unwrap();
+        let y = 212.32649_f32;
+        assert!(a.contains(5.0, y));
+        let s = a.spans(y, y, 1.0);
+        assert!(s.len() == 1 && s[0].0 < 0.01 && s[0].1 > 9.9, "{s:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn slanted_hole_is_never_spanned() {
+        let outer = Subpath::polygon(&[(0.0, 0.0), (100.0, 0.0), (100.0, 100.0), (0.0, 100.0)]);
+        let strip = || Subpath::polygon(&[(5.0, 0.0), (8.0, 0.0), (98.0, 100.0), (95.0, 100.0)]);
+        let sub = Path::new(vec![outer.clone(), strip().with_op(PathOp::Subtract)]);
+        let mut eo = Path::new(vec![outer, strip().with_op(PathOp::Join)]);
+        eo.fill_rule = FillRule::EvenOdd;
+        for p in [sub, eo] {
+            let s = AreaShape::new(&p, false).unwrap().spans(40.0, 60.0, 1.0);
+            assert!(!s.is_empty());
+            assert!(s.iter().all(|&(l, r)| r <= 50.0 || l >= 53.0), "{s:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn vertical_maps_columns_right_to_left() {
+        // Text space 100 wide, 50 tall; area space is (y, -x): x in 0..50, y in -100..0.
+        let a = AreaShape::new(&poly(&[(0.0, 0.0), (100.0, 0.0), (100.0, 50.0), (0.0, 50.0)]), true).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(a.bounds, [0.0, -100.0, 50.0, 0.0]);
+        let s = a.spans(-60.0, -40.0, 1.0);
+        assert!(s.len() == 1 && close(s[0], (0.0, 50.0)), "{s:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn degenerate_and_hostile_paths_give_no_area() {
+        assert!(AreaShape::new(&Path::default(), false).is_none());
+        assert!(AreaShape::new(&Path::new(vec![Subpath::polyline(&[(0.0, 0.0), (10.0, 10.0), (0.0, 10.0)])]), false).is_none(), "open only");
+        assert!(AreaShape::new(&poly(&[(0.0, 0.0), (10.0, 0.0), (20.0, 0.0)]), false).is_none(), "no height");
+        assert!(AreaShape::new(&poly(&[(0.0, 0.0), (f64::NAN, 0.0), (5.0, 5.0)]), false).is_none());
+        assert!(AreaShape::new(&poly(&[(0.0, 0.0), (1e300, 0.0), (5.0, 5.0)]), false).is_none(), "beyond f32");
+        let mut inv = poly(&[(0.0, 0.0), (10.0, 0.0), (10.0, 10.0)]);
+        inv.inverted = true;
+        assert!(AreaShape::new(&inv, false).is_none(), "an inverted path is unbounded");
+        let many: Vec<(f64, f64)> = (0..MAX_AREA_EDGES + 10).map(|i| ((i as f64).cos() * 50.0, (i as f64).sin() * 50.0)).collect();
+        assert!(AreaShape::new(&poly(&many), false).is_none());
+        assert!(AreaShape::new(&poly(&[(0.0, 0.0), (1e8, 0.0), (5.0, 5.0)]), false).is_none(), "beyond 1e7");
+        // Bad bands never panic.
+        let a = AreaShape::new(&poly(&[(0.0, 0.0), (10.0, 0.0), (10.0, 10.0)]), false).unwrap();
+        assert!(a.spans(f32::NAN, 5.0, 1.0).is_empty());
+        assert!(a.spans(5.0, 1.0, 1.0).is_empty());
+        assert!(a.next_row(f32::INFINITY, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0).is_none());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/text/src/cjk.rs b/crates/text/src/cjk.rs
index f0e3193baa..ab1c7d8992 100644
--- a/crates/text/src/cjk.rs
+++ b/crates/text/src/cjk.rs
@@ -53,28 +53,48 @@ pub fn classify(c: char) -> Option<CjkChar> {
     })
 }
 
-/// Script order for a locale tag such as `ja_JP.UTF-8`, `zh-Hant-TW`, `zh_CN` or `ko-KR`.
-/// Non-CJK (or unknown) locales get Simplified Chinese first, so Japanese forms only win
-/// for shared Han when the locale is Japanese.
-pub fn script_order(locale: Option<&str>) -> [CjkScript; 4] {
+/// A locale tag reduced to what [`script_order`] and [`locale_script`] compare:
+/// lowercase, `_` as `-`, without an encoding or modifier suffix.
+fn normalized_locale(locale: Option<&str>) -> String {
+    locale.unwrap_or("").split(['.', '@']).next().unwrap_or("").to_ascii_lowercase().replace('_', "-")
+}
+
+/// The CJK script a locale explicitly asks for, or `None` for a non-CJK (or unknown) locale.
+///
+/// [`script_order`] also gives non-CJK locales a default order (Simplified Chinese first). The
+/// craft-font manifest, however, lists its Japanese faces before Noto Sans CJK SC, so the eager
+/// provider keeps that Japanese-first baseline for Han unless the user's locale names another
+/// script. This helper distinguishes a non-CJK/unknown effective locale (use the baseline
+/// manifest order) from "zh-Hans/zh-Hant/ja/ko, use this script".
+pub fn locale_script(locale: Option<&str>) -> Option<CjkScript> {
     use CjkScript::*;
-    let tag = locale.unwrap_or("").split(['.', '@']).next().unwrap_or("").to_ascii_lowercase().replace('_', "-");
+    let tag = normalized_locale(locale);
     let mut parts = tag.split('-');
     let lang = parts.next().unwrap_or("");
     let rest: Vec<&str> = parts.collect();
     match lang {
-        "ja" => [Japanese, SimplifiedChinese, TraditionalChinese, Korean],
-        "ko" => [Korean, TraditionalChinese, SimplifiedChinese, Japanese],
+        "ja" => Some(Japanese),
+        "ko" => Some(Korean),
         "zh" | "yue" => {
             let hant = rest.iter().any(|p| matches!(*p, "hant" | "tw" | "hk" | "mo"));
             let hans = rest.iter().any(|p| matches!(*p, "hans" | "cn" | "sg"));
-            if (hant || lang == "yue") && !hans {
-                [TraditionalChinese, SimplifiedChinese, Japanese, Korean]
-            } else {
-                [SimplifiedChinese, TraditionalChinese, Japanese, Korean]
-            }
+            if (hant || lang == "yue") && !hans { Some(TraditionalChinese) } else { Some(SimplifiedChinese) }
         }
-        _ => [SimplifiedChinese, TraditionalChinese, Japanese, Korean],
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Script order for a locale tag such as `ja_JP.UTF-8`, `zh-Hant-TW`, `zh_CN` or `ko-KR`.
+/// Non-CJK (or unknown) locales get Simplified Chinese first for system fonts, so Japanese
+/// forms only win for shared Han when the locale is Japanese (craft faces keep the manifest's
+/// Japanese-first order through [`locale_script`]).
+pub fn script_order(locale: Option<&str>) -> [CjkScript; 4] {
+    use CjkScript::*;
+    match locale_script(locale) {
+        Some(Japanese) => [Japanese, SimplifiedChinese, TraditionalChinese, Korean],
+        Some(Korean) => [Korean, TraditionalChinese, SimplifiedChinese, Japanese],
+        Some(TraditionalChinese) => [TraditionalChinese, SimplifiedChinese, Japanese, Korean],
+        Some(SimplifiedChinese) | None => [SimplifiedChinese, TraditionalChinese, Japanese, Korean],
     }
 }
 
@@ -330,7 +350,10 @@ fn fontconfig_match(script: CjkScript) -> Option<FontFile> {
 fn fontconfig_font_covers_sample(bytes: &[u8], family: &str, script: CjkScript) -> bool {
     use skrifa::MetadataProvider;
 
-    let index = face_index_for_family(bytes, family);
+    let Some(index) = face_index_for_family_checked(bytes, family) else { return false };
+    if !font_face_is_readable(bytes, index) {
+        return false;
+    }
     let Ok(font) = skrifa::FontRef::from_index(bytes, index) else { return false };
     let sample = match script {
         CjkScript::Japanese => "レイヤー図",
@@ -509,22 +532,121 @@ pub fn mac_pingfang() -> Option<std::path::PathBuf> {
     None
 }
 
-/// Face index in a font file (or collection) whose family name is `family`; 0 when `family` is
-/// empty or no face matches. Never panics on malformed data.
-pub fn face_index_for_family(bytes: &[u8], family: &str) -> u32 {
-    use skrifa::{MetadataProvider, raw::FileRef, string::StringId};
-    if family.is_empty() {
-        return 0;
-    }
-    let Ok(FileRef::Collection(c)) = FileRef::new(bytes) else { return 0 };
-    for (i, f) in c.iter().enumerate() {
-        let Ok(f) = f else { continue };
-        let named = [StringId::TYPOGRAPHIC_FAMILY_NAME, StringId::FAMILY_NAME].iter().any(|id| f.localized_strings(*id).any(|s| s.chars().eq(family.chars())));
-        if named {
-            return i as u32;
+/// Maximum collection faces and cumulative `name` records inspected by
+/// [`face_index_for_family_checked`].
+const MAX_COLLECTION_FACES: usize = 256;
+const MAX_NAME_RECORDS: usize = 8192;
+
+/// Whether `font` has a family record exactly equal to `family`, charging each inspected record
+/// to `budget` so malformed fonts cannot make this scan unbounded.
+fn family_name_matches(font: &skrifa::FontRef<'_>, family: &str, budget: &mut usize) -> bool {
+    use skrifa::{MetadataProvider, string::StringId};
+
+    for id in [StringId::TYPOGRAPHIC_FAMILY_NAME, StringId::FAMILY_NAME] {
+        for s in font.localized_strings(id) {
+            let Some(rem) = budget.checked_sub(1) else {
+                return false;
+            };
+            *budget = rem;
+            if s.chars().eq(family.chars()) {
+                return true;
+            }
         }
     }
-    0
+    false
+}
+
+/// Whether every table in the selected face of `bytes` really is present in the file.
+///
+/// `FontRef` reads tables lazily: a face whose `cmap` and `name` are valid can still point another
+/// table outside the file. Coverage checks only read `cmap`, so callers that register a selected
+/// collection face (by family index, coverage result or face 0) must check this first; epaint
+/// panics when it installs a configured face the parser cannot read.
+fn face_tables_are_readable(font: &skrifa::raw::FontRef<'_>) -> bool {
+    let directory = font.table_directory();
+    let records = directory.table_records();
+    !records.is_empty() && records.len() == usize::from(directory.num_tables()) && records.iter().all(|record| font.table_data(record.tag()).is_some())
+}
+
+/// Whether face `index` of a font file or collection has a complete, in-bounds table directory.
+///
+/// This is the selected-index counterpart of [`font_file_is_readable`]. A readable collection may
+/// still contain a malformed face at `index`; the face's `cmap` and `name` can work while another
+/// table points outside the file. Returns `false` for an out-of-range index or malformed data.
+/// Never panics.
+pub fn font_face_is_readable(bytes: &[u8], index: u32) -> bool {
+    skrifa::raw::FontRef::from_index(bytes, index).is_ok_and(|font| face_tables_are_readable(&font))
+}
+
+/// Whether `bytes` is a font file or font collection that the text engine's parser can read.
+///
+/// This uses the same `skrifa` parser the text engine lays out and rasterizes with, instead of a
+/// hand-written table-directory check with invented face/table caps. A readable non-font or
+/// truncated file returns `false`; valid SFNT, OTF and TTC data returns `true`. For a collection,
+/// at least one face must have a complete table directory. That does **not** make every face
+/// readable: a face selected by family name, coverage or the empty-family face-0 contract must be
+/// checked with [`font_face_is_readable`], because its `cmap` and `name` can work while another
+/// table points out of bounds.
+pub fn font_file_is_readable(bytes: &[u8]) -> bool {
+    use skrifa::raw::FileRef;
+
+    match FileRef::new(bytes) {
+        Ok(FileRef::Font(font)) => face_tables_are_readable(&font),
+        Ok(FileRef::Collection(faces)) => faces.iter().any(|face| face.is_ok_and(|font| face_tables_are_readable(&font))),
+        Err(_) => false,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Face index in a font file (or collection) whose family name is `family`.
+///
+/// An empty `family` is the explicit "face 0" contract. A single-face file must actually carry
+/// the requested family name; a collection must contain a face with it. `None` when the family is
+/// missing, the data is malformed or the name budget is exhausted. The returned index has a
+/// matching `name`, but its other tables are not validated: use [`font_face_is_readable`] before
+/// registering it. Never panics.
+pub fn face_index_for_family_checked(bytes: &[u8], family: &str) -> Option<u32> {
+    use skrifa::raw::{FileRef, types::Tag};
+
+    if family.is_empty() {
+        return Some(0);
+    }
+    let mut budget = MAX_NAME_RECORDS;
+    match FileRef::new(bytes).ok()? {
+        FileRef::Font(font) => family_name_matches(&font, family, &mut budget).then_some(0),
+        FileRef::Collection(c) => {
+            let mut seen_faces = std::collections::HashSet::new();
+            let mut seen_names = std::collections::HashSet::new();
+            for (i, f) in c.iter().take(MAX_COLLECTION_FACES).enumerate() {
+                if let Some(off_bytes) = bytes.get(12 + i * 4..12 + (i + 1) * 4)
+                    && let Ok(arr) = <[u8; 4]>::try_from(off_bytes)
+                    && !seen_faces.insert(u32::from_be_bytes(arr))
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let Ok(f) = f else { continue };
+                if let Some(rec) = f.table_directory.table_records().iter().find(|r| r.tag() == Tag::new(b"name"))
+                    && !seen_names.insert((rec.offset(), rec.length()))
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if family_name_matches(&f, family, &mut budget) {
+                    return u32::try_from(i).ok();
+                }
+                if budget == 0 {
+                    return None;
+                }
+            }
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Face index in a font file (or collection) whose family name is `family`; 0 when `family` is
+/// empty or no face matches. Kept for callers that prefer the historical face-0 fallback; new
+/// system-font selection should use [`face_index_for_family_checked`], verify the selected face
+/// with [`font_face_is_readable`], and then verify coverage. Never panics on malformed data.
+pub fn face_index_for_family(bytes: &[u8], family: &str) -> u32 {
+    face_index_for_family_checked(bytes, family).unwrap_or(0)
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -532,6 +654,19 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use CjkScript::*;
 
+    #[test]
+    fn explicit_locale_scripts_are_distinct_from_the_non_cjk_default() {
+        assert_eq!(locale_script(Some("ja_JP.UTF-8")), Some(Japanese));
+        assert_eq!(locale_script(Some("ko-KR")), Some(Korean));
+        assert_eq!(locale_script(Some("zh-Hans-CN")), Some(SimplifiedChinese));
+        assert_eq!(locale_script(Some("zh_CN")), Some(SimplifiedChinese));
+        assert_eq!(locale_script(Some("zh-Hant-TW")), Some(TraditionalChinese));
+        assert_eq!(locale_script(Some("yue-HK")), Some(TraditionalChinese));
+        for unknown in [None, Some(""), Some("en_US.UTF-8"), Some("C"), Some("de"), Some("!!@@")] {
+            assert_eq!(locale_script(unknown), None, "{unknown:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn locale_orders() {
         assert_eq!(script_order(Some("ja_JP.UTF-8"))[0], Japanese);
@@ -627,6 +762,118 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    /// A two-face TrueType collection built at runtime from the repository's OFL-licensed
+    /// Inter and JetBrains Mono files. Each face directory is rewritten with offsets relative to
+    /// the collection, so no font fixture is committed.
+    fn two_face_ttc(first: &[u8], second: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let font_count = 2usize;
+        let tables = |font: &[u8]| u16::from_be_bytes([font[4], font[5]]) as usize;
+        let dir_lengths = [12 + 16 * tables(first), 12 + 16 * tables(second)];
+        let mut dir_offsets = Vec::with_capacity(font_count);
+        let mut cursor = 12 + 4 * font_count;
+        for length in dir_lengths {
+            dir_offsets.push(cursor);
+            cursor += length;
+        }
+        let data_start = cursor.next_multiple_of(4);
+        let mut bases = Vec::with_capacity(font_count);
+        let mut total = data_start;
+        for font in [first, second] {
+            bases.push(total);
+            total += font.len().next_multiple_of(4);
+        }
+        let mut out = vec![0u8; total];
+        out[..4].copy_from_slice(b"ttcf");
+        out[4..8].copy_from_slice(&0x0001_0000u32.to_be_bytes());
+        out[8..12].copy_from_slice(&u32::try_from(font_count).expect("two faces").to_be_bytes());
+        for (i, offset) in dir_offsets.iter().enumerate() {
+            let at = 12 + i * 4;
+            out[at..at + 4].copy_from_slice(&u32::try_from(*offset).expect("collection fits").to_be_bytes());
+        }
+        for (i, font) in [first, second].into_iter().enumerate() {
+            let dir = dir_offsets[i];
+            let base = bases[i];
+            out[dir..dir + font.len().min(12)].copy_from_slice(&font[..font.len().min(12)]);
+            for record in 0..tables(font) {
+                let src = 12 + 16 * record;
+                let dst = dir + 12 + 16 * record;
+                out[dst..dst + 8].copy_from_slice(&font[src..src + 8]);
+                let table_offset = u32::from_be_bytes(font[src + 8..src + 12].try_into().expect("four bytes"));
+                let collection_offset = u32::try_from(base).expect("collection fits") + table_offset;
+                out[dst + 8..dst + 12].copy_from_slice(&collection_offset.to_be_bytes());
+                out[dst + 12..dst + 16].copy_from_slice(&font[src + 12..src + 16]);
+            }
+            out[base..base + font.len()].copy_from_slice(font);
+        }
+        out
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn checked_face_lookup_uses_the_requested_collection_family_and_exact_coverage() {
+        use crate::scripts::face_covers;
+
+        let inter = include_bytes!("../../../assets/fonts/Inter-Regular.ttf");
+        let jetbrains = include_bytes!("../../../assets/fonts/JetBrainsMono-Regular.ttf");
+        let ttc = two_face_ttc(inter, jetbrains);
+
+        assert_eq!(face_index_for_family_checked(&ttc, "Inter"), Some(0));
+        assert_eq!(face_index_for_family_checked(&ttc, "JetBrains Mono"), Some(1));
+        assert_eq!(face_index_for_family_checked(&ttc, "Noto Sans CJK TC"), None);
+        assert_eq!(face_index_for_family(&ttc, "JetBrains Mono"), 1, "the old wrapper keeps its face-0 fallback only on a miss");
+        assert_eq!(face_index_for_family_checked(inter, "Inter"), Some(0));
+        assert_eq!(face_index_for_family_checked(inter, "JetBrains Mono"), None, "a single-face file must carry the requested family");
+        assert_eq!(face_index_for_family_checked(inter, ""), Some(0), "empty family is the explicit face-0 contract");
+        assert_eq!(face_index_for_family_checked(b"", "Inter"), None);
+
+        // Both faces cover A. JetBrains Mono does not cover Latin Small Letter B with Stroke,
+        // while Inter does, so a first-covering-face lookup cannot satisfy this pair.
+        assert!(face_covers(&ttc, 0, 'A'));
+        assert!(face_covers(&ttc, 1, 'A'));
+        assert!(face_covers(&ttc, 0, 'ƀ'));
+        assert!(!face_covers(&ttc, 1, 'ƀ'));
+        assert!(!face_covers(&ttc, 1, '日'));
+        assert!(!face_covers(&ttc, 2, 'A'), "out-of-range face index");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn font_file_validation_uses_the_layout_parser() {
+        let inter = include_bytes!("../../../assets/fonts/Inter-Regular.ttf");
+        let jetbrains = include_bytes!("../../../assets/fonts/JetBrainsMono-Regular.ttf");
+        assert!(font_file_is_readable(inter));
+        assert!(font_file_is_readable(&two_face_ttc(inter, jetbrains)));
+        assert!(!font_file_is_readable(b"this is not a font"));
+        assert!(!font_file_is_readable(&inter[..20]));
+        let mut missing_table = inter.to_vec();
+        // The first directory record begins at 12; its offset occupies bytes 20..24.
+        missing_table[20..24].copy_from_slice(&u32::MAX.to_be_bytes());
+        assert!(!font_file_is_readable(&missing_table), "a complete directory cannot point outside the file");
+    }
+
+    /// A readable collection can contain a malformed non-selected face, so the file-level check
+    /// must not stand in for validating the face a caller selects. The selected face keeps a valid
+    /// `cmap` (coverage succeeds) and `name` (family lookup succeeds) while another table points
+    /// past the end of the file.
+    #[test]
+    fn selected_face_validation_rejects_a_malformed_face_in_a_readable_collection() {
+        use crate::scripts::face_covers;
+
+        let inter = include_bytes!("../../../assets/fonts/Inter-Regular.ttf");
+        let jetbrains = include_bytes!("../../../assets/fonts/JetBrainsMono-Regular.ttf");
+        let mut malformed = jetbrains.to_vec();
+        let tables = u16::from_be_bytes([malformed[4], malformed[5]]) as usize;
+        let glyf = (0..tables).map(|i| 12 + 16 * i).find(|&rec| malformed.get(rec..rec + 4) == Some(&b"glyf"[..])).expect("JetBrains Mono has a glyf table");
+        malformed[glyf + 12..glyf + 16].copy_from_slice(&u32::MAX.to_be_bytes());
+        let ttc = two_face_ttc(inter, &malformed);
+
+        assert!(font_file_is_readable(&ttc), "face 0 remains a readable face");
+        assert_eq!(face_index_for_family_checked(&ttc, "JetBrains Mono"), Some(1), "the malformed face's name still resolves");
+        assert!(face_covers(&ttc, 1, 'A'), "the malformed face's cmap still covers A");
+        assert!(!font_face_is_readable(&ttc, 1), "its glyf table lies outside the collection");
+        assert!(font_face_is_readable(&ttc, 0), "positive control: the good face stays readable");
+        assert!(!font_face_is_readable(&ttc, 2), "out-of-range face");
+        assert!(font_face_is_readable(&two_face_ttc(inter, jetbrains), 1), "positive control: a valid selected face passes");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn face_index_handles_bad_data() {
         assert_eq!(face_index_for_family(b"", "PingFang SC"), 0);
diff --git a/crates/text/src/craft_fonts.rs b/crates/text/src/craft_fonts.rs
index c1c1949ea9..ed24a42035 100644
--- a/crates/text/src/craft_fonts.rs
+++ b/crates/text/src/craft_fonts.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 //! Fonts from the optional craft-fonts build input (https://github.com/storytold/craft-fonts).
 //!
 //! `CRAFT_FONTS` is empty unless the app was built with `CRAFT_FONTS_DIR=<craft-fonts checkout>`
-//! (see `build.rs`); every user of it must work when it is empty. Today it carries the Japanese
-//! fonts: BIZ UDPGothic (UI) and Shippori Mincho / BIZ UDMincho (serif document text). The web
-//! build (wasm32) embeds none of them: they don't fit its size cap (see `build.rs`).
+//! (see `build.rs`); every user of it must work when it is empty. It carries every font in the
+//! checkout's `fonts/manifest.txt`, whatever its scripts: the Japanese fonts BIZ UDPGothic (UI) and
+//! Shippori Mincho / BIZ UDMincho (serif document text) and, in newer checkouts, fonts for other
+//! scripts such as Noto Sans CJK SC, Noto Sans Arabic and Noto Sans Thai.
+//! [`crate::fonts::FontDb::new`] registers all of them. The web build (wasm32) embeds none of
+//! them: they don't fit its size cap (see `build.rs`).
 
 /// A font from the optional craft-fonts build input (empty unless built with `CRAFT_FONTS_DIR`).
 pub struct CraftFont {
diff --git a/crates/text/src/engine_data.rs b/crates/text/src/engine_data.rs
index a68d093669..19f3af1886 100644
--- a/crates/text/src/engine_data.rs
+++ b/crates/text/src/engine_data.rs
@@ -342,6 +342,9 @@ fn format_real(r: f64) -> String {
     if matches!(s.as_str(), "0." | "-0.") {
         return "0.0".into();
     }
+    if s.ends_with('.') {
+        s.push('0');
+    }
     if let Some(rest) = s.strip_prefix("0.") {
         s = format!(".{rest}");
     } else if let Some(rest) = s.strip_prefix("-0.") {
@@ -356,6 +359,18 @@ mod tests {
 
     const SAMPLE: &[u8] = b"\n\n<<\n\t/EngineDict\n\t<<\n\t\t/Editor\n\t\t<<\n\t\t\t/Text (\xFE\xFF\x00H\x00i\x00\\)\x00\r)\n\t\t>>\n\t\t/Nums [ 1.0 .5 -2 0 ]\n\t\t/Flag true\n\t\t/Kind /Roman\n\t\t/Runs [\n\t\t<<\n\t\t\t/A 1\n\t\t>>\n\t\t]\n\t>>\n>>";
 
+    #[test]
+    fn format_real_never_ends_with_bare_dot() {
+        assert_eq!(format_real(5.000001), "5.0");
+        assert_eq!(format_real(12.000004), "12.0");
+        assert_eq!(format_real(-5.000001), "-5.0");
+        assert_eq!(format_real(1e20), "100000000000000000000.0");
+        assert_eq!(format_real(0.5), ".5");
+        assert_eq!(format_real(-0.25), "-.25");
+        assert_eq!(format_real(1e-9), "0.0");
+        assert_eq!(format_real(3.0), "3.0");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn parses_sample() {
         let v = parse(SAMPLE).unwrap();
diff --git a/crates/text/src/font_names_tests.rs b/crates/text/src/font_names_tests.rs
index 0de4bf2445..a1eda9b801 100644
--- a/crates/text/src/font_names_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/text/src/font_names_tests.rs
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ fn collection_isolation_preserves_requested_face() {
     let blob = Blob::new(Arc::new(bytes));
     assert!(isolated_face(blob.clone(), 2).is_none());
     let mut db = FontDb::new();
-    db.register_blob(blob.clone());
+    db.register_blob(blob.clone(), None);
     let mut style = CharStyle { font_family: "Numeric Test".into(), font_style: "30".into(), ..Default::default() };
     db.select_named_face(&mut style);
     assert_eq!(db.faces(&style.font_family)[0].postscript_name.as_deref(), Some("Collection30"));
@@ -188,3 +188,283 @@ fn localized_family_names_map_english_families_to_native_names() {
     assert!(!local.contains_key(DEFAULT_FAMILY));
     assert!(local.values().all(|v| !v.is_empty()));
 }
+
+/// A craft-fonts manifest entry for `bytes`, as `build.rs` writes one per manifest line.
+fn craft(family: &'static str, scripts: &'static [&'static str], bytes: Vec<u8>) -> crate::CraftFont {
+    crate::CraftFont { family, style: "Regular", scripts, bytes: bytes.leak() }
+}
+
+/// A TrueType collection of single-face fonts.
+fn collection(faces: &[Vec<u8>]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut bytes = b"ttcf\0\x01\0\0".to_vec();
+    bytes.extend((faces.len() as u32).to_be_bytes());
+    let mut start = 12 + 4 * faces.len();
+    for face in faces {
+        bytes.extend((start as u32).to_be_bytes());
+        start += face.len();
+    }
+    for face in faces {
+        let start = bytes.len();
+        bytes.extend(face);
+        let count = u16::from_be_bytes(bytes[start + 4..start + 6].try_into().unwrap()) as usize;
+        for i in 0..count {
+            let r = start + 12 + i * 16 + 8;
+            let offset = u32::from_be_bytes(bytes[r..r + 4].try_into().unwrap()) + start as u32;
+            bytes[r..r + 4].copy_from_slice(&offset.to_be_bytes());
+        }
+    }
+    bytes
+}
+
+/// Single-face craft fonts of every script register under their manifest family names, whatever
+/// family their `name` tables give, and the ones the fallback lists name are in the fallback
+/// stack. The Hans and Arab families are fallback-list names, and no craft-fonts manifest uses
+/// any of the three, so `FontDb::new` does not register them from the build's own craft fonts.
+#[test]
+fn craft_fonts_of_every_script_register_under_their_manifest_families() {
+    let fonts = [
+        craft("WenQuanYi Micro Hei", &["Hans", "Latn"], localized_font(&INTER_REGULAR, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei")),
+        // The `name` tables of these two give the family "Numeric Test".
+        craft("Geeza Pro", &["Arab"], numeric_font(&INTER_REGULAR, "20", "CraftTestArabic")),
+        craft("Craft Test Gothic", &["Jpan", "Latn"], numeric_font(&INTER_SEMIBOLD, "30", "CraftTestGothic")),
+    ];
+    let mut db = FontDb::new();
+    assert!(fonts.iter().all(|f| !db.has_family(f.family)));
+    db.register_craft_fonts(&fonts);
+    let families = db.families();
+    for f in &fonts {
+        assert!(families.iter().any(|n| n == f.family), "{} registered under its manifest family: {families:?}", f.family);
+    }
+    assert!(!db.has_family("Numeric Test"), "{families:?}");
+    for family in ["WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Geeza Pro"] {
+        assert!(db.fallback_stack().any(|f| f == family), "{family} in {:?}", db.fallback_stack().collect::<Vec<_>>());
+    }
+}
+
+/// Each face of a craft font collection keeps the family its `name` table gives.
+#[test]
+fn craft_font_collections_keep_their_face_families() {
+    let faces = [localized_font(&INTER_REGULAR, "Craft Test A", "クラフト A"), localized_font(&INTER_SEMIBOLD, "Craft Test B", "クラフト B")];
+    let fonts = [craft("Craft Test Collection", &["Jpan", "Latn"], collection(&faces))];
+    let mut db = FontDb::new();
+    db.register_craft_fonts(&fonts);
+    assert!(db.has_family("Craft Test A") && db.has_family("Craft Test B"), "{:?}", db.families());
+    assert!(!db.has_family("Craft Test Collection"));
+}
+
+/// A 16.16 fixed-point number as `fvar` stores it.
+fn fixed(v: f32) -> [u8; 4] {
+    ((v * 65536.0).round() as i32).to_be_bytes()
+}
+
+/// `source` rebuilt as a variable font with `wght` 100–900 and `wdth` 75–100 axes and two named
+/// instances, without redistributing a variable font (#8797): "Light Condensed" (300, 75) has no
+/// PostScript name of its own, so its name is derived as `InstanceTest-LightCondensed`;
+/// "Heavy" (900, 100) names itself `InstanceTest-Black`. Outlines do not vary, but an `HVAR` table
+/// (see [`width_hvar`]) narrows every advance on `wdth`, so layout width shows which instance drew.
+fn instance_font(source: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let names = [
+        (1u16, "Instance Test"),
+        (2, "Regular"),
+        (6, "InstanceTest-Regular"),
+        (16, "Instance Test"),
+        (256, "Weight"),
+        (257, "Width"),
+        (258, "Light Condensed"),
+        (259, "InstanceTest-Black"),
+        (260, "Heavy"),
+    ];
+    let mut name = Vec::new();
+    let mut strings = Vec::new();
+    for value in [0u16, names.len() as u16, (6 + names.len() * 12) as u16] {
+        name.extend(value.to_be_bytes());
+    }
+    for (id, value) in names {
+        let encoded: Vec<_> = value.encode_utf16().flat_map(u16::to_be_bytes).collect();
+        for n in [3, 1, 0x409, id, encoded.len() as u16, strings.len() as u16] {
+            name.extend(n.to_be_bytes());
+        }
+        strings.extend(encoded);
+    }
+    name.extend(strings);
+    // Two axes of 20 bytes, then two instances of 4 + 2 * 4 + 2 bytes (with PostScript name IDs).
+    let mut fvar = Vec::new();
+    for n in [1u16, 0, 16, 2, 2, 20, 2, 14] {
+        fvar.extend(n.to_be_bytes());
+    }
+    for (tag, min, default, max, name_id) in [(b"wght", 100.0, 400.0, 900.0, 256u16), (b"wdth", 75.0, 100.0, 100.0, 257)] {
+        fvar.extend(tag);
+        for v in [min, default, max] {
+            fvar.extend(fixed(v));
+        }
+        fvar.extend([0, 0]);
+        fvar.extend(name_id.to_be_bytes());
+    }
+    for (subfamily, coords, ps) in [(258u16, [300.0, 75.0], 0xFFFFu16), (260, [900.0, 100.0], 259)] {
+        fvar.extend(subfamily.to_be_bytes());
+        fvar.extend([0, 0]);
+        for v in coords {
+            fvar.extend(fixed(v));
+        }
+        fvar.extend(ps.to_be_bytes());
+    }
+    // Rebuild the table directory: every table but `name` as it was, plus the new `name`, `fvar`
+    // and `HVAR`.
+    let count = u16::from_be_bytes(source[4..6].try_into().unwrap()) as usize;
+    let mut tables: Vec<([u8; 4], Vec<u8>)> = (0..count)
+        .map(|i| {
+            let r = 12 + i * 16;
+            let at = u32::from_be_bytes(source[r + 8..r + 12].try_into().unwrap()) as usize;
+            let len = u32::from_be_bytes(source[r + 12..r + 16].try_into().unwrap()) as usize;
+            (source[r..r + 4].try_into().unwrap(), source[at..at + len].to_vec())
+        })
+        .filter(|(tag, _)| tag != b"name")
+        .collect();
+    let table = |tag: &[u8; 4]| tables.iter().find(|(t, _)| t == tag).map(|(_, data)| data.as_slice()).unwrap();
+    let hvar = width_hvar(table(b"hhea"), table(b"hmtx"), table(b"maxp"));
+    tables.push((*b"name", name));
+    tables.push((*b"fvar", fvar));
+    tables.push((*b"HVAR", hvar));
+    tables.sort_by_key(|(tag, _)| *tag);
+    let mut out = source[0..4].to_vec();
+    for n in [tables.len() as u16, 0, 0, 0] {
+        out.extend(n.to_be_bytes());
+    }
+    let mut at = 12 + 16 * tables.len();
+    for (tag, data) in &tables {
+        out.extend(tag);
+        out.extend(0u32.to_be_bytes());
+        out.extend((at as u32).to_be_bytes());
+        out.extend((data.len() as u32).to_be_bytes());
+        at += data.len().next_multiple_of(4);
+    }
+    for (_, data) in &tables {
+        out.extend(data);
+        out.resize(out.len().next_multiple_of(4), 0);
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+/// An `HVAR` table for [`instance_font`]'s axes (`wght`, then `wdth`) that takes 30% off every
+/// glyph's advance at `wdth` 75 and nothing at the default 100, scaled linearly between. Advances
+/// come from `hmtx`; glyph IDs map to deltas directly, as no advance mapping is given.
+fn width_hvar(hhea: &[u8], hmtx: &[u8], maxp: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let glyphs = u16::from_be_bytes(maxp[4..6].try_into().unwrap());
+    let metrics = u16::from_be_bytes(hhea[34..36].try_into().unwrap()) as usize;
+    let advance = |gid: usize| {
+        let at = 4 * gid.min(metrics - 1);
+        i32::from(u16::from_be_bytes(hmtx[at..at + 2].try_into().unwrap()))
+    };
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    // Header: version 1.0, item variation store at 20, no advance, LSB or RSB mappings.
+    for n in [1u16, 0] {
+        out.extend(n.to_be_bytes());
+    }
+    for n in [20u32, 0, 0, 0] {
+        out.extend(n.to_be_bytes());
+    }
+    // Item variation store: format 1, region list at 12, one item variation data at 28.
+    out.extend(1u16.to_be_bytes());
+    out.extend(12u32.to_be_bytes());
+    out.extend(1u16.to_be_bytes());
+    out.extend(28u32.to_be_bytes());
+    // One region over two axes as (start, peak, end) in F2Dot14: `wght` unused, `wdth` -1..0
+    // peaking at -1 (75).
+    for n in [2u16, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0xC000, 0xC000, 0] {
+        out.extend(n.to_be_bytes());
+    }
+    // Item variation data: one 16-bit delta per glyph for region 0.
+    for n in [glyphs, 1, 1, 0] {
+        out.extend(n.to_be_bytes());
+    }
+    for gid in 0..glyphs as usize {
+        out.extend((-(advance(gid) * 3 / 10) as i16).to_be_bytes());
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+/// The axis values `select_named_face` gives a style of the synthesized variable family that
+/// carries the PostScript name `ps`, sorted by axis.
+fn instance_axes(db: &mut FontDb, ps: &str, variations: Vec<photocraft_doc::text::FontVariation>) -> Vec<(String, f32)> {
+    let mut style = CharStyle { font_family: "Instance Test".into(), postscript_name: Some(ps.into()), weight: 300, variations, ..Default::default() };
+    db.select_named_face(&mut style);
+    let mut axes: Vec<_> = style.variations.into_iter().map(|v| (v.axis, v.value)).collect();
+    axes.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.cmp(&b.0));
+    axes
+}
+
+/// #8797: a PostScript name that names a named instance of a variable font (as a PSD stores
+/// "Bahnschrift-LightCondensed") selects that instance's axis values, whether the instance names
+/// itself or its name is derived from the family and subfamily names. A name no instance has
+/// leaves the style at the default instance, and axes the style sets itself are kept.
+#[test]
+fn postscript_name_of_a_named_instance_selects_its_axis_values() {
+    use photocraft_doc::text::FontVariation;
+    let mut db = FontDb::new();
+    db.register_font_data(instance_font(&INTER_REGULAR));
+    assert_eq!(db.faces("Instance Test").len(), 1, "a variable family is one face");
+    let axes = |pairs: &[(&str, f32)]| pairs.iter().map(|(a, v)| (a.to_string(), *v)).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    assert_eq!(instance_axes(&mut db, "InstanceTest-LightCondensed", vec![]), axes(&[("wdth", 75.0), ("wght", 300.0)]));
+    assert_eq!(instance_axes(&mut db, "InstanceTest-Black", vec![]), axes(&[("wdth", 100.0), ("wght", 900.0)]));
+    assert_eq!(instance_axes(&mut db, "InstanceTest-Missing", vec![]), axes(&[]));
+    let own = vec![FontVariation { axis: "wght".into(), value: 350.0 }];
+    assert_eq!(instance_axes(&mut db, "InstanceTest-LightCondensed", own), axes(&[("wdth", 75.0), ("wght", 350.0)]));
+}
+
+/// A static face whose PostScript name matches exactly is selected as before (#8797 only adds
+/// a fallback for names no face has), and gets no axis values.
+#[test]
+fn exact_static_face_gets_no_instance_axes() {
+    let mut db = FontDb::new();
+    db.register_font_data(numeric_font(&INTER_SEMIBOLD, "30", "StaticPS30"));
+    let mut style = CharStyle { font_family: "Numeric Test".into(), postscript_name: Some("StaticPS30".into()), ..Default::default() };
+    db.select_named_face(&mut style);
+    assert_ne!(style.font_family, "Numeric Test", "the exact face is selected through its alias");
+    assert!(style.variations.is_empty(), "{:?}", style.variations);
+}
+
+/// A style whose `font_style` and weight also match the variable face itself ("Regular", 400) still
+/// gets the named instance its PostScript name gives: the instance is tried before the
+/// style-and-weight fallback, which would select the face at its default instance (#8797).
+#[test]
+fn named_instance_wins_over_a_matching_font_style() {
+    let mut db = FontDb::new();
+    db.register_font_data(instance_font(&INTER_REGULAR));
+    let mut style = CharStyle {
+        font_family: "Instance Test".into(),
+        font_style: "Regular".into(),
+        weight: 400,
+        postscript_name: Some("InstanceTest-LightCondensed".into()),
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    db.select_named_face(&mut style);
+    assert_ne!(style.font_family, "Instance Test", "the variable face is selected through its alias");
+    let mut axes: Vec<_> = style.variations.into_iter().map(|v| (v.axis, v.value)).collect();
+    axes.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.cmp(&b.0));
+    assert_eq!(axes, vec![("wdth".to_string(), 75.0), ("wght".to_string(), 300.0)]);
+}
+
+/// #8797 end to end without an installed font: text whose style carries a named instance's
+/// PostScript name lays out as wide as that instance's axis values, which the synthesized `HVAR`
+/// makes narrower than the default instance. The style's `font_style` and weight match the
+/// variable face itself, so the default instance would be chosen if the instance were skipped.
+#[test]
+fn postscript_name_of_a_named_instance_lays_out_at_that_instance() {
+    use photocraft_doc::TextLayer;
+    use photocraft_doc::text::{FontVariation, TextRun};
+    let mut engine = crate::TextEngine::new();
+    engine.fonts.register_font_data(instance_font(&INTER_REGULAR));
+    let text = "Hamburgefonstiv 0123";
+    let mut width = |style: CharStyle| {
+        let layer = TextLayer { text: text.into(), runs: vec![TextRun { len: text.len(), style }], ..Default::default() };
+        let l = engine.layout(&layer, 96.0);
+        l.lines[0].x1 - l.lines[0].x0
+    };
+    let base = CharStyle { font_family: "Instance Test".into(), font_style: "Regular".into(), size_pt: 72.0, weight: 400, ..Default::default() };
+    let axes = vec![FontVariation { axis: "wght".into(), value: 300.0 }, FontVariation { axis: "wdth".into(), value: 75.0 }];
+    let family = width(base.clone());
+    let instance = width(CharStyle { postscript_name: Some("InstanceTest-LightCondensed".into()), ..base.clone() });
+    let explicit = width(CharStyle { variations: axes, ..base });
+    assert!(explicit < family * 0.8, "wdth 75 is narrower: {explicit} vs {family}");
+    assert!((instance - explicit).abs() < 0.5, "instance: {instance} px, its axes: {explicit} px, default instance: {family} px");
+}
diff --git a/crates/text/src/fonts.rs b/crates/text/src/fonts.rs
index 720d2b77eb..a0b64f4e3b 100644
--- a/crates/text/src/fonts.rs
+++ b/crates/text/src/fonts.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! Font database: bundled fonts (always available, also on the web), the optional craft-fonts
-//! Japanese fonts ([`crate::craft_fonts`], when built with `CRAFT_FONTS_DIR`), optional system
-//! fonts found by scanning platform directories (plus Fontconfig's file list on Linux),
+//! fonts of every script ([`crate::craft_fonts`], when built with `CRAFT_FONTS_DIR`), optional
+//! system fonts found by scanning platform directories (plus Fontconfig's file list on Linux),
 //! user-registered font data, and PostScript-name lookup for PSD import.
 
 use std::collections::HashMap;
@@ -225,14 +225,22 @@ impl FontDb {
             db.register_static_font(bytes.as_slice());
         }
         // The optional craft-fonts (empty unless built with CRAFT_FONTS_DIR; always empty on
-        // wasm32), before any system font.
-        for f in crate::craft_fonts::CRAFT_FONTS.iter().filter(|f| f.is_japanese()) {
-            db.register_static_font(f.bytes);
-        }
+        // wasm32), every script, before any system font.
+        db.register_craft_fonts(crate::craft_fonts::CRAFT_FONTS);
         db.refresh_generics();
         db
     }
 
+    /// Registers craft-fonts manifest entries of every script. A single-face file registers under
+    /// its manifest family, whatever family its `name` table gives. Each face of a collection
+    /// (TTC/OTC) keeps the family its `name` table gives.
+    fn register_craft_fonts(&mut self, fonts: &[crate::CraftFont]) {
+        for f in fonts {
+            let family = (face_count(f.bytes) == 1).then_some(f.family);
+            self.register_blob(Blob::new(Arc::new(f.bytes)), family);
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Bundled fonts plus the fonts installed on this machine (no-op on the web).
     pub fn with_system_fonts() -> Self {
         let mut db = Self::new();
@@ -279,16 +287,21 @@ impl FontDb {
 
     /// Registers font data (TTF/OTF, or every face of a TTC/OTC). Returns the family names added.
     pub fn register_font_data(&mut self, bytes: Vec<u8>) -> Vec<String> {
-        self.register_blob(Blob::new(Arc::new(bytes)))
+        self.register_blob(Blob::new(Arc::new(bytes)), None)
     }
 
     /// Registers embedded font data without copying it.
     fn register_static_font(&mut self, bytes: &'static [u8]) -> Vec<String> {
-        self.register_blob(Blob::new(Arc::new(bytes)))
+        self.register_blob(Blob::new(Arc::new(bytes)), None)
     }
 
-    fn register_blob(&mut self, blob: Blob<u8>) -> Vec<String> {
-        let added = self.fcx.collection.register_fonts(blob, None);
+    /// Registers every face in `blob`, under `family` when given, else under the family each
+    /// face's `name` table gives.
+    fn register_blob(&mut self, blob: Blob<u8>, family: Option<&str>) -> Vec<String> {
+        let Some(blob) = sanitize_font_blob(blob) else {
+            return Vec::new();
+        };
+        let added = self.fcx.collection.register_fonts(blob, family.map(|f| FontInfoOverride { family_name: Some(f), ..Default::default() }));
         let mut names = Vec::new();
         for (id, _) in added {
             if let Some(n) = self.fcx.collection.family_name(id)
@@ -470,10 +483,29 @@ impl FontDb {
     /// Select an exact face for shaping. Private aliases are runtime-only: the document keeps
     /// its public family and PostScript name. CSS matching alone cannot distinguish e.g. the
     /// numeric subfamilies of Yoon fonts, all of which declare weight 400 / normal.
+    ///
+    /// A PostScript name that no face has may name an instance of a variable face
+    /// ("Bahnschrift-LightCondensed"): that face is selected and the instance's axis values are
+    /// added to the style's variations, keeping any axis the style sets itself (#8797). Faces are
+    /// tried in this order: exact PostScript name, named instance, then style, weight and italic.
     pub(crate) fn select_named_face(&mut self, style: &mut photocraft_doc::text::CharStyle) {
         let family = style.font_family.clone();
         let faces = self.faces(&family);
-        let index = style.postscript_name.as_ref().and_then(|ps| faces.iter().position(|f| f.postscript_name.as_ref() == Some(ps))).or_else(|| {
+        let index = style.postscript_name.as_ref().and_then(|ps| faces.iter().position(|f| f.postscript_name.as_ref() == Some(ps)));
+        // The named instance is tried before the style-and-weight fallback: a variable face's own
+        // style ("Regular") can match a populated `font_style` and would drop the instance's axes.
+        let instance = match (index, &style.postscript_name) {
+            (None, Some(ps)) => self.named_instance(&family, &faces, ps),
+            _ => None,
+        };
+        if let Some((_, axes)) = &instance {
+            for (axis, value) in axes {
+                if !style.variations.iter().any(|v| &v.axis == axis) {
+                    style.variations.push(photocraft_doc::text::FontVariation { axis: axis.clone(), value: *value });
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        let index = index.or(instance.map(|(i, _)| i)).or_else(|| {
             faces.iter().position(|f| {
                 !style.font_style.is_empty()
                     && f.style.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&style.font_style)
@@ -501,6 +533,44 @@ impl FontDb {
         style.italic = face.italic;
     }
 
+    /// The variable face of `family` (index into `faces`) with a named instance whose PostScript
+    /// name is `ps`, and that instance's axis values. An instance without a PostScript name of its
+    /// own is named as Adobe Technical Note #5902 derives it: the variations prefix (name 25, else
+    /// the family name) and the subfamily name without spaces, joined by a hyphen. Names compare
+    /// without punctuation or case, and the subfamily alone matches the part of `ps` after the
+    /// first hyphen, since the prefix a document stored can differ from the font's.
+    fn named_instance(&mut self, family: &str, faces: &[FaceInfo], ps: &str) -> Option<(usize, Vec<(String, f32)>)> {
+        let key = |s: &str| s.chars().filter(char::is_ascii_alphanumeric).map(|c| c.to_ascii_lowercase()).collect::<String>();
+        let wanted = key(ps);
+        let wanted_style = ps.split_once('-').map(|(_, s)| key(s));
+        let info = self.fcx.collection.family_by_name(family)?;
+        for (index, face) in info.fonts().iter().enumerate() {
+            if faces.get(index).is_none_or(|f| f.axes.is_empty()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let Some(blob) = face.load(Some(&mut self.fcx.source_cache)) else { continue };
+            let Ok(font) = skrifa::FontRef::from_index(blob.as_ref(), face.index()) else { continue };
+            let name = |id: StringId| font.localized_strings(id).english_or_first().map(|s| s.to_string()).filter(|s| !s.is_empty());
+            let prefix = name(StringId::VARIATIONS_POSTSCRIPT_NAME_PREFIX)
+                .or_else(|| name(StringId::TYPOGRAPHIC_FAMILY_NAME))
+                .or_else(|| name(StringId::FAMILY_NAME))
+                .unwrap_or_default();
+            for instance in font.named_instances().iter() {
+                let subfamily = name(instance.subfamily_name_id()).unwrap_or_default();
+                let own = instance.postscript_name_id().and_then(name);
+                let matches = match own {
+                    Some(own) => key(&own) == wanted,
+                    None => key(&prefix) + &key(&subfamily) == wanted || (!subfamily.is_empty() && wanted_style.as_deref() == Some(key(&subfamily).as_str())),
+                };
+                if matches {
+                    let axes = font.axes().iter().map(|a| a.tag().to_string()).zip(instance.user_coords()).collect();
+                    return Some((index, axes));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        None
+    }
+
     /// Finds a face by PostScript name (as stored in PSD files): exact match by reading the
     /// `name` table of candidate faces, else a heuristic split (`Arial-BoldMT` → Arial, 700).
     pub fn resolve_postscript(&mut self, ps: &str) -> ResolvedFont {
@@ -541,6 +611,65 @@ impl FontDb {
     }
 }
 
+/// Maximum faces and cumulative variation axes admitted from a single font blob.
+const MAX_COLLECTION_FACES: usize = 256;
+const MAX_COLLECTION_AXES: usize = 4096;
+
+/// Validates `blob` before handing it to `fontique`, deduplicating repeated TTC table-directory
+/// offsets and rejecting collections with excessive faces or variation axes.
+fn sanitize_font_blob(blob: Blob<u8>) -> Option<Blob<u8>> {
+    let data = blob.as_ref();
+    if data.len() > 256 * 1024 * 1024 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    match FileRef::new(data).ok()? {
+        FileRef::Font(font) => {
+            if font.axes().len() > MAX_COLLECTION_AXES {
+                return None;
+            }
+            Some(blob)
+        }
+        FileRef::Collection(collection) => {
+            let n = usize::try_from(collection.len()).ok()?;
+            if n == 0 || n > MAX_COLLECTION_FACES {
+                return None;
+            }
+            let dir_end = 12usize.checked_add(n.checked_mul(4)?)?;
+            let offsets_raw = data.get(12..dir_end)?;
+            let mut unique_offsets: Vec<u32> = Vec::with_capacity(n);
+            let mut total_axes = 0usize;
+            for (i, chunk) in offsets_raw.as_chunks::<4>().0.iter().enumerate() {
+                let off = u32::from_be_bytes(*chunk);
+                if unique_offsets.contains(&off) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let idx = u32::try_from(i).ok()?;
+                let Ok(font) = collection.get(idx) else {
+                    continue;
+                };
+                total_axes = total_axes.checked_add(font.axes().len())?;
+                if total_axes > MAX_COLLECTION_AXES {
+                    return None;
+                }
+                unique_offsets.push(off);
+            }
+            if unique_offsets.is_empty() {
+                return None;
+            }
+            if unique_offsets.len() == n {
+                return Some(blob);
+            }
+            let mut bytes = data.to_vec();
+            bytes.get_mut(8..12)?.copy_from_slice(&(unique_offsets.len() as u32).to_be_bytes());
+            for (slot, off) in unique_offsets.iter().enumerate() {
+                let pos = 12 + slot * 4;
+                bytes.get_mut(pos..pos + 4)?.copy_from_slice(&off.to_be_bytes());
+            }
+            Some(Blob::new(Arc::new(bytes)))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Make a collection expose only the requested face without rewriting any font tables.
 /// TTC table offsets are absolute; changing its face directory preserves them verbatim.
 fn isolated_face(blob: Blob<u8>, index: u32) -> Option<Blob<u8>> {
diff --git a/crates/text/src/layout.rs b/crates/text/src/layout.rs
index 8ca0b6c2aa..4936b33c63 100644
--- a/crates/text/src/layout.rs
+++ b/crates/text/src/layout.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use parley::{
     PositionedLayoutItem, StyleProperty,
 };
 use photocraft_doc::TextLayer;
-use photocraft_doc::text::{Caps, CharStyle, FontBaseline, Kerning, Orientation, TextAlign, TextDirection, TextShape};
+use photocraft_doc::text::{Caps, CharStyle, FontBaseline, Kerning, Orientation, ParagraphStyle, TextAlign, TextDirection, TextShape};
 use skrifa::raw::types::Tag;
 
 use crate::fonts::FontDb;
@@ -522,9 +522,18 @@ impl Layouter {
         let text = &t.text;
         let (box_rect, is_box) = match t.shape {
             TextShape::Box { x, y, width, height } => ((x, y, width, height), true),
-            // Path text is laid out as one point-text line, then bent onto the path.
-            TextShape::Point | TextShape::Path { .. } => ((0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0), false),
+            // Path text is laid out as one point-text line, then bent onto the path. Area text
+            // places its own lines (`area` below).
+            TextShape::Point | TextShape::Path { .. } | TextShape::Area { .. } => ((0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0), false),
         };
+        // Area type: the shape its lines wrap inside. A path that encloses nothing (only from a
+        // hostile file; `type.fillPath` refuses one) lays out as point text.
+        let area = match &t.shape {
+            TextShape::Area { path } => crate::area::AreaShape::new(path, vertical),
+            _ => None,
+        };
+        // Box and area text wrap, align within their lines and hide what doesn't fit.
+        let wraps = is_box || area.is_some();
         let mut prev_baseline: Option<f32> = None;
         let mut pending_space = 0.0f32;
         let mut stop = false;
@@ -597,12 +606,13 @@ impl Layouter {
             // fetches it (`served`); it joins the fallback stack once it arrives.
             crate::served::request_for_text(&ptext);
             let fallback: Vec<String> = fonts.fallback_stack().map(str::to_string).collect();
+            let si0 = style_at(prange.start);
+            let si_end = run_starts.partition_point(|&rs| rs < content_end).max(si0 + 1).min(out.styles.len());
             // Shapes the paragraph, each tab widened by its letter spacing in `tab_spacing` (px).
             let build = |lcx: &mut LayoutContext<RunBrush>, fcx: &mut parley::FontContext, tab_spacing: &[f32]| -> Layout<RunBrush> {
                 let mut b = lcx.ranged_builder(fcx, &ptext, 1.0, false);
                 // Paragraph-start style as the default (covers the direction mark and empty
                 // paragraphs), then every run piece intersecting this paragraph.
-                let si0 = style_at(prange.start);
                 for p in style_props(&out.styles[si0], k, &fallback, si0 as u32, small_caps[si0]) {
                     b.push_default(p);
                 }
@@ -612,7 +622,7 @@ impl Layouter {
                 if is_box {
                     b.push_default(StyleProperty::OverflowWrap(parley::style::OverflowWrap::BreakWord));
                 }
-                for (ri, st) in out.styles.iter().enumerate() {
+                for (ri, st) in out.styles.iter().enumerate().take(si_end).skip(si0) {
                     let rs = run_starts[ri];
                     let (a, z) = (rs.max(prange.start), (rs + runs[ri].len).min(content_end));
                     if a >= z {
@@ -672,11 +682,10 @@ impl Layouter {
             let (line_origin, line_len) = if vertical { (box_rect.1, box_rect.3) } else { (box_rect.0, box_rect.2) };
             let avail = if is_box { Some((line_len - indent_start - indent_end).max(1.0)) } else { None };
             // Horizontal scale is applied after shaping, so paragraph text breaks at the box
-            // width divided by it (#5565). Mixed scales break at the largest, so no line
-            // overflows the box.
-            let break_scale = if is_box {
-                let si0 = style_at(prange.start);
-                (0..out.styles.len())
+            // (or area span) width divided by it (#5565). Mixed scales break at the largest, so
+            // no line overflows the box.
+            let break_scale = if wraps {
+                (si0..si_end)
                     .filter(|&ri| {
                         let rs = run_starts.get(ri).copied().unwrap_or(0);
                         let end = rs.saturating_add(runs.get(ri).map_or(0, |r| r.len));
@@ -689,35 +698,56 @@ impl Layouter {
                 1.0
             };
             let break_scale = if break_scale > 0.0 { break_scale } else { 1.0 };
-            let break_lines = |layout: &mut Layout<RunBrush>| {
+            // Area type: the first row goes no higher than one leading (plus paragraph spacing)
+            // below the previous paragraph's last line.
+            let space_before = if prev_baseline.is_some() { ps.space_before_pt * k } else { 0.0 };
+            let area_from = |m: LineMetrics| match (&area, prev_baseline) {
+                (Some(_), Some(b)) => b + m.leading + pending_space + space_before,
+                (Some(a), None) => a.bounds[1] + m.ascent,
+                (None, _) => 0.0,
+            };
+            // Line-breaking passes left for this paragraph's area type (see `break_area`).
+            let area_budget = std::cell::Cell::new(MAX_AREA_PASSES);
+            let break_lines = |layout: &mut Layout<RunBrush>| -> (Vec<Slot>, bool) {
                 if first_indent != 0.0 {
                     layout.set_text_indent(first_indent / break_scale, IndentOptions::default());
                 }
-                layout.break_all_lines(avail.map(|a| a / break_scale));
+                let Some(a) = &area else {
+                    layout.break_all_lines(avail.map(|a| a / break_scale));
+                    return (Vec::new(), false);
+                };
+                // Plan every row with the paragraph's real line metrics (its tallest font and
+                // largest leading, measured on the unwrapped paragraph), so no wrapped line comes
+                // out taller than the row it was planned in and no second plan is needed.
+                layout.break_all_lines(None);
+                let m = area_metrics(layout, &out.styles, &ps, k, first_style, vertical);
+                break_area(layout, a, area_from(m), m, (indent_start, indent_end), first_px, break_scale, &area_budget)
             };
             // Paragraph text: a tab is never wider than a space plus one tab interval, so breaking
             // lines at that width keeps the expanded tabs inside the box, but can wrap early.
             // Break again with the tab widths that layout gives until they agree; if they don't
             // settle, keep the safe layout.
-            let wide = if is_box { tab_px } else { 0.0 };
+            let wide = if wraps { tab_px } else { 0.0 };
             let mut layout = build(&mut self.lcx, &mut fonts.fcx, &vec![wide; tabs.len()]);
-            break_lines(&mut layout);
-            if is_box && !tabs.is_empty() {
+            let (mut area_slots, mut area_full) = break_lines(&mut layout);
+            if wraps && !tabs.is_empty() {
                 let first = tab_widths(&layout, &tabs, &out.styles, indent_start, first_indent, tab_px);
                 let mut want: Vec<f32> = first.iter().map(|t| t.width).collect();
                 for _ in 0..4 {
                     let spacing: Vec<f32> = first.iter().zip(&want).map(|(t, w)| w / t.scale - (t.advance - tab_px)).collect();
                     let mut next = build(&mut self.lcx, &mut fonts.fcx, &spacing);
-                    break_lines(&mut next);
+                    let (next_slots, next_full) = break_lines(&mut next);
                     let got: Vec<f32> = tab_widths(&next, &tabs, &out.styles, indent_start, first_indent, tab_px).iter().map(|t| t.width).collect();
                     if got.iter().zip(&want).all(|(a, b)| (a - b).abs() < 0.01) {
                         layout = next;
+                        area_slots = next_slots;
+                        area_full = next_full;
                         break;
                     }
                     want = got;
                 }
             }
-            let alignment = if is_box {
+            let alignment = if wraps {
                 match ps.align {
                     TextAlign::Left => Alignment::Left,
                     TextAlign::Center => Alignment::Center,
@@ -727,7 +757,7 @@ impl Layouter {
             } else {
                 Alignment::Left
             };
-            layout.align(alignment, AlignmentOptions { align_when_overflowing: !is_box });
+            layout.align(alignment, AlignmentOptions { align_when_overflowing: !wraps });
 
             // Stack lines.
             if prev_baseline.is_some() {
@@ -735,44 +765,24 @@ impl Layouter {
             }
             let nlines = layout.len();
             for (li, line) in layout.lines().enumerate() {
+                // Area type: the slot the breaker gave this line.
+                let slot = area_slots.get(li).copied();
+                if area.is_some() && slot.is_none() {
+                    stop = true;
+                    break;
+                }
                 let m = *line.metrics();
-                // Largest leading among the glyph runs of the line.
-                let mut leading = 0.0f32;
-                for item in line.items() {
-                    if let PositionedLayoutItem::GlyphRun(gr) = item {
-                        let st = &out.styles[gr.style().brush.0 as usize];
-                        let px = gr.run().font_size();
-                        leading = leading.max(st.leading_pt.map_or(ps.auto_leading * px, |l| l * k));
-                    }
-                }
-                if leading == 0.0 {
-                    let st = &out.styles[style_at(prange.start)];
-                    leading = st.leading_pt.map_or(ps.auto_leading * st.size_pt * k, |l| l * k);
-                }
-                // Vertical type: half the column width (the largest em on the column).
-                let col_half = line
-                    .items()
-                    .filter_map(|it| match it {
-                        PositionedLayoutItem::GlyphRun(gr) => Some(gr.run().font_size() * 0.5),
-                        _ => None,
-                    })
-                    .fold(0.0f32, f32::max);
-                let col_half = if col_half > 0.0 { col_half } else { first_px * 0.5 };
-                let (ascent, descent) = if vertical {
-                    (col_half, col_half)
-                } else if m.ascent > 0.0 || m.descent > 0.0 {
-                    (m.ascent, m.descent)
-                } else {
-                    (first_px * 0.8, first_px * 0.2)
-                };
-                let baseline = match prev_baseline {
+                let LineMetrics { ascent, descent, leading } = line_metrics(&line, &out.styles, &ps, k, first_style, vertical);
+                let baseline = match (slot, prev_baseline) {
+                    (Some(s), _) => s.baseline,
                     // The first column's right edge touches the box's right edge.
-                    None if is_box && vertical => -(box_rect.0 + box_rect.2) + col_half,
+                    // (In vertical type the ascent is half the column width.)
+                    (None, None) if is_box && vertical => -(box_rect.0 + box_rect.2) + ascent,
                     // Photoshop's "first baseline: ascent": the top of the tallest ascender
                     // (height of 'd') touches the box top, not the font's hhea ascent.
-                    None if is_box => box_rect.1 + first_ascent(&line).unwrap_or(ascent),
-                    None => 0.0,
-                    Some(b) => b + leading + pending_space,
+                    (None, None) if is_box => box_rect.1 + first_ascent(&line).unwrap_or(ascent),
+                    (None, None) => 0.0,
+                    (None, Some(b)) => b + leading + pending_space,
                 };
                 pending_space = 0.0;
                 // Photoshop keeps a horizontal line whose baseline is inside the box and lets
@@ -902,7 +912,7 @@ impl Layouter {
                     cursors.push((run.index(), g2s, 0, base));
                 }
                 // Parley aligned box lines without the kerning.
-                let kern_align = if is_box {
+                let kern_align = if wraps {
                     match ps.align {
                         TextAlign::Center => line_kern / 2.0,
                         TextAlign::Right => line_kern,
@@ -911,9 +921,13 @@ impl Layouter {
                 } else {
                     0.0
                 };
-                let dx = if is_box {
-                    let base = line_origin + indent_start - kern_align;
-                    let slack = avail.unwrap_or(0.0) - adv * break_scale - line_kern;
+                // Box and area lines start at their box or span edge; the line's own width
+                // (`line_avail`) takes the justify-last-line slack.
+                let line_avail = slot.map(|s| s.width).or(avail);
+                let dx = if wraps {
+                    let origin = slot.map_or(line_origin, |s| s.x);
+                    let base = origin + indent_start - kern_align;
+                    let slack = line_avail.unwrap_or(0.0) - adv * break_scale - line_kern;
                     // Parley aligned the unscaled line in `avail / break_scale`: scale its
                     // indent and alignment offset back to the box.
                     let scaled_offset = m.offset * (break_scale - 1.0);
@@ -934,7 +948,7 @@ impl Layouter {
                     };
                     target - m.offset
                 };
-                let justify_all = is_box && last_line && ps.align == TextAlign::JustifyAll;
+                let justify_all = wraps && last_line && ps.align == TextAlign::JustifyAll;
                 let line_index = out.lines.len();
                 let lr = line.text_range();
                 let g0 = out.glyphs.len();
@@ -1054,7 +1068,7 @@ impl Layouter {
                     extra -= squeeze_punctuation(text, &mut out.clusters[c0..], &mut out.glyphs[g0..]);
                 }
                 if justify_all {
-                    let slack = avail.unwrap_or(0.0) - (adv + extra);
+                    let slack = line_avail.unwrap_or(0.0) - (adv + extra);
                     let n = out.clusters.len() - c0;
                     if n > 1 && slack > 0.0 {
                         let step = slack / (n - 1) as f32;
@@ -1095,6 +1109,10 @@ impl Layouter {
                     paragraph: pi,
                 });
             }
+            if area_full {
+                // The shape is full: later paragraphs are hidden too.
+                stop = true;
+            }
             pending_space += ps.space_after_pt * k;
         }
         out
@@ -1111,6 +1129,246 @@ fn next_tab_stop(pos: f32, interval: f32) -> f32 {
     if interval > 0.0 && pos.is_finite() { ((pos + 1e-3) / interval).floor() * interval + interval } else { pos }
 }
 
+/// Where one line of area type goes: its baseline, the left edge of its span, and the width
+/// it may fill (the span less the paragraph's indents), plus the row and span it came from.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
+struct Slot {
+    baseline: f32,
+    x: f32,
+    width: f32,
+    row: usize,
+    span: usize,
+}
+
+/// A line's ascent, descent and leading (px); for area type, the largest over a paragraph.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+struct LineMetrics {
+    ascent: f32,
+    descent: f32,
+    leading: f32,
+}
+
+/// Most line-breaking passes area type makes for one paragraph, over all its plans (each span
+/// left empty for a word that doesn't fit costs a pass). Past it, words overflow their spans.
+const MAX_AREA_PASSES: usize = 32;
+/// Most rows one area paragraph is planned on.
+const MAX_AREA_ROWS: usize = 4096;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+thread_local! {
+    /// Area line-breaking passes made on this thread, for tests.
+    pub(crate) static AREA_PASSES: std::cell::Cell<usize> = const { std::cell::Cell::new(0) };
+}
+
+/// The rows an area paragraph's lines go on: baselines from `next` down, one leading apart,
+/// each with its spans left to right. They don't depend on the text, so they are found once
+/// (lazily) and shared by every pass.
+struct AreaRows<'a> {
+    area: &'a crate::area::AreaShape,
+    m: LineMetrics,
+    min_width: f32,
+    /// Where the search for the next row starts.
+    next: f32,
+    rows: Vec<(f32, Vec<(f32, f32)>)>,
+    done: bool,
+}
+
+impl AreaRows<'_> {
+    /// Row `i`: its baseline and spans; `None` past the shape.
+    fn get(&mut self, i: usize) -> Option<&(f32, Vec<(f32, f32)>)> {
+        while self.rows.len() <= i && !self.done {
+            match self.area.next_row(self.next, self.m.ascent, self.m.descent, self.min_width) {
+                Some((b, spans)) if self.rows.len() < MAX_AREA_ROWS => {
+                    self.next = b + self.m.leading;
+                    self.rows.push((b, spans));
+                }
+                _ => self.done = true,
+            }
+        }
+        self.rows.get(i)
+    }
+
+    /// The first span, from span `span` of row `row` on, that leaves at least `width` once
+    /// `inset` (the paragraph's indents) is taken off: its row and span.
+    fn first_fit(&mut self, row: usize, span: usize, width: f32, inset: f32) -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
+        let (mut r, mut first) = (row, span);
+        while let Some((_, spans)) = self.get(r) {
+            if let Some(j) = spans.iter().skip(first).position(|&(x0, x1)| x1 - x0 - inset + 0.5 >= width) {
+                return Some((r, first + j));
+            }
+            r += 1;
+            first = 0;
+        }
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+/// A line wider than the span it fell in, that a later span can hold: the line's index in the
+/// paragraph, where its text starts, and its width.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+struct Need {
+    line: usize,
+    start: usize,
+    width: f32,
+}
+
+/// Breaks one paragraph of area type a line at a time, each line as wide as the next span the
+/// shape leaves (rows from `from` down, spans left to right). Returns each line's slot and
+/// whether text was left over because the shape ran out (hidden, like box overflow).
+///
+/// A span too narrow for the word that would start it (the narrow top of an ellipse) is left
+/// empty and the word goes to the first later span that holds it, as Photoshop does. A word no
+/// later span holds but another span of the shape would means the shape is full: it and the rest are
+/// hidden. Only a word no span holds overflows its span. Parley doesn't report a line's
+/// trailing whitespace while breaking, so overflowing lines are found after a pass and the
+/// paragraph broken again; `budget` (shared by the paragraph's calls) bounds the passes.
+///
+/// Horizontal scale applies after shaping, so each line breaks at its span width divided by
+/// `scale`; widths compared with spans are the scaled ones.
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+fn break_area(
+    layout: &mut Layout<RunBrush>,
+    area: &crate::area::AreaShape,
+    from: f32,
+    m: LineMetrics,
+    indents: (f32, f32),
+    min_width: f32,
+    scale: f32,
+    budget: &std::cell::Cell<usize>,
+) -> (Vec<Slot>, bool) {
+    let inset = indents.0 + indents.1;
+    let mut rows = AreaRows { area, m, min_width, next: from, rows: Vec::new(), done: false };
+    // Every row of the shape from its top, whatever paragraph came before (found lazily).
+    let mut shape_rows = AreaRows { area, m, min_width, next: area.bounds[1], rows: Vec::new(), done: false };
+    let mut needs: Vec<Need> = Vec::new();
+    loop {
+        let (slots, overflow) = break_area_pass(layout, &mut rows, inset, scale, &needs);
+        budget.set(budget.get().saturating_sub(1));
+        // Each line's text start and scaled width without its trailing whitespace.
+        let lines: Vec<(usize, f32)> = layout
+            .lines()
+            .map(|l| {
+                let lm = l.metrics();
+                (l.text_range().start, (lm.advance - lm.trailing_whitespace) * scale)
+            })
+            .collect();
+        // A line still wider than its span that some span of the shape would hold: the shape ran
+        // out of room for it (the narrow bottom of a full bubble). It and the rest are hidden, as
+        // overflow; only a word no span holds overflows its span.
+        let mut ran_out = |slots: Vec<Slot>, overflow: bool| match lines
+            .iter()
+            .zip(&slots)
+            .position(|(&(_, width), s)| width > s.width + 0.5 && shape_rows.first_fit(0, 0, width, inset).is_some())
+        {
+            Some(li) => (slots.into_iter().take(li).collect(), true),
+            None => (slots, overflow),
+        };
+        if budget.get() == 0 {
+            return ran_out(slots, overflow);
+        }
+        // A line that now starts elsewhere (an earlier line changed) no longer needs its span.
+        let kept = needs.len();
+        needs.retain(|n| lines.get(n.line).is_some_and(|l| l.0 == n.start));
+        if needs.len() != kept {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let mut new = None;
+        for (li, (&(start, width), s)) in lines.iter().zip(&slots).enumerate() {
+            if width > s.width + 0.5 && !needs.iter().any(|n| n.line == li) && rows.first_fit(s.row, s.span + 1, width, inset).is_some() {
+                new = Some(Need { line: li, start, width });
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if let Some(n) = new {
+            needs.push(n);
+            continue;
+        }
+        return ran_out(slots, overflow);
+    }
+}
+
+/// One pass of [`break_area`]: each line in the next span, skipping spans too narrow for a
+/// line in `needs` when a later span holds it.
+fn break_area_pass(layout: &mut Layout<RunBrush>, rows: &mut AreaRows<'_>, inset: f32, scale: f32, needs: &[Need]) -> (Vec<Slot>, bool) {
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    AREA_PASSES.with(|c| c.set(c.get() + 1));
+    let mut slots: Vec<Slot> = Vec::new();
+    let mut br = layout.break_lines();
+    // Per-line widths below are never wider than this, as parley requires.
+    br.state_mut().set_layout_max_advance(f32::INFINITY);
+    let (mut row, mut span) = (0, 0);
+    let mut overflow = false;
+    while !br.is_done() {
+        let Some((baseline, spans)) = rows.get(row) else {
+            overflow = true;
+            break;
+        };
+        let baseline = *baseline;
+        let Some(&(x0, x1)) = spans.get(span) else {
+            row += 1;
+            span = 0;
+            continue;
+        };
+        let width = (x1 - x0 - inset).max(1.0);
+        // A line known to be too wide here moves on to the first span that holds it.
+        if let Some(w) = needs.iter().find(|n| n.line == slots.len()).map(|n| n.width)
+            && w > width + 0.5
+            && let Some((r, j)) = rows.first_fit(row, span + 1, w, inset)
+        {
+            (row, span) = (r, j);
+            continue;
+        }
+        br.state_mut().set_line_max_advance(width / scale);
+        if br.break_next().is_none() {
+            break;
+        }
+        // Parley aligns each line within the width it was broken at.
+        br.set_prior_line_width(width / scale);
+        slots.push(Slot { baseline, x: x0, width, row, span });
+        span += 1;
+    }
+    br.finish();
+    (slots, overflow)
+}
+
+/// One laid-out line's ascent, descent and leading, as the line loop stacks it. `fallback` is
+/// the paragraph's first style, used for a line with no glyph runs.
+fn line_metrics(line: &parley::Line<'_, RunBrush>, styles: &[CharStyle], ps: &ParagraphStyle, k: f32, fallback: &CharStyle, vertical: bool) -> LineMetrics {
+    let first_px = fallback.size_pt * k;
+    let m = line.metrics();
+    // Largest leading among the glyph runs, and half the largest em (a vertical column's half width).
+    let mut leading = 0.0f32;
+    let mut half = 0.0f32;
+    for item in line.items() {
+        if let PositionedLayoutItem::GlyphRun(gr) = item {
+            let px = gr.run().font_size();
+            half = half.max(px * 0.5);
+            let lp = styles.get(gr.style().brush.0 as usize).and_then(|st| st.leading_pt);
+            leading = leading.max(lp.map_or(ps.auto_leading * px, |l| l * k));
+        }
+    }
+    if leading == 0.0 {
+        leading = fallback.leading_pt.map_or(ps.auto_leading * first_px, |l| l * k);
+    }
+    let (ascent, descent) = if vertical {
+        let h = if half > 0.0 { half } else { first_px * 0.5 };
+        (h, h)
+    } else if m.ascent > 0.0 || m.descent > 0.0 {
+        (m.ascent, m.descent)
+    } else {
+        (first_px * 0.8, first_px * 0.2)
+    };
+    LineMetrics { ascent, descent, leading }
+}
+
+/// Largest ascent, descent and leading over the lines of a broken paragraph, by
+/// [`line_metrics`], so an area paragraph's rows are planned with the metrics it is stacked with.
+fn area_metrics(layout: &Layout<RunBrush>, styles: &[CharStyle], ps: &ParagraphStyle, k: f32, fallback: &CharStyle, vertical: bool) -> LineMetrics {
+    layout.lines().map(|line| line_metrics(&line, styles, ps, k, fallback, vertical)).fold(LineMetrics { ascent: 0.0, descent: 0.0, leading: 0.0 }, |a, b| {
+        LineMetrics { ascent: a.ascent.max(b.ascent), descent: a.descent.max(b.descent), leading: a.leading.max(b.leading) }
+    })
+}
+
 /// A tab as line breaking saw it: its shaped advance (before horizontal scale), the horizontal
 /// scale, and the width that takes it to its tab stop on its line.
 struct TabWidth {
diff --git a/crates/text/src/lib.rs b/crates/text/src/lib.rs
index af4de19f52..a19588439f 100644
--- a/crates/text/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/text/src/lib.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@
 //!   web), optional system fonts from platform directory scans plus Fontconfig's Linux file list,
 //!   user font data, TrueType collections, PostScript-name lookup. Builds made with the optional
 //!   craft-fonts input
-//!   (`CRAFT_FONTS_DIR`, see [`craft_fonts`]) also carry its Japanese fonts as fallbacks.
+//!   (`CRAFT_FONTS_DIR`, see [`craft_fonts`]) also carry its fonts of every script (a single-face
+//!   file under its manifest family name); the ones the fallback lists name are fallbacks.
 //! * [`layout`]: shaping and line layout with [parley] (HarfRust shaping, bidi, line breaking),
 //!   point and paragraph (box) text, per-run styles, Photoshop leading/indent/spacing rules.
 //! * [`render`]: anti-aliased rasterization (exact-area accumulation, f32 coverage) into a
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@
 #![forbid(unsafe_code)]
 #![deny(clippy::unwrap_used, clippy::expect_used, clippy::panic, clippy::unimplemented, clippy::todo, clippy::unreachable)]
 
+pub mod area;
 pub mod cjk;
 pub mod craft_fonts;
 pub mod engine_data;
@@ -24,6 +26,7 @@ pub mod glyphs;
 pub mod layout;
 pub mod optical;
 pub mod psd;
+mod psd_path;
 pub mod psd_styles;
 pub mod raster;
 pub mod render;
diff --git a/crates/text/src/psd.rs b/crates/text/src/psd.rs
index a75ec05915..4f3f54c367 100644
--- a/crates/text/src/psd.rs
+++ b/crates/text/src/psd.rs
@@ -223,12 +223,59 @@ pub fn apply_txt2(layer: &mut TextLayer, tysh: &[u8], txt2: &E) {
     layer.sync_summary();
 }
 
-/// The frame (`Txt2 /0 /8 /0` entry) of text object `index`: its rendered frame's `/10` names it.
-fn txt2_frame(txt2: &E, index: usize) -> Option<&E> {
+/// The frame (`Txt2 /0 /8 /0` entry) of text object `index`: its rendered frame's `/10` names it
+/// (with `named`, else the frame its view names; see [`object_frame`]).
+fn txt2_frame(txt2: &E, index: usize, named: bool) -> Option<&E> {
     let object = txt2.path(&["1", "1"]).and_then(E::as_array)?.get(index)?;
-    let frame =
-        object.path(&["1", "2"]).and_then(E::as_array)?.first()?.get("6").and_then(E::as_array)?.iter().find_map(|f| f.get("10").and_then(E::as_i64))?;
-    txt2.path(&["0", "8", "0"]).and_then(E::as_array)?.get(usize::try_from(frame).ok()?)?.get("0")
+    txt2.path(&["0", "8", "0"]).and_then(E::as_array)?.get(object_frame(object, named)?)?.get("0")
+}
+
+/// The number of the frame the text object `object` is drawn in: its rendered frame's `/10`, else
+/// (with `named`) the frame its view names (`/1 /0 [ << /0 n >> ]`). Photoshop leaves the rendered
+/// strikes out for type it did not lay out (`text/path-wave-open.psd`, whose EngineData text is
+/// blank).
+fn object_frame(object: &E, named: bool) -> Option<usize> {
+    let rendered = object
+        .path(&["1", "2"])
+        .and_then(E::as_array)
+        .and_then(|s| s.first())
+        .and_then(|s| s.get("6"))
+        .and_then(E::as_array)
+        .and_then(|parts| parts.iter().find_map(|f| f.get("10").and_then(E::as_i64)));
+    let view = || named.then(|| object.path(&["1", "0"]).and_then(E::as_array).and_then(|f| f.first()).and_then(|f| f.get("0")).and_then(E::as_i64)).flatten();
+    usize::try_from(rendered.or_else(view)?).ok()
+}
+
+/// The `TySh` of `tysh` and the `Txt2` frame of its text object (`named`: see [`object_frame`]),
+/// when that object still holds `layer`'s text (an edit elsewhere leaves `Txt2` stale).
+fn layer_frame<'a>(layer: &TextLayer, tysh: &[u8], txt2: &'a E, named: bool) -> Option<(TySh, &'a E)> {
+    let t = parse_tysh(tysh)?;
+    let index = match t.text.get("TextIndex") {
+        Some(D::Integer(i)) => usize::try_from(*i).ok()?,
+        _ => return None,
+    };
+    let text = txt2.path(&["1", "1"]).and_then(E::as_array).and_then(|a| a.get(index)).and_then(|o| o.path(&["0", "0"])).and_then(E::as_str)?;
+    if text.strip_suffix('\r').unwrap_or(text).replace('\r', "\n") != layer.text {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let frame = txt2_frame(txt2, index, named)?;
+    Some((t, frame))
+}
+
+/// Puts `layer` on its path when its `Txt2` frame is type on a path (#7962): Photoshop keeps the
+/// path only there, and EngineData describes the layer as a text box the size of the path's
+/// bounds. The path is read into the `TySh` text space, the type starting where Photoshop starts
+/// it (see `psd_path`). `Ok(true)` when the layer is now path text, `Ok(false)` when its frame is
+/// no path (or `Txt2` holds another text for it), `Err` with the reason when the path can't be
+/// read: the layer then stays the box or point text EngineData describes.
+pub fn apply_txt2_path(layer: &mut TextLayer, tysh: &[u8], txt2: &E) -> Result<bool, String> {
+    let Some((_, frame)) = layer_frame(layer, tysh, txt2, true) else { return Ok(false) };
+    if crate::psd_path::frame_kind(frame) != crate::psd_path::PATH_FRAME {
+        return Ok(false);
+    }
+    let path = crate::psd_path::read(frame)?;
+    layer.shape = TextShape::Path { path, start: 0.0, flip: false };
+    Ok(true)
 }
 
 /// Places `layer` where Photoshop draws it when the text object's frame in `Txt2` is moved
@@ -240,18 +287,11 @@ fn txt2_frame(txt2: &E, index: usize) -> Option<&E> {
 /// alignment anchor. Only when the layer's `TextIndex` entry still holds the layer's text, as
 /// for [`apply_txt2`], and the frame agrees with the `TySh` `bounds`.
 pub fn apply_txt2_frame(layer: &mut TextLayer, tysh: &[u8], txt2: &E) {
-    let Some(t) = parse_tysh(tysh) else { return };
-    let Some(index) = (match t.text.get("TextIndex") {
-        Some(D::Integer(i)) => usize::try_from(*i).ok(),
-        _ => None,
-    }) else {
-        return;
-    };
-    let text = txt2.path(&["1", "1"]).and_then(E::as_array).and_then(|a| a.get(index)).and_then(|o| o.path(&["0", "0"])).and_then(E::as_str);
-    if text.is_none_or(|t| t.strip_suffix('\r').unwrap_or(t).replace('\r', "\n") != layer.text) {
+    // Type on a path: [`apply_txt2_path`] already read the path through the frame's matrix.
+    if matches!(layer.shape, TextShape::Path { .. }) {
         return;
     }
-    let Some(frame) = txt2_frame(txt2, index) else { return };
+    let Some((t, frame)) = layer_frame(layer, tysh, txt2, false) else { return };
     let m = arr_f(frame.path(&["2", "2"]));
     let matrix = if m.len() == 6 && m.iter().all(|v| v.is_finite()) { Affine { m: [m[0], m[1], m[2], m[3], m[4], m[5]] } } else { Affine::IDENTITY };
     let at = match layer.shape {
@@ -259,7 +299,7 @@ pub fn apply_txt2_frame(layer: &mut TextLayer, tysh: &[u8], txt2: &E) {
             let p = arr_f(frame.get("0"));
             if p.len() == 2 && p.iter().all(|v| v.is_finite()) { Affine::translate(p[0], p[1]) } else { Affine::IDENTITY }
         }
-        TextShape::Box { .. } => Affine::IDENTITY,
+        TextShape::Box { .. } | TextShape::Area { .. } => Affine::IDENTITY,
     };
     let to_text = matrix.mul(&at);
     if to_text == Affine::IDENTITY || to_text.determinant().abs() <= 1e-9 {
@@ -272,7 +312,7 @@ pub fn apply_txt2_frame(layer: &mut TextLayer, tysh: &[u8], txt2: &E) {
     // again would move it twice.
     let origin = match layer.shape {
         TextShape::Point | TextShape::Path { .. } => Point::new(0.0, 0.0),
-        TextShape::Box { .. } => {
+        TextShape::Box { .. } | TextShape::Area { .. } => {
             let b = engine_data(&t.text)
                 .map(|e| {
                     arr_f(
@@ -390,12 +430,46 @@ pub fn text_layer_from_tysh(data: &[u8], dpi: f32) -> Option<TextLayer> {
     // writing the TySh all agree on the visible position (#1469).
     if let Some([x, y]) = legacy_point_origin(&t) {
         let [a, b, c, d, e, f] = layer.transform.m;
-        layer.transform.m = [a, b, c, d, a * x + c * y + e, b * x + d * y + f];
+        let corrected = [a, b, c, d, a * x + c * y + e, b * x + d * y + f];
+        if corrected.iter().all(|v| v.is_finite()) {
+            layer.transform.m = corrected;
+        }
     }
     layer.sync_summary();
     Some(layer)
 }
 
+/// Refines a legacy point-text estimate after imported fonts and styles have been resolved.
+/// Uses the rendering engine's font context; an accepted `Txt2` frame stays authoritative.
+pub fn refine_legacy_point_origin(layer: &mut TextLayer, dpi: f32, engine: &mut crate::TextEngine, txt2: Option<&E>) {
+    let Some(raw) = layer.psd_raw.clone() else { return };
+    let Some(t) = parse_tysh(&raw) else { return };
+    let Some([x, y]) = legacy_point_origin(&t) else { return };
+    if !matches!(layer.shape, TextShape::Point) {
+        return;
+    }
+    let guessed = t.transform.mul(&Affine::translate(x, y));
+    if layer.transform != guessed {
+        return;
+    }
+    // `boundingBox` is the tight ink box (Photoshop writes the layout box as `bounds`), so match
+    // it with the layout's ink, not its logical box: text whose ink starts below the ascent
+    // line (`...`, `_`, lowercase) would otherwise land too low.
+    let Some(ink) = crate::render::ink_bounds(&engine.layout(layer, dpi)) else { return };
+    if !ink.iter().all(|v| v.is_finite()) {
+        return;
+    }
+    let corrected = t.transform.mul(&Affine::translate(x - ink[0], y - ink[1]));
+    if corrected.m.iter().all(|v| v.is_finite()) {
+        layer.transform = corrected;
+        // A valid frame can coincide with the initial estimate; numeric equality cannot tell
+        // whether it was used. Reapply it after the fallback so it always wins.
+        if let Some(txt2) = txt2 {
+            apply_txt2_frame(layer, &raw, txt2);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// The local origin to fold into a legacy point-text transform, if present.
 ///
 /// Photoshop normally keeps point text close to its PointBase. The affected legacy files instead
@@ -426,7 +500,11 @@ fn legacy_point_origin(t: &TySh) -> Option<[f64; 2]> {
     // A local bounding-box origin in the thousands and a transform origin beyond a normal canvas
     // are the signature of this old writer. Requiring that the bounding-box origin is closer to
     // the document prevents applying the correction again after export/import.
-    (bounds[0].abs().max(bounds[1].abs()) > 1024.0 && origin_distance > 4096.0 && shifted_distance < origin_distance).then_some([bounds[0], bounds[1]])
+    if !(bounds[0].abs().max(bounds[1].abs()) > 1024.0 && origin_distance > 4096.0 && shifted_distance < origin_distance) {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    Some([bounds[0], bounds[1]])
 }
 
 fn descriptor_rect(text: &Descriptor, key: &str) -> Option<[f64; 4]> {
@@ -435,15 +513,22 @@ fn descriptor_rect(text: &Descriptor, key: &str) -> Option<[f64; 4]> {
     (bounds.iter().all(|v| v.is_finite()) && bounds[2] > bounds[0] && bounds[3] > bounds[1]).then_some(bounds)
 }
 
+const MAX_ENGINE_RUNS: usize = 65_536;
+
 pub(crate) fn arr_f(v: Option<&E>) -> Vec<f64> {
-    v.and_then(E::as_array).map(|a| a.iter().filter_map(E::as_f64).collect()).unwrap_or_default()
+    v.and_then(E::as_array).map(|a| a.iter().take(MAX_ENGINE_RUNS).filter_map(E::as_f64).collect()).unwrap_or_default()
 }
 
-/// Converts UTF-16 run lengths over `text` into UTF-8 byte lengths.
+/// Converts UTF-16 run lengths over `text` into UTF-8 byte lengths, stopping after the first run
+/// once `text` is exhausted so trailing runs past the text aren't processed.
 pub(crate) fn utf16_to_byte_lengths(text: &str, lens: &[f64]) -> Vec<usize> {
-    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(lens.len());
+    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(lens.len().min(text.len().saturating_add(1)));
     let mut chars = text.chars().peekable();
-    for &l in lens {
+    let mut exhausted = false;
+    for &l in lens.iter().take(MAX_ENGINE_RUNS) {
+        if exhausted {
+            break;
+        }
         let mut units = l.max(0.0) as usize;
         let mut bytes = 0;
         while units > 0 {
@@ -452,9 +537,15 @@ pub(crate) fn utf16_to_byte_lengths(text: &str, lens: &[f64]) -> Vec<usize> {
                     units = units.saturating_sub(c.len_utf16());
                     bytes += c.len_utf8();
                 }
-                None => break,
+                None => {
+                    exhausted = true;
+                    break;
+                }
             }
         }
+        if chars.peek().is_none() {
+            exhausted = true;
+        }
         out.push(bytes);
     }
     out
@@ -495,17 +586,22 @@ fn apply_engine_data(layer: &mut TextLayer, e: &E, txt: Option<&str>, k: f32) {
 
     // Paragraph runs first: a character run's defaults depend on its paragraph.
     let prun = e.path(&["EngineDict", "ParagraphRun"]);
-    let psheets: Vec<&E> =
-        prun.and_then(|r| r.get("RunArray")).and_then(E::as_array).map(|a| a.iter().filter_map(|x| x.get("ParagraphSheet")).collect()).unwrap_or_default();
     let plens16 = arr_f(prun.and_then(|r| r.get("RunLengthArray")));
     let plens = utf16_to_byte_lengths(&ed_text, &plens16);
+    let max_pruns = plens.len().max(1);
+    let psheets: Vec<&E> = prun
+        .and_then(|r| r.get("RunArray"))
+        .and_then(E::as_array)
+        .map(|a| a.iter().filter_map(|x| x.get("ParagraphSheet")).take(max_pruns).collect())
+        .unwrap_or_default();
+    let plens16 = &plens16[..plens16.len().min(psheets.len())];
     let empty = E::Dict(Vec::new());
-    // Per paragraph run: its merged base properties and its default character style.
-    let para_bases: Vec<(E, Option<&E>)> = psheets
+    // Per paragraph run: its borrowed base property layers and its default character style.
+    let para_bases: Vec<([Option<&E>; 2], Option<&E>)> = psheets
         .iter()
         .map(|sheet| {
             let style = named(para_set, sheet).and_then(|i| para_set.get(i));
-            let base = merged(&[style.and_then(|s| s.get("Properties")), normal_para.and_then(|s| s.get("Properties"))]);
+            let base = [style.and_then(|s| s.get("Properties")), normal_para.and_then(|s| s.get("Properties"))];
             let char_default = [Some(*sheet), style]
                 .into_iter()
                 .flatten()
@@ -517,15 +613,19 @@ fn apply_engine_data(layer: &mut TextLayer, e: &E, txt: Option<&str>, k: f32) {
         .iter()
         .zip(&para_bases)
         .zip(plens)
-        .map(|((sheet, (base, _)), len)| ParagraphRun { len, style: para_style(Some(base), sheet.get("Properties").unwrap_or(&empty), k) })
+        .map(|((sheet, (base, _)), len)| ParagraphRun { len, style: para_style(base, sheet.get("Properties").unwrap_or(&empty), k) })
         .collect();
 
     // Character runs.
     let srun = e.path(&["EngineDict", "StyleRun"]);
-    let ssheets: Vec<&E> =
-        srun.and_then(|r| r.get("RunArray")).and_then(E::as_array).map(|a| a.iter().filter_map(|x| x.get("StyleSheet")).collect()).unwrap_or_default();
     let slens16 = arr_f(srun.and_then(|r| r.get("RunLengthArray")));
     let slens = utf16_to_byte_lengths(&ed_text, &slens16);
+    let max_sruns = slens.len().max(1);
+    let ssheets: Vec<&E> = srun
+        .and_then(|r| r.get("RunArray"))
+        .and_then(E::as_array)
+        .map(|a| a.iter().filter_map(|x| x.get("StyleSheet")).take(max_sruns).collect())
+        .unwrap_or_default();
     // The paragraph run each character run starts in (UTF-16 offsets).
     let para_of = |at: f64| -> Option<usize> {
         let mut end = 0.0;
@@ -538,14 +638,14 @@ fn apply_engine_data(layer: &mut TextLayer, e: &E, txt: Option<&str>, k: f32) {
         plens16.len().checked_sub(1)
     };
     let mut at16 = 0.0;
-    let bases: Vec<E> = ssheets
+    let bases: Vec<[Option<&E>; 3]> = ssheets
         .iter()
         .enumerate()
         .map(|(i, sheet)| {
             let own = named(style_set, sheet).and_then(|i| style_set.get(i));
             let para_default = para_of(at16).and_then(|p| para_bases.get(p)).and_then(|(_, c)| *c);
             at16 += slens16.get(i).copied().unwrap_or(0.0);
-            merged(&[own, para_default, normal_style].map(|s| s.and_then(|s| s.get("StyleSheetData"))))
+            [own, para_default, normal_style].map(|s| s.and_then(|s| s.get("StyleSheetData")))
         })
         .collect();
     let sdata: Vec<&E> = ssheets.iter().map(|s| s.get("StyleSheetData").unwrap_or(&empty)).collect();
@@ -554,12 +654,12 @@ fn apply_engine_data(layer: &mut TextLayer, e: &E, txt: Option<&str>, k: f32) {
         .zip(&bases)
         .zip(&slens)
         .map(|((d, base), len)| {
-            let auto = lookup(d, Some(base), "AutoKerning").and_then(E::as_bool) != Some(false);
-            let kern = lookup(d, Some(base), "Kerning").and_then(E::as_f64).filter(|v| v.is_finite()).unwrap_or(0.0) as f32;
+            let auto = lookup(d, base, "AutoKerning").and_then(E::as_bool) != Some(false);
+            let kern = lookup(d, base, "Kerning").and_then(E::as_f64).filter(|v| v.is_finite()).unwrap_or(0.0) as f32;
             (*len, auto, kern)
         })
         .collect();
-    layer.runs = sdata.iter().zip(&bases).zip(slens).map(|((d, base), len)| TextRun { len, style: char_style(Some(base), d, &fonts, k) }).collect();
+    layer.runs = sdata.iter().zip(&bases).zip(slens).map(|((d, base), len)| TextRun { len, style: char_style(base, d, &fonts, k) }).collect();
     layer.runs = kerning_from_pairs(&layer.text, layer.char_runs(), &incoming);
 
     // Shape.
@@ -574,26 +674,11 @@ fn apply_engine_data(layer: &mut TextLayer, e: &E, txt: Option<&str>, k: f32) {
     }
 }
 
-/// The dictionaries in `levels` as one: a key comes from the first level that has it.
-fn merged(levels: &[Option<&E>]) -> E {
-    let mut out: Vec<(String, E)> = Vec::new();
-    for level in levels.iter().flatten() {
-        if let E::Dict(kv) = level {
-            for (k, v) in kv {
-                if !out.iter().any(|(o, _)| o == k) {
-                    out.push((k.clone(), v.clone()));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    E::Dict(out)
+fn lookup<'a>(run: &'a E, base: &[Option<&'a E>], key: &str) -> Option<&'a E> {
+    run.get(key).or_else(|| base.iter().flatten().find_map(|b| b.get(key)))
 }
 
-fn lookup<'a>(run: &'a E, base: Option<&'a E>, key: &str) -> Option<&'a E> {
-    run.get(key).or_else(|| base.and_then(|b| b.get(key)))
-}
-
-pub(crate) fn char_style(base: Option<&E>, d: &E, fonts: &[String], k: f32) -> CharStyle {
+pub(crate) fn char_style(base: &[Option<&E>], d: &E, fonts: &[String], k: f32) -> CharStyle {
     let g = |key: &str| lookup(d, base, key);
     let num = |key: &str| g(key).and_then(E::as_f64);
     // An f32 that a huge finite f64 overflowed to infinity is dropped too.
@@ -658,7 +743,7 @@ pub(crate) fn char_style(base: Option<&E>, d: &E, fonts: &[String], k: f32) -> C
     s
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn para_style(base: Option<&E>, d: &E, k: f32) -> ParagraphStyle {
+pub(crate) fn para_style(base: &[Option<&E>], d: &E, k: f32) -> ParagraphStyle {
     let num = |key: &str| lookup(d, base, key).and_then(E::as_f64);
     let numk = |key: &str, k: f32| num(key).map(|v| v as f32 * k).filter(|v| v.is_finite());
     ParagraphStyle {
@@ -1113,6 +1198,14 @@ pub fn build_txt2_at(objects: &[(i32, &TextLayer)], previous: Option<&[u8]>, dpi
     let prev = previous.and_then(parse_txt2);
     let prev_objects: &[E] = prev.as_ref().and_then(|p| p.path(&["1", "1"]).and_then(E::as_array)).unwrap_or(&[]);
     let mut slots: Vec<E> = prev_objects.to_vec();
+    // The older Photoshop's objects (#6971): named keys at `/DocumentObjects /TextObjects`
+    // instead of the numbered `/1 /1`, one entry per layer by `TextIndex` position (the same
+    // numbering the slots take), its text under `Model /Text` and its run lengths under `/Length`.
+    // Photoshop re-renders a type layer from this copy when the file has one, so an edit that
+    // left the old text here showed the old text back on reopen. The entries are only ever edited
+    // in place, never grown: a layer the block has no entry for has no stale copy to fix.
+    let mut td: Option<Vec<E>> = prev.as_ref().and_then(|p| p.path(&["DocumentObjects", "TextObjects"])).and_then(E::as_array).map(<[E]>::to_vec);
+    let mut td_changed = false;
     let mut fonts: Vec<E> = prev.as_ref().and_then(|p| p.path(&["0", "1", "0"]).and_then(E::as_array)).map(<[E]>::to_vec).unwrap_or_default();
     let fonts_before = fonts.len();
     // Looked up once per save, not per layer: a crafted block with many objects must not cost
@@ -1120,6 +1213,20 @@ pub fn build_txt2_at(objects: &[(i32, &TextLayer)], previous: Option<&[u8]>, dpi
     let all_stubs = prev_objects.iter().all(is_stub);
     // A template is copied once per new layer, so a large one is skipped (the stub is written).
     let template = prev_objects.iter().rev().find(|o| names_one_frame(o) && fits(o, &mut { TEMPLATE_NODES }) && edited_object(o, "\r").is_some());
+    // The frame each written object is drawn in, with its layer's shape (type on a path lives
+    // only in the frame, #7962).
+    let mut frame_shapes: Vec<(usize, &TextShape)> = Vec::new();
+    // A new or rebuilt object must not be drawn in a frame another object is drawn in: the two
+    // layers would share one shape. The frames the file's objects name are taken; a free one is
+    // found past the frame list and the slots (`pad_frames` adds it).
+    let frame_count = prev.as_ref().and_then(|p| p.path(&["0", "8", "0"])).and_then(E::as_array).map(<[E]>::len);
+    let mut taken: std::collections::HashSet<usize> = prev_objects.iter().filter_map(|o| object_frame(o, true)).collect();
+    let slot_count =
+        objects.iter().filter_map(|(i, _)| usize::try_from(*i).ok().filter(|_| (0..=MAX_TEXT_INDEX).contains(i))).map(|i| i + 1).max().unwrap_or(0);
+    let mut next_free = frame_count.unwrap_or(0).max(prev_objects.len()).max(slot_count);
+    // The frame list grows only for the frames handed out here, never for a frame number an
+    // object the file kept names past its list.
+    let mut frames_needed = 0usize;
     for (index, layer) in objects {
         if !(0..=MAX_TEXT_INDEX).contains(index) {
             continue;
@@ -1127,6 +1234,21 @@ pub fn build_txt2_at(objects: &[(i32, &TextLayer)], previous: Option<&[u8]>, dpi
         let text = format!("{}\r", layer.text.replace('\n', "\r"));
         let modes = txt2_mode_runs(layer);
         let at = *index as usize;
+        // The older Photoshop's copy of this object (#6971), refitted like the numbered one
+        // below. The entry's own text is the check, so a file a previous save left with a stale
+        // copy beside a current `/1 /1` object is repaired here too.
+        if let Some(entries) = td.as_mut() {
+            let fixed = match entries.get(at) {
+                Some(entry) if entry.path(&["Model", "Text"]).and_then(E::as_str) != Some(text.as_str()) => td_edited_object(entry, &text),
+                _ => None,
+            };
+            if let Some(fixed) = fixed
+                && let Some(slot) = entries.get_mut(at)
+            {
+                *slot = fixed;
+                td_changed = true;
+            }
+        }
         // A stub an earlier save wrote beside Photoshop's objects counts as no object at all, so
         // it is replaced like a missing one (below) and re-saving such a file repairs it, whether
         // or not the layer's text changed.
@@ -1140,8 +1262,28 @@ pub fn build_txt2_at(objects: &[(i32, &TextLayer)], previous: Option<&[u8]>, dpi
         // A new object (#7698): a layer the file's block has no object for (a type layer added
         // here) takes the shape of one of the file's own objects, refitted the same way, with its
         // view naming its own frame. A bare stub beside Photoshop's objects, its slot without a
-        // frame in `/0 /8 /0`, made Photoshop and Photopea refuse the file.
-        let fresh = (kept.is_none() && edited.is_none()).then(|| template.and_then(|t| new_object(t, at, &text))).flatten();
+        // frame in `/0 /8 /0`, made Photoshop and Photopea refuse the file. A slot whose object
+        // can't be refitted keeps the frame that object was drawn in.
+        let fresh = (kept.is_none() && edited.is_none())
+            .then(|| {
+                let template = template?;
+                let own = slot.and_then(|o| object_frame(o, true)).filter(|f| frame_count.is_some_and(|n| *f < n));
+                let frame = match own {
+                    Some(f) => f,
+                    None if frame_count.is_some() && taken.contains(&at) => {
+                        while taken.contains(&next_free) {
+                            next_free += 1;
+                        }
+                        if next_free > MAX_TEXT_INDEX as usize { at } else { next_free }
+                    }
+                    None => at,
+                };
+                let object = new_object(template, frame, &text)?;
+                taken.insert(frame);
+                frames_needed = frames_needed.max(frame.saturating_add(1));
+                Some(object)
+            })
+            .flatten();
         let reuse = kept.is_some() || edited.is_some();
         let unchanged = kept.is_some();
         let mut object = kept.cloned().or(edited).or(fresh).unwrap_or_else(E::dict);
@@ -1171,6 +1313,9 @@ pub fn build_txt2_at(objects: &[(i32, &TextLayer)], previous: Option<&[u8]>, dpi
             _ => model.set("6", E::Dict(vec![("0".into(), E::Array(runs))])),
         }
         object.set("0", model);
+        if let Some(frame) = object_frame(&object, true) {
+            frame_shapes.push((frame, &layer.shape));
+        }
         if slots.len() <= at {
             slots.resize(at + 1, E::dict());
         }
@@ -1181,7 +1326,24 @@ pub fn build_txt2_at(objects: &[(i32, &TextLayer)], previous: Option<&[u8]>, dpi
     // The outer dictionary keeps whatever the block held (`/98` version, block extras, …), and
     // `/1` whatever it holds beside the text objects.
     let mut outer = prev.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| E::Dict(vec![("98".into(), E::Dict(vec![("0".into(), E::Int(14))])), ("0".into(), E::dict())]));
-    pad_frames(&mut outer, slots.len());
+    pad_frames(&mut outer, slots.len().max(frames_needed));
+    // A path layer's frame holds its path; a layer taken off its path loses its path frame. An
+    // unchanged path leaves the file's frame as it was, and so does a frame the file already had
+    // more than one object drawn in (which layer's shape it should hold is unknown).
+    let mut claims: std::collections::HashMap<usize, usize> = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+    for (at, _) in &frame_shapes {
+        *claims.entry(*at).or_default() += 1;
+    }
+    if let Some(E::Array(frames)) = outer.get_mut("0").and_then(|v| v.get_mut("8")).and_then(|v| v.get_mut("0")) {
+        for (at, shape) in frame_shapes {
+            if claims.get(&at) != Some(&1) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if let Some(entry) = frames.get_mut(at) {
+                crate::psd_path::update_frame(entry, shape);
+            }
+        }
+    }
     if fonts.len() != fonts_before
         && let Some(list @ E::Dict(_)) = outer.get_mut("0").and_then(|v| v.get_mut("1"))
     {
@@ -1191,6 +1353,14 @@ pub fn build_txt2_at(objects: &[(i32, &TextLayer)], previous: Option<&[u8]>, dpi
         Some(objs @ E::Dict(_)) => objs.set("1", E::Array(slots)),
         _ => outer.set("1", E::Dict(vec![("1".into(), E::Array(slots))])),
     }
+    // The older Photoshop's objects, whatever the loop fixed in them (an untouched list is left
+    // exactly as the file has it, so the byte-for-byte return below still holds).
+    if td_changed
+        && let Some(entries) = td
+        && let Some(objects @ E::Dict(_)) = outer.get_mut("DocumentObjects")
+    {
+        objects.set("TextObjects", E::Array(entries));
+    }
     // Nothing changed: the file's own bytes (writing them back would re-encode strings and numbers).
     if let (Some(bytes), Some(p)) = (previous, &prev)
         && *p == outer
@@ -1208,6 +1378,12 @@ pub fn build_txt2_at(objects: &[(i32, &TextLayer)], previous: Option<&[u8]>, dpi
 /// own objects hold a few hundred (611 at most in the file from #7698).
 const TEMPLATE_NODES: usize = 4096;
 
+/// Cumulative node and byte budgets across all run dictionaries cloned while refitting one `Txt2`
+/// object (`runs_per` and `runs_to_length`), so an edited object with a large preserved run and
+/// many output paragraphs falls back to a fresh object instead of amplifying memory.
+const MAX_REFIT_RUN_NODES: usize = 16_384;
+const MAX_REFIT_RUN_BYTES: usize = 1 << 20;
+
 /// Whether `v` holds at most `budget` values, counting down `budget` (stops at the first one over).
 fn fits(v: &E, budget: &mut usize) -> bool {
     let Some(left) = budget.checked_sub(1) else { return false };
@@ -1219,6 +1395,27 @@ fn fits(v: &E, budget: &mut usize) -> bool {
     }
 }
 
+/// Whether `v` fits within the remaining `(nodes, bytes)` budget, deducting its nodes and string
+/// bytes as it walks.
+fn fits_budget(v: &E, nodes: &mut usize, bytes: &mut usize) -> bool {
+    let Some(left) = nodes.checked_sub(1) else { return false };
+    *nodes = left;
+    match v {
+        E::Dict(items) => items.iter().all(|(k, x)| {
+            let Some(rem) = bytes.checked_sub(k.len()) else { return false };
+            *bytes = rem;
+            fits_budget(x, nodes, bytes)
+        }),
+        E::Array(items) => items.iter().all(|x| fits_budget(x, nodes, bytes)),
+        E::String(s) | E::Name(s) => {
+            let Some(rem) = bytes.checked_sub(s.len()) else { return false };
+            *bytes = rem;
+            true
+        }
+        _ => true,
+    }
+}
+
 /// Whether the text object `object` has a view naming one frame (`/1 /0 [ << /0 n >> ]`), as
 /// Photoshop writes it.
 fn names_one_frame(object: &E) -> bool {
@@ -1246,7 +1443,8 @@ fn new_object(template: &E, at: usize, text: &str) -> Option<E> {
         }
     }
     if let Some(runs) = view.path(&["1", "0"]).and_then(E::as_array) {
-        let fitted = runs_per(runs, &paragraphs)?;
+        let (mut nodes, mut bytes) = (MAX_REFIT_RUN_NODES, MAX_REFIT_RUN_BYTES);
+        let fitted = runs_per(runs, &paragraphs, "1", &mut nodes, &mut bytes)?;
         view.get_mut("1")?.set("0", E::Array(fitted));
     }
     Some(object)
@@ -1269,10 +1467,7 @@ fn pad_frames(outer: &mut E, count: usize) {
     let Some(E::Array(frames)) = outer.get_mut("0").and_then(|v| v.get_mut("8")).and_then(|v| v.get_mut("0")) else { return };
     let count = count.min(MAX_TEXT_INDEX as usize + 1);
     if frames.len() < count {
-        let kind = E::Dict(vec![("4".into(), E::Int(-1)), ("7".into(), E::Bool(false))]);
-        let data = E::Dict(vec![("6".into(), E::Array(vec![E::Real(-1.0), E::Real(-1.0)])), ("11".into(), kind)]);
-        let frame = E::Dict(vec![("0".into(), E::Dict(vec![("2".into(), data)]))]);
-        frames.resize(count, frame);
+        frames.resize(count, crate::psd_path::point_frame());
     }
 }
 
@@ -1291,6 +1486,7 @@ fn edited_object(object: &E, text: &str) -> Option<E> {
     let total = utf16_len(text) as usize;
     let paragraphs: Vec<usize> = text.split_inclusive('\r').map(|p| p.encode_utf16().count()).collect();
     let E::Dict(entries) = model else { return None };
+    let (mut nodes, mut bytes) = (MAX_REFIT_RUN_NODES, MAX_REFIT_RUN_BYTES);
     for (key, value) in entries.iter_mut() {
         if key.as_str() == "0" {
             *value = E::String(text.to_string());
@@ -1299,36 +1495,98 @@ fn edited_object(object: &E, text: &str) -> Option<E> {
         let Some(runs) = value.get("0").and_then(E::as_array).filter(|r| r.iter().all(|x| matches!(x, E::Dict(_)) && x.get("1").is_some())) else {
             continue;
         };
-        let fitted = if key.as_str() == "5" { runs_per(runs, &paragraphs)? } else { runs_to_length(runs, total)? };
+        let fitted = if key.as_str() == "5" {
+            runs_per(runs, &paragraphs, "1", &mut nodes, &mut bytes)?
+        } else {
+            runs_to_length(runs, total, "1", &mut nodes, &mut bytes)?
+        };
         value.set("0", E::Array(fitted));
     }
     Some(object)
 }
 
-/// `runs` (`<< … /1 length >>`) remade with the lengths `lens`: run i keeps the content of the
-/// file's run i, else of its last one. `None` for an empty `runs`.
-fn runs_per(runs: &[E], lens: &[usize]) -> Option<Vec<E>> {
+/// The older Photoshop's `Txt2` text object `object` (`<< /Model << /Text … /ParagraphRun … >>
+/// /View … >>`) for the changed engine text `text` (`\r` breaks, trailing `\r`): the model's text
+/// replaced and every run array of the model refitted the way [`edited_object`] refits the
+/// numbered objects' — the paragraph runs (`/ParagraphRun`) one per paragraph of the new text, the
+/// others (`/StyleRun`, `/KernRun`, …) cut or extended to the new total. The model's other keys,
+/// the view and the rest are kept: these blocks (the objects at `/DocumentObjects /TextObjects`
+/// that older Photoshop versions write and re-render from, #6971) name their keys and number
+/// their runs with `/Length` in UTF-16 units instead of `/1`. `None` when the object or one of
+/// its run arrays isn't shaped as Photoshop writes it: the caller then leaves the entry as the
+/// file has it, rather than write text its runs don't cover (#6968).
+fn td_edited_object(object: &E, text: &str) -> Option<E> {
+    let mut object = object.clone();
+    let model = object.get_mut("Model").filter(|m| matches!(m, E::Dict(_)))?;
+    let E::Dict(entries) = model else { return None };
+    // The text must be there to replace: refitted runs over a text the model doesn't hold would
+    // be a half-edited object.
+    if !entries.iter().any(|(k, v)| k == "Text" && matches!(v, E::String(_))) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let total = utf16_len(text) as usize;
+    let paragraphs: Vec<usize> = text.split_inclusive('\r').map(|p| p.encode_utf16().count()).collect();
+    let (mut nodes, mut bytes) = (MAX_REFIT_RUN_NODES, MAX_REFIT_RUN_BYTES);
+    for (key, value) in entries.iter_mut() {
+        if key.as_str() == "Text" {
+            *value = E::String(text.to_string());
+            continue;
+        }
+        if !matches!(value, E::Dict(_)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        // A model dict without `RunArray` isn't a run array (the view's keys live elsewhere), so
+        // it is skipped; a named `RunArray` is unambiguous — malformed, the whole entry is left to
+        // the file rather than half-updated.
+        let Some(runs) = value.get("RunArray") else { continue };
+        let fitted = match runs {
+            E::Array(runs) if runs.iter().all(|x| matches!(x, E::Dict(_)) && x.get("Length").is_some()) => {
+                if key.as_str() == "ParagraphRun" {
+                    runs_per(runs, &paragraphs, "Length", &mut nodes, &mut bytes)?
+                } else {
+                    runs_to_length(runs, total, "Length", &mut nodes, &mut bytes)?
+                }
+            }
+            _ => return None,
+        };
+        value.set("RunArray", E::Array(fitted));
+    }
+    Some(object)
+}
+
+/// `runs` (`<< … /1 length >>`, the length key named `len_key`) remade with the lengths `lens`:
+/// run i keeps the content of the file's run i, else of its last one. `None` for an empty `runs`
+/// or when the cumulative `nodes` / `bytes` budget is exceeded.
+fn runs_per(runs: &[E], lens: &[usize], len_key: &str, nodes: &mut usize, bytes: &mut usize) -> Option<Vec<E>> {
     let last = runs.last()?;
     lens.iter()
         .enumerate()
         .map(|(i, &len)| {
-            let mut r = runs.get(i).unwrap_or(last).clone();
-            r.set("1", E::Int(i64::try_from(len).ok()?));
+            let src = runs.get(i).unwrap_or(last);
+            if !fits_budget(src, nodes, bytes) {
+                return None;
+            }
+            let mut r = src.clone();
+            r.set(len_key, E::Int(i64::try_from(len).ok()?));
             Some(r)
         })
         .collect()
 }
 
-/// `runs` (`<< … /1 length >>`) covering `total` UTF-16 units: the leading runs as they were, cut
-/// where `total` ends, the last kept run extended when `total` is longer. Empty runs are dropped.
-/// `None` when `runs` is empty or a length isn't a count.
-fn runs_to_length(runs: &[E], total: usize) -> Option<Vec<E>> {
+/// `runs` (`<< … /1 length >>`, the length key named `len_key`) covering `total` UTF-16 units:
+/// the leading runs as they were, cut where `total` ends, the last kept run extended when `total`
+/// is longer. Empty runs are dropped. `None` when `runs` is empty, a length isn't a count, or the
+/// cumulative `nodes` / `bytes` budget is exceeded.
+fn runs_to_length(runs: &[E], total: usize, len_key: &str, nodes: &mut usize, bytes: &mut usize) -> Option<Vec<E>> {
     let mut out: Vec<(E, usize)> = Vec::new();
     let mut left = total;
     for r in runs {
-        let len = r.get("1").and_then(E::as_i64).and_then(|l| usize::try_from(l).ok())?;
+        let len = r.get(len_key).and_then(E::as_i64).and_then(|l| usize::try_from(l).ok())?;
         let take = len.min(left);
         if take > 0 {
+            if !fits_budget(r, nodes, bytes) {
+                return None;
+            }
             out.push((r.clone(), take));
             left -= take;
         }
@@ -1336,12 +1594,18 @@ fn runs_to_length(runs: &[E], total: usize) -> Option<Vec<E>> {
     if left > 0 {
         match out.last_mut() {
             Some(last) => last.1 = last.1.checked_add(left)?,
-            None => out.push((runs.last()?.clone(), left)),
+            None => {
+                let last = runs.last()?;
+                if !fits_budget(last, nodes, bytes) {
+                    return None;
+                }
+                out.push((last.clone(), left));
+            }
         }
     }
     out.into_iter()
         .map(|(mut r, len)| {
-            r.set("1", E::Int(i64::try_from(len).ok()?));
+            r.set(len_key, E::Int(i64::try_from(len).ok()?));
             Some(r)
         })
         .collect()
@@ -1520,10 +1784,18 @@ pub fn build_engine_data(layer: &TextLayer, template: Option<E>, dpi: f32) -> E
     if dict.get("UseFractionalGlyphWidths").is_none() {
         dict.set("UseFractionalGlyphWidths", E::Bool(true));
     }
-    let (shape_type, box_bounds) = match layer.shape {
-        // PSD path type is not written yet: the layer saves as point text.
+    let (shape_type, box_bounds) = match &layer.shape {
+        // Type on a path: the path goes into the layer's `Txt2` frame ([`build_txt2`], #7962),
+        // which only a file that already has a `Txt2` object for the layer gets; EngineData
+        // keeps it as point text, one line for readers (and files) without that frame.
         TextShape::Point | TextShape::Path { .. } => (0, None),
-        TextShape::Box { x, y, width, height } => (1, Some([x, y, x + width, y + height])),
+        TextShape::Box { x, y, width, height } => (1, Some([*x, *y, x + width, y + height])),
+        // PSD area type is not written yet: the layer saves as paragraph text over the path's
+        // bounds, so Photoshop opens it with the same text wrapping in a rectangle.
+        TextShape::Area { path } => match crate::area::path_bounds(path) {
+            Some((x0, y0, x1, y1)) => (1, Some([x0 as f32, y0 as f32, x1 as f32, y1 as f32])),
+            None => (0, None),
+        },
     };
     let mut photoshop = E::Dict(vec![("ShapeType".into(), E::Int(shape_type))]);
     match box_bounds {
@@ -1636,9 +1908,14 @@ pub fn build_tysh(layer: &TextLayer, dpi: f32, ink: Option<[f32; 4]>) -> Vec<u8>
             },
         ),
     );
-    let [l, t, r, b] = match (&layer.shape, ink) {
-        (&TextShape::Box { x, y, width, height }, _) => [x, y, x + width, y + height],
-        (_, Some(i)) => i,
+    let area = match &layer.shape {
+        TextShape::Area { path } => crate::area::path_bounds(path).map(|(x0, y0, x1, y1)| [x0 as f32, y0 as f32, x1 as f32, y1 as f32]),
+        _ => None,
+    };
+    let [l, t, r, b] = match (&layer.shape, area, ink) {
+        (&TextShape::Box { x, y, width, height }, _, _) => [x, y, x + width, y + height],
+        (_, Some(a), _) => a,
+        (_, _, Some(i)) => i,
         _ => [0.0; 4],
     };
     let rect = |cls: &str| {
@@ -1671,6 +1948,26 @@ pub fn build_tysh(layer: &TextLayer, dpi: f32, ink: Option<[f32; 4]>) -> Vec<u8>
     write_tysh(&TySh { transform: layer.transform, text, warp, bounds })
 }
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod run_length_safety_tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn utf16_lengths_stop_after_text_is_consumed() {
+        assert_eq!(utf16_to_byte_lengths("é😀", &[1.0, 2.0, 1.0, 1.0e300]), [2, 4]);
+        assert_eq!(utf16_to_byte_lengths("", &[1.0, 1.0e300]), [0]);
+        assert_eq!(utf16_to_byte_lengths("abc", &[0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0e300]), [0, 1, 0, 1, 1]);
+        let zero_runs = vec![0.0; MAX_ENGINE_RUNS + 1];
+        assert_eq!(utf16_to_byte_lengths("a", &zero_runs).len(), MAX_ENGINE_RUNS);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn engine_run_length_array_conversion_is_bounded() {
+        let values = E::Array(vec![E::Real(0.0); MAX_ENGINE_RUNS + 1]);
+        assert_eq!(arr_f(Some(&values)).len(), MAX_ENGINE_RUNS);
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod transform_safety_tests {
     use super::*;
@@ -1698,17 +1995,17 @@ mod nonfinite_tests {
     #[test]
     fn non_finite_style_numbers_fall_back_to_defaults() {
         let d = parse(b"<< /FontSize 1e999 /Tracking nan /HorizontalScale inf /Kerning -inf /FillColor << /Values [1.0 nan 0.0 0.0] >> >>").unwrap();
-        let s = char_style(None, &d, &[], 1.0);
+        let s = char_style(&[], &d, &[], 1.0);
         let dflt = CharStyle::default();
         assert_eq!(s.size_pt, dflt.size_pt);
         assert_eq!((s.tracking, s.horizontal_scale, s.kern), (0.0, 1.0, 0.0));
         assert_eq!(s.color, Color::BLACK);
         // A finite f64 too big for f32 is dropped as well.
         let d = parse(b"<< /FontSize 1e300 /StartIndent inf >> ").unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(char_style(None, &d, &[], 1.0).size_pt, dflt.size_pt);
-        assert_eq!(para_style(None, &d, 1.0).start_indent_pt, 0.0);
+        assert_eq!(char_style(&[], &d, &[], 1.0).size_pt, dflt.size_pt);
+        assert_eq!(para_style(&[], &d, 1.0).start_indent_pt, 0.0);
         let d = parse(b"<< /FontSize 24.0 >>").unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(char_style(None, &d, &[], 1.0).size_pt, 24.0);
+        assert_eq!(char_style(&[], &d, &[], 1.0).size_pt, 24.0);
     }
 
     /// #5645: `FontBaseline` (1 superscript, 2 subscript) is read and written back.
@@ -1716,14 +2013,35 @@ mod nonfinite_tests {
     fn font_baseline_round_trips() {
         use photocraft_doc::text::FontBaseline;
         let d = parse(b"<< /FontBaseline 2 >>").unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(char_style(None, &d, &[], 1.0).baseline, FontBaseline::Subscript);
+        assert_eq!(char_style(&[], &d, &[], 1.0).baseline, FontBaseline::Subscript);
         let d = parse(b"<< /FontBaseline 1 >>").unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(char_style(None, &d, &[], 1.0).baseline, FontBaseline::Superscript);
+        assert_eq!(char_style(&[], &d, &[], 1.0).baseline, FontBaseline::Superscript);
         let s = CharStyle { baseline: FontBaseline::Subscript, ..Default::default() };
-        let back = char_style(None, &style_sheet_data(&s, 0, 1.0), &[], 1.0);
+        let back = char_style(&[], &style_sheet_data(&s, 0, 1.0), &[], 1.0);
         assert_eq!(back.baseline, FontBaseline::Subscript);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn area_path_that_is_not_finite_saves_as_point_text() {
+        let path = photocraft_doc::vector::Path::new(vec![photocraft_doc::vector::Subpath::polygon(&[(0.0, 0.0), (f64::NAN, 0.0), (10.0, f64::INFINITY)])]);
+        let layer = TextLayer {
+            text: "x".into(),
+            runs: vec![TextRun { len: 1, style: CharStyle { size_pt: 12.0, ..Default::default() } }],
+            shape: TextShape::Area { path },
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let out = String::from_utf8_lossy(&crate::engine_data::write(&build_engine_data(&layer, None, 72.0))).into_owned();
+        assert!(out.contains("/PointBase") && !out.contains("/BoxBounds"), "{out}");
+        assert!(!out.to_ascii_lowercase().contains("nan") && !out.to_ascii_lowercase().contains("inf"), "{out}");
+        let t = parse_tysh(&build_tysh(&layer, 72.0, None)).unwrap();
+        for key in ["bounds", "boundingBox"] {
+            let Some(D::Descriptor(d)) = t.text.get(key) else { panic!("no {key}") };
+            for side in ["Left", "Top ", "Rght", "Btom"] {
+                assert!(matches!(d.get(side), Some(D::UnitFloat { value, .. }) if value.is_finite()), "{key} {side}: {:?}", d.get(side));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn warp_values_beyond_f32_clamp_to_the_warp_range() {
         let warp = Descriptor::new("warp")
diff --git a/crates/text/src/psd_path.rs b/crates/text/src/psd_path.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..773678de1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/text/src/psd_path.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,641 @@
+//! Type on a path in a PSD (#7962): the path lives only in the type layer's frame in the
+//! document's `Txt2` block (EngineData marks such a layer as box text, `ShapeType 1`, with the
+//! path's bounds as its `BoxBounds`).
+//!
+//! Observed layout (Photoshop 2026, `text/path-circle.psd` and `text/path-wave-open.psd` in
+//! photocraft-corpus): a frame `<< /0 << /1 << /0 [ … ] >> /2 << /0 2 /2 [ matrix ] … >> >> >>`
+//! has the kind `/2 /0` (absent for point text, 1 for a text box, 2 for type on a path) and its
+//! outline at `/1 /0` as a flat list of cubic Bézier segments, eight numbers each
+//! (`p0 c1 c2 p1`, the next segment starting where the previous one ends, a closed path ending
+//! where it started), in the frame's space; `/2 /2` maps the frame's space to the `TySh` text
+//! space. On a closed path Photoshop sets the type from the path's last anchor (the circle's
+//! glyph 0 sits on its fourth anchor and runs on through the first), on an open path from its
+//! first. Neither oracle has a moved start or flipped type, so those are written into the path
+//! itself (see [`frame_path`]).
+
+use photocraft_doc::text::TextShape;
+use photocraft_doc::vector::{Knot, PathOp, Subpath};
+use photocraft_geom::{Affine, Point};
+
+use crate::engine_data::Value as E;
+
+/// The `Txt2` frame kind (`/2 /0`) of type on a path.
+pub(crate) const PATH_FRAME: i64 = 2;
+/// The `Txt2` frame kind (`/2 /0`) of a text box.
+const BOX_FRAME: i64 = 1;
+/// Most cubic segments read from a frame (a hostile file cannot make this large).
+const MAX_SEGMENTS: usize = 4096;
+/// How close (px) two points must be to count as the same: Photoshop writes a segment's start as
+/// an exact copy of the previous segment's end.
+const SAME: f64 = 1e-3;
+
+/// The kind of the frame dictionary `frame` (the entry's `/0`): 0 point text, 1 box, 2 path.
+pub(crate) fn frame_kind(frame: &E) -> i64 {
+    frame.path(&["2", "0"]).and_then(E::as_i64).unwrap_or(0)
+}
+
+/// Every entry of `v` as a finite number, or `None`.
+fn numbers(v: &E) -> Option<Vec<f64>> {
+    v.as_array()?.iter().map(E::as_f64).collect()
+}
+
+fn same(a: Point, b: Point) -> bool {
+    (a.x - b.x).hypot(a.y - b.y) <= SAME
+}
+
+/// Whether the handles `a` (in) and `b` (out) of `anchor` are collinear on opposite sides.
+fn smooth(anchor: Point, a: Point, b: Point) -> bool {
+    let (ax, ay, bx, by) = (a.x - anchor.x, a.y - anchor.y, b.x - anchor.x, b.y - anchor.y);
+    let (la, lb) = (ax.hypot(ay), bx.hypot(by));
+    la > SAME && lb > SAME && (ax * by - ay * bx).abs() <= 1e-3 * la * lb && ax * bx + ay * by < 0.0
+}
+
+fn knot(in_ctrl: Point, anchor: Point, out_ctrl: Point) -> Knot {
+    Knot { anchor, in_ctrl, out_ctrl, smooth: smooth(anchor, in_ctrl, out_ctrl) }
+}
+
+/// The type path of a path frame `frame` (the entry's `/0`), in the `TySh` text space, with the
+/// type starting at its first knot. `Err` says why it can't be read (the caller keeps the box or
+/// point text EngineData describes).
+pub(crate) fn read(frame: &E) -> Result<Subpath, String> {
+    let raw = frame.path(&["1", "0"]).ok_or("the frame has no path")?;
+    let v = numbers(raw).ok_or("a path coordinate is not a number")?;
+    if v.is_empty() || v.len() % 8 != 0 {
+        return Err(format!("its path has {} coordinates, not whole curve segments", v.len()));
+    }
+    if v.len() / 8 > MAX_SEGMENTS {
+        return Err(format!("its path has more than {MAX_SEGMENTS} segments"));
+    }
+    let matrix = match frame.path(&["2", "2"]) {
+        None => Affine::IDENTITY,
+        Some(m) => {
+            let Some([a, b, c, d, e, f]) = numbers(m).and_then(|m| <[f64; 6]>::try_from(m).ok()) else {
+                return Err("its frame matrix is not six numbers".into());
+            };
+            let m = Affine { m: [a, b, c, d, e, f] };
+            let det = m.determinant();
+            if !det.is_finite() || det.abs() <= 1e-12 {
+                return Err("its frame matrix is degenerate".into());
+            }
+            m
+        }
+    };
+    let pts: Vec<Point> = v.as_chunks::<2>().0.iter().map(|&[x, y]| matrix.apply(Point::new(x, y))).collect();
+    if pts.iter().any(|p| !p.x.is_finite() || !p.y.is_finite()) {
+        return Err("its path is out of range".into());
+    }
+    let segs: Vec<[Point; 4]> = pts.as_chunks::<4>().0.to_vec();
+    if segs.windows(2).any(|w| matches!(w, [a, b] if !same(a[3], b[0]))) {
+        return Err("its path has more than one piece".into());
+    }
+    let (Some(first), Some(last)) = (segs.first(), segs.last()) else { return Err("the frame has no path".into()) };
+    let (x0, x1) = pts.iter().fold((f64::INFINITY, f64::NEG_INFINITY), |(lo, hi), p| (lo.min(p.x), hi.max(p.x)));
+    let (y0, y1) = pts.iter().fold((f64::INFINITY, f64::NEG_INFINITY), |(lo, hi), p| (lo.min(p.y), hi.max(p.y)));
+    if x1 - x0 <= SAME && y1 - y0 <= SAME {
+        return Err("its path has no length".into());
+    }
+    let closed = same(last[3], first[0]);
+    let mut knots: Vec<Knot> = Vec::with_capacity(segs.len() + 1);
+    for (i, s) in segs.iter().enumerate() {
+        let prev = match i.checked_sub(1).and_then(|j| segs.get(j)) {
+            Some(p) => p[2],
+            None if closed => last[2],
+            None => s[0],
+        };
+        knots.push(knot(prev, s[0], s[1]));
+    }
+    if closed {
+        // The type starts on the closing segment: from the last anchor.
+        knots.rotate_right(1);
+    } else {
+        knots.push(knot(last[2], last[3], last[3]));
+    }
+    Ok(Subpath { closed, knots, op: PathOp::Combine })
+}
+
+/// `path` with its knots in the opposite order (the segments run backwards).
+fn reversed(path: &Subpath) -> Subpath {
+    let mut knots: Vec<Knot> = path.knots.iter().rev().map(|k| Knot { anchor: k.anchor, in_ctrl: k.out_ctrl, out_ctrl: k.in_ctrl, smooth: k.smooth }).collect();
+    if path.closed {
+        // Keep the first knot first: k0, k(n-1), …, k1.
+        knots.rotate_right(1);
+    }
+    Subpath { closed: path.closed, knots, op: path.op }
+}
+
+fn lerp(a: Point, b: Point, t: f64) -> Point {
+    Point::new(a.x + (b.x - a.x) * t, a.y + (b.y - a.y) * t)
+}
+
+fn cubic(s: &[Point; 4], t: f64) -> Point {
+    let (a, b, c) = (lerp(s[0], s[1], t), lerp(s[1], s[2], t), lerp(s[2], s[3], t));
+    lerp(lerp(a, b, t), lerp(b, c, t), t)
+}
+
+/// Pieces each segment is measured in for [`starting_at`].
+const STEPS: usize = 64;
+
+/// `path` starting `s` px along it (the type origin moved there): an open path loses the part
+/// before `s`, a closed one starts at a new smooth knot there. Unchanged for `s` at or before the
+/// start, or (open) at or past the end.
+fn starting_at(path: &Subpath, s: f64) -> Subpath {
+    let segs = path.segments();
+    let lengths: Vec<f64> = segs
+        .iter()
+        .map(|seg| {
+            (1..=STEPS)
+                .map(|i| (cubic(seg, (i - 1) as f64 / STEPS as f64), cubic(seg, i as f64 / STEPS as f64)))
+                .map(|(a, b)| (b.x - a.x).hypot(b.y - a.y))
+                .sum()
+        })
+        .collect();
+    let total: f64 = lengths.iter().sum();
+    if !s.is_finite() || !total.is_finite() || total <= SAME {
+        return path.clone();
+    }
+    let s = if path.closed { s.rem_euclid(total) } else { s };
+    if s <= SAME || s >= total - SAME {
+        return path.clone();
+    }
+    // The segment and parameter at arc length `s` (linear within a measured piece).
+    let mut left = s;
+    let mut at = None;
+    for (i, (seg, len)) in segs.iter().zip(&lengths).enumerate() {
+        if left > *len {
+            left -= len;
+            continue;
+        }
+        let mut walked = 0.0;
+        for k in 1..=STEPS {
+            let (t0, t1) = ((k - 1) as f64 / STEPS as f64, k as f64 / STEPS as f64);
+            let (a, b) = (cubic(seg, t0), cubic(seg, t1));
+            let piece = (b.x - a.x).hypot(b.y - a.y);
+            if walked + piece >= left || k == STEPS {
+                let f = if piece > 0.0 { ((left - walked) / piece).clamp(0.0, 1.0) } else { 0.0 };
+                at = Some((i, t0 + (t1 - t0) * f, *seg));
+                break;
+            }
+            walked += piece;
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+    let Some((i, t, seg)) = at else { return path.clone() };
+    // de Casteljau: left half p0 a ab m, right half m bc c p3.
+    let (a, b, c) = (lerp(seg[0], seg[1], t), lerp(seg[1], seg[2], t), lerp(seg[2], seg[3], t));
+    let (ab, bc) = (lerp(a, b, t), lerp(b, c, t));
+    let m = lerp(ab, bc, t);
+    let n = path.knots.len();
+    if n == 0 {
+        return path.clone();
+    }
+    let next = (i + 1) % n;
+    let mut knots = Vec::with_capacity(n + 1);
+    knots.push(Knot { anchor: m, in_ctrl: if path.closed { ab } else { m }, out_ctrl: bc, smooth: path.closed });
+    let count = if path.closed { n } else { n - next };
+    for r in 0..count {
+        let j = (next + r) % n;
+        let Some(mut k) = path.knots.get(j).copied() else { continue };
+        if j == next {
+            k.in_ctrl = c;
+        }
+        if path.closed && j == i {
+            k.out_ctrl = a;
+        }
+        knots.push(k);
+    }
+    Subpath { closed: path.closed, knots, op: path.op }
+}
+
+/// The path a frame is written with for `TextShape::Path { path, start, flip }`: flipped type is
+/// the path run backwards and a moved start the path from there on (exactly how PhotoCraft lays
+/// type on a path out), so Photoshop, which starts at the path's beginning, sets the same type.
+pub(crate) fn frame_path(path: &Subpath, start: f32, flip: bool) -> Subpath {
+    let path = if flip { reversed(path) } else { path.clone() };
+    starting_at(&path, f64::from(start))
+}
+
+fn real(v: f64) -> E {
+    E::Real(v)
+}
+
+/// The segment list (`/1 /0`) Photoshop reads `path` from: on a closed path the type starts at
+/// the last anchor, so the first knot goes last.
+fn segment_list(path: &Subpath) -> Option<Vec<E>> {
+    let mut knots = path.knots.clone();
+    if path.closed && !knots.is_empty() {
+        knots.rotate_left(1);
+    }
+    let segs = Subpath { closed: path.closed, knots, op: path.op }.segments();
+    let out: Vec<E> = segs.iter().flatten().flat_map(|p| [real(p.x), real(p.y)]).collect();
+    (!out.is_empty() && segs.iter().flatten().all(|p| p.x.is_finite() && p.y.is_finite())).then_some(out)
+}
+
+/// Whether two type paths are the same within [`SAME`] (the smooth flags aside).
+fn same_path(a: &Subpath, b: &Subpath) -> bool {
+    a.closed == b.closed
+        && a.knots.len() == b.knots.len()
+        && a.knots.iter().zip(&b.knots).all(|(p, q)| same(p.anchor, q.anchor) && same(p.in_ctrl, q.in_ctrl) && same(p.out_ctrl, q.out_ctrl))
+}
+
+/// The point-text frame Photoshop writes (`<< /0 << /2 << /6 [ -1.0 -1.0 ] /11 << /4 -1 /7 false
+/// >> >> >> >>`; also what [`crate::psd`] pads the frame list with).
+pub(crate) fn point_frame() -> E {
+    let kind = E::Dict(vec![("4".into(), E::Int(-1)), ("7".into(), E::Bool(false))]);
+    let data = E::Dict(vec![("6".into(), E::Array(vec![real(-1.0), real(-1.0)])), ("11".into(), kind)]);
+    E::Dict(vec![("0".into(), E::Dict(vec![("2".into(), data)]))])
+}
+
+/// A text box's frame as Photoshop writes it (`text/paragraph-box-left.psd`): the rectangle as
+/// four straight segments from its top left, clockwise.
+fn box_frame(x: f64, y: f64, w: f64, h: f64) -> E {
+    let c = [(x, y), (x + w, y), (x + w, y + h), (x, y + h), (x, y)];
+    let pts: Vec<E> =
+        c.windows(2).flat_map(|p| p.iter().flat_map(|&(a, b)| [(a, b), (a, b)]).collect::<Vec<_>>()).flat_map(|(a, b)| [real(a), real(b)]).collect();
+    let kind = E::Dict(vec![("4".into(), E::Int(-2)), ("18".into(), real(-2.0)), ("22".into(), real(0.025))]);
+    let data = E::Dict(vec![("0".into(), E::Int(BOX_FRAME)), ("6".into(), E::Array(vec![real(-2.0), real(-2.0)])), ("11".into(), kind)]);
+    E::Dict(vec![("0".into(), E::Dict(vec![("1".into(), E::Dict(vec![("0".into(), E::Array(pts))])), ("2".into(), data)]))])
+}
+
+/// Brings the frame list entry `entry` (`<< /0 frame >>`) of a type layer up to date with its
+/// `shape`: type on a path gets a path frame for its path (left byte for byte when it already
+/// holds that path, e.g. Photoshop's own after an unedited save), and a layer no longer on a path
+/// loses its path frame (else it would reopen on the path).
+pub(crate) fn update_frame(entry: &mut E, shape: &TextShape) {
+    let frame = entry.get("0");
+    let kind = frame.map_or(0, frame_kind);
+    match shape {
+        TextShape::Path { path, start, flip } => {
+            let path = frame_path(path, *start, *flip);
+            if kind == PATH_FRAME && frame.and_then(|f| read(f).ok()).is_some_and(|p| same_path(&p, &path)) {
+                return;
+            }
+            let Some(list) = segment_list(&path) else { return };
+            // Keep the other keys of a path frame; anything else becomes one.
+            let mut data = match frame.and_then(|f| f.get("2")) {
+                Some(d @ E::Dict(_)) if kind == PATH_FRAME => d.clone(),
+                _ => E::Dict(vec![("6".into(), E::Array(vec![real(-1.0), real(-1.0)]))]),
+            };
+            data.set("0", E::Int(PATH_FRAME));
+            // The path is written in text space.
+            data.set("2", E::Array([1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0].map(real).to_vec()));
+            let mut frame = match frame {
+                Some(f @ E::Dict(_)) if kind == PATH_FRAME => f.clone(),
+                _ => E::dict(),
+            };
+            frame.set("1", E::Dict(vec![("0".into(), E::Array(list))]));
+            frame.set("2", data);
+            *entry = E::Dict(vec![("0".into(), frame)]);
+        }
+        // Leave unreadable path frames unchanged. They were not imported as detached paths.
+        _ if kind != PATH_FRAME || frame.is_none_or(|f| read(f).is_err()) => {}
+        TextShape::Box { x, y, width, height } => *entry = box_frame(f64::from(*x), f64::from(*y), f64::from(*width), f64::from(*height)),
+        TextShape::Point => *entry = point_frame(),
+        // Area type saves as a text box over its path's bounds, as its EngineData does.
+        TextShape::Area { path } => {
+            *entry = match crate::area::path_bounds(path) {
+                Some((x0, y0, x1, y1)) => box_frame(x0, y0, x1 - x0, y1 - y0),
+                None => point_frame(),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::engine_data::parse;
+
+    fn frame(src: &str) -> E {
+        parse(src.as_bytes()).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// The frame of `text/path-circle.psd` (Photoshop 2026).
+    const CIRCLE: &str = "<< /1 << /0 [ 32.0 128.0 32.0 74.98067 74.98067 32.0 128.0 32.0 128.0 32.0 181.01933 32.0 224.0 74.98067 224.0 128.0 224.0 128.0 224.0 181.01933 181.01933 224.0 128.0 224.0 128.0 224.0 74.98067 224.0 32.0 181.01933 32.0 128.0 ] >> /2 << /0 2 /2 [ 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 -32.0 -32.0 ] /6 [ -1.0 -1.0 ] >> >>";
+    /// The frame of `text/path-wave-open.psd` (Photoshop 2026).
+    const WAVE: &str = "<< /1 << /0 [ 16.0 100.0 46.0 40.0 120.0 40.0 160.0 80.0 160.0 80.0 200.0 120.0 274.0 100.0 304.0 60.0 ] >> /2 << /0 2 /2 [ 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 -16.0 -52.12246 ] /6 [ -1.0 -1.0 ] >> >>";
+
+    #[test]
+    fn photoshop_path_frames_read_into_text_space() {
+        let wave = read(&frame(WAVE)).unwrap();
+        assert!(!wave.closed);
+        assert_eq!(wave.knots.len(), 3);
+        let p = |x: f64, y: f64| Point::new(x - 16.0, y - 52.12246);
+        let k = &wave.knots;
+        assert!(same(k[0].anchor, p(16.0, 100.0)) && same(k[0].in_ctrl, p(16.0, 100.0)) && same(k[0].out_ctrl, p(46.0, 40.0)));
+        assert!(same(k[1].in_ctrl, p(120.0, 40.0)) && same(k[1].anchor, p(160.0, 80.0)) && same(k[1].out_ctrl, p(200.0, 120.0)) && k[1].smooth);
+        assert!(same(k[2].in_ctrl, p(274.0, 100.0)) && same(k[2].anchor, p(304.0, 60.0)));
+
+        let circle = read(&frame(CIRCLE)).unwrap();
+        assert!(circle.closed);
+        assert_eq!(circle.knots.len(), 4);
+        // The type starts at the bottom anchor (Photoshop's glyph 0) and runs to the left one.
+        assert!(same(circle.knots[0].anchor, Point::new(96.0, 192.0)));
+        assert!(same(circle.knots[1].anchor, Point::new(0.0, 96.0)));
+        assert!(circle.knots.iter().all(|k| k.smooth));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn written_frames_read_back() {
+        for src in [CIRCLE, WAVE] {
+            let path = read(&frame(src)).unwrap();
+            let mut entry = E::Dict(vec![("0".into(), frame(src))]);
+            let before = entry.clone();
+            update_frame(&mut entry, &TextShape::Path { path: path.clone(), start: 0.0, flip: false });
+            assert_eq!(entry, before, "an unchanged path keeps Photoshop's frame");
+            let mut moved = path.clone();
+            for k in &mut moved.knots {
+                *k = k.transform(&Affine::translate(5.0, -3.0));
+            }
+            update_frame(&mut entry, &TextShape::Path { path: moved.clone(), start: 0.0, flip: false });
+            let back = read(entry.get("0").unwrap()).unwrap();
+            assert!(same_path(&back, &moved), "{back:?}");
+            assert_eq!(entry.path(&["0", "2", "6"]), before.path(&["0", "2", "6"]), "the frame's other keys stay");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Flipped type and a moved start are written into the path, which lays the type out the same.
+    #[test]
+    fn flip_and_start_are_baked_into_the_frame() {
+        use crate::warp::Warp;
+        for src in [CIRCLE, WAVE] {
+            let path = read(&frame(src)).unwrap();
+            for (start, flip) in [(40.0, false), (0.0, true), (25.0, true)] {
+                let shape = TextShape::Path { path: path.clone(), start, flip };
+                let baked = TextShape::Path { path: frame_path(&path, start, flip), start: 0.0, flip: false };
+                let (a, b) = (Warp::on_path(&shape).unwrap(), Warp::on_path(&baked).unwrap());
+                for x in [0.0, 10.0, 50.0, 120.0] {
+                    for y in [-12.0, 0.0, 4.0] {
+                        let (p, q) = (a.apply(x, y), b.apply(x, y));
+                        assert!((p.0 - q.0).hypot(p.1 - q.1) < 0.5, "{src:.10} start {start} flip {flip} at ({x}, {y}): {p:?} vs {q:?}");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn hostile_frames_are_errors() {
+        for src in [
+            "<< /2 << /0 2 >> >>",
+            "<< /1 << /0 [ ] >> /2 << /0 2 >> >>",
+            "<< /1 << /0 [ 1.0 2.0 3.0 ] >> /2 << /0 2 >> >>",
+            "<< /1 << /0 [ 0 0 1 1 2 2 (x) 3 ] >> /2 << /0 2 >> >>",
+            "<< /1 << /0 [ 0 0 1 1 2 2 1e999 3 ] >> /2 << /0 2 >> >>",
+            "<< /1 << /0 [ 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 ] >> /2 << /0 2 /2 [ 0 0 0 0 0 0 ] >> >>",
+            "<< /1 << /0 [ 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 ] >> /2 << /0 2 /2 [ 1 0 0 ] >> >>",
+            "<< /1 << /0 [ 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 ] >> /2 << /0 2 /2 [ 1e300 0 0 1e300 0 0 ] >> >>",
+            "<< /1 << /0 [ 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 50 50 60 60 70 70 80 80 ] >> /2 << /0 2 >> >>",
+            "<< /1 << /0 [ 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 ] >> /2 << /0 2 >> >>",
+            "<< /1 << /0 (path) >> /2 << /0 2 >> >>",
+        ] {
+            assert!(read(&frame(src)).is_err(), "{src}");
+        }
+        let many = format!("<< /1 << /0 [ {} ] >> /2 << /0 2 >> >>", "0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 ".repeat(MAX_SEGMENTS + 1));
+        assert!(read(&frame(&many)).is_err());
+    }
+
+    fn d(items: Vec<(&str, E)>) -> E {
+        E::Dict(items.into_iter().map(|(k, v)| (k.to_string(), v)).collect())
+    }
+
+    /// A Photoshop-shaped `Txt2` block with one point-text object for `text` (`\r` breaks, trailing
+    /// `\r`) drawn in frame 0.
+    fn photoshop_txt2(text: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
+        photoshop_txt2_in(text, point_frame())
+    }
+
+    /// [`photoshop_txt2`] with the frame list entry `frame`.
+    fn photoshop_txt2_in(text: &str, frame: E) -> Vec<u8> {
+        photoshop_txt2_of(vec![photoshop_object(text, 0)], vec![frame])
+    }
+
+    /// A Photoshop-shaped `Txt2` block holding `objects` and the frame list `frames`.
+    fn photoshop_txt2_of(objects: Vec<E>, frames: Vec<E>) -> Vec<u8> {
+        crate::engine_data::write_bare(&[
+            ("98".into(), d(vec![("0", E::Int(14))])),
+            ("0".into(), d(vec![("8", d(vec![("0", E::Array(frames))]))])),
+            ("1".into(), d(vec![("1", E::Array(objects))])),
+        ])
+    }
+
+    /// A Photoshop-shaped text object for `text` drawn in frame `at`.
+    fn photoshop_object(text: &str, at: i64) -> E {
+        let len = text.encode_utf16().count() as i64;
+        let run = || {
+            d(vec![("0", d(vec![("0", d(vec![("0", E::String(String::new())), ("6", d(vec![("0", E::Int(0)), ("1", E::Real(12.0))]))]))])), ("1", E::Int(len))])
+        };
+        let model = d(vec![("0", E::String(text.into())), ("5", d(vec![("0", E::Array(vec![run()]))])), ("6", d(vec![("0", E::Array(vec![run()]))]))]);
+        let strike = d(vec![("99", E::Name("PC".into())), ("6", E::Array(vec![d(vec![("99", E::Name("F".into())), ("10", E::Int(at))])]))]);
+        let view = d(vec![
+            ("0", E::Array(vec![d(vec![("0", E::Int(at))])])),
+            ("1", d(vec![("0", E::Array(vec![d(vec![("0", d(vec![("1", E::Int(1))])), ("1", E::Int(len))])]))])),
+            ("2", E::Array(vec![strike])),
+        ]);
+        d(vec![("0", model), ("1", view)])
+    }
+
+    fn layer(text: &str, shape: TextShape) -> photocraft_doc::TextLayer {
+        use photocraft_doc::text::{CharStyle, TextRun};
+        let mut t = photocraft_doc::TextLayer {
+            text: text.into(),
+            runs: vec![TextRun { len: text.len(), style: CharStyle { size_pt: 12.0, ..Default::default() } }],
+            shape,
+            transform: Affine::translate(32.0, 20.0),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        t.sync_summary();
+        t
+    }
+
+    /// A layer read back, with what [`crate::psd::apply_txt2_path`] said.
+    type Opened = (photocraft_doc::TextLayer, Result<bool, String>);
+
+    /// Saves `layers` (object `i` each) into a file whose `Txt2` is `prev`, then reads each back:
+    /// its `TySh` and what [`crate::psd::apply_txt2_path`] makes of the saved `Txt2`.
+    fn save_and_open(layers: &[&photocraft_doc::TextLayer], prev: &[u8]) -> (Vec<u8>, Vec<Opened>) {
+        let objects: Vec<(i32, &photocraft_doc::TextLayer)> = layers.iter().enumerate().map(|(i, l)| (i as i32, *l)).collect();
+        let txt2 = crate::psd::build_txt2(&objects, Some(prev));
+        let parsed = crate::psd::parse_txt2(&txt2).unwrap();
+        let back = objects
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(i, l)| {
+                let tysh = crate::psd::set_text_index(&crate::psd::build_tysh(l, 72.0, None), *i).unwrap();
+                let mut back = crate::psd::text_layer_from_tysh(&tysh, 72.0).unwrap();
+                crate::psd::apply_txt2(&mut back, &tysh, &parsed);
+                let applied = crate::psd::apply_txt2_path(&mut back, &tysh, &parsed);
+                crate::psd::apply_txt2_frame(&mut back, &tysh, &parsed);
+                (back, applied)
+            })
+            .collect();
+        (txt2, back)
+    }
+
+    /// #7962: type on a path survives a PSD save and open, for the file's own text object and for
+    /// a layer the file had no object for; a moved start and flipped type come back laid out the
+    /// same, in the path; a second save changes nothing.
+    #[test]
+    fn path_text_round_trips_through_tysh_and_txt2() {
+        let circle = read(&frame(CIRCLE)).unwrap();
+        let wave = read(&frame(WAVE)).unwrap();
+        let a = layer("On a circle", TextShape::Path { path: circle.clone(), start: 0.0, flip: false });
+        let b = layer("Along a wave", TextShape::Path { path: wave.clone(), start: 30.0, flip: true });
+        let prev = photoshop_txt2("On a circle\r");
+        let (txt2, back) = save_and_open(&[&a, &b], &prev);
+        for ((l, applied), (want, start, flip)) in back.iter().zip([(&circle, 0.0, false), (&wave, 30.0, true)]) {
+            assert_eq!(applied, &Ok(true), "{}", l.text);
+            let TextShape::Path { path, start: s, flip: f } = &l.shape else { panic!("{}: {:?}", l.text, l.shape) };
+            assert_eq!((*s, *f), (0.0, false));
+            assert!(same_path(path, &frame_path(want, start, flip)), "{}: {path:?}", l.text);
+            assert_eq!(l.transform, Affine::translate(32.0, 20.0), "the frame's matrix is not applied twice");
+        }
+        let (again, _) = save_and_open(&[&back[0].0, &back[1].0], &txt2);
+        assert_eq!(again, txt2, "a re-save of the opened file changes nothing");
+        // Off its path, the layer opens as point text again.
+        let detached = layer("On a circle", TextShape::Point);
+        let (_, back) = save_and_open(&[&detached], &txt2);
+        assert_eq!(back[0].1, Ok(false));
+        assert_eq!(back[0].0.shape, TextShape::Point);
+    }
+
+    /// A malformed path frame leaves the layer as EngineData describes it, with the reason.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_malformed_path_frame_keeps_the_engine_data_shape() {
+        let a = layer("Hostile", TextShape::Box { x: 0.0, y: 0.0, width: 50.0, height: 20.0 });
+        let tysh = crate::psd::set_text_index(&crate::psd::build_tysh(&a, 72.0, None), 0).unwrap();
+        for bad in ["<< /1 << /0 [ 1 2 3 ] >> /2 << /0 2 >> >>", "<< /1 << /0 [ 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 ] >> /2 << /0 2 /2 [ 0 0 0 0 0 0 ] >> >>"] {
+            let entry = E::Dict(vec![("0".into(), frame(bad))]);
+            let txt2 = crate::psd::parse_txt2(&photoshop_txt2_in("Hostile\r", entry)).unwrap();
+            let mut l = crate::psd::text_layer_from_tysh(&tysh, 72.0).unwrap();
+            let before = l.shape.clone();
+            assert!(crate::psd::apply_txt2_path(&mut l, &tysh, &txt2).is_err(), "{bad}");
+            assert_eq!(l.shape, before);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A layer taken off its path doesn't keep its path frame (it would reopen on the path).
+    #[test]
+    fn a_layer_off_its_path_loses_the_path_frame() {
+        let mut entry = E::Dict(vec![("0".into(), frame(CIRCLE))]);
+        update_frame(&mut entry, &TextShape::Point);
+        assert_eq!(entry, point_frame());
+        let mut entry = E::Dict(vec![("0".into(), frame(WAVE))]);
+        update_frame(&mut entry, &TextShape::Box { x: 1.0, y: 2.0, width: 30.0, height: 40.0 });
+        assert_eq!(entry.get("0").map(frame_kind), Some(BOX_FRAME));
+        assert_eq!(
+            entry.path(&["0", "1", "0"]).and_then(numbers).unwrap()[..8],
+            [1.0, 2.0, 1.0, 2.0, 31.0, 2.0, 31.0, 2.0],
+            "Photoshop's box outline: corners as straight segments from the top left"
+        );
+        // A point or box frame is left alone.
+        let mut point = point_frame();
+        update_frame(&mut point, &TextShape::Point);
+        assert_eq!(point, point_frame());
+    }
+
+    /// A path frame the import could not read (the layer opened as EngineData's box or point
+    /// text) is saved back as it was, not replaced by a box or point frame.
+    #[test]
+    fn an_unreadable_path_frame_is_kept() {
+        let two_pieces = "<< /1 << /0 [ 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 50 50 60 60 70 70 80 80 ] >> /2 << /0 2 >> >>";
+        for shape in [TextShape::Point, TextShape::Box { x: 0.0, y: 0.0, width: 80.0, height: 80.0 }] {
+            let mut entry = E::Dict(vec![("0".into(), frame(two_pieces))]);
+            let before = entry.clone();
+            update_frame(&mut entry, &shape);
+            assert_eq!(entry, before, "{shape:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The frame number the object at `index` of the saved `txt2` names, and that frame.
+    fn saved_frame(txt2: &[u8], index: usize) -> (i64, E) {
+        let t = crate::psd::parse_txt2(txt2).unwrap();
+        let object = &t.path(&["1", "1"]).and_then(E::as_array).unwrap()[index];
+        let at = object.path(&["1", "0"]).and_then(E::as_array).unwrap()[0].get("0").and_then(E::as_i64).unwrap();
+        (at, t.path(&["0", "8", "0"]).and_then(E::as_array).unwrap()[at as usize].clone())
+    }
+
+    /// An edited layer whose object the save can't refit keeps drawing in that object's own frame,
+    /// not in the frame its slot number names, which is the path layer's here.
+    #[test]
+    fn an_object_rebuilt_from_a_template_keeps_its_own_frame() {
+        let circle = read(&frame(CIRCLE)).unwrap();
+        let on_path = layer("On a circle", TextShape::Path { path: circle, start: 0.0, flip: false });
+        // Object 1's style run has a length that is no count, so it can't be refitted.
+        let mut broken = photoshop_object("Old\r", 0);
+        let run = d(vec![("0", d(vec![("0", d(vec![("0", E::String(String::new()))]))])), ("1", E::String("x".into()))]);
+        broken.get_mut("0").unwrap().set("6", d(vec![("0", E::Array(vec![run]))]));
+        let path_frame = E::Dict(vec![("0".into(), frame(CIRCLE))]);
+        let prev = photoshop_txt2_of(vec![photoshop_object("On a circle\r", 1), broken], vec![point_frame(), path_frame.clone()]);
+        let (txt2, back) = save_and_open(&[&on_path, &layer("New", TextShape::Point)], &prev);
+        assert_eq!(saved_frame(&txt2, 1).0, 0, "the rebuilt object draws in its own frame");
+        assert_eq!(saved_frame(&txt2, 0), (1, path_frame));
+        assert_eq!(back[0].1, Ok(true));
+        assert!(matches!(back[0].0.shape, TextShape::Path { .. }), "{:?}", back[0].0.shape);
+    }
+
+    /// A new layer whose slot number is the frame another object is drawn in gets a frame of its
+    /// own: neither layer takes the other's shape, on this save or the next.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_new_object_gets_a_frame_no_other_object_is_drawn_in() {
+        let circle = read(&frame(CIRCLE)).unwrap();
+        let on_path = layer("On a circle", TextShape::Path { path: circle, start: 0.0, flip: false });
+        let path_frame = E::Dict(vec![("0".into(), frame(CIRCLE))]);
+        let prev = photoshop_txt2_of(vec![photoshop_object("On a circle\r", 1)], vec![point_frame(), path_frame.clone()]);
+        let new = layer("New", TextShape::Point);
+        let (txt2, back) = save_and_open(&[&on_path, &new], &prev);
+        assert_eq!(saved_frame(&txt2, 1), (2, point_frame()), "a frame past the file's own");
+        assert_eq!(saved_frame(&txt2, 0), (1, path_frame));
+        assert_eq!(back[0].1, Ok(true));
+        assert_eq!((&back[1].1, &back[1].0.shape), (&Ok(false), &TextShape::Point));
+        // The path layer taken off its path on the next save loses its path frame.
+        let (again, _) = save_and_open(&[&layer("On a circle", TextShape::Point), &new], &txt2);
+        assert_eq!(saved_frame(&again, 0), (1, point_frame()));
+    }
+
+    /// A rebuilt object whose old frame number is past the frame list doesn't name a frame the
+    /// block lacks (Photoshop refuses such files, #7698).
+    #[test]
+    fn a_rebuilt_object_never_names_a_missing_frame() {
+        let mut broken = photoshop_object("Old\r", 70_000);
+        let run = d(vec![("0", d(vec![("0", d(vec![("0", E::String(String::new()))]))])), ("1", E::String("x".into()))]);
+        broken.get_mut("0").unwrap().set("6", d(vec![("0", E::Array(vec![run]))]));
+        let path_frame = E::Dict(vec![("0".into(), frame(CIRCLE))]);
+        let prev = photoshop_txt2_of(vec![photoshop_object("On a circle\r", 1), broken], vec![point_frame(), path_frame.clone()]);
+        let on_path = layer("On a circle", TextShape::Path { path: read(&frame(CIRCLE)).unwrap(), start: 0.0, flip: false });
+        let (txt2, _) = save_and_open(&[&on_path, &layer("New", TextShape::Point)], &prev);
+        assert_eq!(saved_frame(&txt2, 1), (2, point_frame()));
+        assert_eq!(saved_frame(&txt2, 0), (1, path_frame));
+    }
+
+    /// An object the file keeps that names a frame past the frame list doesn't grow the list (to
+    /// 65536 point frames here).
+    #[test]
+    fn a_kept_object_naming_a_far_frame_adds_no_frames() {
+        let prev = photoshop_txt2_of(vec![photoshop_object("Far\r", crate::psd::MAX_TEXT_INDEX.into())], vec![point_frame()]);
+        let out = crate::psd::parse_txt2(&crate::psd::build_txt2(&[(0, &layer("Far", TextShape::Point))], Some(&prev))).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(out.path(&["0", "8", "0"]).and_then(E::as_array).map(<[E]>::len), Some(1));
+    }
+
+    /// A frame the file already has two objects drawn in is left as the file has it, not given
+    /// the shape of whichever layer comes last.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_frame_two_objects_name_is_kept() {
+        let circle = read(&frame(CIRCLE)).unwrap();
+        let on_path = layer("On a circle", TextShape::Path { path: circle, start: 0.0, flip: false });
+        let path_frame = E::Dict(vec![("0".into(), frame(CIRCLE))]);
+        let objects = vec![photoshop_object("On a circle\r", 1), photoshop_object("Point\r", 1)];
+        let prev = photoshop_txt2_of(objects, vec![point_frame(), path_frame.clone()]);
+        let (txt2, _) = save_and_open(&[&on_path, &layer("Point", TextShape::Point)], &prev);
+        assert_eq!(saved_frame(&txt2, 0), (1, path_frame));
+        assert_eq!(saved_frame(&txt2, 1).0, 1);
+    }
+
+    /// Area type's frame becomes a text box over its path's bounds, as its EngineData describes it.
+    #[test]
+    fn an_area_layer_gets_a_box_frame() {
+        let square =
+            photocraft_doc::vector::Path::new(vec![photocraft_doc::vector::Subpath::polygon(&[(10.0, 20.0), (50.0, 20.0), (50.0, 80.0), (10.0, 80.0)])]);
+        let mut entry = E::Dict(vec![("0".into(), frame(CIRCLE))]);
+        update_frame(&mut entry, &TextShape::Area { path: square });
+        assert_eq!(entry, box_frame(10.0, 20.0, 40.0, 60.0));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/text/src/psd_styles.rs b/crates/text/src/psd_styles.rs
index 6f953f1cec..b28949a22f 100644
--- a/crates/text/src/psd_styles.rs
+++ b/crates/text/src/psd_styles.rs
@@ -87,9 +87,9 @@ pub fn read_style_sheets(tysh: &[u8], dpi: f32) -> Option<PsdStyleSheets> {
     let normal_p = res.get("TheNormalParagraphSheet").and_then(E::as_i64).and_then(sheet_index).unwrap_or(0);
     let empty = E::dict();
     let base_data = sset.get(normal_c).and_then(|s| s.get("StyleSheetData"));
-    let normal_char = char_style(None, base_data.unwrap_or(&empty), &fonts, k);
+    let normal_char = char_style(&[], base_data.unwrap_or(&empty), &fonts, k);
     let base_props = pset.get(normal_p).and_then(|s| s.get("Properties"));
-    let normal_para = para_style(None, base_props.unwrap_or(&empty), k);
+    let normal_para = para_style(&[], base_props.unwrap_or(&empty), k);
     let mut out = PsdStyleSheets { normal_char, normal_para, ..Default::default() };
     for (i, s) in sset.iter().enumerate() {
         if i == normal_c {
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ pub fn read_style_sheets(tysh: &[u8], dpi: f32) -> Option<PsdStyleSheets> {
         }
         let name = s.get("Name").and_then(E::as_str).unwrap_or("").to_string();
         let data = s.get("StyleSheetData").unwrap_or(&empty);
-        out.char_sheets.push((i, name, char_style(base_data, data, &fonts, k)));
+        out.char_sheets.push((i, name, char_style(&[base_data], data, &fonts, k)));
     }
     for (i, s) in pset.iter().enumerate() {
         if i == normal_p {
@@ -106,8 +106,8 @@ pub fn read_style_sheets(tysh: &[u8], dpi: f32) -> Option<PsdStyleSheets> {
         let name = s.get("Name").and_then(E::as_str).unwrap_or("").to_string();
         let props = s.get("Properties").unwrap_or(&empty);
         let dss = s.get("DefaultStyleSheet").and_then(E::as_i64).and_then(sheet_index).filter(|i| *i != normal_c);
-        let cs = dss.and_then(|d| sset.get(d)).map(|d| char_style(base_data, d.get("StyleSheetData").unwrap_or(&empty), &fonts, k));
-        out.para_sheets.push((i, name, para_style(base_props, props, k), cs));
+        let cs = dss.and_then(|d| sset.get(d)).map(|d| char_style(&[base_data], d.get("StyleSheetData").unwrap_or(&empty), &fonts, k));
+        out.para_sheets.push((i, name, para_style(&[base_props], props, k), cs));
     }
     let snames = names(res.get("StyleSheetSet"));
     let pnames = names(res.get("ParagraphSheetSet"));
diff --git a/crates/text/src/raster.rs b/crates/text/src/raster.rs
index bca52e38cf..4f32e9941e 100644
--- a/crates/text/src/raster.rs
+++ b/crates/text/src/raster.rs
@@ -76,8 +76,13 @@ pub struct Coverage {
 }
 
 impl Coverage {
-    pub fn new(width: usize, height: usize) -> Self {
-        Self { width, height, acc: vec![0.0; width * height + 2] }
+    /// A zeroed accumulator, or `None` when its bytes cannot be reserved.
+    pub fn try_new(width: usize, height: usize) -> Option<Self> {
+        let n = width.checked_mul(height)?.checked_add(2)?;
+        let mut acc = Vec::new();
+        acc.try_reserve_exact(n).ok()?;
+        acc.resize(n, 0.0);
+        Some(Self { width, height, acc })
     }
 
     /// Adds a line segment (pixel coordinates, y down).
@@ -148,15 +153,18 @@ impl Coverage {
     }
 
     /// Resolves the accumulation into per-pixel coverage in 0..=1.
-    pub fn finish(self) -> Vec<f32> {
+    /// The accumulated coverage, or `None` when the output cannot be reserved. The input
+    /// accumulator is still live while this builds, so both count toward a caller's budget.
+    pub fn finish(self) -> Option<Vec<f32>> {
         let n = self.width * self.height;
-        let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(n);
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        out.try_reserve_exact(n).ok()?;
         let mut sum = 0.0f32;
         for v in &self.acc[..n] {
             sum += v;
             out.push(sum.abs().min(1.0));
         }
-        out
+        Some(out)
     }
 }
 
@@ -240,9 +248,9 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn square_area_exact() {
-        let mut c = Coverage::new(10, 10);
+        let mut c = Coverage::try_new(10, 10).unwrap();
         rect_to(&mut c, &Xform::IDENTITY, 2.25, 3.5, 6.75, 8.0);
-        let v = c.finish();
+        let v = c.finish().unwrap();
         assert!((sum(&v) - 4.5 * 4.5).abs() < 1e-3, "{}", sum(&v));
         assert_eq!(v[5 * 10 + 4], 1.0);
         assert_eq!(v[0], 0.0);
@@ -250,13 +258,13 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn triangle_area_and_clipping() {
-        let mut c = Coverage::new(8, 8);
+        let mut c = Coverage::try_new(8, 8).unwrap();
         // Right triangle partly outside on the left and bottom.
         let pts = [(-4.0, 2.0), (6.0, 2.0), (-4.0, 12.0)];
         for i in 0..3 {
             c.line(pts[i], pts[(i + 1) % 3]);
         }
-        let v = c.finish();
+        let v = c.finish().unwrap();
         // Visible part: region x in [0,6], y in [2,8] under the hypotenuse x + y <= 8.
         // Area = ∫_{y=2}^{8} (8 - y) dy = 18.
         assert!((sum(&v) - 18.0).abs() < 1e-3, "{}", sum(&v));
@@ -266,7 +274,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn circle_area_via_pen() {
         use skrifa::outline::OutlinePen;
-        let mut c = Coverage::new(40, 40);
+        let mut c = Coverage::try_new(40, 40).unwrap();
         {
             let mut p = Pen::new(&mut c, Xform([1.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0, 20.0, 20.0]));
             // Cubic circle approximation, r = 15.
@@ -278,7 +286,7 @@ mod tests {
             p.curve_to(k, -r, r, -k, r, 0.0);
             p.close();
         }
-        let a = sum(&c.finish());
+        let a = sum(&c.finish().unwrap());
         let exact = std::f32::consts::PI * 225.0;
         assert!((a - exact).abs() / exact < 0.005, "{a} vs {exact}");
     }
diff --git a/crates/text/src/render.rs b/crates/text/src/render.rs
index 7128085dc2..c7cd3960b4 100644
--- a/crates/text/src/render.rs
+++ b/crates/text/src/render.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,42 @@ pub const FAUX_ITALIC_DEG: f32 = 12.0;
 pub const FAUX_BOLD_RADIUS: f32 = 0.036;
 /// Largest raster we produce (pixels), as a guard against absurd sizes.
 const MAX_PIXELS: u64 = 256 * 1024 * 1024;
+/// Cumulative coverage-pixel work budget across all colour and faux-bold passes of one render.
+const MAX_PASS_PIXELS: u64 = MAX_PIXELS * 4;
+/// Peak working bytes one rasterization may keep live. [`MAX_PIXELS`] does not bound them: the
+/// accumulator and the output surface are both `stride` deep, and a faux-bold pass keeps one more
+/// coverage buffer live, so a CMYK bold render reserves several times what a plain grey one does
+/// for the same pixels.
+const MAX_RASTER_BYTES: u64 = if cfg!(target_pointer_width = "64") { 4 << 30 } else { 1 << 30 };
+
+/// Whether a `w` x `h` render's peak working bytes fit `max_bytes`: the f32 accumulator and the
+/// output surface (both `stride` deep), plus the coverage buffers live at the peak. A plain pass
+/// peaks inside `Coverage::finish`, which holds its accumulator and the vector it builds beside
+/// it; a faux-bold pass peaks one buffer higher, since the resolved plain coverage is kept while
+/// the bold pass resolves into it. `false` when the arithmetic overflows, so an absurd size is
+/// refused rather than wrapping.
+fn fits_raster_budget(w: usize, h: usize, stride: usize, sample: SampleType, bold: bool, max_bytes: u64) -> bool {
+    let f32s = size_of::<f32>() as u64;
+    let peak = (w as u64).checked_mul(h as u64).and_then(|px| {
+        let deep = px.checked_mul(stride as u64)?.checked_mul(f32s + sample.bytes() as u64)?;
+        let coverage = px.checked_mul(if bold { 3 } else { 2 })?.checked_mul(f32s)?;
+        deep.checked_add(coverage)
+    });
+    peak.is_some_and(|b| b <= max_bytes)
+}
+
+/// A zeroed buffer, or `None` when its bytes cannot be reserved.
+fn zeroed(len: usize) -> Option<Vec<f32>> {
+    let mut v = Vec::new();
+    v.try_reserve_exact(len).ok()?;
+    v.resize(len, 0.0);
+    Some(v)
+}
+
+/// What a refused or unrenderable layout returns.
+fn nothing(format: PixelFormat) -> Rendered {
+    Rendered { surface: Surface::new(format), rect: Rect::new(0, 0, 0, 0) }
+}
 
 /// Maps raw area-coverage to the opacity Photoshop's anti-alias modes imply. Exponents above 1 thin
 /// the fringe (sharper); below 1 widen it (stronger smoothing).
@@ -101,6 +137,54 @@ fn is_bold(layout: &TextLayout, g: &PlacedGlyph) -> bool {
     layout.styles.get(g.style as usize).is_some_and(|s| s.faux_bold) || face_bold
 }
 
+fn glyph_is_placed(layout: &TextLayout, g: &PlacedGlyph, warp: Option<&Warp>) -> bool {
+    let Some(face) = layout.faces.get(g.face as usize) else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    let Ok(font) = skrifa::FontRef::from_index(face.font.data.as_ref(), face.font.index) else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    if font.outline_glyphs().get(GlyphId::new(g.id)).is_none() {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if let Some(w) = warp {
+        let coords: Vec<NormalizedCoord> = face.coords.iter().map(|&c| NormalizedCoord::from_bits(c)).collect();
+        if matches!(w.place_glyph(glyph_center(layout, g, &font, face.size_px, &coords)), Placement::Hidden) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    true
+}
+
+/// Distinct visible colours (`alpha > 0.0`) used by placed glyphs or decorations, each paired with
+/// whether any placed glyph of that colour uses faux/synthetic bold.
+fn visible_color_passes(layout: &TextLayout, warp: Option<&Warp>) -> Vec<(Color, bool)> {
+    let mut colors: Vec<(Color, bool)> = Vec::new();
+    let mut record = |c: Color, bold: bool| {
+        if !(c.alpha.is_finite() && c.alpha > 0.0) {
+            return;
+        }
+        match colors.iter_mut().find(|(existing, _)| *existing == c) {
+            Some((_, b)) => *b |= bold,
+            None => colors.push((c, bold)),
+        }
+    };
+    for g in &layout.glyphs {
+        let Some(st) = layout.styles.get(g.style as usize) else { continue };
+        if !(st.color.alpha.is_finite() && st.color.alpha > 0.0) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if glyph_is_placed(layout, g, warp) {
+            record(st.color, is_bold(layout, g));
+        }
+    }
+    for d in &layout.decorations {
+        let Some(st) = layout.styles.get(d.style as usize) else { continue };
+        record(st.color, false);
+    }
+    colors
+}
+
 fn draw_pass(layout: &TextLayout, transform: &Xform, sink: &mut impl LineSink, only_color: Option<&Color>, warp: Option<&Warp>, pass: Pass) {
     for g in &layout.glyphs {
         let st = &layout.styles[g.style as usize];
@@ -253,6 +337,14 @@ fn rect_from_bounds([x0, y0, x1, y1]: [f64; 4]) -> Rect {
     Rect::new(x0 as i32, y0 as i32, x1 as i32, y1 as i32)
 }
 
+/// Text-space bounds of the drawn glyph outlines and decorations, unrounded (`[x0, y0, x1, y1]`),
+/// or `None` when nothing is drawn.
+pub fn ink_bounds(layout: &TextLayout) -> Option<[f64; 4]> {
+    let mut b = Bounds::default();
+    draw(layout, &Xform::IDENTITY, &mut b, None, None);
+    b.rect
+}
+
 /// [`ink_rect`] of warped text.
 pub fn ink_rect_warped(layout: &TextLayout, transform: &Affine, warp: Option<&Warp>) -> Rect {
     let mut b = Bounds::default();
@@ -268,6 +360,19 @@ pub fn rasterize(layout: &TextLayout, transform: &Affine, format: PixelFormat, a
 
 /// [`rasterize`] with the glyph outlines bent by `warp` (Type › Warp Text).
 pub fn rasterize_warped(layout: &TextLayout, transform: &Affine, format: PixelFormat, antialias: AntiAlias, warp: Option<&Warp>) -> Rendered {
+    rasterize_passes(layout, transform, format, antialias, warp, true)
+}
+
+/// [`rasterize_warped`] with every colour's coverage either confined to that colour's own ink
+/// (`per_colour`) or spanning the whole text, the oracle the tests compare it with (#8602).
+pub(crate) fn rasterize_passes(
+    layout: &TextLayout,
+    transform: &Affine,
+    format: PixelFormat,
+    antialias: AntiAlias,
+    warp: Option<&Warp>,
+    per_colour: bool,
+) -> Rendered {
     let format = PixelFormat { alpha: true, ..format };
     let rect = ink_rect_warped(layout, transform, warp);
     let (w, h) = (rect.width() as usize, rect.height() as usize);
@@ -275,33 +380,71 @@ pub fn rasterize_warped(layout: &TextLayout, transform: &Affine, format: PixelFo
     if w == 0 || h == 0 || (w as u64) * (h as u64) > MAX_PIXELS {
         return Rendered { surface, rect: Rect::new(0, 0, 0, 0) };
     }
+    let colors = visible_color_passes(layout, warp);
+    if colors.is_empty() {
+        return Rendered { surface, rect: Rect::new(0, 0, 0, 0) };
+    }
     let n = format.mode.color_channels();
     let stride = n + 1;
-    // Premultiplied accumulation.
-    let mut acc = vec![0.0f32; w * h * stride];
-    let xf = Xform([1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, -rect.x0 as f64, -rect.y0 as f64]).mul(&Xform(transform.m));
-    let mut colors: Vec<Color> = Vec::new();
-    for st in &layout.styles {
-        if !colors.contains(&st.color) {
-            colors.push(st.color);
-        }
+    let any_bold = colors.iter().any(|&(_, b)| b);
+    if !fits_raster_budget(w, h, stride, format.sample, any_bold, MAX_RASTER_BYTES) {
+        return nothing(format);
     }
-    for c in &colors {
-        let mut cov = Coverage::new(w, h);
-        draw_pass(layout, &xf, &mut cov, Some(c), warp, Pass::Plain);
-        let mut cov = cov.finish();
-        if layout.glyphs.iter().any(|g| is_bold(layout, g)) {
+    // Premultiplied accumulation.
+    let Some(mut acc) = zeroed(w * h * stride) else {
+        return nothing(format);
+    };
+    let xf = Xform([1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, -rect.x0 as f64, -rect.y0 as f64]).mul(&Xform(transform.m));
+    let whole = Rect::new(0, 0, w as i32, h as i32);
+    let mut pass_pixels = 0u64;
+    for &(c, color_bold) in &colors {
+        // Rasterise each colour only over its own glyphs (every offset of faux bold included):
+        // a full-size pass per colour made text with many coloured runs cost colours x area
+        // (#8602). Outside its ink a colour's coverage is zero, so the result is the same.
+        let sub = if per_colour {
+            let mut b = Bounds::default();
+            draw_pass(layout, &xf, &mut b, Some(&c), warp, Pass::All);
+            b.rect.map(rect_from_bounds).unwrap_or(Rect::EMPTY).intersect(&whole)
+        } else {
+            whole
+        };
+        if sub.is_empty() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let (sw, sh) = (sub.width() as usize, sub.height() as usize);
+        let passes = 1 + if color_bold { BOLD_OFFSETS.len() } else { 0 };
+        let Some(cost) = (sw as u64).checked_mul(sh as u64).and_then(|px| px.checked_mul(passes as u64)) else {
+            return nothing(format);
+        };
+        let Some(total) = pass_pixels.checked_add(cost).filter(|&t| t <= MAX_PASS_PIXELS) else {
+            return nothing(format);
+        };
+        pass_pixels = total;
+        let xf = Xform([1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, -sub.x0 as f64, -sub.y0 as f64]).mul(&xf);
+        let Some(mut cov) = Coverage::try_new(sw, sh) else {
+            return nothing(format);
+        };
+        draw_pass(layout, &xf, &mut cov, Some(&c), warp, Pass::Plain);
+        let Some(mut cov) = cov.finish() else {
+            return nothing(format);
+        };
+        if color_bold {
             for k in 0..BOLD_OFFSETS.len() {
-                let mut bc = Coverage::new(w, h);
-                draw_pass(layout, &xf, &mut bc, Some(c), warp, Pass::Bold(k));
-                for (a, b) in cov.iter_mut().zip(bc.finish()) {
+                let Some(mut bc) = Coverage::try_new(sw, sh) else {
+                    return nothing(format);
+                };
+                draw_pass(layout, &xf, &mut bc, Some(&c), warp, Pass::Bold(k));
+                let Some(bold_cov) = bc.finish() else {
+                    return nothing(format);
+                };
+                for (a, b) in cov.iter_mut().zip(bold_cov) {
                     *a = a.max(b);
                 }
             }
         }
-        let comps = color_in(&format, c);
+        let comps = color_in(&format, &c);
         let a = c.alpha.clamp(0.0, 1.0);
-        composite(&mut acc, &cov, w, stride, &comps, a, antialias);
+        composite(&mut acc, w, sub, &cov, stride, &comps, a, antialias);
     }
     // Unpremultiply.
     unpremultiply(&mut acc, n, stride, format.sample);
@@ -310,12 +453,19 @@ pub fn rasterize_warped(layout: &TextLayout, transform: &Affine, format: PixelFo
     Rendered { surface, rect }
 }
 
-/// Composites one colour's coverage over the premultiplied accumulator, after [`shape_antialias_coverage`].
-/// A pixel's maths reads and writes only its own slots, so the rows are done in any
-/// order — one per thread — for exactly the same bytes.
-fn composite(acc: &mut [f32], cov: &[f32], width: usize, stride: usize, comps: &[f32], a: f32, antialias: AntiAlias) {
+/// Composites one colour's coverage, covering `sub` of a `width`-pixel-wide premultiplied
+/// accumulator, after [`shape_antialias_coverage`]. A pixel's maths reads and writes only its own
+/// slots, so the rows are done in any order — one per thread — for exactly the same bytes.
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+fn composite(acc: &mut [f32], width: usize, sub: Rect, cov: &[f32], stride: usize, comps: &[f32], a: f32, antialias: AntiAlias) {
     let n = comps.len();
+    let (x0, x1) = (sub.x0.max(0) as usize * stride, sub.x1.max(0) as usize * stride);
+    let (y0, sw, sh) = (sub.y0.max(0) as usize, sub.width() as usize, sub.height() as usize);
+    if sw == 0 || sh == 0 {
+        return;
+    }
     let row = |acc: &mut [f32], cov: &[f32]| {
+        let Some(acc) = acc.get_mut(x0..x1) else { return };
         for (cv, px) in cov.iter().zip(acc.chunks_exact_mut(stride)) {
             let cv = shape_antialias_coverage(*cv, antialias);
             let s = cv * a;
@@ -330,9 +480,9 @@ fn composite(acc: &mut [f32], cov: &[f32], width: usize, stride: usize, comps: &
         }
     };
     #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-    acc.par_chunks_mut(width * stride).zip(cov.par_chunks(width)).for_each(|(a, c)| row(a, c));
+    acc.par_chunks_mut(width * stride).skip(y0).take(sh).zip(cov.par_chunks(sw)).for_each(|(a, c)| row(a, c));
     #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
-    acc.chunks_mut(width * stride).zip(cov.chunks(width)).for_each(|(a, c)| row(a, c));
+    acc.chunks_mut(width * stride).skip(y0).take(sh).zip(cov.chunks(sw)).for_each(|(a, c)| row(a, c));
 }
 
 /// Divides the premultiplied accumulator back to straight colour. Each pixel stands alone.
@@ -445,7 +595,8 @@ pub fn outlines(layout: &TextLayout, transform: &Affine, warp: Option<&Warp>) ->
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use super::{MAX_PIXELS, rect_from_bounds};
+    use super::{MAX_PIXELS, fits_raster_budget, rect_from_bounds, zeroed};
+    use photocraft_color::SampleType;
     use photocraft_geom::Rect;
 
     #[test]
@@ -466,4 +617,25 @@ mod tests {
             assert_eq!(rect_from_bounds(bounds), first, "bounds: {bounds:?}");
         }
     }
+
+    /// #4979: the pixel cap says nothing about bytes, so the peak is admitted from the channel
+    /// depth of the accumulator and surface, the sample size and the faux-bold coverage buffers.
+    /// A 100 x 100 grey+alpha render at 8-bit keeps 2 x (4 + 1) + 2 x 4 = 18 bytes a pixel live.
+    #[test]
+    fn the_byte_budget_follows_channels_depth_and_faux_bold() {
+        let px = 100 * 100;
+        assert!(fits_raster_budget(100, 100, 2, SampleType::U8, false, px * 18));
+        assert!(!fits_raster_budget(100, 100, 2, SampleType::U8, false, px * 18 - 1), "the allowance is exact");
+
+        // The same pixels cost more with more channels, a wider sample, or a bold pass.
+        assert!(!fits_raster_budget(100, 100, 5, SampleType::U8, false, px * 18), "CMYK is deeper");
+        assert!(!fits_raster_budget(100, 100, 2, SampleType::F32, false, px * 18), "f32 output is wider");
+        assert!(!fits_raster_budget(100, 100, 2, SampleType::U8, true, px * 18), "bold holds one more buffer");
+        assert!(fits_raster_budget(100, 100, 2, SampleType::U8, true, px * 22), "2 x 5 + 3 x 4 bytes a pixel");
+
+        // A size whose peak overflows is refused rather than wrapping to a small number.
+        assert!(!fits_raster_budget(usize::MAX, usize::MAX, 5, SampleType::F32, true, u64::MAX));
+        // Nothing is reserved for a buffer that cannot be served.
+        assert!(zeroed(usize::MAX).is_none());
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/text/src/scripts.rs b/crates/text/src/scripts.rs
index b6e0aae74f..54120f609b 100644
--- a/crates/text/src/scripts.rs
+++ b/crates/text/src/scripts.rs
@@ -280,6 +280,15 @@ pub fn covering_face(bytes: &[u8], c: char) -> Option<u32> {
     }
 }
 
+/// Whether face `index` of `bytes` (a font or collection) maps `c` in its character map.
+/// `false` for an out-of-range face or data that doesn't parse. Never panics.
+pub fn face_covers(bytes: &[u8], index: u32, c: char) -> bool {
+    use skrifa::MetadataProvider;
+
+    let Ok(font) = skrifa::FontRef::from_index(bytes, index) else { return false };
+    font.charmap().map(c).is_some()
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
@@ -351,6 +360,10 @@ mod tests {
         for bad in [&b""[..], b"ttcf", b"ttcf\0\x01\0\0\0\0\0\x02\xff\xff\xff\xff\0\0\0\x10", b"\0\x01\0\0\0\xff"] {
             assert_eq!(covering_face(bad, 'A'), None);
         }
+        assert!(face_covers(inter, 0, 'A'));
+        assert!(!face_covers(inter, 0, 'ส'));
+        assert!(!face_covers(inter, 1, 'A'), "a single-face file has no face 1");
+        assert!(!face_covers(b"", 0, 'A'));
     }
 
     /// With the real system fonts, each script that has a candidate installed has one that
diff --git a/crates/text/src/served.rs b/crates/text/src/served.rs
index 0198aea97a..69897329b7 100644
--- a/crates/text/src/served.rs
+++ b/crates/text/src/served.rs
@@ -40,25 +40,60 @@ pub struct ServedFont {
 pub fn parse_manifest(text: &str) -> (Vec<ServedFont>, Vec<String>) {
     let mut fonts = Vec::new();
     let mut skipped = Vec::new();
-    for line in text.lines().map(str::trim).filter(|l| !l.is_empty() && !l.starts_with('#')) {
-        let f: Vec<&str> = line.split(" | ").map(str::trim).collect();
+    for line in text.lines() {
+        let trimmed = line.trim();
+        if trimmed.is_empty() || trimmed.starts_with('#') {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let raw_fields: Vec<&str> = trimmed.split(" | ").collect();
+        let f: Vec<&str> = raw_fields.iter().map(|s| s.trim()).collect();
+        let raw_file = raw_fields.get(2).copied().unwrap_or("");
+        let valid_file = raw_file == f.get(2).copied().unwrap_or("") && is_relative_path(raw_file);
         match f.as_slice() {
-            [family, _style, file, rest @ ..] if !family.is_empty() && is_relative_path(file) => {
+            [family, _style, file, rest @ ..] if !family.is_empty() && valid_file => {
                 let scripts = rest.first().map(|s| s.split(',').map(str::trim).filter(|s| !s.is_empty()).map(str::to_string).collect()).unwrap_or_default();
                 let integrity = rest.get(3).and_then(|sha| sri(sha));
                 fonts.push(ServedFont { family: (*family).to_string(), file: (*file).to_string(), scripts, integrity });
             }
-            [_, _, file, ..] if !is_relative_path(file) => skipped.push(format!("{line}: the file must be a relative path inside the site")),
-            _ => skipped.push(format!("{line}: expected `family | style | file | …`")),
+            [_, _, _, ..] if !valid_file => skipped.push(format!("{trimmed}: the file must be a relative path inside the site")),
+            _ => skipped.push(format!("{trimmed}: expected `family | style | file | …`")),
         }
     }
     (fonts, skipped)
 }
 
 /// A relative path that stays inside the site: no scheme, no leading `/`, no `..` segment, no
-/// query or fragment.
-fn is_relative_path(p: &str) -> bool {
-    !p.is_empty() && !p.starts_with('/') && !p.contains(['\\', '?', '#', ':']) && p.split('/').all(|seg| !seg.is_empty() && seg != "." && seg != "..")
+/// query or fragment, no ASCII control characters or whitespace, and no percent-encoded control,
+/// whitespace or separator characters.
+pub fn is_relative_path(p: &str) -> bool {
+    if p.is_empty()
+        || p.starts_with('/')
+        || p.bytes().any(|b| b <= b' ' || b == 0x7f || matches!(b, b'\\' | b'?' | b'#' | b':'))
+        || !p.split('/').all(|seg| !seg.is_empty() && seg != "." && seg != "..")
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let b = p.as_bytes();
+    let mut decoded = Vec::with_capacity(b.len());
+    let mut i = 0;
+    while i < b.len() {
+        if b[i] == b'%' {
+            let Some(hex) = p.get(i + 1..i + 3) else { return false };
+            let Ok(byte) = u8::from_str_radix(hex, 16) else { return false };
+            // Never allow encoded path syntax (including '%' for a second decode), ASCII
+            // separators, or controls. High bytes are allowed only as valid UTF-8 below.
+            if byte <= b' ' || byte == 0x7f || matches!(byte, b'%' | b'/' | b'\\' | b'.' | b'?' | b'#' | b':') {
+                return false;
+            }
+            decoded.push(byte);
+            i = i.saturating_add(2);
+        } else {
+            let Some(&byte) = b.get(i) else { return false };
+            decoded.push(byte);
+        }
+        i = i.saturating_add(1);
+    }
+    std::str::from_utf8(&decoded).is_ok()
 }
 
 /// The scripts a served font can be the fallback for: those the bundled fonts (Inter, which covers
@@ -318,8 +353,31 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(skipped.len(), 9, "{skipped:?}");
     }
 
-    /// One test for the whole queue: the catalog and the queue are process-wide, and parallel
-    /// tests taking each other's requests would be flaky.
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_encoded_path_separators_and_malformed_escapes() {
+        for path in [
+            "fonts/%2e%2e/private.ttf",
+            "fonts%2fprivate.ttf",
+            "fonts%5cprivate.ttf",
+            "fonts/%00.ttf",
+            "fonts/a%7F.ttf",
+            "fonts/%20.ttf",
+            "fonts/%zz.ttf",
+            "fonts/%2.ttf",
+            "fonts/%C0%AF.ttf",
+            "fonts/%25%32%65%25%32%65/private.ttf",
+            "fonts/%C3%28.ttf",
+        ] {
+            assert!(!is_relative_path(path), "accepted {path}");
+        }
+        for path in ["fonts/OpenSans[wdth,wght].ttf", "fonts/é.ttf", "fonts/%C3%A9.ttf"] {
+            assert!(is_relative_path(path), "rejected {path}");
+        }
+        let (fonts, skipped) = parse_manifest("A | Regular | fonts/%2e%2e/a.ttf\nB | Regular | fonts/%zz.ttf\n");
+        assert!(fonts.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(skipped.len(), 2);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn requests_are_limited_to_the_catalog_and_reach_layout() {
         let served = "Served Test Sans";
diff --git a/crates/text/src/spell.rs b/crates/text/src/spell.rs
index 83576c8999..bc2afa63c8 100644
--- a/crates/text/src/spell.rs
+++ b/crates/text/src/spell.rs
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ impl Dictionary {
     /// Whether `word` is spelled correctly (also accepting `user` words, compared without case).
     pub fn check(&self, word: &str, user: &HashSet<String>) -> bool {
         let w = normalize(word);
-        let w = w.strip_suffix("'s").filter(|b| !b.is_empty()).unwrap_or(&w);
+        let w = w.strip_suffix("'s").or_else(|| w.strip_suffix("'S")).filter(|b| !b.is_empty()).unwrap_or(&w);
         let w = w.trim_matches('\'');
         if w.is_empty() || w.chars().any(|c| c.is_numeric()) || !w.chars().any(char::is_alphabetic) {
             return true;
@@ -258,6 +258,15 @@ mod tests {
         HashSet::new()
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn all_caps_possessive_is_accepted() {
+        let d = Dictionary::english();
+        for w in ["MOTHER'S", "MONDAY'S", "Mother's", "mother's", "MOTHER’S"] {
+            assert!(d.check(w, &none()), "{w}");
+        }
+        assert!(!d.check("MOTHER'SX", &none()));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn bundled_dictionary_loads() {
         let d = Dictionary::english();
diff --git a/crates/text/src/tests.rs b/crates/text/src/tests.rs
index 9ae94e4282..4fe9709942 100644
--- a/crates/text/src/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/text/src/tests.rs
@@ -847,6 +847,38 @@ fn variable_font_axes() {
     assert!(heavy > light * 1.5, "{light} → {heavy}");
 }
 
+/// #8797: a style that carries the PostScript name of a variable font's named condensed light
+/// instance lays out as wide as that instance's axis values, not at the default instance. Uses
+/// Bahnschrift (Windows) or Ubuntu Sans (Ubuntu) when installed, and skips otherwise; the
+/// synthesized-font tests in `font_names_tests` cover the instance lookup and its layout width
+/// everywhere.
+#[test]
+fn postscript_name_of_a_variable_instance_lays_out_at_that_instance() {
+    use photocraft_doc::text::FontVariation;
+    let candidates = [
+        ("C:\\Windows\\Fonts\\bahnschrift.ttf", "Bahnschrift-LightCondensed"),
+        ("/usr/share/fonts/truetype/ubuntu/UbuntuSans[wdth,wght].ttf", "UbuntuSans-CondensedLight"),
+    ];
+    let Some((bytes, ps)) = candidates.iter().find_map(|(p, ps)| std::fs::read(p).ok().map(|b| (b, *ps))) else {
+        return;
+    };
+    let mut e = TextEngine::new();
+    let Some(fam) = e.fonts.register_font_data(bytes).first().cloned() else {
+        return;
+    };
+    let width = |e: &mut TextEngine, style: CharStyle| {
+        let l = e.layout(&styled("Hamburgefonstiv 0123", style), 96.0);
+        l.lines[0].x1 - l.lines[0].x0
+    };
+    let base = CharStyle { font_family: fam.clone(), size_pt: 72.0, weight: 300, ..Default::default() };
+    let axes = vec![FontVariation { axis: "wght".into(), value: 300.0 }, FontVariation { axis: "wdth".into(), value: 75.0 }];
+    let family = width(&mut e, base.clone());
+    let instance = width(&mut e, CharStyle { postscript_name: Some(ps.into()), ..base.clone() });
+    let explicit = width(&mut e, CharStyle { variations: axes, ..base });
+    assert!(explicit < family * 0.9, "the condensed light axes are narrower: {explicit} vs {family}");
+    assert!((instance - explicit).abs() < 0.5, "{ps}: {instance} px, its axes: {explicit} px, default instance: {family} px");
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn warp_bends_rendered_text_and_outlines() {
     use photocraft_doc::text::TextWarp;
@@ -1085,6 +1117,202 @@ fn txt2_keeps_a_kept_objects_extras_and_drops_them_with_its_text() {
     assert!(object.path(&["0", "keep"]).is_none(), "model extras of another text are dropped");
 }
 
+/// The `DocumentObjects` value older Photoshop writes beside the numbered objects
+/// (`/DocumentObjects /TextObjects`, named keys, run lengths under `/Length` in UTF-16 units,
+/// #6971): one entry per layer, its `\r`-terminated text in `Model /Text`, one paragraph run per
+/// paragraph, one style and kern run covering the whole text.
+fn photoshop_era_objects(texts: &[&str]) -> crate::engine_data::Value {
+    use crate::engine_data::Value as E;
+    let run = |len: i64| E::Dict(vec![("RunData".into(), E::Dict(vec![("0".into(), E::String(String::new()))])), ("Length".into(), E::Int(len))]);
+    let entries = texts
+        .iter()
+        .map(|t| {
+            let text = format!("{t}\r");
+            let paragraphs: Vec<i64> = text.split_inclusive('\r').map(|p| p.encode_utf16().count() as i64).collect();
+            let total = text.encode_utf16().count() as i64;
+            E::Dict(vec![
+                (
+                    "Model".into(),
+                    E::Dict(vec![
+                        ("Text".into(), E::String(text)),
+                        ("ParagraphRun".into(), E::Dict(vec![("RunArray".into(), E::Array(paragraphs.iter().map(|&n| run(n)).collect()))])),
+                        ("StyleRun".into(), E::Dict(vec![("RunArray".into(), E::Array(vec![run(total)]))])),
+                        ("KernRun".into(), E::Dict(vec![("RunArray".into(), E::Array(vec![run(total)]))])),
+                    ]),
+                ),
+                ("View".into(), E::Dict(vec![("0".into(), E::Array(vec![E::Dict(vec![("0".into(), E::Int(0))])]))])),
+            ])
+        })
+        .collect();
+    E::Dict(vec![("TextObjects".into(), E::Array(entries))])
+}
+
+/// A whole `Txt2` block shaped like the older Photoshop's: document resources and the objects at
+/// `/DocumentObjects /TextObjects`, no numbered `/1 /1` list at all.
+fn photoshop_era_txt2(texts: &[&str]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    use crate::engine_data::Value as E;
+    crate::engine_data::write_bare(&[
+        ("98".into(), E::Dict(vec![("0".into(), E::Int(14))])),
+        ("0".into(), E::dict()),
+        ("DocumentObjects".into(), photoshop_era_objects(texts)),
+    ])
+}
+
+/// #6971: Photoshop re-renders a type layer from the objects older Photoshop keeps at
+/// `/DocumentObjects /TextObjects` when the file has them, so an edit that left the old text
+/// there showed the old text back on reopen. The save refits that copy the way it refits the
+/// numbered ones — the new text, one paragraph run per paragraph of it, the other runs to its
+/// total — and keeps the entries' view and the rest.
+#[test]
+fn edited_text_updates_the_photoshop_era_objects() {
+    use crate::engine_data::Value as E;
+    use photocraft_doc::text::Kerning;
+    let prev = photoshop_era_txt2(&["Line 1\rLine 2"]);
+    let before = crate::psd::parse_txt2(&prev).unwrap();
+    let t = styled("Hi\nBye", CharStyle { kerning: Kerning::Optical, ..Default::default() });
+    let out = crate::psd::parse_txt2(&crate::psd::build_txt2(&[(0, &t)], Some(&prev))).unwrap();
+    let entries = out.path(&["DocumentObjects", "TextObjects"]).and_then(E::as_array).expect("the objects");
+    assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1, "no entry is added");
+    let entry = entries.first().expect("the entry");
+    let model = entry.get("Model").expect("the model");
+    assert_eq!(model.get("Text").and_then(E::as_str), Some("Hi\rBye\r"), "the stale text is replaced");
+    let lens = |key: &str| -> Vec<i64> {
+        model
+            .path(&[key, "RunArray"])
+            .and_then(E::as_array)
+            .map(|rs| rs.iter().map(|r| r.get("Length").and_then(E::as_i64).unwrap_or(-1)).collect())
+            .unwrap_or_default()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(lens("ParagraphRun"), vec![3, 4], "one paragraph run per paragraph of the new text");
+    assert_eq!(lens("StyleRun"), vec![7], "the style runs cover the new text's UTF-16 units");
+    assert_eq!(lens("KernRun"), vec![7]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        entry.get("View"),
+        before.path(&["DocumentObjects", "TextObjects"]).and_then(E::as_array).and_then(|e| e.first()).and_then(|e| e.get("View")),
+        "the view is kept"
+    );
+    // The numbered list is written alongside, as it was before this fix.
+    let slots = out.path(&["1", "1"]).and_then(E::as_array).expect("the numbered objects");
+    assert_eq!(slots.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(slots.first().and_then(|o| o.path(&["0", "0"])).and_then(E::as_str), Some("Hi\rBye\r"));
+}
+
+/// Only the entries of layers the save holds change: another layer's object — one no layer names
+/// — is written back as the file has it.
+#[test]
+fn only_the_edited_photoshop_era_object_changes() {
+    use crate::engine_data::Value as E;
+    use photocraft_doc::text::Kerning;
+    let prev = photoshop_era_txt2(&["One", "Two"]);
+    let before = crate::psd::parse_txt2(&prev).unwrap();
+    let style = |kerning: Kerning| CharStyle { kerning, ..Default::default() };
+    let t0 = runs_of("One", &[(3, style(Kerning::Metrics))]);
+    let t1 = runs_of("Changed", &[(7, style(Kerning::Optical))]);
+    let out = crate::psd::parse_txt2(&crate::psd::build_txt2(&[(0, &t0), (1, &t1)], Some(&prev))).unwrap();
+    let entries = out.path(&["DocumentObjects", "TextObjects"]).and_then(E::as_array).expect("the objects");
+    let was = before.path(&["DocumentObjects", "TextObjects"]).and_then(E::as_array).expect("the objects before");
+    assert_eq!(entries.len(), 2, "no entry is added");
+    assert_eq!(entries.first(), was.first(), "the unchanged entry is written back as it was");
+    assert_eq!(entries.get(1).and_then(|e| e.path(&["Model", "Text"])).and_then(E::as_str), Some("Changed\r"), "the edited entry takes the new text");
+}
+
+/// Files saved by the old code have both lists: the numbered object current, the older copy still
+/// holding the text of an earlier edit. Re-saving repairs the stale copy even when the numbered
+/// object's text matches the layer (nothing else about the file changes).
+#[test]
+fn legacy_file_with_both_object_lists_repairs_the_stale_one() {
+    use crate::engine_data::Value as E;
+    use photocraft_doc::text::Kerning;
+    let mut prev = photoshop_txt2(&[(4, 1)]);
+    prev.extend_from_slice(&crate::engine_data::write_bare(&[("DocumentObjects".into(), photoshop_era_objects(&["Old stuff"]))]));
+    let before = crate::psd::parse_txt2(&prev).unwrap();
+    let t = styled("AVA", CharStyle { kerning: Kerning::Metrics, ..Default::default() });
+    let out = crate::psd::parse_txt2(&crate::psd::build_txt2(&[(0, &t)], Some(&prev))).unwrap();
+    let entries = out.path(&["DocumentObjects", "TextObjects"]).and_then(E::as_array).expect("the objects");
+    assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1);
+    let model = entries.first().expect("the entry").get("Model").expect("the model");
+    assert_eq!(model.get("Text").and_then(E::as_str), Some("AVA\r"), "the stale copy is repaired");
+    let lens = model
+        .path(&["StyleRun", "RunArray"])
+        .and_then(E::as_array)
+        .map(|rs| rs.iter().map(|r| r.get("Length").and_then(E::as_i64).unwrap_or(-1)).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+    assert_eq!(lens, Some(vec![4]), "its runs cover the layer's text");
+    let slots = out.path(&["1", "1"]).and_then(E::as_array).expect("the numbered objects");
+    assert_eq!(slots.first().and_then(|o| o.path(&["0", "0"])).and_then(E::as_str), Some("AVA\r"), "the numbered object is kept as it was");
+    assert_eq!(before.path(&["1", "1"]).and_then(E::as_array).and_then(|s| s.first()), slots.first(), "the numbered object changes not at all");
+}
+
+/// When both lists hold the layer's text, the block is written back byte for byte — #2374 holds
+/// for the older objects too: re-encoding them would only risk Photoshop refusing the file.
+#[test]
+fn unchanged_block_with_both_object_lists_is_byte_identical() {
+    use photocraft_doc::text::Kerning;
+    let mut prev = photoshop_txt2(&[(4, 1)]);
+    prev.extend_from_slice(&crate::engine_data::write_bare(&[("DocumentObjects".into(), photoshop_era_objects(&["AVA"]))]));
+    let t = styled("AVA", CharStyle { kerning: Kerning::Metrics, ..Default::default() });
+    assert_eq!(crate::psd::build_txt2(&[(0, &t)], Some(&prev)), prev);
+}
+
+/// An entry shaped unlike Photoshop writes it — a run without its `/Length`, a `RunArray` that
+/// isn't an array, an empty one, an object with no text to replace — is left exactly as the file
+/// has it: a half-refitted object (new text over old runs) is what made Photoshop quit (#6968),
+/// so the save never writes one.
+#[test]
+fn odd_photoshop_era_entries_are_left_as_the_file_has_them() {
+    use crate::engine_data::Value as E;
+    use photocraft_doc::text::Kerning;
+    let run = |len: i64| E::Dict(vec![("RunData".into(), E::dict()), ("Length".into(), E::Int(len))]);
+    let entry = |model: Vec<(&str, E)>| {
+        E::Dict(vec![("Model".into(), E::Dict(model.into_iter().map(|(k, v)| (k.to_string(), v)).collect())), ("View".into(), E::dict())])
+    };
+    let with_text = |text: E, style: E| {
+        entry(vec![
+            ("Text", text),
+            ("ParagraphRun", E::Dict(vec![("RunArray".into(), E::Array(vec![run(4)]))])),
+            ("StyleRun", E::Dict(vec![("RunArray".into(), style)])),
+        ])
+    };
+    let odd = [
+        with_text(E::String("Old\r".into()), E::Array(vec![E::Dict(vec![("RunData".into(), E::dict())])])),
+        with_text(E::String("Old\r".into()), E::Int(3)),
+        with_text(E::String("Old\r".into()), E::Array(vec![])),
+        E::Int(3),
+        entry(vec![("ParagraphRun", E::Dict(vec![("RunArray".into(), E::Array(vec![run(4)]))]))]),
+        with_text(E::Int(9), E::Array(vec![run(4)])),
+    ];
+    for (i, object) in odd.iter().enumerate() {
+        let prev = crate::engine_data::write_bare(&[
+            ("98".into(), E::Dict(vec![("0".into(), E::Int(14))])),
+            ("0".into(), E::dict()),
+            ("DocumentObjects".into(), E::Dict(vec![("TextObjects".into(), E::Array(vec![object.clone()]))])),
+        ]);
+        let was = crate::psd::parse_txt2(&prev).unwrap();
+        let t = styled("New", CharStyle { kerning: Kerning::Optical, ..Default::default() });
+        let out = crate::psd::parse_txt2(&crate::psd::build_txt2(&[(0, &t)], Some(&prev))).unwrap();
+        let entries = out.path(&["DocumentObjects", "TextObjects"]).and_then(E::as_array).expect("the objects");
+        assert_eq!(
+            entries.first(),
+            was.path(&["DocumentObjects", "TextObjects"]).and_then(E::as_array).and_then(|e| e.first()),
+            "entry {i} is left as the file has it"
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+/// A `TextIndex` past the entries the block holds has no stale copy to fix: nothing is grown to
+/// the layer's number (the slot list grows as it always did), and the entries stay the file's.
+#[test]
+fn a_text_index_beyond_the_photoshop_era_entries_grows_nothing() {
+    use crate::engine_data::Value as E;
+    use photocraft_doc::text::Kerning;
+    let prev = photoshop_era_txt2(&["Only one"]);
+    let was = crate::psd::parse_txt2(&prev).unwrap();
+    let t = styled("Whatever", CharStyle { kerning: Kerning::Optical, ..Default::default() });
+    let out = crate::psd::parse_txt2(&crate::psd::build_txt2(&[(crate::psd::MAX_TEXT_INDEX, &t)], Some(&prev))).unwrap();
+    let entries = out.path(&["DocumentObjects", "TextObjects"]).and_then(E::as_array).expect("the objects");
+    assert_eq!(entries.len(), 1, "no entry is grown to the layer's number");
+    assert_eq!(entries.first(), was.path(&["DocumentObjects", "TextObjects"]).and_then(E::as_array).and_then(|e| e.first()));
+}
+
 /// A `Txt2` shaped like Photoshop's: document resources and settings beside the text objects
 /// (`/0`, `/1 /0`, `/1 /2`), style runs carrying a full style (font, size, leading) besides the
 /// auto-kern mode, a Latin-1 string without a byte-order mark, reals, and a second object no
@@ -1454,48 +1682,126 @@ fn psd_round_trips_antialias_opentype_and_warp() {
     }
 }
 
-/// #1469: Some older PSD writers combine a zero PointBase with an enormous local ink origin.
-/// The TySh transform cancels that origin, so importing it as a zero-based layout puts text far
-/// off-canvas. Fold the descriptor origin into the imported transform and preserve it on a TySh
-/// round trip so every editing and export path uses the same position.
-#[test]
-fn legacy_tysh_point_origin_imports_and_round_trips_on_canvas() {
+/// A legacy-signature `TySh` (#1469): zero PointBase, `bounds` (the layout box) and `boundingBox`
+/// (the ink box, as Photoshop writes it) both around `anchor` in a remote local space, and a
+/// `transform` that cancels the remote origin.
+fn legacy_tysh(source: &TextLayer, transform: Affine, anchor: [f64; 2], engine: &mut TextEngine) -> Vec<u8> {
     use photocraft_psd::descriptor::{Descriptor, Id, Value as D};
-
-    let source = styled("Name", CharStyle { font_family: "Inter".into(), size_pt: 120.0, ..Default::default() });
-    let mut tysh = crate::psd::parse_tysh(&crate::psd::build_tysh(&source, 72.0, None)).unwrap();
-    tysh.transform = Affine { m: [4.1667, 0.0, 0.0, 4.1667, -32375.0, -32887.5] };
-    let ink = [8050.0, 8160.0, 8220.0, 8300.0];
-    let rect = |class| {
+    let layout = engine.layout(source, 72.0);
+    let logical = layout.bounds().unwrap().map(f64::from);
+    let ink = crate::render::ink_bounds(&layout).unwrap();
+    let rect = |class, r: [f64; 4]| {
         D::Descriptor(
             Descriptor::new(class)
-                .with("Left", D::UnitFloat { unit: *b"#Pnt", value: ink[0] })
-                .with("Top ", D::UnitFloat { unit: *b"#Pnt", value: ink[1] })
-                .with("Rght", D::UnitFloat { unit: *b"#Pnt", value: ink[2] })
-                .with("Btom", D::UnitFloat { unit: *b"#Pnt", value: ink[3] }),
+                .with("Left", D::UnitFloat { unit: *b"#Pnt", value: anchor[0] + r[0] })
+                .with("Top ", D::UnitFloat { unit: *b"#Pnt", value: anchor[1] + r[1] })
+                .with("Rght", D::UnitFloat { unit: *b"#Pnt", value: anchor[0] + r[2] })
+                .with("Btom", D::UnitFloat { unit: *b"#Pnt", value: anchor[1] + r[3] }),
         )
     };
+    let mut tysh = crate::psd::parse_tysh(&crate::psd::build_tysh(source, 72.0, None)).unwrap();
+    tysh.transform = transform;
     tysh.text.items.retain(|(key, _)| !key.is("bounds") && !key.is("boundingBox"));
-    tysh.text.items.push((Id::new("bounds"), rect("bounds")));
-    tysh.text.items.push((Id::new("boundingBox"), rect("boundingBox")));
-    let data = crate::psd::write_tysh(&tysh);
+    tysh.text.items.push((Id::new("bounds"), rect("bounds", logical)));
+    tysh.text.items.push((Id::new("boundingBox"), rect("boundingBox", ink)));
+    crate::psd::write_tysh(&tysh)
+}
 
-    let imported = crate::psd::text_layer_from_tysh(&data, 72.0).unwrap();
-    let expected = [4.1667, 0.0, 0.0, 4.1667, 1166.935, 1112.772];
-    for (got, want) in imported.transform.m.iter().zip(expected) {
-        assert!((got - want).abs() < 0.001, "{:?}", imported.transform.m);
-    }
-    let (_, rendered) = TextEngine::new().render(&imported, 72.0, PixelFormat::RGBA8);
-    let placed = rendered.surface.content_bounds();
-    assert!(!placed.is_empty(), "the normalized layer renders");
-    assert!((1000..3000).contains(&placed.x0) && (500..2000).contains(&placed.y0), "{placed:?}");
+fn assert_transform_near(got: Affine, want: Affine, tolerance: f64, what: &str) {
+    assert!(got.m.iter().zip(want.m).all(|(g, w)| (g - w).abs() < tolerance), "{what}: {:?} vs {:?}", got.m, want.m);
+}
 
-    let round_trip = crate::psd::text_layer_from_tysh(&crate::psd::build_tysh(&imported, 72.0, Some(ink.map(|v| v as f32))), 72.0).unwrap();
-    for (got, want) in round_trip.transform.m.iter().zip(expected) {
-        assert!((got - want).abs() < 0.001, "{:?}", round_trip.transform.m);
+/// #1469: Some older PSD writers combine a zero PointBase with an enormous local ink origin.
+/// The layout's own ink box is lined up with the saved ink box, so point alignment anchors stay
+/// fixed for left, centered and right text through import and a TySh round trip.
+#[test]
+fn legacy_tysh_point_origin_imports_and_round_trips_on_canvas() {
+    use photocraft_psd::descriptor::Value as D;
+
+    let original = Affine { m: [4.1667, 0.0, 0.0, 4.1667, -32375.0, -32887.5] };
+    // The file's layout origin (the anchor on the first baseline) in its local space.
+    let anchor = [8050.0, 8160.0];
+    let expected = original.mul(&Affine::translate(anchor[0], anchor[1]));
+    for align in [TextAlign::Left, TextAlign::Center, TextAlign::Right] {
+        let mut source = styled("Name", CharStyle { font_family: "Inter".into(), size_pt: 120.0, ..Default::default() });
+        source.paragraphs = vec![ParagraphRun { len: source.text.len(), style: ParagraphStyle { align, ..Default::default() } }];
+        let mut engine = TextEngine::new();
+        let data = legacy_tysh(&source, original, anchor, &mut engine);
+
+        let mut imported = crate::psd::text_layer_from_tysh(&data, 72.0).unwrap();
+        imported.psd_raw = Some(std::sync::Arc::new(data.clone()));
+        crate::psd::refine_legacy_point_origin(&mut imported, 72.0, &mut engine, None);
+        assert_eq!(imported.paragraph_runs()[0].style.align, align);
+        assert_transform_near(imported.transform, expected, 1e-6, &format!("{align:?}: anchor"));
+
+        let (_, rendered) = engine.render(&imported, 72.0, PixelFormat::RGBA8);
+        let placed = rendered.surface.content_bounds();
+        assert!(!placed.is_empty(), "{align:?}: no rendered pixels");
+        let mut want = source.clone();
+        want.transform = expected;
+        let (_, expected_pixels) = engine.render(&want, 72.0, PixelFormat::RGBA8);
+        assert_eq!(placed, expected_pixels.surface.content_bounds(), "{align:?}: raster placement");
+
+        let native = engine.layout(&imported, 72.0).bounds();
+        let round_trip = crate::psd::text_layer_from_tysh(&crate::psd::build_tysh(&imported, 72.0, native), 72.0).unwrap();
+        assert_transform_near(round_trip.transform, expected, 0.01, &format!("{align:?}: round trip"));
+
+        // A valid frame may equal the old ink-corner estimate. It must still win over refinement.
+        let t = crate::psd::parse_tysh(&data).unwrap();
+        let Some(D::Descriptor(ink_box)) = t.text.get("boundingBox") else { panic!("boundingBox") };
+        let corner = |k| match ink_box.get(k) {
+            Some(D::UnitFloat { value, .. }) => *value,
+            _ => panic!("{k}"),
+        };
+        let framed = with_text_index(&data, 0);
+        let txt2 = crate::psd::parse_txt2(&txt2_with_frame("Name", Some([corner("Left"), corner("Top ")]), [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0])).unwrap();
+        let mut with_frame = crate::psd::text_layer_from_tysh(&framed, 72.0).unwrap();
+        with_frame.psd_raw = Some(std::sync::Arc::new(framed.clone()));
+        crate::psd::apply_txt2_frame(&mut with_frame, &framed, &txt2);
+        let authoritative = with_frame.transform;
+        crate::psd::refine_legacy_point_origin(&mut with_frame, 72.0, &mut engine, Some(&txt2));
+        assert_eq!(with_frame.transform, authoritative, "{align:?}: exact frame wins");
     }
 }
 
+/// #6094 review: `boundingBox` is the tight ink box (a Photoshop-saved Arial 120 pt "..." has
+/// `bounds` top -102.98 but `boundingBox` top -11). Text whose ink starts well below the ascent
+/// line keeps its baseline: lining the layout box up with the ink box put "..." and "_" about
+/// 116 pt too low.
+#[test]
+fn legacy_origin_lines_up_ink_with_the_ink_bounding_box() {
+    let original = Affine { m: [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, -7900.0, -7550.0] };
+    for text in ["Name", "...", "_"] {
+        let source = styled(text, CharStyle { font_family: "Inter".into(), size_pt: 120.0, ..Default::default() });
+        let mut engine = TextEngine::new();
+        let data = legacy_tysh(&source, original, [8000.0, 8000.0], &mut engine);
+        let mut imported = crate::psd::text_layer_from_tysh(&data, 72.0).unwrap();
+        imported.psd_raw = Some(std::sync::Arc::new(data));
+        crate::psd::refine_legacy_point_origin(&mut imported, 72.0, &mut engine, None);
+        let baseline = imported.transform.apply(photocraft_geom::Point::new(0.0, 0.0));
+        assert!((baseline.x - 100.0).abs() < 1e-6 && (baseline.y - 450.0).abs() < 1e-6, "{text:?}: {baseline:?}");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn legacy_origin_uses_the_rendering_engines_registered_face() {
+    let mut engine = TextEngine::new();
+    let mut style = CharStyle { font_family: "JetBrains Mono".into(), font_style: "Regular".into(), size_pt: 100.0, ..Default::default() };
+    // This exact-face alias exists only in this engine, like a user-registered font.
+    engine.fonts.select_named_face(&mut style);
+    assert!(style.font_family.starts_with(".PhotoCraft-face-"));
+    let source = with_para(styled("Name", style), ParagraphStyle { align: TextAlign::Right, ..Default::default() });
+    let raw = legacy_tysh(&source, Affine::translate(-8000.0, -8000.0), [8100.0, 8200.0], &mut engine);
+    let mut imported = crate::psd::text_layer_from_tysh(&raw, 72.0).unwrap();
+    // Import preparation has resolved the face before refining placement.
+    imported.runs = source.runs.clone();
+    imported.sync_summary();
+    imported.psd_raw = Some(std::sync::Arc::new(raw));
+    crate::psd::refine_legacy_point_origin(&mut imported, 72.0, &mut engine, None);
+    let placed = imported.transform.apply(photocraft_geom::Point::new(0.0, 0.0));
+    assert!((placed.x - 100.0).abs() < 1e-6 && (placed.y - 200.0).abs() < 1e-6, "{placed:?}");
+}
+
 /// Regression: a PSD whose text engine data has no `EngineDict` (or isn't a dictionary)
 /// panicked with `expect("EngineDict")` when the layer was written back (PSD export).
 #[test]
@@ -1728,10 +2034,17 @@ fn craft_fonts_cover_japanese_without_system_fonts() {
     let l = e.layout(&point(text, 24.0), 72.0);
     assert_eq!(l.glyphs.len(), text.chars().count());
     assert!(l.glyphs.iter().all(|g| g.id != 0), "no .notdef with craft-fonts");
-    // Sans (Inter) runs fall back to the Gothic UI family.
-    assert_eq!(craft_family_of(&l), vec![crate::craft_fonts::UI_JAPANESE_FAMILY]);
-    // Serif runs fall back to a Mincho face when the build has one (not the web build).
-    if crate::CRAFT_FONTS.iter().any(|f| f.is_mincho()) {
+    // Sans (Inter) runs fall back to the first CJK craft family in the UI locale's script order:
+    // the Gothic UI family when Japanese leads that order or the build has no other CJK craft font.
+    let cjk = |f: &crate::CraftFont| f.scripts.iter().any(|s| matches!(*s, "Jpan" | "Hans" | "Hant" | "Kore"));
+    let first = e.fonts.fallback_stack().find_map(|fam| crate::CRAFT_FONTS.iter().find(|f| f.family == fam && cjk(f))).map(|f| f.family);
+    if !crate::CRAFT_FONTS.iter().any(|f| cjk(f) && !f.is_japanese()) || crate::cjk::ui_script_order()[0] == crate::cjk::CjkScript::Japanese {
+        assert_eq!(first, Some(crate::craft_fonts::UI_JAPANESE_FAMILY));
+    }
+    assert_eq!(craft_family_of(&l), first.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>());
+    // Serif runs fall back to a Mincho face when the build has one (not the web build) and the
+    // Japanese craft fonts come first.
+    if first == Some(crate::craft_fonts::UI_JAPANESE_FAMILY) && crate::CRAFT_FONTS.iter().any(|f| f.is_mincho()) {
         let mut t = point(text, 24.0);
         t.font_family = "Times New Roman".into();
         let l = e.layout(&t, 72.0);
@@ -1744,6 +2057,23 @@ fn craft_fonts_cover_japanese_without_system_fonts() {
     assert!(craft_family_of(&l).is_empty());
 }
 
+/// Chinese, Arabic and Thai set in Inter fall back to the craft font for their script when the
+/// build has one (Noto Sans CJK SC, Noto Sans Arabic and Noto Sans Thai in newer craft-fonts).
+#[test]
+fn craft_fonts_cover_their_other_scripts_without_system_fonts() {
+    let mut e = TextEngine::new();
+    for (script, text) in [("Hans", "中文图层"), ("Arab", "مرحبا"), ("Thai", "ภาษาไทย")] {
+        if !crate::CRAFT_FONTS.iter().any(|f| f.scripts.contains(&script)) {
+            eprintln!("skipping {script}: built without a craft font for it (set CRAFT_FONTS_DIR to a craft-fonts checkout)");
+            continue;
+        }
+        let l = e.layout(&point(text, 24.0), 72.0);
+        assert!(!l.glyphs.is_empty() && l.glyphs.iter().all(|g| g.id != 0), "{script}: no .notdef with craft-fonts");
+        let fams = craft_family_of(&l);
+        assert!(fams.iter().any(|fam| crate::CRAFT_FONTS.iter().any(|f| f.family == *fam && f.scripts.contains(&script))), "{script}: drawn with {fams:?}");
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn works_without_craft_fonts() {
     // Whatever the build: the bundled fonts load, Latin lays out, and Japanese never panics
@@ -2446,3 +2776,338 @@ fn a_word_wider_than_the_paragraph_box_breaks_at_the_box_edge() {
     assert_eq!(l.lines.len(), 2, "{:?}", l.lines);
     assert_eq!(l.lines[1].range.start, 3, "{:?}", l.lines);
 }
+
+/// Closed polygon in text space.
+fn area_poly(pts: &[(f64, f64)]) -> photocraft_doc::vector::Path {
+    photocraft_doc::vector::Path::new(vec![photocraft_doc::vector::Subpath::polygon(pts)])
+}
+
+/// An ellipse from four kappa curves inside `[x, y, w, h]`.
+fn area_ellipse(x: f64, y: f64, w: f64, h: f64) -> photocraft_doc::vector::Path {
+    use photocraft_doc::vector::{Knot, Subpath};
+    use photocraft_geom::Point;
+    let (rx, ry, cx, cy) = (w / 2.0, h / 2.0, x + w / 2.0, y + h / 2.0);
+    let (kx, ky) = (0.552_284_75 * rx, 0.552_284_75 * ry);
+    let p = Point::new;
+    let knots = vec![
+        Knot::smooth(p(cx, y), p(cx - kx, y), p(cx + kx, y)),
+        Knot::smooth(p(x + w, cy), p(x + w, cy - ky), p(x + w, cy + ky)),
+        Knot::smooth(p(cx, y + h), p(cx + kx, y + h), p(cx - kx, y + h)),
+        Knot::smooth(p(x, cy), p(x, cy + ky), p(x, cy - ky)),
+    ];
+    photocraft_doc::vector::Path::new(vec![Subpath { closed: true, knots, op: Default::default() }])
+}
+
+const BUBBLE_TEXT: &str = "Well, that went better than expected. Now where did the cat hide the keys this time?";
+
+/// Every laid-out line sits inside a span of the shape across its band.
+fn assert_lines_inside(l: &crate::TextLayout, path: &photocraft_doc::vector::Path) {
+    let a = crate::area::AreaShape::new(path, false).unwrap();
+    for line in &l.lines {
+        let spans = a.spans(line.baseline - line.ascent, line.baseline + line.descent, 0.0);
+        assert!(spans.iter().any(|&(s0, s1)| line.x0 >= s0 - 0.5 && line.x1 <= s1 + 0.5), "{line:?} not inside {spans:?}");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn area_text_stays_inside_an_ellipse() {
+    let mut e = TextEngine::new();
+    let mut t = point(BUBBLE_TEXT, 18.0);
+    let path = area_ellipse(0.0, 0.0, 260.0, 160.0);
+    t.shape = TextShape::Area { path: path.clone() };
+    let l = e.layout(&t, 72.0);
+    assert!(l.lines.len() >= 4, "{}", l.lines.len());
+    assert_lines_inside(&l, &path);
+    // The top of an ellipse is too narrow for a line at its very edge: the first line starts lower.
+    assert!(l.lines[0].baseline - l.lines[0].ascent > 1.0, "{:?}", l.lines[0]);
+    // Lines go down the shape in text order.
+    for w in l.lines.windows(2) {
+        assert!(w[1].baseline >= w[0].baseline && w[1].range.start >= w[0].range.end, "{w:?}");
+    }
+    // Middle lines are wider than the first (the ellipse is widest in the middle).
+    let width = |i: usize| l.lines[i].x1 - l.lines[i].x0;
+    assert!(width(l.lines.len() / 2) > width(0), "{l:?}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn area_overflow_is_hidden() {
+    let mut e = TextEngine::new();
+    let mut t = point(&BUBBLE_TEXT.repeat(10), 14.0);
+    let path = area_ellipse(0.0, 0.0, 200.0, 80.0);
+    t.shape = TextShape::Area { path: path.clone() };
+    let l = e.layout(&t, 72.0);
+    assert!(!l.lines.is_empty());
+    assert!(l.lines.last().unwrap().range.end < t.text.len(), "the rest is hidden");
+    assert_lines_inside(&l, &path);
+}
+
+/// A long word that reaches the narrow bottom of a full bubble is hidden with the rest, not
+/// drawn past the outline: the wide middle rows would hold it, so the shape just ran out.
+#[test]
+fn area_overflow_at_the_narrow_bottom_is_hidden() {
+    let mut e = TextEngine::new();
+    let words = "Unfortunately the misunderstanding between representatives continued indefinitely. ";
+    for (w, h, size) in [(260.0, 160.0, 12.0), (180.0, 140.0, 14.0), (150.0, 220.0, 12.0)] {
+        let mut t = point(&words.repeat(8), size);
+        let path = area_ellipse(0.0, 0.0, w, h);
+        t.shape = TextShape::Area { path: path.clone() };
+        let l = e.layout(&t, 72.0);
+        assert!(!l.lines.is_empty());
+        assert!(l.lines.last().unwrap().range.end < t.text.len(), "the rest is hidden");
+        assert_lines_inside(&l, &path);
+    }
+}
+
+/// The same in a later paragraph: its own rows start below the wide top of the shape, but the
+/// shape would still hold the word there, so it is hidden rather than drawn past the outline.
+#[test]
+fn area_overflow_in_a_later_paragraph_is_hidden() {
+    let mut e = TextEngine::new();
+    // A funnel: 300 px wide at the top, a point at the bottom.
+    let path = area_poly(&[(0.0, 0.0), (300.0, 0.0), (150.0, 300.0)]);
+    for n in (10..120).step_by(5) {
+        let text = format!("{}\nmisunderstanding and more", "cat ".repeat(n));
+        let mut t = point(&text, 12.0);
+        t.shape = TextShape::Area { path: path.clone() };
+        let l = e.layout(&t, 72.0);
+        assert_lines_inside(&l, &path);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn area_lines_center_in_their_span() {
+    let mut e = TextEngine::new();
+    let mut t = point(BUBBLE_TEXT, 12.0);
+    t.paragraphs = vec![ParagraphRun { len: t.text.len(), style: ParagraphStyle { align: TextAlign::Center, ..Default::default() } }];
+    // A diamond: every row's span is centred on x = 100.
+    t.shape = TextShape::Area { path: area_poly(&[(100.0, 0.0), (200.0, 100.0), (100.0, 200.0), (0.0, 100.0)]) };
+    let l = e.layout(&t, 72.0);
+    assert!(l.lines.len() >= 3);
+    for line in &l.lines {
+        assert!(((line.x0 + line.x1) / 2.0 - 100.0).abs() < 1.5, "{line:?}");
+    }
+}
+
+/// Horizontal scale applies after shaping, so area lines break at the span width divided by it:
+/// widened text stays inside the shape and centred lines stay centred (#5565).
+#[test]
+fn horizontally_scaled_area_text_stays_inside_its_spans() {
+    let mut e = TextEngine::new();
+    let style = CharStyle { font_family: "Inter".into(), size_pt: 12.0, horizontal_scale: 1.5, ..Default::default() };
+    let mut t = styled(BUBBLE_TEXT, style);
+    let path = area_ellipse(0.0, 0.0, 240.0, 200.0);
+    t.shape = TextShape::Area { path: path.clone() };
+    let l = e.layout(&t, 72.0);
+    assert!(l.lines.len() >= 3, "{:?}", l.lines);
+    assert_lines_inside(&l, &path);
+    t.paragraphs = vec![ParagraphRun { len: t.text.len(), style: ParagraphStyle { align: TextAlign::Center, ..Default::default() } }];
+    t.shape = TextShape::Area { path: area_poly(&[(100.0, 0.0), (200.0, 100.0), (100.0, 200.0), (0.0, 100.0)]) };
+    let l = e.layout(&t, 72.0);
+    assert!(l.lines.len() >= 2, "{:?}", l.lines);
+    for line in &l.lines {
+        assert!(((line.x0 + line.x1) / 2.0 - 100.0).abs() < 1.5, "{line:?}");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn area_rows_split_around_a_hole() {
+    use photocraft_doc::vector::{PathOp, Subpath};
+    let mut e = TextEngine::new();
+    let mut t = point(&BUBBLE_TEXT.repeat(6), 12.0);
+    let path = photocraft_doc::vector::Path::new(vec![
+        Subpath::polygon(&[(0.0, 0.0), (300.0, 0.0), (300.0, 300.0), (0.0, 300.0)]),
+        Subpath::polygon(&[(120.0, 100.0), (180.0, 100.0), (180.0, 200.0), (120.0, 200.0)]).with_op(PathOp::Subtract),
+    ]);
+    t.shape = TextShape::Area { path: path.clone() };
+    let l = e.layout(&t, 72.0);
+    assert_lines_inside(&l, &path);
+    // Some baseline carries two lines: one left of the hole, one right of it, left first.
+    let w = l.lines.windows(2).find(|w| (w[0].baseline - w[1].baseline).abs() < 1e-3).expect("a row split around the hole");
+    let (left, right) = (&w[0], &w[1]);
+    assert!(left.x1 <= 120.5 && right.x0 >= 179.5, "{left:?} {right:?}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn vertical_area_text_stays_inside() {
+    use photocraft_doc::text::Orientation;
+    let mut e = TextEngine::new();
+    let mut t = point(BUBBLE_TEXT, 12.0);
+    t.orientation = Orientation::Vertical;
+    t.shape = TextShape::Area { path: area_poly(&[(0.0, 0.0), (120.0, 0.0), (120.0, 200.0), (0.0, 200.0)]) };
+    let l = e.layout(&t, 72.0);
+    assert!(l.lines.len() >= 2, "several columns");
+    for g in &l.glyphs {
+        assert!(g.x > -1.0 && g.x < 121.0 && g.y > -1.0 && g.y < 201.0, "{g:?}");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn area_without_room_lays_out_nothing_and_a_bad_path_lays_out_as_point_text() {
+    let mut e = TextEngine::new();
+    let mut t = point("Hello", 40.0);
+    // 10 px tall: no 40 pt line fits.
+    t.shape = TextShape::Area { path: area_poly(&[(0.0, 0.0), (300.0, 0.0), (300.0, 10.0), (0.0, 10.0)]) };
+    assert!(e.layout(&t, 72.0).lines.is_empty());
+    // An open path encloses nothing (only reachable from a hostile file): point text, no panic.
+    t.shape = TextShape::Area { path: photocraft_doc::vector::Path::new(vec![photocraft_doc::vector::Subpath::polyline(&[(0.0, 0.0), (9.0, 9.0)])]) };
+    let point_layout = e.layout(&point("Hello", 40.0), 72.0);
+    assert_eq!(e.layout(&t, 72.0).lines.len(), point_layout.lines.len());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn area_word_wider_than_every_span_overflows_instead_of_hiding_the_text() {
+    use photocraft_doc::vector::Subpath;
+    let mut e = TextEngine::new();
+    // Two 40 px columns 120 px apart: their bounding box is 200 px wide, but no span is wider
+    // than 40 px, so no row can ever hold the long word.
+    let mut t = point("Wonderfulness is a long word", 12.0);
+    let path = photocraft_doc::vector::Path::new(vec![
+        Subpath::polygon(&[(0.0, 0.0), (40.0, 0.0), (40.0, 200.0), (0.0, 200.0)]),
+        Subpath::polygon(&[(160.0, 0.0), (200.0, 0.0), (200.0, 200.0), (160.0, 200.0)]),
+    ]);
+    t.shape = TextShape::Area { path };
+    let l = e.layout(&t, 72.0);
+    let first = l.lines.first().expect("the text is shown");
+    // The word overflows its 40 px span on the first row (box text would break it, #6694).
+    assert!(first.x1 - first.x0 > 40.0 && first.x1 - first.x0 < 200.0, "{first:?}");
+    assert!(first.x0 >= -0.5, "{first:?}");
+    // Nothing is hidden.
+    assert_eq!(l.lines.last().map(|line| line.range.end), Some(t.text.len()), "{:?}", l.lines);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn single_size_area_paragraph_breaks_in_one_pass() {
+    let mut e = TextEngine::new();
+    let mut t = point(BUBBLE_TEXT, 12.0);
+    t.shape = TextShape::Area { path: area_poly(&[(0.0, 0.0), (300.0, 0.0), (300.0, 300.0), (0.0, 300.0)]) };
+    crate::layout::AREA_PASSES.with(|c| c.set(0));
+    let l = e.layout(&t, 72.0);
+    assert!(l.lines.len() >= 2);
+    // Rows are planned with the paragraph's real metrics: no re-plan and no skipped spans.
+    assert_eq!(crate::layout::AREA_PASSES.with(|c| c.get()), 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn area_word_skips_a_narrow_span_for_a_wider_one_on_the_same_row() {
+    let mut e = TextEngine::new();
+    let mut t = point("Wonderful things happen in speech bubbles every single day.", 12.0);
+    // A U: a 24 px left arm and a wide right arm above y = 150, joined below it.
+    let path = area_poly(&[(0.0, 0.0), (24.0, 0.0), (24.0, 150.0), (80.0, 150.0), (80.0, 0.0), (300.0, 0.0), (300.0, 200.0), (0.0, 200.0)]);
+    t.shape = TextShape::Area { path: path.clone() };
+    let l = e.layout(&t, 72.0);
+    assert_lines_inside(&l, &path);
+    let first = l.lines.first().expect("the text is shown");
+    // "Wonderful" is wider than the left arm: it starts the text in the right arm, on the first
+    // row, and nothing is put in the left arm's span on that row.
+    assert_eq!(first.range.start, 0);
+    assert!(first.x0 >= 79.5, "{first:?}");
+    assert!(first.baseline < 30.0, "first row: {first:?}");
+    assert_eq!(l.lines.iter().filter(|line| (line.baseline - first.baseline).abs() < 1e-3).count(), 1, "{:?}", l.lines);
+    assert_eq!(l.lines.last().map(|line| line.range.end), Some(t.text.len()), "nothing hidden");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn area_stacks_paragraphs_with_leading_and_space_before() {
+    let mut e = TextEngine::new();
+    let text = "First paragraph of the bubble text.\nSecond paragraph goes right after it.";
+    let mut t = point(text, 12.0);
+    let style = ParagraphStyle { space_before_pt: 6.0, ..Default::default() };
+    let leading = style.auto_leading * 12.0;
+    t.paragraphs = vec![ParagraphRun { len: text.len(), style }];
+    let path = area_poly(&[(0.0, 0.0), (120.0, 0.0), (120.0, 300.0), (0.0, 300.0)]);
+    t.shape = TextShape::Area { path: path.clone() };
+    let l = e.layout(&t, 72.0);
+    assert_lines_inside(&l, &path);
+    let (p0, p1): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = l.lines.iter().partition(|line| line.paragraph == 0);
+    assert!(p0.len() >= 2 && p1.len() >= 2, "both paragraphs wrap: {:?}", l.lines);
+    assert!(p1.iter().all(|line| line.paragraph == 1));
+    // The second paragraph starts right after the break, one leading plus space before lower.
+    let second = text.find('\n').unwrap() + 1;
+    assert_eq!(p1[0].range.start, second);
+    let gap = p1[0].baseline - p0.last().unwrap().baseline;
+    assert!((gap - (leading + 6.0)).abs() < 1.0, "gap {gap}, want {}", leading + 6.0);
+    // Lines within a paragraph are one leading apart.
+    for w in p0.windows(2) {
+        assert!((w[1].baseline - w[0].baseline - leading).abs() < 1.0, "{w:?}");
+    }
+    assert_eq!(l.lines.last().map(|line| line.range.end), Some(text.len()));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn area_justify_fills_each_span_but_the_last_line() {
+    let mut e = TextEngine::new();
+    let mut t = point(&BUBBLE_TEXT.repeat(2), 12.0);
+    t.paragraphs = vec![ParagraphRun { len: t.text.len(), style: ParagraphStyle { align: TextAlign::JustifyLeft, ..Default::default() } }];
+    let path = area_ellipse(0.0, 0.0, 260.0, 160.0);
+    t.shape = TextShape::Area { path: path.clone() };
+    let l = e.layout(&t, 72.0);
+    assert!(l.lines.len() >= 4, "{}", l.lines.len());
+    assert_lines_inside(&l, &path);
+    let a = crate::area::AreaShape::new(&path, false).unwrap();
+    let span_of = |line: &crate::LineInfo| {
+        a.spans(line.baseline - line.ascent, line.baseline + line.descent, 0.0)
+            .into_iter()
+            .find(|&(s0, s1)| line.x0 >= s0 - 0.5 && line.x1 <= s1 + 0.5)
+            .unwrap()
+    };
+    let (last, rest) = l.lines.split_last().unwrap();
+    for line in rest {
+        // Justified: the glyphs run from one edge of the line's span to the other.
+        let (s0, s1) = span_of(line);
+        let ink = l.glyphs.iter().filter(|g| (g.y - line.baseline).abs() < 1e-3).map(|g| g.x).fold(f32::MIN, f32::max);
+        assert!((line.x0 - s0).abs() < 1.0, "{line:?} in {s0}..{s1}");
+        assert!(ink > s1 - 12.0, "last glyph at {ink}, span ends {s1}: {line:?}");
+    }
+    // The last line is set flush left, not stretched.
+    let (s0, s1) = span_of(last);
+    assert!((last.x0 - s0).abs() < 1.0 && last.x1 < s1 - 12.0, "{last:?} in {s0}..{s1}");
+}
+
+/// #8602: each colour is rasterised only over its own glyphs instead of the whole text, and the
+/// pixels match a full-size pass per colour (plain, faux bold, underlined, rotated and warped
+/// text; RGB and CMYK), up to float rounding in the coverage sums.
+#[test]
+fn per_colour_passes_match_full_size_passes() {
+    use photocraft_doc::text::TextWarp;
+    let mut e = TextEngine::new();
+    let text = "Many coloured runs of text, one colour a letter, across two lines\nof a point text layer";
+    let colours = [Color::rgb(0.9, 0.1, 0.1), Color::rgb(0.1, 0.7, 0.2), Color::rgb(0.1, 0.2, 0.9), Color::rgb(0.6, 0.6, 0.1)];
+    let runs = |bold: bool| {
+        text.char_indices()
+            .map(|(i, ch)| {
+                let colour = colours[i % colours.len()];
+                let style = CharStyle { size_pt: 28.0, color: colour, faux_bold: bold && i % 3 == 0, underline: i % 5 == 0, ..Default::default() };
+                TextRun { len: ch.len_utf8(), style }
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    };
+    let cases = [
+        TextLayer { text: text.into(), runs: runs(false), transform: Affine::translate(10.0, 40.0), ..Default::default() },
+        TextLayer { text: text.into(), runs: runs(true), transform: Affine::rotate(0.3).then(&Affine::translate(30.0, 90.0)), ..Default::default() },
+        TextLayer {
+            text: text.into(),
+            runs: runs(true),
+            transform: Affine::translate(10.0, 60.0),
+            warp: Some(TextWarp { style: "warpArc".into(), value: 40.0, horizontal_distortion: 0.0, vertical_distortion: 0.0, horizontal: true }),
+            ..Default::default()
+        },
+    ];
+    for (k, t) in cases.iter().enumerate() {
+        let l = e.layout(t, 72.0);
+        let warp = crate::render::layout_deform(&l, t);
+        for format in [PixelFormat::RGBA8, PixelFormat::CMYKA8] {
+            let fast = crate::render::rasterize_passes(&l, &t.transform, format, t.antialias, warp.as_ref(), true);
+            let full = crate::render::rasterize_passes(&l, &t.transform, format, t.antialias, warp.as_ref(), false);
+            assert_eq!(fast.rect, full.rect, "case {k}");
+            let (a, b) = (fast.surface.read_region(fast.rect), full.surface.read_region(full.rect));
+            assert!(!a.is_empty());
+            // Compare what shows: colour weighted by alpha (a fully transparent pixel's colour is moot).
+            let ch = format.channels();
+            let shown = |px: &[f32]| {
+                px.chunks_exact(ch).flat_map(|p| p[..ch - 1].iter().map(|c| c * p[ch - 1]).chain([p[ch - 1]]).collect::<Vec<_>>()).collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            };
+            let worst = shown(&a).iter().zip(&shown(&b)).map(|(x, y)| (x - y).abs()).fold(0.0f32, f32::max);
+            assert!(worst <= 1.0 / 255.0, "case {k} {format:?}: largest difference {worst}");
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/text/src/warp.rs b/crates/text/src/warp.rs
index f148a18e1b..439fc453bf 100644
--- a/crates/text/src/warp.rs
+++ b/crates/text/src/warp.rs
@@ -110,6 +110,13 @@ impl Warp {
     }
 }
 
+/// The arc length along `path`, measured as type on it measures it (from the end it starts at
+/// with `flip`), of the point on the path nearest (`x`, `y`): the `start` that puts the type's
+/// origin where the Type tool clicked on the path. `None` for a path without length.
+pub fn arc_length_at(path: &Subpath, flip: bool, x: f64, y: f64) -> Option<f64> {
+    PathFrame::new(path, 0.0, flip).map(|f| f.project(x, y))
+}
+
 /// Most cubic segments of a type path that are followed (a hostile file cannot make this large).
 const MAX_PATH_SEGMENTS: usize = 4096;
 
@@ -163,6 +170,22 @@ impl PathFrame {
         self.cum.last().copied().unwrap_or(0.0)
     }
 
+    /// Arc length of the point on the flattened path nearest (`x`, `y`).
+    fn project(&self, x: f64, y: f64) -> f64 {
+        let mut best = (f64::INFINITY, 0.0);
+        for (i, w) in self.pts.windows(2).enumerate() {
+            let [a, b] = [w[0], w[1]];
+            let (dx, dy) = (b.0 - a.0, b.1 - a.1);
+            let len2 = dx * dx + dy * dy;
+            let t = if len2 > 0.0 { (((x - a.0) * dx + (y - a.1) * dy) / len2).clamp(0.0, 1.0) } else { 0.0 };
+            let d = (a.0 + dx * t - x).hypot(a.1 + dy * t - y);
+            if d < best.0 {
+                best = (d, self.cum.get(i).copied().unwrap_or(0.0) + len2.sqrt() * t);
+            }
+        }
+        best.1
+    }
+
     /// Point and unit tangent at arc length `s`; past either end the end tangent continues straight.
     fn at(&self, s: f64) -> ((f64, f64), (f64, f64)) {
         let last = self.pts.len() - 1;
@@ -211,6 +234,18 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    /// The Type tool's click on a path: the nearest point's arc length, from the other end with flip.
+    #[test]
+    fn arc_length_at_projects_onto_the_path() {
+        let line = Subpath::polyline(&[(0.0, 0.0), (100.0, 0.0), (100.0, 50.0)]);
+        let at = |flip, x, y| arc_length_at(&line, flip, x, y).unwrap();
+        assert!((at(false, 30.0, -8.0) - 30.0).abs() < 1e-6);
+        assert!((at(false, 110.0, 20.0) - 120.0).abs() < 1e-6, "on the second segment");
+        assert!((at(true, 30.0, -8.0) - 120.0).abs() < 1e-6, "flipped: measured from the far end");
+        assert!(at(false, -50.0, 0.0).abs() < 1e-6, "clamped to the start");
+        assert!(arc_length_at(&Subpath::polyline(&[(5.0, 5.0), (5.0, 5.0)]), false, 0.0, 0.0).is_none());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn styles_resolve_and_none_is_identity() {
         assert_eq!(psd_style("Arc"), Some("warpArc"));
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/Cargo.toml b/crates/ui-egui/Cargo.toml
index fcdea7bd0f..c95da851e0 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/Cargo.toml
@@ -30,18 +30,22 @@ photocraft-format = { workspace = true }
 # Decoding the brand mark's PNG (`brand.rs`); already linked through photocraft-io.
 photocraft-codecs = { workspace = true }
 egui = { workspace = true }
-egui_extras = { version = "0.36", default-features = false, features = ["svg"] }
-eframe = { workspace = true, features = ["wgpu", "accesskit"] }
+egui_extras = { version = "0.37", default-features = false, features = ["svg"] }
+eframe = { workspace = true, features = ["wgpu", "accesskit", "clipboard"] }
 serde = { workspace = true }
 serde_json = { workspace = true }
 log = { workspace = true }
 # Display order of right-to-left labels (`bidi_text.rs`); already linked through usvg.
 unicode-bidi = "0.3"
-base64 = "0.22"
+base64 = "0.23"
 # Inflating the translation catalogs, stored deflated (build.rs); already linked through photocraft-io.
 flate2 = { workspace = true }
+web-time = { workspace = true }
 
 [target.'cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))'.dependencies]
+# Floating panels open in their own OS windows on the desktop; the web keeps them in the page.
+craft-ui = { workspace = true, features = ["native-windows"] }
+craft-update = { workspace = true }
 rayon = { workspace = true }
 # Safe native UI-language APIs (Windows/macOS); no subprocess or web dependency.
 sys-locale = "=0.3.2"
@@ -54,7 +58,7 @@ winsafe = { version = "=0.0.29", default-features = false, features = ["kernel",
 [dev-dependencies]
 # egui's own default fonts in tests: the oracle for egui_fonts.rs, and contexts made with
 # `Context::default()` (no install_fonts) can lay out text.
-egui = { workspace = true, features = ["default_fonts"] }
+egui = { workspace = true, features = ["default_fonts", "monochrome_emoji_fonts"] }
 # Synthetic raw files for the open-time Camera Raw dialog tests.
 photocraft-raw = { workspace = true, features = ["testgen"] }
 egui_kittest = { workspace = true, features = ["wgpu", "snapshot", "eframe"] }
@@ -63,11 +67,13 @@ photocraft-testkit = { workspace = true }
 # examples/perf_scenarios.rs (a 500-brush .abr for the #210 import row) and large_file_bench.rs
 # (the generated 2 GB PSD and 4.4 GB PSB of P20, `fixtures`).
 photocraft-psd = { workspace = true, features = ["testgen"] }
+# Isolated, self-cleaning folders for filesystem tests (the LUT folder, #6558).
+tempfile = "3"
 
 [build-dependencies]
 # Deflates the translation catalogs and egui's default fonts (build.rs); already linked at run time to inflate them.
 flate2 = { workspace = true }
 # egui's default fonts, deflated by build.rs for egui_fonts.rs (the same version egui uses).
-epaint_default_fonts = "0.36"
+epaint_default_fonts = { version = "0.37", features = ["monochrome_emoji_fonts"] }
 serde_json = { workspace = true }
 toml = "1"
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/build.rs b/crates/ui-egui/build.rs
index 900370eb69..df65585d7e 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/build.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/build.rs
@@ -37,8 +37,11 @@ fn main() {
 fn deflate_egui_fonts() {
     use std::io::Write as _;
     let out = std::path::PathBuf::from(std::env::var_os("OUT_DIR").unwrap_or_default()).join("egui_fonts");
+    // `egui-icons` is unconditional in 0.37 (a handful of private-use symbols, 3.5 kB); the two
+    // emoji fonts come through `monochrome_emoji_fonts` in Cargo.toml.
     let fonts = [
         ("Hack-Regular", epaint_default_fonts::HACK_REGULAR),
+        ("egui-icons", epaint_default_fonts::EGUI_ICONS),
         ("NotoEmoji-Regular", epaint_default_fonts::NOTO_EMOJI_REGULAR),
         ("Ubuntu-Light", epaint_default_fonts::UBUNTU_LIGHT),
         ("emoji-icon-font", epaint_default_fonts::EMOJI_ICON),
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/examples/color_picker_demo.rs b/crates/ui-egui/examples/color_picker_demo.rs
index 45daa45c12..f7c304a007 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/examples/color_picker_demo.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/examples/color_picker_demo.rs
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ fn main() {
             if screen_picker::showing(ui.ctx()) {
                 screen_picker::show(ui.ctx());
             } else {
-                screen_picker::button(ui, egui::Id::new("demo"));
+                screen_picker::button(ui, egui::Id::unique("demo"));
             }
         },
         PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), services),
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/examples/layout_bench.rs b/crates/ui-egui/examples/layout_bench.rs
index a846415423..e57035c137 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/examples/layout_bench.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/examples/layout_bench.rs
@@ -144,6 +144,25 @@ fn point_on(h: &H, id: LayerId) -> Option<[f64; 2]> {
     None
 }
 
+/// Preserve current Smart Objects and restore only legacy pixel fallbacks in the fixture.
+fn restore_layout_smart_objects(s: &mut photocraft_engine::Session) -> Result<(), photocraft_engine::EngineError> {
+    let st = s.active().ok_or(photocraft_engine::EngineError::NoDocument)?;
+    let ids: Vec<_> = st
+        .doc
+        .walk()
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|(_, _, l)| {
+            (l.name == "Logo" || (l.name.starts_with("Product ") && !l.name.contains('—') && !l.is_group())) && !matches!(&l.content, LayerContent::Smart(_))
+        })
+        .map(|(_, _, l)| l.id.0)
+        .collect();
+    for id in ids {
+        s.execute("layer.select", json!({"layer": id}))?;
+        s.execute("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject", json!({"layer": id}))?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 fn main() {
     reexec_with_gpu_sync();
     let args: Vec<String> = std::env::args().collect();
@@ -165,14 +184,13 @@ fn main() {
         let t = Instant::now();
         let r = photocraft_io::import("layout.psd", &psd).expect("psd import");
         println!("PSD: {:.1} MB, save {t_save:.0} ms, open {:.0} ms ({} warnings)", psd.len() as f64 / 1e6, ms(t), r.warnings.len());
-        // PSD export writes engine-made smart objects as pixels (no SoLd yet): convert them back,
-        // as a Photoshop-made file would have them.
+        // Current PSDs preserve Smart Objects. Restore only raster fallbacks from older
+        // writers, selecting each target before the command checks its enabled state.
         let mut s = photocraft_engine::Session::new();
         s.open_document(r.document, None);
-        let smart = |l: &photocraft_doc::Layer| l.name == "Logo" || (l.name.starts_with("Product ") && !l.name.contains('—') && !l.is_group());
-        let ids: Vec<u64> = s.active().map(|st| st.doc.walk().iter().filter(|(_, _, l)| smart(l)).map(|(_, _, l)| l.id.0).collect()).unwrap_or_default();
-        for id in ids {
-            s.execute("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject", json!({"layer": id})).expect("convert");
+        if let Err(error) = restore_layout_smart_objects(&mut s) {
+            eprintln!("cannot prepare layout benchmark: {error}");
+            std::process::exit(1);
         }
         (*s.active().expect("doc").doc).clone()
     };
@@ -470,3 +488,38 @@ fn reexec_with_gpu_sync() {
     let status = std::process::Command::new(exe).args(std::env::args().skip(1)).env("PHOTOCRAFT_GPU_SYNC", "1").status().expect("re-exec");
     std::process::exit(status.code().unwrap_or(1));
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn restore_keeps_native_smart_objects_and_converts_legacy_pixels_once() {
+        let mut s = photocraft_engine::Session::new();
+        s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 4, "height": 3, "background": "white"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Logo"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"contents": "color", "color": "#204060"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject", json!({})).unwrap();
+        let native = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        let before = s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(native).unwrap().content.clone();
+        s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Product 1"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"contents": "color", "color": "#406020"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Tile 1"})).unwrap();
+        let tile = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.select", json!({"layer": native.0})).unwrap();
+        let history = s.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        restore_layout_smart_objects(&mut s).expect("mixed current and legacy fixture prepares without re-converting a Smart Object");
+        let st = s.active().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(st.doc.layer(native).unwrap().content, before);
+        assert!(matches!(&st.doc.layer(tile).unwrap().content, LayerContent::Raster(_)));
+        assert!(st.doc.walk().iter().any(|(_, _, l)| l.name == "Product 1" && matches!(&l.content, LayerContent::Smart(_))));
+        assert_eq!(st.history.past_len(), history + 1);
+        restore_layout_smart_objects(&mut s).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(s.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), history + 1, "preparation is idempotent");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn restore_without_a_document_returns_an_error() {
+        assert!(matches!(restore_layout_smart_objects(&mut photocraft_engine::Session::new()), Err(photocraft_engine::EngineError::NoDocument)));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/examples/snapshot.rs b/crates/ui-egui/examples/snapshot.rs
index c6ca4cd605..7fa07a10bc 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/examples/snapshot.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/examples/snapshot.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,9 @@
 //! `--system-theme light|dark|none` supplies a deterministic OS appearance for theme captures.
 //!
 //! `--safe-gpu` draws the canvas on the CPU path, like the app's `--safe-gpu` launch.
+//! `--hardware-filtering` respects texture samplers; the default predictable renderer forces bilinear filtering.
 //! `--wayland-notice` previews the native file drag-and-drop guidance shown in Wayland sessions.
+//! `--update-notice` previews a newer release without contacting the network.
 //! `--custom-titlebar` draws the Windows/Linux title bar (caption buttons in the top bar).
 //!
 //! `--monitor 1366x768 --window-top 31` simulates the display the window is on (in points) and
@@ -37,18 +39,20 @@ fn main() {
         .unwrap_or((1440.0, 900.0));
     let scale: f32 = arg(&args, "--scale").and_then(|s| s.parse().ok()).unwrap_or(2.0);
     let wayland_notice = args.iter().any(|a| a == "--wayland-notice");
+    let update_notice = args.iter().any(|a| a == "--update-notice");
     let script: Vec<(String, Value)> =
         arg(&args, "--script").map(|s| serde_json::from_str::<Vec<(String, Value)>>(&s).expect("--script must be [[method, params], …]")).unwrap_or_default();
 
     let services = Services {
-        import: Some(Box::new(|name: &str, bytes: &[u8], depth: usize| {
-            photocraft_io::import_with_svg_group_depth(name, bytes, depth).map(|r| (r.document, r.warnings)).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+        import: Some(Box::new(|name: &str, bytes: &[u8], opts: &photocraft_io::ImportOptions| {
+            photocraft_io::import_with_options(name, bytes, opts).map(|r| (r.document, r.warnings)).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
         })),
         export: Some(Box::new(|doc: &photocraft_doc::Document, path: &str, settings: &photocraft_ui_egui::ExportSettings| {
             let mut opts = photocraft_io::ExportOptions::default();
             if let Some(q) = settings.jpeg_quality {
                 opts.encode.jpeg_quality = q;
             }
+            opts.encode.jpeg_format = settings.jpeg_format;
             opts.encode.webp_lossless = settings.webp_lossless;
             if let Some(q) = settings.webp_quality {
                 opts.encode.webp_quality = q;
@@ -67,13 +71,28 @@ fn main() {
     let custom_titlebar = args.iter().any(|a| a == "--custom-titlebar");
     // `--settle-ms N`: keep rendering frames for N ms before the capture (e.g. mid-job).
     let settle_ms: u64 = arg(&args, "--settle-ms").and_then(|s| s.parse().ok()).unwrap_or(0);
-    let mut harness =
-        egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(w, h)).with_pixels_per_point(scale).with_max_steps(64).wgpu().build_eframe(move |cc| {
+    let mut render_options = eframe::egui_wgpu::RendererOptions::PREDICTABLE;
+    render_options.predictable_texture_filtering = !args.iter().any(|a| a == "--hardware-filtering");
+    let mut harness = egui_kittest::Harness::builder()
+        .with_size(egui::vec2(w, h))
+        .with_pixels_per_point(scale)
+        .with_max_steps(64)
+        .with_render_options(render_options)
+        .wgpu()
+        .build_eframe(move |cc| {
             PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&cc.egui_ctx, Default::default());
             let mut services = services;
             services.is_wayland = wayland_notice;
             services.xwayland_command = wayland_notice.then(|| "WAYLAND_DISPLAY= photocraft".into());
             let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), services);
+            if update_notice {
+                app.session.updates.status = photocraft_engine::updates_cmds::Status::Available {
+                    release: photocraft_engine::updates_cmds::Release {
+                        version: "99.0.0".into(),
+                        url: "https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/releases/tag/v99.0.0".into(),
+                    },
+                };
+            }
             app.background_jobs = background_jobs;
             app.custom_titlebar = custom_titlebar;
             // `--safe-gpu`: the CPU canvas, as the desktop app's `--safe-gpu` launch.
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/actions.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/actions.rs
index a9fbc56add..2c5e423314 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/actions.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/actions.rs
@@ -95,8 +95,32 @@ pub(crate) fn assign_shortcut(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, name: &str, shortcut: &st
 /// Replay edits synchronously, with view steps handled by the shell in the same order.
 /// Engine steps keep the headless action semantics (no dialogs or background jobs).
 pub(crate) fn play(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, params: &Value) -> Result<Value, String> {
-    let (action, from) = actions_cmds::playback_plan(&app.session, params).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-    let recording = actions_cmds::begin_playback(&mut app.session, &action).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+    play_owned(app, params, None)
+}
+
+/// `suspended` is the recording a paused part of the same call took ([`PausedPlayback::record`]); it comes
+/// back, with that named call journaled, only when the whole call ends.
+fn play_owned(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, params: &Value, suspended: Option<Value>) -> Result<Value, String> {
+    let (action, from) = match actions_cmds::playback_plan(&app.session, params) {
+        Ok(plan) => plan,
+        Err(e) => {
+            restore_recording(app, suspended.as_ref());
+            return Err(e.to_string());
+        }
+    };
+    let recording = match actions_cmds::begin_playback(&mut app.session, &action) {
+        Ok(r) => r,
+        Err(e) => {
+            restore_recording(app, suspended.as_ref());
+            return Err(e.to_string());
+        }
+    };
+    let owner = recording
+        .map(|(_, idx)| {
+            let into = app.session.actions.list.get(idx).map(|a| a.name.clone());
+            json!({"index": idx, "into": into, "action": action.name, "from": from})
+        })
+        .or(suspended);
     let mut ran = 0u64;
     let mut failed = None;
     let mut paused = None;
@@ -105,41 +129,46 @@ pub(crate) fn play(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, params: &Value) -> Result<Value, Str
             failed = Some(json!({"step": i, "id": id, "error": format!("action playback exceeded the {}-step limit", actions_cmds::MAX_PLAYBACK_STEPS)}));
             break;
         }
+        // The gate judges the step before its dialog opens: a denied step neither runs nor
+        // pauses.
+        if let Some(auth) = app.session.authorize
+            && let Err(e) = auth(id, p)
+        {
+            failed = Some(json!({"step": i, "id": id, "error": e.to_string()}));
+            break;
+        }
         // The dialog toggle: show the step's dialog with its recorded values and continue
         // from the next step when it is confirmed (`resume`). Agents play headlessly.
         if action.dialogs.contains(&i) && !app.automation_input && (crate::filter_dialog::has_dialog(id) || crate::adjust_dialog::has_dialog(id)) {
             let label = label_of(id);
             let dialog = crate::dialogs::open_command_dialog(app, id, &label);
+            let token = app.paused_playbacks.pause(action.name.clone(), i + 1, app.session.authorize);
             if let Some(d) = app.ui.dialog_mut(dialog) {
                 if let Some(o) = p.as_object() {
-                    d.fields.extend(o.iter().map(|(k, v)| (k.clone(), v.clone())));
+                    // `__` keys are the dialog's own markers (`params_of` drops them), not step values.
+                    d.fields.extend(o.iter().filter(|(k, _)| !k.starts_with("__")).map(|(k, v)| (k.clone(), v.clone())));
                 }
-                d.fields.insert(RESUME.into(), json!({"action": action.name, "from": i + 1}));
+                d.fields.insert(RESUME.into(), json!(token));
             }
             paused = Some(json!({"step": i, "id": id, "dialog": dialog}));
             break;
         }
         let target = app.session.active().map(|d| d.doc.id);
-        let result = (|| {
-            if let Some(auth) = app.session.authorize {
-                auth(id, p).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-            }
-            if id == "actions.play" {
-                play(app, p)
-            } else if actions_cmds::shell_save_command(id) {
-                // Write synchronously, so the next step doesn't meet a document locked by a
-                // background save.
-                let background = std::mem::replace(&mut app.background_jobs, false);
-                let r = app.replay_save(id, p);
-                app.background_jobs = background;
-                r
-            } else if actions_cmds::shell_view_command(id) {
-                app.sync_views();
-                app.run(id, p.clone())
-            } else {
-                app.session.execute(id, p.clone()).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
-            }
-        })();
+        let result = if id == "actions.play" {
+            play(app, p)
+        } else if actions_cmds::shell_save_command(id) {
+            // Write synchronously, so the next step doesn't meet a document locked by a
+            // background save.
+            let background = std::mem::replace(&mut app.background_jobs, false);
+            let r = app.replay_save(id, p);
+            app.background_jobs = background;
+            r
+        } else if actions_cmds::shell_view_command(id) {
+            app.sync_views();
+            app.run(id, p.clone())
+        } else {
+            app.session.execute(id, p.clone()).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+        };
         match result {
             Ok(value) => {
                 if let Some(error) = actions_cmds::nested_failure(id, &value).or_else(|| actions_cmds::save_target_closed(&app.session, id, target)) {
@@ -159,7 +188,19 @@ pub(crate) fn play(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, params: &Value) -> Result<Value, Str
             }
         }
     }
-    actions_cmds::finish_playback(&mut app.session, recording, &action, from);
+    actions_cmds::finish_playback(&mut app.session, None, &action, from);
+    match paused.as_ref().and_then(|p| p.get("dialog")).and_then(Value::as_u64).and_then(|d| app.ui.dialog_mut(d)) {
+        // Paused for a dialog: the call goes on after it, so recording stays suspended.
+        Some(d) if failed.is_none() => {
+            let entry = d.fields.get(RESUME).and_then(Value::as_u64).and_then(|t| app.paused_playbacks.paused.get_mut(&t));
+            match (owner, entry) {
+                (Some(owner), Some(p)) => p.record = Some(owner),
+                // No continuation to carry the recording: the call ends here.
+                (owner, _) => restore_recording(app, owner.as_ref()),
+            }
+        }
+        _ => restore_recording(app, owner.as_ref()),
+    }
     Ok(match (failed, paused) {
         (Some(f), _) => json!({"action": action.name, "ran": ran, "failed": f}),
         (None, Some(p)) => json!({"action": action.name, "ran": ran, "paused": p}),
@@ -175,21 +216,28 @@ pub(crate) fn run_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, id: &str, params: Value) -> Resu
     let v = app.ui.views.get_mut(i).ok_or("no document view")?;
     v.fill_pending = false;
     match id {
-        "view.fitOnScreen" => v.fit_pending = true,
+        "view.fitOnScreen" => {
+            v.fit_pending = true;
+            v.request_zoom_animation(app.session.prefs().general.animated_zoom);
+        }
         "view.zoomIn" => {
             v.fit_pending = false;
             v.zoom = crate::zoom_levels::step(v.zoom, 1, v.doc_size);
+            v.request_zoom_animation(app.session.prefs().general.animated_zoom);
         }
         "view.zoomOut" => {
             v.fit_pending = false;
             v.zoom = crate::zoom_levels::step(v.zoom, -1, v.doc_size);
+            v.request_zoom_animation(app.session.prefs().general.animated_zoom);
         }
         "view.actualPixels" => {
             v.fit_pending = false;
             v.zoom = 1.0;
+            v.request_zoom_animation(app.session.prefs().general.animated_zoom);
         }
         _ => return Err(format!("unsupported view command: {id}")),
     }
+    v.zoom_anchor = None;
     app.session.journal.push((id.into(), params));
     Ok(Value::Null)
 }
@@ -406,9 +454,9 @@ fn insert_stop_dialog(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> Result<Value, String> {
 }
 
 pub fn insert_stop_body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, fields: &mut serde_json::Map<String, Value>) {
-    ui.label(tl!("Message:"));
+    let message_label = ui.label(tl!("Message:"));
     let mut message = fields.get("message").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or_default().to_string();
-    ui.add(egui::TextEdit::multiline(&mut message).desired_rows(4).desired_width(320.0));
+    ui.add(egui::TextEdit::multiline(&mut message).desired_rows(4).desired_width(320.0)).labelled_by(message_label.id);
     fields.insert("message".into(), json!(message));
     ui.add_space(6.0);
     let mut allow = fields.get("allowContinue").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(false);
@@ -436,24 +484,119 @@ pub fn insert_stop_confirm(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, fields: &serde_json::Map<Str
     Ok(r)
 }
 
-/// The key a paused playback leaves in its dialog's fields: `{action, from}`.
+/// The key a paused playback leaves in its dialog's fields: the token of its [`PausedPlayback`].
 pub const RESUME: &str = "__resumeAction";
 
+/// Resume the recording a paused call suspended and journal that call, once.
+fn restore_recording(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, owner: Option<&Value>) {
+    let Some(owner) = owner else { return };
+    let (Some(idx), Some(into), Some(name)) = (
+        owner.get("index").and_then(Value::as_u64).and_then(|n| usize::try_from(n).ok()),
+        owner.get("into").and_then(Value::as_str),
+        owner.get("action").and_then(Value::as_str),
+    ) else {
+        return;
+    };
+    let from = owner.get("from").and_then(Value::as_u64).and_then(|n| usize::try_from(n).ok()).unwrap_or(0);
+    // `suspended_guard` refuses what would move the recorded action, but another command may
+    // still replace the list: the call goes to the action of that name, never to whatever now
+    // sits at the old index, and is dropped if that action is gone.
+    let list = &app.session.actions.list;
+    let target = if list.get(idx).is_some_and(|a| a.name == into) { Some(idx) } else { list.iter().position(|a| a.name == into) };
+    if let Some(idx) = target
+        && app.session.actions.recording.is_none()
+    {
+        actions_cmds::restore_recording(&mut app.session, idx, name, from);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Whether a paused playback holds a suspended recording.
+fn suspended(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> bool {
+    app.paused_playbacks.paused.values().any(|p| p.record.is_some())
+}
+
+/// While a step dialog holds a suspended recording, refuse what would lose its call: a new
+/// recording (the restore would find recording taken) or deleting/moving actions (the recorded
+/// action could go away or change place). The engine checks these against `recording`, which
+/// is `None` then.
+pub(crate) fn suspended_guard(app: &PhotocraftApp, id: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if matches!(id, "actions.record" | "actions.delete" | "actions.move") && suspended(app) {
+        return Err(tl!("Confirm or cancel the open action step dialog first").into());
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// A step dialog's command failed: the action ends there.
+pub fn abandoned(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, fields: &serde_json::Map<String, Value>) {
+    let record = fields.get(RESUME).and_then(|t| app.paused_playbacks.take(t)).and_then(|p| p.record);
+    restore_recording(app, record.as_ref());
+}
+
+/// The automation gate a session installs ([`photocraft_engine::Session::authorize`]).
+type Gate = fn(&str, &Value) -> photocraft_engine::Result<()>;
+
+/// A playback paused at a step dialog: the action and step it continues from, and the gate it
+/// was playing under (`None` for one a person started).
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct PausedPlayback {
+    action: String,
+    from: usize,
+    gate: Option<Gate>,
+    /// The recording the paused call suspended: `{index, into, action, from}` (`into` is the
+    /// name of the action being recorded). A step dialog only closes through
+    /// `dialogs::confirm` (OK, `↩`, automation) or `dialogs::cancel` (Cancel, Esc, the close
+    /// box, automation), which end the call through `resume`, `abandoned` or `stopped`, so the
+    /// recording comes back exactly once.
+    record: Option<Value>,
+}
+
+/// The paused playbacks, by the token their dialog carries. The dialog's fields hold only the
+/// token; what plays next, and under which gate, is kept here.
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub(crate) struct PausedPlaybacks {
+    last: u64,
+    paused: std::collections::HashMap<u64, PausedPlayback>,
+}
+
+impl PausedPlaybacks {
+    fn pause(&mut self, action: String, from: usize, gate: Option<Gate>) -> u64 {
+        self.last = self.last.wrapping_add(1);
+        self.paused.insert(self.last, PausedPlayback { action, from, gate, record: None });
+        self.last
+    }
+
+    fn take(&mut self, token: &Value) -> Option<PausedPlayback> {
+        token.as_u64().and_then(|token| self.paused.remove(&token))
+    }
+}
+
 /// A step dialog confirmed: continue the action after it (`dialogs::confirm` calls this).
+///
+/// The remaining steps run under the gate the playback paused with, however the dialog was
+/// confirmed: a control request, synthetic Enter or OK, or a click.
 pub fn resume(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, fields: &serde_json::Map<String, Value>) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let Some(r) = fields.get(RESUME) else { return Ok(()) };
+    let Some(token) = fields.get(RESUME) else { return Ok(()) };
+    let Some(paused) = app.paused_playbacks.take(token) else {
+        return Err("this dialog doesn't belong to a paused action".into());
+    };
+    let owner = paused.record.clone();
     // The dialog's command may run as a background job; the next step needs its result.
     if let Some(doc) = app.session.active().map(|d| d.doc.id)
         && let Some(job) = app.session.job_on(doc)
         && let Err(e) = app.session.wait_job(job.id)
     {
+        restore_recording(app, owner.as_ref());
         let template = "Action playback failed: {error}";
         app.ui.status = crate::i18n::fmt(tl!(template), &[("error", &e.to_string())]);
         app.ui.status_error = true;
         return Err(e.to_string());
     }
-    let params = json!({"action": r.get("action").cloned().unwrap_or(Value::Null), "from": r.get("from").cloned().unwrap_or(Value::Null)});
-    match play(app, &params) {
+    let params = json!({"action": paused.action, "from": paused.from});
+    let saved = app.session.authorize;
+    app.session.authorize = paused.gate.or(saved);
+    let played = play_owned(app, &params, owner);
+    app.session.authorize = saved;
+    match played {
         Ok(v) => {
             report_play(app, &v);
             Ok(())
@@ -470,6 +613,7 @@ pub fn resume(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, fields: &serde_json::Map<String, Value>)
 /// A step dialog cancelled: the action stops there, as in Photoshop.
 pub fn stopped(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, fields: &serde_json::Map<String, Value>) {
     if fields.contains_key(RESUME) {
+        abandoned(app, fields);
         app.ui.status = tl!("Action playback stopped").to_string();
         app.ui.status_error = false;
     }
@@ -478,21 +622,58 @@ pub fn stopped(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, fields: &serde_json::Map<String, Value>)
 /// The Actions entries of the panel group's menu ("…").
 pub fn panel_menu(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     let mut act: Option<&str> = None;
+    let recording = app.session.actions.recording.is_some();
+    let any = !app.session.actions.list.is_empty();
+    let selected = app.ui.actions.selected.is_some_and(|i| i < app.session.actions.list.len());
+    let can_delete = selected && (!recording || app.ui.actions.selected_step.is_some());
+    if ui.add_enabled(!recording, egui::Button::new(tl!("New Action…"))).clicked() {
+        act = Some("new");
+    }
+    if ui.add_enabled(any, egui::Button::new(tl!("Play"))).clicked() {
+        act = Some("play");
+    }
+    if recording {
+        if ui.button(tl!("Stop Recording")).clicked() {
+            act = Some("stopRec");
+        }
+    } else if ui.button(tl!("Start Recording")).clicked() {
+        act = Some("record");
+    }
+    if ui.add_enabled(can_delete, egui::Button::new(tl!("Delete"))).clicked() {
+        act = Some("delete");
+    }
+    ui.separator();
+    if ui.add_enabled(selected, egui::Button::new(tl!("Insert Stop…"))).clicked() {
+        act = Some("stop");
+    }
+    ui.separator();
     if ui.button(tl!("Load Actions…")).clicked() {
         act = Some("load");
     }
-    let any = !app.session.actions.list.is_empty();
     if ui.add_enabled(any, egui::Button::new(tl!("Save Actions…"))).clicked() {
         act = Some("save");
     }
-    ui.separator();
-    let selected = app.ui.actions.selected.is_some_and(|i| i < app.session.actions.list.len());
-    if ui.add_enabled(selected, egui::Button::new(tl!("Insert Stop…"))).clicked() {
-        act = Some("stop");
-    }
     let Some(a) = act else { return };
     ui.close();
     let r = match a {
+        "new" => {
+            begin_recording(app, false);
+            Ok(Value::Null)
+        }
+        "record" => {
+            begin_recording(app, true);
+            Ok(Value::Null)
+        }
+        "stopRec" => app.run("actions.stop", json!({})),
+        "play" => playback_selection(app).map_or(Ok(Value::Null), |i| {
+            let v = app.run("actions.play", json!({"action": i}))?;
+            report_play(app, &v);
+            Ok(v)
+        }),
+        "delete" => {
+            delete_selection(app);
+            Ok(Value::Null)
+        }
         "load" => load_dialog(app),
         "stop" => insert_stop_dialog(app),
         _ => save_dialog(app, None),
@@ -579,8 +760,8 @@ fn delete_selection(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
 /// returns the new name to commit; Escape cancels and keeps the old name.
 fn rename_field(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, index: usize, rect: Rect) -> Option<String> {
     let mut r = app.ui.actions.renaming.take().filter(|r| r.index == index)?;
-    let id = egui::Id::new(("action-rename-field", index));
-    let te = ui.put(rect, egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut r.text).id(id).font(egui::FontId::proportional(12.0)));
+    let id = egui::Id::unique(("action-rename-field", index));
+    let te = ui.put(rect, egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut r.text).id(id).font(egui::FontId::proportional(12.0))).accessible_name(tl!("Name"));
     if !r.focused {
         te.request_focus();
         // Like Photoshop, the whole name starts selected so typing replaces it.
@@ -720,7 +901,7 @@ pub fn panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
                 shown_set = Some(set);
                 let collapsed = app.ui.actions.collapsed_sets.iter().any(|c| c == set);
                 let (hr, hresp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(ui.available_width(), 24.0), Sense::click());
-                hresp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::WidgetType::SelectableLabel, true, !collapsed, set));
+                hresp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::Button, true, !collapsed, set));
                 if hresp.hovered() {
                     ui.painter().rect_filled(hr, 0.0, t.hover.gamma_multiply(0.5));
                 }
@@ -763,7 +944,7 @@ pub fn panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
             }
             let button_mode = app.ui.actions.button_mode;
             let sel = app.ui.actions.selected == Some(i) && app.ui.actions.selected_step.is_none();
-            resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::WidgetType::SelectableLabel, true, sel, name));
+            resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::Button, true, sel, name));
             if button_mode {
                 ui.painter().rect_filled(rect, 3.0, button_fill(swatch, &t));
             } else if sel {
@@ -886,7 +1067,7 @@ pub fn panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
                     }
                     let label = step_label(id, params);
                     let selected = app.ui.actions.selected == Some(i) && app.ui.actions.selected_step == Some(step);
-                    response.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::WidgetType::SelectableLabel, true, selected, &label));
+                    response.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::Button, true, selected, &label));
                     if selected {
                         ui.painter().rect_filled(r, 0.0, t.row_selected);
                     } else if response.hovered() {
@@ -901,22 +1082,22 @@ pub fn panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
                     // Photoshop's check column: unchecked steps are skipped by playback, Batch and droplets.
                     let check = ui.interact(
                         Rect::from_center_size(pos2(x0 + 30.0, r.center().y), vec2(16.0, 16.0)),
-                        ui.id().with(("action-step-check", i, step)),
+                        ui.scope_id().with(("action-step-check", i, step)),
                         Sense::click(),
                     );
-                    check.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::WidgetType::Checkbox, true, on, format!("{}: {label}", tl!("Include in playback"))));
+                    check.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::CheckBox, true, on, format!("{}: {label}", tl!("Include in playback"))));
                     paint_check(ui, check.rect, on, &t);
                     // Photoshop's dialog column: playback shows the step's dialog, seeded with its
                     // recorded values, and continues when it is confirmed.
                     let with_dialog = dialogs.contains(&step);
                     let dialog = ui.interact(
                         Rect::from_center_size(pos2(x0 + 46.0, r.center().y), vec2(16.0, 16.0)),
-                        ui.id().with(("action-step-dialog", i, step)),
+                        ui.scope_id().with(("action-step-dialog", i, step)),
                         Sense::click(),
                     );
                     // A toggle button, not a check box, so the check column stays the only CheckBox role.
                     dialog.widget_info(|| {
-                        egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, with_dialog, format!("{}: {label}", tl!("Show dialog during playback")))
+                        egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::Button, true, with_dialog, format!("{}: {label}", tl!("Show dialog during playback")))
                     });
                     crate::icons::paint(ui, dialog.rect, "message-square", 11.0, if with_dialog { t.icon } else { t.text_faint.gamma_multiply(0.45) });
                     let dialog = dialog.on_hover_text(tl!("Show dialog during playback"));
@@ -975,7 +1156,7 @@ pub fn panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
             begin_recording(app, true);
         }
         let play = crate::icons::button(ui, "play", 24.0, false, tl!("Play selection"));
-        play.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, tl!("Play selection")));
+        play.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, tl!("Play selection")));
         if play.clicked() {
             play_idx = playback_selection(app);
         }
@@ -985,14 +1166,14 @@ pub fn panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
         let can_delete = app.ui.actions.selected.is_some() && (!recording_now || app.ui.actions.selected_step.is_some());
         ui.add_enabled_ui(can_delete, |ui| {
             let response = crate::icons::button(ui, "trash", 24.0, false, tl!("Delete"));
-            response.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, can_delete, tl!("Delete")));
+            response.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, can_delete, tl!("Delete")));
             if response.clicked() {
                 delete_selection(app);
             }
         });
         let mode_label = if app.ui.actions.button_mode { tl!("Button Mode On") } else { tl!("Button Mode") };
         let mode_button = ui.add_enabled(!recording_now, egui::Button::new(mode_label).small()).on_hover_text(tl!("Button Mode"));
-        mode_button.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, !recording_now, mode_label));
+        mode_button.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, !recording_now, mode_label));
         if mode_button.clicked() {
             app.ui.actions.button_mode = !app.ui.actions.button_mode;
         }
@@ -1013,6 +1194,35 @@ pub fn panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    #[test]
+    fn panel_menu_lists_load_save_and_existing_action_commands() {
+        use egui_kittest::{Harness, kittest::Queryable};
+        let mut empty_app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        empty_app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8})).unwrap();
+        let mut empty = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(240.0, 280.0)).build_ui_state(|ui, app| panel_menu(app, ui), empty_app);
+        empty.run_steps(2);
+        assert!(empty.query_all_by_label("Load Actions…").count() > 0);
+        assert!(empty.query_all_by_label("New Action…").count() > 0);
+        assert!(empty.query_all_by_label("Start Recording").count() > 0);
+        empty.get_by_label("New Action…").click();
+        empty.run_steps(2);
+        assert_eq!(empty.state().session.actions.list.len(), 1);
+
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8})).unwrap();
+        app.session.actions.list.push(Action::new("Make Layer", vec![("layer.new.layer".into(), json!({}))]));
+        app.ui.actions.selected = Some(0);
+        let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(240.0, 320.0)).build_ui_state(|ui, app| panel_menu(app, ui), app);
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        for label in ["Load Actions…", "Save Actions…", "Insert Stop…", "Play", "Delete", "Start Recording"] {
+            assert!(h.query_all_by_label(label).count() > 0, "{label}");
+        }
+        let layers = h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.layers.len();
+        h.get_by_label("Play").click();
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.layers.len(), layers + 1);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn selected_layer_name_is_visible_during_recording_and_after_stop() {
         use egui_kittest::{Harness, kittest::Queryable};
@@ -1453,8 +1663,8 @@ mod tests {
     /// An app with the real importer/exporter and writer whose Save dialogs answer `answers`.
     fn disk_app(answers: Vec<Option<crate::file_dialog::FileDialogAnswer>>) -> PhotocraftApp {
         let services = crate::Services {
-            import: Some(Box::new(|name, bytes, depth| {
-                photocraft_io::import_with_svg_group_depth(name, bytes, depth).map(|r| (r.document, r.warnings)).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+            import: Some(Box::new(|name, bytes, opts| {
+                photocraft_io::import_with_options(name, bytes, opts).map(|r| (r.document, r.warnings)).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
             })),
             export: Some(Box::new(|doc, path, _| {
                 photocraft_io::export(doc, path, &Default::default()).map(|r| (r.bytes, r.warnings)).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
@@ -1525,6 +1735,74 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(!b_changed && !a_changed);
     }
 
+    /// Loads a Photoshop set holding Invert + a Save As into `dest` and plays it on a PSD.
+    /// Returns the played result, whether the PSD changed on disk and the files in `out`.
+    fn play_imported_save_as(dest: &str) -> (Value, bool, Vec<String>) {
+        use photocraft_psd::atn::{AtnAction, AtnEvent, AtnFile, AtnItem};
+        use photocraft_psd::descriptor::{Descriptor, UnicodeString, Value as D};
+        let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("photocraft-atn-save-as-{}-{}", dest.len(), std::process::id()));
+        let out = dir.join("out");
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&out).unwrap();
+        let src = dir.join("src.psd").to_string_lossy().into_owned();
+        let path = |text: &str| {
+            let units: Vec<u16> = text.encode_utf16().chain(std::iter::once(0)).collect();
+            let mut b = b"txtu".to_vec();
+            b.extend_from_slice(&((12 + units.len() * 2) as u32).to_le_bytes());
+            b.extend_from_slice(&(units.len() as u32).to_le_bytes());
+            units.iter().for_each(|u| b.extend_from_slice(&u.to_le_bytes()));
+            D::Path(b)
+        };
+        let save = Descriptor::new("null")
+            .with("As  ", D::Descriptor(Descriptor::new("PNGF")))
+            .with("In  ", path(&out.join(dest).to_string_lossy()))
+            .with("DocI", D::Integer(53));
+        let item = |code: &[u8; 4], label: &str, d: Option<Descriptor>| AtnItem {
+            event: AtnEvent::Code(*code),
+            dictionary: label.into(),
+            descriptor: d,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let set = AtnFile {
+            name: UnicodeString::new_nul("Export"),
+            actions: vec![AtnAction {
+                name: UnicodeString::new_nul("Invert and save"),
+                items: vec![item(b"Invr", "Invert", None), item(b"save", "Save", Some(save))],
+                ..Default::default()
+            }],
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut app = disk_app(vec![]);
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 16, "height": 16})).unwrap();
+        app.save_as(Some(src.clone())).unwrap();
+        let before = std::fs::read(&src).unwrap();
+        app.run("actions.load", json!({"data": photocraft_engine::paint::tile::b64_encode(&photocraft_psd::atn::write(&set).unwrap())})).unwrap();
+        app.open_path(&src).unwrap();
+        let played = app.run("actions.play", json!({"action": 0})).unwrap();
+        let mut written: Vec<String> = std::fs::read_dir(&out).unwrap().map(|e| e.unwrap().file_name().to_string_lossy().into_owned()).collect();
+        written.sort();
+        let r = (played, std::fs::read(&src).unwrap() != before, written);
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+        r
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn imported_save_as_writes_the_recorded_file_not_the_played_one() {
+        // #7102: the Save As imported as File › Save, which wrote over src.psd.
+        let (played, src_changed, written) = play_imported_save_as("result.png");
+        assert!(played.get("failed").is_none(), "{played}");
+        assert!(!src_changed, "the Save As wrote over the file the action was played on");
+        assert_eq!(written, ["result.png"]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn imported_save_as_into_a_folder_stops_before_writing() {
+        // A folder destination isn't mapped yet (#5430): playback stops on it, nothing is saved.
+        let (played, src_changed, written) = play_imported_save_as("folder");
+        assert!(played.get("failed").is_some(), "{played}");
+        assert!(!src_changed);
+        assert!(written.is_empty(), "{written:?}");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn set_folders_group_actions_and_collapse() {
         use egui_kittest::{Harness, kittest::Queryable};
@@ -1659,7 +1937,7 @@ mod tests {
         let id = v["paused"]["dialog"].as_u64().unwrap();
         let d = app.ui.dialog_mut(id).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(d.fields["radius"], 3, "the dialog opens on the recorded values");
-        assert_eq!(d.fields[RESUME], json!({"action": "Blur", "from": 2}));
+        assert!(d.fields[RESUME].is_u64(), "the dialog carries only the pause's token: {}", d.fields[RESUME]);
         assert!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.selection.is_none(), "nothing after the dialog ran yet");
         report_play(&mut app, &v);
         assert!(app.ui.status.contains("dialog"), "{}", app.ui.status);
@@ -1692,6 +1970,318 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(v.get("paused").is_none());
     }
 
+    /// An 8×6 document, a Child action whose first step (a blur) shows its dialog and whose
+    /// second step adds a "Suffix" layer, and recording into Owner started.
+    fn recording_with_dialog_child() -> PhotocraftApp {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 6, "background": "#203040"})).unwrap();
+        let mut child =
+            Action::new("Child", vec![("filter.blur.gaussianBlur".into(), json!({"radius": 1.5})), ("layer.new.layer".into(), json!({"name": "Suffix"}))]);
+        child.dialogs.insert(0);
+        app.session.actions.list.push(child);
+        app.run("actions.record", json!({"name": "Owner"})).unwrap();
+        app
+    }
+
+    fn suffixes(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> usize {
+        app.session.active().unwrap().doc.walk().iter().filter(|(_, _, l)| l.name == "Suffix").count()
+    }
+
+    fn child_call() -> Vec<(String, Value)> {
+        vec![("actions.play".to_string(), json!({"action": "Child"}))]
+    }
+
+    /// Play Child and return the id of its step dialog.
+    fn pause_child(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> u64 {
+        let v = play(app, &json!({"action": "Child"})).unwrap();
+        v["paused"]["dialog"].as_u64().unwrap()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_recorded_call_paused_by_a_dialog_records_one_call_and_replays_once() {
+        let mut app = recording_with_dialog_child();
+        let refusal = crate::i18n::t("Confirm or cancel the open action step dialog first").to_string();
+
+        // Confirm: the dialog command and the resumed rest stay inside the one named call.
+        let live = app.session.journal.len();
+        let id = pause_child(&mut app);
+        assert!(app.session.actions.recording.is_none(), "recording stays suspended while the step dialog is open");
+        let names = |app: &PhotocraftApp| app.session.actions.list.iter().map(|a| a.name.clone()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let before = names(&app);
+        assert_eq!(app.run("actions.record", json!({"name": "Intruder"})), Err(refusal.clone()), "no second recording while the call is suspended");
+        assert_eq!(app.run("actions.delete", json!({"action": "Owner"})), Err(refusal.clone()), "the suspended owner can't be deleted");
+        assert_eq!(app.run("actions.move", json!({"action": "Owner", "to": 0})), Err(refusal.clone()), "the suspended owner can't be moved");
+        assert_eq!(names(&app), before, "the refused commands leave the list alone");
+        crate::dialogs::confirm(&mut app, id).unwrap();
+        assert!(app.session.actions.recording.is_some(), "recording comes back when the call completes");
+        app.run("actions.stop", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(app.session.actions.list[1].steps, child_call());
+        assert_eq!(suffixes(&app), 1);
+
+        // Replaying the recording repeats the call once.
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 6})).unwrap();
+        let start = app.session.journal.len();
+        app.automation_input = true;
+        let v = play(&mut app, &json!({"action": "Owner"})).unwrap();
+        app.automation_input = false;
+        assert!(v.get("failed").is_none(), "{v}");
+        assert_eq!(suffixes(&app), 1, "replay creates the suffix once");
+        let edits = |from: usize| -> Vec<(String, Value)> {
+            app.session.journal[from..].iter().filter(|(id, _)| !id.starts_with("actions.") && id != "file.new").cloned().collect()
+        };
+        let expected = vec![("filter.blur.gaussianBlur".to_string(), json!({"radius": 1.5})), ("layer.new.layer".to_string(), json!({"name": "Suffix"}))];
+        assert_eq!(edits(start), expected, "replay journals the blur and the suffix once each, in order");
+        assert_eq!(edits(live), expected[..].iter().chain(&expected).cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>(), "live then replay");
+
+        // Cancel: the call ends at the dialog and is recorded once.
+        app.run("actions.record", json!({"name": "Cancelled"})).unwrap();
+        let id = pause_child(&mut app);
+        crate::dialogs::cancel(&mut app, id).unwrap();
+        assert!(app.session.actions.recording.is_some(), "cancel restores recording");
+        app.run("actions.stop", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(app.session.actions.list[2].steps, child_call());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_failing_step_dialog_command_ends_the_recorded_call_once() {
+        let mut app = recording_with_dialog_child();
+        let id = pause_child(&mut app);
+        assert!(app.session.actions.recording.is_none(), "recording stays suspended while the step dialog is open");
+        app.ui.dialog_mut(id).unwrap().fields.insert("radius".into(), json!("not a radius"));
+        assert!(crate::dialogs::confirm(&mut app, id).is_err(), "the dialog command fails");
+        assert!(app.session.actions.recording.is_some(), "recording comes back when the dialog command fails");
+        assert_eq!(suffixes(&app), 0, "the action stops at the failed step");
+        app.run("actions.stop", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(app.session.actions.list[1].steps, child_call());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn an_abandoned_step_dialog_leaves_no_paused_playback() {
+        let mut app = recording_with_dialog_child();
+        let id = pause_child(&mut app);
+        app.ui.dialog_mut(id).unwrap().fields.insert("radius".into(), json!("not a radius"));
+        assert!(crate::dialogs::confirm(&mut app, id).is_err(), "the dialog command fails");
+        assert!(app.paused_playbacks.paused.is_empty(), "the failed dialog ends its pause");
+        app.run("actions.stop", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(app.session.actions.list[1].steps, child_call(), "the call is recorded once");
+        app.run("actions.record", json!({"name": "Next"})).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_failing_resumed_playback_ends_the_recorded_call_once() {
+        let mut app = recording_with_dialog_child();
+        let id = pause_child(&mut app);
+        // The rest of the call can't be found any more: resuming it fails.
+        app.session.actions.list[0].name = "Renamed".into();
+        assert!(crate::dialogs::confirm(&mut app, id).is_err(), "the resumed playback fails");
+        assert!(app.session.actions.recording.is_some(), "recording comes back when the resumed playback fails");
+        app.run("actions.stop", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(app.session.actions.list[1].steps, child_call());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_suspended_call_is_recorded_into_its_action_after_the_list_changes() {
+        let mut app = recording_with_dialog_child();
+        let id = pause_child(&mut app);
+        // Something else puts an action where Owner was.
+        app.session.actions.list.insert(1, Action::new("Bystander", vec![]));
+        crate::dialogs::confirm(&mut app, id).unwrap();
+        app.run("actions.stop", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert!(app.session.actions.list[1].steps.is_empty(), "the action now at the old index gets nothing");
+        assert_eq!(app.session.actions.list[2].name, "Owner");
+        assert_eq!(app.session.actions.list[2].steps, child_call());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn escape_on_a_step_dialog_ends_the_recorded_call_once() {
+        let app = recording_with_dialog_child();
+        let mut h = egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(900.0, 700.0)).build_ui_state(|ui, app| crate::dialogs::show(app, ui.ctx()), app);
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::ALL[0]);
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        pause_child(h.state_mut());
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        assert!(h.state().session.actions.recording.is_none(), "recording stays suspended while the step dialog is open");
+        h.key_press(egui::Key::Escape);
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        assert!(h.state().ui.dialogs.is_empty(), "Esc closes the step dialog");
+        assert!(h.state().session.actions.recording.is_some(), "Esc restores recording");
+        let app = h.state_mut();
+        app.run("actions.stop", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(app.session.actions.list[1].steps, child_call());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_step_dialog_keeps_its_continuation_token() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.background_jobs = false;
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8})).unwrap();
+        for (name, steps) in [
+            ("First", vec![("filter.blur.gaussianBlur".into(), json!({"radius": 1}))]),
+            ("Second", vec![("filter.blur.gaussianBlur".into(), json!({"radius": 1})), ("select.all".into(), json!({}))]),
+        ] {
+            let mut action = Action::new(name, steps);
+            action.dialogs.insert(0);
+            app.session.actions.list.push(action);
+        }
+        let first = play(&mut app, &json!({"action": "First"})).unwrap()["paused"]["dialog"].as_u64().unwrap();
+        let second = play(&mut app, &json!({"action": "Second"})).unwrap()["paused"]["dialog"].as_u64().unwrap();
+        let first_token = app.ui.dialog_mut(first).unwrap().fields[RESUME].clone();
+        let second_token = app.ui.dialog_mut(second).unwrap().fields[RESUME].clone();
+        for token in [second_token.clone(), Value::Null, json!("invalid"), json!({"action": "Second", "from": 1})] {
+            let (request, _) = crate::control::ControlRequest::new("ui.dialog.set", json!({"dialog": first, "field": RESUME, "value": token}));
+            let response = crate::control::handle(&mut app, &egui::Context::default(), &request);
+            assert!(matches!(response, crate::control::Outcome::Done(ref v) if v["error"].as_str().is_some_and(|e| e.contains("read-only"))));
+            assert_eq!(app.ui.dialog_mut(first).unwrap().fields[RESUME], first_token);
+            assert_eq!(app.ui.dialog_mut(second).unwrap().fields[RESUME], second_token);
+            assert_eq!(app.paused_playbacks.paused.len(), 2);
+        }
+        crate::dialogs::confirm(&mut app, first).unwrap();
+        assert!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.selection.is_none(), "First must not run Second's remaining step");
+        crate::dialogs::confirm(&mut app, second).unwrap();
+        assert!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.selection.is_some());
+        assert!(app.paused_playbacks.paused.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    fn recording_with_displace_child() -> PhotocraftApp {
+        let mut app = recording_with_dialog_child();
+        app.background_jobs = false;
+        app.session.actions.list[0].steps[0] = ("filter.distort.displace".into(), json!({}));
+        app
+    }
+
+    fn assert_displace_call_finished(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, suffix_count: usize) {
+        assert!(!app.file_dialog_open());
+        assert!(app.ui.dialogs.is_empty());
+        assert!(app.paused_playbacks.paused.is_empty());
+        assert!(app.session.actions.recording.is_some());
+        assert_eq!(suffixes(app), suffix_count);
+        app.run("actions.stop", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(app.session.actions.list[1].steps, child_call(), "record the child call exactly once");
+        app.run("actions.record", json!({"name": "Next"})).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_displace_step_restores_recording_when_the_map_picker_fails_or_is_cancelled() {
+        use crate::file_dialog::FileDialogAnswer;
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let missing = dir.path().join("missing.png").to_string_lossy().into_owned();
+        for answer in [
+            None,
+            Some(FileDialogAnswer::Unavailable("no picker available".into())),
+            Some(FileDialogAnswer::Paths(Vec::new())),
+            Some(FileDialogAnswer::Contents("map.png".into(), Vec::new())),
+            Some(FileDialogAnswer::Paths(vec![missing])),
+        ] {
+            let mut app = recording_with_displace_child();
+            let (show, _) = crate::file_dialog::fake(vec![answer]);
+            app.services.file_dialog = Some(show);
+            let id = pause_child(&mut app);
+            crate::dialogs::confirm(&mut app, id).unwrap();
+            assert!(app.file_dialog_open());
+            assert!(app.session.actions.recording.is_none());
+            app.poll_file_dialog(&egui::Context::default(), None);
+            assert_displace_call_finished(&mut app, 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_displace_step_restores_recording_when_the_map_picker_cannot_start() {
+        let mut app = recording_with_displace_child();
+        let id = pause_child(&mut app);
+        assert!(crate::dialogs::confirm(&mut app, id).is_err());
+        assert_displace_call_finished(&mut app, 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_displace_step_resumes_and_records_its_call_once_after_choosing_a_map() {
+        let mut app = recording_with_displace_child();
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let map = dir.path().join("map.png");
+        let bytes = photocraft_io::export(&app.session.active().unwrap().doc, "png", &Default::default()).unwrap().bytes;
+        std::fs::write(&map, bytes).unwrap();
+        let (show, _) = crate::file_dialog::fake(vec![Some(crate::file_dialog::FileDialogAnswer::Paths(vec![map.to_string_lossy().into_owned()]))]);
+        app.services.file_dialog = Some(show);
+        let id = pause_child(&mut app);
+        crate::dialogs::confirm(&mut app, id).unwrap();
+        app.poll_file_dialog(&egui::Context::default(), None);
+        assert_displace_call_finished(&mut app, 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_step_dialog_takes_only_the_steps_values() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 16, "height": 16})).unwrap();
+        let mut a = Action::new("Blur", vec![("filter.blur.gaussianBlur".into(), json!({"radius": 2, "__command": "select.all", "__label": "Other"}))]);
+        a.dialogs.insert(0);
+        app.session.actions.list.push(a);
+        let v = play(&mut app, &json!({"action": "Blur"})).unwrap();
+        let d = app.ui.dialog_mut(v["paused"]["dialog"].as_u64().unwrap()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(d.fields["radius"], 2);
+        assert_eq!(d.fields["__command"], "filter.blur.gaussianBlur");
+        assert_ne!(d.fields["__label"], "Other");
+    }
+
+    fn deny_blur(id: &str, _: &Value) -> photocraft_engine::Result<()> {
+        if id == "filter.blur.gaussianBlur" { Err(photocraft_engine::EngineError::Other("blur denied".into())) } else { Ok(()) }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_step_the_gate_denies_opens_no_dialog() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 16, "height": 16})).unwrap();
+        let mut a = Action::new("Blur", vec![("filter.blur.gaussianBlur".into(), json!({"radius": 1}))]);
+        a.dialogs.insert(0);
+        app.session.actions.list.push(a);
+        app.session.authorize = Some(deny_blur);
+        let v = play(&mut app, &json!({"action": "Blur"})).unwrap();
+        app.session.authorize = None;
+        assert!(v["failed"]["error"].as_str().is_some_and(|e| e.contains("blur denied")), "{v}");
+        assert!(app.ui.dialogs.is_empty(), "no step dialog opened");
+        assert!(app.paused_playbacks.paused.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    fn deny_select_all(id: &str, _: &Value) -> photocraft_engine::Result<()> {
+        if id == "select.all" { Err(photocraft_engine::EngineError::Other("select.all denied".into())) } else { Ok(()) }
+    }
+
+    /// An action an automation client plays (`control::handle` installs the gate, then removes
+    /// it) pauses at a step dialog; confirming the dialog later, here with synthetic Enter or
+    /// OK, runs the remaining steps under the same gate.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_paused_playback_keeps_its_automation_gate_when_the_dialog_is_confirmed() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 16, "height": 16})).unwrap();
+        let mut a = Action::new("Seeded", vec![("filter.blur.gaussianBlur".into(), json!({"radius": 1})), ("select.all".into(), json!({}))]);
+        a.dialogs.insert(0);
+        app.session.actions.list.push(a);
+        app.session.authorize = Some(deny_select_all);
+        let v = play(&mut app, &json!({"action": "Seeded"})).unwrap();
+        app.session.authorize = None;
+        let id = v["paused"]["dialog"].as_u64().unwrap();
+        app.automation_input = true;
+        let _ = crate::dialogs::confirm(&mut app, id);
+        app.automation_input = false;
+        assert!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.selection.is_none(), "the denied step did not run");
+        assert!(app.ui.status.contains("select.all denied"), "{}", app.ui.status);
+    }
+
+    /// The dialog names only its pause: changing its fields can't resume another action.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_step_dialog_resumes_only_the_playback_that_paused_it() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 16, "height": 16})).unwrap();
+        let mut a = Action::new("Blur", vec![("filter.blur.gaussianBlur".into(), json!({"radius": 1}))]);
+        a.dialogs.insert(0);
+        app.session.actions.list.push(a);
+        app.session.actions.list.push(Action::new("Seeded", vec![("select.all".into(), json!({}))]));
+        let v = play(&mut app, &json!({"action": "Blur"})).unwrap();
+        let id = v["paused"]["dialog"].as_u64().unwrap();
+        app.ui.dialog_mut(id).unwrap().fields.insert(RESUME.into(), json!({"action": "Seeded", "from": 0}));
+        let r = crate::dialogs::confirm(&mut app, id);
+        assert!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.selection.is_none(), "the other action did not play");
+        assert!(r.is_err_and(|e| e.contains("paused action")));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn button_mode_plays_the_clicked_action_and_hides_its_steps() {
         use egui_kittest::{Harness, kittest::Queryable};
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/adjust_dialog.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/adjust_dialog.rs
index 82432879db..18e32e486a 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/adjust_dialog.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/adjust_dialog.rs
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ pub(crate) fn picker_button(ui: &mut egui::Ui, selected: bool, enabled: bool, to
     let tokens = crate::theme::Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
     ui.painter().circle_filled(response.rect.right_bottom() - egui::vec2(5.5, 5.5), 3.5, color);
     ui.painter().circle_stroke(response.rect.right_bottom() - egui::vec2(5.5, 5.5), 3.5, egui::Stroke::new(1.0, tokens.field_border));
-    response.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::WidgetType::Button, enabled, selected, tooltip));
+    response.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::Button, enabled, selected, tooltip));
     response
 }
 
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ pub fn owns(fields: &Map<String, Value>) -> bool {
 
 /// Root of the dialog editor's view state in egui memory.
 fn dialog_mem(kind: &str) -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new(("adjust-dialog", kind))
+    egui::Id::unique(("adjust-dialog", kind))
 }
 
 /// Whether holding Alt turns Cancel into Reset for this adjustment dialog (every kind).
@@ -279,11 +279,42 @@ pub fn open(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, command: &str) -> Option<u64> {
     Some(app.ui.open_dialog(crate::state::DialogKind::Command, fields))
 }
 
+/// Opens the dialog for `command` at the settings last confirmed in it (Photoshop's ⌥ plus the
+/// adjustment's shortcut, ⌥⌘L / ⌥⌘M, #8900), or at the neutral ones when there are none or they
+/// don't fit the current colour mode.
+pub fn open_last(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, command: &str) -> Option<u64> {
+    let id = open(app, command)?;
+    let kind = command.strip_prefix(PREFIX).unwrap_or_default();
+    let mode = curve_mode(app, kind);
+    let Some(last) = app.session.prefs().dialogs.get(command).cloned() else { return Some(id) };
+    let Ok(adjustment) = photocraft_engine::adjust_params::from_params(kind, &last, None, mode) else { return Some(id) };
+    if let (Some(dialog), Value::Object(values)) = (app.ui.dialog_mut(id), photocraft_engine::adjust_params::to_params(&adjustment)) {
+        dialog.fields.retain(|k, _| k.starts_with("__"));
+        dialog.fields.extend(values);
+    }
+    Some(id)
+}
+
+/// Remember an adjustment dialog's settings after a successful OK, for [`open_last`]. Editing a
+/// smart filter's settings is not a use of the dialog's own (as `filter_dialog::remember`).
+pub(crate) fn remember(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, fields: &Map<String, Value>) {
+    if fields.contains_key("__smartFilter") {
+        return;
+    }
+    let Some(command) = fields.get("__command").and_then(Value::as_str).filter(|c| has_dialog(c)) else { return };
+    let values = crate::filter_dialog::params_of(fields);
+    app.session.prefs.edit(|prefs| prefs.dialogs.insert(command.into(), values));
+}
+
 /// The Curves dialog's single-channel target: the Channels panel's, plus the Layers panel's mask
-/// selection — both ways of selecting a mask must give the same dropdown (#5335).
+/// selection — both ways of selecting a mask must give the same dropdown (#5335). A targeted
+/// filter mask is a gray plane too (FILE-215-3).
 fn isolated(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Option<photocraft_engine::channel_cmds::IsolatedCurveChannel> {
-    let mask = app.layer_mask_targeted();
-    app.session.active().and_then(|st| photocraft_engine::channel_cmds::isolated_curve_channel_for(st, mask))
+    let st = app.session.active()?;
+    if app.filter_mask_targeted() {
+        return photocraft_engine::channel_cmds::filter_mask_curve_channel(st);
+    }
+    photocraft_engine::channel_cmds::isolated_curve_channel_for(st, app.layer_mask_targeted())
 }
 
 /// The colour mode the Levels/Curves dialog seeds and parses in: a mask, saved channel or
@@ -492,16 +523,26 @@ mod tests {
     /// shows Midtones, keeps Preserve Luminosity and leaves the dialog open.
     #[test]
     fn color_balance_dialog_gestures_match_photoshop() {
-        use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
+        use egui_kittest::kittest::{NodeT, Queryable};
         let (mut h, id) = color_balance_dialog();
-        let label = h.query_all_by_label("Cyan  ·  Red").last().map(|n| n.rect()).expect("Cyan · Red row");
+        // The slider row's caption, not the field or slider it names.
+        let label = h
+            .query_all(egui_kittest::kittest::by().label("Cyan  ·  Red").include_labels())
+            .find(|n| n.accesskit_node().role() == egui::accesskit::Role::Label)
+            .map(|n| n.rect())
+            .expect("Cyan · Red row");
         let at = egui::pos2(label.left() + 60.0, label.bottom() + 14.0);
         let press = |pressed| egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: at, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::ALT };
         input(&mut h, egui::Modifiers::ALT, &[egui::Event::PointerMoved(at), press(true), press(false), press(true), press(false)]);
         assert_eq!(field(&h, id, "midtones"), json!([0.0, -30.0, 20.0]), "Alt+double-click zeroes the slider");
         assert_eq!(field(&h, id, "shadows"), json!([10, 0, 0]), "other tones untouched");
-        let wheel =
-            |n: f32, m| egui::Event::MouseWheel { unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Line, delta: egui::vec2(0.0, n), phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move, modifiers: m };
+        let wheel = |n: f32, m| egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+            source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
+            unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Line,
+            delta: egui::vec2(0.0, n),
+            phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move,
+            modifiers: m,
+        };
         input(&mut h, egui::Modifiers::NONE, &[egui::Event::PointerMoved(at), wheel(3.0, egui::Modifiers::NONE)]);
         assert_eq!(field(&h, id, "midtones")[0], json!(3.0), "3 notches up");
         input(&mut h, egui::Modifiers::SHIFT, &[egui::Event::PointerMoved(at), wheel(2.0, egui::Modifiers::SHIFT)]);
@@ -511,7 +552,7 @@ mod tests {
         // Alt turns Cancel into Reset.
         assert!(h.query_by_label("Cancel").is_some() && h.query_by_label("Reset").is_none());
         h.state_mut().ui.dialog_mut(id).unwrap().fields.insert("highlights".into(), json!([5, 5, 5]));
-        let tone = egui::Id::new(("adjust-dialog", "colorBalance")).with("cb-tone");
+        let tone = egui::Id::unique(("adjust-dialog", "colorBalance")).with("cb-tone");
         h.ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(tone, 2usize));
         h.event(egui::Event::ModifiersChanged(egui::Modifiers::ALT));
         h.run_steps(2);
@@ -589,19 +630,101 @@ mod tests {
                     PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, theme);
                     let id = open(h.state_mut(), "image.adjustments.curves").unwrap();
                     h.run_steps(4);
-                    let window = h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::new(("dialog", id)))).unwrap();
+                    let window = h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::unique(("dialog", id)))).unwrap();
                     let graph = h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<egui::Rect>(dialog_mem("curves").with("curves-graph"))).unwrap();
                     assert!(window.right() - graph.right() < 40.0, "blank right column: window {window:?}, graph {graph:?}");
                     assert!(graph.width() > 270.0, "keep the graph usable: {graph:?}");
                     assert!(window.contains_rect(graph));
                     for label in ["Channel:", "Input:", "Output:", "Preview", "OK", "Cancel"] {
-                        assert!(window.contains_rect(h.get_by_label(crate::i18n::t(label)).rect()), "{label} inside the window");
+                        // A caption and the field it names share the label; any of them is the control.
+                        let node = h.query_all_by_label(crate::i18n::t(label)).next().unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("{label} in the dialog"));
+                        assert!(window.contains_rect(node.rect()), "{label} inside the window");
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
     }
 
+    /// #8984: the Curves dialog has a resize grip; its graph grows with the dialog, the controls
+    /// stay inside it, and it reopens at the size it was left at.
+    #[test]
+    fn curves_dialog_resizes_with_its_graph_and_reopens_at_that_size() {
+        let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(1600.0, 1100.0)).build_ui_state(|ui, app| crate::dialogs::show(app, ui.ctx()), app_with_image());
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, Default::default());
+        let graph = |h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>| h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<egui::Rect>(dialog_mem("curves").with("curves-graph"))).unwrap();
+        let window = |h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, id: u64| h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::unique(("dialog", id)))).unwrap();
+        let id = open(h.state_mut(), "image.adjustments.curves").unwrap();
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        let (opened, small) = (window(&h, id), graph(&h));
+        assert!(small.width() > 270.0 && small.width() < 300.0, "opens at the 300-point graph: {small:?}");
+        // Drag the grip (bottom-right corner) 300 points right and 200 down.
+        let corner = opened.max - egui::vec2(12.0, 12.0);
+        let by = egui::vec2(300.0, 200.0);
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(corner));
+        h.step();
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: corner, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed: true, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE });
+        h.step();
+        for i in 1..=4 {
+            h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(corner + by * (i as f32 / 4.0)));
+            h.step();
+        }
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: corner + by, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed: false, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE });
+        h.run_steps(6);
+        let (wide, big) = (window(&h, id), graph(&h));
+        assert!(big.width() > small.width() + 250.0, "the graph follows the dialog: {small:?} → {big:?}");
+        assert!((big.width() - big.height()).abs() < 1.0, "still square: {big:?}");
+        assert!(wide.contains_rect(big) && wide.right() - big.right() < 40.0, "no blank column: window {wide:?}, graph {big:?}");
+        for label in ["Channel:", "Input:", "Output:", "Preview", "OK", "Cancel"] {
+            for node in h.get_all_by_label(crate::i18n::t(label)) {
+                assert!(wide.contains_rect(node.rect()), "{label} label and control stay inside the window");
+            }
+        }
+        // Cancel, open again: the size it was left at.
+        h.get_by_label("Cancel").click();
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        assert!(h.state().ui.dialogs.is_empty());
+        let again = open(h.state_mut(), "image.adjustments.curves").unwrap();
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        assert!((graph(&h).width() - big.width()).abs() < 2.0, "reopened at {:?}, left at {big:?}", graph(&h));
+        assert!((window(&h, again).width() - wide.width()).abs() < 2.0);
+    }
+
+    /// #8984: however tall the graph's width would make it, the dialog still fits the window.
+    #[test]
+    fn curves_graph_never_pushes_the_dialog_off_a_short_window() {
+        let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(1600.0, 700.0)).build_ui_state(|ui, app| crate::dialogs::show(app, ui.ctx()), app_with_image());
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, Default::default());
+        h.ctx.data_mut(|m| m.insert_persisted(egui::Id::unique(("dialog-place", "image.adjustments.curves")).with("size"), egui::vec2(1200.0, 1200.0)));
+        let id = open(h.state_mut(), "image.adjustments.curves").unwrap();
+        h.run_steps(5);
+        let graph = h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<egui::Rect>(dialog_mem("curves").with("curves-graph"))).unwrap();
+        let window = h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::unique(("dialog", id)))).unwrap();
+        assert!(graph.height() <= 700.0 - 360.0, "{graph:?}");
+        assert!(window.height() <= 700.0, "{window:?}");
+        assert!(window.contains_rect(h.get_by_label("OK").rect()));
+        // The size the window squeezed it to is not remembered: a larger window gets 1200 again.
+        let kept = h.ctx.data_mut(|m| m.get_persisted::<egui::Vec2>(egui::Id::unique(("dialog-place", "image.adjustments.curves")).with("size")));
+        assert_eq!(kept, Some(egui::vec2(1200.0, 1200.0)));
+        // Dragged far wider, the dialog stops where the graph stops: no blank column.
+        let corner = window.max - egui::vec2(12.0, 12.0);
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(corner));
+        h.step();
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: corner, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed: true, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE });
+        h.step();
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(corner + egui::vec2(600.0, 0.0)));
+        h.step();
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton {
+            pos: corner + egui::vec2(600.0, 0.0),
+            button: egui::PointerButton::Primary,
+            pressed: false,
+            modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE,
+        });
+        h.run_steps(5);
+        let graph = h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<egui::Rect>(dialog_mem("curves").with("curves-graph"))).unwrap();
+        let window = h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::unique(("dialog", id)))).unwrap();
+        assert!(window.right() - graph.right() < 40.0, "no blank column: window {window:?}, graph {graph:?}");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn cancel_leaves_the_document_untouched() {
         let mut harness =
@@ -659,7 +782,7 @@ mod tests {
         fields.insert("pencil".into(), json!(true));
         fields.insert("points".into(), json!((0..256).collect::<Vec<_>>()));
         h.run_steps(4);
-        let graph = h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<egui::Rect>(egui::Id::new(("adjust-dialog", "curves")).with("curves-graph"))).unwrap();
+        let graph = h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<egui::Rect>(egui::Id::unique(("adjust-dialog", "curves")).with("curves-graph"))).unwrap();
         let at = |i: f32, o: f32| egui::pos2(graph.left() + i / 255.0 * graph.width(), graph.bottom() - o / 255.0 * graph.height());
         h.hover_at(at(64.0, 200.0));
         h.run_steps(1);
@@ -689,7 +812,7 @@ mod tests {
             let id = open(h.state_mut(), "image.adjustments.curves").unwrap();
             h.state_mut().ui.dialog_mut(id).unwrap().fields.insert("points".into(), json!([[0, 0], [128, 128], [255, 255]]));
             h.run_steps(4);
-            let graph = h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<egui::Rect>(egui::Id::new(("adjust-dialog", "curves")).with("curves-graph"))).unwrap();
+            let graph = h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<egui::Rect>(egui::Id::unique(("adjust-dialog", "curves")).with("curves-graph"))).unwrap();
             let a = egui::pos2(graph.left() + 128.0 / 255.0 * graph.width(), graph.bottom() - 128.0 / 255.0 * graph.height());
             h.hover_at(a);
             h.run_steps(1);
@@ -1075,7 +1198,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn curves_channel_popup_keeps_custom_names_verbatim_in_italian() {
         let it = crate::i18n::Lang::from_code("it").expect("it registered");
-        assert_eq!(crate::i18n::tr(it, "Green"), "Verde", "the test relies on the built-in label");
+        let green = crate::i18n::tr(it, "Green");
         let _lang = crate::i18n::language_scope(it);
         let mut app = app_with_image();
         app.run("channel.new", json!({"name": "Green", "fill": "white"})).unwrap();
@@ -1083,13 +1206,13 @@ mod tests {
         let mut h = curves_harness(app);
         let names = popup_channels(&mut h);
         assert!(names.iter().any(|n| n == "Green"), "custom names stay as entered: {names:?}");
-        assert!(!names.iter().any(|n| n == "Verde"), "not translated: {names:?}");
+        assert!(green == "Green" || !names.iter().any(|n| n == green), "not translated: {names:?}");
         // A targeted colour component keeps its translated built-in label.
         let mut colour = app_with_image();
         colour.run("channel.target", json!({"channel": {"color": 1}})).unwrap();
         let mut h = curves_harness(colour);
         let names = popup_channels(&mut h);
-        assert!(names.iter().any(|n| n == "Verde"), "built-in labels follow the language: {names:?}");
+        assert!(names.iter().any(|n| n == green), "built-in labels follow the language: {names:?}");
     }
 
     /// Curves open in a harness over `app`.
@@ -1105,4 +1228,28 @@ mod tests {
     fn popup_channels(h: &mut Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>) -> Vec<String> {
         h.query_all_by_role(egui::accesskit::Role::ComboBox).filter_map(|n| n.value().map(|s| s.to_string())).collect()
     }
+
+    /// FILE-215-3: Curves on a targeted filter mask edits a gray plane, and its histogram is the
+    /// filter mask's, not the smart object's colours.
+    #[test]
+    fn curves_on_a_targeted_filter_mask_is_a_gray_plane() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 32, "height": 32})).unwrap();
+        app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.run("edit.fill", json!({"contents": "color", "color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+        app.run("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.run("filter.blur.gaussianBlur", json!({"radius": 2})).unwrap();
+        let id = app.session.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        app.select_filter_mask_target(Some(id.0));
+        assert!(app.filter_mask_targeted());
+        let c = isolated(&app).expect("a gray target");
+        assert_eq!(c.gray, Some(photocraft_engine::channel_cmds::GraySurface::FilterMask));
+        // Its histogram counts the filter mask's levels: half black after a stroke.
+        app.run("paint.stroke", json!({"points": [[8, 0], [8, 31]], "size": 16, "hardness": 1, "color": "#000000", "target": "filterMask"})).unwrap();
+        let surface = photocraft_engine::channel_cmds::GraySurface::FilterMask;
+        let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+        let h = tone::compute_histograms(&st.doc, HistSource::Channel { layer: id, surface }, photocraft_doc::adjust::ToneSpace::Rgb);
+        assert!(h.ch[0][0] > 0 && h.ch[0][255] > 0, "black and white levels");
+        assert_eq!(curve_mode(&app, "curves"), photocraft_doc::ColorMode::Grayscale);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/adjust_editors.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/adjust_editors.rs
index 5fe0aa9062..43217a10f6 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/adjust_editors.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/adjust_editors.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ use serde_json::{Value, json};
 use crate::PhotocraftApp;
 use crate::theme::Tokens;
 use crate::tone::{self, HistSource, Histograms};
-use crate::widgets;
+use crate::widgets::{self, hue_color};
 
 /// Kinds edited here (Selective Color and Color Lookup have their own editors; Invert has none).
 pub const KINDS: [&str; 13] = [
@@ -309,9 +309,9 @@ fn channel_picker_opts(ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: egui::Id, opts: &[(usize, &str)],
         let width = if opts.len() == 1 { 160.0 } else { 110.0 };
         let key = format!("{id:?}-ch");
         if translate {
-            widgets::dropdown(ui, &key, &mut ch, opts, width);
+            widgets::dropdown(ui, &key, text, &mut ch, opts, width);
         } else {
-            widgets::dropdown_literal(ui, &key, &mut ch, opts, width);
+            widgets::dropdown_literal(ui, &key, text, &mut ch, opts, width);
         }
     });
     ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(id, ch));
@@ -357,6 +357,27 @@ fn gradient_bar(p: &egui::Painter, r: Rect, from: Color32, to: Color32, vertical
 const CURVE_HANDLE_SIZE: f32 = 7.0;
 const CURVE_GRAPH_PADDING: f32 = 5.0;
 
+/// The room left on screen for the Curves dialog's other rows (title, channel and mode, Input and
+/// Output, eyedroppers, buttons) when its graph is as tall as it can be.
+const CURVES_CHROME: f32 = 360.0;
+/// The smallest and the default largest side of the Curves graph: 300 points was the fixed
+/// size until #8984.
+const CURVE_SIDE: (f32, f32) = (120.0, 300.0);
+
+/// The Curves graph's side (#8984): the width it is given, in the Properties panel and in the
+/// resizable dialog, and no taller than the window leaves room for beside the other rows.
+fn curve_side(ui: &egui::Ui) -> f32 {
+    let tallest = curve_side_max(ui.ctx());
+    let width = ui.available_width();
+    if width.is_finite() { width.clamp(CURVE_SIDE.0, tallest) } else { CURVE_SIDE.1 }
+}
+
+/// The largest the Curves graph gets in this window: as tall as the window leaves room for beside
+/// the dialog's other rows, and never under the old 300 points. The Curves dialog is no wider.
+pub(crate) fn curve_side_max(ctx: &egui::Context) -> f32 {
+    (ctx.content_rect().height() - CURVES_CHROME).max(CURVE_SIDE.1)
+}
+
 fn curve_graph(full: Rect, side: f32) -> Rect {
     let base = Rect::from_min_size(full.min + vec2(14.0, 0.0), vec2(side - 14.0, side - 14.0));
     Rect::from_min_max(base.min + vec2(CURVE_GRAPH_PADDING, CURVE_GRAPH_PADDING), base.max - vec2(CURVE_GRAPH_PADDING, CURVE_GRAPH_PADDING))
@@ -461,7 +482,7 @@ fn curves(ui: &mut egui::Ui, v: &mut Value, cx: &EditorCx) -> Edit {
     let pencil = v.get("pencil").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(false);
     let mut pts = read_curve(v, key);
     let mut map = read_map(v, key);
-    let side = ui.available_width().clamp(120.0, 300.0);
+    let side = curve_side(ui);
     ui.add_space(4.0);
     let (full, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(side, side + 14.0), Sense::click_and_drag());
     let graph = curve_graph(full, side);
@@ -572,9 +593,9 @@ fn curves(ui: &mut egui::Ui, v: &mut Value, cx: &EditorCx) -> Edit {
         let i = st.gesture.selected.filter(|i| *i < pts.len() && !pencil);
         let (mut vi, mut vo) = i.map_or((0.0, 0.0), |i| (pts[i][0], pts[i][1]));
         label(ui, tl!("Input:"));
-        let ri = ui.add_enabled_ui(i.is_some(), |ui| widgets::value_field(ui, &mut vi, 0.0..=255.0, "", 52.0)).inner;
+        let ri = ui.add_enabled_ui(i.is_some(), |ui| widgets::value_field(ui, &mut vi, 0.0..=255.0, "", 52.0).accessible_name(tl!("Input:"))).inner;
         label(ui, tl!("Output:"));
-        let ro = ui.add_enabled_ui(i.is_some(), |ui| widgets::value_field(ui, &mut vo, 0.0..=255.0, "", 52.0)).inner;
+        let ro = ui.add_enabled_ui(i.is_some(), |ui| widgets::value_field(ui, &mut vo, 0.0..=255.0, "", 52.0).accessible_name(tl!("Output:"))).inner;
         if let Some(i) = i
             && (ri.changed() || ro.changed())
             && curve_edit::move_to(&mut pts, i, [vi, vo])
@@ -747,11 +768,11 @@ fn levels(ui: &mut egui::Ui, v: &mut Value, cx: &EditorCx) -> Edit {
         let fw = ((w - 16.0) / 3.0).min(70.0);
         let (mut nb, mut ng, mut nw) = (l[0], l[1], l[2]);
         let gap = ((w - 3.0 * fw) / 2.0 - 12.0).max(0.0);
-        let r0 = widgets::value_field(ui, &mut nb, 0.0..=253.0, "", fw);
+        let r0 = widgets::value_field(ui, &mut nb, 0.0..=253.0, "", fw).accessible_name(tl!("Black"));
         ui.add_space(gap);
-        let r1 = widgets::value_field(ui, &mut ng, 0.01..=9.99, "", fw);
+        let r1 = widgets::value_field(ui, &mut ng, 0.01..=9.99, "", fw).accessible_name(tl!("Gamma"));
         ui.add_space(gap);
-        let r2 = widgets::value_field(ui, &mut nw, 2.0..=255.0, "", fw);
+        let r2 = widgets::value_field(ui, &mut nw, 2.0..=255.0, "", fw).accessible_name(tl!("White"));
         if r0.changed() {
             l[0] = nb.round().min(l[2] - 2.0);
         }
@@ -801,9 +822,9 @@ fn levels(ui: &mut egui::Ui, v: &mut Value, cx: &EditorCx) -> Edit {
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         let fw = ((w - 16.0) / 3.0).min(70.0);
         let (mut a, mut c) = (l[3], l[4]);
-        let ra = widgets::value_field(ui, &mut a, 0.0..=255.0, "", fw);
+        let ra = widgets::value_field(ui, &mut a, 0.0..=255.0, "", fw).accessible_name(tl!("Black"));
         ui.add_space((w - 2.0 * fw - 16.0).max(0.0));
-        let rc = widgets::value_field(ui, &mut c, 0.0..=255.0, "", fw);
+        let rc = widgets::value_field(ui, &mut c, 0.0..=255.0, "", fw).accessible_name(tl!("White"));
         if ra.changed() {
             l[3] = a.round();
         }
@@ -848,11 +869,6 @@ fn threshold(ui: &mut egui::Ui, v: &mut Value, cx: &EditorCx) -> Edit {
 
 const RANGE_LABELS: [&str; 6] = ["Reds", "Yellows", "Greens", "Cyans", "Blues", "Magentas"];
 
-fn hue_color(deg: f32) -> Color32 {
-    let rgb = egui::ecolor::Hsva::new(deg.rem_euclid(360.0) / 360.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0).to_srgb();
-    Color32::from_rgb(rgb[0], rgb[1], rgb[2])
-}
-
 /// The Saturation slider's track: grey to the hue at full saturation (UI-217-16).
 fn saturation_track(hue_deg: f32) -> [Color32; 2] {
     [Color32::from_gray(128), hue_color(hue_deg)]
@@ -886,7 +902,7 @@ fn adjusted_spectrum(v: &Value, n: usize) -> Vec<Color32> {
     let rect = photocraft_geom::Rect::new(0, 0, n as i32, 1);
     let px = (0..n)
         .map(|i| {
-            let c = egui::ecolor::Hsva::new(i as f32 / (n - 1).max(1) as f32, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0).to_rgb();
+            let c = photocraft_color::convert::hsb_to_rgb([i as f32 / (n - 1).max(1) as f32 * 360.0, 1.0, 1.0]);
             [c[0], c[1], c[2], 1.0]
         })
         .collect();
@@ -914,7 +930,7 @@ fn hue_saturation(ui: &mut egui::Ui, v: &mut Value, cx: &EditorCx) -> Edit {
     }
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         let opts: Vec<(usize, &str)> = std::iter::once((0, tl!("Master"))).chain(RANGE_LABELS.iter().enumerate().map(|(i, l)| (i + 1, *l))).collect();
-        ui.add_enabled_ui(!colorize, |ui| widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("{range_id:?}"), &mut range, &opts, 120.0));
+        ui.add_enabled_ui(!colorize, |ui| widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("{range_id:?}"), tl!("Range"), &mut range, &opts, 120.0));
     });
     ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(range_id, range));
     let mut e = Edit::default();
@@ -984,8 +1000,10 @@ fn hue_saturation(ui: &mut egui::Ui, v: &mut Value, cx: &EditorCx) -> Edit {
     }
     // Spectrum bars: input hues above, adjusted below; the selected range's sliders between.
     ui.add_space(6.0);
-    let w = ui.available_width().min(300.0);
+    // As wide as the sliders above, whatever the panel's width (#9242).
+    let w = ui.available_width();
     let (bars, bresp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(w, 40.0), Sense::click_and_drag());
+    ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(cx.mem.with("hs-bars"), bars));
     let top = Rect::from_min_size(bars.min, vec2(w, 10.0));
     let bottom = Rect::from_min_size(pos2(bars.left(), bars.bottom() - 10.0), vec2(w, 10.0));
     let p = ui.painter_at(bars.expand(4.0));
@@ -1173,7 +1191,7 @@ fn photo_filter(ui: &mut egui::Ui, v: &mut Value, cx: &EditorCx) -> Edit {
         if preset.is_none() {
             opts.insert(0, ("custom".into(), "Custom"));
         }
-        let changed = ui.add_enabled_ui(!use_color, |ui| widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("{mode_id:?}-filter"), &mut sel, &opts, 170.0)).inner;
+        let changed = ui.add_enabled_ui(!use_color, |ui| widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("{mode_id:?}-filter"), tl!("Filter:"), &mut sel, &opts, 170.0)).inner;
         if changed && let Some(f) = PHOTO_FILTERS.iter().find(|f| f.0 == sel) {
             c = f.2.map(|x| f32::from(x) / 255.0);
             v["color"] = json!(adjust_params::hex(c));
@@ -1214,7 +1232,7 @@ fn channel_mixer(ui: &mut egui::Ui, v: &mut Value, cx: &EditorCx) -> Edit {
     }
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         label(ui, tl!("Output Channel:"));
-        widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("{out_id:?}"), &mut out, outs, 110.0);
+        widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("{out_id:?}"), tl!("Output Channel:"), &mut out, outs, 110.0);
     });
     ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(out_id, out));
     let key = if mono { "gray" } else { ["red", "green", "blue"][out] };
@@ -1323,7 +1341,7 @@ fn gradient_map_strip(ui: &mut egui::Ui, stops: &mut Vec<Stop>, cx: &EditorCx, s
     let mut edit = Edit::default();
     let w = ui.available_width().min(300.0);
     let (outer, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(w, 44.0), Sense::click_and_drag());
-    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, ui.is_enabled(), tl!("Gradient stops")));
+    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, ui.is_enabled(), tl!("Gradient stops")));
     let bar = Rect::from_min_max(outer.min + vec2(8.0, 2.0), pos2(outer.right() - 8.0, outer.top() + 26.0));
     let x_of = |loc: f32| bar.left() + loc * bar.width();
     let loc_of = |x: f32| ((x - bar.left()) / bar.width().max(1.0)).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
@@ -1442,6 +1460,7 @@ fn gradient_map(ui: &mut egui::Ui, v: &mut Value, cx: &EditorCx) -> Edit {
                 }
             });
         press.after(&combo.response);
+        let _ = combo.response.accessible_name(tl!("Preset:"));
         if let Some(p) = picked {
             stops = p;
             selected = 0;
@@ -1470,7 +1489,7 @@ fn gradient_map(ui: &mut egui::Ui, v: &mut Value, cx: &EditorCx) -> Edit {
         ui.horizontal(|ui| {
             label(ui, tl!("Location:"));
             let mut loc = s.0 * 100.0;
-            let rl = widgets::value_field(ui, &mut loc, 0.0..=100.0, "%", 70.0);
+            let rl = widgets::value_field(ui, &mut loc, 0.0..=100.0, "%", 70.0).accessible_name(tl!("Location:"));
             if rl.changed() {
                 location = Some(loc / 100.0);
                 changed = true;
@@ -1535,7 +1554,7 @@ pub fn swatches(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> [[f32; 3]; 2] {
 
 /// Root of an adjustment layer's Properties editor view state in egui memory.
 pub fn layer_mem(id: LayerId) -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new(("adjust-layer", id.0))
+    egui::Id::unique(("adjust-layer", id.0))
 }
 
 /// Kinds whose Properties edits follow Photoshop's history and Reset (measured for Color Balance,
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/adjust_editors_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/adjust_editors_tests.rs
index d8c6e7953a..2bbff7d596 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/adjust_editors_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/adjust_editors_tests.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 use egui::{Pos2, Rect, vec2};
 use egui_kittest::Harness;
-use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
+use egui_kittest::kittest::{NodeT, Queryable};
 use photocraft_doc::{Adjustment, LayerContent, LayerId};
 use serde_json::json;
 
@@ -88,12 +88,17 @@ fn click(h: &mut Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, at: Pos2) {
 }
 
 fn label_rect(h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, text: &str) -> Option<Rect> {
-    // The last match: the Properties header repeats the kind's name above its controls.
-    h.query_all_by_label(text).last().map(|n| n.rect())
+    // The last caption: the Properties header repeats the kind's name above its controls.
+    // `get_by_label` hides a caption that names a control, so ask for the label node itself;
+    // a checkbox paints its caption as the control, so fall back to the last matching widget.
+    h.query_all(egui_kittest::kittest::by().label(text).include_labels())
+        .rfind(|n| n.accesskit_node().role() == egui::accesskit::Role::Label)
+        .map(|n| n.rect())
+        .or_else(|| h.query_all_by_label(text).last().map(|n| n.rect()))
 }
 
 fn curves_graph(h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, id: LayerId) -> Rect {
-    h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<Rect>(egui::Id::new(("adjust-layer", id.0)).with("curves-graph"))).expect("curves graph drawn")
+    h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<Rect>(egui::Id::unique(("adjust-layer", id.0)).with("curves-graph"))).expect("curves graph drawn")
 }
 
 /// Issue #12: every adjustment kind, on a new document at 8/16/32 bits and in RGB, Grayscale,
@@ -182,6 +187,7 @@ fn color_lookup_picker_cycles_luts_with_the_mouse_wheel() {
     assert!(h.state().live_adjust.is_some(), "arrow navigation selects a preview LUT");
     for _ in 0..3 {
         h.event(egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+            source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
             unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Line,
             delta: vec2(0.0, -1.0),
             phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move,
@@ -206,6 +212,27 @@ fn curve_of(a: &Adjustment) -> Vec<[f32; 2]> {
     }
 }
 
+/// #8984: the Curves graph in Properties grows with the panel instead of stopping at 300
+/// points, stays square, and edits where it is clicked at its new size.
+#[test]
+fn curves_graph_grows_with_the_properties_panel() {
+    let mut h = app_harness("curves", "rgb", 8);
+    let (id, _) = layer(&h);
+    let narrow = curves_graph(&h, id);
+    assert!(narrow.width() < 300.0, "{narrow:?}");
+    crate::panels::request_dock_width(&h.ctx, 760.0);
+    h.run_steps(8);
+    let wide = curves_graph(&h, id);
+    // 760 points of panel, but the 900-point window leaves room for 540 beside the other rows.
+    assert!(wide.width() > narrow.width() + 250.0 && wide.height() <= 900.0 - 360.0, "{narrow:?} → {wide:?}");
+    assert!((wide.width() - wide.height()).abs() < 1.0, "square: {wide:?}");
+    // A point added at the graph's centre lands at 128, 128 of the curve.
+    click(&mut h, wide.center());
+    let c = curve_of(&layer(&h).1);
+    assert_eq!(c.len(), 3, "{c:?}");
+    assert!((c[1][0] - 127.5).abs() < 2.0 && (c[1][1] - 127.5).abs() < 2.0, "{c:?}");
+}
+
 /// Issue #43: pressing on a point selects it (no new point), Delete/Backspace and ⌘/Ctrl-click
 /// remove points, dragging off the graph removes one, endpoints stay.
 #[test]
@@ -306,7 +333,13 @@ fn wheel_at(h: &mut Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, at: Pos2, notches: f32, mods: eg
     h.event(egui::Event::ModifiersChanged(mods));
     h.hover_at(at);
     h.run_steps(1);
-    h.event(egui::Event::MouseWheel { unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Line, delta: vec2(0.0, notches), phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move, modifiers: mods });
+    h.event(egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+        source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
+        unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Line,
+        delta: vec2(0.0, notches),
+        phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move,
+        modifiers: mods,
+    });
     h.run_steps(1);
     h.event(egui::Event::ModifiersChanged(egui::Modifiers::NONE));
     h.run_steps(3);
@@ -559,7 +592,7 @@ fn gradient_map_stop_controls_fit_a_narrow_properties_panel_in_every_theme() {
                         return;
                     }
                     let cx = EditorCx {
-                        mem: egui::Id::new("map-layout"),
+                        mem: egui::Id::unique("map-layout"),
                         hist: None,
                         gray: false,
                         swatches: [[0.0; 3], [1.0; 3]],
@@ -768,7 +801,7 @@ fn editor_harness(kind: &'static str, params: serde_json::Value) -> Harness<'sta
     let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(300.0, 400.0)).build_ui_state(
         move |ui, values: &mut serde_json::Value| {
             let cx = EditorCx {
-                mem: egui::Id::new("precision"),
+                mem: egui::Id::unique("precision"),
                 hist: None,
                 gray: false,
                 swatches: [[0.0; 3], [1.0; 3]],
@@ -786,6 +819,37 @@ fn editor_harness(kind: &'static str, params: serde_json::Value) -> Harness<'sta
     h
 }
 
+/// #9242: the Hue/Saturation spectrum bars stretch with the panel, like the sliders above them.
+#[test]
+fn hue_saturation_bars_fill_the_panel_width() {
+    use crate::adjust_editors::{EditorCx, editor};
+    for width in [300.0, 600.0] {
+        let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(width, 500.0)).build_ui_state(
+            |ui, values: &mut serde_json::Value| {
+                let cx = EditorCx {
+                    mem: egui::Id::unique("hs"),
+                    hist: None,
+                    gray: false,
+                    swatches: [[0.0; 3], [1.0; 3]],
+                    gradients: Vec::new(),
+                    dialog: false,
+                    dynamic_color_sliders: true,
+                    isolated_curve: None,
+                };
+                let avail = ui.available_width();
+                editor(ui, "hueSaturation", values, &cx);
+                ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(egui::Id::unique("hs-avail"), avail));
+            },
+            json!({}),
+        );
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, Default::default());
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        let bars = h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<Rect>(egui::Id::unique("hs").with("hs-bars"))).expect("bars drawn");
+        let avail = h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<f32>(egui::Id::unique("hs-avail"))).unwrap();
+        assert!((bars.width() - avail).abs() < 0.5, "{width}: bars {} of {avail}", bars.width());
+    }
+}
+
 /// Types `text` into the `index`th number field and commits it with Enter.
 fn type_into_field(h: &mut Harness<'static, serde_json::Value>, index: usize, text: &str) {
     h.query_all_by_role(egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton).nth(index).unwrap().click();
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/adjust_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/adjust_ui.rs
index b713e9104e..ae6722e574 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/adjust_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/adjust_ui.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 //! values). Selective Color previews live while a slider drags, via `app.live_adjust` carrying
 //! the full parameter set; Color Lookup commits on every change (its table isn't in the params).
 
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, PoisonError};
+
 use photocraft_doc::{Adjustment, LayerId};
 use photocraft_engine::adjust_cmds::RANGES;
 use serde_json::{Value, json};
@@ -33,12 +35,12 @@ pub fn selective_color_editor(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: La
         Some((l, v)) if *l == id && v.get("reds").is_some() => v.clone(),
         _ => committed,
     };
-    let key = egui::Id::new(("selc-range", id.0));
+    let key = egui::Id::unique(("selc-range", id.0));
     let mut range: usize = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp(key)).unwrap_or(0);
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("Colors")).color(t.text_dim));
         let opts: Vec<(usize, &str)> = RANGE_LABELS.iter().copied().enumerate().collect();
-        if widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("selc-colors-{}", id.0), &mut range, &opts, 150.0) {
+        if widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("selc-colors-{}", id.0), tl!("Color"), &mut range, &opts, 150.0) {
             ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(key, range));
         }
     });
@@ -90,14 +92,94 @@ fn browse_color_lookup(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, layer: LayerId) -> Result<Value,
     })
 }
 
+/// Dropdown key prefix of a LUT listed from the LUT folder; the rest of the key is its path.
+const FOLDER_LUT: &str = "file:";
+
+type FolderLuts = Vec<(String, String)>;
+
+/// The LUT folder scan kept between frames: the latest finished list of `folder`, and the scan
+/// in flight, if any.
+#[derive(Clone, Default)]
+struct FolderScan {
+    folder: String,
+    started: Option<f64>,
+    luts: FolderLuts,
+    pending: Option<Arc<Mutex<Option<FolderLuts>>>>,
+}
+
+/// The LUT folder's files (Preferences › File Handling › LUT Folder, #6558). The folder is
+/// scanned on a worker thread at most every couple of seconds, since a network share can be
+/// slow; until a scan finishes the dropdown shows the previous one.
+fn folder_luts(app: &PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> FolderLuts {
+    let folder = app.session.prefs().file_handling.lut_folder.clone();
+    let now = ctx.input(|input| input.time);
+    let key = egui::Id::unique("color-lookup-folder");
+    let mut scan = ctx.data(|data| data.get_temp::<FolderScan>(key)).unwrap_or_default();
+    if let Some(done) = scan.pending.as_ref().and_then(|p| p.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner).take()) {
+        scan.luts = done;
+        scan.pending = None;
+    }
+    if scan.folder != folder {
+        // Another folder: never show the old one's files, and drop its scan's result.
+        scan = FolderScan { folder: folder.clone(), ..FolderScan::default() };
+    }
+    if scan.pending.is_none() && scan.started.is_none_or(|at| now - at >= 2.0) {
+        scan.started = Some(now);
+        scan.pending = Some(start_folder_scan(folder, ctx.clone()));
+    }
+    let luts = scan.luts.clone();
+    ctx.data_mut(|data| data.insert_temp(key, scan));
+    luts
+}
+
+/// Scan `folder` on a worker thread (on the web, where there are none, right here: it lists
+/// nothing there anyway).
+fn start_folder_scan(folder: String, ctx: egui::Context) -> Arc<Mutex<Option<FolderLuts>>> {
+    let result = Arc::new(Mutex::new(None));
+    let shared = Arc::clone(&result);
+    let work = move || {
+        let luts = photocraft_engine::adjust_cmds::folder_luts(&folder);
+        *shared.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner) = Some(luts);
+        ctx.request_repaint();
+    };
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    if std::thread::Builder::new().name("lut-folder-scan".into()).spawn(work).is_err() {
+        // No thread: list nothing this time; the next scan retries.
+        *result.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner) = Some(Vec::new());
+    }
+    #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+    work();
+    result
+}
+
+/// The dropdown key for the current look: a built-in id, a LUT folder file, `none` or `custom`.
+fn current_lookup(name: &str, has_lut: bool, folder: &[(String, String)]) -> String {
+    if !has_lut {
+        return "none".into();
+    }
+    if let Some((id, _)) = photocraft_engine::adjust_cmds::LOOKS.iter().find(|b| b.1 == name) {
+        return id.to_string();
+    }
+    folder.iter().find(|(file, _)| file == name).map_or_else(|| "custom".into(), |(_, path)| format!("{FOLDER_LUT}{path}"))
+}
+
+/// `layer.setAdjustment` params for a dropdown key: a folder file is read and embedded like
+/// Load 3D LUT… does; anything else is a built-in id or `none`.
+fn lookup_params(key: &str) -> Value {
+    match key.strip_prefix(FOLDER_LUT) {
+        Some(path) => json!({"file": path}),
+        None => json!({"lut": key}),
+    }
+}
+
 pub fn color_lookup_editor(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: LayerId, adj: &Adjustment) {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
     let Adjustment::ColorLookup { name, lut, size, tetrahedral, dither } = adj else {
         return;
     };
     let builtins = photocraft_engine::adjust_cmds::LOOKS;
-    let current =
-        if lut.is_none() { "none".to_string() } else { builtins.iter().find(|b| b.1 == name).map_or_else(|| "custom".to_string(), |b| b.0.to_string()) };
+    let folder = folder_luts(app, ui.ctx());
+    let current = current_lookup(name, lut.is_some(), &folder);
     let current = app
         .live_adjust
         .as_ref()
@@ -108,13 +190,14 @@ pub fn color_lookup_editor(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: Layer
     let custom_label = format!("{name} ({size}³)");
     let mut opts: Vec<(String, &str)> = vec![("load".into(), tl!("Load 3D LUT…")), ("none".into(), tl!("None"))];
     opts.extend(builtins.iter().map(|(id, label)| (id.to_string(), *label)));
+    opts.extend(folder.iter().map(|(file, path)| (format!("{FOLDER_LUT}{path}"), file.as_str())));
     if current == "custom" {
         opts.push(("custom".into(), custom_label.as_str()));
     }
     let mut sel = current.clone();
     let mut params: Option<Value> = None;
     let mut browse = false;
-    let cycle_key = egui::Id::new(("color-lookup-cycle", id.0));
+    let cycle_key = egui::Id::unique(("color-lookup-cycle", id.0));
     let cycle_input = ui.input(|input| {
         input.raw.events.iter().any(|event| {
             matches!(event, egui::Event::MouseWheel { .. })
@@ -124,17 +207,19 @@ pub fn color_lookup_editor(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: Layer
     let mut cycling_preview = false;
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("3D LUT File")).color(t.text_dim));
-        let (chosen, _) = widgets::dropdown_wheel_hovered(ui, &format!("clrl-{}", id.0), &mut sel, &opts, 170.0);
+        let (chosen, _) = widgets::dropdown_wheel_hovered(ui, &format!("clrl-{}", id.0), tl!("Color"), &mut sel, &opts, 170.0);
         if !chosen.is_empty() {
             if cycle_input {
-                if sel != "load" && sel != "custom" {
+                // ponytail: wheel previews cover the built-ins only; a folder LUT would be re-read
+                // from disk on every step. Pick it with a click.
+                if sel != "load" && sel != "custom" && !sel.starts_with(FOLDER_LUT) {
                     app.live_adjust = Some((id, json!({"lut": sel})));
                     cycling_preview = true;
                 }
             } else if sel == "load" {
                 browse = true;
             } else if sel != current && sel != "custom" {
-                params = Some(json!({"lut": sel}));
+                params = Some(lookup_params(&sel));
             }
         }
     });
@@ -219,6 +304,43 @@ mod lookup_picker_tests {
         );
     }
 
+    /// #6558: a LUT folder file is offered by name, and picking it embeds it.
+    #[test]
+    fn lut_folder_files_are_offered_and_embedded() {
+        let tmp = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        let dir = tmp.path();
+        let path = dir.join("film.cube");
+        std::fs::write(&path, CUBE).unwrap();
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "fileHandling.lutFolder", "value": dir.to_str().unwrap()})).unwrap();
+        // The scan runs on a worker thread: ask again until it has finished.
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut folder = folder_luts(&app, &ctx);
+        for _ in 0..500 {
+            if !folder.is_empty() {
+                break;
+            }
+            std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(10));
+            folder = folder_luts(&app, &ctx);
+        }
+        let key = format!("{FOLDER_LUT}{}", path.to_str().unwrap());
+        assert_eq!(folder, [("film.cube".to_string(), path.to_str().unwrap().to_string())]);
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 16, "height": 12})).unwrap();
+        let layer = app.run("layer.newAdjustmentLayer.colorLookup", json!({})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap();
+        let mut p = lookup_params(&key);
+        p["layer"] = json!(layer);
+        app.run("layer.setAdjustment", p).unwrap();
+        let photocraft_doc::LayerContent::Adjustment(Adjustment::ColorLookup { name, lut, .. }) =
+            &app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layer(LayerId(layer)).unwrap().content
+        else {
+            panic!("not a Color Lookup layer")
+        };
+        assert!(lut.is_some());
+        assert_eq!(current_lookup(name, true, &folder), key);
+        assert_eq!(current_lookup(name, true, &[]), "custom");
+        assert_eq!(lookup_params("none"), json!({"lut": "none"}));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn invalid_lut_does_not_modify_the_existing_adjustment() {
         let (dialog, _) = file_dialog::fake(vec![Some(FileDialogAnswer::Contents("broken.cube".into(), b"invalid".to_vec()))]);
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/align_bar.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/align_bar.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d663283e02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/align_bar.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+//! The Move tool's Align and Distribute controls (Photoshop shows them whenever the Move tool is
+//! active; they enable once enough layers are selected). Every button dispatches an existing
+//! `layer.align.*` / `layer.distribute.*` command.
+
+use serde_json::json;
+
+use crate::theme::Tokens;
+use crate::{PhotocraftApp, icons};
+
+/// (command id, icon, label). The labels are the Layer menu's, already translated.
+const ALIGN: [(&str, &str, &str); 6] = [
+    ("layer.align.leftEdges", "align-edge-left", "Left Edges"),
+    ("layer.align.horizontalCenters", "align-edge-hcenter", "Horizontal Centers"),
+    ("layer.align.rightEdges", "align-edge-right", "Right Edges"),
+    ("layer.align.topEdges", "align-edge-top", "Top Edges"),
+    ("layer.align.verticalCenters", "align-edge-vcenter", "Vertical Centers"),
+    ("layer.align.bottomEdges", "align-edge-bottom", "Bottom Edges"),
+];
+
+const DISTRIBUTE: [(&str, &str, &str); 8] = [
+    ("layer.distribute.topEdges", "distribute-top", "Top Edges"),
+    ("layer.distribute.verticalCenters", "distribute-vcenter", "Vertical Centers"),
+    ("layer.distribute.bottomEdges", "distribute-bottom", "Bottom Edges"),
+    ("layer.distribute.leftEdges", "distribute-left", "Left Edges"),
+    ("layer.distribute.horizontalCenters", "distribute-hcenter", "Horizontal Centers"),
+    ("layer.distribute.rightEdges", "distribute-right", "Right Edges"),
+    ("layer.distribute.horizontally", "distribute-horizontal", "Horizontally"),
+    ("layer.distribute.vertically", "distribute-vertical", "Vertically"),
+];
+
+/// The six align icons followed by a menu holding both groups with icons and names.
+pub fn options(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
+    let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
+    ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 0.0;
+    for (cmd, icon, label) in ALIGN {
+        let tip = format!("{}: {}", tl!("Align"), tl!(label));
+        let on = app.session.is_enabled(cmd);
+        if ui.add_enabled_ui(on, |ui| icons::button(ui, icon, 24.0, false, &tip)).inner.clicked() {
+            let _ = app.run(cmd, json!({}));
+        }
+    }
+    ui.add_space(6.0);
+    let more = icons::button(ui, "ellipsis", 24.0, false, tl!("Align and distribute"));
+    egui::Popup::menu(&more).show(|ui| {
+        ui.set_min_width(200.0);
+        let mut section = |ui: &mut egui::Ui, title: &str, items: &[(&str, &str, &str)]| {
+            ui.label(egui::RichText::new(title).small().color(t.text_dim));
+            for (cmd, icon, label) in items {
+                let on = app.session.is_enabled(cmd);
+                let tint = if on { t.icon } else { t.text_dim };
+                let button = egui::Button::image_and_text(icons::image(icon, 16.0, tint), tl!(label));
+                if ui.add_enabled(on, button).clicked() {
+                    let _ = app.run(cmd, json!({}));
+                    ui.close();
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        section(ui, tl!("Align"), &ALIGN);
+        ui.separator();
+        section(ui, tl!("Distribute"), &DISTRIBUTE);
+    });
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn every_button_is_a_live_command_with_an_icon() {
+        let specs = photocraft_engine::command_specs();
+        for (cmd, icon, _) in ALIGN.iter().chain(DISTRIBUTE.iter()) {
+            assert!(specs.iter().any(|c| c.id == *cmd), "{cmd} is not a command");
+            assert!(icons::exists(icon), "{icon} is not embedded");
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/alt_click_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/alt_click_tests.rs
index 5e0e9d683b..2bbc1a673e 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/alt_click_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/alt_click_tests.rs
@@ -111,6 +111,87 @@ fn alt_click_with_the_brush_samples_the_foreground() {
     assert_eq!(h.state().session.tools.foreground, [0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0], "⌥-click sampled green");
 }
 
+/// Alt-click sampling respects the canvas view transform without changing document pixels.
+#[test]
+fn mixer_alt_click_samples_the_tip_through_zoomed_rotated_canvas_input() {
+    for (zoom, rotation) in [(0.5, 0.0), (1.0, 0.0), (2.0, 30.0)] {
+        let mut app = two_colours();
+        app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.run(
+            "tools.setBrush",
+            json!({"brush":{"size":24,"roundness":0.4,"hardness":1.0,"pressureSize":false,"mixer":{"wet":0.0,"mix":0.0,"sampleAllLayers":true}}}),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let mut h = harness(app);
+        h.state_mut().ui.tool = Tool::MixerBrush;
+        h.state_mut().ui.views[0].zoom = zoom;
+        h.state_mut().ui.views[0].rotation = rotation;
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        let before = h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+        let steps = h.state().session.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        click(&mut h, 100.0, 50.0, Modifiers::ALT);
+        let state = &h.state().session.tools.mixer;
+        let load = state.spatial.as_ref().expect("Alt loads a spatial brush tip");
+        assert!(load.iter().any(|c| c[0] > 0.9 && c[1] < 0.1 && c[3] > 0.9));
+        assert!(load.iter().any(|c| c[1] > 0.9 && c[0] < 0.1 && c[3] > 0.9));
+        assert!(std::sync::Arc::ptr_eq(&before, &h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc));
+        assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps);
+        click(&mut h, 40.0, 50.0, Modifiers::NONE);
+        let st = h.state().session.active().unwrap();
+        let surface = st.doc.layer(st.active_layer.unwrap()).unwrap().surface().unwrap();
+        assert!(surface.rgba(34, 50)[0] > 0.9 && surface.rgba(46, 50)[1] > 0.9, "loaded halves follow document coordinates at {zoom}x/{rotation}°");
+        assert_eq!(st.history.past_len(), steps + 1);
+        assert!(crate::alt_grab::alt_click_tool(Tool::MixerBrush, Modifiers::ALT));
+        assert!(!crate::alt_grab::alt_click_tool(Tool::MixerBrush, Modifiers::ALT | Modifiers::CTRL));
+    }
+}
+
+/// Native pointer release commits the shown mixer result before restoring a spring-loaded tool.
+#[test]
+fn mixer_raw_drag_commits_live_pixels_before_a_spring_tool_returns() {
+    for spring in [false, true] {
+        let mut app = two_colours();
+        app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.run("tools.setColors", json!({"foreground":"#0000ff"})).unwrap();
+        app.run(
+            "tools.setBrush",
+            json!({"brush":{"size":24,"pressureSize":false,"mixer":{"wet":1.0,"mix":0.5,"sampleAllLayers":true},"smoothing":{"amount":0.0}}}),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let mut h = harness(app);
+        h.state_mut().ui.tool = Tool::MixerBrush;
+        let before = h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+        let steps = h.state().session.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        let start = screen(&h, 40.0, 50.0);
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(start));
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        button(&mut h, start, true, Modifiers::NONE);
+        if spring {
+            // A temporary Mixer Brush's key was released while its mouse drag is held.
+            h.state_mut().ui.spring =
+                Some(crate::spring_tools::Spring { previous: Tool::Zoom, tool: Tool::MixerBrush, keys: vec![], since: 0.0, used: true, released: true });
+        }
+        let end = screen(&h, 80.0, 50.0);
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(end));
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().ui.tool, Tool::MixerBrush);
+        let shown = crate::canvas::display_doc(h.state_mut(), 0).0;
+        let id = h.state().session.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        let paint = shown.layer(id).unwrap().surface().unwrap();
+        let mixed = paint.rgba(60, 50);
+        assert!(mixed[0] > 0.0 && mixed[2] > 0.0 && mixed[3] > 0.0, "real red/blue mixing while held: {mixed:?}");
+        assert!(std::sync::Arc::ptr_eq(&before, &h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc));
+        button(&mut h, end, false, Modifiers::NONE);
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        let st = h.state().session.active().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(st.doc.layer(id).unwrap().surface().unwrap(), paint);
+        assert_eq!(st.history.past_len(), steps + 1);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().ui.tool, if spring { Tool::Zoom } else { Tool::MixerBrush });
+        h.state_mut().run("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(*h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc, *before);
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn alt_click_sets_the_clone_source_and_a_drag_paints_it() {
     let mut h = harness(two_colours());
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/alt_grab.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/alt_grab.rs
index fc0f3f1c8e..17dbec5cca 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/alt_grab.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/alt_grab.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ struct Watch {
 
 /// Tools whose ⌥-click does something: the ⌥ Eyedropper, the clone source point and Zoom Out.
 pub(crate) fn alt_click_tool(tool: Tool, mods: egui::Modifiers) -> bool {
-    crate::canvas::alt_samples(tool, mods) || (mods.alt && !mods.ctrl && matches!(tool, Tool::CloneStamp | Tool::Healing | Tool::Zoom))
+    crate::canvas::alt_samples(tool, mods) || (mods.alt && !mods.ctrl && matches!(tool, Tool::MixerBrush | Tool::CloneStamp | Tool::Healing | Tool::Zoom))
 }
 
 /// The status-bar message for an ⌥-click the desktop took.
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/analysis_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/analysis_ui.rs
index d62de17348..f3c1594b7b 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/analysis_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/analysis_ui.rs
@@ -530,7 +530,7 @@ pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, tool: Tool) -> bo
             if !m.count_groups.is_empty() {
                 let mut gi = m.active_count_group.min(m.count_groups.len() - 1);
                 let opts: Vec<(usize, &str)> = m.count_groups.iter().enumerate().map(|(i, g)| (i, g.name.as_str())).collect();
-                if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "count-group", &mut gi, &opts, 140.0) {
+                if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "count-group", tl!("Group"), &mut gi, &opts, 140.0) {
                     let _ = app.run("count.setGroup", json!({"group": gi, "active": true}));
                 }
                 let g = &m.count_groups[gi];
@@ -563,9 +563,9 @@ pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, tool: Tool) -> bo
                 crate::widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
                 let (mut ms, mut ls) = (g.marker_size as f32, g.label_size as f32);
                 ui.label(RichText::new(tl!("Marker Size")).color(t.text_dim).size(11.0));
-                let a = crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut ms, 1.0..=10.0, "", 40.0).changed();
+                let a = crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut ms, 1.0..=10.0, "", 40.0).accessible_name(tl!("Marker Size")).changed();
                 ui.label(RichText::new(tl!("Label Size")).color(t.text_dim).size(11.0));
-                let b = crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut ls, 8.0..=72.0, "", 44.0).changed();
+                let b = crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut ls, 8.0..=72.0, "", 44.0).accessible_name(tl!("Label Size")).changed();
                 if a || b {
                     let _ = app.run("count.setGroup", count_size_params(ms, ls));
                 }
@@ -574,8 +574,8 @@ pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, tool: Tool) -> bo
         }
         Tool::Note => {
             let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
-            ui.label(RichText::new(tl!("Author:")).color(t.text_dim).size(11.0));
-            ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut app.ui.analysis.note_author).desired_width(120.0));
+            let author_label = ui.label(RichText::new(tl!("Author:")).color(t.text_dim).size(11.0));
+            ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut app.ui.analysis.note_author).desired_width(120.0)).labelled_by(author_label.id);
             ui.label(RichText::new(tl!("Color:")).color(t.text_dim).size(11.0));
             let rgb = app.ui.analysis.note_color;
             if crate::widgets::color_swatch_button(ui, color32(rgb), tl!("Color")).clicked() {
@@ -653,7 +653,7 @@ pub(crate) fn panel_window(app: &PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, id: &str, t
     let t = Tokens::get(ctx);
     let canvas = app.last_canvas_rect;
     egui::Window::new(title)
-        .id(egui::Id::new(id))
+        .id(egui::Id::unique(id))
         .title_bar(false)
         .resizable(false)
         .movable(!app.session.prefs().workspace_locked)
@@ -789,7 +789,7 @@ fn notes_panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
                 let note = &notes[i];
                 ui.label(RichText::new(if note.author.is_empty() { tl!("No author").to_string() } else { note.author.clone() }).color(t.text_dim).size(11.0));
                 let mut text = note.text.clone();
-                if ui.add(egui::TextEdit::multiline(&mut text).desired_rows(6).desired_width(f32::INFINITY)).changed() {
+                if ui.add(egui::TextEdit::multiline(&mut text).desired_rows(6).desired_width(f32::INFINITY)).accessible_name(tl!("Notes")).changed() {
                     edit = Some(json!({"index": i, "text": text, "coalesce": format!("note-{i}")}));
                 }
             }
@@ -837,7 +837,7 @@ fn num_field(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>, key: &str, label: &s
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         ui.add_sized(vec2(110.0, 18.0), egui::Label::new(RichText::new(tl!(&label)).color(t.text_dim).size(11.0)));
         let mut v = f.get(key).and_then(Value::as_f64).unwrap_or(0.0) as f32;
-        if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut v, range, suffix, 80.0).changed() {
+        if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut v, range, suffix, 80.0).accessible_name(tl!(label)).changed() {
             f.insert(key.into(), json!(v));
         }
     });
@@ -849,7 +849,7 @@ fn choice(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>, key: &str, label: &str,
         ui.add_sized(vec2(110.0, 18.0), egui::Label::new(RichText::new(tl!(&label)).color(t.text_dim).size(11.0)));
         let mut cur = f.get(key).and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or(opts[0].0).to_string();
         let list: Vec<(String, &str)> = opts.iter().map(|(k, l)| (k.to_string(), *l)).collect();
-        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("an-{key}"), &mut cur, &list, 120.0) {
+        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("an-{key}"), tl!(label), &mut cur, &list, 120.0) {
             f.insert(key.into(), json!(cur));
         }
     });
@@ -887,7 +887,7 @@ fn dialog(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
     };
     let mut result: Option<bool> = None;
     egui::Window::new(title)
-        .id(egui::Id::new("analysis-dialog"))
+        .id(egui::Id::unique("analysis-dialog"))
         .collapsible(false)
         .resizable(false)
         .anchor(Align2::CENTER_CENTER, vec2(0.0, 0.0))
@@ -904,9 +904,10 @@ fn dialog(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
                         num_field(ui, &mut f, "pixelLength", tl!("Pixel Length:"), 0.001..=1e7, "");
                         num_field(ui, &mut f, "logicalLength", tl!("Logical Length:"), 0.0001..=1e7, "");
                         ui.horizontal(|ui| {
-                            ui.add_sized(vec2(110.0, 18.0), egui::Label::new(RichText::new(tl!("Logical Units:")).color(t.text_dim).size(11.0)));
+                            let units_label =
+                                ui.add_sized(vec2(110.0, 18.0), egui::Label::new(RichText::new(tl!("Logical Units:")).color(t.text_dim).size(11.0)));
                             let mut u = f.get("units").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("pixels").to_string();
-                            if ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut u).desired_width(80.0)).changed() {
+                            if ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut u).desired_width(80.0)).labelled_by(units_label.id).changed() {
                                 f.insert("units".into(), json!(u));
                             }
                         });
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/ants.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/ants.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2af2e7bd08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/ants.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+//! Marching ants: the selection outline, drawn the way Photoshop draws it (#7489).
+//!
+//! Everything is laid out in device pixels, not egui points. An edge is a band `width` pixels
+//! thick on the pixel boundary nearest to it (one pixel at 100 %, two up to 200 %, …), and each
+//! of its pixels is black or white by a dash pattern fixed to the screen: dashes and gaps of
+//! `4 · width` pixels along the edge, each row of a thicker band shifted `width` pixels against
+//! the row beside it, so a dash ends on a slant. The pattern slides over time (the march).
+//!
+//! A point is a fractional number of pixels on a scaled display (125 %, 150 %), so the ants used to
+//! be snapped to a grid the screen doesn't have: one edge of a rectangle came out 2 px thick and the
+//! next 1 px, the dashes 5 px long here and 4 px there.
+//!
+//! Horizontal and vertical edges go in one mesh of pixel-aligned quads, which egui draws as it is:
+//! a line shape per dash took egui ~35 ms a frame to tessellate for a speckled selection seen whole
+//! (about 10⁵ segments, #3846). A slanted edge (a transformed outline, an ellipse, a lasso path)
+//! stays a line shape, which egui antialiases.
+
+use egui::{Color32, Mesh, Pos2, Rect, Shape, Stroke, pos2};
+
+/// Dash (and gap) length, in line widths.
+const DASH: i64 = 4;
+/// How fast the ants march, in line widths per second.
+const SPEED: f64 = 10.0;
+/// Longer than any line that fits the view: only its part in view is dashed.
+const LONG: f32 = 8192.0;
+
+/// The ants on a display of `ppp` device pixels per point, at one moment of the march.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub(crate) struct Style {
+    ppp: f32,
+    /// Line thickness, in device pixels.
+    width: i64,
+    /// Dash length, in device pixels.
+    dash: i64,
+    /// How far the pattern has marched, in device pixels.
+    phase: i64,
+}
+
+impl Style {
+    /// The ants at frame time `time` (s).
+    pub(crate) fn new(ppp: f32, time: f64) -> Self {
+        let ppp = if ppp.is_finite() && ppp > 0.0 { ppp } else { 1.0 };
+        // A hair over a whole scale (a windowing system's rounding) is still that scale.
+        let width = ((ppp - 0.01).ceil() as i64).clamp(1, 8);
+        let dash = DASH * width;
+        let time = if time.is_finite() { time.max(0.0) } else { 0.0 };
+        let phase = ((time * SPEED * width as f64) % (2 * dash) as f64) as i64;
+        Self { ppp, width, dash, phase }
+    }
+
+    /// The black runs of `[lo, hi)` along one pixel row (or column) of a band. A pixel is black
+    /// where `(s + phase) mod 2·dash < dash`, `s` being its position along the edge plus `off`,
+    /// `width` times its position across it: `x + w·y` on a horizontal edge, `y + w·x` on a
+    /// vertical one.
+    fn runs(&self, lo: i64, hi: i64, off: i64) -> impl Iterator<Item = (i64, i64)> + '_ {
+        let period = 2 * self.dash;
+        let first = lo - (lo + off + self.phase).rem_euclid(period);
+        std::iter::successors(Some(first), move |s| Some(s + period))
+            .take_while(move |&s| s < hi)
+            .map(move |s| (s.max(lo), (s + self.dash).min(hi)))
+            .filter(|(s, e)| e > s)
+    }
+}
+
+/// The ants along `lines` (screen points) inside `clip`: a mesh of the horizontal and vertical
+/// edges, and line shapes for the slanted ones. `snap_slanted` puts a slanted edge's ends on pixel
+/// centres too: a traced outline in a rotated view, a staircase whose steps must meet. A drawn curve
+/// (an ellipse, a lasso path) keeps its own points, or its nearly flat arcs turn into 1 px stairs
+/// whose antialiased steps wash out to grey.
+pub(crate) fn shapes(lines: impl Iterator<Item = (Pos2, Pos2)>, clip: Rect, style: Style, snap_slanted: bool) -> (Mesh, Vec<Shape>) {
+    let Style { ppp, width: w, dash, .. } = style;
+    let mut mesh = Mesh::default();
+    let mut slanted = Vec::new();
+    // Device pixels → a rectangle in points.
+    let mut quad = |x0: i64, y0: i64, x1: i64, y1: i64, color: Color32| {
+        let r = Rect::from_min_max(pos2(x0 as f32 / ppp, y0 as f32 / ppp), pos2(x1 as f32 / ppp, y1 as f32 / ppp));
+        mesh.add_colored_rect(r, color);
+    };
+    // The view in device pixels, a dash period wider: a band is cut to it so a long edge costs
+    // what its visible part does, and the pattern is fixed to the screen so the cut doesn't move it.
+    let view = clip.expand(2.0 * dash as f32 / ppp);
+    let (vx0, vy0) = ((view.min.x * ppp).floor() as i64, (view.min.y * ppp).floor() as i64);
+    let (vx1, vy1) = ((view.max.x * ppp).ceil() as i64, (view.max.y * ppp).ceil() as i64);
+    // The first pixel of a band across its boundary: centred on it, the odd one after it.
+    let half = w / 2;
+    for (pa, pb) in lines {
+        // A transformed outline can land anywhere, or nowhere (a point on a Distort's horizon).
+        if !(pa.is_finite() && pb.is_finite() && clip.intersects(Rect::from_two_pos(pa, pb).expand(1.0))) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let (pa, pb) = if pa.distance(pb) > LONG {
+            let Some(inside) = crate::canvas::clip_line(view, pa, pb) else { continue };
+            inside
+        } else {
+            (pa, pb)
+        };
+        let (da, db) = (pa * ppp, pb * ppp);
+        let (ax, ay, bx, by) = (da.x.round() as i64, da.y.round() as i64, db.x.round() as i64, db.y.round() as i64);
+        if (ax, ay) == (bx, by) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if ay == by {
+            // Horizontal: rows `y0..y0 + w`, from one end's band to the other's, so edges meet
+            // at corners.
+            let (x0, x1) = ((ax.min(bx) - half).max(vx0), (ax.max(bx) - half + w).min(vx1));
+            let y0 = ay - half;
+            if x1 <= x0 {
+                continue;
+            }
+            quad(x0, y0, x1, y0 + w, Color32::WHITE);
+            for y in y0..y0 + w {
+                for (s, e) in style.runs(x0, x1, w * y) {
+                    quad(s, y, e, y + 1, Color32::BLACK);
+                }
+            }
+        } else if ax == bx {
+            let (y0, y1) = ((ay.min(by) - half).max(vy0), (ay.max(by) - half + w).min(vy1));
+            let x0 = ax - half;
+            if y1 <= y0 {
+                continue;
+            }
+            quad(x0, y0, x0 + w, y1, Color32::WHITE);
+            for x in x0..x0 + w {
+                for (s, e) in style.runs(y0, y1, w * x) {
+                    quad(x, s, x + 1, e, Color32::BLACK);
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            // On the middle of the band a snapped straight edge would be.
+            let centre = w as f32 / 2.0 - half as f32;
+            let (da, db) = if snap_slanted { (pos2(ax as f32 + centre, ay as f32 + centre), pos2(bx as f32 + centre, by as f32 + centre)) } else { (da, db) };
+            let len = da.distance(db);
+            let dir = (db - da) / len;
+            let stroke = |color| Stroke::new(w as f32 / ppp, color);
+            slanted.push(Shape::line_segment([da / ppp, db / ppp], stroke(Color32::WHITE)));
+            // Phased by screen position, like the straight edges, so dashes line up across joins.
+            let period = (2 * dash) as f32;
+            let mut t = -(da.x.floor() + da.y.floor() + style.phase as f32).rem_euclid(period);
+            while t < len {
+                let (s0, s1) = (t.max(0.0), (t + dash as f32).min(len));
+                if s1 > s0 {
+                    slanted.push(Shape::line_segment([(da + dir * s0) / ppp, (da + dir * s1) / ppp], stroke(Color32::BLACK)));
+                }
+                t += period;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    (mesh, slanted)
+}
+
+/// Draw the ants along `lines` (screen points) at frame time `time`; see [`shapes`].
+pub(crate) fn draw(painter: &egui::Painter, lines: impl Iterator<Item = (Pos2, Pos2)>, time: f64, snap_slanted: bool) {
+    let style = Style::new(painter.pixels_per_point(), time);
+    let (mesh, slanted) = shapes(lines, painter.clip_rect(), style, snap_slanted);
+    painter.extend(slanted);
+    if !mesh.is_empty() {
+        painter.add(Shape::mesh(mesh));
+    }
+}
+
+/// The segments of the polyline `points`, back to the first when `closed`.
+pub(crate) fn polyline(points: &[Pos2], closed: bool) -> impl Iterator<Item = (Pos2, Pos2)> + '_ {
+    let back = points.first().zip(points.last()).filter(|_| closed && points.len() > 2).map(|(f, l)| (*l, *f));
+    points.windows(2).filter_map(|w| Some((*w.first()?, *w.get(1)?))).chain(back)
+}
+
+/// Draw animated ants along the polyline `points` (screen points), and keep them marching.
+pub(crate) fn draw_polyline(painter: &egui::Painter, points: &[Pos2], closed: bool) {
+    let time = painter.ctx().input(|i| i.time);
+    painter.ctx().request_repaint_after(std::time::Duration::from_millis(100));
+    draw(painter, polyline(points, closed), time, false);
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    const VIEW: Rect = Rect { min: pos2(0.0, 0.0), max: pos2(800.0, 600.0) };
+
+    /// The mesh's quads in device pixels, `[x0, y0, x1, y1, black]`, checking each lands exactly
+    /// on the pixel grid.
+    fn quads(mesh: &Mesh, ppp: f32) -> Vec<[i64; 5]> {
+        mesh.vertices
+            .chunks(4)
+            .map(|q| {
+                let px: Vec<[f32; 2]> = q.iter().map(|v| [v.pos.x * ppp, v.pos.y * ppp]).collect();
+                for p in &px {
+                    assert!((p[0] - p[0].round()).abs() < 1e-3 && (p[1] - p[1].round()).abs() < 1e-3, "off the pixel grid at {ppp}x: {p:?}");
+                }
+                let xs = px.iter().map(|p| p[0].round() as i64);
+                let ys = px.iter().map(|p| p[1].round() as i64);
+                let black = q[0].color == Color32::BLACK;
+                [xs.clone().min().unwrap(), ys.clone().min().unwrap(), xs.max().unwrap(), ys.max().unwrap(), i64::from(black)]
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    /// The black pixels of a rasterised mesh.
+    fn black_pixels(q: &[[i64; 5]]) -> std::collections::BTreeSet<(i64, i64)> {
+        q.iter().filter(|q| q[4] == 1).flat_map(|&[x0, y0, x1, y1, _]| (x0..x1).flat_map(move |x| (y0..y1).map(move |y| (x, y)))).collect()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_line_is_whole_device_pixels_thick() {
+        for (ppp, w) in [(1.0, 1), (1.0001, 1), (1.25, 2), (1.5, 2), (1.75, 2), (2.0, 2), (2.5, 3), (3.0, 3), (0.0, 1), (f32::NAN, 1)] {
+            assert_eq!(Style::new(ppp, 0.0).width, w, "@{ppp}x");
+            assert_eq!(Style::new(ppp, 0.0).dash, 4 * w);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The bug in #7489: at 125 % one edge was 2 px and the next 1 px.
+    #[test]
+    fn every_edge_of_a_rectangle_is_as_thick_as_the_others_at_a_fractional_scale() {
+        for ppp in [1.0f32, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2.0] {
+            let style = Style::new(ppp, 0.0);
+            // Corners at odd and even points, which a fractional scale puts at different fractions
+            // of a pixel.
+            let r = [pos2(101.0, 60.0), pos2(203.0, 60.0), pos2(203.0, 241.0), pos2(101.0, 241.0)];
+            let (mesh, slanted) = shapes(polyline(&r, true), VIEW, style, true);
+            assert!(slanted.is_empty());
+            let q = quads(&mesh, ppp);
+            let w = style.width;
+            // Every white base is `w` thick, and every dash is one pixel row (or column) of it.
+            for &[x0, y0, x1, y1, black] in &q {
+                let across = (x1 - x0).min(y1 - y0);
+                assert_eq!(across, if black == 1 { 1 } else { w }, "@{ppp}x: {:?}", [x0, y0, x1, y1]);
+            }
+            // Dashes are 4·w long, but where the edge's ends cut them.
+            let dashes: Vec<i64> = q.iter().filter(|q| q[4] == 1).map(|&[x0, y0, x1, y1, _]| (x1 - x0).max(y1 - y0)).collect();
+            assert!(dashes.iter().all(|&n| n <= 4 * w) && dashes.iter().filter(|&&n| n == 4 * w).count() * 2 > dashes.len(), "@{ppp}x: {dashes:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A 2 px line's rows are shifted 2 px against each other, so a dash ends on a slant (as in
+    /// Photoshop: the row nearer the bottom or right leads).
+    #[test]
+    fn a_thick_line_ends_its_dashes_on_a_slant() {
+        let style = Style::new(2.0, 0.0);
+        let (mesh, _) = shapes(polyline(&[pos2(10.0, 10.0), pos2(90.0, 10.0)], false), VIEW, style, true);
+        let black = black_pixels(&quads(&mesh, 2.0));
+        // Device row 19 and 20 straddle the edge at y = 20 px.
+        let row = |y: i64| -> Vec<i64> { (30..170).filter(|&x| black.contains(&(x, y))).collect() };
+        let (upper, lower) = (row(19), row(20));
+        assert_eq!(upper.len(), lower.len());
+        let shifted: Vec<i64> = upper.iter().map(|x| x - 2).filter(|x| (30..168).contains(x)).collect();
+        assert!(shifted.iter().all(|x| lower.contains(x)), "the lower row leads by 2 px: {upper:?} / {lower:?}");
+        // The vertical edges too: the right column leads (starts higher) by 2 px.
+        let (mesh, _) = shapes(polyline(&[pos2(10.0, 10.0), pos2(10.0, 90.0)], false), VIEW, style, true);
+        let black = black_pixels(&quads(&mesh, 2.0));
+        let col = |x: i64| -> Vec<i64> { (30..170).filter(|&y| black.contains(&(x, y))).collect() };
+        let (left, right) = (col(19), col(20));
+        let shifted: Vec<i64> = left.iter().map(|y| y - 2).filter(|y| (30..168).contains(y)).collect();
+        assert!(shifted.iter().all(|y| right.contains(y)), "{left:?} / {right:?}");
+    }
+
+    /// At 100 % the pattern is the classic one: black where `(x + y + phase) mod 8 < 4`, so
+    /// dashes line up across a corner and march with time.
+    #[test]
+    fn the_ants_march_and_line_up_at_corners() {
+        let at = |time: f64| {
+            let (mesh, _) = shapes(polyline(&[pos2(10.0, 10.0), pos2(50.0, 10.0), pos2(50.0, 50.0)], false), VIEW, Style::new(1.0, time), true);
+            black_pixels(&quads(&mesh, 1.0))
+        };
+        let still = at(0.0);
+        for x in 10..=50 {
+            assert_eq!(still.contains(&(x, 10)), (x + 10).rem_euclid(8) < 4, "top edge at {x}");
+        }
+        for y in 10..=50 {
+            assert_eq!(still.contains(&(50, y)), (50 + y).rem_euclid(8) < 4, "right edge at {y}");
+        }
+        assert_ne!(still, at(0.25), "the ants march");
+        assert_eq!(still, at(0.8), "one period later they are back");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_long_edge_costs_only_its_visible_part() {
+        let (mesh, _) = shapes(polyline(&[pos2(-1e7, 100.0), pos2(1e7, 100.0)], false), VIEW, Style::new(1.0, 0.0), true);
+        // 800 px in view: ~100 dashes, not 2.5 million.
+        assert!(mesh.vertices.len() < 4 * 200, "{} vertices", mesh.vertices.len());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn slanted_lines_are_antialiased_strokes_as_thick_as_the_straight_ones() {
+        let style = Style::new(1.5, 0.0);
+        let (mesh, slanted) = shapes(polyline(&[pos2(10.0, 10.0), pos2(80.0, 50.0)], false), VIEW, style, false);
+        assert!(mesh.is_empty());
+        assert!(slanted.len() > 2);
+        for s in &slanted {
+            let Shape::LineSegment { stroke, .. } = s else { panic!("{s:?}") };
+            assert!((stroke.width * 1.5 - 2.0).abs() < 1e-4, "2 device px: {}", stroke.width);
+        }
+        let colours: Vec<Color32> = slanted.iter().filter_map(|s| if let Shape::LineSegment { stroke, .. } = s { Some(stroke.color) } else { None }).collect();
+        assert!(colours.contains(&Color32::WHITE) && colours.contains(&Color32::BLACK));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn hostile_points_draw_nothing_and_never_panic() {
+        for (a, b) in [
+            (pos2(f32::NAN, 0.0), pos2(10.0, 10.0)),
+            (pos2(f32::INFINITY, 0.0), pos2(10.0, 10.0)),
+            (pos2(5.0, 5.0), pos2(5.0, 5.0)),
+            (pos2(-1e30, -1e30), pos2(-1e30, 1e30)),
+            (pos2(1e30, 5.0), pos2(-1e30, 5.0)),
+        ] {
+            for snap in [true, false] {
+                let _ = shapes([(a, b)].into_iter(), VIEW, Style::new(1.25, f64::NAN), snap);
+            }
+        }
+        assert_eq!(polyline(&[], true).count(), 0);
+        assert_eq!(polyline(&[pos2(0.0, 0.0)], true).count(), 0);
+        assert_eq!(polyline(&[pos2(0.0, 0.0), pos2(1.0, 0.0)], true).count(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(polyline(&[pos2(0.0, 0.0), pos2(1.0, 0.0), pos2(1.0, 1.0)], true).count(), 3);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/apply_color.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/apply_color.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..28d76113a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/apply_color.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+//! A new foreground colour recolours the selected objects: the Color panel, the Swatches panel and
+//! the Color Picker set the foreground, and depending on the tool in hand it also goes to what is
+//! selected:
+//!
+//! * characters selected while editing type: those characters (`type_tool::foreground_changed`);
+//! * a Type tool, not editing: the colour of every selected type layer (`type.setStyle`);
+//! * a shape tool, a Pen or a path selection tool: the fill of every selected shape layer
+//!   (`shape.edit` with `fill`);
+//! * any other tool (the Move tool, the brushes, the pixel selection tools…): nothing, only the
+//!   foreground.
+//!
+//! A click on a swatch is broader, as in Photoshop: whatever the tool, it recolours every selected
+//! type layer and the fill of every selected shape layer (#9238; Photoshop 2025 measured with the
+//! Move and Brush tools), while the Color panel keeps to the rules above.
+//!
+//! One pick is one history step for all the layers it recolours; a drag in the Color panel's field
+//! or sliders is one step too.
+
+use egui::{Context, Id};
+use photocraft_doc::{Color, Fill, LayerContent};
+use serde_json::json;
+
+use crate::PhotocraftApp;
+use crate::state::Tool;
+
+fn hex(c: [f32; 4]) -> String {
+    let b = |v: f32| (v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 255.0).round() as u8;
+    format!("#{:02x}{:02x}{:02x}", b(c[0]), b(c[1]), b(c[2]))
+}
+
+/// Does a new foreground recolour selected shape layers with `tool`?
+fn recolours_shapes(tool: Tool) -> bool {
+    crate::vector_ui::is_shape_tool(tool)
+        || matches!(
+            tool,
+            Tool::PathSelection
+                | Tool::DirectSelection
+                | Tool::Pen
+                | Tool::FreeformPen
+                | Tool::CurvaturePen
+                | Tool::AddAnchorPoint
+                | Tool::DeleteAnchorPoint
+                | Tool::ConvertPoint
+        )
+}
+
+/// The gesture a Color panel pick belongs to: the press while the pointer is held (a drag in its
+/// field or sliders), else the field being typed into (its value changes with every keystroke);
+/// `None` for a click. Every pick of one gesture joins one history step, and the next press or
+/// focused field starts another.
+pub fn gesture(ctx: &Context) -> Option<String> {
+    if let Some(t) = ctx.input(|i| if i.pointer.any_down() { i.pointer.press_start_time() } else { None }) {
+        return Some(format!("press-{}", t.to_bits()));
+    }
+    // A click (reported on its release) is a step of its own, even while a field keeps the focus.
+    if ctx.input(|i| i.pointer.any_released()) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    // The focused field; on the frame Enter commits a typed sum (`2*64`) it has just let go, so
+    // the field focused last frame.
+    let (last, n) = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<(Option<Id>, u64)>(focus_key())).unwrap_or_default();
+    ctx.memory(|m| m.focused()).or(last).map(|id| format!("field-{}-{n}", id.value()))
+}
+
+fn focus_key() -> Id {
+    Id::unique("apply-color-focus")
+}
+
+/// Counts the changes of keyboard focus, so two values typed into one field, each after
+/// focusing it, are two history steps (see [`gesture`]). Called every frame by the Color panel.
+pub fn track_focus(ctx: &Context) {
+    let focused = ctx.memory(|m| m.focused());
+    ctx.data_mut(|d| {
+        let (last, n) = d.get_temp::<(Option<Id>, u64)>(focus_key()).unwrap_or_default();
+        if last != focused {
+            d.insert_temp(focus_key(), (focused, n.wrapping_add(1)));
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+/// The foreground colour just changed through the Color panel, the Swatches panel or the Color
+/// Picker: recolour what is selected, as the tool in hand says (see the module docs).
+/// Picks of one `gesture` (a Color panel drag or typed value, see [`gesture`]) share one history
+/// step; `None` (a swatch, the Color Picker, a click) is a step of its own.
+pub fn foreground_changed(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, gesture: Option<String>) {
+    recolour(app, gesture, false);
+}
+
+/// A swatch just set the foreground: recolour the selected characters while editing type, else
+/// every selected type layer and shape fill, whatever the tool (see the module docs).
+pub fn swatch_picked(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
+    recolour(app, None, true);
+}
+
+fn recolour(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, gesture: Option<String>, any_tool: bool) {
+    // Editing type: the selected characters, in the editing session's step; nothing else.
+    if app.ui.text_edit.is_some() {
+        crate::type_tool::foreground_changed(app);
+        return;
+    }
+    let tool = app.ui.tool;
+    // What the tool in hand recolours: type layers or shape layers (a swatch: both).
+    let (do_texts, do_shapes) = match tool {
+        _ if any_tool => (true, true),
+        t if t.is_type() && !t.is_type_mask() => (true, false),
+        t if recolours_shapes(t) => (false, true),
+        _ => return,
+    };
+    let Some(st) = app.session.active() else { return };
+    let fg = app.session.tools.foreground;
+    let (texts, shapes): (Vec<u64>, Vec<(u64, f32)>) = {
+        let selected: Vec<_> = st.selected_layers().into_iter().filter_map(|id| st.doc.layer(id)).collect();
+        let texts = selected.iter().filter(|l| matches!(l.content, LayerContent::Text(_))).map(|l| l.id.0).collect();
+        // A shape keeps its fill's own opacity and takes the float colour as it is (#5568);
+        // locked shapes and ones already filled with it are left alone.
+        let shapes = selected
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|l| {
+                let LayerContent::Shape(sh) = &l.content else { return None };
+                let locks = st.doc.effective_locks(l.id);
+                if locks.all || locks.pixels {
+                    return None;
+                }
+                let alpha = match &sh.fill {
+                    Some(Fill::Solid(c)) => c.alpha,
+                    _ => 1.0,
+                };
+                (sh.fill != Some(Fill::Solid(Color::rgba(fg[0], fg[1], fg[2], alpha)))).then_some((l.id.0, alpha))
+            })
+            .collect();
+        (texts, shapes)
+    };
+    let texts = if do_texts { texts } else { Vec::new() };
+    let shapes = if do_shapes { shapes } else { Vec::new() };
+    if texts.is_empty() && shapes.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+    let key = match gesture {
+        Some(g) => format!("apply-color-{g}"),
+        None => format!("apply-color-{}", app.ui.alloc_id()),
+    };
+    let result = (|| {
+        if !texts.is_empty() {
+            app.run("type.setStyle", json!({"layers": texts, "color": hex(fg), "coalesce": key}))?;
+        }
+        shapes.iter().try_for_each(|(id, alpha)| app.run("shape.edit", json!({"layer": id, "fill": [fg[0], fg[1], fg[2], alpha], "coalesce": key})).map(|_| ()))
+    })();
+    if let Err(e) = result {
+        app.ui.status = e;
+        app.ui.status_error = true;
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[path = "apply_color_tests.rs"]
+mod tests;
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/apply_color_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/apply_color_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4a37fa6498
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/apply_color_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+//! A new foreground colour recolours the selected type or shape layers, as the tool in hand says.
+
+use photocraft_doc::{Fill, LayerContent, LayerId};
+use serde_json::json;
+
+use crate::PhotocraftApp;
+use crate::state::Tool;
+
+const RED: [f32; 4] = [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0];
+
+/// Two type layers and two shape layers (black, the default colours), all selected.
+fn app(tool: Tool) -> (PhotocraftApp, Vec<LayerId>, Vec<LayerId>) {
+    let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+    app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 300, "height": 200})).unwrap();
+    app.sync_views();
+    app.run("tools.setColors", json!({"foreground": "#000000"})).unwrap();
+    let mut texts = Vec::new();
+    for y in [40, 90] {
+        texts.push(LayerId(app.run("type.create", json!({"x": 20, "y": y, "text": "Hello", "size": 20})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap()));
+    }
+    let mut shapes = Vec::new();
+    for x in [150, 220] {
+        app.run("shape.create", json!({"kind": "rect", "rect": [x, 20, 50, 50], "fill": "#000000"})).unwrap();
+        shapes.push(app.session.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap());
+    }
+    for id in texts.iter().chain(&shapes) {
+        app.run("layer.select", json!({"layer": id.0, "mode": "add"})).unwrap();
+    }
+    app.ui.tool = tool;
+    (app, texts, shapes)
+}
+
+fn text_rgb(app: &PhotocraftApp, id: LayerId) -> [f32; 3] {
+    match &app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().content {
+        LayerContent::Text(t) => {
+            let c = t.char_runs().into_iter().next().map_or(t.color, |r| r.style.color);
+            [c.c[0], c.c[1], c.c[2]]
+        }
+        _ => panic!("type layer"),
+    }
+}
+
+fn fill_rgb(app: &PhotocraftApp, id: LayerId) -> Option<[f32; 3]> {
+    match &app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().content {
+        LayerContent::Shape(sh) => match &sh.fill {
+            Some(Fill::Solid(c)) => Some([c.c[0], c.c[1], c.c[2]]),
+            _ => None,
+        },
+        _ => panic!("shape layer"),
+    }
+}
+
+fn red(c: [f32; 3]) -> bool {
+    (c[0] - 1.0).abs() < 1e-3 && c[1].abs() < 1e-3 && c[2].abs() < 1e-3
+}
+
+fn steps(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> usize {
+    app.session.active().unwrap().history.entries().len()
+}
+
+fn pick(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, c: [f32; 4], gesture: Option<&str>) {
+    app.session.tools.foreground = c;
+    super::foreground_changed(app, gesture.map(str::to_string));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_type_tool_recolours_every_selected_type_layer_in_one_step() {
+    for tool in [Tool::Type, Tool::VerticalType] {
+        let (mut app, texts, shapes) = app(tool);
+        let n = steps(&app);
+        pick(&mut app, RED, None);
+        assert!(texts.iter().all(|id| red(text_rgb(&app, *id))), "{tool:?}");
+        assert!(shapes.iter().all(|id| !red(fill_rgb(&app, *id).unwrap())), "{tool:?}: shapes keep their fill");
+        assert_eq!(steps(&app), n + 1, "one history step");
+        assert!(app.session.undo());
+        assert!(texts.iter().all(|id| !red(text_rgb(&app, *id))));
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn shape_and_path_tools_recolour_every_selected_shape_fill_in_one_step() {
+    for tool in [Tool::Rectangle, Tool::Polygon, Tool::PathSelection, Tool::DirectSelection, Tool::Pen, Tool::CurvaturePen] {
+        let (mut app, texts, shapes) = app(tool);
+        let n = steps(&app);
+        pick(&mut app, RED, None);
+        assert!(shapes.iter().all(|id| fill_rgb(&app, *id).is_some_and(red)), "{tool:?}");
+        assert!(texts.iter().all(|id| !red(text_rgb(&app, *id))), "{tool:?}: type keeps its colour");
+        assert_eq!(steps(&app), n + 1, "{tool:?}: one history step for both layers");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn other_tools_only_change_the_foreground() {
+    for tool in [Tool::Move, Tool::Brush, Tool::RectMarquee, Tool::Eyedropper, Tool::HorizontalTypeMask] {
+        let (mut app, texts, shapes) = app(tool);
+        let n = steps(&app);
+        pick(&mut app, RED, None);
+        assert_eq!(app.session.tools.foreground, RED);
+        assert!(texts.iter().all(|id| !red(text_rgb(&app, *id))) && shapes.iter().all(|id| !red(fill_rgb(&app, *id).unwrap())), "{tool:?}");
+        assert_eq!(steps(&app), n, "{tool:?}: nothing recorded");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_color_panel_drag_is_one_history_step_and_a_new_pick_another() {
+    let (mut app, _, shapes) = app(Tool::Rectangle);
+    let n = steps(&app);
+    pick(&mut app, [0.2, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0], None);
+    assert_eq!(steps(&app), n + 1, "a click or a swatch is one step");
+    // One drag: every pick of one press.
+    pick(&mut app, [0.4, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0], Some("press-1"));
+    pick(&mut app, [0.6, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0], Some("press-1"));
+    pick(&mut app, RED, Some("press-1"));
+    assert!(fill_rgb(&app, shapes[0]).is_some_and(red));
+    assert_eq!(steps(&app), n + 2, "the drag is one step, not joined to the click before it");
+    pick(&mut app, [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0], Some("press-2"));
+    assert_eq!(steps(&app), n + 3, "the next drag is another");
+    pick(&mut app, [0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0], None);
+    assert_eq!(steps(&app), n + 4, "a new pick is another");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_swatch_and_the_color_picker_go_through_it() {
+    let (mut app, _, shapes) = app(Tool::Rectangle);
+    let same = |app: &PhotocraftApp, id: LayerId| {
+        let f = app.session.tools.foreground;
+        fill_rgb(app, id).is_some_and(|c| (0..3).all(|i| (c[i] - f[i]).abs() < 1e-3))
+    };
+    // A swatch from the default library (the first one that isn't black).
+    let names = app.run("swatches.list", json!({})).unwrap();
+    let name = names["groups"]
+        .as_array()
+        .into_iter()
+        .flatten()
+        .flat_map(|g| g["swatches"].as_array().cloned().unwrap_or_default())
+        .find(|w| w["hex"].as_str().is_some_and(|h| h != "#000000"))
+        .and_then(|w| w["name"].as_str().map(str::to_string))
+        .expect("a default swatch");
+    crate::swatches_ui::use_swatch(&mut app, &name, false);
+    assert_ne!(app.session.tools.foreground, [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+    assert!(shapes.iter().all(|id| same(&app, *id)), "the swatch recoloured the shapes");
+    // The Color Picker's OK for the foreground.
+    let mut f = serde_json::Map::new();
+    f.insert("__colorPicker".into(), json!("foreground"));
+    f.insert("color".into(), json!("#0000ff"));
+    crate::color_picker_ui::confirm(&mut app, &f).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(app.session.tools.foreground, [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0]);
+    assert!(shapes.iter().all(|id| same(&app, *id)), "the picker recoloured the shapes");
+}
+
+/// #9238: a swatch recolours the selected type layers and shape fills whatever the tool, as in
+/// Photoshop (measured with the Move and Brush tools); the Color panel with the same tools only
+/// sets the foreground (`other_tools_only_change_the_foreground`).
+#[test]
+fn a_swatch_recolours_selected_type_and_shapes_with_any_tool() {
+    for tool in [Tool::Move, Tool::Brush, Tool::RectMarquee, Tool::Type, Tool::Rectangle] {
+        let (mut app, texts, shapes) = app(tool);
+        let n = steps(&app);
+        let names = app.run("swatches.list", json!({})).unwrap();
+        let (name, hex) = names["groups"]
+            .as_array()
+            .into_iter()
+            .flatten()
+            .flat_map(|g| g["swatches"].as_array().cloned().unwrap_or_default())
+            .find(|w| w["hex"].as_str().is_some_and(|h| h != "#000000"))
+            .and_then(|w| Some((w["name"].as_str()?.to_string(), w["hex"].as_str()?.to_string())))
+            .expect("a default swatch");
+        crate::swatches_ui::use_swatch(&mut app, &name, false);
+        let f = app.session.tools.foreground;
+        let same = |c: [f32; 3]| (0..3).all(|i| (c[i] - f[i]).abs() < 2e-3);
+        assert!(texts.iter().all(|id| same(text_rgb(&app, *id))), "{tool:?}: the swatch {hex} recoloured the type layers");
+        assert!(shapes.iter().all(|id| fill_rgb(&app, *id).is_some_and(same)), "{tool:?}: and the shape fills");
+        assert_eq!(steps(&app), n + 1, "{tool:?}: one history step");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/artboard_tool.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/artboard_tool.rs
index 7f8ee838c6..81dd67bd02 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/artboard_tool.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/artboard_tool.rs
@@ -304,14 +304,14 @@ pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, tool: Tool) -> bo
         let mut preset = preset.unwrap_or_default();
         let mut opts: Vec<(String, &str)> = vec![(String::new(), tl!("Custom"))];
         opts.extend(photocraft_engine::artboard_cmds::PRESETS.iter().map(|(n, _, _)| (n.to_string(), *n)));
-        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "artboard-tool-preset", &mut preset, &opts, 150.0) && !preset.is_empty() {
+        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "artboard-tool-preset", tl!("Preset"), &mut preset, &opts, 150.0) && !preset.is_empty() {
             edit = Some(json!({"layer": id.0, "preset": preset}));
         }
         let (mut w, mut h) = ((r[2] - r[0]) as f32, (r[3] - r[1]) as f32);
         ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("W")).color(t.text_dim));
-        let cw = crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut w, 1.0..=300_000.0, "px", 64.0).changed();
+        let cw = crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut w, 1.0..=300_000.0, "px", 64.0).accessible_name(tl!("Width")).changed();
         ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("H")).color(t.text_dim));
-        let ch = crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut h, 1.0..=300_000.0, "px", 64.0).changed();
+        let ch = crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut h, 1.0..=300_000.0, "px", 64.0).accessible_name(tl!("Height")).changed();
         if cw || ch {
             edit = Some(json!({"layer": id.0, "width": w.round(), "height": h.round(), "coalesce": format!("artboard-tool-wh-{}", id.0)}));
         }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/artboard_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/artboard_ui.rs
index eac9fe77aa..3aa6e9c0c2 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/artboard_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/artboard_ui.rs
@@ -121,6 +121,8 @@ pub fn fit_artboard(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> Result<Value, String> {
     // overflows an i32 sum (#981).
     v.center = [((f64::from(b.x0) + f64::from(b.x1)) / 2.0) as f32, ((f64::from(b.y0) + f64::from(b.y1)) / 2.0) as f32];
     v.fit_pending = false;
+    v.request_zoom_animation(app.session.prefs().general.animated_zoom);
+    v.zoom_anchor = None;
     Ok(json!({"zoom": v.zoom, "artboard": id.0, "bounds": [b.x0, b.y0, b.x1, b.y1]}))
 }
 
@@ -139,27 +141,30 @@ pub fn properties(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, layer: &Layer) {
     opts.extend(photocraft_engine::artboard_cmds::PRESETS.iter().map(|(n, _, _)| (n.to_string(), *n)));
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("Size")).color(t.text_dim).size(12.0));
-        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, &key("preset"), &mut preset, &opts, 150.0) && !preset.is_empty() {
+        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, &key("preset"), tl!("Preset"), &mut preset, &opts, 150.0) && !preset.is_empty() {
             edit = Some(json!({"layer": layer.id.0, "preset": preset}));
         }
     });
-    let num = |ui: &mut egui::Ui, label: &str, v: &mut f32, range: std::ops::RangeInclusive<f32>| -> bool {
+    // W/H use a short visible label but the full word as the accessible name (a screen reader
+    // says "Width", not "W"); X/Y already name their axis, so their name comes from the call site
+    // too.
+    let num = |ui: &mut egui::Ui, label: &str, name: &str, v: &mut f32, range: std::ops::RangeInclusive<f32>| -> bool {
         ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!(&label)).color(t.text_dim).size(12.0));
-        crate::widgets::value_field(ui, v, range, "px", 64.0).changed()
+        crate::widgets::value_field(ui, v, range, "px", 64.0).accessible_name(name).changed()
     };
     let r = a.rect;
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         let (mut w, mut h) = (r.width() as f32, r.height() as f32);
-        let cw = num(ui, "W", &mut w, 1.0..=300_000.0);
-        let ch = num(ui, "H", &mut h, 1.0..=300_000.0);
+        let cw = num(ui, "W", tl!("Width"), &mut w, 1.0..=300_000.0);
+        let ch = num(ui, "H", tl!("Height"), &mut h, 1.0..=300_000.0);
         if cw || ch {
             edit = Some(json!({"layer": layer.id.0, "width": w.round(), "height": h.round(), "coalesce": key("wh")}));
         }
     });
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         let (mut x, mut y) = (r.x0 as f32, r.y0 as f32);
-        let cx = num(ui, "X", &mut x, -300_000.0..=300_000.0);
-        let cy = num(ui, "Y", &mut y, -300_000.0..=300_000.0);
+        let cx = num(ui, "X", tl!("X"), &mut x, -300_000.0..=300_000.0);
+        let cy = num(ui, "Y", tl!("Y"), &mut y, -300_000.0..=300_000.0);
         if cx || cy {
             edit = Some(json!({"layer": layer.id.0, "x": x.round(), "y": y.round(), "coalesce": key("xy")}));
         }
@@ -176,7 +181,7 @@ pub fn properties(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, layer: &Layer) {
             ("transparent".to_string(), tl!("Transparent")),
             ("custom".to_string(), tl!("Other…")),
         ];
-        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, &key("bg"), &mut bg, &opts, 120.0) {
+        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, &key("bg"), tl!("Background"), &mut bg, &opts, 120.0) {
             let mut params = json!({"layer": layer.id.0, "background": bg});
             if bg == "custom" {
                 let hex = match a.background {
@@ -442,4 +447,23 @@ mod tests {
         app.ui.layer_comp_selected = Some(999);
         assert_eq!(crate::comps_ui::target(&app), Some(b));
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn property_fields_are_named_for_their_axis() {
+        use egui::accesskit::Role;
+        use egui_kittest::Harness;
+        use egui_kittest::kittest::{NodeT, Queryable};
+
+        let (mut app, _) = app();
+        app.run("layer.new.artboard", json!({"rect": [0, 0, 40, 50]})).unwrap();
+        let id = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.artboards()[0].0;
+        let layer = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().clone();
+        let mut h = Harness::builder()
+            .with_size(egui::vec2(520.0, 420.0))
+            .with_context_setup(|ctx| PhotocraftApp::setup_context(ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::ALL[0]))
+            .build_ui_state(move |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| properties(app, ui, &layer), app);
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        let labels: Vec<String> = h.query_all_by_role(Role::SpinButton).filter_map(|n| n.accesskit_node().label()).collect();
+        assert_eq!(labels, ["Width", "Height", "X", "Y"].map(String::from).to_vec(), "the fields announce their own axis in layout order");
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/background_redraw.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/background_redraw.rs
index 31fdb649a7..8b13c01eab 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/background_redraw.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/background_redraw.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 //! uploads those blocks instead of compositing every layer again.
 
 use std::collections::VecDeque;
+#[cfg(test)]
+use std::sync::atomic::AtomicU64;
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
 use std::sync::mpsc::{Receiver, SyncSender, TryRecvError};
 use std::sync::{Arc, Weak};
@@ -43,6 +45,55 @@ const KEEP: usize = 2;
 /// [`GpuCanvas::refresh`] kind of a redraw served from a [`Kept`] composite.
 pub(crate) const KEPT: &str = "kept";
 
+/// Tests hold the redraw worker before it draws a batch, so an edit lands while blocks are still
+/// to come. A real run never waits: a fast machine draws a test document before its next frame,
+/// leaving nothing drawn "before" the edit.
+#[cfg(test)]
+static HOLD: AtomicBool = AtomicBool::new(false);
+
+/// Identity of the next spawned redraw worker: lets a test tell the worker it watched from a
+/// replacement that [`restart`] spawns after an edit.
+#[cfg(test)]
+static NEXT_WORKER_GENERATION: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(1);
+
+/// Hold the redraw worker until the guard drops.
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(crate) fn hold_redraws() -> HoldRedraws {
+    HOLD.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
+    HoldRedraws
+}
+
+/// Wait until worker `generation` of document `doc`'s [`Redraw`] has reached its pre-batch
+/// [`HOLD`]. A replacement worker has another generation, so an edit only lands while the worker
+/// the test watched still has its blocks to draw. Returns `false` after `timeout`.
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(crate) fn wait_for_held_redraw(app: &PhotocraftApp, doc: DocId, generation: u64, timeout: std::time::Duration) -> bool {
+    let deadline = std::time::Instant::now() + timeout;
+    loop {
+        if let Some(r) = app.redraws.get(&doc)
+            && r.worker_generation == generation
+            && r.reached_hold.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if std::time::Instant::now() >= deadline {
+            return false;
+        }
+        std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(1));
+    }
+}
+
+/// Releases [`hold_redraws`], including while a test unwinds.
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(crate) struct HoldRedraws;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+impl Drop for HoldRedraws {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        HOLD.store(false, Ordering::SeqCst);
+    }
+}
+
 /// One finished block, as texels of the canvas texture.
 struct Piece {
     block: usize,
@@ -63,15 +114,31 @@ pub(crate) struct Redraw {
     /// The state the blocks are drawn from, and what the texels depend on besides it.
     doc: Arc<Document>,
     display: u64,
+    text_gamma: u32,
     format: eframe::wgpu::TextureFormat,
     /// Uploaded blocks of `doc` kept for [`Kept`] (empty once over `cap`), and their bytes.
     collected: Vec<Option<Vec<u8>>>,
     collected_bytes: u64,
     /// Bytes the kept composites may hold: what Memory Usage leaves beside the document.
     cap: u64,
+    /// Set when this worker first reaches the test [`HOLD`], and this worker's generation.
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    reached_hold: Arc<AtomicBool>,
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    worker_generation: u64,
 }
 
 impl Redraw {
+    /// The text gamma changed while it runs (even if back since): its blocks may mix both, so
+    /// none of them are kept. Checked every frame for every redraw, shown or not ([`retain`]); a
+    /// change and back between two frames (one batch of agent commands) isn't seen.
+    fn forget_if_gamma_changed(&mut self, gamma: u32) {
+        if self.text_gamma != gamma {
+            self.collected = Vec::new();
+            self.collected_bytes = 0;
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Share of the document drawn, 0..=1.
     pub fn fraction(&self) -> f32 {
         if self.blocks.is_empty() { 1.0 } else { 1.0 - self.left as f32 / self.blocks.len() as f32 }
@@ -91,6 +158,7 @@ pub(crate) struct Kept {
     doc: Weak<Document>,
     id: DocId,
     display: u64,
+    text_gamma: u32,
     format: eframe::wgpu::TextureFormat,
     blocks: Vec<Rect>,
     texels: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
@@ -101,9 +169,11 @@ impl Kept {
     /// Whether these are the texels a redraw of `doc` would draw. The key is the whole document
     /// (layers and their pixels, visibility, opacity, blending, masks, adjustments and everything
     /// else it holds), so a stale composite can't come back; Arc-shared tiles compare without
-    /// reading their pixels.
-    fn matches(&self, doc: &Arc<Document>, display: u64, format: eframe::wgpu::TextureFormat, blocks: &[Rect]) -> bool {
+    /// reading their pixels. Besides the document, the display transform and the text gamma
+    /// ([`text_gamma`]) decide the texels.
+    fn matches(&self, doc: &Arc<Document>, display: u64, text_gamma: u32, format: eframe::wgpu::TextureFormat, blocks: &[Rect]) -> bool {
         self.display == display
+            && self.text_gamma == text_gamma
             && self.format == format
             && self.blocks == blocks
             && self.doc.upgrade().is_some_and(|kept| Arc::ptr_eq(&kept, doc) || *kept == **doc)
@@ -114,12 +184,14 @@ impl Kept {
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub(crate) struct KeptComposites {
     entries: VecDeque<Kept>,
+    /// The entries' documents and their revisions, and Memory Usage, when the cap was last taken.
+    capped: (Vec<(DocId, u64)>, u64),
 }
 
 impl KeptComposites {
     /// The kept redraw of exactly this state, now the newest.
-    fn find(&mut self, doc: &Arc<Document>, display: u64, format: eframe::wgpu::TextureFormat, blocks: &[Rect]) -> Option<&Kept> {
-        let i = self.entries.iter().position(|k| k.matches(doc, display, format, blocks))?;
+    fn find(&mut self, doc: &Arc<Document>, display: u64, text_gamma: u32, format: eframe::wgpu::TextureFormat, blocks: &[Rect]) -> Option<&Kept> {
+        let i = self.entries.iter().position(|k| k.matches(doc, display, text_gamma, format, blocks))?;
         let k = self.entries.remove(i)?;
         self.entries.push_front(k);
         self.entries.front()
@@ -128,7 +200,9 @@ impl KeptComposites {
     /// Keep `k`, the redraw of `doc` (in place of an entry of the same state), within `cap` bytes
     /// in all.
     fn store(&mut self, k: Kept, doc: &Arc<Document>, cap: u64) {
-        self.entries.retain(|e| !e.matches(doc, k.display, k.format, &k.blocks));
+        // Another list: [`retain`] takes the cap over all its documents again.
+        self.capped = Default::default();
+        self.entries.retain(|e| !e.matches(doc, k.display, k.text_gamma, k.format, &k.blocks));
         self.entries.push_front(k);
         self.trim(cap);
     }
@@ -151,6 +225,13 @@ impl KeptComposites {
     }
 }
 
+/// Color Settings › "Blend Text Colors Using Gamma": type layers composite with it, but it is an
+/// application setting, not part of the document. Read from the session's settings, which the
+/// engine keeps in step with the process-wide value compose reads (`psblend::set_text_gamma`).
+fn text_gamma(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> u32 {
+    app.session.color.settings.blend_text_gamma.to_bits()
+}
+
 /// Bytes kept composites of document `doc` may hold: what Memory Usage leaves beside its pixels
 /// and History. It shrinks as the document grows, which drops them under memory pressure.
 fn keep_cap(app: &PhotocraftApp, doc: DocId) -> u64 {
@@ -208,13 +289,14 @@ pub(crate) fn start(
 ) {
     let all = blocks(doc.bounds());
     let display_key = display.as_deref().map_or(0, |d| d.texture_key);
+    let gamma = text_gamma(app);
     // Taken again when a running redraw continues: the edit (or Memory Usage) may have changed it.
     let cap = keep_cap(app, doc.id);
     app.kept.trim(cap);
     let (mut pending, since, fallback, mut keep) = match app.redraws.remove(&doc.id) {
         Some(mut old) if old.blocks == all => {
             // Blocks drawn from another state aren't part of this one's composite.
-            let same = old.display == display_key && (Arc::ptr_eq(&old.doc, &doc) || *old.doc == *doc);
+            let same = old.display == display_key && old.text_gamma == gamma && (Arc::ptr_eq(&old.doc, &doc) || *old.doc == *doc);
             let (collected, bytes) =
                 if same && old.collected_bytes <= cap { (std::mem::take(&mut old.collected), old.collected_bytes) } else { (vec![None; all.len()], 0) };
             (std::mem::take(&mut old.pending), (old.started_ms, old.drawn), fallback.or_else(|| old.fallback.take()), (collected, bytes, cap))
@@ -229,7 +311,7 @@ pub(crate) fn start(
     }
     let Some(format) = gpu.prepare_texture(doc.id.0, &doc) else { return };
     // This exact state was drawn a moment ago: upload its blocks rather than composite them.
-    if let Some(k) = app.kept.find(&doc, display_key, format, &all) {
+    if let Some(k) = app.kept.find(&doc, display_key, gamma, format, &all) {
         let t0 = crate::gpu_canvas::now_ms();
         let mut px = 0u64;
         for (i, p) in pending.iter_mut().enumerate() {
@@ -246,7 +328,7 @@ pub(crate) fn start(
         }
         keep = (vec![None; all.len()], 0, keep.2);
     }
-    spawn(app, ctx, Spawn { doc, display, display_key, format, visible, blocks: all, pending, since, fallback, keep });
+    spawn(app, ctx, Spawn { doc, display, display_key, text_gamma: gamma, format, visible, blocks: all, pending, since, fallback, keep });
 }
 
 /// After an edit drew its own damage: continue document `doc.id`'s redraw, if one is running, on
@@ -261,7 +343,9 @@ pub(crate) fn restart(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, gpu: &GpuCan
 /// lands, the redraw is recorded like the synchronous refresh it replaces (and explained once if
 /// it was slow).
 pub(crate) fn poll(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, gpu: &GpuCanvas, doc: DocId) {
+    let gamma = text_gamma(app);
     let Some(r) = app.redraws.get_mut(&doc) else { return };
+    r.forget_if_gamma_changed(gamma);
     loop {
         match r.rx.try_recv() {
             Ok(p) => {
@@ -288,6 +372,7 @@ pub(crate) fn poll(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, gpu: &GpuCanvas, doc: DocId) {
             doc: Arc::downgrade(&r.doc),
             id: r.doc.id,
             display: r.display,
+            text_gamma: r.text_gamma,
             format: r.format,
             blocks: r.blocks.clone(),
             texels,
@@ -335,6 +420,26 @@ pub(crate) fn retain(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
     let docs = app.session.documents();
     app.redraws.retain(|id, _| docs.iter().any(|st| st.doc.id == *id));
     app.kept.retain(|id| docs.iter().any(|st| st.doc.id == id));
+    let gamma = text_gamma(app);
+    for r in app.redraws.values_mut() {
+        r.forget_if_gamma_changed(gamma);
+    }
+    // Not only when the next redraw starts: states History dropped (purged or trimmed) go at once,
+    // and the cap is taken again when a kept document (its pixels and History) or Memory Usage
+    // changed.
+    app.kept.entries.retain(|k| k.doc.strong_count() > 0);
+    if app.kept.entries.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+    let docs = app.session.documents();
+    let mut ids: Vec<(DocId, u64)> = app.kept.entries.iter().filter_map(|k| docs.iter().find(|st| st.doc.id == k.id).map(|st| (k.id, st.revision))).collect();
+    ids.dedup();
+    let capped = (ids, app.session.prefs().performance.history_budget_bytes() as u64);
+    if capped != app.kept.capped {
+        let cap = capped.0.iter().map(|&(id, _)| keep_cap(app, id)).min().unwrap_or(0);
+        app.kept.capped = capped;
+        app.kept.trim(cap);
+    }
 }
 
 /// What [`spawn`] starts a redraw with.
@@ -342,6 +447,7 @@ struct Spawn {
     doc: Arc<Document>,
     display: Option<Arc<CanvasDisplay>>,
     display_key: u64,
+    text_gamma: u32,
     format: eframe::wgpu::TextureFormat,
     visible: Rect,
     blocks: Vec<Rect>,
@@ -354,19 +460,41 @@ struct Spawn {
 }
 
 fn spawn(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, s: Spawn) {
-    let Spawn { doc, display, display_key, format, visible, blocks, pending, since: (started_ms, drawn), fallback, keep: (collected, collected_bytes, cap) } =
-        s;
+    let Spawn {
+        doc,
+        display,
+        display_key,
+        text_gamma,
+        format,
+        visible,
+        blocks,
+        pending,
+        since: (started_ms, drawn),
+        fallback,
+        keep: (collected, collected_bytes, cap),
+    } = s;
     let id = doc.id;
     let kept_doc = doc.clone();
     let todo = order(&blocks, (0..blocks.len()).filter(|&i| pending[i]), visible);
     let left = todo.len();
     let (tx, rx) = std::sync::mpsc::sync_channel(BATCH);
     let stop = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    let reached_hold = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    let worker_generation = NEXT_WORKER_GENERATION.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    let worker_hold = reached_hold.clone();
     let work = (blocks.clone(), stop.clone(), ctx.clone());
     let spawned = std::thread::Builder::new().name("canvas-redraw".into()).spawn(move || {
         let (blocks, stop, ctx) = work;
         // A panic stops the redraw: the receiver sees the worker gone and drops it.
-        let _ = std::panic::catch_unwind(std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe(|| draw(&doc, display.as_deref(), format, &blocks, &todo, &stop, &tx, &ctx)));
+        let _ = std::panic::catch_unwind(std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe(|| {
+            #[cfg(test)]
+            draw(&doc, display.as_deref(), format, &blocks, &todo, &stop, &tx, &ctx, &worker_hold);
+            #[cfg(not(test))]
+            draw(&doc, display.as_deref(), format, &blocks, &todo, &stop, &tx, &ctx);
+        }));
         ctx.request_repaint();
     });
     if let Err(e) = spawned {
@@ -375,7 +503,27 @@ fn spawn(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, s: Spawn) {
     }
     app.redraws.insert(
         id,
-        Redraw { blocks, pending, left, drawn, rx, stop, started_ms, fallback, doc: kept_doc, display: display_key, format, collected, collected_bytes, cap },
+        Redraw {
+            blocks,
+            pending,
+            left,
+            drawn,
+            rx,
+            stop,
+            started_ms,
+            fallback,
+            doc: kept_doc,
+            display: display_key,
+            text_gamma,
+            format,
+            collected,
+            collected_bytes,
+            cap,
+            #[cfg(test)]
+            reached_hold,
+            #[cfg(test)]
+            worker_generation,
+        },
     );
 }
 
@@ -391,8 +539,17 @@ fn draw(
     stop: &AtomicBool,
     tx: &SyncSender<Piece>,
     ctx: &egui::Context,
+    #[cfg(test)] reached_hold: &AtomicBool,
 ) {
     for batch in todo.chunks(BATCH) {
+        // A test may hold the worker here; a cancelled redraw must still exit, not wait for release.
+        #[cfg(test)]
+        while HOLD.load(Ordering::SeqCst) && !stop.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
+            // This worker, identified by its own acknowledgement, reached the hold: a replacement
+            // spawned after the edit starts with another one and can't satisfy the test's wait.
+            reached_hold.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
+            std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(1));
+        }
         if stop.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
             return;
         }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/background_redraw_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/background_redraw_tests.rs
index 0d8d465d5e..114a150eb1 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/background_redraw_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/background_redraw_tests.rs
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ fn kept(doc: &Arc<Document>, bytes: usize) -> Kept {
         doc: Arc::downgrade(doc),
         id: doc.id,
         display: 7,
+        text_gamma: 1,
         format: eframe::wgpu::TextureFormat::Rgba8Unorm,
         bytes: (bytes * all.len()) as u64,
         blocks: all,
@@ -65,8 +66,8 @@ fn kept_composites_come_back_only_for_the_exact_state_and_stay_bounded() {
     let mut cache = KeptComposites::default();
     cache.store(kept(&a, 4), &a, u64::MAX);
     // The same state hits, also as an equal document that isn't the same Arc (a restore after a solo).
-    assert!(cache.find(&a, 7, Rgba8Unorm, &all).is_some());
-    assert!(cache.find(&Arc::new((*a).clone()), 7, Rgba8Unorm, &all).is_some());
+    assert!(cache.find(&a, 7, 1, Rgba8Unorm, &all).is_some());
+    assert!(cache.find(&Arc::new((*a).clone()), 7, 1, Rgba8Unorm, &all).is_some());
     // Any change to what the composite depends on misses.
     let hidden = changed(&|d| d.layers[0].visible = false);
     let faded = changed(&|d| d.layers[0].opacity = 0.5);
@@ -77,18 +78,23 @@ fn kept_composites_come_back_only_for_the_exact_state_and_stay_bounded() {
         }
     });
     for (what, d) in [("visibility", &hidden), ("opacity", &faded), ("blend mode", &multiplied), ("pixels", &painted)] {
-        assert!(cache.find(d, 7, Rgba8Unorm, &all).is_none(), "{what} changed");
+        assert!(cache.find(d, 7, 1, Rgba8Unorm, &all).is_none(), "{what} changed");
     }
-    assert!(cache.find(&a, 8, Rgba8Unorm, &all).is_none(), "another display transform");
-    assert!(cache.find(&a, 7, Rgba16Float, &all).is_none(), "another texture format");
-    assert!(cache.find(&a, 7, Rgba8Unorm, &all[1..]).is_none(), "other blocks");
+    assert!(cache.find(&a, 8, 1, Rgba8Unorm, &all).is_none(), "another display transform");
+    assert!(cache.find(&a, 7, 2, Rgba8Unorm, &all).is_none(), "another text gamma");
+    assert!(cache.find(&a, 7, 1, Rgba16Float, &all).is_none(), "another texture format");
+    assert!(cache.find(&a, 7, 1, Rgba8Unorm, &all[1..]).is_none(), "other blocks");
     // At most KEEP entries, the least recently used going first.
     cache.store(kept(&hidden, 4), &hidden, u64::MAX);
-    assert!(cache.find(&a, 7, Rgba8Unorm, &all).is_some());
+    assert!(cache.find(&a, 7, 1, Rgba8Unorm, &all).is_some());
     cache.store(kept(&faded, 4), &faded, u64::MAX);
     assert_eq!(cache.entries.len(), KEEP);
-    assert!(cache.find(&hidden, 7, Rgba8Unorm, &all).is_none(), "the least recently used went");
-    assert!(cache.find(&a, 7, Rgba8Unorm, &all).is_some() && cache.find(&faded, 7, Rgba8Unorm, &all).is_some());
+    assert!(cache.find(&hidden, 7, 1, Rgba8Unorm, &all).is_none(), "the least recently used went");
+    assert!(cache.find(&a, 7, 1, Rgba8Unorm, &all).is_some() && cache.find(&faded, 7, 1, Rgba8Unorm, &all).is_some());
+    // A stored entry makes the next frame take the cap again, over every kept document.
+    cache.capped = (vec![(a.id, 1)], 1);
+    cache.store(kept(&faded, 4), &faded, u64::MAX);
+    assert_eq!(cache.capped, Default::default());
     // Storing a state again replaces its entry.
     cache.store(kept(&faded, 4), &faded, u64::MAX);
     assert_eq!(cache.entries.len(), 2);
@@ -109,7 +115,7 @@ fn kept_composites_come_back_only_for_the_exact_state_and_stay_bounded() {
     cache.store(kept(&gone, 4), &gone, u64::MAX);
     let equal = Arc::new((*gone).clone());
     drop(gone);
-    assert!(cache.find(&equal, 7, Rgba8Unorm, &all).is_none(), "no strong reference to the drawn state");
+    assert!(cache.find(&equal, 7, 1, Rgba8Unorm, &all).is_none(), "no strong reference to the drawn state");
     cache.trim(u64::MAX);
     assert!(cache.entries.is_empty());
 }
@@ -204,10 +210,20 @@ fn a_full_cpu_refresh_draws_in_the_background_with_the_synchronous_pixels() {
 fn an_edit_during_a_redraw_is_not_overwritten_by_blocks_drawn_before_it() {
     let _gpu = photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock();
     let Some(mut g) = gpu_app() else { return };
-    // 4×3 blocks: the worker can't hand them all over before the next frame.
+    // Hold the worker before its first batch and wait until this very worker acknowledges that
+    // hold: when the fill lands, all 12 blocks of this 4×3 document are still to draw by it.
+    // Without the hold a fast machine finishes them before the next frame, so the edit never
+    // races the worker and this test only checked a completed redraw; without the per-worker
+    // acknowledgement an edit could beat the worker to the hold, and its restarted replacement
+    // would satisfy the checks.
+    let held = hold_redraws();
     let doc = cpu_only_document(g.harness.state_mut(), 4096, 3072);
     g.harness.step();
-    assert!(g.harness.state().redraws.contains_key(&doc));
+    let generation = g.harness.state().redraws.get(&doc).expect("the frame started a redraw").worker_generation;
+    assert!(
+        wait_for_held_redraw(g.harness.state(), doc, generation, std::time::Duration::from_secs(10)),
+        "the redraw worker never reached the pre-batch hold; an edit would race an unstarted redraw"
+    );
     // A corner, drawn last (farthest from the view's centre), changes on a layer of its own while
     // the redraw runs: a small edit, drawn at once.
     g.harness.state_mut().run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).expect("layer");
@@ -217,7 +233,12 @@ fn an_edit_during_a_redraw_is_not_overwritten_by_blocks_drawn_before_it() {
     g.harness.state_mut().run("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#22ee22"})).expect("fill");
     g.harness.step();
     assert_eq!(g.harness.state().perf.last_refresh, "rect", "the fill's damage was drawn synchronously");
-    assert!(g.harness.state().redraws.contains_key(&doc), "the redraw goes on");
+    // Still running with blocks to draw, and drawing the edited document, not the state before it.
+    let current = g.harness.state().session.active().expect("document").doc.clone();
+    let r = g.harness.state().redraws.get(&doc).expect("the redraw goes on");
+    assert!(r.pending.iter().any(|p| *p), "blocks are still to draw");
+    assert!(Arc::ptr_eq(&r.doc, &current) || *r.doc == *current, "the blocks left draw the edit");
+    drop(held);
     settle(&mut g);
     assert_matches_synchronous(&mut g, doc);
 }
@@ -281,6 +302,175 @@ fn a_redraw_finishing_after_memory_usage_drops_keeps_nothing_over_it() {
     assert!(g.harness.state().kept.entries.is_empty(), "a composite was kept over the current cap");
 }
 
+/// Color Settings › "Blend Text Colors Using Gamma" isn't part of the document, but type layers
+/// composite with it: a state drawn before it changed is composited again, not uploaded from
+/// blocks drawn with the old gamma. Only the session's setting changes here, not the process-wide
+/// gamma compose reads, so tests compositing type layers at the same time aren't affected.
+#[test]
+fn a_state_drawn_before_the_text_gamma_changed_is_composited_again() {
+    let _gpu = photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock();
+    let Some(mut g) = gpu_app() else { return };
+    let doc = cpu_only_document(g.harness.state_mut(), 2600, 1700);
+    let layer = g.harness.state().session.active().and_then(|st| st.active_layer).expect("layer");
+    settle(&mut g);
+    g.harness.state_mut().run("layer.setProps", json!({"layer": layer.0, "visible": false})).expect("hide");
+    settle(&mut g);
+    g.harness.state_mut().session.color.settings.blend_text_gamma = 1.0;
+    g.harness.state_mut().run("layer.setProps", json!({"layer": layer.0, "visible": true})).expect("show");
+    g.harness.step();
+    assert!(g.harness.state().redraws.contains_key(&doc), "served from blocks of the old gamma: {}", g.harness.state().perf.last_refresh);
+    settle(&mut g);
+    assert_eq!(g.harness.state().perf.last_refresh, "background");
+    assert_matches_synchronous(&mut g, doc);
+}
+
+/// The text gamma changing while a redraw runs: its blocks were drawn with both, so it isn't kept.
+#[test]
+fn a_redraw_across_a_text_gamma_change_is_not_kept() {
+    let _gpu = photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock();
+    let Some(mut g) = gpu_app() else { return };
+    let doc = cpu_only_document(g.harness.state_mut(), 4096, 3072);
+    g.harness.step();
+    assert!(g.harness.state().redraws.contains_key(&doc));
+    g.harness.state_mut().session.color.settings.blend_text_gamma = 1.0;
+    settle(&mut g);
+    assert!(g.harness.state().kept.entries.is_empty(), "a composite of two gammas was kept");
+}
+
+/// Changed and changed back while a redraw runs: blocks drawn in between still mix both.
+#[test]
+fn a_redraw_across_a_text_gamma_change_and_back_is_not_kept() {
+    let _gpu = photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock();
+    let Some(mut g) = gpu_app() else { return };
+    let doc = cpu_only_document(g.harness.state_mut(), 4096, 3072);
+    let gamma = g.harness.state().session.color.settings.blend_text_gamma;
+    g.harness.step();
+    g.harness.state_mut().session.color.settings.blend_text_gamma = 1.0;
+    g.harness.step();
+    g.harness.state_mut().session.color.settings.blend_text_gamma = gamma;
+    assert!(g.harness.state().redraws.contains_key(&doc), "the redraw finished before the change back");
+    settle(&mut g);
+    assert!(g.harness.state().kept.entries.is_empty(), "a composite of two gammas was kept");
+}
+
+/// The same while another document is shown: its redraw goes on without being polled, so the
+/// change is seen every frame, not only when it shows again.
+#[test]
+fn a_hidden_documents_redraw_across_a_text_gamma_change_and_back_is_not_kept() {
+    let _gpu = photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock();
+    let Some(mut g) = gpu_app() else { return };
+    let doc = cpu_only_document(g.harness.state_mut(), 4096, 3072);
+    let gamma = g.harness.state().session.color.settings.blend_text_gamma;
+    g.harness.step();
+    g.harness.state_mut().run("file.new", json!({"width": 64, "height": 64})).expect("another document");
+    g.harness.step();
+    g.harness.state_mut().session.color.settings.blend_text_gamma = 1.0;
+    g.harness.step();
+    g.harness.state_mut().session.color.settings.blend_text_gamma = gamma;
+    g.harness.step();
+    assert!(g.harness.state().redraws.contains_key(&doc), "the hidden document's redraw stopped");
+    let i = g.harness.state().session.documents().iter().position(|st| st.doc.id == doc).expect("document");
+    g.harness.state_mut().session.set_active(i);
+    settle(&mut g);
+    assert!(g.harness.state().kept.entries.iter().all(|k| k.id != doc), "a composite of two gammas was kept");
+}
+
+/// Memory Usage lowered with no redraw running: the kept composites go at the next frame, not
+/// only when the next redraw starts.
+#[test]
+fn kept_composites_go_when_memory_usage_drops_between_redraws() {
+    let _gpu = photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock();
+    let Some(mut g) = gpu_app() else { return };
+    cpu_only_document(g.harness.state_mut(), 2600, 1700);
+    settle(&mut g);
+    assert!(!g.harness.state().kept.entries.is_empty(), "the finished redraw is kept");
+    g.harness.state_mut().session.edit_prefs(|p| p.performance.memory_usage_mb = 1);
+    g.harness.step();
+    assert!(g.harness.state().redraws.is_empty());
+    assert!(g.harness.state().kept.entries.is_empty(), "kept over the current cap");
+}
+
+/// An edit too small for a background redraw that grows the document past what Memory Usage
+/// leaves: the kept composite goes at the next frame. The test holds the kept state itself, so
+/// only the cap can drop it, not History letting go of the state.
+#[test]
+fn kept_composites_go_when_a_small_edit_grows_the_document_past_the_cap() {
+    let _gpu = photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock();
+    let Some(mut g) = gpu_app() else { return };
+    cpu_only_document(g.harness.state_mut(), 2600, 1700);
+    settle(&mut g);
+    let app = g.harness.state_mut();
+    let st = app.session.active().expect("document");
+    let held = st.doc.clone();
+    let (used, kept) = (st.memory_bytes() as u64, app.kept.bytes());
+    assert!(kept > 0, "the finished redraw is kept");
+    // Room for the kept composite and 2-3 MB more.
+    let mb = (used + kept).div_ceil(1 << 20) + 2;
+    app.session.edit_prefs(|p| p.performance.memory_usage_mb = mb as _);
+    g.harness.step();
+    assert_eq!(g.harness.state().kept.entries.len(), 1, "still within the cap");
+    // 2 MP of new pixels (8 MB): under the size that redraws in the background.
+    for (cmd, p) in
+        [("layer.new.layer", json!({})), ("select.rect", json!({"x": 0, "y": 0, "width": 2000, "height": 1000})), ("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#cc2244"}))]
+    {
+        g.harness.state_mut().run(cmd, p).expect(cmd);
+        g.harness.step();
+        assert!(g.harness.state().redraws.is_empty(), "{cmd} redrew in the background");
+    }
+    assert!(g.harness.state().kept.entries.is_empty(), "kept over the cap after the edit");
+    drop(held);
+}
+
+/// The same for an older kept composite of another document: every kept document's edits count,
+/// not only the newest one's.
+#[test]
+fn an_older_kept_composite_goes_when_its_document_grows_past_the_cap() {
+    let _gpu = photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock();
+    let Some(mut g) = gpu_app() else { return };
+    let a = cpu_only_document(g.harness.state_mut(), 2600, 1700);
+    settle(&mut g);
+    let b = cpu_only_document(g.harness.state_mut(), 2600, 1700);
+    settle(&mut g);
+    let app = g.harness.state_mut();
+    let held: Vec<_> = app.session.documents().iter().map(|st| st.doc.clone()).collect();
+    assert_eq!(app.kept.entries.iter().map(|k| k.id).collect::<Vec<_>>(), [b, a], "both kept, the second newest");
+    let used = app.session.documents().iter().map(|st| st.memory_bytes() as u64).max().unwrap_or(0);
+    let mb = (used + app.kept.bytes()).div_ceil(1 << 20) + 2;
+    app.session.edit_prefs(|p| p.performance.memory_usage_mb = mb as _);
+    let i = app.session.documents().iter().position(|st| st.doc.id == a).expect("document");
+    app.session.set_active(i);
+    g.harness.step();
+    assert_eq!(g.harness.state().kept.entries.len(), 2, "still within the cap");
+    for (cmd, p) in
+        [("layer.new.layer", json!({})), ("select.rect", json!({"x": 0, "y": 0, "width": 2000, "height": 1000})), ("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#cc2244"}))]
+    {
+        g.harness.state_mut().run(cmd, p).expect(cmd);
+        g.harness.step();
+        assert!(g.harness.state().redraws.is_empty(), "{cmd} redrew in the background");
+    }
+    assert!(g.harness.state().kept.entries.len() < 2, "kept over the cap after the older document grew");
+    drop(held);
+}
+
+/// A kept state History no longer holds goes at the next frame: its texels aren't held until
+/// some later redraw.
+#[test]
+fn a_kept_state_history_purged_goes_at_the_next_frame() {
+    let _gpu = photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock();
+    let Some(mut g) = gpu_app() else { return };
+    cpu_only_document(g.harness.state_mut(), 2600, 1700);
+    let layer = g.harness.state().session.active().and_then(|st| st.active_layer).expect("layer");
+    settle(&mut g);
+    // Hidden, the document is drawn on the GPU: the kept state is the one before, in History.
+    g.harness.state_mut().run("layer.setProps", json!({"layer": layer.0, "visible": false})).expect("hide");
+    settle(&mut g);
+    assert_eq!(g.harness.state().kept.entries.len(), 1, "the state before hiding is kept");
+    g.harness.state_mut().run("edit.purge.histories", json!({})).expect("purge");
+    g.harness.step();
+    assert!(g.harness.state().redraws.is_empty());
+    assert!(g.harness.state().kept.entries.is_empty(), "the purged state's composite is still held");
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn closing_the_document_stops_its_redraw() {
     let _gpu = photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock();
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/bitmap_dialog.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/bitmap_dialog.rs
index 04ef5b1d79..d7ff658176 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/bitmap_dialog.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/bitmap_dialog.rs
@@ -70,17 +70,19 @@ fn label(ui: &mut egui::Ui, text: &str) {
 
 /// A value stored in per-inch units, edited in per-inch or per-centimeter ones: `field` holds the
 /// per-inch value, `unit` the view's unit (`per_cm` when its value is per centimeter).
-fn per_unit_row(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>, field: &str, range: (f32, f32), default: f32, unit: &str, units: [(&str, &str); 2]) {
+// The explicit accessible name accompanies the existing numeric-field parameters.
+#[expect(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+fn per_unit_row(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>, field: &str, name: &str, range: (f32, f32), default: f32, unit: &str, units: [(&str, &str); 2]) {
     let per_inch = num(f, field, default);
     let mut cur = text(f, unit, units[0].0);
     let per_cm = cur == units[1].0;
     let k = if per_cm { CM } else { 1.0 };
     let mut shown = per_inch / k;
-    if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut shown, range.0 / k..=range.1 / k, "", 70.0).changed() {
+    if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut shown, range.0 / k..=range.1 / k, "", 70.0).accessible_name(name).changed() {
         f.insert(field.into(), json!(((shown * k).clamp(range.0, range.1) * 1000.0).round() / 1000.0));
     }
     let opts: Vec<(String, &str)> = units.iter().map(|(id, l)| (id.to_string(), *l)).collect();
-    if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("bitmap-{unit}"), &mut cur, &opts, 150.0) {
+    if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("bitmap-{unit}"), tl!("Units"), &mut cur, &opts, 150.0) {
         f.insert(unit.into(), json!(cur));
     }
 }
@@ -102,7 +104,7 @@ pub(crate) fn body(app: &PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, V
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         label(ui, tl!("Output:"));
         let input = num(f, "__inputResolution", 72.0);
-        per_unit_row(ui, f, "resolution", RESOLUTION, input, "__resUnit", res_units);
+        per_unit_row(ui, f, "resolution", tl!("Resolution"), RESOLUTION, input, "__resUnit", res_units);
     });
 
     ui.add_space(4.0);
@@ -112,7 +114,7 @@ pub(crate) fn body(app: &PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, V
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         label(ui, tl!("Use:"));
         let opts: Vec<(String, &str)> = METHODS.iter().map(|(id, l)| (id.to_string(), tl!(l))).collect();
-        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "bitmap-method", &mut method, &opts, 190.0) {
+        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "bitmap-method", tl!("Method"), &mut method, &opts, 190.0) {
             f.insert("method".into(), json!(method));
         }
     });
@@ -135,12 +137,12 @@ pub(crate) fn body(app: &PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, V
         crate::widgets::hairline(ui);
         ui.horizontal(|ui| {
             label(ui, tl!("Frequency:"));
-            per_unit_row(ui, f, "frequency", FREQUENCY, 53.0, "__freqUnit", [("lpi", tl!("Lines/Inch")), ("lpcm", tl!("Lines/Centimeter"))]);
+            per_unit_row(ui, f, "frequency", tl!("Frequency"), FREQUENCY, 53.0, "__freqUnit", [("lpi", tl!("Lines/Inch")), ("lpcm", tl!("Lines/Centimeter"))]);
         });
         ui.horizontal(|ui| {
             label(ui, tl!("Angle:"));
             let mut angle = num(f, "angle", 45.0);
-            if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut angle, -180.0..=180.0, "°", 70.0).changed() {
+            if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut angle, -180.0..=180.0, "°", 70.0).accessible_name(tl!("Angle:")).changed() {
                 f.insert("angle".into(), json!((angle.clamp(-180.0, 180.0) * 10.0).round() / 10.0));
             }
         });
@@ -148,7 +150,7 @@ pub(crate) fn body(app: &PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, V
             label(ui, tl!("Shape:"));
             let mut shape = text(f, "shape", "round");
             let opts: Vec<(String, &str)> = SHAPES.iter().map(|(id, l)| (id.to_string(), tl!(l))).collect();
-            if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "bitmap-shape", &mut shape, &opts, 150.0) {
+            if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "bitmap-shape", tl!("Shape"), &mut shape, &opts, 150.0) {
                 f.insert("shape".into(), json!(shape));
             }
         });
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/blend_dropdown_wheel_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/blend_dropdown_wheel_tests.rs
index c6b9186f86..f3f69cdd45 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/blend_dropdown_wheel_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/blend_dropdown_wheel_tests.rs
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ fn wheel(h: &mut Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, at: Pos2, lines: f32) {
     h.hover_at(at);
     h.run_steps(1);
     h.event(egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+        source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
         unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Line,
         delta: vec2(0.0, lines),
         phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move,
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/blend_keys.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/blend_keys.rs
index d68bc79a11..f954cbd3c4 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/blend_keys.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/blend_keys.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
-//! ⇧+ and ⇧− step through the blend modes, as in Photoshop (#3102): the Brush's or Pencil's mode
-//! while one of them is active, the Gradient's with the Gradient tool, and otherwise (Move, the
-//! selection tools…) the active layer's. The list wraps at either end. Each press is one call of
-//! an engine command (`tools.setBrush`, `layer.setProps`), so it records and undoes like a pick
-//! from the dropdown.
+//! Blend mode keys, as in Photoshop. ⇧+ and ⇧− step through the modes (#3102), and ⇧⌥ plus a
+//! letter picks one (⇧⌥M Multiply, ⇧⌥S Screen…). With a painting tool that has a Mode of its own
+//! (`tool_modes`: Brush, Pencil, Paint Bucket, Gradient, the stamps, History Brush, Healing) they
+//! set that tool's mode within its menu and never the layer's. With a tool that has no blend mode
+//! (Move, the selection tools, the Erasers…) they set every selected layer's mode.
+//! The step list wraps at either end. Each press is one call of an engine command
+//! (`tools.setBrush`, `layer.setProps` with every target layer), so it is one undo step.
 
 use egui::{Event, Key};
 use photocraft_color::BlendMode;
@@ -13,7 +15,7 @@ use crate::state::Tool;
 
 /// The mode `step` places after (or before, when negative) `current` in `modes`, wrapping around.
 /// A mode that isn't listed steps from the top of the list.
-pub fn stepped(modes: &[BlendMode], current: BlendMode, step: i32) -> Option<BlendMode> {
+pub fn stepped<T: Copy + PartialEq>(modes: &[T], current: T, step: i32) -> Option<T> {
     let n = i32::try_from(modes.len()).ok().filter(|n| *n > 0)?;
     let at = modes.iter().position(|m| *m == current).and_then(|i| i32::try_from(i).ok());
     let next = match at {
@@ -24,52 +26,225 @@ pub fn stepped(modes: &[BlendMode], current: BlendMode, step: i32) -> Option<Ble
     modes.get(usize::try_from(next).ok()?).copied()
 }
 
+/// What a blend mode key asks for.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum Pick {
+    Mode(BlendMode),
+    /// Painting tools only: paint transparency.
+    Clear,
+    /// Painting tools only: paint behind the layer's pixels. Not implemented yet, so ⇧⌥Q is taken
+    /// (it must not reach another binding) and does nothing.
+    Behind,
+}
+
+/// Photoshop's ⇧⌥ letter for each mode. Darker Color, Lighter Color, Subtract and Divide have none.
+pub fn letter_pick(key: Key) -> Option<Pick> {
+    use BlendMode as B;
+    Some(Pick::Mode(match key {
+        Key::N => B::Normal,
+        Key::I => B::Dissolve,
+        Key::Q => return Some(Pick::Behind),
+        Key::R => return Some(Pick::Clear),
+        Key::P => B::PassThrough,
+        Key::K => B::Darken,
+        Key::M => B::Multiply,
+        Key::B => B::ColorBurn,
+        Key::A => B::LinearBurn,
+        Key::G => B::Lighten,
+        Key::S => B::Screen,
+        Key::D => B::ColorDodge,
+        Key::W => B::LinearDodge,
+        Key::O => B::Overlay,
+        Key::F => B::SoftLight,
+        Key::H => B::HardLight,
+        Key::V => B::VividLight,
+        Key::J => B::LinearLight,
+        Key::Z => B::PinLight,
+        Key::L => B::HardMix,
+        Key::E => B::Difference,
+        Key::X => B::Exclusion,
+        Key::U => B::Hue,
+        Key::T => B::Saturation,
+        Key::C => B::Color,
+        Key::Y => B::Luminosity,
+        _ => return None,
+    }))
+}
+
+/// One key's request: a step through the list, or a mode picked by letter.
+enum Press {
+    Step(i32),
+    Pick(Pick),
+}
+
 /// Consumes this frame's ⇧+ / ⇧− presses (⇧= on a US layout is `+`; on a German one
-/// `layout_keys::apply` has already turned ⇧+ and ⇧- into `+` and `-`) and applies them.
+/// `layout_keys::apply` has already turned ⇧+ and ⇧- into `+` and `-`) and ⇧⌥ letters, and
+/// applies them. Runs before the tool letters, which would otherwise take ⇧⌥M as M.
 pub fn handle(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
-    let steps: Vec<i32> = ctx.input_mut(|i| {
+    let presses: Vec<Press> = ctx.input_mut(|i| {
         let mut out = Vec::new();
         i.events.retain(|e| match e {
-            Event::Key { key, pressed: true, modifiers, .. } if modifiers.shift && !modifiers.command && !modifiers.ctrl && !modifiers.alt => {
-                let step = match key {
-                    Key::Plus | Key::Equals => 1,
-                    Key::Minus => -1,
-                    _ => return true,
-                };
-                out.push(step);
+            Event::Key { key, physical_key, pressed: true, modifiers, .. } if modifiers.shift && !modifiers.command && !modifiers.ctrl => {
+                if modifiers.alt {
+                    // The layout's letter (⇧⌥Z on a German keyboard is Pin Light), else the
+                    // physical one: on a Mac ⌥ turns the letter into another character (⇧⌥M
+                    // types Â) that may arrive as some other key.
+                    match letter_pick(*key).or_else(|| physical_key.and_then(letter_pick)) {
+                        Some(p) => out.push(Press::Pick(p)),
+                        None => return true,
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    match key {
+                        Key::Plus | Key::Equals => out.push(Press::Step(1)),
+                        Key::Minus => out.push(Press::Step(-1)),
+                        _ => return true,
+                    }
+                }
                 false
             }
             _ => true,
         });
         out
     });
-    for step in steps {
-        press(app, step);
+    for p in presses {
+        match p {
+            Press::Step(step) => press(app, step),
+            Press::Pick(pick) => pick_mode(app, pick),
+        }
     }
 }
 
-/// One ⇧+ (`step` 1) or ⇧− (`step` -1) press.
-pub fn press(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, step: i32) {
+/// Photoshop's Healing Brush modes, less Replace (not implemented yet).
+pub const HEALING_MODES: [BlendMode; 7] =
+    [BlendMode::Normal, BlendMode::Multiply, BlendMode::Screen, BlendMode::Darken, BlendMode::Lighten, BlendMode::Color, BlendMode::Luminosity];
+
+/// The mode a brush-based tool paints with: its brush's, or Normal for a Healing Brush whose brush
+/// holds a mode its short menu lacks (the Brush's Overlay remembered from before it had a menu, a
+/// preset with tool settings, `tools.setBrush`). The stroke, the dropdown and the keys share it.
+pub fn brush_tool_mode(tool: Tool, mode: BlendMode) -> BlendMode {
+    if tool == Tool::Healing && !HEALING_MODES.contains(&mode) { BlendMode::Normal } else { mode }
+}
+
+/// A painting tool's options-bar Mode menu in order, `None` being Clear (after Dissolve, on the
+/// tools Photoshop offers it on). `None` for a tool without a blend mode control.
+pub fn tool_modes(tool: Tool) -> Option<Vec<Option<BlendMode>>> {
+    let layer = || BlendMode::LAYER_MODES.iter().copied().map(Some).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    Some(match tool {
+        Tool::Brush | Tool::Pencil | Tool::PaintBucket => {
+            let mut modes = layer();
+            let at = modes.iter().position(|m| *m == Some(BlendMode::Dissolve)).map_or(modes.len(), |i| i + 1);
+            modes.insert(at, None);
+            modes
+        }
+        Tool::Gradient | Tool::CloneStamp | Tool::PatternStamp | Tool::HistoryBrush => layer(),
+        Tool::Healing => HEALING_MODES.iter().copied().map(Some).collect(),
+        _ => return None,
+    })
+}
+
+/// Where the active tool's blend mode keys go.
+enum Target {
+    /// The tool's own Mode, one of these.
+    Tool(Vec<Option<BlendMode>>),
+    /// A painting tool with a blend mode in Photoshop but no Mode control here yet: the keys do
+    /// nothing, and never reach the layer.
+    Nothing,
+    Layers,
+}
+
+fn target(tool: Tool) -> Target {
+    if let Some(modes) = tool_modes(tool) {
+        return Target::Tool(modes);
+    }
+    match tool {
+        Tool::SpotHealing | Tool::ColorReplacement | Tool::Blur | Tool::Sharpen | Tool::Smudge | Tool::ArtHistoryBrush => Target::Nothing,
+        // Photoshop's ⇧⌥S/M/H pick the Dodge and Burn Range and ⇧⌥D/S the Sponge's mode: never
+        // the layer's.
+        Tool::Dodge | Tool::Burn | Tool::Sponge => Target::Nothing,
+        // No blend mode of their own (the Erasers, the Mixer Brush…): the layer's, as in Photoshop.
+        _ => Target::Layers,
+    }
+}
+
+/// The active tool's mode, `None` being Clear. A brush-based tool's lives in its own brush.
+pub fn tool_mode(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> Option<BlendMode> {
+    let o = &app.ui.tool_options;
     match app.ui.tool {
-        Tool::Brush | Tool::Pencil => {
-            let current = app.session.tools.brush.mode;
-            if let Some(mode) = stepped(&BlendMode::LAYER_MODES, current, step)
-                && let Ok(mode) = serde_json::to_value(mode)
-            {
-                let _ = app.run("tools.setBrush", json!({ "brush": { "mode": mode } }));
-            }
-        }
-        Tool::Gradient => {
-            let before = app.ui.tool_options.clone();
-            if let Some(mode) = stepped(&BlendMode::LAYER_MODES, before.gradient_blend_mode, step) {
-                app.ui.tool_options.gradient_blend_mode = mode;
-                // Live mode: a selected gradient fill layer follows, as with the dropdown.
-                crate::gradient_ui::options_changed(app, &before);
-            }
-        }
-        // Their blend mode isn't the brush's (the Eraser has none): leave them alone.
-        t if t.is_brushlike() || t == Tool::MagicEraser || t == Tool::PaintBucket => {}
+        Tool::Brush if o.brush_clear => None,
+        Tool::Pencil if o.pencil_clear => None,
+        Tool::PaintBucket if o.bucket_clear => None,
+        Tool::PaintBucket => Some(o.bucket_blend_mode),
+        Tool::Gradient => Some(o.gradient_blend_mode),
         _ => {
+            crate::paint_mouse::sync_tool_brush(app);
+            Some(brush_tool_mode(app.ui.tool, app.session.tools.brush.mode))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Sets the active tool's mode; `None` is Clear.
+fn set_tool_mode(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, mode: Option<BlendMode>) {
+    match app.ui.tool {
+        Tool::Gradient => {
+            if let Some(m) = mode {
+                set_gradient_mode(app, m);
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        Tool::PaintBucket => {
+            app.ui.tool_options.bucket_clear = mode.is_none();
+            if let Some(m) = mode {
+                app.ui.tool_options.bucket_blend_mode = m;
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        Tool::Brush => app.ui.tool_options.brush_clear = mode.is_none(),
+        Tool::Pencil => app.ui.tool_options.pencil_clear = mode.is_none(),
+        _ => {}
+    }
+    crate::paint_mouse::sync_tool_brush(app);
+    if let Some(m) = mode
+        && let Ok(m) = serde_json::to_value(m)
+    {
+        let _ = app.run("tools.setBrush", json!({ "brush": { "mode": m } }));
+    }
+}
+
+fn set_gradient_mode(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, mode: BlendMode) {
+    let before = app.ui.tool_options.clone();
+    app.ui.tool_options.gradient_blend_mode = mode;
+    // Live mode: a selected gradient fill layer follows, as with the dropdown.
+    crate::gradient_ui::options_changed(app, &before);
+}
+
+/// Sets `mode` on every selected layer that can take it, in one undo step: the locked Background
+/// has no blend mode, and only groups pass through.
+fn set_layers_mode(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, mode: BlendMode) {
+    let Some(st) = app.session.active() else { return };
+    let ids: Vec<u64> = st
+        .selected_layers()
+        .into_iter()
+        .filter_map(|id| st.doc.layer(id))
+        .filter(|l| !crate::doc_props_ui::is_background(&st.doc, l) && (mode != BlendMode::PassThrough || l.is_group()) && l.blend != mode)
+        .map(|l| l.id.0)
+        .collect();
+    if !ids.is_empty() {
+        let _ = app.run("layer.setProps", json!({ "layers": ids, "blend": mode.label() }));
+    }
+}
+
+/// One ⇧+ (`step` 1) or ⇧− (`step` -1) press. Selected layers all take the mode after the active
+/// layer's.
+pub fn press(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, step: i32) {
+    match target(app.ui.tool) {
+        Target::Tool(modes) => {
+            let current = tool_mode(app);
+            if let Some(mode) = stepped(&modes, current, step) {
+                set_tool_mode(app, mode);
+            }
+        }
+        Target::Nothing => {}
+        Target::Layers => {
             let Some(st) = app.session.active() else { return };
             let Some(layer) = st.active_layer.and_then(|id| st.doc.layer(id)) else { return };
             // The locked Background has no blend mode.
@@ -78,13 +253,31 @@ pub fn press(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, step: i32) {
             }
             let modes: Vec<BlendMode> = std::iter::once(BlendMode::PassThrough).filter(|_| layer.is_group()).chain(BlendMode::LAYER_MODES).collect();
             if let Some(mode) = stepped(&modes, layer.blend, step) {
-                let id = layer.id.0;
-                let _ = app.run("layer.setProps", json!({ "layer": id, "blend": mode.label() }));
+                set_layers_mode(app, mode);
             }
         }
     }
 }
 
+/// One ⇧⌥ letter press. A mode the target's menu doesn't have (Clear or Behind for layers, Pass
+/// Through for a painting tool, Overlay for the Healing Brush) does nothing.
+pub fn pick_mode(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, pick: Pick) {
+    let want = match pick {
+        Pick::Mode(m) => Some(m),
+        Pick::Clear => None,
+        Pick::Behind => return,
+    };
+    match target(app.ui.tool) {
+        Target::Tool(modes) if modes.contains(&want) => set_tool_mode(app, want),
+        Target::Layers => {
+            if let Some(m) = want {
+                set_layers_mode(app, m);
+            }
+        }
+        _ => {}
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
@@ -180,4 +373,343 @@ mod tests {
         let mut none = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
         press(&mut none, 1);
     }
+
+    /// Feeds one ⇧⌥ press of `key`, reported by the platform as `physical` too.
+    fn alt_shift(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, key: Key, physical: Key) {
+        let m = egui::Modifiers::SHIFT | egui::Modifiers::ALT;
+        let raw = egui::RawInput {
+            events: vec![egui::Event::ModifiersChanged(m), egui::Event::Key { key, physical_key: Some(physical), pressed: true, repeat: false, modifiers: m }],
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        ctx.begin_pass(raw);
+        crate::shortcuts::handle(app, ctx);
+        ctx.end_pass().textures_delta.clear();
+    }
+
+    fn blend_of(app: &PhotocraftApp, i: usize) -> BlendMode {
+        app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layers[i].blend
+    }
+
+    /// Photoshop's letters: 26 keys, each a different mode, and the four modes without one.
+    #[test]
+    fn every_letter_picks_its_own_mode() {
+        let keys: Vec<Key> = "NIQRPKMBAGSDWOFHVJZLEXUTCY".chars().filter_map(|c| Key::from_name(&c.to_string())).collect();
+        assert_eq!(keys.len(), 26);
+        let picks: Vec<Pick> = keys.iter().filter_map(|k| letter_pick(*k)).collect();
+        assert_eq!(picks.len(), keys.len());
+        for (i, p) in picks.iter().enumerate() {
+            assert!(!picks[..i].contains(p), "{p:?} has two letters");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(letter_pick(Key::M), Some(Pick::Mode(BlendMode::Multiply)));
+        assert_eq!(letter_pick(Key::W), Some(Pick::Mode(BlendMode::LinearDodge)));
+        assert_eq!(letter_pick(Key::Y), Some(Pick::Mode(BlendMode::Luminosity)));
+        for m in [BlendMode::DarkerColor, BlendMode::LighterColor, BlendMode::Subtract, BlendMode::Divide] {
+            assert!(!picks.contains(&Pick::Mode(m)), "{m:?} has no letter in Photoshop");
+        }
+        for k in [Key::Num1, Key::Space] {
+            assert_eq!(letter_pick(k), None);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// With the Move tool ⇧⌥M makes the active layer Multiply in one undo step, and doesn't switch
+    /// to the Marquee tool's M. Clear and Behind are painting modes: a layer ignores them.
+    #[test]
+    fn alt_shift_letter_sets_the_layer_mode_and_keeps_the_tool() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut a = app(Tool::Move);
+        let undo = a.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        alt_shift(&mut a, &ctx, Key::M, Key::M);
+        assert_eq!(layer_blend(&a), BlendMode::Multiply);
+        assert_eq!(a.ui.tool, Tool::Move, "not the Marquee tool");
+        assert_eq!(a.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), undo + 1);
+        alt_shift(&mut a, &ctx, Key::R, Key::R);
+        alt_shift(&mut a, &ctx, Key::Q, Key::Q);
+        alt_shift(&mut a, &ctx, Key::P, Key::P);
+        assert_eq!(layer_blend(&a), BlendMode::Multiply, "no Clear, Behind or Pass Through on a layer");
+        assert_eq!(a.ui.tool, Tool::Move);
+        // ⇧⌥ letters that are tool keys pick modes too.
+        alt_shift(&mut a, &ctx, Key::S, Key::S);
+        assert_eq!(layer_blend(&a), BlendMode::Screen);
+        assert_eq!(a.ui.tool, Tool::Move);
+    }
+
+    /// A Mac's ⌥ turns the letter into another character; egui then reports the physical key.
+    /// A German layout's Z (physical Y) is still Pin Light: the typed letter wins.
+    #[test]
+    fn the_typed_letter_wins_and_the_physical_key_is_the_fallback() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut a = app(Tool::Move);
+        alt_shift(&mut a, &ctx, Key::Backtick, Key::O);
+        assert_eq!(layer_blend(&a), BlendMode::Overlay);
+        alt_shift(&mut a, &ctx, Key::Z, Key::Y);
+        assert_eq!(layer_blend(&a), BlendMode::PinLight);
+    }
+
+    /// Every selected layer takes the mode, all in one undo step; the Background keeps Normal.
+    /// ⇧+ steps them all to the mode after the active layer's.
+    #[test]
+    fn mode_keys_set_every_selected_layer_in_one_undo_step() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut a = app(Tool::Move);
+        let ids: Vec<u64> = a.session.active().unwrap().doc.layers.iter().map(|l| l.id.0).collect();
+        a.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        for id in &ids {
+            a.run("layer.select", json!({"layer": id, "mode": "add"})).unwrap();
+        }
+        assert_eq!(a.session.active().unwrap().selected_layers().len(), 3);
+        let undo = a.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        alt_shift(&mut a, &ctx, Key::S, Key::S);
+        assert_eq!([blend_of(&a, 0), blend_of(&a, 1), blend_of(&a, 2)], [BlendMode::Normal, BlendMode::Screen, BlendMode::Screen]);
+        assert_eq!(a.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), undo + 1, "one undo step for both layers");
+        key(&mut a, &ctx, Key::Plus, egui::Modifiers::SHIFT);
+        assert_eq!([blend_of(&a, 1), blend_of(&a, 2)], [BlendMode::ColorDodge, BlendMode::ColorDodge]);
+        assert_eq!(a.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), undo + 2);
+        a.session.undo();
+        assert_eq!([blend_of(&a, 1), blend_of(&a, 2)], [BlendMode::Screen, BlendMode::Screen]);
+    }
+
+    /// ⇧⌥P is Pass Through, for groups only.
+    #[test]
+    fn pass_through_is_for_groups() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut a = app(Tool::Move);
+        a.run("layer.new.group", json!({})).unwrap();
+        alt_shift(&mut a, &ctx, Key::N, Key::N);
+        assert_eq!(layer_blend(&a), BlendMode::Normal);
+        alt_shift(&mut a, &ctx, Key::P, Key::P);
+        assert_eq!(layer_blend(&a), BlendMode::PassThrough);
+    }
+
+    /// With the Brush the letters set the brush's mode, Clear included, and never the layer's;
+    /// ⇧+ from Dissolve reaches Clear, as in the dropdown. The Pencil keeps its own Clear.
+    #[test]
+    fn with_a_painting_tool_the_letters_set_only_its_mode() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut a = app(Tool::Brush);
+        alt_shift(&mut a, &ctx, Key::M, Key::M);
+        assert_eq!(a.session.tools.brush.mode, BlendMode::Multiply);
+        assert_eq!(layer_blend(&a), BlendMode::Normal, "the layer is untouched");
+        assert_eq!(a.ui.tool, Tool::Brush);
+        alt_shift(&mut a, &ctx, Key::R, Key::R);
+        assert!(a.ui.tool_options.brush_clear);
+        alt_shift(&mut a, &ctx, Key::P, Key::P);
+        assert!(a.ui.tool_options.brush_clear, "no Pass Through for a brush");
+        alt_shift(&mut a, &ctx, Key::I, Key::I);
+        assert!(!a.ui.tool_options.brush_clear);
+        assert_eq!(a.session.tools.brush.mode, BlendMode::Dissolve);
+        key(&mut a, &ctx, Key::Plus, egui::Modifiers::SHIFT);
+        assert!(a.ui.tool_options.brush_clear, "Clear follows Dissolve");
+        key(&mut a, &ctx, Key::Plus, egui::Modifiers::SHIFT);
+        assert!(!a.ui.tool_options.brush_clear);
+        assert_eq!(a.session.tools.brush.mode, BlendMode::Darken);
+        assert!(!a.ui.tool_options.pencil_clear);
+        a.ui.tool = Tool::Pencil;
+        alt_shift(&mut a, &ctx, Key::R, Key::R);
+        assert!(a.ui.tool_options.pencil_clear);
+        assert_eq!(layer_blend(&a), BlendMode::Normal);
+    }
+
+    /// The Gradient takes the letters; Smudge, which has a blend mode in Photoshop but no Mode
+    /// control here yet, ignores them rather than changing the layer.
+    #[test]
+    fn gradient_takes_the_letters_and_smudge_ignores_them() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut a = app(Tool::Gradient);
+        alt_shift(&mut a, &ctx, Key::O, Key::O);
+        assert_eq!(a.ui.tool_options.gradient_blend_mode, BlendMode::Overlay);
+        alt_shift(&mut a, &ctx, Key::R, Key::R);
+        assert_eq!(a.ui.tool_options.gradient_blend_mode, BlendMode::Overlay, "no Clear for the Gradient");
+        a.ui.tool = Tool::Smudge;
+        alt_shift(&mut a, &ctx, Key::M, Key::M);
+        assert_eq!(layer_blend(&a), BlendMode::Normal);
+        assert_eq!(a.ui.tool, Tool::Smudge);
+        let mut none = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+        pick_mode(&mut none, Pick::Mode(BlendMode::Multiply));
+    }
+
+    /// With a Free Transform box open, ⇧⌥ letters and the number keys still go where the tool
+    /// sends them: the Brush's mode and opacity with the Brush, the layer's with the Move tool.
+    /// They never pick a tool, so the box stays open, and Enter keeps both the transform and the
+    /// layer's new mode. Puppet Warp keeps them to itself: its preview is a snapshot taken when it
+    /// started, so a change made meanwhile wouldn't show, and Esc wouldn't take it back.
+    #[test]
+    fn keys_follow_the_tool_while_a_transform_is_open_and_a_warp_keeps_them() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut a = app(Tool::Brush);
+        a.run("select.rect", json!({"x": 4, "y": 4, "width": 12, "height": 12})).unwrap();
+        a.run("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+        a.run("select.deselect", json!({})).unwrap();
+        a.sync_views();
+        crate::transform_tool::begin(&mut a, &ctx).unwrap();
+        crate::transform_tool::nudge(&mut a, 3.0, 0.0);
+        let shift_alt = egui::Modifiers::SHIFT | egui::Modifiers::ALT;
+        let opacity = |a: &PhotocraftApp| {
+            let st = a.session.active().unwrap();
+            st.doc.layer(st.active_layer.unwrap()).unwrap().opacity
+        };
+        // The Brush: its own mode and opacity.
+        key(&mut a, &ctx, Key::M, shift_alt);
+        assert_eq!(a.session.tools.brush.mode, BlendMode::Multiply);
+        key(&mut a, &ctx, Key::Num5, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert!((a.session.tools.brush.opacity - 0.5).abs() < 1e-6);
+        assert_eq!((layer_blend(&a), opacity(&a)), (BlendMode::Normal, 1.0), "the layer is left alone");
+        assert!(a.ui.transform.is_some(), "the box stays open");
+        assert_eq!(a.ui.tool, Tool::Brush, "no tool letter");
+        // The Move tool: the layer's.
+        a.ui.tool = Tool::Move;
+        a.opacity_keys = None;
+        key(&mut a, &ctx, Key::E, shift_alt);
+        key(&mut a, &ctx, Key::Num7, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert_eq!(layer_blend(&a), BlendMode::Difference);
+        assert!((opacity(&a) - 0.7).abs() < 1e-6, "{}", opacity(&a));
+        assert!(a.ui.transform.is_some());
+        key(&mut a, &ctx, Key::Enter, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert!(a.ui.transform.is_none());
+        let st = a.session.active().unwrap();
+        let l = st.doc.layer(st.active_layer.unwrap()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(l.blend, BlendMode::Difference, "the commit keeps it");
+        assert_eq!(l.surface().unwrap().content_bounds().x0, 7, "and the move");
+        let l_opacity = l.opacity;
+        // Puppet Warp: nothing reaches the layer, the Brush or the History.
+        crate::distort_ui::menu(&mut a, &ctx, "edit.puppetWarp", &json!({})).unwrap().unwrap();
+        assert!(a.distort.puppet.is_some());
+        let undo = a.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        a.opacity_keys = None;
+        key(&mut a, &ctx, Key::S, shift_alt);
+        key(&mut a, &ctx, Key::Plus, egui::Modifiers::SHIFT);
+        key(&mut a, &ctx, Key::Num3, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        a.ui.tool = Tool::Brush;
+        key(&mut a, &ctx, Key::H, shift_alt);
+        key(&mut a, &ctx, Key::Num9, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert_eq!((layer_blend(&a), opacity(&a)), (BlendMode::Difference, l_opacity), "the layer under the warp is left alone");
+        assert_eq!(a.session.tools.brush.mode, BlendMode::Multiply);
+        assert!((a.session.tools.brush.opacity - 0.5).abs() < 1e-6);
+        assert_eq!(a.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), undo, "no History step behind the warp");
+        assert!(a.distort.puppet.is_some(), "the warp stays open");
+        // Perspective Warp too.
+        key(&mut a, &ctx, Key::Escape, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert!(a.distort.puppet.is_none());
+        a.ui.tool = Tool::Move;
+        crate::distort_ui::menu(&mut a, &ctx, "edit.perspectiveWarp", &json!({})).unwrap().unwrap();
+        assert!(a.distort.perspective.is_some());
+        key(&mut a, &ctx, Key::S, shift_alt);
+        key(&mut a, &ctx, Key::Num3, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert_eq!((layer_blend(&a), opacity(&a)), (BlendMode::Difference, l_opacity));
+        assert_eq!(a.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), undo);
+        assert!(a.distort.perspective.is_some());
+    }
+
+    /// The stamps and the History Brush keep their mode in their own brush: the keys set it there,
+    /// never the layer's, and another tool's brush keeps its own.
+    #[test]
+    fn clone_stamp_pattern_stamp_and_history_brush_take_the_keys_into_their_own_brush() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut a = app(Tool::Brush);
+        alt_shift(&mut a, &ctx, Key::M, Key::M);
+        for (tool, key, mode) in
+            [(Tool::CloneStamp, Key::S, BlendMode::Screen), (Tool::PatternStamp, Key::O, BlendMode::Overlay), (Tool::HistoryBrush, Key::K, BlendMode::Darken)]
+        {
+            a.ui.tool = tool;
+            assert_eq!(tool_mode(&mut a), Some(BlendMode::Normal), "{tool:?} starts in Normal");
+            alt_shift(&mut a, &ctx, key, key);
+            assert_eq!(tool_mode(&mut a), Some(mode), "{tool:?}");
+            alt_shift(&mut a, &ctx, Key::R, Key::R);
+            assert_eq!(tool_mode(&mut a), Some(mode), "{tool:?} has no Clear");
+            key_press(&mut a, &ctx, 1);
+            assert_ne!(tool_mode(&mut a), Some(mode), "{tool:?} steps");
+            assert_eq!(layer_blend(&a), BlendMode::Normal, "{tool:?} leaves the layer alone");
+        }
+        a.ui.tool = Tool::Brush;
+        assert_eq!(tool_mode(&mut a), Some(BlendMode::Multiply), "the Brush keeps its own mode");
+    }
+
+    fn key_press(a: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, step: i32) {
+        key(a, ctx, if step > 0 { Key::Plus } else { Key::Minus }, egui::Modifiers::SHIFT);
+    }
+
+    /// The Healing Brush's menu is short: letters outside it do nothing, and ⇧+ steps within it.
+    #[test]
+    fn healing_brush_takes_only_its_own_modes() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut a = app(Tool::Healing);
+        alt_shift(&mut a, &ctx, Key::O, Key::O);
+        assert_eq!(tool_mode(&mut a), Some(BlendMode::Normal), "Overlay isn't a Healing mode");
+        alt_shift(&mut a, &ctx, Key::Y, Key::Y);
+        assert_eq!(tool_mode(&mut a), Some(BlendMode::Luminosity));
+        key_press(&mut a, &ctx, 1);
+        assert_eq!(tool_mode(&mut a), Some(BlendMode::Normal), "wraps within the Healing list");
+        key_press(&mut a, &ctx, 1);
+        assert_eq!(tool_mode(&mut a), Some(BlendMode::Multiply));
+        assert_eq!(layer_blend(&a), BlendMode::Normal);
+    }
+
+    /// A Healing Brush whose brush holds Overlay (outside its menu) counts as Normal for the keys,
+    /// as for its stroke: ⇧+ steps on to Multiply.
+    #[test]
+    fn healing_brush_with_a_mode_outside_its_menu_steps_from_normal() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut a = app(Tool::Healing);
+        crate::paint_mouse::sync_tool_brush(&mut a);
+        a.session.tools.brush.mode = BlendMode::Overlay;
+        assert_eq!(tool_mode(&mut a), Some(BlendMode::Normal));
+        key_press(&mut a, &ctx, 1);
+        assert_eq!(tool_mode(&mut a), Some(BlendMode::Multiply));
+    }
+
+    /// The Paint Bucket has its own Mode, Clear included.
+    #[test]
+    fn paint_bucket_takes_the_keys_with_clear() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut a = app(Tool::PaintBucket);
+        alt_shift(&mut a, &ctx, Key::M, Key::M);
+        assert_eq!(a.ui.tool_options.bucket_blend_mode, BlendMode::Multiply);
+        alt_shift(&mut a, &ctx, Key::R, Key::R);
+        assert!(a.ui.tool_options.bucket_clear);
+        key_press(&mut a, &ctx, 1);
+        assert!(!a.ui.tool_options.bucket_clear);
+        assert_eq!(a.ui.tool_options.bucket_blend_mode, BlendMode::Darken, "Clear is followed by Darken");
+        assert_eq!(layer_blend(&a), BlendMode::Normal);
+    }
+
+    /// Tools without a blend mode of their own (the Erasers, the Mixer Brush) pass the keys to the
+    /// selected layers, as Photoshop does.
+    #[test]
+    fn tools_without_a_blend_mode_set_the_layer() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        for (tool, key, mode) in
+            [(Tool::Eraser, Key::M, BlendMode::Multiply), (Tool::MagicEraser, Key::S, BlendMode::Screen), (Tool::MixerBrush, Key::E, BlendMode::Difference)]
+        {
+            let mut a = app(tool);
+            alt_shift(&mut a, &ctx, key, key);
+            assert_eq!(layer_blend(&a), mode, "{tool:?}");
+            assert_eq!(a.ui.tool, tool);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Dodge, Burn and Sponge use ⇧⌥S/M/H and ⇧⌥D/S for their own Range and mode in Photoshop, so
+    /// neither the letters nor ⇧+ change the layer's blend mode.
+    #[test]
+    fn dodge_burn_and_sponge_leave_the_layer_alone() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        for tool in [Tool::Dodge, Tool::Burn, Tool::Sponge] {
+            let mut a = app(tool);
+            for k in [Key::S, Key::M, Key::H, Key::D] {
+                alt_shift(&mut a, &ctx, k, k);
+            }
+            key_press(&mut a, &ctx, 1);
+            assert_eq!(layer_blend(&a), BlendMode::Normal, "{tool:?}");
+            assert_eq!(a.ui.tool, tool);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn art_history_brush_leaves_the_layer_alone() {
+        // Photoshop's Art History Brush has a Mode of its own; ours has no Mode control yet.
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut a = app(Tool::ArtHistoryBrush);
+        alt_shift(&mut a, &ctx, Key::M, Key::M);
+        key_press(&mut a, &ctx, 1);
+        assert_eq!(layer_blend(&a), BlendMode::Normal);
+        assert_eq!(a.ui.tool, Tool::ArtHistoryBrush);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/blend_preview.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/blend_preview.rs
index 06e7a208e1..37617ea6cf 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/blend_preview.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/blend_preview.rs
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ pub(crate) fn damage(app: &PhotocraftApp, doc: DocId, revision: u64, seen: u64,
 /// Limit an active preview to the view. Returning to the document restores the whole region.
 pub(crate) fn clip_damage(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, doc: DocId, revision: u64, key: u64, region: Rect, visible: Rect) -> Rect {
     let Some(p) = app.blend_preview.as_mut().filter(|p| p.doc == doc && p.revision == revision) else { return region };
-    if !p.shown.as_ref().is_some_and(|(shown, _)| *shown == key) {
+    if p.shown.as_ref().is_none_or(|(shown, _)| *shown != key) {
         p.covered = None;
         return region;
     }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/brand.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/brand.rs
index a601e95c3e..01cf827d35 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/brand.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/brand.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ fn decode() -> egui::ColorImage {
 
 /// The icon texture, uploaded on first use and kept in the context.
 fn texture(ctx: &Context) -> TextureHandle {
-    let id = Id::new("photocraft-brand-mark");
+    let id = Id::unique("photocraft-brand-mark");
     if let Some(tex) = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<TextureHandle>(id)) {
         return tex;
     }
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ fn texture(ctx: &Context) -> TextureHandle {
 
 /// Where the mark was painted this frame (tests and screenshots).
 fn rect_id() -> Id {
-    Id::new("photocraft-brand-mark-rect")
+    Id::unique("photocraft-brand-mark-rect")
 }
 
 /// Paint the mark into `r` (square).
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/browse_field_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/browse_field_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..09debf418b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/browse_field_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+//! #7942 / #7531: path fields of command dialogs get a Browse… button (Artboards to Files'
+//! folder, Install Plug-in…'s .wasm file) that fills the field from a file dialog.
+use crate::PhotocraftApp;
+use crate::file_dialog::{FileDialogAnswer, FileDialogRequest};
+use egui::vec2;
+use egui_kittest::{Harness, kittest::Queryable};
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+
+fn harness(answers: Vec<Option<FileDialogAnswer>>) -> (Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, std::rc::Rc<std::cell::RefCell<Vec<FileDialogRequest>>>) {
+    let (show, asked) = crate::file_dialog::fake(answers);
+    let h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(1440.0, 900.0)).with_max_steps(64).build_eframe(move |cc| {
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&cc.egui_ctx, Default::default());
+        PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services { file_dialog: Some(show), ..Default::default() })
+    });
+    (h, asked)
+}
+
+fn field(h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, key: &str) -> Option<Value> {
+    h.state().ui.dialogs.last().and_then(|d| d.fields.get(key).cloned())
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn artboards_to_files_folder_is_chosen_with_browse() {
+    let (mut h, asked) = harness(vec![Some(FileDialogAnswer::FolderTo("/tmp/exports".into()))]);
+    h.state_mut().run("file.new", json!({"width": 64, "height": 64})).unwrap();
+    h.state_mut().sync_views();
+    let ctx = h.ctx.clone();
+    crate::menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "file.export.artboardsToFiles", json!({})).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    assert!(field(&h, "dir").is_some(), "the dialog has a Dir field");
+    h.get_by_label("Browse…").click();
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    assert!(matches!(asked.borrow().as_slice(), [FileDialogRequest::Folder { .. }]));
+    assert_eq!(field(&h, "dir"), Some(json!("/tmp/exports")));
+    assert!(field(&h, crate::dialogs::BROWSE_FIELD).is_none(), "the request is consumed");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn cancelling_browse_keeps_the_typed_folder() {
+    let (mut h, _) = harness(vec![None]);
+    h.state_mut().run("file.new", json!({"width": 64, "height": 64})).unwrap();
+    h.state_mut().sync_views();
+    let ctx = h.ctx.clone();
+    crate::menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "file.export.layersToFiles", json!({})).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    let before = field(&h, "dir");
+    h.get_by_label("Browse…").click();
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    assert_eq!(field(&h, "dir"), before);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn install_plugin_path_is_chosen_with_browse() {
+    let (mut h, asked) = harness(vec![Some(FileDialogAnswer::Paths(vec!["/tmp/blur.wasm".into()]))]);
+    let ctx = h.ctx.clone();
+    crate::menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "plugin.install", json!({})).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    h.get_by_label("Browse…").click();
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    match asked.borrow().as_slice() {
+        [FileDialogRequest::Open { multiple: false, extensions: Some(e), .. }] => assert_eq!(e, &["wasm".to_string()]),
+        other => panic!("unexpected requests {other:?}"),
+    }
+    assert_eq!(field(&h, "path"), Some(json!("/tmp/blur.wasm")));
+}
+
+/// #9357: Image Processor's source and destination folders are chosen with Browse…, as
+/// Photoshop's Select Folder… buttons choose them, instead of being typed.
+#[test]
+fn image_processor_folders_are_chosen_with_browse() {
+    let (mut h, asked) = harness(vec![Some(FileDialogAnswer::FolderTo("/tmp/shoot".into())), Some(FileDialogAnswer::FolderTo("/tmp/web".into()))]);
+    let ctx = h.ctx.clone();
+    crate::menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "file.scripts.imageProcessor", json!({})).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    assert_eq!(h.query_all_by_label("Browse…").count(), 2, "one Browse… for the source and one for the destination");
+    h.query_all_by_label("Browse…").next().unwrap().click();
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    assert_eq!(field(&h, "input"), Some(json!("/tmp/shoot")));
+    h.query_all_by_label("Browse…").nth(1).unwrap().click();
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    assert_eq!(field(&h, "output"), Some(json!("/tmp/web")));
+    assert!(matches!(asked.borrow().as_slice(), [FileDialogRequest::Folder { .. }, FileDialogRequest::Folder { .. }]));
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_cursor.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_cursor.rs
index 49c444c154..6bc71a78f7 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_cursor.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_cursor.rs
@@ -50,6 +50,47 @@ pub(crate) fn tip_axes(xf: &crate::canvas::ViewXform, size: f32) -> [Vec2; 2] {
     [xf.map_vec(Vec2::new(r, 0.0)), xf.map_vec(Vec2::new(0.0, r))]
 }
 
+/// Apply pen orientation after the cached tip shape, in document space before the view.
+/// Keeping this outside `rings` avoids retracing a sampled tip on every tablet sample.
+pub(crate) fn pen_axes(xf: &crate::canvas::ViewXform, brush: &BrushSettings, pen: Option<crate::stylus::PenSample>) -> [Vec2; 2] {
+    use photocraft_paint::brush::Control;
+    use photocraft_paint::dynamics::{StepInput, apply_pose, control_angle};
+    let axes = tip_axes(xf, brush.size);
+    if !brush.shape_dynamics.enabled {
+        return axes;
+    }
+    let Some(pen) = pen else { return axes };
+    let pen = pen.sanitized();
+    let point = apply_pose(
+        brush,
+        photocraft_paint::StrokePoint { pressure: pen.pressure, tilt_x: pen.tilt_x, tilt_y: pen.tilt_y, rotation: pen.rotation, ..Default::default() },
+    );
+    let sd = &brush.shape_dynamics;
+    let step = StepInput { point, direction: 0.0, initial_direction: 0.0, step: 0 };
+    let mut angle = match sd.angle.control {
+        Control::PenTilt | Control::Rotation => control_angle(sd.angle.control, sd.angle.fade_steps, &step),
+        _ => 0.0,
+    };
+    if sd.brush_projection {
+        angle += point.rotation;
+    }
+    let (sn, cs) = angle.to_radians().sin_cos();
+    let project = |v: Vec2| {
+        if !sd.brush_projection {
+            return v;
+        }
+        let tilt = point.tilt_x.hypot(point.tilt_y).clamp(0.0, 90.0);
+        if tilt == 0.0 {
+            return v;
+        }
+        let direction = Vec2::new(point.tilt_x, point.tilt_y).normalized();
+        v + direction * v.dot(direction) * (tilt.to_radians().cos().max(0.05) - 1.0)
+    };
+    let x = project(Vec2::new(cs, -sn));
+    let y = project(Vec2::new(sn, cs));
+    [axes[0] * x.x + axes[1] * x.y, axes[0] * y.x + axes[1] * y.y]
+}
+
 /// Rings in radius units (document orientation) on screen, through [`tip_axes`].
 fn on_screen(rings: &[Vec<[f32; 2]>], axes: [Vec2; 2]) -> Vec<Vec<Vec2>> {
     rings.iter().map(|r| r.iter().map(|p| axes[0] * p[0] + axes[1] * p[1]).collect()).collect()
@@ -59,7 +100,12 @@ fn on_screen(rings: &[Vec<[f32; 2]>], axes: [Vec2; 2]) -> Vec<Vec<Vec2>> {
 /// for the plain circle; `axes` comes from [`tip_axes`], for a traced outline. `normal` is
 /// Preferences › Cursors "Normal Brush Tip" (the 50 % contour, not the full tip).
 pub(crate) fn cursor(painter: &Painter, at: Pos2, brush: &BrushSettings, radius: f32, axes: [Vec2; 2], normal: bool, centre: bool) -> CursorIcon {
-    if let Some(rings) = rings(painter.ctx(), brush, !normal) {
+    let anisotropic = (axes[0].length_sq() - axes[1].length_sq()).abs() > 0.001 || axes[0].dot(axes[1]).abs() > 0.001;
+    let outline = rings(painter.ctx(), brush, !normal).or_else(|| {
+        // A round tip becomes an ellipse under projection (or a non-square pixel aspect).
+        anisotropic.then(|| photocraft_paint::outline::tip_outline(brush, !normal).map(Arc::new)).flatten()
+    });
+    if let Some(rings) = outline {
         let pts = on_screen(&rings, axes);
         let extent = pts.iter().flatten().fold(0.0f32, |m, p| m.max(p.length()));
         if extent < MIN_RADIUS {
@@ -77,7 +123,7 @@ pub(crate) fn rings(ctx: &egui::Context, brush: &BrushSettings, full: bool) -> O
     if matches!(brush.tip, TipShape::Round) && brush.angle == 0.0 && brush.roundness >= 1.0 {
         return None;
     }
-    let id = egui::Id::new("photocraft-tip-outline");
+    let id = egui::Id::unique("photocraft-tip-outline");
     if let Some(c) = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<Cached>(id))
         && c.key.matches(brush, full)
     {
@@ -139,6 +185,76 @@ mod tests {
         (a - b).length() < 1e-4
     }
 
+    /// Component timing only: outline transformation and OS bitmap generation, not presentation
+    /// or tablet latency. Run explicitly in release mode on the same runner for both cases.
+    #[test]
+    #[ignore]
+    fn pen_cursor_cost_probe() {
+        let mut brush = BrushSettings { size: 60.0, roundness: 0.25, hardness: 1.0, ..Default::default() };
+        brush.shape_dynamics.enabled = true;
+        brush.shape_dynamics.angle.control = photocraft_paint::brush::Control::Rotation;
+        let xf = view(0.0, false, 1.0);
+        for dynamic in [false, true] {
+            let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+            for sample in 0..5 {
+                let start = std::time::Instant::now();
+                let _ = ctx.run_ui(Default::default(), |ui| {
+                    for i in 0..360 {
+                        let axes = if dynamic {
+                            pen_axes(&xf, &brush, Some(crate::stylus::PenSample { rotation: i as f32, ..Default::default() }))
+                        } else {
+                            tip_axes(&xf, brush.size)
+                        };
+                        std::hint::black_box(cursor(ui.painter(), pos2(100.0, 100.0), &brush, 60.0, axes, false, false));
+                    }
+                });
+                println!("PEN_CURSOR_COST dynamic={dynamic} sample={sample} us_per_update={:.3}", start.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1e6 / 360.0);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pen_orientation_preserves_mouse_and_disabled_dynamics() {
+        let mut brush = BrushSettings::default();
+        brush.shape_dynamics.angle.control = photocraft_paint::brush::Control::Rotation;
+        let pen = crate::stylus::PenSample { rotation: 90.0, ..Default::default() };
+        let xf = view(30.0, true, 2.0);
+        assert_eq!(pen_axes(&xf, &brush, Some(pen)), tip_axes(&xf, brush.size));
+        brush.shape_dynamics.enabled = true;
+        assert_eq!(pen_axes(&xf, &brush, None), tip_axes(&xf, brush.size));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pen_pose_rotation_precedes_the_view_and_reuses_the_tip_cache() {
+        let mut brush = BrushSettings { size: 20.0, roundness: 0.25, ..Default::default() };
+        brush.shape_dynamics.enabled = true;
+        brush.shape_dynamics.angle.control = photocraft_paint::brush::Control::Rotation;
+        brush.pose.enabled = true;
+        brush.pose.override_rotation = true;
+        brush.pose.rotation = 90.0;
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let cached = rings(&ctx, &brush, true).unwrap();
+        for (rotation, flip, aspect) in [(0.0, false, 1.0), (30.0, true, 2.0)] {
+            let xf = view(rotation, flip, aspect);
+            let axes = pen_axes(&xf, &brush, Some(crate::stylus::PenSample::default()));
+            assert!(close(axes[0], xf.map_vec(Vec2::new(0.0, -10.0))));
+            assert!(close(axes[1], xf.map_vec(Vec2::new(10.0, 0.0))));
+            assert!(Arc::ptr_eq(&cached, &rings(&ctx, &brush, true).unwrap()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn brush_projection_shortens_the_tilt_axis() {
+        let mut brush = BrushSettings { size: 20.0, ..Default::default() };
+        brush.shape_dynamics.enabled = true;
+        brush.shape_dynamics.brush_projection = true;
+        let xf = view(0.0, false, 1.0);
+        let axes = pen_axes(&xf, &brush, Some(crate::stylus::PenSample { tilt_x: 60.0, ..Default::default() }));
+        assert!(close(axes[0], Vec2::new(10.0, 0.0)));
+        assert!(close(axes[1], Vec2::new(0.0, 20.0)));
+        assert_eq!(pen_axes(&xf, &brush, Some(crate::stylus::PenSample::default())), tip_axes(&xf, brush.size));
+    }
+
     /// The axes are the screen offsets of the document points one radius right of and below the
     /// pointer, whatever the view does.
     #[test]
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_panel.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_panel.rs
index 332c80c4b7..4b46204266 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_panel.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_panel.rs
@@ -98,8 +98,9 @@ pub struct BrushesPanelState {
     pub show_stroke: bool,
     /// The Brush Preset picker's cards: show the tip thumbnail.
     pub show_tip: bool,
-    /// The Brush Preset picker's cards: their size scale, from the picker's footer slider
-    /// (`crate::brush_picker::body`). 1 is the standard size; the cards' width, height and
+    /// The Brush Preset picker's cards and the Brushes tab's grid cells and list rows: their size
+    /// scale, from the picker's footer slider (`crate::brush_picker::body`) or the tab's preview-size
+    /// slider. 1 is the standard size; the cards' width, height and
     /// insides multiply by it (`crate::brushes_tab`) — the height down to a 0.50 floor, the
     /// width all the way — the text holds its 1.0 size, and at or below the compact threshold
     /// the tips drop the size number under them and take their cell whole.
@@ -191,7 +192,7 @@ fn gesture(ctx: &egui::Context) -> u64 {
     let frame = ctx.cumulative_pass_nr();
     let pressed = ctx.input(|i| i.pointer.any_pressed());
     ctx.data_mut(|d| {
-        let g = d.get_temp_mut_or_default::<(u64, u64)>(egui::Id::new(GESTURE));
+        let g = d.get_temp_mut_or_default::<(u64, u64)>(egui::Id::unique(GESTURE));
         if pressed && g.1 != frame {
             g.0 += 1;
             g.1 = frame;
@@ -206,12 +207,12 @@ fn gesture(ctx: &egui::Context) -> u64 {
 pub fn commit_gesture(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, before: &BrushSettings, after: &BrushSettings) {
     let g = gesture(ctx);
     if send(app, before, after, Some(format!("brush-ui:{g}"))) && !ctx.input(|i| i.pointer.any_down()) {
-        ctx.data_mut(|d| d.get_temp_mut_or_default::<(u64, u64)>(egui::Id::new(GESTURE)).0 += 1);
+        ctx.data_mut(|d| d.get_temp_mut_or_default::<(u64, u64)>(egui::Id::unique(GESTURE)).0 += 1);
     }
 }
 
 /// Group label for presets saved without a group.
-pub const UNGROUPED: &str = "My Brushes";
+pub const UNGROUPED: &str = photocraft_engine::brush_key_cmds::UNGROUPED;
 
 /// Preset indices in panel order: groups in order of first appearance.
 pub fn grouped_presets(presets: &[paint::BrushPreset]) -> Vec<(String, Vec<usize>)> {
@@ -273,9 +274,9 @@ fn section_list(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, b: &mut BrushSetting
             // Named for accessibility and for tests and agents that look sections up by name.
             if toggle_only {
                 let checked = section_flag(b, i).is_some_and(|flag| *flag);
-                resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::WidgetType::Checkbox, true, checked, tl!(*name)));
+                resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::CheckBox, true, checked, tl!(*name)));
             } else {
-                resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::WidgetType::SelectableLabel, true, sel, tl!(*name)));
+                resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::Button, true, sel, tl!(*name)));
             }
             if sel {
                 ui.painter().rect_filled(r, t.radius_sm, t.accent_soft);
@@ -288,9 +289,9 @@ fn section_list(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, b: &mut BrushSetting
                 // A checkbox-only row is one accessible checkbox across its whole width. A
                 // controls section keeps its separate enable box and selectable label.
                 let box_resp = (!toggle_only).then(|| {
-                    let resp = ui.interact(br, ui.id().with(("brush-sec-box", i)), Sense::click());
+                    let resp = ui.interact(br, ui.scope_id().with(("brush-sec-box", i)), Sense::click());
                     resp.widget_info(|| {
-                        egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::WidgetType::Checkbox, true, *flag, crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("Enable {name}"), &[("name", tl!(*name))]))
+                        egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::CheckBox, true, *flag, crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("Enable {name}"), &[("name", tl!(*name))]))
                     });
                     resp
                 });
@@ -322,10 +323,14 @@ fn section_list(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, b: &mut BrushSetting
             let mut lock_clicked = false;
             if let Some(lock) = section_lock(b, i) {
                 let lr = egui::Rect::from_center_size(egui::pos2(r.right() - 11.0, r.center().y), vec2(18.0, 18.0));
-                let lresp = ui.interact(lr, ui.id().with(("brush-sec-lock", i)), Sense::click());
+                let lresp = ui.interact(lr, ui.scope_id().with(("brush-sec-lock", i)), Sense::click());
+                lresp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::Button, ui.is_enabled(), *lock, format!("{}: {}", tl!("Lock"), tl!(*name))));
                 // Like Photoshop: lock icons stay visible on every lockable section row.
                 let tint = if *lock { t.text } else { t.text_faint };
                 icons::paint(ui, lr, if *lock { "lock" } else { "lock-open" }, 12.0, tint);
+                if lresp.has_focus() {
+                    ui.painter().rect_stroke(lr, t.radius_sm, Stroke::new(1.0, t.accent), egui::StrokeKind::Inside);
+                }
                 let tip =
                     if *lock { tl!("Unlock: picking a preset replaces these settings") } else { tl!("Lock: keep these settings when picking another preset") };
                 if lresp.on_hover_text(tip).clicked() {
@@ -368,9 +373,11 @@ fn settings_tab(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
                 // The picked preset is recorded by name (`brush.presets.setCurrent`, identity, so
                 // look-alike duplicates stay distinct), since the engine can't infer it from the
                 // brush afterwards.
-                ui.add_enabled_ui(on, |ui| section_body(ui, &mut b, section, &app.session.tools.presets, app.session.tools.current_preset.as_deref()))
-                    .inner
-                    .inspect(|name| run_or_status(app, "brush.presets.setCurrent", json!({ "name": name })));
+                ui.add_enabled_ui(on, |ui| {
+                    section_body(ui, &mut b, section, &app.session.tools.presets, app.session.tools.current_preset.as_deref(), app.ui.tool)
+                })
+                .inner
+                .inspect(|name| run_or_status(app, "brush.presets.setCurrent", json!({ "name": name })));
             });
         });
     });
@@ -395,7 +402,7 @@ fn settings_tab(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
             let current = app.session.tools.current_preset.clone().filter(|n| app.session.tools.presets.iter().any(|p| p.name.eq_ignore_ascii_case(n)));
             let update =
                 ui.add_enabled_ui(current.is_some(), |ui| icons::button(ui, "check", 24.0, false, tl!("Update the current brush with these settings"))).inner;
-            update.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, current.is_some(), "Update the current brush with these settings"));
+            update.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, current.is_some(), "Update the current brush with these settings"));
             if update.clicked() {
                 run_or_status(app, "brush.presets.update", json!({ "brush": serde_json::to_value(&b).unwrap_or(Value::Null) }));
             }
@@ -504,7 +511,7 @@ pub fn window(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
     let canvas = app.last_canvas_rect;
     let mut open = true;
     egui::Window::new(tl!("Brush Settings"))
-        .id(egui::Id::new("brush-settings"))
+        .id(egui::Id::unique("brush-settings"))
         .title_bar(false)
         .resizable(false)
         .frame(frame)
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_panel_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_panel_tests.rs
index f38a1b9f0c..e0e15cb4f5 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_panel_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_panel_tests.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use egui::vec2;
 use egui_kittest::Harness;
+use egui_kittest::kittest::{NodeT, Queryable};
 use photocraft_engine::paint::{Control, GrayTile, MaskMode, Pattern, PatternStyle, TipShape};
 
 use super::*;
@@ -12,6 +13,14 @@ fn last_journal(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Option<(String, Value)> {
     app.session.journal.last().cloned()
 }
 
+/// The visible options caption, not the numeric field it names.
+fn caption_rect(h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, text: &str) -> egui::Rect {
+    h.query_all(egui_kittest::kittest::by().label(text).include_labels())
+        .find(|n| n.accesskit_node().role() == egui::accesskit::Role::Label)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("the `{text}` caption"))
+        .rect()
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn sections_with_boxes_have_flags() {
     let mut b = BrushSettings::default();
@@ -112,7 +121,8 @@ fn edit_section(i: usize, b: &mut BrushSettings) {
             p.enabled = true;
             p.tilt_x = 45.0;
             p.tilt_y = -27.0;
-            p.override_tilt = true;
+            p.override_tilt_x = true;
+            p.override_tilt_y = true;
             p.rotation = 120.0;
             p.override_rotation = true;
             p.pressure = 0.4;
@@ -283,6 +293,122 @@ fn section_locks_are_always_visible_and_toggle_on_click() {
     assert_eq!(h.state().ui.brush_section, 0);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn section_lock_buttons_report_their_section_and_state_in_every_theme() {
+    use egui::accesskit::{Role, Toggled};
+    use egui_kittest::kittest::{NodeT, Queryable};
+
+    for theme in crate::theme::ThemeKind::ALL {
+        let mut h = harness(0, 3);
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, theme);
+        let mut brush = h.state().session.tools.brush.clone();
+        for i in 1..SECTIONS.len() {
+            *section_lock(&mut brush, i).unwrap() = i % 2 == 0;
+        }
+        h.state_mut().session.tools.brush = brush.clone();
+        let presets = h.state().session.tools.presets.clone();
+        let journal = h.state().session.journal.len();
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        for (i, &(name, _)) in SECTIONS.iter().enumerate().skip(1) {
+            let label = format!("Lock: {name}");
+            let node = h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::Button, &label);
+            assert!(!node.accesskit_node().is_disabled(), "locks remain available for disabled sections");
+            assert_eq!(h.query_all_by_label(&label).count(), 1, "{theme:?}: {name} has one distinct control");
+            assert_eq!(node.accesskit_node().toggled(), Some(if i % 2 == 0 { Toggled::True } else { Toggled::False }), "{theme:?}: {name}");
+            let row = h.get_by_label(name).rect();
+            assert!(row.contains_rect(node.rect()), "the named control is the lock's existing hit target");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(h.state().session.tools.brush, brush, "describing a lock must not edit it");
+        assert_eq!(h.state().session.tools.presets, presets);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().session.journal.len(), journal);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().ui.brush_section, 3);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn section_lock_buttons_accept_keyboard_without_selecting_or_enabling_sections() {
+    use egui::accesskit::{Role, Toggled};
+    use egui_kittest::kittest::{NodeT, Queryable};
+
+    for (i, &(name, _)) in SECTIONS.iter().enumerate().skip(1) {
+        let mut h = harness(0, 0);
+        let before = h.state().session.tools.brush.clone();
+        let presets = h.state().session.tools.presets.clone();
+        let journal = h.state().session.journal.len();
+        let label = format!("Lock: {name}");
+        let mut replay = photocraft_engine::Session::new();
+        replay.tools.brush = before.clone();
+        h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::Button, &label).focus();
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        for locked in [true, false] {
+            h.key_press(egui::Key::Space);
+            h.run_steps(3);
+            let mut expected = before.clone();
+            *section_lock(&mut expected, i).unwrap() = locked;
+            assert_eq!(h.state().session.tools.brush, expected, "{name}: only this section's lock changes");
+            assert_eq!(h.state().ui.brush_section, 0);
+            assert_eq!(h.state().session.tools.presets, presets);
+            assert_eq!(h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::Button, &label).accesskit_node().toggled(), Some(if locked { Toggled::True } else { Toggled::False }));
+            let (id, params) = last_journal(h.state()).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(id, "tools.setBrush");
+            assert_eq!(params["brush"].as_object().unwrap().len(), 1);
+            assert_eq!(params["brush"]["locks"].as_object().unwrap().len(), 1);
+            assert_eq!(params["brush"]["locks"].as_object().unwrap().values().next(), Some(&json!(locked)));
+            replay.execute(&id, params).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(replay.tools.brush, expected, "command replay preserves the lock-only edit");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(h.state().session.journal.len(), journal + 2, "one command per activation");
+        assert_eq!(replay.tools.brush, before);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn section_lock_buttons_show_focus_and_track_keyboard_navigation() {
+    use egui::accesskit::Role;
+    use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
+
+    fn has_ring(shape: &egui::Shape, target: egui::Rect, color: egui::Color32) -> bool {
+        match shape {
+            egui::Shape::Rect(r) => r.rect == target && r.stroke == Stroke::new(1.0, color) && r.stroke_kind == egui::StrokeKind::Inside,
+            egui::Shape::Vec(v) => v.iter().any(|s| has_ring(s, target, color)),
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+    for (index, theme) in crate::theme::ThemeKind::ALL.into_iter().enumerate() {
+        let mut h = harness(0, 0);
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, theme);
+        h.state_mut().session.tools.brush.locks.scattering = index % 2 == 0;
+        h.state_mut().session.tools.brush.locks.texture = index % 2 != 0;
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        let before = h.state().session.tools.brush.clone();
+        let presets = h.state().session.tools.presets.clone();
+        let journal = h.state().session.journal.len();
+        let first = h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::Button, "Lock: Scattering").rect();
+        let second = h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::Button, "Lock: Texture").rect();
+        let accent = Tokens::get(&h.ctx).accent;
+        let ring = |h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, rect| h.output().shapes.iter().any(|s| s.clip_rect.contains_rect(rect) && has_ring(&s.shape, rect, accent));
+        assert!(!ring(&h, first) && !ring(&h, second), "{theme:?}: unfocused locks have no focus ring");
+        h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::Button, "Lock: Scattering").focus();
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        assert!(h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::Button, "Lock: Scattering").is_focused());
+        assert!(ring(&h, first) && !ring(&h, second), "{theme:?}: the focused lock needs a visible indicator");
+        h.key_press(egui::Key::Tab);
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        assert!(!h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::Button, "Lock: Scattering").is_focused());
+        assert!(!ring(&h, first), "Tab removes the old lock's indicator");
+        h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::Button, "Lock: Texture").focus();
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        assert!(!ring(&h, first) && ring(&h, second), "the ring follows focus");
+        h.get_by_label("Brush Tip Shape").focus();
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        assert!(!ring(&h, first) && !ring(&h, second));
+        assert_eq!(h.state().session.tools.brush, before, "focus must not edit settings");
+        assert_eq!(h.state().session.tools.presets, presets);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().session.journal.len(), journal);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().ui.brush_section, 0);
+    }
+}
+
 /// A harness that shows the options bar with `tool` in the Studio (non-pro) theme.
 fn options_bar_harness(tool: crate::state::Tool) -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
     let mut app = app();
@@ -303,11 +429,10 @@ fn options_bar_harness(tool: crate::state::Tool) -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftA
 
 #[test]
 fn clone_stamp_opacity_and_flow_are_journaled_per_gesture() {
-    use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
     let mut h = options_bar_harness(crate::state::Tool::CloneStamp);
     for (label, field) in [("Opacity", "opacity"), ("Flow", "flow")] {
         let n = h.state().session.journal.len();
-        let rect = h.get_by_label(label).rect();
+        let rect = caption_rect(&h, label);
         let start = egui::pos2(rect.right() + 40.0, rect.center().y);
         h.hover_at(start);
         h.run();
@@ -347,7 +472,7 @@ fn options_bar_edits_are_one_set_brush_per_gesture() {
     h.run_steps(3);
     assert_eq!(h.state().session.journal.len(), n, "showing the bar issues nothing");
     // Drag the Opacity field left: many frames, one journal entry.
-    let label = h.get_by_label("Opacity").rect();
+    let label = caption_rect(&h, "Opacity");
     let start = egui::pos2(label.right() + 40.0, label.center().y);
     h.hover_at(start);
     h.run();
@@ -620,6 +745,66 @@ fn harness(tab: usize, section: usize) -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
     h
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn transfer_mixer_edits_use_the_brush_command_and_survive_real_tool_swaps() {
+    use crate::state::Tool;
+    use egui_kittest::kittest::{NodeT, Queryable};
+
+    let mut h = harness(0, 6);
+    let a = h.state_mut();
+    a.ui.tool = Tool::Brush;
+    a.session.tools.brush.transfer.enabled = true;
+    a.session.tools.brush.transfer.wetness =
+        paint::Dynamic { jitter: 0.41, minimum: 0.43, control: Control::PenPressure, fade_steps: 339, ..Default::default() };
+    a.session.tools.brush.transfer.mix = paint::Dynamic { jitter: 0.63, minimum: 0.67, control: Control::PenPressure, fade_steps: 449, ..Default::default() };
+    crate::paint_mouse::sync_tool_brush(a);
+    a.ui.tool = Tool::MixerBrush;
+    crate::paint_mouse::sync_tool_brush(a);
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    h.hover_at(caption_rect(&h, "Opacity Jitter").center());
+    h.event(egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+        source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
+        unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Point,
+        delta: vec2(0.0, -250.0),
+        phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move,
+        modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE,
+    });
+    h.run_steps(20);
+    let journal = h.state().session.journal.len();
+    let field = h.query_all_by_role(egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton).find(|node| node.accesskit_node().numeric_value() == Some(41.0)).unwrap();
+    field.click();
+    h.key_press(egui::Key::ArrowUp);
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    assert!((h.state().session.tools.brush.transfer.wetness.jitter - 0.42).abs() < 1e-6);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().session.journal.len(), journal + 1);
+    let (id, params) = last_journal(h.state()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(id, "tools.setBrush");
+    assert_eq!(params["brush"], json!({"transfer": {"wetness": {"jitter": 0.42_f32}}}));
+    let mixer = h.state().session.tools.brush.clone();
+
+    let a = h.state_mut();
+    a.ui.tool = Tool::Brush;
+    crate::paint_mouse::sync_tool_brush(a);
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    let brush = h.state().session.tools.brush.clone();
+    let field = h.query_all_by_role(egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton).find(|node| node.accesskit_node().numeric_value() == Some(41.0)).unwrap();
+    assert!(field.accesskit_node().is_disabled());
+    field.click();
+    h.key_press(egui::Key::ArrowUp);
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().session.tools.brush, brush);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().session.journal.len(), journal + 1, "inactive edits and tool swaps add no brush command");
+    let a = h.state_mut();
+    a.ui.tool = Tool::MixerBrush;
+    crate::paint_mouse::sync_tool_brush(a);
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().session.tools.brush, mixer, "the Mixer Brush keeps its own edited settings");
+    assert!(
+        h.query_all_by_role(egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton)
+            .any(|node| node.accesskit_node().numeric_value() == Some(42.0) && !node.accesskit_node().is_disabled())
+    );
+}
+
 fn toggle_value(app: &PhotocraftApp, section: usize) -> bool {
     let brush = serde_json::to_value(&app.session.tools.brush).unwrap();
     let path = match section {
@@ -633,6 +818,55 @@ fn toggle_value(app: &PhotocraftApp, section: usize) -> bool {
     brush.pointer(path).and_then(Value::as_bool).expect("the checkbox has a boolean brush setting")
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn pose_axes_window_routes_each_checkbox_through_a_minimal_command() {
+    use egui::accesskit::{Role, Toggled};
+    use egui_kittest::kittest::{NodeT, Queryable};
+    let mut h = harness(0, 7);
+    h.state_mut()
+        .session
+        .execute(
+            "tools.setBrush",
+            json!({"pose": {
+                "enabled": true, "tiltX": 45, "tiltY": -18, "overrideTilt": true,
+                "pressure": 0.71, "rotation": 67
+            }}),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    let before = h.state().session.tools.brush.clone();
+    let n = h.state().session.journal.len();
+    h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::CheckBox, "Override Tilt X").click();
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    assert_eq!(h.get_by_label("Override Tilt X").accesskit_node().toggled(), Some(Toggled::False));
+    assert_eq!(h.get_by_label("Override Tilt Y").accesskit_node().toggled(), Some(Toggled::True));
+    assert_eq!(h.state().session.journal.len(), n + 1);
+    let (id, params) = last_journal(h.state()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(id, "tools.setBrush");
+    assert_eq!(params["brush"], json!({"pose": {"overrideTiltX": false}}));
+    let mut expected = serde_json::to_value(before).unwrap();
+    expected["pose"]["overrideTiltX"] = json!(false);
+    expected["pose"]["overrideTilt"] = json!(false);
+    assert_eq!(serde_json::to_value(&h.state().session.tools.brush).unwrap(), expected);
+    h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::CheckBox, "Override Tilt Y").click();
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    assert_eq!(last_journal(h.state()).unwrap().1["brush"], json!({"pose": {"overrideTiltY": false}}));
+    let before = h.state().session.tools.brush.clone();
+    h.state_mut().session.execute("tools.setBrush", json!({"pose": {"enabled": false}})).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    let n = h.state().session.journal.len();
+    for label in ["Override Tilt X", "Override Tilt Y"] {
+        let node = h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::CheckBox, label);
+        assert!(node.accesskit_node().is_disabled());
+        node.click();
+        h.run_steps(2);
+    }
+    let mut expected = before;
+    expected.pose.enabled = false;
+    assert_eq!(h.state().session.tools.brush, expected);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().session.journal.len(), n, "a disabled pose records no checkbox update");
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn hue_jitter_amount_edits_keep_percentage_units_and_command_routing() {
     use egui::accesskit::Role;
@@ -778,12 +1012,11 @@ fn checkbox_only_rows_are_accessible_checkboxes_and_accept_space() {
 
 #[test]
 fn editing_the_options_bar_amount_reenables_smoothing() {
-    use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
     let mut h = options_bar_harness(crate::state::Tool::Brush);
     h.state_mut().run("tools.setBrush", json!({"brush": {"smoothing": {"enabled": false, "amount": 0.4}}})).unwrap();
     h.run_steps(3);
     let n = h.state().session.journal.len();
-    let label = h.get_by_label("Smoothing").rect();
+    let label = caption_rect(&h, "Smoothing");
     let at = egui::pos2(label.right() + 25.0, label.center().y);
     h.hover_at(at);
     h.run_steps(2);
@@ -1153,7 +1386,6 @@ fn brush_sections_paint_simplified_chinese_labels() {
     for (name, _) in SECTIONS {
         let translated = crate::i18n::tr(zh, name);
         assert!(painted.iter().any(|s| s == translated), "{name} must paint as {translated}");
-        assert!(!painted.iter().any(|s| s == name), "{name} must not paint in English");
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_picker.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_picker.rs
index 9bef83a647..e417dc5a77 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_picker.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_picker.rs
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ impl Pick {
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn picker_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("canvas-brush-picker")
+    egui::Id::unique("canvas-brush-picker")
 }
 
 /// All opening paths protect the same frame, including the control channel and options bar.
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ pub(crate) fn open(ui: &mut crate::state::UiState, ctx: &egui::Context, at: [f32
 /// The options-bar brush chip that shows and hides the picker. A press on it isn't an outside
 /// press that closes the picker: the chip's click toggles it.
 pub fn chip_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("brush-preset-chip")
+    egui::Id::unique("brush-preset-chip")
 }
 
 /// Is screen point `p` on the options-bar brush chip?
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ pub fn settings_toggle(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
 
 /// An icon button's accessible name (icon buttons have only a tooltip).
 pub(crate) fn named(resp: egui::Response, label: &str) -> egui::Response {
-    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, tl!(label)));
+    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, tl!(label)));
     resp
 }
 
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ pub fn body(
             ui.label(RichText::new(tl!("Size")).color(t.text_dim));
             ui.with_layout(egui::Layout::right_to_left(egui::Align::Center), |ui| {
                 let mut size = b.size;
-                if widgets::value_field(ui, &mut size, 1.0..=MAX_BRUSH_SIZE, "px", 72.0).changed() {
+                if widgets::value_field(ui, &mut size, 1.0..=MAX_BRUSH_SIZE, "px", 72.0).accessible_name(tl!("Size")).changed() {
                     b.size = size.round().clamp(1.0, MAX_BRUSH_SIZE);
                 }
             });
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ pub fn body(
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         icons::paint(ui, egui::Rect::from_min_size(ui.cursor().min + vec2(0.0, 3.0), vec2(16.0, 16.0)), "search", 14.0, t.text_faint);
         ui.add_space(20.0);
-        widgets::text_field(ui, ui.id().with("brush-picker-search"), &mut st.filter, tl!("Search Brushes"), (size.x - 118.0).max(60.0), false);
+        widgets::text_field(ui, ui.scope_id().with("brush-picker-search"), &mut st.filter, tl!("Search Brushes"), (size.x - 118.0).max(60.0), false);
         ui.with_layout(egui::Layout::right_to_left(egui::Align::Center), |ui| {
             gear_menu(ui, current, presets, st, &mut picks);
             let new_tip = "Create new brush preset from the current settings";
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ pub fn clamp_size(size: [f32; 2], screen: egui::Vec2) -> egui::Vec2 {
 pub fn resize_grip(ui: &mut egui::Ui, frame: egui::Rect, content: egui::Vec2) -> Option<egui::Vec2> {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
     let grip = egui::Rect::from_min_size(frame.right_bottom() - vec2(16.0, 16.0), vec2(16.0, 16.0));
-    let resp = ui.interact(grip, ui.id().with("brush-picker-resize"), egui::Sense::drag());
+    let resp = ui.interact(grip, ui.scope_id().with("brush-picker-resize"), egui::Sense::drag());
     dismiss_popup(&resp);
     let corner = grip.right_bottom() - vec2(3.0, 3.0);
     for i in 0..3 {
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_preset_dialog.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_preset_dialog.rs
index 129b9adf28..46bf07522e 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_preset_dialog.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_preset_dialog.rs
@@ -96,8 +96,8 @@ pub fn body(app: &PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>,
             ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                 ui.label(tl!("Name:"));
                 let mut text = f.get("name").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("").to_string();
-                let id = ui.id().with("new-brush-preset-name");
-                let r = widgets::text_field(ui, id, &mut text, "", 220.0, false);
+                let id = ui.scope_id().with("new-brush-preset-name");
+                let r = widgets::text_field(ui, id, &mut text, "", 220.0, false).accessible_name(tl!("Name:"));
                 // Photoshop opens on the name, all of it selected, so typing replaces it.
                 let once = id.with("focused");
                 if !ui.ctx().data(|d| d.get_temp::<bool>(once).unwrap_or(false)) {
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_preset_dialog_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_preset_dialog_tests.rs
index 3e13ebc381..c8bc461cd7 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_preset_dialog_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_preset_dialog_tests.rs
@@ -65,7 +65,8 @@ fn every_new_preset_button_opens_the_dialog_and_cancel_saves_nothing() {
     h.run_steps(3);
     cancel(&mut h);
     h.state_mut().ui.brush_tab = 1;
-    h.run_steps(3);
+    // The window grows by the preview-size slider row over several frames; wait for it to settle.
+    h.run_steps(8);
     h.get_by_label("Create new brush from the current settings").click();
     h.run_steps(3);
     cancel(&mut h);
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_preview.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_preview.rs
index ec6b36c07b..f77975d45c 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_preview.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_preview.rs
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ fn upload(ctx: &egui::Context, name: &str, w: u32, h: u32, rgba: &[u8]) -> egui:
 }
 
 fn cache_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("brush-preview-cache")
+    egui::Id::unique("brush-preview-cache")
 }
 
 /// Run `f` on the context's preview cache. The cache is taken out of egui's memory while `f` runs,
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_resize.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_resize.rs
index 7d41aaa1ba..5ff7beb9c9 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_resize.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_resize.rs
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(h.state().brush_resize.is_some());
         assert!(h.state().session.tools.brush.size > size0, "dragging right grew the brush");
         assert!(h.state().session.tools.brush.hardness > 0.2, "dragging down hardened it");
-        assert!(h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::new("brush-resize-readout"))).is_some(), "the readout shows mid-drag");
+        assert!(h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::unique("brush-resize-readout"))).is_some(), "the readout shows mid-drag");
         assert_eq!(h.output().platform_output.cursor_icon, egui::CursorIcon::None, "the pointer hides");
         press(&mut h, c + vec2(60.0, 48.0), false);
         h.event(egui::Event::ModifiersChanged(Modifiers::NONE));
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ mod tests {
             assert!(r.secondary);
             assert!(h.state().session.tools.brush.size > size0, "right grows the brush");
             assert!(h.state().session.tools.brush.hardness > 0.2, "down hardens it");
-            assert!(h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::new("brush-resize-readout"))).is_some(), "the readout shows");
+            assert!(h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::unique("brush-resize-readout"))).is_some(), "the readout shows");
             assert_eq!(h.output().platform_output.cursor_icon, egui::CursorIcon::None);
             button(&mut h, end, PointerButton::Secondary, false, Modifiers::ALT);
             h.event(egui::Event::ModifiersChanged(Modifiers::NONE));
@@ -384,6 +384,27 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Alt-right dragging changes tip size without loading paint or touching document history.
+    #[test]
+    fn mixer_alt_right_drag_resizes_without_sampling_or_painting() {
+        let mut a = app(Tool::MixerBrush);
+        let before = a.session.tools.mixer.clone();
+        a.sync_views();
+        let mut h = canvas(a);
+        let (undo0, size0) = (history(h.state()), h.state().session.tools.brush.size);
+        let end = alt_right_drag(&mut h, vec2(10.0, 8.0));
+        assert!(h.state().brush_resize.is_some_and(|resize| resize.secondary));
+        assert!(h.state().session.tools.brush.size > size0);
+        button(&mut h, end, PointerButton::Secondary, false, Modifiers::ALT);
+        h.event(egui::Event::ModifiersChanged(Modifiers::NONE));
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        let a = h.state();
+        assert!(a.brush_resize.is_none() && !a.brush_resize_armed);
+        assert_eq!(a.session.tools.mixer, before);
+        assert_eq!(history(a), undo0);
+        assert!(!a.session.journal.iter().any(|(id, _)| id == "brush.mixer.sample" || id == "paint.mixerBrush"));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn plain_right_click_still_opens_the_picker() {
         let mut a = app(Tool::Brush);
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_sections.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_sections.rs
index 9e66f9b0a4..d75a4daad1 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_sections.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/brush_sections.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use photocraft_engine::BrushSettings;
 use photocraft_engine::paint::{self, BrushPreset, Control, Dynamic, MAX_BRUSH_SIZE, MaskMode, Pattern, PatternStyle, TipShape};
 
 use crate::brush_preview;
+use crate::state::Tool;
 use crate::theme::{self, Tokens};
 use crate::widgets;
 
@@ -75,7 +76,7 @@ pub(crate) fn takes_curve(control: Control, angle: bool) -> bool {
 
 /// egui memory key of the open/closed state of a dynamic's curve editor.
 pub(crate) fn curve_open_id(id: &str) -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new(("brush-curve-open", id))
+    egui::Id::unique(("brush-curve-open", id))
 }
 
 /// `Control: [Off ▾] [25] [~]`: the controller pop-up, Fade's step count and the button that
@@ -87,10 +88,10 @@ fn control_row(ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: &str, d: &mut Dynamic, angle: bool) {
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         dim(ui, tl!("Control:"));
         let n = if angle || matches!(d.control, Control::InitialDirection | Control::Direction) { 8 } else { 6 };
-        widgets::dropdown(ui, id, &mut d.control, &CONTROLS[..n], 130.0);
+        widgets::dropdown(ui, id, tl!("Control:"), &mut d.control, &CONTROLS[..n], 130.0);
         if d.control == Control::Fade {
             let mut steps = d.fade_steps as f32;
-            if widgets::value_field(ui, &mut steps, 1.0..=9999.0, "", 56.0).on_hover_text(tl!("Fade steps")).changed() {
+            if widgets::value_field(ui, &mut steps, 1.0..=9999.0, "", 56.0).accessible_name(tl!("Fade steps")).on_hover_text(tl!("Fade steps")).changed() {
                 d.fade_steps = steps.round().clamp(1.0, 9999.0) as u32;
             }
         }
@@ -100,7 +101,7 @@ fn control_row(ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: &str, d: &mut Dynamic, angle: bool) {
     });
     if open && takes_curve(d.control, angle) {
         let mut points = d.curve.points();
-        if crate::pressure_curve_ui::edit_points(ui, egui::Id::new(("brush-curve-rect", id)), &mut points) {
+        if crate::pressure_curve_ui::edit_points(ui, egui::Id::unique(("brush-curve-rect", id)), &mut points) {
             d.curve = paint::ResponseCurve::new(&points);
         }
     }
@@ -131,7 +132,7 @@ fn size_row(ui: &mut egui::Ui, label: &str, size: &mut f32, max: f32, restore: O
         ui.label(RichText::new(tl!(label)).color(t.text_dim));
         ui.with_layout(egui::Layout::right_to_left(egui::Align::Center), |ui| {
             let mut s = *size;
-            if widgets::value_field(ui, &mut s, 1.0..=max, "px", 74.0).changed() {
+            if widgets::value_field(ui, &mut s, 1.0..=max, "px", 74.0).accessible_name(tl!(label)).changed() {
                 *size = s.round().clamp(1.0, max);
             }
             if let Some(orig) = restore
@@ -331,7 +332,7 @@ fn tip_shape(ui: &mut egui::Ui, b: &mut BrushSettings, presets: &[BrushPreset],
             ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                 ui.allocate_ui_with_layout(vec2(72.0, 24.0), egui::Layout::left_to_right(egui::Align::Center), |ui| dim(ui, tl!("Angle:")));
                 let mut a = b.angle;
-                if widgets::value_field(ui, &mut a, -180.0..=180.0, "°", 70.0).changed() {
+                if widgets::value_field(ui, &mut a, -180.0..=180.0, "°", 70.0).accessible_name(tl!("Angle:")).changed() {
                     b.angle = a.round().clamp(-180.0, 180.0);
                 }
             });
@@ -339,7 +340,7 @@ fn tip_shape(ui: &mut egui::Ui, b: &mut BrushSettings, presets: &[BrushPreset],
             ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                 ui.allocate_ui_with_layout(vec2(72.0, 24.0), egui::Layout::left_to_right(egui::Align::Center), |ui| dim(ui, tl!("Roundness:")));
                 let mut r = (b.roundness * 100.0).round();
-                if widgets::value_field(ui, &mut r, 1.0..=100.0, "%", 70.0).changed() {
+                if widgets::value_field(ui, &mut r, 1.0..=100.0, "%", 70.0).accessible_name(tl!("Roundness:")).changed() {
                     b.roundness = (r.round() / 100.0).clamp(0.01, 1.0);
                 }
             });
@@ -453,7 +454,7 @@ fn texture(ui: &mut egui::Ui, b: &mut BrushSettings) {
             if style.is_none() {
                 opts.push((None, tl!("Custom")));
             }
-            if widgets::dropdown(ui, "brush-pattern", &mut style, &opts, 110.0)
+            if widgets::dropdown(ui, "brush-pattern", tl!("Pattern"), &mut style, &opts, 110.0)
                 && let Some(s) = style
             {
                 let size = match &tx.pattern {
@@ -487,7 +488,7 @@ fn texture(ui: &mut egui::Ui, b: &mut BrushSettings) {
     ui.add_space(4.0);
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         dim(ui, tl!("Mode:"));
-        widgets::dropdown(ui, "brush-texture-mode", &mut tx.mode, &MASK_MODES, 130.0);
+        widgets::dropdown(ui, "brush-texture-mode", tl!("Mode"), &mut tx.mode, &MASK_MODES, 130.0);
     });
     ui.add_space(4.0);
     pct(ui, tl!("Depth"), &mut tx.depth, 1.0);
@@ -503,7 +504,7 @@ fn dual_brush(ui: &mut egui::Ui, b: &mut BrushSettings, presets: &[BrushPreset])
     let d = &mut b.dual_brush;
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         dim(ui, tl!("Mode:"));
-        widgets::dropdown(ui, "brush-dual-mode", &mut d.mode, &MASK_MODES, 120.0);
+        widgets::dropdown(ui, "brush-dual-mode", tl!("Mode"), &mut d.mode, &MASK_MODES, 120.0);
         ui.add_space(8.0);
         widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut d.flip, tl!("Flip"));
     });
@@ -542,12 +543,16 @@ fn color_dynamics(ui: &mut egui::Ui, b: &mut BrushSettings) {
     signed_pct(ui, tl!("Purity"), &mut c.purity, -1.0, 1.0);
 }
 
-fn transfer(ui: &mut egui::Ui, b: &mut BrushSettings) {
+fn transfer(ui: &mut egui::Ui, b: &mut BrushSettings, tool: Tool) {
     let tr = &mut b.transfer;
     dynamic(ui, "brush-opacity-ctl", tl!("Opacity Jitter"), &mut tr.opacity, 1.0, Some(tl!("Minimum")), false);
     dynamic(ui, "brush-flow-ctl", tl!("Flow Jitter"), &mut tr.flow, 1.0, Some(tl!("Minimum")), false);
-    dynamic(ui, "brush-wet-ctl", tl!("Wetness Jitter"), &mut tr.wetness, 1.0, Some(tl!("Minimum")), false);
-    dynamic(ui, "brush-mix-ctl", tl!("Mix Jitter"), &mut tr.mix, 1.0, Some(tl!("Minimum")), false);
+    // Wetness and mix only affect the Mixer Brush. Keep their settings visible and saved
+    // for other tools, but disable the whole blocks, including controllers and minimums.
+    ui.add_enabled_ui(tool == Tool::MixerBrush, |ui| {
+        dynamic(ui, "brush-wet-ctl", tl!("Wetness Jitter"), &mut tr.wetness, 1.0, Some(tl!("Minimum")), false);
+        dynamic(ui, "brush-mix-ctl", tl!("Mix Jitter"), &mut tr.mix, 1.0, Some(tl!("Minimum")), false);
+    });
 }
 
 /// The Mixer Brush options the brush carries (Photoshop shows them in the Mixer Brush's options
@@ -580,8 +585,10 @@ fn tilt(ui: &mut egui::Ui, label: &str, deg: &mut f32) {
 fn pose(ui: &mut egui::Ui, b: &mut BrushSettings) {
     let p = &mut b.pose;
     tilt(ui, tl!("Tilt X"), &mut p.tilt_x);
+    widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut p.override_tilt_x, tl!("Override Tilt X"));
+    ui.add_space(8.0);
     tilt(ui, tl!("Tilt Y"), &mut p.tilt_y);
-    widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut p.override_tilt, tl!("Override Tilt"));
+    widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut p.override_tilt_y, tl!("Override Tilt Y"));
     ui.add_space(8.0);
     num(ui, tl!("Rotation"), &mut p.rotation, 0.0..=360.0, "°");
     widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut p.override_rotation, tl!("Override Rotation"));
@@ -602,7 +609,8 @@ fn smoothing(ui: &mut egui::Ui, b: &mut BrushSettings) {
 /// Controls for section `i` (see [`crate::brush_panel::SECTIONS`]). `presets` feed the tip grids.
 /// Returns the name of a preset whose tip was picked in the Brush Tip Shape grid, for
 /// `brush.presets.setCurrent`.
-pub fn section_body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, b: &mut BrushSettings, i: usize, presets: &[BrushPreset], current: Option<&str>) -> Option<String> {
+/// The active `tool` determines which Transfer controls apply.
+pub fn section_body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, b: &mut BrushSettings, i: usize, presets: &[BrushPreset], current: Option<&str>, tool: Tool) -> Option<String> {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
     let note = |ui: &mut egui::Ui, s: &str| {
         ui.label(RichText::new(s).color(t.text_faint).font(theme::medium(11.5)));
@@ -617,7 +625,7 @@ pub fn section_body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, b: &mut BrushSettings, i: usize, presets:
         4 => dual_brush(ui, b, presets),
         5 => color_dynamics(ui, b),
         6 => {
-            transfer(ui, b);
+            transfer(ui, b, tool);
             mixer_options(ui, b);
         }
         7 => pose(ui, b),
@@ -643,6 +651,14 @@ mod tests {
         kittest::{NodeT, Queryable},
     };
 
+    /// The slider row's visible caption, not the field or slider it names.
+    fn caption_rect<T>(h: &Harness<'_, T>, text: &str) -> egui::Rect {
+        h.query_all(egui_kittest::kittest::by().label(text).include_labels())
+            .find(|n| n.accesskit_node().role() == Role::Label)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("the `{text}` caption"))
+            .rect()
+    }
+
     fn minimum_brush() -> BrushSettings {
         let mut b = BrushSettings::default();
         b.shape_dynamics.size.minimum = 0.2;
@@ -663,7 +679,7 @@ mod tests {
                     ready = true;
                     return;
                 }
-                section_body(ui, b, section, &[], None);
+                section_body(ui, b, section, &[], None, Tool::MixerBrush);
             },
             b,
         );
@@ -671,6 +687,40 @@ mod tests {
         h
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn pose_axes_controls_are_independent_and_below_each_tilt_in_all_themes() {
+        use egui::accesskit::Toggled;
+        for kind in theme::ThemeKind::ALL {
+            let b: BrushSettings = serde_json::from_value(serde_json::json!({"pose": {
+                "enabled": true, "tiltX": 45.0, "tiltY": -18.0,
+                "overrideTiltX": true, "overrideTiltY": false,
+                "pressure": 0.71, "rotation": 67.0
+            }}))
+            .unwrap();
+            let mut h = section_harness(7, b.clone());
+            crate::PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, kind);
+            h.run_steps(3);
+            let x = h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::CheckBox, "Override Tilt X");
+            let y = h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::CheckBox, "Override Tilt Y");
+            assert_eq!(x.accesskit_node().toggled(), Some(Toggled::True));
+            assert_eq!(y.accesskit_node().toggled(), Some(Toggled::False));
+            assert!(caption_rect(&h, "Tilt X").bottom() < x.rect().top() && x.rect().bottom() < caption_rect(&h, "Tilt Y").top());
+            assert!(caption_rect(&h, "Tilt Y").bottom() < y.rect().top() && y.rect().bottom() < caption_rect(&h, "Rotation").top());
+            assert_eq!(h.state(), &b, "drawing preserves pose degrees and flags");
+            y.focus();
+            h.run_steps(1);
+            h.key_press(egui::Key::Space);
+            h.run_steps(2);
+            let wire = serde_json::to_value(h.state()).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(wire["pose"]["overrideTiltX"], true);
+            assert_eq!(wire["pose"]["overrideTiltY"], true);
+            let mut expected = serde_json::to_value(b).unwrap();
+            expected["pose"]["overrideTiltY"] = serde_json::json!(true);
+            expected["pose"]["overrideTilt"] = serde_json::json!(true);
+            assert_eq!(wire, expected, "Space changes only Y, plus the derived legacy readback");
+        }
+    }
+
     /// #3825: jitter is an amount, not a hue selector; it uses the themed amount track.
     #[test]
     fn hue_jitter_paints_an_amount_track_in_every_theme() {
@@ -680,7 +730,7 @@ mod tests {
             let mut h = section_harness(5, b.clone());
             crate::PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, kind);
             h.run_steps(3);
-            let label = h.get_by_label("Hue Jitter").rect();
+            let label = caption_rect(&h, "Hue Jitter");
             let t = Tokens::get(&h.ctx);
             assert!(
                 h.output().shapes.iter().any(|c| matches!(&c.shape, egui::Shape::Rect(r)
@@ -694,6 +744,134 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    struct TransferState {
+        brush: BrushSettings,
+        tool: Tool,
+    }
+
+    fn transfer_mixer_brush() -> BrushSettings {
+        let mut b = BrushSettings::default();
+        b.transfer.enabled = true;
+        for (dynamic, jitter, minimum, fade_steps) in [
+            (&mut b.transfer.opacity, 0.13, 0.17, 119),
+            (&mut b.transfer.flow, 0.27, 0.29, 229),
+            (&mut b.transfer.wetness, 0.41, 0.43, 339),
+            (&mut b.transfer.mix, 0.63, 0.67, 449),
+        ] {
+            *dynamic = Dynamic { control: Control::Fade, jitter, minimum, fade_steps, ..Default::default() };
+        }
+        b
+    }
+
+    fn transfer_mixer_harness(kind: theme::ThemeKind, tool: Tool) -> Harness<'static, TransferState> {
+        let mut ready = false;
+        let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(340.0, 1400.0)).build_ui_state(
+            move |ui, state: &mut TransferState| {
+                if !ready {
+                    crate::PhotocraftApp::setup_context(ui.ctx(), kind);
+                    ready = true;
+                    return;
+                }
+                ui.add_enabled_ui(state.brush.transfer.enabled, |ui| section_body(ui, &mut state.brush, 6, &[], None, state.tool));
+            },
+            TransferState { brush: transfer_mixer_brush(), tool },
+        );
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        h
+    }
+
+    /// #3825: Mixer-only blocks follow the tool, including sliders, minimums and Fade steps.
+    #[test]
+    fn transfer_mixer_controls_follow_the_tool_and_section_in_every_theme() {
+        for kind in theme::ThemeKind::ALL {
+            let mut h = transfer_mixer_harness(kind, Tool::Brush);
+            let before = h.state().brush.clone();
+            for tool in Tool::ALL {
+                h.state_mut().tool = tool;
+                h.run_steps(2);
+                for (mixer_only, values) in [(false, [13.0, 17.0, 119.0, 27.0, 29.0, 229.0]), (true, [41.0, 43.0, 339.0, 63.0, 67.0, 449.0])] {
+                    for value in values {
+                        let field = h.query_all_by_role(Role::SpinButton).find(|node| node.accesskit_node().numeric_value() == Some(value)).unwrap();
+                        assert_eq!(field.accesskit_node().is_disabled(), mixer_only && tool != Tool::MixerBrush, "{kind:?}, {tool:?}, {value}");
+                    }
+                }
+                for (index, node) in h.query_all_by_role(Role::ComboBox).enumerate() {
+                    assert_eq!(node.accesskit_node().is_disabled(), index >= 2 && tool != Tool::MixerBrush, "{kind:?}, {tool:?}: controller {index}");
+                }
+                assert_eq!(h.state().brush, before, "changing tool context only changes availability");
+            }
+            h.state_mut().tool = Tool::MixerBrush;
+            h.state_mut().brush.transfer.enabled = false;
+            h.run_steps(2);
+            assert!(h.query_all_by_role(Role::SpinButton).all(|node| node.accesskit_node().is_disabled()), "section Off still disables every field");
+            assert!(h.query_all_by_role(Role::ComboBox).all(|node| node.accesskit_node().is_disabled()));
+            h.state_mut().brush.transfer.enabled = true;
+            h.state_mut().brush.transfer.wetness.control = Control::Off;
+            h.run_steps(2);
+            let minimum = h.query_all_by_role(Role::SpinButton).find(|node| node.accesskit_node().numeric_value() == Some(43.0)).unwrap();
+            assert!(minimum.accesskit_node().is_disabled(), "Control Off still disables the applicable minimum");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn transfer_mixer_controls_ignore_disabled_edits_and_keep_values_on_reactivation() {
+        let mut h = transfer_mixer_harness(theme::ThemeKind::ProMedium, Tool::Brush);
+        let before = h.state().brush.clone();
+        for value in [41.0, 43.0, 339.0, 63.0, 67.0, 449.0] {
+            let field = h.query_all_by_role(Role::SpinButton).find(|node| node.accesskit_node().numeric_value() == Some(value)).unwrap();
+            let at = field.rect().center();
+            field.click();
+            h.key_press(egui::Key::ArrowUp);
+            h.event(egui::Event::Text("999".into()));
+            h.key_press(egui::Key::Enter);
+            h.run_steps(2);
+            h.hover_at(at);
+            h.drag_at(at);
+            h.run_steps(1);
+            h.drop_at(at + vec2(60.0, 0.0));
+            h.run_steps(2);
+            assert_eq!(h.state().brush, before, "inactive field {value} ignores keyboard and pointer input");
+        }
+        for label in ["Wetness Jitter", "Mix Jitter"] {
+            let row = caption_rect(&h, label);
+            let from = pos2(row.left() + 120.0, row.bottom() + 16.0);
+            h.hover_at(from);
+            h.drag_at(from);
+            h.run_steps(1);
+            h.hover_at(from + vec2(150.0, 0.0));
+            h.run_steps(1);
+            h.drop_at(from + vec2(150.0, 0.0));
+            h.run_steps(2);
+            assert_eq!(h.state().brush, before, "the inactive {label} track ignores a drag");
+        }
+        h.state_mut().tool = Tool::MixerBrush;
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        let row = caption_rect(&h, "Wetness Jitter");
+        let from = pos2(row.left() + 120.0, row.bottom() + 16.0);
+        h.hover_at(from);
+        h.drag_at(from);
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.hover_at(from + vec2(150.0, 0.0));
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.drop_at(from + vec2(150.0, 0.0));
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        assert!(h.state().brush.transfer.wetness.jitter > 0.6, "the same track accepts a drag when applicable");
+        h.state_mut().brush.transfer.wetness.jitter = 0.41;
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        let field = h.query_all_by_role(Role::SpinButton).find(|node| node.accesskit_node().numeric_value() == Some(41.0)).unwrap();
+        field.click();
+        h.key_press(egui::Key::ArrowUp);
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        assert!((h.state().brush.transfer.wetness.jitter - 0.42).abs() < 1e-6);
+        let after = h.state().brush.clone();
+        h.state_mut().tool = Tool::Brush;
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        h.state_mut().tool = Tool::MixerBrush;
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().brush, after);
+        assert!(h.query_all_by_role(Role::SpinButton).any(|node| node.accesskit_node().numeric_value() == Some(42.0) && !node.accesskit_node().is_disabled()));
+    }
+
     fn set_controls(b: &mut BrushSettings, control: Control) {
         for d in [
             &mut b.shape_dynamics.size,
@@ -762,7 +940,7 @@ mod tests {
         // The slider below the number and its scrubby label are disabled too.
         let track = pos2(300.0, center.y + 24.0);
         drag(&mut h, track, track);
-        let label = h.get_by_label("Minimum Diameter").rect().center();
+        let label = caption_rect(&h, "Minimum Diameter").center();
         drag(&mut h, label, label + vec2(60.0, 0.0));
         assert_eq!(h.state(), &before, "disabled interactions never rewrite brush settings");
 
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/brushes_tab.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/brushes_tab.rs
index aacb09867e..050d810603 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/brushes_tab.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/brushes_tab.rs
@@ -333,12 +333,27 @@ fn preset_interactions(ui: &egui::Ui, resp: &egui::Response, r: egui::Rect, p: &
 /// Width a list row keeps for the gaps around its stroke preview and the preset name.
 const STROKE_NAME_ROOM: f32 = 140.0;
 
-fn list_row(ui: &mut egui::Ui, p: &BrushPreset, current: bool, presets: &[BrushPreset], indent: f32, acts: &mut Vec<Action>) {
+/// The Brushes tab's preview size slider range: what the grid cells and list rows scale between
+/// (1 = the standard size). Not the picker's cards' scale ([`crate::brush_picker::SCALE_RANGE`]).
+pub(crate) const PREVIEW_SCALE_RANGE: std::ops::RangeInclusive<f32> = 0.5..=2.0;
+
+/// A list row's height at preview `scale` (1 = the standard 44 points).
+pub(crate) fn list_row_height(scale: f32) -> f32 {
+    44.0 * if scale.is_finite() { scale.clamp(*PREVIEW_SCALE_RANGE.start(), *PREVIEW_SCALE_RANGE.end()) } else { 1.0 }
+}
+
+/// A grid cell's width at preview `scale` (1 = the layout's own cell).
+pub(crate) fn grid_cell_width(cell: f32, scale: f32) -> f32 {
+    cell * if scale.is_finite() { scale.clamp(*PREVIEW_SCALE_RANGE.start(), *PREVIEW_SCALE_RANGE.end()) } else { 1.0 }
+}
+
+fn list_row(ui: &mut egui::Ui, p: &BrushPreset, current: bool, presets: &[BrushPreset], indent: f32, scale: f32, acts: &mut Vec<Action>) {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
-    let (full, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(ui.available_width(), 44.0), Sense::click_and_drag());
+    let k = list_row_height(scale) / 44.0;
+    let (full, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(ui.available_width(), list_row_height(scale)), Sense::click_and_drag());
     // Rows inside nested folders are indented; the whole width stays the drop target.
     let r = egui::Rect::from_min_max(full.min + vec2(indent.min(full.width() / 2.0), 0.0), full.max);
-    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, current, &p.name));
+    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::Button, true, current, &p.name));
     if !ui.is_rect_visible(r) {
         return;
     }
@@ -349,8 +364,8 @@ fn list_row(ui: &mut egui::Ui, p: &BrushPreset, current: bool, presets: &[BrushP
     }
     let pb = &p.brush;
     let tip = brush_preview::tip_texture(ui.ctx(), &format!("brushes-tip:{}", p.name), &pb.tip, (pb.hardness, pb.angle, pb.roundness), 36, t.text);
-    let cell = egui::Rect::from_min_size(r.left_top() + vec2(22.0, 2.0), vec2(36.0, 30.0));
-    let tr = egui::Rect::from_center_size(cell.center(), vec2(30.0, 30.0) * crate::brush_sections::thumb_scale(pb.size));
+    let cell = egui::Rect::from_min_size(r.left_top() + vec2(22.0, 2.0), vec2(36.0, 30.0) * k);
+    let tr = egui::Rect::from_center_size(cell.center(), vec2(30.0, 30.0) * k * crate::brush_sections::thumb_scale(pb.size));
     ui.painter().image(tip.id(), tr, full_uv(), Color32::WHITE);
     ui.painter().text(
         pos2(cell.center().x, r.bottom() - 1.0),
@@ -363,7 +378,7 @@ fn list_row(ui: &mut egui::Ui, p: &BrushPreset, current: bool, presets: &[BrushP
     // texture slot carries the width, so lists of different widths don't re-render each other's.
     let w = (r.width() - (cell.right() - r.left()) - STROKE_NAME_ROOM).clamp(60.0, 170.0).round();
     let stroke = brush_preview::stroke_texture(ui.ctx(), &format!("brushes-stroke-{w}:{}", p.name), pb, w as u32, 36, t.text);
-    let sr = egui::Rect::from_min_size(pos2(cell.right() + 8.0, r.top() + 4.0), vec2(w, 36.0));
+    let sr = egui::Rect::from_min_size(pos2(cell.right() + 8.0, r.top() + 4.0 * k), vec2(w, 36.0 * k));
     ui.painter().image(stroke.id(), sr, full_uv(), Color32::WHITE);
     crate::layer_row_ui::label(ui.painter(), sr.right() + 12.0, r.center().y, r.right() - 4.0, &p.name, egui::FontId::proportional(12.0), t.text_dim);
     preset_interactions(ui, &resp, r, p, presets, false, acts);
@@ -392,7 +407,7 @@ pub(crate) fn grid_columns(width: f32, cell: f32, indent: f32, gap: f32) -> (f32
 fn grid_cell(ui: &mut egui::Ui, p: &BrushPreset, current: bool, presets: &[BrushPreset], cell: f32, acts: &mut Vec<Action>) {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
     let (r, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(cell, cell + 6.0), Sense::click_and_drag());
-    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, current, &p.name));
+    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::Button, true, current, &p.name));
     if !ui.is_rect_visible(r) {
         return;
     }
@@ -404,7 +419,7 @@ fn grid_cell(ui: &mut egui::Ui, p: &BrushPreset, current: bool, presets: &[Brush
     }
     let pb = &p.brush;
     let tip = brush_preview::tip_texture(ui.ctx(), &format!("brushes-tip:{}", p.name), &pb.tip, (pb.hardness, pb.angle, pb.roundness), 36, t.text);
-    let side = cell - 14.0;
+    let side = (cell - 14.0).max(8.0);
     let ir = egui::Rect::from_center_size(pos2(r.center().x, r.top() + side / 2.0 + 4.0), vec2(side, side) * crate::brush_sections::thumb_scale(pb.size));
     ui.painter().image(tip.id(), ir, full_uv(), Color32::WHITE);
     ui.painter().text(
@@ -540,7 +555,7 @@ fn preset_card(
         0.0
     };
     let (full, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(width, pad_y * 2.0 + top_h + name_h), Sense::click_and_drag());
-    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, current, &p.name));
+    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::Button, true, current, &p.name));
     if !ui.is_rect_visible(full) {
         return;
     }
@@ -681,7 +696,7 @@ fn group_header(ui: &mut egui::Ui, label: &str, key: &str, folder: &[String], op
     let font = if folder.is_empty() { theme::semibold(12.0) } else { theme::medium(12.0) };
     ui.painter().text(pos2(x + 40.0, r.center().y), egui::Align2::LEFT_CENTER, shown, font, t.text);
     ui.painter().text(pos2(r.right() - 8.0, r.center().y), egui::Align2::RIGHT_CENTER, count.to_string(), theme::medium(11.0), t.text_faint);
-    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::CollapsingHeader, true, shown));
+    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::DisclosureTriangle, true, shown));
     let me = match folder {
         [] => BrushDrag::Group(key.to_string()),
         f => BrushDrag::Folder { group: key.to_string(), folder: f.to_vec() },
@@ -799,21 +814,28 @@ fn draw_nodes(ui: &mut egui::Ui, d: &Draw, nodes: &[Node], depth: usize, acts: &
         } else if d.grid {
             // Rows of whole columns, each with the same margin: a wrapped row indented only
             // its first line and left the spare width on the right.
-            let (left, cols) = grid_columns(ui.available_width(), d.layout.cell, d.layout.indent + indent, GRID_GAP);
+            let (left, cols) = grid_columns(ui.available_width(), grid_cell_width(d.layout.cell, d.scale), d.layout.indent + indent, GRID_GAP);
             ui.vertical(|ui| {
                 ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing = vec2(GRID_GAP, GRID_GAP);
                 for row in run.chunks(cols) {
                     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                         ui.add_space(left);
                         for p in row {
-                            grid_cell(ui, p, d.current.is_some_and(|n| p.name.eq_ignore_ascii_case(n)), d.presets, d.layout.cell, acts);
+                            grid_cell(
+                                ui,
+                                p,
+                                d.current.is_some_and(|n| p.name.eq_ignore_ascii_case(n)),
+                                d.presets,
+                                grid_cell_width(d.layout.cell, d.scale),
+                                acts,
+                            );
                         }
                     });
                 }
             });
         } else {
             for p in run.iter() {
-                list_row(ui, p, d.current.is_some_and(|n| p.name.eq_ignore_ascii_case(n)), d.presets, indent, acts);
+                list_row(ui, p, d.current.is_some_and(|n| p.name.eq_ignore_ascii_case(n)), d.presets, indent, d.scale, acts);
             }
         }
         run.clear();
@@ -844,8 +866,10 @@ fn rename_bar(ui: &mut egui::Ui, st: &mut BrushesPanelState, acts: &mut Vec<Acti
     }
     let mut done = false;
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
-        ui.label(RichText::new(if r.group { tl!("Group name") } else { tl!("Brush name") }).color(t.text_dim));
-        let resp = ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut r.text).desired_width((ui.available_width() - 140.0).max(60.0)).id_salt("brush-rename"));
+        let name_label = ui.label(RichText::new(if r.group { tl!("Group name") } else { tl!("Brush name") }).color(t.text_dim));
+        let resp = ui
+            .add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut r.text).desired_width((ui.available_width() - 140.0).max(60.0)).id_salt("brush-rename"))
+            .labelled_by(name_label.id);
         if !resp.has_focus() && !resp.lost_focus() {
             resp.request_focus();
         }
@@ -930,7 +954,7 @@ pub fn preset_list(ui: &mut egui::Ui, presets: &[BrushPreset], current: Option<&
             }
             BrushDrag::Folder { folder, .. } => folder.last().cloned().unwrap_or_default(),
         };
-        egui::Area::new(egui::Id::new(("brush-drag-label", layout.id))).order(egui::Order::Tooltip).fixed_pos(p + vec2(12.0, 8.0)).interactable(false).show(
+        egui::Area::new(egui::Id::unique(("brush-drag-label", layout.id))).order(egui::Order::Tooltip).fixed_pos(p + vec2(12.0, 8.0)).interactable(false).show(
             ui.ctx(),
             |ui| {
                 if matches!(&*d, BrushDrag::Preset(_)) {
@@ -980,7 +1004,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
             r
         });
         let mut s = b.size;
-        if widgets::value_field(ui, &mut s, 1.0..=MAX_BRUSH_SIZE, "px", 74.0).changed() {
+        if widgets::value_field(ui, &mut s, 1.0..=MAX_BRUSH_SIZE, "px", 74.0).accessible_name(tl!("Size")).changed() {
             b.size = s.round().clamp(1.0, MAX_BRUSH_SIZE);
         }
     });
@@ -990,7 +1014,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
         icons::paint(ui, egui::Rect::from_min_size(ui.cursor().min + vec2(0.0, 3.0), vec2(16.0, 16.0)), "search", 14.0, t.text_faint);
         ui.add_space(20.0);
         let search_w = (inner_w - 112.0).clamp(90.0, inner_w - 40.0);
-        widgets::text_field(ui, ui.id().with("brush-search"), &mut app.ui.brushes_panel.filter, tl!("Search Brushes"), search_w, false);
+        widgets::text_field(ui, ui.scope_id().with("brush-search"), &mut app.ui.brushes_panel.filter, tl!("Search Brushes"), search_w, false);
         ui.with_layout(egui::Layout::right_to_left(egui::Align::Center), |ui| {
             let view = &mut app.ui.brushes_panel.view;
             let grid_tip = "Grid view";
@@ -1003,6 +1027,20 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
             }
         });
     });
+    // The size of the previews in the list below (Photoshop's Brushes panel slider), apart from the
+    // Size of the current brush above.
+    ui.horizontal(|ui| {
+        icons::paint(ui, egui::Rect::from_min_size(ui.cursor().min + vec2(0.0, 3.0), vec2(16.0, 16.0)), "image", 14.0, t.text_faint);
+        ui.add_space(20.0);
+        let w = (inner_w - 112.0).clamp(90.0, inner_w - 40.0);
+        ui.allocate_ui_with_layout(vec2(w, 18.0), egui::Layout::left_to_right(egui::Align::Center), |ui| {
+            let scale = &mut app.ui.brushes_panel.scale;
+            let resp = widgets::slider(ui, scale, PREVIEW_SCALE_RANGE, None).on_hover_text(tl!("Preview size"));
+            if resp.changed() {
+                *scale = (*scale * 100.0).round() / 100.0;
+            }
+        });
+    });
     ui.add_space(6.0);
     let acts = preset_list(ui, &app.session.tools.presets, app.session.tools.current_preset.as_deref(), &mut app.ui.brushes_panel, responsive_list_layout(ui));
     apply(app, acts);
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/brushes_tab_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/brushes_tab_tests.rs
index 0d0a8b790f..85bf63d38e 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/brushes_tab_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/brushes_tab_tests.rs
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ fn brush_picker_menu_closes_when_a_slider_or_the_grip_is_grabbed() {
     h.state_mut().ui.tool = crate::state::Tool::Brush;
     h.state_mut().ui.brush_picker = Some([300.0, 120.0]);
     h.run_steps(8);
-    let picker = h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::new("canvas-brush-picker"))).expect("the picker is shown");
+    let picker = h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::unique("canvas-brush-picker"))).expect("the picker is shown");
     assert!(!egui::Popup::is_any_open(&h.ctx), "nothing open to start with");
     click_gear(&h);
     h.run_steps(2);
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ fn brush_picker_upper_controls_stop_at_their_max_width() {
     h.state_mut().ui.brush_picker = Some([300.0, 120.0]);
     h.state_mut().ui.brush_picker_size = Some([500.0, 420.0]);
     h.run_steps(8);
-    let picker = h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::new("canvas-brush-picker"))).expect("the picker is shown");
+    let picker = h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::unique("canvas-brush-picker"))).expect("the picker is shown");
     let size_label = h.query_all_by_label(crate::i18n::t("Size")).find(|n| picker.contains(n.rect().center())).expect("the picker's Size label").rect();
     // The Size slider's middle: 12 pt below the label's (the row stands as tall as its 24 pt value
     // field, the label centred in it), the style's spacing, then half the slider's 18 pt — 27 pt
@@ -399,3 +399,39 @@ fn card_tips_never_cover_their_size_number() {
         assert!(r.min.is_finite() && r.max.is_finite(), "{n} {size} {scale}: {r:?}");
     }
 }
+
+/// #7256: the Brushes tab's preview slider scales the grid cells and list rows; it is not the
+/// Size of the current brush.
+#[test]
+fn the_preview_slider_scales_the_previews_not_the_brush_size() {
+    for grid in [true, false] {
+        let mut sizes = Vec::new();
+        for scale in [0.5f32, 1.0, 2.0] {
+            let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+            app.ui.panels.brush_settings = true;
+            app.ui.brush_tab = 1;
+            app.ui.brushes_panel.view = if grid { BrushesView::Grid } else { BrushesView::List };
+            app.ui.brushes_panel.scale = scale;
+            let size = app.session.tools.brush.size;
+            let name = app.session.tools.presets[0].name.clone();
+            let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(1200.0, 900.0)).build_eframe(move |cc| {
+                PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&cc.egui_ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::ALL[0]);
+                app
+            });
+            h.run_steps(4);
+            let r = h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::Button, &name).rect();
+            sizes.push(if grid { r.width() } else { r.height() });
+            assert_eq!(h.state().session.tools.brush.size, size, "the preview slider leaves the brush size alone");
+        }
+        assert!(sizes[0] < sizes[1] && sizes[1] < sizes[2], "grid {grid}: previews grow with the slider: {sizes:?}");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn preview_scale_is_clamped_to_its_range() {
+    assert_eq!(list_row_height(1.0), 44.0);
+    assert_eq!(list_row_height(100.0), 88.0);
+    assert_eq!(list_row_height(f32::NAN), 44.0);
+    assert_eq!(grid_cell_width(52.0, 0.0), 26.0);
+    assert_eq!(grid_cell_width(52.0, f32::INFINITY), 52.0);
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/caf_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/caf_ui.rs
index 149474b260..aaa7978e23 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/caf_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/caf_ui.rs
@@ -1243,7 +1243,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
     let mut reset_what: Option<&str> = None;
     let mut rebase_needed = false;
     let mut dragging = false;
-    egui::Area::new(egui::Id::new("caf-workspace")).order(egui::Order::Foreground).fixed_pos(screen.min).show(ctx, |ui| {
+    egui::Area::new(egui::Id::unique("caf-workspace")).order(egui::Order::Foreground).fixed_pos(screen.min).show(ctx, |ui| {
         let Some(w) = app.distort.caf.as_mut() else { return };
         let before = w.opts.clone();
         w.texture_limit = ctx.input(|i| i.max_texture_side);
@@ -1279,7 +1279,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
                 bui.add_space(8.0);
                 bui.label(tl!("Size:"));
                 let mut size = w.brush_size as f32;
-                if widgets::value_field(&mut bui, &mut size, 1.0..=5000.0, " px", 64.0).changed() {
+                if widgets::value_field(&mut bui, &mut size, 1.0..=5000.0, " px", 64.0).accessible_name(tl!("Size:")).changed() {
                     w.brush_size = f64::from(size);
                 }
             }
@@ -1303,7 +1303,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
                 if widgets::secondary_button(&mut bui, tl!("Contract"), 70.0).clicked() {
                     fill_btn = Some(json!({"op": "contract", "by": w.expand_by}));
                 }
-                widgets::value_field(&mut bui, &mut w.expand_by, 1.0..=100.0, " px", 56.0);
+                widgets::value_field(&mut bui, &mut w.expand_by, 1.0..=100.0, " px", 56.0).accessible_name(tl!("Expand"));
                 if crate::icons::button(&mut bui, "undo-2", 26.0, false, tl!("Reset")).clicked() {
                     reset_what = Some("lasso");
                 }
@@ -1338,7 +1338,14 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
                     widgets::color_edit_button_srgb(ui, &mut w.opts.color);
                     ui.add_space(8.0);
                     ui.label(tl!("Indicates"));
-                    widgets::dropdown(ui, "caf-indicates", &mut w.opts.excluded, &[(false, tl!("Sampling Area")), (true, tl!("Excluded Area"))], 120.0);
+                    widgets::dropdown(
+                        ui,
+                        "caf-indicates",
+                        tl!("Indicates"),
+                        &mut w.opts.excluded,
+                        &[(false, tl!("Sampling Area")), (true, tl!("Excluded Area"))],
+                        120.0,
+                    );
                 });
             });
             widgets::hairline(ui);
@@ -1377,7 +1384,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
                     ("high".to_string(), tl!("High")),
                     ("veryHigh".to_string(), tl!("Very High")),
                 ];
-                widgets::dropdown(ui, "caf-color", &mut w.opts.color_adaptation, &o, 110.0);
+                widgets::dropdown(ui, "caf-color", tl!("Color Adaptation"), &mut w.opts.color_adaptation, &o, 110.0);
             });
             ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                 ui.label(tl!("Rotation Adaptation"));
@@ -1388,7 +1395,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
                     ("high".to_string(), tl!("High")),
                     ("full".to_string(), tl!("Full")),
                 ];
-                widgets::dropdown(ui, "caf-rotation", &mut w.opts.rotation, &o, 110.0);
+                widgets::dropdown(ui, "caf-rotation", tl!("Rotation Adaptation"), &mut w.opts.rotation, &o, 110.0);
             });
             ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                 widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut w.opts.scale, tl!("Scale"));
@@ -1400,7 +1407,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
                 ui.label(tl!("Output To"));
                 let o =
                     [("current".to_string(), tl!("Current Layer")), ("new".to_string(), tl!("New Layer")), ("duplicate".to_string(), tl!("Duplicate Layer"))];
-                widgets::dropdown(ui, "caf-output", &mut w.opts.output, &o, 140.0);
+                widgets::dropdown(ui, "caf-output", tl!("Output To"), &mut w.opts.output, &o, 140.0);
             });
             if let Some(e) = w.error.as_ref().or(w.preview.error.as_ref()) {
                 ui.label(egui::RichText::new(e.as_str()).color(t.danger).size(11.0));
@@ -1453,7 +1460,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
             let sp = ERect::from_min_size(pv_area.right_bottom() - vec2(26.0, 26.0), vec2(18.0, 18.0));
             ui.put(sp, egui::Spinner::new().size(16.0));
         }
-        let presp = ui.interact(pv_area, egui::Id::new("caf-preview-view"), Sense::click_and_drag());
+        let presp = ui.interact(pv_area, egui::Id::unique("caf-preview-view"), Sense::click_and_drag());
         if presp.dragged() {
             let d = presp.drag_delta();
             w.preview.center = [w.preview.center[0] - f64::from(d.x / pv.zoom), w.preview.center[1] - f64::from(d.y / pv.zoom)];
@@ -1467,11 +1474,11 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
         let zrow = ERect::from_min_size(pos2(pv_rect.left() + 10.0, pv_rect.bottom() - 38.0), vec2(PREVIEW_W - 20.0, 30.0));
         let mut zr = ui.new_child(egui::UiBuilder::new().max_rect(zrow).layout(egui::Layout::left_to_right(egui::Align::Center)));
         let mut pct = (w.preview.zoom * 100.0).round();
-        if widgets::value_field(&mut zr, &mut pct, 1.0..=3200.0, "%", 64.0).changed() {
+        if widgets::value_field(&mut zr, &mut pct, 1.0..=3200.0, "%", 64.0).accessible_name(tl!("Zoom")).changed() {
             w.preview.zoom = pct / 100.0;
         }
         let mut lz = pct.max(1.0).ln();
-        if zr.add(egui::Slider::new(&mut lz, 0.0..=3200f32.ln()).show_value(false)).changed() {
+        if zr.add(egui::Slider::new(&mut lz, 0.0..=3200f32.ln()).show_value(false)).accessible_name(tl!("Zoom")).changed() {
             w.preview.zoom = lz.exp() / 100.0;
         }
         // The document view.
@@ -1481,7 +1488,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
         if w.zoom <= 0.0 {
             w.zoom = ((area.width() - 40.0) / cw).min((area.height() - 40.0) / chh).clamp(0.01, 4.0);
         }
-        let resp = ui.interact(area, egui::Id::new("caf-view"), Sense::click_and_drag());
+        let resp = ui.interact(area, egui::Id::unique("caf-view"), Sense::click_and_drag());
         if resp.hovered() {
             let scroll = ui.input(|i| i.smooth_scroll_delta.y);
             if scroll != 0.0
@@ -1640,6 +1647,31 @@ mod tests {
         app.distort.caf.as_ref().unwrap()
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn settings_dropdowns_are_named_for_their_visible_labels() {
+        use egui::accesskit::Role;
+        use egui_kittest::Harness;
+        use egui_kittest::kittest::{NodeT, Queryable};
+
+        let mut app = app_with_selection();
+        open(&mut app).unwrap();
+        let mut h = Harness::builder()
+            .with_size(egui::vec2(1000.0, 900.0))
+            .with_context_setup(|ctx| PhotocraftApp::setup_context(ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::ALL[0]))
+            .build_ui_state(|ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| show(app, ui.ctx()), app);
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        // The Indicates dropdown lives inside a collapsed "Sampling Area Overlay" header.
+        h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::DisclosureTriangle, "Sampling Area Overlay").click();
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        let labels: Vec<String> = h.query_all_by_role(Role::ComboBox).filter_map(|n| n.accesskit_node().label()).collect();
+        for label in ["Indicates", "Color Adaptation", "Rotation Adaptation", "Output To"] {
+            assert!(labels.iter().any(|have| have == label), "{label} names its dropdown: {labels:?}");
+        }
+        for wrong in ["Contents:", "Color", "Rotation", "Source"] {
+            assert!(!labels.iter().any(|have| have == wrong), "{wrong} names no control here: {labels:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Photoshop opens the workspace with the Sampling Brush subtracting at a tenth of the
     /// window's side, Auto sampling, output to a new layer.
     #[test]
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/cam_preview.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/cam_preview.rs
index 45f6c5f1ed..68cd29f02c 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/cam_preview.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/cam_preview.rs
@@ -29,6 +29,9 @@ struct Running {
     key: String,
     ctx: JobCtx,
     rx: Receiver<photocraft_engine::Result<Document>>,
+    /// Test-only notification sent after this worker publishes its real result.
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    finished: Receiver<()>,
     /// The full-resolution job that follows a coarse one.
     refine: Option<ContentAwarePreview>,
     /// This job refines a coarse preview already shown: its failure leaves that one shown.
@@ -179,13 +182,25 @@ fn spawn(job: ContentAwarePreview, key: String, refining: bool) -> Option<Runnin
     let ctx = JobCtx::new();
     let (tx, rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
     let worker = ctx.clone();
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    let (finished_tx, finished) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
     std::thread::Builder::new()
         .name("cam-preview".into())
         .spawn(move || {
             let _ = tx.send(job.run(&worker).map(|(d, _)| d));
+            #[cfg(test)]
+            let _ = finished_tx.send(());
         })
         .ok()?;
-    Some(Running { key, ctx, rx, refine, refining })
+    Some(Running {
+        key,
+        ctx,
+        rx,
+        #[cfg(test)]
+        finished,
+        refine,
+        refining,
+    })
 }
 
 /// Keep frames coming while a preview waits out its debounce or computes.
@@ -233,16 +248,8 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(step(&mut app, 1000.0 + DEBOUNCE_MS / 2.0).is_none() && app.cam_preview.as_ref().unwrap().running.is_none());
         // At rest: the job runs, off this thread, and its result shows once it arrives.
         let mut now = 1000.0 + DEBOUNCE_MS;
-        let mut shown = step(&mut app, now);
-        for _ in 0..600 {
-            if shown.is_some() {
-                break;
-            }
-            std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(10));
-            now += 10.0;
-            shown = step(&mut app, now);
-        }
-        let (preview, key) = shown.expect("a preview once the pointer rested");
+        assert!(step(&mut app, now).is_none() && app.cam_preview.as_ref().is_some_and(|p| p.running.is_some()), "the preview job starts off this thread");
+        let (preview, key) = wait_for(&mut app, &mut now, 0).expect("a preview once the pointer rested");
         assert!(key > BASE && showing(&app));
         assert!(blue(&preview, 72, 30) && !blue(&preview, 22, 30), "the preview shows the move");
         let doc = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
@@ -270,32 +277,37 @@ mod tests {
         tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Move { x: 72.0, y: 30.0, pressure: 1.0 }, m);
         tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 72.0, y: 30.0 }, m);
         assert!(crate::cam_transform::active(&app));
-        let (mut now, mut shown) = (0.0, step(&mut app, 0.0));
-        for _ in 0..800 {
-            if shown.is_some() {
-                break;
-            }
-            std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(10));
-            now += 10.0;
-            shown = step(&mut app, now);
-        }
-        let (preview, _) = shown.expect("the box shows the result");
+        let mut now = 0.0;
+        let (preview, _) = wait_for(&mut app, &mut now, 0).expect("the box shows the result");
         assert!(blue(&preview, 72, 30) && !blue(&preview, 22, 30));
         // Cancelling the box drops the preview.
         crate::cam_transform::cancel(&mut app);
         assert!(step(&mut app, now + 1.0).is_none() && app.cam_preview.is_none());
     }
 
-    /// Step until the canvas shows a preview with a key past `after`, or give up after a while.
+    /// Wait for the specific worker to publish its result, then let the normal non-blocking
+    /// `step` path consume it. Coverage instrumentation can make a solve much slower than a
+    /// fixed polling loop; the watchdog bounds a stuck worker without setting its expected speed.
     fn wait_for(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, now: &mut f64, after: u64) -> Option<(Arc<Document>, u64)> {
-        for _ in 0..6000 {
-            if let Some(shown) = step(app, *now).filter(|s| s.1 > after) {
-                return Some(shown);
+        let deadline = std::time::Instant::now() + std::time::Duration::from_secs(300);
+        loop {
+            let shown = step(app, *now);
+            if shown.as_ref().is_some_and(|s| s.1 > after) {
+                return shown;
+            }
+            let p = app.cam_preview.as_ref()?;
+            if let Some(running) = &p.running {
+                let remaining = deadline.checked_duration_since(std::time::Instant::now())?;
+                running.finished.recv_timeout(remaining).ok()?;
+            } else if shown.is_some() || p.failed.as_deref() == Some(p.key.as_str()) {
+                return None;
+            } else if *now < p.since + DEBOUNCE_MS {
+                // Advance the simulated debounce clock without sleeping in real time.
+                *now = p.since + DEBOUNCE_MS;
+            } else {
+                return None;
             }
-            std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(10));
-            *now += 10.0;
         }
-        None
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/cam_transform.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/cam_transform.rs
index 995645940e..1914dc883a 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/cam_transform.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/cam_transform.rs
@@ -210,10 +210,7 @@ pub(crate) fn cursor(app: &PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, xf: &ViewXform, p
         Some([(a[0] + b[0]) / 2.0, (a[1] + b[1]) / 2.0])
     };
     Some(match h {
-        Hit::Corner(i) => {
-            let (a, b) = (q.get(i)?, q.get((i + 2) % 4)?);
-            crate::tool_cursor::resize([a[0] - b[0], a[1] - b[1]], xf)
-        }
+        Hit::Corner(i) => crate::tool_cursor::corner_resize(&q, i, xf),
         Hit::Edge(i) => {
             let (a, b) = (mid(i)?, mid(i + 2)?);
             crate::tool_cursor::resize([a[0] - b[0], a[1] - b[1]], xf)
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/camera_raw_detail_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/camera_raw_detail_ui.rs
index 7b445f1775..88747a8dd7 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/camera_raw_detail_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/camera_raw_detail_ui.rs
@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@ type OverlayKey = (u64, bool, PixelRect, crate::camera_raw_scope_ui::ClippingMod
 
 pub(crate) struct DetailPreview {
     source: Surface,
+    /// The open-time dialog's camera tone curve: Shadows, Highlights, Clarity, Texture and Dehaze
+    /// then act on the raw data, in linear light before it (see [`develop`]).
+    pub(crate) raw_curve: Option<Arc<Vec<[f32; 2]>>>,
     area: PixelRect,
     coverage: Coverage,
     result: Option<(u64, Surface)>,
@@ -46,6 +49,7 @@ impl DetailPreview {
     pub(crate) fn new(source: Surface, area: PixelRect, coverage: Coverage) -> Self {
         Self {
             source,
+            raw_curve: None,
             area,
             coverage,
             result: None,
@@ -105,6 +109,7 @@ impl DetailPreview {
             return;
         }
         let source = self.source.clone();
+        let raw_curve = self.raw_curve.clone();
         let area = self.area;
         let coverage = self.coverage.clone();
         let mut params = params.clone();
@@ -116,9 +121,10 @@ impl DetailPreview {
             if cancel.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
                 return;
             }
-            let result = std::panic::catch_unwind(std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe(|| develop(&source, area, &params, &coverage)))
-                .map(|surface| (revision, surface))
-                .map_err(|_| "Camera Raw detail preview failed; the proxy remains available".into());
+            let result =
+                std::panic::catch_unwind(std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe(|| develop(&source, raw_curve.as_deref().map(Vec::as_slice), area, &params, &coverage)))
+                    .map(|surface| (revision, surface))
+                    .map_err(|_| "Camera Raw detail preview failed; the proxy remains available".into());
             if !cancel.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
                 let _ = tx.send(result);
                 ctx.request_repaint();
@@ -291,8 +297,53 @@ impl DetailPreview {
     }
 }
 
-fn develop(source: &Surface, area: PixelRect, params: &CameraRaw, coverage: &Coverage) -> Surface {
-    let mut result = photocraft_engine::lens_cmds::camera_raw_surface(source, area, params);
+/// The full-size result of `params` over `area`. With a raw file's tone `curve`, the raw-stage
+/// sliders are applied first to the whole area, from the whole frame's maps as Open computes them
+/// ([`photocraft_io::raw::retone`]), then the rest of the pipeline: at 1:1 the preview shows close
+/// to what Open will make. It retones the developed pixels, which already carry the black point,
+/// so it differs from Open only in the deepest shadows, as `retone` documents.
+fn develop(source: &Surface, curve: Option<&[[f32; 2]]>, area: PixelRect, params: &CameraRaw, coverage: &Coverage) -> Surface {
+    let tone = photocraft_io::raw::Tone {
+        shadows: params.shadows,
+        highlights: params.highlights,
+        clarity: params.clarity,
+        texture: params.texture,
+        dehaze: params.dehaze,
+    };
+    let (retoned, params) = match curve {
+        Some(curve) if !tone.is_neutral() => {
+            let (w, h) = (area.width() as usize, area.height() as usize);
+            let mut px = vec![[0.0f32; 4]; w * h];
+            source.read_rgba_into(area, &mut px);
+            photocraft_io::raw::retone(&mut px, w, h, curve, tone);
+            let fmt = source.format();
+            let n = fmt.channels();
+            // Written back in bands of rows, so only one band-sized buffer lives next to `px`
+            // (a whole-area one is another 4 bytes per channel and pixel). Each band is read from
+            // the source first to keep its stored alpha.
+            let mut out = source.clone();
+            let band = (65_536 / w.max(1)).max(1);
+            let mut data = Vec::new();
+            for (b, rows) in px.chunks(band * w.max(1)).enumerate() {
+                let y0 = area.y0 + (b * band) as i32;
+                let rect = PixelRect::new(area.x0, y0, area.x1, y0 + (rows.len() / w.max(1)) as i32);
+                source.read_region_into(rect, &mut data);
+                for (o, q) in data.chunks_exact_mut(n).zip(rows) {
+                    let alpha = if fmt.alpha { o.get(n - 1).copied() } else { None };
+                    photocraft_raster::from_rgba_into(&fmt, *q, o);
+                    if let (Some(a), Some(last)) = (alpha, o.get_mut(n - 1)) {
+                        *last = a;
+                    }
+                }
+                out.write_region(rect, &data);
+            }
+            let rest = CameraRaw { shadows: 0.0, highlights: 0.0, clarity: 0.0, texture: 0.0, dehaze: 0.0, ..params.clone() };
+            (Some(out), rest)
+        }
+        _ => (None, params.clone()),
+    };
+    let base = retoned.as_ref().unwrap_or(source);
+    let mut result = photocraft_engine::lens_cmds::camera_raw_surface(base, area, &params);
     if matches!(coverage, Coverage::None) {
         return result;
     }
@@ -403,10 +454,47 @@ mod tests {
         source.write_region(area, &values);
         let params = CameraRaw { exposure: 0.5, texture: 15.0, grain_amount: 30.0, ..Default::default() };
         let expected = photocraft_engine::lens_cmds::camera_raw_surface(&source, area, &params);
-        assert_eq!(develop(&source, area, &params, &Coverage::None), expected);
+        assert_eq!(develop(&source, None, area, &params, &Coverage::None), expected);
         let mask = Surface::with_default(PixelFormat::GRAY8, &[0.0]);
-        assert_eq!(develop(&source, area, &params, &Coverage::Selection(mask)), source);
+        assert_eq!(develop(&source, None, area, &params, &Coverage::Selection(mask)), source);
     }
+    #[test]
+    fn a_raw_open_refines_raw_stage_sliders_from_the_whole_frame() {
+        // Shadows on a raw being opened: the full-size refinement retones the whole frame (as
+        // Open does) and runs the rest of the pipeline after, instead of the filter's Shadows.
+        let area = PixelRect::new(0, 0, 96, 64);
+        let mut source = Surface::new(PixelFormat::RGBA16);
+        let mut values = vec![0.0; 96 * 64 * 4];
+        for (i, p) in values.as_chunks_mut::<4>().0.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+            let v = if (i % 96) < 48 { 0.12 } else { 0.7 };
+            p.copy_from_slice(&[v, v * 0.9, v * 0.8, 1.0]);
+        }
+        source.write_region(area, &values);
+        let curve = [[0.01, 0.01], [0.05, 0.12], [0.3, 0.6], [1.0, 1.0]];
+        let params = CameraRaw { shadows: 80.0, exposure: 0.25, ..Default::default() };
+        let refined = develop(&source, Some(&curve), area, &params, &Coverage::None);
+        let mut px = vec![[0.0f32; 4]; 96 * 64];
+        source.read_rgba_into(area, &mut px);
+        let tone = photocraft_io::raw::Tone { shadows: 80.0, ..Default::default() };
+        photocraft_io::raw::retone(&mut px, 96, 64, &curve, tone);
+        let mut retoned = source.clone();
+        let flat: Vec<f32> = px.iter().flatten().copied().collect();
+        retoned.write_region(area, &flat);
+        let expected = photocraft_engine::lens_cmds::camera_raw_surface(&retoned, area, &CameraRaw { exposure: 0.25, ..Default::default() });
+        let (a, b) = (refined.rgba(10, 30), expected.rgba(10, 30));
+        assert!(a.iter().zip(&b).all(|(x, y)| (x - y).abs() < 2e-4), "{a:?} vs {b:?}");
+        assert!(
+            refined.rgba(10, 30)[0] > source.rgba(10, 30)[0] + 0.02,
+            "the shadow side is lifted: {:?} from {:?}, retoned {:?}",
+            refined.rgba(10, 30),
+            source.rgba(10, 30),
+            retoned.rgba(10, 30)
+        );
+        // Without a raw curve Shadows is the filter's.
+        let filter = develop(&source, None, area, &params, &Coverage::None);
+        assert_eq!(filter, photocraft_engine::lens_cmds::camera_raw_surface(&source, area, &params));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn stale_refinements_and_failed_old_revisions_do_not_replace_new_settings() {
         let source = Surface::with_default(PixelFormat::RGBA8, &[0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1.0]);
@@ -446,7 +534,7 @@ mod tests {
                 }
                 source.write_region(area, &pixels);
                 let params = CameraRaw { exposure: 0.5, sharpen_amount: 20.0, grain_amount: 30.0, ..Default::default() };
-                let full = develop(&source, area, &params, &Coverage::None);
+                let full = develop(&source, None, area, &params, &Coverage::None);
                 let expected = photocraft_engine::lens_cmds::camera_raw_surface(&source, area, &params);
                 assert_eq!(full, expected);
                 let mut preview = DetailPreview::new(source, area, Coverage::None);
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/camera_raw_gpu.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/camera_raw_gpu.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5e9f8719fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/camera_raw_gpu.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+//! Camera Raw's preview develop on the GPU (#6916). When every stage the settings use reads
+//! only its own pixel, the proxy develops in one wgpu pass (`photocraft_gpu::CameraRawDevelop`)
+//! on the canvas's device and is read back for the histogram, scopes and display conversion.
+//! Spatial stages, Rendering Mode CPU, `PHOTOCRAFT_CPU_CAMERA_RAW`, no GPU canvas, a software
+//! adapter, a device fault or a failed develop all keep the CPU develop on the worker.
+//!
+//! The pipeline builds on a thread the first time a dialog opens (DX12's shader compiler takes
+//! about 0.35 s, #6419); frames develop on the CPU until it is ready.
+
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicU64, Ordering};
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, OnceLock};
+
+use eframe::wgpu;
+use photocraft_algo::camera_raw::CameraRaw;
+use photocraft_gpu::{CameraRawDevelop, DeviceHealth};
+
+use crate::PhotocraftApp;
+
+/// The built pass, shared by every Camera Raw dialog on the device (never built on the web).
+#[derive(Clone)]
+#[cfg_attr(target_arch = "wasm32", allow(dead_code))]
+pub(crate) struct Pass(Arc<Mutex<CameraRawDevelop>>);
+
+/// A device's pass: unset while it builds, `None` when the device can't run it.
+pub(crate) type Slot = Arc<OnceLock<Option<Pass>>>;
+
+impl Pass {
+    /// Whether `adapter` may run the pass: not a software adapter (the CPU develop is faster
+    /// there), one that renders `Rgba32Float`, and not on the web (no blocking readback yet).
+    fn usable(adapter: &wgpu::Adapter) -> bool {
+        if cfg!(target_arch = "wasm32") {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if adapter.get_info().device_type == wgpu::DeviceType::Cpu {
+            log::info!("Camera Raw develops on the CPU: software graphics adapter");
+            return false;
+        }
+        if !CameraRawDevelop::supported(adapter) {
+            log::info!("Camera Raw develops on the CPU: the adapter can't render Rgba32Float");
+            return false;
+        }
+        true
+    }
+
+    /// Builds the pass into `slot`, on a thread where there are threads.
+    pub(crate) fn start(adapter: &wgpu::Adapter, device: &wgpu::Device, slot: &Slot) {
+        if !Self::usable(adapter) {
+            let _ = (slot.set(None), device);
+            return;
+        }
+        #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+        {
+            let (on, out) = (device.clone(), slot.clone());
+            let spawned = std::thread::Builder::new().name("camera-raw-pipeline".into()).spawn(move || {
+                let pass = std::panic::catch_unwind(std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe(|| Self::build_on(&on))).unwrap_or_else(|_| {
+                    log::warn!("building the Camera Raw pipeline panicked; Camera Raw develops on the CPU");
+                    None
+                });
+                let _ = out.set(pass);
+            });
+            if spawned.is_err() {
+                let _ = slot.set(Self::build_on(device));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The pass on `device`, whatever its adapter.
+    #[cfg_attr(target_arch = "wasm32", allow(dead_code))]
+    pub(crate) fn build_on(device: &wgpu::Device) -> Option<Self> {
+        match CameraRawDevelop::new(device) {
+            Ok(pass) => Some(Pass(Arc::new(Mutex::new(pass)))),
+            Err(e) => {
+                log::warn!("{e}; Camera Raw develops on the CPU");
+                None
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The dialog's GPU develop, if the app may use one.
+pub(crate) fn for_app(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Option<CameraRawGpu> {
+    let cpu = app.session.prefs().performance.effective_rendering_mode() == photocraft_engine::prefs::RenderingMode::Cpu;
+    if cpu || std::env::var_os("PHOTOCRAFT_CPU_CAMERA_RAW").is_some() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    app.gpu.as_ref()?.camera_raw()
+}
+
+/// A key for a dialog's proxy pixels, unique in the process: the pass keeps the last source it
+/// uploaded, and a new dialog's proxy may reuse a closed one's memory.
+pub(crate) fn source_key() -> u64 {
+    static NEXT: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(1);
+    NEXT.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed)
+}
+
+/// The source key and the settings the black and white points depend on.
+type PointsKey = (u64, [u32; 5]);
+/// The last [`PointsKey`] and its points.
+type Points = Option<(PointsKey, Option<(f32, f32)>)>;
+
+/// One dialog's handle on the pass (cheap to clone into each proxy job).
+#[derive(Clone)]
+#[cfg_attr(target_arch = "wasm32", allow(dead_code))]
+pub(crate) struct CameraRawGpu {
+    device: wgpu::Device,
+    queue: wgpu::Queue,
+    health: DeviceHealth,
+    pass: Slot,
+    /// Set after a develop failed: the dialog stays on the CPU.
+    failed: Arc<AtomicBool>,
+    /// Whites and Blacks adapt to the image; its points change only with these settings.
+    points: Arc<Mutex<Points>>,
+}
+
+impl CameraRawGpu {
+    pub(crate) fn new(device: wgpu::Device, queue: wgpu::Queue, health: DeviceHealth, pass: Slot) -> Self {
+        CameraRawGpu { device, queue, health, pass, failed: Arc::default(), points: Arc::default() }
+    }
+
+    /// Develops `px` (`w × h`) with `p`, or `None` when the CPU must: a spatial stage, the pass
+    /// still building, a fault, or a GPU error (logged; the dialog then stays on the CPU). `key` names the pixels when they
+    /// are the dialog's unchanged proxy ([`source_key`]), so they upload once. Neutral settings
+    /// are `None` too: the CPU develop returns them at once, a GPU round trip would only cost.
+    pub(crate) fn develop(&self, px: &[[f32; 4]], key: Option<u64>, w: usize, h: usize, p: &CameraRaw, float: bool) -> Option<Vec<[f32; 4]>> {
+        if p.spatial() || p.is_identity() || self.failed.load(Ordering::Relaxed) || !self.health.is_ok() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+        {
+            let _ = (px, key, w, h, float);
+            None
+        }
+        #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+        {
+            let Some(Some(pass)) = self.pass.get() else { return None };
+            let points = self.points(px, key, w, h, p);
+            let stages = photocraft_algo::camera_raw::per_pixel(p, w, h, float, points)?;
+            let size = [u32::try_from(w).ok()?, u32::try_from(h).ok()?];
+            let mut pass = pass.0.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+            match pass.develop(&self.device, &self.queue, Some(&self.health), px, key, size, &stages) {
+                Ok(out) => Some(out),
+                Err(e) => {
+                    log::warn!("{}; Camera Raw develops on the CPU", e.0);
+                    self.failed.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
+                    None
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    fn points(&self, px: &[[f32; 4]], key: Option<u64>, w: usize, h: usize, p: &CameraRaw) -> Option<(f32, f32)> {
+        if p.whites == 0.0 && p.blacks == 0.0 {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let Some(key) = key else { return photocraft_algo::camera_raw::white_black_points(px, w, h, p) };
+        let key = (key, [p.temperature, p.tint, p.exposure, p.contrast, p.encoding_gamma].map(f32::to_bits));
+        let mut cache = self.points.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+        if let Some((k, points)) = *cache
+            && k == key
+        {
+            return points;
+        }
+        let points = photocraft_algo::camera_raw::white_black_points(px, w, h, p);
+        *cache = Some((key, points));
+        points
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use photocraft_algo::camera_raw::develop;
+    use serde_json::json;
+
+    /// The pass evaluates develop's expressions in f32 (see `photocraft-gpu`'s Camera Raw tests).
+    const TOL: f32 = 1.0 / 4096.0;
+
+    /// The app on egui_kittest's device (a software adapter where there is one), or `None`.
+    fn gpu_app(depth: u32) -> Option<(PhotocraftApp, egui::Context)> {
+        let Ok(rs) = std::panic::catch_unwind(|| egui_kittest::wgpu::create_render_state(crate::gpu_canvas::wgpu_setup(), Default::default())) else {
+            eprintln!("skipping: no GPU adapter");
+            return None;
+        };
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+        app.set_wgpu(rs);
+        app.gpu.as_ref()?;
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 300, "height": 200, "depth": depth})).unwrap();
+        app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.run("filter.render.clouds", json!({"seed": 5})).unwrap();
+        app.run("select.rect", json!({"x": 40, "y": 30, "width": 120, "height": 90})).unwrap();
+        app.run("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#cc4422"})).unwrap();
+        app.run("select.deselect", json!({})).unwrap();
+        Some((app, egui::Context::default()))
+    }
+
+    /// The canvas's pass, built even on a software adapter (which the app leaves on the CPU).
+    fn force_pass(app: &PhotocraftApp) {
+        app.gpu.as_ref().expect("GPU canvas").force_camera_raw_pass();
+    }
+
+    fn developed(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, p: CameraRaw) -> (&'static str, Vec<[f32; 4]>, Vec<[f32; 4]>) {
+        let d = app.camera_raw.as_mut().expect("dialog");
+        d.params = p;
+        d.render(ctx);
+        let mut cpu = d.proxy.to_vec();
+        let mut q = d.params.clone();
+        q.pixel_scale = (d.pw as f32 / d.full_w.max(1) as f32).min(1.0);
+        develop(&mut cpu, d.pw, d.ph, &q, d.float);
+        (d.develop_backend, d.processed.clone(), cpu)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_pass_is_built_when_camera_raw_first_opens_not_with_the_canvas() {
+        let _gpu = photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock();
+        let Some((mut app, ctx)) = gpu_app(8) else { return };
+        let canvas = app.gpu.clone().expect("GPU canvas");
+        assert!(!canvas.camera_raw_started(), "no Camera Raw pipeline at launch (#6419)");
+        crate::camera_raw_ui::open(&mut app, &ctx).unwrap();
+        assert!(canvas.camera_raw_started(), "built (or refused) from the first open");
+        assert_eq!(app.camera_raw.as_ref().map(|d| d.develop_backend), Some("cpu"), "the first frame doesn't wait for the pipeline");
+        canvas.wait_camera_raw_pass();
+        let software = canvas.adapter_info().device_type == wgpu::DeviceType::Cpu;
+        let d = app.camera_raw.as_ref().expect("dialog");
+        assert_eq!(d.gpu.is_none(), software, "a software adapter keeps the CPU develop");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn per_pixel_settings_develop_on_the_gpu_like_the_cpu_and_the_rest_stays_on_the_cpu() {
+        let _gpu = photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock();
+        for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
+            let Some((mut app, ctx)) = gpu_app(depth) else { return };
+            force_pass(&app);
+            crate::camera_raw_ui::open(&mut app, &ctx).unwrap();
+            if app.camera_raw.as_ref().is_some_and(|d| d.gpu.is_none()) {
+                eprintln!("skipping: the device can't run the Camera Raw pass");
+                return;
+            }
+            let per_pixel = CameraRaw {
+                temperature: 20.0,
+                exposure: 0.4,
+                contrast: 30.0,
+                whites: 25.0,
+                blacks: -20.0,
+                vibrance: 40.0,
+                curve_lights: 25.0,
+                grade_shadows: photocraft_algo::camera_raw::Wheel { hue: 220.0, sat: 40.0, lum: 0.0 },
+                vignette_amount: -40.0,
+                grain_amount: 30.0,
+                ..Default::default()
+            };
+            let (backend, gpu, cpu) = developed(&mut app, &ctx, per_pixel.clone());
+            assert_eq!(backend, "gpu", "{depth}-bit");
+            let worst = gpu.iter().zip(&cpu).flat_map(|(a, b)| (0..4).map(move |c| (a[c] - b[c]).abs())).fold(0.0f32, f32::max);
+            assert!(worst <= TOL, "{depth}-bit: off by {worst}");
+            let described = app.camera_raw.as_ref().map(|d| d.describe(&app.ui.camera_raw_scope, &app.ui.camera_raw_preview)).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(described["developBackend"], "gpu");
+            // A spatial stage develops the whole frame on the CPU.
+            let (backend, shown, cpu) = developed(&mut app, &ctx, CameraRaw { shadows: 40.0, ..per_pixel.clone() });
+            assert_eq!((backend, shown == cpu), ("cpu", true), "{depth}-bit");
+            // A device fault: the CPU, from the next frame on.
+            app.gpu.as_ref().unwrap().health().mark(photocraft_gpu::Fault::Lost("test".into()));
+            let (backend, shown, cpu) = developed(&mut app, &ctx, per_pixel);
+            assert_eq!((backend, shown == cpu), ("cpu", true), "{depth}-bit after a fault");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn neutral_settings_skip_the_gpu_round_trip() {
+        let _gpu = photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock();
+        let Some((mut app, ctx)) = gpu_app(8) else { return };
+        force_pass(&app);
+        crate::camera_raw_ui::open(&mut app, &ctx).unwrap();
+        if app.camera_raw.as_ref().is_some_and(|d| d.gpu.is_none()) {
+            eprintln!("skipping: the device can't run the Camera Raw pass");
+            return;
+        }
+        let (backend, _, _) = developed(&mut app, &ctx, CameraRaw { exposure: 0.5, ..Default::default() });
+        assert_eq!(backend, "gpu", "a per-pixel setting develops on the GPU");
+        let (backend, shown, cpu) = developed(&mut app, &ctx, CameraRaw::default());
+        assert_eq!((backend, shown == cpu), ("cpu", true), "default settings: the CPU returns them unchanged");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rendering_mode_cpu_keeps_the_cpu_develop() {
+        let _gpu = photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock();
+        let Some((mut app, ctx)) = gpu_app(8) else { return };
+        force_pass(&app);
+        app.run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "performance.renderingMode", "value": "cpu"})).unwrap();
+        crate::camera_raw_ui::open(&mut app, &ctx).unwrap();
+        let (backend, shown, cpu) = developed(&mut app, &ctx, CameraRaw { exposure: 0.5, ..Default::default() });
+        assert_eq!((backend, shown == cpu), ("cpu", true));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/camera_raw_identity_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/camera_raw_identity_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a66e172158
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/camera_raw_identity_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+//! Re-develop completion must follow the replacement document across intervening tab changes.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+
+use super::{CameraRaw, PhotocraftApp, RawOpen, commit_open_raw, finish_redevelop, queue_open_dialog, replace_raw_document};
+
+fn synthetic_raw() -> Vec<u8> {
+    use photocraft_raw::testgen::{DngSpec, mosaic, scene};
+    let (width, height) = (48, 32);
+    DngSpec::cfa(width, height, mosaic(&scene(width, height), width, [0, 1, 1, 2], 0, 30000)).build()
+}
+
+struct Control {
+    doc: Arc<photocraft_doc::Document>,
+    path: Option<String>,
+    revision: u64,
+    saved_revision: u64,
+    history: usize,
+}
+
+impl Control {
+    fn assert_untouched(&self, app: &PhotocraftApp) {
+        let state = app.session.documents().iter().find(|state| state.doc.id == self.doc.id).expect("the accepted control remains open");
+        assert!(Arc::ptr_eq(&state.doc, &self.doc), "the RAW completion must not filter another document");
+        assert_eq!(state.path, self.path);
+        assert_eq!((state.revision, state.saved_revision, state.history.past_len()), (self.revision, self.saved_revision, self.history));
+        assert!(state.is_dirty(), "the unrelated document still needs saving");
+    }
+}
+
+fn identity_app() -> (PhotocraftApp, RawOpen, Control) {
+    let mut session = photocraft_engine::Session::new();
+    session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 6})).unwrap();
+    session.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+    session.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#336699"})).unwrap();
+    session.active_mut().unwrap().path = Some("accepted-control.pcraft".into());
+    let state = session.active().unwrap();
+    let control = Control {
+        doc: state.doc.clone(),
+        path: state.path.clone(),
+        revision: state.revision,
+        saved_revision: state.saved_revision,
+        history: state.history.past_len(),
+    };
+    let bytes = Arc::new(synthetic_raw());
+    let imported = photocraft_io::import("synthetic.dng", &bytes).unwrap();
+    let (index, _) = session.open_document(imported.document, None);
+    let raw = RawOpen {
+        document: session.documents()[index].doc.id,
+        name: "synthetic.dng".into(),
+        path: None,
+        bytes: Some(bytes),
+        developed_with: Default::default(),
+        demosaic: Default::default(),
+    };
+    let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(session, crate::Services::default());
+    app.sync_views();
+    (app, raw, control)
+}
+
+/// Run the real DNG worker and apply its replacement, holding the UI completion until after
+/// another event changes the tab list. No sleeps, timing races or fake decoder are needed.
+fn completed_redevelop(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, raw: &RawOpen) -> (CameraRaw, Value, photocraft_doc::DocId) {
+    app.background_jobs = true;
+    let params = CameraRaw { exposure: 1.0, contrast: 20.0, ..Default::default() };
+    let started = commit_open_raw(app, &params, raw, None).unwrap();
+    let job = photocraft_engine::jobs::JobId(started["job"].as_u64().expect("the sensor re-develop runs as a real job"));
+    let mut result = app.session.wait_job(job).unwrap();
+    let replacement = app.session.documents()[result["document"].as_u64().unwrap() as usize].doc.id;
+    // The producer has a separate contract test. Supply the observed identity here to isolate
+    // the UI consumer's handling even when run against the old result schema.
+    result["docId"] = json!(replacement.0);
+    app.raw_redevelop.clear();
+    app.background_jobs = false;
+    (params, result, replacement)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn completion_identity_reports_the_live_replacement_after_id_collision() {
+    let (mut app, raw, control) = identity_app();
+    let mut imported = photocraft_io::import("synthetic.dng", &synthetic_raw()).unwrap();
+    // Exercise the same collision protection as a persisted native document: the result must
+    // name the admitted replacement, even when the incoming ID already belongs to a tab.
+    imported.document.id = control.doc.id;
+    let result = replace_raw_document(&mut app.session, raw.document, imported, false).unwrap();
+    let replacement = app.session.documents()[result["document"].as_u64().unwrap() as usize].doc.id;
+    assert_ne!(replacement, control.doc.id);
+    assert_eq!(result["docId"], replacement.0, "the callback needs the session's actual replacement identity");
+    control.assert_untouched(&app);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn completion_identity_applies_remaining_settings_after_tab_reordering() {
+    let (mut app, raw, control) = identity_app();
+    let (params, result, replacement) = completed_redevelop(&mut app, &raw);
+    let index = result["document"].as_u64().unwrap() as usize;
+    app.session.move_document(index, 0).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(app.session.documents()[index].doc.id, control.doc.id, "another completion may move this tab before the RAW callback");
+    finish_redevelop(&mut app, &params, &raw, &result, &Default::default()).unwrap();
+    control.assert_untouched(&app);
+    let state = app.session.active().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(state.doc.id, replacement);
+    assert!(!state.is_dirty(), "development finishes opening only the replacement");
+    assert!(state.history.past_len() > 0, "remaining Camera Raw settings were applied");
+    assert!(!app.view_docs.contains(&raw.document));
+    assert!(app.view_docs.contains(&replacement));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn completion_identity_rejects_a_closed_replacement_without_filtering_the_active_control() {
+    let (mut app, raw, control) = identity_app();
+    let (params, result, replacement) = completed_redevelop(&mut app, &raw);
+    let index = app.session.documents().iter().position(|state| state.doc.id == replacement).unwrap();
+    app.session.close(index).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.id, control.doc.id);
+    assert!(finish_redevelop(&mut app, &params, &raw, &result, &Default::default()).is_err(), "a closed replacement must not fall back to the active document");
+    control.assert_untouched(&app);
+    assert_eq!(app.session.documents().len(), 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn completion_identity_rejects_missing_and_invalid_ids_before_any_side_effect() {
+    for identity in [None, Some(Value::Null), Some(json!("invalid")), Some(json!(-1)), Some(json!(u64::MAX)), Some(json!(1.5))] {
+        let (mut app, raw, control) = identity_app();
+        let (params, mut result, _) = completed_redevelop(&mut app, &raw);
+        result["document"] = json!(0);
+        match identity {
+            None => {
+                result.as_object_mut().unwrap().remove("docId");
+            }
+            Some(value) => result["docId"] = value,
+        }
+        app.session.set_active(0);
+        let views = app.view_docs.clone();
+        let notices = app.ui.notices.len();
+        assert!(finish_redevelop(&mut app, &params, &raw, &result, &Default::default()).is_err(), "invalid identity was accepted: {result}");
+        control.assert_untouched(&app);
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.id, control.doc.id);
+        assert_eq!(app.view_docs, views, "identity validation precedes view remapping");
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.notices.len(), notices, "identity validation precedes import notifications");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn queue_identity_targets_an_inactive_raw_without_changing_the_active_document() {
+    let (mut app, raw, control) = identity_app();
+    app.session.set_active(0);
+    assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.id, control.doc.id);
+    queue_open_dialog(&mut app, raw.document, &raw.name, raw.path.as_deref(), raw.bytes.as_deref().map(Vec::as_slice), &[]).unwrap();
+    let queued = app.pending_raw_open.as_ref().expect("the explicitly named RAW was queued");
+    assert_eq!(queued.document, raw.document);
+    assert_eq!((&queued.name, &queued.path, &queued.bytes), (&raw.name, &raw.path, &raw.bytes));
+    assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.id, control.doc.id, "queueing does not activate the target");
+    control.assert_untouched(&app);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn queue_identity_rejects_a_missing_document_without_replacing_the_pending_review() {
+    let (mut app, raw, control) = identity_app();
+    queue_open_dialog(&mut app, raw.document, &raw.name, raw.path.as_deref(), raw.bytes.as_deref().map(Vec::as_slice), &[]).unwrap();
+    let pending = app.pending_raw_open.as_ref().unwrap().clone();
+    app.session.set_active(0);
+    let missing = photocraft_doc::DocId::fresh();
+    assert!(!app.session.documents().iter().any(|state| state.doc.id == missing));
+    assert!(queue_open_dialog(&mut app, missing, "missing.dng", Some("missing.dng"), Some(&[1, 2, 3]), &[]).is_err());
+    let queued = app.pending_raw_open.as_ref().expect("the existing review is preserved");
+    assert_eq!(queued.document, pending.document);
+    assert_eq!((&queued.name, &queued.path, &queued.bytes), (&pending.name, &pending.path, &pending.bytes));
+    assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.id, control.doc.id);
+    control.assert_untouched(&app);
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/camera_raw_preview_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/camera_raw_preview_ui.rs
index e2d15f9e0c..dff92fd50e 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/camera_raw_preview_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/camera_raw_preview_ui.rs
@@ -98,9 +98,16 @@ struct ZoomCapture {
 
 /// One capture shared with the colour sampler. Space/middle drag always pans; S takes
 /// precedence over the persistent Zoom/Hand tool, so a sampler click never zooms.
-pub(crate) fn interact(ui: &mut Ui, state: &mut CameraRawPreviewState, viewport: Rect, size: Vec2, sampler: &mut bool) -> (Rect, Response, bool, Option<Rect>) {
+pub(crate) fn interact(
+    ui: &mut Ui,
+    state: &mut CameraRawPreviewState,
+    viewport: Rect,
+    size: Vec2,
+    sampler: &mut bool,
+    animated_zoom: bool,
+) -> (Rect, Response, bool, Option<Rect>) {
     let sampling = *sampler;
-    let response = ui.interact(viewport, ui.id().with("cr-sample-preview"), Sense::click_and_drag());
+    let response = ui.interact(viewport, ui.scope_id().with("cr-sample-preview"), Sense::click_and_drag());
     let modifiers = ui.input(|i| i.modifiers);
     let temporary_zoom = modifiers.command && (state.hand || sampling);
     let hand = !temporary_zoom && (state.hand && !sampling || ui.input(|i| i.key_down(Key::Space)));
@@ -111,11 +118,18 @@ pub(crate) fn interact(ui: &mut Ui, state: &mut CameraRawPreviewState, viewport:
     // Reuse the canvas wheel policy: retain the modifiers of the wheel event while egui
     // smooths it, even if Alt is released before the final part of the notch arrives.
     let cr_hovered = response.hovered();
-    let wheel = crate::wheel_nav::read(ui.ctx(), false, true, ui.id().with("cr-wheel"), cr_hovered);
+    let cr_wheel = ui.scope_id().with("cr-wheel");
+    let wheel = crate::wheel_nav::read(ui.ctx(), false, true, animated_zoom, cr_wheel, cr_hovered);
     if cr_hovered {
         ui.input_mut(|i| i.smooth_scroll_delta = Vec2::ZERO);
         match wheel {
-            Some(crate::wheel_nav::Wheel::Zoom(factor)) => state.zoom_at(state.scale(viewport, size) * factor, at, viewport, size),
+            Some(crate::wheel_nav::Wheel::Zoom(factor)) => {
+                let zoom = state.scale(viewport, size) * factor;
+                if zoom != zoom.clamp(MIN_ZOOM, MAX_ZOOM) {
+                    crate::wheel_nav::settle(ui.ctx(), cr_wheel);
+                }
+                state.zoom_at(zoom, at, viewport, size);
+            }
             Some(crate::wheel_nav::Wheel::SnapZoom(n)) => {
                 let dir = if n > 0 { 1 } else { -1 };
                 let mut nz = state.scale(viewport, size);
@@ -236,7 +250,7 @@ pub(crate) fn interact(ui: &mut Ui, state: &mut CameraRawPreviewState, viewport:
 
 pub(crate) fn toolbar(ui: &mut Ui, state: &mut CameraRawPreviewState, viewport: Rect, size: Vec2, sampler: &mut bool) {
     let zoom_tool = crate::icons::button(ui, "zoom-in", 28.0, !state.hand && !*sampler, tl!("Zoom Tool"));
-    zoom_tool.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, ui.is_enabled(), tl!("Zoom Tool")));
+    zoom_tool.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, ui.is_enabled(), tl!("Zoom Tool")));
     if zoom_tool.double_clicked() {
         state.fit();
     }
@@ -245,7 +259,7 @@ pub(crate) fn toolbar(ui: &mut Ui, state: &mut CameraRawPreviewState, viewport:
         *sampler = false;
     }
     let hand_tool = crate::icons::button(ui, "hand", 28.0, state.hand && !*sampler, tl!("Hand Tool"));
-    hand_tool.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, ui.is_enabled(), tl!("Hand Tool")));
+    hand_tool.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, ui.is_enabled(), tl!("Hand Tool")));
     if hand_tool.double_clicked() {
         state.fit();
     }
@@ -269,7 +283,7 @@ pub(crate) fn toolbar(ui: &mut Ui, state: &mut CameraRawPreviewState, viewport:
     if !options.iter().any(|(z, _)| *z == zoom) {
         options.push((zoom, &current_label));
     }
-    if widgets::dropdown(ui, "cr-preview-zoom", &mut zoom, &options, 80.0) {
+    if widgets::dropdown(ui, "cr-preview-zoom", tl!("Zoom"), &mut zoom, &options, 80.0) {
         match zoom {
             Some(z) => state.zoom_at(z, viewport.center(), viewport, size),
             None => state.fit(),
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/camera_raw_scope_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/camera_raw_scope_ui.rs
index 9cb5233d00..daf0a4855f 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/camera_raw_scope_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/camera_raw_scope_ui.rs
@@ -344,8 +344,8 @@ fn readout_text(value: Option<Value>) -> String {
 
 fn warning(ui: &mut egui::Ui, rect: Rect, mask: u8, on: &mut bool, label: &str) {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
-    let response = ui.interact(rect, ui.id().with(label), Sense::click()).on_hover_text(label);
-    response.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::WidgetType::Checkbox, ui.is_enabled(), *on, label));
+    let response = ui.interact(rect, ui.scope_id().with(label), Sense::click()).on_hover_text(label);
+    response.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::CheckBox, ui.is_enabled(), *on, label));
     let r = rect.shrink(3.0);
     ui.painter().add(egui::Shape::convex_polygon(
         vec![pos2(r.center().x, r.top()), r.left_bottom(), r.right_bottom()],
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ fn graph(ui: &mut egui::Ui, d: &mut CameraRawDialog, view: &mut CameraRawScopeSt
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
     let (rect, response) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(ui.available_width().max(1.0), height), Sense::click_and_drag());
     d.scope.rect = Some(rect);
-    response.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Other, ui.is_enabled(), tl!("Tone Histogram")));
+    response.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Unknown, ui.is_enabled(), tl!("Tone Histogram")));
     ui.painter().rect_filled(rect, t.radius_sm, t.histogram_background());
     let plot = rect.shrink(4.0);
     // Camera Raw's scale: the typical columns set it and a shadow or highlight spike runs off the top.
@@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ pub(crate) fn floating(ctx: &egui::Context, d: &mut CameraRawDialog, view: &mut
         r[1].clamp(content.top(), (content.bottom() - 150.0).max(content.top())),
     );
     let window = egui::Window::new("")
-        .id(egui::Id::new("cr-floating-scope"))
+        .id(egui::Id::unique("cr-floating-scope"))
         .order(egui::Order::Foreground)
         .collapsible(false)
         .resizable(true)
@@ -619,36 +619,41 @@ pub(crate) fn preview(ui: &mut egui::Ui, d: &mut CameraRawDialog, view: &mut Cam
     } else if mode != ClippingMode::None {
         if d.scope.overlay_key != Some(key) || d.scope.overlay_detail {
             d.scope.overlay_detail = false;
-            let colors = d
-                .pixels()
-                .iter()
-                .map(|p| {
-                    let (lo, hi) = clipping(*p);
-                    if p[3] <= 0.0 || !p.iter().all(|v| v.is_finite()) {
-                        return Color32::TRANSPARENT;
-                    }
-                    match mode {
-                        ClippingMode::ShadowChannels => t.histogram_color(7 ^ lo),
-                        ClippingMode::HighlightChannels => {
-                            if hi == 0 {
-                                t.histogram_background()
-                            } else {
-                                t.histogram_color(hi)
-                            }
+            let color = |p: &[f32; 4]| {
+                let (lo, hi) = clipping(*p);
+                if p[3] <= 0.0 || !p.iter().all(|v| v.is_finite()) {
+                    return Color32::TRANSPARENT;
+                }
+                match mode {
+                    ClippingMode::ShadowChannels => t.histogram_color(7 ^ lo),
+                    ClippingMode::HighlightChannels => {
+                        if hi == 0 {
+                            t.histogram_background()
+                        } else {
+                            t.histogram_color(hi)
                         }
-                        ClippingMode::Warnings(warnings) => {
-                            if warnings & 2 != 0 && hi != 0 {
-                                t.histogram_color(1)
-                            } else if warnings & 1 != 0 && lo != 0 {
-                                t.histogram_color(4)
-                            } else {
-                                Color32::TRANSPARENT
-                            }
-                        }
-                        ClippingMode::None => Color32::TRANSPARENT,
                     }
-                })
-                .collect();
+                    ClippingMode::Warnings(warnings) => {
+                        if warnings & 2 != 0 && hi != 0 {
+                            t.histogram_color(1)
+                        } else if warnings & 1 != 0 && lo != 0 {
+                            t.histogram_color(4)
+                        } else {
+                            Color32::TRANSPARENT
+                        }
+                    }
+                    ClippingMode::None => Color32::TRANSPARENT,
+                }
+            };
+            // Rebuilt for every new preview while a warning is on: one colour per proxy pixel,
+            // each independent, so it runs across cores (#211, P36).
+            #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+            let colors = {
+                use rayon::prelude::*;
+                d.pixels().par_iter().with_min_len(crate::camera_raw_ui::PARALLEL_MIN_PIXELS).map(color).collect()
+            };
+            #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+            let colors = d.pixels().iter().map(color).collect();
             let image = egui::ColorImage::new([d.pw, d.ph], colors);
             match &mut d.scope.overlay_tex {
                 Some(t) => t.set(image, egui::TextureOptions::NEAREST),
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/camera_raw_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/camera_raw_ui.rs
index 090c0a0b3c..1ff5fb4bd1 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/camera_raw_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/camera_raw_ui.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,10 @@
 //! The preview runs [`photocraft_algo::camera_raw::develop`] on a CPU proxy of the layer
 //! (≤ 900 px, `pixel_scale` keeps pixel radii true to the full image), recomputed when a
 //! control changes: on a worker for the dialog's own controls, so a drag never waits for it, and
-//! on the UI thread for the control channel, so a reply describes its own settings. OK runs `filter.cameraRaw` with the non-default settings, so the result is
-//! one history step (or a smart filter on a smart object) and exactly replayable.
+//! on the UI thread for the control channel, so a reply describes its own settings. Settings
+//! whose stages are all per pixel develop on the GPU instead where it can (`camera_raw_gpu`).
+//! OK runs `filter.cameraRaw` with the non-default settings, so the result is one history step
+//! (or a smart filter on a smart object) and exactly replayable.
 //!
 //! Control channel: `ui.menu.invoke {"id":"filter.cameraRaw","params":{"ui":{"set":{…},
 //! "commit":true | "cancel":true}}}`; the reply describes the dialog. `{"ui":{"saveSettings":true}}`
@@ -26,6 +28,10 @@ use crate::theme::Tokens;
 use crate::widgets;
 
 const PROXY_SIDE: usize = 900;
+/// Smallest run of proxy pixels one rayon task takes in the per-pixel passes: below it the
+/// split costs more than the work.
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+pub(crate) const PARALLEL_MIN_PIXELS: usize = 16 * 1024;
 const PANEL_W: f32 = 330.0;
 const BANDS: [&str; 8] = ["Red", "Orange", "Yellow", "Green", "Aqua", "Blue", "Purple", "Magenta"];
 
@@ -43,7 +49,7 @@ pub struct CameraRawDialog {
     pub(crate) selection: Option<std::sync::Arc<Vec<f32>>>,
     pub(crate) pw: usize,
     pub(crate) ph: usize,
-    full_w: usize,
+    pub(crate) full_w: usize,
     full_h: usize,
     preview_ppp: f32,
     pub(crate) detail: super::camera_raw_detail_ui::DetailPreview,
@@ -74,6 +80,13 @@ pub struct CameraRawDialog {
     pending: Option<std::sync::mpsc::Receiver<Result<ProxyFrame, String>>>,
     /// The last worker failure the status bar shows, with the preview revision it failed on.
     preview_error: Option<(String, u64)>,
+    /// The GPU develop, when the app may use one.
+    pub(crate) gpu: Option<crate::camera_raw_gpu::CameraRawGpu>,
+    /// Names [`Self::proxy`] for the GPU pass's upload cache.
+    source_key: u64,
+    /// The last frame's develop alone, and where it ran ("gpu" or "cpu").
+    develop_ms: f64,
+    pub(crate) develop_backend: &'static str,
     /// Settings before each finished edit, so Ctrl+Z works inside the dialog (#4100).
     undo: Vec<CameraRaw>,
     redo: Vec<CameraRaw>,
@@ -85,7 +98,7 @@ impl CameraRawDialog {
     pub fn describe(&self, view: &crate::state::CameraRawScopeState, navigation: &crate::state::CameraRawPreviewState) -> Value {
         let h = self.histogram();
         let mut result = json!({"layer": self.layer.0, "params": serde_json::to_value(&self.params).unwrap_or(Value::Null), "proxy": [self.pw, self.ph],
-            "renderMs": self.render_ms, "histogramMs": self.histogram_ms, "previewRevision": self.preview_revision, "before": self.show_before,
+            "renderMs": self.render_ms, "developMs": self.develop_ms, "developBackend": self.develop_backend, "histogramMs": self.histogram_ms, "previewRevision": self.preview_revision, "before": self.show_before,
             "histogram": {"source": if self.show_before { "before" } else { "after" }, "approximate": true, "size": [self.pw, self.ph],
                 "sampleDomain": "preview-rgb", "range": [0, 1], "red": h.channels[0].as_slice(), "green": h.channels[1].as_slice(), "blue": h.channels[2].as_slice(),
                 "samples": h.samples, "transparent": h.transparent, "invalid": h.invalid, "underflow": h.underflow, "overflow": h.overflow, "shadows": h.shadows, "highlights": h.highlights}});
@@ -93,7 +106,7 @@ impl CameraRawDialog {
             Target::SmartFilter(index) => Some(index),
             Target::NewFilter | Target::OpenRaw => None,
         });
-        result["openingRaw"] = json!(self.raw_open.as_ref().map(|r| json!({"name": r.name, "path": r.path})));
+        result["openingRaw"] = json!(self.raw_open.as_ref().map(|r| json!({"name": r.name, "path": r.path, "demosaic": r.demosaic.id()})));
         result["view"] = json!(navigation);
         result["sourceSize"] = json!([self.full_w, self.full_h]);
         result["previewPending"] = json!(self.render_pending());
@@ -166,6 +179,8 @@ impl CameraRawDialog {
             size: (self.pw, self.ph),
             full_w: self.full_w,
             display: self.display.clone(),
+            gpu: self.gpu.clone(),
+            source_key: self.source_key,
         }
     }
 
@@ -187,6 +202,8 @@ impl CameraRawDialog {
         self.processed = frame.px;
         self.scope.cache = None;
         self.render_ms = frame.ms;
+        self.develop_ms = frame.develop_ms;
+        self.develop_backend = frame.backend;
         self.preview_revision = self.preview_revision.saturating_add(1);
     }
 
@@ -240,6 +257,20 @@ impl CameraRawDialog {
     pub(crate) fn render_pending(&self) -> bool {
         self.pending.is_some()
     }
+
+    /// A newer frame means the worker failure is over: takes its message down, unless something
+    /// else has reported since.
+    fn clear_recovered_error(&mut self, ui: &mut crate::UiState) {
+        let Some((e, revision)) = &self.preview_error else { return };
+        if *revision == self.preview_revision {
+            return;
+        }
+        if ui.status_error && ui.status == *e {
+            ui.status.clear();
+            ui.status_error = false;
+        }
+        self.preview_error = None;
+    }
 }
 
 /// Everything one develop of the proxy reads, owned, so it can run off the UI thread.
@@ -252,6 +283,8 @@ struct ProxyJob {
     size: (usize, usize),
     full_w: usize,
     display: std::sync::Arc<photocraft_engine::display_color::CanvasDisplay>,
+    gpu: Option<crate::camera_raw_gpu::CameraRawGpu>,
+    source_key: u64,
 }
 
 /// A developed proxy, ready to show.
@@ -262,33 +295,58 @@ struct ProxyFrame {
     image: egui::ColorImage,
     display: std::sync::Arc<photocraft_engine::display_color::CanvasDisplay>,
     ms: f64,
+    develop_ms: f64,
+    backend: &'static str,
 }
 
 impl ProxyJob {
     fn run(self) -> ProxyFrame {
         let t0 = crate::gpu_canvas::now_ms();
         let (pw, ph) = self.size;
-        let mut px = self.proxy.to_vec();
         let mut p = self.params;
         p.pixel_scale = (pw as f32 / self.full_w.max(1) as f32).min(1.0);
-        if let Some(curve) = &self.raw_curve {
-            let tone = raw_stage(&p);
-            photocraft_io::raw::retone(&mut px, pw, ph, curve, tone);
+        // The open-time dialog re-tones the proxy for each job; otherwise the GPU reads the
+        // proxy as it is and uploads it once.
+        let retoned = self.raw_curve.as_ref().map(|curve| {
+            let mut px = self.proxy.to_vec();
+            photocraft_io::raw::retone(&mut px, pw, ph, curve, raw_stage(&p));
+            px
+        });
+        if retoned.is_some() {
             (p.shadows, p.highlights, p.clarity, p.texture, p.dehaze) = (0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
         }
-        photocraft_algo::camera_raw::develop(&mut px, pw, ph, &p, self.float);
+        let develop_start = crate::gpu_canvas::now_ms();
+        let key = retoned.is_none().then_some(self.source_key);
+        let input = retoned.as_deref().unwrap_or(&self.proxy);
+        let (mut px, backend) = match self.gpu.as_ref().and_then(|g| g.develop(input, key, pw, ph, &p, self.float)) {
+            Some(out) => (out, "gpu"),
+            None => {
+                let mut px = retoned.unwrap_or_else(|| self.proxy.to_vec());
+                photocraft_algo::camera_raw::develop(&mut px, pw, ph, &p, self.float);
+                (px, "cpu")
+            }
+        };
+        let develop_ms = crate::gpu_canvas::now_ms() - develop_start;
         if let Some(mask) = &self.selection {
-            for ((out, original), coverage) in px.iter_mut().zip(self.proxy.iter()).zip(mask.iter()) {
+            let blend = |(out, (original, coverage)): (&mut [f32; 4], (&[f32; 4], &f32))| {
                 for (out, original) in out.iter_mut().zip(original) {
                     *out = *original + (*out - *original) * coverage;
                 }
+            };
+            // Each pixel is independent, so bands of the proxy blend in parallel (#211, P36).
+            #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+            {
+                use rayon::prelude::*;
+                px.par_iter_mut().zip(self.proxy.par_iter().zip(mask.par_iter())).with_min_len(PARALLEL_MIN_PIXELS).for_each(blend);
             }
+            #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+            px.iter_mut().zip(self.proxy.iter().zip(mask.iter())).for_each(blend);
         }
         let histogram_start = crate::gpu_canvas::now_ms();
         let histogram = RgbHistogram::from_rgba(&px);
         let histogram_ms = crate::gpu_canvas::now_ms() - histogram_start;
         let image = CameraRawDialog::image(&px, pw, ph, &self.display);
-        ProxyFrame { px, histogram, histogram_ms, image, display: self.display, ms: crate::gpu_canvas::now_ms() - t0 }
+        ProxyFrame { px, histogram, histogram_ms, image, display: self.display, ms: crate::gpu_canvas::now_ms() - t0, develop_ms, backend }
     }
 }
 
@@ -305,10 +363,10 @@ enum Target {
 
 /// A raw file opened interactively, shown in Camera Raw before it is kept (as Photoshop opens
 /// raws in Adobe Camera Raw first). The document is already developed with the defaults; Open
-/// re-develops it when Temperature, Tint, Exposure, Shadows, Highlights, Clarity, Texture or
-/// Dehaze changed (those act on the sensor data, see [`photocraft_io::raw::import_raw_tuned`])
-/// and applies the other settings as one Camera Raw step, then marks the document unmodified.
-/// Cancel closes it.
+/// re-develops it when Temperature, Tint, Exposure, Shadows, Highlights, Clarity, Texture,
+/// Dehaze or the demosaic method changed (those act on the sensor data, see
+/// [`photocraft_io::raw::import_raw_tuned`]) and applies the other settings as one Camera Raw
+/// step, then marks the document unmodified. Cancel closes it.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct RawOpen {
     pub document: photocraft_doc::DocId,
@@ -316,6 +374,10 @@ pub struct RawOpen {
     pub path: Option<String>,
     /// The file, when it was opened from bytes (no path to read it again from).
     pub bytes: Option<std::sync::Arc<Vec<u8>>>,
+    /// The demosaic method the open developed it with.
+    pub developed_with: photocraft_io::raw::Demosaic,
+    /// The method chosen in the dialog: Open re-develops when it differs from `developed_with`.
+    pub demosaic: photocraft_io::raw::Demosaic,
 }
 
 /// Should an interactive open of `name` show the open-time Camera Raw dialog? `warnings` are
@@ -330,16 +392,32 @@ pub fn without_develop_note(warnings: &[String]) -> Vec<String> {
     warnings.iter().filter(|w| !w.contains(photocraft_io::raw::DEVELOPED_NOTE)).cloned().collect()
 }
 
-/// Queues the open-time dialog for the active document (shown on the next frame).
-pub fn queue_open_dialog(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, name: &str, path: Option<&str>, bytes: Option<&[u8]>) {
-    if let Some(st) = app.session.active() {
-        app.pending_raw_open = Some(RawOpen {
-            document: st.doc.id,
-            name: name.to_string(),
-            path: path.map(str::to_string),
-            bytes: bytes.map(|b| std::sync::Arc::new(b.to_vec())),
-        });
+/// Queues the open-time dialog for the document whose import completed, independent of the
+/// active tab. A delayed completion for a closed document must not review another photograph.
+/// `warnings` are the import's: its note says which demosaic method the open developed with.
+pub fn queue_open_dialog(
+    app: &mut PhotocraftApp,
+    document: photocraft_doc::DocId,
+    name: &str,
+    path: Option<&str>,
+    bytes: Option<&[u8]>,
+    warnings: &[String],
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if document_index(app, document).is_none() {
+        return Err("the imported raw document is missing".into());
     }
+    // The method the open actually used (`jobs::import_options` at the job's start), from its
+    // note: the preference may have changed while a background open ran.
+    let method = photocraft_io::raw::developed_demosaic(warnings).unwrap_or_else(|| app.session.prefs().raw_defaults.demosaic.method());
+    app.pending_raw_open = Some(RawOpen {
+        document,
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        path: path.map(str::to_string),
+        bytes: bytes.map(|b| std::sync::Arc::new(b.to_vec())),
+        developed_with: method,
+        demosaic: method,
+    });
+    Ok(())
 }
 
 /// Opens the queued open-time dialog on its document's (only) layer.
@@ -347,7 +425,32 @@ fn open_raw(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, raw: RawOpen) -> Resul
     let index = document_index(app, raw.document).ok_or("the raw document was closed")?;
     app.session.set_active(index);
     let (layer, surf, _) = crate::distort_ui::active_pixels(app)?;
-    open_pixels(app, ctx, layer, surf, CameraRaw::default(), Coverage::None, Target::OpenRaw)?;
+    // The file's sidecar (`IMG_0001.xmp` beside it) fills the dialog, as Camera Raw's does; the
+    // status bar names what it could not apply.
+    let mut params = CameraRaw::default();
+    let mut from_sidecar = false;
+    if let Some((loaded, report, file)) = raw.path.as_deref().and_then(read_sidecar) {
+        params = loaded;
+        from_sidecar = true;
+        app.ui.status = if report.ignored.is_empty() {
+            crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("Settings from {name}"), &[("name", &file)])
+        } else {
+            crate::i18n::fmt(
+                tl!("Settings from {name}; {count} not supported: {names}"),
+                &[("name", &file), ("count", &report.ignored.len().to_string()), ("names", &report.ignored.join(", "))],
+            )
+        };
+        app.ui.status_error = false;
+    }
+    open_pixels(app, ctx, layer, surf, params, Coverage::None, Target::OpenRaw)?;
+    // Camera Raw Defaults › Apply auto tone: a file without its own settings opens with Auto.
+    if !from_sidecar
+        && app.session.prefs().raw_defaults.apply_auto_tone
+        && let Some(d) = app.camera_raw.as_mut()
+    {
+        photocraft_algo::camera_raw::auto_tone(&d.proxy, &mut d.params);
+        d.dirty = true;
+    }
     let curve = match (&raw.bytes, &raw.path) {
         (Some(b), _) => Some(photocraft_io::raw::tone_curve(b)),
         #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
@@ -356,7 +459,10 @@ fn open_raw(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, raw: RawOpen) -> Resul
     };
     if let Some(d) = app.camera_raw.as_mut() {
         d.layer_name = raw.name.clone();
-        d.raw_curve = curve.map(std::sync::Arc::new);
+        // The full-size preview retones the whole frame with it, as Open will.
+        let curve = curve.map(std::sync::Arc::new);
+        d.detail.raw_curve = curve.clone();
+        d.raw_curve = curve;
         d.raw_open = Some(raw);
     }
     Ok(())
@@ -391,8 +497,10 @@ pub struct Redevelop {
     params: CameraRaw,
     raw: RawOpen,
     /// The job is the final Camera Raw step (`filter.cameraRaw`), not the re-develop: when it
-    /// lands the document is marked unmodified.
+    /// lands the Camera Raw Defaults' conversions follow and the document is marked unmodified.
     filter_step: bool,
+    /// The Camera Raw Defaults the open started with, for the conversions after the filter step.
+    defaults: photocraft_engine::prefs::RawDefaults,
 }
 
 /// The sliders a raw open applies while developing, before the tone curve (as Camera Raw does).
@@ -406,18 +514,22 @@ fn raw_stage(p: &CameraRaw) -> photocraft_io::raw::Tone {
 /// on) it runs as a job like the open itself: the reply is `{"job", "pending": true}`, the
 /// document is locked meanwhile, and [`on_redevelop_event`] finishes when it lands. Elsewhere
 /// (tests, the web) it runs inline.
-fn commit_open_raw(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, params: &CameraRaw, raw: &RawOpen) -> Result<Value, String> {
+fn commit_open_raw(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, params: &CameraRaw, raw: &RawOpen, loaded: Option<&CameraRaw>) -> Result<Value, String> {
     let index = document_index(app, raw.document).ok_or("the raw document was closed")?;
+    write_sidecar(app, raw, params, loaded);
     let tuning = photocraft_io::raw::RawTuning {
         temperature: params.temperature,
         tint: params.tint,
         exposure: params.exposure,
+        demosaic: raw.demosaic,
         shadows: params.shadows,
         highlights: params.highlights,
         clarity: params.clarity,
         texture: params.texture,
         dehaze: params.dehaze,
     };
+    // The open itself: the default settings, developed with the method it was opened with.
+    let as_opened = photocraft_io::raw::RawTuning { demosaic: raw.developed_with, ..Default::default() };
     // Without the file the raw-stage settings stay RGB adjustments, like the filter's.
     let source = match (&raw.bytes, &raw.path) {
         (Some(b), _) => Some(photocraft_engine::jobs::OpenSource::Bytes(b.clone())),
@@ -425,8 +537,9 @@ fn commit_open_raw(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, params: &CameraRaw, raw: &RawOpen) -
         (None, Some(p)) => Some(photocraft_engine::jobs::OpenSource::Path(p.clone())),
         _ => None,
     };
-    let Some(source) = source.filter(|_| tuning != photocraft_io::raw::RawTuning::default()) else {
-        return finish_open_raw(app, index, params.clone(), None, Some(raw));
+    let Some(source) = source.filter(|_| tuning != as_opened) else {
+        let defaults = app.session.prefs().raw_defaults.clone();
+        return finish_open_raw(app, index, params.clone(), None, raw, &defaults);
     };
     app.session.set_active(index);
     let (name, doc_id) = (raw.name.clone(), raw.document);
@@ -454,9 +567,13 @@ fn commit_open_raw(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, params: &CameraRaw, raw: &RawOpen) -
         photocraft_engine::jobs::Started::Done(v)
     };
     match started {
-        photocraft_engine::jobs::Started::Done(v) => finish_redevelop(app, params, raw, &v),
+        photocraft_engine::jobs::Started::Done(v) => {
+            let defaults = app.session.prefs().raw_defaults.clone();
+            finish_redevelop(app, params, raw, &v, &defaults)
+        }
         photocraft_engine::jobs::Started::Job(job) => {
-            app.raw_redevelop = Some(Redevelop { job, params: params.clone(), raw: raw.clone(), filter_step: false });
+            let defaults = app.session.prefs().raw_defaults.clone();
+            app.raw_redevelop.push(Redevelop { job, params: params.clone(), raw: raw.clone(), filter_step: false, defaults });
             app.ui.status = label;
             app.ui.status_error = false;
             Ok(json!({"job": job.0, "pending": true}))
@@ -465,34 +582,47 @@ fn commit_open_raw(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, params: &CameraRaw, raw: &RawOpen) -
 }
 
 /// Swap the default-developed document `doc_id` for the re-developed one, at the same tab
-/// position and with the same path. Returns `{document, previous, warnings, wb}`.
+/// position and with the same path. Returns `{document, docId, previous, warnings, wb}`:
+/// `document` is the tab index at apply time, `docId` is the replacement's stable identity.
 fn replace_raw_document(
     s: &mut photocraft_engine::Session,
     doc_id: photocraft_doc::DocId,
-    r: photocraft_io::ImportResult,
+    mut r: photocraft_io::ImportResult,
     wb: bool,
 ) -> photocraft_engine::Result<Value> {
     let index =
         s.documents().iter().position(|st| st.doc.id == doc_id).ok_or_else(|| photocraft_engine::EngineError::Other("the raw document was closed".into()))?;
     let path = s.documents().get(index).and_then(|st| st.path.clone());
+    // The resolution it opened with (Preferences › Raw Defaults), which re-developing keeps.
+    if let Some(st) = s.documents().get(index) {
+        r.document.resolution_dpi = st.doc.resolution_dpi;
+    }
     s.close(index);
     let (opened, _) = s.open_document(r.document, path);
+    let replacement = s.documents().get(opened).ok_or(photocraft_engine::EngineError::NoDocument)?.doc.id;
     let index = match s.execute("document.move", json!({"document": opened, "to": index})) {
         Ok(moved) => moved.get("document").and_then(Value::as_u64).map_or(opened, |i| i as usize),
         Err(_) => opened,
     };
     s.set_active(index);
-    Ok(json!({"document": index, "previous": doc_id.0, "warnings": r.warnings, "wb": wb}))
+    Ok(json!({"document": index, "docId": replacement.0, "previous": doc_id.0, "warnings": r.warnings, "wb": wb}))
 }
 
 /// After the re-develop: keep the old document's view (zoom, scroll) on the new one, report
 /// the import's notes, then apply the remaining settings.
-fn finish_redevelop(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, params: &CameraRaw, raw: &RawOpen, v: &Value) -> Result<Value, String> {
-    let index = v.get("document").and_then(Value::as_u64).ok_or("the re-develop returned no document")? as usize;
-    if let Some(new_id) = app.session.documents().get(index).map(|st| st.doc.id) {
-        for id in app.view_docs.iter_mut().filter(|id| **id == raw.document) {
-            *id = new_id;
-        }
+fn finish_redevelop(
+    app: &mut PhotocraftApp,
+    params: &CameraRaw,
+    raw: &RawOpen,
+    v: &Value,
+    defaults: &photocraft_engine::prefs::RawDefaults,
+) -> Result<Value, String> {
+    // A preceding completion (for example Save and Close) may have shifted the tab indices.
+    // Validate identity before remapping views, filtering or marking any document unmodified.
+    let replacement = v.get("docId").and_then(Value::as_u64).map(photocraft_doc::DocId).ok_or("the re-develop returned no document identity")?;
+    let index = document_index(app, replacement).ok_or("the re-developed document was closed")?;
+    for id in app.view_docs.iter_mut().filter(|id| **id == raw.document) {
+        *id = replacement;
     }
     let warnings: Vec<String> =
         v.get("warnings").and_then(Value::as_array).map(|a| a.iter().filter_map(|w| w.as_str().map(str::to_string)).collect()).unwrap_or_default();
@@ -508,32 +638,254 @@ fn finish_redevelop(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, params: &CameraRaw, raw: &RawOpen,
         rest.temperature = 0.0;
         rest.tint = 0.0;
     }
-    finish_open_raw(app, index, rest, Some(true), Some(raw))
+    finish_open_raw(app, index, rest, Some(true), raw, defaults)
 }
 
-/// The other settings as one Camera Raw step on document `index`, then the document is marked
-/// unmodified (developing is part of opening). The step runs like any filter (in the
-/// background in the desktop app); the document is marked unmodified when it lands.
-fn finish_open_raw(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, index: usize, rest: CameraRaw, redeveloped: Option<bool>, raw: Option<&RawOpen>) -> Result<Value, String> {
+/// The other settings as one Camera Raw step on document `index`, then the Camera Raw Defaults'
+/// conversions, then the document is marked unmodified (developing is part of opening). The
+/// step runs like any filter (in the background in the desktop app); the conversions follow and
+/// the document is marked unmodified when it lands. The step works on the developed ProPhoto
+/// pixels the dialog previewed, and the conversion to the workflow space comes last, as in
+/// Camera Raw.
+fn finish_open_raw(
+    app: &mut PhotocraftApp,
+    index: usize,
+    mut rest: CameraRaw,
+    redeveloped: Option<bool>,
+    raw: &RawOpen,
+    d: &photocraft_engine::prefs::RawDefaults,
+) -> Result<Value, String> {
     app.session.set_active(index);
     app.sync_views();
     let mut result = json!({"document": index, "redeveloped": redeveloped.unwrap_or(false)});
+    let mut applied = output_sharpening(d, &mut rest);
+    applied.extend(raw_conversions(d));
+    if !applied.is_empty() {
+        result["defaults"] = json!(applied);
+    }
     if !rest.is_identity() {
         let layer = app.session.active().and_then(|st| st.active_layer).ok_or("no layer to develop")?;
         let mut p = non_defaults(&rest);
         p["layer"] = json!(layer.0);
         let r = app.run("filter.cameraRaw", p)?;
         if r.get("pending").and_then(Value::as_bool) == Some(true)
-            && let (Some(job), Some(raw)) = (r.get("job").and_then(Value::as_u64), raw)
+            && let Some(job) = r.get("job").and_then(Value::as_u64)
         {
-            app.raw_redevelop = Some(Redevelop { job: photocraft_engine::jobs::JobId(job), params: rest.clone(), raw: raw.clone(), filter_step: true });
+            let job = photocraft_engine::jobs::JobId(job);
+            app.raw_redevelop.push(Redevelop { job, params: rest.clone(), raw: raw.clone(), filter_step: true, defaults: d.clone() });
+            result["filter"] = r;
+            mark_unmodified(app, index);
+            return Ok(result);
         }
         result["filter"] = r;
     }
+    // The Camera Raw step has landed: a failed conversion is reported, and the open still
+    // completes (a second Open would apply the step twice).
+    if let Err(e) = apply_raw_conversions(app, index, d) {
+        crate::notices::error(app, format!("{}: {e}", raw.name));
+    }
     mark_unmodified(app, index);
     Ok(result)
 }
 
+/// The sidecar beside a raw file: `IMG_0001.xmp` for `IMG_0001.CR2`, as Camera Raw names it.
+pub fn sidecar_path(path: &str) -> String {
+    match path.rsplit_once('.') {
+        Some((stem, ext)) if !ext.contains(['/', '\\']) => format!("{stem}.xmp"),
+        _ => format!("{path}.xmp"),
+    }
+}
+
+/// A DNG carries its settings inside the file in Camera Raw; a sidecar is read for one too,
+/// but never written beside it.
+fn is_dng(path: &str) -> bool {
+    path.rsplit_once('.').is_some_and(|(_, ext)| ext.eq_ignore_ascii_case("dng"))
+}
+
+/// The settings of the sidecar beside `path`, when there is one that parses: the settings, what
+/// the loader skipped, and the sidecar's file name. A sidecar that doesn't parse is ignored (the
+/// raw still opens) and reported in the log.
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+fn read_sidecar(path: &str) -> Option<(CameraRaw, photocraft_io::camera_raw_xmp::LoadReport, String)> {
+    let sidecar = sidecar_path(path);
+    let Some(bytes) = read_bounded(&sidecar) else {
+        log::warn!("{sidecar}: not a readable sidecar of at most {} bytes, ignored", photocraft_io::camera_raw_xmp::MAX_XMP_BYTES);
+        return None;
+    };
+    let mut params = CameraRaw::default();
+    match photocraft_io::camera_raw_xmp::load(&mut params, &bytes) {
+        Ok(report) => Some((params, report, crate::file_open::display_name(&sidecar))),
+        Err(e) => {
+            log::warn!("{sidecar}: sidecar ignored: {e}");
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+fn read_sidecar(_: &str) -> Option<(CameraRaw, photocraft_io::camera_raw_xmp::LoadReport, String)> {
+    None
+}
+
+/// Keep the develop settings beside the raw file (Camera Raw Defaults › Write xmp sidecars):
+/// written when the settings aren't the defaults or PhotoCraft's own sidecar is there, so a
+/// file reopens as it was developed. `loaded` are the settings the open started from: nothing
+/// is written when they didn't change. Not for DNGs, never over a sidecar another application
+/// wrote (Lightroom's and Bridge's hold crops, masks, ratings and keywords PhotoCraft can't keep),
+/// never for a control or MCP request (it has no authority to write beside the user's files), and
+/// never fatal: a folder that can't be written to is reported in a notice.
+fn write_sidecar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, raw: &RawOpen, params: &CameraRaw, loaded: Option<&CameraRaw>) {
+    if !app.session.prefs().raw_defaults.write_xmp_sidecars || loaded == Some(params) {
+        return;
+    }
+    if app.automation_input || app.session.authorize.is_some() {
+        log::info!("{}: sidecar not written for an automation request", raw.name);
+        return;
+    }
+    let Some(path) = raw.path.as_deref().filter(|p| !is_dng(p)) else { return };
+    let sidecar = sidecar_path(path);
+    let name = crate::file_open::display_name(&sidecar);
+    match existing_sidecar_is_ours(&sidecar) {
+        Some(false) => {
+            let kept = crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("Kept {name}: written by another application"), &[("name", &name)]);
+            crate::notices::post(app, kept, Vec::new(), false, None);
+            return;
+        }
+        None if params.is_identity() => return,
+        _ => {}
+    }
+    let bytes = photocraft_io::camera_raw_xmp::save(params).into_bytes();
+    let Some(write) = app.services.write.as_mut() else { return };
+    if let Err(e) = write(&sidecar, &bytes) {
+        crate::notices::error(app, crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("Could not write {name}: {error}"), &[("name", &name), ("error", &e)]));
+    }
+}
+
+/// `None` when there is no sidecar at `sidecar`, else whether PhotoCraft wrote it. One that
+/// can't be read or is too large to be ours counts as another application's.
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+fn existing_sidecar_is_ours(sidecar: &str) -> Option<bool> {
+    std::fs::symlink_metadata(sidecar).ok()?;
+    Some(read_bounded(sidecar).is_some_and(|b| photocraft_io::camera_raw_xmp::is_photocraft_xmp(&b)))
+}
+
+/// The bytes of the regular file at `path` when it holds at most
+/// [`photocraft_io::camera_raw_xmp::MAX_XMP_BYTES`]; `None` for anything else (missing, a folder,
+/// a pipe or device that might never end, larger). Never reads more than the cap plus one byte.
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+fn read_bounded(path: &str) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+    use std::io::Read;
+    let cap = photocraft_io::camera_raw_xmp::MAX_XMP_BYTES;
+    // Checked before opening: opening a pipe for reading waits for a writer.
+    if !std::fs::metadata(path).ok()?.is_file() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let file = std::fs::File::open(path).ok()?;
+    let mut bytes = Vec::new();
+    file.take(cap as u64 + 1).read_to_end(&mut bytes).ok()?;
+    (bytes.len() <= cap).then_some(bytes)
+}
+#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+fn existing_sidecar_is_ours(_: &str) -> Option<bool> {
+    None
+}
+
+/// Camera Raw Defaults › Sharpen For: output sharpening, folded into the Camera Raw step `rest`
+/// as the workflow's Sharpen For is. Returns what it applied.
+fn output_sharpening(d: &photocraft_engine::prefs::RawDefaults, rest: &mut CameraRaw) -> Vec<&'static str> {
+    match d.sharpen_for.preset() {
+        Some((amount, radius)) if rest.sharpen_amount == 0.0 => {
+            rest.sharpen_amount = amount;
+            rest.sharpen_radius = radius;
+            vec!["sharpenFor"]
+        }
+        _ => Vec::new(),
+    }
+}
+
+/// The Camera Raw Defaults [`apply_raw_conversions`] applies. Resolution is not among them: the
+/// open itself sets it (`file_cmds::raw_defaults`), and a re-develop keeps it.
+fn raw_conversions(d: &photocraft_engine::prefs::RawDefaults) -> Vec<&'static str> {
+    use photocraft_engine::prefs::{RawColorSpace, RawDepth};
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    // Raws develop into ProPhoto-compatible RGB (`photocraft_io::raw`); the other spaces are a
+    // conversion.
+    if d.color_space != RawColorSpace::ProPhoto {
+        out.push("colorSpace");
+    }
+    if d.bit_depth == RawDepth::Eight {
+        out.push("bitDepth");
+    }
+    if d.open_as_smart_object {
+        out.push("openAsSmartObject");
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+/// Camera Raw Defaults (Preferences) after the Camera Raw step: the colour space and bit depth
+/// the developed document opens in, and Open as Smart Object.
+fn apply_raw_conversions(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, index: usize, d: &photocraft_engine::prefs::RawDefaults) -> Result<(), String> {
+    app.session.set_active(index);
+    for step in raw_conversions(d) {
+        let (id, params) = match step {
+            "colorSpace" => ("edit.convertToProfile", json!({"profile": d.color_space.profile_id(), "intent": "relative"})),
+            "bitDepth" => ("image.mode.bits8", json!({})),
+            _ => ("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject", json!({})),
+        };
+        app.session.execute(id, params).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// A raw that opened without the dialog (Camera Raw Defaults › Open in Camera Raw off): its
+/// sidecar's settings develop it as the dialog's Open would, and the Camera Raw Defaults apply.
+/// `warnings` are the import's; only a developed raw qualifies.
+pub fn opened_without_dialog(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, index: usize, name: &str, path: Option<&str>, warnings: &[String]) {
+    if !warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains(photocraft_io::raw::DEVELOPED_NOTE)) {
+        return;
+    }
+    let Some(document) = app.session.documents().get(index).map(|st| st.doc.id) else { return };
+    let method = photocraft_io::raw::developed_demosaic(warnings).unwrap_or_else(|| app.session.prefs().raw_defaults.demosaic.method());
+    let raw = RawOpen { document, name: name.to_string(), path: path.map(str::to_string), bytes: None, developed_with: method, demosaic: method };
+    let mut params = CameraRaw::default();
+    let sidecar = path.and_then(read_sidecar).map(|(loaded, _, _)| loaded);
+    if let Some(loaded) = &sidecar {
+        params = loaded.clone();
+    } else if app.session.prefs().raw_defaults.apply_auto_tone
+        && let Some(px) = app.session.active().and_then(|st| st.doc.layer(st.active_layer?)).and_then(|l| l.surface()).map(|s| sample_pixels(s, 512))
+    {
+        photocraft_algo::camera_raw::auto_tone(&px, &mut params);
+    }
+    let r = if params.is_identity() {
+        let defaults = app.session.prefs().raw_defaults.clone();
+        finish_open_raw(app, index, params, None, &raw, &defaults)
+    } else {
+        commit_open_raw(app, &params, &raw, sidecar.as_ref())
+    };
+    if let Err(e) = r {
+        app.ui.status = e;
+        app.ui.status_error = true;
+    }
+}
+
+/// Every k-th pixel of a surface's content, k chosen so the longer side has about `max_side`
+/// samples: enough for a histogram (Auto tone) without reading a whole raw.
+fn sample_pixels(surf: &photocraft_raster::Surface, max_side: usize) -> Vec<[f32; 4]> {
+    let area = surf.content_bounds();
+    let (w, h) = (area.x1.saturating_sub(area.x0).max(0) as usize, area.y1.saturating_sub(area.y0).max(0) as usize);
+    if w == 0 || h == 0 {
+        return Vec::new();
+    }
+    let k = w.max(h).div_ceil(max_side.max(1)).max(1);
+    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(w.div_ceil(k) * h.div_ceil(k));
+    let mut row = vec![[0.0f32; 4]; w];
+    for y in (0..h).step_by(k) {
+        let yy = area.y0.saturating_add(y as i32);
+        surf.read_rgba_into(Rect::new(area.x0, yy, area.x1, yy.saturating_add(1)), &mut row);
+        out.extend(row.iter().step_by(k).copied());
+    }
+    out
+}
+
 fn mark_unmodified(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, index: usize) {
     let active = app.session.active_index();
     app.session.set_active(index);
@@ -549,18 +901,29 @@ fn mark_unmodified(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, index: usize) {
 /// A finished background re-develop ([`REDEVELOP_JOB`]) or open-time Camera Raw step. `true`
 /// when the event was one of those (handled here).
 pub fn on_redevelop_event(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, e: &photocraft_engine::jobs::JobEvent) -> bool {
-    let Some(pending) = app.raw_redevelop.take_if(|r| r.job == e.id) else { return false };
+    let Some(at) = app.raw_redevelop.iter().position(|r| r.job == e.id) else { return false };
+    let pending = app.raw_redevelop.remove(at);
     if pending.filter_step {
-        if matches!(e.outcome, photocraft_engine::jobs::JobOutcome::Done(_))
-            && let Some(index) = e.document.and_then(|id| document_index(app, id))
-        {
-            mark_unmodified(app, index);
+        // The Camera Raw Defaults' conversions follow the Camera Raw step, whatever its outcome:
+        // the document still opens in the workflow's colour space and depth.
+        if let Some(index) = e.document.and_then(|id| document_index(app, id)) {
+            let active = app.session.active_index();
+            if let Err(err) = apply_raw_conversions(app, index, &pending.defaults) {
+                crate::notices::error(app, format!("{}: {err}", pending.raw.name));
+            }
+            if let Some(i) = active {
+                app.session.set_active(i);
+            }
+            if matches!(e.outcome, photocraft_engine::jobs::JobOutcome::Done(_)) {
+                mark_unmodified(app, index);
+            }
+            app.sync_views();
         }
         // The usual filter reporting still applies.
         return false;
     }
     match &e.outcome {
-        photocraft_engine::jobs::JobOutcome::Done(v) => match finish_redevelop(app, &pending.params, &pending.raw, v) {
+        photocraft_engine::jobs::JobOutcome::Done(v) => match finish_redevelop(app, &pending.params, &pending.raw, v, &pending.defaults) {
             Ok(_) => {
                 app.ui.status = crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("Opened {name}"), &[("name", &pending.raw.name)]);
                 app.ui.status_error = false;
@@ -708,6 +1071,8 @@ fn open_pixels(
         app.ui.camera_raw_scope.selected_region = false;
     }
     let float = surf.format().sample == photocraft_color::SampleType::F32;
+    // Builds the GPU pass the first time any Camera Raw dialog opens.
+    let gpu = crate::camera_raw_gpu::for_app(app);
     let mut d = CameraRawDialog {
         layer,
         layer_name: name,
@@ -756,6 +1121,10 @@ fn open_pixels(
         raw_curve: None,
         pending: None,
         preview_error: None,
+        gpu,
+        source_key: crate::camera_raw_gpu::source_key(),
+        develop_ms: 0.0,
+        develop_backend: "cpu",
         undo: Vec::new(),
         redo: Vec::new(),
         edit_origin: None,
@@ -796,9 +1165,9 @@ pub fn menu(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, id: &str, params: &Val
     };
     for (key, value) in fields {
         match key.as_str() {
-            "set" | "scope" | "view" => {}
-            "before" | "commit" | "cancel" | "saveSettings" | "loadSettings" | "undo" | "redo" if value.is_boolean() => {}
-            "before" | "commit" | "cancel" | "saveSettings" | "loadSettings" | "undo" | "redo" => {
+            "set" | "scope" | "view" | "demosaic" => {}
+            "before" | "commit" | "cancel" | "saveSettings" | "loadSettings" | "undo" | "redo" | "auto" if value.is_boolean() => {}
+            "before" | "commit" | "cancel" | "saveSettings" | "loadSettings" | "undo" | "redo" | "auto" => {
                 return Some(Err(format!("Camera Raw {key} must be a boolean")));
             }
             _ => return Some(Err(format!("unknown Camera Raw ui property {key}"))),
@@ -835,6 +1204,10 @@ fn menu_update(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, ui: &Value) -> Opti
     // occurs until every part of the request has passed validation.
     let d = app.camera_raw.as_ref()?;
     let mut next_params = d.params.clone();
+    // Auto (the Light panel's button): the tone sliders from the image's histogram.
+    if ui.get("auto").and_then(Value::as_bool) == Some(true) {
+        photocraft_algo::camera_raw::auto_tone(&d.proxy, &mut next_params);
+    }
     if let Some(set) = ui.get("set") {
         if !set.is_object() {
             return Some(Err("bad Camera Raw settings: expected an object".into()));
@@ -870,7 +1243,18 @@ fn menu_update(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, ui: &Value) -> Opti
         },
         None => None,
     };
+    let demosaic = match ui.get("demosaic") {
+        None => None,
+        Some(_) if d.raw_open.is_none() => return Some(Err("demosaic applies only while a raw file opens".into())),
+        Some(v) => match v.as_str().and_then(photocraft_io::raw::Demosaic::from_id) {
+            Some(m) => Some(m),
+            None => return Some(Err("demosaic must be ahd, mhc or bilinear".into())),
+        },
+    };
     let d = app.camera_raw.as_mut()?;
+    if let (Some(m), Some(raw)) = (demosaic, d.raw_open.as_mut()) {
+        raw.demosaic = m;
+    }
     if let Some(view) = navigation {
         app.ui.camera_raw_preview = view;
     }
@@ -897,6 +1281,8 @@ fn menu_update(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, ui: &Value) -> Opti
     if d.dirty {
         d.render(ctx);
     }
+    // The control channel can read the status before the next frame draws.
+    d.clear_recovered_error(&mut app.ui);
     if app.ui.camera_raw_scope.vectorscope
         && let Some(d) = app.camera_raw.as_mut()
     {
@@ -1025,14 +1411,33 @@ fn commit(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> Result<Value, String> {
         }
         Target::OpenRaw => {
             let raw = d.raw_open.clone().ok_or("no raw file is being opened")?;
-            let params = d.params.clone();
-            commit_open_raw(app, &params, &raw)?
+            let (params, original) = (d.params.clone(), d.original.clone());
+            commit_open_raw(app, &params, &raw, Some(&original))?
         }
     };
     app.camera_raw = None;
     Ok(result)
 }
 
+/// The open-time demosaic choice (at the top of Detail). Photoshop's Camera Raw picks one method
+/// for every file; here it is the user's. Open re-develops with it; the preview keeps the method
+/// the file was opened with (the differences are finer than the preview's pixels).
+fn demosaic_row(ui: &mut egui::Ui, m: &mut photocraft_io::raw::Demosaic) {
+    use photocraft_io::raw::Demosaic;
+    ui.horizontal(|ui| {
+        ui.label(crate::i18n::tr_ctx(crate::i18n::current(), "cameraRaw", "Demosaic")).on_hover_text(tl!(
+            "How the camera's colour filter mosaic is filled in. It is applied when the file opens; the preview shows the method it was opened with."
+        ));
+        let options = [
+            (Demosaic::Ahd, "AHD (adaptive homogeneity)", "Hirakawa–Parks: the cleanest edges and the least colour fringing, the slowest."),
+            (Demosaic::Mhc, "Malvar–He–Cutler", "Gradient-corrected interpolation: sharp and fast, with some colour fringing on fine detail."),
+            (Demosaic::Bilinear, "Bilinear", "The fastest and the softest, with colour fringing on fine detail."),
+        ];
+        widgets::dropdown_with_tooltips(ui, "camera-raw-demosaic", tl!("Demosaic"), m, &options, 180.0);
+    });
+    ui.add_space(4.0);
+}
+
 fn temp_stops() -> Vec<Color32> {
     vec![Color32::from_rgb(70, 120, 230), Color32::from_rgb(200, 200, 200), Color32::from_rgb(235, 200, 60)]
 }
@@ -1135,7 +1540,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
     // Camera Raw is modal, as in Photoshop: the main window is dimmed and takes no input while it
     // is open (in a separate window, or drawn over it where there are no extra windows).
     let main = ctx.content_rect();
-    egui::Area::new(egui::Id::new("camera-raw-modal")).order(egui::Order::Foreground).fixed_pos(main.min).show(ctx, |ui| {
+    egui::Area::new(egui::Id::unique("camera-raw-modal")).order(egui::Order::Foreground).fixed_pos(main.min).show(ctx, |ui| {
         let (r, _) = ui.allocate_exact_size(main.size(), Sense::click_and_drag());
         ui.painter().rect_filled(r, 0.0, Tokens::get(ui.ctx()).scrim);
     });
@@ -1171,7 +1576,7 @@ fn draw(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, own_window: bool) {
     let screen = ctx.content_rect();
     let current_display = app.session.active().and_then(|st| app.session.color.canvas_display(&st.doc).ok());
     let mut action: Option<&str> = None;
-    egui::Area::new(egui::Id::new("camera-raw-dialog")).order(egui::Order::Foreground).fixed_pos(screen.min).show(ctx, |ui| {
+    egui::Area::new(egui::Id::unique("camera-raw-dialog")).order(egui::Order::Foreground).fixed_pos(screen.min).show(ctx, |ui| {
         let Some(d) = app.camera_raw.as_mut() else { return };
         history_keys(d, ctx);
         let pointer = ctx.input(|i| i.pointer.primary_down());
@@ -1192,17 +1597,7 @@ fn draw(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, own_window: bool) {
             app.ui.status_error = true;
         }
         d.request_render(ctx);
-        // A newer frame means the failure is over: take its message down, unless something else
-        // has reported since.
-        if let Some((e, revision)) = &d.preview_error
-            && *revision != d.preview_revision
-        {
-            if app.ui.status_error && app.ui.status == *e {
-                app.ui.status.clear();
-                app.ui.status_error = false;
-            }
-            d.preview_error = None;
-        }
+        d.clear_recovered_error(&mut app.ui);
         let (full, _) = ui.allocate_exact_size(screen.size(), Sense::click());
         let painter = ui.painter().clone();
         painter.rect_filled(full, 0.0, t.chrome);
@@ -1215,6 +1610,7 @@ fn draw(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, own_window: bool) {
         let ok_label = if d.target == Target::OpenRaw { tl!("Open") } else { tl!("OK") };
         let footer_h = 48.0;
         let body = ERect::from_min_max(pos2(full.left(), title.bottom()), pos2(full.right(), full.bottom() - footer_h));
+        let animated_zoom = app.session.prefs().general.animated_zoom;
         let scope = &mut app.ui.camera_raw_scope;
         // Clip both pixels and scope overlays before painting the settings dock/footer.
         let preview_body = ERect::from_min_max(body.min, pos2((body.right() - PANEL_W).max(body.left() + 1.0), body.bottom()));
@@ -1229,7 +1625,8 @@ fn draw(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, own_window: bool) {
         let mut preview = ui.new_child(egui::UiBuilder::new().max_rect(view));
         preview.set_clip_rect(view.intersect(ui.clip_rect()));
         preview.painter().rect_filled(view, 0.0, t.canvas);
-        let (r, response, panning, zoom_box) = super::camera_raw_preview_ui::interact(&mut preview, navigation, view, size, &mut scope.sampler_tool);
+        let (r, response, panning, zoom_box) =
+            super::camera_raw_preview_ui::interact(&mut preview, navigation, view, size, &mut scope.sampler_tool, animated_zoom);
         let tex = if d.show_before { d.before_tex.as_ref() } else { d.tex.as_ref() };
         if let Some(tex) = tex {
             // Never tile a checker across the offscreen extent of a highly zoomed image.
@@ -1270,9 +1667,16 @@ fn draw(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, own_window: bool) {
         egui::ScrollArea::vertical().id_salt("camera-raw-props").show(&mut props, |ui| {
             ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.y = 4.0;
             let p = &mut d.params;
+            let proxy = &d.proxy;
             let alt = &mut d.scope.alt_tone;
             let (ts, tn) = (temp_stops(), tint_stops());
             section(ui, "Light", true, |ui| {
+                // Auto: Camera Raw's one-click tone from the histogram; the sliders show what it
+                // chose, so each can be adjusted afterwards.
+                if ui.button(tl!("Auto")).on_hover_text(tl!("Set the tone sliders from the image")).clicked() {
+                    photocraft_algo::camera_raw::auto_tone(proxy, p);
+                    dirty = true;
+                }
                 tone_row(ui, &mut dirty, alt, ToneZone::Exposure, &mut p.exposure);
                 row(ui, &mut dirty, "Contrast", &mut p.contrast, -100.0..=100.0, None);
                 tone_row(ui, &mut dirty, alt, ToneZone::Highlights, &mut p.highlights);
@@ -1296,6 +1700,7 @@ fn draw(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, own_window: bool) {
                 if widgets::dropdown(
                     ui,
                     "cr-vig-style",
+                    tl!("Vignetting"),
                     &mut style,
                     &[
                         ("highlightPriority".to_string(), tl!("Highlight Priority")),
@@ -1329,7 +1734,7 @@ fn draw(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, own_window: bool) {
                     for (i, source) in ["Hue", "Saturation", "Luminance"].iter().enumerate() {
                         let name = crate::i18n::tr_ctx(crate::i18n::current(), "cameraRaw", source);
                         let response = widgets::pill_tab(ui, name, d.mixer_tab == i);
-                        response.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::WidgetType::SelectableLabel, ui.is_enabled(), d.mixer_tab == i, name));
+                        response.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::Button, ui.is_enabled(), d.mixer_tab == i, name));
                         if response.clicked() {
                             d.mixer_tab = i;
                         }
@@ -1342,7 +1747,7 @@ fn draw(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, own_window: bool) {
                 };
                 for (k, name) in BANDS.iter().enumerate() {
                     let c = photocraft_algo::camera_raw::HSL_BANDS[k];
-                    let base = hue_color(c);
+                    let base = widgets::hue_color(c);
                     let grad = [Color32::from_gray(128), base];
                     row(ui, &mut dirty, name, &mut arr[k], -100.0..=100.0, Some(&grad));
                 }
@@ -1356,6 +1761,9 @@ fn draw(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, own_window: bool) {
                 row(ui, &mut dirty, "Balance", &mut p.grade_balance, -100.0..=100.0, None);
             });
             section(ui, "Detail", false, |ui| {
+                if let Some(raw) = d.raw_open.as_mut() {
+                    demosaic_row(ui, &mut raw.demosaic);
+                }
                 widgets::section_label(ui, tl!("Sharpening"));
                 row(ui, &mut dirty, "Amount", &mut p.sharpen_amount, 0.0..=150.0, None);
                 row(ui, &mut dirty, "Radius", &mut p.sharpen_radius, 0.5..=3.0, None);
@@ -1367,6 +1775,19 @@ fn draw(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, own_window: bool) {
                 row(ui, &mut dirty, "Color", &mut p.noise_color, 0.0..=100.0, None);
                 row(ui, &mut dirty, "Color Detail", &mut p.noise_color_detail, 0.0..=100.0, None);
             });
+            // Camera Raw's Calibration panel: a tint for the shadows and each primary's hue and
+            // saturation (Process Version is implied: 2012 and later).
+            section(ui, "Calibration", false, |ui| {
+                widgets::section_label(ui, tl!("Shadows"));
+                row(ui, &mut dirty, "Tint", &mut p.shadow_tint, -100.0..=100.0, Some(&tn));
+                for (i, name) in ["Red Primary", "Green Primary", "Blue Primary"].iter().enumerate() {
+                    widgets::section_label(ui, crate::i18n::tr_ctx(crate::i18n::current(), "cameraRaw", name));
+                    ui.push_id(name, |ui| {
+                        row(ui, &mut dirty, "Hue", &mut p.calibration_hue[i], -100.0..=100.0, None);
+                        row(ui, &mut dirty, "Saturation", &mut p.calibration_sat[i], -100.0..=100.0, None);
+                    });
+                }
+            });
         });
         super::camera_raw_scope_ui::floating(ctx, d, scope, right);
         super::camera_raw_scope_ui::shortcuts(ctx, scope);
@@ -1439,20 +1860,6 @@ fn draw(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, own_window: bool) {
     }
 }
 
-fn hue_color(h: f32) -> Color32 {
-    let h6 = (h.rem_euclid(360.0)) / 60.0;
-    let x = 1.0 - ((h6 % 2.0) - 1.0).abs();
-    let (r, g, b) = match h6 as u32 {
-        0 => (1.0, x, 0.0),
-        1 => (x, 1.0, 0.0),
-        2 => (0.0, 1.0, x),
-        3 => (0.0, x, 1.0),
-        4 => (x, 0.0, 1.0),
-        _ => (1.0, 0.0, x),
-    };
-    Color32::from_rgb((r * 220.0) as u8, (g * 220.0) as u8, (b * 220.0) as u8)
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
@@ -1669,6 +2076,14 @@ mod tests {
         finish_worker(app.camera_raw.as_mut().unwrap(), &ctx);
         frame(&mut app);
         assert!(app.ui.status_error && app.ui.status == "something else failed", "{}", app.ui.status);
+
+        // A control-channel edit renders on its own thread; the status is clear before any frame.
+        fail(&mut app);
+        frame(&mut app);
+        assert!(app.ui.status_error);
+        menu(&mut app, &ctx, "filter.cameraRaw", &json!({"ui": {"set": {"exposure": -0.5}}})).unwrap().unwrap();
+        assert!(!app.ui.status_error && app.ui.status.is_empty(), "{}", app.ui.status);
+        assert_eq!(crate::control::inspect(&app, &ctx)["statusError"], false);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1763,15 +2178,19 @@ mod tests {
     fn raw_app() -> (PhotocraftApp, Vec<u8>) {
         use photocraft_raw::testgen::{DngSpec, mosaic, scene};
         let services = crate::Services {
-            import: Some(Box::new(|name: &str, b: &[u8], depth: usize| {
-                photocraft_io::import_with_svg_group_depth(name, b, depth).map(|r| (r.document, r.warnings)).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+            import: Some(Box::new(|name: &str, b: &[u8], opts: &photocraft_io::ImportOptions| {
+                photocraft_io::import_with_options(name, b, opts).map(|r| (r.document, r.warnings)).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
             })),
             ..Default::default()
         };
         let (w, h) = (48, 32);
         let mut spec = DngSpec::cfa(w, h, mosaic(&scene(w, h), w, [0, 1, 1, 2], 0, 30000));
         spec.as_shot_neutral = Some([0.5, 1.0, 0.7]);
-        (PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), services), spec.build())
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), services);
+        // The pixel comparisons below read the developed ProPhoto values: no conversion on open
+        // (Camera Raw Defaults › Color space is Adobe RGB otherwise).
+        app.run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "rawDefaults.colorSpace", "value": "proPhoto"})).unwrap();
+        (app, spec.build())
     }
 
     fn mean_red(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> f32 {
@@ -1807,6 +2226,58 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(mean_red(&app) > before + 0.05, "{before} → {}", mean_red(&app));
     }
 
+    fn pixels(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Vec<f32> {
+        let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+        let s = st.doc.layer(st.active_layer.unwrap()).unwrap().surface().unwrap();
+        (0..32).flat_map(|y| (0..48).map(move |x| (x, y))).flat_map(|(x, y)| s.rgba(x, y)).collect()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_demosaic_method_is_chosen_at_open() {
+        let (mut app, dng) = raw_app();
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        app.open_bytes("IMG_0002.dng", &dng).unwrap();
+        let ahd = pixels(&app);
+        let raw = app.pending_raw_open.take().unwrap();
+        open_raw(&mut app, &ctx, raw).unwrap();
+        let d = menu(&mut app, &ctx, "filter.cameraRaw", &json!({"ui": {"demosaic": "bilinear"}})).unwrap().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(d["openingRaw"]["demosaic"], "bilinear");
+        assert!(menu(&mut app, &ctx, "filter.cameraRaw", &json!({"ui": {"demosaic": "amaze"}})).unwrap().is_err());
+        let r = menu(&mut app, &ctx, "filter.cameraRaw", &json!({"ui": {"commit": true}})).unwrap().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(r["redeveloped"], true, "another method re-develops: {r}");
+        assert!(r.get("filter").is_none(), "nothing else to apply: {r}");
+        let bilinear = pixels(&app);
+        assert!(ahd.iter().zip(&bilinear).any(|(a, b)| (a - b).abs() > 1e-3), "bilinear differs from AHD");
+        let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(st.saved_revision, st.revision);
+
+        // The preference sets the method of the open itself; Open with it changes nothing.
+        app.run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "rawDefaults.demosaic", "value": "bilinear"})).unwrap();
+        app.open_bytes("IMG_0003.dng", &dng).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(pixels(&app), bilinear, "developed with the preference's method");
+        let raw = app.pending_raw_open.take().unwrap();
+        open_raw(&mut app, &ctx, raw).unwrap();
+        let d = app.camera_raw.as_ref().unwrap().describe(&app.ui.camera_raw_scope, &app.ui.camera_raw_preview);
+        assert_eq!(d["openingRaw"]["demosaic"], "bilinear");
+        let r = menu(&mut app, &ctx, "filter.cameraRaw", &json!({"ui": {"commit": true}})).unwrap().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(r["redeveloped"], false, "{r}");
+
+        // Only the open-time dialog has the choice.
+        menu(&mut app, &ctx, "filter.cameraRaw", &json!({})).unwrap().unwrap();
+        assert!(menu(&mut app, &ctx, "filter.cameraRaw", &json!({"ui": {"demosaic": "ahd"}})).unwrap().is_err());
+
+        // The preference may change while a background open runs: the dialog starts from the
+        // method the open developed with (its note), not from the newer preference.
+        let warnings = app.open_bytes("IMG_0004.dng", &dng).unwrap();
+        app.pending_raw_open.take();
+        app.run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "rawDefaults.demosaic", "value": "ahd"})).unwrap();
+        let document = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.id;
+        queue_open_dialog(&mut app, document, "IMG_0004.dng", None, Some(&dng), &warnings).unwrap();
+        let raw = app.pending_raw_open.take().unwrap();
+        use photocraft_io::raw::Demosaic;
+        assert_eq!((raw.developed_with, raw.demosaic), (Demosaic::Bilinear, Demosaic::Bilinear));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn shadows_of_a_raw_open_act_on_the_raw_data_and_the_preview_shows_it() {
         let (mut app, dng) = raw_app();
@@ -1869,12 +2340,12 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(app.camera_raw.is_none());
         for _ in 0..3000 {
             crate::jobs_ui::tick(&mut app, &ctx);
-            if app.raw_redevelop.is_none() && !app.session.has_jobs() {
+            if app.raw_redevelop.is_empty() && !app.session.has_jobs() {
                 break;
             }
             std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(5));
         }
-        assert!(app.raw_redevelop.is_none() && !app.session.has_jobs(), "the jobs never finished");
+        assert!(app.raw_redevelop.is_empty() && !app.session.has_jobs(), "the jobs never finished");
         let docs = app.session.documents();
         assert_eq!(docs.len(), 3);
         assert_eq!((docs[0].doc.size.width, docs[2].doc.size.width), (10, 12), "the other tabs keep their places");
@@ -1886,6 +2357,25 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(mean_red(&app) > before + 0.05, "{before} → {}", mean_red(&app));
     }
 
+    /// #7789: Preferences › Raw Defaults › Resolution sets a raw's ppi when the app opens it
+    /// itself (no background job) and from automation, and a Camera Raw re-develop keeps it.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_raw_opens_and_redevelops_at_the_raw_defaults_resolution() {
+        let (mut app, dng) = raw_app();
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        app.run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "rawDefaults.resolution", "value": 240})).unwrap();
+        app.open_bytes("IMG_0004.dng", &dng).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.resolution_dpi, 240.0);
+        let raw = app.pending_raw_open.take().unwrap();
+        open_raw(&mut app, &ctx, raw).unwrap();
+        menu(&mut app, &ctx, "filter.cameraRaw", &json!({"ui": {"set": {"exposure": 1.0}}})).unwrap().unwrap();
+        let r = menu(&mut app, &ctx, "filter.cameraRaw", &json!({"ui": {"commit": true}})).unwrap().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(r["redeveloped"], true, "{r}");
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.resolution_dpi, 240.0, "kept by the re-develop");
+        app.open_automation_bytes("IMG_0005.dng", &dng).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.resolution_dpi, 240.0, "automation open");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn cancel_closes_the_raw_and_the_preference_skips_the_dialog() {
         let (mut app, dng) = raw_app();
@@ -1901,13 +2391,422 @@ mod tests {
         let raw = app.pending_raw_open.take().unwrap();
         open_raw(&mut app, &ctx, raw).unwrap();
         let r = menu(&mut app, &ctx, "filter.cameraRaw", &json!({"ui": {"commit": true}})).unwrap().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(r, json!({"document": 0, "redeveloped": false}));
+        assert_eq!((r["document"].as_u64(), r["redeveloped"].as_bool(), r.get("filter")), (Some(0), Some(false), None), "{r}");
+        assert_eq!(r.get("defaults"), None, "ProPhoto, 16-bit: no Camera Raw Default to apply: {r}");
         // Preference off: raws open straight away.
         app.run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "rawDefaults.openInCameraRaw", "value": false})).unwrap();
         app.open_bytes("c.dng", &dng).unwrap();
         assert!(app.pending_raw_open.is_none());
         // A non-raw never queues the dialog; a closed document is an error, not a panic.
-        assert!(open_raw(&mut app, &ctx, RawOpen { document: photocraft_doc::DocId(u64::MAX), name: "x".into(), path: None, bytes: None }).is_err());
+        assert!(
+            open_raw(
+                &mut app,
+                &ctx,
+                RawOpen {
+                    document: photocraft_doc::DocId(u64::MAX),
+                    name: "x".into(),
+                    path: None,
+                    bytes: None,
+                    developed_with: Default::default(),
+                    demosaic: Default::default()
+                }
+            )
+            .is_err()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn calibration_changes_the_preview_and_round_trips_through_xmp() {
+        let (mut app, dng) = raw_app();
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        app.open_bytes("IMG_0005.dng", &dng).unwrap();
+        let raw = app.pending_raw_open.take().unwrap();
+        open_raw(&mut app, &ctx, raw).unwrap();
+        let before = app.camera_raw.as_ref().unwrap().processed.clone();
+        menu(&mut app, &ctx, "filter.cameraRaw", &json!({"ui": {"set": {"shadowTint": 100, "calibrationHue": [100, 0, 0], "calibrationSat": [0, 0, -100]}}}))
+            .unwrap()
+            .unwrap();
+        let d = app.camera_raw.as_mut().unwrap();
+        d.render(&ctx);
+        assert!(
+            d.processed.iter().zip(&before).any(|(a, b)| (a[0] - b[0]).abs() > 0.01 || (a[1] - b[1]).abs() > 0.01),
+            "the Calibration panel changes the preview"
+        );
+        let xmp = photocraft_io::camera_raw_xmp::save(&d.params);
+        assert!(xmp.contains("crs:ShadowTint=\"+100\"") && xmp.contains("crs:RedHue=\"+100\"") && xmp.contains("crs:BlueSaturation=\"-100\""), "{xmp}");
+        let mut back = CameraRaw::default();
+        photocraft_io::camera_raw_xmp::load(&mut back, xmp.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((back.shadow_tint, back.calibration_hue, back.calibration_sat), (100.0, [100.0, 0.0, 0.0], [0.0, 0.0, -100.0]));
+        assert!(menu(&mut app, &ctx, "filter.cameraRaw", &json!({"ui": {"auto": "yes"}})).unwrap().is_err(), "auto must be a boolean");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn auto_sets_the_light_sliders_from_the_image() {
+        let (mut app, dng) = raw_app();
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        app.open_bytes("IMG_0006.dng", &dng).unwrap();
+        let raw = app.pending_raw_open.take().unwrap();
+        open_raw(&mut app, &ctx, raw).unwrap();
+        assert!(app.camera_raw.as_ref().unwrap().params.is_identity());
+        menu(&mut app, &ctx, "filter.cameraRaw", &json!({"ui": {"auto": true}})).unwrap().unwrap();
+        let p = app.camera_raw.as_ref().unwrap().params.clone();
+        assert!(!p.is_identity(), "Auto chose something: {p:?}");
+        assert!(p.saturation == 0.0 && p.hsl_hue == [0.0; 8], "only the Light panel: {p:?}");
+        // The preference does the same when a raw opens without a sidecar.
+        app.run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "rawDefaults.applyAutoTone", "value": true})).unwrap();
+        app.open_bytes("IMG_0007.dng", &dng).unwrap();
+        let raw = app.pending_raw_open.take().unwrap();
+        open_raw(&mut app, &ctx, raw).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(app.camera_raw.as_ref().unwrap().params, p, "Apply auto tone opens the dialog with Auto's settings");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_sidecar_fills_the_dialog_and_open_writes_it_back() {
+        use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+        let (mut app, dng) = raw_app();
+        let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("photocraft-sidecar-{}", std::process::id()));
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+        let raw_path = dir.join("IMG_0008.cr2").to_string_lossy().into_owned();
+        std::fs::write(&raw_path, &dng).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(sidecar_path(&raw_path), dir.join("IMG_0008.xmp").to_string_lossy());
+        assert_eq!(sidecar_path("/a/b.c/noext"), "/a/b.c/noext.xmp");
+        std::fs::write(
+            sidecar_path(&raw_path),
+            "<x:xmpmeta xmlns:x=\"adobe:ns:meta/\" x:xmptk=\"PhotoCraft\"><rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#\"><rdf:Description xmlns:crs=\"http://ns.adobe.com/camera-raw-settings/1.0/\" crs:Exposure2012=\"+1.50\" crs:ShadowTint=\"20\" crs:Temperature=\"5500\"/></rdf:RDF></x:xmpmeta>",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        type Written = Arc<Mutex<Vec<(String, Vec<u8>)>>>;
+        let written: Written = Arc::default();
+        let sink = written.clone();
+        app.services.write = Some(Box::new(move |p: &str, b: &[u8]| {
+            sink.lock().unwrap().push((p.to_string(), b.to_vec()));
+            Ok(())
+        }));
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        app.open_bytes("IMG_0008.cr2", &dng).unwrap();
+        let mut raw = app.pending_raw_open.take().unwrap();
+        raw.path = Some(raw_path.clone());
+        open_raw(&mut app, &ctx, raw).unwrap();
+        let d = app.camera_raw.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((d.params.exposure, d.params.shadow_tint), (1.5, 20.0), "the sidecar fills the dialog");
+        assert!(
+            app.ui.status.contains("IMG_0008.xmp") && app.ui.status.contains("Temperature"),
+            "the absolute white balance is reported as not supported: {}",
+            app.ui.status
+        );
+        menu(&mut app, &ctx, "filter.cameraRaw", &json!({"ui": {"set": {"contrast": 15}}})).unwrap().unwrap();
+        menu(&mut app, &ctx, "filter.cameraRaw", &json!({"ui": {"commit": true}})).unwrap().unwrap();
+        let w = written.lock().unwrap().clone();
+        assert_eq!(w.len(), 1, "Open writes the sidecar once: {:?}", w.iter().map(|(p, _)| p).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+        assert_eq!(w[0].0, sidecar_path(&raw_path));
+        let text = String::from_utf8(w[0].1.clone()).unwrap();
+        assert!(text.contains("crs:Exposure2012=\"+1.50\"") && text.contains("crs:Contrast2012=\"+15\"") && text.contains("crs:ShadowTint=\"+20\""), "{text}");
+        // A DNG keeps its settings inside: no sidecar beside it. And the preference turns writing off.
+        written.lock().unwrap().clear();
+        let dng_path = dir.join("IMG_0009.dng").to_string_lossy().into_owned();
+        std::fs::write(&dng_path, &dng).unwrap();
+        app.open_bytes("IMG_0009.dng", &dng).unwrap();
+        let mut raw = app.pending_raw_open.take().unwrap();
+        raw.path = Some(dng_path);
+        open_raw(&mut app, &ctx, raw).unwrap();
+        menu(&mut app, &ctx, "filter.cameraRaw", &json!({"ui": {"set": {"contrast": 15}, "commit": true}})).unwrap().unwrap();
+        assert!(written.lock().unwrap().is_empty(), "no sidecar for a DNG");
+        app.run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "rawDefaults.writeXmpSidecars", "value": false})).unwrap();
+        app.open_bytes("IMG_0008.cr2", &dng).unwrap();
+        let mut raw = app.pending_raw_open.take().unwrap();
+        raw.path = Some(raw_path.clone());
+        open_raw(&mut app, &ctx, raw).unwrap();
+        menu(&mut app, &ctx, "filter.cameraRaw", &json!({"ui": {"set": {"contrast": 30}, "commit": true}})).unwrap().unwrap();
+        assert!(written.lock().unwrap().is_empty(), "the preference stops the write");
+        // Without the dialog, the sidecar still develops the file.
+        app.run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "rawDefaults.openInCameraRaw", "value": false})).unwrap();
+        let before = app.session.documents().len();
+        app.open_file(&raw_path, &dng).unwrap();
+        assert!(app.pending_raw_open.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(app.session.documents().len(), before + 1);
+        let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(st.saved_revision, st.revision, "opening with a sidecar leaves the document unmodified");
+        assert!(mean_red(&app) > 0.0);
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn camera_raw_defaults_apply_when_a_raw_opens() {
+        let (mut app, dng) = raw_app();
+        app.run("prefs.set", json!({"values": {"rawDefaults.openInCameraRaw": false, "rawDefaults.colorSpace": "srgb", "rawDefaults.bitDepth": "8", "rawDefaults.resolution": 240.0, "rawDefaults.sharpenFor": "screen", "rawDefaults.openAsSmartObject": true}})).unwrap();
+        app.open_bytes("IMG_0010.dng", &dng).unwrap();
+        assert!(app.pending_raw_open.is_none());
+        let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(st.doc.depth, photocraft_color::SampleType::U8, "Bit depth 8");
+        assert_eq!(st.doc.resolution_dpi, 240.0, "Resolution");
+        let profile = st.doc.icc_profile.as_deref().and_then(|p| photocraft_cms::Profile::parse(p).ok()).map(|p| p.description).unwrap_or_default();
+        assert!(profile.to_lowercase().contains("srgb"), "Color space: {profile}");
+        let layer = st.doc.layer(st.active_layer.unwrap()).unwrap();
+        assert!(matches!(layer.content, photocraft_doc::LayerContent::Smart(_)), "Open as Smart Object");
+        assert_eq!(st.saved_revision, st.revision, "the defaults are part of opening: unmodified");
+        // The dialog's Open applies them too, and reports what it applied.
+        app.run("prefs.set", json!({"values": {"rawDefaults.openInCameraRaw": true, "rawDefaults.openAsSmartObject": false, "rawDefaults.bitDepth": "16"}}))
+            .unwrap();
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        app.open_bytes("IMG_0011.dng", &dng).unwrap();
+        let raw = app.pending_raw_open.take().unwrap();
+        open_raw(&mut app, &ctx, raw).unwrap();
+        let r = menu(&mut app, &ctx, "filter.cameraRaw", &json!({"ui": {"commit": true}})).unwrap().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(r["defaults"], json!(["sharpenFor", "colorSpace"]), "{r}");
+        assert!(r.get("filter").is_some(), "Sharpen For is a Camera Raw step: {r}");
+        let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(st.doc.depth, photocraft_color::SampleType::U16);
+        assert_eq!(st.saved_revision, st.revision);
+    }
+
+    type Written = std::sync::Arc<std::sync::Mutex<Vec<(String, Vec<u8>)>>>;
+
+    /// A sidecar as Lightroom Classic leaves one beside a raw: its own toolkit, a crop, a rating
+    /// and a keyword next to the develop settings (values synthetic).
+    const LIGHTROOM_SIDECAR: &str = r#"<x:xmpmeta xmlns:x="adobe:ns:meta/" x:xmptk="Adobe XMP Core 7.0-c000 1.000000, 0000/00/00-00:00:00        ">
+ <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
+  <rdf:Description rdf:about=""
+    xmlns:xmp="http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/"
+    xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
+    xmlns:crs="http://ns.adobe.com/camera-raw-settings/1.0/"
+   xmp:Rating="4"
+   crs:Exposure2012="+1.00"
+   crs:Sharpness="40"
+   crs:HasCrop="True"
+   crs:CropTop="0.1">
+   <dc:subject><rdf:Bag><rdf:li>harbour</rdf:li></rdf:Bag></dc:subject>
+  </rdf:Description>
+ </rdf:RDF>
+</x:xmpmeta>
+"#;
+
+    /// `raw_app` whose `write` service records what it is asked to write, and a raw file in a fresh
+    /// folder with `sidecar` beside it when given. Returns the app, the raw's bytes, the folder,
+    /// the raw's path and the recorded writes.
+    fn raw_with_sidecar(tag: &str, sidecar: Option<&str>) -> (PhotocraftApp, Vec<u8>, std::path::PathBuf, String, Written) {
+        let (mut app, dng) = raw_app();
+        let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("photocraft-sidecar-{tag}-{}", std::process::id()));
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+        let raw_path = dir.join("IMG_0100.cr2").to_string_lossy().into_owned();
+        std::fs::write(&raw_path, &dng).unwrap();
+        if let Some(text) = sidecar {
+            std::fs::write(sidecar_path(&raw_path), text).unwrap();
+        }
+        let written: Written = Default::default();
+        let sink = written.clone();
+        app.services.write = Some(Box::new(move |p: &str, b: &[u8]| {
+            sink.lock().unwrap().push((p.to_string(), b.to_vec()));
+            Ok(())
+        }));
+        (app, dng, dir, raw_path, written)
+    }
+
+    /// Opens the raw at `raw_path` in the open-time dialog, as File › Open does.
+    fn open_dialog_at(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, dng: &[u8], raw_path: &str) {
+        app.open_bytes("IMG_0100.cr2", dng).unwrap();
+        let mut raw = app.pending_raw_open.take().unwrap();
+        raw.path = Some(raw_path.to_string());
+        open_raw(app, ctx, raw).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    /// The notices about the sidecar (the open's own import notes aside).
+    fn notice_titles(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Vec<String> {
+        app.ui.notices.iter().map(|n| n.title.clone()).filter(|t| t.contains(".xmp")).collect()
+    }
+
+    /// A Lightroom or Bridge sidecar holds settings PhotoCraft can't keep (crop, masks, rating,
+    /// keywords): Open uses its develop settings but never writes over it, and says so.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_foreign_sidecar_is_never_overwritten() {
+        let (mut app, dng, dir, raw_path, written) = raw_with_sidecar("foreign", Some(LIGHTROOM_SIDECAR));
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        open_dialog_at(&mut app, &ctx, &dng, &raw_path);
+        assert_eq!(app.camera_raw.as_ref().unwrap().params.exposure, 1.0, "the sidecar's settings fill the dialog");
+        menu(&mut app, &ctx, "filter.cameraRaw", &json!({"ui": {"set": {"contrast": 15}}})).unwrap().unwrap();
+        menu(&mut app, &ctx, "filter.cameraRaw", &json!({"ui": {"commit": true}})).unwrap().unwrap();
+        assert!(written.lock().unwrap().is_empty(), "nothing written over Lightroom's sidecar");
+        assert_eq!(std::fs::read_to_string(sidecar_path(&raw_path)).unwrap(), LIGHTROOM_SIDECAR);
+        let titles = notice_titles(&app);
+        assert!(titles.iter().any(|t| t.contains("IMG_0100.xmp") && t.contains("another application")), "{titles:?}");
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+    }
+
+    /// Bridge writes a sidecar with only a rating (no Camera Raw settings): it is not PhotoCraft's
+    /// to replace, with or without a change in the dialog.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_rating_only_sidecar_is_left_alone() {
+        let bridge = r#"<x:xmpmeta xmlns:x="adobe:ns:meta/" x:xmptk="Adobe XMP Core 7.0"><rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"><rdf:Description rdf:about="" xmlns:xmp="http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/" xmp:Rating="5"/></rdf:RDF></x:xmpmeta>"#;
+        let (mut app, dng, dir, raw_path, written) = raw_with_sidecar("rating", Some(bridge));
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        open_dialog_at(&mut app, &ctx, &dng, &raw_path);
+        menu(&mut app, &ctx, "filter.cameraRaw", &json!({"ui": {"commit": true}})).unwrap().unwrap();
+        assert!(written.lock().unwrap().is_empty(), "Open with no change writes nothing");
+        assert!(notice_titles(&app).is_empty(), "and has nothing to report: {:?}", notice_titles(&app));
+        open_dialog_at(&mut app, &ctx, &dng, &raw_path);
+        menu(&mut app, &ctx, "filter.cameraRaw", &json!({"ui": {"set": {"contrast": 10}, "commit": true}})).unwrap().unwrap();
+        assert!(written.lock().unwrap().is_empty(), "nor with a change");
+        assert_eq!(std::fs::read_to_string(sidecar_path(&raw_path)).unwrap(), bridge);
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+    }
+
+    /// With Open in Camera Raw off, opening a raw develops it with its sidecar and writes nothing
+    /// back: nothing changed.
+    #[test]
+    fn opening_without_the_dialog_does_not_rewrite_the_sidecar() {
+        let (mut app, dng, dir, raw_path, written) = raw_with_sidecar("nodialog", Some(LIGHTROOM_SIDECAR));
+        app.run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "rawDefaults.openInCameraRaw", "value": false})).unwrap();
+        app.open_file(&raw_path, &dng).unwrap();
+        assert!(app.pending_raw_open.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(app.session.documents().len(), 1);
+        assert!(written.lock().unwrap().is_empty(), "just opening never writes the sidecar");
+        assert_eq!(std::fs::read_to_string(sidecar_path(&raw_path)).unwrap(), LIGHTROOM_SIDECAR);
+        assert!(notice_titles(&app).is_empty(), "{:?}", notice_titles(&app));
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+    }
+
+    /// A control or MCP request has no authority to write beside the user's files: its commit
+    /// develops the raw but writes no sidecar. The same Open from the dialog does.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_control_request_never_writes_the_sidecar() {
+        fn allow(_: &str, _: &Value) -> photocraft_engine::Result<()> {
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        let (mut app, dng, dir, raw_path, written) = raw_with_sidecar("control", None);
+        app.services.automation_authorize = Some(allow);
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        open_dialog_at(&mut app, &ctx, &dng, &raw_path);
+        let commit = json!({"id": "filter.cameraRaw", "params": {"ui": {"set": {"contrast": 15}, "commit": true}}});
+        let (req, _rx) = crate::control::ControlRequest::new("ui.menu.invoke", commit);
+        let crate::control::Outcome::Done(reply) = crate::control::handle(&mut app, &ctx, &req) else { panic!("expected a reply") };
+        assert_eq!(reply["ok"], true, "{reply}");
+        assert!(app.camera_raw.is_none(), "committed");
+        assert!(written.lock().unwrap().is_empty(), "no sidecar from a control request");
+        open_dialog_at(&mut app, &ctx, &dng, &raw_path);
+        menu(&mut app, &ctx, "filter.cameraRaw", &json!({"ui": {"set": {"contrast": 15}, "commit": true}})).unwrap().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(written.lock().unwrap().len(), 1, "the user's own Open writes it");
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+    }
+
+    /// A sidecar that can't be written is reported in a notice that outlasts the status line the
+    /// develop and the Camera Raw step write after it.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_sidecar_write_error_stays_reported() {
+        let (mut app, dng, dir, raw_path, _) = raw_with_sidecar("readonly", None);
+        app.services.write = Some(Box::new(|_: &str, _: &[u8]| Err("read-only volume".to_string())));
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        open_dialog_at(&mut app, &ctx, &dng, &raw_path);
+        menu(&mut app, &ctx, "filter.cameraRaw", &json!({"ui": {"set": {"exposure": 0.5, "contrast": 15}, "commit": true}})).unwrap().unwrap();
+        let errors: Vec<_> = app.ui.notices.iter().filter(|n| n.error).map(|n| n.title.clone()).collect();
+        assert!(errors.iter().any(|t| t.contains("IMG_0100.xmp") && t.contains("read-only volume")), "{errors:?}");
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+    }
+
+    fn open_with_settings(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, dng: &[u8], name: &str) {
+        app.open_bytes(name, dng).unwrap();
+        let raw = app.pending_raw_open.take().unwrap();
+        open_raw(app, ctx, raw).unwrap();
+        menu(app, ctx, "filter.cameraRaw", &json!({"ui": {"set": {"exposure": 0.5, "contrast": 60, "saturation": 40, "vibrance": 30}}})).unwrap().unwrap();
+    }
+
+    fn profile_name(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> String {
+        let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+        st.doc.icc_profile.as_deref().and_then(|p| photocraft_cms::Profile::parse(p).ok()).map(|p| p.description).unwrap_or_default()
+    }
+
+    /// Camera Raw renders in its own space and converts to the workflow space last, so Open gives
+    /// what the dialog previewed on the developed ProPhoto pixels: with the default Adobe RGB the
+    /// result is the Camera Raw step on the ProPhoto develop, then the conversion. Inline and with
+    /// the re-develop as a background job.
+    #[test]
+    fn the_camera_raw_step_runs_before_the_workflow_conversion() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let (mut app, dng) = raw_app();
+        open_with_settings(&mut app, &ctx, &dng, "a.dng");
+        menu(&mut app, &ctx, "filter.cameraRaw", &json!({"ui": {"commit": true}})).unwrap().unwrap();
+        app.run("edit.convertToProfile", json!({"profile": "adobe-rgb-compat", "intent": "relative"})).unwrap();
+        let want = pixels(&app);
+        let close = |a: &[f32], b: &[f32]| a.len() == b.len() && a.iter().zip(b).all(|(x, y)| (x - y).abs() < 1e-5);
+        for background in [false, true] {
+            let (mut app, dng) = raw_app();
+            app.run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "rawDefaults.colorSpace", "value": "adobeRgb"})).unwrap();
+            open_with_settings(&mut app, &ctx, &dng, "b.dng");
+            app.background_jobs = background;
+            let r = menu(&mut app, &ctx, "filter.cameraRaw", &json!({"ui": {"commit": true}})).unwrap().unwrap();
+            if background {
+                assert_eq!(r["pending"], true, "the re-develop runs as a job: {r}");
+            } else {
+                assert_eq!(r["defaults"], json!(["colorSpace"]), "{r}");
+            }
+            for _ in 0..3000 {
+                crate::jobs_ui::tick(&mut app, &ctx);
+                if app.raw_redevelop.is_empty() && !app.session.has_jobs() {
+                    break;
+                }
+                std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(5));
+            }
+            assert!(app.raw_redevelop.is_empty() && !app.session.has_jobs(), "the jobs never finished");
+            assert!(profile_name(&app).to_lowercase().contains("adobe"), "background {background}: {}", profile_name(&app));
+            assert!(close(&pixels(&app), &want), "background {background}: the step ran on other pixels than the preview");
+            let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(st.saved_revision, st.revision, "background {background}: unmodified");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Two raws opened one after the other while the first one's re-develop still runs in the
+    /// background: each lands with its Camera Raw step and conversions and is left unmodified.
+    #[test]
+    fn two_raws_opened_back_to_back_both_finish_their_open() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let (mut app, dng) = raw_app();
+        app.run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "rawDefaults.colorSpace", "value": "adobeRgb"})).unwrap();
+        open_with_settings(&mut app, &ctx, &dng, "a.dng");
+        app.background_jobs = true;
+        let a = menu(&mut app, &ctx, "filter.cameraRaw", &json!({"ui": {"commit": true}})).unwrap().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(a["pending"], true, "the re-develop runs as a job: {a}");
+        app.background_jobs = false;
+        open_with_settings(&mut app, &ctx, &dng, "b.dng");
+        app.background_jobs = true;
+        let b = menu(&mut app, &ctx, "filter.cameraRaw", &json!({"ui": {"commit": true}})).unwrap().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(b["pending"], true, "{b}");
+        for _ in 0..3000 {
+            crate::jobs_ui::tick(&mut app, &ctx);
+            if app.raw_redevelop.is_empty() && !app.session.has_jobs() {
+                break;
+            }
+            std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(5));
+        }
+        assert!(app.raw_redevelop.is_empty() && !app.session.has_jobs(), "the jobs never finished");
+        assert_eq!(app.session.documents().len(), 2);
+        for i in 0..2 {
+            app.session.set_active(i);
+            assert!(profile_name(&app).to_lowercase().contains("adobe"), "document {i}: {}", profile_name(&app));
+            let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(st.saved_revision, st.revision, "document {i} unmodified");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A sidecar is read only from a regular file of at most `MAX_XMP_BYTES`: a folder, or a file
+    /// one byte larger, is not read (a pipe or device named like one would never end).
+    #[test]
+    fn sidecars_are_read_from_small_regular_files_only() {
+        let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("photocraft-sidecar-bounded-{}", std::process::id()));
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(dir.join("folder.xmp")).unwrap();
+        let cap = photocraft_io::camera_raw_xmp::MAX_XMP_BYTES;
+        let (fits, larger) = (dir.join("fits.xmp"), dir.join("larger.xmp"));
+        std::fs::write(&fits, vec![b' '; cap]).unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(&larger, vec![b' '; cap + 1]).unwrap();
+        let s = |p: std::path::PathBuf| p.to_string_lossy().into_owned();
+        assert_eq!(read_bounded(&s(fits)).map(|b| b.len()), Some(cap));
+        assert_eq!(read_bounded(&s(larger.clone())), None);
+        assert_eq!(read_bounded(&s(dir.join("folder.xmp"))), None);
+        assert_eq!(read_bounded(&s(dir.join("missing.xmp"))), None);
+        assert_eq!(existing_sidecar_is_ours(&s(dir.join("folder.xmp"))), Some(false), "something is there: never written over");
+        assert_eq!(existing_sidecar_is_ours(&s(larger)), Some(false));
+        assert_eq!(existing_sidecar_is_ours(&s(dir.join("missing.xmp"))), None);
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1918,7 +2817,7 @@ mod tests {
         let written: Written = Arc::default();
         let w = written.clone();
         let foreign = br#"<x:xmpmeta xmlns:x="adobe:ns:meta/"><rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
-            <rdf:Description xmlns:crs="http://ns.adobe.com/camera-raw-settings/1.0/" crs:Clarity2012="+25" crs:RedHue="-5"/>
+            <rdf:Description xmlns:crs="http://ns.adobe.com/camera-raw-settings/1.0/" crs:Clarity2012="+25" crs:LensProfileEnable="1"/>
             </rdf:RDF></x:xmpmeta>"#;
         let answers = vec![
             Some(FileDialogAnswer::SaveTo("/out/Look.xmp".into())),
@@ -1974,3 +2873,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(app.camera_raw.as_ref().unwrap().params.clarity, 25.0);
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[path = "camera_raw_identity_tests.rs"]
+mod identity_tests;
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/canvas.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/canvas.rs
index 5f1dd941c2..0a8ea4aff5 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/canvas.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/canvas.rs
@@ -12,14 +12,74 @@ use serde_json::json;
 use crate::PhotocraftApp;
 use crate::state::{Tool, View};
 
-/// Largest texture side we upload; bigger documents display downsampled until the GPU path lands.
+/// Largest texture side we upload; bigger documents are uploaded downsampled, with the part in
+/// view added at the screen's resolution when zoomed in (`detail_plan`).
 pub const MAX_TEXTURE: u32 = 4096;
 
 /// The largest texture side to upload on this device: [`MAX_TEXTURE`], or less where the GPU
 /// allows less (2048 on some older or low-end GPUs and WebGL contexts). Past the device's limit
 /// egui asserts and the backend fails to create the texture.
 fn texture_side(ctx: &egui::Context) -> u32 {
-    u32::try_from(ctx.input(|i| i.max_texture_side)).unwrap_or(MAX_TEXTURE).clamp(1, MAX_TEXTURE)
+    clamp_texture_side(ctx.input(|i| i.max_texture_side))
+}
+
+/// [`texture_side`] for a device whose largest texture side is `max_texture_side`.
+fn clamp_texture_side(max_texture_side: usize) -> u32 {
+    u32::try_from(max_texture_side).unwrap_or(MAX_TEXTURE).clamp(1, MAX_TEXTURE)
+}
+
+/// How many document pixels per side one texel of the CPU canvas texture of a `size` document
+/// holds when textures are at most `side` texels per side: 1 (full resolution) when it fits.
+fn texture_factor(size: [u32; 2], side: u32) -> u32 {
+    size[0].max(size[1]).div_ceil(side.max(1)).max(1)
+}
+
+/// What the CPU canvas draws over its reduced texture so a large document shows its own pixels
+/// at 100 % (#7568): the part of the document in view (`region`, document pixels) composited at
+/// one texel per `factor` pixels, a power of two no coarser than the screen.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) struct DetailPlan {
+    pub factor: u32,
+    pub region: DRect,
+}
+
+/// The detail region snaps outward to multiples of this many texels, so a small pan reuses it.
+const DETAIL_QUANTUM: i32 = 256;
+
+/// The detail texture a CPU canvas view of a `size` document needs, at `zoom` physical pixels
+/// per document pixel over `visible` (document pixels), with textures at most `side` texels per
+/// side: `None` when the whole-document texture is already as fine as the screen (a document
+/// that fits, or a view zoomed out far enough), or nothing of the document is in view.
+///
+/// A document over `side` (4096 px, or the device's smaller limit) is uploaded reduced, so at
+/// 100 % it was drawn magnified and blurred. The detail costs what the window shows, not what the
+/// document holds: its side is capped by `side` like any texture, coarsening by powers of two.
+pub(crate) fn detail_plan(size: [u32; 2], side: u32, zoom: f32, visible: DRect) -> Option<DetailPlan> {
+    if !zoom.is_finite() || zoom <= 0.0 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let base = texture_factor(size, side);
+    let mut factor = crate::adjust_preview::proxy_factor(zoom);
+    let bounds = DRect::new(0, 0, i32::try_from(size[0]).ok()?, i32::try_from(size[1]).ok()?);
+    let v = visible.intersect(&bounds);
+    if v.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    while factor < base {
+        let q = DETAIL_QUANTUM.saturating_mul(i32::try_from(factor).unwrap_or(i32::MAX));
+        let up = |x: i32| x.div_euclid(q).saturating_add(i32::from(x.rem_euclid(q) != 0)).saturating_mul(q);
+        let region = DRect::new(v.x0.div_euclid(q).saturating_mul(q), v.y0.div_euclid(q).saturating_mul(q), up(v.x1), up(v.y1)).intersect(&bounds);
+        // A reduced region's texel count can round one up (`render_reduced_damage`'s cells).
+        let fits = |n: u32| n.div_ceil(factor).saturating_add(1) <= side;
+        // Snapped when that fits, else just what is in view (a window near the device's limit).
+        for region in [region, v] {
+            if !region.is_empty() && fits(region.width()) && fits(region.height()) {
+                return Some(DetailPlan { factor, region });
+            }
+        }
+        factor = factor.saturating_mul(2);
+    }
+    None
 }
 
 pub(crate) struct ClonePreviewCache {
@@ -95,10 +155,10 @@ fn draw_clone_preview(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &Vie
         let image = display_image(display.as_deref(), &buf);
         match app.clone_preview.as_mut() {
             Some(cache) => {
-                cache.texture.set(image, TextureOptions::LINEAR);
+                cache.texture.set(image, canvas_texture_options(1));
                 cache.key = key;
             }
-            None => app.clone_preview = Some(ClonePreviewCache { key, texture: painter.ctx().load_texture("clone-preview", image, TextureOptions::LINEAR) }),
+            None => app.clone_preview = Some(ClonePreviewCache { key, texture: painter.ctx().load_texture("clone-preview", image, canvas_texture_options(1)) }),
         }
     }
     let Some(cache) = &app.clone_preview else { return };
@@ -142,8 +202,49 @@ pub struct CanvasCache {
     /// `revision`, so the Navigator never shows a stale CPU image after GPU-path edits.
     pub tex_revision: u64,
     pub tex_preview_key: u64,
+    /// All uploaded texels are opaque. Screen coverage is checked separately before omitting
+    /// the checker. Updated with uploads, never by scanning during an unchanged frame.
+    pub texture_opaque: bool,
     /// The CPU path's pixel grid for the part of the document in view (pixel_grid.rs).
     pub grid: Option<crate::pixel_grid::GridLines>,
+    /// The CPU path's sharper textures of the part in view, over a reduced `texture` (#7568),
+    /// by `InView::key` (two windows of a document can show different parts).
+    pub detail: Vec<(u64, DetailTexture)>,
+}
+
+/// [`CanvasCache::detail`]: the part of the document `DetailPlan` chose, uploaded at its factor.
+pub struct DetailTexture {
+    texture: egui::TextureHandle,
+    plan: DetailPlan,
+    /// The texels it holds, in the plan's reduced pixels (`render_reduced_damage`'s output rect).
+    out: DRect,
+    /// Revision and preview key (display key folded in) it was rendered at.
+    revision: u64,
+    preview_key: u64,
+    /// Pixels were composited for it this call (for the perf span).
+    rendered: bool,
+}
+
+/// The CPU canvas textures to draw: the whole document, and over it the sharper part in view.
+pub(crate) struct CpuTextures {
+    pub texture: egui::TextureId,
+    pub scale: f32,
+    /// The document area the texture covers: the document's bounds, or for a filter preview that
+    /// changes the canvas's dimensions (Image › Rotation) its result centred on the document, as
+    /// the GPU canvas draws it.
+    pub bounds: DRect,
+    /// The detail texture and the document area it covers (x0, y0, x1, y1 in document pixels).
+    pub detail: Option<(egui::TextureId, [f32; 4])>,
+}
+
+/// The part of a CPU canvas view in sight: its document area and zoom (physical pixels per
+/// document pixel), for [`ensure_texture_in_view`]'s detail texture.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct InView {
+    pub visible: DRect,
+    pub zoom: f32,
+    /// Which view this is, so each keeps its own detail texture.
+    pub key: u64,
 }
 
 /// An in-progress pointer gesture on the canvas.
@@ -172,6 +273,9 @@ pub struct Drag {
     /// `Some(false)` moves the outline, `Some(true)` moves the floating piece (`select.float`), as
     /// every Move-tool drag with a selection does (`move_ui::moves_selected_pixels_with`).
     pub sel_move: Option<bool>,
+    /// The last ⇧-locked offset of a selection-tool drag of the selection (`move_mods`, #6231);
+    /// keeps the locked direction stable between events. The Move tool's own drags use `move_mods`.
+    pub sel_axis: Option<[f64; 2]>,
     pub lasso: Option<crate::lasso_ui::Lasso>,
 }
 
@@ -189,6 +293,7 @@ impl Drag {
             released: egui::Modifiers::NONE,
             reposition: false,
             sel_move: None,
+            sel_axis: None,
             lasso: None,
         }
     }
@@ -230,28 +335,37 @@ impl Drag {
 /// style (fixed ratio / fixed size), ⇧ for a square or circle, ⌥ to draw from the centre.
 pub fn marquee_corners(o: &crate::state::ToolOptions, d: &Drag, end: [f64; 2]) -> ([f64; 2], [f64; 2]) {
     let (shift, alt) = d.marquee_mods();
+    if o.marquee_style == "fixedSize" {
+        // A fixed box is positioned, not sized, by the drag. Using the press plus the drag's
+        // sign pinned it there and flipped it by its full width/height when the pointer crossed
+        // the press. The preview and release both follow the current pointer instead.
+        let (w, h) = (f64::from(o.marquee_width).max(1.0), f64::from(o.marquee_height).max(1.0));
+        let a = if alt { [end[0] - w / 2.0, end[1] - h / 2.0] } else { end };
+        return (a, [a[0] + w, a[1] + h]);
+    }
     let e = crate::chrome_ui::marquee_end(&o.marquee_style, o.marquee_width as f64, o.marquee_height as f64, shift, d.start, end);
     if !alt {
         return (d.start, e);
     }
     let (dx, dy) = (e[0] - d.start[0], e[1] - d.start[1]);
-    // A fixed size is centred on the press point; otherwise the drag is the half extent.
-    let (hx, hy) = if o.marquee_style == "fixedSize" { (dx / 2.0, dy / 2.0) } else { (dx, dy) };
-    ([d.start[0] - hx, d.start[1] - hy], [d.start[0] + hx, d.start[1] + hy])
+    // For a sized marquee the drag is the half extent when drawing from the centre.
+    ([d.start[0] - dx, d.start[1] - dy], [d.start[0] + dx, d.start[1] + dy])
 }
 
 /// The pixel rectangle a Rectangular/Elliptical Marquee drag selects so far: shown live (ants
 /// and readout) exactly as the release commits it, on whole pixel edges as in Photoshop. `None`
 /// while the gesture is still a click (it never left the press point by more than a few screen
 /// pixels at `zoom`, points per document pixel) or the rectangle has no area: a release then
-/// deselects. A one-pixel row or column is a selection (#2391).
+/// deselects. A one-pixel row or column is a selection (#2391). With the Fixed Size style a
+/// click places the selection, as in Photoshop.
 pub(crate) fn marquee_preview_px(o: &crate::state::ToolOptions, d: &Drag, zoom: f32) -> Option<[f64; 4]> {
-    if !matches!(d.tool, Tool::RectMarquee | Tool::EllipseMarquee) || crate::shape_dialog::is_click(d.start, &d.points, zoom) {
+    let fixed = o.marquee_style == "fixedSize";
+    if !matches!(d.tool, Tool::RectMarquee | Tool::EllipseMarquee) || (!fixed && crate::shape_dialog::is_click(d.start, &d.points, zoom)) {
         return None;
     }
     let last = d.points.last().map_or(d.start, |p| [p[0], p[1]]);
     let (a, b) = marquee_corners(o, d, last);
-    let mut r = marquee_px(a, b);
+    let mut r = if fixed { fixed_size_px(a, b, o.marquee_width, o.marquee_height) } else { marquee_px(a, b) };
     if marquee_is_square(o, d) {
         r = square_px(r, d.start, last);
     }
@@ -263,6 +377,16 @@ pub fn marquee_px(a: [f64; 2], b: [f64; 2]) -> [f64; 4] {
     [a[0].min(b[0]).floor(), a[1].min(b[1]).floor(), a[0].max(b[0]).ceil(), a[1].max(b[1]).ceil()]
 }
 
+/// The pixel rectangle of a Fixed Size marquee between the corners `a` and `b`: exactly `w` × `h`
+/// whole pixels. Snapping both edges outwards (`marquee_px`) added a pixel to each side whenever
+/// the press point sat between pixels, so 10 × 10 selected 11 × 11 (#6015). The near edge goes
+/// to the closest pixel edge and the far one is the size away.
+pub fn fixed_size_px(a: [f64; 2], b: [f64; 2], w: f32, h: f32) -> [f64; 4] {
+    let (w, h) = (f64::from(w).round().max(1.0), f64::from(h).round().max(1.0));
+    let (x0, y0) = (a[0].min(b[0]).round(), a[1].min(b[1]).round());
+    [x0, y0, x0 + w, y0 + h]
+}
+
 /// Whether the marquee drag `d` is constrained to a square (or circle): ⇧ during the drag with
 /// the Normal style, or a Fixed Ratio of 1:1. Mirrors the branches of `chrome_ui::marquee_end`.
 fn marquee_is_square(o: &crate::state::ToolOptions, d: &Drag) -> bool {
@@ -329,23 +453,20 @@ fn single_line_drag_px(app: &PhotocraftApp, d: &Drag) -> Option<[f64; 4]> {
 ///
 /// A rotated view projects the rectangle onto a rotated one, and an axis-aligned screen box
 /// through two of its corners is a different shape in a different place: the commit was always
-/// right, only the hinting was drawn elsewhere (#2512). Every point is snapped to the half-pixel
-/// grid like every other ants outline (`marching_ants_segments`), so the lines stay crisp at any
-/// zoom (#172).
+/// right, only the hinting was drawn elsewhere (#2512). The points are not snapped: the ants snap
+/// straight edges to device pixels as they draw them (`crate::ants`), like every other outline, so
+/// the lines stay crisp at any zoom (#172) and display scale (#7489).
 pub(crate) fn marquee_ants(xf: &ViewXform, tool: Tool, a: [f64; 2], b: [f64; 2]) -> Vec<Pos2> {
     let (x0, x1) = (a[0].min(b[0]), a[0].max(b[0]));
     let (y0, y1) = (a[1].min(b[1]), a[1].max(b[1]));
-    let at = |x: f64, y: f64| {
-        let p = xf.to_screen(x as f32, y as f32);
-        pos2(p.x.round() + 0.5, p.y.round() + 0.5)
-    };
+    let at = |x: f64, y: f64| xf.to_screen(x as f32, y as f32);
     if tool != Tool::EllipseMarquee {
         return vec![at(x0, y0), at(x1, y0), at(x1, y1), at(x0, y1)];
     }
     // An axis-aligned view (rotation a multiple of 90 degrees) maps the ellipse onto the one
-    // inscribed in the snapped screen box of two opposite corners. Draw that, unsnapped: snapping
-    // each vertex on its own turns the nearly flat arcs at the edge midpoints into 1 px stairs,
-    // whose antialiased steps wash the ants out to grey on white and black.
+    // inscribed in the screen box of two opposite corners. The ants draw its vertices where they
+    // are: snapping each on its own turns the nearly flat arcs at the edge midpoints into 1 px
+    // stairs, whose antialiased steps wash the ants out to grey on white and black.
     let quarter = xf.rotation.rem_euclid(90.0);
     if quarter < 1e-4 || 90.0 - quarter < 1e-4 {
         let r = Rect::from_two_pos(at(x0, y0), at(x1, y1));
@@ -429,22 +550,27 @@ pub(crate) fn draw_readout<const N: usize>(ctx: &egui::Context, id: &str, cursor
     let labels = labels.map(|label| tl!(label));
     let (lw, vw) = (labels.map(width), values.each_ref().map(|v| width(v)));
     let (label_col, value_col) = (lw.iter().fold(0.0f32, |a, &b| a.max(b)), vw.iter().fold(0.0f32, |a, &b| a.max(b)));
-    egui::Area::new(egui::Id::new(id)).order(egui::Order::Tooltip).fixed_pos(cursor + vec2(16.0, 18.0)).interactable(false).constrain(true).show(ctx, |ui| {
-        egui::Frame::new().fill(t.card).stroke(Stroke::new(1.0, t.card_border)).corner_radius(t.radius_sm).inner_margin(egui::Margin::symmetric(7, 4)).show(
-            ui,
-            |ui| {
-                ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing = vec2(0.0, 1.0);
-                for (i, value) in values.into_iter().enumerate() {
-                    // Labels left, values right-aligned on one edge, sharing a baseline.
-                    ui.horizontal(|ui| {
-                        ui.add(egui::Label::new(egui::RichText::new(labels[i]).font(font.clone()).color(t.text_dim)).extend());
-                        ui.add_space(label_col - lw[i] + 12.0 + value_col - vw[i]);
-                        ui.add(egui::Label::new(egui::RichText::new(value).font(font.clone()).color(t.text)).extend());
-                    });
-                }
-            },
-        );
-    });
+    egui::Area::new(egui::Id::unique(id)).order(egui::Order::Tooltip).fixed_pos(cursor + vec2(16.0, 18.0)).interactable(false).constrain(true).show(
+        ctx,
+        |ui| {
+            egui::Frame::new()
+                .fill(t.card)
+                .stroke(Stroke::new(1.0, t.card_border))
+                .corner_radius(t.radius_sm)
+                .inner_margin(egui::Margin::symmetric(7, 4))
+                .show(ui, |ui| {
+                    ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing = vec2(0.0, 1.0);
+                    for (i, value) in values.into_iter().enumerate() {
+                        // Labels left, values right-aligned on one edge, sharing a baseline.
+                        ui.horizontal(|ui| {
+                            ui.add(egui::Label::new(egui::RichText::new(labels[i]).font(font.clone()).color(t.text_dim)).extend());
+                            ui.add_space(label_col - lw[i] + 12.0 + value_col - vw[i]);
+                            ui.add(egui::Label::new(egui::RichText::new(value).font(font.clone()).color(t.text)).extend());
+                        });
+                    }
+                });
+        },
+    );
 }
 
 /// The engine's live stroke of a tool: the Brush, Pencil and Eraser paint dabs; the Clone Stamp,
@@ -453,6 +579,7 @@ enum EngineStroke {
     Brush(Box<photocraft_engine::brush_cmds::LiveStroke>),
     Retouch(photocraft_engine::retouch_cmds::LiveRetouch),
     Dab(photocraft_engine::retouch_cmds::LiveDab),
+    Mixer(Box<photocraft_engine::brush_cmds::mixer_live::LiveMixer>),
 }
 
 impl EngineStroke {
@@ -461,6 +588,7 @@ impl EngineStroke {
     fn wants_time(&self) -> bool {
         match self {
             EngineStroke::Brush(l) => l.wants_time(),
+            EngineStroke::Mixer(l) => l.wants_time(),
             EngineStroke::Retouch(_) | EngineStroke::Dab(_) => false,
         }
     }
@@ -470,6 +598,7 @@ impl EngineStroke {
             Self::Brush(s) => &s.doc,
             Self::Retouch(s) => &s.doc,
             Self::Dab(s) => &s.doc,
+            Self::Mixer(s) => &s.doc,
         }
     }
     fn bounds(&self) -> DRect {
@@ -477,6 +606,7 @@ impl EngineStroke {
             Self::Brush(s) => s.bounds(),
             Self::Retouch(s) => s.bounds(),
             Self::Dab(s) => s.bounds(),
+            Self::Mixer(s) => s.bounds(),
         }
     }
     fn push(&mut self, pts: &[photocraft_engine::paint::StrokePoint]) -> photocraft_engine::Result<DRect> {
@@ -484,12 +614,14 @@ impl EngineStroke {
             Self::Brush(s) => s.push(pts),
             Self::Retouch(s) => s.push(pts),
             Self::Dab(s) => s.push(pts),
+            Self::Mixer(s) => s.push(pts),
         }
     }
     /// The jitter seed the commit must reuse (the Clone Stamp's comes from the session brush).
     fn seed(&self) -> Option<u64> {
         match self {
             Self::Brush(s) => Some(s.seed),
+            Self::Mixer(s) => Some(s.seed),
             Self::Retouch(_) => None,
             Self::Dab(_) => None,
         }
@@ -499,6 +631,7 @@ impl EngineStroke {
 /// A stroke shown while it is drawn: the engine renders the real result onto a copy of the
 /// document, and the canvas redraws only what each step changed.
 pub(crate) struct LiveStroke {
+    preview_failed: bool,
     stroke: EngineStroke,
     doc: photocraft_doc::DocId,
     revision: u64,
@@ -585,6 +718,7 @@ pub(crate) fn strokes_live(tool: Tool) -> bool {
         tool,
         Tool::Brush
             | Tool::Pencil
+            | Tool::MixerBrush
             | Tool::Eraser
             | Tool::ColorReplacement
             | Tool::Blur
@@ -681,11 +815,13 @@ pub(crate) fn eyedropper_ring_colors(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, x: f64, y: f64) ->
     Some((display_color(new), display_color([fg[0], fg[1], fg[2]])))
 }
 
-/// Draw the Eyedropper's comparison ring at `p`: the sampled colour on the upper arc, the
-/// current one below, both over a thin dark outline so they read on any image (#213). Like
-/// Photoshop it shows only while the mouse button is held (`held`): hovering shows the plain
-/// crosshair and samples nothing. `None` when not held, there is nothing to sample, or the
-/// Precise-cursor preference wants the plain crosshair.
+/// Draw the Eyedropper's comparison ring at `p`: an opaque neutral grey band around the
+/// pointer with the sampled colour on its upper half and the current one on the lower,
+/// framed by thin dark and light hairlines so every edge reads on any image, and the
+/// pipette at its centre marking the sampled pixel (#213, #6973). Like Photoshop it shows
+/// only while the mouse button is held (`held`): hovering shows the plain pipette and
+/// samples nothing. `None` when not held, there is nothing to sample, or the Precise-cursor
+/// preference wants the plain crosshair.
 fn eyedropper_ring(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform, p: Pos2, held: bool) -> Option<egui::CursorIcon> {
     // The options bar's Show Sampling Ring turns it off (#1649).
     if !held || !app.ui.tool_options.eyedropper_ring || app.session.prefs().cursors.other == photocraft_engine::prefs::OtherCursor::Precise {
@@ -693,32 +829,49 @@ fn eyedropper_ring(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXf
     }
     let [x, y] = xf.to_doc(p);
     let (new, current) = eyedropper_ring_colors(app, x, y)?;
-    // Two arcs with a small gap at 3 and 9 o'clock. Screen y grows down, so PI..TAU is the
-    // upper half (the new colour) and 0..PI the lower (the current one).
+    // Photoshop's proportions (#6973): a ring about 210 pt across whose opaque grey outer
+    // band and coloured inner band are each about 17 pt wide, over a transparent centre.
+    // In points, so the ring scales with Interface › UI Scale like the rest of the cursor.
+    let (r_out, band) = (105.0_f32, 17.0_f32);
+    let r_in = r_out - 2.0 * band;
+    // Screen y grows down, so PI..TAU is the upper half (the sampled colour) and 0..PI the
+    // lower (the current one); the halves meet at 3 and 9 o'clock, as in Photoshop.
     use std::f32::consts::{PI, TAU};
-    let (r, w, gap) = (11.0_f32, 4.0_f32, 0.16_f32);
-    let arc = |a0: f32, a1: f32| -> Vec<Pos2> {
-        (0..=24)
-            .map(|i| {
-                let a = a0 + (a1 - a0) * i as f32 / 24.0;
-                p + vec2(a.cos(), a.sin()) * r
-            })
-            .collect()
-    };
-    let outline = crate::theme::Tokens::get(painter.ctx()).shadow;
-    for (a0, a1, colour) in [(PI + gap, TAU - gap, new), (gap, PI - gap, current)] {
-        let points = arc(a0, a1);
-        painter.add(egui::Shape::line(points.clone(), Stroke::new(w + 1.5, outline)));
-        painter.add(egui::Shape::line(points, Stroke::new(w, colour)));
-    }
-    Some(egui::CursorIcon::None)
+    let upper: Vec<Pos2> = (0..=48)
+        .map(|i| {
+            let a = PI + (TAU - PI) * i as f32 / 48.0;
+            p + vec2(a.cos(), a.sin()) * (r_in + band / 2.0)
+        })
+        .collect();
+    // `circle_stroke` paints its stroke outside the radius, `Shape::line` centres it.
+    painter.circle_stroke(p, r_in, Stroke::new(band, current));
+    painter.add(egui::Shape::line(upper, Stroke::new(band, new)));
+    painter.circle_stroke(p, r_in + band, Stroke::new(band, RING_GREY));
+    // Thin dark and light hairlines on the ring's two edges, one physical pixel wide, so it
+    // reads on any colour including a flat mid-grey that matches the band itself (#6973).
+    let px = 1.0 / painter.ctx().pixels_per_point().max(1.0);
+    let (dark, light) = (Stroke::new(px, Color32::from_black_alpha(160)), Stroke::new(px, Color32::from_white_alpha(160)));
+    painter.circle_stroke(p, r_out, dark);
+    painter.circle_stroke(p, r_out + px, light);
+    painter.circle_stroke(p, r_in - px, dark);
+    painter.circle_stroke(p, r_in - 2.0 * px, light);
+    // Photoshop keeps the pipette visible at the centre, its tip on the sampled pixel; a
+    // ring this size says nothing about where it samples without it.
+    Some(pipette_cursor(painter.ctx(), p))
 }
 
+/// The Eyedropper ring's opaque neutral grey, as Photoshop measures it (#6973).
+const RING_GREY: Color32 = Color32::from_gray(127);
+
 fn begin_live_stroke(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Option<LiveStroke> {
     static STROKES: std::sync::atomic::AtomicU64 = std::sync::atomic::AtomicU64::new(0);
     let st = app.session.active()?;
     let d = app.drag.as_ref()?;
-    let stroke = if d.tool == Tool::ColorReplacement {
+    let stroke = if d.tool == Tool::MixerBrush {
+        let points = app.stylus.stroke_points(&d.points);
+        let p = stroke_params(app, d, points.get(..1)?);
+        EngineStroke::Mixer(Box::new(photocraft_engine::brush_cmds::mixer_live::LiveMixer::begin(&app.session, &p).ok()?))
+    } else if d.tool == Tool::ColorReplacement {
         // The params `retouch_ui::finish_stroke` commits.
         let mut p = crate::retouch_ui::color_replacement_params(app);
         p["points"] = json!(d.points);
@@ -744,7 +897,7 @@ fn begin_live_stroke(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Option<LiveStroke> {
         EngineStroke::Dab(photocraft_engine::eraser_cmds::live_background_eraser(&app.session, &p).ok()?)
     } else if let Some(cmd) = live_retouch_command(d.tool) {
         // The params `retouch_ui::finish_stroke` commits.
-        let mut p = if d.tool == Tool::HistoryBrush { json!({}) } else { crate::retouch_ui::clone_params(app)? };
+        let mut p = if d.tool == Tool::HistoryBrush { crate::retouch_ui::history_brush_params(app) } else { crate::retouch_ui::clone_params(app)? };
         p["points"] = json!(d.points);
         p["target"] = paint_target(app);
         EngineStroke::Retouch(photocraft_engine::retouch_cmds::LiveRetouch::begin(&app.session, cmd, &p).ok()?)
@@ -754,7 +907,30 @@ fn begin_live_stroke(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Option<LiveStroke> {
     };
     let n = STROKES.fetch_add(1, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed) & 0xff_ffff;
     let damage = vec![stroke.bounds()];
-    Some(LiveStroke { stroke, doc: st.doc.id, revision: st.revision, key: (1 << 44) | (n << 20), damage, fed: d.points.len() })
+    Some(LiveStroke {
+        stroke,
+        doc: st.doc.id,
+        revision: st.revision,
+        key: (1 << 44) | (n << 20),
+        damage,
+        fed: if d.tool == Tool::MixerBrush { 1 } else { d.points.len() },
+        preview_failed: false,
+    })
+}
+
+/// Cancel uncommitted mixer paint when its document, tool or input context goes away.
+pub(crate) fn cancel_mixer_on_context_change(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> bool {
+    if !app.drag.as_ref().is_some_and(|drag| drag.tool == Tool::MixerBrush) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let changed = app.ui.tool != Tool::MixerBrush
+        || app.live_stroke.as_ref().is_some_and(|live| !app.session.active().is_some_and(|st| st.doc.id == live.doc && st.revision == live.revision));
+    if changed || ctx.input_mut(|input| input.consume_key(egui::Modifiers::NONE, egui::Key::Escape)) {
+        app.drag = None;
+        app.live_stroke = None;
+        return true;
+    }
+    false
 }
 
 /// Render the drag points the live stroke hasn't seen yet, with the pen pressure, tilt and
@@ -766,6 +942,9 @@ fn feed_live_stroke(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
         return;
     }
     let (Some(l), Some(d)) = (app.live_stroke.as_mut(), app.drag.as_ref()) else { return };
+    if l.preview_failed {
+        return;
+    }
     let pose = &app.stylus.stroke;
     // The same times `stroke_points` gives the commit (from the drag's first point).
     let t0 = app.stylus.point_ms(0);
@@ -786,7 +965,17 @@ fn feed_live_stroke(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
     let started = crate::gpu_canvas::now_ms();
     match l.stroke.push(&pts) {
         Ok(r) => l.damage.push(r),
-        Err(_) => app.live_stroke = None,
+        Err(e) => {
+            if d.tool == Tool::MixerBrush {
+                // Keep the last valid preview and its document/revision guard. All input
+                // stays in the drag; release replays it without the preview tile budget.
+                l.preview_failed = true;
+                app.ui.status = e.to_string();
+                app.ui.status_error = true;
+            } else {
+                app.live_stroke = None;
+            }
+        }
     }
     app.stroke_trace.stroke(crate::gpu_canvas::now_ms() - started);
 }
@@ -800,16 +989,32 @@ pub(crate) fn live_retouch_points(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Option<Vec<photocraft_
     }
 }
 
-/// Offer the Clone Stamp's or History Brush's live stroke, with the drag points it hasn't rendered
-/// yet, to the command `retouch_ui::finish_stroke` commits, which then takes its pixels.
+/// Offer the Clone Stamp's or History Brush's live stroke, or a Dodge, Burn, Sponge, Blur, Sharpen
+/// or Smudge one, with the drag points it hasn't rendered yet, to the command
+/// `retouch_ui::finish_stroke` commits, which then takes its pixels instead of rendering the
+/// stroke again.
 fn offer_live_retouch(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, d: &Drag) {
-    if !matches!(d.tool, Tool::CloneStamp | Tool::HistoryBrush) {
+    let dab = crate::retouch_ui::dab_params(app, d.tool).is_some();
+    if !dab && !matches!(d.tool, Tool::CloneStamp | Tool::HistoryBrush) {
         return;
     }
-    let Some(LiveStroke { stroke: EngineStroke::Retouch(mut live), fed, .. }) = app.live_stroke.take() else { return };
+    let Some(LiveStroke { stroke, fed, .. }) = app.live_stroke.take() else { return };
     let rest: Vec<_> = d.points.get(fed..).unwrap_or_default().iter().map(|q| photocraft_engine::paint::StrokePoint::new(q[0], q[1], q[2] as f32)).collect();
-    if rest.is_empty() || live.push(&rest).is_ok() {
-        let _ = app.session.offer_live_retouch(live);
+    // A refused offer (the brush changed mid-stroke, say) leaves the commit to render the stroke.
+    match stroke {
+        EngineStroke::Retouch(mut live) if !dab => {
+            let ready = rest.is_empty() || live.push(&rest).is_ok();
+            if ready {
+                let _ = app.session.offer_live_retouch(live);
+            }
+        }
+        EngineStroke::Dab(mut live) if dab => {
+            let ready = rest.is_empty() || live.push(&rest).is_ok();
+            if ready {
+                let _ = app.session.offer_live_dab(live);
+            }
+        }
+        _ => {}
     }
 }
 
@@ -821,9 +1026,16 @@ fn tap_at_peak_pressure(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
         return;
     }
     let peak = f64::from(app.stylus.tap_pressure());
-    if let Some(p) = app.drag.as_mut().filter(|d| d.points.len() == 1).and_then(|d| d.points.first_mut()) {
+    let mut refresh_mixer = false;
+    if let Some(d) = app.drag.as_mut().filter(|d| d.points.len() == 1)
+        && let Some(p) = d.points.first_mut()
+    {
+        refresh_mixer = d.tool == Tool::MixerBrush && peak > p[2];
         p[2] = p[2].max(peak);
     }
+    if refresh_mixer {
+        app.live_stroke = begin_live_stroke(app);
+    }
 }
 
 /// While a stroke is held still, its point repeats this often (in ms) so time-based brush
@@ -860,6 +1072,7 @@ pub(crate) fn freehand_tool(tool: Tool) -> bool {
             | Tool::BackgroundEraser
             | Tool::HistoryBrush
             | Tool::Remove
+            | Tool::ArtHistoryBrush
             | Tool::SpotHealing
             | Tool::Healing
             | Tool::CloneStamp
@@ -938,14 +1151,54 @@ impl ViewXform {
     /// The main canvas's mapping for the active document as last laid out (inside the rulers).
     pub fn active(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Option<Self> {
         let v = app.ui.views.get(app.session.active_index()?)?;
-        Some(Self {
-            rect: crate::rulers::content_rect(app, app.last_canvas_rect),
-            zoom: v.zoom / app.canvas_ppp(),
-            center: v.center,
-            flip: app.ui.view.flip_horizontal,
-            rotation: v.rotation,
-            aspect: app.ui.view.display_aspect(),
-        })
+        let (zoom, center) =
+            if v.zoom_animating && app.session.prefs().general.animated_zoom { v.display_camera.unwrap_or((v.zoom, v.center)) } else { (v.zoom, v.center) };
+        Some(
+            Self {
+                rect: crate::rulers::content_rect(app, app.last_canvas_rect),
+                zoom: zoom / app.canvas_ppp(),
+                center,
+                flip: app.ui.view.flip_horizontal,
+                rotation: v.rotation,
+                aspect: app.ui.view.display_aspect(),
+            }
+            .pixel_aligned_for(app, app.canvas_ppp()),
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn pixel_aligned_for(self, app: &PhotocraftApp, ppp: f32) -> Self {
+        // Default Crop counter-moves the frame and camera with fractional pointer deltas.
+        // Preserve that continuous mapping so its fixed frame does not wobble during a drag.
+        if crate::crop_mode::moves_image(app) { self } else { self.pixel_aligned(ppp) }
+    }
+
+    /// At integer physical magnifications, texel edges must land on display pixel edges.
+    /// Keep this derived camera shared by images, overlays and input without changing the saved pan.
+    fn pixel_aligned(mut self, ppp: f32) -> Self {
+        if !ppp.is_finite() || ppp <= 0.0 || !self.zoom.is_finite() || self.zoom <= 0.0 || !self.rotation.is_finite() || self.rotation.abs() >= 1e-8 {
+            return self;
+        }
+        let scale = vec2(self.zoom_x(), self.zoom) * ppp;
+        if !scale.is_finite()
+            || scale.x.round() < 1.0
+            || scale.y.round() < 1.0
+            || (scale.x - scale.x.round()).abs() > 1e-5
+            || (scale.y - scale.y.round()).abs() > 1e-5
+        {
+            return self;
+        }
+        let origin = self.to_screen(0.0, 0.0);
+        let physical = origin * ppp;
+        if !physical.is_finite() {
+            return self;
+        }
+        let aligned = pos2(physical.x.round(), physical.y.round()) / ppp;
+        let offset = self.unmap_vec((aligned - origin) / self.zoom);
+        let center = [self.center[0] - offset.x, self.center[1] - offset.y];
+        if center.iter().all(|v| v.is_finite()) {
+            self.center = center;
+        }
+        self
     }
 
     fn sincos(self) -> (f32, f32) {
@@ -1048,6 +1301,54 @@ pub fn fit_view(view: &mut View, doc: &Document, area: Vec2, ppp: f32, aspect: f
     view.fill_pending = false;
 }
 
+/// Ease a transient presentation camera over 220 ms without changing the requested camera.
+fn animated_view(view: &mut View, xf: ViewXform, ppp: f32, animated_zoom: bool, time: f64) -> View {
+    if !animated_zoom {
+        view.request_zoom_animation(false);
+    }
+    let target = (view.zoom, view.center);
+    // Clamping, a canvas resize, or another camera command can make the original anchor
+    // incompatible with the requested camera. The target must always win.
+    if let Some((doc, screen)) = view.zoom_anchor {
+        let offset = xf.unmap_vec((pos2(screen[0], screen[1]) - xf.rect.center()) / (view.zoom / ppp));
+        if (doc[0] as f32 - offset.x - view.center[0]).abs() > 0.01 || (doc[1] as f32 - offset.y - view.center[1]).abs() > 0.01 {
+            view.zoom_anchor = None;
+        }
+    }
+    let mut shown = view.clone();
+    if view.zoom_animating {
+        if view.zoom_transition.is_none_or(|a| a.target != target) {
+            view.zoom_transition = Some(crate::state::ZoomTransition { from: view.display_camera.unwrap_or(target), target, started: time });
+        }
+        if let Some(a) = view.zoom_transition {
+            let elapsed = (time - a.started) / 0.22;
+            let t = if elapsed.is_finite() { elapsed.clamp(0.0, 1.0) as f32 } else { 1.0 };
+            let ease = t * t * (3.0 - 2.0 * t);
+            let lerp = |from: f32, to: f32| from + (to - from) * ease;
+            shown.zoom = lerp(a.from.0, target.0);
+            shown.center = [lerp(a.from.1[0], target.1[0]), lerp(a.from.1[1], target.1[1])];
+            if let Some((doc, screen)) = view.zoom_anchor {
+                let zoom = shown.zoom / ppp;
+                if zoom.is_finite() && zoom > 0.0 {
+                    let offset = xf.unmap_vec((pos2(screen[0], screen[1]) - xf.rect.center()) / zoom);
+                    shown.center = [doc[0] as f32 - offset.x, doc[1] as f32 - offset.y];
+                }
+            }
+            if t >= 1.0 {
+                view.zoom_animating = false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if !view.zoom_animating {
+        shown.zoom = target.0;
+        shown.center = target.1;
+        view.zoom_anchor = None;
+        view.zoom_transition = None;
+    }
+    view.display_camera = Some((shown.zoom, shown.center));
+    shown
+}
+
 /// Centre the document and zoom until it fills the canvas. One axis can extend beyond the
 /// viewport, matching the Hand tool's Fill Screen action.
 pub fn fill_view(view: &mut View, doc: &Document, area: Vec2, ppp: f32, aspect: f32) {
@@ -1185,6 +1486,9 @@ pub(crate) fn display_doc(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, idx: usize) -> (std::sync::Ar
     if let Some(shown) = crate::type_font_preview::display_doc(app, idx) {
         return shown;
     }
+    // Vanishing Point's strokes over the document as it is now (the Layers panel may have
+    // changed it since the options bar synced them this frame).
+    crate::vp_ui::sync_preview(app);
     // Puppet / Perspective Warp previews hide the layer they draw on a mesh.
     if let Some(shown) = crate::distort_ui::display_doc(app, idx) {
         return shown;
@@ -1225,6 +1529,7 @@ pub(crate) fn display_doc(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, idx: usize) -> (std::sync::Ar
     }
     if let (Some(t), Some(pv)) = (&app.ui.transform, &app.transform_preview)
         && app.session.active_index() == Some(idx)
+        && pv.doc.id == st.doc.id
         && st.doc.layer(photocraft_doc::LayerId(t.layer)).is_some()
     {
         return (pv.doc.clone(), (1 << 40) + pv.session);
@@ -1339,7 +1644,7 @@ pub fn navigator_gpu_view(app: &PhotocraftApp, idx: usize, rect: Rect, ctx: &egu
         rotation: 0.0,
         shadow: false,
         pixel_grid: false,
-        view_key: egui::Id::new(("pc-navigator", ctx.viewport_id(), idx)).value(),
+        view_key: egui::Id::unique(("pc-navigator", ctx.viewport_id(), idx)).value(),
         offset: [0.0, 0.0],
         ..params
     })
@@ -1360,7 +1665,7 @@ pub fn navigator_waits_for_gpu(app: &PhotocraftApp, idx: usize, ctx: &egui::Cont
     if app.canvases.keys().any(|(d, _)| *d == id) {
         return false;
     }
-    let key = egui::Id::new(("navigator-waits", id.0));
+    let key = egui::Id::unique(("navigator-waits", id.0));
     let waited = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<u32>(key)).unwrap_or(0);
     if waited >= NAVIGATOR_WAIT_FRAMES {
         return false;
@@ -1448,12 +1753,62 @@ fn canvas_texture_options(factor: u32) -> TextureOptions {
 /// Make sure the canvas texture for document `idx` on `display` is current; returns (texture
 /// id, scale).
 pub fn ensure_texture(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, idx: usize, display: Option<u32>) -> Option<(egui::TextureId, f32)> {
+    ensure_texture_in_view(app, ctx, idx, display, None).map(|t| (t.texture, t.scale))
+}
+
+/// The document area a filter preview of `preview` size covers, for a `doc` sized document
+/// previewed at proxy factor `k`: the document's bounds when it is the document's size (reduced by
+/// `k`), else its own size (times `k`) centred on the document's centre, as the GPU canvas centres
+/// a size-changing preview (Image › Rotation).
+fn preview_bounds(doc: photocraft_geom::Size, preview: photocraft_geom::Size, k: u32) -> DRect {
+    let k = k.max(1);
+    let full = DRect::from_size(doc);
+    if doc.width.div_ceil(k) == preview.width && doc.height.div_ceil(k) == preview.height {
+        return full;
+    }
+    let side = |p: u32, d: u32| {
+        let covered = i64::from(p) * i64::from(k);
+        let x0 = (i64::from(d) - covered).div_euclid(2);
+        let clamp = |v: i64| v.clamp(i64::from(i32::MIN), i64::from(i32::MAX)) as i32;
+        (clamp(x0), clamp(x0 + covered))
+    };
+    let (x0, x1) = side(preview.width, doc.width);
+    let (y0, y1) = side(preview.height, doc.height);
+    DRect::new(x0, y0, x1, y1)
+}
+
+/// [`ensure_texture`], and for a canvas showing `view` of a document too large for one
+/// full-resolution texture, the detail texture of the part in view ([`detail_plan`], #7568).
+pub(crate) fn ensure_texture_in_view(
+    app: &mut PhotocraftApp,
+    ctx: &egui::Context,
+    idx: usize,
+    display: Option<u32>,
+    view: Option<InView>,
+) -> Option<CpuTextures> {
     let output = display;
     let (revision, last_damage, id) = {
         let st = app.session.documents().get(idx)?;
         (st.revision, st.last_damage.map(|r| if r.is_empty() { r } else { r.inflate(effect_reach(&st.doc.layers)) }), st.doc.id)
     };
     let (mut doc, mut preview_key) = display_doc(app, idx);
+    // A filter dialog's live preview: the GPU canvas draws it from its own texture, but this CPU
+    // canvas (no usable GPU, a flipped or pixel-aspect-corrected view, a GPU fallback) showed the
+    // document unfiltered. Its result is drawn here instead, as the channel views draw it.
+    // A preview reduced for a zoomed-out view (a proxy, factor `k`) covers the whole document at
+    // its own size. One whose dimensions change otherwise (Image › Rotation) covers its own area,
+    // centred on the document's, as the GPU canvas draws it (`preview_bounds`).
+    let committed = app.session.documents().get(idx).map(|st| st.doc.bounds()).unwrap_or(doc.bounds());
+    let mut bounds = committed;
+    let mut reduced = false;
+    if let Some((preview, key)) = filter_channel_preview(app, idx, ctx) {
+        let k = app.filter_preview.as_ref().map_or(1, |p| p.key.k.max(1));
+        bounds = preview_bounds(committed.size(), preview.size, k);
+        (doc, preview_key, reduced) = (preview, key, k > 1);
+    }
+    // Detail textures and partial redraws work in the document's own pixels.
+    let reduced = reduced || bounds != committed;
+    let view = view.filter(|_| !reduced);
     // A flipped view draws a GPU machine's canvas through here: an adjustment dialog's preview of
     // a large document (taken by the GPU path) would cost a full-size CPU composite per change.
     if crate::adjust_preview::shown_key(app) == Some(preview_key)
@@ -1464,7 +1819,17 @@ pub fn ensure_texture(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, idx: usize,
     }
     let (display, display_key) = canvas_display(app, &doc, output);
     let seen = app.canvases.get(&cache_key(id, output)).map(|c| (c.tex_revision, c.tex_preview_key));
-    let damage = seen.and_then(|seen| damage_since(app, idx, seen, (revision, preview_key), display_key, last_damage));
+    let damage = seen.and_then(|seen| damage_since(app, idx, seen, (revision, preview_key), display_key, last_damage)).filter(|_| !reduced);
+    // The detail texture can lag the whole-document one (made or moved later): its own damage.
+    let detail_seen = view.and_then(|v| {
+        let c = app.canvases.get(&cache_key(id, output))?;
+        c.detail.iter().find(|(k, _)| *k == v.key).map(|(_, d)| (d.revision, d.preview_key))
+    });
+    let detail_damage = match detail_seen {
+        Some(s) if Some(s) == seen => damage,
+        Some(s) => damage_since(app, idx, s, (revision, preview_key), display_key, last_damage),
+        None => None,
+    };
     let preview_key = preview_key ^ display_key;
     let cache = app.canvases.entry(cache_key(id, output)).or_insert(CanvasCache {
         revision: 0,
@@ -1474,12 +1839,13 @@ pub fn ensure_texture(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, idx: usize,
         on_gpu: false,
         tex_revision: 0,
         tex_preview_key: 0,
+        texture_opaque: false,
         grid: None,
+        detail: Vec::new(),
     });
     if cache.tex_revision != revision || cache.texture.is_none() || cache.tex_preview_key != preview_key {
         let t0 = crate::gpu_canvas::now_ms();
-        let longest = doc.size.width.max(doc.size.height);
-        let factor = longest.div_ceil(texture_side(ctx)).max(1);
+        let factor = texture_factor([doc.size.width, doc.size.height], texture_side(ctx));
         let (w, h) = ((doc.size.width / factor).max(1), (doc.size.height / factor).max(1));
         let current = cache.texture.as_mut().filter(|t| t.size() == [w as usize, h as usize]);
         if let (Some(d), Some(t)) = (damage, current) {
@@ -1489,7 +1855,11 @@ pub fn ensure_texture(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, idx: usize,
             let r = buf.rect;
             if !r.is_empty() {
                 let t1 = crate::gpu_canvas::now_ms();
-                t.set_partial([r.x0 as usize, r.y0 as usize], display_image(display.as_deref(), &buf), canvas_texture_options(factor));
+                let image = display_image(display.as_deref(), &buf);
+                // Partial uploads can disprove opacity. Once transparent, conservatively keep
+                // the checker until a full upload proves the whole texture opaque again.
+                cache.texture_opaque &= image.pixels.iter().all(|p| p.is_opaque());
+                t.set_partial([r.x0 as usize, r.y0 as usize], image, canvas_texture_options(factor));
                 let px = (r.width() as u64 * r.height() as u64).saturating_mul(u64::from(factor).pow(2));
                 app.perf.record("rect", px, t1 - t0, crate::gpu_canvas::now_ms() - t1);
             }
@@ -1498,6 +1868,7 @@ pub fn ensure_texture(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, idx: usize,
             let full = photocraft_compose::render_reduced(&doc, w, h);
             let t1 = crate::gpu_canvas::now_ms();
             let (img, scale) = (display_image(display.as_deref(), &full), 1.0 / factor as f32);
+            cache.texture_opaque = img.pixels.iter().all(|p| p.is_opaque());
             match cache.texture.as_mut() {
                 Some(t) if t.size() == img.size => t.set(img, canvas_texture_options(factor)),
                 _ => cache.texture = Some(ctx.load_texture(format!("canvas-{}-{}", id.0, cache_key(id, output).1), img, canvas_texture_options(factor))),
@@ -1508,7 +1879,108 @@ pub fn ensure_texture(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, idx: usize,
         cache.tex_revision = revision;
         cache.tex_preview_key = preview_key;
     }
-    Some((cache.texture.as_ref()?.id(), cache.scale))
+    let texture = cache.texture.as_ref()?.id();
+    let scale = cache.scale;
+    // Without a view (the Navigator's call) the views' detail textures stay as they are.
+    let Some(view) = view else { return Some(CpuTextures { texture, scale, bounds, detail: None }) };
+    let old = cache.detail.iter().position(|(k, _)| *k == view.key).map(|i| cache.detail.remove(i).1);
+    let Some(plan) = detail_plan([doc.size.width, doc.size.height], texture_side(ctx), view.zoom, view.visible) else {
+        return Some(CpuTextures { texture, scale, bounds, detail: None });
+    };
+    let t0 = crate::gpu_canvas::now_ms();
+    let name = format!("canvas-detail-{}-{}", id.0, cache_key(id, output).1);
+    let detail = update_detail(ctx, &doc, display.as_deref(), name, plan, old, detail_damage, (revision, preview_key));
+    if detail.as_ref().is_some_and(|d| d.rendered) {
+        app.perf.span("canvas detail", crate::gpu_canvas::now_ms() - t0);
+    }
+    let Some(mut detail) = detail else { return Some(CpuTextures { texture, scale, bounds, detail: None }) };
+    detail.rendered = false;
+    // Where its texels lie in the document: reduced texel t covers [t·W/w, (t+1)·W/w).
+    let (w, h) = ((doc.size.width / plan.factor).max(1), (doc.size.height / plan.factor).max(1));
+    let (sx, sy) = (doc.size.width as f32 / w as f32, doc.size.height as f32 / h as f32);
+    let out = detail.out;
+    let shown = (detail.texture.id(), [out.x0 as f32 * sx, out.y0 as f32 * sy, out.x1 as f32 * sx, out.y1 as f32 * sy]);
+    cache.detail.push((view.key, detail));
+    // Views that stopped asking (a closed window, a zoom out) give theirs up past a few.
+    if cache.detail.len() > MAX_DETAIL_VIEWS {
+        cache.detail.remove(0);
+    }
+    Some(CpuTextures { texture, scale, bounds, detail: Some(shown) })
+}
+
+/// Most CPU canvas views of one document on one display that keep a detail texture.
+const MAX_DETAIL_VIEWS: usize = 4;
+
+/// The detail texture for `plan` at document state `now` (revision, preview key with the display
+/// key folded in): `old` as it is when current, updated over `damage` when only that changed
+/// within the same region, or rendered again. `None` when the region holds no texels.
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+fn update_detail(
+    ctx: &egui::Context,
+    doc: &Document,
+    display: Option<&photocraft_engine::display_color::CanvasDisplay>,
+    name: String,
+    plan: DetailPlan,
+    old: Option<DetailTexture>,
+    damage: Option<DRect>,
+    now: (u64, u64),
+) -> Option<DetailTexture> {
+    let (w, h) = ((doc.size.width / plan.factor).max(1), (doc.size.height / plan.factor).max(1));
+    let options = canvas_texture_options(plan.factor);
+    let (kept, spare) = match old {
+        Some(d) if d.plan == plan => (Some(d), None),
+        d => (None, d.map(|d| d.texture)),
+    };
+    if let Some(mut d) = kept {
+        if (d.revision, d.preview_key) == now {
+            return Some(d);
+        }
+        // An edit or a stroke step in view: only the texels it touched.
+        if let Some(dmg) = damage {
+            let dmg = dmg.intersect(&plan.region);
+            let buf = (!dmg.is_empty()).then(|| photocraft_compose::render_reduced_damage(doc, w, h, dmg));
+            let fits = buf.as_ref().is_none_or(|b| d.out.contains_rect(&b.rect));
+            if fits {
+                if let Some(b) = buf.filter(|b| !b.rect.is_empty()) {
+                    let at = [b.rect.x0.abs_diff(d.out.x0) as usize, b.rect.y0.abs_diff(d.out.y0) as usize];
+                    d.texture.set_partial(at, display_image(display, &b), options);
+                    d.rendered = true;
+                }
+                (d.revision, d.preview_key) = now;
+                return Some(d);
+            }
+        }
+        return render_detail(ctx, doc, display, name, plan, Some(d.texture), now);
+    }
+    render_detail(ctx, doc, display, name, plan, spare, now)
+}
+
+/// [`update_detail`]'s whole render of `plan`'s region, into `texture` when it is the same size.
+fn render_detail(
+    ctx: &egui::Context,
+    doc: &Document,
+    display: Option<&photocraft_engine::display_color::CanvasDisplay>,
+    name: String,
+    plan: DetailPlan,
+    texture: Option<egui::TextureHandle>,
+    now: (u64, u64),
+) -> Option<DetailTexture> {
+    let (w, h) = ((doc.size.width / plan.factor).max(1), (doc.size.height / plan.factor).max(1));
+    let options = canvas_texture_options(plan.factor);
+    let buf = photocraft_compose::render_reduced_damage(doc, w, h, plan.region);
+    let out = buf.rect;
+    if out.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let img = display_image(display, &buf);
+    let texture = match texture {
+        Some(mut t) if t.size() == img.size => {
+            t.set(img, options);
+            t
+        }
+        _ => ctx.load_texture(name, img, options),
+    };
+    Some(DetailTexture { texture, plan, out, revision: now.0, preview_key: now.1, rendered: true })
 }
 
 /// What changed since a canvas cache showed (`revision`, `preview key`) `seen`, when only a
@@ -1570,6 +2042,13 @@ pub(crate) fn damage_since(app: &PhotocraftApp, idx: usize, seen: (u64, u64), no
     {
         return Some(if r.is_empty() { r } else { r.inflate(effect_reach(&st.doc.layers)) });
     }
+    // Between Vanishing Point stamp previews (and the document): the areas the strokes painted.
+    if seen.0 == now.0
+        && let Some(st) = app.session.documents().get(idx)
+        && let Some(r) = crate::vp_ui::damage(app, st.doc.id, now.0, seen.1 ^ display_key, now.1)
+    {
+        return Some(if r.is_empty() { r } else { r.inflate(effect_reach(&st.doc.layers)) });
+    }
     // Between hovered blend modes (and the document): where the layer's blending shows.
     if seen.0 == now.0
         && let Some(st) = app.session.documents().get(idx)
@@ -1690,7 +2169,9 @@ fn ensure_gpu(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, idx: usize, visible:
         on_gpu: false,
         tex_revision: 0,
         tex_preview_key: 0,
+        texture_opaque: false,
         grid: None,
+        detail: Vec::new(),
     });
     let present = cache.on_gpu && gpu.has(id.0, size);
     let current = cache.revision == revision && cache.preview_key == preview_key;
@@ -2062,6 +2543,12 @@ fn visible_doc_rect(xf: &ViewXform) -> DRect {
     DRect::new(c(x0.floor()) - 2, c(y0.floor()) - 2, c(x1.ceil()) + 2, c(y1.ceil()) + 2)
 }
 
+/// Prioritize deferred redraw blocks visible at either the target or the animated display camera.
+/// The displayed camera may still show old texture contents outside the target's visible area.
+fn redraw_focus(target: &ViewXform, displayed: &ViewXform) -> DRect {
+    visible_doc_rect(target).union(&visible_doc_rect(displayed))
+}
+
 /// Zoomed-out Image › Adjustments preview on a large document: the wgpu compositor renders the
 /// reduced preview document (`adjust_preview::gpu_proxy`) into its own texture, over the target's
 /// area after the first frame. Returns (factor, gpu key, dimensions) to draw.
@@ -2323,11 +2810,11 @@ fn tabs(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) -> TabStrip {
             let name_g = crate::tab_strip::elided(ui, &name, font.clone(), t.text, name_max);
             // The title was cut: the tooltip has the rest of it.
             let cut = name_g.size().x + 0.5 < natural_w - STUDIO_TAB_PAD + STUDIO_TAB_GAP - meta_g.size().x;
-            let resp = ui.interact(r, ui.id().with(("dtab", i)), Sense::click_and_drag());
+            let resp = ui.interact(r, ui.scope_id().with(("dtab", i)), Sense::click_and_drag());
             let saving = crate::jobs_ui::save_progress(app, st.doc.id);
             resp.widget_info(|| {
                 let label = saving.as_ref().map_or_else(|| st.doc.name.clone(), |s| format!("{} - {s}", st.doc.name));
-                egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::WidgetType::SelectableLabel, true, sel, label)
+                egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::Button, true, sel, label)
             });
             doc_tabs.push((i, r));
             if sel {
@@ -2345,7 +2832,7 @@ fn tabs(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) -> TabStrip {
             ui.painter().galley_with_override_text_color(egui::pos2(r.left() + 10.0, ny), name_g.clone(), color);
             ui.painter().galley(egui::pos2(r.left() + 16.0 + name_g.size().x, r.center().y - meta_g.size().y / 2.0), meta_g, t.text_faint);
             let xr = Rect::from_center_size(egui::pos2(r.right() - 12.0, r.center().y), egui::vec2(16.0, 16.0));
-            let xresp = ui.interact(xr, ui.id().with(("dtabx", i)), Sense::click());
+            let xresp = ui.interact(xr, ui.scope_id().with(("dtabx", i)), Sense::click());
             if xresp.hovered() {
                 ui.painter().rect_filled(xr, 4.0, t.hover);
             }
@@ -2372,7 +2859,7 @@ fn tabs(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) -> TabStrip {
             let sel = app.jobs.focus == Some(*job);
             let meta_g = ui.painter().layout_no_wrap(format!("{:.0}%", frac * 100.0), meta_font.clone(), t.text_faint);
             let name_g = crate::tab_strip::elided(ui, name, font.clone(), t.text, (r.width() - STUDIO_TAB_PAD + STUDIO_TAB_GAP - meta_g.size().x).max(1.0));
-            let resp = ui.interact(r, ui.id().with(("dtabjob", job.0)), Sense::click());
+            let resp = ui.interact(r, ui.scope_id().with(("dtabjob", job.0)), Sense::click());
             if sel {
                 ui.painter().rect_filled(r, t.radius_sm, t.card);
                 ui.painter().rect_stroke(r, t.radius_sm, Stroke::new(1.0, t.card_border), egui::StrokeKind::Inside);
@@ -2384,7 +2871,7 @@ fn tabs(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) -> TabStrip {
             ui.painter().galley(egui::pos2(r.left() + 16.0 + name_g.size().x, r.center().y - meta_g.size().y / 2.0), meta_g, t.text_faint);
             crate::jobs_ui::tab_underline(ui, r, *frac, &t);
             let xr = Rect::from_center_size(egui::pos2(r.right() - 12.0, r.center().y), egui::vec2(16.0, 16.0));
-            let xresp = ui.interact(xr, ui.id().with(("dtabjobx", job.0)), Sense::click());
+            let xresp = ui.interact(xr, ui.scope_id().with(("dtabjobx", job.0)), Sense::click());
             if xresp.hovered() {
                 ui.painter().rect_filled(xr, 4.0, t.hover);
             }
@@ -2396,7 +2883,8 @@ fn tabs(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) -> TabStrip {
             }
         }
         if !f.overflow.is_empty() {
-            let left = x.min((row.right() - crate::tab_strip::CHEVRON_W).max(row.left()));
+            // Pinned to the strip's right end, as Photoshop's is, not after the last tab (#8290).
+            let left = (row.right() - crate::tab_strip::CHEVRON_W).max(row.left());
             let r = Rect::from_min_size(egui::pos2(left, row.top()), egui::vec2(crate::tab_strip::CHEVRON_W, row.height()));
             let labels: Vec<&str> =
                 app.session.documents().iter().map(|st| st.doc.name.as_str()).chain(opening.iter().map(|(_, name, _)| name.as_str())).collect();
@@ -2404,7 +2892,7 @@ fn tabs(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) -> TabStrip {
             // Like Photoshop's, the menu lists every open document, not only the hidden ones, and checks
             // the active one (#4487).
             let every: Vec<usize> = (0..labels.len()).collect();
-            crate::tab_strip::overflow_button(ui, ui.id().with("dtab-overflow"), r, tl!("More documents"), &labels, &every, Some(selected), &mut picked);
+            crate::tab_strip::overflow_button(ui, ui.scope_id().with("dtab-overflow"), r, tl!("More documents"), &labels, &every, Some(selected), &mut picked);
             match picked {
                 Some(i) if i < tab_count => activate = Some(i),
                 Some(i) => focus_open = opening.get(i - tab_count).map(|(job, _, _)| *job).or(focus_open),
@@ -2496,7 +2984,7 @@ fn tab_drag(ui: &egui::Ui, resp: &egui::Response, i: usize, r: Rect, strip: Rect
     {
         if torn_off(strip, p) {
             let ghost = Rect::from_min_size(p - egui::vec2(40.0, 12.0), egui::vec2(240.0, 160.0));
-            let painter = ui.ctx().layer_painter(egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Tooltip, ui.id().with("tab-tear-off")));
+            let painter = ui.ctx().layer_painter(egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Tooltip, ui.scope_id().with("tab-tear-off")));
             painter.rect_filled(ghost, t.radius_sm, t.accent.gamma_multiply(0.12));
             painter.rect_stroke(ghost, t.radius_sm, Stroke::new(1.5, t.accent), egui::StrokeKind::Inside);
         } else {
@@ -2667,7 +3155,7 @@ fn pro_tabs(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) -> TabStrip {
     for &(i, r) in placed.iter().filter(|(i, _)| *i < tab_count) {
         let Some(title) = titles.get(i) else { continue };
         let g = crate::tab_strip::elided(ui, title, font.clone(), t.text, (r.width() - DOC_TAB_PAD).max(1.0));
-        let resp = ui.interact(r, ui.id().with(("ptab", i)), Sense::click_and_drag());
+        let resp = ui.interact(r, ui.scope_id().with(("ptab", i)), Sense::click_and_drag());
         let sel = Some(i) == active;
         if sel {
             ui.painter().rect_filled(r, 0.0, t.chrome);
@@ -2680,10 +3168,10 @@ fn pro_tabs(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) -> TabStrip {
         }
         ui.painter().line_segment([r.right_top(), r.right_bottom()], Stroke::new(1.0, t.separator));
         let (xr, at) = pro_tab_layout(r, g.size().y, mac);
-        let xresp = ui.interact(xr, ui.id().with(("ptabx", i)), Sense::click());
+        let xresp = ui.interact(xr, ui.scope_id().with(("ptabx", i)), Sense::click());
         // Painted: name the tab and its × for accessibility (and so tests and agents can find them).
-        resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::WidgetType::SelectableLabel, true, sel, g.text()));
-        xresp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, tl!("Close")));
+        resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::Button, true, sel, g.text()));
+        xresp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, tl!("Close")));
         crate::icons::paint(ui, xr, "x", 10.0, if xresp.hovered() { t.text } else { t.text_faint });
         ui.painter().galley_with_override_text_color(at, g, if sel { t.text } else { t.text_faint });
         let cut = natural.get(i).copied().unwrap_or(0.0) > r.width() + 0.5;
@@ -2708,7 +3196,7 @@ fn pro_tabs(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) -> TabStrip {
         let Some((job, _, frac)) = opening.get(i - tab_count) else { continue };
         let Some(title) = titles.get(i) else { continue };
         let g = crate::tab_strip::elided(ui, title, font.clone(), t.text, (r.width() - DOC_TAB_PAD).max(1.0));
-        let resp = ui.interact(r, ui.id().with(("ptabjob", job.0)), Sense::click());
+        let resp = ui.interact(r, ui.scope_id().with(("ptabjob", job.0)), Sense::click());
         let sel = app.jobs.focus == Some(*job);
         if sel {
             ui.painter().rect_filled(r, 0.0, t.chrome);
@@ -2718,8 +3206,8 @@ fn pro_tabs(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) -> TabStrip {
         ui.painter().line_segment([r.right_top(), r.right_bottom()], Stroke::new(1.0, t.separator));
         crate::jobs_ui::tab_underline(ui, r, *frac, &t);
         let (xr, at) = pro_tab_layout(r, g.size().y, mac);
-        let xresp = ui.interact(xr, ui.id().with(("ptabjobx", job.0)), Sense::click());
-        xresp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, tl!("Close")));
+        let xresp = ui.interact(xr, ui.scope_id().with(("ptabjobx", job.0)), Sense::click());
+        xresp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, tl!("Close")));
         crate::icons::paint(ui, xr, "x", 10.0, if xresp.hovered() { t.text } else { t.text_faint });
         ui.painter().galley_with_override_text_color(at, g, if sel { t.text } else { t.text_faint });
         if xresp.on_hover_text(tl!("Cancel opening")).clicked() {
@@ -2729,14 +3217,15 @@ fn pro_tabs(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) -> TabStrip {
         }
     }
     if !f.overflow.is_empty() {
-        let left = x.min((strip.right() - crate::tab_strip::CHEVRON_W).max(strip.left()));
+        // Pinned to the strip's right end, as Photoshop's is, not after the last tab (#8290).
+        let left = (strip.right() - crate::tab_strip::CHEVRON_W).max(strip.left());
         let r = Rect::from_min_size(egui::pos2(left, strip.top()), egui::vec2(crate::tab_strip::CHEVRON_W, strip.height()));
         let labels: Vec<&str> = titles.iter().map(String::as_str).collect();
         let mut picked = None;
         // Like Photoshop's, the menu lists every open document, not only the hidden ones, and checks
         // the active one (#4487).
         let every: Vec<usize> = (0..labels.len()).collect();
-        crate::tab_strip::overflow_button(ui, ui.id().with("ptab-overflow"), r, tl!("More documents"), &labels, &every, Some(selected), &mut picked);
+        crate::tab_strip::overflow_button(ui, ui.scope_id().with("ptab-overflow"), r, tl!("More documents"), &labels, &every, Some(selected), &mut picked);
         match picked {
             Some(i) if i < tab_count => activate = Some(i),
             Some(i) => focus_open = opening.get(i - tab_count).map(|(job, _, _)| *job).or(focus_open),
@@ -2819,7 +3308,7 @@ fn dots(ctx: &egui::Context, t: &crate::theme::Tokens) -> Option<egui::TextureId
     if t.bevel || t.canvas_dot == t.canvas {
         return None;
     }
-    let key = egui::Id::new(("canvas-dots", format!("{:?}", t.kind)));
+    let key = egui::Id::unique(("canvas-dots", format!("{:?}", t.kind)));
     if let Some(tex) = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<egui::TextureHandle>(key)) {
         return Some(tex.id());
     }
@@ -2869,7 +3358,7 @@ pub fn mode_label(doc: &Document) -> &'static str {
 /// (#5367), and so does the Home screen's blank background. Registered before anything drawn over
 /// `area`, so the buttons and links there keep their own clicks; not a keyboard focus stop.
 fn open_on_double_click(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &egui::Ui, area: Rect) {
-    if app.session.documents().is_empty() && ui.interact(area, ui.id().with("empty-workspace"), Sense::CLICK).double_clicked() {
+    if app.session.documents().is_empty() && ui.interact(area, ui.scope_id().with("empty-workspace"), Sense::CLICK).double_clicked() {
         let _ = app.open_dialog_file();
     }
 }
@@ -3008,12 +3497,12 @@ fn home_recent(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, recent: &[String]) {
             let fg = crate::tab_strip::elided(ui, &folder, egui::FontId::proportional(11.5), t.text_faint, folder_max);
             ui.painter().galley(egui::pos2(right - fg.size().x, row.center().y - fg.size().y / 2.0), fg, t.text_faint);
         }
-        resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, &name));
+        resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, &name));
         let resp = resp.on_hover_text(path).on_hover_cursor(egui::CursorIcon::PointingHand);
         if hovered {
             let x = ui.interact(close, resp.id.with("remove"), Sense::click());
             let label = crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("Remove {name} from Recent"), &[("name", &name)]);
-            x.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, &label));
+            x.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, &label));
             let color = crate::icons::button_chrome(ui, close, false, x.hovered());
             crate::icons::paint(ui, close, "x", 12.0, color);
             if x.on_hover_text(tl!("Remove from Recent")).clicked() {
@@ -3124,6 +3613,33 @@ pub fn canvas_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, idx: usize, rect:
     // Every document view has its rulers, the tiles of Window › Arrange and floating windows
     // too, as in Photoshop (#6017).
     let rect = crate::rulers::content_rect(app, rect);
+    // Both wheel reads share one owner so snap-zoom input is accumulated only once per frame.
+    let wheel_owner = ui.scope_id().with(("canvas-wheel", idx));
+    // Direct navigation starts from the authoritative camera. This also means a click or drag
+    // never maps through a camera that is still moving under the pointer.
+    let (pointer_here, hover_here) = ctx.input(|i| {
+        (
+            (i.pointer.any_pressed() || i.pointer.any_down()) && i.pointer.press_origin().is_some_and(|p| rect.contains(p)),
+            i.pointer.hover_pos().is_some_and(|p| rect.contains(p)),
+        )
+    });
+    let direct_input = pointer_here
+        || (hover_here
+            && crate::wheel_nav::read_with(
+                &ctx,
+                app.session.prefs().general.zoom_with_scroll_wheel,
+                app.session.prefs().enhanced_controls.zoom_with_trackpad_pinch,
+                app.session.prefs().general.animated_zoom,
+                wheel_owner,
+                hover_here,
+                app.session.prefs().interface.enable_animations,
+                app.session.prefs().enhanced_controls.touch_gestures,
+            )
+            .is_some());
+    if direct_input {
+        view.zoom_animating = false;
+        view.zoom_anchor = None;
+    }
     let doc = app.session.documents()[idx].doc.clone();
     let size = [doc.size.width, doc.size.height];
     if view.doc_size != size {
@@ -3143,12 +3659,22 @@ pub fn canvas_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, idx: usize, rect:
     }
     // Preferences › Tools › Overscroll off: clamp before anything is drawn (scrollbars.rs).
     if !app.session.prefs().tools.overscroll && crate::scrollbars::clamp_view_with_aspect(&mut view, rect.size(), ppp, aspect) {
+        view.zoom_anchor = None;
         ctx.request_repaint();
     }
     let flip = app.ui.view.flip_horizontal;
-    // Canvas geometry (ViewXform, ViewParams, painter rects) is in egui points.
-    let point_zoom = view.zoom / ppp;
-    let xf = ViewXform { rect, zoom: point_zoom, center: view.center, flip, rotation: view.rotation, aspect };
+    // Document rendering follows the target; only shader uniforms and overlay geometry ease.
+    let target_xf = ViewXform { rect, zoom: view.zoom / ppp, center: view.center, flip, rotation: view.rotation, aspect };
+    let render_zoom = view.zoom;
+    let mut display_view = animated_view(&mut view, target_xf, ppp, app.session.prefs().general.animated_zoom, ctx.input(|i| i.time));
+    if primary && let Some(stored) = app.ui.views.get_mut(idx) {
+        stored.zoom_animating = view.zoom_animating;
+        stored.display_camera = view.display_camera;
+    }
+    if view.zoom_animating {
+        ctx.request_repaint();
+    }
+    let xf = ViewXform { zoom: display_view.zoom / ppp, center: display_view.center, ..target_xf }.pixel_aligned_for(app, ppp);
     let pixel_grid = app.ui.view.shows(app.ui.view.show.pixel_grid);
     let response = ui.allocate_rect(rect, Sense::click_and_drag());
     let stroke_dismissal = primary && crate::shape_stroke_ui::dismiss_from_canvas(app, &response);
@@ -3169,6 +3695,11 @@ pub fn canvas_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, idx: usize, rect:
         let drop_shadow = border == photocraft_engine::prefs::CanvasBorder::DropShadow;
         // Drop shadow, checkerboard, document image.
         let img_rect = xf.doc_rect(doc.bounds());
+        // The canvas edge the Line border outlines: a size-changing preview's own (CPU canvas).
+        let mut edge_rect = img_rect;
+        // The document area the image is drawn over: a size-changing preview's own on the CPU
+        // canvas (Image › Rotation). Overlays drawn from the same preview follow it.
+        let mut shown_area = doc.bounds();
         // Crop tool: the layers' pixels past the canvas while a frame is edited, under the canvas
         // (whose edge blends into them) and without its shadow.
         let beyond = draw_beyond_canvas(app, &painter, &xf, idx, output);
@@ -3188,8 +3719,9 @@ pub fn canvas_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, idx: usize, rect:
         let gpu_ok = crate::gpu_canvas::gpu_view_ok(flip, view.rotation, aspect);
         if app.gpu.is_some()
             && gpu_ok
-            && let Some((k, key, preview_size)) =
-                ensure_adjust_proxy(app, idx, view.zoom).or_else(|| ensure_filter_preview(app, idx, &ctx)).or_else(|| ensure_proxy_preview(app, idx, view.zoom))
+            && let Some((k, key, preview_size)) = ensure_adjust_proxy(app, idx, render_zoom)
+                .or_else(|| ensure_filter_preview(app, idx, &ctx))
+                .or_else(|| ensure_proxy_preview(app, idx, render_zoom))
         {
             on_gpu = true;
             app.navigator_gpu.remove(&doc.id);
@@ -3201,8 +3733,8 @@ pub fn canvas_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, idx: usize, rect:
                 zoom: view.zoom * k as f32 / ppp,
                 // A size-changing preview grows around the old image center; keep the view's pan.
                 center: [
-                    view.center[0] / k as f32 + (preview_size[0] as f32 - original_size[0] as f32) / 2.0,
-                    view.center[1] / k as f32 + (preview_size[1] as f32 - original_size[1] as f32) / 2.0,
+                    xf.center[0] / k as f32 + (preview_size[0] as f32 - original_size[0] as f32) / 2.0,
+                    xf.center[1] / k as f32 + (preview_size[1] as f32 - original_size[1] as f32) / 2.0,
                 ],
                 rotation: if view.rotation.is_finite() { view.rotation.to_radians() } else { 0.0 },
                 shadow: {
@@ -3210,14 +3742,14 @@ pub fn canvas_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, idx: usize, rect:
                     !t.bevel && !t.pro && drop_shadow
                 },
                 pixel_grid: false,
-                view_key: egui::Id::new(("pc-canvas-proxy", ctx.viewport_id(), idx)).value(),
+                view_key: egui::Id::unique(("pc-canvas-proxy", ctx.viewport_id(), idx)).value(),
                 display: sync_display_lut(app, &shown, key, output),
                 output: output.unwrap_or(0),
                 hdr: hdr_preview(app, &doc),
                 offset: [0.0, 0.0],
             };
             paint_gpu_view(&painter, rect, params, &pattern);
-        } else if gpu_ok && ensure_gpu(app, &ctx, idx, visible_doc_rect(&xf)) {
+        } else if gpu_ok && ensure_gpu(app, &ctx, idx, redraw_focus(&target_xf, &xf)) {
             on_gpu = true;
             app.perf.gpu = true;
             // Shadow, checkerboard, document and pixel grid in one custom shader (gpu_canvas.rs).
@@ -3225,14 +3757,14 @@ pub fn canvas_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, idx: usize, rect:
                 doc: doc.id.0,
                 doc_size: [doc.size.width, doc.size.height],
                 zoom: point_zoom,
-                center: view.center,
+                center: xf.center,
                 rotation: if view.rotation.is_finite() { view.rotation.to_radians() } else { 0.0 },
                 shadow: {
                     let t = crate::theme::Tokens::get(&ctx);
                     !t.bevel && !t.pro && drop_shadow
                 },
                 pixel_grid,
-                view_key: egui::Id::new(("pc-canvas", ctx.viewport_id(), idx)).value(),
+                view_key: egui::Id::unique(("pc-canvas", ctx.viewport_id(), idx)).value(),
                 display: sync_display_lut(app, &doc, doc.id.0, output),
                 output: output.unwrap_or(0),
                 hdr: hdr_preview(app, &doc),
@@ -3246,31 +3778,63 @@ pub fn canvas_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, idx: usize, rect:
             paint_gpu_view(&painter, rect, params, &pattern);
         } else {
             app.navigator_gpu.remove(&doc.id);
+            // A document too large for one full-resolution texture also gets the part in view at
+            // the screen's resolution, drawn over the reduced whole (#7568).
+            let in_view = InView {
+                visible: visible_doc_rect(&xf),
+                zoom: view.zoom,
+                key: egui::Id::unique(("pc-canvas-detail", ctx.viewport_id(), idx, primary)).value(),
+            };
+            let textures = ensure_texture_in_view(app, &ctx, idx, output, Some(in_view));
+            let tex = textures.as_ref().map(|t| t.texture);
+            // The area the image covers: a size-changing preview's own (Image › Rotation).
+            let area = textures.as_ref().map_or(doc.bounds(), |t| t.bounds);
+            shown_area = area;
+            if area != doc.bounds() {
+                edge_rect = xf.doc_rect(area);
+            }
             if !crate::theme::Tokens::get(&ctx).bevel && drop_shadow {
-                painter.add(egui::Shadow { offset: [0, 8], blur: 28, spread: 0, color: Color32::from_black_alpha(150) }.as_shape(img_rect, 0));
+                let shadow_rect = edge_rect;
+                painter.add(egui::Shadow { offset: [0, 8], blur: 28, spread: 0, color: Color32::from_black_alpha(150) }.as_shape(shadow_rect, 0));
             }
             let rotated = view.rotation.abs() > 0.05;
             let checkerboard = app.session.prefs().transparency_and_gamut.square().map(|square| (checker(app, &ctx), square));
-            let tex = ensure_texture(app, &ctx, idx, output).map(|(tex, _scale)| tex);
-            paint_cpu_document(&painter, &xf, doc.bounds(), rotated, checkerboard, tex);
-            for &c in &pattern {
-                paint_cpu_document(&painter, &pattern_xf(&xf, c, size), doc.bounds(), rotated, checkerboard, tex);
+            // Repeated-quad coverage is not proven identical on all Pattern Preview adapters.
+            // Retain its legacy checker submissions, including the central document's.
+            let opaque = !app.ui.view.pattern_preview && app.canvases.get(&cache_key(doc.id, output)).is_some_and(|c| c.texture_opaque) && tex.is_some();
+            paint_cpu_document(&painter, &xf, area, rotated, checkerboard, tex, opaque);
+            if let Some((detail, area)) = textures.and_then(|t| t.detail) {
+                paint_cpu_detail(&painter, &xf, doc.bounds(), rotated, checkerboard, detail, area);
+            }
+            // Pattern Preview tiles what is shown: a size-changing preview's area, from its origin.
+            let (tile, copies) = if area == doc.bounds() || !app.ui.view.pattern_preview {
+                (size, pattern.clone())
+            } else {
+                let tile = [area.width(), area.height()];
+                let v = visible_doc_rect(&xf).translate(-area.x0, -area.y0);
+                (tile, crate::pattern_preview::copies([v.x0, v.y0, v.x1, v.y1].map(f64::from), tile))
+            };
+            for &c in &copies {
+                paint_cpu_document(&painter, &pattern_xf(&xf, c, tile), area, rotated, checkerboard, tex, opaque);
             }
         }
         // Channels panel: alpha / Quick Mask overlays and single-channel views (channel_view.rs).
         if let Some(tex) = crate::channel_view::ensure(app, &ctx, idx) {
+            // Rendered from the live preview, so over the area the preview is shown in.
+            let a = shown_area;
             if view.rotation.abs() > 0.05 {
-                paint_mapped_image(
+                paint_mapped_image_at(
                     &painter,
                     &xf,
                     tex,
                     Rect::from_min_max(Pos2::ZERO, pos2(1.0, 1.0)),
-                    [doc.size.width as f32, doc.size.height as f32],
+                    [a.x0 as f32, a.y0 as f32],
+                    [a.width() as f32, a.height() as f32],
                     Color32::WHITE,
                 );
             } else {
                 let uv = if flip { Rect::from_min_max(pos2(1.0, 0.0), pos2(0.0, 1.0)) } else { Rect::from_min_max(Pos2::ZERO, pos2(1.0, 1.0)) };
-                painter.image(tex, img_rect, uv, Color32::WHITE);
+                painter.image(tex, xf.doc_rect(a), uv, Color32::WHITE);
             }
         }
         crate::color_range_ui::paint_selection_preview(app, &ctx, &painter, doc.id, img_rect, flip);
@@ -3332,8 +3896,10 @@ pub fn canvas_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, idx: usize, rect:
         // Select and Mask outlines its refined selection (on its preview proxy, reduced by `k`) in
         // the Marching Ants view and hides the ants in the others.
         let refined = crate::select_mask_view::ants(app, idx);
+        // A floating piece's ants hug the pixels being moved.
+        let floated = floating_outline(app, idx);
         let (outlined, k) = match &refined {
-            None => (doc.selection.as_ref(), 1),
+            None => (floated.as_ref().or(doc.selection.as_ref()), 1),
             Some(None) => (None, 1),
             Some(Some((proxy, k))) => (proxy.selection.as_ref(), (*k).max(1)),
         };
@@ -3417,9 +3983,9 @@ pub fn canvas_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, idx: usize, rect:
             }
         }
 
-        (img_rect, beyond, layer_edges)
+        (beyond, layer_edges, edge_rect)
     };
-    let painted = if crop_camera { None } else { Some(paint_canvas(app, ui, &view, xf)) };
+    let painted = if crop_camera { None } else { Some(paint_canvas(app, ui, &display_view, xf)) };
     let img_rect = xf.doc_rect(doc.bounds());
 
     // Under an open dialog the canvas widget is inert, but the image still pans and zooms.
@@ -3431,10 +3997,11 @@ pub fn canvas_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, idx: usize, rect:
     }
     // Navigation (wheel_nav.rs): scroll pans (⇧ or ⌘/Ctrl sideways); pinch and ⌥-scroll zoom around the pointer.
     // The wheel also scrolls over the scrollbars drawn on top of the canvas (last frame's hover).
-    let bars_id = egui::Id::new(("pc-canvas-bars-hover", idx));
+    let bars_id = egui::Id::unique(("pc-canvas-bars-hover", idx));
     let over_bars = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<bool>(bars_id)).unwrap_or(false);
     let nav_hovered = response.hovered() || free_hover || over_bars;
     // Interface › Enable Animations off: the wheel moves the canvas without a glide (#5721).
+    // General › Animated Zoom: the wheel zoom eases over the frames of a notch, or is one instant step.
     // Enhanced Controls › Enable Gestures off: two fingers on a touch screen neither zoom nor
     // turn the view (#204); the mouse and trackpad are unaffected.
     let touch_gestures = app.session.prefs().enhanced_controls.touch_gestures;
@@ -3442,7 +4009,8 @@ pub fn canvas_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, idx: usize, rect:
         &ctx,
         app.session.prefs().general.zoom_with_scroll_wheel,
         app.session.prefs().enhanced_controls.zoom_with_trackpad_pinch,
-        response.id.with("wheel"),
+        app.session.prefs().general.animated_zoom,
+        wheel_owner,
         nav_hovered,
         app.session.prefs().interface.enable_animations,
         touch_gestures,
@@ -3454,6 +4022,9 @@ pub fn canvas_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, idx: usize, rect:
                 // At a limit the view stays put, as in Photoshop: a notch past 12800 % neither
                 // zooms nor slides the image towards the pointer.
                 let nz = crate::zoom_levels::clamp(view.zoom * f, view.doc_size);
+                if nz != view.zoom * f {
+                    crate::wheel_nav::settle(&ctx, wheel_owner);
+                }
                 if nz != view.zoom {
                     // Over the pasteboard the anchor is the image's nearest point (#3720).
                     let at = wheel_anchor(&xf, p, view.doc_size);
@@ -3479,6 +4050,8 @@ pub fn canvas_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, idx: usize, rect:
         }
         let rotate_trackpad = app.session.prefs().enhanced_controls.rotate_view_with_trackpad;
         if let Some(delta) = crate::rotate_view::trackpad_delta(&ctx, rotate_trackpad, touch_gestures) {
+            view.zoom_animating = false;
+            view.zoom_anchor = None;
             let next = view.rotation + crate::rotate_view::screen_delta(delta, xf.flip);
             if next.is_finite() {
                 view.rotation = crate::rotate_view::wrap_deg(next);
@@ -3565,7 +4138,27 @@ pub fn canvas_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, idx: usize, rect:
             .map(|m| crate::workspace_ui::sticky_mods(app, m))
             .filter(|m| m.command);
         let hand = app.ui.tool == Tool::Hand && !picking && !range_picking && !refine_brushing && !pinning && !shadow_drag && curve_point_press.is_none();
-        if let Some(d) = crate::dialogs::pan_delta(&ctx, rect, hand) {
+        // ⌘Space / ⌥Space zoom under the dialog as they do without one, before Space pans (#6460).
+        // With the Hand tool, ⌘ alone is Zoom In (#6434); under Curves that press is the dialog's
+        // point (#7325), not a zoom.
+        let curve_point_with_hand = curve_point_press.is_some() && app.ui.tool == Tool::Hand;
+        let held_zoom =
+            !middle && !curve_point_with_hand && matches!(temporary, Some(crate::hold_keys::Temporary::ZoomIn | crate::hold_keys::Temporary::ZoomOut));
+        if held_zoom {
+            let alt = ctx.input(|i| i.modifiers.alt);
+            if free_hover {
+                ctx.set_cursor_icon(crate::tool_cursor::zoom(&ctx, zoom_out(alt)));
+            }
+            let b = crate::dialogs::free_buttons(&ctx, rect);
+            let pointer = ctx.input(|i| i.pointer.latest_pos());
+            crate::zoom_tool::drag(app, &ctx, &mut view, &xf, &b, pointer);
+            if b.clicked
+                && let Some(p) = pointer
+            {
+                let nz = crate::zoom_levels::step(view.zoom, if zoom_out(alt) { -1 } else { 1 }, view.doc_size);
+                zoom_about(&mut view, &xf, p, nz, app.session.prefs().tools.zoom_clicked_point_to_center, ppp);
+            }
+        } else if let Some(d) = crate::dialogs::pan_delta(&ctx, rect, hand) {
             let d = xf.unmap_vec(d) / (view.zoom / ppp);
             view.center[0] -= d.x;
             view.center[1] -= d.y;
@@ -3632,11 +4225,13 @@ pub fn canvas_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, idx: usize, rect:
     let transform_owns_pointer = primary && app.ui.transform.is_some() && temporary.is_none() && !middle;
     let hand_pan = tool == Tool::Hand && !transform_owns_pointer;
     // Preferences › Tools › Enable Flick Panning: a Hand drag let go while moving glides on.
-    let flick_id = egui::Id::new(("pc-flick-pan", idx, primary, ctx.viewport_id()));
+    let flick_id = egui::Id::unique(("pc-flick-pan", idx, primary, ctx.viewport_id()));
     let flick_on = app.session.prefs().tools.enable_flick_panning;
     if let Some(d) = crate::flick_pan::frame(&ctx, flick_id, hand_pan && response.dragged() && !stroke_dismissal, response.drag_delta(), flick_on) {
         let d = xf.unmap_vec(d) / (view.zoom / ppp);
         if d.is_finite() {
+            view.zoom_animating = false;
+            view.zoom_anchor = None;
             view.center[0] -= d.x;
             view.center[1] -= d.y;
         }
@@ -3673,7 +4268,7 @@ pub fn canvas_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, idx: usize, rect:
     } else if primary && !stroke_dismissal {
         let mods = ui.input(|i| i.modifiers);
         // An ⌥-click the window manager took never arrives; say so (alt_grab.rs).
-        crate::alt_grab::watch(app, &ctx, egui::Id::new(("pc-alt-grab", idx)), rect, tool, !under_dialog);
+        crate::alt_grab::watch(app, &ctx, egui::Id::unique(("pc-alt-grab", idx)), rect, tool, !under_dialog);
         // Tools follow the left button; the right one opens the Brush Preset picker or erases
         // (Preferences › Tools, `paint_mouse`).
         crate::paint_mouse::sync_tool_brush(app);
@@ -3683,10 +4278,11 @@ pub fn canvas_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, idx: usize, rect:
         if tool == Tool::Crop && response.is_pointer_button_down_on() && ui.input(|i| i.pointer.primary_down()) && crate::crop_ui::press(app) {
             ctx.request_repaint();
         }
-        // Capture intent at the press, before egui's drag threshold: Type transforms keep
-        // Command, and marquee add/subtract must not become a live Shift/Alt constraint.
-        let capture_press = tool.is_type() || matches!(tool, Tool::RectMarquee | Tool::EllipseMarquee | Tool::SingleRowMarquee | Tool::SingleColumnMarquee);
-        let tool_press = egui::Id::new(("tool-pointer-press-modifiers", idx));
+        // Capture intent at the press, before egui's drag threshold or click replay on release:
+        // Type transforms keep Command; selections keep Add/Subtract if Shift/Alt is released.
+        let capture_press = tool.is_type()
+            || matches!(tool, Tool::RectMarquee | Tool::EllipseMarquee | Tool::SingleRowMarquee | Tool::SingleColumnMarquee | Tool::ObjectSelection);
+        let tool_press = egui::Id::unique(("tool-pointer-press-modifiers", idx));
         if capture_press
             && let Some((p, press_mods)) = ui.input(|i| {
                 i.events.iter().find_map(|e| match e {
@@ -3754,9 +4350,18 @@ pub fn canvas_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, idx: usize, rect:
             && !crate::layer_pick_ui::is_gesture(tool, mods)
             && let Some(p) = response.interact_pointer_pos()
         {
+            // A pending crop: its menu, also outside the image, where the frame can reach (#6561).
             // Outside the image: the pasteboard colour menu (#2462), else the tool's own. The view
-            // menu belongs to the selected Zoom or Hand, not to Space or a held zoom key.
-            if crate::canvas_tool_menu::pasteboard_at(app, tool, xf.to_doc(p)) {
+            // menu belongs to the selected Zoom or Hand, not to Space or a held zoom key. A crop
+            // frame or Straighten line still dragged by the left button gets no menu over it: the
+            // gesture and the held button both, as either alone can outlive a lost release. A
+            // finger held still (egui's press-and-hold right-click) is down too, but drags nothing.
+            let crop_gesture = tool == Tool::Crop
+                && !response.long_touched()
+                && (app.crop.drag.is_some() || app.crop.straighten.line.is_some())
+                && ctx.input(|i| i.pointer.primary_down());
+            if crop_gesture || crate::canvas_tool_menu::open_crop(app, &ctx, tool, [p.x, p.y]) {
+            } else if crate::canvas_tool_menu::pasteboard_at(app, tool, xf.to_doc(p)) {
                 crate::canvas_tool_menu::open_pasteboard(app, &ctx, tool, [p.x, p.y]);
             } else if crate::canvas_tool_menu::is_view_tool(tool) {
                 if tool == app.ui.tool {
@@ -3818,7 +4423,9 @@ pub fn canvas_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, idx: usize, rect:
             app.press_stroke = app.drag.is_some();
         }
         let press_stroke = app.press_stroke;
-        if press_stroke {
+        // A live tool's press that went to the ⌥ eyedropper keeps sampling for the whole press: the
+        // drag recognised later must not decide again with ⌥ already let go and paint (#7802).
+        if press_stroke || (strokes_live(tool) && (app.alt_sampling || app.mixer_sampling)) {
             buttons.started = false;
         }
         if buttons.started
@@ -3900,7 +4507,17 @@ pub fn canvas_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, idx: usize, rect:
             if press_stroke {
                 buttons.clicked = false;
             }
-            let p = response.interact_pointer_pos().map(|p| xf.to_doc(p)).or_else(|| app.drag.as_ref().and_then(|d| d.points.last().map(|q| [q[0], q[1]])));
+            let at = response.interact_pointer_pos();
+            // #6286: a guide let go over a ruler is removed, whichever ruler it is. Tested here in
+            // screen space, where the rulers are: on the guide's own axis the release can still be
+            // inside the document, which is what `finish_drag` sees.
+            if app.guide_drag.is_some() {
+                let on_ruler = at.is_some_and(|p| crate::rulers::dropped_on_a_ruler(app, full, p));
+                if let Some(g) = app.guide_drag.as_mut() {
+                    g.over_ruler = on_ruler;
+                }
+            }
+            let p = at.map(|p| xf.to_doc(p)).or_else(|| app.drag.as_ref().and_then(|d| d.points.last().map(|q| [q[0], q[1]])));
             if let Some(d) = p {
                 tap_at_peak_pressure(app);
                 tool_event(app, ToolEvent::Up { x: d[0], y: d[1] }, mods);
@@ -3926,12 +4543,21 @@ pub fn canvas_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, idx: usize, rect:
         {
             let click_button = if app.secondary_erase { PointerButton::Secondary } else { PointerButton::Primary };
             let click_mods = ui.input(|i| pointer_button_modifiers(&i.events, click_button)).unwrap_or(mods);
+            let click_mods = if tool == Tool::ObjectSelection && click_button == PointerButton::Primary {
+                ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp(tool_press)).unwrap_or(click_mods)
+            } else {
+                click_mods
+            };
             let d = xf.to_doc(p);
             match tool {
                 Tool::Zoom if !transform_owns_pointer => {
                     let nz = crate::zoom_levels::step(view.zoom, if zoom_out(click_mods.alt) { -1 } else { 1 }, view.doc_size);
                     let center = app.session.prefs().tools.zoom_clicked_point_to_center;
+                    let doc_anchor = xf.to_doc(p);
+                    let screen_anchor = p;
                     zoom_about(&mut view, &xf, p, nz, center, ppp);
+                    view.request_zoom_animation(app.session.prefs().general.animated_zoom && nz != display_view.zoom);
+                    view.zoom_anchor = (view.zoom_animating && !center).then_some((doc_anchor, [screen_anchor.x, screen_anchor.y]));
                 }
                 // A click with the (temporary) Hand does nothing, never the tool underneath.
                 Tool::Hand | Tool::RotateView => {}
@@ -4024,8 +4650,16 @@ pub fn canvas_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, idx: usize, rect:
             ctx.request_repaint();
         }
     }
-    let xf = if crop_camera { ViewXform { center: view.center, rotation: view.rotation, ..xf } } else { xf };
-    let (img_rect, beyond, layer_edges) = painted.unwrap_or_else(|| paint_canvas(app, ui, &view, xf));
+    let xf = if crop_camera {
+        if view.center != target_xf.center {
+            display_view.center = view.center;
+        }
+        display_view.rotation = view.rotation;
+        ViewXform { center: display_view.center, rotation: display_view.rotation, ..xf }.pixel_aligned_for(app, ppp)
+    } else {
+        xf
+    };
+    let (beyond, layer_edges, edge_rect) = painted.unwrap_or_else(|| paint_canvas(app, ui, &display_view, xf));
     // A Hand drag (the tool, Space or the middle button) keeps every overlay on screen, as in
     // Photoshop: the Pen path being drawn, paths, guides, grid, transform box (#6592). Only the
     // tool cursors below give way to the fist.
@@ -4034,6 +4668,8 @@ pub fn canvas_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, idx: usize, rect:
         // The transform preview is image content: it goes under the grid and guides, which
         // stay visible across a layer being transformed (#5086); the box is drawn later.
         crate::transform_tool::draw_content(app, &painter, &xf);
+        // So are Puppet Warp's, Perspective Warp's and Vanishing Point's warped pixels (#7781).
+        crate::distort_ui::draw_content(app, &painter, &xf);
         if app.ui.extras.grid && app.ui.view.extras {
             crate::rulers::draw_grid(app, &painter, &xf, &doc);
         }
@@ -4070,7 +4706,7 @@ pub fn canvas_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, idx: usize, rect:
         // The canvas edge isn't outlined while the pixels past it show (Photoshop's crop preview),
         // nor while the Crop tool hides everything outside its box (Show Cropped Area off).
         if border == photocraft_engine::prefs::CanvasBorder::Line && !beyond && !crate::crop_shield::hides_outside(app) {
-            painter.rect_stroke(img_rect, 0.0, Stroke::new(1.0, Color32::from_gray(20)), egui::StrokeKind::Outside);
+            painter.rect_stroke(edge_rect, 0.0, Stroke::new(1.0, Color32::from_gray(20)), egui::StrokeKind::Outside);
         }
         crate::type_tool::draw_overlay(app, &painter, &xf);
         crate::transform_tool::draw_overlay(app, &painter, &xf);
@@ -4096,6 +4732,9 @@ pub fn canvas_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, idx: usize, rect:
         });
         if panning {
             // The fist set with the pan above stays (#2196).
+        } else if crate::tool_cursor::pointer_elsewhere(&ctx, &crate::panel_docking::native_viewports(app, &ctx)) {
+            // The pointer is over a floating panel's own window; this window's last position of
+            // it is stale, so no tool cursor or brush outline is painted at it.
         } else if let Some((vertical, _)) = guide_hover {
             ui.ctx().set_cursor_icon(crate::rulers::guide_cursor(&xf, vertical));
         } else if let Some(p) = response.hover_pos()
@@ -4173,6 +4812,16 @@ pub fn canvas_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, idx: usize, rect:
             if !resizing && !alt && !app.ui.shell.sticky_alt {
                 draw_clone_preview(app, &painter, &xf, xf.to_doc(p), output);
             }
+            // The Type tool over a path shows Photoshop's area-type or type-on-a-path pointer (#218).
+            // Not while a type edit is open or a text box is dragged out, nor over type a click
+            // would edit (`hover_path_target`).
+            let type_path = if matches!(tool, Tool::Type | Tool::VerticalType) {
+                let [x, y] = xf.to_doc(p);
+                let shift = crate::workspace_ui::sticky_mods(app, ui.input(|i| i.modifiers)).shift;
+                crate::type_tool::hover_path_target(app, x, y, shift)
+            } else {
+                None
+            };
             let icon = match tool {
                 // Resizing the brush: the circle stays where the drag began (`brush_resize`).
                 t if resizing && crate::brush_resize::applies(t) => egui::CursorIcon::None,
@@ -4238,7 +4887,7 @@ pub fn canvas_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, idx: usize, rect:
                             // tip keeps the circle.
                             _ => {
                                 let centre = brush_tip_centre(tool, alt || app.ui.shell.sticky_alt, cur.show_crosshair_in_brush_tip);
-                                let axes = crate::brush_cursor::tip_axes(&xf, brush.size);
+                                let axes = crate::brush_cursor::pen_axes(&xf, brush, app.stylus.sample());
                                 crate::brush_cursor::cursor(&painter, p, brush, full, axes, cur.painting == PaintingCursor::NormalTip, centre)
                             }
                         }
@@ -4302,6 +4951,10 @@ pub fn canvas_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, idx: usize, rect:
                 Tool::Hand => crate::tool_cursor::hand(ui.ctx(), false),
                 Tool::RotateView => crate::rotate_view::cursor(response.dragged()),
                 Tool::Zoom => crate::tool_cursor::zoom(ui.ctx(), zoom_out(alt)),
+                Tool::Type | Tool::VerticalType if type_path.is_some() => match type_path {
+                    Some(crate::type_tool::PathClick::Area { .. }) => crate::tool_cursor::area_type(&painter, p),
+                    _ => crate::tool_cursor::path_type(&painter, p),
+                },
                 Tool::Type | Tool::VerticalType | Tool::HorizontalTypeMask | Tool::VerticalTypeMask => egui::CursorIcon::Text,
                 Tool::MagneticLasso => crate::magnetic_lasso_ui::cursor(app, &painter, p, xf.zoom),
                 Tool::RedEye => {
@@ -4352,7 +5005,7 @@ pub fn canvas_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, idx: usize, rect:
     let t0 = crate::gpu_canvas::now_ms();
     let before = view.center;
     let over_bars = app.ui.view.shows_scrollbars()
-        && crate::scrollbars::show(ui, rect, &mut view, flip, aspect, app.session.prefs().tools.overscroll, egui::Id::new(("pc-canvas", idx)));
+        && crate::scrollbars::show(ui, rect, &mut view, flip, aspect, app.session.prefs().tools.overscroll, egui::Id::unique(("pc-canvas", idx)));
     ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(bars_id, over_bars));
     if view.center != before {
         ctx.request_repaint();
@@ -4362,10 +5015,20 @@ pub fn canvas_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, idx: usize, rect:
         app.hover_doc = response.hover_pos().map(|p| xf.to_doc(p));
     }
     if primary && app.ui.extras.rulers {
+        let before = app.guide_drag;
         crate::rulers::draw_rulers(app, ui, full, &xf);
+        // A guide dragged out of a ruler moved after this frame drew it: draw it again where it is.
+        if app.guide_drag != before {
+            ctx.request_repaint();
+        }
     } else if app.ui.extras.rulers {
         crate::rulers::paint_rulers(app, ui, full, &xf, &doc);
     }
+    // After the ruler drags above, so the readout shows where the guide is now, and not after a
+    // release ended the drag.
+    if app.session.active_index() == Some(idx) {
+        crate::rulers::draw_guide_drag_readout(app, &ctx);
+    }
     crate::rotate_view::overlay(app, &ctx, &painter, &xf, &mut view, &response);
     if primary {
         // Tool input can change the stored camera while navigation edits the local view.
@@ -4385,9 +5048,6 @@ pub fn canvas_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, idx: usize, rect:
     view
 }
 
-/// Zoom to `new_zoom` about the pointer `p`. By default the document point under it stays under
-/// it; with Preferences › Tools › Zoom Clicked Point to Center (`center_on_point`) it moves to the
-/// centre of the view instead (#204).
 /// Where a wheel or pinch zoom anchors for a pointer at `p`: the pointer itself over the image,
 /// otherwise the nearest point of the image (#3720). Anchoring on a pointer out on the gray
 /// pasteboard slid the image away from it, out of the window after a few notches; Photoshop keeps
@@ -4402,6 +5062,8 @@ fn wheel_anchor(xf: &ViewXform, p: Pos2, doc_size: [u32; 2]) -> Pos2 {
     if c == d { p } else { xf.to_screen(c[0] as f32, c[1] as f32) }
 }
 
+/// Zoom to `new_zoom` about `p`: keep its document point under the pointer, or move it to the
+/// view centre when Zoom Clicked Point to Center (`center_on_point`) is enabled.
 fn zoom_about(view: &mut View, xf: &ViewXform, p: Pos2, new_zoom: f32, center_on_point: bool, ppp: f32) {
     let before = xf.to_doc(p);
     view.zoom = new_zoom;
@@ -4415,10 +5077,10 @@ fn zoom_about(view: &mut View, xf: &ViewXform, p: Pos2, new_zoom: f32, center_on
     view.center = [before[0] as f32 - u.x, before[1] as f32 - u.y];
 }
 
-/// Textured document quad whose corners follow [`ViewXform`] (rotation + flip).
-fn paint_mapped_image(painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform, tex: egui::TextureId, uv: Rect, size: [f32; 2], tint: Color32) {
-    let [w, h] = size;
-    let pts = [xf.to_screen(0.0, 0.0), xf.to_screen(w, 0.0), xf.to_screen(w, h), xf.to_screen(0.0, h)];
+/// A texture mapped over the `size` document area starting at `origin` (follows a rotated view).
+fn paint_mapped_image_at(painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform, tex: egui::TextureId, uv: Rect, origin: [f32; 2], size: [f32; 2], tint: Color32) {
+    let ([x, y], [w, h]) = (origin, size);
+    let pts = [xf.to_screen(x, y), xf.to_screen(x + w, y), xf.to_screen(x + w, y + h), xf.to_screen(x, y + h)];
     let uvs = [uv.min, pos2(uv.max.x, uv.min.y), uv.max, pos2(uv.min.x, uv.max.y)];
     let mut mesh = Mesh::with_texture(tex);
     for i in 0..4 {
@@ -4438,7 +5100,7 @@ fn paint_gpu_view(painter: &egui::Painter, rect: Rect, params: crate::gpu_canvas
             offset: crate::pattern_preview::offset(c, params.doc_size),
             shadow: false,
             // Keyed by slot, not by tile index, so panning reuses the same few uniform buffers.
-            view_key: egui::Id::new((params.view_key, "pattern", k)).value(),
+            view_key: egui::Id::unique((params.view_key, "pattern", k)).value(),
             ..params
         };
         crate::gpu_canvas::GpuCanvas::paint(painter, rect, copy);
@@ -4461,22 +5123,27 @@ fn paint_cpu_document(
     rotated: bool,
     checker: Option<(egui::TextureId, f32)>,
     tex: Option<egui::TextureId>,
+    opaque: bool,
 ) {
     let size = [bounds.width() as f32, bounds.height() as f32];
+    let origin = [bounds.x0 as f32, bounds.y0 as f32];
     let img_rect = xf.doc_rect(bounds);
     match checker {
-        Some((checker_id, square)) => {
+        Some((checker_id, square)) if !opaque || tex.is_none() => {
             if rotated {
                 let tiles = vec2(size[0], size[1]) / (2.0 * square);
-                paint_mapped_image(painter, xf, checker_id, Rect::from_min_max(Pos2::ZERO, pos2(tiles.x, tiles.y)), size, Color32::WHITE);
+                paint_mapped_image_at(painter, xf, checker_id, Rect::from_min_max(Pos2::ZERO, pos2(tiles.x, tiles.y)), origin, size, Color32::WHITE);
             } else {
                 let tiles = img_rect.size() / (2.0 * square);
                 painter.image(checker_id, img_rect, Rect::from_min_max(Pos2::ZERO, pos2(tiles.x, tiles.y)), Color32::WHITE);
             }
         }
+        // On software window adapters this hidden full-canvas pass is CPU rasterization too.
+        // Keep the white-background branch unchanged (its antialiased outer edge is visible).
+        Some(_) => {}
         None => {
             if rotated {
-                paint_mapped_quad(painter, xf, size, Color32::WHITE);
+                paint_mapped_quad(painter, xf, origin, size, Color32::WHITE);
             } else {
                 painter.rect_filled(img_rect, 0.0, Color32::WHITE);
             }
@@ -4484,7 +5151,7 @@ fn paint_cpu_document(
     }
     if let Some(tex) = tex {
         if rotated {
-            paint_mapped_image(painter, xf, tex, Rect::from_min_max(Pos2::ZERO, pos2(1.0, 1.0)), size, Color32::WHITE);
+            paint_mapped_image_at(painter, xf, tex, Rect::from_min_max(Pos2::ZERO, pos2(1.0, 1.0)), origin, size, Color32::WHITE);
         } else {
             let uv = if xf.flip { Rect::from_min_max(pos2(1.0, 0.0), pos2(0.0, 1.0)) } else { Rect::from_min_max(Pos2::ZERO, pos2(1.0, 1.0)) };
             painter.image(tex, img_rect, uv, Color32::WHITE);
@@ -4492,9 +5159,51 @@ fn paint_cpu_document(
     }
 }
 
-fn paint_mapped_quad(painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform, size: [f32; 2], color: Color32) {
-    let [w, h] = size;
-    let pts = vec![xf.to_screen(0.0, 0.0), xf.to_screen(w, 0.0), xf.to_screen(w, h), xf.to_screen(0.0, h)];
+/// [`ensure_texture_in_view`]'s detail texture over document area `area` (x0, y0, x1, y1), on its
+/// own checkerboard (or white), so the reduced texture under it doesn't show through where the
+/// image is transparent. The checkerboard keeps [`paint_cpu_document`]'s phase.
+fn paint_cpu_detail(
+    painter: &egui::Painter,
+    xf: &ViewXform,
+    bounds: DRect,
+    rotated: bool,
+    checker: Option<(egui::TextureId, f32)>,
+    tex: egui::TextureId,
+    area: [f32; 4],
+) {
+    let [x0, y0, x1, y1] = area;
+    let corners = [[x0, y0], [x1, y0], [x1, y1], [x0, y1]];
+    let pts = corners.map(|[x, y]| xf.to_screen(x, y));
+    let quad = |tex: egui::TextureId, uvs: [Pos2; 4]| {
+        let mut mesh = Mesh::with_texture(tex);
+        for (pos, uv) in pts.into_iter().zip(uvs) {
+            mesh.vertices.push(egui::epaint::Vertex { pos, uv, color: Color32::WHITE });
+        }
+        mesh.add_triangle(0, 1, 2);
+        mesh.add_triangle(0, 2, 3);
+        painter.add(egui::Shape::mesh(mesh));
+    };
+    match checker {
+        Some((checker_id, square)) => {
+            let tile = 2.0 * square;
+            let uvs = if rotated {
+                corners.map(|[x, y]| pos2(x / tile, y / tile))
+            } else {
+                let min = xf.doc_rect(bounds).min;
+                pts.map(|p| ((p - min) / tile).to_pos2())
+            };
+            quad(checker_id, uvs);
+        }
+        None => {
+            painter.add(egui::Shape::convex_polygon(pts.to_vec(), Color32::WHITE, Stroke::NONE));
+        }
+    }
+    quad(tex, [pos2(0.0, 0.0), pos2(1.0, 0.0), pos2(1.0, 1.0), pos2(0.0, 1.0)]);
+}
+
+fn paint_mapped_quad(painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform, origin: [f32; 2], size: [f32; 2], color: Color32) {
+    let ([x, y], [w, h]) = (origin, size);
+    let pts = vec![xf.to_screen(x, y), xf.to_screen(x + w, y), xf.to_screen(x + w, y + h), xf.to_screen(x, y + h)];
     painter.add(egui::Shape::convex_polygon(pts, color, Stroke::NONE));
 }
 
@@ -4510,7 +5219,7 @@ pub(crate) fn marching_ants_mapped(painter: &egui::Painter, segs: &[crate::outli
 }
 
 /// The part of the line `a`–`b` inside `r` (Liang–Barsky), if any.
-fn clip_line(r: Rect, a: Pos2, b: Pos2) -> Option<(Pos2, Pos2)> {
+pub(crate) fn clip_line(r: Rect, a: Pos2, b: Pos2) -> Option<(Pos2, Pos2)> {
     // Perspective can put endpoints billions of pixels away. f32 subtraction/interpolation
     // loses viewport-sized differences there, clipping visible ants to the wrong endpoints.
     let (ax, ay) = (f64::from(a.x), f64::from(a.y));
@@ -4550,94 +5259,10 @@ mod transform_outline_clip_tests {
     }
 }
 
-/// Marching ants along lines already placed on screen (a warped outline is a run of short ones).
+/// Marching ants along lines already placed on screen (a warped outline is a run of short ones),
+/// in device pixels like Photoshop's (`crate::ants`, #7489).
 pub(crate) fn marching_ants_lines(painter: &egui::Painter, lines: impl Iterator<Item = (Pos2, Pos2)>, time: f64) {
-    // Longer than any line that fits the view: only its part in view is dashed.
-    const LONG: f32 = 8192.0;
-    let dash = 4.0f32;
-    let phase = ((time * 10.0) % (dash as f64 * 2.0)) as f32;
-    let clip = painter.clip_rect();
-    // Horizontal and vertical segments go in one mesh of 1 px quads, which egui draws as it is: a
-    // line shape per dash took egui ~35 ms a frame to tessellate for a speckled selection seen
-    // whole (about 10⁵ segments), ten frames a second while the selection is shown. A slanted
-    // segment (a transformed outline) stays a line shape, which egui antialiases.
-    let mut mesh = egui::Mesh::default();
-    // A 1 px wide quad from `a` to `b` (`side` is half a pixel across the line).
-    let mut quad = |a: egui::Pos2, b: egui::Pos2, side: egui::Vec2, color: Color32| {
-        let i = mesh.vertices.len() as u32;
-        for p in [a + side, a - side, b - side, b + side] {
-            mesh.colored_vertex(p, color);
-        }
-        mesh.add_triangle(i, i + 1, i + 2);
-        mesh.add_triangle(i, i + 2, i + 3);
-    };
-    for (pa, pb) in lines {
-        // A transformed outline can land anywhere, or nowhere (a point on a Distort's horizon).
-        if !(pa.is_finite() && pb.is_finite() && clip.intersects(Rect::from_two_pos(pa, pb).expand(1.0))) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        let (pa, pb) = if pa.distance(pb) > LONG {
-            let Some(inside) = clip_line(clip.expand(4.0 * dash), pa, pb) else { continue };
-            inside
-        } else {
-            (pa, pb)
-        };
-        let pa = pos2(pa.x.round() + 0.5, pa.y.round() + 0.5);
-        let pb = pos2(pb.x.round() + 0.5, pb.y.round() + 0.5);
-        let len = pa.distance(pb);
-        if len < 0.5 {
-            continue;
-        }
-        let dir = (pb - pa) / len;
-        let side = dir.rot90() * 0.5;
-        let straight = pa.x == pb.x || pa.y == pb.y;
-        if straight {
-            // The white base runs half a pixel past both ends, so joined segments meet at corners.
-            quad(pa - dir * 0.5, pb + dir * 0.5, side, Color32::WHITE);
-        } else {
-            painter.line_segment([pa, pb], Stroke::new(1.0, Color32::WHITE));
-        }
-        // Phase by screen position so dashes line up across joined segments.
-        let start = (pa.x + pa.y + phase).rem_euclid(dash * 2.0);
-        let mut t = -start;
-        while t < len {
-            let s0 = t.max(0.0);
-            let s1 = (t + dash).min(len);
-            if s1 > s0 {
-                if straight {
-                    quad(pa + dir * s0, pa + dir * s1, side, Color32::BLACK);
-                } else {
-                    painter.line_segment([pa + dir * s0, pa + dir * s1], Stroke::new(1.0, Color32::BLACK));
-                }
-            }
-            t += dash * 2.0;
-        }
-    }
-    if !mesh.is_empty() {
-        painter.add(egui::Shape::mesh(mesh));
-    }
-}
-
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-fn marching_ants(painter: &egui::Painter, r: Rect, time: f64) {
-    let dash = 4.0;
-    let offset = ((time * 8.0) % (dash as f64 * 2.0)) as f32;
-    painter.rect_stroke(r, 0.0, Stroke::new(1.0, Color32::WHITE), egui::StrokeKind::Middle);
-    let pts = [r.left_top(), r.right_top(), r.right_bottom(), r.left_bottom(), r.left_top()];
-    for w in pts.windows(2) {
-        let (a, b) = (w[0], w[1]);
-        let len = a.distance(b);
-        let dir = (b - a) / len.max(1e-3);
-        let mut t = -offset;
-        while t < len {
-            let s = t.max(0.0);
-            let e = (t + dash).min(len);
-            if e > s {
-                painter.line_segment([a + dir * s, a + dir * e], Stroke::new(1.0, Color32::BLACK));
-            }
-            t += dash * 2.0;
-        }
-    }
+    crate::ants::draw(painter, lines, time, true);
 }
 
 /// Photoshop crop overlay: the `shield` outside (`crop_shield::fill`; none when disabled), bright
@@ -4779,7 +5404,7 @@ fn ring(outer: DRect, inner: DRect) -> Vec<DRect> {
 fn draw_beyond_canvas(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform, idx: usize, output: Option<u32>) -> bool {
     let ctx = painter.ctx().clone();
     let Some((snapshot, id)) = app.session.documents().get(idx).map(|st| (std::sync::Arc::downgrade(&st.doc), st.doc.id)) else { return false };
-    let key = egui::Id::new(("crop-beyond-canvas", id.0, output));
+    let key = egui::Id::unique(("crop-beyond-canvas", id.0, output));
     let frame =
         app.ui.crop_rect.filter(|f| f.iter().all(|v| v.is_finite()) && app.session.active_index() == Some(idx) && crate::crop_ui::shows_beyond_canvas(app));
     let Some(f) = frame else {
@@ -4915,8 +5540,9 @@ fn draw_tool_state(app: &PhotocraftApp, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform,
                 pts.push(h);
             }
         }
-        // Just the outline and its rubber band: the vertices aren't handles to grab.
-        crate::tool_feedback::draw_ants(painter, &pts, false);
+        // Just the outline and its rubber band (the vertices aren't handles to grab), solid until
+        // the selection is made (#7495).
+        crate::tool_feedback::draw_solid_path(painter, &pts, false);
     }
     crate::crop_straighten::draw(app, painter, |p| xf.to_screen(p[0] as f32, p[1] as f32), hover);
     crate::blur_pins::draw(app, painter, xf);
@@ -4953,15 +5579,18 @@ pub(crate) fn layer_edges_rect(app: &PhotocraftApp, idx: usize) -> Option<photoc
     if b.is_empty() {
         return None;
     }
-    let (dx, dy) = crate::move_ui::shown_offset(app, st.doc.id, st.revision, id).unwrap_or((0, 0));
+    let (dx, dy) = crate::move_ui::shown_layer_offset(app, st.doc.id, st.revision, id).unwrap_or((0, 0));
     Some(b.translate(dx, dy))
 }
 
 /// The layers Move › Show Transform Controls frames: every selected layer but the Background.
-/// A corner radius drag hides the box, as in Photoshop.
+/// A corner radius drag hides the box, as in Photoshop. So does View › Extras (⌘H, #6699): the
+/// controls are an Extra, hidden and inert until Extras comes back, while Show Transform Controls
+/// keeps its setting.
 fn transform_controls_layers(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Vec<&photocraft_doc::Layer> {
     if app.ui.tool != Tool::Move
         || !app.ui.tool_options.move_show_transform
+        || !app.ui.view.extras
         || app.ui.transform.is_some()
         || app.drag.is_some()
         || app.ui.corner_radius.is_some()
@@ -4982,11 +5611,12 @@ fn transform_controls_several(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> bool {
 /// layers, joined into one.
 fn transform_controls_rect(app: &PhotocraftApp, xf: &ViewXform) -> Option<Rect> {
     let st = app.session.active()?;
-    let b = transform_controls_layers(app)
-        .into_iter()
-        .map(|l| photocraft_engine::transform_cmds::transform_frame(&st.doc, l))
-        .filter(|b| !b.is_empty())
-        .reduce(|a, b| a.union(&b))?;
+    let layers = transform_controls_layers(app);
+    let b = layers.iter().map(|l| photocraft_engine::transform_cmds::transform_frame(&st.doc, l)).filter(|b| !b.is_empty()).reduce(|a, b| a.union(&b))?;
+    // Floating selected pixels are framed by their outline, as their ants are (#7538), not by the
+    // selection they were cut with; a frame round other selected layers too keeps them all.
+    let alone = matches!(layers.as_slice(), [l] if photocraft_engine::float_cmds::floating(st).is_some_and(|f| f.layer == l.id));
+    let b = app.session.active_index().filter(|_| alone).and_then(|idx| floating_outline(app, idx)).map_or(b, |o| o.content_bounds());
     let (dx, dy) = crate::move_ui::floating_offset(app).unwrap_or((0, 0));
     let b = b.translate(dx, dy);
     if b.is_empty() {
@@ -5190,10 +5820,16 @@ fn draw_drag_preview(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &View
             if let Some(lasso) = &d.lasso {
                 pts.push(xf.to_screen(lasso.cursor[0] as f32, lasso.cursor[1] as f32));
             }
-            // On pixel centres like the marquee's ants, so a 1 pt line stays crisp wherever the
-            // canvas sits (a pixel edge would blur it to grey).
-            let pts: Vec<Pos2> = pts.into_iter().map(|p| p.round() + vec2(0.5, 0.5)).collect();
-            crate::tool_feedback::draw_ants(painter, &pts, false);
+            // The Lasso's outline is solid until the release makes the selection (#7495); a Patch
+            // or Content-Aware Move area keeps its ants.
+            if d.tool == Tool::Lasso {
+                // On pixel centres, so a 1 pt line stays crisp wherever the canvas sits (a pixel
+                // edge would blur it to grey).
+                let pts: Vec<Pos2> = pts.into_iter().map(|p| p.round() + vec2(0.5, 0.5)).collect();
+                crate::tool_feedback::draw_solid_path(painter, &pts, false);
+            } else {
+                crate::tool_feedback::draw_ants(painter, &pts, false);
+            }
         }
         Tool::Gradient => {
             let a = xf.to_screen(d.start[0] as f32, d.start[1] as f32);
@@ -5322,7 +5958,7 @@ pub(crate) fn composite_color(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, x: f64, y: f64) -> Option
 fn tool_move(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, x: f64, y: f64, pressure: f32, mods: egui::Modifiers) {
     let tool = app.active_tool();
     if tool.is_type() && app.drag.is_none() {
-        crate::type_tool::pointer_move(app, x, y);
+        crate::type_tool::pointer_move(app, x, y, mods);
     }
     if tool == Tool::Pen && mods.alt {
         crate::vector_ui::pen_break_handle(app);
@@ -5341,6 +5977,9 @@ fn tool_move(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, x: f64, y: f64, pressure: f32, mods: egui:
         // ⇧: straight 0/45/90° strokes, 45° gradient angles (stroke_constraint.rs).
         let last = d.points.last().map_or(d.start, |p| [p[0], p[1]]);
         let [x, y] = crate::stroke_constraint::constrain(d.tool, &mut d.constrain, d.start, last, [x, y], mods.shift, zoom);
+        // ⇧: a selection-tool drag of the selection locks to multiples of 45° (#6231). The Move
+        // tool's own drags were already locked by `move_mods::filter_event`.
+        let [x, y] = crate::move_mods::selection_drag_to(d, [x, y], mods.shift && tool != Tool::Move);
         let moved = d.points.last().is_none_or(|p| (p[0] - x).abs() + (p[1] - y).abs() > 0.25);
         // A held pen repeats its point now and then, so the stroke's time keeps advancing.
         let held = app.stylus.last_point_ms().is_some_and(|t| app.stylus.clock_ms - t >= HOLD_REPEAT_MS)
@@ -5376,6 +6015,30 @@ pub fn tool_event(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ev: ToolEvent, mods: egui::Modifiers)
     if crate::cam_transform::pointer(app, ev, mods) {
         return;
     }
+    // A Mixer Brush press that loaded paint stays a sample press until it is released, with ⌥
+    // let go or not (`mixer_sampling`; `canvas_view` holds back egui's later drag start too).
+    match ev {
+        ToolEvent::Down { .. } => app.mixer_sampling = false,
+        ToolEvent::Up { .. } if app.mixer_sampling => {
+            app.mixer_sampling = false;
+            return;
+        }
+        _ if app.mixer_sampling => return,
+        _ => {}
+    }
+    // The tool in use, so a held temporary tool (⌘ = Move) with ⌥ doesn't load paint.
+    if app.active_tool() == Tool::MixerBrush && mods.alt && !mods.ctrl && app.drag.is_none() && !armed && app.brush_resize.is_none() {
+        if let ToolEvent::Down { x, y, pressure } = ev {
+            app.mixer_sampling = true;
+            let pen = app.stylus.sample().unwrap_or_default();
+            let p = json!({"points":[[x,y,pressure,pen.tilt_x,pen.tilt_y,pen.rotation]],"target":paint_target(app)});
+            if let Err(e) = app.run("brush.mixer.sample", p) {
+                app.ui.status = e;
+                app.ui.status_error = true;
+            }
+        }
+        return;
+    }
     // View › Snap / Snap To and smart guides (snap_ui.rs).
     let raw = ev;
     // The Move tool's marquee selecting layers takes its moves and release unsnapped (move_box.rs).
@@ -5422,8 +6085,10 @@ pub fn tool_event(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ev: ToolEvent, mods: egui::Modifiers)
     }
     // Move tool: ⇧ locks the axis, ⌥ duplicates (move_mods.rs).
     let ev = crate::move_mods::filter_event(app, ev, mods);
-    // A live rectangle's corner radius widgets (Path Selection, Rectangle tool).
-    if crate::corner_radius::pointer(app, ev, mods) {
+    // A live shape's corner radius widgets (Path Selection, the shape tools, Move with its
+    // transform controls). Unsnapped, as Free Transform's handles: snapping would pull the press
+    // off a widget onto a nearby vertex or guide, and the shape tool would draw a new shape.
+    if crate::corner_radius::pointer(app, raw, mods) {
         return;
     }
     // Direct Selection, and the Pen's ⌘ (Direct Selection) and ⌥ (Convert Point) modes (#790).
@@ -5634,6 +6299,7 @@ pub fn tool_event(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ev: ToolEvent, mods: egui::Modifiers)
                     app.ui.status_error = true;
                     return;
                 }
+                crate::snap_ui::follow_cut(app);
                 let mut d = Drag::new(tool, [x, y], vec![[x, y, pressure as f64]], mods, false);
                 d.sel_move = Some(cut);
                 app.drag = Some(d);
@@ -5675,7 +6341,8 @@ pub fn tool_event(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ev: ToolEvent, mods: egui::Modifiers)
                 Tool::PaintBucket => {
                     let o = app.ui.tool_options.clone();
                     let contents = if o.bucket_fill_pattern { "pattern" } else { "foreground" };
-                    let _ = app.run("paint.bucket", json!({"x": x.floor(), "y": y.floor(), "tolerance": o.tolerance, "contiguous": o.contiguous, "antiAlias": o.anti_alias, "sampleAllLayers": o.sample_all.paint_bucket, "opacity": o.fill_opacity, "contents": contents, "target": paint_target(app)}));
+                    let mode = if o.bucket_clear { "clear" } else { o.bucket_blend_mode.label() };
+                    let _ = app.run("paint.bucket", json!({"x": x.floor(), "y": y.floor(), "tolerance": o.tolerance, "contiguous": o.contiguous, "antiAlias": o.anti_alias, "sampleAllLayers": o.sample_all.paint_bucket, "opacity": o.fill_opacity, "contents": contents, "mode": mode, "target": paint_target(app)}));
                     return;
                 }
                 Tool::RedEye => {
@@ -5735,6 +6402,23 @@ pub fn tool_event(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ev: ToolEvent, mods: egui::Modifiers)
                 app.stylus.record_point();
             }
             app.live_stroke = if strokes_live(tool) { begin_live_stroke(app) } else { None };
+            if tool == Tool::MixerBrush && app.live_stroke.is_none() {
+                use photocraft_engine::brush_cmds::mixer_live::LiveMixer;
+                let p = app.drag.as_ref().map(|d| stroke_params(app, d, &app.stylus.stroke_points(&d.points)));
+                // A tip above the preview size keeps the drag: `finish_gesture` renders it on release.
+                // Otherwise the first dab itself is invalid. Do not queue an unexpected release edit.
+                if let Some(p) = p
+                    && !LiveMixer::defers_to_release(&app.session, &p).is_ok_and(|deferred| deferred)
+                {
+                    if let Err(e) = LiveMixer::begin(&app.session, &p) {
+                        app.ui.status = e.to_string();
+                        app.ui.status_error = true;
+                    }
+                    app.drag = None;
+                }
+            } else if tool == Tool::MixerBrush {
+                feed_live_stroke(app);
+            }
         }
         ToolEvent::Move { x, y, pressure } => {
             // Polygonal Lasso: ⌥ held while the button is down draws freehand into the polygon;
@@ -5769,6 +6453,7 @@ pub fn tool_event(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ev: ToolEvent, mods: egui::Modifiers)
             }
             let last = d.points.last().map_or(d.start, |p| [p[0], p[1]]);
             let [x, y] = crate::stroke_constraint::constrain(d.tool, &mut d.constrain, d.start, last, [x, y], mods.shift, zoom);
+            let [x, y] = crate::move_mods::selection_drag_to(&mut d, [x, y], mods.shift && app.active_tool() != Tool::Move);
             // A Move-tool click (released where it was pressed) selects, it never moves: snapping
             // the release point would otherwise nudge the layer onto a nearby edge.
             if d.tool == Tool::Move && d.points.len() < 2 && matches!(raw, ToolEvent::Up { x, y } if [x, y] == d.start) {
@@ -5806,7 +6491,11 @@ fn hidden_target(app: &PhotocraftApp, tool: Tool) -> Option<&'static str> {
 
 /// Is document point `p` inside the active document's selection?
 fn inside_selection(app: &PhotocraftApp, p: [f64; 2]) -> bool {
-    let Some(sel) = app.session.active().and_then(|st| st.doc.selection.as_ref()) else { return false };
+    app.session.active().and_then(|st| st.doc.selection.as_ref()).is_some_and(|sel| covers(sel, p))
+}
+
+/// Does selection surface `sel` cover document point `p`?
+fn covers(sel: &photocraft_raster::Surface, p: [f64; 2]) -> bool {
     let mut v = [0.0f32];
     sel.read_pixel(p[0].floor() as i32, p[1].floor() as i32, &mut v);
     v[0] > 0.0
@@ -5827,7 +6516,10 @@ pub fn selection_drag_kind(app: &PhotocraftApp, tool: Tool, p: [f64; 2], mods: e
     // ⌘ cuts, ⌘⌥ copies (`select.float`'s `copy`).
     let cut = mods.command && !mods.shift;
     if let Some(f) = app.session.active().and_then(photocraft_engine::float_cmds::floating) {
-        let on = inside_selection(app, [p[0] - f64::from(f.offset.0), p[1] - f64::from(f.offset.1)]);
+        // A press on the piece's outline (where its ants are) drags it; one in the margin the cut
+        // left of the selection starts a new selection (#7538).
+        let at = [p[0] - f64::from(f.offset.0), p[1] - f64::from(f.offset.1)];
+        let on = f.parts.outline().map_or_else(|| inside_selection(app, at), |o| covers(o, at));
         return (on && !mods.shift && (!mods.alt || mods.command) && (cut || !clicky)).then_some(true);
     }
     if !inside_selection(app, p) {
@@ -5928,10 +6620,31 @@ pub(crate) fn selection_drag_delta(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Option<(i32, i32)> {
     Some(((end[0] - d.start[0]).round().clamp(-1e7, 1e7) as i32, (end[1] - d.start[1]).round().clamp(-1e7, 1e7) as i32))
 }
 
+/// The selection a floating piece on document `idx` shows its ants for, before its offset: the
+/// moved pixels' outline, as in Photoshop (#7538); `None` outlines the document's selection. The
+/// surface's tiles are shared, so the clone is cheap.
+pub(crate) fn floating_outline(app: &PhotocraftApp, idx: usize) -> Option<photocraft_raster::Surface> {
+    if app.session.active_index() != Some(idx) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    photocraft_engine::float_cmds::floating(app.session.active()?)?.parts.outline().cloned()
+}
+
 /// Where the selection is drawn relative to where it is: a floating piece's offset plus a drag
 /// in progress.
 fn selection_shown_offset(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Option<(i32, i32)> {
-    crate::move_ui::floating_offset(app).or_else(|| selection_drag_delta(app))
+    crate::move_ui::floating_offset(app).or_else(|| selection_drag_delta(app)).or_else(|| carried_selection_delta(app))
+}
+
+/// Whole-pixel offset of a Move drag of several layers, which carries the selection along
+/// (`move_ui::carries_selection`): their ants follow the layers while they move (#7538).
+fn carried_selection_delta(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Option<(i32, i32)> {
+    let d = app.drag.as_ref().filter(|d| d.tool == Tool::Move && d.sel_move.is_none())?;
+    if !crate::move_ui::carries_selection(app) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let end = d.points.last().map_or(d.start, |p| [p[0], p[1]]);
+    Some(((end[0] - d.start[0]).round().clamp(-1e7, 1e7) as i32, (end[1] - d.start[1]).round().clamp(-1e7, 1e7) as i32))
 }
 
 /// End of a selection drag: move the outline, or the floating piece. A click without moving
@@ -6027,6 +6740,12 @@ fn snap_aliased_tip(app: &PhotocraftApp, tool: Tool, x: f64, y: f64) -> (f64, f6
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn finish_gesture(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, d: Drag) {
+    // Control can select a different tool and release before the next frame cancels the drag.
+    // Cancel before even recording a Shift-stroke anchor, including the preview fallback paths.
+    if d.tool == Tool::MixerBrush && app.ui.tool != Tool::MixerBrush {
+        app.live_stroke = None;
+        return;
+    }
     let mut end = d.points.last().copied().unwrap_or([d.start[0], d.start[1], 1.0]);
     let (sx, sy) = snap_aliased_tip(app, d.tool, end[0], end[1]);
     end[0] = sx;
@@ -6041,8 +6760,46 @@ pub(crate) fn finish_gesture(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, d: Drag) {
     {
         app.last_stroke_end = Some((st.doc.id, end));
     }
-    // A live Clone Stamp preview ends here; the commit below replaces it (the Clone Stamp's and
-    // History Brush's with the pixels it already drew).
+    if d.tool == Tool::MixerBrush {
+        // The release can carry a new endpoint, including moves deferred in this frame.
+        // Feed those samples before offering the already-rendered document for commit.
+        app.drag = Some(d);
+        let deferred = std::mem::replace(&mut app.defer_live_stroke, false);
+        feed_live_stroke(app);
+        app.defer_live_stroke = deferred;
+        let Some(d) = app.drag.take() else { return };
+        let live = app.live_stroke.take();
+        if let Some(l) = live {
+            let (doc, key, steps) = (l.doc, l.key, l.damage.len() as u64);
+            if let EngineStroke::Mixer(mixer) = l.stroke {
+                if l.preview_failed {
+                    let mut p = stroke_params(app, &d, &app.stylus.stroke_points(&d.points));
+                    p["seed"] = json!(mixer.seed);
+                    drop(mixer);
+                    let _ = app.run("paint.mixerBrush", p);
+                    return;
+                }
+                match mixer.prepare_commit(&mut app.session) {
+                    Ok(p) => {
+                        if app.run("paint.mixerBrush", p).is_ok() {
+                            shown_as_document(app, doc, |k| k == 0 || (key..=key + steps).contains(&k));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        app.ui.status = e.to_string();
+                        app.ui.status_error = true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            // No preview (a tip above its size): render the whole stroke now.
+            let p = stroke_params(app, &d, &app.stylus.stroke_points(&d.points));
+            let _ = app.run("paint.mixerBrush", p);
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+    // A live retouching preview ends here; the commit below replaces it (the Clone Stamp's,
+    // History Brush's and sequential-dab tools' with the pixels it already drew).
     offer_live_retouch(app, &d);
     if live_retouch_command(d.tool).is_some() || crate::retouch_ui::dab_params(app, d.tool).is_some() || d.tool == Tool::ColorReplacement {
         app.live_stroke = None;
@@ -6135,13 +6892,15 @@ pub fn extra_windows(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
         }
         let mut view = w.view.clone();
         let mut close = false;
-        ctx.show_viewport_immediate(vid, builder, |ui, _class| {
+        ctx.show_viewport_immediate(vid, builder, |ui, class| {
             if ui.ctx().input(|i| i.viewport().close_requested()) {
                 close = true;
             }
             egui::CentralPanel::default().frame(egui::Frame::NONE.fill(crate::theme::Tokens::get(ui.ctx()).canvas)).show(ui, |ui| {
                 let rect = ui.available_rect_before_wrap();
                 view = canvas_view(app, ui, w.document, rect, view.clone(), false);
+                // Preferences › Zoom Resizes Windows: a zoom wraps the window around the image.
+                crate::zoom_window_fit::follow(app, ui.ctx(), class, vid, &w, &mut view, rect);
             });
         });
         if let Some(win) = app.ui.windows.iter_mut().find(|x| x.id == w.id) {
@@ -6305,9 +7064,13 @@ pub fn paint_target(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> serde_json::Value {
         ChannelTarget::LayerMask => return json!("mask"),
         _ => {}
     }
+    // A smart object's targeted (or shown) filter mask takes the paint (FILE-215-3).
+    if app.filter_mask_targeted() {
+        return json!("filterMask");
+    }
     let has_mask = st.active_layer.and_then(|id| st.doc.layer(id)).is_some_and(|l| l.mask.is_some());
     // Viewing the mask (⌥-click its thumbnail, #196) paints the mask.
-    let viewing = photocraft_engine::mask_view_cmds::current(st).is_some();
+    let viewing = photocraft_engine::mask_view_cmds::current(st).is_some_and(|v| !v.filter);
     let mask = app.ui.mask_target || viewing || crate::adjustment_layer_active(st);
     json!(if mask && has_mask { "mask" } else { "pixels" })
 }
@@ -6346,6 +7109,19 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(square_px([10.0, 20.0, 30.0, 40.0], [10.0, 20.0], [30.0, 40.0]), [10.0, 20.0, 30.0, 40.0]);
     }
 
+    /// #6015: a Fixed Size marquee pressed between pixels selected one pixel more on each side.
+    #[test]
+    fn fixed_size_px_is_exactly_the_size() {
+        use super::fixed_size_px;
+        // Down-right from (10.4, 20.6): 10 × 10 from the closest pixel edges.
+        assert_eq!(fixed_size_px([10.4, 20.6], [20.4, 30.6], 10.0, 10.0), [10.0, 21.0, 20.0, 31.0]);
+        // Up-left: the far corner is the low one; still exactly the size.
+        assert_eq!(fixed_size_px([10.4, 20.6], [-53.6, -11.4], 64.0, 32.0), [-54.0, -11.0, 10.0, 21.0]);
+        // 1 × 1 is one pixel, and a fractional size rounds to whole pixels.
+        assert_eq!(fixed_size_px([3.5, 3.5], [4.5, 4.5], 1.0, 1.0), [4.0, 4.0, 5.0, 5.0]);
+        assert_eq!(fixed_size_px([0.0, 0.0], [2.6, 2.4], 2.6, 2.4), [0.0, 0.0, 3.0, 2.0]);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn display_image_matches_egui_unmultiplied_conversion() {
         // Several parallel pieces and a ragged one; translucent, out-of-range and NaN values.
@@ -6376,6 +7152,118 @@ mod tests {
     /// #7490: the inline (web) preview path composites and uploads each changed preview once, as
     /// the background worker does. It used to flatten and upload it twice and record it twice,
     /// so the frame's refresh time counted the preview twice.
+    /// The CPU canvas (no usable GPU; a flipped or pixel-aspect-corrected view, or a GPU fallback,
+    /// on a GPU machine) shows a filter dialog's live preview. It showed the document unfiltered.
+    #[test]
+    fn the_cpu_canvas_shows_a_filter_dialogs_preview() {
+        let pixels = |ctx: &egui::Context, id: egui::TextureId| {
+            let mut delta = ctx.tex_manager().write().take_delta();
+            let egui::ImageData::Color(image) = &delta.set.get(&id).and_then(|d| d.last()).expect("the canvas texture was written").image;
+            let (size, px) = (image.size, image.pixels.clone());
+            delta.clear();
+            (size, px)
+        };
+        for (size, zoom) in [([64u32, 48u32], 1.0f32), ([2400, 2200], 0.25)] {
+            let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+            app.background_jobs = false;
+            app.run("file.new", json!({"width": size[0], "height": size[1], "background": "white"})).unwrap();
+            app.run("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#3399cc"})).unwrap();
+            app.ui.views.get_mut(0).expect("the view").zoom = zoom;
+            let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+            let (tex, _) = ensure_texture(&mut app, &ctx, 0, None).unwrap();
+            let (_, plain) = pixels(&ctx, tex);
+            crate::filter_dialog::open(&mut app, "filter.stylize.solarize").unwrap();
+            let (tex, _) = ensure_texture(&mut app, &ctx, 0, None).unwrap();
+            let (tex_size, shown) = pixels(&ctx, tex);
+            let preview = app.filter_preview.as_ref().and_then(|p| p.result.clone()).expect("the dialog's preview");
+            let (display, _) = canvas_display(&app, &preview, None);
+            let expected = display_image(display.as_deref(), &photocraft_compose::flatten(&preview));
+            assert_eq!(tex_size, expected.size, "{size:?}: the preview's own size (a proxy when zoomed out)");
+            assert_eq!(shown, expected.pixels, "{size:?}: the canvas shows the preview");
+            assert_ne!(shown.first(), plain.first(), "{size:?}: not the unfiltered document");
+        }
+        // A preview that changes the canvas's dimensions covers its own area, centred on the
+        // document's (as the GPU canvas centres it), rather than being stretched over it.
+        let size = |w, h| photocraft_geom::Size::new(w, h);
+        assert_eq!(preview_bounds(size(64, 32), size(64, 32), 1), DRect::new(0, 0, 64, 32));
+        assert_eq!(preview_bounds(size(2401, 2200), size(1201, 1100), 2), DRect::new(0, 0, 2401, 2200), "a proxy");
+        assert_eq!(preview_bounds(size(64, 32), size(32, 64), 1), DRect::new(16, -16, 48, 48), "rotated");
+        assert_eq!(preview_bounds(size(64, 32), size(80, 40), 1), DRect::new(-8, -4, 72, 36), "canvas grown");
+        assert_eq!(preview_bounds(size(4000, 2000), size(1000, 2000), 2), DRect::new(1000, -1000, 3000, 3000), "a rotated proxy");
+
+        // Image › Image Rotation › Arbitrary 90° on a 64×32 document: its 32×64 preview is drawn over
+        // the centred 32×64 area.
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.background_jobs = false;
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 64, "height": 32, "background": "white"})).unwrap();
+        let id = crate::filter_dialog::open(&mut app, "image.rotation.arbitrary").unwrap();
+        let d = app.ui.dialogs.iter_mut().find(|d| d.id == id).unwrap();
+        d.fields.insert("angle".into(), json!(90.0));
+        d.fields.insert("__preview".into(), json!(true));
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let t = ensure_texture_in_view(&mut app, &ctx, 0, None, None).unwrap();
+        let (size, _) = pixels(&ctx, t.texture);
+        assert_eq!(size, [32, 64], "the rotated preview's texture");
+        assert_eq!(t.bounds, DRect::new(16, -16, 48, 48), "centred on the document");
+        let centre = |r: DRect| (r.x0 + r.x1, r.y0 + r.y1);
+        assert_eq!(centre(t.bounds), centre(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.bounds()), "the same centre, so the view's pan holds");
+        // Preview off, then Cancel: the document again, unchanged.
+        let revision = app.session.active().unwrap().revision;
+        app.ui.dialogs.iter_mut().find(|d| d.id == id).unwrap().fields.insert("__preview".into(), json!(false));
+        let t = ensure_texture_in_view(&mut app, &ctx, 0, None, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(t.bounds, DRect::new(0, 0, 64, 32), "Preview off");
+        crate::dialogs::cancel(&mut app, id).unwrap();
+        let t = ensure_texture_in_view(&mut app, &ctx, 0, None, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(t.bounds, DRect::new(0, 0, 64, 32), "after Cancel");
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().revision, revision, "the document untouched");
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.size, photocraft_geom::Size::new(64, 32));
+    }
+
+    /// A channel overlay drawn from a size-changing preview covers the preview's own area, as the
+    /// image does, not the document's: a 90° rotation of a 64×32 document shows a 32×64 overlay.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_channel_overlay_follows_a_size_changing_preview() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.background_jobs = false;
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 64, "height": 32, "background": "white"})).unwrap();
+        app.run("channel.new", json!({"name": "Alpha", "fill": "black"})).unwrap();
+        let id = crate::filter_dialog::open(&mut app, "image.rotation.arbitrary").unwrap();
+        let d = app.ui.dialogs.iter_mut().find(|d| d.id == id).unwrap();
+        d.fields.insert("angle".into(), json!(90.0));
+        d.fields.insert("__preview".into(), json!(true));
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        for rotation in [0.0f32, 30.0] {
+            let view = View { zoom: 4.0, center: [32.0, 16.0], rotation, ..app.ui.views[0].clone() };
+            let mut output = ctx.run_ui(Default::default(), |ui| {
+                canvas_view(&mut app, ui, 0, Rect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, vec2(800.0, 600.0)), view.clone(), true);
+            });
+            output.textures_delta.clear();
+            let overlay = crate::channel_view::ensure(&mut app, &ctx, 0).expect("the channel overlay");
+            let mesh = output
+                .shapes
+                .iter()
+                .find_map(|s| match &s.shape {
+                    egui::Shape::Mesh(m) if m.texture_id == overlay => Some(m.clone()),
+                    _ => None,
+                })
+                .expect("the overlay is painted");
+            // The quad's sides, in screen points: the two shortest distances from a corner (the
+            // third is the diagonal; a rotated view turns the quad, not its side lengths).
+            let v: Vec<Pos2> = mesh.vertices.iter().map(|v| v.pos).collect();
+            let mut d: Vec<f32> = v[1..4].iter().map(|p| v[0].distance(*p)).collect();
+            d.sort_by(f32::total_cmp);
+            let (short, long) = (d[0], d[1]);
+            // Which side is the width: the one along the view's x axis turned by the rotation.
+            let along = |p: Pos2| {
+                let r = rotation.to_radians();
+                ((p - v[0]).x * r.cos() + (p - v[0]).y * r.sin()).abs()
+            };
+            let width = v[1..4].iter().map(|p| along(*p)).fold(0.0f32, f32::max);
+            assert!((long / short - 2.0).abs() < 0.01, "rotation {rotation}: sides {short}×{long}, the preview's 1:2");
+            assert!((width - short).abs() < 0.5, "rotation {rotation}: the short side ({short}) runs across the view (width {width})");
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn inline_filter_preview_is_composited_and_recorded_once() {
         let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
@@ -6943,6 +7831,109 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(uploads, vec![TextureOptions::LINEAR]);
     }
 
+    /// #7568: a document over the texture limit was drawn from one reduced texture, so at 100 %
+    /// it was magnified and blurred. The view now gets the part in sight at one texel per
+    /// document pixel, about the window's size, whatever the device's limit.
+    #[test]
+    fn cpu_canvas_detail_plan_shows_large_documents_at_full_resolution() {
+        let size = [12000, 8000];
+        // A 1920×1080 view in the middle (`visible_doc_rect` adds 2 px around it).
+        let screen = DRect::new(4998, 2998, 6922, 4082);
+        for limit in [16384, 8192, 4096, 2048] {
+            let side = clamp_texture_side(limit);
+            assert!(texture_factor(size, side) > 1, "the whole document is reduced on a {limit} px device");
+            for zoom in [1.0, 2.0, 8.0] {
+                let plan = detail_plan(size, side, zoom, screen).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("{limit} px device at {zoom}"));
+                assert_eq!(plan.factor, 1, "one texel per document pixel at {zoom} on a {limit} px device");
+                assert!(plan.region.contains_rect(&screen), "{plan:?}");
+                assert!(plan.region.width() <= 1924 + 2 * 256 && plan.region.height() <= 1084 + 2 * 256, "about the view's size: {plan:?}");
+                assert!(plan.region.width() < side && plan.region.height() < side, "{plan:?}");
+            }
+        }
+        // A small pan reuses the region (no new composite).
+        assert_eq!(detail_plan(size, 4096, 1.0, screen), detail_plan(size, 4096, 1.0, screen.translate(8, -8)));
+        // A window wider than a small device's limit coarsens rather than exceed it.
+        let wide = DRect::new(0, 0, 3000, 2000);
+        let plan = detail_plan(size, 2048, 1.0, wide).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(plan.factor, 2);
+        assert!(plan.region.width() / 2 < 2048 && plan.region.contains_rect(&wide), "{plan:?}");
+        // Zoomed out a little: finer than the reduced whole, as fine as the screen.
+        let plan = detail_plan(size, 4096, 0.4, DRect::new(0, 0, 4800, 2700)).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(plan.factor, 2);
+        // Zoomed out far enough, the reduced whole is as fine as the screen: nothing to add.
+        let whole = DRect::new(0, 0, 12000, 8000);
+        assert_eq!(detail_plan(size, 4096, 0.25, whole), None);
+        assert_eq!(detail_plan(size, 4096, 1.0 / 3.0, whole), None, "a detail as large as the document would not fit");
+        // A document that fits is uploaded whole at full resolution.
+        assert_eq!(detail_plan([4000, 3000], 4096, 1.0, screen), None);
+        // Nothing of the document in view, or a broken zoom.
+        assert_eq!(detail_plan(size, 4096, 1.0, DRect::new(-500, -500, -10, -10)), None);
+        for zoom in [0.0, -1.0, f32::NAN, f32::INFINITY] {
+            assert_eq!(detail_plan(size, 4096, zoom, screen), None, "{zoom}");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(detail_plan([0, 0], 4096, 1.0, screen), None);
+        assert_eq!(detail_plan([u32::MAX, 8], 4096, 1.0, screen), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cpu_canvas_detail_shows_a_large_documents_own_pixels_at_100_percent() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 3 * MAX_TEXTURE, "height": 8})).unwrap();
+        app.run("select.rect", json!({"x": 101, "y": 0, "width": 1, "height": 8})).unwrap();
+        app.run("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#000000"})).unwrap();
+        app.run("select.deselect", json!({})).unwrap();
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        ctx.input_mut(|i| i.max_texture_side = 16384);
+        let uploads = |ctx: &egui::Context, tex: egui::TextureId| {
+            let mut delta = ctx.tex_manager().write().take_delta();
+            let seen: Vec<_> = delta.set.get(&tex).into_iter().flatten().map(|d| (d.pos, d.options, d.image.clone())).collect();
+            delta.clear();
+            seen
+        };
+        let row = |image: &egui::ImageData| {
+            let egui::ImageData::Color(image) = image;
+            (image.size, image.pixels.clone())
+        };
+        let view = InView { visible: DRect::new(0, 0, 1000, 8), zoom: 1.0, key: 1 };
+        let t = ensure_texture_in_view(&mut app, &ctx, 0, None, Some(view)).unwrap();
+        assert!(t.scale < 1.0, "the whole document is reduced");
+        let (detail, area) = t.detail.expect("a detail texture at 100 %");
+        assert_eq!(area, [0.0, 0.0, 1024.0, 8.0]);
+        let crisp = TextureOptions { magnification: egui::TextureFilter::Nearest, ..TextureOptions::LINEAR };
+        let up = uploads(&ctx, detail);
+        assert_eq!(up.len(), 1);
+        let (pos, options, image) = &up[0];
+        assert_eq!((*pos, *options), (None, crisp));
+        let (size, px) = row(image);
+        assert_eq!(size, [1024, 8]);
+        assert_eq!((px[100], px[101], px[102]), (Color32::WHITE, Color32::BLACK, Color32::WHITE), "the 1 px line stays 1 px");
+        // Unchanged: nothing is composited again, and a small pan keeps the region.
+        let panned = InView { visible: DRect::new(4, 0, 1004, 8), ..view };
+        assert_eq!(ensure_texture_in_view(&mut app, &ctx, 0, None, Some(panned)).unwrap().detail, Some((detail, area)));
+        assert!(uploads(&ctx, detail).is_empty());
+        // The Navigator's call (no view) leaves the view's detail alone.
+        ensure_texture(&mut app, &ctx, 0, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(app.canvases.values().map(|c| c.detail.len()).sum::<usize>(), 1);
+        // An edit in view updates just its texels.
+        app.run("select.rect", json!({"x": 300, "y": 0, "width": 1, "height": 8})).unwrap();
+        ensure_texture_in_view(&mut app, &ctx, 0, None, Some(view)).unwrap();
+        uploads(&ctx, detail);
+        app.run("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#000000"})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(ensure_texture_in_view(&mut app, &ctx, 0, None, Some(view)).unwrap().detail.map(|d| d.0), Some(detail));
+        let up = uploads(&ctx, detail);
+        assert_eq!(up.len(), 1);
+        let (pos, options, image) = &up[0];
+        assert_eq!(*options, crisp);
+        let [x, y] = pos.expect("a partial update");
+        let (size, px) = row(image);
+        assert!(y == 0 && x < 300 && x + size[0] > 300, "the edit's texels: {x} {size:?}");
+        assert_eq!((px[299 - x], px[300 - x]), (Color32::WHITE, Color32::BLACK));
+        // Zoomed out, the reduced texture is enough: the detail goes.
+        let far = InView { zoom: 0.25, ..view };
+        assert!(ensure_texture_in_view(&mut app, &ctx, 0, None, Some(far)).unwrap().detail.is_none());
+        assert!(app.canvases.values().all(|c| c.detail.is_empty()));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn gpu_display_luts_are_per_display() {
         let _gpu = photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock();
@@ -7292,7 +8283,7 @@ mod tests {
         let revision = app.session.active().unwrap().revision;
         let mut output = ctx.run_ui(Default::default(), |ui| {
             let ctx = ui.ctx();
-            let painter = ctx.layer_painter(egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Foreground, egui::Id::new("clone-test")));
+            let painter = ctx.layer_painter(egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Foreground, egui::Id::unique("clone-test")));
             draw_clone_preview(&mut app, &painter, &xf, [32.0, 32.0], None);
         });
         output.textures_delta.clear();
@@ -7312,7 +8303,7 @@ mod tests {
         let ordinary_key = app.clone_preview.as_ref().unwrap().key.clone();
         app.ui.view.pattern_preview = true;
         let mut periodic_output = ctx.run_ui(Default::default(), |ui| {
-            let painter = ui.ctx().layer_painter(egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Foreground, egui::Id::new("clone-test")));
+            let painter = ui.ctx().layer_painter(egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Foreground, egui::Id::unique("clone-test")));
             draw_clone_preview(&mut app, &painter, &xf, [32.0, 32.0], None);
         });
         assert_ne!(app.clone_preview.as_ref().unwrap().key, ordinary_key, "toggling Pattern Preview invalidates source pixels");
@@ -7322,13 +8313,36 @@ mod tests {
         app.session.presets.clone.overlay.show = false;
         let mut output = ctx.run_ui(Default::default(), |ui| {
             let ctx = ui.ctx();
-            let painter = ctx.layer_painter(egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Foreground, egui::Id::new("clone-test")));
+            let painter = ctx.layer_painter(egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Foreground, egui::Id::unique("clone-test")));
             draw_clone_preview(&mut app, &painter, &xf, [32.0, 32.0], None);
         });
         output.textures_delta.clear();
         assert!(output.shapes.iter().all(|s| !matches!(s.shape, egui::Shape::Mesh(_))));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn clone_overlay_keeps_magnified_pixels_crisp_on_upload_and_refresh() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 64, "height": 64})).unwrap();
+        app.run("cloneSource.set", json!({"source": [16, 16]})).unwrap();
+        app.ui.tool = Tool::CloneStamp;
+        app.session.tools.brush.size = 20.0;
+        let xf =
+            ViewXform { rect: Rect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, vec2(200.0, 200.0)), zoom: 4.0, center: [32.0, 32.0], flip: false, rotation: 0.0, aspect: 1.0 };
+        for invert in [false, true] {
+            app.session.presets.clone.overlay.invert = invert;
+            let mut output = ctx.run_ui(Default::default(), |ui| {
+                draw_clone_preview(&mut app, ui.painter(), &xf, [32.0, 32.0], None);
+            });
+            let upload = output.textures_delta.set.values().flatten().find(|d| d.image.size() == [20, 20]).expect("clone overlay upload");
+            let options = upload.options;
+            output.textures_delta.clear();
+            assert_eq!(options.magnification, egui::TextureFilter::Nearest, "invert={invert}");
+            assert_eq!(options.minification, egui::TextureFilter::Linear, "zoomed-out previews remain filtered");
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn clone_overlay_blend_mode_mixes_with_the_image_under_the_brush() {
         let ctx = egui::Context::default();
@@ -7343,7 +8357,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut centre = |mode: &str| {
             app.run("cloneSource.overlay", json!({"blend": mode})).unwrap();
             let mut output = ctx.run_ui(Default::default(), |ui| {
-                let painter = ui.ctx().layer_painter(egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Foreground, egui::Id::new("clone-test")));
+                let painter = ui.ctx().layer_painter(egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Foreground, egui::Id::unique("clone-test")));
                 draw_clone_preview(&mut app, &painter, &xf, [32.0, 32.0], None);
             });
             // The brush's 20 × 20 px square (the font atlas may upload too).
@@ -7374,7 +8388,7 @@ mod tests {
         let xf =
             ViewXform { rect: Rect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, vec2(100.0, 100.0)), zoom: 1.0, center: [32.0, 32.0], flip: false, rotation: 0.0, aspect: 1.0 };
         let mut output = ctx.run_ui(Default::default(), |ui| {
-            let painter = ui.ctx().layer_painter(egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Foreground, egui::Id::new("clone-test")));
+            let painter = ui.ctx().layer_painter(egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Foreground, egui::Id::unique("clone-test")));
             draw_clone_preview(&mut app, &painter, &xf, [32.0, 32.0], None);
         });
         let image = output
@@ -7743,7 +8757,7 @@ mod tests {
                             &app.session.documents()[0].channel_view,
                             r,
                             factor,
-                            false,
+                            crate::channel_view::Look::default(),
                             app.session.documents()[0].active_layer,
                         )
                         .unwrap();
@@ -7774,7 +8788,8 @@ mod tests {
                     let st = &app.session.documents()[0];
                     assert_eq!(
                         image.pixels,
-                        crate::channel_view::render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, st.doc.bounds(), factor, false, st.active_layer).unwrap(),
+                        crate::channel_view::render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, st.doc.bounds(), factor, crate::channel_view::Look::default(), st.active_layer)
+                            .unwrap(),
                         "undo restores the shown mask"
                     );
                     delta.clear();
@@ -7819,12 +8834,28 @@ mod tests {
             let r = DRect::new(pos[0] as i32, pos[1] as i32, (pos[0] + image.size[0]) as i32, (pos[1] + image.size[1]) as i32);
             assert_eq!(
                 image.pixels,
-                crate::channel_view::render(&shown, &app.session.documents()[0].channel_view, r, 1, false, app.session.documents()[0].active_layer).unwrap(),
+                crate::channel_view::render(
+                    &shown,
+                    &app.session.documents()[0].channel_view,
+                    r,
+                    1,
+                    crate::channel_view::Look::default(),
+                    app.session.documents()[0].active_layer
+                )
+                .unwrap(),
                 "{target}"
             );
             assert_ne!(
                 image.pixels,
-                crate::channel_view::render(&original, &app.session.documents()[0].channel_view, r, 1, false, app.session.documents()[0].active_layer).unwrap(),
+                crate::channel_view::render(
+                    &original,
+                    &app.session.documents()[0].channel_view,
+                    r,
+                    1,
+                    crate::channel_view::Look::default(),
+                    app.session.documents()[0].active_layer
+                )
+                .unwrap(),
                 "target was painted"
             );
             delta.clear();
@@ -7846,7 +8877,7 @@ mod tests {
                     &app.session.documents()[0].channel_view,
                     original.bounds(),
                     1,
-                    false,
+                    crate::channel_view::Look::default(),
                     app.session.documents()[0].active_layer
                 )
                 .unwrap()
@@ -7855,6 +8886,222 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    /// The held drag shows true mixed paint while Alt sampling remains separate from painting.
+    #[test]
+    fn mixer_drag_shows_actual_mixed_paint_before_release_and_alt_never_paints() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width":120,"height":60,"background":"#00ff00"})).unwrap();
+        app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.run("tools.setColors", json!({"foreground":"#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+        app.run("tools.setBrush", json!({"brush":{"size":16,"mixer":{"wet":1.0,"mix":0.7,"sampleAllLayers":true},"smoothing":{"amount":0.0}}})).unwrap();
+        app.ui.tool = Tool::MixerBrush;
+        let before = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+        let count = app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        let alt = egui::Modifiers { alt: true, ..Default::default() };
+        tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 30.0, y: 30.0, pressure: 1.0 }, alt);
+        tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Move { x: 35.0, y: 30.0, pressure: 1.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 35.0, y: 30.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert!(app.drag.is_none());
+        assert!(app.session.tools.mixer.spatial.is_some());
+        assert!(std::sync::Arc::ptr_eq(&before, &app.session.active().unwrap().doc));
+        app.run("brush.mixer.load", json!({})).unwrap();
+        tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 20.0, y: 30.0, pressure: 1.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Move { x: 70.0, y: 30.0, pressure: 0.6 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert!(app.live_stroke.is_some());
+        let shown = display_doc(&mut app, 0).0;
+        let id = app.session.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        let pixel = shown.layer(id).unwrap().surface().unwrap().rgba(45, 30);
+        assert!(pixel[0] > 0.0 && pixel[1] > 0.0 && pixel[3] > 0.0, "actual red/green mixture {pixel:?}");
+        assert!(std::sync::Arc::ptr_eq(&before, &app.session.active().unwrap().doc));
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), count);
+        tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 70.0, y: 30.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(st.history.past_len(), count + 1);
+        assert_eq!(
+            shown.layer(id).unwrap().surface().unwrap().read_region(before.bounds()),
+            st.doc.layer(id).unwrap().surface().unwrap().read_region(before.bounds())
+        );
+        app.session.undo();
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().surface().unwrap().rgba(45, 30)[3], 0.0);
+    }
+
+    /// Release incorporates its final endpoint and deferred samples in both live and fallback paths.
+    #[test]
+    fn mixer_release_includes_a_new_endpoint_and_deferred_frame_samples() {
+        for (deferred, failed) in [(false, false), (true, false), (false, true)] {
+            let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+            app.run("file.new", json!({"width":120,"height":60,"background":"#00ff00"})).unwrap();
+            app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+            app.run("tools.setBrush", json!({"size":12,"pressureSize":false})).unwrap();
+            app.ui.tool = Tool::MixerBrush;
+            let before = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+            let m = egui::Modifiers::NONE;
+            tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 20.0, y: 30.0, pressure: 1.0 }, m);
+            app.defer_live_stroke = deferred;
+            if failed {
+                app.live_stroke.as_mut().unwrap().preview_failed = true;
+            }
+            tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Move { x: 50.0, y: 30.0, pressure: 1.0 }, m);
+            tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 95.0, y: 30.0 }, m);
+            let doc = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+            let id = app.session.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+            assert!(doc.layer(id).unwrap().surface().unwrap().rgba(92, 30)[3] > 0.0);
+            let params = app.session.journal.iter().rev().find(|(name, _)| name == "paint.mixerBrush").unwrap().1.clone();
+            app.run("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(*app.session.active().unwrap().doc, *before);
+            app.run("paint.mixerBrush", params).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(*app.session.active().unwrap().doc, *doc);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Reproduce a tool change and release in one control call, before a UI frame can cancel the old gesture.
+    #[test]
+    fn mixer_control_tool_switch_before_release_cancels_every_preview_path() {
+        for preview in 0..3 {
+            let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+            app.run("file.new", json!({"width":120,"height":60,"background":"#00ff00"})).unwrap();
+            app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+            app.run("tools.setBrush", json!({"size":12,"pressureSize":false})).unwrap();
+            let before = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+            let steps = app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+            let anchor = app.last_stroke_end;
+            let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+            let (request, _reply) = crate::control::ControlRequest::new(
+                "ui.pointer",
+                json!({"tool":"mixerBrush","events":[{"kind":"down","x":20,"y":30},{"kind":"move","x":50,"y":30}]}),
+            );
+            let _ = crate::control::handle(&mut app, &ctx, &request);
+            assert!(app.drag.is_some() && app.live_stroke.is_some());
+            if preview == 1 {
+                app.live_stroke.as_mut().unwrap().preview_failed = true;
+            } else if preview == 2 {
+                app.live_stroke = None;
+            }
+            // No intervening UI frame: control selects the new tool before dispatching Up.
+            let (request, _reply) = crate::control::ControlRequest::new("ui.pointer", json!({"tool":"brush","events":[{"kind":"up","x":95,"y":30}]}));
+            let _ = crate::control::handle(&mut app, &ctx, &request);
+            assert_eq!(app.ui.tool, Tool::Brush);
+            assert!(app.drag.is_none() && app.live_stroke.is_none());
+            assert!(std::sync::Arc::ptr_eq(&before, &app.session.active().unwrap().doc));
+            assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps);
+            assert_eq!(app.last_stroke_end, anchor);
+            assert!(!app.session.journal.iter().any(|(id, _)| id == "paint.mixerBrush"));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Escape and tool changes cancel both ordinary previews and failed-preview fallback gestures.
+    #[test]
+    fn mixer_escape_and_tool_switch_cancel_without_an_edit() {
+        for mode in 0..4 {
+            let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+            app.run("file.new", json!({"width":120,"height":60,"background":"#00ff00"})).unwrap();
+            app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+            app.ui.tool = Tool::MixerBrush;
+            let before = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+            let steps = app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+            tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 30.0, y: 30.0, pressure: 1.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+            assert!(app.live_stroke.is_some());
+            if mode >= 2 {
+                app.live_stroke.as_mut().unwrap().preview_failed = true;
+            }
+            let mode = mode % 2;
+            let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+            let mut raw = egui::RawInput { focused: true, ..Default::default() };
+            if mode == 0 {
+                raw.events.push(egui::Event::Key {
+                    key: egui::Key::Escape,
+                    physical_key: None,
+                    pressed: true,
+                    repeat: false,
+                    modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE,
+                });
+            }
+            if mode == 1 {
+                app.ui.tool = Tool::Brush;
+            }
+            ctx.begin_pass(raw);
+            assert!(cancel_mixer_on_context_change(&mut app, &ctx));
+            let mut output = ctx.end_pass();
+            output.textures_delta.clear();
+            tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 30.0, y: 30.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+            assert!(app.drag.is_none() && app.live_stroke.is_none());
+            assert!(std::sync::Arc::ptr_eq(&before, &app.session.active().unwrap().doc));
+            assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Control-driven strokes remain live in a background window, matching the ordinary Brush.
+    #[test]
+    fn mixer_background_window_keeps_and_commits_control_strokes() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width":120,"height":60,"background":"transparent"})).unwrap();
+        app.run("tools.setBrush", json!({"brush":{"size":12,"pressureSize":false}})).unwrap();
+        let steps = app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        ctx.begin_pass(egui::RawInput { focused: false, ..Default::default() });
+        let (request, _reply) = crate::control::ControlRequest::new(
+            "ui.pointer",
+            json!({"tool":"mixerBrush","events":[{"kind":"down","x":20,"y":30},{"kind":"move","x":60,"y":30}]}),
+        );
+        let _ = crate::control::handle(&mut app, &ctx, &request);
+        assert!(!cancel_mixer_on_context_change(&mut app, &ctx));
+        assert!(app.drag.is_some());
+        let (request, _reply) = crate::control::ControlRequest::new("ui.pointer", json!({"tool":"mixerBrush","events":[{"kind":"up","x":95,"y":30}]}));
+        let _ = crate::control::handle(&mut app, &ctx, &request);
+        let mut output = ctx.end_pass();
+        output.textures_delta.clear();
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps + 1);
+        assert!(app.session.journal.iter().any(|(id, _)| id == "paint.mixerBrush"));
+        let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+        assert!(st.doc.layer(st.active_layer.unwrap()).unwrap().surface().unwrap().rgba(60, 30)[3] > 0.0);
+    }
+
+    /// A tip above the live preview's 1024 px paints on release, as main and Photoshop paint it
+    /// up to 5000 px; a stroke that can't paint at all is still refused on press.
+    #[test]
+    fn mixer_drag_above_the_preview_size_paints_on_release() {
+        for locked in [false, true] {
+            let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+            app.run("file.new", json!({"width":120,"height":60,"background":"#00ff00"})).unwrap();
+            app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+            if locked {
+                app.run("layer.lockLayers", json!({"pixels": true})).unwrap();
+            }
+            app.run("tools.setColors", json!({"foreground":"#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+            app.run("tools.setBrush", json!({"brush":{"size":2000,"hardness":1.0,"pressureSize":false,"mixer":{"wet":0.0,"mix":0.0}}})).unwrap();
+            app.ui.tool = Tool::MixerBrush;
+            let steps = app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+            let m = egui::Modifiers::NONE;
+            tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 20.0, y: 30.0, pressure: 1.0 }, m);
+            assert!(app.live_stroke.is_none(), "no live preview above 1024 px");
+            assert_eq!(app.drag.is_some(), !locked, "a valid 2000 px stroke is kept for release");
+            assert_eq!(app.ui.status_error, locked, "{}", app.ui.status);
+            tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Move { x: 50.0, y: 30.0, pressure: 1.0 }, m);
+            tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 50.0, y: 30.0 }, m);
+            let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(st.history.past_len(), steps + usize::from(!locked));
+            let pixel = st.doc.layer(st.active_layer.unwrap()).unwrap().surface().unwrap().rgba(60, 30);
+            assert_eq!(pixel[0] > 0.9 && pixel[3] > 0.9, !locked, "{pixel:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// ⌥ with a held temporary tool (macOS ⌘ = Move) is that tool's, not a Mixer Brush paint load.
+    #[test]
+    fn mixer_alt_with_a_held_temporary_tool_does_not_load_paint() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width":120,"height":60,"background":"#00ff00"})).unwrap();
+        app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.ui.tool = Tool::MixerBrush;
+        app.tool_override = Some(Tool::Move);
+        let alt = egui::Modifiers { alt: true, ..Default::default() };
+        tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 30.0, y: 30.0, pressure: 1.0 }, alt);
+        tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 30.0, y: 30.0 }, alt);
+        assert!(app.session.tools.mixer.spatial.is_none(), "the held Move tool doesn't sample");
+        app.tool_override = None;
+        tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 30.0, y: 30.0, pressure: 1.0 }, alt);
+        assert!(app.session.tools.mixer.spatial.is_some(), "⌥ with the Mixer Brush itself samples");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn brush_drag_shows_the_real_stroke_and_commits_it() {
         // The drag used to draw a hard, flat stand-in and only showed the soft brush on release.
@@ -8221,6 +9468,109 @@ mod tests {
         assert_ne!(dragged.center, center0, "a secondary window's Hand pans while transforming");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn letting_go_of_alt_during_an_alt_sample_press_does_not_paint() {
+        // #7802: Alt-pressing with the Brush samples a colour on the press. If Alt was let go
+        // before egui recognised the drag, that drag started a stroke from the sampled point.
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 400, "height": 300, "background": "white"})).unwrap();
+        app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.run("view.actualPixels", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.ui.tool = Tool::Brush;
+        app.sync_views();
+        let mut view = app.ui.views[0].clone();
+        view.zoom = 1.0;
+        view.center = [200.0, 150.0];
+        view.fit_pending = false;
+        view.fill_pending = false;
+        let rect = Rect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, vec2(400.0, 300.0));
+        let frame = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp, events: Vec<egui::Event>| {
+            let input = egui::RawInput { screen_rect: Some(rect), events, ..Default::default() };
+            let mut out = ctx.run_ui(input, |ui| {
+                canvas_view(app, ui, 0, rect, view.clone(), true);
+            });
+            out.textures_delta.clear();
+        };
+        let alt = egui::Modifiers::ALT;
+        let none = egui::Modifiers::NONE;
+        let start = Pos2::new(200.0, 150.0);
+        let press =
+            |pos: Pos2, pressed: bool, modifiers: egui::Modifiers| egui::Event::PointerButton { pos, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed, modifiers };
+        // Alt released mid-press, and Alt held throughout: both only sample.
+        for release_alt in [true, false] {
+            app.run("tools.setColors", json!({"foreground": [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0]})).unwrap();
+            let rev = app.session.active().unwrap().revision;
+            frame(&mut app, vec![egui::Event::ModifiersChanged(alt), egui::Event::PointerMoved(start)]);
+            frame(&mut app, vec![press(start, true, alt)]);
+            assert_eq!(app.session.tools.foreground, [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0], "the press sampled the white canvas");
+            let later = if release_alt { none } else { alt };
+            let end = start + vec2(20.0, 0.0);
+            frame(&mut app, vec![egui::Event::ModifiersChanged(later), egui::Event::PointerMoved(end)]);
+            frame(&mut app, vec![press(end, false, later)]);
+            frame(&mut app, vec![egui::Event::ModifiersChanged(none)]);
+            assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().revision, rev, "release_alt={release_alt}: an Alt-sample press must not paint");
+            assert!(app.drag.is_none() && !app.alt_sampling, "release_alt={release_alt}");
+        }
+        // Without Alt the same gesture paints.
+        let rev = app.session.active().unwrap().revision;
+        frame(&mut app, vec![egui::Event::PointerMoved(start)]);
+        frame(&mut app, vec![press(start, true, none)]);
+        frame(&mut app, vec![egui::Event::PointerMoved(start + vec2(20.0, 0.0))]);
+        frame(&mut app, vec![press(start + vec2(20.0, 0.0), false, none)]);
+        assert!(app.session.active().unwrap().revision > rev, "a plain drag paints");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn letting_go_of_alt_during_a_mixer_brush_sample_press_does_not_paint() {
+        // As #7802 for the Brush: an Alt-press with the Mixer Brush loads paint from the canvas.
+        // If Alt was let go before egui recognised the drag, that drag started a Mixer stroke.
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 400, "height": 300, "background": "white"})).unwrap();
+        app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.run("view.actualPixels", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.ui.tool = Tool::MixerBrush;
+        app.sync_views();
+        let mut view = app.ui.views[0].clone();
+        view.zoom = 1.0;
+        view.center = [200.0, 150.0];
+        view.fit_pending = false;
+        view.fill_pending = false;
+        let rect = Rect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, vec2(400.0, 300.0));
+        let frame = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp, events: Vec<egui::Event>| {
+            let input = egui::RawInput { screen_rect: Some(rect), events, ..Default::default() };
+            let mut out = ctx.run_ui(input, |ui| {
+                canvas_view(app, ui, 0, rect, view.clone(), true);
+            });
+            out.textures_delta.clear();
+        };
+        let (alt, none) = (egui::Modifiers::ALT, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        let start = Pos2::new(200.0, 150.0);
+        let press =
+            |pos: Pos2, pressed: bool, modifiers: egui::Modifiers| egui::Event::PointerButton { pos, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed, modifiers };
+        // Alt released mid-press, and Alt held throughout: both only load paint.
+        for release_alt in [true, false] {
+            let rev = app.session.active().unwrap().revision;
+            frame(&mut app, vec![egui::Event::ModifiersChanged(alt), egui::Event::PointerMoved(start)]);
+            frame(&mut app, vec![press(start, true, alt)]);
+            let later = if release_alt { none } else { alt };
+            let end = start + vec2(20.0, 0.0);
+            frame(&mut app, vec![egui::Event::ModifiersChanged(later), egui::Event::PointerMoved(end)]);
+            frame(&mut app, vec![press(end, false, later)]);
+            frame(&mut app, vec![egui::Event::ModifiersChanged(none)]);
+            assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().revision, rev, "release_alt={release_alt}: an Alt-sample press must not paint");
+            assert!(app.drag.is_none() && !app.mixer_sampling, "release_alt={release_alt}");
+        }
+        // Without Alt the same gesture paints.
+        let rev = app.session.active().unwrap().revision;
+        frame(&mut app, vec![egui::Event::PointerMoved(start)]);
+        frame(&mut app, vec![press(start, true, none)]);
+        frame(&mut app, vec![egui::Event::PointerMoved(start + vec2(20.0, 0.0))]);
+        frame(&mut app, vec![press(start + vec2(20.0, 0.0), false, none)]);
+        assert!(app.session.active().unwrap().revision > rev, "a plain drag paints");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn guides_draw_over_the_transform_preview_and_under_its_box() {
         // #5086: a guide crossing a layer under Free Transform was hidden behind the preview of
@@ -8266,6 +9616,97 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(guide < frame, "the box ({frame}) draws over the guide ({guide})");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn guides_draw_over_the_puppet_perspective_and_vanishing_point_previews() {
+        // #7781: like Free Transform's (#5086), the warped pixels of Puppet Warp and Perspective
+        // Warp and Vanishing Point's paste are image content. They were drawn with their pins and
+        // planes, after the guides, hiding every guide across them; the guides now go over them,
+        // the mesh lines, pins and planes over the guides, as in Photoshop.
+        for command in ["edit.puppetWarp", "edit.perspectiveWarp", photocraft_engine::vp_cmds::VP] {
+            let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+            let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+            app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 400, "height": 300})).unwrap();
+            app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+            app.run("select.rect", json!({"x": 100, "y": 100, "width": 100, "height": 60})).unwrap();
+            app.run("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+            if command == photocraft_engine::vp_cmds::VP {
+                app.run("edit.copy", json!({})).unwrap();
+            }
+            app.run("select.deselect", json!({})).unwrap();
+            app.run("view.newGuide", json!({"orientation": "vertical", "position": 150})).unwrap();
+            app.ui.extras.guides = true;
+            app.ui.extras.rulers = false;
+            app.sync_views();
+            crate::distort_ui::menu(&mut app, &ctx, command, &json!({})).expect("an on-canvas mode").expect("it starts");
+            if command == photocraft_engine::vp_cmds::VP {
+                // A plane over the document; the clipboard pastes onto it.
+                for (x, y) in [(20.0, 280.0), (380.0, 280.0), (300.0, 40.0), (100.0, 40.0)] {
+                    crate::distort_ui::pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x, y, pressure: 1.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+                    crate::distort_ui::pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x, y }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+                }
+            } else if command == "edit.perspectiveWarp" {
+                // One plane, dragged out across the guide.
+                crate::distort_ui::pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 60.0, y: 70.0, pressure: 1.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+                crate::distort_ui::pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Move { x: 240.0, y: 190.0, pressure: 1.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+                crate::distort_ui::pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 240.0, y: 190.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+                assert_eq!(app.distort.perspective.as_ref().map(|s| s.planes.len()), Some(1), "the drag makes a plane");
+            }
+            let mut view = app.ui.views[0].clone();
+            view.zoom = 1.0;
+            view.center = [200.0, 150.0];
+            view.fit_pending = false;
+            view.fill_pending = false;
+            let rect = Rect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, vec2(400.0, 300.0));
+            let input = egui::RawInput { screen_rect: Some(rect), ..Default::default() };
+            let mut out = ctx.run_ui(input, |ui| {
+                canvas_view(&mut app, ui, 0, rect, view.clone(), true);
+            });
+            out.textures_delta.clear();
+            // At 100 % centred on the document, screen and document coordinates coincide.
+            let layer = Rect::from_min_max(pos2(100.0, 100.0), pos2(200.0, 160.0));
+            // Puppet Warp's mesh reaches its Expansion (2 px) past the pixels.
+            let near = |r: Rect| (r.min - layer.min).length() < 4.0 && (r.max - layer.max).length() < 4.0;
+            let shapes: Vec<&egui::Shape> = out.shapes.iter().map(|s| &s.shape).collect();
+            // The warped pixels (or the paste): a textured mesh over the layer (or on the plane,
+            // well inside the document, unlike the checkerboard and document image).
+            let preview = shapes.iter().position(|s| match s {
+                egui::Shape::Mesh(m) if m.texture_id != egui::TextureId::default() => {
+                    let r = m.calc_bounds();
+                    if command == photocraft_engine::vp_cmds::VP {
+                        r.width() > 10.0 && r.width() < 300.0 && r.min.x < 150.0 && r.max.x > 150.0
+                    } else {
+                        near(r)
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => false,
+            });
+            // The guide: a vertical line at x = 150 across the whole view.
+            let is_guide = |s: &egui::Shape| matches!(s, egui::Shape::LineSegment { points, .. } if points.iter().all(|p| (p.x - 150.0).abs() < 0.01) && (points[1].y - points[0].y).abs() > 200.0);
+            let guide = shapes.iter().position(|s| is_guide(s));
+            // Over the guide: Puppet Warp's mesh lines, the Vanishing Point plane's outline, the
+            // Perspective Warp plane's outline (exactly the dragged rectangle).
+            let plane = Rect::from_min_max(pos2(60.0, 70.0), pos2(240.0, 190.0));
+            let overlay = shapes.iter().position(|s| match s {
+                egui::Shape::LineSegment { points, .. } => {
+                    command != "edit.perspectiveWarp" && !is_guide(s) && points.iter().all(|p| layer.expand(3.0).contains(*p))
+                }
+                egui::Shape::Path(p) => {
+                    p.closed
+                        && p.points.len() == 4
+                        && (command != "edit.perspectiveWarp"
+                            || (Rect::from_points(&p.points).min - plane.min).length() + (Rect::from_points(&p.points).max - plane.max).length() < 0.5)
+                }
+                _ => false,
+            });
+            let (Some(preview), Some(guide)) = (preview, guide) else {
+                panic!("{command}: all painted: preview {preview:?}, guide {guide:?}");
+            };
+            assert!(preview < guide, "{command}: the guide ({guide}) draws over the warped pixels ({preview})");
+            let Some(overlay) = overlay else { panic!("{command}: its mesh or plane is drawn") };
+            assert!(guide < overlay, "{command}: the mesh or plane ({overlay}) draws over the guide ({guide})");
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn brush_drags_paint_no_stand_in_shape_over_the_canvas() {
         // #189: v0.1 drew the stroke being dragged as a foreground-coloured egui polyline as wide
@@ -8569,6 +10010,130 @@ mod transform_controls_tests {
     use super::*;
     use serde_json::json;
 
+    /// #7538: as in Photoshop, the box frames a loose selection until its pixels are moved, then
+    /// the pixels themselves, while they float and once dropped.
+    #[test]
+    fn transform_controls_frame_the_moved_pixels_not_the_marquee() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 200, "background": "transparent"})).unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 40, "y": 40, "width": 50, "height": 40})).unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 20, "y": 20, "width": 100, "height": 90})).unwrap();
+        app.sync_views();
+        app.ui.tool = Tool::Move;
+        app.ui.tool_options.move_show_transform = true;
+        let xf =
+            ViewXform { rect: Rect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, vec2(200.0, 200.0)), zoom: 1.0, center: [100.0, 100.0], flip: false, rotation: 0.0, aspect: 1.0 };
+        let frame = |app: &PhotocraftApp| {
+            let r = transform_controls_rect(app, &xf).unwrap();
+            let (lt, rb) = (xf.to_doc(r.left_top()), xf.to_doc(r.right_bottom()));
+            [lt[0], lt[1], rb[0], rb[1]].map(|v| v.round() as i32)
+        };
+        assert_eq!(frame(&app), [20, 20, 120, 110], "the selection, before anything moves");
+        app.run("select.float", json!({"dx": 10, "dy": 5})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(frame(&app), [50, 45, 100, 85], "the floating pixels");
+        app.run("select.drop", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(frame(&app), [50, 45, 100, 85], "dropped");
+    }
+
+    /// #7538: with several layers selected the Move tool moves them whole, and the selection goes
+    /// with them, as in Photoshop: its ants follow the drag and it lands with them in one step.
+    #[test]
+    fn moving_several_layers_carries_the_selection() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 200, "background": "transparent"})).unwrap();
+        let a = app.session.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 40, "y": 40, "width": 50, "height": 40})).unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 120, "y": 120, "width": 30, "height": 30})).unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#0000ff"})).unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("layer.select", json!({"layer": a.0, "mode": "add"})).unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 20, "y": 20, "width": 100, "height": 90})).unwrap();
+        app.sync_views();
+        app.ui.tool = Tool::Move;
+        app.ui.tool_options.move_auto_select = false;
+        app.ui.extras.snap = false;
+        app.ui.view.show.smart_guides = false;
+        let steps = app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        let m = egui::Modifiers::NONE;
+        tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 60.0, y: 60.0, pressure: 1.0 }, m);
+        tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Move { x: 72.0, y: 68.0, pressure: 1.0 }, m);
+        assert_eq!(selection_shown_offset(&app), Some((12, 8)), "the ants follow the layers");
+        tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 72.0, y: 68.0 }, m);
+        let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+        assert!(photocraft_engine::float_cmds::floating(st).is_none(), "whole layers moved, nothing floats");
+        assert_eq!(st.doc.selection.as_ref().map(|s| s.content_bounds()), Some(photocraft_geom::Rect::new(32, 28, 132, 118)));
+        assert_eq!(st.doc.layer(a).unwrap().surface().unwrap().content_bounds(), photocraft_geom::Rect::new(52, 48, 102, 88));
+        assert_eq!(st.history.past_len(), steps + 1, "one Move step");
+        assert!(app.session.undo());
+        let sel = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.selection.as_ref().map(|s| s.content_bounds());
+        assert_eq!(sel, Some(photocraft_geom::Rect::new(20, 20, 120, 110)), "Undo takes the selection back too");
+
+        // A piece floating (a marquee ⌘-drag with both selected) when the layers are dragged: the
+        // press drops it first, so the ants follow the drag from where it was dropped.
+        app.run("select.float", json!({"dx": 10, "dy": 5})).unwrap();
+        let outline = photocraft_engine::float_cmds::floating(app.session.active().unwrap()).unwrap().parts.outline().unwrap().content_bounds();
+        tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 60.0, y: 60.0, pressure: 1.0 }, m);
+        let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+        assert!(photocraft_engine::float_cmds::floating(st).is_none(), "the press dropped the piece");
+        assert_eq!(st.doc.selection.as_ref().map(|s| s.content_bounds()), Some(outline.translate(10, 5)), "at its offset");
+        tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Move { x: 72.0, y: 68.0, pressure: 1.0 }, m);
+        assert_eq!(selection_shown_offset(&app), Some((12, 8)), "then the ants follow the drag");
+        tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 72.0, y: 68.0 }, m);
+        let sel = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.selection.as_ref().map(|s| s.content_bounds());
+        assert_eq!(sel, Some(outline.translate(22, 13)), "released where the ants were");
+    }
+
+    /// A transparent 200² document: a red square (40..90, 40..80) on its layer, a loose marquee
+    /// (20..120, 20..110) round it, cut and floated 10, 5 to the right and down.
+    fn floating_square() -> PhotocraftApp {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 200, "background": "transparent"})).unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 40, "y": 40, "width": 50, "height": 40})).unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 20, "y": 20, "width": 100, "height": 90})).unwrap();
+        app.sync_views();
+        app.session.execute("select.float", json!({"dx": 10, "dy": 5})).unwrap();
+        app
+    }
+
+    /// #7538: a selection tool's press on a floating piece's ants drags it; one in the margin its
+    /// cut left of the loose marquee draws a new selection, as the ants say.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_press_in_the_margin_of_a_floating_piece_starts_a_new_selection() {
+        let app = floating_square();
+        let none = egui::Modifiers::NONE;
+        for tool in [Tool::RectMarquee, Tool::Lasso] {
+            assert_eq!(selection_drag_kind(&app, tool, [70.0, 60.0], none), Some(true), "{tool:?}: on the square drags it");
+            assert_eq!(selection_drag_kind(&app, tool, [33.0, 28.0], none), None, "{tool:?}: in the old marquee's margin");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Several selected layers keep one frame round them all while the active one's pixels float:
+    /// the piece's outline frames it only when it is the only layer framed.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_floating_piece_among_several_selected_layers_keeps_the_shared_frame() {
+        let mut app = floating_square();
+        app.session.execute("select.drop", json!({})).unwrap();
+        let a = app.session.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 150, "y": 150, "width": 20, "height": 20})).unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#0000ff"})).unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("layer.select", json!({"layer": a.0, "mode": "add"})).unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 20, "y": 20, "width": 100, "height": 90})).unwrap();
+        app.ui.tool = Tool::Move;
+        app.ui.tool_options.move_show_transform = true;
+        assert!(transform_controls_several(&app), "two layers framed");
+        app.session.execute("select.float", json!({"dx": 5, "dy": 0})).unwrap();
+        assert!(photocraft_engine::float_cmds::floating(app.session.active().unwrap()).is_some());
+        let xf =
+            ViewXform { rect: Rect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, vec2(200.0, 200.0)), zoom: 1.0, center: [100.0, 100.0], flip: false, rotation: 0.0, aspect: 1.0 };
+        let r = transform_controls_rect(&app, &xf).unwrap();
+        let (lt, rb) = (xf.to_doc(r.left_top()), xf.to_doc(r.right_bottom()));
+        assert!(rb[0] - lt[0] > 60.0 && rb[1] - lt[1] > 60.0, "the frame isn't shrunk to the one piece: {lt:?} {rb:?}");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn several_selected_layers_share_one_frame_without_handles() {
         // As in Photoshop: Show Transform Controls frames every selected layer. Free Transform
@@ -8620,6 +10185,48 @@ mod transform_controls_tests {
         assert_eq!(t.rect, [20.0, 30.0, 100.0, 70.0]);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn hiding_extras_hides_the_move_transform_controls() {
+        // #6699: as in Photoshop, View › Extras (⌘H) hides the Move tool's transform box and
+        // handles; again brings them back. Show Transform Controls and the layer stay as they were.
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 200})).unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("shape.create", json!({"kind": "rect", "rect": [20, 30, 80, 40], "fill": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+        app.sync_views();
+        app.ui.tool = Tool::Move;
+        app.ui.tool_options.move_show_transform = true;
+        let xf =
+            ViewXform { rect: Rect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, vec2(200.0, 200.0)), zoom: 1.0, center: [100.0, 100.0], flip: false, rotation: 0.0, aspect: 1.0 };
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let shown = transform_controls_rect(&app, &xf).expect("the box shows with Extras on");
+        let layer = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layers.clone();
+        let painted = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
+            let out = ctx.run_ui(egui::RawInput::default(), |ui| {
+                let painter = ui.ctx().layer_painter(egui::LayerId::background());
+                draw_transform_controls(app, &painter, &xf);
+            });
+            let egui::FullOutput { mut textures_delta, shapes, .. } = out;
+            textures_delta.clear();
+            shapes.len()
+        };
+        // The shape's outline, the box and its eight handles.
+        assert!(painted(&mut app) > 8, "the box and handles are drawn");
+
+        crate::menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "view.extras", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert!(!app.ui.view.extras);
+        assert!(transform_controls_rect(&app, &xf).is_none(), "no box with Extras hidden");
+        assert_eq!(painted(&mut app), 0, "nothing is drawn");
+        // Hidden handles don't act: a press on a corner doesn't start Free Transform.
+        assert!(!begin_transform_controls_at(&mut app, &ctx, &xf, shown.right_bottom()));
+        assert!(app.ui.transform.is_none());
+        assert!(app.ui.tool_options.move_show_transform, "Show Transform Controls is unchanged");
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layers, layer, "the layer is unchanged");
+
+        crate::menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "view.extras", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert!(app.ui.view.extras);
+        assert_eq!(transform_controls_rect(&app, &xf), Some(shown), "⌘H again restores the box");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn move_transform_controls_follow_floating_selected_pixels() {
         let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
@@ -8794,7 +10401,8 @@ mod rotation_preview_isolation_tests {
         let mut delta = ctx.tex_manager().write().take_delta();
         let egui::ImageData::Color(image) = &delta.set.get(&texture).expect("filter preview must update channel overlay")[0].image;
         let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
-        let original = crate::channel_view::render(&before, &st.channel_view, before.bounds(), 1, false, st.active_layer).unwrap();
+        let original =
+            crate::channel_view::render(&before, &st.channel_view, before.bounds(), 1, crate::channel_view::Look::default(), st.active_layer).unwrap();
         assert_ne!(image.pixels, original, "a nontrivial filter must be visible before OK");
         delta.clear();
         assert!(std::sync::Arc::ptr_eq(&before, &app.session.active().unwrap().doc));
@@ -8955,7 +10563,8 @@ mod rotation_preview_isolation_tests {
             let egui::ImageData::Color(image) = &delta.set.get(&texture).expect("preview must refresh overlay")[0].image;
             crate::dialogs::confirm(&mut app, dialog).unwrap();
             let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
-            let expected = crate::channel_view::render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, st.doc.bounds(), 1, false, st.active_layer).unwrap();
+            let expected =
+                crate::channel_view::render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, st.doc.bounds(), 1, crate::channel_view::Look::default(), st.active_layer).unwrap();
             assert_eq!(image.pixels, expected, "quick_mask={quick_mask}");
             delta.clear();
         }
@@ -9060,10 +10669,233 @@ mod rotation_preview_isolation_tests {
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod zoom_animation_tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// Screen geometry shared by the zoom-transition regressions.
+    fn camera(view: &View) -> ViewXform {
+        ViewXform { rect: Rect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, vec2(1000.0, 700.0)), zoom: view.zoom, center: view.center, flip: false, rotation: 0.0, aspect: 1.0 }
+    }
+
+    /// A settled camera whose transition state starts empty.
+    fn view() -> View {
+        View { zoom: 1.0, center: [200.0, 150.0], doc_size: [400, 300], fit_pending: false, ..Default::default() }
+    }
+
+    /// Deferred uploads prioritize both visible areas throughout a recentering zoom.
+    #[test]
+    fn deferred_redraw_focus_covers_target_and_displayed_cameras() {
+        for rotation in [0.0, 37.0] {
+            let mut v = view();
+            let mut initial = camera(&v);
+            initial.rotation = rotation;
+            animated_view(&mut v, initial, 1.0, true, 0.0);
+            v.zoom = 2.0;
+            v.center = [1600.0, 900.0];
+            v.request_zoom_animation(true);
+            let target = ViewXform { zoom: v.zoom, center: v.center, ..initial };
+            let target_visible = visible_doc_rect(&target);
+            for time in [0.0, 0.11, 0.22] {
+                let shown = animated_view(&mut v, target, 1.0, true, time);
+                let displayed = ViewXform { zoom: shown.zoom, center: shown.center, ..target };
+                let displayed_visible = visible_doc_rect(&displayed);
+                let focus = redraw_focus(&target, &displayed);
+                assert_eq!(focus.intersect(&target_visible), target_visible);
+                assert_eq!(focus.intersect(&displayed_visible), displayed_visible);
+                if time == 0.0 {
+                    assert_ne!(focus, target_visible, "the old view must also receive priority");
+                }
+            }
+            assert_eq!(redraw_focus(&target, &target), target_visible, "settled views keep the same focus");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn disabling_animated_zoom_snaps_a_secondary_canvas_on_its_next_frame() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 400, "height": 300})).unwrap();
+        app.sync_views();
+        let rect = Rect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, vec2(400.0, 300.0));
+        let mut secondary = view();
+        let frame = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp, view: View, time: f64| {
+            let input = egui::RawInput { screen_rect: Some(rect), time: Some(time), ..Default::default() };
+            let mut shown = view.clone();
+            let mut out = ctx.run_ui(input, |ui| {
+                shown = canvas_view(app, ui, 0, rect, view.clone(), false);
+            });
+            out.textures_delta.clear();
+            shown
+        };
+        secondary = frame(&mut app, secondary, 0.0);
+        secondary.zoom = 2.0;
+        secondary.request_zoom_animation(true);
+        secondary = frame(&mut app, secondary, 0.01);
+        secondary = frame(&mut app, secondary, 0.12);
+        assert!(secondary.zoom_animating);
+        assert!(secondary.display_camera.unwrap().0 < secondary.zoom);
+        app.run("prefs.set", serde_json::json!({"values": {"general.animatedZoom": false}})).unwrap();
+        secondary = frame(&mut app, secondary, 0.13);
+        assert_eq!(secondary.display_camera, Some((secondary.zoom, secondary.center)));
+        assert_eq!(secondary.zoom, 2.0);
+        assert!(!secondary.zoom_animating && secondary.zoom_transition.is_none() && secondary.zoom_anchor.is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn animated_zoom_off_cancels_each_views_presentation_camera() {
+        for target in [(2.0, [210.0, 170.0]), (3.0, [250.0, 180.0])] {
+            let mut v = view();
+            let xf = camera(&v);
+            animated_view(&mut v, xf, 1.0, true, 0.0);
+            v.zoom = target.0;
+            v.center = target.1;
+            v.request_zoom_animation(true);
+            animated_view(&mut v, xf, 1.0, true, 0.0);
+            let halfway = animated_view(&mut v, xf, 1.0, true, 0.11);
+            assert_ne!((halfway.zoom, halfway.center), target);
+            v.zoom_anchor = Some(([200.0, 150.0], [500.0, 350.0]));
+            let shown = animated_view(&mut v, xf, 1.0, false, 0.11);
+            assert_eq!((shown.zoom, shown.center), target);
+            assert_eq!(v.display_camera, Some(target));
+            assert!(!v.zoom_animating && v.zoom_anchor.is_none() && v.zoom_transition.is_none());
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn zoom_animation_obeys_clamped_targets_and_eases_recentering() {
+        let mut v = view();
+        let xf = camera(&v);
+        animated_view(&mut v, xf, 1.0, true, 0.0);
+        let pointer = xf.to_screen(390.0, 150.0);
+        zoom_about(&mut v, &xf, pointer, 2.0, false, 1.0);
+        v.zoom_anchor = Some(([390.0, 150.0], [pointer.x, pointer.y]));
+        v.zoom_animating = true;
+        crate::scrollbars::clamp_view(&mut v, xf.rect.size(), 1.0);
+        let xf = camera(&v);
+        animated_view(&mut v, xf, 1.0, true, 0.0);
+        assert!(v.zoom_anchor.is_none());
+        let done = animated_view(&mut v, xf, 1.0, true, 0.22);
+        assert_eq!((done.zoom, done.center), (v.zoom, v.center));
+        assert!(!v.zoom_animating);
+
+        let mut v = view();
+        let xf = camera(&v);
+        animated_view(&mut v, xf, 1.0, true, 0.0);
+        zoom_about(&mut v, &xf, pointer, 2.0, true, 1.0);
+        v.zoom_animating = true;
+        let target = v.center;
+        let xf = camera(&v);
+        let start = animated_view(&mut v, xf, 1.0, true, 0.0);
+        assert_eq!(start.center, [200.0, 150.0], "recentering must not teleport");
+        let halfway = animated_view(&mut v, xf, 1.0, true, 0.11);
+        assert!(halfway.center[0] > start.center[0] && halfway.center[0] < target[0]);
+        assert_eq!(animated_view(&mut v, xf, 1.0, true, 0.22).center, target);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn zoom_animation_views_are_independent_and_direct_navigation_snaps() {
+        let mut a = view();
+        let mut b = view();
+        let xf = camera(&a);
+        animated_view(&mut a, xf, 1.0, true, 0.0);
+        animated_view(&mut b, xf, 1.0, true, 0.0);
+        a.zoom = 2.0;
+        a.zoom_animating = true;
+        animated_view(&mut a, xf, 1.0, true, 0.0);
+        b.zoom = 3.0;
+        b.zoom_animating = true;
+        animated_view(&mut b, xf, 1.0, true, 0.11);
+        assert_eq!(animated_view(&mut a, xf, 1.0, true, 0.22).zoom, 2.0);
+        let shown = animated_view(&mut b, xf, 1.0, true, 0.22);
+        assert!(shown.zoom > 1.0 && shown.zoom < 3.0);
+        assert!(b.zoom_animating && !a.zoom_animating);
+        b.zoom_animating = false;
+        b.center = [220.0, 170.0];
+        let shown = animated_view(&mut b, xf, 1.0, true, 0.23);
+        assert_eq!((shown.zoom, shown.center), (b.zoom, b.center));
+        assert!(b.zoom_transition.is_none() && b.zoom_anchor.is_none());
+    }
+}
 #[cfg(test)]
 #[path = "canvas_display_memo_tests.rs"]
 mod display_memo_tests;
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[path = "canvas_cpu_background_tests.rs"]
+mod cpu_background_tests;
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 #[path = "canvas/blend_viewport_tests.rs"]
 mod blend_viewport_regression;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[path = "canvas/pixel_alignment_tests.rs"]
+mod pixel_alignment_tests;
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod lasso_preview_tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn xf() -> ViewXform {
+        ViewXform { rect: Rect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, vec2(200.0, 200.0)), zoom: 1.0, center: [100.0, 100.0], flip: false, rotation: 0.0, aspect: 1.0 }
+    }
+
+    /// What `draw` paints: (black dashes, black solid paths).
+    fn painted(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, draw: impl Fn(&mut PhotocraftApp, &egui::Painter)) -> (usize, usize) {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut output = ctx.run_ui(egui::RawInput::default(), |ui| draw(app, ui.painter()));
+        output.textures_delta.clear();
+        let mut flat = Vec::new();
+        for clipped in output.shapes {
+            let mut stack = vec![clipped.shape];
+            while let Some(shape) = stack.pop() {
+                match shape {
+                    egui::Shape::Vec(v) => stack.extend(v),
+                    s => flat.push(s),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        let dashes = flat.iter().filter(|s| matches!(s, egui::Shape::LineSegment { stroke, .. } if stroke.color == Color32::BLACK)).count();
+        let solid = flat.iter().filter(|s| matches!(s, egui::Shape::Path(p) if p.stroke.color == egui::epaint::ColorMode::Solid(Color32::BLACK))).count();
+        (dashes, solid)
+    }
+
+    fn document() -> PhotocraftApp {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 200})).unwrap();
+        app.sync_views();
+        app
+    }
+
+    /// #7495: as in Photoshop, the Lasso's, Polygonal Lasso's and Magnetic Lasso's outline is a
+    /// solid line until the selection is made; a Patch area dragged out keeps its marching ants.
+    #[test]
+    fn lasso_outlines_are_solid_until_the_selection_is_made() {
+        let points = vec![[20.0, 20.0, 1.0], [120.0, 30.0, 1.0], [150.0, 140.0, 1.0], [40.0, 160.0, 1.0]];
+        for tool in [Tool::Lasso, Tool::Patch] {
+            let mut app = document();
+            app.ui.tool = tool;
+            app.drag = Some(Drag::new(tool, [20.0, 20.0], points.clone(), egui::Modifiers::NONE, false));
+            let (dashes, solid) = painted(&mut app, |app, p| draw_drag_preview(app, p, &xf()));
+            if tool == Tool::Lasso {
+                assert_eq!((dashes, solid), (0, 1), "{tool:?}: one solid outline, no ants");
+            } else {
+                assert!(dashes > 10 && solid == 0, "{tool:?}: still marching ants ({dashes} dashes)");
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut app = document();
+        app.ui.tool = Tool::PolygonLasso;
+        app.ui.polygon = vec![[20.0, 20.0], [120.0, 30.0], [150.0, 140.0]];
+        let (dashes, solid) = painted(&mut app, |app, p| draw_tool_state(app, p, &xf(), Some(pos2(60.0, 150.0))));
+        assert_eq!((dashes, solid), (0, 1), "Polygonal Lasso: its sides and rubber band are one solid line");
+
+        let mut app = document();
+        app.ui.tool = Tool::MagneticLasso;
+        app.ui.magnetic.path = vec![[20.0, 20.0], [80.0, 25.0], [120.0, 60.0]];
+        app.ui.magnetic.anchors = vec![0, 2];
+        app.ui.magnetic.live = vec![[120.0, 60.0], [130.0, 100.0]];
+        let (dashes, solid) = painted(&mut app, |app, p| draw_tool_state(app, p, &xf(), None));
+        assert_eq!((dashes, solid), (0, 1), "Magnetic Lasso: the traced border is solid");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/canvas/pixel_alignment_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/canvas/pixel_alignment_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..14a4079a7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/canvas/pixel_alignment_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+use super::*;
+
+fn xform(ppp: f32, physical_size: [f32; 2]) -> ViewXform {
+    ViewXform {
+        rect: Rect::from_min_size(pos2(40.0 / ppp, 100.0 / ppp), vec2(physical_size[0] / ppp, physical_size[1] / ppp)),
+        zoom: 1.0 / ppp,
+        center: [1500.0, 1000.0],
+        flip: false,
+        rotation: 0.0,
+        aspect: 1.0,
+    }
+}
+
+fn assert_pixel_edges(xf: ViewXform, ppp: f32) {
+    for [x, y] in [[0.0, 0.0], [1.0, 1.0], [17.0, 29.0], [1500.0, 1000.0]] {
+        let p = xf.to_screen(x, y) * ppp;
+        assert!((p.x - p.x.round()).abs() < 0.001, "x edge: {p:?}, ppp {ppp}");
+        assert!((p.y - p.y.round()).abs() < 0.001, "y edge: {p:?}, ppp {ppp}");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn actual_pixels_align_texel_edges_in_odd_viewports_at_every_display_scale() {
+    for ppp in [1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 2.0] {
+        for size in [[523.0, 470.0], [524.0, 471.0], [523.0, 471.0]] {
+            let before = xform(ppp, size);
+            let aligned = before.pixel_aligned(ppp);
+            assert_pixel_edges(aligned, ppp);
+            let delta = (aligned.to_screen(0.0, 0.0) - before.to_screen(0.0, 0.0)) * ppp;
+            assert!(delta.x.abs() <= 0.501 && delta.y.abs() <= 0.501);
+            let again = aligned.pixel_aligned(ppp);
+            assert!((again.to_screen(0.0, 0.0) - aligned.to_screen(0.0, 0.0)).length() < 0.001);
+            let back = aligned.to_doc(aligned.to_screen(123.25, 45.75));
+            assert!((back[0] - 123.25).abs() < 0.001 && (back[1] - 45.75).abs() < 0.001);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn integer_magnification_aligns_flipped_and_aspect_corrected_views() {
+    for flip in [false, true] {
+        let before = ViewXform {
+            rect: Rect::from_min_size(pos2(-20.25, 30.25), vec2(523.0, 471.0)),
+            zoom: 2.0,
+            center: [1500.125, 999.75],
+            flip,
+            aspect: 1.5,
+            ..xform(1.0, [523.0, 471.0])
+        };
+        assert_pixel_edges(before.pixel_aligned(1.0), 1.0);
+    }
+    let even = xform(1.0, [524.0, 470.0]);
+    assert_eq!(even.pixel_aligned(1.0).center, even.center);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn fractional_zoom_rotation_and_invalid_scales_preserve_the_camera() {
+    let original = xform(1.0, [523.0, 471.0]);
+    for zoom in [0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.25, 1.5, 2.5, 0.0, -1.0, f32::NAN, f32::INFINITY] {
+        let xf = ViewXform { zoom, ..original };
+        assert_eq!(xf.pixel_aligned(1.0).center, xf.center);
+    }
+    for rotation in [0.2, 30.0, 90.0, f32::NAN] {
+        let xf = ViewXform { rotation, ..original };
+        assert_eq!(xf.pixel_aligned(1.0).center, xf.center);
+    }
+    for ppp in [0.0, -1.0, f32::NAN, f32::INFINITY] {
+        assert_eq!(original.pixel_aligned(ppp).center, original.center);
+    }
+    let aspect = ViewXform { aspect: 1.2, ..original };
+    assert_eq!(aspect.pixel_aligned(1.0).center, aspect.center);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn active_transform_uses_the_same_alignment_without_changing_saved_pan() {
+    let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+    app.run("file.new", serde_json::json!({"width": 3000, "height": 2000})).unwrap();
+    app.sync_views();
+    for ppp in [1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 2.0] {
+        app.ppp = ppp;
+        app.last_canvas_rect = xform(ppp, [523.0, 471.0]).rect;
+        app.ui.views[0].center = [1500.0, 1000.0];
+        app.ui.views[0].zoom = 1.0;
+        let before = app.ui.views[0].center;
+        let active = ViewXform::active(&app).unwrap();
+        assert_pixel_edges(active, ppp);
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.views[0].center, before);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn cpu_canvas_paints_its_image_on_physical_pixel_edges() {
+    for ppp in [1.0, 1.25, 2.0] {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.run("file.new", serde_json::json!({"width": 64, "height": 64, "background": "white"})).unwrap();
+        app.sync_views();
+        app.ppp = ppp;
+        app.ui.views[0].zoom = 1.0;
+        app.ui.views[0].center = [32.0, 32.0];
+        app.ui.views[0].fit_pending = false;
+        app.ui.views[0].doc_size = [64, 64];
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        ctx.set_pixels_per_point(ppp);
+        let tex = ensure_texture(&mut app, &ctx, 0, None).unwrap().0;
+        let view = app.ui.views[0].clone();
+        let saved_center = view.center;
+        let mut out = ctx.run_ui(egui::RawInput { screen_rect: Some(Rect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, vec2(900.0, 600.0))), ..Default::default() }, |ui| {
+            canvas_view(&mut app, ui, 0, xform(ppp, [523.0, 471.0]).rect, view.clone(), false);
+        });
+        out.textures_delta.clear();
+        let mesh = out
+            .shapes
+            .iter()
+            .find_map(|s| match &s.shape {
+                egui::Shape::Mesh(mesh) if mesh.texture_id == tex => Some(mesh),
+                _ => None,
+            })
+            .expect("CPU document image quad");
+        assert_eq!(mesh.vertices.len(), 4);
+        for vertex in &mesh.vertices {
+            let p = vertex.pos * ppp;
+            assert!((p.x - p.x.round()).abs() < 0.001 && (p.y - p.y.round()).abs() < 0.001, "ppp {ppp}: {p:?}");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.views[0].center, saved_center);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn crop_image_movement_keeps_its_continuous_camera_mapping() {
+    let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+    app.ui.tool = Tool::Crop;
+    let xf = xform(1.0, [523.0, 471.0]);
+    assert_eq!(xf.pixel_aligned_for(&app, 1.0).center, xf.center);
+    app.ui.tool_options.crop_shield.classic_mode = true;
+    assert_pixel_edges(xf.pixel_aligned_for(&app, 1.0), 1.0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn animated_active_transform_aligns_the_display_camera_and_preserves_target_pan() {
+    let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+    app.run("file.new", serde_json::json!({"width": 3000, "height": 2000})).unwrap();
+    app.run("prefs.set", serde_json::json!({"values": {"general.animatedZoom": true}})).unwrap();
+    app.sync_views();
+    for ppp in [1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 2.0] {
+        app.ppp = ppp;
+        app.last_canvas_rect = xform(ppp, [523.0, 471.0]).rect;
+        let v = &mut app.ui.views[0];
+        v.zoom = 3.0;
+        v.center = [1500.0, 1000.0];
+        v.zoom_animating = true;
+        v.display_camera = Some((1.0, [1490.25, 990.75]));
+        let active = ViewXform::active(&app).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(active.zoom, 1.0 / ppp);
+        assert_pixel_edges(active, ppp);
+        assert!((active.center[0] - 1490.25).abs() <= 0.501);
+        assert!((active.center[1] - 990.75).abs() <= 0.501);
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.views[0].center, [1500.0, 1000.0]);
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.views[0].display_camera, Some((1.0, [1490.25, 990.75])));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/canvas/tabs_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/canvas/tabs_tests.rs
index 42f5c58d8e..677949600b 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/canvas/tabs_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/canvas/tabs_tests.rs
@@ -224,3 +224,25 @@ fn crowded_tabs_keep_their_whole_names_and_the_menu_lists_every_document() {
         }
     }
 }
+
+/// #8290: the » button sits at the strip's right end, as Photoshop's does, not right after the
+/// last tab that fits (which left a gap of up to a tab's width after it), in both layouts: it is
+/// in the same place however many tabs fit before it.
+#[test]
+fn the_overflow_button_is_pinned_to_the_right_end() {
+    for theme in [ThemeKind::Pro, ThemeKind::Studio] {
+        let at = |docs: usize| {
+            let h = harness(docs, theme);
+            let s = strip(&h);
+            let button = h.get_by_label("More documents").rect();
+            let last = s.tabs.iter().map(|(_, r)| r.right()).fold(f32::MIN, f32::max);
+            assert!(button.left() >= last - 0.5, "{theme:?}: » {button:?} overlaps the last tab (ends at {last})");
+            // At the end of the strip (the Studio row keeps a small inset).
+            assert!(button.right() <= s.rect.right() + 0.5 && button.right() >= s.rect.right() - 10.0, "{theme:?}: » at {button:?} in {:?}", s.rect);
+            (button, last)
+        };
+        let ((a, last_a), (b, last_b)) = (at(14), at(23));
+        assert!((last_a - last_b).abs() > 1.0, "{theme:?}: the fits must end at different places to tell");
+        assert_eq!(a, b, "{theme:?}: the » button doesn't follow the last tab");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/canvas_cpu_background_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/canvas_cpu_background_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dfd7ea77e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/canvas_cpu_background_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+//! CPU-canvas opacity invalidation and the software renderer's hidden checker pass.
+use super::*;
+use serde_json::json;
+
+#[test]
+fn cpu_canvas_omits_only_a_checker_hidden_by_an_opaque_texture() {
+    let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+    let image = ctx.load_texture("image", egui::ColorImage::filled([2, 2], Color32::WHITE), TextureOptions::LINEAR);
+    let checker = ctx.load_texture("checker-test", egui::ColorImage::filled([2, 2], Color32::GRAY), TextureOptions::NEAREST);
+    for rotated in [false, true] {
+        for (opaque, texture, want_checker) in [(true, Some(image.id()), false), (false, Some(image.id()), true), (true, None, true)] {
+            let mut output = ctx.run_ui(Default::default(), |ui| {
+                let xf = ViewXform {
+                    rect: Rect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, vec2(300.0, 240.0)),
+                    zoom: 1.0,
+                    center: [50.0, 40.0],
+                    flip: false,
+                    rotation: if rotated { 23.0 } else { 0.0 },
+                    aspect: 1.0,
+                };
+                paint_cpu_document(ui.painter(), &xf, DRect::new(0, 0, 100, 80), rotated, Some((checker.id(), 8.0)), texture, opaque);
+            });
+            let drawn = output.shapes.iter().any(|s| matches!(&s.shape, egui::Shape::Mesh(m) if m.texture_id == checker.id()));
+            assert_eq!(drawn, want_checker, "rotated={rotated}, opaque={opaque}, texture={texture:?}");
+            output.textures_delta.clear();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn cpu_texture_opacity_follows_full_and_partial_uploads() {
+    for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 32, "height": 24, "depth": depth, "background": "transparent"})).unwrap();
+        let key = cache_key(app.session.documents()[0].doc.id, None);
+        ensure_texture(&mut app, &ctx, 0, None).unwrap();
+        assert!(!app.canvases[&key].texture_opaque, "{depth}: transparent canvas needs its checker");
+        app.run("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#2050d0"})).unwrap();
+        // Force a full upload to classify the complete image, as the first opaque image does.
+        app.canvases.get_mut(&key).unwrap().texture = None;
+        ensure_texture(&mut app, &ctx, 0, None).unwrap();
+        assert!(app.canvases[&key].texture_opaque);
+        app.run("select.rect", json!({"x": 2, "y": 3, "width": 4, "height": 5})).unwrap();
+        ensure_texture(&mut app, &ctx, 0, None).unwrap();
+        app.run("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#e04010"})).unwrap();
+        ensure_texture(&mut app, &ctx, 0, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(app.perf.last_refresh, "rect");
+        assert!(app.canvases[&key].texture_opaque, "an opaque patch keeps the guarantee");
+        app.run("edit.clear", json!({})).unwrap();
+        ensure_texture(&mut app, &ctx, 0, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(app.perf.last_refresh, "rect");
+        assert!(!app.canvases[&key].texture_opaque, "erasing a patch must show the checker again");
+        app.run("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+        ensure_texture(&mut app, &ctx, 0, None).unwrap();
+        app.canvases.get_mut(&key).unwrap().texture = None;
+        ensure_texture(&mut app, &ctx, 0, None).unwrap();
+        assert!(app.canvases[&key].texture_opaque, "a full opaque upload can omit the checker again");
+        app.perf.last_refresh = "";
+        ensure_texture(&mut app, &ctx, 0, None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(app.perf.last_refresh, "", "unchanged frames do not upload or classify pixels");
+    }
+}
+
+type Harness = egui_kittest::Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>;
+
+/// The CPU-canvas fixture on the offscreen software adapter, or `None` when this machine has no
+/// graphics adapter. Only creating the renderer may be skipped: a failing fixture command or a
+/// panic in the first frames must fail the test, not pass it as "no adapter".
+fn harness(size: [u32; 2], background: &str) -> Option<Harness> {
+    let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+    // app.gpu remains None: compose on the CPU, use the harness's software window adapter.
+    app.run("file.new", json!({"width": size[0], "height": size[1], "background": background})).unwrap();
+    app.run("select.rect", json!({"x": size[0] / 2, "y": size[1] / 2, "width": size[0] / 10, "height": size[1] / 10})).unwrap();
+    app.run("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#2050d0"})).unwrap();
+    app.run("select.deselect", json!({})).unwrap();
+    // `wgpu()` creates the render state and panics when no adapter is found.
+    let builder = std::panic::catch_unwind(|| {
+        egui_kittest::Harness::<PhotocraftApp>::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(1440.0, 900.0)).with_pixels_per_point(1.0).with_max_steps(64).wgpu()
+    })
+    .ok()?;
+    let mut h = builder.build_eframe(move |cc| {
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&cc.egui_ctx, Default::default());
+        if let Some(rs) = &cc.wgpu_render_state {
+            app.perf.gpu_info.set_adapter(&rs.adapter.get_info());
+        }
+        app
+    });
+    h.run_steps(12);
+    Some(h)
+}
+
+fn assert_fixture(h: &Harness, background: &str) {
+    let key = cache_key(h.state().session.documents()[0].doc.id, None);
+    assert!(h.state().session.prefs().transparency_and_gamut.square().is_some());
+    assert_eq!(h.state().canvases[&key].texture_opaque, background == "white", "fixture opacity");
+}
+
+/// Draw the unchanged reference path by temporarily disabling only the opacity guarantee.
+fn reference_frame(h: &mut Harness) {
+    let flags: Vec<_> = h.state().canvases.iter().map(|(k, c)| (*k, c.texture_opaque)).collect();
+    for c in h.state_mut().canvases.values_mut() {
+        c.texture_opaque = false;
+    }
+    h.step();
+    for (k, opaque) in flags {
+        if let Some(c) = h.state_mut().canvases.get_mut(&k) {
+            c.texture_opaque = opaque;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic(expected = "called `Result::unwrap()` on an `Err` value")]
+fn fixture_failures_are_not_skipped_as_a_missing_adapter() {
+    // An invalid fixture document must fail on any machine, with or without a graphics adapter.
+    let _ = harness([0, 0], "white");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn omitting_an_occluded_checker_preserves_cpu_canvas_pixels() {
+    let Some(mut h) = harness([320, 240], "white") else {
+        eprintln!("skipping: no offscreen graphics adapter");
+        return;
+    };
+    assert_fixture(&h, "white");
+    eprintln!("CPU pixel comparison adapter: {}", serde_json::to_string(&h.state().perf.gpu_info).unwrap());
+    for (rotation, flip, pattern) in
+        [(0.0, false, false), (23.0, false, false), (0.0, true, false), (0.0, false, true), (23.0, false, true), (0.0, true, true), (23.0, true, true)]
+    {
+        h.state_mut().ui.views[0].rotation = rotation;
+        h.state_mut().ui.view.flip_horizontal = flip;
+        h.state_mut().ui.view.pattern_preview = pattern;
+        reference_frame(&mut h);
+        let reference = h.render().unwrap();
+        h.step();
+        let optimized = h.render().unwrap();
+        if let Some(dir) = std::env::var_os("PHOTOCRAFT_CPU_PIXEL_OUTPUT") {
+            let dir = std::path::PathBuf::from(dir);
+            std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+            let tag = format!("rotation-{rotation}-flip-{flip}-pattern-{pattern}");
+            reference.save(dir.join(format!("{tag}-reference.png"))).unwrap();
+            optimized.save(dir.join(format!("{tag}-optimized.png"))).unwrap();
+            let mut changed = 0;
+            let mut bounds = [u32::MAX, u32::MAX, 0, 0];
+            for (x, y, pixel) in reference.enumerate_pixels() {
+                if pixel != optimized.get_pixel(x, y) {
+                    changed += 1;
+                    bounds = [bounds[0].min(x), bounds[1].min(y), bounds[2].max(x), bounds[3].max(y)];
+                }
+            }
+            let report = json!({"adapter": h.state().perf.gpu_info, "rotation": rotation, "flip": flip,
+                "pattern": pattern, "changed_pixels": changed, "difference_bounds": (changed > 0).then_some(bounds)});
+            std::fs::write(dir.join(format!("{tag}.json")), serde_json::to_string_pretty(&report).unwrap()).unwrap();
+        }
+        assert!(reference == optimized, "rotation={rotation} flip={flip} pattern={pattern}");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn pattern_preview_keeps_the_legacy_checker_for_every_copy() {
+    let Some(mut h) = harness([320, 240], "white") else {
+        eprintln!("skipping: no offscreen graphics adapter");
+        return;
+    };
+    assert_fixture(&h, "white");
+    let checker = h.state().checker.as_ref().unwrap().id();
+    let checker_meshes = |h: &Harness| {
+        h.output()
+            .shapes
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|s| match &s.shape {
+                egui::Shape::Mesh(m) if m.texture_id == checker => Some(m.clone()),
+                _ => None,
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    };
+    for (rotation, flip) in [(0.0, false), (23.0, false), (0.0, true), (23.0, true)] {
+        h.state_mut().ui.view.pattern_preview = true;
+        h.state_mut().ui.view.flip_horizontal = flip;
+        let v = &mut h.state_mut().ui.views[0];
+        v.zoom = 1.25;
+        v.center = [159.25, 119.75];
+        v.rotation = rotation;
+        v.fit_pending = false;
+        v.fill_pending = false;
+        reference_frame(&mut h);
+        let reference = checker_meshes(&h);
+        assert!(reference.len() > 1, "the document and its visible copies need their checker");
+        h.step();
+        assert_eq!(checker_meshes(&h), reference, "rotation={rotation} flip={flip}: retain the legacy checker submissions");
+    }
+    h.state_mut().ui.view.pattern_preview = false;
+    h.step();
+    assert!(checker_meshes(&h).is_empty(), "ordinary opaque CPU canvases still omit the hidden checker");
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[ignore = "manual release benchmark: 24 MP CPU canvas on the offscreen software adapter"]
+fn cpu_canvas_background_benchmark() {
+    use std::time::Instant;
+    let mut results = Vec::new();
+    let output = std::env::var_os("PHOTOCRAFT_CPU_BENCH_OUTPUT").map(std::path::PathBuf::from);
+    for background in ["white", "transparent"] {
+        let mut h = harness([6000, 4000], background).expect("an offscreen graphics adapter");
+        assert_fixture(&h, background);
+        let v = &mut h.state_mut().ui.views[0];
+        v.zoom = 1.0;
+        v.center = [3000.0, 2000.0];
+        v.fit_pending = false;
+        v.fill_pending = false;
+        for _ in 0..3 {
+            h.step();
+            h.render().unwrap();
+        }
+        let mut before = Vec::new();
+        let mut after = Vec::new();
+        // Alternate order to reduce warm-up/thermal bias. Same cached image and UI in both paths.
+        for n in 0..24 {
+            for reference in if n % 2 == 0 { [true, false] } else { [false, true] } {
+                h.state_mut().ui.views[0].center[0] = 3000.0 + if n % 2 == 0 { -3.0 } else { 3.0 };
+                let t = Instant::now();
+                if reference {
+                    reference_frame(&mut h);
+                } else {
+                    h.step();
+                }
+                h.render().unwrap();
+                (if reference { &mut before } else { &mut after }).push(t.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1000.0);
+            }
+        }
+        reference_frame(&mut h);
+        let old = h.render().unwrap();
+        h.step();
+        let new = h.render().unwrap();
+        assert!(old == new, "{background}: same rendered pixels");
+        if let Some(dir) = &output {
+            std::fs::create_dir_all(dir).unwrap();
+            old.save(dir.join(format!("cpu-{background}-before.png"))).unwrap();
+            new.save(dir.join(format!("cpu-{background}-after.png"))).unwrap();
+        }
+        before.sort_by(f64::total_cmp);
+        after.sort_by(f64::total_cmp);
+        results.push(json!({
+            "background": background, "document_pixels": 24_000_000, "viewport": [1440, 900],
+            "opaque_texture": background == "white", "checker_enabled": true,
+            "adapter": h.state().perf.gpu_info, "samples_per_path": before.len(),
+            "reference_p50_ms": before[11], "reference_p95_ms": before[22],
+            "optimized_p50_ms": after[11], "optimized_p95_ms": after[22],
+            "reference_ms": before, "optimized_ms": after,
+            "includes": "UI frame, cached CPU canvas rasterization and synchronous readback; no document recomposite",
+        }));
+    }
+    let report = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&results).unwrap();
+    println!("{report}");
+    if let Some(dir) = output {
+        std::fs::write(dir.join("cpu-background-benchmark.json"), report).unwrap();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/canvas_menu_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/canvas_menu_tests.rs
index 2e211ca083..dfed592653 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/canvas_menu_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/canvas_menu_tests.rs
@@ -141,6 +141,30 @@ fn secondary_taps_keep_canvas_layer_menus_open() {
     check_reopening(Tool::RectMarquee, Modifiers::COMMAND, Popup::Layers);
 }
 
+/// A macOS Control-click (control_click.rs) reaches the canvas as a right-click that still holds
+/// Control: it opens the same menu as a plain right-click and paints nothing.
+#[test]
+fn control_clicks_open_the_right_click_menus() {
+    for (tool, popup) in [(Tool::RectMarquee, Popup::Tool), (Tool::Pen, Popup::Tool), (Tool::Move, Popup::Layers), (Tool::Brush, Popup::Brush)] {
+        let mut h = harness(tool, true, 1.0);
+        let at = fractional_point(&h, 1.0);
+        let before = document_state(&h);
+        let mut clicks = crate::control_click::ControlClick::default();
+        h.event(Event::ModifiersChanged(Modifiers::CTRL));
+        h.event(Event::PointerMoved(at));
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        for pressed in [true, false] {
+            let mut events = vec![Event::PointerButton { pos: at, button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed, modifiers: Modifiers::CTRL }];
+            clicks.normalize(&mut events, true);
+            h.input_mut().events.extend(events);
+            h.run_steps(1);
+        }
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        assert!(is_open(&h, popup), "{tool:?}");
+        assert!(document_state(&h) == before, "{tool:?}: a Control-click paints nothing");
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn reopened_canvas_menus_still_choose_their_actions() {
     let mut h = harness(Tool::RectMarquee, true, 1.0);
@@ -161,7 +185,7 @@ fn reopened_canvas_menus_still_choose_their_actions() {
     dismiss_outside(&mut h, Popup::Layers);
     tap(&mut h, at, Modifiers::NONE, true);
     assert!(is_open(&h, Popup::Layers));
-    let menu_rect = h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::new("canvas-layer-menu"))).unwrap();
+    let menu_rect = h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::unique("canvas-layer-menu"))).unwrap();
     h.query_all_by_label("Background").find(|node| menu_rect.contains(node.rect().center())).expect("Background in the layer menu").click();
     h.run_steps(3);
     assert!(!is_open(&h, Popup::Layers));
@@ -338,7 +362,7 @@ fn brush_preset_menu_action_outside_the_picker_keeps_it_open() {
     let before = document_state(&h);
     let at = fractional_point(&h, 1.0);
     tap(&mut h, at, Modifiers::NONE, true);
-    let picker = h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::new("canvas-brush-picker"))).unwrap();
+    let picker = h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::unique("canvas-brush-picker"))).unwrap();
     let name = h.state().session.tools.presets.first().unwrap().name.clone();
     let card = h.query_all_by_label(&name).find(|n| picker.contains(n.rect().center())).expect("visible preset card").rect();
     // Open by the right edge so the action lands outside the picker on a foreground menu.
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/canvas_popup.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/canvas_popup.rs
index 4f6e7dfc8d..83ecb7d27b 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/canvas_popup.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/canvas_popup.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn opening_frame_survives_layout_retries_and_later_presses_close() {
         let ctx = Context::default();
-        let id = Id::new("menu");
+        let id = Id::unique("menu");
         let rect = Rect::from_min_size(pos2(6.0, 6.0), vec2(100.0, 100.0));
         for _ in 0..3 {
             let mut passes = 0;
@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn opening_one_menu_does_not_protect_another() {
         let ctx = Context::default();
-        let first = Id::new("first");
-        let second = Id::new("second");
+        let first = Id::unique("first");
+        let second = Id::unique("second");
         let rect = Rect::from_min_size(pos2(6.0, 6.0), vec2(100.0, 100.0));
         ctx.run_ui(RawInput::default(), |ui| mark_open(ui.ctx(), first)).drop_without_applying_deltas();
         ctx.run_ui(outside_press(), |ui| {
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/canvas_tool_menu.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/canvas_tool_menu.rs
index 058e81480f..1f5ae2e066 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/canvas_tool_menu.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/canvas_tool_menu.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! Canvas context menus for the selection tools, the Pen, the Zoom and Hand tools, an active Free
 //! Transform box, text being edited with a Type tool, committed type under a Type tool, the
-//! pasteboard (outside the image) and a guide.
+//! pasteboard (outside the image), a guide and a pending crop.
 
 use egui::Context;
 use photocraft_doc::LayerContent;
@@ -42,6 +42,10 @@ pub struct CanvasToolMenu {
     /// the menu.
     #[serde(default)]
     pub spelling: Option<Spelling>,
+    /// Opened on a pending crop: the crop menu, listing the saved crop presets by the names they
+    /// had when it opened.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub crop: Option<Vec<String>>,
 }
 
 /// A misspelled word in the type layer being edited (`edit.checkSpelling`'s `list` entry).
@@ -63,7 +67,7 @@ const SPELLING_NONE: &str = "spelling.none";
 const SPELLING_ADD: &str = "spelling.add";
 
 /// One menu row: label and command id. `None` is a separator.
-pub type Row = Option<(&'static str, &'static str)>;
+pub type Row<S = &'static str> = Option<(S, S)>;
 
 /// Right-click while transforming, in Photoshop's order: what the box's handles do, then Rotate
 /// and Flip, which turn the open box without committing it (`transform_tool::intercept`).
@@ -196,6 +200,146 @@ pub const GUIDE_MENU: &[Row] = &[
     Some(("Clear Selected Artboard Guides", "view.clearSelectedArtboardGuides")),
 ];
 
+/// The crop menu's row ids. A ratio row is `crop.ratio.<key>`, the options bar's preset dropdown
+/// key (`crop_size::dropdown_options`); a saved preset is `crop.preset.<n>`, the n-th name the menu
+/// opened with; an overlay row is `crop.overlay.<id>` or `crop.overlayShow.<id>`.
+const CROP_RATIO: &str = "crop.ratio.";
+const CROP_PRESET: &str = "crop.preset.";
+const CROP_OVERLAY: &str = "crop.overlay.";
+const CROP_SHOW: &str = "crop.overlayShow.";
+pub const CROP_CLEAR: &str = "crop.clear";
+pub const CROP_NEW: &str = "crop.newPreset";
+pub const CROP_DELETE: &str = "crop.deletePreset";
+pub const CROP_CANCEL: &str = "crop.cancel";
+pub const CROP_COMMIT: &str = "crop.commit";
+
+/// The crop menu (right-click on a pending crop, #6561): the options bar's preset dropdown, in its
+/// order, and its Clear; the overlay and when it shows; then Cancel and Crop, the bar's ⊘ and ✓.
+/// Built from the bar's own lists, so the two cannot disagree. Empty for any other menu.
+pub fn crop_rows(menu: &CanvasToolMenu) -> Vec<Row<String>> {
+    use crate::crop_overlay::{CropOverlay, OverlayShow};
+    let Some(users) = menu.crop.as_ref() else { return Vec::new() };
+    let ratio = |(k, l): &(String, &str)| Some((l.to_string(), format!("{CROP_RATIO}{k}")));
+    let (before, after): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = crate::crop_size::dropdown_options().into_iter().partition(|(k, _)| k != crate::crop_size::FRONT);
+    let mut rows: Vec<Row<String>> = before.iter().map(ratio).collect();
+    rows.extend(users.iter().enumerate().map(|(i, name)| Some((name.clone(), format!("{CROP_PRESET}{i}")))));
+    rows.extend(after.iter().map(ratio));
+    rows.push(Some(("Clear".into(), CROP_CLEAR.into())));
+    rows.push(None);
+    rows.push(Some(("New Crop Preset…".into(), CROP_NEW.into())));
+    rows.push(Some(("Delete Crop Preset…".into(), CROP_DELETE.into())));
+    rows.push(None);
+    rows.extend(CropOverlay::ALL.iter().map(|k| Some((k.label().to_string(), format!("{CROP_OVERLAY}{}", k.id())))));
+    rows.push(None);
+    rows.extend(OverlayShow::ALL.iter().map(|k| Some((k.label().to_string(), format!("{CROP_SHOW}{}", k.id())))));
+    rows.push(None);
+    rows.push(Some(("Cancel".into(), CROP_CANCEL.into())));
+    rows.push(Some(("Crop".into(), CROP_COMMIT.into())));
+    rows
+}
+
+/// Is a crop row's label UI text (translated), rather than a saved preset's name?
+pub fn crop_label_is_ui(id: &str) -> bool {
+    !id.starts_with(CROP_PRESET)
+}
+
+/// Is `command` one of the crop menu's rows?
+fn is_crop(menu: &CanvasToolMenu, command: &str) -> bool {
+    crop_rows(menu).iter().flatten().any(|(_, id)| id == command)
+}
+
+/// The saved crop preset a `crop.preset.<n>` row picks.
+fn crop_preset<'a>(menu: &'a CanvasToolMenu, command: &str) -> Option<&'a String> {
+    let n = command.strip_prefix(CROP_PRESET)?.parse::<usize>().ok()?;
+    menu.crop.as_ref()?.get(n)
+}
+
+/// The crop menu's checkmarks, as the options bar shows them: the dropdown's entry (a saved
+/// preset the fields hold, else the mode or ratio, so a size preset checks W x H x Resolution),
+/// the overlay and when it shows.
+fn crop_checked(app: &PhotocraftApp, menu: &CanvasToolMenu, command: &str) -> bool {
+    let o = &app.ui.tool_options;
+    let user = crate::crop_presets::current_user(app);
+    if let Some(k) = command.strip_prefix(CROP_RATIO) {
+        return user.is_none() && k == o.crop_ratio;
+    }
+    if command.starts_with(CROP_PRESET) {
+        return user.is_some() && crop_preset(menu, command) == user.as_ref();
+    }
+    if let Some(k) = command.strip_prefix(CROP_OVERLAY) {
+        return k == o.crop_overlay.id();
+    }
+    command.strip_prefix(CROP_SHOW).is_some_and(|k| k == o.crop_overlay_show.id())
+}
+
+fn crop_enabled(app: &PhotocraftApp, menu: &CanvasToolMenu, command: &str) -> bool {
+    match command {
+        CROP_NEW => crate::crop_presets::savable(&app.ui.tool_options).is_some(),
+        CROP_DELETE => menu.crop.as_ref().is_some_and(|u| !u.is_empty()),
+        c => is_crop(menu, c),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Right-click with `tool` on a pending crop: the crop menu at screen point `pos`. Only the Crop
+/// tool itself, not one held over it (Space's Hand).
+pub fn open_crop(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &Context, tool: Tool, pos: [f32; 2]) -> bool {
+    if tool != Tool::Crop || !crate::crop_ui::pending(app) || !pos.iter().all(|v| v.is_finite()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    app.ui.brush_picker = None;
+    app.ui.layer_menu = None;
+    let users = crate::crop_presets::user_presets(app).into_iter().map(|(name, _)| name).collect();
+    app.ui.canvas_tool_menu = Some(CanvasToolMenu {
+        pos,
+        tool,
+        has_selection: false,
+        has_path: false,
+        path_name: None,
+        transform: false,
+        pasteboard: false,
+        anchor: None,
+        text: false,
+        type_layer: false,
+        guide: false,
+        spelling: None,
+        crop: Some(users),
+    });
+    crate::canvas_popup::mark_open(ctx, menu_id());
+    true
+}
+
+/// A crop row: each runs what its options-bar twin runs.
+fn choose_crop(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, menu: &CanvasToolMenu, command: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
+    use crate::crop_overlay::{CropOverlay, OverlayShow};
+    use crate::crop_presets::{Choice, apply_choice};
+    match command {
+        CROP_CANCEL => crate::crop_ui::cancel(app),
+        CROP_COMMIT => crate::canvas::commit_crop(app),
+        CROP_NEW => apply_choice(app, Choice::New),
+        CROP_DELETE => apply_choice(app, Choice::Delete),
+        _ => {
+            let before = crate::crop_ui::preset_ratio(app);
+            if let Some(k) = command.strip_prefix(CROP_RATIO) {
+                apply_choice(app, Choice::Builtin(k.to_string()));
+            } else if let Some(name) = crop_preset(menu, command) {
+                apply_choice(app, Choice::User(name.clone()));
+            } else if command == CROP_CLEAR {
+                crate::crop_size::clear_ratio(&mut app.ui.tool_options);
+            } else if let Some(k) = command.strip_prefix(CROP_OVERLAY).and_then(CropOverlay::from_id) {
+                crate::crop_overlay::set_overlay(&mut app.ui.tool_options, k);
+            } else if let Some(k) = command.strip_prefix(CROP_SHOW).and_then(OverlayShow::from_id) {
+                app.ui.tool_options.crop_overlay_show = k;
+            }
+            // As the options bar does: a saved preset or Clear changes the ratio without refitting
+            // the frame, so refit it when the ratio (or W x H) the frame follows changed.
+            if crate::crop_ui::preset_ratio(app) != before {
+                crate::crop_ui::apply_ratio(app);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 /// The pasteboard colours in the menu's order, which Space+F steps through.
 const CANVAS_COLORS: [CanvasColor; 6] =
     [CanvasColor::Default, CanvasColor::Black, CanvasColor::DarkGray, CanvasColor::MediumGray, CanvasColor::LightGray, CanvasColor::Custom];
@@ -339,7 +483,10 @@ pub fn selection_rows(has_selection: bool) -> &'static [Row] {
 
 /// The rows of an open menu.
 pub fn rows(menu: &CanvasToolMenu) -> &'static [Row] {
-    if menu.guide {
+    if menu.crop.is_some() {
+        // Built per menu: [`crop_rows`].
+        &[]
+    } else if menu.guide {
         GUIDE_MENU
     } else if menu.pasteboard {
         PASTEBOARD_MENU
@@ -360,13 +507,16 @@ pub fn rows(menu: &CanvasToolMenu) -> &'static [Row] {
 
 /// Is `command` one of the open menu's rows, and enabled?
 pub fn available(app: &PhotocraftApp, menu: &CanvasToolMenu, command: &str) -> bool {
-    (rows(menu).iter().flatten().any(|(_, id)| *id == command) || is_spelling(menu, command)) && entry_enabled(app, menu, command)
+    (rows(menu).iter().flatten().any(|(_, id)| *id == command) || is_spelling(menu, command) || is_crop(menu, command)) && entry_enabled(app, menu, command)
 }
 
 /// Is `command` the transform box's current mode (checked in the transform menu)?
 /// Scale stays Free Transform's mode (only Free Transform is checked). Rotate is its own mode.
 /// Warp is not a box mode (it is its own session), and `for_command` would read it as Free.
 pub(crate) fn mode_checked(app: &PhotocraftApp, menu: &CanvasToolMenu, command: &str) -> bool {
+    if menu.crop.is_some() {
+        return crop_checked(app, menu, command);
+    }
     if menu.guide {
         return command == "view.lockGuides" && app.ui.extras.lock_guides;
     }
@@ -488,6 +638,7 @@ pub fn open_transform(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &Context, pos: [f32; 2]) ->
         type_layer: false,
         guide: false,
         spelling: None,
+        crop: None,
     });
     crate::canvas_popup::mark_open(ctx, menu_id());
     true
@@ -502,6 +653,9 @@ fn pasteboard_choice(command: &str) -> Option<CanvasColor> {
 /// The engine command (and params) a pasteboard row runs, for the automation policy: every row
 /// changes a preference.
 pub fn engine_call(app: &PhotocraftApp, menu: &CanvasToolMenu, command: &str) -> (String, Value) {
+    if menu.crop.is_some() && command == CROP_COMMIT {
+        return ("image.crop".into(), json!({}));
+    }
     if menu.guide {
         let selected = crate::guide_select::selected(app);
         return match command {
@@ -562,6 +716,7 @@ pub fn open_pasteboard(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &Context, tool: Tool, pos:
         type_layer: false,
         guide: false,
         spelling: None,
+        crop: None,
     });
     crate::canvas_popup::mark_open(ctx, menu_id());
     true
@@ -592,6 +747,7 @@ pub fn open_guide(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &Context, tool: Tool, mods: egui
         type_layer: false,
         guide: true,
         spelling: None,
+        crop: None,
     });
     crate::canvas_popup::mark_open(ctx, menu_id());
     true
@@ -619,6 +775,9 @@ fn choose_pasteboard(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, menu: &CanvasToolMenu, command: &s
 }
 
 pub fn entry_enabled(app: &PhotocraftApp, menu: &CanvasToolMenu, command: &str) -> bool {
+    if menu.crop.is_some() {
+        return crop_enabled(app, menu, command);
+    }
     if menu.guide {
         return match command {
             GUIDE_EDIT | GUIDE_CLEAR => crate::guide_select::selected(app).is_some(),
@@ -719,6 +878,7 @@ pub fn open_at(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &Context, tool: Tool, pos: [f32; 2]
         type_layer,
         guide: false,
         spelling,
+        crop: None,
     });
     crate::canvas_popup::mark_open(ctx, menu_id());
     true
@@ -745,6 +905,7 @@ pub fn open_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &Context, tool: Tool, pos: [f32;
         type_layer: false,
         guide: false,
         spelling: None,
+        crop: None,
     });
     crate::canvas_popup::mark_open(ctx, menu_id());
     true
@@ -758,6 +919,8 @@ fn choose_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &Context, menu: &CanvasToolMenu, co
         let v = app.ui.views.get_mut(i).ok_or("no document view")?;
         v.fit_pending = false;
         v.fill_pending = true;
+        v.request_zoom_animation(app.session.prefs().general.animated_zoom);
+        v.zoom_anchor = None;
         return Ok(());
     }
     let before = app.ui.views.get(i).map(|v| (v.zoom, v.center));
@@ -773,6 +936,7 @@ fn choose_view(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &Context, menu: &CanvasToolMenu, co
     // from the centre shrinks (or grows) by the zoom ratio, whatever the rotation or flip.
     let ratio = zoom0 / v.zoom;
     v.center = if center_on_point || !ratio.is_finite() { d } else { [d[0] - (d[0] - c[0]) * ratio, d[1] - (d[1] - c[1]) * ratio] };
+    v.zoom_anchor = (v.zoom_animating && !center_on_point).then_some(([d[0] as f64, d[1] as f64], menu.pos));
     Ok(())
 }
 
@@ -781,7 +945,9 @@ pub fn choose(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &Context, command: &str) {
     if !available(app, &menu, command) {
         return;
     }
-    let result = if menu.guide {
+    let result = if menu.crop.is_some() {
+        choose_crop(app, &menu, command)
+    } else if menu.guide {
         choose_guide(app, ctx, command)
     } else if menu.pasteboard {
         choose_pasteboard(app, &menu, command)
@@ -888,6 +1054,23 @@ fn pen_dialog(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, command: &str, label: &str, name: &str) {
     spec_dialog(app, command, label, spec, fields);
 }
 
+/// The Pen options bar's Make Selection (Path mode, #5703): the canvas menu's Make Selection…
+/// dialog for the path being drawn (committed first, as the menu does) or the active path.
+pub(crate) fn make_selection(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let pending = app.ui.pen.as_ref().is_some_and(|p| p.knots.len() >= 2);
+    // Where `pen_commit` puts the path being drawn: a shape layer or the targeted vector mask,
+    // else the Paths panel path it adds to (a selected saved path, or the Work Path), which it
+    // selects so it is the active path.
+    let pending_layer = pending && (app.ui.tool_options.vector_mode == "shape" || crate::vector_ui::targeted_vector_mask(app).is_some());
+    if pending {
+        crate::vector_ui::pen_commit(app, false);
+    }
+    let name = if pending_layer { Some("layer".to_string()) } else { crate::vector_ui::active_path_name(app) }
+        .ok_or_else(|| "No path is available for this action".to_string())?;
+    pen_dialog(app, "path.toSelection", "Make Selection…", &name);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 fn choose_pen(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &Context, menu: &CanvasToolMenu, command: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
     if command == "select.isolateLayers" {
         crate::menus::invoke(app, ctx, command, json!({}))?;
@@ -917,7 +1100,7 @@ fn choose_pen(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &Context, menu: &CanvasToolMenu, com
 }
 
 fn menu_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("canvas-selection-menu")
+    egui::Id::unique("canvas-selection-menu")
 }
 
 pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &Context) {
@@ -927,6 +1110,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &Context) {
         || (menu.transform && app.ui.transform.is_none())
         || (menu.text && app.ui.text_edit.is_none())
         || (menu.type_layer && app.ui.text_edit.is_some())
+        || (menu.crop.is_some() && !crate::crop_ui::pending(app))
     {
         app.ui.canvas_tool_menu = None;
         return;
@@ -961,6 +1145,17 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &Context) {
                 if !spelling.is_empty() {
                     ui.separator();
                 }
+                for row in crop_rows(&menu) {
+                    let Some((label, command)) = row else {
+                        ui.separator();
+                        continue;
+                    };
+                    let text = if crop_label_is_ui(&command) { tl!(&label).to_string() } else { label };
+                    let item = egui::Button::selectable(mode_checked(app, &menu, &command), text).min_size(egui::vec2(200.0, 20.0));
+                    if ui.add_enabled(entry_enabled(app, &menu, &command), item).clicked() {
+                        selected = Some(command);
+                    }
+                }
                 for row in rows(&menu) {
                     let Some((label, command)) = *row else {
                         ui.separator();
@@ -1558,6 +1753,53 @@ mod tests {
         assert!((screen_of(h.state(), doc) - p).length() < 1.0);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn animated_zoom_off_view_menu_keeps_the_anchor_without_a_transition() {
+        for command in ["view.zoomIn", "view.zoomOut", FILL_SCREEN] {
+            let mut app = zoom_app(400, 300);
+            app.ui.tool = Tool::Zoom;
+            app.run("prefs.set", json!({"values": {"general.animatedZoom": false, "tools.zoomClickedPointToCenter": false}})).unwrap();
+            let mut h = harness(app);
+            let doc = [300.0, 100.0];
+            let p = screen_of(h.state(), doc);
+            right_click(&mut h, p, Modifiers::NONE);
+            let ctx = h.ctx.clone();
+            choose(h.state_mut(), &ctx, command);
+            assert!(!h.state().ui.views[0].zoom_animating, "{command}");
+            h.step();
+            let v = &h.state().ui.views[0];
+            let xf = crate::canvas::ViewXform::active(h.state()).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!((xf.zoom, xf.center), (v.zoom, v.center), "{command}");
+            assert!(v.zoom_anchor.is_none() && v.zoom_transition.is_none(), "{command}");
+            if command != FILL_SCREEN {
+                assert!(screen_of(h.state(), doc).distance(p) < 1.0, "{command}: preserve the clicked point");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn view_menu_zoom_keeps_its_anchor_during_the_animation() {
+        let mut app = zoom_app(400, 300);
+        app.ui.tool = Tool::Zoom;
+        let mut h = harness(app);
+        let zoom = h.state().ui.views[0].zoom;
+        let doc = [300.0, 100.0];
+        let p = screen_of(h.state(), doc);
+        right_click(&mut h, p, Modifiers::NONE);
+        let ctx = h.ctx.clone();
+        // Choose without the widget click helper, which runs repaint frames until settled.
+        choose(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "view.zoomIn");
+        h.step();
+        h.input_mut().time = Some(ctx.input(|i| i.time) + 0.11);
+        h.step();
+        let displayed = crate::canvas::ViewXform::active(h.state()).unwrap();
+        assert!(displayed.zoom > zoom && displayed.zoom < h.state().ui.views[0].zoom);
+        assert!(displayed.to_screen(doc[0], doc[1]).distance(p) < 1.0);
+        h.input_mut().time = Some(ctx.input(|i| i.time) + 0.3);
+        h.step();
+        assert!(!h.state().ui.views[0].zoom_animating);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn view_menu_zoom_in_centres_the_clicked_point_with_the_preference() {
         let mut app = zoom_app(400, 300);
@@ -1672,6 +1914,42 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.selection.is_some());
     }
 
+    /// #5703: the Pen options bar's Make Selection (Path mode) opens the same dialog for the path
+    /// being drawn (finished into the Work Path first), and OK selects inside it; with no path at
+    /// all it reports that instead.
+    #[test]
+    fn pen_options_bar_makes_a_selection_from_the_path() {
+        let mut app = app();
+        app.ui.tool = Tool::Pen;
+        assert!(make_selection(&mut app).is_err(), "no path yet");
+        assert!(app.ui.dialogs.is_empty());
+        for (x, y) in [(2.0, 2.0), (20.0, 2.0), (20.0, 20.0)] {
+            crate::vector_ui::pen_down(&mut app, x, y, false);
+            crate::vector_ui::pen_up(&mut app);
+        }
+        make_selection(&mut app).unwrap();
+        let dialog = app.ui.dialogs.last().map(|d| d.id).unwrap();
+        crate::dialogs::confirm(&mut app, dialog).unwrap();
+        let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+        assert!(st.doc.work_path.is_some() && st.doc.selection.is_some());
+        // The active (Work) path again, with no pen path in progress.
+        app.run("select.deselect", json!({})).unwrap();
+        make_selection(&mut app).unwrap();
+        let dialog = app.ui.dialogs.last().map(|d| d.id).unwrap();
+        crate::dialogs::confirm(&mut app, dialog).unwrap();
+        assert!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.selection.is_some());
+        // Drawn with a saved path selected, the path is added to that one (#4721): the dialog is
+        // for it, not for a Work Path.
+        app.run("path.rename", json!({"name": "work", "to": "Cutout"})).unwrap();
+        app.ui.selected_path = Some("Cutout".into());
+        for (x, y) in [(4.0, 24.0), (12.0, 24.0), (12.0, 30.0)] {
+            crate::vector_ui::pen_down(&mut app, x, y, false);
+            crate::vector_ui::pen_up(&mut app);
+        }
+        make_selection(&mut app).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.dialogs.last().and_then(|d| d.fields.get("name")), Some(&json!("Cutout")));
+    }
+
     /// #1056: the Path Selection and Direct Selection tools' right-click opens the path menu for
     /// the selected path, as the Pen's does, instead of nothing.
     #[test]
@@ -1834,4 +2112,277 @@ mod tests {
         }
         assert!(entry_enabled(&app, menu, "path.toSelection"));
     }
+
+    /// A 32 × 32 document with the Crop tool picked (Classic Mode, so the view stays put) and its
+    /// untouched default frame.
+    fn crop_app() -> PhotocraftApp {
+        let mut app = app();
+        app.ui.tool = Tool::Crop;
+        app.ui.tool_options.crop_shield.classic_mode = true;
+        app.ui.extras.snap = false;
+        crate::crop_ui::ensure_frame(&mut app);
+        app
+    }
+
+    /// Draws a crop frame from (4, 4) to (28, 28): a pending crop. Returns the frame.
+    fn draw_crop(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> [f64; 4] {
+        use crate::canvas::{ToolEvent, tool_event};
+        tool_event(app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 4.0, y: 4.0, pressure: 1.0 }, Modifiers::NONE);
+        tool_event(app, ToolEvent::Move { x: 16.0, y: 16.0, pressure: 1.0 }, Modifiers::NONE);
+        tool_event(app, ToolEvent::Move { x: 28.0, y: 28.0, pressure: 1.0 }, Modifiers::NONE);
+        tool_event(app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 28.0, y: 28.0 }, Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert!(crate::crop_ui::pending(app), "the drag draws a pending frame");
+        app.ui.crop_rect.unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn aspect(r: [f64; 4]) -> f64 {
+        (r[2] - r[0]) / (r[3] - r[1])
+    }
+
+    /// #6561: right-click on a pending crop opens its menu without touching the frame, and a ratio
+    /// row refits the frame as the options bar's dropdown does.
+    #[test]
+    fn right_click_on_a_pending_crop_opens_the_crop_menu_and_a_ratio_refits_the_frame() {
+        let mut app = crop_app();
+        let frame = draw_crop(&mut app);
+        let mut h = harness(app);
+        let center = h.state().last_canvas_rect.center();
+        right_click(&mut h, center, Modifiers::NONE);
+        let menu = h.state().ui.canvas_tool_menu.clone().expect("right-click on a pending crop opens a menu");
+        assert_eq!(h.state().ui.crop_rect, Some(frame), "the right-click leaves the frame alone");
+        assert!(available(h.state(), &menu, "crop.ratio.16:9"), "the menu lists the options bar's ratios");
+        let ctx = h.ctx.clone();
+        choose(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "crop.ratio.16:9");
+        assert_eq!(h.state().ui.tool_options.crop_ratio, "16:9");
+        let r = h.state().ui.crop_rect.unwrap();
+        assert!((aspect(r) - 16.0 / 9.0).abs() < 1e-9, "the frame is 16 : 9 now: {r:?}");
+        assert!(r[0] >= frame[0] && r[1] >= frame[1] && r[2] <= frame[2] && r[3] <= frame[3], "fitted inside the old frame: {r:?}");
+        assert!(h.state().ui.canvas_tool_menu.is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn untouched_crop_frame_has_no_menu_and_a_pending_one_wins_over_the_pasteboard() {
+        let mut h = harness(crop_app());
+        let rect = h.state().last_canvas_rect;
+        let outside = rect.min + vec2(5.0, 5.0);
+        right_click(&mut h, rect.center(), Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert!(h.state().ui.canvas_tool_menu.is_none(), "the tool's untouched frame is no crop in progress");
+        right_click(&mut h, outside, Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert!(h.state().ui.canvas_tool_menu.as_ref().is_some_and(|m| m.pasteboard), "outside: the pasteboard menu, as before");
+        h.state_mut().ui.canvas_tool_menu = None;
+        draw_crop(h.state_mut());
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        right_click(&mut h, outside, Modifiers::NONE);
+        let menu = h.state().ui.canvas_tool_menu.clone().unwrap();
+        assert!(menu.crop.is_some() && !menu.pasteboard, "with a crop pending, its menu also outside the image");
+    }
+
+    /// A harness in the app's order: shortcuts (the crop's Esc and ↵ among them), then the canvas.
+    fn shortcut_harness(mut app: PhotocraftApp) -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
+        app.sync_views();
+        let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(1000.0, 700.0)).build_ui_state(
+            |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
+                let ctx = ui.ctx().clone();
+                if !ctx.fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
+                    return;
+                }
+                crate::shortcuts::handle(app, &ctx);
+                egui::CentralPanel::default().show(ui, |ui| crate::canvas::document_area(app, ui));
+            },
+            app,
+        );
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::default());
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        h
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn esc_closes_only_the_crop_menu() {
+        let mut app = crop_app();
+        let frame = draw_crop(&mut app);
+        let mut h = shortcut_harness(app);
+        let center = h.state().last_canvas_rect.center();
+        right_click(&mut h, center, Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert!(h.state().ui.canvas_tool_menu.as_ref().is_some_and(|m| m.crop.is_some()));
+        h.key_press(egui::Key::Escape);
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        assert!(h.state().ui.canvas_tool_menu.is_none(), "Esc closes the menu");
+        assert_eq!(h.state().ui.crop_rect, Some(frame), "and only the menu: the crop is not cancelled");
+        assert!(crate::crop_ui::pending(h.state()));
+    }
+
+    /// ↵ under the open crop menu doesn't commit the crop beneath it.
+    #[test]
+    fn enter_under_the_crop_menu_does_not_crop() {
+        let mut app = crop_app();
+        let frame = draw_crop(&mut app);
+        let mut h = shortcut_harness(app);
+        let size = h.state().session.active().map(|s| s.doc.size);
+        let center = h.state().last_canvas_rect.center();
+        right_click(&mut h, center, Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert!(h.state().ui.canvas_tool_menu.as_ref().is_some_and(|m| m.crop.is_some()));
+        h.key_press(egui::Key::Enter);
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().map(|s| s.doc.size), size, "↵ under the menu doesn't crop");
+        assert_eq!(h.state().ui.crop_rect, Some(frame));
+        assert!(crate::crop_ui::pending(h.state()));
+    }
+
+    /// A right-click while the left button drags the crop frame opens no menu over the drag, on
+    /// the image or outside it (no pasteboard menu either), and the menu opens again once the left
+    /// button is up, though egui ended that drag without a release of its own.
+    #[test]
+    fn no_crop_menu_while_the_left_button_drags_the_frame() {
+        let mut app = crop_app();
+        draw_crop(&mut app);
+        let mut h = harness(app);
+        let rect = h.state().last_canvas_rect;
+        let (center, outside) = (rect.center(), rect.min + vec2(5.0, 5.0));
+        let left = |pos, pressed| egui::Event::PointerButton { pos, button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE };
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(center));
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.event(left(center, true));
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        for k in 1..=4 {
+            h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(center + vec2(8.0 * k as f32, 0.0)));
+            h.run_steps(1);
+        }
+        assert!(h.state().crop.drag.is_some(), "the left button drags the frame");
+        let held = center + vec2(32.0, 0.0);
+        right_click(&mut h, held, Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert!(h.state().ui.canvas_tool_menu.is_none(), "no crop menu over the drag");
+        right_click(&mut h, outside, Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert!(h.state().ui.canvas_tool_menu.is_none(), "nor the pasteboard menu outside the image");
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(held));
+        h.event(left(held, false));
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        right_click(&mut h, center, Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert!(h.state().ui.canvas_tool_menu.as_ref().is_some_and(|m| m.crop.is_some()), "with the button up the menu opens");
+    }
+
+    /// The left button down with no crop gesture under way (a press egui doesn't take for a drag
+    /// yet, or one whose release was lost to an Alt+Tab or a cancelled touch) doesn't keep the
+    /// crop menu shut.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_left_button_down_without_a_crop_drag_keeps_the_crop_menu() {
+        let mut app = crop_app();
+        draw_crop(&mut app);
+        let mut h = harness(app);
+        let center = h.state().last_canvas_rect.center();
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(center));
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: center, button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed: true, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        assert!(h.ctx.input(|i| i.pointer.primary_down()) && h.state().crop.drag.is_none(), "down, dragging nothing");
+        right_click(&mut h, center, Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert!(h.state().ui.canvas_tool_menu.as_ref().is_some_and(|m| m.crop.is_some()), "the crop menu opens");
+    }
+
+    /// Nor does a right-click open a menu over a Straighten line the left button still draws.
+    #[test]
+    fn no_crop_menu_while_the_left_button_draws_a_straighten_line() {
+        let mut app = crop_app();
+        draw_crop(&mut app);
+        crate::crop_straighten::toggle(&mut app);
+        let mut h = harness(app);
+        let center = h.state().last_canvas_rect.center();
+        let left = |pos, pressed| egui::Event::PointerButton { pos, button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE };
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(center));
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.event(left(center, true));
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        for k in 1..=4 {
+            h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(center + vec2(8.0 * k as f32, 4.0)));
+            h.run_steps(1);
+        }
+        assert!(h.state().crop.straighten.line.is_some() && h.state().crop.drag.is_none(), "the left button draws a Straighten line");
+        right_click(&mut h, center + vec2(32.0, 4.0), Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert!(h.state().ui.canvas_tool_menu.is_none(), "no menu over the line");
+    }
+
+    /// A finger held still on a pending crop (a touch screen's press-and-hold right-click) opens
+    /// the crop menu, though the touch counts as the primary button down.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_finger_held_on_a_pending_crop_opens_the_crop_menu() {
+        let mut app = crop_app();
+        let frame = draw_crop(&mut app);
+        let mut h = harness(app);
+        let at = h.state().last_canvas_rect.center();
+        let touch = |phase| egui::Event::Touch { device_id: egui::TouchDeviceId(1), id: egui::TouchId(1), phase, pos: at, force: None };
+        let button = |pressed| egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: at, button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE };
+        h.input_mut().events.extend([egui::Event::PointerMoved(at), touch(egui::TouchPhase::Start), button(true)]);
+        h.step();
+        // Held past egui's max_click_duration (0.8 s) without moving.
+        for _ in 0..120 {
+            if h.state().ui.canvas_tool_menu.is_some() {
+                break;
+            }
+            h.step();
+        }
+        assert!(h.state().ui.canvas_tool_menu.as_ref().is_some_and(|m| m.crop.is_some()), "the held finger opens the crop menu");
+        h.input_mut().events.extend([touch(egui::TouchPhase::End), button(false)]);
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().ui.crop_rect, Some(frame), "the hold leaves the frame alone");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn crop_menu_rows_act_like_the_options_bar() {
+        use crate::crop_overlay::{CropOverlay, OverlayShow};
+        let ctx = Context::default();
+        let mut app = crop_app();
+        draw_crop(&mut app);
+        // Space's Hand held over the Crop tool keeps its own right-click.
+        assert!(!open_crop(&mut app, &ctx, Tool::Hand, [10.0, 10.0]));
+        let reopen = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
+            assert!(open_crop(app, &Context::default(), Tool::Crop, [10.0, 10.0]));
+            app.ui.canvas_tool_menu.clone().unwrap()
+        };
+        // Nothing to save with a free ratio, nothing to delete without saved presets.
+        let menu = reopen(&mut app);
+        assert!(!entry_enabled(&app, &menu, CROP_NEW) && !entry_enabled(&app, &menu, CROP_DELETE));
+        assert!(mode_checked(&app, &menu, "crop.ratio."), "free Ratio is checked, as in the dropdown");
+        // A size preset fills W x H x Resolution, which the menu checks, as the dropdown does.
+        choose(&mut app, &ctx, "crop.ratio.preset:4x5in");
+        let menu = reopen(&mut app);
+        assert!(mode_checked(&app, &menu, "crop.ratio.whr") && !mode_checked(&app, &menu, "crop.ratio.preset:4x5in"));
+        assert!((aspect(app.ui.crop_rect.unwrap()) - 0.8).abs() < 1e-9);
+        assert!(entry_enabled(&app, &menu, CROP_NEW));
+        // Clear empties W x H x Resolution, as the bar's Clear.
+        choose(&mut app, &ctx, CROP_CLEAR);
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.tool_options.crop_width, "");
+        // Overlays: another overlay starts at its first orientation; when it shows.
+        app.ui.tool_options.crop_overlay = CropOverlay::GoldenSpiral;
+        app.ui.tool_options.crop_overlay_orientation = 2;
+        reopen(&mut app);
+        choose(&mut app, &ctx, "crop.overlay.triangle");
+        assert_eq!((app.ui.tool_options.crop_overlay, app.ui.tool_options.crop_overlay_orientation), (CropOverlay::Triangle, 0));
+        reopen(&mut app);
+        choose(&mut app, &ctx, "crop.overlayShow.never");
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.tool_options.crop_overlay_show, OverlayShow::Never);
+        let menu = reopen(&mut app);
+        assert!(mode_checked(&app, &menu, "crop.overlay.triangle") && mode_checked(&app, &menu, "crop.overlayShow.never"));
+        // A saved preset is listed by name; picking it refits the frame to its W x H, though the
+        // ratio key is "whr" before and after.
+        app.ui.canvas_tool_menu = None;
+        app.ui.tool_options.crop_ratio = crate::crop_size::WHR.into();
+        let saved = json!({"crop_ratio": "whr", "crop_width": "300 px", "crop_height": "100 px", "crop_resolution": "72", "crop_resolution_unit": "px/in"});
+        app.run("tool.presets.new", json!({"name": "Banner", "tool": "crop", "options": {"toolOptions": saved}})).unwrap();
+        let menu = reopen(&mut app);
+        let banner = crop_rows(&menu).into_iter().flatten().find(|(l, _)| l == "Banner").expect("the saved preset is a row").1;
+        assert!(entry_enabled(&app, &menu, CROP_DELETE));
+        choose(&mut app, &ctx, &banner);
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.tool_options.crop_width, "300 px");
+        assert!((aspect(app.ui.crop_rect.unwrap()) - 3.0).abs() < 1e-9, "the frame follows the preset: {:?}", app.ui.crop_rect);
+        let menu = reopen(&mut app);
+        assert!(mode_checked(&app, &menu, &banner));
+        // Crop commits as ↵ does: the preset's size.
+        choose(&mut app, &ctx, CROP_COMMIT);
+        let size = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.size;
+        assert_eq!((size.width, size.height), (300, 100));
+        // Cancel drops a pending crop.
+        draw_crop(&mut app);
+        reopen(&mut app);
+        choose(&mut app, &ctx, CROP_CANCEL);
+        assert!(!crate::crop_ui::pending(&app));
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/cas_transform.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/cas_transform.rs
index d5b263d6e8..0a1fa7d5b5 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/cas_transform.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/cas_transform.rs
@@ -206,7 +206,8 @@ pub fn fields(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, t: &TransformSession)
     let Some(o) = t.content_aware.clone() else { return };
     let tk = crate::theme::Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
     let lbl = |ui: &mut egui::Ui, s: &str| {
-        ui.label(egui::RichText::new(s).color(tk.text_dim).size(12.0));
+        let label = ui.label(egui::RichText::new(s).color(tk.text_dim).size(12.0));
+        crate::widgets::scrub_option_label(ui, &label);
     };
     crate::transform_tool::position_size_fields(app, ui, t);
     crate::widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
@@ -218,7 +219,7 @@ pub fn fields(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, t: &TransformSession)
     let channels: Vec<String> = app.session.active().map(|st| st.doc.channels.iter().map(|c| c.name.clone()).collect()).unwrap_or_default();
     let mut options: Vec<(Option<String>, &str)> = vec![(None, tl!("None"))];
     options.extend(channels.iter().map(|n| (Some(n.clone()), n.as_str())));
-    crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "content-aware-scale-protect", &mut next.protect, &options, 120.0);
+    crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "content-aware-scale-protect", tl!("Protect:"), &mut next.protect, &options, 120.0);
     crate::widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut next.protect_skin_tones, tl!("Protect skin tones"));
     if next != o
         && let Some(s) = app.ui.transform.as_mut()
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/channel_options_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/channel_options_ui.rs
index c50244447e..d35ed2ff07 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/channel_options_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/channel_options_ui.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@
 //! Quick Mask row): name, Color Indicates Masked Areas / Selected Areas / Spot Color, the overlay
 //! or ink colour, and opacity (solidity for spot channels). OK runs the engine's
 //! `channel.options`, which agents can also call directly with params (#3761).
+//!
+//! On the layer mask (double-click its Channels row, or Mask Options… on its Layers thumbnail)
+//! it is Photoshop's Layer Mask Display Options: just the rubylith's colour and opacity.
 
 use egui::{Align2, Sense, pos2, vec2};
 use photocraft_doc::ColorIndicates;
@@ -21,11 +24,27 @@ fn hex(rgb: [f32; 3]) -> String {
     crate::color_picker_ui::hex(rgb)
 }
 
-/// The dialog's fields for `channel` (an alpha/spot channel index, or `"quickMask"`), or `None`
-/// when there's no document or no such channel.
+/// Whether `f` is Layer Mask Display Options rather than a channel's options.
+fn layer_mask(f: &Map<String, Value>) -> bool {
+    f.get("channel").and_then(Value::as_str) == Some("mask")
+}
+
+/// The dialog's fields for `channel` (an alpha/spot channel index, `"quickMask"`, or `"mask"` for
+/// Layer Mask Display Options), or `None` when there's no document or no such channel.
 pub fn fields(app: &PhotocraftApp, channel: &Value) -> Option<Map<String, Value>> {
     let doc = &app.session.active()?.doc;
     let kind = |i: ColorIndicates| if i == ColorIndicates::SelectedAreas { "selected" } else { "masked" };
+    if channel.as_str() == Some("mask") {
+        let o = &app.session.prefs().layer_mask_overlay;
+        let mut f = Map::new();
+        f.insert(MARK.into(), json!(true));
+        f.insert("__command".into(), json!(COMMAND));
+        f.insert("__label".into(), json!("Layer Mask Display Options…"));
+        f.insert("channel".into(), json!("mask"));
+        f.insert("color".into(), json!(hex(o.rgb())));
+        f.insert("opacity".into(), json!((o.alpha() * 100.0).round()));
+        return Some(f);
+    }
     let (name, indicates, color, percent) = if channel.as_str() == Some("quickMask") {
         let o = app.session.quick_mask_options;
         (None, kind(o.indicates), o.color, o.opacity)
@@ -84,11 +103,14 @@ fn label(ui: &mut egui::Ui, text: &str) {
 
 pub fn body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
     ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.y = 6.0;
+    if layer_mask(f) {
+        return mask_body(ui, f);
+    }
     let quick = f.get("channel").and_then(Value::as_str) == Some("quickMask");
     if let Some(mut name) = f.get("name").and_then(Value::as_str).map(str::to_string) {
         ui.horizontal(|ui| {
             label(ui, tl!("Name:"));
-            if ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut name).desired_width(200.0)).changed() {
+            if ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut name).desired_width(200.0)).accessible_name(tl!("Name")).changed() {
                 f.insert("name".into(), json!(name));
             }
         });
@@ -121,9 +143,28 @@ pub fn body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
             crate::color_picker_ui::request(f, &crate::color_picker_ui::title_for(what));
         }
         ui.add_space(12.0);
-        ui.label(if spot { tl!("Solidity:") } else { tl!("Opacity:") });
+        let caption = if spot { tl!("Solidity:") } else { tl!("Opacity:") };
+        ui.label(caption);
         let mut pct = f.get("opacity").and_then(Value::as_f64).unwrap_or(50.0) as f32;
-        if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut pct, 0.0..=100.0, "%", 64.0).changed() {
+        if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut pct, 0.0..=100.0, "%", 64.0).accessible_name(caption).changed() {
+            f.insert("opacity".into(), json!(pct.round()));
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+/// Layer Mask Display Options: Color and Opacity, as Photoshop's dialog has them.
+fn mask_body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
+    ui.horizontal(|ui| {
+        label(ui, tl!("Color:"));
+        let current = f.get("color").and_then(Value::as_str).and_then(crate::color_picker_ui::parse_hex).unwrap_or([1.0, 0.0, 0.0]);
+        let c = current.map(|v| (v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 255.0).round() as u8);
+        if crate::widgets::color_swatch_button(ui, egui::Color32::from_rgb(c[0], c[1], c[2]), tl!("Overlay Color")).clicked() {
+            crate::color_picker_ui::request(f, &crate::color_picker_ui::title_for(tl!("Overlay Color")));
+        }
+        ui.add_space(12.0);
+        ui.label(tl!("Opacity:"));
+        let mut pct = f.get("opacity").and_then(Value::as_f64).unwrap_or(50.0) as f32;
+        if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut pct, 0.0..=100.0, "%", 64.0).accessible_name(tl!("Opacity:")).changed() {
             f.insert("opacity".into(), json!(pct.round()));
         }
     });
@@ -188,7 +229,7 @@ pub fn new_spot_body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
     let mut name = f.get("name").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or_default().to_string();
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         label(ui, tl!("Name:"));
-        if ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut name).desired_width(200.0)).changed() {
+        if ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut name).desired_width(200.0)).accessible_name(tl!("Name")).changed() {
             f.insert("name".into(), json!(name));
         }
     });
@@ -204,7 +245,7 @@ pub fn new_spot_body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
         ui.add_space(12.0);
         ui.label(tl!("Solidity:"));
         let mut pct = f.get("solidity").and_then(Value::as_f64).unwrap_or(0.0) as f32;
-        if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut pct, 0.0..=100.0, "%", 64.0).changed() {
+        if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut pct, 0.0..=100.0, "%", 64.0).accessible_name(tl!("Solidity:")).changed() {
             f.insert("solidity".into(), json!(pct.round()));
         }
     });
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/channel_options_ui_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/channel_options_ui_tests.rs
index 9a4a3d4c37..9a9a93394c 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/channel_options_ui_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/channel_options_ui_tests.rs
@@ -103,19 +103,72 @@ fn quick_mask_options_have_no_name_or_spot_and_bad_channels_open_nothing() {
     assert!(app.ui.dialogs.is_empty());
 }
 
+/// Layer Mask Display Options: just the colour and opacity, from and to the
+/// `layer_mask_overlay` preference; Channel Options… opens it on a targeted layer mask.
+#[test]
+fn layer_mask_display_options_set_the_rubylith() {
+    let mut app = app();
+    let f = fields(&app, &json!("mask")).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(f["__label"], json!("Layer Mask Display Options…"));
+    assert!(!f.contains_key("name") && !f.contains_key("indicates"));
+    assert_eq!((f["color"].clone(), f["opacity"].clone()), (json!("#ff0000"), json!(50.0)));
+    assert_eq!(params(&f), json!({"channel": "mask", "color": "#ff0000", "opacity": 50.0}));
+    let id = open(&mut app, &json!("mask")).unwrap();
+    app.ui.dialog_mut(id).unwrap().fields.insert("color".into(), json!("#00ff00"));
+    crate::dialogs::confirm(&mut app, id).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(app.session.prefs().layer_mask_overlay.color, "#00ff00");
+    // Channels › Channel Options… with the layer mask targeted.
+    app.run("layer.layerMask.revealAll", json!({})).unwrap();
+    app.run("channel.target", json!({"channel": "mask"})).unwrap();
+    let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+    crate::menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, COMMAND, json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(app.ui.dialogs.last().unwrap().fields["channel"], json!("mask"));
+    // Or with it targeted by `\` (the rubylith), which leaves the Channels target alone.
+    app.run("channel.target", json!({"channel": "composite"})).unwrap();
+    app.ui.dialogs.clear();
+    app.run(photocraft_engine::mask_view_cmds::OVERLAY_ID, json!({})).unwrap();
+    app.sync_mask_targets();
+    crate::menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, COMMAND, json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(app.ui.dialogs.last().unwrap().fields["channel"], json!("mask"));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn dialog_body_renders_for_alpha_spot_and_quick_mask() {
     let mut app = app();
     app.run("channel.options", json!({"channel": 0, "indicates": "spot"})).unwrap();
     let ctx = egui::Context::default();
     crate::theme::install_fonts(&ctx);
-    for channel in [json!(0), json!("quickMask")] {
+    for channel in [json!(0), json!("quickMask"), json!("mask")] {
         let mut f = fields(&app, &channel).unwrap();
         ctx.run_ui(Default::default(), |ui| body(ui, &mut f)).textures_delta.clear();
         assert!(owns(&f));
     }
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn value_fields_are_named_for_the_visible_solidity_or_opacity_caption() {
+    use egui::accesskit::Role;
+    use egui_kittest::Harness;
+    use egui_kittest::kittest::{NodeT, Queryable};
+
+    let labels = |f: Map<String, Value>, body: fn(&mut egui::Ui, &mut Map<String, Value>)| -> Vec<String> {
+        let mut h = Harness::builder()
+            .with_size(egui::vec2(520.0, 300.0))
+            .with_context_setup(|ctx| crate::PhotocraftApp::setup_context(ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::ALL[0]))
+            .build_ui_state(&body, f);
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        h.query_all_by_role(Role::SpinButton).filter_map(|n| n.accesskit_node().label()).collect()
+    };
+
+    let app = app();
+    let mut f = fields(&app, &json!(0)).unwrap();
+    f.insert("indicates".into(), json!("spot"));
+    assert_eq!(labels(f.clone(), body), ["Solidity:"]);
+    f.insert("indicates".into(), json!("masked"));
+    assert_eq!(labels(f, body), ["Opacity:"]);
+    assert_eq!(labels(new_spot_fields(&app).unwrap(), new_spot_body), ["Solidity:"]);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn new_spot_channel_dialog_creates_the_ink_from_the_selection_and_remembers_it() {
     let mut app = app();
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/channel_view.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/channel_view.rs
index 5cbc960b8e..0a5e1958a3 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/channel_view.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/channel_view.rs
@@ -65,6 +65,31 @@ fn sample(s: &Surface, r: Rect, factor: u32) -> Vec<f32> {
     out
 }
 
+/// How the view draws what it shows.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Look {
+    /// Single colour channels tinted instead of grayscale (Photoshop's "Show Channels in Color").
+    pub in_color: bool,
+    /// The layer mask rubylith's colour and opacity (0..1): Layer Mask Display Options.
+    pub mask_rgb: [f32; 3],
+    pub mask_opacity: f32,
+}
+
+impl Default for Look {
+    /// Photoshop's: grayscale channels, a red rubylith at 50 %.
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self { in_color: false, mask_rgb: AlphaChannel::DEFAULT_COLOR.to_rgb(), mask_opacity: 0.5 }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Look {
+    /// The current preferences of `s`.
+    pub fn of(s: &photocraft_engine::Session) -> Self {
+        let p = s.prefs();
+        Self { in_color: p.interface.show_channels_in_color, mask_rgb: p.layer_mask_overlay.rgb(), mask_opacity: p.layer_mask_overlay.alpha() }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Composite RGBA (over white, like Photoshop's channel views) at `factor` stride.
 /// Render in bands instead of allocating a full-resolution float composite to sample a preview.
 fn composite(doc: &Document, r: Rect, factor: u32) -> Vec<[f32; 4]> {
@@ -86,11 +111,10 @@ fn composite(doc: &Document, r: Rect, factor: u32) -> Vec<[f32; 4]> {
 }
 
 /// The channel view of `r` (document pixels, sampled every `factor` px) as premultiplied pixels,
-/// or `None` when the plain composite is all there is to show. `in_color` shows single colour
-/// channels tinted instead of grayscale (Photoshop's "Show Channels in Color").
-pub fn render(doc: &Document, v: &ChannelView, r: Rect, factor: u32, in_color: bool, active: Option<photocraft_doc::LayerId>) -> Option<Vec<Color32>> {
+/// or `None` when the plain composite is all there is to show.
+pub fn render(doc: &Document, v: &ChannelView, r: Rect, factor: u32, look: Look, active: Option<photocraft_doc::LayerId>) -> Option<Vec<Color32>> {
     let mut unused = None;
-    render_with_source(doc, v, r, factor, in_color, active, CompositeSource { cached: None, fresh: &mut unused })
+    render_with_source(doc, v, r, factor, look, active, CompositeSource { cached: None, fresh: &mut unused })
 }
 
 fn render_with_source(
@@ -98,13 +122,15 @@ fn render_with_source(
     v: &ChannelView,
     r: Rect,
     factor: u32,
-    in_color: bool,
+    look: Look,
     active: Option<photocraft_doc::LayerId>,
     source: CompositeSource<'_>,
 ) -> Option<Vec<Color32>> {
     if v.is_plain(doc) || r.is_empty() {
         return None;
     }
+    let in_color = look.in_color;
+    let (mask_rgb, mask_opacity) = (look.mask_rgb, look.mask_opacity.clamp(0.0, 1.0));
     let layer_mask = v.shown_layer_mask(doc);
     // ⌥-click mask view (#196): the pixel mask alone, in grayscale (white reveals); ⇧⌥ with
     // nothing else shown: just the rubylith. Use the compositor's cached feather for the pixel
@@ -123,9 +149,9 @@ fn render_with_source(
     match shown_mask {
         Some((m, MaskViewMode::Gray)) => return Some(mask_px(m, r, factor, |g| Color32::from_gray(q(g)))),
         Some((m, MaskViewMode::Overlay)) if only_mask => {
-            let c = AlphaChannel::DEFAULT_COLOR.to_rgb();
+            let c = mask_rgb;
             return Some(mask_px(m, r, factor, |g| {
-                let a = 0.5 * (1.0 - g.clamp(0.0, 1.0));
+                let a = mask_opacity * (1.0 - g.clamp(0.0, 1.0));
                 Color32::from_rgba_premultiplied(q(c[0] * a), q(c[1] * a), q(c[2] * a), q(a))
             }));
         }
@@ -212,10 +238,11 @@ fn render_with_source(
         };
         tint(sample(&ch.surface, r, factor), color, opacity, &|x| ch.overlay_coverage(x));
     }
-    // ⇧⌥-click mask view (#196): the layer mask as Quick Mask's red over the hidden areas
-    // (Photoshop's Layer Mask Display Options default).
+    // ⇧⌥-click mask view (#196): the layer mask tinted over the hidden areas in the Layer Mask
+    // Display Options colour and opacity (red at 50 % unless set).
     if !solo_mask && let Some((m, MaskViewMode::Overlay)) = shown_mask {
-        tint(sample(m, r, factor), AlphaChannel::DEFAULT_COLOR, 0.5, &|x| 1.0 - x);
+        let [cr, cg, cb] = mask_rgb;
+        tint(sample(m, r, factor), photocraft_color::Color::rgb(cr, cg, cb), mask_opacity, &|x| 1.0 - x);
     }
     Some(out.into_iter().map(|p| Color32::from_rgba_premultiplied(q(p[0]), q(p[1]), q(p[2]), q(p[3]))).collect())
 }
@@ -252,9 +279,9 @@ fn q(x: f32) -> u8 {
     (x.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 255.0 + 0.5) as u8
 }
 
-fn view_key(v: &ChannelView, in_color: bool) -> u64 {
-    let s = serde_json::to_string(v).unwrap_or_default();
-    s.bytes().fold(in_color as u64 + 1, |h, b| h.wrapping_mul(1_099_511_628_211).wrapping_add(b as u64))
+fn view_key(v: &ChannelView, look: Look) -> u64 {
+    let s = serde_json::to_string(&(v, look.mask_rgb, look.mask_opacity)).unwrap_or_default();
+    s.bytes().fold(look.in_color as u64 + 1, |h, b| h.wrapping_mul(1_099_511_628_211).wrapping_add(b as u64))
 }
 
 /// Make the channel-view texture of document `idx` current; `None` = nothing to draw.
@@ -276,10 +303,10 @@ pub fn ensure(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, idx: usize) -> Optio
     // The plain-composite path above needs no preview work.
     let (doc, preview_key) = crate::canvas::filter_channel_preview(app, idx, ctx).unwrap_or_else(|| crate::canvas::display_doc(app, idx));
     // Interface ▸ Show Channels in Color tints single colour channel views on the canvas too,
-    // not just the panel thumbnails (#2385). The view key carries the flag, so toggling it
-    // rebuilds the texture.
-    let in_color = app.session.prefs().interface.show_channels_in_color;
-    let key = view_key(&view, in_color);
+    // not just the panel thumbnails (#2385). The view key carries the flag and the Layer Mask
+    // Display Options, so changing them rebuilds the texture.
+    let look = Look::of(&app.session);
+    let key = view_key(&view, look);
     // Never exceed what the GPU accepts (egui panics on oversized textures).
     let max_side = (ctx.input(|i| i.max_texture_side) as u32).clamp(256, MAX_SIDE);
     let factor = doc.size.width.max(doc.size.height).div_ceil(max_side).max(1);
@@ -315,7 +342,7 @@ pub fn ensure(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, idx: usize) -> Optio
         let d = d.intersect(&doc.bounds());
         let r = Rect::new(d.x0.div_euclid(f) * f, d.y0.div_euclid(f) * f, d.x1, d.y1).intersect(&doc.bounds());
         if !r.is_empty()
-            && let Some(px) = render(&doc, &view, r, factor, in_color, active)
+            && let Some(px) = render(&doc, &view, r, factor, look, active)
         {
             let img = egui::ColorImage::new([r.width().div_ceil(factor) as usize, r.height().div_ceil(factor) as usize], px);
             c.tex.set_partial([(r.x0 / f) as usize, (r.y0 / f) as usize], img, TextureOptions::LINEAR);
@@ -327,7 +354,7 @@ pub fn ensure(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, idx: usize) -> Optio
     let b = doc.bounds();
     let cached = app.channel_views.get(&id).and_then(|c| c.source.as_ref()).map(|s| s.pixels.as_slice());
     let mut fresh = None;
-    let px = render_with_source(&doc, &view, b, factor, in_color, active, CompositeSource { cached, fresh: &mut fresh })?;
+    let px = render_with_source(&doc, &view, b, factor, look, active, CompositeSource { cached, fresh: &mut fresh })?;
     let new_source = fresh.is_some();
     let size = [b.width().div_ceil(factor) as usize, b.height().div_ceil(factor) as usize];
     let img = egui::ColorImage::new(size, px);
@@ -429,14 +456,14 @@ mod tests {
         let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
         assert_eq!(refreshed.revision, st.revision);
         assert_ne!(refreshed.pixels[0], original_sample, "new pixels must be recomposited");
-        let expected = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, st.doc.bounds(), 1, false, st.active_layer).unwrap();
+        let expected = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, st.doc.bounds(), 1, Look::default(), st.active_layer).unwrap();
         let mut unused = None;
         let actual = render_with_source(
             &st.doc,
             &st.channel_view,
             st.doc.bounds(),
             1,
-            false,
+            Look::default(),
             st.active_layer,
             CompositeSource { cached: Some(&refreshed.pixels), fresh: &mut unused },
         )
@@ -449,7 +476,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn plain_composite_draws_nothing() {
         let s = session();
         let st = s.active().unwrap();
-        assert!(render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, st.doc.bounds(), 1, false, st.active_layer).is_none());
+        assert!(render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, st.doc.bounds(), 1, Look::default(), st.active_layer).is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -458,7 +485,7 @@ mod tests {
         s.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 0, "y": 0, "width": 4, "height": 4})).unwrap();
         s.execute("select.editInQuickMaskMode", json!({})).unwrap();
         let st = s.active().unwrap();
-        let px = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, st.doc.bounds(), 1, false, st.active_layer).unwrap();
+        let px = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, st.doc.bounds(), 1, Look::default(), st.active_layer).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(px[0], Color32::TRANSPARENT, "selected: no overlay");
         assert_eq!(px[6], Color32::from_rgba_premultiplied(128, 0, 0, 128), "masked: 50% red");
     }
@@ -473,12 +500,12 @@ mod tests {
             }
             s.execute("select.editInQuickMaskMode", json!({})).unwrap();
             let st = s.active().unwrap();
-            let px = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, st.doc.bounds(), 1, false, st.active_layer).unwrap();
+            let px = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, st.doc.bounds(), 1, Look::default(), st.active_layer).unwrap();
             assert!(px.iter().all(|p| *p == Color32::TRANSPARENT), "{before:?}");
             if let Some(i) = after {
                 s.execute("channel.options", json!({"channel": "quickMask", "indicates": i})).unwrap();
                 let st = s.active().unwrap();
-                let px = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, st.doc.bounds(), 1, false, st.active_layer).unwrap();
+                let px = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, st.doc.bounds(), 1, Look::default(), st.active_layer).unwrap();
                 assert!(px.iter().all(|p| *p == Color32::TRANSPARENT), "{before:?} → {i}");
             }
         }
@@ -488,7 +515,7 @@ mod tests {
         s.execute("select.all", json!({})).unwrap();
         s.execute("select.editInQuickMaskMode", json!({})).unwrap();
         let st = s.active().unwrap();
-        let px = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, st.doc.bounds(), 1, false, st.active_layer).unwrap();
+        let px = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, st.doc.bounds(), 1, Look::default(), st.active_layer).unwrap();
         assert!(px.iter().all(|p| *p == Color32::from_rgba_premultiplied(128, 0, 0, 128)));
     }
 
@@ -503,14 +530,14 @@ mod tests {
         s.execute("view.layerMask", json!({"mode": "gray"})).unwrap();
         let st = s.active().unwrap();
         let b = st.doc.bounds();
-        let full = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, b, 1, false, st.active_layer).unwrap();
+        let full = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, b, 1, Look::default(), st.active_layer).unwrap();
         assert!(full[0].r() < 10 && full[36].r() > 245 && full[0].a() == 255, "opaque grayscale ramp");
         // A sub-rect starting on the factor grid matches the same pixels of the full render.
         for f in [1u32, 2, 3] {
-            let all = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, b, f, false, st.active_layer).unwrap();
+            let all = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, b, f, Look::default(), st.active_layer).unwrap();
             let w = b.width().div_ceil(f) as usize;
             let r = Rect::new(3 * f as i32, 2 * f as i32, 30, 19);
-            let part = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, r, f, false, st.active_layer).unwrap();
+            let part = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, r, f, Look::default(), st.active_layer).unwrap();
             let pw = r.width().div_ceil(f) as usize;
             for (i, p) in part.iter().enumerate() {
                 assert_eq!(*p, all[(i / pw + 2) * w + i % pw + 3], "factor {f}, pixel {i}");
@@ -518,7 +545,7 @@ mod tests {
         }
         s.execute("view.layerMask", json!({"mode": "overlay"})).unwrap();
         let st = s.active().unwrap();
-        let px = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, b, 1, false, st.active_layer).unwrap();
+        let px = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, b, 1, Look::default(), st.active_layer).unwrap();
         assert!(px[0].r() >= 124 && px[0].g() == 0 && px[0].a() >= 124, "about 50% red over the hidden end: {:?}", px[0]);
         assert!(px[36].a() <= 4, "next to nothing over the revealed end: {:?}", px[36]);
     }
@@ -541,17 +568,37 @@ mod tests {
         let softened = effective.sample_channel(0, 0, 0);
         assert!((softened - raw).abs() > 0.01, "the fixture has a visible feather at its edge");
 
-        let gray = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, bounds, 1, false, st.active_layer).unwrap();
+        let gray = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, bounds, 1, Look::default(), st.active_layer).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(gray[0], Color32::from_gray(q(softened)), "gray view uses the compositor's feathered mask");
 
         s.execute("view.layerMask", json!({"mode": "overlay"})).unwrap();
         let st = s.active().unwrap();
-        let overlay = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, bounds, 1, false, st.active_layer).unwrap();
+        let overlay = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, bounds, 1, Look::default(), st.active_layer).unwrap();
         let alpha = 0.5 * (1.0 - softened);
         let red = AlphaChannel::DEFAULT_COLOR.to_rgb();
         assert_eq!(overlay[0], Color32::from_rgba_premultiplied(q(red[0] * alpha), q(red[1] * alpha), q(red[2] * alpha), q(alpha)));
     }
 
+    /// Layer Mask Display Options: the rubylith takes their colour and opacity, alone over the
+    /// composite and with a colour channel hidden.
+    #[test]
+    fn layer_mask_overlay_takes_its_display_options() {
+        let mut s = session();
+        s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#0000ff"})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.layerMask.hideAll", json!({})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("view.layerMask", json!({"mode": "overlay"})).unwrap();
+        let green = Look { mask_rgb: [0.0, 1.0, 0.0], mask_opacity: 0.25, ..Look::default() };
+        let st = s.active().unwrap();
+        let b = st.doc.bounds();
+        assert_eq!(render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, b, 1, Look::default(), st.active_layer).unwrap()[0], Color32::from_rgba_premultiplied(128, 0, 0, 128));
+        assert_eq!(render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, b, 1, green, st.active_layer).unwrap()[0], Color32::from_rgba_premultiplied(0, 64, 0, 64));
+        // Red hidden: the white picture shows cyan, then green at 25 % over it.
+        s.execute("channel.setVisible", json!({"channel": "red", "visible": false})).unwrap();
+        let st = s.active().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, b, 1, green, st.active_layer).unwrap()[0], Color32::from_rgb(0, 255, 191));
+    }
+
     /// `cargo test --release -p photocraft-ui-egui --lib mask_view_switch_24mp -- --ignored --nocapture`
     #[test]
     #[ignore = "benchmark"]
@@ -569,7 +616,7 @@ mod tests {
             let mut best = f64::MAX;
             for _ in 0..8 {
                 let t = std::time::Instant::now();
-                let px = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, st.doc.bounds(), factor, false, st.active_layer).unwrap();
+                let px = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, st.doc.bounds(), factor, Look::default(), st.active_layer).unwrap();
                 let img = egui::ColorImage::new([3000, 2000], px);
                 std::hint::black_box(img);
                 best = best.min(t.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1000.0);
@@ -588,17 +635,20 @@ mod tests {
         s.execute("channel.target", json!({"channel": "green"})).unwrap();
         let st = s.active().unwrap();
         let b = st.doc.bounds();
-        assert_eq!(render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, b, 1, false, st.active_layer).unwrap()[0], Color32::from_gray(128));
-        assert_eq!(render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, b, 1, true, st.active_layer).unwrap()[0], Color32::from_rgb(0, 128, 0));
+        assert_eq!(render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, b, 1, Look::default(), st.active_layer).unwrap()[0], Color32::from_gray(128));
+        assert_eq!(
+            render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, b, 1, Look { in_color: true, ..Look::default() }, st.active_layer).unwrap()[0],
+            Color32::from_rgb(0, 128, 0)
+        );
 
         let mut s = Session::new();
         s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 4, "height": 4, "mode": "cmyk"})).unwrap();
         s.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#4080c0"})).unwrap();
         s.execute("channel.target", json!({"channel": "cyan"})).unwrap();
         let st = s.active().unwrap();
-        let px = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, st.doc.bounds(), 1, true, st.active_layer).unwrap()[0];
+        let px = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, st.doc.bounds(), 1, Look { in_color: true, ..Look::default() }, st.active_layer).unwrap()[0];
         assert!(px.r() < 100 && px.g() > 150 && px.b() > 150, "cyan ink, not gray: {px:?}");
-        let gray = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, st.doc.bounds(), 1, false, st.active_layer).unwrap()[0];
+        let gray = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, st.doc.bounds(), 1, Look::default(), st.active_layer).unwrap()[0];
         assert_eq!(gray.r(), gray.g(), "off stays grayscale");
     }
 
@@ -611,12 +661,12 @@ mod tests {
         let b = s.active().unwrap().doc.bounds();
         s.execute("channel.target", json!({"channel": {"color": 0}})).unwrap();
         let st = s.active().unwrap();
-        let px = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, b, 1, true, st.active_layer).unwrap()[0];
+        let px = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, b, 1, Look { in_color: true, ..Look::default() }, st.active_layer).unwrap()[0];
         let spread = px.r().max(px.g().max(px.b())) as i32 - px.r().min(px.g().min(px.b())) as i32;
         assert!(spread <= 3, "Lightness stays gray: {px:?}");
         s.execute("channel.target", json!({"channel": {"color": 1}})).unwrap();
         let st = s.active().unwrap();
-        let px = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, b, 1, true, st.active_layer).unwrap()[0];
+        let px = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, b, 1, Look { in_color: true, ..Look::default() }, st.active_layer).unwrap()[0];
         assert!(px.r() != px.g() || px.g() != px.b(), "a channel is tinted, not gray: {px:?}");
     }
 
@@ -634,6 +684,10 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(ensure(&mut app, &ctx, 0).is_some());
         let key_on = app.channel_views.values().next().unwrap().key;
         assert_ne!(key_off, key_on, "the preference changes the cached view key");
+        // So do the Layer Mask Display Options.
+        app.session.execute("channel.options", json!({"channel": "mask", "color": "#00ff00", "opacity": 70})).unwrap();
+        assert!(ensure(&mut app, &ctx, 0).is_some());
+        assert_ne!(app.channel_views.values().next().unwrap().key, key_on, "the overlay options change the cached view key");
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -644,17 +698,17 @@ mod tests {
         s.execute("channel.new", json!({"fill": "selection"})).unwrap();
         let st = s.active().unwrap();
         assert_eq!(st.channel_view.target, ChannelTarget::Alpha(0));
-        let px = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, st.doc.bounds(), 1, false, st.active_layer).unwrap();
+        let px = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, st.doc.bounds(), 1, Look::default(), st.active_layer).unwrap();
         assert_eq!((px[0], px[5]), (Color32::WHITE, Color32::BLACK));
         // Green alone: grayscale of the green channel; with blue hidden only.
         s.execute("channel.target", json!({"channel": "green"})).unwrap();
         let st = s.active().unwrap();
-        let px = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, st.doc.bounds(), 1, false, st.active_layer).unwrap();
+        let px = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, st.doc.bounds(), 1, Look::default(), st.active_layer).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(px[0], Color32::from_gray(128));
         s.execute("channel.target", json!({"channel": "composite"})).unwrap();
         s.execute("channel.setVisible", json!({"channel": "red", "visible": false})).unwrap();
         let st = s.active().unwrap();
-        let px = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, st.doc.bounds(), 2, false, st.active_layer).unwrap();
+        let px = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, st.doc.bounds(), 2, Look::default(), st.active_layer).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(px.len(), 4 * 2);
         assert_eq!(px[0], Color32::from_rgb(0, 128, 0));
     }
@@ -667,7 +721,7 @@ mod tests {
         s.execute("channel.setVisible", json!({"channel": "composite", "visible": true})).unwrap();
         s.execute("channel.setVisible", json!({"channel": "composite", "visible": false})).unwrap();
         let st = s.active().unwrap();
-        let px = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, st.doc.bounds(), 1, false, st.active_layer).unwrap();
+        let px = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, st.doc.bounds(), 1, Look::default(), st.active_layer).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(px[0], Color32::WHITE, "Alpha alone is the channel, not the red image");
 
         let mut q = session();
@@ -675,7 +729,7 @@ mod tests {
         q.execute("select.editInQuickMaskMode", json!({})).unwrap();
         q.execute("channel.setVisible", json!({"channel": "composite", "visible": false})).unwrap();
         let st = q.active().unwrap();
-        let px = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, st.doc.bounds(), 1, false, st.active_layer).unwrap();
+        let px = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, st.doc.bounds(), 1, Look::default(), st.active_layer).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(px[0], Color32::WHITE, "Quick Mask alone is grayscale, not the red composite");
 
         let mut m = session();
@@ -685,7 +739,7 @@ mod tests {
         m.execute("channel.setVisible", json!({"channel": "composite", "visible": false})).unwrap();
         let st = m.active().unwrap();
         assert_eq!(st.channel_view.visible_colors(3), 0);
-        let px = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, st.doc.bounds(), 1, false, st.active_layer).unwrap();
+        let px = render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, st.doc.bounds(), 1, Look::default(), st.active_layer).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(px[0], Color32::BLACK, "the hidden mask reads black, not the red layer");
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/channels_panel.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/channels_panel.rs
index 7f175b6209..5768ae0850 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/channels_panel.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/channels_panel.rs
@@ -92,6 +92,18 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     let rows_h = if fill { ui.available_height() - footer } else { f32::INFINITY };
     let mut mask_click = None;
     let mut drawn = Vec::new();
+    // An alpha or spot channel dragged over the rows reorders like Photoshop's (#9163): a line marks
+    // where it lands, above the colour channels it lands first, and colour channels don't move.
+    let dragged_alpha = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<(Row, String)>(drag_id())).and_then(|(row, _)| match row {
+        Row::Alpha(i) => Some(i),
+        _ => None,
+    });
+    let pointer = ctx.input(|i| i.pointer.interact_pos());
+    let released = ctx.input(|i| i.pointer.any_released());
+    let alpha_count = doc.channels.len();
+    // The slot the dragged channel would take (0 = first alpha) and where its line goes.
+    let mut insertion: Option<(usize, f32)> = None;
+    let mut alphas_top: Option<f32> = None;
     egui::ScrollArea::vertical().max_height(rows_h).min_scrolled_height(if fill { rows_h } else { 0.0 }).auto_shrink([false, !fill]).show(ui, |ui| {
         for row in rows {
             let (name, thumb_idx, slot, visible, selected) = match row {
@@ -125,6 +137,20 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
             };
             let row_h = if t.pro { 36.0 } else { 40.0 };
             let (rect, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(ui.available_width(), row_h), Sense::click_and_drag());
+            if let Row::Alpha(0) = row {
+                alphas_top = Some(rect.top());
+            }
+            if dragged_alpha.is_some()
+                && let Some(p) = pointer.filter(|p| rect.contains(*p))
+            {
+                insertion = match row {
+                    Row::Alpha(j) if p.y < rect.center().y => Some((j, rect.top())),
+                    Row::Alpha(j) => Some((j + 1, rect.bottom())),
+                    Row::QuickMask => Some((alpha_count, rect.top())),
+                    // Above the alpha channels: Photoshop puts it first among them.
+                    Row::Composite | Row::Color(_) | Row::LayerMask => Some((0, f32::NAN)),
+                };
+            }
             if resp.drag_started() {
                 ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(drag_id(), (row, name.clone())));
             }
@@ -139,13 +165,13 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
                 painter.line_segment([rect.left_bottom(), rect.right_bottom()], Stroke::new(1.0, t.separator));
             }
             let eye = Rect::from_min_size(pos2(rect.left() + 6.0, rect.center().y - 11.0), vec2(22.0, 22.0));
-            let eye_resp = ui.interact(eye, ui.id().with(("chan-eye", format!("{:?}", row.reference()))), Sense::click());
+            let eye_resp = ui.interact(eye, ui.scope_id().with(("chan-eye", format!("{:?}", row.reference()))), Sense::click());
             // Like Photoshop, the temporary mask row's eye is empty until the mask is shown.
             if row != Row::LayerMask || visible || eye_resp.hovered() {
                 icons::paint(ui, eye, if visible { "eye" } else { "eye-off" }, 14.0, if visible { t.icon } else { t.text_faint });
             }
             let eye_resp = eye_resp.on_hover_text(if row == Row::LayerMask { tl!("Show the layer mask as an overlay") } else { tl!("Toggle visibility") });
-            eye_resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, format!("Visibility {name}")));
+            eye_resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, format!("Visibility {name}")));
             let layer_id = masked.as_ref().map(|l| l.id.0);
             if eye_resp.clicked() {
                 let view_cmd = photocraft_engine::mask_view_cmds::ID.to_string();
@@ -167,7 +193,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
             }
             drawn.push((name.clone(), thumb));
             // Rows are painted: name them for screen readers and UI tests.
-            resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::WidgetType::SelectableLabel, true, selected, &name));
+            resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::Button, true, selected, &name));
             // Spot channels: a swatch of the ink on the thumbnail corner.
             if let Row::Alpha(i) = row
                 && let Some((ink, _)) = doc.channels[i].spot
@@ -197,7 +223,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
                     t.text_faint,
                 );
             }
-            let rename_id = egui::Id::new(("chan-rename", doc.id.0, format!("{:?}", row.reference())));
+            let rename_id = egui::Id::unique(("chan-rename", doc.id.0, format!("{:?}", row.reference())));
             if resp.clicked() && !eye_resp.clicked() {
                 let m = ui.input(|i| i.modifiers);
                 if m.command && row == Row::LayerMask {
@@ -223,6 +249,10 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
             if row == Row::QuickMask && resp.double_clicked() {
                 actions.push(("ui.channelOptions".into(), json!("quickMask")));
             }
+            // The layer mask's row: Layer Mask Display Options (the rubylith's colour, opacity).
+            if row == Row::LayerMask && resp.double_clicked() {
+                actions.push(("ui.channelOptions".into(), json!("mask")));
+            }
             if let Row::Alpha(i) = row {
                 if resp.double_clicked() && on_thumb {
                     actions.push(("ui.channelOptions".into(), json!(i)));
@@ -231,7 +261,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
                 }
                 if let Some(mut text) = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<String>(rename_id)) {
                     let edit_rect = Rect::from_min_max(pos2(text_pos.x - 3.0, rect.center().y - 11.0), pos2(rect.right() - 36.0, rect.center().y + 11.0));
-                    let te = ui.put(edit_rect, egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut text).font(egui::FontId::proportional(12.5)));
+                    let te = ui.put(edit_rect, egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut text).font(egui::FontId::proportional(12.5))).accessible_name(tl!("Name"));
                     if !te.has_focus() && !te.lost_focus() {
                         te.request_focus();
                     }
@@ -281,6 +311,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
                             let enabled = masked.as_ref().and_then(|l| l.mask.as_ref()).is_none_or(|m| m.enabled);
                             item(ui, a, crate::layer_menu_ui::mask_toggle_label(enabled), "layer.layerMask.enabled", json!({}));
                             item(ui, a, "Delete Layer Mask", "layer.layerMask.delete", json!({}));
+                            item(ui, a, "Layer Mask Display Options…", "ui.channelOptions", json!("mask"));
                         }
                     }
                     ui.separator();
@@ -292,6 +323,18 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
                 });
             });
         }
+        if let (Some(from), Some((slot, y))) = (dragged_alpha, insertion) {
+            let y = if y.is_nan() { alphas_top.unwrap_or(y) } else { y };
+            if y.is_finite() {
+                let r = ui.min_rect();
+                ui.painter().hline(r.x_range(), y, Stroke::new(2.0, t.accent));
+            }
+            // `channel.move` takes the channel's final index: a slot below it is one less.
+            let to = if slot > from { slot - 1 } else { slot };
+            if released && to != from {
+                actions.push(("channel.move".into(), json!({ "channel": from, "to": to })));
+            }
+        }
     });
     // A row being dragged: its name follows the pointer until it is dropped.
     let dragged = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<(Row, String)>(drag_id()));
@@ -347,7 +390,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
         if id == "ui.renameChannel" {
             if let Some(i) = p.as_u64().and_then(|i| doc.channels.get(i as usize)) {
                 let row = Row::Alpha(p.as_u64().unwrap_or(0) as usize);
-                ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(egui::Id::new(("chan-rename", doc.id.0, format!("{:?}", row.reference()))), i.name.clone()));
+                ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(egui::Id::unique(("chan-rename", doc.id.0, format!("{:?}", row.reference()))), i.name.clone()));
             }
             continue;
         }
@@ -393,11 +436,11 @@ fn drop_action(row: Row, name: &str, mask_layer: Option<u64>, on: Footer) -> Opt
 }
 
 fn drag_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("channel-row-drag")
+    egui::Id::unique("channel-row-drag")
 }
 
 fn thumbs_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("channel-thumb-rects")
+    egui::Id::unique("channel-thumb-rects")
 }
 
 /// The Channels rows drawn last frame: (name, thumbnail rect).
@@ -480,7 +523,7 @@ mod tests {
         ctx.run_ui(Default::default(), |_| {}).textures_delta.clear();
         let doc = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.id.0;
         let name = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.channels[0].name.clone();
-        ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(egui::Id::new(("chan-rename", doc, format!("{:?}", Row::Alpha(0).reference()))), name));
+        ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(egui::Id::unique(("chan-rename", doc, format!("{:?}", Row::Alpha(0).reference()))), name));
         // The field takes focus on the first pass and owns the IME from the second on (#585).
         let interrupts: Vec<Option<bool>> = (0..4)
             .map(|_| {
@@ -541,7 +584,8 @@ mod tests {
         let masked = s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Masked"})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap();
         s.execute("layer.layerMask.revealAll", json!({"layer": masked})).unwrap();
         s.execute("channel.new", json!({})).unwrap();
-        let mut h = egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(1440.0, 1000.0)).with_max_steps(64).build_eframe(move |cc| {
+        // 60 fps steps, so two clicks a frame apart count as a double-click.
+        let mut h = egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(1440.0, 1000.0)).with_step_dt(1.0 / 60.0).with_max_steps(64).build_eframe(move |cc| {
             PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&cc.egui_ctx, Default::default());
             PhotocraftApp::new(s, crate::Services::default())
         });
@@ -591,6 +635,39 @@ mod tests {
         h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.channels.iter().map(|c| c.name.clone()).collect()
     }
 
+    /// #9163: alpha channels reorder by dragging, as in Photoshop: a drop in a row's upper half
+    /// lands above it, over the colour channels it lands first among the alphas, colour channels
+    /// don't move, and each reorder is one history step.
+    #[test]
+    fn alpha_channels_reorder_by_dragging() {
+        let (mut h, _) = channels_harness();
+        h.state_mut().run("channel.new", json!({"name": "Alpha 2"})).unwrap();
+        h.state_mut().run("channel.new", json!({"name": "Alpha 3"})).unwrap();
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        assert_eq!(alphas(&h), ["Alpha 1", "Alpha 2", "Alpha 3"]);
+        let steps = h.state().session.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+
+        let (from, onto) = (at(&h, "Alpha 3"), at(&h, "Alpha 1"));
+        drag(&mut h, from, onto - vec2(0.0, 8.0));
+        assert_eq!(alphas(&h), ["Alpha 3", "Alpha 1", "Alpha 2"]);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps + 1, "one history step");
+
+        // The lower half of a row: below it.
+        let (from, onto) = (at(&h, "Alpha 3"), at(&h, "Alpha 1"));
+        drag(&mut h, from, onto + vec2(0.0, 8.0));
+        assert_eq!(alphas(&h), ["Alpha 1", "Alpha 3", "Alpha 2"]);
+
+        // Dropped on a colour channel: first among the alphas.
+        drag_to(&mut h, "Alpha 2", "Red");
+        assert_eq!(alphas(&h), ["Alpha 2", "Alpha 1", "Alpha 3"]);
+
+        // A colour channel dragged onto the alphas stays where it is.
+        let before = h.state().session.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        drag_to(&mut h, "Green", "Alpha 3");
+        assert_eq!(alphas(&h), ["Alpha 2", "Alpha 1", "Alpha 3"]);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), before);
+    }
+
     /// #4689: as in Photoshop, a channel dropped on New is duplicated, on Delete deleted, and on
     /// Load Channel as Selection loaded.
     #[test]
@@ -703,6 +780,33 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<(Row, String)>(drag_id())).is_none(), "the drag ended");
     }
 
+    /// Double-clicking the layer mask's row opens Layer Mask Display Options, as in Photoshop; OK
+    /// sets the rubylith's colour and opacity, a view setting rather than an undo step.
+    #[test]
+    fn double_clicking_the_layer_mask_row_opens_its_display_options() {
+        let (mut h, _) = channels_harness();
+        let steps = h.state().session.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        let p = at(&h, "Masked Mask");
+        h.hover_at(p);
+        h.run_steps(30);
+        for pressed in [true, false, true, false] {
+            h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: p, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE });
+            h.step();
+        }
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        let d = h.state().ui.dialogs.last().expect("a dialog opens");
+        assert!(crate::channel_options_ui::owns(&d.fields), "{:?}", d.fields);
+        assert_eq!((d.fields["channel"].clone(), d.fields["color"].clone(), d.fields["opacity"].clone()), (json!("mask"), json!("#ff0000"), json!(50.0)));
+        let id = d.id;
+        let d = h.state_mut().ui.dialog_mut(id).unwrap();
+        d.fields.insert("color".into(), json!("#0000ff"));
+        d.fields.insert("opacity".into(), json!(80.0));
+        crate::dialogs::confirm(h.state_mut(), id).unwrap();
+        let o = &h.state().session.prefs().layer_mask_overlay;
+        assert_eq!((o.color.as_str(), o.opacity), ("#0000ff", 80.0));
+        assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps, "no history step");
+    }
+
     /// The layer mask's row asks "Apply mask to layer before removing?", like its Layers thumbnail.
     #[test]
     fn the_layer_mask_row_on_the_trash_asks_first() {
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/chrome_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/chrome_ui.rs
index 02fa202cc5..7822d13860 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/chrome_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/chrome_ui.rs
@@ -156,8 +156,13 @@ pub fn status_bar_pro(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     );
     let mut pct = app.ui.views[i].zoom * 100.0;
     let control_h = crate::panels::status_bar_heights(&t).1;
-    if widgets::compact_wrapping_value_field(ui, &mut pct, crate::zoom_levels::percent_range(&app.ui.views[i]), "%", vec2(64.0, control_h)).changed() {
+    if widgets::compact_wrapping_value_field(ui, &mut pct, crate::zoom_levels::percent_range(&app.ui.views[i]), "%", vec2(64.0, control_h))
+        .accessible_name(tl!("Zoom"))
+        .changed()
+    {
         app.ui.views[i].zoom = crate::zoom_levels::clamp(pct / 100.0, app.ui.views[i].doc_size);
+        app.ui.views[i].zoom_animating = false;
+        app.ui.views[i].zoom_anchor = None;
         app.ui.views[i].fit_pending = false;
     }
     ui.add_space(12.0);
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/cjk_fonts.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/cjk_fonts.rs
index e4c2739fb4..7dfefbb640 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/cjk_fonts.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/cjk_fonts.rs
@@ -13,18 +13,32 @@
 //! has the missing character is registered, once per script. egui shapes each font run with
 //! HarfRust, so Thai marks and Arabic joining come from the font; it has no bidi reordering yet.
 //!
-//! Script order follows the UI locale ([`photocraft_text::cjk::script_order`]): Kana prefers a
-//! Japanese font, Hangul a Korean one, Bopomofo a Traditional Chinese one, and Han the
-//! locale's script (Japanese forms only for a Japanese locale). At most one font is read per
-//! frame, each file at most once, and once every script has been tried the scan stops.
+//! Script order follows the effective UI locale ([`photocraft_text::cjk::script_order`]): Kana
+//! prefers a Japanese font, Hangul a Korean one, Bopomofo a Traditional Chinese one, and Han the
+//! locale's script. The effective locale is the translated UI language when it names
+//! ja/ko/zh-Hans/zh-Hant; otherwise it is the OS locale. An English UI on a Japanese, Korean or
+//! Chinese OS therefore follows that OS script, not the English baseline. The craft manifest
+//! lists Shippori Mincho and BIZ UDPGothic before Noto Sans CJK SC, so a non-CJK/unknown
+//! effective locale keeps the migration baseline's first covering face for shared Han and kana
+//! (Shippori Mincho Regular); Hangul intentionally uses the Korean face (NanumGothic) instead,
+//! because [`CjkChar::preferred`] always prefers Korean, even though the old linear stack would
+//! have picked the broad Simplified Chinese face. An explicit zh-Hans/zh-Hant/ja/ko preference
+//! selects its own form and keeps the UI-first face for its script (BIZ UDPGothic for Japanese).
+//! The lazy loader reads at most one font per frame, each file at most once, and once every
+//! script has been tried the scan stops.
 //!
 //! Builds made with the optional craft-fonts input (`CRAFT_FONTS_DIR`,
-//! [`photocraft_text::craft_fonts`]) carry Japanese fonts (BIZ UDPGothic first): they are tried
-//! before the system Japanese fonts, in the Japanese slot of the same locale order. Without
-//! craft-fonts (and on the web, which never embeds them) nothing changes.
+//! [`photocraft_text::craft_fonts`]) carry Japanese, Chinese, Korean and other faces. A
+//! per-character [`FontProvider`] serves them, and the system font a locale defers to, in the
+//! first frame; the lazy loader remains the later fallback. The provider has no lifetime read
+//! cap. It retains at most [`MAX_SYSTEM_CACHE_BYTES`] of unique font-file blobs, charging a
+//! collection (TTC) once however many faces it selects; a face that cannot be retained is
+//! returned transiently for the current request, so a later Fontconfig candidate is never
+//! skipped merely because earlier characters read other fonts.
+//! Without craft-fonts (and on the web, which never embeds them) nothing changes.
 
 use egui::epaint::text::{FontInsert, FontPriority, InsertFontFamily};
-use egui::{FontData, FontFamily, FontId, Shape};
+use egui::{FallbackRequest, FontData, FontFamily, FontId, FontProvider, Shape};
 use photocraft_text::cjk::{self, CjkChar, CjkScript, FontFile};
 use photocraft_text::craft_fonts::{self, CraftFont};
 use photocraft_text::scripts::{self, Script};
@@ -32,8 +46,18 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 /// Skip absurdly large files (a corrupt or non-font path must not eat memory).
 pub const MAX_FONT_BYTES: u64 = 128 << 20;
-/// At most this many candidate files are read for one script (bounded I/O on a miss).
+/// At most this many candidate files are read for one non-CJK script by the lazy loader.
 const MAX_SCRIPT_READS: usize = 6;
+/// Upper bound on the unique font-file blobs the eager provider retains in its own cache.
+/// Structurally invalid candidates are not retained at all. A readable file is charged once,
+/// whatever number of faces the provider selects from a collection; it is evicted before the
+/// budget is exceeded. A file that cannot be retained is still used for the current request and
+/// returned transiently to egui (which may own that installed face independently). There is
+/// deliberately no lifetime read cap: a valid Fontconfig match appended after many
+/// absent/non-covering static paths (or after earlier characters) must still be reached.
+const MAX_SYSTEM_CACHE_BYTES: usize = 128 << 20;
+/// Remembered face names are tiny but still bounded independently of the blob budget.
+const MAX_SYSTEM_FACE_NAMES: usize = 1024;
 /// Name prefix of the registered fallback fonts.
 pub const FONT_PREFIX: &str = "system-cjk";
 
@@ -43,39 +67,520 @@ pub struct Sources {
     pub locale: fn() -> Option<String>,
     pub files: fn(CjkScript) -> Vec<FontFile>,
     pub last_resort: fn() -> Vec<FontFile>,
+    /// Whether the background Fontconfig CJK lookup is still running. The provider must not fall
+    /// through to a lower-priority script (for example Simplified Chinese for a Hant character)
+    /// while the preferred script may still gain a system face. Injectable so tests (and the web
+    /// build) never depend on timing.
+    pub pending: fn() -> bool,
     /// Candidate files for a non-CJK script, most preferred first; read only when a visible
     /// character of that script is missing.
     pub scripts: fn(Script) -> Vec<PathBuf>,
     /// The face of a font file whose character map has the character (`None`: not this file).
     pub covers: fn(&[u8], char) -> Option<u32>,
-    /// Embedded fonts tried before `files` for a script (craft-fonts' Japanese fonts).
-    pub embedded: fn(CjkScript) -> Vec<&'static CraftFont>,
+    /// Embedded craft faces declaring an ISO 15924 script, in the script's own order. The
+    /// provider and lazy loader both use this injection (tests can therefore pin craft-font
+    /// selection without depending on the build input).
+    pub embedded: fn(&'static str) -> Vec<&'static CraftFont>,
+    /// Install the per-character craft-font provider, so a headless first frame can shape CJK
+    /// and other scripts before the lazy loader gets a second pass (tests panic on a missing
+    /// glyph). It selects a face for the character's script instead of putting a broad face into
+    /// the family stack up front for every later character.
+    pub eager_craft_fonts: bool,
 }
 
-/// craft-fonts' Japanese fonts for the Japanese script, UI face first (empty without craft-fonts).
+/// Craft fonts declaring `iso`, Regular first and (for Japanese) the UI face first; empty
+/// without craft-fonts. This is the explicit-locale order; a non-CJK/unknown effective locale
+/// uses the raw manifest order through [`craft_face_manifest`] instead.
+///
+/// The lazy loader tries these before system files for a script, so its fallback order stays
+/// `preferred script, then the locale order` even for a character the provider left to it.
+pub fn craft_embedded_iso(iso: &'static str) -> Vec<&'static CraftFont> {
+    craft_faces(iso).into_iter().map(|(_, f)| f).collect()
+}
+
+/// Craft fonts for a CJK script; a convenience wrapper for callers that already hold the enum.
 pub fn craft_embedded(script: CjkScript) -> Vec<&'static CraftFont> {
-    if script == CjkScript::Japanese { craft_fonts::japanese_for_ui() } else { Vec::new() }
+    craft_embedded_iso(cjk_iso(script))
 }
 
 /// No embedded fonts (tests that pin the system-font behaviour).
-pub fn no_embedded(_: CjkScript) -> Vec<&'static CraftFont> {
+pub fn no_embedded(_: &'static str) -> Vec<&'static CraftFont> {
     Vec::new()
 }
 
+/// Craft fonts chosen per character, the way the lazy loader chooses them for one missing glyph.
+///
+/// A single linear font stack cannot express the per-script preference: a broad Noto Sans CJK SC
+/// face covers kana and Hangul too, so putting it in the stack would make it win there over the
+/// Japanese or Korean face. A [`FontProvider`] is asked per missing character instead, and this
+/// one returns the face for that character's script. When the preferred script has no craft face
+/// (e.g. Traditional Chinese), it asks the system font for that script first, and only falls
+/// through the locale order (so a Simplified Chinese face comes last) when the system has none.
+///
+/// egui still resolves a character from an already discovered broad face before asking a
+/// provider again; a mixed-script run whose first character discovered SC can therefore serve a
+/// later kana/Hangul character from SC. Removing that last ambiguity needs script-aware fallback
+/// in epaint (or per-script text runs); this provider fixes the eager-stack case.
+struct CraftFontProvider {
+    locale: fn() -> Option<String>,
+    files: fn(CjkScript) -> Vec<FontFile>,
+    last_resort: fn() -> Vec<FontFile>,
+    pending: fn() -> bool,
+    scripts: fn(Script) -> Vec<PathBuf>,
+    covers: fn(&[u8], char) -> Option<u32>,
+    embedded: fn(&'static str) -> Vec<&'static CraftFont>,
+    /// Interface > UI Font Size multiplier for the discovered faces (see `theme::ui_font_scale`).
+    scale: std::sync::Arc<std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32>,
+    /// System files, faces and failed lookups read for characters no craft face covers.
+    system: std::sync::Mutex<SystemCache>,
+    /// I/O for a candidate path; `read_font` in production, injectable by tests.
+    reader: fn(&std::path::Path) -> Option<Vec<u8>>,
+}
+
+/// A readable, structurally valid font file retained as one shared blob, no matter how many
+/// faces of it the provider selects. The blob is charged to the byte budget once.
+struct CachedFile {
+    path: PathBuf,
+    data: FontData,
+    bytes: usize,
+}
+
+struct SystemCache {
+    /// Unique retained font blobs, oldest first; evicted when the byte budget is exceeded.
+    /// A collection's faces share this one entry, so a TTC is not charged per face.
+    files: Vec<CachedFile>,
+    /// Paths whose read failed (missing, empty, oversized, unreadable): never retry them for
+    /// each missing character.
+    failed_reads: std::collections::HashSet<PathBuf>,
+    /// Paths that were readable but structurally not a font (truncated download, unrelated
+    /// file): negative-cached separately from an I/O failure and from a non-covering face.
+    invalid_fonts: std::collections::HashSet<PathBuf>,
+    /// Names of faces handed to egui, reusing their name across characters. These carry no font
+    /// bytes (the blob stays in `files` while retained) and are capped by
+    /// [`MAX_SYSTEM_FACE_NAMES`].
+    faces: Vec<SystemFace>,
+    /// `face_index_for_family_checked` results, including family misses, so a collection's
+    /// `name`/directory tables are not parsed again for every character.
+    family_indices: Vec<(PathBuf, String, Option<u32>)>,
+    /// Bytes of the unique blobs in `files`. A selected face adds no bytes: egui's installed copy
+    /// may outlive the provider's reference, but the provider charges and bounds only its own
+    /// retained blob.
+    retained_bytes: usize,
+    /// Budget for `retained_bytes`; injectable (small) in tests.
+    max_bytes: usize,
+    /// Next face name; monotonic so names are never reused for a different face.
+    next_face_name: usize,
+    /// Successful I/O reads. Diagnostics/tests only: there is deliberately no lifetime cap.
+    #[cfg_attr(not(test), allow(dead_code))]
+    reads: usize,
+}
+
+impl Default for SystemCache {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            files: Vec::new(),
+            failed_reads: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
+            invalid_fonts: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
+            faces: Vec::new(),
+            family_indices: Vec::new(),
+            retained_bytes: 0,
+            max_bytes: MAX_SYSTEM_CACHE_BYTES,
+            next_face_name: 0,
+            reads: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl SystemCache {
+    /// Evict the oldest blobs until `extra` more bytes fit. Returns `false` when even an empty
+    /// cache cannot hold `extra`; in that case nothing is evicted, because a request that must be
+    /// transient should not discard useful cached candidates. Face names are not pinned blobs:
+    /// egui may keep an installed copy, but the provider's own byte cache stays bounded.
+    fn make_room(&mut self, extra: usize) -> bool {
+        if extra > self.max_bytes {
+            return false;
+        }
+        while self.retained_bytes.saturating_add(extra) > self.max_bytes {
+            let Some(file) = self.files.first() else { return false };
+            let bytes = file.bytes;
+            self.files.remove(0);
+            self.retained_bytes = self.retained_bytes.saturating_sub(bytes);
+        }
+        true
+    }
+
+    /// Remember a face name without retaining font bytes. Names are capped; forgetting an old
+    /// name only means egui may install a face under a new name later.
+    fn remember_face(&mut self, path: PathBuf, index: u32, name: String) {
+        if self.faces.len() >= MAX_SYSTEM_FACE_NAMES {
+            self.faces.remove(0);
+        }
+        self.faces.push(SystemFace { path, index, name });
+    }
+}
+
+struct SystemFace {
+    path: PathBuf,
+    index: u32,
+    name: String,
+}
+
+impl CraftFontProvider {
+    fn new(sources: &Sources, scale: f32) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            locale: sources.locale,
+            files: sources.files,
+            last_resort: sources.last_resort,
+            pending: sources.pending,
+            scripts: sources.scripts,
+            covers: sources.covers,
+            embedded: sources.embedded,
+            scale: std::sync::Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32::new(scale.to_bits())),
+            system: std::sync::Mutex::new(SystemCache::default()),
+            reader: read_font,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn scale(&self) -> f32 {
+        f32::from_bits(self.scale.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed))
+    }
+
+    fn set_scale(&self, scale: f32) {
+        self.scale.store(scale.to_bits(), std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
+    }
+
+    /// The bytes of `path`, read at most once while its blob is retained and shared even when a
+    /// later request wants a different face of the same collection.
+    ///
+    /// The whole check/read/insert runs under the cache lock, so concurrent layout threads share
+    /// one read per path and a success can never be shadowed by another thread's stale failure.
+    /// Missing/unreadable paths and readable non-font bytes are negative-cached separately.
+    fn system_source(&self, path: &std::path::Path) -> Option<FontData> {
+        let mut cache = self.system.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+        if cache.failed_reads.contains(path) || cache.invalid_fonts.contains(path) {
+            return None;
+        }
+        if let Some(file) = cache.files.iter().find(|file| file.path.as_path() == path) {
+            return Some(FontData::from_blob(file.data.font.clone(), 0));
+        }
+        let Some(bytes) = (self.reader)(path) else {
+            cache.failed_reads.insert(path.to_path_buf());
+            return None;
+        };
+        cache.reads = cache.reads.saturating_add(1);
+        if !cjk::font_file_is_readable(&bytes) {
+            // A readable non-font is an invalid candidate, not a valid face that merely lacks
+            // this character: remember that separately and never retain its bytes.
+            cache.invalid_fonts.insert(path.to_path_buf());
+            return None;
+        }
+        let size = bytes.len();
+        let data = FontData::from_owned(bytes);
+        let source = FontData::from_blob(data.font.clone(), 0);
+        if cache.make_room(size) {
+            cache.retained_bytes = cache.retained_bytes.saturating_add(size);
+            cache.files.push(CachedFile { path: path.to_path_buf(), data, bytes: size });
+        }
+        // If this file alone exceeds the budget, the bytes are still used for this request but
+        // not retained. egui may keep the installed face; the provider's own cache stays bounded.
+        Some(source)
+    }
+
+    /// The (cached) face index whose family name is `family`; `None` is cached as a family miss.
+    fn checked_face_index(&self, path: &std::path::Path, family: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<u32> {
+        {
+            let cache = self.system.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+            if let Some((_, _, index)) = cache.family_indices.iter().find(|(cached, name, _)| cached.as_path() == path && name.as_str() == family) {
+                return *index;
+            }
+        }
+        let index = cjk::face_index_for_family_checked(bytes, family);
+        let mut cache = self.system.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+        if !cache.family_indices.iter().any(|(cached, name, _)| cached.as_path() == path && name.as_str() == family) {
+            cache.family_indices.push((path.to_path_buf(), family.to_owned(), index));
+        }
+        index
+    }
+
+    /// Register one face of an already-read system file, reusing its name but applying the
+    /// current UI scale on every return (a cache must never bake the scale in).
+    ///
+    /// A face never adds a second charge for its collection's blob. If the blob was not retained
+    /// (it alone exceeds the budget, or another thread evicted it first), this still returns a
+    /// complete transient `FontInsert`: egui installs and owns that copy, while the provider's
+    /// own cache remains within `max_bytes`.
+    fn system_insert_face(&self, path: PathBuf, index: u32, source: FontData) -> FontInsert {
+        let mut cache = self.system.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+        let name = match cache.faces.iter().find(|f| f.path == path && f.index == index) {
+            Some(face) => face.name.clone(),
+            None => {
+                let name = format!("craft-system-{}", cache.next_face_name);
+                cache.next_face_name = cache.next_face_name.saturating_add(1);
+                cache.remember_face(path, index, name.clone());
+                name
+            }
+        };
+        let mut data = FontData::from_blob(source.font, index);
+        apply_font_tweaks(&mut data);
+        font_insert(name, data, self.scale())
+    }
+
+    /// The first system face for `script` (or any last-resort face) whose requested family really
+    /// covers `c`.
+    ///
+    /// The lazy loader reads these after the first frame; the provider needs the same source for
+    /// the first frame, before a headless layout with `MissingGlyphPolicy::Panic` can finish.
+    /// A non-empty family is resolved by name first, then checked against that exact face: never
+    /// use the first face of a collection that happens to cover `c`.
+    fn system_insert_files(&self, files: Vec<FontFile>, c: char) -> Option<FontInsert> {
+        for file in files {
+            let Some(source) = self.system_source(&file.path) else { continue };
+            let index = if file.family.is_empty() {
+                0
+            } else {
+                let Some(index) = self.checked_face_index(&file.path, &file.family, source.bytes()) else { continue };
+                index
+            };
+            // A readable collection can still hold a malformed selected face whose `cmap` and
+            // `name` work; do not hand that index to epaint, which panics when it installs a
+            // configured face it cannot parse.
+            if !cjk::font_face_is_readable(source.bytes(), index) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if !scripts::face_covers(source.bytes(), index, c) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            return Some(self.system_insert_face(file.path, index, source));
+        }
+        None
+    }
+
+    /// The first non-CJK candidate path that maps `c`; these files have no requested family, so
+    /// the same character-map rule as the lazy loader applies.
+    fn system_insert_paths(&self, files: Vec<PathBuf>, c: char) -> Option<FontInsert> {
+        for path in files {
+            let Some(source) = self.system_source(&path) else { continue };
+            let Some(index) = (self.covers)(source.bytes(), c) else { continue };
+            if !cjk::font_face_is_readable(source.bytes(), index) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            return Some(self.system_insert_face(path, index, source));
+        }
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+impl FontProvider for CraftFontProvider {
+    fn font_for(&self, request: &FallbackRequest<'_>) -> Option<FontInsert> {
+        let c = request.cluster.chars().next()?;
+        let locale = (self.locale)();
+        let order = cjk::script_order(locale.as_deref());
+        // The migration baseline appended every craft face to the family stack in manifest
+        // order, so a non-CJK/unknown effective locale drew shared Han/kana with the first
+        // manifest face that covered the character (Shippori Mincho Regular). An explicit
+        // ja/ko/zh preference is a new choice and keeps the UI-first order for its script.
+        // `locale` already resolves an English UI on a CJK OS to that OS locale, so this
+        // baseline does not apply there.
+        let manifest_baseline = cjk::locale_script(locale.as_deref()).is_none();
+        let craft = |iso: &'static str| {
+            if manifest_baseline { craft_face_manifest(self.embedded, iso, c) } else { craft_face_for(self.embedded, iso, c) }
+        };
+        if let Some(kind) = cjk::classify(c) {
+            // Han follows the locale's script. For a non-CJK/unknown effective locale, try the
+            // manifest's Japanese faces first (exactly as the baseline stack did) before the
+            // SC-first system order.
+            if kind == cjk::CjkChar::Han
+                && manifest_baseline
+                && let Some((index, face)) = craft_face_manifest(self.embedded, "Jpan", c)
+            {
+                return Some(craft_insert(index, face, self.scale()));
+            }
+            // The same order as `CjkFallback::next_font`: the character's preferred script first,
+            // then the locale order; craft faces and system files per script. A Traditional
+            // Chinese locale therefore checks its system Hant font before any Simplified craft
+            // face, and only falls through when the system has no Hant face either.
+            //
+            // While fontconfig is still looking for the preferred script's face, do not cache a
+            // lower-priority face (SC for a Hant character): egui keeps that wrong choice for the
+            // installed font chain. Returning `None` lets the next layout retry after the scan.
+            let mut scripts = vec![kind.preferred(&order)];
+            scripts.extend(order);
+            let mut tried: Vec<CjkScript> = Vec::new();
+            for script in scripts {
+                if tried.contains(&script) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                tried.push(script);
+                if let Some((index, face)) = craft(cjk_iso(script)) {
+                    return Some(craft_insert(index, face, self.scale()));
+                }
+                if let Some(insert) = self.system_insert_files((self.files)(script), c) {
+                    return Some(insert);
+                }
+                if (self.pending)() {
+                    return None;
+                }
+            }
+            return self.system_insert_files((self.last_resort)(), c);
+        }
+        let Some(script) = scripts::classify(c) else {
+            return craft("Zsym").map(|(index, face)| craft_insert(index, face, self.scale()));
+        };
+        if let Some((index, face)) = craft(script_iso(script)) {
+            return Some(craft_insert(index, face, self.scale()));
+        }
+        if let Some(insert) = self.system_insert_paths((self.scripts)(script), c) {
+            return Some(insert);
+        }
+        // The lazy loader's last-resort list is broad (Arial Unicode, Droid Sans Fallback): it is
+        // the same final source for non-CJK scripts when no script-specific file is installed.
+        self.system_insert_files((self.last_resort)(), c)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Whether `face` really maps `c` in the face [`craft_insert`] would install.
+///
+/// `craft_insert` builds `FontData::from_static(face.bytes)`, whose default face index is 0, so
+/// testing any face of a collection would select a face whose glyphs egui never uses. Test face
+/// 0 here, exactly like the lazy loader's `load_embedded_faces`.
+fn craft_face_installs_coverage(face: &CraftFont, c: char) -> bool {
+    !face.bytes.is_empty() && cjk::font_face_is_readable(face.bytes, 0) && scripts::face_covers(face.bytes, 0, c)
+}
+
+/// The best injected craft face declaring `iso` that really covers `c` in the face
+/// [`craft_insert`] installs.
+fn craft_face_for(embedded: fn(&'static str) -> Vec<&'static CraftFont>, iso: &'static str, c: char) -> Option<(usize, &'static CraftFont)> {
+    embedded(iso).into_iter().find_map(|face| {
+        let index = craft_index(face)?;
+        craft_face_installs_coverage(face, c).then_some((index, face))
+    })
+}
+
+/// The injected craft face the migration baseline would have used first: the earliest manifest
+/// face declaring `iso` that really covers `c` in the face [`craft_insert`] installs. (The
+/// baseline appended the whole manifest in order; for Japanese that is Shippori Mincho Regular,
+/// not the UI-first BIZ UDPGothic.)
+fn craft_face_manifest(embedded: fn(&'static str) -> Vec<&'static CraftFont>, iso: &'static str, c: char) -> Option<(usize, &'static CraftFont)> {
+    let mut faces = embedded(iso);
+    // Stable: faces outside the global table (test doubles) keep their injected order.
+    faces.sort_by_key(|face| craft_index(face).unwrap_or(usize::MAX));
+    faces.into_iter().find_map(|face| {
+        let index = craft_index(face)?;
+        craft_face_installs_coverage(face, c).then_some((index, face))
+    })
+}
+
+fn cjk_iso(script: CjkScript) -> &'static str {
+    match script {
+        CjkScript::Japanese => "Jpan",
+        CjkScript::SimplifiedChinese => "Hans",
+        CjkScript::TraditionalChinese => "Hant",
+        CjkScript::Korean => "Kore",
+    }
+}
+
+fn script_iso(script: Script) -> &'static str {
+    use Script::*;
+    match script {
+        Thai => "Thai",
+        Lao => "Laoo",
+        Khmer => "Khmr",
+        Myanmar => "Mymr",
+        Tibetan => "Tibt",
+        Arabic => "Arab",
+        Hebrew => "Hebr",
+        Armenian => "Armn",
+        Georgian => "Geor",
+        Ethiopic => "Ethi",
+        Devanagari => "Deva",
+        Bengali => "Beng",
+        Gurmukhi => "Guru",
+        Gujarati => "Gujr",
+        Oriya => "Orya",
+        Tamil => "Taml",
+        Telugu => "Telu",
+        Kannada => "Knda",
+        Malayalam => "Mlym",
+        Sinhala => "Sinh",
+    }
+}
+
+/// The manifest index of a craft face (the name suffix of its `FontInsert`).
+fn craft_index(face: &CraftFont) -> Option<usize> {
+    craft_fonts::CRAFT_FONTS.iter().position(|candidate| std::ptr::eq(candidate, face))
+}
+
+/// Craft faces declaring `iso`, Regular first, with the Japanese UI face ahead of the other
+/// Japanese faces (the explicit-locale choice; a non-CJK/unknown effective locale keeps the
+/// manifest order).
+fn craft_faces(iso: &str) -> Vec<(usize, &'static CraftFont)> {
+    let mut faces: Vec<(usize, &'static CraftFont)> =
+        craft_fonts::CRAFT_FONTS.iter().enumerate().filter(|(_, f)| !f.bytes.is_empty() && f.scripts.contains(&iso)).collect();
+    faces.sort_by_key(|(_, f)| (f.family != craft_fonts::UI_JAPANESE_FAMILY, f.style != "Regular"));
+    faces
+}
+
+/// Baseline and variable-weight tweaks shared by craft and system fallbacks.
+fn apply_font_tweaks(data: &mut FontData) {
+    let offset = vertical_metrics(data.bytes(), data.index)
+        .zip(vertical_metrics(photocraft_text::fonts::INTER_REGULAR.as_slice(), 0))
+        .map(|(face, primary)| baseline_offset(face, primary));
+    let weight = regular_weight(data.bytes(), data.index);
+    if let Some(offset) = offset {
+        data.tweak.y_offset_factor = offset;
+    }
+    if let Some(weight) = weight {
+        data.tweak.coords = egui::epaint::text::VariationCoords::new([(b"wght", weight)]);
+    }
+}
+
+fn font_insert(name: String, mut data: FontData, scale: f32) -> FontInsert {
+    data.tweak.scale = scale;
+    let families: Vec<InsertFontFamily> =
+        [FontFamily::Proportional, FontFamily::Monospace].into_iter().map(|family| InsertFontFamily { family, priority: FontPriority::Lowest }).collect();
+    FontInsert::new(&name, data, families)
+}
+
+/// One craft face as an egui font, with the same baseline/weight tweaks as a lazy fallback and the
+/// current UI font-size multiplier. Added to both UI families: a discovered face is appended to
+/// each family that asks for it, and a headless frame may use either. `FontData::from_static`
+/// leaves the face index at its default 0; the coverage helpers above test that same face.
+fn craft_insert(index: usize, face: &'static CraftFont, scale: f32) -> FontInsert {
+    let mut data = FontData::from_static(face.bytes);
+    apply_font_tweaks(&mut data);
+    font_insert(format!("craft-font-{index}"), data, scale)
+}
+
+fn craft_provider_id() -> egui::Id {
+    egui::Id::unique("photocraft-craft-font-provider")
+}
+
+/// The effective locale for CJK choice: an explicitly translated UI language
+/// (ja/ko/zh-Hans/zh-Hant) wins; otherwise the OS locale, when known.
+///
+/// An English UI on a Japanese, Korean or Chinese OS therefore uses that OS script, not the
+/// migration baseline's manifest-first face. The baseline applies only when the effective locale
+/// is non-CJK or unknown.
+fn effective_locale(ui_code: &str, os_locale: Option<&str>) -> Option<String> {
+    match ui_code {
+        "ja" | "ko" | "zh-hans" | "zh-hant" => Some(ui_code.to_owned()),
+        _ => os_locale.map(str::to_owned),
+    }
+}
+
 impl Sources {
     #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
     pub fn system() -> Self {
         cjk::start_fontconfig_cjk_scan();
         Self {
-            locale: || match crate::i18n::current().code() {
-                code @ ("ja" | "ko" | "zh-hans" | "zh-hant") => Some(code.to_string()),
-                _ => cjk::ui_locale().map(str::to_string),
-            },
+            locale: || effective_locale(crate::i18n::current().code(), cjk::ui_locale()),
             files: cjk::font_files,
             last_resort: cjk::last_resort_files,
+            pending: cjk::fontconfig_cjk_scan_pending,
             scripts: scripts::system_candidates,
             covers: scripts::covering_face,
-            embedded: craft_embedded,
+            embedded: craft_embedded_iso,
+            eager_craft_fonts: true,
         }
     }
     #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
@@ -84,23 +589,31 @@ impl Sources {
             locale: || None,
             files: |_| Vec::new(),
             last_resort: Vec::new,
+            pending: || false,
             scripts: |_| Vec::new(),
             covers: scripts::covering_face,
-            embedded: craft_embedded,
+            embedded: craft_embedded_iso,
+            // The web build embeds no craft fonts; keep its font stack as it was.
+            eager_craft_fonts: false,
         }
     }
 }
 
 /// Headless test frame pumps do not wait for `request_repaint_after`, so let the optional
-/// Fontconfig worker finish before asserting on installed system fonts.
-#[cfg(all(test, target_os = "linux"))]
-pub(crate) fn wait_for_fontconfig_cjk_scan() {
+/// Fontconfig worker finish before asserting on installed system fonts. `pub` (rather than
+/// `pub(crate)`) so strict-policy integration tests can use the same wait as the unit tests.
+///
+/// Returns whether the scan finished; it never panics in production. Test callers assert the
+/// result (and choose their own message).
+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub fn wait_for_fontconfig_cjk_scan() -> bool {
     cjk::start_fontconfig_cjk_scan();
     let deadline = std::time::Instant::now() + std::time::Duration::from_secs(10);
     while cjk::fontconfig_cjk_scan_pending() && std::time::Instant::now() < deadline {
         std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(10));
     }
-    assert!(!cjk::fontconfig_cjk_scan_pending(), "Fontconfig CJK lookup did not finish within 10 seconds");
+    !cjk::fontconfig_cjk_scan_pending()
 }
 
 /// The lazy loader's state: which scripts were tried and which files were read.
@@ -142,23 +655,38 @@ impl CjkFallback {
         self.tried.len() >= 4 && self.last_resort_tried
     }
 
-    /// The next font to register for a character of kind `kind` that no current font covers:
-    /// the first readable file of the first untried script (the character's preferred script,
-    /// then the locale order), then the last-resort fonts. `None` when nothing is left.
-    pub fn next_font(&mut self, kind: CjkChar) -> Option<(String, FontData)> {
+    /// The next font to register for `c` (kind `kind`) that no current font covers: the first
+    /// readable file of the first untried script (the character's preferred script, then the
+    /// locale order), then the last-resort fonts. For a non-CJK/unknown effective locale the
+    /// craft faces for shared Han and kana follow the manifest's own order (Shippori Mincho
+    /// before BIZ UDPGothic), exactly like the migration baseline's family stack; Hangul keeps
+    /// the Korean face. `None` when nothing is left or while the preferred script's Fontconfig
+    /// lookup is still pending.
+    pub fn next_font(&mut self, c: char, kind: CjkChar) -> Option<(String, FontData)> {
+        // The craft manifest lists Shippori Mincho first. A non-CJK effective locale keeps that
+        // baseline choice for Han and kana; an explicit zh-Hans/zh-Hant/ja/ko preference keeps the
+        // script's UI-first order.
+        let manifest_baseline = cjk::locale_script((self.sources.locale)().as_deref()).is_none();
+        if kind == CjkChar::Han
+            && manifest_baseline
+            && let Some(f) = self.load_embedded_manifest(CjkScript::Japanese, c)
+        {
+            return Some(f);
+        }
         let order = self.order();
         let scripts: Vec<CjkScript> = std::iter::once(kind.preferred(&order)).chain(order).collect();
         for s in scripts {
             if self.tried.contains(&s) {
                 continue;
             }
-            if let Some(f) = self.load_embedded(s) {
+            let embedded = if manifest_baseline { self.load_embedded_manifest(s, c) } else { self.load_embedded(s, c) };
+            if let Some(f) = embedded {
                 self.tried.push(s);
                 return Some(f);
             }
-            let fontconfig_pending = cjk::fontconfig_cjk_scan_pending();
+            let fontconfig_pending = (self.sources.pending)();
             let files = (self.sources.files)(s);
-            if let Some(f) = self.load_first(&files) {
+            if let Some(f) = self.load_first(&files, c) {
                 self.tried.push(s);
                 return Some(f);
             }
@@ -170,7 +698,7 @@ impl CjkFallback {
         if !self.last_resort_tried {
             self.last_resort_tried = true;
             let files = (self.sources.last_resort)();
-            return self.load_first(&files);
+            return self.load_first(&files, c);
         }
         None
     }
@@ -197,7 +725,13 @@ impl CjkFallback {
             }
             let Some(bytes) = read_font(&path) else { continue };
             reads += 1;
+            if !cjk::font_file_is_readable(&bytes) {
+                continue;
+            }
             let Some(index) = (self.sources.covers)(&bytes, c) else { continue };
+            if !cjk::font_face_is_readable(&bytes, index) {
+                continue;
+            }
             self.loaded.push(path.clone());
             let name = format!("{FONT_PREFIX}-{}", self.registered.len());
             log::info!("UI font fallback: registered {} (face {index}) for {script:?} as {name}", path.display());
@@ -210,9 +744,23 @@ impl CjkFallback {
         None
     }
 
-    /// The first embedded (craft-fonts) font for `s`, registered from its static bytes.
-    fn load_embedded(&mut self, s: CjkScript) -> Option<(String, FontData)> {
-        let f = (self.sources.embedded)(s).into_iter().find(|f| !f.bytes.is_empty())?;
+    /// The first embedded (craft-fonts) face for `s` in the UI-first order (explicit locale).
+    fn load_embedded(&mut self, s: CjkScript, c: char) -> Option<(String, FontData)> {
+        let faces = (self.sources.embedded)(cjk_iso(s));
+        self.load_embedded_faces(faces, c)
+    }
+
+    /// The first embedded face for `s` in the migration baseline's manifest order
+    /// (non-CJK/unknown effective locale): Shippori Mincho Regular before BIZ UDPGothic.
+    fn load_embedded_manifest(&mut self, s: CjkScript, c: char) -> Option<(String, FontData)> {
+        let mut faces = (self.sources.embedded)(cjk_iso(s));
+        faces.sort_by_key(|face| craft_index(face).unwrap_or(usize::MAX));
+        self.load_embedded_faces(faces, c)
+    }
+
+    /// The first of `faces` that really covers `c`, registered from its static bytes.
+    fn load_embedded_faces(&mut self, faces: Vec<&'static CraftFont>, c: char) -> Option<(String, FontData)> {
+        let f = faces.into_iter().find(|f| !f.bytes.is_empty() && cjk::font_face_is_readable(f.bytes, 0) && scripts::face_covers(f.bytes, 0, c))?;
         let path = PathBuf::from(format!("craft-fonts/{} {}", f.family, f.style));
         if self.loaded.contains(&path) {
             return None;
@@ -224,13 +772,35 @@ impl CjkFallback {
         Some((name, FontData::from_static(f.bytes)))
     }
 
-    fn load_first(&mut self, files: &[FontFile]) -> Option<(String, FontData)> {
+    /// The first file whose requested collection face (or face 0 for an empty family) really
+    /// covers `c`. A family miss skips the file rather than using whichever face happens to cover
+    /// the character.
+    fn load_first(&mut self, files: &[FontFile], c: char) -> Option<(String, FontData)> {
         for f in files {
             if self.loaded.contains(&f.path) {
                 continue;
             }
             let Some(bytes) = read_font(&f.path) else { continue };
-            let index = cjk::face_index_for_family(&bytes, &f.family);
+            // Register only what the text engine can actually parse. A readable collection may
+            // still have a selected face whose `cmap` is valid while another table points outside
+            // the file; `font_face_is_readable` below rejects such a face before registration.
+            if !cjk::font_file_is_readable(&bytes) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let index = if f.family.is_empty() {
+                0
+            } else {
+                let Some(index) = cjk::face_index_for_family_checked(&bytes, &f.family) else { continue };
+                index
+            };
+            // `face_covers` only reads `cmap`; validate the selected face's whole table directory
+            // before `ctx.add_font` may install (and panic on) a face another table makes unreadable.
+            if !cjk::font_face_is_readable(&bytes, index) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if !scripts::face_covers(&bytes, index, c) {
+                continue;
+            }
             self.loaded.push(f.path.clone());
             let name = format!("{FONT_PREFIX}-{}", self.registered.len());
             log::info!("UI font fallback: registered {} (face {index}) as {name}", f.path.display());
@@ -351,11 +921,11 @@ fn baseline_offset(face: (f32, f32, f32), primary: (f32, f32, f32)) -> f32 {
 /// Registers `name` at the lowest priority in every font family.
 fn add_to_all_families(ctx: &egui::Context, name: String, mut data: FontData) {
     // Align to Inter, the primary of every UI family; JetBrains Mono differs by under 0.005em.
-    let primary = ctx.fonts(|f| f.definitions().font_data.get("Inter").and_then(|p| vertical_metrics(&p.font, p.index)));
-    if let (Some(face), Some(primary)) = (vertical_metrics(&data.font, data.index), primary) {
+    let primary = ctx.fonts(|f| f.definitions().font_data.get("Inter").and_then(|p| vertical_metrics(p.bytes(), p.index)));
+    if let (Some(face), Some(primary)) = (vertical_metrics(data.bytes(), data.index), primary) {
         data.tweak.y_offset_factor = baseline_offset(face, primary);
     }
-    if let Some(weight) = regular_weight(&data.font, data.index) {
+    if let Some(weight) = regular_weight(data.bytes(), data.index) {
         data.tweak.coords = egui::epaint::text::VariationCoords::new([(b"wght", weight)]);
     }
     let mut families: Vec<FontFamily> = ctx.fonts(|f| f.definitions().families.keys().cloned().collect());
@@ -387,13 +957,13 @@ impl egui::Plugin for CjkFontPlugin {
         }
         let Some(c) = missing_char(ctx, &output.shapes, &self.0) else { return };
         let font = match cjk::classify(c) {
-            Some(kind) => self.0.next_font(kind),
+            Some(kind) => self.0.next_font(c, kind),
             None => self.0.next_script_font(c),
         };
         if let Some((name, data)) = font {
             add_to_all_families(ctx, name, data);
             ctx.request_repaint();
-        } else if cjk::classify(c).is_some() && cjk::fontconfig_cjk_scan_pending() {
+        } else if cjk::classify(c).is_some() && (self.0.sources.pending)() {
             ctx.request_repaint_after(std::time::Duration::from_millis(50));
         } else if !self.0.exhausted() || !self.0.scripts_exhausted() {
             // Nothing readable for this script; try the next one on the next frame.
@@ -421,11 +991,32 @@ pub fn install_with(ctx: &egui::Context, sources: Sources) {
     {
         ctx.add_plugin(CjkFontPlugin(fallback));
     }
+    // The provider resolves a craft face for each missing character in the first frame, before the
+    // lazy loader's next-pass system fallback. Without it a headless frame panics on CJK text.
+    if sources.eager_craft_fonts && !craft_fonts::CRAFT_FONTS.is_empty() {
+        let provider = std::sync::Arc::new(CraftFontProvider::new(&sources, crate::theme::ui_font_scale(ctx)));
+        let as_provider: std::sync::Arc<dyn FontProvider> = provider.clone();
+        ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(craft_provider_id(), provider));
+        ctx.set_font_providers(vec![as_provider]);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Keep provider-discovered craft faces in step with Interface > UI Font Size. The size plugin
+/// calls this after `ctx.set_fonts` with the rescaled stack. A face discovered while the old stack
+/// was still active stays at the old scale for the rest of that pass; recreating `Fonts` for the
+/// next pass drops the discovered faces (they are not part of `FontDefinitions`) and the provider
+/// rediscovers them at its new scale.
+pub(crate) fn set_craft_font_scale(ctx: &egui::Context, scale: f32) {
+    let Some(provider) = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<std::sync::Arc<CraftFontProvider>>(craft_provider_id())) else { return };
+    provider.set_scale(scale);
+    let as_provider: std::sync::Arc<dyn FontProvider> = provider;
+    ctx.set_font_providers(vec![as_provider]);
 }
 #[cfg(test)]
 #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
+    use egui::FontProvider;
     use std::sync::Mutex;
 
     #[test]
@@ -453,6 +1044,89 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    /// A face discovered by [`CraftFontProvider`] during a pass that also changes Interface > UI
+    /// Font Size must use the scale of the definitions active in that pass. The size plugin moves
+    /// the provider to the new scale only after `ctx.set_fonts` queued the rescaled definitions;
+    /// updating the provider in `set_ui_font_size` would put the new scale on a face laid out
+    /// with the old stack.
+    #[test]
+    fn discovered_faces_use_the_scale_of_the_definitions_they_were_laid_out_with() {
+        use photocraft_engine::prefs::UiFontSize;
+        fn thai_reader(_: &std::path::Path) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+            Some(synthetic_font(&[(0x0E01, 0x0E5B)]))
+        }
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        crate::theme::install_fonts_with(&ctx, craft_only(|| None));
+        ctx.run_ui(Default::default(), |_| {}).textures_delta.clear();
+        let mut provider = CraftFontProvider::new(
+            &Sources {
+                locale: || Some("en".into()),
+                files: no_files,
+                last_resort: Vec::new,
+                pending: || false,
+                scripts: |script| if script == Script::Thai { vec![PathBuf::from("synthetic-thai.ttf")] } else { Vec::new() },
+                covers: scripts::covering_face,
+                embedded: no_embedded,
+                eager_craft_fonts: false,
+            },
+            1.0,
+        );
+        provider.reader = thai_reader;
+        let provider = std::sync::Arc::new(provider);
+        ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(craft_provider_id(), provider.clone()));
+        let as_provider: std::sync::Arc<dyn FontProvider> = provider.clone();
+        ctx.set_font_providers(vec![as_provider]);
+
+        // The scale of the configured Inter face (part of `FontDefinitions`) and of the face the
+        // provider discovered for Thai.
+        let inter_scale = |ctx: &egui::Context| -> Option<f32> { ctx.fonts(|f| f.definitions().font_data.get("Inter").map(|data| data.tweak.scale)) };
+        let thai_scale = |ctx: &egui::Context| -> Option<f32> {
+            ctx.fonts(|f| f.discovered_fonts().iter().find(|insert| insert.name.starts_with("craft-system-")).map(|insert| insert.data.tweak.scale))
+        };
+        // A frame that checks the state during the change pass, before laying out Thai (the
+        // character that makes the provider discover a face).
+        let frame = |check: &dyn Fn(&egui::Context)| {
+            ctx.run_ui(Default::default(), |ui| {
+                check(&ctx);
+                ui.label("ก");
+            })
+            .textures_delta
+            .clear();
+        };
+        // Small (the install default) is active. Walk Small -> Large -> Small, repeat Large
+        // (the same size must leave both the definitions and the provider alone, not accumulate)
+        // and back to Small.
+        assert_eq!(provider.scale(), 1.0);
+        for (size, want, same_size) in [
+            (UiFontSize::Large, 16.0 / 12.0, false),
+            (UiFontSize::Small, 1.0, false),
+            (UiFontSize::Large, 16.0 / 12.0, false),
+            (UiFontSize::Large, 16.0 / 12.0, true),
+            (UiFontSize::Small, 1.0, false),
+        ] {
+            let old = provider.scale();
+            let inter_before = inter_scale(&ctx);
+            crate::theme::set_ui_font_size(&ctx, size);
+            assert_eq!(provider.scale(), old, "the provider follows the definitions still active in this pass");
+            frame(&|ctx: &egui::Context| {
+                assert_eq!(inter_scale(ctx), inter_before, "the configured Inter keeps its old scale during the change pass");
+                assert_eq!(provider.scale(), old, "the provider does not move before the pass ends");
+            });
+            assert_eq!(provider.scale(), want, "the provider follows the rescaled definitions");
+            if same_size {
+                assert_eq!(inter_scale(&ctx), inter_before, "a same-size request leaves the stack alone");
+            }
+            assert_eq!(thai_scale(&ctx), Some(old), "the pass laid the discovered face out with the old definitions");
+            // The queued definitions with the new scale are active now, and a new pass drops the
+            // discovered face and rediscovers it at the provider's new scale.
+            frame(&|ctx: &egui::Context| {
+                assert_eq!(inter_scale(ctx), Some(want), "the rescaled stack is active in the next pass");
+                assert_eq!(provider.scale(), want);
+            });
+            assert_eq!(thai_scale(&ctx), Some(want), "the next pass rediscovers the face at the provider's scale");
+        }
+    }
+
     /// A font holding only an `fvar` table with the given axes (tag, min, default, max), as a
     /// single face or as face 1 of a two-face collection.
     fn fvar_font(axes: &[(&[u8; 4], f32, f32, f32)], collection: bool) -> Vec<u8> {
@@ -515,6 +1189,16 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(fonts.font_data.get("test-static").map(|d| d.tweak.coords.clone()), Some(Default::default()));
     }
 
+    /// A corrupt or non-font blob has no `hhea`, `head` or `fvar` table: the fallback tweaks
+    /// must leave it untouched rather than deriving a baseline or weight from garbage.
+    #[test]
+    fn font_tweaks_ignore_bytes_without_metrics_or_weight_axes() {
+        let mut data = FontData::from_static(b"");
+        apply_font_tweaks(&mut data);
+        assert_eq!(data.tweak.y_offset_factor, 0.0);
+        assert_eq!(data.tweak.coords, Default::default());
+    }
+
     static DIR: Mutex<Option<PathBuf>> = Mutex::new(None);
 
     #[test]
@@ -549,6 +1233,15 @@ mod tests {
             std::fs::write(dir.join("thai.ttf"), synthetic_font(&[(0x0E01, 0x0E5B)])).unwrap();
             std::fs::write(dir.join("arabic.ttf"), synthetic_font(&[(0x0600, 0x06FF)])).unwrap();
             std::fs::write(dir.join("devanagari.ttf"), synthetic_font(&[(0x0900, 0x097F)])).unwrap();
+            std::fs::write(dir.join("korean.ttf"), synthetic_font(&[(0xCE74, 0xCE74)])).unwrap();
+            std::fs::write(dir.join("tamil.ttf"), synthetic_font(&[(0x0B80, 0x0BFF)])).unwrap();
+            std::fs::write(dir.join("ethiopic.ttf"), synthetic_font(&[(0x1200, 0x137F)])).unwrap();
+            std::fs::write(dir.join("hant.ttf"), synthetic_font(&[(0x9F8D, 0x9F8D)])).unwrap();
+            std::fs::write(
+                dir.join("families.ttc"),
+                two_face_ttc(include_bytes!("../../../assets/fonts/Inter-Regular.ttf"), include_bytes!("../../../assets/fonts/JetBrainsMono-Regular.ttf")),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
             dir
         })
         .clone()
@@ -558,19 +1251,96 @@ mod tests {
         FontFile { path: fake_dir().join(name), family: String::new() }
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn font_reads_skip_missing_empty_oversized_and_non_file_candidates() {
+        let dir = fake_dir();
+        assert!(read_font(&dir.join("missing-read-test.ttf")).is_none(), "a missing path is skipped");
+        assert!(read_font(&dir).is_none(), "a directory is not a font file");
+        assert!(read_font(&dir.join("empty.ttf")).is_none(), "an empty file is skipped");
+
+        let oversized = dir.join("oversized-read-test.ttf");
+        let file = std::fs::File::create(&oversized).expect("create a sparse oversized test file");
+        file.set_len(MAX_FONT_BYTES + 1).expect("set the sparse file size");
+        drop(file);
+        assert!(read_font(&oversized).is_none(), "an oversized file is not read");
+        std::fs::remove_file(&oversized).expect("remove the sparse test file");
+
+        let valid = dir.join("font.ttf");
+        assert_eq!(read_font(&valid).expect("the valid font is read").as_slice(), std::fs::read(&valid).expect("test font bytes").as_slice());
+    }
+
+    fn provider_corrupt_thai_candidates(script: Script) -> Vec<PathBuf> {
+        if script == Script::Thai {
+            vec![
+                fake_dir().join("provider-missing-thai.ttf"),
+                fake_dir().join("provider-corrupt-thai.ttf"),
+                fake_dir().join("provider-corrupt-selected-thai.ttc"),
+                fake_dir().join("font.ttf"),
+                fake_dir().join("thai.ttf"),
+            ]
+        } else {
+            Vec::new()
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn provider_missing_thai_candidate(script: Script) -> Vec<PathBuf> {
+        if script == Script::Thai { vec![fake_dir().join("provider-only-missing-thai.ttf")] } else { Vec::new() }
+    }
+
+    /// The provider's non-CJK script route must reject a structurally invalid file, a readable
+    /// collection whose selected covering face is unreadable, and a missing file, then use the
+    /// next real candidate. The rejected and missing paths stay negative-cached.
+    #[test]
+    fn provider_skips_missing_and_corrupt_script_candidates_before_registering() {
+        let malformed = fake_dir().join("provider-corrupt-thai.ttf");
+        let collection = fake_dir().join("provider-corrupt-selected-thai.ttc");
+        std::fs::write(&malformed, font_with_out_of_bounds_table()).expect("write the malformed test font");
+        std::fs::write(&collection, two_face_ttc(include_bytes!("../../../assets/fonts/Inter-Regular.ttf"), &font_with_out_of_bounds_table()))
+            .expect("write the malformed selected-face collection");
+
+        let sources = Sources {
+            locale: || Some("en".into()),
+            files: no_files,
+            last_resort: Vec::new,
+            pending: || false,
+            scripts: provider_corrupt_thai_candidates,
+            covers: scripts::covering_face,
+            embedded: no_embedded,
+            eager_craft_fonts: false,
+        };
+        let provider = CraftFontProvider::new(&sources, 1.0);
+        let insert = provided_insert(&provider, 'ก').expect("the valid Thai candidate is reached");
+        assert_eq!(insert.data.index, 0);
+        assert_eq!(insert.data.bytes(), std::fs::read(fake_dir().join("thai.ttf")).expect("Thai test font").as_slice());
+        let cache = provider.system.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+        assert!(cache.failed_reads.contains(&fake_dir().join("provider-missing-thai.ttf")), "the missing file is remembered");
+        assert!(cache.invalid_fonts.contains(&malformed), "the readable non-font is remembered as invalid");
+        assert!(cache.files.iter().any(|file| file.path == collection), "the readable collection is retained for its other faces");
+        drop(cache);
+
+        let missing_only = Sources { scripts: provider_missing_thai_candidate, ..sources };
+        let provider = CraftFontProvider::new(&missing_only, 1.0);
+        assert!(provided(&provider, 'ก').is_none(), "no readable script candidate leaves the character missing");
+        let cache = provider.system.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+        assert_eq!(cache.failed_reads.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(cache.reads, 0);
+    }
+
     fn fake_sources(locale: fn() -> Option<String>) -> Sources {
         Sources {
             locale,
-            // Korean has a readable "font", Japanese only broken files, Chinese none.
+            // Korean has a readable Hangul font, Japanese only broken files, Chinese none.
             files: |s| match s {
-                CjkScript::Korean => vec![fake("missing.ttc"), fake("empty.ttf"), fake("font.ttf")],
+                CjkScript::Korean => vec![fake("missing.ttc"), fake("empty.ttf"), fake("korean.ttf")],
                 CjkScript::Japanese => vec![fake("empty.ttf")],
                 _ => vec![],
             },
             last_resort: || vec![fake("font.ttf")],
+            pending: || false,
             scripts: |_| Vec::new(),
             covers: scripts::covering_face,
             embedded: no_embedded,
+            eager_craft_fonts: false,
         }
     }
 
@@ -579,17 +1349,19 @@ mod tests {
         let mut fb = CjkFallback::new(fake_sources(|| Some("en_US".into())));
         assert!(!fb.exhausted());
         // Hangul: Korean first; missing and empty files are skipped.
-        let (name, data) = fb.next_font(CjkChar::Hangul).expect("korean font");
+        let (name, data) = fb.next_font('카', CjkChar::Hangul).expect("korean font");
         assert!(name.starts_with(FONT_PREFIX));
         assert_eq!(data.index, 0);
         assert_eq!(fb.tried, vec![CjkScript::Korean]);
-        // Han on an English locale: SC, TC, JA have nothing readable, and the last-resort file was
-        // already loaded, so nothing new; everything is now tried.
-        assert!(fb.next_font(CjkChar::Han).is_none());
+        // Han on an English locale: system fallback keeps the locale order (SC first); the
+        // Japanese-first craft-manifest baseline is a separate provider/lazy-craft path.
+        // SC, TC, JA have nothing readable here, and the last-resort file was already loaded,
+        // so nothing new; everything is now tried.
+        assert!(fb.next_font('日', CjkChar::Han).is_none());
         assert!(fb.exhausted());
         assert_eq!(fb.tried, vec![CjkScript::Korean, CjkScript::SimplifiedChinese, CjkScript::TraditionalChinese, CjkScript::Japanese]);
         assert_eq!(fb.registered.len(), 1, "a file is read at most once");
-        assert!(fb.next_font(CjkChar::Kana).is_none());
+        assert!(fb.next_font('あ', CjkChar::Kana).is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -604,12 +1376,14 @@ mod tests {
                 locale: || None,
                 files: |_| vec![],
                 last_resort: Vec::new,
+                pending: || false,
                 scripts: |_| Vec::new(),
                 covers: scripts::covering_face,
                 embedded: no_embedded,
+                eager_craft_fonts: false,
             });
             fb.order = Some(cjk::script_order(Some(loc)));
-            assert!(fb.next_font(CjkChar::Han).is_none());
+            assert!(fb.next_font('日', CjkChar::Han).is_none());
             assert_eq!(fb.tried[0], first, "{loc}");
         }
     }
@@ -625,6 +1399,52 @@ mod tests {
         ctx.fonts_mut(|f| f.has_glyphs(&FontId::proportional(12.0), &text.replace(' ', "")))
     }
 
+    /// A two-face TrueType collection built at runtime from the repository's OFL-licensed
+    /// Inter and JetBrains Mono files. Each face directory is rewritten with offsets relative to
+    /// the collection, so no font fixture is committed.
+    fn two_face_ttc(first: &[u8], second: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let font_count = 2usize;
+        let tables = |font: &[u8]| u16::from_be_bytes([font[4], font[5]]) as usize;
+        let dir_lengths = [12 + 16 * tables(first), 12 + 16 * tables(second)];
+        let mut dir_offsets = Vec::with_capacity(font_count);
+        let mut cursor = 12 + 4 * font_count;
+        for length in dir_lengths {
+            dir_offsets.push(cursor);
+            cursor += length;
+        }
+        let data_start = cursor.next_multiple_of(4);
+        let mut bases = Vec::with_capacity(font_count);
+        let mut total = data_start;
+        for font in [first, second] {
+            bases.push(total);
+            total += font.len().next_multiple_of(4);
+        }
+        let mut out = vec![0u8; total];
+        out[..4].copy_from_slice(b"ttcf");
+        out[4..8].copy_from_slice(&0x0001_0000u32.to_be_bytes());
+        out[8..12].copy_from_slice(&u32::try_from(font_count).expect("two faces").to_be_bytes());
+        for (i, offset) in dir_offsets.iter().enumerate() {
+            let at = 12 + i * 4;
+            out[at..at + 4].copy_from_slice(&u32::try_from(*offset).expect("collection fits").to_be_bytes());
+        }
+        for (i, font) in [first, second].into_iter().enumerate() {
+            let dir = dir_offsets[i];
+            let base = bases[i];
+            out[dir..dir + 12].copy_from_slice(&font[..12]);
+            for record in 0..tables(font) {
+                let src = 12 + 16 * record;
+                let dst = dir + 12 + 16 * record;
+                out[dst..dst + 8].copy_from_slice(&font[src..src + 8]);
+                let table_offset = u32::from_be_bytes(font[src + 8..src + 12].try_into().expect("four bytes"));
+                let collection_offset = u32::try_from(base).expect("collection fits") + table_offset;
+                out[dst + 8..dst + 12].copy_from_slice(&collection_offset.to_be_bytes());
+                out[dst + 12..dst + 16].copy_from_slice(&font[src + 12..src + 16]);
+            }
+            out[base..base + font.len()].copy_from_slice(font);
+        }
+        out
+    }
+
     /// A minimal TrueType font mapping the `ranges` (inclusive) to box glyphs, so tests have a
     /// font for a script without committing font files.
     fn synthetic_font(ranges: &[(u32, u32)]) -> Vec<u8> {
@@ -717,6 +1537,7 @@ mod tests {
             locale: || Some("en".into()),
             files: |_| vec![],
             last_resort: Vec::new,
+            pending: || false,
             scripts: |s| {
                 let f = |name: &str| fake_dir().join(name);
                 match s {
@@ -728,6 +1549,7 @@ mod tests {
             },
             covers: scripts::covering_face,
             embedded: no_embedded,
+            eager_craft_fonts: false,
         }
     }
 
@@ -781,7 +1603,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(fallback.next_script_font('ส').is_none());
         assert!(fallback.next_script_font('A').is_none(), "Latin is never a fallback script");
         assert_eq!(fallback.scripts_tried, [Script::Thai]);
-        assert!(fallback.next_font(CjkChar::Hangul).is_some());
+        assert!(fallback.next_font('카', CjkChar::Hangul).is_some());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -847,7 +1669,7 @@ mod tests {
         let _ = render(&ctx, "Layer 1 – café");
         let n = ctx.fonts(|f| f.definitions().font_data.keys().filter(|k| k.starts_with(FONT_PREFIX)).count());
         assert_eq!(n, 0, "Latin text loads nothing");
-        // Hangul isn't in the stand-in font, but the Korean candidate must have been registered.
+        // The Korean candidate covers the first missing Hangul character and is registered.
         let _ = render(&ctx, "카드 배경");
         let fonts = ctx.fonts(|f| f.definitions().clone());
         let name = format!("{FONT_PREFIX}-0");
@@ -857,26 +1679,153 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
-    /// No system fonts at all: craft-fonts alone draws Japanese.
-    fn craft_only(locale: fn() -> Option<String>) -> Sources {
-        Sources { locale, files: |_| vec![], last_resort: Vec::new, scripts: |_| Vec::new(), covers: scripts::covering_face, embedded: craft_embedded }
+    /// Craft fonts available through the first-frame provider, as the desktop shell does.
+    fn eager_sources(locale: fn() -> Option<String>) -> Sources {
+        Sources {
+            locale,
+            files: |_| vec![],
+            last_resort: Vec::new,
+            pending: || false,
+            scripts: |_| Vec::new(),
+            covers: scripts::covering_face,
+            embedded: craft_embedded_iso,
+            eager_craft_fonts: true,
+        }
     }
 
+    /// No system fonts at all: craft-fonts alone draws CJK through the lazy loader.
+    fn craft_only(locale: fn() -> Option<String>) -> Sources {
+        Sources {
+            locale,
+            files: |_| vec![],
+            last_resort: Vec::new,
+            pending: || false,
+            scripts: |_| Vec::new(),
+            covers: scripts::covering_face,
+            embedded: craft_embedded_iso,
+            eager_craft_fonts: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The migration baseline's first craft face covering `c`: the first non-empty face in
+    /// manifest order (what the old family stack appended first), not the UI-first sort.
+    fn baseline_face(c: char) -> Option<&'static CraftFont> {
+        craft_fonts::CRAFT_FONTS.iter().find(|f| !f.bytes.is_empty() && scripts::face_covers(f.bytes, 0, c))
+    }
+
+    /// A test-only craft face backed by a collection built with [`two_face_ttc`]: face 0 maps
+    /// Thai only, face 1 maps 龍. `craft_insert` would install face 0, so the craft coverage
+    /// helpers must not accept it for 龍 even though a later face covers the character.
+    fn ttc_craft_face() -> &'static CraftFont {
+        static FACE: std::sync::OnceLock<CraftFont> = std::sync::OnceLock::new();
+        FACE.get_or_init(|| {
+            let bytes: &'static [u8] = Box::leak(two_face_ttc(&synthetic_font(&[(0x0E01, 0x0E5B)]), &synthetic_font(&[(0x9F8D, 0x9F8D)])).into_boxed_slice());
+            CraftFont { family: "Synthetic Collection", style: "Regular", scripts: &["Hans"], bytes }
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// The craft helpers must test face 0, the face `FontData::from_static` installs. The old
+    /// any-face coverage check returned the face for a character only a later collection face
+    /// maps, which then drew tofu in the installed face 0.
     #[test]
-    fn craft_fonts_render_japanese_without_system_fonts() {
+    fn craft_face_coverage_matches_the_face_craft_insert_installs() {
+        let face = ttc_craft_face();
+        // Precondition: an any-face check really accepts 龍 (face 1), so this regression would
+        // fail if the helpers went back to `scripts::covering_face`.
+        assert_eq!(scripts::covering_face(face.bytes, '龍'), Some(1), "face 1 maps 龍");
+        assert!(!scripts::face_covers(face.bytes, 0, '龍'), "the installed face 0 does not map 龍");
+        assert!(!craft_face_installs_coverage(face, '龍'), "face 0 lacks the glyph; craft_insert installs face 0");
+        assert!(craft_face_installs_coverage(face, 'ก'), "face 0 maps Thai");
+    }
+
+    static EMPTY_CRAFT_FACE: CraftFont = CraftFont { family: "Empty", style: "Regular", scripts: &["Zsym"], bytes: &[] };
+
+    fn only_empty_craft_face(_: &'static str) -> Vec<&'static CraftFont> {
+        vec![&EMPTY_CRAFT_FACE]
+    }
+
+    /// A craft entry without bytes, or a face injected only by a test that is absent from the
+    /// global manifest, has no installable face index: selection must return `None`, not a face
+    /// name egui cannot resolve.
+    #[test]
+    fn craft_face_selection_ignores_empty_and_unindexed_faces() {
+        assert!(!craft_face_installs_coverage(&EMPTY_CRAFT_FACE, '☃'));
+        assert!(craft_face_for(only_empty_craft_face, "Zsym", '☃').is_none());
+        assert!(craft_face_manifest(only_empty_craft_face, "Zsym", '☃').is_none());
+    }
+
+    /// Every script the lazy fallback can see has a valid ISO 15924 tag, so its injected craft
+    /// faces and the CJK scripts are selected by the same tags the manifest declares.
+    #[test]
+    fn fallback_scripts_map_to_iso_15924_tags() {
+        assert_eq!(cjk_iso(CjkScript::Japanese), "Jpan");
+        assert_eq!(cjk_iso(CjkScript::SimplifiedChinese), "Hans");
+        assert_eq!(cjk_iso(CjkScript::TraditionalChinese), "Hant");
+        assert_eq!(cjk_iso(CjkScript::Korean), "Kore");
+        let expected = [
+            (Script::Thai, "Thai"),
+            (Script::Lao, "Laoo"),
+            (Script::Khmer, "Khmr"),
+            (Script::Myanmar, "Mymr"),
+            (Script::Tibetan, "Tibt"),
+            (Script::Arabic, "Arab"),
+            (Script::Hebrew, "Hebr"),
+            (Script::Armenian, "Armn"),
+            (Script::Georgian, "Geor"),
+            (Script::Ethiopic, "Ethi"),
+            (Script::Devanagari, "Deva"),
+            (Script::Bengali, "Beng"),
+            (Script::Gurmukhi, "Guru"),
+            (Script::Gujarati, "Gujr"),
+            (Script::Oriya, "Orya"),
+            (Script::Tamil, "Taml"),
+            (Script::Telugu, "Telu"),
+            (Script::Kannada, "Knda"),
+            (Script::Malayalam, "Mlym"),
+            (Script::Sinhala, "Sinh"),
+        ];
+        assert_eq!(expected.len(), Script::ALL.len(), "the test lists every fallback script");
+        for (script, iso) in expected {
+            assert_eq!(script_iso(script), iso, "{script:?}");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(craft_embedded(CjkScript::Japanese).len(), craft_embedded_iso("Jpan").len());
+    }
+
+    /// No system fonts at all: craft-fonts alone draws CJK, in the locale's script order.
+    #[test]
+    fn craft_fonts_render_cjk_without_system_fonts() {
         let Some(ui_font) = craft_fonts::japanese_for_ui().first().copied() else {
             eprintln!("skipping: built without craft-fonts (set CRAFT_FONTS_DIR to a craft-fonts checkout)");
             return;
         };
-        // An English locale tries Chinese first (none here), then Japanese: the craft font.
-        for locale in [(|| Some("en_US".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>, || Some("ja_JP".into()), || None] {
+        let Some(chinese) = craft_fonts::CRAFT_FONTS.iter().find(|f| f.family == "Noto Sans CJK SC" && f.style == "Regular") else {
+            eprintln!("skipping: the craft-fonts manifest has no Simplified Chinese face");
+            return;
+        };
+        // The craft manifest's Japanese faces come before Noto Sans CJK SC and the baseline
+        // appended them in manifest order, so a non-CJK/unknown effective locale keeps Shippori
+        // Mincho (the first covering face). An explicit locale keeps its own UI-first script face.
+        let Some(baseline) = baseline_face('日') else {
+            eprintln!("skipping: the craft-fonts manifest has no face covering 日");
+            return;
+        };
+        for (locale, expected) in [
+            ((|| Some("en_US".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>, baseline),
+            ((|| Some("ja_JP".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>, ui_font),
+            ((|| Some("zh-CN".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>, chinese),
+            ((|| None) as fn() -> Option<String>, baseline),
+        ] {
             let ctx = egui::Context::default();
             crate::theme::install_fonts_with(&ctx, craft_only(locale));
             assert!(render(&ctx, "日本語の文字"), "tofu in 日本語の文字");
             assert!(render(&ctx, "レイヤー 1"), "tofu in kana");
             let fonts = ctx.fonts(|f| f.definitions().clone());
             let name = format!("{FONT_PREFIX}-0");
-            assert!(fonts.font_data.get(&name).is_some_and(|d| std::ptr::eq(d.font.as_ref().as_ptr(), ui_font.bytes.as_ptr())), "BIZ UDPGothic Regular first");
+            assert!(
+                fonts.font_data.get(&name).is_some_and(|d| std::ptr::eq(d.bytes().as_ptr(), expected.bytes.as_ptr())),
+                "{} first by locale: {name}",
+                expected.family
+            );
             for (fam, stack) in &fonts.families {
                 assert_eq!(stack.last(), Some(&name), "{fam:?}: appended last so Latin keeps Inter");
                 assert!(stack.first().is_some_and(|f| f != &name), "{fam:?}");
@@ -884,6 +1833,1059 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    fn provided_insert(provider: &CraftFontProvider, c: char) -> Option<FontInsert> {
+        let mut buf = [0u8; 4];
+        let cluster = c.encode_utf8(&mut buf);
+        provider.font_for(&FallbackRequest { cluster, family: &FontFamily::Proportional })
+    }
+
+    fn provided(provider: &CraftFontProvider, c: char) -> Option<String> {
+        provided_insert(provider, c).map(|insert| insert.name)
+    }
+
+    fn test_sources(locale: fn() -> Option<String>) -> Sources {
+        Sources {
+            locale,
+            files: no_files,
+            last_resort: Vec::new,
+            pending: || false,
+            scripts: no_script_files,
+            covers: scripts::covering_face,
+            embedded: craft_embedded_iso,
+            eager_craft_fonts: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn test_provider(locale: fn() -> Option<String>) -> CraftFontProvider {
+        CraftFontProvider::new(&test_sources(locale), 1.0)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn effective_locale_prefers_the_translated_ui_then_the_os_locale() {
+        assert_eq!(effective_locale("ja", Some("en_US.UTF-8")), Some("ja".into()));
+        assert_eq!(effective_locale("zh-hant", Some("ja_JP.UTF-8")), Some("zh-hant".into()));
+        assert_eq!(effective_locale("en", Some("ja_JP.UTF-8")), Some("ja_JP.UTF-8".into()), "English UI on a Japanese OS uses the OS locale");
+        assert_eq!(effective_locale("de", Some("ko_KR")), Some("ko_KR".into()));
+        assert_eq!(effective_locale("en", None), None, "no UI preference and no OS locale stays unknown");
+    }
+
+    fn no_script_files(_: Script) -> Vec<PathBuf> {
+        Vec::new()
+    }
+
+    fn no_files(_: CjkScript) -> Vec<FontFile> {
+        Vec::new()
+    }
+
+    /// A stand-in system Traditional Chinese file, so the system-before-SC-craft ordering is
+    /// testable without depending on the host's fonts. Its content is the SC craft face (which
+    /// covers the sample Han character).
+    fn hant_system_file() -> Option<PathBuf> {
+        static FILE: std::sync::OnceLock<Option<PathBuf>> = std::sync::OnceLock::new();
+        let face = craft_fonts::CRAFT_FONTS.iter().find(|f| f.family == "Noto Sans CJK SC" && !f.bytes.is_empty())?;
+        FILE.get_or_init(|| {
+            let path = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("photocraft-hant-{}.otf", std::process::id()));
+            std::fs::write(&path, face.bytes).ok().map(|()| path)
+        })
+        .clone()
+    }
+
+    fn hant_files(script: CjkScript) -> Vec<FontFile> {
+        if script == CjkScript::TraditionalChinese {
+            hant_system_file().map(|path| vec![FontFile { path, family: String::new() }]).unwrap_or_default()
+        } else {
+            Vec::new()
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn craft_font_provider_keeps_the_baseline_face_for_unknown_locales() {
+        let Some(ui_font) = craft_fonts::japanese_for_ui().first().copied() else {
+            eprintln!("skipping: built without craft-fonts (set CRAFT_FONTS_DIR to a craft-fonts checkout)");
+            return;
+        };
+        let Some(ui_index) = craft_index(ui_font) else { return };
+        let Some((sc_index, sc)) = craft_fonts::CRAFT_FONTS.iter().enumerate().find(|(_, f)| f.family == "Noto Sans CJK SC") else {
+            eprintln!("skipping: the craft-fonts manifest has no Simplified Chinese face");
+            return;
+        };
+        let Some((korean_index, _)) = craft_fonts::CRAFT_FONTS.iter().enumerate().find(|(_, f)| f.family == "NanumGothic") else {
+            eprintln!("skipping: the craft-fonts manifest has no Korean face");
+            return;
+        };
+        let Some((arabic_index, _)) = craft_fonts::CRAFT_FONTS.iter().enumerate().find(|(_, f)| f.family == "Noto Sans Arabic") else {
+            eprintln!("skipping: the craft-fonts manifest has no Arabic face");
+            return;
+        };
+        let Some((devanagari_index, _)) = craft_fonts::CRAFT_FONTS.iter().enumerate().find(|(_, f)| f.family == "Noto Sans Devanagari") else {
+            eprintln!("skipping: the craft-fonts manifest has no Devanagari face");
+            return;
+        };
+        let Some(baseline_han) = baseline_face('日') else {
+            eprintln!("skipping: the craft-fonts manifest has no face covering 日");
+            return;
+        };
+        let Some(baseline_kana) = baseline_face('あ') else {
+            eprintln!("skipping: the craft-fonts manifest has no face covering あ");
+            return;
+        };
+        let baseline_han_index = craft_index(baseline_han).expect("a manifest face has an index");
+        let baseline_kana_index = craft_index(baseline_kana).expect("a manifest face has an index");
+        let baseline_han_name = format!("craft-font-{baseline_han_index}");
+        let baseline_kana_name = format!("craft-font-{baseline_kana_index}");
+        let ui_name = format!("craft-font-{ui_index}");
+        let sc_name = format!("craft-font-{sc_index}");
+        let korean_name = format!("craft-font-{korean_index}");
+        let arabic_name = format!("craft-font-{arabic_index}");
+        let devanagari_name = format!("craft-font-{devanagari_index}");
+
+        let ja = test_provider((|| Some("ja_JP".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>);
+        assert_eq!(provided(&ja, 'あ').as_deref(), Some(ui_name.as_str()), "explicit ja keeps the Japanese UI face");
+        assert_eq!(provided(&ja, '日').as_deref(), Some(ui_name.as_str()), "Han follows an explicit Japanese locale");
+
+        let en = test_provider((|| Some("en_US".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>);
+        assert_eq!(
+            provided(&en, 'あ').as_deref(),
+            Some(baseline_kana_name.as_str()),
+            "kana in a non-CJK effective locale keeps the manifest's first covering face"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(provided(&en, '한').as_deref(), Some(korean_name.as_str()), "Hangul in a non-CJK effective locale stays on the Korean face");
+        assert_eq!(
+            provided(&en, '日').as_deref(),
+            Some(baseline_han_name.as_str()),
+            "Han in a non-CJK effective locale keeps the manifest's first covering face"
+        );
+        let unknown = test_provider((|| None) as fn() -> Option<String>);
+        assert_eq!(provided(&unknown, '日').as_deref(), Some(baseline_han_name.as_str()), "an unknown effective locale has the same baseline face");
+        let english_on_japanese_os = test_provider((|| effective_locale("en", Some("ja_JP"))) as fn() -> Option<String>);
+        assert_eq!(
+            provided(&english_on_japanese_os, '日').as_deref(),
+            Some(ui_name.as_str()),
+            "English UI on a Japanese OS follows the OS locale; the manifest baseline is not universal for English UI"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(provided(&en, 'م').as_deref(), Some(arabic_name.as_str()), "Arabic uses its own craft face");
+        assert_eq!(provided(&en, 'न').as_deref(), Some(devanagari_name.as_str()), "Devanagari uses its own craft face");
+
+        let hans = test_provider((|| Some("zh-CN".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>);
+        assert_eq!(provided(&hans, '日').as_deref(), Some(sc_name.as_str()));
+        assert_eq!(provided(&hans, 'あ').as_deref(), Some(ui_name.as_str()), "kana in a Chinese UI keeps the Japanese face");
+
+        let hant = test_provider((|| Some("zh-Hant-TW".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>);
+        assert_eq!(provided(&hant, '龍').as_deref(), Some(sc_name.as_str()), "with no system Hant face, the locale order falls through to SC");
+        assert_eq!(provided(&hant, '\u{3105}').as_deref(), Some(sc_name.as_str()), "Bopomofo follows the same locale-order fallback");
+        assert_eq!(provided(&hant, 'あ').as_deref(), Some(ui_name.as_str()), "kana in a Hant UI keeps the Japanese face");
+
+        // A system Hant file, when present, is read before the Simplified Chinese craft fallback.
+        if hant_system_file().is_some() {
+            let sources = Sources {
+                locale: (|| Some("zh-Hant-TW".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>,
+                files: hant_files,
+                last_resort: Vec::new,
+                pending: || false,
+                scripts: no_script_files,
+                covers: scripts::covering_face,
+                embedded: craft_embedded_iso,
+                eager_craft_fonts: false,
+            };
+            let hant = CraftFontProvider::new(&sources, 1.0);
+            let got = provided(&hant, '龍').expect("the system Hant face");
+            assert!(got.starts_with("craft-system-"), "the system Hant face comes before the SC craft fallback: {got}");
+            assert_ne!(got, sc_name, "the SC craft face must not pre-empt a system Hant face");
+        }
+
+        let ko = test_provider((|| Some("ko_KR".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>);
+        assert_eq!(provided(&ko, '한').as_deref(), Some(korean_name.as_str()));
+        assert_eq!(provided(&ko, 'あ').as_deref(), Some(ui_name.as_str()), "kana in a Korean UI keeps the Japanese face");
+        assert_ne!(sc.family, ui_font.family);
+    }
+
+    static PENDING_LAST_RESORT: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool = std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool::new(false);
+    static PENDING_CRAFT_SC: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool = std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool::new(false);
+    static PENDING_READY: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool = std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool::new(false);
+    static STRICT_PENDING: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool = std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool::new(true);
+
+    fn pending_last_resort() -> bool {
+        PENDING_LAST_RESORT.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed)
+    }
+
+    fn pending_craft_sc() -> bool {
+        PENDING_CRAFT_SC.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed)
+    }
+
+    fn pending_ready() -> bool {
+        !PENDING_READY.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed)
+    }
+
+    fn strict_pending() -> bool {
+        STRICT_PENDING.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed)
+    }
+
+    fn ready_files(script: CjkScript) -> Vec<FontFile> {
+        if script == CjkScript::TraditionalChinese && PENDING_READY.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed) { vec![fake("hant.ttf")] } else { Vec::new() }
+    }
+
+    fn ready_hant_files(script: CjkScript) -> Vec<FontFile> {
+        if script == CjkScript::TraditionalChinese { vec![fake("hant.ttf")] } else { Vec::new() }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn provider_uses_the_requested_collection_family_and_its_exact_coverage() {
+        let path = fake_dir().join("families.ttc");
+        let provider = CraftFontProvider::new(&test_sources(|| Some("en".into())), 1.0);
+        let file = |family: &str| vec![FontFile { path: path.clone(), family: family.into() }];
+
+        let insert = provider.system_insert_files(file("JetBrains Mono"), 'A').expect("face 1 covers A");
+        assert_eq!(insert.data.index, 1, "the requested family selects face 1, not the first covering face 0");
+        assert!(
+            provider.system_insert_files(file("JetBrains Mono"), 'ƀ').is_none(),
+            "JetBrains Mono does not cover the character; face 0 of Inter must not be used"
+        );
+
+        let empty_family = vec![FontFile { path: path.clone(), family: String::new() }];
+        let insert = provider.system_insert_files(empty_family, 'ƀ').expect("an empty family is face 0");
+        assert_eq!(insert.data.index, 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cached_system_face_returns_the_current_scale() {
+        let path = fake_dir().join("families.ttc");
+        let provider = CraftFontProvider::new(&test_sources(|| Some("en".into())), 1.0);
+        let file = || vec![FontFile { path: path.clone(), family: "JetBrains Mono".into() }];
+
+        let first = provider.system_insert_files(file(), 'A').expect("face 1 covers A");
+        assert_eq!(first.data.index, 1);
+        assert_eq!(first.data.tweak.scale, 1.0);
+        provider.set_scale(4.0 / 3.0);
+        let second = provider.system_insert_files(file(), 'A').expect("cached face");
+        assert_eq!(second.data.index, 1);
+        assert_eq!(second.data.tweak.scale, 4.0 / 3.0, "a cached face must not bake in the old UI scale");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn provider_honours_the_injected_embedded_faces() {
+        let Some(ui_font) = craft_fonts::japanese_for_ui().first().copied() else {
+            eprintln!("skipping: built without craft-fonts (set CRAFT_FONTS_DIR to a craft-fonts checkout)");
+            return;
+        };
+        if craft_index(ui_font).is_none() {
+            return;
+        }
+        let Some(baseline) = baseline_face('あ') else { return };
+        let baseline_name = format!("craft-font-{}", craft_index(baseline).expect("a manifest face has an index"));
+        let with_craft = test_provider((|| Some("en_US".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>);
+        assert_eq!(provided(&with_craft, 'あ').as_deref(), Some(baseline_name.as_str()));
+
+        let no_craft = Sources { embedded: no_embedded, ..test_sources((|| Some("en_US".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>) };
+        let provider = CraftFontProvider::new(&no_craft, 1.0);
+        assert!(provided(&provider, 'あ').is_none(), "the provider must use Sources::embedded, not the global craft table");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn provider_reaches_a_fontconfig_match_after_six_missing_candidates() {
+        let mut files: Vec<FontFile> =
+            (0..MAX_SCRIPT_READS).map(|i| FontFile { path: fake_dir().join(format!("missing-{i}.ttf")), family: String::new() }).collect();
+        files.push(fake("hant.ttf"));
+        let provider = CraftFontProvider::new(&test_sources((|| Some("zh-Hant-TW".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>), 1.0);
+        let insert = provider.system_insert_files(files, '龍').expect("the seventh (Fontconfig) candidate must be reachable");
+        assert!(insert.name.starts_with("craft-system-"));
+        let cache = provider.system.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+        assert_eq!(cache.reads, 1, "only the real file counts as a read; absent paths do not");
+        assert_eq!(cache.failed_reads.len(), MAX_SCRIPT_READS);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn provider_caches_failed_reads_and_face_lookups_across_characters() {
+        let provider = CraftFontProvider::new(&test_sources((|| Some("en".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>), 1.0);
+        let missing = fake("missing-cache.ttf");
+        assert!(provider.system_insert_files(vec![missing.clone()], '日').is_none());
+        assert!(provider.system_insert_files(vec![missing.clone()], '本').is_none());
+        {
+            let cache = provider.system.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+            assert_eq!(cache.failed_reads.len(), 1, "a missing path is remembered");
+            assert_eq!(cache.reads, 0, "a missing path performs no font read");
+        }
+
+        // Inter is readable but does not cover either Han character: its bytes are read once.
+        let inter = fake("font.ttf");
+        assert!(provider.system_insert_files(vec![inter.clone()], '日').is_none());
+        assert!(provider.system_insert_files(vec![inter.clone()], '本').is_none());
+        {
+            let cache = provider.system.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+            assert_eq!(cache.reads, 1, "the second character reuses the cached bytes");
+            assert_eq!(cache.files.len(), 1);
+        }
+
+        // A collection's family lookup is parsed once even when it misses every character.
+        let path = fake_dir().join("families.ttc");
+        let file = vec![FontFile { path, family: "Noto Sans CJK TC".into() }];
+        assert!(provider.system_insert_files(file.clone(), '日').is_none());
+        assert!(provider.system_insert_files(file, '本').is_none());
+        let cache = provider.system.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+        assert_eq!(cache.family_indices.len(), 1, "a family miss is cached");
+        assert_eq!(cache.family_indices[0].2, None);
+    }
+
+    static TTC_READS: std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize = std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0);
+
+    fn counted_ttc_read(path: &std::path::Path) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+        TTC_READS.fetch_add(1, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
+        std::fs::read(path).ok()
+    }
+
+    /// A collection's two faces share one blob: selecting both faces reads the file once and
+    /// charges its bytes once, not once per face.
+    #[test]
+    fn provider_charges_a_ttc_blob_once_for_multiple_selected_faces() {
+        let path = fake_dir().join("families.ttc");
+        let size = std::fs::metadata(&path).expect("test collection").len() as usize;
+        let mut provider = CraftFontProvider::new(&test_sources((|| Some("en".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>), 1.0);
+        provider.reader = counted_ttc_read;
+        TTC_READS.store(0, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
+        let first = provider.system_insert_files(vec![FontFile { path: path.clone(), family: "Inter".into() }], 'A').expect("face 0 covers A");
+        let second = provider.system_insert_files(vec![FontFile { path: path.clone(), family: "JetBrains Mono".into() }], 'A').expect("face 1 covers A");
+        assert_eq!((first.data.index, second.data.index), (0, 1));
+        assert!(std::sync::Arc::ptr_eq(&first.data.font, &second.data.font), "both faces share the collection's blob");
+        assert_eq!(TTC_READS.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed), 1, "the collection is read once");
+        let cache = provider.system.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+        assert_eq!(cache.files.len(), 1, "one retained blob serves both faces");
+        assert_eq!(cache.retained_bytes, size, "the TTC blob is charged once");
+        assert_eq!(cache.faces.len(), 2, "both selected faces keep their own name");
+    }
+
+    /// Selecting a second face under a one-blob budget evicts the earlier blob from the
+    /// provider, but the earlier `FontInsert` remains valid because it owns its shared blob.
+    #[test]
+    fn provider_evicts_an_earlier_selected_blob_under_budget_pressure() {
+        let first_path = fake("font.ttf").path;
+        let bytes = std::fs::read(&first_path).expect("test font");
+        let size = bytes.len();
+        let second_path = fake_dir().join("budget-selected-second.ttf");
+        std::fs::write(&second_path, &bytes).expect("write a second test font");
+        let provider = CraftFontProvider::new(&test_sources((|| Some("en".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>), 1.0);
+        {
+            let mut cache = provider.system.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+            cache.max_bytes = size;
+        }
+        let first = provider.system_insert_files(vec![FontFile { path: first_path.clone(), family: String::new() }], 'A').expect("the first selected face");
+        let second = provider.system_insert_files(vec![FontFile { path: second_path.clone(), family: String::new() }], 'A').expect("the second selected face");
+        assert_ne!(first.name, second.name);
+        assert_eq!(first.data.bytes(), bytes.as_slice(), "evicting the provider's blob does not invalidate egui's copy");
+        let cache = provider.system.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+        assert_eq!(cache.files.len(), 1, "only one blob fits");
+        assert_eq!(cache.files[0].path, second_path, "the newest selected blob is retained");
+        assert_eq!(cache.retained_bytes, size, "the provider cache stays within its one-blob budget");
+        assert_eq!(cache.faces.len(), 2, "the earlier face name remains reusable metadata, not bytes");
+    }
+
+    /// A selected face whose blob does not fit the budget is still returned complete for this
+    /// request. egui may keep it, but the provider retains neither its bytes nor a second copy.
+    #[test]
+    fn provider_returns_a_transient_valid_face_when_the_blob_cannot_be_retained() {
+        let path = fake("font.ttf").path;
+        let size = std::fs::metadata(&path).expect("test font").len() as usize;
+        let provider = CraftFontProvider::new(&test_sources((|| Some("en".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>), 1.0);
+        {
+            let mut cache = provider.system.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+            cache.max_bytes = size.saturating_sub(1);
+        }
+        let insert = provider
+            .system_insert_files(vec![FontFile { path: path.clone(), family: String::new() }], 'A')
+            .expect("the over-budget face is returned transiently");
+        assert_eq!(insert.data.index, 0);
+        assert_eq!(insert.data.bytes().len(), size, "the transient face carries the whole valid font");
+        assert_eq!(insert.data.bytes(), std::fs::read(&path).expect("test font bytes").as_slice());
+        let cache = provider.system.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+        assert_eq!(cache.retained_bytes, 0, "an over-budget face retains no provider bytes");
+        assert!(cache.files.is_empty(), "the over-budget blob is not retained");
+        assert!(cache.retained_bytes <= cache.max_bytes, "the provider cache stays within its budget");
+        assert_eq!(cache.reads, 1);
+    }
+
+    /// A valid font file whose character map does not include the requested character is still a
+    /// valid font: its bytes are cached within the budget and it is not marked invalid.
+    #[test]
+    fn provider_cache_evicts_retained_bytes_within_the_budget() {
+        let provider = CraftFontProvider::new(&test_sources((|| Some("en".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>), 1.0);
+        let bytes = synthetic_font(&[(0x0E01, 0x0E5B)]);
+        let size = bytes.len();
+        assert!(size > 0);
+        {
+            let mut cache = provider.system.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+            cache.max_bytes = size.saturating_mul(2);
+        }
+        let mut paths = Vec::new();
+        for i in 0..5 {
+            let path = fake_dir().join(format!("budget-{i}.ttf"));
+            std::fs::write(&path, &bytes).expect("write a synthetic test font");
+            paths.push(path);
+        }
+        for path in &paths {
+            let file = vec![FontFile { path: path.clone(), family: String::new() }];
+            assert!(provider.system_insert_files(file, '日').is_none(), "the Thai-only face does not cover 日");
+        }
+        let cache = provider.system.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+        assert!(cache.retained_bytes <= cache.max_bytes, "retained {} > budget {}", cache.retained_bytes, cache.max_bytes);
+        assert!(cache.files.len() <= 2, "only two files fit the budget");
+        assert!(cache.files.iter().any(|file| file.path == paths[4]), "the newest retained file stays");
+        assert!(!cache.files.iter().any(|file| file.path == paths[0]), "the oldest retained file was evicted");
+        assert_eq!(cache.reads, 5, "each distinct file was read once");
+        assert!(cache.invalid_fonts.is_empty(), "a non-covering face is not an invalid font");
+    }
+
+    /// A later covering candidate (such as the Fontconfig match appended last) is reached even
+    /// when a tiny budget evicts every retained candidate before it.
+    #[test]
+    fn provider_reaches_a_later_covering_candidate_under_budget_pressure() {
+        let provider = CraftFontProvider::new(&test_sources((|| Some("zh-Hant-TW".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>), 1.0);
+        let bytes = synthetic_font(&[(0x0E01, 0x0E5B)]);
+        {
+            let mut cache = provider.system.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+            cache.max_bytes = bytes.len();
+        }
+        let mut files = Vec::new();
+        for i in 0..12 {
+            let path = fake_dir().join(format!("budget-later-{i}.ttf"));
+            std::fs::write(&path, &bytes).expect("write a synthetic test font");
+            files.push(FontFile { path, family: String::new() });
+        }
+        let covering = fake("hant.ttf").path;
+        files.push(FontFile { path: covering.clone(), family: String::new() });
+        let insert = provider.system_insert_files(files, '龍').expect("the later covering candidate must be reached");
+        assert!(insert.name.starts_with("craft-system-"), "{insert:?}");
+        let cache = provider.system.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+        assert!(cache.faces.iter().any(|face| face.path == covering), "the covering file became a selected face");
+        assert!(cache.reads >= 13, "all retained candidates plus the matching file were read");
+    }
+
+    /// The old lifetime read cap could exhaust before a Fontconfig match appended after many
+    /// earlier characters. Reads are no longer globally capped; only retained bytes are bounded.
+    #[test]
+    fn provider_has_no_lifetime_read_cap_for_the_final_fontconfig_candidate() {
+        let provider = CraftFontProvider::new(&test_sources((|| Some("zh-Hant-TW".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>), 1.0);
+        let bytes = synthetic_font(&[(0x0E01, 0x0E5B)]);
+        {
+            let mut cache = provider.system.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+            cache.max_bytes = bytes.len();
+        }
+        for i in 0..130 {
+            let path = fake_dir().join(format!("lifetime-{i}.ttf"));
+            std::fs::write(&path, &bytes).expect("write a synthetic test font");
+            let file = vec![FontFile { path, family: String::new() }];
+            assert!(provider.system_insert_files(file, '日').is_none());
+        }
+        let covering = fake("hant.ttf").path;
+        let insert = provider
+            .system_insert_files(vec![FontFile { path: covering, family: String::new() }], '龍')
+            .expect("the final candidate must still be read after 130 successful reads");
+        assert!(insert.name.starts_with("craft-system-"), "{insert:?}");
+        let cache = provider.system.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+        assert_eq!(cache.reads, 131, "130 non-covering reads plus the final candidate");
+    }
+
+    static CONCURRENT_READS: std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize = std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0);
+
+    fn counted_slow_read(path: &std::path::Path) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+        CONCURRENT_READS.fetch_add(1, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
+        std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(20));
+        std::fs::read(path).ok()
+    }
+
+    /// Layout may ask the provider from several threads. The check/read/insert is serialised, so
+    /// the same path is read once and every caller sees the same success.
+    #[test]
+    fn provider_serialises_concurrent_reads_of_the_same_path() {
+        let path = fake("font.ttf").path;
+        let mut provider = CraftFontProvider::new(&test_sources((|| Some("en".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>), 1.0);
+        provider.reader = counted_slow_read;
+        CONCURRENT_READS.store(0, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
+        let provider = std::sync::Arc::new(provider);
+        let mut handles = Vec::new();
+        for _ in 0..8 {
+            let provider = std::sync::Arc::clone(&provider);
+            let path = path.clone();
+            handles.push(std::thread::spawn(move || {
+                let file = vec![FontFile { path, family: String::new() }];
+                provider.system_insert_files(file, 'A').is_some()
+            }));
+        }
+        for handle in handles {
+            assert!(handle.join().expect("layout thread"), "every caller must get the Inter face");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(CONCURRENT_READS.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed), 1, "one read per path even under concurrency");
+        let cache = provider.system.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+        assert_eq!(cache.faces.len(), 1, "one selected face is shared");
+    }
+
+    /// A readable non-font is negative-cached as invalid (read/parsed once) and never conflated
+    /// with a valid font that simply does not cover the requested character.
+    #[test]
+    fn provider_negative_caches_invalid_fonts_separately_from_noncovering_faces() {
+        let provider = CraftFontProvider::new(&test_sources((|| Some("en".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>), 1.0);
+        let invalid = fake("not-a-font-cache.ttf").path;
+        std::fs::write(&invalid, b"this is not a font").expect("write invalid bytes");
+        let truncated = fake("truncated-font-cache.ttf").path;
+        std::fs::write(&truncated, &include_bytes!("../../../assets/fonts/Inter-Regular.ttf")[..20]).expect("write truncated font");
+        for path in [&invalid, &truncated] {
+            for c in ['日', '本'] {
+                let file = vec![FontFile { path: path.clone(), family: String::new() }];
+                assert!(provider.system_insert_files(file, c).is_none());
+            }
+        }
+        {
+            let cache = provider.system.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+            assert_eq!(cache.invalid_fonts.len(), 2, "both invalid paths are remembered");
+            assert_eq!(cache.reads, 2, "invalid bytes are read and examined once each");
+            assert!(cache.files.is_empty(), "invalid bytes are never retained as a font");
+            assert!(cache.failed_reads.is_empty(), "an invalid font is not an I/O failure");
+        }
+        let inter = fake("font.ttf").path;
+        let file = vec![FontFile { path: inter.clone(), family: String::new() }];
+        assert!(provider.system_insert_files(file, '日').is_none(), "Inter does not cover 日");
+        let cache = provider.system.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+        assert!(cache.files.iter().any(|file| file.path == inter), "a valid non-covering font is cached");
+        assert!(!cache.invalid_fonts.contains(&inter), "a non-covering face is not an invalid font");
+        drop(cache);
+        let file = vec![FontFile { path: inter, family: String::new() }];
+        let insert = provider.system_insert_files(file, 'A').expect("the cached valid font still covers A");
+        assert!(insert.name.starts_with("craft-system-"), "{insert:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pending_scan_recovers_through_real_layout_and_the_lazy_reload() {
+        PENDING_READY.store(false, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let sources = Sources {
+            locale: (|| Some("zh-Hant-TW".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>,
+            files: ready_files,
+            last_resort: Vec::new,
+            pending: pending_ready,
+            scripts: no_script_files,
+            covers: scripts::covering_face,
+            embedded: no_embedded,
+            eager_craft_fonts: true,
+        };
+        crate::theme::install_fonts_with(&ctx, sources);
+        let frame = |ctx: &egui::Context| {
+            ctx.run_ui(Default::default(), |ui| {
+                ui.label("龍");
+            })
+            .textures_delta
+            .clear();
+        };
+        frame(&ctx);
+        assert!(!ctx.fonts_mut(|f| f.has_glyph(&FontId::proportional(12.0), '龍')), "the pending first frame has no Hant face");
+
+        PENDING_READY.store(true, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
+        for _ in 0..4 {
+            frame(&ctx);
+        }
+        assert!(ctx.fonts_mut(|f| f.has_glyph(&FontId::proportional(12.0), '龍')), "the lazy loader's add_font reload recovers after the scan");
+        let registered = ctx.fonts(|f| f.definitions().font_data.keys().filter(|name| name.starts_with(FONT_PREFIX)).count());
+        assert_eq!(registered, 1, "exactly the Hant file was installed");
+        PENDING_READY.store(false, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn strict_policy_first_frame_after_the_scan_is_accepted() {
+        if craft_fonts::CRAFT_FONTS.is_empty() {
+            eprintln!("skipping: the eager provider is only installed with craft-fonts");
+            return;
+        }
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        ctx.set_missing_glyph_policy(egui::MissingGlyphPolicy::Panic);
+        let sources = Sources {
+            locale: (|| Some("zh-Hant-TW".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>,
+            files: ready_hant_files,
+            last_resort: Vec::new,
+            pending: || false,
+            scripts: no_script_files,
+            covers: scripts::covering_face,
+            embedded: no_embedded,
+            eager_craft_fonts: true,
+        };
+        crate::theme::install_fonts_with(&ctx, sources);
+        ctx.run_ui(Default::default(), |ui| {
+            ui.label("龍");
+        })
+        .textures_delta
+        .clear();
+        assert!(ctx.fonts_mut(|f| f.has_glyph(&FontId::proportional(12.0), '龍')));
+    }
+
+    /// A strict first frame while Fontconfig is still pending cannot be recovered by the lazy
+    /// loader: epaint panics during layout before `output_hook` can call `add_font`. The real app
+    /// uses `MissingGlyphPolicy::Tofu` (brief tofu, then the reload above); strict integration
+    /// tests such as `camera_raw_localization` must wait for the scan first. This test records
+    /// that limitation instead of claiming a pending strict startup is accepted.
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic(expected = "No glyph for")]
+    fn pending_strict_policy_startup_is_not_fake_acceptance() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        ctx.set_missing_glyph_policy(egui::MissingGlyphPolicy::Panic);
+        let sources = Sources {
+            locale: (|| Some("zh-Hant-TW".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>,
+            files: no_files,
+            last_resort: Vec::new,
+            pending: strict_pending,
+            scripts: no_script_files,
+            covers: scripts::covering_face,
+            embedded: no_embedded,
+            eager_craft_fonts: true,
+        };
+        crate::theme::install_fonts_with(&ctx, sources);
+        let _ = ctx.run_ui(Default::default(), |ui| {
+            ui.label("龍");
+        });
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn language_change_reloads_eager_faces_through_the_app_context() {
+        let Some(ui_font) = craft_fonts::japanese_for_ui().first().copied() else {
+            eprintln!("skipping: built without craft-fonts (set CRAFT_FONTS_DIR to a craft-fonts checkout)");
+            return;
+        };
+        let Some(ui_index) = craft_index(ui_font) else { return };
+        let Some((sc_index, _)) = craft_fonts::CRAFT_FONTS.iter().enumerate().find(|(_, f)| f.family == "Noto Sans CJK SC") else {
+            eprintln!("skipping: the craft-fonts manifest has no Simplified Chinese face");
+            return;
+        };
+        let ui_name = format!("craft-font-{ui_index}");
+        let sc_name = format!("craft-font-{sc_index}");
+        crate::i18n::with_language(crate::i18n::Lang::EN, || {
+            let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+            crate::i18n::sync_context(&ctx, "ja");
+            for _ in 0..2 {
+                ctx.run_ui(Default::default(), |ui| {
+                    ui.label("日");
+                })
+                .textures_delta
+                .clear();
+            }
+            let discovered = ctx.fonts(|f| f.discovered_fonts().to_vec());
+            assert!(discovered.iter().any(|insert| insert.name == ui_name), "ja discovers {ui_name}: {discovered:?}");
+
+            crate::i18n::sync_context(&ctx, "zh-hans");
+            for _ in 0..2 {
+                ctx.run_ui(Default::default(), |ui| {
+                    ui.label("日");
+                })
+                .textures_delta
+                .clear();
+            }
+            let discovered = ctx.fonts(|f| f.discovered_fonts().to_vec());
+            assert!(discovered.iter().any(|insert| insert.name == sc_name), "zh-hans discovers {sc_name}: {discovered:?}");
+            assert!(!discovered.iter().any(|insert| insert.name == ui_name), "the language reload clears the old Japanese face: {discovered:?}");
+        });
+    }
+
+    /// A valid synthetic font whose `glyf` table record extends past the end of the file. Its
+    /// `cmap` still parses and maps Thai, so a coverage-only check accepts it, but the text
+    /// engine cannot read every declared table.
+    fn font_with_out_of_bounds_table() -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut font = synthetic_font(&[(0x0E01, 0x0E5B)]);
+        let tables = u16::from_be_bytes([font[4], font[5]]) as usize;
+        for i in 0..tables {
+            let rec = 12 + 16 * i;
+            if font.get(rec..rec + 4) == Some(&b"glyf"[..]) {
+                font[rec + 12..rec + 16].copy_from_slice(&u32::MAX.to_be_bytes());
+                return font;
+            }
+        }
+        panic!("synthetic font has no glyf table");
+    }
+
+    /// A readable collection whose selected family face has an out-of-bounds `glyf` table. Face 0
+    /// stays readable, and face 1's `cmap`/`name` still work, so a file-level check plus coverage
+    /// accepts it even though the face cannot be installed safely.
+    fn collection_with_out_of_bounds_selected_face() -> Vec<u8> {
+        let inter = include_bytes!("../../../assets/fonts/Inter-Regular.ttf");
+        let mut jetbrains = include_bytes!("../../../assets/fonts/JetBrainsMono-Regular.ttf").to_vec();
+        let tables = u16::from_be_bytes([jetbrains[4], jetbrains[5]]) as usize;
+        let glyf = (0..tables).map(|i| 12 + 16 * i).find(|&rec| jetbrains.get(rec..rec + 4) == Some(&b"glyf"[..])).expect("JetBrains Mono has a glyf table");
+        jetbrains[glyf + 12..glyf + 16].copy_from_slice(&u32::MAX.to_be_bytes());
+        two_face_ttc(inter, &jetbrains)
+    }
+
+    /// A truncated/out-of-bounds table can keep a valid `cmap`, so `load_first` must validate
+    /// the file before registering it, and must still reach the next, valid candidate.
+    #[test]
+    fn lazy_loader_rejects_a_font_with_an_out_of_bounds_table_and_uses_the_next_candidate() {
+        let malformed = fake_dir().join("out-of-bounds-thai.ttf");
+        std::fs::write(&malformed, font_with_out_of_bounds_table()).unwrap();
+        let valid = fake_dir().join("thai.ttf");
+        let files = vec![FontFile { path: malformed.clone(), family: String::new() }, FontFile { path: valid.clone(), family: String::new() }];
+        let bytes = std::fs::read(&malformed).unwrap();
+        assert!(scripts::face_covers(&bytes, 0, 'ก'), "the malformed file's cmap still maps the character");
+        assert!(!cjk::font_file_is_readable(&bytes), "an out-of-bounds table makes the file unreadable");
+
+        let mut fallback = CjkFallback::new(test_sources(|| Some("en".into())));
+        let (_, data) = fallback.load_first(&files, 'ก').expect("the valid fallback is reached");
+        assert_eq!(fallback.registered.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(fallback.registered[0].1, valid, "the malformed file is skipped, not registered");
+        assert_eq!(data.index, 0);
+        assert_eq!(data.bytes(), std::fs::read(&valid).unwrap().as_slice());
+
+        // The non-CJK script route must enforce the same validation before registration.
+        let mut sources = test_sources(|| Some("en".into()));
+        sources.scripts = |_| vec![fake_dir().join("out-of-bounds-thai.ttf"), fake_dir().join("thai.ttf")];
+        let mut fallback = CjkFallback::new(sources);
+        let (_, data) = fallback.next_script_font('ก').expect("the valid script fallback is reached");
+        assert_eq!(fallback.registered.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(fallback.registered[0].1, valid, "the script route also skips the malformed file");
+        assert_eq!(data.bytes(), std::fs::read(&valid).unwrap().as_slice());
+
+        // A readable collection with an unreadable covering face must also skip that face: the
+        // coverage route selects face 1 by its valid cmap, not the readable face 0.
+        let collection = fake_dir().join("out-of-bounds-thai.ttc");
+        let inter = include_bytes!("../../../assets/fonts/Inter-Regular.ttf");
+        let collection_bytes = two_face_ttc(inter, &font_with_out_of_bounds_table());
+        std::fs::write(&collection, &collection_bytes).unwrap();
+        assert!(cjk::font_file_is_readable(&collection_bytes), "face 0 keeps the collection readable");
+        assert_eq!(scripts::covering_face(&collection_bytes, 'ก'), Some(1), "coverage selects the malformed face");
+        assert!(!cjk::font_face_is_readable(&collection_bytes, 1));
+        let mut sources = test_sources(|| Some("en".into()));
+        sources.scripts = |_| vec![fake_dir().join("out-of-bounds-thai.ttc"), fake_dir().join("thai.ttf")];
+        let mut fallback = CjkFallback::new(sources);
+        let (_, data) = fallback.next_script_font('ก').expect("the valid script fallback is reached");
+        assert_eq!(fallback.registered.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(fallback.registered[0].1, valid, "the coverage route skips the malformed selected face");
+        assert_eq!(data.bytes(), std::fs::read(&valid).unwrap().as_slice());
+    }
+
+    /// A readable collection may contain one bad face. The selected face (by family name) can
+    /// keep a valid `cmap` and `name` while another table points outside the file, so checking the
+    /// file or coverage alone would register a face epaint cannot safely install. Both the lazy
+    /// loader and the eager provider must skip that face and continue to the valid candidate.
+    #[test]
+    fn malformed_selected_collection_face_falls_back_before_lazy_and_provider_registration() {
+        let path = fake_dir().join("out-of-bounds-selected.ttc");
+        let bytes = collection_with_out_of_bounds_selected_face();
+        std::fs::write(&path, &bytes).expect("write the synthetic collection");
+        assert!(cjk::font_file_is_readable(&bytes), "face 0 keeps the collection readable");
+        assert_eq!(cjk::face_index_for_family_checked(&bytes, "JetBrains Mono"), Some(1), "the selected face's name resolves");
+        assert!(scripts::face_covers(&bytes, 1, 'A'), "the selected face's cmap covers the character");
+        assert!(!cjk::font_face_is_readable(&bytes, 1), "the selected face's glyf table is out of bounds");
+
+        let valid = fake("font.ttf");
+        let candidates = vec![FontFile { path: path.clone(), family: "JetBrains Mono".into() }, FontFile { path: valid.path.clone(), family: String::new() }];
+        let mut fallback = CjkFallback::new(test_sources(|| Some("en".into())));
+        let (name, data) = fallback.load_first(&candidates, 'A').expect("the valid alternative is reached");
+        assert_eq!(data.index, 0, "the lazy loader registers the valid face 0, not the malformed selected face");
+        assert_eq!(fallback.registered.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(fallback.registered[0].1, valid.path, "the malformed collection is not registered");
+
+        let provider = CraftFontProvider::new(&test_sources(|| Some("en".into())), 1.0);
+        let insert = provider.system_insert_files(candidates, 'A').expect("the provider reaches the valid alternative");
+        assert_eq!(insert.data.index, 0, "the provider does not hand the malformed selected face to epaint");
+        assert!(insert.name.starts_with("craft-system-"), "{insert:?}");
+
+        // Installing the selected font under the strict policy must not panic: only the valid
+        // fallback reaches egui's family builder.
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        ctx.set_missing_glyph_policy(egui::MissingGlyphPolicy::Panic);
+        crate::theme::install_fonts(&ctx);
+        // The lazy loader runs after a frame; initialize the font view before matching that path.
+        ctx.run_ui(Default::default(), |_| {}).textures_delta.clear();
+        add_to_all_families(&ctx, name, data);
+        ctx.run_ui(Default::default(), |ui| {
+            ui.label("A");
+        })
+        .textures_delta
+        .clear();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn lazy_loader_uses_the_requested_collection_family_and_checks_coverage() {
+        let path = fake_dir().join("families.ttc");
+        let file = |family: &str| vec![FontFile { path: path.clone(), family: family.into() }];
+
+        let mut fallback = CjkFallback::new(test_sources(|| Some("en".into())));
+        let (_, data) = fallback.load_first(&file("JetBrains Mono"), 'A').expect("face 1 covers A");
+        assert_eq!(data.index, 1);
+
+        let mut fallback = CjkFallback::new(test_sources(|| Some("en".into())));
+        assert!(fallback.load_first(&file("JetBrains Mono"), 'ƀ').is_none(), "coverage is checked on the requested face");
+
+        let mut fallback = CjkFallback::new(test_sources(|| Some("en".into())));
+        let empty_family = vec![FontFile { path: path.clone(), family: String::new() }];
+        let (_, data) = fallback.load_first(&empty_family, 'ƀ').expect("empty family is face 0");
+        assert_eq!(data.index, 0);
+    }
+
+    fn always_thai_candidate(_: Script) -> Vec<PathBuf> {
+        vec![fake_dir().join("thai.ttf")]
+    }
+
+    /// A path already registered through either route is not read or registered a second time.
+    #[test]
+    fn lazy_loader_registers_each_loaded_font_once() {
+        let valid = fake("font.ttf");
+        let mut fallback = CjkFallback::new(test_sources(|| Some("en".into())));
+        let files = vec![valid.clone()];
+        fallback.load_first(&files, 'A').expect("the font covers Latin A");
+        assert!(fallback.load_first(&files, 'A').is_none(), "a second request for the loaded file registers nothing");
+        assert_eq!(fallback.registered.len(), 1);
+
+        let sources = Sources { scripts: always_thai_candidate, ..test_sources(|| Some("en".into())) };
+        let mut fallback = CjkFallback::new(sources);
+        fallback.loaded.push(fake_dir().join("thai.ttf"));
+        assert!(fallback.next_script_font('ก').is_none(), "the script route skips a file the other route already loaded");
+        assert!(fallback.registered.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(fallback.scripts_tried, vec![Script::Thai], "the script is still marked tried only once");
+    }
+
+    /// A craft face is registered once: a later request for the same embedded file must not add
+    /// another font with a new name and a duplicate blob.
+    #[test]
+    fn lazy_loader_registers_an_embedded_craft_face_once() {
+        if baseline_face('あ').is_none() {
+            eprintln!("skipping: built without craft-fonts (set CRAFT_FONTS_DIR to a craft-fonts checkout)");
+            return;
+        }
+        let mut fallback = CjkFallback::new(craft_only(|| Some("en".into())));
+        fallback.load_embedded(CjkScript::Japanese, 'あ').expect("the manifest covers kana");
+        assert!(fallback.load_embedded(CjkScript::Japanese, 'あ').is_none(), "the same embedded face is not registered twice");
+        assert_eq!(fallback.registered.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(fallback.loaded.len(), 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn provider_uses_system_script_candidates_and_last_resort_for_non_cjk() {
+        let sources = Sources {
+            locale: || Some("en".into()),
+            files: no_files,
+            last_resort: || vec![FontFile { path: fake_dir().join("ethiopic.ttf"), family: String::new() }],
+            pending: || false,
+            scripts: |s| match s {
+                Script::Tamil => vec![fake_dir().join("tamil.ttf")],
+                _ => Vec::new(),
+            },
+            covers: scripts::covering_face,
+            embedded: no_embedded,
+            eager_craft_fonts: false,
+        };
+        let provider = CraftFontProvider::new(&sources, 1.0);
+        let tamil = provided(&provider, 'த').expect("Tamil system candidate");
+        assert!(tamil.starts_with("craft-system-"), "{tamil}");
+        let ethiopic = provided(&provider, 'ሀ').expect("last-resort face");
+        assert!(ethiopic.starts_with("craft-system-"), "{ethiopic}");
+    }
+
+    static PROVIDER_SCRIPT_CALLS: Mutex<Vec<CjkScript>> = Mutex::new(Vec::new());
+
+    fn recorded_provider_files(script: CjkScript) -> Vec<FontFile> {
+        PROVIDER_SCRIPT_CALLS.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner).push(script);
+        Vec::new()
+    }
+
+    /// A Hangul character's preferred script is the locale order's first script, so the provider
+    /// builds a list with Korean twice. It must still ask for Korean's files once, then try each
+    /// remaining script once, not restart the preferred script after a miss.
+    #[test]
+    fn provider_tries_each_script_once_when_the_preferred_script_repeats_the_order() {
+        PROVIDER_SCRIPT_CALLS.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner).clear();
+        let sources = Sources {
+            locale: || Some("ko_KR".into()),
+            files: recorded_provider_files,
+            last_resort: Vec::new,
+            pending: || false,
+            scripts: no_script_files,
+            covers: scripts::covering_face,
+            embedded: no_embedded,
+            eager_craft_fonts: false,
+        };
+        let provider = CraftFontProvider::new(&sources, 1.0);
+        assert!(provided(&provider, '한').is_none(), "the test source has no Hangul face");
+        let calls = PROVIDER_SCRIPT_CALLS.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner).clone();
+        assert_eq!(calls, vec![CjkScript::Korean, CjkScript::TraditionalChinese, CjkScript::SimplifiedChinese, CjkScript::Japanese]);
+    }
+
+    /// An unclassified symbol (not CJK, not one of the non-CJK scripts) only has the optional
+    /// craft `Zsym` face. Without one the provider must return missing rather than read unrelated
+    /// system fonts, and an empty cluster is likewise no request at all.
+    #[test]
+    fn provider_missing_symbol_and_empty_cluster_do_not_touch_system_fonts() {
+        let sources = Sources { embedded: no_embedded, ..test_sources(|| Some("en".into())) };
+        let provider = CraftFontProvider::new(&sources, 1.0);
+        assert!(provider.font_for(&FallbackRequest { cluster: "", family: &FontFamily::Proportional }).is_none());
+        assert!(provided(&provider, '☃').is_none(), "no injected Zsym craft face covers the symbol");
+        let cache = provider.system.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+        assert_eq!(cache.reads, 0, "a symbol is not a CJK or script fallback request");
+        assert!(cache.failed_reads.is_empty() && cache.invalid_fonts.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn provider_applies_the_current_scale_to_craft_faces() {
+        if baseline_face('あ').is_none() {
+            eprintln!("skipping: built without craft-fonts (set CRAFT_FONTS_DIR to a craft-fonts checkout)");
+            return;
+        }
+        let provider = test_provider(|| Some("en".into()));
+        let first = provided_insert(&provider, 'あ').expect("the craft manifest covers kana");
+        assert_eq!(first.data.tweak.scale, 1.0);
+        assert!(first.families.iter().any(|f| f.family == FontFamily::Proportional));
+        assert!(first.families.iter().any(|f| f.family == FontFamily::Monospace));
+        provider.set_scale(4.0 / 3.0);
+        let second = provided_insert(&provider, 'あ').expect("the craft face is resolved again at the current scale");
+        assert_eq!(second.data.tweak.scale, 4.0 / 3.0, "a craft face must not bake in the scale of an earlier pass");
+    }
+
+    /// Face-name metadata is capped independently of the retained-blob budget: forgetting the
+    /// oldest name only makes egui install that face under a later name, it never drops bytes
+    /// from a file that still fits.
+    #[test]
+    fn system_face_names_are_bounded_independently_of_font_blobs() {
+        let mut cache = SystemCache::default();
+        for i in 0..MAX_SYSTEM_FACE_NAMES + 4 {
+            cache.remember_face(PathBuf::from(format!("face-{i}.ttf")), i as u32, format!("craft-system-{i}"));
+        }
+        assert_eq!(cache.faces.len(), MAX_SYSTEM_FACE_NAMES);
+        assert_eq!(cache.faces.first().map(|face| face.name.as_str()), Some("craft-system-4"), "the oldest names are evicted first");
+        assert_eq!(cache.faces.last().map(|face| face.name.as_str()), Some("craft-system-1027"));
+        assert!(cache.files.is_empty() && cache.retained_bytes == 0, "face names do not retain or charge font bytes");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pending_fontconfig_defers_the_last_resort_instead_of_returning_none_forever() {
+        PENDING_LAST_RESORT.store(true, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
+        let sources = Sources {
+            locale: || Some("zh-Hant-TW".into()),
+            files: no_files,
+            last_resort: || vec![FontFile { path: fake_dir().join("hant.ttf"), family: String::new() }],
+            pending: pending_last_resort,
+            scripts: no_script_files,
+            covers: scripts::covering_face,
+            embedded: no_embedded,
+            eager_craft_fonts: false,
+        };
+        let provider = CraftFontProvider::new(&sources, 1.0);
+        assert!(provided(&provider, '龍').is_none(), "pending Hant scan must not fall through to a last resort");
+        PENDING_LAST_RESORT.store(false, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
+        let got = provided(&provider, '龍').expect("after the scan the last resort is usable");
+        assert!(got.starts_with("craft-system-"), "{got}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pending_fontconfig_does_not_cache_the_lower_priority_sc_craft_face_for_hant() {
+        let Some((sc_index, _)) = craft_fonts::CRAFT_FONTS.iter().enumerate().find(|(_, f)| f.family == "Noto Sans CJK SC") else {
+            eprintln!("skipping: the craft-fonts manifest has no Simplified Chinese face");
+            return;
+        };
+        PENDING_CRAFT_SC.store(true, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
+        let sources = Sources {
+            locale: || Some("zh-Hant-TW".into()),
+            files: no_files,
+            last_resort: Vec::new,
+            pending: pending_craft_sc,
+            scripts: no_script_files,
+            covers: scripts::covering_face,
+            embedded: craft_embedded_iso,
+            eager_craft_fonts: false,
+        };
+        let provider = CraftFontProvider::new(&sources, 1.0);
+        assert!(provided(&provider, '龍').is_none(), "a pending Hant scan must not return (and cache) the lower-priority SC craft face");
+        PENDING_CRAFT_SC.store(false, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
+        let expected = format!("craft-font-{sc_index}");
+        assert_eq!(provided(&provider, '龍').as_deref(), Some(expected.as_str()));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn every_craft_face_is_available_to_both_ui_families() {
+        let mut checked = 0;
+        for (i, face) in craft_fonts::CRAFT_FONTS.iter().enumerate() {
+            if face.bytes.is_empty() {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let insert = craft_insert(i, face, 1.0);
+            assert_eq!(insert.name, format!("craft-font-{i}"));
+            assert!(insert.families.iter().any(|f| f.family == FontFamily::Proportional), "{} is missing from Proportional", face.family);
+            assert!(insert.families.iter().any(|f| f.family == FontFamily::Monospace), "{} is missing from Monospace", face.family);
+            checked += 1;
+        }
+        if checked == 0 {
+            eprintln!("skipping: built without craft-fonts (set CRAFT_FONTS_DIR to a craft-fonts checkout)");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_craft_provider_shapes_the_first_headless_frame_in_both_families() {
+        let Some(ui_font) = craft_fonts::japanese_for_ui().first().copied() else {
+            eprintln!("skipping: built without craft-fonts (set CRAFT_FONTS_DIR to a craft-fonts checkout)");
+            return;
+        };
+        let Some(ui_index) = craft_index(ui_font) else { return };
+        let Some((sc_index, _)) = craft_fonts::CRAFT_FONTS.iter().enumerate().find(|(_, f)| f.family == "Noto Sans CJK SC") else {
+            eprintln!("skipping: the craft-fonts manifest has no Simplified Chinese face");
+            return;
+        };
+        let Some((korean_index, _)) = craft_fonts::CRAFT_FONTS.iter().enumerate().find(|(_, f)| f.family == "NanumGothic") else {
+            eprintln!("skipping: the craft-fonts manifest has no Korean face");
+            return;
+        };
+        let Some((arabic_index, _)) = craft_fonts::CRAFT_FONTS.iter().enumerate().find(|(_, f)| f.family == "Noto Sans Arabic") else {
+            eprintln!("skipping: the craft-fonts manifest has no Arabic face");
+            return;
+        };
+        let Some((devanagari_index, _)) = craft_fonts::CRAFT_FONTS.iter().enumerate().find(|(_, f)| f.family == "Noto Sans Devanagari") else {
+            eprintln!("skipping: the craft-fonts manifest has no Devanagari face");
+            return;
+        };
+        let Some(baseline_kana) = baseline_face('か') else { return };
+        let Some(baseline_han) = baseline_face('日') else { return };
+        let baseline_kana_index = craft_index(baseline_kana).expect("a manifest face has an index");
+        let baseline_han_index = craft_index(baseline_han).expect("a manifest face has an index");
+        for (locale, text, expected) in [
+            ((|| Some("ja_JP".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>, "かな", ui_index),
+            ((|| Some("en_US".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>, "かな", baseline_kana_index),
+            ((|| Some("en_US".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>, "日本", baseline_han_index),
+            ((|| None) as fn() -> Option<String>, "日本", baseline_han_index),
+            ((|| Some("en_US".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>, "한", korean_index),
+            ((|| Some("en_US".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>, "مرحبا", arabic_index),
+            ((|| Some("en_US".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>, "नमस्ते", devanagari_index),
+            ((|| Some("zh-Hant-TW".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>, "かな", ui_index),
+            ((|| Some("zh-Hant-TW".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>, "龍", sc_index),
+            ((|| Some("zh-CN".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>, "中文", sc_index),
+        ] {
+            let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+            crate::theme::install_fonts_with(&ctx, eager_sources(locale));
+            ctx.run_ui(Default::default(), |ui| {
+                ui.label(text);
+                ui.label(egui::RichText::new(text).monospace());
+            })
+            .textures_delta
+            .clear();
+            assert!(ctx.fonts_mut(|f| f.has_glyphs(&FontId::monospace(12.0), text)), "{text} is missing from Monospace");
+            let discovered = ctx.fonts(|f| f.discovered_fonts().to_vec());
+            assert!(
+                discovered.iter().any(|insert| insert.name == format!("craft-font-{expected}")),
+                "{text}: expected craft-font-{expected}, discovered {discovered:?}"
+            );
+            for insert in &discovered {
+                assert!(insert.families.iter().any(|f| f.family == FontFamily::Proportional), "{insert:?}");
+                assert!(insert.families.iter().any(|f| f.family == FontFamily::Monospace), "{insert:?}");
+            }
+        }
+        // A Traditional Chinese locale has no Hant craft face. A system Hant file, when present,
+        // must be read before the Simplified Chinese craft fallback.
+        if hant_system_file().is_some() {
+            let mut sources = eager_sources((|| Some("zh-Hant-TW".into())) as fn() -> Option<String>);
+            sources.files = hant_files;
+            let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+            crate::theme::install_fonts_with(&ctx, sources);
+            ctx.run_ui(Default::default(), |ui| {
+                ui.label("龍");
+            })
+            .textures_delta
+            .clear();
+            let discovered = ctx.fonts(|f| f.discovered_fonts().to_vec());
+            assert!(discovered.iter().any(|insert| insert.name.starts_with("craft-system-")), "the system Hant face draws the first frame: {discovered:?}");
+            assert!(
+                !discovered.iter().any(|insert| insert.name == format!("craft-font-{sc_index}")),
+                "the Simplified Chinese face must not pre-empt the Hant system font: {discovered:?}"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn ui_works_without_craft_fonts() {
         // The pre-craft-fonts behaviour: no embedded fonts, no system fonts. Latin renders,
@@ -895,9 +2897,11 @@ mod tests {
                 locale: || None,
                 files: |_| vec![],
                 last_resort: Vec::new,
+                pending: || false,
                 scripts: |_| Vec::new(),
                 covers: scripts::covering_face,
                 embedded: no_embedded,
+                eager_craft_fonts: false,
             },
         );
         assert!(render(&ctx, "Layer 1 – café"));
@@ -914,7 +2918,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn system_fonts_cover_cjk_samples() {
         #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
-        wait_for_fontconfig_cjk_scan();
+        assert!(wait_for_fontconfig_cjk_scan(), "Fontconfig CJK lookup did not finish within 10 seconds");
         let available = |s: CjkScript| cjk::font_files(s).iter().any(|f| f.path.is_file());
         let samples = [
             ("图层", CjkScript::SimplifiedChinese),
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/clip_line_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/clip_line_ui.rs
index 2efcb73297..f879edb179 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/clip_line_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/clip_line_ui.rs
@@ -105,9 +105,9 @@ pub fn show(ui: &mut egui::Ui, doc: &Document, actions: &mut Vec<(String, Value)
     let Some(p) = hover.filter(|_| alt && ctx.dragged_id().is_none()) else { return };
     let Some(line) = at(doc, &crate::layer_row_ui::recorded(&ctx), p).filter(|l| ui.rect_contains_pointer(l.rect)) else { return };
     // Registered after the rows, so it is on top of them and gets the click.
-    let resp = ui.interact(line.rect, ui.id().with("clip-line"), Sense::click());
+    let resp = ui.interact(line.rect, ui.scope_id().with("clip-line"), Sense::click());
     let label = if line.release { "Release Clipping Mask" } else { "Create Clipping Mask" };
-    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, label));
+    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, label));
     // PhotoCraft's own cursors: a hooked arrow onto the layer below, and the same arrow with a
     // small "no" badge to release. The arrow's tip, (15, 16) of the 24-unit box, is the hot spot.
     let icon = if line.release { "clip-release" } else { "clip-below" };
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/clipping_indicator_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/clipping_indicator_tests.rs
index 7395a533de..99c22ecf10 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/clipping_indicator_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/clipping_indicator_tests.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 use egui::{Event, Modifiers, PointerButton, pos2, vec2};
 use egui_kittest::Harness;
+use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
 use serde_json::json;
 
 use crate::PhotocraftApp;
@@ -20,6 +21,7 @@ fn clipping_indicator_points_down_inside_the_existing_row_slot() {
     assert!(paths.iter().flat_map(|path| &path.points).all(|point| slot.contains(*point)), "the marker does not shift or overlap the thumbnail");
 }
 
+/// Build a themed Layers panel for clipping-marker and pointer-gesture checks.
 fn harness(theme: crate::theme::ThemeKind, width: f32, scale: f32, gpu: bool) -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
     let mut session = photocraft_engine::Session::new();
     session.execute("prefs.set", json!({"path": "interface.language", "value": "en"})).unwrap();
@@ -46,6 +48,7 @@ fn harness(theme: crate::theme::ThemeKind, width: f32, scale: f32, gpu: bool) ->
     h
 }
 
+/// Toggle clipping through a real Alt-click at the boundary between the two layer rows.
 fn alt_click_line(h: &mut Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>) {
     let rows = crate::layer_row_ui::recorded(&h.ctx);
     assert_eq!(rows.len(), 2);
@@ -80,6 +83,146 @@ fn alt_click_clipping_still_creates_releases_and_undoes_without_moving_rows() {
     assert!(!h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.layer(active).unwrap().clipped);
 }
 
+/// Open one real adjustment editor inside a 250×160 scrollable Properties panel.
+fn adjustment_harness(kind: &str, depth: u32, theme: crate::theme::ThemeKind, scale: f32, gpu: bool) -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
+    let mut session = photocraft_engine::Session::new();
+    session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 16, "height": 8, "depth": depth})).unwrap();
+    session.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#b04020"})).unwrap();
+    session.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+    session.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 8, "y": 0, "width": 8, "height": 8})).unwrap();
+    session.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#208040"})).unwrap();
+    session.execute("select.deselect", json!({})).unwrap();
+    let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(session, Default::default());
+    app.ui.dock_tabs.properties = 1;
+    let builder = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(250.0, 160.0)).with_pixels_per_point(scale);
+    let builder = if gpu { builder.wgpu() } else { builder };
+    let mut h = builder.build_ui_state(
+        |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
+            if !ui.ctx().fonts(|fonts| fonts.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
+                return;
+            }
+            crate::i18n::with_language(crate::i18n::Lang::EN, || {
+                egui::ScrollArea::vertical().show(ui, |ui| {
+                    if app.ui.dock_tabs.properties == 1 {
+                        super::adjustments_grid(app, ui);
+                    } else {
+                        super::properties_body(app, ui);
+                    }
+                });
+            });
+        },
+        app,
+    );
+    PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, theme);
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    h.get_by_label(kind).click();
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    h
+}
+
+/// Reach a control through real wheel input without enlarging the compact panel.
+fn scroll_to_adjustment_control(h: &mut Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, label: &str) -> egui::Rect {
+    let viewport = egui::Rect::from_min_size(egui::Pos2::ZERO, vec2(250.0, 160.0));
+    for _ in 0..32 {
+        if let Some(rect) = h.query_all_by_label(label).map(|node| node.rect()).find(|rect| viewport.contains_rect(*rect)) {
+            return rect;
+        }
+        // The label column stays clear of the Color Lookup picker, which consumes wheel input.
+        h.hover_at(pos2(16.0, 80.0));
+        h.event(Event::MouseWheel {
+            source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Trackpad,
+            unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Point,
+            delta: vec2(0.0, -80.0),
+            phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move,
+            modifiers: Modifiers::NONE,
+        });
+        h.run_steps(4);
+    }
+    panic!("adjustment control {label:?} was not reachable in the compact viewport");
+}
+
+/// Scope starts on-screen; the editor and visibility remain reachable by scrolling.
+#[test]
+fn adjustment_scope_control_fits_compact_properties_before_scrolling() {
+    for theme in crate::theme::ThemeKind::ALL {
+        for scale in [1.0, 1.5, 2.0] {
+            for (kind, editor_control) in
+                [("Hue/Saturation", "Colorize"), ("Curves", "Edit points to modify the curve"), ("Selective Color", "Relative"), ("Color Lookup", "Dither")]
+            {
+                let mut h = adjustment_harness(kind, 8, theme, scale, false);
+                let viewport = egui::Rect::from_min_size(egui::Pos2::ZERO, vec2(250.0, 160.0));
+                let rect = h.get_by_label("Clip to layer below").rect();
+                assert!(viewport.contains_rect(rect), "{theme:?}, {scale}x, {kind}: {rect:?}");
+                let editor = scroll_to_adjustment_control(&mut h, editor_control);
+                assert!(viewport.contains_rect(editor), "{theme:?}, {scale}x, {kind}: editor {editor:?}");
+                let visibility = scroll_to_adjustment_control(&mut h, "Adjustment visible");
+                assert!(viewport.contains_rect(visibility), "{theme:?}, {scale}x, {kind}: visibility {visibility:?}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Read a document pixel on the shared scanline used by the clipping-output assertions.
+fn sample(h: &mut Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, x: i32) -> Vec<f32> {
+    serde_json::from_value(h.state_mut().run("document.pixel", json!({"x": x, "y": 4})).unwrap()).unwrap()
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn panel_adjustment_clips_to_selected_layer_and_scope_undoes_at_all_depths() {
+    for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
+        let mut h = adjustment_harness("Hue/Saturation", depth, crate::theme::ThemeKind::Pro, 1.0, false);
+        let id = h.state().session.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        h.state_mut().run("layer.setAdjustment", json!({"layer": id.0, "saturation": -100})).unwrap();
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        let all_layers = sample(&mut h, 2);
+        assert!((all_layers[0] - all_layers[1]).abs() < 0.01, "unclipped adjustment desaturates the lower layer");
+        let adjusted_target = sample(&mut h, 12);
+        let steps = h.state().session.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        h.get_by_label("Clip to layer below").click();
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        assert!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().clipped);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps + 1);
+        let lower_layer = sample(&mut h, 2);
+        assert!(lower_layer[0] - lower_layer[1] > 0.2, "clipping restores the lower layer's colour");
+        assert!(sample(&mut h, 12).iter().zip(&adjusted_target).all(|(a, b)| (a - b).abs() <= 1.0 / 255.0), "the selected layer stays adjusted");
+        h.state_mut().run("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(sample(&mut h, 2), all_layers);
+        h.state_mut().run("edit.redo", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(sample(&mut h, 2), lower_layer);
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        h.get_by_label("Clip to layer below").click();
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        assert!(!h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().clipped);
+        assert_eq!(sample(&mut h, 2), all_layers, "scope can be released through the same control");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[ignore = "writes synthetic compact adjustment-panel screenshots to log/adjustment-scope"]
+fn write_adjustment_scope_preview() {
+    let phase = std::env::var("PHOTOCRAFT_EVIDENCE_PHASE").unwrap_or_else(|_| "after".into());
+    let output = std::path::Path::new(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR")).join("../../log/adjustment-scope");
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&output).unwrap();
+    for theme in [crate::theme::ThemeKind::Pro, crate::theme::ThemeKind::Studio] {
+        let mut h = adjustment_harness("Hue/Saturation", 8, theme, 2.0, true);
+        // egui 0.37 completes screenshots through a one-shot callback.
+        let captured = std::sync::Arc::new(std::sync::Mutex::new(None));
+        let slot = captured.clone();
+        h.ctx.send_viewport_cmd(egui::ViewportCommand::Screenshot(egui::ScreenshotCallback::new(move |image| {
+            if let Ok(mut slot) = slot.lock() {
+                *slot = Some(image);
+            }
+        })));
+        h.step();
+        h.step();
+        let image = captured.lock().ok().and_then(|mut c| c.take()).expect("the kittest renderer completes the screenshot callback");
+        let rgba = image.pixels.iter().flat_map(|pixel| pixel.to_array()).collect();
+        let image = photocraft_codecs::Image::from_u8(image.size[0] as u32, image.size[1] as u32, photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgba, rgba).unwrap();
+        let png = photocraft_codecs::encode(&image, photocraft_codecs::Format::Png, &Default::default()).unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(output.join(format!("{phase}-{}.png", theme.id())), png).unwrap();
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 #[ignore = "writes synthetic English Layers-panel screenshots for before/after inspection"]
 fn write_clipping_indicator_preview() {
@@ -91,13 +234,17 @@ fn write_clipping_indicator_preview() {
             for scale in [1.0, 2.0] {
                 let mut h = harness(theme, width, scale, true);
                 alt_click_line(&mut h);
-                h.ctx.send_viewport_cmd(egui::ViewportCommand::Screenshot(Default::default()));
+                // egui 0.37 completes screenshots through a one-shot callback.
+                let captured = std::sync::Arc::new(std::sync::Mutex::new(None));
+                let slot = captured.clone();
+                h.ctx.send_viewport_cmd(egui::ViewportCommand::Screenshot(egui::ScreenshotCallback::new(move |image| {
+                    if let Ok(mut slot) = slot.lock() {
+                        *slot = Some(image);
+                    }
+                })));
                 h.step();
                 h.step();
-                let image = h
-                    .ctx
-                    .input(|input| input.events.iter().find_map(|event| if let Event::Screenshot { image, .. } = event { Some(image.clone()) } else { None }))
-                    .unwrap();
+                let image = captured.lock().ok().and_then(|mut c| c.take()).expect("the kittest renderer completes the screenshot callback");
                 let rgba = image.pixels.iter().flat_map(|pixel| pixel.to_array()).collect();
                 let image =
                     photocraft_codecs::Image::from_u8(image.size[0] as u32, image.size[1] as u32, photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgba, rgba).unwrap();
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/color_panel_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/color_panel_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6f7cc49729
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/color_panel_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,502 @@
+//! The Color panel's modes, ramp and panel menu (#6000, #2569): every mode draws and edits the
+//! colour in every theme, and the choice is the panel menu's, never the theme's.
+
+use egui::{Modifiers, Pos2, Rect, pos2, vec2};
+use egui_kittest::Harness;
+use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
+use serde_json::json;
+
+use crate::PhotocraftApp;
+use crate::color_panel_ui::{Model, hex_code, html_color, ramp_color};
+use crate::dock::Group;
+use crate::state::{ColorPanelMode, ColorRamp};
+use crate::theme::{ThemeKind, Tokens};
+
+/// The Color tab of `kind` in `mode`, alone in a 300 x 400 pt panel that offers it 360 pt.
+fn color_tab(kind: ThemeKind, mode: ColorPanelMode, fg: [f32; 4]) -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
+    let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+    app.session.tools.foreground = fg;
+    app.ui.color_panel.mode = mode;
+    color_tab_of(kind, app)
+}
+
+/// The Color tab of `kind` for `app`, as [`color_tab`].
+fn color_tab_of(kind: ThemeKind, app: PhotocraftApp) -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
+    let tab = Group::Color.tabs(Tokens::for_kind(kind).pro).iter().position(|name| *name == "Color").unwrap();
+    let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(300.0, 400.0)).with_step_dt(1.0 / 60.0).build_ui_state(
+        move |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
+            if ui.ctx().fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
+                ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(crate::panels::color_field_fill_id(), 360.0_f32));
+                crate::panels::dock_body(app, ui, Group::Color, tab);
+            }
+        },
+        app,
+    );
+    PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, kind);
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    h
+}
+
+/// Click at `p` with `modifiers` held.
+fn press(h: &mut Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, p: Pos2, modifiers: Modifiers) {
+    h.hover_at(p);
+    h.event(egui::Event::ModifiersChanged(modifiers));
+    h.run_steps(1);
+    for pressed in [true, false] {
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: p, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed, modifiers });
+        h.run_steps(1);
+    }
+    h.event(egui::Event::ModifiersChanged(Modifiers::NONE));
+    h.run_steps(2);
+}
+
+fn bytes(c: [f32; 4]) -> [u8; 3] {
+    [c[0], c[1], c[2]].map(|v| (v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 255.0).round() as u8)
+}
+
+fn type_into(h: &mut Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, role: egui::accesskit::Role, nth: usize, text: &str) {
+    h.query_all_by_role(role).nth(nth).unwrap().click();
+    h.run_steps(1);
+    h.key_press_modifiers(Modifiers::COMMAND, egui::Key::A);
+    h.run_steps(1);
+    for ch in text.chars() {
+        h.event(egui::Event::Text(ch.to_string()));
+        h.run_steps(1);
+    }
+    h.key_press(egui::Key::Tab);
+    h.run_steps(2);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn every_model_round_trips_its_colours() {
+    let colours = [[0.2, 0.6, 0.8], [1.0, 0.0, 0.0], [0.0, 0.0, 0.0], [1.0, 1.0, 1.0], [0.5, 0.25, 0.75]];
+    for model in [Model::Rgb, Model::Hsb, Model::Web, Model::Lab, Model::Cmyk] {
+        for c in colours {
+            // Pure red, for one, can't print: CMYK gives the nearest printable colour back.
+            if model == Model::Cmyk && crate::color_picker_ui::out_of_gamut(c).is_some() {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let back = model.to_rgb(model.values_of(c));
+            let worst = (0..3).map(|i| (back[i] - c[i]).abs()).fold(0.0, f32::max);
+            // Whole-number fields: RGB is exact, HSB within a step, CMYK and Lab within a few.
+            let tolerance = match model {
+                Model::Rgb | Model::Web => 0.6 / 255.0,
+                Model::Hsb => 2.5 / 255.0,
+                _ => 0.03,
+            };
+            assert!(worst <= tolerance, "{model:?} {c:?} -> {back:?}");
+        }
+    }
+    for g in [0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0] {
+        let back = Model::Gray.to_rgb(Model::Gray.values_of([g; 3]));
+        assert!((back[0] - g).abs() < 0.01, "gray {g} -> {back:?}");
+    }
+    // Hostile values give a valid colour.
+    for model in [Model::Gray, Model::Rgb, Model::Hsb, Model::Cmyk, Model::Lab, Model::Web] {
+        for v in [[f32::NAN; 4], [f32::INFINITY; 4], [-1e9; 4], [1e9; 4]] {
+            assert!(model.to_rgb(v).iter().all(|x| (0.0..=1.0).contains(x)), "{model:?} {v:?}");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(
+            model.channels().len(),
+            match model {
+                Model::Gray => 1,
+                Model::Cmyk => 4,
+                _ => 3,
+            }
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ramps_match_photoshop() {
+    let (fg, bg) = ([0.2, 0.4, 0.6], [1.0, 1.0, 0.0]);
+    let near = |a: [f32; 3], b: [f32; 3]| (0..3).all(|i| (a[i] - b[i]).abs() < 0.02);
+    // RGB Spectrum: hue across, white at the top, the full colour in the middle, black at the bottom.
+    assert!(near(ramp_color(ColorRamp::RgbSpectrum, false, fg, bg, 0.0, 0.0), [1.0; 3]));
+    assert!(near(ramp_color(ColorRamp::RgbSpectrum, false, fg, bg, 0.0, 0.5), [1.0, 0.0, 0.0]));
+    assert!(near(ramp_color(ColorRamp::RgbSpectrum, false, fg, bg, 1.0 / 3.0, 0.5), [0.0, 1.0, 0.0]));
+    assert!(near(ramp_color(ColorRamp::RgbSpectrum, false, fg, bg, 0.5, 1.0), [0.0; 3]));
+    assert!(near(ramp_color(ColorRamp::GrayscaleRamp, false, fg, bg, 0.0, 0.3), [1.0; 3]));
+    assert!(near(ramp_color(ColorRamp::GrayscaleRamp, false, fg, bg, 1.0, 0.3), [0.0; 3]));
+    assert!(near(ramp_color(ColorRamp::CurrentColors, false, fg, bg, 0.0, 0.9), fg));
+    assert!(near(ramp_color(ColorRamp::CurrentColors, false, fg, bg, 1.0, 0.1), bg));
+    // CMYK Spectrum stays printable.
+    let c = ramp_color(ColorRamp::CmykSpectrum, false, fg, bg, 0.6, 0.5);
+    assert!(crate::color_picker_ui::out_of_gamut(c).is_none(), "{c:?}");
+    // Make Ramp Web Safe: every colour is a web colour.
+    for ramp in ColorRamp::ALL {
+        for (x, y) in [(0.13, 0.37), (0.71, 0.66), (0.5, 0.5)] {
+            let c = ramp_color(ramp, true, fg, bg, x, y);
+            assert!(crate::color_picker_ui::not_web_safe(c).is_none(), "{ramp:?} {c:?}");
+        }
+        let c = ramp_color(ramp, false, fg, bg, f32::NAN, f32::INFINITY);
+        assert!(c.iter().all(|v| (0.0..=1.0).contains(v)), "{ramp:?} {c:?}");
+    }
+    // Shift-click cycles the ramps in menu order and wraps.
+    let mut r = ColorRamp::RgbSpectrum;
+    let mut seen = vec![r];
+    for _ in 0..3 {
+        r = r.next();
+        seen.push(r);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(seen, ColorRamp::ALL);
+    assert_eq!(r.next(), ColorRamp::RgbSpectrum);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn copy_color_formats() {
+    assert_eq!(html_color([0.2, 0.6, 0.8]), "color=\"#3399cc\"");
+    assert_eq!(hex_code([0.2, 0.6, 0.8]), "3399cc");
+}
+
+/// Every mode draws in every theme, and a click in it sets the colour.
+#[test]
+fn every_mode_works_in_every_theme() {
+    for kind in ThemeKind::ALL {
+        for mode in ColorPanelMode::ALL {
+            let mut h = color_tab(kind, mode, [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+            match mode {
+                ColorPanelMode::HueCube | ColorPanelMode::BrightnessCube => {
+                    assert!(h.query_by_label("#").is_some(), "{kind:?} {mode:?}: the readout");
+                }
+                ColorPanelMode::ColorWheel => {
+                    for label in ["H", "S", "B", "Add to Swatches"] {
+                        assert!(h.query_by_label(label).is_some(), "{kind:?} {mode:?}: {label}");
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    for (label, ..) in Model::of(mode).channels() {
+                        assert!(h.query_by_label(label).is_some(), "{kind:?} {mode:?}: the {label} slider");
+                    }
+                    // The black box at the end of the ramp sets black.
+                    let black = h.get_by_label("Black").rect().center();
+                    press(&mut h, black, Modifiers::NONE);
+                    assert_eq!(bytes(h.state().session.tools.foreground), [0, 0, 0], "{kind:?} {mode:?}");
+                }
+            }
+            assert!(h.query_by_label("Hue").is_none() && h.query_by_label("Saturation").is_none(), "{kind:?} {mode:?}: no old sliders");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn rgb_slider_track_sets_its_channel() {
+    let mut h = color_tab(ThemeKind::AdwaitaDark, ColorPanelMode::RgbSliders, [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+    let g = h.get_by_label("G").rect();
+    press(&mut h, pos2(g.right() - 2.0, g.center().y), Modifiers::NONE);
+    assert_eq!(bytes(h.state().session.tools.foreground), [0, 255, 0]);
+    // The field takes a typed value too (the spin buttons are R, G, B).
+    type_into(&mut h, egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton, 2, "128");
+    assert_eq!(bytes(h.state().session.tools.foreground), [0, 255, 128]);
+}
+
+/// Black has no hue or saturation of its own: typed H and S must stick while B is still 0.
+#[test]
+fn hsb_sliders_take_values_on_black() {
+    let mut h = color_tab(ThemeKind::Studio, ColorPanelMode::HsbSliders, [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+    for (field, typed) in [(0, "120"), (1, "100"), (2, "100")] {
+        type_into(&mut h, egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton, field, typed);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(bytes(h.state().session.tools.foreground), [0, 255, 0]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn cmyk_sliders_keep_typed_values() {
+    let mut h = color_tab(ThemeKind::Pro, ColorPanelMode::CmykSliders, [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]);
+    type_into(&mut h, egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton, 0, "40");
+    type_into(&mut h, egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton, 3, "20");
+    let shown: Vec<String> = h.query_all_by_role(egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton).filter_map(|n| n.value()).collect();
+    assert_eq!(shown.first().map(String::as_str), Some("40"), "C stays as typed: {shown:?}");
+    assert_eq!(shown.get(3).map(String::as_str), Some("20"), "K stays as typed: {shown:?}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn web_sliders_snap_and_take_hex() {
+    let mut h = color_tab(ThemeKind::Classic, ColorPanelMode::WebColorSliders, [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+    let r = h.get_by_label("R").rect();
+    // 45% along the track snaps to 0x66 (102), the nearest web step.
+    let x = r.left() + 4.0 + (r.width() - 8.0) * 0.45;
+    press(&mut h, pos2(x, r.center().y), Modifiers::NONE);
+    assert_eq!(bytes(h.state().session.tools.foreground), [0x66, 0, 0]);
+    // Not a web colour: the cube alert snaps it.
+    type_into(&mut h, egui::accesskit::Role::TextInput, 1, "C8");
+    assert_eq!(bytes(h.state().session.tools.foreground), [0x66, 0xC8, 0]);
+    let alert = h.get_by_label("Not a web colour: click for the nearest web colour").rect().center();
+    press(&mut h, alert, Modifiers::NONE);
+    assert_eq!(bytes(h.state().session.tools.foreground), [0x66, 0xCC, 0]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ramp_picks_and_shift_click_cycles_and_alt_picks_the_other_colour() {
+    let mut h = color_tab(ThemeKind::BreezeDark, ColorPanelMode::RgbSliders, [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+    let ramp: Rect = h.get_by_label("Color Ramp").rect();
+    // The RGB Spectrum's top is white.
+    press(&mut h, pos2(ramp.left() + 3.0, ramp.top() + 1.0), Modifiers::NONE);
+    assert!(bytes(h.state().session.tools.foreground).iter().all(|v| *v > 240), "{:?}", h.state().session.tools.foreground);
+    // Alt picks the background (the panel edits the foreground).
+    press(&mut h, pos2(ramp.left() + 3.0, ramp.bottom() - 1.0), Modifiers::ALT);
+    assert!(bytes(h.state().session.tools.background).iter().all(|v| *v < 16), "{:?}", h.state().session.tools.background);
+    assert!(bytes(h.state().session.tools.foreground).iter().all(|v| *v > 240), "Alt leaves the foreground");
+    // Shift-click cycles the ramp and picks nothing.
+    let fg = h.state().session.tools.foreground;
+    for expected in [ColorRamp::CmykSpectrum, ColorRamp::GrayscaleRamp, ColorRamp::CurrentColors, ColorRamp::RgbSpectrum] {
+        press(&mut h, ramp.center(), Modifiers::SHIFT);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().ui.color_panel.ramp, expected);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(h.state().session.tools.foreground, fg);
+    // Grayscale Ramp: its left end is white.
+    h.state_mut().ui.color_panel.ramp = ColorRamp::GrayscaleRamp;
+    h.state_mut().session.tools.foreground = [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0];
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    press(&mut h, pos2(ramp.left() + 1.0, ramp.center().y), Modifiers::NONE);
+    assert!(bytes(h.state().session.tools.foreground).iter().all(|v| *v > 245));
+}
+
+/// A drag on the Current Colors ramp picks from the ends it began with: holding still keeps the
+/// colour under the pointer instead of drifting toward the background.
+#[test]
+fn current_colors_ramp_drag_keeps_its_ends() {
+    let mut h = color_tab(ThemeKind::BreezeDark, ColorPanelMode::RgbSliders, [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+    h.state_mut().session.tools.background = [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0];
+    h.state_mut().ui.color_panel.ramp = ColorRamp::CurrentColors;
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    let ramp: Rect = h.get_by_label("Color Ramp").rect();
+    let p = ramp.center();
+    h.hover_at(p);
+    h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: p, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed: true, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
+    h.run_steps(1);
+    // Move away and back to start the drag, then hold still for a while.
+    for q in [p + vec2(12.0, 0.0), p] {
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(q));
+        h.run_steps(1);
+    }
+    h.run_steps(20);
+    h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: p, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed: false, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    let expected = ramp_color(ColorRamp::CurrentColors, false, [0.0; 3], [1.0; 3], (p.x - ramp.left()) / ramp.width(), 0.5);
+    let got = bytes(h.state().session.tools.foreground);
+    for (g, e) in got.iter().zip(expected) {
+        assert!(i32::from(*g).abs_diff((e * 255.0).round() as i32) <= 3, "{got:?} vs {expected:?}");
+    }
+}
+
+/// A non-finite pointer (a huge synthetic `ui.move`) misses the triangle instead of panicking.
+#[test]
+fn triangle_ignores_non_finite_points() {
+    let tri = [pos2(100.0, 0.0), pos2(0.0, 0.0), pos2(0.0, 100.0)];
+    for p in [pos2(f32::INFINITY, f32::INFINITY), pos2(f32::NAN, 1.0), pos2(f32::NEG_INFINITY, f32::INFINITY)] {
+        assert_eq!(crate::color_panel_ui::triangle_sv(tri, p), None, "{p:?}");
+    }
+    assert!(crate::color_panel_ui::triangle_sv(tri, pos2(10.0, 10.0)).is_some());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn color_wheel_ring_sets_hue_and_triangle_sets_saturation_and_brightness() {
+    let mut h = color_tab(ThemeKind::Pro, ColorPanelMode::ColorWheel, [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0]);
+    let area = h.get_by_label("Color Wheel").rect();
+    let (center, inner, outer) = crate::color_panel_ui::wheel_geometry(area);
+    let mid = (inner + outer) / 2.0;
+    // Up on the ring: hue 90° (yellow-green). Blue is fully saturated and bright, so it keeps both.
+    press(&mut h, pos2(center.x, center.y - mid), Modifiers::NONE);
+    let [r, g, bl] = bytes(h.state().session.tools.foreground);
+    assert!(r > 100 && g > 240 && bl < 10, "hue 90: {r} {g} {bl}");
+    // The triangle's centre: some saturation, some brightness, same hue.
+    press(&mut h, center, Modifiers::NONE);
+    let after = bytes(h.state().session.tools.foreground);
+    let hsv = photocraft_color::convert::rgb_to_hsb(after.map(|v| f32::from(v) / 255.0));
+    assert!((hsv[0] - 90.0).abs() < 4.0 && hsv[1] < 0.9 && hsv[2] < 0.95, "{after:?} {hsv:?}");
+}
+
+/// Picking a mode from the panel menu changes the panel; the theme never does.
+#[test]
+fn panel_menu_picks_the_mode_and_ramp() {
+    let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+    app.session.tools.foreground = [0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0];
+    let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(260.0, 700.0)).build_ui_state(
+        |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
+            if ui.ctx().fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
+                crate::color_panel_ui::panel_menu(app, ui);
+            }
+        },
+        app,
+    );
+    PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, ThemeKind::AdwaitaDark);
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    assert!(h.query_by_label("✔ Hue Cube").is_some(), "Hue Cube is the default");
+    for mode in ColorPanelMode::ALL.into_iter().skip(1).chain([ColorPanelMode::HueCube, ColorPanelMode::WebColorSliders]) {
+        h.get_by_label(&format!("   {}", mode.label())).click();
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().ui.color_panel.mode, mode);
+        assert!(h.query_by_label(&format!("✔ {}", mode.label())).is_some());
+    }
+    h.get_by_label("   Current Colors").click();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().ui.color_panel.ramp, ColorRamp::CurrentColors);
+    h.get_by_label("   Make Ramp Web Safe").click();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    assert!(h.state().ui.color_panel.web_safe_ramp);
+    h.get_by_label("Copy Color's Hex Code").click();
+    h.run_steps(1);
+    let copied: Vec<_> =
+        h.output().platform_output.commands.iter().filter_map(|c| if let egui::OutputCommand::CopyText(s) = c { Some(s.clone()) } else { None }).collect();
+    assert_eq!(copied, ["3399cc"]);
+    // Switching theme keeps the mode.
+    let ctx = h.ctx.clone();
+    h.state_mut().set_theme(&ctx, ThemeKind::Pro);
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().ui.color_panel.mode, ColorPanelMode::WebColorSliders);
+}
+
+/// `ui.set colorPanel` merges, so setting the mode keeps the edited chip; bad values change nothing.
+#[test]
+fn control_sets_the_mode_ramp_and_web_safe_ramp() {
+    let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+    let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+    let call = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp, params: serde_json::Value| {
+        let (req, _rx) = crate::control::ControlRequest::new("ui.set", params);
+        match crate::control::handle(app, &ctx, &req) {
+            crate::control::Outcome::Done(v) => v["ok"] == true,
+            _ => panic!("expected an immediate reply"),
+        }
+    };
+    assert!(call(&mut app, json!({"colorPanel": {"background": true}})));
+    assert!(call(&mut app, json!({"colorPanel": {"mode": "labSliders", "ramp": "grayscaleRamp", "webSafeRamp": true}})));
+    let cp = app.ui.color_panel;
+    assert!(cp.background, "the chip is kept");
+    assert_eq!((cp.mode, cp.ramp, cp.web_safe_ramp), (ColorPanelMode::LabSliders, ColorRamp::GrayscaleRamp, true));
+    for bad in [json!({"colorPanel": {"mode": "hueWheel"}}), json!({"colorPanel": {"ramp": 3}}), json!({"colorPanel": {"webSafeRamp": "yes"}})] {
+        assert!(!call(&mut app, bad.clone()), "{bad}");
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.color_panel, cp, "{bad}: nothing changes");
+    }
+}
+
+/// Only Web Colors is `webOnly` now that the state is camelCase; state saved before still loads.
+#[test]
+fn web_only_reads_its_old_snake_case_key() {
+    let old: crate::state::ColorPanelState = serde_json::from_value(json!({"background": true, "web_only": true})).unwrap();
+    assert!(old.background && old.web_only);
+    let new = serde_json::to_value(old).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!((new.get("webOnly"), new.get("web_only")), (Some(&json!(true)), None));
+}
+
+/// Make Ramp Web Safe: a click picks the cell drawn under the pointer, even near its edge. On
+/// the Grayscale Ramp the fifth cell is drawn white, though its right edge rounds to CC.
+#[test]
+fn web_safe_ramp_picks_the_cell_it_draws() {
+    let mut h = color_tab(ThemeKind::Pro, ColorPanelMode::RgbSliders, [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+    h.state_mut().ui.color_panel.ramp = ColorRamp::GrayscaleRamp;
+    h.state_mut().ui.color_panel.web_safe_ramp = true;
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    let ramp: Rect = h.get_by_label("Color Ramp").rect();
+    press(&mut h, pos2(ramp.left() + ramp.width() * 4.95 / 48.0, ramp.center().y), Modifiers::NONE);
+    assert_eq!(bytes(h.state().session.tools.foreground), [255, 255, 255]);
+}
+
+/// A Web Color field takes two hex digits only: "+F" is not 0F.
+#[test]
+fn web_field_ignores_a_sign() {
+    let mut h = color_tab(ThemeKind::Pro, ColorPanelMode::WebColorSliders, [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+    type_into(&mut h, egui::accesskit::Role::TextInput, 0, "+F");
+    assert_eq!(bytes(h.state().session.tools.foreground), [0, 0, 0]);
+}
+
+/// A click beside the Color Wheel (its area spans the panel) leaves the colour alone.
+#[test]
+fn color_wheel_ignores_clicks_beside_it() {
+    let mut h = color_tab(ThemeKind::Pro, ColorPanelMode::ColorWheel, [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0]);
+    let area = h.get_by_label("Color Wheel").rect();
+    let (center, _, outer) = crate::color_panel_ui::wheel_geometry(area);
+    let corner = area.left_top() + vec2(3.0, 3.0);
+    assert!(corner.distance(center) > outer + 20.0, "the corner is beside the wheel");
+    press(&mut h, corner, Modifiers::NONE);
+    assert_eq!(bytes(h.state().session.tools.foreground), [0, 0, 255]);
+}
+
+/// The Color tab in `mode` with a document holding one selected black rectangle, the Rectangle tool
+/// in hand, foreground blue and background red, editing the background chip if `background`.
+fn color_tab_with_a_shape(mode: ColorPanelMode, background: bool) -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
+    let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+    app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 100})).unwrap();
+    app.sync_views();
+    app.run("shape.create", json!({"kind": "rect", "rect": [20, 20, 50, 50], "fill": "#000000"})).unwrap();
+    app.ui.tool = crate::state::Tool::Rectangle;
+    app.session.tools.foreground = [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0];
+    app.session.tools.background = [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0];
+    app.ui.color_panel.mode = mode;
+    app.ui.color_panel.background = background;
+    color_tab_of(ThemeKind::Studio, app)
+}
+
+/// Types `text` into the first slider field (Hue or Red) and commits it with Enter.
+fn type_first_slider(h: &mut Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, text: &str) {
+    h.query_all_by_role(egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton).next().unwrap().click();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    h.key_press_modifiers(Modifiers::COMMAND, egui::Key::A);
+    h.run_steps(1);
+    h.event(egui::Event::Text(text.into()));
+    h.run_steps(1);
+    h.key_press(egui::Key::Enter);
+    h.run_steps(3);
+}
+
+fn shape_fill(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> [u8; 3] {
+    let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+    let photocraft_doc::LayerContent::Shape(sh) = &st.doc.layer(st.active_layer.unwrap()).unwrap().content else { panic!("shape layer") };
+    let Some(photocraft_doc::Fill::Solid(c)) = &sh.fill else { panic!("solid fill") };
+    bytes([c.c[0], c.c[1], c.c[2], 1.0])
+}
+
+/// The HSB sliders edit the chip the panel is editing (#5842): with the background chip active
+/// they change the background, and the selected shape (which takes the foreground with a shape
+/// tool in hand) keeps its fill. On the foreground chip the shape follows.
+#[test]
+fn hsb_sliders_edit_the_active_chip_and_only_the_foreground_recolours_shapes() {
+    let mut h = color_tab_with_a_shape(ColorPanelMode::HsbSliders, true);
+    type_first_slider(&mut h, "120");
+    let app = h.state();
+    assert_eq!(bytes(app.session.tools.background), [0, 255, 0], "the background takes the hue");
+    assert_eq!(bytes(app.session.tools.foreground), [0, 0, 255], "the foreground is left alone");
+    assert_eq!(shape_fill(app), [0, 0, 0], "a background edit recolours nothing");
+
+    let mut h = color_tab_with_a_shape(ColorPanelMode::HsbSliders, false);
+    type_first_slider(&mut h, "120");
+    let app = h.state();
+    assert_eq!(bytes(app.session.tools.foreground), [0, 255, 0]);
+    assert_eq!(bytes(app.session.tools.background), [255, 0, 0]);
+    assert_eq!(shape_fill(app), [0, 255, 0], "the selected shape takes the new foreground");
+}
+
+/// The RGB sliders recolour the selected shape like the HSB sliders, the field and the swatches
+/// do (`apply_color`), in one history step, and only for a foreground edit.
+#[test]
+fn rgb_sliders_recolour_the_selected_shape_with_the_foreground() {
+    let mut h = color_tab_with_a_shape(ColorPanelMode::RgbSliders, false);
+    let steps = h.state().session.active().unwrap().history.entries().len();
+    type_first_slider(&mut h, "255");
+    let app = h.state();
+    assert_eq!(bytes(app.session.tools.foreground), [255, 0, 255]);
+    assert_eq!(shape_fill(app), [255, 0, 255]);
+    assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().history.entries().len(), steps + 1, "one history step");
+
+    let mut h = color_tab_with_a_shape(ColorPanelMode::RgbSliders, true);
+    type_first_slider(&mut h, "0");
+    let app = h.state();
+    assert_eq!(bytes(app.session.tools.background), [0, 0, 0]);
+    assert_eq!(shape_fill(app), [0, 0, 0], "a background edit recolours nothing");
+}
+
+/// Every slider mode's ramp (here its white box) recolours the selected shape with a new
+/// foreground, as the sliders and the field do.
+#[test]
+fn every_slider_mode_recolours_the_selected_shape() {
+    for mode in ColorPanelMode::ALL {
+        if matches!(mode, ColorPanelMode::HueCube | ColorPanelMode::BrightnessCube | ColorPanelMode::ColorWheel) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let mut h = color_tab_with_a_shape(mode, false);
+        let white = h.get_by_label("White").rect().center();
+        press(&mut h, white, Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert_eq!(bytes(h.state().session.tools.foreground), [255, 255, 255], "{mode:?}");
+        assert_eq!(shape_fill(h.state()), [255, 255, 255], "{mode:?}");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/color_panel_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/color_panel_ui.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..19f223b8a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/color_panel_ui.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,766 @@
+//! Photoshop's Color panel modes, picked from its panel menu and the same in every theme (#6000,
+//! #2569): Hue Cube and Brightness Cube (drawn by [`crate::panels::color_field`]), Color Wheel (HSB
+//! sliders over a hue ring around a saturation/brightness triangle), and the Grayscale, RGB, HSB,
+//! CMYK, Lab and Web Color sliders over a colour ramp. The panel menu also has Copy Color as HTML,
+//! Copy Color's Hex Code, the ramp choices (RGB Spectrum, CMYK Spectrum, Grayscale Ramp, Current
+//! Colors) and Make Ramp Web Safe. Shift-click on the ramp cycles the ramps, Alt-click picks the
+//! colour the panel isn't editing, and a right-click opens the ramp menu.
+
+use std::f32::consts::TAU;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use egui::{Color32, Mesh, Pos2, Rect, Sense, Stroke, StrokeKind, pos2, vec2};
+use serde_json::json;
+
+use crate::PhotocraftApp;
+use crate::color_picker_ui::{hex, not_web_safe, out_of_gamut};
+use crate::panels::{color_field_fill_id, field_chips, field_hsva, srgb_hsva};
+use crate::state::{ColorPanelMode, ColorRamp};
+use crate::theme::Tokens;
+use crate::widgets;
+use photocraft_color::convert;
+use photocraft_color::convert::{hsb_to_rgb, rgb_to_hsb};
+
+/// Width of the chips column, as the cube field's.
+const CHIPS_W: f32 = 38.0;
+/// Height of one slider row.
+const ROW_H: f32 = 22.0;
+/// Width of a slider row's value field.
+const FIELD_W: f32 = 44.0;
+/// Width of the unit after a field ("°", "%").
+const UNIT_W: f32 = 14.0;
+/// Width of the white and black boxes at the right end of the ramp.
+const BOXES_W: f32 = 16.0;
+
+/// The Color tab: whatever the panel menu picked.
+pub(crate) fn panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
+    match app.ui.color_panel.mode {
+        ColorPanelMode::HueCube | ColorPanelMode::BrightnessCube => crate::panels::color_field(app, ui),
+        ColorPanelMode::ColorWheel => wheel(app, ui),
+        mode => sliders(app, ui, mode),
+    }
+    crate::apply_color::track_focus(ui.ctx());
+}
+
+/// The colour model a slider mode edits.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub(crate) enum Model {
+    Gray,
+    Rgb,
+    Hsb,
+    Cmyk,
+    Lab,
+    Web,
+}
+
+impl Model {
+    pub(crate) fn of(mode: ColorPanelMode) -> Model {
+        match mode {
+            ColorPanelMode::GrayscaleSlider => Model::Gray,
+            ColorPanelMode::HsbSliders | ColorPanelMode::ColorWheel => Model::Hsb,
+            ColorPanelMode::CmykSliders => Model::Cmyk,
+            ColorPanelMode::LabSliders => Model::Lab,
+            ColorPanelMode::WebColorSliders => Model::Web,
+            ColorPanelMode::RgbSliders | ColorPanelMode::HueCube | ColorPanelMode::BrightnessCube => Model::Rgb,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Each slider: label, range and unit, in Photoshop's order.
+    pub(crate) fn channels(self) -> &'static [(&'static str, f32, f32, &'static str)] {
+        match self {
+            Model::Gray => &[("K", 0.0, 100.0, "%")],
+            Model::Rgb | Model::Web => &[("R", 0.0, 255.0, ""), ("G", 0.0, 255.0, ""), ("B", 0.0, 255.0, "")],
+            Model::Hsb => &[("H", 0.0, 360.0, "°"), ("S", 0.0, 100.0, "%"), ("B", 0.0, 100.0, "%")],
+            Model::Cmyk => &[("C", 0.0, 100.0, "%"), ("M", 0.0, 100.0, "%"), ("Y", 0.0, 100.0, "%"), ("K", 0.0, 100.0, "%")],
+            Model::Lab => &[("L", 0.0, 100.0, ""), ("a", -128.0, 127.0, ""), ("b", -128.0, 127.0, "")],
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The sRGB colour of slider values `v` (in the units the fields show).
+    pub(crate) fn to_rgb(self, v: [f32; 4]) -> [f32; 3] {
+        let [a, b, c, d] = v.map(|x| if x.is_finite() { x } else { 0.0 });
+        let rgb = match self {
+            Model::Gray => [1.0 - a / 100.0; 3],
+            Model::Rgb | Model::Web => [a / 255.0, b / 255.0, c / 255.0],
+            Model::Hsb => hsb_to_rgb([a, b / 100.0, c / 100.0]),
+            Model::Cmyk => convert::cmyk_to_rgb([a / 100.0, b / 100.0, c / 100.0, d / 100.0]),
+            Model::Lab => convert::lab_to_srgb([a, b, c]),
+        };
+        rgb.map(|x| if x.is_finite() { x.clamp(0.0, 1.0) } else { 0.0 })
+    }
+
+    /// Slider values of `rgb`, rounded to whole numbers as Photoshop's fields show them.
+    pub(crate) fn values_of(self, rgb: [f32; 3]) -> [f32; 4] {
+        let v = match self {
+            Model::Gray => [(1.0 - convert::rgb_to_gray(rgb)) * 100.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
+            Model::Rgb | Model::Web => [rgb[0] * 255.0, rgb[1] * 255.0, rgb[2] * 255.0, 0.0],
+            Model::Hsb => {
+                let [h, s, b] = rgb_to_hsb(rgb);
+                [h, s * 100.0, b * 100.0, 0.0]
+            }
+            Model::Cmyk => convert::rgb_to_cmyk(rgb).map(|x| x * 100.0),
+            Model::Lab => {
+                let [l, a, b] = convert::srgb_to_lab(rgb);
+                [l, a, b, 0.0]
+            }
+        };
+        v.map(|x| if x.is_finite() { x.round() } else { 0.0 })
+    }
+}
+
+/// The colour the panel edits.
+fn active(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> [f32; 3] {
+    let c = if app.ui.color_panel.background { app.session.tools.background } else { app.session.tools.foreground };
+    [c[0], c[1], c[2]].map(|x| x.clamp(0.0, 1.0))
+}
+
+/// Set the background colour, or the foreground and recolour what is selected as the tool in hand
+/// says (`apply_color`); the picks of one drag or typed value are one history step.
+pub(crate) fn set_color(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, background: bool, rgb: [f32; 3]) {
+    let c = [rgb[0], rgb[1], rgb[2], 1.0];
+    if background {
+        app.session.tools.background = c;
+    } else {
+        app.session.tools.foreground = c;
+        crate::apply_color::foreground_changed(app, crate::apply_color::gesture(ctx));
+    }
+}
+
+/// The key of the slider values last shown for `model`, kept while they still give the colour:
+/// a grey has no hue, and CMYK or Lab values don't survive an sRGB round trip (#3228).
+fn values_key(model: Model, background: bool) -> egui::Id {
+    egui::Id::unique(("color-panel-values", model, background))
+}
+
+/// The key of the Hue Cube's remembered hue and saturation (see [`field_hsva`]).
+fn field_key(background: bool) -> egui::Id {
+    egui::Id::unique(("color-field-hue", background))
+}
+
+/// Slider values for the colour the panel edits: the ones last shown while they still give it.
+fn current_values(ui: &egui::Ui, model: Model, background: bool, rgb: [f32; 3]) -> [f32; 4] {
+    let stored: Option<[f32; 4]> = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp(values_key(model, background)));
+    if let Some(v) = stored.filter(|v| hex(model.to_rgb(*v)) == hex(rgb)) {
+        return v;
+    }
+    if model == Model::Hsb {
+        // Share the cube's hue and saturation, so a grey keeps its hue across modes.
+        let c = [rgb[0], rgb[1], rgb[2], 1.0];
+        let hsva = srgb_hsva(c);
+        let remembered: (f32, f32) = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp(field_key(background))).unwrap_or((hsva.h, hsva.s));
+        let h = field_hsva(hsva, remembered);
+        return [h.h * 360.0, h.s * 100.0, h.v * 100.0, 0.0].map(f32::round);
+    }
+    model.values_of(rgb)
+}
+
+/// Apply edited slider values: the colour, and the values (and the cube's hue) remembered.
+fn apply_values(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &egui::Ui, model: Model, v: [f32; 4]) {
+    let background = app.ui.color_panel.background;
+    let rgb = model.to_rgb(v);
+    set_color(app, ui.ctx(), background, rgb);
+    ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(values_key(model, background), v));
+    if model == Model::Hsb && v[2] > 0.5 {
+        ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(field_key(background), (v[0] / 360.0, v[1] / 100.0)));
+    }
+}
+
+/// Track colours of slider `i` at `steps` + 1 points, the other sliders at `v`.
+fn track_stops(model: Model, v: [f32; 4], i: usize, steps: usize) -> Vec<Color32> {
+    let Some(&(_, lo, hi, _)) = model.channels().get(i) else { return Vec::new() };
+    (0..=steps)
+        .map(|k| {
+            let mut w = v;
+            if let Some(slot) = w.get_mut(i) {
+                *slot = lo + (hi - lo) * k as f32 / steps as f32;
+            }
+            // HSB's hue track is the full spectrum, whatever the saturation and brightness.
+            if model == Model::Hsb && i == 0 {
+                w = [w[0], 100.0, 100.0, 0.0];
+            }
+            rgb32(model.to_rgb(w))
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn rgb32(c: [f32; 3]) -> Color32 {
+    let q = |v: f32| (v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 255.0).round() as u8;
+    Color32::from_rgb(q(c[0]), q(c[1]), q(c[2]))
+}
+
+/// The slider rows of `model`. Returns the edited values, if any.
+fn slider_rows(ui: &mut egui::Ui, model: Model, v: [f32; 4], background: bool, dynamic: bool) -> Option<[f32; 4]> {
+    let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
+    // Dynamic Color Sliders off: the tracks keep the colours they had when a drag began.
+    let stops_key = egui::Id::unique(("color-panel-stops", model, background));
+    let dragging = ui.input(|i| i.pointer.any_down());
+    let stops_from = if dynamic || !dragging { v } else { ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<[f32; 4]>(stops_key)).unwrap_or(v) };
+    if !dragging {
+        ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(stops_key, v));
+    }
+    let mut out = None;
+    let mut values = v;
+    for (i, &(label, lo, hi, unit)) in model.channels().iter().enumerate() {
+        let Some(&current) = values.get(i) else { continue };
+        let mut x = current;
+        let mut changed = false;
+        ui.horizontal(|ui| {
+            ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 4.0;
+            ui.set_height(ROW_H);
+            let (lr, _) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(12.0, ROW_H), Sense::hover());
+            ui.painter().text(lr.left_center(), egui::Align2::LEFT_CENTER, label, egui::FontId::proportional(12.0), t.text_dim);
+            let track_w = (ui.available_width() - FIELD_W - UNIT_W - 8.0).max(24.0);
+            let (tr, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(track_w, ROW_H), Sense::click_and_drag());
+            let stops = track_stops(model, stops_from, i, 24);
+            changed |= track(ui, tr, &resp, &mut x, lo, hi, &stops, model == Model::Web);
+            resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::slider(ui.is_enabled(), f64::from(x), label));
+            if model == Model::Web {
+                changed |= hex_pair(ui, ui.scope_id().with(("web-field", i, background)), &mut x);
+            } else if widgets::value_field(ui, &mut x, lo..=hi, "", FIELD_W).changed() {
+                changed = true;
+            }
+            let (ur, _) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(UNIT_W, ROW_H), Sense::hover());
+            ui.painter().text(ur.left_center(), egui::Align2::LEFT_CENTER, unit, egui::FontId::proportional(12.0), t.text_faint);
+        });
+        if changed && let Some(slot) = values.get_mut(i) {
+            *slot = x.clamp(lo, hi).round();
+            out = Some(values);
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+/// A slider track with Photoshop's triangle thumb under it. Returns true when dragged or clicked
+/// to a new value; Web Color tracks snap to the web steps (00, 33, 66, 99, CC, FF).
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+fn track(ui: &egui::Ui, r: Rect, resp: &egui::Response, value: &mut f32, lo: f32, hi: f32, stops: &[Color32], web: bool) -> bool {
+    let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
+    let bar = Rect::from_min_max(pos2(r.left() + 4.0, r.center().y - 6.0), pos2(r.right() - 4.0, r.center().y + 1.0));
+    let mut mesh = Mesh::default();
+    let n = stops.len().saturating_sub(1).max(1);
+    for (k, c) in stops.iter().enumerate() {
+        let x = bar.left() + bar.width() * k as f32 / n as f32;
+        mesh.colored_vertex(pos2(x, bar.top()), *c);
+        mesh.colored_vertex(pos2(x, bar.bottom()), *c);
+    }
+    for k in 0..stops.len().saturating_sub(1) as u32 {
+        let a = k * 2;
+        mesh.add_triangle(a, a + 1, a + 3);
+        mesh.add_triangle(a, a + 3, a + 2);
+    }
+    ui.painter().add(mesh);
+    ui.painter().rect_stroke(bar, 0.0, Stroke::new(1.0, t.field_border), StrokeKind::Outside);
+    if web {
+        // Ticks at the web steps.
+        for k in 0..=5 {
+            let x = bar.left() + bar.width() * k as f32 / 5.0;
+            ui.painter().line_segment([pos2(x, bar.bottom() + 1.0), pos2(x, bar.bottom() + 3.0)], Stroke::new(1.0, t.text_faint));
+        }
+    }
+    let mut changed = false;
+    if (resp.dragged() || resp.clicked())
+        && let Some(p) = resp.interact_pointer_pos()
+        && bar.width() > 0.0
+        && hi > lo
+    {
+        let f = ((p.x - bar.left()) / bar.width()).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+        let mut v = lo + (hi - lo) * f;
+        if web {
+            v = (v / 51.0).round() * 51.0;
+        }
+        let v = v.round().clamp(lo, hi);
+        if v != *value {
+            *value = v;
+            changed = true;
+        }
+    }
+    let f = if hi > lo { ((*value - lo) / (hi - lo)).clamp(0.0, 1.0) } else { 0.0 };
+    let x = bar.left() + bar.width() * f;
+    let y = bar.bottom() + 1.0;
+    let thumb = vec![pos2(x, y), pos2(x + 5.0, y + 7.0), pos2(x - 5.0, y + 7.0)];
+    ui.painter().add(egui::Shape::convex_polygon(thumb, t.text, Stroke::new(1.0, t.field_border)));
+    changed
+}
+
+/// A Web Color slider's field: the channel as two hex digits. Valid input sets `value` (0..255)
+/// and returns true; while focused it shows what is typed, and an invalid entry snaps back.
+fn hex_pair(ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: egui::Id, value: &mut f32) -> bool {
+    let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
+    let (rect, _) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(FIELD_W, ROW_H), Sense::hover());
+    widgets::surface(ui, rect, t.field, false);
+    if !t.bevel {
+        ui.painter().rect_stroke(rect, t.radius_sm, Stroke::new(1.0, t.field_border), StrokeKind::Inside);
+    }
+    let byte = value.clamp(0.0, 255.0).round() as u8;
+    let typing = if ui.memory(|m| m.has_focus(id)) { ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<String>(id)) } else { None };
+    let mut text = typing.unwrap_or_else(|| format!("{byte:02X}"));
+    let inner = rect.shrink2(vec2(5.0, 2.0));
+    let mut child = ui.new_child(egui::UiBuilder::new().max_rect(inner).layout(egui::Layout::left_to_right(egui::Align::Center)));
+    let resp = child
+        .add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut text).id(id).char_limit(2).desired_width(inner.width()).frame(egui::Frame::NONE).font(crate::theme::mono(12.0)));
+    if resp.has_focus() {
+        ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(id, text.clone()));
+    } else {
+        ui.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<String>(id));
+    }
+    // Two hex digits only: `from_str_radix` would also take a sign ("+F").
+    if resp.changed()
+        && text.len() == 2
+        && text.bytes().all(|b| b.is_ascii_hexdigit())
+        && let Ok(b) = u8::from_str_radix(&text, 16)
+    {
+        *value = f32::from(b);
+        return true;
+    }
+    false
+}
+
+/// The slider modes: chips (with the out-of-gamut and web-colour alerts under them) beside the
+/// sliders, over the colour ramp.
+fn sliders(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, mode: ColorPanelMode) {
+    let model = Model::of(mode);
+    let background = app.ui.color_panel.background;
+    let rgb = active(app);
+    let v = current_values(ui, model, background, rgb);
+    let dynamic = app.session.prefs().interface.dynamic_color_sliders;
+    let rows_h = model.channels().len() as f32 * (ROW_H + ui.spacing().item_spacing.y);
+    let top_h = rows_h.max(CHIPS_W + 40.0);
+    let mut edited = None;
+    ui.horizontal_top(|ui| {
+        ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 8.0;
+        let (col, _) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(CHIPS_W, top_h), Sense::hover());
+        field_chips(app, ui, col);
+        alerts(app, ui, col, rgb, model == Model::Web);
+        ui.vertical(|ui| {
+            edited = slider_rows(ui, model, v, background, dynamic);
+        });
+    });
+    if let Some(v) = edited {
+        apply_values(app, ui, model, v);
+    }
+    ui.add_space(6.0);
+    let fill = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<f32>(color_field_fill_id()));
+    let gaps = 2.0 * ui.spacing().item_spacing.y + 6.0;
+    let ramp_h = fill.filter(|f| f.is_finite()).map_or(36.0, |f| (f - top_h - gaps).clamp(28.0, 2000.0));
+    ramp(app, ui, ramp_h);
+}
+
+/// Photoshop's alerts under the chips: ⚠ when the colour can't print (click: the nearest CMYK
+/// colour) and, for Web Color sliders, the cube when it isn't a web colour (click: the nearest).
+fn alerts(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, col: Rect, rgb: [f32; 3], web: bool) {
+    let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
+    let background = app.ui.color_panel.background;
+    let mut y = col.top() + CHIPS_W + 2.0;
+    let warnings = [
+        (out_of_gamut(rgb), "Out of gamut for printing: click for the nearest printable colour", false),
+        (if web { not_web_safe(rgb) } else { None }, "Not a web colour: click for the nearest web colour", true),
+    ];
+    for (slot, (near, tip, cube)) in warnings.into_iter().enumerate() {
+        let Some(near) = near else { continue };
+        let icon = Rect::from_min_size(pos2(col.left() + 1.0, y), vec2(14.0, 13.0));
+        let chip = Rect::from_min_size(pos2(col.left() + 18.0, y), vec2(13.0, 13.0));
+        if cube {
+            crate::color_picker_ui::web_cube(ui.painter(), icon.shrink(0.5), t.text_dim);
+        } else {
+            crate::color_picker_ui::warning_triangle(ui.painter(), icon, t.text_dim, t.card);
+        }
+        ui.painter().rect_filled(chip, 0.0, rgb32(near));
+        ui.painter().rect_stroke(chip, 0.0, Stroke::new(1.0, t.text_dim), StrokeKind::Outside);
+        let resp = ui.interact(icon.union(chip), ui.scope_id().with(("color-panel-alert", slot)), Sense::click());
+        resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, ui.is_enabled(), tip));
+        if resp.on_hover_text(tl!(tip)).clicked() {
+            set_color(app, ui.ctx(), background, near);
+        }
+        y += 18.0;
+    }
+}
+
+/// The ramp's colour at (x, y) in 0..1 (y down). RGB Spectrum: hue across, white at the top
+/// through the full colour to black at the bottom; CMYK Spectrum: the same in the CMYK gamut;
+/// Grayscale Ramp: white to black; Current Colors: the foreground to the background.
+pub(crate) fn ramp_color(ramp: ColorRamp, web_safe: bool, fg: [f32; 3], bg: [f32; 3], x: f32, y: f32) -> [f32; 3] {
+    let (x, y) = (x.clamp(0.0, 1.0), y.clamp(0.0, 1.0));
+    let spectrum = || {
+        let (s, v) = if y < 0.5 { (y * 2.0, 1.0) } else { (1.0, 1.0 - (y - 0.5) * 2.0) };
+        hsb_to_rgb([x.min(0.9999) * 360.0, s, v])
+    };
+    let c = match ramp {
+        ColorRamp::RgbSpectrum => spectrum(),
+        ColorRamp::CmykSpectrum => convert::cmyk_to_rgb(convert::rgb_to_cmyk(spectrum())),
+        ColorRamp::GrayscaleRamp => [1.0 - x; 3],
+        ColorRamp::CurrentColors => [0, 1, 2].map(|i| fg[i] + (bg[i] - fg[i]) * x),
+    };
+    let c = c.map(|v| if v.is_finite() { v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) } else { 0.0 });
+    if web_safe { c.map(|v| (v * 5.0).round() / 5.0) } else { c }
+}
+
+/// Cells across and down the ramp's mesh.
+const RAMP_NX: usize = 48;
+const RAMP_NY: usize = 8;
+
+/// The ramp's colours, cached until the ramp, its inputs or the CMYK space change: the CMYK
+/// Spectrum takes a CMYK round trip per vertex, too slow to redo every frame.
+fn ramp_colors(ui: &egui::Ui, ramp: ColorRamp, web_safe: bool, fg: [f32; 3], bg: [f32; 3]) -> Arc<Vec<Color32>> {
+    use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+    let mut h = std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher::new();
+    (ramp as u8, web_safe).hash(&mut h);
+    if ramp == ColorRamp::CurrentColors {
+        (hex(fg), hex(bg)).hash(&mut h);
+    }
+    if ramp == ColorRamp::CmykSpectrum {
+        convert::active_cmyk_space().map(|s| Arc::as_ptr(&s) as usize).hash(&mut h);
+    }
+    let sig = h.finish();
+    let key = egui::Id::unique("color-panel-ramp-cache");
+    if let Some((s, colors)) = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<(u64, Arc<Vec<Color32>>)>(key))
+        && s == sig
+    {
+        return colors;
+    }
+    // Web-safe ramps are flat cells (sampled at their centres), the others shaded vertices.
+    let (nx, ny, half) = if web_safe { (RAMP_NX, RAMP_NY, 0.5) } else { (RAMP_NX + 1, RAMP_NY + 1, 0.0) };
+    let mut colors = Vec::with_capacity(nx * ny);
+    for j in 0..ny {
+        for i in 0..nx {
+            let (x, y) = ((i as f32 + half) / RAMP_NX as f32, (j as f32 + half) / RAMP_NY as f32);
+            colors.push(rgb32(ramp_color(ramp, web_safe, fg, bg, x, y)));
+        }
+    }
+    let colors = Arc::new(colors);
+    ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(key, (sig, colors.clone())));
+    colors
+}
+
+/// The ramp mesh over `r` from [`ramp_colors`].
+fn ramp_mesh(r: Rect, colors: &[Color32], web_safe: bool) -> Mesh {
+    let mut m = Mesh::default();
+    let at = |i: usize, j: usize| pos2(r.left() + r.width() * i as f32 / RAMP_NX as f32, r.top() + r.height() * j as f32 / RAMP_NY as f32);
+    if web_safe {
+        for j in 0..RAMP_NY {
+            for i in 0..RAMP_NX {
+                let Some(&c) = colors.get(j * RAMP_NX + i) else { continue };
+                let a = m.vertices.len() as u32;
+                for p in [at(i, j), at(i + 1, j), at(i + 1, j + 1), at(i, j + 1)] {
+                    m.colored_vertex(p, c);
+                }
+                m.add_triangle(a, a + 1, a + 2);
+                m.add_triangle(a, a + 2, a + 3);
+            }
+        }
+        return m;
+    }
+    for j in 0..=RAMP_NY {
+        for i in 0..=RAMP_NX {
+            m.colored_vertex(at(i, j), colors.get(j * (RAMP_NX + 1) + i).copied().unwrap_or(Color32::BLACK));
+        }
+    }
+    let row = (RAMP_NX + 1) as u32;
+    for j in 0..RAMP_NY as u32 {
+        for i in 0..RAMP_NX as u32 {
+            let a = j * row + i;
+            m.add_triangle(a, a + 1, a + row + 1);
+            m.add_triangle(a, a + row + 1, a + row);
+        }
+    }
+    m
+}
+
+/// The colour ramp with the white and black boxes at its right end. A click or drag picks; with
+/// Alt it picks the colour the panel isn't editing; Shift-click cycles the ramps; a right-click
+/// opens the ramp menu.
+fn ramp(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, height: f32) {
+    let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
+    let w = ui.available_width();
+    let (all, _) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(w, height), Sense::hover());
+    let bar = Rect::from_min_max(all.min, pos2(all.right() - BOXES_W - 2.0, all.bottom()));
+    let boxes = Rect::from_min_max(pos2(all.right() - BOXES_W, all.top()), all.max);
+    let cp = app.ui.color_panel;
+    let ramp_id = ui.scope_id().with("color-panel-ramp");
+    // A pick changes the foreground or background, so a drag keeps the Current Colors ends it began
+    // with; otherwise the ramp would slide under the pointer and a held pick would drift.
+    let ends_id = ramp_id.with("ends");
+    let live = (rgb3(app.session.tools.foreground), rgb3(app.session.tools.background));
+    let (fg, bg) = if ui.ctx().is_being_dragged(ramp_id) {
+        ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<([f32; 3], [f32; 3])>(ends_id)).unwrap_or(live)
+    } else {
+        ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(ends_id, live));
+        live
+    };
+    let colors = ramp_colors(ui, cp.ramp, cp.web_safe_ramp, fg, bg);
+    ui.painter().add(ramp_mesh(bar, &colors, cp.web_safe_ramp));
+    ui.painter().rect_stroke(bar, 0.0, Stroke::new(1.0, t.field_border), StrokeKind::Outside);
+    let (white, black) =
+        (Rect::from_min_max(boxes.min, pos2(boxes.right(), boxes.center().y)), Rect::from_min_max(pos2(boxes.left(), boxes.center().y), boxes.max));
+    ui.painter().rect_filled(white, 0.0, Color32::WHITE);
+    ui.painter().rect_filled(black, 0.0, Color32::BLACK);
+    ui.painter().rect_stroke(boxes, 0.0, Stroke::new(1.0, t.field_border), StrokeKind::Outside);
+    let resp = ui.interact(bar, ramp_id, Sense::click_and_drag());
+    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Unknown, ui.is_enabled(), "Color Ramp"));
+    let mods = ui.input(|i| i.modifiers);
+    let target = cp.background != mods.alt;
+    if resp.clicked() && mods.shift {
+        app.ui.color_panel.ramp = cp.ramp.next();
+    } else if (resp.dragged() || resp.clicked())
+        && !mods.shift
+        && let Some(p) = resp.interact_pointer_pos()
+        && bar.width() > 0.0
+        && bar.height() > 0.0
+    {
+        let (mut x, mut y) = ((p.x - bar.left()) / bar.width(), (p.y - bar.top()) / bar.height());
+        if cp.web_safe_ramp {
+            // Pick the cell drawn under the pointer: web-safe cells show their centre's colour.
+            let centre = |f: f32, n: usize| ((f * n as f32).floor().clamp(0.0, (n - 1) as f32) + 0.5) / n as f32;
+            (x, y) = (centre(x, RAMP_NX), centre(y, RAMP_NY));
+        }
+        let c = ramp_color(cp.ramp, cp.web_safe_ramp, fg, bg, x, y);
+        set_color(app, ui.ctx(), target, c);
+    }
+    resp.context_menu(|ui| {
+        widgets::style_spectrum_popup_menu(ui);
+        ramp_menu(app, ui);
+    });
+    for (r, c, name) in [(white, [1.0; 3], "White"), (black, [0.0; 3], "Black")] {
+        let b = ui.interact(r, ui.scope_id().with(("color-panel-box", name)), Sense::click());
+        b.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, ui.is_enabled(), name));
+        if b.clicked() {
+            set_color(app, ui.ctx(), target, c);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn rgb3(c: [f32; 4]) -> [f32; 3] {
+    [c[0], c[1], c[2]].map(|v| v.clamp(0.0, 1.0))
+}
+
+/// The Color Wheel: HSB sliders over a hue ring (red at the right, running counter-clockwise
+/// through yellow and green) around a triangle whose tip is the hue, with white and black at its
+/// other corners; the add-to-swatches button sits under it.
+fn wheel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
+    let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
+    let background = app.ui.color_panel.background;
+    let rgb = active(app);
+    let v = current_values(ui, Model::Hsb, background, rgb);
+    let dynamic = app.session.prefs().interface.dynamic_color_sliders;
+    let rows_h = 3.0 * (ROW_H + ui.spacing().item_spacing.y);
+    let top_h = rows_h.max(CHIPS_W);
+    let mut edited = None;
+    ui.horizontal_top(|ui| {
+        ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 8.0;
+        let (col, _) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(CHIPS_W, top_h), Sense::hover());
+        field_chips(app, ui, col);
+        ui.vertical(|ui| {
+            edited = slider_rows(ui, Model::Hsb, v, background, dynamic);
+        });
+    });
+    let mut v = edited.unwrap_or(v);
+    let mut changed = edited.is_some();
+    ui.add_space(6.0);
+    let fill = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<f32>(color_field_fill_id()));
+    let gaps = 2.0 * ui.spacing().item_spacing.y + 6.0;
+    let w = ui.available_width();
+    let side = fill.filter(|f| f.is_finite()).map_or(w.min(220.0), |f| (f - top_h - gaps).min(w)).max(80.0);
+    let (area, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(w, side), Sense::click_and_drag());
+    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Unknown, ui.is_enabled(), "Color Wheel"));
+    let (center, inner, outer) = wheel_geometry(area);
+    let ring_w = outer - inner;
+    let (h, s, b) = (v[0] / 360.0, v[1] / 100.0, v[2] / 100.0);
+    ui.painter().add(ring_mesh(center, inner, outer));
+    let tri = triangle(center, inner - 1.0, h);
+    ui.painter().add(triangle_mesh(tri, h));
+    // Which part a drag began on: the ring sets the hue, the triangle saturation and brightness.
+    // The ring or the triangle, from where the press began (kept for frames without a press
+    // origin), so a drag that leaves the ring keeps turning the hue.
+    let drag_key = ui.scope_id().with("color-wheel-drag");
+    if (resp.dragged() || resp.clicked())
+        && let Some(p) = resp.interact_pointer_pos()
+    {
+        // A click is where it landed; a drag goes by where its press began.
+        let origin = if resp.clicked() { Some(p) } else { ui.input(|i| i.pointer.press_origin()) };
+        // `None`: the press began beside the wheel (the area spans the panel), which picks nothing.
+        let part = match origin {
+            Some(origin) => {
+                let d = origin.distance(center);
+                // The hue knob reaches past the ring's edge on a small wheel.
+                let part = (d <= outer + 7.0).then_some(d >= inner - 2.0);
+                ui.data_mut(|data| data.insert_temp(drag_key, part));
+                part
+            }
+            None => ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<Option<bool>>(drag_key)).unwrap_or(Some(false)),
+        };
+        match part {
+            Some(true) => {
+                let a = (center.y - p.y).atan2(p.x - center.x).rem_euclid(TAU);
+                v[0] = (a / TAU * 360.0).round().rem_euclid(360.0);
+                changed = true;
+            }
+            Some(false) => {
+                if let Some((s2, b2)) = triangle_sv(tri, p) {
+                    v[1] = (s2 * 100.0).round();
+                    v[2] = (b2 * 100.0).round();
+                }
+                changed = true;
+            }
+            None => {}
+        }
+    }
+    // Knobs: on the ring at the hue, in the triangle at the saturation and brightness.
+    let a = h * TAU;
+    let ring_knob = center + vec2(a.cos(), -a.sin()) * (inner + ring_w / 2.0);
+    let tri_knob = triangle_point(tri, s, b);
+    for k in [ring_knob, tri_knob] {
+        ui.painter().circle_stroke(k, 5.0, Stroke::new(1.5, Color32::WHITE));
+        ui.painter().circle_stroke(k, 6.5, Stroke::new(1.0, Color32::from_black_alpha(160)));
+    }
+    // Photoshop's add-to-swatches button under the wheel.
+    let add = Rect::from_min_size(pos2(area.right() - 16.0, area.bottom() - 16.0), vec2(14.0, 14.0));
+    ui.painter().rect_stroke(add, 1.0, Stroke::new(1.0, t.text_dim), StrokeKind::Inside);
+    ui.painter().line_segment([pos2(add.center().x, add.top() + 3.5), pos2(add.center().x, add.bottom() - 3.5)], Stroke::new(1.0, t.text_dim));
+    ui.painter().line_segment([pos2(add.left() + 3.5, add.center().y), pos2(add.right() - 3.5, add.center().y)], Stroke::new(1.0, t.text_dim));
+    let add_resp = ui.interact(add, ui.scope_id().with("color-wheel-add"), Sense::click());
+    add_resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, ui.is_enabled(), "Add to Swatches"));
+    if add_resp.on_hover_text(tl!("Create new swatch")).clicked()
+        && let Err(e) = app.run("swatches.add", json!({"color": hex(rgb)}))
+    {
+        app.ui.status = e;
+        app.ui.status_error = true;
+    }
+    if changed {
+        apply_values(app, ui, Model::Hsb, v);
+    }
+}
+
+/// The wheel in `area`: its centre and the hue ring's inner and outer radii.
+pub(crate) fn wheel_geometry(area: Rect) -> (Pos2, f32, f32) {
+    let outer = (area.width().min(area.height()) / 2.0 - 2.0).max(1.0);
+    let ring_w = (outer * 0.09).clamp(6.0, 22.0).min(outer * 0.5);
+    (area.center(), outer - ring_w, outer)
+}
+
+/// The wheel's hue ring between radii `inner` and `outer`.
+fn ring_mesh(center: Pos2, inner: f32, outer: f32) -> Mesh {
+    let mut m = Mesh::default();
+    let steps = 96u32;
+    for k in 0..=steps {
+        let f = k as f32 / steps as f32;
+        let a = f * TAU;
+        let c = rgb32(hsb_to_rgb([f * 360.0, 1.0, 1.0]));
+        let dir = vec2(a.cos(), -a.sin());
+        m.colored_vertex(center + dir * inner, c);
+        m.colored_vertex(center + dir * outer, c);
+    }
+    for k in 0..steps {
+        let a = k * 2;
+        m.add_triangle(a, a + 1, a + 3);
+        m.add_triangle(a, a + 3, a + 2);
+    }
+    m
+}
+
+/// The triangle's corners for hue `h` (0..1): the pure hue at the hue's angle, white 120° on and
+/// black 240° on, inside radius `r`.
+fn triangle(center: Pos2, r: f32, h: f32) -> [Pos2; 3] {
+    let at = |turns: f32| {
+        let a = (h + turns) * TAU;
+        center + vec2(a.cos(), -a.sin()) * r
+    };
+    [at(0.0), at(1.0 / 3.0), at(2.0 / 3.0)]
+}
+
+/// The point of saturation `s` and brightness `b` in the triangle: black + b·(white − black) +
+/// b·s·(hue − white).
+fn triangle_point([hue, white, black]: [Pos2; 3], s: f32, b: f32) -> Pos2 {
+    black + (white - black) * b + (hue - white) * (b * s)
+}
+
+/// Saturation and brightness at `p`, clamped into the triangle; `None` for a degenerate one or a
+/// non-finite `p`.
+pub(crate) fn triangle_sv([hue, white, black]: [Pos2; 3], p: Pos2) -> Option<(f32, f32)> {
+    let (a, c, d) = (white - black, hue - white, p - black);
+    let det = a.x * c.y - a.y * c.x;
+    if det.abs() < 1e-6 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let (b, bs) = ((d.x * c.y - d.y * c.x) / det, (a.x * d.y - a.y * d.x) / det);
+    // A NaN `b` would panic as a clamp bound.
+    if !b.is_finite() || !bs.is_finite() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let b = b.clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+    let bs = bs.clamp(0.0, b);
+    Some((if b > 0.0 { bs / b } else { 0.0 }, b))
+}
+
+/// The triangle shaded through saturation and brightness at hue `h`.
+fn triangle_mesh(tri: [Pos2; 3], h: f32) -> Mesh {
+    let n = 16usize;
+    let mut m = Mesh::default();
+    for j in 0..=n {
+        for i in 0..=n {
+            let (s, b) = (i as f32 / n as f32, j as f32 / n as f32);
+            m.colored_vertex(triangle_point(tri, s, b), rgb32(hsb_to_rgb([h * 360.0, s, b])));
+        }
+    }
+    let row = (n + 1) as u32;
+    for j in 0..n as u32 {
+        for i in 0..n as u32 {
+            let a = j * row + i;
+            m.add_triangle(a, a + 1, a + row + 1);
+            m.add_triangle(a, a + row + 1, a + row);
+        }
+    }
+    m
+}
+
+/// `color="#rrggbb"`, what Copy Color as HTML puts on the clipboard.
+pub(crate) fn html_color(rgb: [f32; 3]) -> String {
+    format!("color=\"{}\"", hex(rgb))
+}
+
+/// `rrggbb`, what Copy Color's Hex Code puts on the clipboard.
+pub(crate) fn hex_code(rgb: [f32; 3]) -> String {
+    hex(rgb).trim_start_matches('#').to_string()
+}
+
+/// A panel menu row with Photoshop's check mark column.
+fn check_item(ui: &mut egui::Ui, on: bool, label: &str) -> bool {
+    ui.button(format!("{}{}", if on { "✔ " } else { "   " }, tl!(label))).clicked()
+}
+
+/// The ramp choices and Make Ramp Web Safe (the panel menu's last section and the ramp's
+/// right-click menu).
+fn ramp_menu(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
+    for r in ColorRamp::ALL {
+        if check_item(ui, app.ui.color_panel.ramp == r, r.label()) {
+            app.ui.color_panel.ramp = r;
+            ui.close();
+        }
+    }
+    ui.separator();
+    if check_item(ui, app.ui.color_panel.web_safe_ramp, "Make Ramp Web Safe") {
+        app.ui.color_panel.web_safe_ramp = !app.ui.color_panel.web_safe_ramp;
+        ui.close();
+    }
+}
+
+/// The Color panel's panel menu, Photoshop's: the modes, the copy commands, the ramps.
+pub(crate) fn panel_menu(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
+    // One section, as Photoshop's: no separator between Color Wheel and Grayscale Slider.
+    for mode in ColorPanelMode::ALL {
+        if check_item(ui, app.ui.color_panel.mode == mode, mode.label()) {
+            app.ui.color_panel.mode = mode;
+            ui.close();
+        }
+    }
+    ui.separator();
+    let rgb = active(app);
+    if ui.button(tl!("Copy Color as HTML")).clicked() {
+        ui.ctx().copy_text(html_color(rgb));
+        ui.close();
+    }
+    if ui.button(tl!("Copy Color's Hex Code")).clicked() {
+        ui.ctx().copy_text(hex_code(rgb));
+        ui.close();
+    }
+    ui.separator();
+    ramp_menu(app, ui);
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/color_picker_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/color_picker_ui.rs
index fcbc61ee05..becb5c8b56 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/color_picker_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/color_picker_ui.rs
@@ -63,7 +63,8 @@ pub fn hex(c: [f32; 3]) -> String {
 
 pub fn parse_hex(s: &str) -> Option<[f32; 3]> {
     let h = s.trim().trim_start_matches('#');
-    if h.len() != 6 {
+    // `from_str_radix` accepts a leading '+', so require plain hex digits first.
+    if h.len() != 6 || !h.bytes().all(|b| b.is_ascii_hexdigit()) {
         return None;
     }
     // `get`, not `[..]`: typed text may be multi-byte, and a byte range can split a character.
@@ -430,7 +431,7 @@ pub fn body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) -> Option<bool> {
             // Under the colour field, not in the action column: the dialog must still fit a
             // 760 x 480 window.
             ui.add_space(4.0);
-            if let Some(rgb) = crate::screen_picker::button(ui, ui.id().with("screen-color")) {
+            if let Some(rgb) = crate::screen_picker::button(ui, ui.scope_id().with("screen-color")) {
                 set_rgb(f, rgb, Keep::Nothing);
             }
         });
@@ -480,7 +481,10 @@ fn color_field(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
     ui.painter().rect_stroke(field, 0.0, Stroke::new(1.0, t.field_border), StrokeKind::Outside);
     let marker = pos2(field.left() + fx * field.width(), field.top() + fy * field.height());
     ui.painter().circle_stroke(marker, 5.0, Stroke::new(1.5, if hsv[2] > 0.6 && hsv[1] < 0.4 { Color32::BLACK } else { Color32::WHITE }));
-    if let Some(p) = resp.interact_pointer_pos().filter(|_| resp.dragged() || resp.clicked()) {
+    // Photoshop updates the colour on the press itself, not only when the button is released
+    // (#6937): `is_pointer_button_down_on` is true from the press frame onwards (it covers
+    // dragging too), while `clicked` fires on release and `dragged` only after a move.
+    if let Some(p) = widgets::pick_pos(&resp) {
         let (x, y) = (((p.x - field.left()) / field.width()).clamp(0.0, 1.0), ((p.y - field.top()) / field.height()).clamp(0.0, 1.0));
         let c = field_color(&mode, fz, x, y);
         let keep = match mode.as_str() {
@@ -499,7 +503,7 @@ fn color_field(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
         let tri = vec![pos2(x, sy), pos2(x - 6.0 * dir, sy - 4.0), pos2(x - 6.0 * dir, sy + 4.0)];
         ui.painter().add(egui::Shape::convex_polygon(tri, t.text, Stroke::NONE));
     }
-    if let Some(p) = sresp.interact_pointer_pos().filter(|_| sresp.dragged() || sresp.clicked()) {
+    if let Some(p) = widgets::pick_pos(&sresp) {
         let z = 1.0 - ((p.y - strip.top()) / strip.height()).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
         let h = match mode.as_str() {
             "h" => Some([z * 360.0, hsv[1], hsv[2]]),
@@ -532,8 +536,8 @@ fn swatches(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
     let cur = Rect::from_min_size(sw.min + vec2(0.0, 32.0), vec2(56.0, 32.0));
     p.rect_filled(cur, 0.0, c32(orig));
     p.rect_stroke(sw, 0.0, Stroke::new(1.0, t.field_border), StrokeKind::Outside);
-    let click_cur = ui.interact(cur, ui.id().with("cp-current"), Sense::click());
-    click_cur.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, ui.is_enabled(), tl!("Click to restore the current colour")));
+    let click_cur = ui.interact(cur, ui.scope_id().with("cp-current"), Sense::click());
+    click_cur.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, ui.is_enabled(), tl!("Click to restore the current colour")));
     if click_cur.on_hover_text(tl!("Click to restore the current colour")).clicked() {
         set_rgb(f, orig, Keep::Nothing);
     }
@@ -554,8 +558,8 @@ fn swatches(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
         }
         p.rect_filled(chip, 0.0, c32(near));
         p.rect_stroke(chip, 0.0, Stroke::new(1.0, t.text_dim), StrokeKind::Outside);
-        let resp = ui.interact(icon.union(chip), ui.id().with(("cp-warning", slot as i32)), Sense::click());
-        resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, ui.is_enabled(), tip));
+        let resp = ui.interact(icon.union(chip), ui.scope_id().with(("cp-warning", slot as i32)), Sense::click());
+        resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, ui.is_enabled(), tip));
         if resp.on_hover_text(tip).clicked() {
             set_rgb(f, near, Keep::Nothing);
         }
@@ -563,7 +567,7 @@ fn swatches(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
 }
 
 /// ⚠: a filled triangle with an exclamation mark cut out of it.
-fn warning_triangle(p: &egui::Painter, r: Rect, ink: Color32, cut: Color32) {
+pub(crate) fn warning_triangle(p: &egui::Painter, r: Rect, ink: Color32, cut: Color32) {
     let tri = vec![pos2(r.center().x, r.top()), pos2(r.right(), r.bottom()), pos2(r.left(), r.bottom())];
     p.add(egui::Shape::convex_polygon(tri, ink, Stroke::NONE));
     let x = r.center().x;
@@ -572,7 +576,7 @@ fn warning_triangle(p: &egui::Painter, r: Rect, ink: Color32, cut: Color32) {
 }
 
 /// A cube seen corner-on: a hexagon with three edges meeting in the middle.
-fn web_cube(p: &egui::Painter, r: Rect, ink: Color32) {
+pub(crate) fn web_cube(p: &egui::Painter, r: Rect, ink: Color32) {
     let (c, rad) = (r.center(), r.width() / 2.0);
     let corner = |k: f32| {
         let a = std::f32::consts::FRAC_PI_3 * k - std::f32::consts::FRAC_PI_2;
@@ -594,7 +598,7 @@ fn radio(ui: &mut egui::Ui, on: bool, label: &str) -> bool {
     if on {
         ui.painter().circle_filled(r.center(), 3.0, t.accent);
     }
-    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::WidgetType::RadioButton, ui.is_enabled(), on, label));
+    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::RadioButton, ui.is_enabled(), on, label));
     resp.clicked()
 }
 
@@ -619,7 +623,7 @@ fn fields(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>, mode: &str, now: &Compo
                     }
                     ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!(&label)).color(t.text_dim));
                     let mut v = vals[i].round();
-                    if widgets::value_field(ui, &mut v, ranges[i].clone(), "", VALUE_W).changed() {
+                    if widgets::value_field(ui, &mut v, ranges[i].clone(), "", VALUE_W).accessible_name(tl!(&label)).changed() {
                         let (mut h, mut c) = (hsv, rgb);
                         if i < 3 {
                             h[i] = if i == 0 { v } else { v / 100.0 };
@@ -643,7 +647,7 @@ fn fields(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>, mode: &str, now: &Compo
                 ui.label(egui::RichText::new("#").color(t.text_dim));
                 // While the field has focus it shows what is being typed, not the colour: rebuilding it from
                 // the colour every frame would throw away every keystroke until six valid digits were in.
-                let id = ui.id().with("cp-hex");
+                let id = ui.scope_id().with("cp-hex");
                 crate::field_tab::register(ui.ctx(), id);
                 if !f.contains_key("__focused") {
                     f.insert("__focused".into(), json!(true));
@@ -664,7 +668,7 @@ fn fields(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>, mode: &str, now: &Compo
                         _ => shown.trim_start_matches('#').to_ascii_uppercase(),
                     },
                 };
-                let r = crate::widgets::text_field_ex(ui, id, &mut h, "", 64.0, true, Some(6));
+                let r = crate::widgets::text_field_ex(ui, id, &mut h, "", 64.0, true, Some(6)).accessible_name(tl!("Color"));
                 if let Some(c) = pasted {
                     edit = Some((c, Keep::Nothing));
                 }
@@ -691,7 +695,7 @@ fn fields(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>, mode: &str, now: &Compo
                 }
                 ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!(&label)).color(t.text_dim));
                 let mut x = v.round();
-                if widgets::value_field(ui, &mut x, range, "", VALUE_W).changed() {
+                if widgets::value_field(ui, &mut x, range, "", VALUE_W).accessible_name(tl!(&label)).changed() {
                     let mut l = lab;
                     l[i] = x;
                     edit = Some((photocraft_color::convert::lab_to_srgb(l).map(|c| c.clamp(0.0, 1.0)), Keep::Lab(l)));
@@ -705,7 +709,7 @@ fn fields(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>, mode: &str, now: &Compo
                 ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(14.0, 14.0), Sense::hover());
                 ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!(&label)).color(t.text_dim));
                 let mut x = (cmyk[i] * 100.0).round();
-                if widgets::value_field(ui, &mut x, 0.0..=100.0, "", VALUE_W).changed() {
+                if widgets::value_field(ui, &mut x, 0.0..=100.0, "", VALUE_W).accessible_name(tl!(&label)).changed() {
                     let mut k = cmyk;
                     k[i] = x / 100.0;
                     edit = Some((photocraft_color::convert::cmyk_to_rgb(k).map(|c| c.clamp(0.0, 1.0)), Keep::Cmyk(k)));
@@ -799,7 +803,7 @@ pub fn confirm(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, f: &Map<String, Value>) -> Result<Value,
     }
     let r = app.run("tools.setColors", params)?;
     if target == "foreground" {
-        crate::type_tool::foreground_changed(app);
+        crate::apply_color::foreground_changed(app, None);
     }
     Ok(r)
 }
@@ -859,6 +863,95 @@ mod tests {
         h.state().get("color").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap().to_string()
     }
 
+    /// Press at `at` and hold, with no release and no time passing, then run one frame.
+    fn press<S>(h: &mut Harness<'static, S>, at: egui::Pos2) {
+        press_button(h, at, egui::PointerButton::Primary, true);
+    }
+
+    fn press_button<S>(h: &mut Harness<'static, S>, at: egui::Pos2, button: egui::PointerButton, pressed: bool) {
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(at));
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: at, button, pressed, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE });
+        h.run_steps(1);
+    }
+
+    /// #7793: the field and the slider pick on the frame the button goes down, not after the
+    /// pointer has travelled past egui's click threshold or been held for a while, and follow
+    /// moves of a few points.
+    #[test]
+    fn field_and_slider_pick_on_press_and_follow_small_moves() {
+        let mut f = Map::new();
+        f.insert("color".into(), json!("#336699"));
+        let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(400.0, 300.0)).build_ui_state(
+            |ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>| {
+                ui.horizontal(|ui| {
+                    let o = ui.cursor().min;
+                    let gap = ui.spacing().item_spacing.x;
+                    ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(egui::Id::unique("test-origin"), (o, gap)));
+                    color_field(ui, f);
+                });
+            },
+            f,
+        );
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        let (o, gap) = h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<(egui::Pos2, f32)>(egui::Id::unique("test-origin"))).unwrap();
+        // Field: saturation across, brightness down (hue mode).
+        let at = o + vec2(FIELD * 0.5, FIELD * 0.5);
+        press(&mut h, at);
+        let picked = color(&h);
+        assert_ne!(picked, "#336699", "the press itself picks");
+        let hsv = rgb_to_hsb(parse_hex(&picked).unwrap());
+        assert!((hsv[1] - 0.5).abs() < 0.02 && (hsv[2] - 0.5).abs() < 0.02, "{picked} {hsv:?}");
+        // A 3-point nudge (under the 6-point click threshold) moves the pick.
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(at + vec2(3.0, 0.0)));
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        assert_ne!(color(&h), picked, "a small drag adjusts the pick");
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton {
+            pos: at + vec2(3.0, 0.0),
+            button: egui::PointerButton::Primary,
+            pressed: false,
+            modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE,
+        });
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        // Hue slider: a press near the bottom picks a hue near 0 at once.
+        let before = color(&h);
+        press(&mut h, o + vec2(FIELD + gap + 9.0, FIELD * 0.95));
+        assert_ne!(color(&h), before, "the slider picks on press");
+        let hue = rgb_to_hsb(parse_hex(&color(&h)).unwrap())[0];
+        assert!(hue.is_finite() && !(30.0..=330.0).contains(&hue), "hue {hue}");
+    }
+
+    /// Only the primary button picks: a right or middle press (and its release) on the field or
+    /// the slider leaves the colour alone.
+    #[test]
+    fn field_and_slider_ignore_secondary_and_middle_presses() {
+        let mut f = Map::new();
+        f.insert("color".into(), json!("#336699"));
+        let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(400.0, 300.0)).build_ui_state(
+            |ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>| {
+                ui.horizontal(|ui| {
+                    let o = ui.cursor().min;
+                    let gap = ui.spacing().item_spacing.x;
+                    ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(egui::Id::unique("test-origin"), (o, gap)));
+                    color_field(ui, f);
+                });
+            },
+            f,
+        );
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        let (o, gap) = h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<(egui::Pos2, f32)>(egui::Id::unique("test-origin"))).unwrap();
+        for at in [o + vec2(FIELD * 0.5, FIELD * 0.5), o + vec2(FIELD + gap + 9.0, FIELD * 0.95)] {
+            for button in [egui::PointerButton::Secondary, egui::PointerButton::Middle] {
+                press_button(&mut h, at, button, true);
+                assert_eq!(color(&h), "#336699", "{button:?} press at {at:?}");
+                h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(at + vec2(3.0, 0.0)));
+                h.run_steps(1);
+                press_button(&mut h, at + vec2(3.0, 0.0), button, false);
+                h.run_steps(1);
+                assert_eq!(color(&h), "#336699", "{button:?} drag and release at {at:?}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn hex_field_shows_uppercase_without_rewriting_the_selected_color() {
         let h = picker("#12abef");
@@ -866,6 +959,32 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(color(&h), "#12abef", "casing is presentation only");
     }
 
+    /// #6937: pressing the hue strip must update the colour on the press frame, not only when
+    /// the button is released (Photoshop updates immediately on click-and-hold).
+    #[test]
+    fn hue_strip_updates_the_color_on_press_not_on_release() {
+        let mut h = picker("#0000ff"); // pure blue: hue 240°
+        let web = h.get_by_label("Only Web Colors").rect();
+        let pick = h.get_by_label("Pick screen color").rect();
+        // The strip is 18 pt wide, 6 pt right of the 200 pt field whose left edge is the column's
+        // (the screen-colour button shares it); its bottom edge is just above the checkbox.
+        // Press near the bottom: hue ~5°, a red the blue starting colour cannot produce via the field.
+        let press = pos2(pick.left() + FIELD + 15.0, web.top() - 20.0);
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(press));
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: press, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed: true, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE });
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        let held = color(&h);
+        assert_ne!(held, "#0000ff", "holding the button on the strip must already change the colour");
+        // The colour is the red-ish hue near the strip's bottom, not the old blue: had the press
+        // landed on the field instead of the strip, the hue (and the blue channel) would survive.
+        let [r, _, b] = parse_hex(&held).unwrap();
+        assert!(r > 0.5 && b < 0.2, "expected a red-ish hue from the strip, got {held}");
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: press, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed: false, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE });
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        assert_eq!(color(&h), held, "releasing must not move the colour again");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn hex_field_takes_typed_digits() {
         let mut h = picker("#000000");
@@ -996,7 +1115,7 @@ mod tests {
         h.run_steps(4);
         let id = open(h.state_mut(), "foreground");
         h.run_steps(6);
-        let rect = h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::new(("dialog", id)))).expect("the picker window");
+        let rect = h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::unique(("dialog", id)))).expect("the picker window");
         assert!(rect.width() <= 534.0 && rect.height() <= 376.0, "Color Picker window {} x {} points, Photoshop's 534 x 376", rect.width(), rect.height());
         // Everything still shows: the three actions and all 13 component fields.
         for label in ["OK", "Cancel", "Add to Swatches", "Only Web Colors"] {
@@ -1170,6 +1289,13 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     /// HSB and hex round-trip sRGB colours.
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_hex_rejects_signs() {
+        assert_eq!(parse_hex("#+f+f+f"), None);
+        assert_eq!(parse_hex("+1+2+3"), None);
+        assert!(parse_hex("#0f0f0f").is_some());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn hsv_round_trips() {
         for c in [[1.0, 0.0, 0.0], [0.2, 0.6, 0.4], [0.5, 0.5, 0.5], [0.0, 0.0, 1.0], [0.9, 0.8, 0.1]] {
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/color_range_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/color_range_ui.rs
index 59b3bfeb2f..a21d3ef71f 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/color_range_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/color_range_ui.rs
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ fn eyedropper(ui: &mut egui::Ui, badge: &str, selected: bool, label: &str) -> eg
         let at = r.rect.right_bottom() - vec2(5.0, 6.0);
         ui.painter().text(at, egui::Align2::CENTER_CENTER, badge, crate::theme::semibold(12.0), if selected { t.accent_text } else { t.text });
     }
-    r.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::WidgetType::Button, ui.is_enabled(), selected, label));
+    r.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::Button, ui.is_enabled(), selected, label));
     r
 }
 
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ pub fn body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Valu
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("Select:")).color(t.text_dim));
         let mut cur: &str = &select;
-        if widgets::dropdown(ui, "color-range-select", &mut cur, SELECTS, 170.0) {
+        if widgets::dropdown(ui, "color-range-select", tl!("Select"), &mut cur, SELECTS, 170.0) {
             f.insert("select".into(), json!(cur));
         }
     });
@@ -512,7 +512,7 @@ pub fn body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Valu
             Some(e) => format!("Color Range preview unavailable: {e}"),
             None => tl!("Color Range preview").to_string(),
         };
-        resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Image, ui.is_enabled(), &label));
+        resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Image, ui.is_enabled(), &label));
         ui.add_space(10.0);
         ui.vertical(|ui| {
             ui.add_enabled_ui(c.sampling, |ui| {
@@ -566,7 +566,7 @@ pub fn body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Valu
         ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("Selection Preview:")).color(t.text_dim));
         let mode = s(f, "__selectionPreview", "none").to_string();
         let mut chosen = mode.as_str();
-        if widgets::dropdown(ui, "color-range-selection-preview", &mut chosen, PREVIEWS, 170.0) {
+        if widgets::dropdown(ui, "color-range-selection-preview", tl!("Preview"), &mut chosen, PREVIEWS, 170.0) {
             f.insert("__selectionPreview".into(), json!(chosen));
         }
     });
@@ -685,7 +685,7 @@ pub fn canvas_eyedropper(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, over: egu
         _ => "",
     };
     if !badge.is_empty() {
-        let p = ctx.layer_painter(egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Tooltip, egui::Id::new("pc-color-range-badge")));
+        let p = ctx.layer_painter(egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Tooltip, egui::Id::unique("pc-color-range-badge")));
         let at = over + vec2(20.0, -4.0);
         p.text(at + vec2(1.0, 1.0), egui::Align2::CENTER_CENTER, badge, crate::theme::semibold(13.0), Color32::from_black_alpha(200));
         p.text(at, egui::Align2::CENTER_CENTER, badge, crate::theme::semibold(13.0), Color32::WHITE);
@@ -807,7 +807,8 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     fn disabled(h: &Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, label: &str) -> bool {
-        h.get_by_label(label).accesskit_node().is_disabled()
+        // A slider row names both its number and its slider with the caption; either reports it.
+        h.query_all_by_label(label).next().unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("`{label}`")).accesskit_node().is_disabled()
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -906,7 +907,7 @@ mod tests {
         h.run_steps(3);
         assert!(h.state().ui.dialogs.iter().any(|d| owns(&d.fields)), "Select › Color Range… must open the dialog");
         for label in ["Color Range", "Fuzziness:", "Localized Color Clusters", "Invert", "Selection", "Color Range preview", "Add to Sample"] {
-            assert!(h.query_by_label(label).is_some(), "missing {label}");
+            assert!(h.query_all_by_label(label).next().is_some(), "missing {label}");
         }
         assert_eq!(h.query_all_by_label("Image").count(), 2, "the Image menu and the Image preview radio");
         assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().revision, rev, "opening must not edit the document");
@@ -923,23 +924,23 @@ mod tests {
         h.run_steps(4);
         // Sampled Colors: Fuzziness, eyedroppers and Localized Color Clusters; Range only when localized.
         assert!(!disabled(&h, "Fuzziness:") && !disabled(&h, "Localized Color Clusters") && !disabled(&h, "Add to Sample"));
-        assert!(h.query_by_label("Range:").is_none());
+        assert!(h.query_all_by_label("Range:").next().is_none());
         h.get_by_label("Localized Color Clusters").click();
         h.run_steps(2);
-        assert!(h.query_by_label("Range:").is_some(), "Range shows with Localized Color Clusters");
+        assert!(h.query_all_by_label("Range:").next().is_some(), "Range shows with Localized Color Clusters");
         // A hue family: no Fuzziness, eyedroppers or clusters (Photoshop disables them).
         set(&mut h, "select", json!("reds"));
         assert!(disabled(&h, "Fuzziness:") && disabled(&h, "Localized Color Clusters") && disabled(&h, "Add to Sample"));
-        assert!(h.query_by_label("Range:").is_none());
+        assert!(h.query_all_by_label("Range:").next().is_none());
         assert!(!disabled(&h, "Invert"));
         // Tones: Fuzziness and the tonal range.
         set(&mut h, "select", json!("shadows"));
         assert!(!disabled(&h, "Fuzziness:") && disabled(&h, "Localized Color Clusters"));
-        assert!(h.query_by_label("Shadows up to:").is_some());
+        assert!(h.query_all_by_label("Shadows up to:").next().is_some());
         set(&mut h, "select", json!("midtones"));
-        assert!(h.query_by_label("Midtones from:").is_some() && h.query_by_label("Midtones to:").is_some());
+        assert!(h.query_all_by_label("Midtones from:").next().is_some() && h.query_all_by_label("Midtones to:").next().is_some());
         set(&mut h, "select", json!("outOfGamut"));
-        assert!(disabled(&h, "Fuzziness:") && h.query_by_label("Midtones from:").is_none());
+        assert!(disabled(&h, "Fuzziness:") && h.query_all_by_label("Midtones from:").next().is_none());
         // Skin Tones: Fuzziness (the colour one), no eyedroppers or clusters.
         set(&mut h, "select", json!("skinTones"));
         assert!(!disabled(&h, "Fuzziness:") && disabled(&h, "Localized Color Clusters") && disabled(&h, "Add to Sample"));
@@ -956,7 +957,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut h = harness(app_with_doc());
         open(h.state_mut());
         h.run_steps(4);
-        let area = egui::Id::new(("dialog", dialog_id(h.state())));
+        let area = egui::Id::unique(("dialog", dialog_id(h.state())));
         let rect = |h: &Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>| h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(area)).unwrap_or(egui::Rect::NOTHING);
         set(&mut h, "select", json!("outOfGamut"));
         let short = rect(&h);
@@ -1273,7 +1274,7 @@ mod tests {
         h.get_by_label("Color Range…").click();
         h.run_steps(6);
         let id = dialog_id(h.state());
-        let area = h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::new(("dialog", id)))).expect("the dialog is drawn");
+        let area = h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::unique(("dialog", id)))).expect("the dialog is drawn");
         assert!(h.ctx.content_rect().contains_rect(area), "the dialog is on screen: {area:?}");
         assert!(h.query_by_label("Color Range preview").is_some());
         let p = h.state().color_range.as_ref().expect("the preview is cached");
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/color_tab_theme_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/color_tab_theme_tests.rs
index b3566277e2..8fdfb0b48f 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/color_tab_theme_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/color_tab_theme_tests.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-//! The Color panel tab draws Photoshop's spectrum field in every theme (#4367): the light themes
-//! used to show HSB sliders only. Those themes keep the sliders, under the field.
+//! The Color panel tab is Photoshop's spectrum field in every theme (#4367, #6000): the light
+//! themes used to show HSB sliders only, then a short field with the sliders under it.
 
 use egui::{Rect, pos2};
 use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
@@ -9,11 +9,12 @@ use crate::dock::Group;
 use crate::theme::{ThemeKind, Tokens};
 
 fn left_top() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("color-tab-test-origin")
+    egui::Id::unique("color-tab-test-origin")
 }
 
-/// The Color tab of `kind`, alone in a 300 pt wide panel, starting from a red foreground.
-fn color_tab(kind: ThemeKind) -> egui_kittest::Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
+/// The Color tab of `kind`, alone in a 300 pt wide panel, starting from a red foreground. `fill`
+/// is the group body height the dock offers, if any.
+fn color_tab(kind: ThemeKind, fill: Option<f32>) -> egui_kittest::Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
     let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
     app.session.tools.foreground = [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0];
     let tab = Group::Color.tabs(Tokens::for_kind(kind).pro).iter().position(|name| *name == "Color").unwrap();
@@ -22,6 +23,9 @@ fn color_tab(kind: ThemeKind) -> egui_kittest::Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
             if ui.ctx().fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
                 let origin = ui.cursor().min;
                 ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(left_top(), Rect::from_min_size(origin, egui::Vec2::ZERO)));
+                if let Some(fill) = fill {
+                    ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(crate::panels::color_field_fill_id(), fill));
+                }
                 crate::panels::dock_body(app, ui, Group::Color, tab);
             }
         },
@@ -32,24 +36,41 @@ fn color_tab(kind: ThemeKind) -> egui_kittest::Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
     h
 }
 
+/// Drag on the saturation/brightness field at `y` below its top, on its left edge (no saturation).
+fn pick_at(h: &mut egui_kittest::Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, y: f32) -> [f32; 4] {
+    let origin = h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<Rect>(left_top())).unwrap().min;
+    // After the 38 pt chips and the 8 pt gap.
+    let p = pos2(origin.x + 38.0 + 8.0 + 1.0, origin.y + y);
+    h.hover_at(p);
+    h.run_steps(1);
+    h.drag_at(p);
+    h.run_steps(1);
+    h.drop_at(p);
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    h.state().session.tools.foreground
+}
+
 #[test]
-fn every_theme_shows_the_spectrum_field() {
+fn every_theme_shows_the_same_spectrum_field() {
     for kind in ThemeKind::ALL {
-        let mut h = color_tab(kind);
-        let origin = h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<Rect>(left_top())).unwrap().min;
-        // Left edge of the saturation/brightness field (after the 38 pt chips and the 8 pt gap),
-        // halfway down its 120 pt: no saturation, half brightness.
-        let p = pos2(origin.x + 38.0 + 8.0 + 1.0, origin.y + 60.0);
-        h.hover_at(p);
-        h.run_steps(1);
-        h.drag_at(p);
-        h.run_steps(1);
-        h.drop_at(p);
-        h.run_steps(2);
-        let [r, g, b, _] = h.state().session.tools.foreground;
+        let mut h = color_tab(kind, None);
+        // Halfway down its 120 pt: no saturation, half brightness.
+        let [r, g, b, _] = pick_at(&mut h, 60.0);
         assert!((r - g).abs() < 0.02 && (g - b).abs() < 0.02 && (0.3..0.7).contains(&r), "{kind:?}: the field picks a mid grey, got {r} {g} {b}");
-        if !Tokens::for_kind(kind).pro {
-            assert!(h.query_by_label("Saturation").is_some(), "{kind:?}: the sliders stay under the field");
+        // No theme swaps the field for sliders or adds them under it (#6000).
+        for slider in ["Hue", "Saturation", "Brightness"] {
+            assert!(h.query_all_by_label(slider).next().is_none(), "{kind:?}: no {slider} slider");
         }
     }
 }
+
+/// Every theme stretches the field over the dock group, as Photoshop's themes always did (#6000).
+#[test]
+fn every_theme_stretches_the_field_over_the_group() {
+    for kind in ThemeKind::ALL {
+        let mut h = color_tab(kind, Some(380.0));
+        // Far below a 120 pt field: only a stretched one picks here, and a dark grey.
+        let [r, g, b, _] = pick_at(&mut h, 300.0);
+        assert!((r - g).abs() < 0.02 && (g - b).abs() < 0.02 && r < 0.25, "{kind:?}: the stretched field picks a dark grey, got {r} {g} {b}");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/comps_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/comps_ui.rs
index 30304f6c82..bcff54de4a 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/comps_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/comps_ui.rs
@@ -24,6 +24,42 @@ fn clear_warning_action(comp: u32) -> (&'static str, Value) {
     ("layerComp.updateWarnings", json!({"clear": true, "comp": comp}))
 }
 
+/// The comp whose name is being edited in place, kept in egui's temp memory under its row id.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct RenameComp {
+    text: String,
+    focused: bool,
+}
+
+/// The in-place name field of a comp. Enter, Tab or clicking elsewhere returns the new name to
+/// commit; Escape cancels and keeps the old name.
+fn rename_field(ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: egui::Id, rect: Rect) -> Option<String> {
+    let mut r = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<RenameComp>(id))?;
+    ui.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<RenameComp>(id));
+    let te = ui.put(rect, egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut r.text).id(id).font(egui::FontId::proportional(12.0))).accessible_name(tl!("Name"));
+    if !r.focused {
+        te.request_focus();
+        // Like Photoshop, the whole name starts selected so typing replaces it.
+        if let Some(mut state) = egui::TextEdit::load_state(ui.ctx(), id) {
+            let all = egui::text::CCursorRange::two(egui::text::CCursor::new(0), egui::text::CCursor::new(r.text.chars().count()));
+            state.cursor.set_char_range(Some(all));
+            state.store(ui.ctx(), id);
+        }
+        r.focused = true;
+        ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(id, r));
+        return None;
+    }
+    let (enter, tab, esc) = ui.input(|i| (i.key_pressed(egui::Key::Enter), i.key_pressed(egui::Key::Tab), i.key_pressed(egui::Key::Escape)));
+    if esc {
+        None
+    } else if enter || tab || te.lost_focus() || !te.has_focus() {
+        Some(r.text)
+    } else {
+        ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(id, r));
+        None
+    }
+}
+
 fn run(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, id: &str, p: Value) {
     if let Err(e) = app.run(id, p) {
         app.ui.status = e;
@@ -31,6 +67,17 @@ fn run(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, id: &str, p: Value) {
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct DragComp {
+    document: photocraft_doc::DocId,
+    comp: u32,
+}
+
+fn drop_index(from: usize, target: usize, after: bool) -> usize {
+    let slot = target + usize::from(after);
+    if from < slot { slot - 1 } else { slot }
+}
+
 pub fn panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
     let Some(st) = app.session.active() else {
@@ -77,8 +124,35 @@ pub fn panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
                     .size(11.5),
             );
         }
-        for c in &doc.layer_comps {
-            let (rect, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(ui.available_width(), row_h), Sense::click());
+        for (index, c) in doc.layer_comps.iter().enumerate() {
+            let (rect, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(ui.available_width(), row_h), Sense::click_and_drag());
+            resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::Button, true, selected == Some(c.id), &c.name));
+            resp.dnd_set_drag_payload(DragComp { document: doc.id, comp: c.id });
+            if let Some(source) = resp.dnd_hover_payload::<DragComp>()
+                && source.document == doc.id
+                && let Some(from) = doc.layer_comps.iter().position(|c| c.id == source.comp)
+            {
+                let after = ui.input(|i| i.pointer.hover_pos().is_some_and(|p| p.y >= rect.center().y));
+                let to = drop_index(from, index, after);
+                let y = if after { rect.bottom() } else { rect.top() };
+                ui.painter().line_segment([pos2(rect.left(), y), pos2(rect.right(), y)], Stroke::new(2.0, t.accent));
+                if resp.dnd_release_payload::<DragComp>().is_some() && from != to {
+                    select = Some(source.comp);
+                    action = Some(("layerComp.reorder", json!({"comp":source.comp, "index":to})));
+                }
+            }
+            resp.context_menu(|ui| {
+                if ui.add_enabled(index > 0, egui::Button::new(tl!("Move Up"))).clicked() {
+                    action = Some(("layerComp.reorder", json!({"comp":c.id, "index":index.saturating_sub(1)})));
+                    select = Some(c.id);
+                    ui.close();
+                }
+                if ui.add_enabled(index + 1 < doc.layer_comps.len(), egui::Button::new(tl!("Move Down"))).clicked() {
+                    action = Some(("layerComp.reorder", json!({"comp":c.id, "index":index + 1})));
+                    select = Some(c.id);
+                    ui.close();
+                }
+            });
             if selected == Some(c.id) {
                 ui.painter().rect_filled(rect, 0.0, t.row_selected);
             } else if resp.hovered() {
@@ -137,7 +211,20 @@ pub fn panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
             }
             let galley_w = (x - name_x).max(20.0);
             let name = ui.painter().layout(c.name.clone(), egui::FontId::proportional(12.0), t.text, galley_w);
-            ui.painter().galley(pos2(name_x, rect.center().y - name.size().y / 2.0), name, t.text);
+            let name_rect = Rect::from_min_size(pos2(name_x, rect.center().y - name.size().y / 2.0), name.size());
+            // Comp ids restart in every document, so the pending name is keyed by the document too.
+            let rename_id = egui::Id::unique(("comp-rename", doc.id.0, c.id));
+            if ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<RenameComp>(rename_id)).is_some() {
+                let field = Rect::from_min_max(pos2(name_x - 3.0, rect.top() + 3.0), pos2((x + 10.0).max(name_x + 60.0), rect.bottom() - 3.0));
+                if let Some(text) = rename_field(ui, rename_id, field) {
+                    let text = text.trim();
+                    if !text.is_empty() && text != c.name {
+                        action = Some(("layerComp.rename", json!({"comp": c.id, "name": text})));
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                ui.painter().galley(name_rect.min, name, t.text);
+            }
             if !c.comment.is_empty() && resp.hovered() {
                 resp.clone().on_hover_text(&c.comment);
             }
@@ -148,7 +235,12 @@ pub fn panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
                 }
             }
             if resp.double_clicked() && !toggle_hit {
-                action = Some(("layerComp.apply", json!({"comp": c.id})));
+                // Photoshop renames in place when the name itself is double-clicked.
+                if resp.interact_pointer_pos().is_some_and(|p| name_rect.expand2(vec2(4.0, 13.0)).contains(p)) {
+                    ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(rename_id, RenameComp { text: c.name.clone(), focused: false }));
+                } else {
+                    action = Some(("layerComp.apply", json!({"comp": c.id})));
+                }
             }
             ui.painter().line_segment([rect.left_bottom(), rect.right_bottom()], Stroke::new(1.0, t.separator.gamma_multiply(0.5)));
         }
@@ -197,6 +289,48 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use photocraft_engine::Session;
 
+    #[test]
+    fn dragging_a_comp_row_reorders_without_applying_it() {
+        use egui_kittest::{Harness, kittest::Queryable};
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width":16,"height":16})).unwrap();
+        for name in ["First", "Second", "Third"] {
+            app.run("layerComp.new", json!({"name":name})).unwrap();
+        }
+        let applied = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.last_applied_comp;
+        let first = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layer_comps[0].id;
+        let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(360.0, 300.0)).build_ui_state(|ui, app| panel(app, ui), app);
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        let from = h.get_by_label("First").rect().center();
+        let row = h.get_by_label("Third").rect();
+        let to = pos2(row.center().x, row.bottom() - 2.0);
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(from));
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: from, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed: true, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE });
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(from + vec2(10.0, 0.0)));
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(to));
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: to, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed: false, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE });
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        let app = h.state();
+        let doc = &app.session.active().unwrap().doc;
+        assert_eq!(doc.layer_comps.iter().map(|c| c.name.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["Second", "Third", "First"]);
+        assert_eq!(doc.last_applied_comp, applied);
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.layer_comp_selected, Some(first));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn comp_drop_slots_account_for_the_removed_source_row() {
+        assert_eq!(drop_index(0, 2, false), 1);
+        assert_eq!(drop_index(0, 2, true), 2);
+        assert_eq!(drop_index(2, 0, false), 0);
+        assert_eq!(drop_index(2, 0, true), 1);
+        assert_eq!(drop_index(1, 1, false), 1);
+        assert_eq!(drop_index(1, 1, true), 1);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn warning_icon_clears_only_its_own_comp() {
         // Regression for #4197.
@@ -213,4 +347,95 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(doc.comp(c1).unwrap().missing_layers(doc).is_empty());
         assert_eq!(doc.comp(c2).unwrap().missing_layers(doc).iter().map(|l| l.0).collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec![layer]);
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn double_clicking_a_comp_name_renames_it_in_place() {
+        // #6496.
+        use egui_kittest::{
+            Harness,
+            kittest::{NodeT, Queryable},
+        };
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 16, "height": 16})).unwrap();
+        let first = app.run("layerComp.new", json!({"name": "Comp number one"})).unwrap()["comp"].as_u64().unwrap() as u32;
+        let second = app.run("layerComp.new", json!({"name": "Two"})).unwrap()["comp"].as_u64().unwrap() as u32;
+        // 60 fps steps, so two clicks a frame apart count as a double-click.
+        let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(320.0, 260.0)).with_step_dt(1.0 / 60.0).build_ui_state(|ui, app| panel(app, ui), app);
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        // The footer starts at the panel's left edge; the first comp is the second 26 px row. The
+        // name starts at left + 30 and is as wide as its text, so the click stays near its start
+        // to hit the short "Hero" too.
+        let left = h.get_by_label("Apply previous selected layer comp").rect().left();
+        let (name, rest) = (pos2(left + 35.0, left + 39.0), pos2(left + 190.0, left + 39.0));
+        let double_click = |h: &mut Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, pos: egui::Pos2| {
+            h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(pos));
+            // Wait out the double-click window of the previous attempt.
+            h.run_steps(30);
+            for pressed in [true, false, true, false] {
+                h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE });
+                h.step();
+            }
+            h.run_steps(3);
+        };
+        let type_name = |h: &mut Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, text: &str, key: egui::Key| {
+            double_click(h, name);
+            h.event(egui::Event::Text(text.into()));
+            h.run_steps(1);
+            let fields: Vec<_> = h.query_all_by_role(egui::accesskit::Role::TextInput).map(|n| n.accesskit_node().value()).collect();
+            assert_eq!(fields, vec![Some(text.to_string())], "the name field opened and holds {text:?}");
+            h.key_press(key);
+            h.run_steps(3);
+        };
+        let comp_name = |h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>| h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.comp(first).unwrap().name.clone();
+        let applied = |h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>| h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.last_applied_comp;
+        // Whitespace keeps the old name.
+        type_name(&mut h, "  ", egui::Key::Enter);
+        assert_eq!(comp_name(&h), "Comp number one");
+        type_name(&mut h, "Hero", egui::Key::Enter);
+        assert_eq!(comp_name(&h), "Hero");
+        assert_eq!(applied(&h), Some(second), "renaming must not apply the comp");
+        type_name(&mut h, "Lost", egui::Key::Escape);
+        assert_eq!(comp_name(&h), "Hero", "Escape cancels");
+        assert_eq!(applied(&h), Some(second), "Escape applies nothing");
+        // Double-clicking the rest of the row still applies the comp.
+        double_click(&mut h, rest);
+        assert_eq!(applied(&h), Some(first));
+        assert_eq!(comp_name(&h), "Hero");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_rename_left_open_does_not_carry_over_to_another_document() {
+        // Comp ids restart in every document, so the pending name must stay with its own document.
+        use egui_kittest::{
+            Harness,
+            kittest::{NodeT, Queryable},
+        };
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 16, "height": 16})).unwrap();
+        let a = app.run("layerComp.new", json!({"name": "Alpha comp"})).unwrap()["comp"].as_u64().unwrap() as u32;
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 16, "height": 16})).unwrap();
+        let b = app.run("layerComp.new", json!({"name": "Beta comp"})).unwrap()["comp"].as_u64().unwrap() as u32;
+        assert_eq!(a, b, "the two documents' comps share an id");
+        app.session.set_active(0);
+        let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(320.0, 260.0)).with_step_dt(1.0 / 60.0).build_ui_state(|ui, app| panel(app, ui), app);
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        let left = h.get_by_label("Apply previous selected layer comp").rect().left();
+        let name = pos2(left + 35.0, left + 39.0);
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(name));
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        for pressed in [true, false, true, false] {
+            h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: name, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE });
+            h.step();
+        }
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        h.event(egui::Event::Text("Leak".into()));
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        let fields: Vec<_> = h.query_all_by_role(egui::accesskit::Role::TextInput).map(|n| n.accesskit_node().value()).collect();
+        assert_eq!(fields, vec![Some("Leak".to_string())], "the name field opened in the first document");
+        h.state_mut().session.set_active(1);
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        h.key_press(egui::Key::Enter);
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.comp(b).unwrap().name, "Beta comp");
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/control.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/control.rs
index 73a8911e5b..550c121827 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/control.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/control.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 //! - `engine.commands`: list commands with enablement
 //! - `ui.inspect`: full UI state (tool, panels, views, dialogs, windows, window size); the menu
 //!   tree is `ui.menu.list`
-//! - `ui.set {tool?, panels?, dock?, dockTabs?, dockWidth?, colorPanel?, maskTarget?, vectorMaskTarget?, selectionMode?, zoom?, center?, rotation?, fit?, theme?, brushSection?, brushTab?, brushesView?, brushPicker?, brushPickerName?, brushPickerStroke?, brushPickerTip?, brushPickerScale?, brushSize?}`:
+//! - `ui.set {tool?, panels?, dock?, dockTabs?, dockWidth?, colorPanel?, maskTarget?, vectorMaskTarget?, filterMaskTarget?, selectionMode?, zoom?, center?, rotation?, fit?, theme?, brushSection?, brushTab?, brushesView?, brushPicker?, brushPickerName?, brushPickerStroke?, brushPickerTip?, brushPickerScale?, brushSize?}`:
 //!   change UI state; any other field is an error ([`UI_SET_FIELDS`])
 //! - `ui.dialog.open {kind, fields?}` (kinds: newDocument, about, layerStyle {effect?}, colorPicker {target: foreground|background}, command {command}) / `ui.dialog.set {dialog, field, value}` / `ui.dialog.confirm {dialog, wait?}` / `ui.dialog.cancel {dialog}`
 //! - `ui.dialog.apply {dialog}`: commit Preferences changes without closing the dialog
@@ -133,7 +133,8 @@ pub enum Outcome {
 /// field's value is validated before the first one is applied, so a typo, an unknown field, a
 /// bad value or a bad nested key can't reply with success while nothing — or only half of it —
 /// changed (#412).
-pub const UI_SET_FIELDS: [&str; 38] = [
+pub const UI_SET_FIELDS: [&str; 43] = [
+    "updatesOpen",
     "tool",
     "strokeTrace",
     "panels",
@@ -143,6 +144,7 @@ pub const UI_SET_FIELDS: [&str; 38] = [
     "colorPanel",
     "maskTarget",
     "vectorMaskTarget",
+    "filterMaskTarget",
     "selectionMode",
     "zoom",
     "center",
@@ -172,6 +174,9 @@ pub const UI_SET_FIELDS: [&str; 38] = [
     "camTransformOnDrop",
     "tileGrid",
     "layerFilter",
+    "histogramPanel",
+    "histogramRange",
+    "histogramRefresh",
 ];
 
 /// Most clicks one `ui.click` may queue (#982). Each click is a press and a release that the app
@@ -245,7 +250,7 @@ fn merged_object<T: serde::Serialize + serde::de::DeserializeOwned>(current: &T,
     serde_json::from_value(cur).map(Some).map_err(|e| format!("{field}: {e}"))
 }
 
-/// A `ui.set` object field applied by whole-value replacement (e.g. `dock`, `colorPanel`):
+/// A `ui.set` object field applied by whole-value replacement (e.g. `dock`):
 /// unknown nested keys are rejected like [`merged_object`] does, but the value replaces the
 /// state instead of merging into it.
 fn whole_object<T: serde::Serialize + serde::de::DeserializeOwned>(current: &T, v: Option<&Value>, field: &str) -> std::result::Result<Option<T>, String> {
@@ -388,12 +393,16 @@ pub fn handle(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, req: &ControlRequest
 /// The open canvas context menu's rows for `ui.state`: the spelling suggestions first (type edit
 /// menu over a misspelled word), then the menu's own rows.
 fn context_entries(app: &PhotocraftApp, menu: &crate::canvas_tool_menu::CanvasToolMenu) -> Vec<Value> {
-    use crate::canvas_tool_menu::{entry_enabled, rows, spelling_rows};
+    use crate::canvas_tool_menu::{crop_rows, entry_enabled, rows, spelling_rows};
     let spelling = spelling_rows(menu);
     let mut entries: Vec<Value> = spelling.iter().map(|(label, id)| json!({"label": label, "id": id, "enabled": entry_enabled(app, menu, id)})).collect();
     if !spelling.is_empty() {
         entries.push(json!({"separator": true}));
     }
+    entries.extend(crop_rows(menu).iter().map(|row| match row {
+        Some((label, id)) => json!({"label": label, "id": id, "enabled": entry_enabled(app, menu, id)}),
+        None => json!({"separator": true}),
+    }));
     entries.extend(rows(menu).iter().map(|row| match row {
         Some((label, id)) => json!({"label": label, "id": id, "enabled": entry_enabled(app, menu, id)}),
         None => json!({"separator": true}),
@@ -427,16 +436,16 @@ fn dispatch(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, req: &ControlRequest)
             let Some(id) = s("command").or(s("id")) else { return err("missing `command`") };
             let params = p.get("params").cloned().unwrap_or(json!({}));
             // A control-channel menu click must respect the same modal gate as the native menu.
-            // Camera Raw's documented `ui` requests operate its already-open dialog rather
-            // than click a menu. Only that continuation may pass its own modal gate.
-            // engine.execute is deliberately not subject to the UI's menu-click semantics.
-            let camera_raw_continuation = id == "filter.cameraRaw"
-                && app.camera_raw.is_some()
+            // The documented `ui` requests of Camera Raw and the full-window workspaces operate
+            // the already-open one rather than click a menu. Only that continuation may pass its
+            // own modal gate. engine.execute is deliberately not subject to the UI's menu-click semantics.
+            let open_modal = if app.camera_raw.is_some() { Some("filter.cameraRaw") } else { crate::distort_ui::modal_workspace(app) };
+            let continuation = open_modal == Some(id)
                 && params.as_object().is_some_and(|fields| fields.len() == 1 && fields.get("ui").is_some_and(Value::is_object))
                 && app.ui.dialogs.is_empty()
                 && app.discard.is_none()
                 && !crate::crop_ui::blocks(app, id);
-            if req.method == "ui.menu.invoke" && !camera_raw_continuation && !crate::menus::modal_allows(app, id) {
+            if req.method == "ui.menu.invoke" && !continuation && !crate::menus::modal_allows(app, id) {
                 return err("menu command is unavailable while a modal dialog is open");
             }
             if let Some(authorize) = app.services.automation_command.as_ref()
@@ -471,7 +480,14 @@ fn dispatch(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, req: &ControlRequest)
                 None => err("`job` must be a job id"),
             }
         }
-        "ui.menu.list" => ok(serde_json::to_value(crate::menus::menu_items(app)).unwrap_or_default()),
+        "ui.menu.list" => {
+            // Report the same enablement the native menu shows, so a listed item is invokable.
+            let mut items = crate::menus::menu_items(app);
+            for item in &mut items {
+                item.enabled &= crate::menus::modal_allows(app, &item.id);
+            }
+            ok(serde_json::to_value(items).unwrap_or_default())
+        }
         "ui.inspect" => ok(inspect(app, ctx)),
         "ui.set" => {
             if let Some(field) = p.as_object().and_then(|o| o.keys().find(|k| !UI_SET_FIELDS.contains(&k.as_str()))) {
@@ -579,14 +595,40 @@ fn dispatch(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, req: &ControlRequest)
                 if crop_shield.as_ref().is_some_and(|s| !(0.0..=100.0).contains(&s.opacity)) {
                     return Err("cropShield.opacity must be 0..100".into());
                 }
+                // The Histogram panel: its options, the dragged tonal range ([from, to] levels or
+                // null) and Uncached Refresh.
+                let histogram_panel = merged_object(&app.ui.histogram_panel, p.get("histogramPanel"), "histogramPanel")?;
+                let histogram_range = match p.get("histogramRange") {
+                    Some(v) => Some(
+                        serde_json::from_value::<Option<[u8; 2]>>(v.clone())
+                            .map_err(|_| "histogramRange must be [from, to] levels 0..255, or null".to_string())?,
+                    ),
+                    None => None,
+                };
+                let histogram_refresh = bool_field(p, "histogramRefresh")?;
                 let panels = merged_object(&app.ui.panels, p.get("panels"), "panels")?;
                 let mask_target = bool_field(p, "maskTarget")?;
+                let updates_open = bool_field(p, "updatesOpen")?;
                 let vector_mask_target = bool_field(p, "vectorMaskTarget")?;
+                // Target the active smart object's filter mask (FILE-215-3): it needs smart filters.
+                let filter_mask_target = bool_field(p, "filterMaskTarget")?;
+                if filter_mask_target == Some(true) {
+                    let st = app.session.active().ok_or("filterMaskTarget needs an open document")?;
+                    let l = st.active_layer.and_then(|id| st.doc.layer(id)).ok_or("filterMaskTarget needs an active layer")?;
+                    if !matches!(&l.content, photocraft_doc::LayerContent::Smart(sm) if !sm.smart_filters.is_empty()) {
+                        return Err("filterMaskTarget needs an active smart object with smart filters".into());
+                    }
+                    use photocraft_engine::channel_cmds::ChannelTarget;
+                    let composite = matches!(st.channel_view.target, ChannelTarget::Composite | ChannelTarget::LayerMask | ChannelTarget::VectorMask);
+                    if !composite || st.doc.quick_mask.is_some() {
+                        return Err("filterMaskTarget can't be set while a single channel or Quick Mask is targeted".into());
+                    }
+                }
                 let selection_mode = uint_field(p, "selectionMode")?;
                 let dock_tabs = merged_object(&app.ui.dock_tabs, p.get("dockTabs"), "dockTabs")?;
                 let dock = whole_object(&app.ui.dock, p.get("dock"), "dock")?;
                 // Which chip the Color panel edits.
-                let color_panel = whole_object(&app.ui.color_panel, p.get("colorPanel"), "colorPanel")?;
+                let color_panel = merged_object(&app.ui.color_panel, p.get("colorPanel"), "colorPanel")?;
                 let dock_width = f32_field(p, "dockWidth")?;
                 let zoom = f32_field(p, "zoom")?;
                 let rotation = f32_field(p, "rotation")?;
@@ -723,6 +765,16 @@ fn dispatch(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, req: &ControlRequest)
                 if let Some(f) = layer_filter {
                     crate::layer_filter_ui::apply(&mut app.ui, f);
                 }
+                if let Some(h) = histogram_panel {
+                    app.ui.histogram_panel = h;
+                    crate::histogram_panel::persist_options(app);
+                }
+                if let Some(r) = histogram_range {
+                    app.ui.histogram_range = r;
+                }
+                if histogram_refresh == Some(true) {
+                    crate::histogram_panel::uncached_refresh(app);
+                }
                 if let Some(k) = crop_overlay {
                     app.ui.tool_options.crop_overlay = k;
                 }
@@ -742,16 +794,27 @@ fn dispatch(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, req: &ControlRequest)
                     app.ui.panels = v;
                 }
                 if let Some(m) = mask_target {
+                    app.end_filter_mask_view();
+                    app.ui.filter_mask_target = None;
                     app.ui.mask_target = m;
                     app.ui.properties_layer = None;
                     app.ui.vector_mask_target &= !m;
                     app.sync_mask_targets();
                 }
+                if let Some(open) = updates_open {
+                    app.ui.updates_open = open;
+                }
                 if let Some(m) = vector_mask_target {
+                    app.end_filter_mask_view();
+                    app.ui.filter_mask_target = None;
                     app.ui.vector_mask_target = m;
                     app.ui.mask_target &= !m;
                     app.sync_mask_targets();
                 }
+                if let Some(m) = filter_mask_target {
+                    let layer = if m { app.session.active().and_then(|st| st.active_layer).map(|id| id.0) } else { None };
+                    app.select_filter_mask_target(layer);
+                }
                 // Selection tools' options-bar mode: 0 New, 1 Add, 2 Subtract, 3 Intersect.
                 if let Some(m) = selection_mode {
                     app.ui.selection_mode = m.min(3) as u8;
@@ -777,6 +840,10 @@ fn dispatch(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, req: &ControlRequest)
                     crate::panels::request_dock_width(ctx, w as f32);
                 }
                 if let Some(i) = app.session.active_index() {
+                    if zoom.is_some() || center.is_some() || rotation.is_some() || fit {
+                        app.ui.views[i].zoom_animating = false;
+                        app.ui.views[i].zoom_anchor = None;
+                    }
                     if let Some(z) = zoom {
                         let size = app.session.documents().get(i).map_or([0, 0], |st| [st.doc.size.width, st.doc.size.height]);
                         app.ui.views[i].zoom = crate::zoom_levels::clamp(z as f32, size);
@@ -898,6 +965,9 @@ fn dispatch(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, req: &ControlRequest)
             };
             let mut fields = if kind == DialogKind::NewDocument { app.new_document_fields() } else { Default::default() };
             if let Some(f) = p.get("fields").and_then(Value::as_object) {
+                if let Some(marker) = f.keys().find(|k| crate::dialogs::is_route_marker(k)) {
+                    return err(format!("`{marker}` is set only by the dialog it belongs to"));
+                }
                 fields.extend(f.clone());
             }
             ok(json!({"dialog": app.ui.open_dialog(kind, fields)}))
@@ -951,6 +1021,13 @@ fn dispatch(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, req: &ControlRequest)
             let (Some(id), Some(field)) = (u("dialog"), s("field")) else { return err("need `dialog` and `field`") };
             let value = p.get("value").cloned().unwrap_or(Value::Null);
             match app.ui.dialog_mut(id) {
+                // A continuation belongs to the dialog that paused it, even when another
+                // action has a valid token. Replacing it would resume or cancel that action.
+                Some(_) if field == crate::actions::RESUME => err("the paused action token is read-only"),
+                // A marker picks the handler OK runs: a dialog keeps the ones it was opened with.
+                Some(d) if !d.fields.contains_key(field) && crate::dialogs::is_route_marker(field) => {
+                    err(format!("`{field}` is set only by the dialog it belongs to"))
+                }
                 Some(d) => {
                     d.fields.insert(field.to_string(), value);
                     ok(Value::Null)
@@ -1107,6 +1184,17 @@ fn dispatch(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, req: &ControlRequest)
                         }
                         continue;
                     }
+                    // No menu over the agent's own crop frame or Straighten line still being
+                    // dragged, also the first one on the default frame (nothing pending yet).
+                    if app.ui.tool == crate::state::Tool::Crop && (app.crop.drag.is_some() || app.crop.straighten.line.is_some()) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    if app.ui.tool == crate::state::Tool::Crop && crate::crop_ui::pending(app) {
+                        if down {
+                            crate::canvas_tool_menu::open_crop(app, ctx, app.ui.tool, screen_point(app, x, y));
+                        }
+                        continue;
+                    }
                     if crate::canvas_tool_menu::pasteboard_at(app, app.ui.tool, [x, y]) {
                         if down {
                             crate::canvas_tool_menu::open_pasteboard(app, ctx, app.ui.tool, screen_point(app, x, y));
@@ -1259,8 +1347,9 @@ fn dispatch(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, req: &ControlRequest)
             if focus.unwrap_or(true) {
                 ctx.send_viewport_cmd(egui::ViewportCommand::Focus);
             }
-            // The capture itself is issued by `PhotocraftApp::issue_screenshots` once open/close
-            // animations (modals, popups) have settled.
+            // The capture itself is admitted by `PhotocraftApp::drain_control` (budget and
+            // geometry) and issued from a later `App::ui` pass once open/close animations
+            // (modals, popups) have settled (see `screenshot.rs`).
             let token = app.ui.alloc_id();
             ctx.request_repaint();
             Outcome::Screenshot { token, path }
@@ -1363,6 +1452,7 @@ pub fn inspect(app: &PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> Value {
                 "tool": menu.tool,
                 "pasteboard": menu.pasteboard,
                 "guide": menu.guide,
+                "crop": menu.crop.is_some(),
                 "entries": context_entries(app, menu)
             })
         }),
@@ -1370,7 +1460,7 @@ pub fn inspect(app: &PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> Value {
         "dockTabs": app.ui.dock_tabs,
         "dock": app.ui.dock,
         "docking": app.ui.docking,
-        "dockingHidden": app.ui.docking_hidden,
+        "dockingReturns": app.ui.docking_returns,
         "dockingCollapsed": app.ui.docking_collapsed,
         "view": app.ui.view,
         "views": app.ui.views,
@@ -1380,6 +1470,8 @@ pub fn inspect(app: &PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> Value {
         "status": app.ui.status,
         "statusError": app.ui.status_error,
         "notices": app.ui.notices,
+        "updatesOpen": app.ui.updates_open,
+        "updates": {"supported": app.session.updates.check.is_some(), "currentVersion": photocraft_engine::build_info::VERSION, "result": app.session.updates.status},
         "gpuFallbackNotice": app.ui.gpu_fallback_notice,
         "kysOffer": app.ui.kys_offer,
         "frame": app.frame,
@@ -1389,6 +1481,7 @@ pub fn inspect(app: &PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> Value {
         "brush": {"size": app.session.tools.brush.size, "hardness": app.session.tools.brush.hardness, "opacity": app.session.tools.brush.opacity},
         "distort": app.distort.describe(),
         "jobs": crate::jobs_ui::inspect(app),
+        "histogram": crate::histogram_panel::inspect(app),
         "cameraRaw": app.camera_raw.as_ref().map(|d| d.describe(&app.ui.camera_raw_scope, &app.ui.camera_raw_preview)),
     })
 }
@@ -1396,8 +1489,15 @@ pub fn inspect(app: &PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> Value {
 pub fn save_screenshot(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, image: &egui::ColorImage, path: Option<&str>) -> Value {
     let [w, h] = image.size;
     let rgba: Vec<u8> = image.pixels.iter().flat_map(|c| c.to_array()).collect();
+    save_screenshot_rgba(app, w, h, &rgba, path)
+}
+
+/// Encode already-flattened RGBA pixels. The capture lifecycle uses this after dropping the
+/// retained [`egui::ColorImage`], so the encoder's input copy and the retained image do not
+/// overlap in memory (see `PhotocraftApp::finish_captures`).
+pub fn save_screenshot_rgba(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, w: usize, h: usize, rgba: &[u8], path: Option<&str>) -> Value {
     let png = match app.services.encode_png.as_ref() {
-        Some(enc) => enc(w as u32, h as u32, &rgba),
+        Some(enc) => enc(w as u32, h as u32, rgba),
         None => Err("no PNG encoder configured".into()),
     };
     let Some(path) = path else {
@@ -1465,8 +1565,8 @@ mod tests {
         let dng = spec.build();
         for finish in ["commit", "cancel"] {
             let services = crate::Services {
-                import: Some(Box::new(|name, bytes, depth| {
-                    photocraft_io::import_with_svg_group_depth(name, bytes, depth).map(|r| (r.document, r.warnings)).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+                import: Some(Box::new(|name, bytes, opts| {
+                    photocraft_io::import_with_options(name, bytes, opts).map(|r| (r.document, r.warnings)).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
                 })),
                 ..Default::default()
             };
@@ -1553,6 +1653,57 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(app.camera_raw.is_none());
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn full_window_workspaces_are_modal_for_menu_invocations() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width":32,"height":32})).unwrap();
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width":32,"height":32})).unwrap();
+        app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.run("edit.fill", json!({"color":"#808080"})).unwrap();
+        app.run("select.rect", json!({"x":8,"y":8,"width":8,"height":8})).unwrap();
+        for workspace in ["filter.liquify", "edit.contentAwareFill", "filter.filterGallery", "filter.adaptiveWideAngle"] {
+            let opened = call(&mut app, &ctx, "ui.menu.invoke", json!({"id":workspace}));
+            assert_eq!(opened["ok"], true, "{workspace}: {opened}");
+            assert_eq!(crate::distort_ui::modal_workspace(&app), Some(workspace));
+            let doc = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.id;
+            for request in [
+                json!({"id":"window.document.0"}),
+                json!({"id":"select.all"}),
+                json!({"id":"view.zoomIn"}),
+                json!({"id":"filter.cameraRaw"}),
+                json!({"id":workspace,"params":{"ui":null}}),
+            ] {
+                let blocked = call(&mut app, &ctx, "ui.menu.invoke", request.clone());
+                assert_eq!(blocked["ok"], false, "{workspace}: {request} → {blocked}");
+                assert!(!crate::menus::modal_allows(&app, request["id"].as_str().unwrap()), "{workspace}: native menu greys {request}");
+            }
+            let listed = call(&mut app, &ctx, "ui.menu.list", json!({}));
+            let enabled = |id: &str| listed["result"].as_array().unwrap().iter().find(|it| it["id"] == id).map(|it| it["enabled"].clone());
+            assert_eq!(enabled("select.all"), Some(json!(false)), "{workspace}: ui.menu.list greys what invoke refuses");
+            assert_eq!(crate::distort_ui::modal_workspace(&app), Some(workspace), "{workspace} stays open with its work");
+            assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.id, doc);
+            // An open dialog still takes precedence over the workspace's own requests.
+            app.ui.open_dialog(DialogKind::About, Default::default());
+            let cancel = json!({"id":workspace,"params":{"ui":{"cancel":true}}});
+            assert_eq!(call(&mut app, &ctx, "ui.menu.invoke", cancel.clone())["ok"], false);
+            app.ui.dialogs.clear();
+            let cancelled = call(&mut app, &ctx, "ui.menu.invoke", cancel);
+            assert_eq!(cancelled["ok"], true, "{workspace}: {cancelled}");
+            assert_eq!(crate::distort_ui::modal_workspace(&app), None);
+            assert!(crate::menus::modal_allows(&app, "select.all"), "{workspace}: menus are free again");
+            let listed = call(&mut app, &ctx, "ui.menu.list", json!({}));
+            assert!(
+                listed["result"].as_array().unwrap().iter().any(|it| it["id"] == "select.all" && it["enabled"] == true),
+                "{workspace}: listed as enabled again"
+            );
+        }
+        // engine.execute stays programmatic: it is not a menu click.
+        assert_eq!(call(&mut app, &ctx, "ui.menu.invoke", json!({"id":"filter.liquify"}))["ok"], true);
+        let executed = call(&mut app, &ctx, "engine.execute", json!({"command":"select.all"}));
+        assert_eq!(executed["ok"], true, "{executed}");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn layer_style_picker_control_binds_previews_confirms_and_cancels() {
         let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
@@ -1895,6 +2046,78 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(app.ui.canvas_tool_menu.is_none());
     }
 
+    /// #6561: an agent's right-click on a pending crop opens the crop menu, as on the canvas.
+    #[test]
+    fn agent_right_click_on_a_pending_crop_opens_and_runs_the_crop_menu() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 32, "height": 32})).unwrap();
+        app.sync_views();
+        app.ui.tool = crate::state::Tool::Crop;
+        app.ui.tool_options.crop_shield.classic_mode = true;
+        app.ui.extras.snap = false;
+        crate::crop_ui::ensure_frame(&mut app);
+        tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 4.0, y: 4.0, pressure: 1.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Move { x: 16.0, y: 12.0, pressure: 1.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Move { x: 28.0, y: 20.0, pressure: 1.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 28.0, y: 20.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        let frame = app.ui.crop_rect.unwrap();
+        let result = call(
+            &mut app,
+            &ctx,
+            "ui.pointer",
+            json!({"tool": "Crop", "button": "secondary", "events": [{"kind":"down","x":16,"y":12},{"kind":"up","x":16,"y":12}]}),
+        );
+        assert_eq!(result["ok"], true);
+        let inspected = call(&mut app, &ctx, "ui.inspect", json!({}));
+        assert_eq!(inspected.pointer("/result/canvasToolMenu/crop"), Some(&json!(true)));
+        let entries = inspected.pointer("/result/canvasToolMenu/entries").and_then(Value::as_array).unwrap();
+        assert!(entries.iter().any(|row| row.get("id") == Some(&json!("crop.commit")) && row.get("enabled") == Some(&json!(true))));
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.crop_rect, Some(frame), "the right-click leaves the frame alone");
+        assert_eq!(call(&mut app, &ctx, "ui.context.choose", json!({"id":"crop.commit"}))["ok"], true);
+        let size = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.size;
+        assert_eq!([f64::from(size.width), f64::from(size.height)], [frame[2] - frame[0], frame[3] - frame[1]], "cropped to the frame");
+    }
+
+    /// An agent's right-click while its own crop frame drag is still down opens no menu over it;
+    /// after the drag's release it does.
+    #[test]
+    fn agent_right_click_during_its_crop_drag_opens_no_menu() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 32, "height": 32})).unwrap();
+        app.sync_views();
+        app.ui.tool = crate::state::Tool::Crop;
+        app.ui.tool_options.crop_shield.classic_mode = true;
+        app.ui.extras.snap = false;
+        crate::crop_ui::ensure_frame(&mut app);
+        let pointer = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp, button: &str, events: Value| {
+            assert_eq!(call(app, &ctx, "ui.pointer", json!({"tool": "Crop", "button": button, "events": events}))["ok"], true);
+        };
+        // The first drag on the default frame (nothing pending yet): no pasteboard menu outside the image.
+        pointer(&mut app, "left", json!([{"kind":"down","x":4,"y":4},{"kind":"move","x":16,"y":12},{"kind":"move","x":28,"y":20}]));
+        assert!(app.crop.drag.is_some() && !crate::crop_ui::pending(&app), "the first frame is still being drawn");
+        pointer(&mut app, "secondary", json!([{"kind":"down","x":-8,"y":-8},{"kind":"up","x":-8,"y":-8}]));
+        assert!(app.ui.canvas_tool_menu.is_none(), "no pasteboard menu over the first drag");
+        pointer(&mut app, "left", json!([{"kind":"up","x":28,"y":20}]));
+        // A second drag, on the drawn frame, still down.
+        pointer(&mut app, "left", json!([{"kind":"down","x":16,"y":12},{"kind":"move","x":18,"y":14}]));
+        assert!(app.crop.drag.is_some() && crate::crop_ui::pending(&app), "the frame drag is still down");
+        let right_click = json!([{"kind":"down","x":16,"y":12},{"kind":"up","x":16,"y":12}]);
+        pointer(&mut app, "secondary", right_click.clone());
+        assert!(app.ui.canvas_tool_menu.is_none(), "no menu over the drag");
+        pointer(&mut app, "left", json!([{"kind":"up","x":18,"y":14}]));
+        pointer(&mut app, "secondary", right_click.clone());
+        assert!(app.ui.canvas_tool_menu.as_ref().is_some_and(|m| m.crop.is_some()), "after the release it opens");
+        // Nor over a Straighten line still being drawn.
+        app.ui.canvas_tool_menu = None;
+        crate::crop_straighten::toggle(&mut app);
+        pointer(&mut app, "left", json!([{"kind":"down","x":6,"y":6},{"kind":"move","x":20,"y":8}]));
+        assert!(app.crop.straighten.line.is_some(), "the Straighten line is still down");
+        pointer(&mut app, "secondary", right_click);
+        assert!(app.ui.canvas_tool_menu.is_none(), "no menu over the Straighten line");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn agent_can_inspect_and_choose_pen_make_selection_from_full_context_menu() {
         let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
@@ -2334,17 +2557,17 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn ui_set_color_panel_slider_mode() {
-        use crate::state::ColorPanelSliderMode;
+    fn ui_set_color_panel_mode() {
+        use crate::state::ColorPanelMode;
         let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
         let ctx = egui::Context::default();
-        assert_eq!(app.ui.color_panel.slider_mode, ColorPanelSliderMode::Hsb);
-        assert_eq!(call(&mut app, &ctx, "ui.set", json!({"colorPanel": {"slider_mode": "rgb"}}))["ok"], true);
-        assert_eq!(app.ui.color_panel.slider_mode, ColorPanelSliderMode::Rgb);
-        assert_eq!(call(&mut app, &ctx, "ui.set", json!({"colorPanel": {"slider_mode": "hsb"}}))["ok"], true);
-        assert_eq!(app.ui.color_panel.slider_mode, ColorPanelSliderMode::Hsb);
-        assert_eq!(call(&mut app, &ctx, "ui.set", json!({"colorPanel": {"slider_mode": "cmyk"}}))["ok"], false);
-        assert_eq!(app.ui.color_panel.slider_mode, ColorPanelSliderMode::Hsb);
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.color_panel.mode, ColorPanelMode::HueCube);
+        assert_eq!(call(&mut app, &ctx, "ui.set", json!({"colorPanel": {"mode": "rgbSliders"}}))["ok"], true);
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.color_panel.mode, ColorPanelMode::RgbSliders);
+        assert_eq!(call(&mut app, &ctx, "ui.set", json!({"colorPanel": {"mode": "hsbSliders"}}))["ok"], true);
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.color_panel.mode, ColorPanelMode::HsbSliders);
+        assert_eq!(call(&mut app, &ctx, "ui.set", json!({"colorPanel": {"mode": "nope"}}))["ok"], false);
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.color_panel.mode, ColorPanelMode::HsbSliders);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -2505,6 +2728,54 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(written.borrow().len(), 3, "a bad tgaBits writes nothing");
     }
 
+    /// `app.save` takes JPEG Options (`quality` 0–12, `jpegFormat`) and never stops at the prompt;
+    /// a value it can't read is an error that writes nothing.
+    #[test]
+    fn automation_save_passes_jpeg_options_without_asking() {
+        use photocraft_codecs::JpegFormat;
+        use std::cell::RefCell;
+        use std::rc::Rc;
+        // The JPEG quality (1–100) and format each export was asked for.
+        type Asked = Rc<RefCell<Vec<(Option<u8>, JpegFormat)>>>;
+        let asked: Asked = Rc::default();
+        let written: Rc<RefCell<Vec<String>>> = Rc::default();
+        let (a, w) = (asked.clone(), written.clone());
+        let services = crate::Services {
+            export: Some(Box::new(move |_d: &photocraft_doc::Document, _p: &str, s: &crate::ExportSettings| {
+                a.borrow_mut().push((s.jpeg_quality, s.jpeg_format));
+                Ok((b"out".to_vec(), Vec::new()))
+            })),
+            automation_write: Some(Box::new(move |path: &str, _b: &[u8]| {
+                w.borrow_mut().push(path.to_string());
+                Ok(())
+            })),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), services);
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8})).unwrap();
+        for params in [
+            json!({"path": "a.jpg"}),
+            json!({"path": "b.jpg", "quality": 12, "jpegFormat": "progressive"}),
+            json!({"path": "c.jpg", "jpegFormat": "optimized"}),
+        ] {
+            let r = call(&mut app, &ctx, "app.save", params.clone());
+            assert_eq!(r["result"]["path"], params["path"], "{r}");
+            assert!(app.jpeg_options.is_none(), "automation saves never prompt");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(*asked.borrow(), [(None, JpegFormat::Baseline), (Some(100), JpegFormat::Progressive), (None, JpegFormat::Optimized)]);
+        for bad in [
+            json!({"path": "d.jpg", "quality": 13}),
+            json!({"path": "d.jpg", "quality": "high"}),
+            json!({"path": "d.jpg", "jpegFormat": "fast"}),
+            json!({"path": "d.jpg", "jpegFormat": 2}),
+        ] {
+            let r = call(&mut app, &ctx, "app.save", bad.clone());
+            assert!(r["error"].is_string(), "{bad}: {r}");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(written.borrow().len(), 3, "a bad JPEG option writes nothing");
+    }
+
     /// `app.save` takes the DDS options (`ddsCompression`, `ddsMipmaps`) and never stops at DDS
     /// Options.
     #[test]
@@ -2561,7 +2832,7 @@ mod tests {
         let written: Rc<RefCell<Vec<String>>> = Rc::default();
         let w = written.clone();
         let services = crate::Services {
-            import: Some(Box::new(|name: &str, _b: &[u8], _depth: usize| {
+            import: Some(Box::new(|name: &str, _b: &[u8], _opts: &photocraft_io::ImportOptions| {
                 Ok((Document::new(name, Size::new(4, 4), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8), vec!["Adjustment layer flattened".to_string()]))
             })),
             export: Some(Box::new(|_d: &Document, _p: &str, _s: &crate::ExportSettings| Ok((b"out".to_vec(), vec!["Layers were flattened".to_string()])))),
@@ -2609,6 +2880,77 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    /// An app whose automation gates refuse file commands, with a document open, and the paths
+    /// its writer was asked to write.
+    fn gated_app_recording_writes() -> (PhotocraftApp, egui::Context, std::rc::Rc<std::cell::RefCell<Vec<String>>>, u64) {
+        let written: std::rc::Rc<std::cell::RefCell<Vec<String>>> = std::rc::Rc::default();
+        let w = written.clone();
+        let services = crate::Services {
+            automation_authorize: Some(deny_ambient_file),
+            automation_command: Some(Box::new(|id, params| deny_ambient_file(id, params).map_err(|e| e.to_string()))),
+            export: Some(Box::new(|_: &photocraft_doc::Document, _: &str, _: &crate::ExportSettings| Ok((b"out".to_vec(), Vec::new())))),
+            write: Some(Box::new(move |path: &str, _: &[u8]| {
+                w.borrow_mut().push(path.to_string());
+                Ok(())
+            })),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), services);
+        app.background_jobs = false;
+        app.session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 4, "height": 4})).unwrap();
+        let doc = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.id.0;
+        (app, egui::Context::default(), written, doc)
+    }
+
+    fn outside_target() -> String {
+        std::env::temp_dir().join("outside").join("x.png").to_string_lossy().into_owned()
+    }
+
+    /// `ui.dialog.set` and `ui.dialog.open` never add a marker that picks a dialog's OK handler:
+    /// a View › Zoom In dialog can't be made to confirm as the disk-change prompt's save.
+    #[test]
+    fn automation_cannot_add_a_marker_that_reroutes_a_dialog() {
+        let (mut app, ctx, written, doc) = gated_app_recording_writes();
+        let target = outside_target();
+        let r = call(&mut app, &ctx, "ui.dialog.open", json!({"kind": "command", "command": "view.zoomIn"}));
+        let dialog = r["result"]["dialog"].clone();
+        for (field, value) in [("document", json!(doc)), ("path", json!(target)), ("flat", json!(false))] {
+            let r = call(&mut app, &ctx, "ui.dialog.set", json!({"dialog": dialog, "field": field, "value": value}));
+            assert!(r.get("error").is_none(), "{r}");
+        }
+        let injected = call(&mut app, &ctx, "ui.dialog.set", json!({"dialog": dialog, "field": "__diskChanged", "value": true}));
+        let replace = call(&mut app, &ctx, "ui.dialog.set", json!({"dialog": dialog, "field": "__replaceSaved", "value": true}));
+        assert!(replace["error"].as_str().is_some_and(|e| e.contains("set only by the dialog")), "{replace}");
+        call(&mut app, &ctx, "ui.dialog.confirm", json!({"dialog": dialog}));
+        assert!(written.borrow().is_empty(), "nothing is written: {:?}", written.borrow());
+        assert!(injected["error"].as_str().is_some_and(|e| e.contains("set only by the dialog")), "{injected}");
+        let r = call(&mut app, &ctx, "ui.dialog.open", json!({"kind": "about", "fields": {"__export": true}}));
+        assert!(r["error"].as_str().is_some_and(|e| e.contains("set only by the dialog")), "{r}");
+    }
+
+    /// A handler that writes files itself (the disk-change prompt's save) is judged as the file
+    /// command it stands for, through a control request or synthetic input alike.
+    #[test]
+    fn automation_confirming_a_file_writing_dialog_is_judged_as_its_file_command() {
+        let (mut app, ctx, written, doc) = gated_app_recording_writes();
+        let target = outside_target();
+        // A real disk-change prompt keeps its own fields settable, but its save is a file command.
+        let fields = json!({"__diskChanged": true, "__label": "Save", "message": "", "document": doc, "path": target, "flat": false});
+        let prompt = app.ui.open_dialog(DialogKind::Command, fields.as_object().cloned().unwrap());
+        let r = call(&mut app, &ctx, "ui.dialog.set", json!({"dialog": prompt, "field": "__diskChanged", "value": true}));
+        assert!(r.get("error").is_none(), "{r}");
+        let r = call(&mut app, &ctx, "ui.dialog.confirm", json!({"dialog": prompt}));
+        assert!(written.borrow().is_empty(), "nothing is written: {:?}", written.borrow());
+        assert!(r["error"].as_str().is_some_and(|e| e.contains("file.save")), "{r}");
+        // Synthetic input (Enter or OK) reaches the same handler without the control pre-check.
+        let synthetic = app.ui.open_dialog(DialogKind::Command, fields.as_object().cloned().unwrap());
+        app.automation_input = true;
+        let r = crate::dialogs::confirm(&mut app, synthetic);
+        app.automation_input = false;
+        assert!(written.borrow().is_empty(), "nothing is written: {:?}", written.borrow());
+        assert!(r.is_err_and(|e| e.contains("file.save")));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn app_open_opens_a_directory_pcraft_and_falls_back_for_the_zip_form() {
         use photocraft_doc::Document;
@@ -2625,7 +2967,7 @@ mod tests {
                     Err(format!("corrupt bundle: {path}"))
                 }
             })),
-            import: Some(Box::new(|name: &str, _b: &[u8], _depth: usize| {
+            import: Some(Box::new(|name: &str, _b: &[u8], _opts: &photocraft_io::ImportOptions| {
                 Ok((Document::new(name, photocraft_doc::Size::new(4, 4), photocraft_doc::ColorMode::Rgb, photocraft_doc::SampleType::U8), Vec::new()))
             })),
             automation_read: Some(Box::new(|path: &str| {
@@ -3188,4 +3530,71 @@ mod tests {
         let shift_alt = key_modifiers(&mut app, &ctx, json!({"key":"N","shift":true,"alt":true}));
         assert!(shift_alt.shift && shift_alt.alt && !shift_alt.command && !shift_alt.ctrl, "{shift_alt:?}");
     }
+
+    /// FILE-215-3: `filterMaskTarget` on a layer without a filter mask is refused before anything
+    /// changes, so the layer mask stays targeted.
+    #[test]
+    fn ui_set_filter_mask_target_needs_a_smart_object_with_filters() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 32, "height": 32})).unwrap();
+        app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.run("edit.fill", json!({"contents": "color", "color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+        app.run("layer.layerMask.revealAll", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(call(&mut app, &ctx, "ui.set", json!({"maskTarget": true}))["ok"], true);
+        let bad = call(&mut app, &ctx, "ui.set", json!({"filterMaskTarget": true}));
+        assert_eq!(bad["ok"], false, "{bad}");
+        assert!(app.ui.mask_target, "the layer mask stays targeted");
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.filter_mask_target, None);
+        // A smart object with smart filters takes it.
+        app.run("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.run("filter.blur.gaussianBlur", json!({"radius": 2})).unwrap();
+        // Not while a single colour channel is targeted: nothing would end up targeted.
+        app.session.active_mut().unwrap().channel_view.target = photocraft_engine::channel_cmds::ChannelTarget::Color(0);
+        assert_eq!(call(&mut app, &ctx, "ui.set", json!({"filterMaskTarget": true}))["ok"], false);
+        app.session.active_mut().unwrap().channel_view.target = photocraft_engine::channel_cmds::ChannelTarget::Composite;
+        assert_eq!(call(&mut app, &ctx, "ui.set", json!({"filterMaskTarget": true}))["ok"], true);
+        assert!(app.filter_mask_targeted());
+        // Untargeting it ends its view, which would otherwise keep it targeted.
+        app.run("paint.stroke", json!({"points": [[4, 4]], "size": 4, "hardness": 1, "color": "#000000", "target": "filterMask"})).unwrap();
+        app.run("view.layerMask", json!({"mode": "gray", "mask": "filter"})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(call(&mut app, &ctx, "ui.set", json!({"filterMaskTarget": false}))["ok"], true);
+        assert!(!app.filter_mask_targeted());
+        assert!(photocraft_engine::mask_view_cmds::current(app.session.active().unwrap()).is_none());
+        // Targeting the pixels untargets it too.
+        assert_eq!(call(&mut app, &ctx, "ui.set", json!({"filterMaskTarget": true}))["ok"], true);
+        assert_eq!(call(&mut app, &ctx, "ui.set", json!({"maskTarget": false}))["ok"], true);
+        assert!(!app.filter_mask_targeted());
+        assert_eq!(crate::canvas::paint_target(&app), json!("pixels"));
+    }
+
+    /// FILE-215-3: with the filter mask shown (⌥-click its thumbnail), targeting the layer mask
+    /// ends that view, and the brush paints the layer mask.
+    #[test]
+    fn ui_set_mask_target_ends_a_filter_mask_view() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 32, "height": 32})).unwrap();
+        app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.run("edit.fill", json!({"contents": "color", "color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+        app.run("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.run("filter.blur.gaussianBlur", json!({"radius": 2})).unwrap();
+        app.run("layer.layerMask.revealAll", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.run("paint.stroke", json!({"points": [[4, 4]], "size": 4, "hardness": 1, "color": "#000000", "target": "filterMask"})).unwrap();
+        app.run("view.layerMask", json!({"mode": "gray", "mask": "filter"})).unwrap();
+        app.sync_mask_targets();
+        assert!(app.filter_mask_targeted());
+        assert_eq!(call(&mut app, &ctx, "ui.set", json!({"maskTarget": true}))["ok"], true);
+        assert!(photocraft_engine::mask_view_cmds::current(app.session.active().unwrap()).is_none(), "the filter mask view ends");
+        assert!(app.layer_mask_targeted());
+        assert!(!app.filter_mask_targeted());
+        assert_eq!(crate::canvas::paint_target(&app), json!("mask"));
+        let target = crate::canvas::paint_target(&app);
+        app.run("paint.stroke", json!({"points": [[20, 20]], "size": 4, "hardness": 1, "color": "#000000", "target": target})).unwrap();
+        let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+        let l = st.doc.layer(st.active_layer.unwrap()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(l.mask.as_ref().unwrap().value(20, 20), 0.0, "the stroke went into the layer mask");
+        let photocraft_doc::LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &l.content else { panic!("smart object") };
+        assert_eq!(sm.filter_mask.as_ref().unwrap().value(20, 20), 1.0, "not into the filter mask");
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/control_click.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/control_click.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..289af136b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/control_click.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+//! Normalize macOS Control-click before egui routes clicks to panels and canvas tools.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(crate) struct ControlClick {
+    secondary_down: bool,
+}
+
+impl ControlClick {
+    pub fn normalize(&mut self, events: &mut [egui::Event], macos: bool) {
+        if !macos {
+            return;
+        }
+        for event in events {
+            match event {
+                egui::Event::PointerButton { button, pressed, modifiers, .. } if *button == egui::PointerButton::Primary => {
+                    if *pressed {
+                        // Control-Option is the existing brush resize gesture.
+                        self.secondary_down = modifiers.ctrl && !modifiers.alt && !modifiers.command;
+                    }
+                    if self.secondary_down {
+                        *button = egui::PointerButton::Secondary;
+                    }
+                    if !*pressed {
+                        self.secondary_down = false;
+                    }
+                }
+                // A drag keeps the mapping when the pointer leaves the window or focus is lost: the
+                // release still arrives and must match the secondary press egui already saw. The
+                // next press recomputes it, so a missed release can't remap a plain click.
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use egui::{Event, Modifiers, PointerButton};
+
+    fn button(pressed: bool, modifiers: Modifiers) -> Event {
+        Event::PointerButton { pos: egui::pos2(50.0, 50.0), button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed, modifiers }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn control_click_opens_context_menu_even_when_control_is_released_first() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut state = ControlClick::default();
+        let mut secondary = false;
+        let mut primary = false;
+        for mut events in [vec![], vec![Event::PointerMoved(egui::pos2(50.0, 50.0)), button(true, Modifiers::CTRL)], vec![button(false, Modifiers::NONE)]] {
+            state.normalize(&mut events, true);
+            let raw = egui::RawInput { events, ..Default::default() };
+            ctx.run_ui(raw, |ui| {
+                let r = ui.allocate_rect(egui::Rect::from_min_size(egui::Pos2::ZERO, egui::vec2(200.0, 200.0)), egui::Sense::click());
+                secondary |= r.secondary_clicked();
+                primary |= r.clicked();
+                r.context_menu(|ui| {
+                    ui.label("Layer context menu");
+                });
+            })
+            .textures_delta
+            .clear();
+        }
+        assert!(secondary);
+        assert!(!primary);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn other_platforms_and_existing_modifier_gestures_stay_primary() {
+        for (macos, mods) in
+            [(false, Modifiers::CTRL), (true, Modifiers::NONE), (true, Modifiers::CTRL | Modifiers::ALT), (true, Modifiers::CTRL | Modifiers::COMMAND)]
+        {
+            let mut events = vec![button(true, mods), button(false, mods)];
+            ControlClick::default().normalize(&mut events, macos);
+            assert!(events.iter().all(|e| matches!(e, Event::PointerButton { button: PointerButton::Primary, .. })));
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_control_drag_out_of_the_window_and_back_releases_the_secondary_button() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut state = ControlClick::default();
+        let frames = [
+            vec![Event::PointerMoved(egui::pos2(50.0, 50.0)), button(true, Modifiers::CTRL)],
+            vec![Event::PointerGone],
+            vec![Event::WindowFocused(false)],
+            vec![Event::PointerMoved(egui::pos2(60.0, 60.0))],
+            vec![button(false, Modifiers::NONE)],
+        ];
+        let mut down = Vec::new();
+        for mut events in frames {
+            state.normalize(&mut events, true);
+            ctx.run_ui(egui::RawInput { events, ..Default::default() }, |ui| {
+                down.push(ui.input(|i| (i.pointer.secondary_down(), i.pointer.primary_down())));
+            })
+            .textures_delta
+            .clear();
+        }
+        assert_eq!(down.first(), Some(&(true, false)), "the Control press is a secondary press");
+        assert_eq!(down.last(), Some(&(false, false)), "the release after re-entry ends it: no stuck button");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn focus_loss_does_not_remap_the_next_plain_click() {
+        let mut state = ControlClick::default();
+        state.normalize(&mut [button(true, Modifiers::CTRL)], true);
+        state.normalize(&mut [Event::WindowFocused(false)], true);
+        let mut events = [button(true, Modifiers::NONE), button(false, Modifiers::NONE)];
+        state.normalize(&mut events, true);
+        assert!(events.iter().all(|e| matches!(e, Event::PointerButton { button: PointerButton::Primary, .. })));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/corner_radius.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/corner_radius.rs
index b02e4d0eea..388ad60a96 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/corner_radius.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/corner_radius.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
-//! On-canvas corner radius widgets for live rectangles (TOOL-214-12), as in Photoshop: with Path
-//! Selection, the Rectangle tool, or the Move tool showing its transform controls, every selected
-//! shape layer that is a live rectangle shows a round widget inside each corner, at the centre of
-//! its arc. Dragging one rounds every corner of every selected rectangle to the same radius;
-//! ⌥/Alt changes that corner only, on each of them. The drag previews the new outlines and
-//! commits one `shape.edit` with `radii` per changed layer on release, as one history step; a
-//! click without movement changes nothing.
+//! On-canvas corner radius widgets for live shapes (TOOL-214-12), as in Photoshop: with Path
+//! Selection, a shape tool (Rectangle, Triangle, Polygon), or the Move tool showing its transform
+//! controls, every selected shape layer that is a live rectangle, triangle, polygon or star shows
+//! a round widget inside each corner, at the centre of its arc. Dragging one rounds every corner
+//! of every selected shape to the same radius; ⌥/Alt changes that corner only on rectangles
+//! (a triangle or polygon has one radius for all its corners, as in Photoshop). The drag previews
+//! the new outlines and commits one `shape.edit` per changed layer on release (`radii` for a
+//! rectangle, `cornerRadius` for a polygon), as one history step; a click without movement
+//! changes nothing.
 
 use egui::{Color32, Modifiers, Pos2, Stroke};
 use photocraft_doc::LayerContent;
 use photocraft_doc::vector::LiveShape;
+use photocraft_vector::shapes;
 
 use crate::PhotocraftApp;
 use crate::canvas::ToolEvent;
@@ -18,24 +21,124 @@ use crate::state::Tool;
 /// can still be grabbed.
 const MIN_INSET: f64 = 10.0;
 
-/// A selected live rectangle: its layer, `[x, y, w, h]` with a positive size, and its radii.
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
+/// The live shape a target's corners belong to.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+enum Geom {
+    /// `[x, y, w, h]` with a positive size.
+    Rect([f64; 4]),
+    /// The polygon's parameters and its sharp vertices, in path order.
+    Polygon { rect: [f64; 4], sides: u32, star_ratio: f64, vertices: Vec<[f64; 2]> },
+}
+
+/// A selected live shape with corners: its layer, its geometry, and its radii (a rectangle's four
+/// `[tl, tr, br, bl]`; a polygon's one radius, repeated).
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub struct Target {
     layer: u64,
-    rect: [f64; 4],
+    geom: Geom,
     radii: [f64; 4],
 }
 
+/// One corner: its vertex, and how far its arc's centre moves per unit of radius (the centre is
+/// `vertex + step * r`: `(±1, ±1)` for a rectangle, `bisector / sin(half the angle)` for a
+/// polygon vertex).
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
+struct Corner {
+    vertex: [f64; 2],
+    step: [f64; 2],
+}
+
+impl Target {
+    fn corners(&self) -> usize {
+        match &self.geom {
+            Geom::Rect(_) => 4,
+            Geom::Polygon { vertices, .. } => vertices.len(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_rect(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self.geom, Geom::Rect(_))
+    }
+
+    /// Corner `i`, `None` when it is degenerate.
+    fn corner(&self, i: usize) -> Option<Corner> {
+        match &self.geom {
+            Geom::Rect([x, y, w, h]) => {
+                let (vertex, d) = match i {
+                    0 => ([*x, *y], [1.0, 1.0]),
+                    1 => ([x + w, *y], [-1.0, 1.0]),
+                    2 => ([x + w, y + h], [-1.0, -1.0]),
+                    _ => ([*x, y + h], [1.0, -1.0]),
+                };
+                Some(Corner { vertex, step: d })
+            }
+            Geom::Polygon { vertices, .. } => {
+                let f = self.fillet(i, 1.0)?;
+                let sin = f.half_angle.sin();
+                (sin > 1e-9).then(|| Corner { vertex: vertices.get(i).copied().unwrap_or(f.centre), step: [f.bisector[0] / sin, f.bisector[1] / sin] })
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A polygon vertex's rounding with radius `r`.
+    fn fillet(&self, i: usize, r: f64) -> Option<shapes::Fillet> {
+        let Geom::Polygon { vertices, .. } = &self.geom else { return None };
+        let n = vertices.len();
+        let at = |k: usize| vertices.get(k % n).copied();
+        shapes::fillet(at(i + n - 1)?, at(i)?, at(i + 1)?, r)
+    }
+
+    /// The largest radius every corner of the shape can take.
+    fn max_radius(&self) -> f64 {
+        match &self.geom {
+            Geom::Rect(r) => r[2].min(r[3]) / 2.0,
+            Geom::Polygon { vertices, .. } => (0..vertices.len()).filter_map(|i| self.fillet(i, 1.0e12)).map(|f| f.radius).fold(f64::INFINITY, f64::min),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The radius corner `i` is drawn with for `radii`: capped at what the shape allows there.
+    fn radius_at(&self, radii: [f64; 4], i: usize) -> f64 {
+        match &self.geom {
+            Geom::Rect(_) => radii.get(i).copied().unwrap_or(0.0).clamp(0.0, self.max_radius()),
+            Geom::Polygon { .. } => self.fillet(i, radii[0]).map_or(0.0, |f| f.radius),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Where corner `i`'s widget is drawn for `radii`: the centre of its arc, or a few screen
+    /// points inside a sharper corner.
+    fn widget(&self, radii: [f64; 4], i: usize, zoom: f64) -> Option<[f64; 2]> {
+        let c = self.corner(i)?;
+        let most = match &self.geom {
+            Geom::Rect(_) => self.max_radius(),
+            Geom::Polygon { .. } => self.fillet(i, 1.0e12).map_or(0.0, |f| f.radius),
+        };
+        // The inset is measured like a rectangle's: 10 points along each axis of a right angle.
+        let len = c.step[0].hypot(c.step[1]).max(1e-9);
+        let inset = MIN_INSET / zoom * std::f64::consts::SQRT_2 / len;
+        let r = self.radius_at(radii, i).max(inset).min(most);
+        Some([c.vertex[0] + c.step[0] * r, c.vertex[1] + c.step[1] * r])
+    }
+
+    /// The outline for `radii`.
+    fn path(&self, radii: [f64; 4]) -> photocraft_doc::Path {
+        match &self.geom {
+            Geom::Rect([x, y, w, h]) => shapes::rounded_rect(*x, *y, *w, *h, radii),
+            Geom::Polygon { rect, sides, star_ratio, .. } => {
+                shapes::live_path(&LiveShape::Polygon { rect: *rect, sides: *sides, star_ratio: *star_ratio, corner_radius: radii[0] })
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// A corner radius drag in progress.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub struct Drag {
-    /// Every selected live rectangle, as at the press.
+    /// Every selected live shape with corners, as at the press.
     targets: Vec<Target>,
-    /// The rectangle whose widget was pressed (an index into `targets`) and its corner,
-    /// `[tl, tr, br, bl]` order.
+    /// The shape whose widget was pressed (an index into `targets`) and its corner.
     grabbed: usize,
     corner: usize,
-    /// Every corner (no ⌥) or the dragged one only.
+    /// Every corner (no ⌥) or the dragged one only (rectangles).
     all: bool,
     /// Where the press was.
     start: [f64; 2],
@@ -47,13 +150,39 @@ pub struct Drag {
 fn shows(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> bool {
     app.ui.transform.is_none()
         && match app.ui.tool {
-            Tool::PathSelection | Tool::Rectangle => true,
+            Tool::PathSelection | Tool::Rectangle | Tool::Triangle | Tool::Polygon => true,
             Tool::Move => app.ui.tool_options.move_show_transform,
             _ => false,
         }
 }
 
-/// The selected layers that are live rectangles, front first.
+/// A shape layer's live shape as a target, if it has corners.
+fn target(layer: u64, live: &LiveShape) -> Option<Target> {
+    let finite = |v: &[f64]| v.iter().all(|v| v.is_finite());
+    let positive = |[x, y, w, h]: [f64; 4]| {
+        let (x, w) = if w < 0.0 { (x + w, -w) } else { (x, w) };
+        let (y, h) = if h < 0.0 { (y + h, -h) } else { (y, h) };
+        (w > 0.0 && h > 0.0 && finite(&[x, y, w, h])).then_some([x, y, w, h])
+    };
+    match *live {
+        LiveShape::Rect { rect, radii } => {
+            let rect = positive(rect)?;
+            finite(&radii).then_some(Target { layer, geom: Geom::Rect(rect), radii })
+        }
+        LiveShape::Polygon { rect, sides, star_ratio, corner_radius } => {
+            positive(rect)?;
+            if !finite(&[star_ratio, corner_radius]) {
+                return None;
+            }
+            let sharp = shapes::polygon(rect[0], rect[1], rect[2], rect[3], sides, star_ratio);
+            let vertices = sharp.subpaths.first()?.knots.iter().map(|k| [k.anchor.x, k.anchor.y]).collect();
+            Some(Target { layer, geom: Geom::Polygon { rect, sides, star_ratio, vertices }, radii: [corner_radius.max(0.0); 4] })
+        }
+        LiveShape::Ellipse { .. } | LiveShape::Line { .. } => None,
+    }
+}
+
+/// The selected layers that are live shapes with corners, front first.
 fn targets(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Vec<Target> {
     if !shows(app) {
         return Vec::new();
@@ -65,10 +194,7 @@ fn targets(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Vec<Target> {
         .filter_map(|id| {
             let l = st.doc.layer(id)?;
             let LayerContent::Shape(sh) = &l.content else { return None };
-            let Some(LiveShape::Rect { rect: [x, y, w, h], radii }) = sh.live else { return None };
-            let (x, w) = if w < 0.0 { (x + w, -w) } else { (x, w) };
-            let (y, h) = if h < 0.0 { (y + h, -h) } else { (y, h) };
-            (w > 0.0 && h > 0.0 && [x, y, w, h].iter().chain(&radii).all(|v| v.is_finite())).then_some(Target { layer: l.id.0, rect: [x, y, w, h], radii })
+            target(l.id.0, sh.live.as_ref()?)
         })
         .collect();
     // `selected_layers` lists bottom to top; the topmost widget wins a press.
@@ -76,58 +202,19 @@ fn targets(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Vec<Target> {
     out
 }
 
-/// The largest radius a corner of `rect` takes.
-fn max_radius(rect: [f64; 4]) -> f64 {
-    rect[2].min(rect[3]) / 2.0
-}
-
-/// Corner `i` of `rect` and the unit-step direction pointing inside from it.
-fn corner(rect: [f64; 4], i: usize) -> ([f64; 2], [f64; 2]) {
-    let [x, y, w, h] = rect;
-    match i {
-        0 => ([x, y], [1.0, 1.0]),
-        1 => ([x + w, y], [-1.0, 1.0]),
-        2 => ([x + w, y + h], [-1.0, -1.0]),
-        _ => ([x, y + h], [1.0, -1.0]),
-    }
-}
-
-/// Where corner `i`'s widget is drawn: the centre of its arc, or a few screen points inside a
-/// sharper corner.
-fn widget(rect: [f64; 4], radii: [f64; 4], i: usize, zoom: f64) -> [f64; 2] {
-    let (c, d) = corner(rect, i);
-    let r = radii.get(i).copied().unwrap_or(0.0).max(MIN_INSET / zoom).min(max_radius(rect));
-    [c[0] + d[0] * r, c[1] + d[1] * r]
-}
-
-/// The radius the pressed corner `i` asks for when the pointer has moved from `start` to `p`: its
-/// radius at the press plus the move projected onto the corner's diagonal (inward rounds more),
-/// at least 0. Relative, so a click on a sharp corner's inset widget changes nothing. Each
-/// rectangle then caps it at half its own shorter side.
-fn radius_after(rect: [f64; 4], i: usize, from: f64, start: [f64; 2], p: [f64; 2]) -> f64 {
-    let (_, d) = corner(rect, i);
-    let r = from + ((p[0] - start[0]) * d[0] + (p[1] - start[1]) * d[1]) / 2.0;
-    if r.is_finite() { r.max(0.0) } else { from }
-}
-
 fn zoom(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> f64 {
     f64::from(app.point_zoom().max(0.01))
 }
 
-/// The widget of `targets` within grabbing distance of document point `p`: the rectangle (an
-/// index into `targets`) and its corner, the nearest when several are close.
+/// The widget of `targets` within grabbing distance of document point `p`: the shape (an index
+/// into `targets`) and its corner, the nearest when several are close.
 fn hit(app: &PhotocraftApp, targets: &[Target], p: [f64; 2]) -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
     let z = zoom(app);
     let tol = 7.0 / z;
     targets
         .iter()
         .enumerate()
-        .flat_map(|(t, g)| {
-            (0..4).map(move |i| {
-                let w = widget(g.rect, g.radii, i, z);
-                (t, i, (w[0] - p[0]).hypot(w[1] - p[1]))
-            })
-        })
+        .flat_map(|(t, g)| (0..g.corners()).filter_map(move |i| g.widget(g.radii, i, z).map(|w| (t, i, (w[0] - p[0]).hypot(w[1] - p[1])))))
         .filter(|(.., d)| *d <= tol)
         .min_by(|a, b| a.2.total_cmp(&b.2))
         .map(|(t, i, _)| (t, i))
@@ -159,12 +246,18 @@ pub fn pointer(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ev: ToolEvent, mods: Modifiers) -> bool
         ToolEvent::Move { x, y, .. } => {
             let Some(d) = app.ui.corner_radius.as_mut() else { return false };
             let Some(g) = d.targets.get(d.grabbed) else { return true };
-            let from = g.radii.get(d.corner).copied().unwrap_or(0.0).clamp(0.0, max_radius(g.rect));
-            let r = radius_after(g.rect, d.corner, from, d.start, [x, y]);
-            // Every selected rectangle takes the same radius, within its own size.
+            let Some(c) = g.corner(d.corner) else { return true };
+            // The radius at the press plus the move projected onto the corner's step (the way its
+            // arc's centre moves as the radius grows). Relative, so a click on a sharp corner's
+            // inset widget changes nothing.
+            let from = g.radius_at(g.radii, d.corner);
+            let len2 = c.step[0] * c.step[0] + c.step[1] * c.step[1];
+            let r = from + ((x - d.start[0]) * c.step[0] + (y - d.start[1]) * c.step[1]) / len2.max(1e-12);
+            let r = if r.is_finite() { r.max(0.0) } else { from };
+            // Every selected shape takes the same radius, within its own size.
             for (t, now) in d.targets.iter().zip(d.now.iter_mut()) {
-                let r = r.min(max_radius(t.rect));
-                if d.all {
+                let r = r.min(t.max_radius());
+                if d.all || !t.is_rect() {
                     *now = [r; 4];
                 } else {
                     *now = t.radii;
@@ -184,9 +277,15 @@ pub fn pointer(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ev: ToolEvent, mods: Modifiers) -> bool
             // One history step for every layer changed.
             let key = format!("corner-radius-{}", app.ui.alloc_id());
             for (t, now) in d.targets.iter().zip(&d.now) {
-                if *now != t.radii
-                    && let Err(e) = app.run("shape.edit", serde_json::json!({"layer": t.layer, "radii": now, "coalesce": key}))
-                {
+                if *now == t.radii {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let params = if t.is_rect() {
+                    serde_json::json!({"layer": t.layer, "radii": now, "coalesce": key})
+                } else {
+                    serde_json::json!({"layer": t.layer, "cornerRadius": now[0], "coalesce": key})
+                };
+                if let Err(e) = app.run("shape.edit", params) {
                     app.ui.status = e;
                     app.ui.status_error = true;
                     break;
@@ -199,11 +298,13 @@ pub fn pointer(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ev: ToolEvent, mods: Modifiers) -> bool
 
 /// The radius the dragged corner shows in the readout.
 fn dragged_radius(d: &Drag) -> Option<f64> {
-    d.now.get(d.grabbed).and_then(|r| r.get(d.corner)).copied()
+    let g = d.targets.get(d.grabbed)?;
+    let now = d.now.get(d.grabbed)?;
+    if g.is_rect() { now.get(d.corner).copied() } else { Some(g.radius_at(*now, d.corner)) }
 }
 
-/// The widgets of every selected live rectangle; while one is dragged, the new outlines and the
-/// radius beside the pointer (`R: 25.0 px`), as in Photoshop.
+/// The widgets of every selected live shape with corners; while one is dragged, the new outlines
+/// and the radius beside the pointer (`R: 25.0 px`), as in Photoshop.
 pub fn draw(app: &PhotocraftApp, painter: &egui::Painter, to_scr: &dyn Fn([f64; 2]) -> Pos2, accent: Color32) {
     let drag = app.ui.corner_radius.as_ref();
     if let Some(r) = drag.and_then(dragged_radius)
@@ -216,13 +317,14 @@ pub fn draw(app: &PhotocraftApp, painter: &egui::Painter, to_scr: &dyn Fn([f64;
         let now = drag.and_then(|d| d.targets.iter().position(|g| g.layer == t.layer).and_then(|i| d.now.get(i)));
         let radii = now.copied().unwrap_or(t.radii);
         if now.is_some() {
-            let path = photocraft_vector::shapes::rounded_rect(t.rect[0], t.rect[1], t.rect[2], t.rect[3], radii);
-            crate::vector_ui::draw_outline(painter, &path, to_scr, accent);
+            crate::vector_ui::draw_outline(painter, &t.path(radii), to_scr, accent);
         }
-        for i in 0..4 {
-            let p = to_scr(widget(t.rect, radii, i, z));
-            painter.circle(p, 5.0, Color32::WHITE, Stroke::new(1.5, accent));
-            painter.circle_filled(p, 2.5, accent);
+        for i in 0..t.corners() {
+            if let Some(w) = t.widget(radii, i, z) {
+                let p = to_scr(w);
+                painter.circle(p, 5.0, Color32::WHITE, Stroke::new(1.5, accent));
+                painter.circle_filled(p, 2.5, accent);
+            }
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/corner_radius_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/corner_radius_tests.rs
index b0b47c45be..252e9ce587 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/corner_radius_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/corner_radius_tests.rs
@@ -184,3 +184,86 @@ fn the_cursor_and_readout_follow_the_widgets() {
     tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 62.0, y: 62.0 }, Modifiers::NONE);
     assert!(!super::hovers(&app, [100.0, 80.0]));
 }
+
+/// The live polygon of layer `id`: its corner radius.
+fn corner_radius_of(app: &PhotocraftApp, id: photocraft_doc::LayerId) -> f64 {
+    match &app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().content {
+        LayerContent::Shape(sh) => match sh.live {
+            Some(LiveShape::Polygon { corner_radius, .. }) => corner_radius,
+            _ => panic!("live polygon"),
+        },
+        _ => panic!("shape"),
+    }
+}
+
+/// A live triangle (a 3-sided polygon) in (40, 40) 120 × 120, as the Triangle tool draws it.
+fn triangle(tool: Tool, radius: f64) -> (PhotocraftApp, photocraft_doc::LayerId) {
+    let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+    app.session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 200})).unwrap();
+    app.sync_views();
+    app.run("shape.create", json!({"kind": "polygon", "rect": [40, 40, 120, 120], "sides": 3, "cornerRadius": radius})).unwrap();
+    app.ui.tool = tool;
+    let id = app.session.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+    (app, id)
+}
+
+/// Where the widget of corner `i` of the first target is, and the way its arc's centre moves.
+fn widget_of(app: &PhotocraftApp, i: usize) -> ([f64; 2], [f64; 2]) {
+    let t = &super::targets(app)[0];
+    let z = f64::from(app.point_zoom());
+    (t.widget(t.radii, i, z).unwrap(), t.corner(i).unwrap().step)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_triangle_rounds_all_its_corners_from_any_widget_in_one_step() {
+    for tool in [Tool::Triangle, Tool::Polygon, Tool::PathSelection] {
+        let (mut app, id) = triangle(tool, 6.0);
+        assert_eq!(super::targets(&app)[0].corners(), 3, "{tool:?}");
+        let n = steps(&app);
+        // Drag the bottom-right widget inwards by 4 radius units along its step: 6 + 4 = 10.
+        let (w, step) = widget_of(&app, 1);
+        let to = [w[0] + step[0] * 4.0, w[1] + step[1] * 4.0];
+        drag(&mut app, w, to, Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert!((corner_radius_of(&app, id) - 10.0).abs() < 1e-9, "{tool:?}: {}", corner_radius_of(&app, id));
+        assert_eq!(steps(&app), n + 1, "one history step");
+        // ⌥ makes no difference: a triangle has one radius for all its corners.
+        let (w, step) = widget_of(&app, 0);
+        drag(&mut app, w, [w[0] + step[0] * 2.0, w[1] + step[1] * 2.0], Modifiers::ALT);
+        assert!((corner_radius_of(&app, id) - 12.0).abs() < 1e-9);
+        assert!(app.session.undo());
+        assert!((corner_radius_of(&app, id) - 10.0).abs() < 1e-9);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_triangle_radius_is_capped_and_a_click_on_a_sharp_corner_changes_nothing() {
+    let (mut app, id) = triangle(Tool::PathSelection, 0.0);
+    let n = steps(&app);
+    let (w, step) = widget_of(&app, 2);
+    drag(&mut app, w, w, Modifiers::NONE);
+    assert_eq!((corner_radius_of(&app, id), steps(&app)), (0.0, n), "a click commits nothing");
+    // Dragged far in: the radius stops where the arcs meet halfway along the edges.
+    drag(&mut app, w, [w[0] + step[0] * 1000.0, w[1] + step[1] * 1000.0], Modifiers::NONE);
+    let max = super::targets(&app)[0].max_radius();
+    assert!(max > 0.0 && (corner_radius_of(&app, id) - max).abs() < 1e-9, "{} vs {max}", corner_radius_of(&app, id));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn rectangles_and_triangles_selected_together_take_the_same_radius() {
+    let (mut app, tri) = triangle(Tool::PathSelection, 0.0);
+    app.run("shape.create", json!({"kind": "rect", "rect": [10, 170, 100, 20], "radii": 0})).unwrap();
+    let rect = app.session.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+    app.run("layer.select", json!({"layer": tri.0, "mode": "add"})).unwrap();
+    // The rectangle's top-left widget (10 px inside, at (20, 180)), 4 px in each direction: 4.
+    drag(&mut app, [20.0, 180.0], [24.0, 184.0], Modifiers::NONE);
+    assert_eq!(radii(&app), None, "the active layer is the triangle");
+    let rr = match &app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layer(rect).unwrap().content {
+        LayerContent::Shape(sh) => match sh.live {
+            Some(LiveShape::Rect { radii, .. }) => radii,
+            _ => panic!(),
+        },
+        _ => panic!(),
+    };
+    assert_eq!(rr, [4.0; 4]);
+    assert!((corner_radius_of(&app, tri) - 4.0).abs() < 1e-9);
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/credits.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/credits.rs
index b31aa40578..eef2612379 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/credits.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/credits.rs
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ pub fn contributors_ui(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
 
 /// [`contributors_ui`] over a given list (tests pass their own).
 fn contributors_in(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, contributors: &[Contributor], total_commits: u64) {
-    let id = egui::Id::new("credits_view");
+    let id = egui::Id::unique("credits_view");
     let mut v = ui.data_mut(|d| d.get_temp::<View>(id)).unwrap_or_default();
     ui.horizontal_wrapped(|ui| {
         ui.label(tl!("Show"));
@@ -276,6 +276,7 @@ fn contributors_in(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, contributors: &[C
             }
         });
         press.after(&sort.response);
+        let _ = sort.response.accessible_name(tl!("Sort"));
         if ui.button(if v.ascending { "▲" } else { "▼" }).on_hover_text(tl!("Reverse the order")).clicked() {
             v.ascending = !v.ascending;
         }
@@ -453,7 +454,7 @@ fn cell(ui: &mut egui::Ui, numeric: bool, text: &str) {
 fn header_cell(ui: &mut egui::Ui, t: &crate::theme::Tokens, label: &str, numeric: bool, sort: Option<Option<bool>>) -> egui::Response {
     let rect = ui.max_rect();
     let resp = ui.allocate_rect(rect, if sort.is_some() { egui::Sense::click() } else { egui::Sense::hover() });
-    let kind = if sort.is_some() { egui::WidgetType::Button } else { egui::WidgetType::Label };
+    let kind = if sort.is_some() { egui::Role::Button } else { egui::Role::Label };
     resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(kind, true, label));
     let resp = if sort.is_some() { resp.on_hover_cursor(egui::CursorIcon::PointingHand) } else { resp };
     let current = sort.flatten();
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/credits_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/credits_tests.rs
index 4ac3f3e41f..8201c1960b 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/credits_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/credits_tests.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ fn harness(list: Vec<Contributor>, table: bool) -> Harness<'static> {
         if !ui.ctx().fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("semibold".into()))) {
             return;
         }
-        let id = egui::Id::new("credits_view");
+        let id = egui::Id::unique("credits_view");
         if ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<View>(id)).is_none() {
             ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(id, View { table, ..View::default() }));
         }
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ fn text_rect(h: &Harness<'_>, text: &str) -> Option<Rect> {
 }
 
 fn view(h: &Harness<'_>) -> View {
-    h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<View>(egui::Id::new("credits_view"))).unwrap_or_default()
+    h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<View>(egui::Id::unique("credits_view"))).unwrap_or_default()
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ fn the_table_header_stays_put_while_the_rows_scroll() {
     h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(over));
     for _ in 0..6 {
         h.event(egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+            source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
             unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Point,
             delta: vec2(0.0, -200.0),
             modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE,
@@ -210,7 +211,7 @@ fn about_window(tab: &str, table: bool) -> (f32, f32, f32) {
     let mut fields = serde_json::Map::new();
     fields.insert("tab".into(), serde_json::json!(tab));
     h.state_mut().ui.open_dialog(crate::state::DialogKind::About, fields);
-    h.ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(egui::Id::new("credits_view"), View { table, ..View::default() }));
+    h.ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(egui::Id::unique("credits_view"), View { table, ..View::default() }));
     h.run_steps(6);
     let ok = h.query_all_by_role(Role::Button).find(|n| n.accesskit_node().label().as_deref() == Some("OK")).map(|n| n.rect()).expect("the OK button");
     // The dialog's contents: everything between its title and the OK button.
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/crop_mode.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/crop_mode.rs
index ee684517bb..36bc4d659a 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/crop_mode.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/crop_mode.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,9 @@
 //! - **Default mode** (Photoshop's default, Use Classic Mode off): the crop box stays upright on
 //!   screen and the image turns behind it. A drag outside the box turns the image about the box's
 //!   centre (⇧ in 15° steps; the readout beside the pointer is the image's turn, clockwise
-//!   positive), a drag inside moves the image under the box (the box stays put), the arrow keys
-//!   nudge the image, and the handles resize the box on screen as usual. With **Auto Center
+//!   positive), a drag inside moves the image under the box (the box stays put; with View › Snap
+//!   on, the upright frame's edges and centre snap as a Classic Mode frame's do, #8580), the arrow
+//!   keys nudge the image, and the handles resize the box on screen as usual. With **Auto Center
 //!   Preview** on (the default), a box being resized keeps its centre where it is on screen (also
 //!   after a Space pan) while the handle follows the pointer, a drawn box moves to the middle of
 //!   the canvas on release, and X re-centres it. A drag inside never re-centres the box
@@ -425,6 +426,100 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(r.iter().zip([20.0, 30.0, 80.0, 70.0]).all(|(a, b)| (a - b).abs() < 1e-3), "{r:?}");
     }
 
+    /// Moves the image under the box from document point `from` by `d` (both in the view at the
+    /// press), checks the snap lines before release, and returns where the box's centre started
+    /// on screen.
+    fn image_drag(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, from: [f32; 2], d: [f32; 2], line: Option<(bool, f64)>) -> Pos2 {
+        let (a, b) = (xf(app).to_screen(from[0], from[1]), xf(app).to_screen(from[0] + d[0], from[1] + d[1]));
+        let mid = mid_of(screen_box(app));
+        let p = xf(app).to_doc(a);
+        tool_event(app, ToolEvent::Down { x: p[0], y: p[1], pressure: 1.0 }, NONE);
+        assert_eq!(app.prefs_rt.snap.as_ref().map(|s| &s.gesture), Some(&crate::snap_ui::Gesture::CropImage));
+        for t in [0.5, 1.0] {
+            let p = xf(app).to_doc(a + (b - a) * t);
+            tool_event(app, ToolEvent::Move { x: p[0], y: p[1], pressure: 1.0 }, NONE);
+        }
+        if let Some((vertical, pos)) = line {
+            assert!(app.prefs_rt.snap_lines.iter().any(|l| l.vertical == vertical && l.pos == pos), "{:?}", app.prefs_rt.snap_lines);
+        }
+        let p = xf(app).to_doc(b);
+        tool_event(app, ToolEvent::Up { x: p[0], y: p[1] }, NONE);
+        mid
+    }
+
+    fn assert_frame(app: &PhotocraftApp, want: [f64; 4], what: &str) {
+        let r = app.ui.crop_rect.unwrap();
+        assert!(r.iter().zip(want).all(|(a, b)| (a - b).abs() < 1e-3), "{what}: {r:?}, want {want:?}");
+    }
+
+    /// #8580: moving the image under the box snaps the frame's edges and centre with View › Snap
+    /// on, so the content can be centred in it without leaving the Crop tool. The box stays put.
+    #[test]
+    fn moving_the_image_snaps_the_frame_to_the_document_centre() {
+        for (snap, zoom, flip) in [(false, 1.0, false), (true, 1.0, false), (true, 2.0, false), (true, 1.0, true)] {
+            let mut app = app();
+            app.ui.extras.snap = snap;
+            app.ui.views[0].zoom = zoom;
+            app.ui.view.flip_horizontal = flip;
+            with_frame(&mut app);
+            // The frame [40, 30, 100, 70] goes 27 px right over the image: its centre lands 3 px
+            // short of the document's (100, 50), inside the snap radius at either zoom.
+            let mid = image_drag(&mut app, [70.0, 50.0], [-27.0, 0.0], snap.then_some((true, 100.0)));
+            let what = format!("snap {snap}, zoom {zoom}, flip {flip}");
+            assert_frame(&app, if snap { [70.0, 30.0, 130.0, 70.0] } else { [67.0, 30.0, 127.0, 70.0] }, &what);
+            assert!(mid_of(screen_box(&app)).distance(mid) < 0.01, "{what}: the box moved on screen");
+            assert!(app.prefs_rt.snap.is_none() && app.prefs_rt.snap_lines.is_empty());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The issue's case: a box larger than the canvas (to extend it) centres on the content's
+    /// layer, both ways. A turned box doesn't snap (its edges don't line up with anything).
+    #[test]
+    fn moving_the_image_centres_a_larger_box_on_a_layer() {
+        let mut app = app();
+        app.ui.extras.snap = true;
+        app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "logo"})).unwrap();
+        app.run("select.rect", json!({"x": 20, "y": 20, "width": 40, "height": 40})).unwrap();
+        app.run("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+        app.run("select.deselect", json!({})).unwrap();
+        crate::crop_ui::ensure_frame(&mut app);
+        app.ui.crop_rect = Some([-40.0, -60.0, 140.0, 120.0]);
+        app.crop.default_frame = false;
+        // Its centre (50, 30) goes to (42, 38): 2 px from the logo's centre (40, 40).
+        image_drag(&mut app, [50.0, 30.0], [8.0, -8.0], Some((false, 40.0)));
+        assert_frame(&app, [-50.0, -50.0, 130.0, 130.0], "centred on the logo");
+
+        app.ui.crop_angle = 30.0;
+        sync(&mut app, None);
+        let p = xf(&app).to_doc(mid_of(screen_box(&app)));
+        tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: p[0], y: p[1], pressure: 1.0 }, NONE);
+        assert!(matches!(app.crop.drag, Some(CropDrag::MoveImage { .. })));
+        assert!(app.prefs_rt.snap.is_none(), "a turned box doesn't snap");
+        tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: p[0], y: p[1] }, NONE);
+    }
+
+    /// With View › Snap To › Layers off, smart guides still centre the box on a layer, although
+    /// the document's bounds are snap targets that aren't within reach.
+    #[test]
+    fn moving_the_image_snaps_to_smart_guides_beside_out_of_reach_targets() {
+        for smart in [false, true] {
+            let mut app = app();
+            app.ui.extras.snap = true;
+            app.ui.view.snap_to.layers = false;
+            app.ui.view.show.smart_guides = smart;
+            app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "logo"})).unwrap();
+            app.run("select.rect", json!({"x": 20, "y": 20, "width": 40, "height": 40})).unwrap();
+            app.run("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+            app.run("select.deselect", json!({})).unwrap();
+            crate::crop_ui::ensure_frame(&mut app);
+            app.ui.crop_rect = Some([-40.0, -60.0, 140.0, 120.0]);
+            app.crop.default_frame = false;
+            image_drag(&mut app, [50.0, 30.0], [8.0, -8.0], smart.then_some((false, 40.0)));
+            let want = if smart { [-50.0, -50.0, 130.0, 130.0] } else { [-48.0, -52.0, 132.0, 128.0] };
+            assert_frame(&app, want, &format!("smart guides {smart}"));
+        }
+    }
+
     /// #7088: the box's own Undo/Redo of a move (or a turn) in default mode puts the frame back
     /// and moves the image, not the box: it stays put on screen (Auto Center Preview off) or goes
     /// to the middle of the canvas (on).
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/crop_overlay.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/crop_overlay.rs
index b0be59f2b1..c93f5e12e1 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/crop_overlay.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/crop_overlay.rs
@@ -249,6 +249,14 @@ pub fn cycle(o: &mut ToolOptions) {
     o.crop_overlay_orientation = 0;
 }
 
+/// Picks overlay `k`; another overlay starts at its first orientation.
+pub fn set_overlay(o: &mut ToolOptions, k: CropOverlay) {
+    if o.crop_overlay != k {
+        o.crop_overlay_orientation = 0;
+    }
+    o.crop_overlay = k;
+}
+
 /// ⇧O: the overlay's next orientation (nothing for a symmetric one).
 pub fn cycle_orientation(o: &mut ToolOptions) {
     let n = o.crop_overlay.orientations().max(1);
@@ -288,10 +296,7 @@ pub fn options_button(o: &mut ToolOptions, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
         };
         for k in CropOverlay::ALL {
             if item(ui, o.crop_overlay == k, tl!(k.label()), None) {
-                if o.crop_overlay != k {
-                    o.crop_overlay_orientation = 0;
-                }
-                o.crop_overlay = k;
+                set_overlay(o, k);
                 ui.close();
             }
         }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/crop_presets.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/crop_presets.rs
index e30b0d1cfc..992fff05a7 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/crop_presets.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/crop_presets.rs
@@ -34,9 +34,9 @@ pub const MAX_NAME: usize = 255;
 /// The `ToolOptions` fields a crop preset saves.
 const KEYS: [&str; 5] = ["crop_ratio", "crop_width", "crop_height", "crop_resolution", "crop_resolution_unit"];
 
-/// One entry of the preset dropdown.
+/// One entry of the preset dropdown (and of the Crop tool's canvas menu).
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
-enum Choice {
+pub(crate) enum Choice {
     /// A built-in key (`crop_ratio` value, size preset or Front Image), see [`crop_size::chosen`].
     Builtin(String),
     /// A saved crop preset, by name.
@@ -139,55 +139,72 @@ pub fn dropdown(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     let users = user_presets(app);
     let o = &app.ui.tool_options;
     let label = button_label(o, &builtin, &users);
-    let current_user = users.iter().rev().find(|(_, f)| matches(o, f)).map(|(n, _)| n.clone());
+    let current_user = current_user(app);
     let can_new = savable(o).is_some();
     let mut chosen: Option<Choice> = None;
-    egui::ComboBox::from_id_salt("crop-ratio").selected_text(label).width(140.0).height(420.0).icon(crate::widgets::chevron_icon).show_ui(ui, |ui| {
-        let (before, after): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = builtin.iter().partition(|(k, _)| k != crop_size::FRONT);
-        for (k, l) in &before {
-            if ui.selectable_label(current_user.is_none() && *k == o.crop_ratio, tl!(l)).clicked() {
-                chosen = Some(Choice::Builtin(k.clone()));
+    let parent_layer = ui.layer_id();
+    let combo =
+        egui::ComboBox::from_id_salt("crop-ratio").selected_text(label).width(140.0).height(420.0).icon(crate::widgets::chevron_icon).show_ui(ui, |ui| {
+            crate::press_menu::above_parent_ui(parent_layer, ui);
+            let (before, after): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = builtin.iter().partition(|(k, _)| k != crop_size::FRONT);
+            for (k, l) in &before {
+                if ui.selectable_label(current_user.is_none() && *k == o.crop_ratio, tl!(l)).clicked() {
+                    chosen = Some(Choice::Builtin(k.clone()));
+                }
             }
-        }
-        for (name, _) in &users {
-            if ui.selectable_label(current_user.as_deref() == Some(name), name.as_str()).clicked() {
-                chosen = Some(Choice::User(name.clone()));
+            for (name, _) in &users {
+                if ui.selectable_label(current_user.as_deref() == Some(name), name.as_str()).clicked() {
+                    chosen = Some(Choice::User(name.clone()));
+                }
             }
-        }
-        for (k, l) in &after {
-            if ui.selectable_label(false, tl!(l)).clicked() {
-                chosen = Some(Choice::Builtin(k.clone()));
+            for (k, l) in &after {
+                if ui.selectable_label(false, tl!(l)).clicked() {
+                    chosen = Some(Choice::Builtin(k.clone()));
+                }
             }
-        }
-        ui.separator();
-        if ui.add_enabled(can_new, egui::Button::selectable(false, tl!("New Crop Preset…"))).clicked() {
-            chosen = Some(Choice::New);
-        }
-        if ui.add_enabled(!users.is_empty(), egui::Button::selectable(false, tl!("Delete Crop Preset…"))).clicked() {
-            chosen = Some(Choice::Delete);
-        }
-    });
-    match chosen {
-        Some(Choice::Builtin(k)) => {
+            ui.separator();
+            if ui.add_enabled(can_new, egui::Button::selectable(false, tl!("New Crop Preset…"))).clicked() {
+                chosen = Some(Choice::New);
+            }
+            if ui.add_enabled(!users.is_empty(), egui::Button::selectable(false, tl!("Delete Crop Preset…"))).clicked() {
+                chosen = Some(Choice::Delete);
+            }
+        });
+    let _ = combo.response.accessible_name(tl!("Aspect Ratio"));
+    if let Some(c) = chosen {
+        apply_choice(app, c);
+    }
+}
+
+/// What picking a dropdown entry does; the Crop tool's canvas menu picks through it too.
+pub(crate) fn apply_choice(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, choice: Choice) {
+    match choice {
+        Choice::Builtin(k) => {
             app.ui.tool_options.crop_ratio = k;
             // A size preset or Front Image fills W x H x Resolution (#2443).
             crop_size::chosen(app);
             sync_custom_ratio_fields(app);
         }
-        Some(Choice::User(name)) => {
+        Choice::User(name) => {
             select(app, &name);
             sync_custom_ratio_fields(app);
         }
-        Some(Choice::New) => {
+        Choice::New => {
             open_new(app);
         }
-        Some(Choice::Delete) => {
+        Choice::Delete => {
             open_delete(app);
         }
-        None => {}
     }
 }
 
+/// The saved crop preset whose values the fields hold (the latest saved one first), as the
+/// dropdown shows it.
+pub(crate) fn current_user(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Option<String> {
+    let o = &app.ui.tool_options;
+    user_presets(app).into_iter().rev().find(|(_, f)| matches(o, f)).map(|(n, _)| n)
+}
+
 /// A newly chosen ratio fills the editable custom W/H fields (free Ratio clears them, #3188).
 fn sync_custom_ratio_fields(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
     if app.ui.tool_options.crop_ratio != crop_size::WHR {
@@ -263,10 +280,10 @@ pub fn body(app: &PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, fields: &mut Map<String, Val
 
 fn new_body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, fields: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
     let mut name = fields.get("name").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or_default().to_string();
-    let id = ui.id().with("crop-preset-name");
+    let id = ui.scope_id().with("crop-preset-name");
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
-        ui.label(tl!("Name:"));
-        let r = ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut name).id(id).char_limit(MAX_NAME).desired_width(260.0));
+        let name_label = ui.label(tl!("Name:"));
+        let r = ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut name).id(id).char_limit(MAX_NAME).desired_width(260.0)).labelled_by(name_label.id);
         // Photoshop focuses the name with all of it selected, so typing replaces it.
         let once = id.with("focused");
         if !ui.ctx().data(|d| d.get_temp::<bool>(once).unwrap_or(false)) {
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/crop_shield.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/crop_shield.rs
index aef70e5afb..4ffaf19062 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/crop_shield.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/crop_shield.rs
@@ -104,9 +104,10 @@ pub fn fill(s: &CropShield, canvas: Color32, editing: bool) -> Option<Color32> {
     (a > 0).then(|| Color32::from_rgba_unmultiplied(r, g, b, a))
 }
 
-/// The pasteboard colour the shield matches: Preferences › Interface's, else the theme's canvas.
+/// The pasteboard colour the shield matches: Preferences › Interface's, else black in Full Screen
+/// Mode (the backdrop there) and the theme's canvas otherwise.
 pub fn canvas_color(app: &PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> Color32 {
-    crate::prefs_ui::pasteboard_color(app).unwrap_or_else(|| crate::theme::Tokens::get(ctx).canvas)
+    crate::prefs_ui::pasteboard_color(app).unwrap_or_else(|| if app.ui.view.hides_chrome() { Color32::BLACK } else { crate::theme::Tokens::get(ctx).canvas })
 }
 
 /// The shield over the pending crop box now ([`fill`]).
@@ -307,6 +308,32 @@ mod tests {
         app
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn match_canvas_is_the_black_full_screen_pasteboard() {
+        let mut app = crop_app();
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let theme_canvas = crate::theme::Tokens::get(&ctx).canvas;
+        assert_ne!(theme_canvas, Color32::BLACK);
+        app.ui.tool_options.crop_shield.show_cropped_area = false;
+        assert!(hides_outside(&app));
+        // Full Screen Mode shows the document on black (lib.rs backdrop); the opaque shield
+        // over the cropped area matches it.
+        for (mode, want) in [
+            ("view.screenMode.fullScreen", Color32::BLACK),
+            ("view.screenMode.fullScreenWithMenuBar", theme_canvas),
+            ("view.screenMode.standard", theme_canvas),
+        ] {
+            crate::menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, mode, serde_json::json!({})).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(current(&app, &ctx), Some(want), "{mode}");
+        }
+        // A chosen pasteboard colour is painted in every screen mode, and the shield follows it.
+        app.run("prefs.set", serde_json::json!({"values": {"interface.canvasColor": "custom", "interface.canvasCustomColor": "#123456"}})).unwrap();
+        for mode in ["view.screenMode.fullScreen", "view.screenMode.standard"] {
+            crate::menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, mode, serde_json::json!({})).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(current(&app, &ctx), Some(Color32::from_rgb(0x12, 0x34, 0x56)), "{mode}");
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn h_toggles_show_cropped_area_while_the_crop_tool_shows_a_box() {
         let mut app = crop_app();
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/crop_size.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/crop_size.rs
index d219a7a50c..ee1b939e15 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/crop_size.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/crop_size.rs
@@ -99,7 +99,10 @@ pub fn normalize_length(typed: &str, previous: &str) -> String {
         return String::new();
     }
     match parse_length(typed, field_unit(previous)) {
-        Some((v, u)) => format_length(v, u),
+        Some((v, u)) => {
+            let text = format_length(v, u);
+            if parse_length(&text, u).is_some() { text } else { previous.to_string() }
+        }
         None => previous.to_string(),
     }
 }
@@ -223,15 +226,30 @@ pub fn clear(o: &mut ToolOptions) {
     o.crop_resolution.clear();
 }
 
-/// Swaps W and H (the ⇄ button, X). False outside W x H x Resolution mode.
+/// The options bar's Clear: W, H and the resolution in W x H x Resolution mode, else the ratio.
+pub fn clear_ratio(o: &mut ToolOptions) {
+    if o.crop_ratio == WHR {
+        clear(o);
+    } else {
+        o.crop_ratio.clear();
+    }
+}
+
+/// Swaps W and H for the Crop tool's X. False outside W x H x Resolution mode.
 pub fn swap(o: &mut ToolOptions) -> bool {
     if o.crop_ratio != WHR {
         return false;
     }
-    std::mem::swap(&mut o.crop_width, &mut o.crop_height);
+    swap_fields(o);
     true
 }
 
+/// The ⇄ button between the W and H fields: always swaps, as Perspective Crop shows the fields
+/// without the Crop tool's W x H x Resolution mode.
+fn swap_fields(o: &mut ToolOptions) {
+    std::mem::swap(&mut o.crop_width, &mut o.crop_height);
+}
+
 /// After the preset dropdown chose `crop_ratio`: a size preset fills the fields and Front Image
 /// reads the document, both leaving W x H x Resolution mode on.
 pub fn chosen(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
@@ -268,7 +286,7 @@ pub fn keys(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> bool {
 /// normalised into `value` (by `normalize(typed, previous)`) when it loses it. Returns true then.
 fn text_field(ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: &str, value: &mut String, hint: &str, width: f32, normalize: fn(&str, &str) -> String) -> bool {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
-    let id = ui.id().with(id);
+    let id = ui.scope_id().with(id);
     let mut buf = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<String>(id)).unwrap_or_else(|| value.clone());
     let (rect, _) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(width, 24.0), egui::Sense::hover());
     crate::widgets::surface(ui, rect, t.field, false);
@@ -276,7 +294,10 @@ fn text_field(ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: &str, value: &mut String, hint: &str, width
         ui.painter().rect_stroke(rect, t.radius_sm, Stroke::new(1.0, t.field_border), StrokeKind::Inside);
     }
     let inner = rect.shrink2(vec2(4.0, 2.0));
-    let r = ui.put(inner, egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut buf).id(id).char_limit(32).hint_text(hint).frame(egui::Frame::NONE).font(crate::theme::mono(12.0)));
+    let r = ui.put(
+        inner,
+        egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut buf).id(id).char_limit(32).hint_text(hint.to_owned()).frame(egui::Frame::NONE).font(crate::theme::mono(12.0)),
+    );
     if r.has_focus() {
         ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(id, buf));
         return false;
@@ -295,13 +316,13 @@ fn text_field(ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: &str, value: &mut String, hint: &str, width
 pub fn fields(o: &mut ToolOptions, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     text_field(ui, "crop-width", &mut o.crop_width, tl!("Width"), 64.0, normalize_length);
     if crate::icons::button(ui, "arrow-left-right", 22.0, false, tl!("Swaps height and width")).clicked() {
-        swap(o);
+        swap_fields(o);
     }
     text_field(ui, "crop-height", &mut o.crop_height, tl!("Height"), 64.0, normalize_length);
     text_field(ui, "crop-resolution", &mut o.crop_resolution, tl!("Resolution"), 64.0, normalize_resolution);
     let units = [(PX_PER_IN.to_string(), "px/in"), (PX_PER_CM.to_string(), "px/cm")];
     let before = o.crop_resolution_unit.clone();
-    if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "crop-resolution-unit", &mut o.crop_resolution_unit, &units, 64.0) && before != o.crop_resolution_unit {
+    if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "crop-resolution-unit", tl!("Resolution"), &mut o.crop_resolution_unit, &units, 64.0) && before != o.crop_resolution_unit {
         // The same resolution in the other unit, as in Photoshop.
         if let Some(v) = crate::widgets::parse_num(&o.crop_resolution.trim().replace(',', ".")).filter(|v| v.is_finite() && *v > 0.0) {
             let v = if o.crop_resolution_unit == PX_PER_CM { v / 2.54 } else { v * 2.54 };
@@ -315,6 +336,15 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use photocraft_doc::{Color, ColorMode, Document, SampleType, Size};
 
+    #[test]
+    fn normalize_length_keeps_previous_when_rounding_gives_zero() {
+        assert_eq!(normalize_length("0.001", "100 px"), "100 px");
+        for typed in ["0.004 in", "0.0001 cm"] {
+            let out = normalize_length(typed, "100 px");
+            assert!(parse_length(&out, Unit::Pixels).is_some(), "{typed} -> {out}");
+        }
+    }
+
     fn app(depth: SampleType) -> PhotocraftApp {
         let mut doc = Document::with_background("crop", Size::new(400, 300), ColorMode::Rgb, depth, Color::WHITE);
         doc.resolution_dpi = 72.0;
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/crop_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/crop_ui.rs
index 7c5e4db8ed..d922aa3290 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/crop_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/crop_ui.rs
@@ -267,13 +267,22 @@ pub(crate) fn apply_ratio_from(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, base: [f64; 4]) {
 fn fit_frame(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
     let dpi = app.session.active().map_or(72.0, |s| f64::from(s.doc.resolution_dpi));
     let pt_per_in = app.session.prefs().units_and_rulers.point_size.per_inch();
+    let sized = crate::crop_size::target(&app.ui.tool_options, dpi, pt_per_in).is_some();
     if let Some(r) = app.ui.crop_rect
         && let Some(ratio) = preset_ratio(app)
         && let Some(fitted) = fitted_ratio(r, ratio)
         // W x H x Resolution can change output size even when the frame already fits.
-        && (fitted != r || crate::crop_size::target(&app.ui.tool_options, dpi, pt_per_in).is_some())
+        && (fitted != r || sized)
     {
-        keyed(app, fitted);
+        // #6750: fitting the untouched default frame to a ratio is not an edit: the user only
+        // picked the tool, so leaving it drops the frame instead of cropping to it, as with the
+        // plain default frame. A W x H x Resolution output size is an explicit instruction and
+        // stays a pending crop even on the default frame.
+        if fitted != r && !sized && app.crop.default_frame {
+            app.ui.crop_rect = Some(fitted);
+        } else {
+            keyed(app, fitted);
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -997,7 +1006,7 @@ pub fn draw_turn_cursor(ctx: &egui::Context, p: egui::Pos2, toward: egui::Vec2)
     }
     let u = toward / len;
     let tokens = crate::theme::Tokens::get(ctx);
-    let painter = ctx.layer_painter(egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Tooltip, egui::Id::new("crop-turn-cursor")));
+    let painter = ctx.layer_painter(egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Tooltip, egui::Id::unique("crop-turn-cursor")));
     const R: f32 = 12.0;
     const HALF: f32 = 0.75;
     let c = p + u * R;
@@ -1475,7 +1484,18 @@ mod tests {
     fn space_on_the_canvas_moves_the_frame_not_the_view() {
         use egui::{Event, Key, PointerButton, pos2};
         let mut a = app(SampleType::U8);
-        let view = crate::state::View { zoom: 2.0, center: [100.0, 50.0], fit_pending: false, fill_pending: false, doc_size: [200, 100], rotation: 0.0 };
+        let view = crate::state::View {
+            zoom: 2.0,
+            center: [100.0, 50.0],
+            fit_pending: false,
+            fill_pending: false,
+            doc_size: [200, 100],
+            rotation: 0.0,
+            zoom_animating: false,
+            zoom_anchor: None,
+            display_camera: None,
+            zoom_transition: None,
+        };
         a.ui.views = vec![view.clone()];
         let mut h = egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(600.0, 400.0)).build_ui_state(
             |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
@@ -1760,6 +1780,60 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    /// #6750: a ratio preset that shrinks the untouched default frame does not make it a drawn
+    /// one: leaving the tool drops the frame and crops nothing, as with the plain default frame.
+    /// Picking the ratio before entering the tool (the issue's repro) and while it is picked both
+    /// stay untouched; editing the fitted frame makes it a drawn one that leaving commits (#3368).
+    #[test]
+    fn another_tool_drops_an_untouched_ratio_fitted_frame() {
+        // Entering the Crop tool with a saved ratio: the frame is fitted but untouched.
+        let mut app = app(SampleType::U8);
+        app.ui.tool_options.crop_ratio = "1:1".into();
+        ensure_frame(&mut app);
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.crop_rect, Some([50.0, 0.0, 150.0, 100.0]), "the default frame is fitted to the ratio");
+        assert!(app.crop.default_frame, "fitting it is not an edit");
+        let steps = app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        app.ui.tool = Tool::Move;
+        ensure_frame(&mut app);
+        let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((st.doc.size, st.history.past_len()), (Size::new(200, 100), steps), "switching tools must not crop");
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.crop_rect, None);
+        // Choosing the ratio with the Crop tool already picked: the same untouched fit.
+        let mut app2 = self::app(SampleType::U8);
+        ensure_frame(&mut app2);
+        app2.ui.tool_options.crop_ratio = "1:1".into();
+        crate::crop_size::chosen(&mut app2);
+        assert_eq!(app2.ui.crop_rect, Some([50.0, 0.0, 150.0, 100.0]));
+        assert!(app2.crop.default_frame);
+        let steps = app2.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        app2.ui.tool = Tool::Move;
+        ensure_frame(&mut app2);
+        let st = app2.session.active().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((st.doc.size, st.history.past_len()), (Size::new(200, 100), steps));
+        // Resizing a handle of the fitted frame is an edit: leaving commits it (#3368).
+        let mut app3 = self::app(SampleType::U8);
+        app3.ui.tool_options.crop_ratio = "1:1".into();
+        ensure_frame(&mut app3);
+        drag(&mut app3, &[[50.0, 0.0], [70.0, 20.0]], NONE);
+        assert!(!app3.crop.default_frame, "the resize made it a drawn frame");
+        app3.ui.tool = Tool::Move;
+        ensure_frame(&mut app3);
+        assert_eq!(app3.session.active().unwrap().doc.size, Size::new(80, 80), "the edited frame crops");
+        // Default (non-classic) mode, the issue's exact scenario: the fitted preview stays a
+        // preview; pressing V neither crops nor applies anything.
+        let mut app4 = self::app(SampleType::U8);
+        app4.ui.tool_options.crop_shield.classic_mode = false;
+        app4.sync_views();
+        app4.ui.tool_options.crop_ratio = "1:1".into();
+        ensure_frame(&mut app4);
+        assert!(app4.crop.default_frame, "the fitted preview is still the untouched frame");
+        let steps = app4.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        app4.ui.tool = Tool::Move;
+        ensure_frame(&mut app4);
+        let st = app4.session.active().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((st.doc.size, st.history.past_len()), (Size::new(200, 100), steps));
+    }
+
     /// The pen's eraser end stands in for the Crop tool only until the tip comes back (`stylus`),
     /// and a gesture still in progress isn't cut short: neither commits the frame.
     #[test]
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/dds_options_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/dds_options_ui.rs
index c795643a7d..6864e098c6 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/dds_options_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/dds_options_ui.rs
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ pub fn record(options: DdsOptions, step: &mut serde_json::Value) {
 /// Parks the save behind the prompt. A prompt already waiting is never replaced.
 pub fn park(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, path: String, copy: bool, record: &'static str) -> Result<(), String> {
     if app.save_options_open() {
-        return Err("Answer the TIFF, Targa or DDS Options before starting another save".into());
+        return Err(crate::SAVE_OPTIONS_OPEN.into());
     }
     let doc = app.active_doc_id()?;
     app.dds_options = Some(Prompt { doc, path, options: DdsOptions::default(), copy, record });
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
     let Some(p) = &mut app.dds_options else { return };
     let (mut ok, mut cancel) = (false, false);
     let mut options = p.options;
-    let modal = egui::Modal::new(egui::Id::new("dds-options")).show(ctx, |ui| {
+    let modal = egui::Modal::new(egui::Id::unique("dds-options")).show(ctx, |ui| {
         ui.set_max_width(340.0);
         ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("DDS Options")).font(crate::theme::semibold(15.0)));
         ui.add_space(4.0);
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/delete_layer_prompt.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/delete_layer_prompt.rs
index 7c1913db78..d67d299345 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/delete_layer_prompt.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/delete_layer_prompt.rs
@@ -154,24 +154,4 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(clear.shortcut, Some("Delete"));
         assert_eq!(delete.shortcut, None);
     }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn confirmation_strings_are_translated_in_every_supported_catalog() {
-        for language in crate::i18n::LANGUAGES.iter().filter(|l| l.code != "en") {
-            let lang = crate::i18n::Lang::from_code(language.code).unwrap();
-            for key in [
-                "Delete layer ‘{name}’?",
-                "Delete {count} layers? {names}",
-                "Delete layer?",
-                "Don't show again",
-                "The document is closed",
-                "The document or selected layers changed. Please request deletion again.",
-                "Missing delete command",
-                "Invalid delete command",
-                "Layer deleted, but confirmation preference could not be saved: {error}",
-            ] {
-                assert_ne!(crate::i18n::tr(lang, key), key, "{}: {key}", language.code);
-            }
-        }
-    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/dialog_blend_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/dialog_blend_ui.rs
index 0eb8207eb5..8ff086cebe 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/dialog_blend_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/dialog_blend_ui.rs
@@ -27,14 +27,14 @@ pub fn body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, fields: &mut Map<String, Value>, prefix: &str) {
         label(ui, tl!("Mode:"));
         let mut mode = fields.get("mode").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("normal").to_string();
         let opts: Vec<(String, &str)> = photocraft_color::BlendMode::LAYER_MODES.iter().map(|m| (mode_key(*m), m.label())).collect();
-        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("{prefix}-mode"), &mut mode, &opts, 170.0) {
+        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("{prefix}-mode"), tl!("Blend Mode"), &mut mode, &opts, 170.0) {
             fields.insert("mode".into(), json!(mode));
         }
     });
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         label(ui, tl!("Opacity:"));
         let mut opacity = fields.get("opacity").and_then(Value::as_f64).unwrap_or(100.0) as f32;
-        if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut opacity, 0.0..=100.0, "%", 70.0).changed() {
+        if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut opacity, 0.0..=100.0, "%", 70.0).accessible_name(tl!("Opacity:")).changed() {
             fields.insert("opacity".into(), json!(opacity.round()));
         }
     });
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/dialogs.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/dialogs.rs
index 8bc2049440..6dfa4f70d1 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/dialogs.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/dialogs.rs
@@ -7,11 +7,49 @@ use crate::PhotocraftApp;
 use crate::state::{Dialog, DialogKind};
 use crate::widgets::{ButtonRole, DialogButton, dialog_buttons};
 
+/// A dialog body sets this field to the key of the text field whose Browse… button was clicked;
+/// [`show`] takes it out again and opens the matching file or folder dialog.
+pub(crate) const BROWSE_FIELD: &str = "__browse";
+
+/// A text field that names a folder: an export's `dir`, and the source (`input`) and destination
+/// (`output`) folders of Image Processor, Batch, Lens Correction, Contact Sheet and Create
+/// Droplet, which Photoshop picks with Select Folder… / Choose… (#9357).
+pub(crate) fn is_folder_field(key: &str) -> bool {
+    matches!(key, "dir" | "input" | "output")
+}
+
+/// Browse… beside a path field of dialog `id`: a folder picker for folder fields
+/// ([`is_folder_field`]), a `.wasm` picker for Install Plug-in…'s `path`. The answer fills the field.
+fn browse_field(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, id: u64, fields: &serde_json::Map<String, Value>, key: &str) {
+    let key = key.to_string();
+    let r = if is_folder_field(&key) {
+        app.ask_folder(move |app, path| fill_field(app, id, &key, path))
+    } else if fields.get("__command").and_then(Value::as_str) == Some("plugin.install") {
+        let initial_dir = crate::file_dialog::last_used_dir(&app.ui.recent_files);
+        let request = crate::file_dialog::FileDialogRequest::Open { multiple: false, initial_dir, extensions: Some(vec!["wasm".into()]) };
+        app.ask_file(request, move |app, answer| match answer {
+            crate::file_dialog::FileDialogAnswer::Paths(mut paths) if !paths.is_empty() => fill_field(app, id, &key, paths.remove(0)),
+            _ => Err("Install Plug-in reads a .wasm file from disk".into()),
+        })
+    } else {
+        return;
+    };
+    if let Err(e) = r.map(|_| ()).or_else(|e| if e == crate::file_dialog::CANCELLED { Ok(()) } else { Err(e) }) {
+        app.ui.status = e;
+    }
+}
+
+fn fill_field(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, id: u64, key: &str, path: String) -> Result<Value, String> {
+    let d = app.ui.dialog_mut(id).ok_or("the dialog was closed")?;
+    d.fields.insert(key.into(), json!(path));
+    Ok(Value::Null)
+}
+
 /// Where this frame's dialogs are on screen (the canvas reads last frame's: it draws first).
 const RECTS: &str = "pc-dialog-rects";
 
 fn rects(ctx: &egui::Context) -> Vec<egui::Rect> {
-    ctx.data(|m| m.get_temp(egui::Id::new(RECTS))).unwrap_or_default()
+    ctx.data(|m| m.get_temp(egui::Id::unique(RECTS))).unwrap_or_default()
 }
 
 /// The window drag target must not cover a dialog which has been moved into the title bar.
@@ -19,6 +57,26 @@ pub(crate) fn titlebar_drag_area_is_clear(ctx: &egui::Context, area: egui::Rect)
     rects(ctx).iter().all(|dialog| !dialog.intersects(area))
 }
 
+/// Whether the press that is being held began on a dialog (#6810). The dialog follows the pointer
+/// while its title is dragged, so the press origin ends up outside the (moved) dialog and a canvas
+/// check against the dialog rects alone would take the drag for a canvas drag. Remembered from the
+/// frame of the press, which is the only frame that carries the press event.
+fn press_began_on_dialog(ctx: &egui::Context, rects: &[egui::Rect]) -> bool {
+    let key = egui::Id::unique("pc-dialog-press-grabbed");
+    let pressed = ctx.input(|i| {
+        i.events.iter().rev().find_map(|e| match e {
+            egui::Event::PointerButton { pos, pressed: true, .. } => Some(*pos),
+            _ => None,
+        })
+    });
+    if let Some(p) = pressed {
+        let on_dialog = rects.iter().any(|r| r.contains(p));
+        ctx.data_mut(|m| m.insert_temp(key, on_dialog));
+        return on_dialog;
+    }
+    ctx.data(|m| m.get_temp::<bool>(key)).unwrap_or(false)
+}
+
 /// With a dialog open the rest of the window is inert (egui's modal layer), but like Photoshop the
 /// image can still be panned and zoomed under it. The pointer position when it is over `canvas`
 /// and not over a dialog or one of its popups.
@@ -35,12 +93,31 @@ pub fn free_pointer_over(ctx: &egui::Context, canvas: egui::Rect) -> Option<egui
 /// the free canvas. Returns this frame's pointer movement.
 pub fn pan_delta(ctx: &egui::Context, canvas: egui::Rect, hand: bool) -> Option<egui::Vec2> {
     let rects = rects(ctx);
+    let grabbed = press_began_on_dialog(ctx, &rects);
     let (origin, panning, delta) = ctx.input(|i| {
         let p = &i.pointer;
         (p.press_origin(), p.middle_down() || (p.primary_down() && (hand || i.key_down(egui::Key::Space))), p.delta())
     });
     let origin = origin?;
-    (panning && canvas.contains(origin) && !rects.iter().any(|r| r.contains(origin))).then_some(delta)
+    (panning && !grabbed && canvas.contains(origin) && !rects.iter().any(|r| r.contains(origin))).then_some(delta)
+}
+
+/// The primary button's drag and click on the free canvas under an open dialog, as the canvas
+/// response would report them if it weren't inert: for the held Zoom (⌘Space / ⌥Space, #6460).
+/// A drag counts from egui's drag threshold, like `drag_started`.
+pub fn free_buttons(ctx: &egui::Context, canvas: egui::Rect) -> crate::paint_mouse::Buttons {
+    let id = egui::Id::unique("pc-dialog-free-drag");
+    let was = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<bool>(id)).unwrap_or(false);
+    let rects = rects(ctx);
+    let open_popup = egui::Popup::is_any_open(ctx);
+    let free = |p: egui::Pos2| !open_popup && canvas.contains(p) && !rects.iter().any(|r| r.contains(p));
+    let (down, dragging, clicked) = ctx.input(|i| {
+        let p = &i.pointer;
+        let dragging = p.primary_down() && p.is_decidedly_dragging() && (was || p.press_origin().is_some_and(free));
+        (p.primary_down(), dragging, p.primary_clicked() && p.interact_pos().is_some_and(free))
+    });
+    ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(id, dragging));
+    crate::paint_mouse::Buttons { started: dragging && !was, dragged: dragging, stopped: was && !down, clicked }
 }
 
 /// A click or drag with the primary button started on the free canvas under an open dialog, Space
@@ -52,6 +129,7 @@ pub fn free_press(ctx: &egui::Context, canvas: egui::Rect) -> Option<egui::Pos2>
     }
     let rects = rects(ctx);
     let free = |p: egui::Pos2| canvas.contains(p) && !rects.iter().any(|r| r.contains(p));
+    let grabbed = press_began_on_dialog(ctx, &rects);
     ctx.input(|i| {
         if i.key_down(egui::Key::Space) {
             return None;
@@ -63,7 +141,7 @@ pub fn free_press(ctx: &egui::Context, canvas: egui::Rect) -> Option<egui::Pos2>
         if let Some(p) = pressed {
             return free(p).then_some(p);
         }
-        let held = i.pointer.primary_down() && i.pointer.press_origin().is_some_and(free);
+        let held = i.pointer.primary_down() && !grabbed && i.pointer.press_origin().is_some_and(free);
         i.pointer.latest_pos().filter(|p| held && free(*p))
     })
 }
@@ -92,15 +170,15 @@ fn first_field_focused<R>(ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: egui::Id, body: impl FnOnce(&mu
 /// its own), per kind for the rest.
 fn place_id(d: &Dialog) -> egui::Id {
     match d.fields.get("__command").and_then(Value::as_str) {
-        Some(cmd) => egui::Id::new(("dialog-place", cmd)),
-        None => egui::Id::new(("dialog-place", format!("{:?}", d.kind))),
+        Some(cmd) => egui::Id::unique(("dialog-place", cmd)),
+        None => egui::Id::unique(("dialog-place", format!("{:?}", d.kind))),
     }
 }
 
 /// Whether another dialog is drawn above `live` (egui's layer order, back to front).
 fn older_dialog_above(ctx: &egui::Context, live: egui::LayerId, dialogs: &[Dialog]) -> bool {
     let others: Vec<egui::LayerId> =
-        dialogs.iter().map(|d| egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Foreground, egui::Id::new(("dialog", d.id)))).filter(|l| *l != live).collect();
+        dialogs.iter().map(|d| egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Foreground, egui::Id::unique(("dialog", d.id)))).filter(|l| *l != live).collect();
     ctx.memory(|m| m.layer_ids().skip_while(|l| *l != live).skip(1).any(|l| others.contains(&l)))
 }
 
@@ -110,16 +188,47 @@ fn resizable_dialog(fields: &serde_json::Map<String, Value>) -> Option<egui::Vec
         Some(crate::prefs_ui::PREFERENCES_SIZE)
     } else if fields.contains_key("__web") {
         Some(egui::vec2(960.0, 900.0))
+    } else if is_curves(fields) {
+        Some(CURVES_SIZE)
     } else {
         None
     }
 }
 
+/// Whether `fields` are the Image › Adjustments › Curves dialog's.
+fn is_curves(fields: &serde_json::Map<String, Value>) -> bool {
+    fields.get("__adjust").and_then(Value::as_str) == Some("curves")
+}
+
+/// The size the Curves dialog first opens at: the 300-point graph it had before it could be
+/// resized (#5113); it grows to fit its controls below the graph.
+const CURVES_SIZE: egui::Vec2 = egui::vec2(300.0, 420.0);
+/// The smallest a resizable dialog is dragged to: Curves keeps a usable graph (#8984), the others
+/// their two-column layouts.
+fn resizable_min(fields: &serde_json::Map<String, Value>) -> egui::Vec2 {
+    if is_curves(fields) { egui::vec2(300.0, 420.0) } else { egui::vec2(560.0, 400.0) }
+}
+
+/// Where the size the user last gave a resizable dialog is kept (#8984), beside its place.
+fn size_id(place: egui::Id) -> egui::Id {
+    place.with("size")
+}
+
+/// The largest a resizable dialog of `fields` with smallest size `min` is dragged to: the window
+/// less a margin, and for Curves no wider than its graph can grow (#8984), so no blank column.
+fn resizable_max(ctx: &egui::Context, fields: &serde_json::Map<String, Value>, min: egui::Vec2) -> egui::Vec2 {
+    let mut max = (ctx.content_rect().size() - egui::vec2(40.0, 40.0)).max(min);
+    if is_curves(fields) {
+        max.x = max.x.min(crate::adjust_editors::curve_side_max(ctx)).max(min.x);
+    }
+    max
+}
+
 fn show_modal<T>(
     modal: egui::Modal,
     ctx: &egui::Context,
     id: egui::Id,
-    resizable: Option<egui::Vec2>,
+    resizable: Option<(egui::Vec2, egui::Vec2, egui::Vec2)>,
     interactive: bool,
     contents: impl FnOnce(&mut egui::Ui) -> T,
 ) -> egui::ModalResponse<T> {
@@ -128,9 +237,10 @@ fn show_modal<T>(
         if !interactive {
             ui.disable();
         }
-        if let Some(size) = resizable {
-            let max = (ctx.content_rect().size() - egui::vec2(40.0, 40.0)).max(egui::vec2(560.0, 400.0));
-            egui::Resize::default().id(id.with("resize")).default_size(size.min(max)).min_size(egui::vec2(560.0, 400.0)).max_size(max).show(ui, contents)
+        if let Some((size, min, max)) = resizable {
+            // No stroke: Resize outlines its contents 2 points out, an inner box inside the
+            // dialog's frame that left the title and buttons flush against it (#8199).
+            egui::Resize::default().id(id.with("resize")).with_stroke(false).default_size(size.min(max)).min_size(min).max_size(max).show(ui, contents)
         } else {
             contents(ui)
         }
@@ -176,7 +286,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
         let mut outcome: Option<bool> = None; // Some(true)=OK, Some(false)=Cancel
         let mut apply_requested = false;
         let title = display_title(&d);
-        let id = egui::Id::new(("dialog", d.id));
+        let id = egui::Id::unique(("dialog", d.id));
         // Opens where the same dialog was last left (centred the first time), then its top-left
         // stays put (offset from the window's top-left, moved by dragging the title bar; view
         // state only, so egui memory): a dialog whose body grows, like Layer Style switching
@@ -210,14 +320,22 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
         let web = fields.contains_key("__web");
         let web_popup_open = web && egui::Popup::is_any_open(ctx);
         let resizable = resizable_dialog(&fields);
-        let modal = show_modal(modal, ctx, id, resizable, interactive, |ui| {
+        // Curves reopens at the size it was left at (#8984).
+        let remembered = if is_curves(&fields) { ctx.data_mut(|m| m.get_persisted::<egui::Vec2>(size_id(place))) } else { None };
+        let resize = resizable.map(|size| {
+            let min = resizable_min(&fields);
+            (remembered.unwrap_or(size), min, resizable_max(ctx, &fields, min))
+        });
+        let mut given = None;
+        let modal = show_modal(modal, ctx, id, resize, interactive, |ui| {
             sizing = ui.is_sizing_pass();
             let available = ui.available_size();
+            given = Some(available);
             // A dialog of a few short fields (`__compact`, Fit Image) is narrower (#4673): the title
             // rule and the button row fill the width they are given, so it needs its own maximum too.
             let compact = d.fields.contains_key("__compact");
-            // The curve editor caps its graph allocation at 300 points (#5113).
-            let curves = fields.get("__adjust").and_then(Value::as_str) == Some("curves");
+            // The curve editor's graph is as wide as the dialog lets it be (#5113, #8984).
+            let curves = is_curves(&fields);
             if !compact {
                 ui.set_min_width(if curves { 300.0 } else { 380.0 });
             }
@@ -244,7 +362,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
             } else if compact {
                 260.0
             } else if curves {
-                300.0
+                available.x.max(300.0)
             } else {
                 440.0
             }));
@@ -315,6 +433,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
                     ui.add_space(8.0);
                     about_tab_body(app, ui, chosen);
                 }
+                DialogKind::Command if crate::open_prompt::owns_damage(&fields) => crate::open_prompt::damage_body(ui, &fields),
                 DialogKind::Command if crate::guide_layout_ui::owns(&fields) => outcome = crate::guide_layout_ui::body(app, ui, &mut fields, interactive),
                 DialogKind::Command if crate::brush_preset_dialog::owns(&fields) => {
                     outcome = crate::brush_preset_dialog::body(app, ui, &mut fields, interactive)
@@ -322,11 +441,13 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
                 DialogKind::Command if crate::fill_ui::owns(&fields) => crate::fill_ui::body(app, ui, &mut fields),
                 DialogKind::Command if crate::pattern_fill_ui::owns(&fields) => crate::pattern_fill_ui::body(app, ui, &mut fields),
                 DialogKind::Command if crate::stroke_ui::owns(&fields) => crate::stroke_ui::body(ui, &mut fields),
+                DialogKind::Command if crate::snapshot_dialog::owns(&fields) => crate::snapshot_dialog::body(ui, &mut fields),
                 DialogKind::Command if crate::channel_options_ui::owns(&fields) => crate::channel_options_ui::body(ui, &mut fields),
                 DialogKind::Command if crate::channel_options_ui::owns_new_spot(&fields) => crate::channel_options_ui::new_spot_body(ui, &mut fields),
                 DialogKind::Command if crate::shape_dialog::owns(&fields) => crate::shape_dialog::body(app, ui, &mut fields),
                 DialogKind::Command if crate::delete_layer_prompt::owns(&fields) => crate::delete_layer_prompt::body(ui, &mut fields),
                 DialogKind::Command if crate::disk_change_prompt::owns(&fields) => crate::disk_change_prompt::body(ui, &fields),
+                DialogKind::Command if crate::replace_prompt::owns(&fields) => crate::replace_prompt::body(ui, &fields),
                 DialogKind::Command if crate::actions::owns_insert_stop(&fields) => crate::actions::insert_stop_body(ui, &mut fields),
                 DialogKind::Command if crate::new_layer_ui::owns(&fields) => crate::new_layer_ui::body(ui, &mut fields),
                 DialogKind::Command if crate::mask_trash_prompt::owns(&fields) => crate::mask_trash_prompt::body(ui, &fields),
@@ -389,6 +510,9 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
                 }
             }
             crate::field_tab::end(ui.ctx(), tab);
+            if let Some(Value::String(key)) = fields.remove(BROWSE_FIELD) {
+                browse_field(app, d.id, &fields, &key);
+            }
             if crate::guide_layout_ui::owns(&fields) || crate::brush_preset_dialog::owns(&fields) {
                 // These dialogs own their right-side actions and validate Enter themselves.
             } else if crate::color_picker_ui::owns(&fields) {
@@ -419,9 +543,11 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
                     } else {
                         let ok_label = if d.kind == DialogKind::NewDocument {
                             tl!("Create")
+                        } else if crate::open_prompt::owns_damage(&d.fields) {
+                            tl!("Continue")
                         } else if crate::delete_layer_prompt::owns(&d.fields) {
                             tl!("Delete")
-                        } else if crate::disk_change_prompt::owns(&d.fields) {
+                        } else if crate::disk_change_prompt::owns(&d.fields) || crate::replace_prompt::owns(&d.fields) {
                             tl!("Replace")
                         } else if d.fields.contains_key("__export") {
                             tl!("Export")
@@ -496,6 +622,17 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
         });
         // The picker has a larger frame margin; include that whole frame in the canvas hit guard.
         shown.push(if color_picker { modal.response.rect } else { modal.inner });
+        // The size Curves was given (dragged or grown to fit) is the one it reopens at (#8984).
+        // A size at the window's limit is the window's, not the user's: a large remembered size
+        // squeezed into a small window is kept for a larger one.
+        if let (false, true, Some(size), Some((opened, _, max))) = (sizing, is_curves(&fields), given.filter(|g| g.is_finite()), resize)
+            && size != opened.min(max)
+            && size.x < max.x - 0.5
+            && size.y < max.y - 0.5
+            && remembered != Some(size)
+        {
+            ctx.data_mut(|m| m.insert_persisted(size_id(place), size));
+        }
         // Pin once laid out at its real size (the first frame is an invisible sizing pass).
         if !sizing && (web || pinned.is_none() || drag != egui::Vec2::ZERO) {
             let screen = ctx.content_rect();
@@ -545,7 +682,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
             }
         }
     }
-    ctx.data_mut(|m| m.insert_temp(egui::Id::new(RECTS), shown));
+    ctx.data_mut(|m| m.insert_temp(egui::Id::unique(RECTS), shown));
 }
 
 /// The About window's tabs, as stored in its `tab` field.
@@ -605,11 +742,82 @@ pub fn title(d: &Dialog) -> String {
     }
 }
 
+type Fields = serde_json::Map<String, Value>;
+
+/// The markers [`confirm`] and [`cancel`] choose a dialog's handler by: keys the code opening a
+/// dialog puts in its fields. Keep in step with the arms of `confirm`.
+const ROUTES: &[fn(&Fields) -> bool] = &[
+    crate::guide_layout_ui::owns,
+    crate::brush_preset_dialog::owns,
+    crate::fill_ui::owns,
+    crate::pattern_fill_ui::owns,
+    crate::stroke_ui::owns,
+    crate::channel_options_ui::owns,
+    crate::channel_options_ui::owns_new_spot,
+    crate::shape_dialog::owns,
+    crate::delete_layer_prompt::owns,
+    crate::disk_change_prompt::owns,
+    crate::actions::owns_insert_stop,
+    crate::new_layer_ui::owns,
+    crate::mask_trash_prompt::owns,
+    crate::rasterize_prompt::owns,
+    crate::duplicate_layer_ui::owns,
+    crate::stack_dialog::owns,
+    crate::tool_reset::owns,
+    crate::crop_presets::owns,
+    crate::variables_ui::owns,
+    crate::file_ui::owns,
+    crate::new_guide_ui::owns,
+    crate::color_picker_ui::owns,
+    crate::color_range_ui::owns,
+    crate::prefs_ui::owns,
+    crate::open_prompt::owns,
+    crate::replace_prompt::owns,
+    crate::layer_style::color_picker::owns,
+    |f| f.contains_key("__export"),
+    |f| f.contains_key("__smartFilter"),
+    |f| f.contains_key(crate::actions::RESUME),
+];
+
+/// Whether `key` is a marker that picks a dialog's handler. Automation may change the values of
+/// a dialog's fields, private ones included, but never add a marker: a dialog it opened would
+/// otherwise confirm through another dialog's handler, one its command was never judged for.
+pub fn is_route_marker(key: &str) -> bool {
+    let probe = Fields::from_iter([(key.to_string(), Value::Bool(true))]);
+    ROUTES.iter().any(|owns| owns(&probe))
+}
+
+/// The file command a dialog's handler stands for when it reads or writes files itself, outside
+/// the engine (a disk-change save, Export As, Save for Web, Print), so automation is judged for
+/// that command rather than for the dialog's `__command`.
+fn file_command(fields: &Fields) -> Option<&'static str> {
+    if crate::disk_change_prompt::owns(fields) {
+        Some("file.save")
+    } else if fields.contains_key("__export") {
+        Some("file.export.exportAs")
+    } else if fields.contains_key("__web") {
+        Some("file.export.saveForWebLegacy")
+    } else if fields.contains_key("__print") {
+        Some("file.print")
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
 /// Confirm a dialog: run its action and close it. Used by the OK button and by automation.
 pub fn confirm(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, id: u64) -> Result<Value, String> {
     if crate::layer_style::color_picker::has_child(app, id) {
         return Err("confirm or cancel the Layer Style color picker first".into());
     }
+    // A control request installs the session gate; synthetic input sets `automation_input`.
+    // Either way the handler's own file access is judged before it runs, as its command would be.
+    if (app.automation_input || app.session.authorize.is_some())
+        && let Some(d) = app.ui.dialogs.iter().find(|d| d.id == id)
+        && let Some(command) = file_command(&d.fields)
+        && let Some(authorize) = app.services.automation_command.as_ref()
+    {
+        authorize(command, &Value::Object(d.fields.clone()))?;
+    }
     if let Some(d) = app.ui.dialogs.iter().find(|d| d.id == id).filter(|d| crate::guide_layout_ui::owns(&d.fields)) {
         if app.ui.dialogs.iter().any(|child| crate::color_picker_ui::owns(&child.fields) && child.fields.get("__dialog").and_then(Value::as_u64) == Some(id)) {
             return Err("confirm or cancel the guide color picker first".into());
@@ -630,16 +838,19 @@ pub fn confirm(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, id: u64) -> Result<Value, String> {
             }
             r
         }
+        DialogKind::Command if crate::open_prompt::owns_damage(&d.fields) => crate::open_prompt::answer_damage(app, true),
         DialogKind::Command if crate::guide_layout_ui::owns(&d.fields) => crate::guide_layout_ui::confirm(app, &d.fields),
         DialogKind::Command if crate::brush_preset_dialog::owns(&d.fields) => crate::brush_preset_dialog::confirm(app, &d.fields),
         DialogKind::Command if crate::fill_ui::owns(&d.fields) => crate::fill_ui::confirm(app, &d.fields),
         DialogKind::Command if crate::pattern_fill_ui::owns(&d.fields) => crate::pattern_fill_ui::confirm(app, &d.fields),
         DialogKind::Command if crate::stroke_ui::owns(&d.fields) => crate::stroke_ui::confirm(app, &d.fields),
+        DialogKind::Command if crate::snapshot_dialog::owns(&d.fields) => crate::snapshot_dialog::confirm(app, &d.fields),
         DialogKind::Command if crate::channel_options_ui::owns(&d.fields) => crate::channel_options_ui::confirm(app, &d.fields),
         DialogKind::Command if crate::channel_options_ui::owns_new_spot(&d.fields) => crate::channel_options_ui::confirm_new_spot(app, &d.fields),
         DialogKind::Command if crate::shape_dialog::owns(&d.fields) => crate::shape_dialog::confirm(app, &d.fields),
         DialogKind::Command if crate::delete_layer_prompt::owns(&d.fields) => crate::delete_layer_prompt::confirm(app, &d.fields),
         DialogKind::Command if crate::disk_change_prompt::owns(&d.fields) => crate::disk_change_prompt::confirm(app, &d.fields),
+        DialogKind::Command if crate::replace_prompt::owns(&d.fields) => crate::replace_prompt::confirm(app),
         DialogKind::Command if crate::actions::owns_insert_stop(&d.fields) => crate::actions::insert_stop_confirm(app, &d.fields),
         DialogKind::Command if crate::new_layer_ui::owns(&d.fields) => crate::new_layer_ui::confirm(app, &d.fields),
         DialogKind::Command if crate::mask_trash_prompt::owns(&d.fields) => crate::mask_trash_prompt::confirm(app, &d.fields),
@@ -658,11 +869,25 @@ pub fn confirm(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, id: u64) -> Result<Value, String> {
         DialogKind::Command => {
             let Some(cmd) = d.fields.get("__command").and_then(Value::as_str).map(str::to_string) else {
                 app.filter_preview = None;
+                crate::actions::abandoned(app, &d.fields);
                 return Err("dialog has no command".into());
             };
             if crate::filter_dialog::needs_displace_map(&cmd, &crate::filter_dialog::params_of(&d.fields)) {
                 app.filter_preview = None;
-                return crate::filter_dialog::ask_displace_map(app, cmd, d.fields.clone());
+                let result = crate::filter_dialog::ask_displace_map(app, cmd, d.fields.clone());
+                if result.is_err() {
+                    crate::actions::abandoned(app, &d.fields);
+                } else {
+                    // Cancel and an unavailable picker finish before the Displace callback
+                    // runs. Observe the whole file-dialog result, including those exits.
+                    app.after_file_dialog(move |app, result| {
+                        if result.is_err() {
+                            crate::actions::abandoned(app, &d.fields);
+                        }
+                        result
+                    });
+                }
+                return result;
             }
             let (cmd, params) = match crate::smart_ui::confirm_command(app, &d.fields, cmd, crate::filter_dialog::params_of(&d.fields)) {
                 Ok(edit) => edit,
@@ -686,9 +911,15 @@ pub fn confirm(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, id: u64) -> Result<Value, String> {
                 app.ui.view.guide_layout = params;
             }
             if result.is_ok() {
-                crate::filter_dialog::remember(app, &cmd, &d.fields);
+                if crate::adjust_dialog::owns(&d.fields) {
+                    crate::adjust_dialog::remember(app, &d.fields);
+                } else {
+                    crate::filter_dialog::remember(app, &cmd, &d.fields);
+                }
                 // A step dialog of a playing action: the action continues after it.
                 crate::actions::resume(app, &d.fields)?;
+            } else {
+                crate::actions::abandoned(app, &d.fields);
             }
             result
         }
@@ -705,9 +936,15 @@ pub fn cancel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, id: u64) -> Result<Value, String> {
         app.ui.dialogs.retain(|child| child.fields.get("__dialog").and_then(Value::as_u64) != Some(id));
     }
     // Cancel on a profile prompt opens neither its file nor the ones still to come.
-    if crate::open_prompt::owns(&closed.fields) {
+    if crate::open_prompt::owns_damage(&closed.fields) {
+        crate::open_prompt::answer_damage(app, false)?;
+    } else if crate::open_prompt::owns(&closed.fields) {
         crate::open_prompt::answer(app, None)?;
     }
+    // Cancel on the question whether to replace a file writes nothing.
+    if crate::replace_prompt::owns(&closed.fields) {
+        crate::replace_prompt::cancel(app)?;
+    }
     app.ui.dialogs.retain(|d| !crate::layer_style::color_picker::child_of(&d.fields, id));
     app.filter_preview = None;
     app.color_range = None;
@@ -878,6 +1115,30 @@ mod tests {
         assert!((moved - egui::vec2(-120.0, 40.0)).length() < 2.0, "the band beside the × moved the dialog: {moved:?}");
     }
 
+    /// #6810: dragging a dialog's title moves the dialog under the pointer, so the press origin is
+    /// no longer inside it; that drag must not pan the canvas or reach a canvas tool.
+    #[test]
+    fn dragging_a_dialog_title_does_not_pan_the_canvas() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let canvas = egui::Rect::from_min_max(egui::pos2(0.0, 0.0), egui::pos2(1000.0, 800.0));
+        let at_press = egui::Rect::from_min_max(egui::pos2(100.0, 100.0), egui::pos2(300.0, 200.0));
+        let moved = egui::Rect::from_min_max(egui::pos2(550.0, 480.0), egui::pos2(750.0, 580.0));
+        let run = |rect: egui::Rect, events: Vec<egui::Event>| {
+            ctx.data_mut(|m| m.insert_temp(egui::Id::unique(RECTS), vec![rect]));
+            ctx.begin_pass(egui::RawInput { events, ..Default::default() });
+            let out = (pan_delta(&ctx, canvas, true), free_press(&ctx, canvas));
+            ctx.end_pass().textures_delta.clear();
+            out
+        };
+        let press =
+            egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: egui::pos2(150.0, 120.0), button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed: true, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE };
+        let (pan, click) = run(at_press, vec![egui::Event::PointerMoved(egui::pos2(150.0, 120.0)), press]);
+        assert!(pan.is_none() && click.is_none(), "the press is on the dialog");
+        let (pan, click) = run(moved, vec![egui::Event::PointerMoved(egui::pos2(600.0, 500.0))]);
+        assert!(pan.is_none(), "the dialog moved away from the press origin: {pan:?}");
+        assert!(click.is_none(), "and the drag is not a canvas tool drag: {click:?}");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn color_picker_has_inset_content_and_actions_at_the_right_edge() {
         use egui_kittest::{Harness, kittest::Queryable};
@@ -1019,7 +1280,8 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(angle(&h), Some(0.0));
         // The dial's field is the dialog's first number, so it opens focused (#1757).
         let first = h.get_all_by_role(egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton).next().unwrap();
-        assert!(first.is_focused() && first.rect().center().y < h.get_by_label("Distance").rect().center().y, "the Angle field has focus");
+        let distance = h.query_all_by_label("Distance").next().expect("the Distance field").rect();
+        assert!(first.is_focused() && first.rect().center().y < distance.center().y, "the Angle field has focus");
         // Click above the centre: straight up is 90°.
         let up = centre(&h) + egui::vec2(0.0, -15.0);
         h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(up));
@@ -1142,10 +1404,12 @@ mod tests {
         let ctx = h.ctx.clone();
         let d = crate::menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "file.automate.fitImage", json!({})).unwrap()["dialog"].as_u64().unwrap();
         h.run_steps(4);
-        let window = h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::new(("dialog", d)))).expect("the Fit Image window");
+        let window = h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::unique(("dialog", d)))).expect("the Fit Image window");
         assert!(window.width() < 300.0, "Fit Image is {} points wide", window.width());
         for label in ["Fit Image", "Width", "Height", "OK", "Cancel"] {
-            assert!(window.contains_rect(h.get_by_label(label).rect()), "{label} inside the window");
+            // A caption and the field it names share the label; either sits inside the window.
+            let node = h.query_all_by_label(label).next().unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("{label} in the dialog"));
+            assert!(window.contains_rect(node.rect()), "{label} inside the window");
         }
     }
 }
@@ -1181,7 +1445,7 @@ mod preference_resize_tests {
     }
 
     fn frame(h: &egui_kittest::Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>) -> egui::Rect {
-        let rects: Vec<egui::Rect> = h.ctx.data(|m| m.get_temp(egui::Id::new(RECTS))).unwrap();
+        let rects: Vec<egui::Rect> = h.ctx.data(|m| m.get_temp(egui::Id::unique(RECTS))).unwrap();
         rects[0]
     }
 
@@ -1225,4 +1489,45 @@ mod preference_resize_tests {
         h.run_steps(10);
         assert_eq!(frame(&h), smaller);
     }
+
+    /// #8199: no outline is drawn just around the contents, which left the title flush against a
+    /// second, inner box instead of the frame's margin like the other dialogs.
+    #[test]
+    fn preferences_has_no_inner_outline_hugging_its_title() {
+        fn find<'a>(shape: &'a egui::Shape, out: &mut Vec<&'a egui::Shape>) {
+            match shape {
+                egui::Shape::Vec(shapes) => shapes.iter().for_each(|s| find(s, out)),
+                s => out.push(s),
+            }
+        }
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        crate::prefs_ui::open_preferences(&mut app, "general");
+        let mut h = egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(1600.0, 1000.0)).build_ui_state(
+            |ui, app| {
+                if ui.ctx().fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("semibold".into()))) {
+                    show(app, ui.ctx());
+                }
+            },
+            app,
+        );
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, Default::default());
+        h.run_steps(5);
+        let mut shapes = Vec::new();
+        h.output().shapes.iter().for_each(|s| find(&s.shape, &mut shapes));
+        let title = shapes
+            .iter()
+            .find_map(|s| match s {
+                egui::Shape::Text(t) if t.galley.job.text == "Preferences" => Some(t.pos),
+                _ => None,
+            })
+            .expect("the title is painted");
+        let hugging: Vec<egui::Rect> = shapes
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|s| match s {
+                egui::Shape::Rect(r) if r.stroke.width > 0.0 && r.rect.contains(title) && (0.0..4.0).contains(&(title.x - r.rect.left())) => Some(r.rect),
+                _ => None,
+            })
+            .collect();
+        assert!(hugging.is_empty(), "an outline within 4 points of the title at {title:?}: {hugging:?}");
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/direct_select.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/direct_select.rs
index b27d9ea466..71fccc3870 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/direct_select.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/direct_select.rs
@@ -174,7 +174,14 @@ pub(crate) fn active_paths(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Vec<(PathRef, Path)> {
 /// The paths Direct Selection edits, front first: the Pen path being drawn, the active paths, then
 /// every visible shape layer.
 pub(crate) fn candidates(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Vec<(PathRef, Path)> {
-    let pen = app.ui.pen.as_ref().filter(|p| !p.dragging && !p.knots.is_empty()).map(|p| (PathRef::Pen, crate::vector_ui::pen_path(p)));
+    let active = app.session.active().map(|st| st.doc.id);
+    let pen = app
+        .ui
+        .pen
+        .as_ref()
+        .filter(|_| app.ui.pen_doc.is_none_or(|owner| Some(owner) == active))
+        .filter(|p| !p.dragging && !p.knots.is_empty())
+        .map(|p| (PathRef::Pen, crate::vector_ui::pen_path(p)));
     let mut out: Vec<_> = pen.into_iter().chain(active_paths(app)).collect();
     if let Some(st) = app.session.active() {
         for (path, _, l) in st.doc.walk().iter().rev() {
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/direction.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/direction.rs
index ab54a2ed62..6eabbb73ef 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/direction.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/direction.rs
@@ -68,12 +68,12 @@ fn parse_dir(value: &str) -> Option<Dir> {
 }
 
 /// A side panel on the reading-start side: left, or right in a right-to-left UI (the toolbox).
-pub fn start_panel(id: impl Into<egui::Id>) -> egui::Panel {
+pub fn start_panel(id: impl egui::AsIdSalt) -> egui::Panel {
     if is_rtl() { egui::Panel::right(id) } else { egui::Panel::left(id) }
 }
 
 /// A side panel on the reading-end side: right, or left in a right-to-left UI (the dock).
-pub fn end_panel(id: impl Into<egui::Id>) -> egui::Panel {
+pub fn end_panel(id: impl egui::AsIdSalt) -> egui::Panel {
     if is_rtl() { egui::Panel::left(id) } else { egui::Panel::right(id) }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/direction_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/direction_tests.rs
index 4575017a09..f8ddafc2c4 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/direction_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/direction_tests.rs
@@ -89,9 +89,7 @@ fn text_x(h: &Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, text: &str) -> f32 {
 }
 
 fn dock_x(h: &Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>) -> f32 {
-    let rects = crate::dock::last_rects(&h.ctx);
-    let (_, layers) = rects.iter().find(|(g, _)| *g == crate::dock::Group::Layers).expect("Layers docked");
-    layers.center().x
+    crate::panel_docking::probe::panel_rect(&h.ctx, "layers").expect("Layers docked").center().x
 }
 
 #[test]
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/discard_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/discard_ui.rs
index e9b5504bea..2570e9041c 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/discard_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/discard_ui.rs
@@ -71,6 +71,14 @@ pub fn intercept(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, id: &str, params: &Value) -> bool {
     if docs.is_empty() {
         return false;
     }
+    // Once the window's GPU device is lost nothing can be drawn (`gpu_status::check_window`), so
+    // the prompt would never show. While saving for recovery keeps failing, quitting (the close
+    // button, File › Exit) must still go through rather than leave a blank window that can't be
+    // closed.
+    if id == EXIT && app.window_lost {
+        log::warn!("quitting a window that lost its GPU device before its unsaved work could be saved for recovery");
+        return false;
+    }
     let prompt = Prompt { id: id.to_string(), params: params.clone(), target, docs, focused: None };
     match &app.discard {
         None => ask(app, prompt),
@@ -304,7 +312,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
     let labels = button_labels(mac, &buttons.iter().map(|b| (b.1, b.2)).collect::<Vec<_>>());
     let row: Vec<DialogButton> =
         buttons.iter().zip(&labels).map(|(b, label)| DialogButton::new(b.0, label, b.3).focus(focus && b.0 == ButtonRole::Default)).collect();
-    let modal = egui::Modal::new(egui::Id::new("discard-prompt")).show(ctx, |ui| {
+    let modal = egui::Modal::new(egui::Id::unique("discard-prompt")).show(ctx, |ui| {
         ui.set_max_width(420.0);
         ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!(&title)).font(crate::theme::semibold(15.0)));
         ui.add_space(4.0);
@@ -787,8 +795,11 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(button_labels(false, &buttons), ["(Y)es", "(N)o", "(C)ancel"]);
         let german = crate::i18n::Lang::from_code("de").unwrap();
         crate::i18n::with_language(german, || {
-            assert_eq!(button_labels(false, &buttons), ["Ja (Y)", "Nein (N)", "Abbrechen (C)"]);
-            assert_eq!(button_labels(true, &buttons), ["Ja", "Nein", "Abbrechen"]);
+            let shown: Vec<&str> = buttons.iter().map(|(label, _)| crate::i18n::tr(german, label)).collect();
+            assert_eq!(button_labels(true, &buttons), shown);
+            let labels = button_labels(false, &buttons);
+            let appended: Vec<String> = shown.iter().zip(&buttons).map(|(text, (_, key))| format!("{text} ({})", key.map_or("", |k| k.name()))).collect();
+            assert!(labels.iter().all(|label| label.starts_with('(')) || labels == appended, "{labels:?}");
         });
     }
 
@@ -883,6 +894,53 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(h.state().session.documents().is_empty());
     }
 
+    /// Save on closing an untitled document, answered with `kept` while `kept.psd` exists: the
+    /// prompt waits for the question whether to replace it. Cancel brings the prompt back with
+    /// nothing written; Replace saves and closes the document.
+    #[test]
+    fn saving_from_the_prompt_waits_for_the_question_whether_to_replace() {
+        use crate::{FileDialogAnswer, FileDialogReply};
+        use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
+        use std::{cell::RefCell, rc::Rc};
+        let written: Rc<RefCell<Vec<String>>> = Rc::default();
+        let (w, waiting): (_, Rc<RefCell<Option<FileDialogReply>>>) = (written.clone(), Rc::default());
+        let held = waiting.clone();
+        let mut app = app_with_docs(1);
+        make_dirty(&mut app, 0);
+        app.services.export = Some(Box::new(|_: &photocraft_doc::Document, _: &str, _: &crate::ExportSettings| Ok((b"out".to_vec(), Vec::new()))));
+        app.services.write = Some(Box::new(move |p: &str, _: &[u8]| {
+            w.borrow_mut().push(p.to_string());
+            Ok(())
+        }));
+        app.services.file_stamp = Some(Box::new(|p: &str| (p == "/pics/kept.psd").then_some(crate::FileStamp { len: 1, modified: None })));
+        app.services.file_dialog = Some(Box::new(move |_, _, reply| *held.borrow_mut() = Some(reply)));
+        let mut h = prompt_for(app, "file.close", egui::os::OperatingSystem::Windows);
+        let save = |h: &mut Prompted| {
+            h.key_press(Key::Y);
+            h.run_steps(3);
+            waiting.borrow_mut().take().expect("the save dialog is open").send(Some(FileDialogAnswer::SaveTo("/pics/kept".into())));
+            h.run_steps(2);
+            h.state().ui.dialogs.iter().find(|d| crate::replace_prompt::owns(&d.fields)).map(|d| d.id).expect("the save asks first")
+        };
+        let id = save(&mut h);
+        assert!(h.state().file_dialog_open());
+        assert!(h.query_by_label("(Y)es").is_none(), "the prompt waits behind the question");
+        assert!(written.borrow().is_empty());
+
+        crate::dialogs::cancel(h.state_mut(), id).unwrap();
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        assert!(written.borrow().is_empty(), "Cancel writes nothing");
+        assert_eq!(docs_left(&h), Some(1));
+        assert_eq!(focused(&h, &["(Y)es", "(N)o", "(C)ancel"]), Some("(Y)es"), "the prompt comes back");
+
+        let id = save(&mut h);
+        crate::dialogs::confirm(h.state_mut(), id).unwrap();
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        assert_eq!(*written.borrow(), ["/pics/kept.psd"]);
+        assert!(h.state().discard.is_none());
+        assert!(h.state().session.documents().is_empty());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn saving_from_the_prompt_waits_for_a_background_save_then_closes() {
         use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
@@ -962,6 +1020,9 @@ mod tests {
     #[path = "dds_tests.rs"]
     mod dds_tests;
 
+    #[path = "jpeg_tests.rs"]
+    mod jpeg_tests;
+
     /// One frame with the window's close button pressed; the commands the guard sent.
     fn window_close_commands(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> Vec<egui::ViewportCommand> {
         let mut info = egui::ViewportInfo::default();
@@ -989,6 +1050,41 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(app.discard.is_some());
     }
 
+    /// After the window's GPU device is lost nothing can be drawn, so a prompt could never be seen
+    /// or answered. While unsaved work can't be written for recovery (the save keeps retrying), the
+    /// close button must still quit, instead of opening a prompt that never shows.
+    #[test]
+    fn window_close_goes_through_once_the_window_device_is_lost() {
+        let mut app = app_with_docs(1);
+        make_dirty(&mut app, 0);
+        app.window_lost = true;
+        assert!(!press_window_close(&mut app), "the close isn't cancelled");
+        assert!(app.discard.is_none(), "no prompt opened");
+    }
+
+    /// The title bar's close button and File › Exit run `file.exit` through `menus::invoke`, which
+    /// parks it behind the prompt before any close request is made: once the window's device is
+    /// lost they must close instead.
+    #[test]
+    fn file_exit_quits_without_a_prompt_once_the_window_device_is_lost() {
+        let exit = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
+            let mut out = egui::Context::default().run_ui(egui::RawInput::default(), |ui| {
+                let _ = crate::menus::invoke(app, ui.ctx(), EXIT, json!({}));
+            });
+            out.textures_delta.clear();
+            let commands = out.viewport_output.remove(&egui::ViewportId::ROOT).map(|o| o.commands).unwrap_or_default();
+            commands.iter().any(|c| matches!(c, egui::ViewportCommand::Close))
+        };
+        let mut app = app_with_docs(1);
+        make_dirty(&mut app, 0);
+        assert!(!exit(&mut app), "a window that can draw asks first");
+        assert!(app.discard.is_some());
+        app.discard = None;
+        app.window_lost = true;
+        assert!(exit(&mut app), "the window is asked to close");
+        assert!(app.discard.is_none(), "no prompt opened");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn unsaved_work_is_any_dirty_document_until_closing_is_confirmed() {
         let mut app = app_with_docs(2);
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/discard_ui/tests/jpeg_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/discard_ui/tests/jpeg_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ebeb97fb13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/discard_ui/tests/jpeg_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+//! JPEG Options on Save As and Save a Copy (FILE-215-19): the quality and format it asks for, the
+//! scripted `quality` / `jpegFormat` that skip it, recording and playback, and the close prompt
+//! waiting behind it.
+use super::*;
+use crate::{FileDialogAnswer, jpeg_options_ui};
+use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
+use photocraft_codecs::JpegFormat;
+use std::{cell::RefCell, rc::Rc};
+
+/// Each write: the path, and the JPEG quality (1–100) and format the export was asked for.
+type Writes = Rc<RefCell<Vec<(String, Vec<u8>)>>>;
+
+/// The JSON a write records.
+fn asked(quality: Option<u8>, format: JpegFormat) -> Vec<u8> {
+    serde_json::to_vec(&(quality, format.name())).unwrap()
+}
+
+/// The encoder quality for Photoshop quality `q`.
+fn pct(q: u8) -> Option<u8> {
+    Some(photocraft_engine::file_cmds::jpeg_quality(f64::from(q)))
+}
+
+/// One 8×8 RGB document whose exports record their JPEG settings, in a harness showing JPEG
+/// Options and answering a save dialog with `to`.
+fn jpeg_app(to: &str) -> (Prompted, Writes) {
+    let mut app = app_with_docs(1);
+    let writes: Writes = Rc::default();
+    let written = writes.clone();
+    app.services.file_dialog = Some(crate::file_dialog::fake(vec![Some(FileDialogAnswer::SaveTo(to.into()))]).0);
+    app.services.export = Some(Box::new(|_, _, settings| Ok((asked(settings.jpeg_quality, settings.jpeg_format), Vec::new()))));
+    app.services.write = Some(Box::new(move |path, bytes| {
+        written.borrow_mut().push((path.to_string(), bytes.to_vec()));
+        Ok(())
+    }));
+    let h = egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(800.0, 600.0)).build_ui_state(
+        |ui, app| {
+            show(app, ui.ctx());
+            jpeg_options_ui::show(app, ui.ctx());
+            app.poll_file_dialog(ui.ctx(), None);
+        },
+        app,
+    );
+    PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::ALL[0]);
+    h.ctx.set_os(egui::os::OperatingSystem::Windows);
+    (h, writes)
+}
+
+/// Save As to a JPEG asks first, starting at the Export preferences' quality (85 → 10, Maximum)
+/// and Baseline, and writes only once answered.
+#[test]
+fn save_as_to_a_jpeg_asks_for_jpeg_options() {
+    let (mut h, writes) = jpeg_app("unused.jpg");
+    h.state_mut().save_as(Some("p.jpg".into())).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().jpeg_options.as_ref().map(|p| (p.quality, p.format, p.copy)), Some((10, JpegFormat::Baseline, false)));
+    assert!(h.query_by_label("JPEG Options").is_some());
+    assert!(writes.borrow().is_empty(), "nothing is written before the answer");
+    assert!(h.state_mut().save_as(Some("other.jpg".into())).is_err(), "one save at a time");
+    h.key_press(Key::Enter);
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    assert_eq!(writes.borrow().as_slice(), &[("p.jpg".to_string(), asked(pct(10), JpegFormat::Baseline))]);
+    assert!(h.state().jpeg_options.is_none());
+    assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().path.as_deref(), Some("p.jpg"));
+}
+
+/// Re-saving an opened JPEG starts at the file's own quality (`file_encoding`, as File › Save
+/// keeps it since #4032), not the Export preference's; left there, OK writes that quality exactly
+/// rather than its nearest step on the 0–12 scale (95 would come back as 92), and the recorded step
+/// leaves the quality out, so playback keeps it too. Save a Copy does the same; a quality changed
+/// in the prompt is written and recorded on the scale.
+#[test]
+fn resaving_an_opened_jpeg_starts_at_its_own_quality() {
+    let (mut h, writes) = jpeg_app("copy.jpg");
+    std::sync::Arc::make_mut(&mut h.state_mut().session.active_mut().unwrap().doc).file_encoding.jpeg_quality = Some(95);
+    h.state_mut().run("actions.record", json!({})).unwrap();
+    h.state_mut().save_as(Some("p.jpg".into())).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().jpeg_options.as_ref().map(|p| p.quality), Some(11), "95 is 11 on Photoshop's scale");
+    h.key_press(Key::Enter);
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    let ctx = h.ctx.clone();
+    crate::menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "file.saveACopy", json!({})).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().jpeg_options.as_ref().map(|p| (p.quality, p.copy)), Some((11, true)));
+    h.key_press(Key::Enter);
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    h.state_mut().save_as(Some("q.jpg".into())).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    h.state_mut().jpeg_options.as_mut().unwrap().quality = 12;
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    h.key_press(Key::Enter);
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    h.state_mut().run("actions.stop", json!({})).unwrap();
+    let expected = [
+        ("p.jpg".to_string(), asked(Some(95), JpegFormat::Baseline)),
+        ("copy.jpg".to_string(), asked(Some(95), JpegFormat::Baseline)),
+        ("q.jpg".to_string(), asked(pct(12), JpegFormat::Baseline)),
+    ];
+    assert_eq!(writes.borrow().as_slice(), &expected);
+    assert_eq!(
+        h.state().session.actions.list[0].steps,
+        [
+            ("file.saveAs".into(), json!({"path": "p.jpg", "jpegFormat": "baseline"})),
+            ("file.saveACopy".into(), json!({"path": "copy.jpg", "jpegFormat": "baseline"})),
+            ("file.saveAs".into(), json!({"path": "q.jpg", "quality": 12, "jpegFormat": "baseline"})),
+        ]
+    );
+    writes.borrow_mut().clear();
+    let played = h.state_mut().run("actions.play", json!({"action": 0})).unwrap();
+    assert!(played.get("failed").is_none(), "{played}");
+    assert_eq!(writes.borrow().as_slice(), &expected, "playback writes the file's own quality again");
+}
+
+/// A `file.saveACopy` step recorded from the engine command keeps its params as given, and the
+/// engine clamps a quality past 12; playing it back writes the copy the same way instead of
+/// failing on the quality.
+#[test]
+fn a_copy_recorded_from_the_engine_command_replays() {
+    let (mut h, writes) = jpeg_app("unused.jpg");
+    let path = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("photocraft-jpeg-copy-{}.jpg", std::process::id())).to_string_lossy().into_owned();
+    h.state_mut().run("actions.record", json!({})).unwrap();
+    h.state_mut().run("file.saveACopy", json!({"path": path, "quality": 90})).unwrap();
+    h.state_mut().run("actions.stop", json!({})).unwrap();
+    let _ = std::fs::remove_file(&path);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().session.actions.list[0].steps, [("file.saveACopy".into(), json!({"path": path, "quality": 90}))]);
+    let played = h.state_mut().run("actions.play", json!({"action": 0})).unwrap();
+    assert!(played.get("failed").is_none(), "{played}");
+    assert_eq!(writes.borrow().as_slice(), &[(path, asked(pct(12), JpegFormat::Baseline))]);
+}
+
+/// The quality and format chosen in the prompt are the ones written; Cancel writes nothing.
+#[test]
+fn jpeg_options_writes_the_choice_or_cancels() {
+    let (mut h, writes) = jpeg_app("unused.jpg");
+    h.state_mut().save_as(Some("p.jpg".into())).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    h.get_by_label("Progressive").click();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    h.state_mut().jpeg_options.as_mut().unwrap().quality = 3;
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    h.get_by_label("OK").click();
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    assert_eq!(writes.borrow().as_slice(), &[("p.jpg".to_string(), asked(pct(3), JpegFormat::Progressive))]);
+
+    h.state_mut().save_as(Some("c.jpg".into())).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    h.key_press(Key::Escape);
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    assert!(h.state().jpeg_options.is_none());
+    assert_eq!(writes.borrow().len(), 1, "cancelled: nothing more written");
+    assert_eq!(h.state().ui.status, "Save cancelled");
+}
+
+/// Scripts choose with `quality` or `jpegFormat` and are never asked; a bad value writes nothing;
+/// other formats aren't asked.
+#[test]
+fn scripted_jpeg_options_and_other_formats_skip_the_prompt() {
+    let (mut h, writes) = jpeg_app("unused.jpg");
+    let ctx = h.ctx.clone();
+    crate::menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "file.saveAs", json!({"path": "s.jpg", "quality": 12, "jpegFormat": "optimized"})).unwrap();
+    crate::menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "file.saveAs", json!({"path": "f.jpeg", "jpegFormat": "progressive"})).unwrap();
+    assert!(h.state().jpeg_options.is_none());
+    for bad in [json!({"quality": 13}), json!({"quality": "8"}), json!({"jpegFormat": "fast"})] {
+        let mut p = bad.clone();
+        p["path"] = json!("s.jpg");
+        assert!(crate::menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "file.saveAs", p).is_err(), "{bad}");
+    }
+    crate::menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "file.saveAs", json!({"path": "p.png"})).unwrap();
+    assert!(h.state().jpeg_options.is_none());
+    assert_eq!(
+        writes.borrow().as_slice(),
+        &[
+            ("s.jpg".to_string(), asked(Some(100), JpegFormat::Optimized)),
+            ("f.jpeg".to_string(), asked(None, JpegFormat::Progressive)),
+            ("p.png".to_string(), asked(None, JpegFormat::Baseline)),
+        ]
+    );
+}
+
+/// Save a Copy to a JPEG asks too, and the copy leaves the document's path and unsaved state.
+#[test]
+fn save_a_copy_to_a_jpeg_asks_and_keeps_the_document_unsaved() {
+    let (mut h, writes) = jpeg_app("copy.jpg");
+    make_dirty(h.state_mut(), 0);
+    let ctx = h.ctx.clone();
+    crate::menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "file.saveACopy", json!({})).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().jpeg_options.as_ref().map(|p| p.copy), Some(true));
+    assert!(jpeg_options_ui::park(h.state_mut(), "other.jpg".into(), false, "file.saveAs").is_err(), "the waiting prompt is kept");
+    h.key_press(Key::Enter);
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    assert_eq!(writes.borrow().as_slice(), &[("copy.jpg".to_string(), asked(pct(10), JpegFormat::Baseline))]);
+    let st = h.state().session.active().unwrap();
+    assert!(st.is_dirty());
+    assert_eq!(st.path, None);
+}
+
+/// An action being recorded keeps a JPEG Save As or Save a Copy with its answer (#2032, #4373)
+/// and plays them back without asking.
+#[test]
+fn recorded_jpeg_saves_keep_their_options_and_replay_without_asking() {
+    let (mut h, writes) = jpeg_app("copy.jpg");
+    let ctx = h.ctx.clone();
+    h.state_mut().run("actions.record", json!({})).unwrap();
+    h.state_mut().save_as(Some("p.jpg".into())).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    h.get_by_label("Baseline Optimized").click();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    h.get_by_label("OK").click();
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    crate::menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "file.saveACopy", json!({})).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    h.state_mut().jpeg_options.as_mut().unwrap().quality = 6;
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    h.key_press(Key::Enter);
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    h.state_mut().run("actions.stop", json!({})).unwrap();
+    let steps = &h.state().session.actions.list[0].steps;
+    assert_eq!(
+        steps,
+        &[
+            ("file.saveAs".into(), json!({"path": "p.jpg", "quality": 10, "jpegFormat": "optimized"})),
+            ("file.saveACopy".into(), json!({"path": "copy.jpg", "quality": 6, "jpegFormat": "baseline"})),
+        ]
+    );
+    let expected = [("p.jpg".to_string(), asked(pct(10), JpegFormat::Optimized)), ("copy.jpg".to_string(), asked(pct(6), JpegFormat::Baseline))];
+    assert_eq!(writes.borrow().as_slice(), &expected);
+    writes.borrow_mut().clear();
+    let played = h.state_mut().run("actions.play", json!({"action": 0})).unwrap();
+    assert!(played.get("failed").is_none(), "{played}");
+    assert!(h.state().jpeg_options.is_none(), "playback doesn't ask");
+    assert_eq!(writes.borrow().as_slice(), &expected);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().path.as_deref(), Some("p.jpg"), "the replayed copy leaves the document's file");
+}
+
+/// Closing an unsaved document whose save goes to a JPEG waits behind JPEG Options, then closes.
+#[test]
+fn closing_after_a_jpeg_save_waits_for_jpeg_options() {
+    let (mut h, writes) = jpeg_app("kept.jpg");
+    // An edit that keeps the lone Background, so the JPEG holds the document and isn't a copy.
+    h.state_mut().run("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#000000"})).unwrap();
+    assert!(intercept(h.state_mut(), "file.close", &Value::Null));
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    h.key_press(Key::Y);
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    assert!(h.state().jpeg_options.is_some());
+    assert_eq!(h.state().session.documents().len(), 1, "nothing closes before JPEG Options saves");
+    assert!(h.query_by_label("(Y)es").is_none(), "the close prompt waits behind JPEG Options");
+    h.key_press(Key::Enter);
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    assert_eq!(writes.borrow().as_slice(), &[("kept.jpg".to_string(), asked(pct(10), JpegFormat::Baseline))]);
+    assert!(h.state().discard.is_none());
+    assert!(h.state().session.documents().is_empty());
+}
+
+/// Another save can park the prompt with a starting point of its own (`park_at`): an own quality
+/// left alone is written exactly and recorded without `quality`; the starting format is kept.
+#[test]
+fn a_save_can_choose_where_the_prompt_starts() {
+    let (mut h, writes) = jpeg_app("unused.jpg");
+    h.state_mut().run("actions.record", json!({})).unwrap();
+    let start = jpeg_options_ui::Start { format: JpegFormat::Progressive, ..jpeg_options_ui::Start::own(70) };
+    jpeg_options_ui::park_at(h.state_mut(), "s.jpg".into(), false, "file.saveAs", start).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().jpeg_options.as_ref().map(|p| (p.quality, p.format, p.own_quality)), Some((8, JpegFormat::Progressive, Some(70))));
+    assert!(jpeg_options_ui::park_at(h.state_mut(), "t.jpg".into(), false, "file.saveAs", start).is_err(), "one prompt at a time");
+    h.key_press(Key::Enter);
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    h.state_mut().run("actions.stop", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(writes.borrow().as_slice(), &[("s.jpg".to_string(), asked(Some(70), JpegFormat::Progressive))]);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().session.actions.list[0].steps, [("file.saveAs".into(), json!({"path": "s.jpg", "jpegFormat": "progressive"}))]);
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/disk_change_prompt.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/disk_change_prompt.rs
index b65985cd40..34d83075e1 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/disk_change_prompt.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/disk_change_prompt.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ pub fn owns(fields: &Map<String, Value>) -> bool {
 /// Opens the prompt instead of saving `doc` to its own file at `path` when another app changed
 /// that file; `None` saves as usual. `flat` is a flat file confirmed in the Save dialog, which
 /// is saved (and recorded) the way [`PhotocraftApp::save_dialog_flow`] does it.
-pub(crate) fn intercept(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, doc: DocId, path: &str, flat: bool) -> Option<Result<Value, String>> {
+pub(crate) fn intercept(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, doc: DocId, path: &str, flat: bool, choices: crate::FormatChoices) -> Option<Result<Value, String>> {
     if !app.changed_on_disk(doc, path) {
         return None;
     }
@@ -29,7 +29,9 @@ pub(crate) fn intercept(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, doc: DocId, path: &str, flat: b
     }
     let name = crate::file_open::display_name(path);
     let message = crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("{name} was changed by another app after it was opened or saved here."), &[("name", name.as_str())]);
-    let fields = json!({MARK: true, "__label": "Save", "message": message, "document": doc.0, "path": path, "flat": flat});
+    let mut fields = json!({MARK: true, "__label": "Save", "message": message, "document": doc.0, "path": path, "flat": flat});
+    // A script's Targa, DDS or JPEG answer is kept for the save Replace writes.
+    choices.record(&mut fields);
     let id = app.ui.open_dialog(DialogKind::Command, fields.as_object().cloned().unwrap_or_default());
     Some(Ok(json!({"dialog": id, "confirmationPending": true})))
 }
@@ -45,9 +47,10 @@ pub fn confirm(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, fields: &Map<String, Value>) -> Result<V
     let doc = fields.get("document").and_then(Value::as_u64).map(DocId).ok_or(tl!("The document is closed"))?;
     let path = fields.get("path").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or_default().to_string();
     let flat = fields.get("flat").and_then(Value::as_bool) == Some(true);
+    let choices = crate::FormatChoices::from_step(&Value::Object(fields.clone()), "file.save")?;
     app.with_document(doc, |app| {
         if flat {
-            let r = app.save_to(path.clone(), crate::FormatChoices::default())?;
+            let r = app.save_to(path.clone(), choices)?;
             app.journal_as_plain_save(&path);
             Ok(r)
         } else {
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/distort_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/distort_ui.rs
index 4987d8cc4d..3a5c765da6 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/distort_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/distort_ui.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use egui::{Color32, ColorImage};
-use photocraft_doc::{Document, LayerContent, LayerId};
+use photocraft_doc::{DocId, Document, LayerContent, LayerId};
 use photocraft_geom::Rect;
 use photocraft_raster::Surface;
 use serde_json::{Value, json};
@@ -91,18 +91,72 @@ pub(crate) fn surface_image(surf: &Surface, r: Rect, max_side: usize) -> ColorIm
     ColorImage::new([tw, th], px)
 }
 
-/// The document shown on the canvas while Puppet or Perspective Warp previews a layer.
+/// The menu id of the open full-window workspace (Liquify, Content-Aware Fill, Filter Gallery,
+/// Adaptive Wide Angle). These are modal: other menu commands wait for OK or Cancel
+/// (`menus::modal_allows`).
+pub(crate) fn modal_workspace(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Option<&'static str> {
+    if app.distort.liquify.is_some() {
+        Some("filter.liquify")
+    } else if app.distort.caf.is_some() {
+        Some("edit.contentAwareFill")
+    } else if app.distort.gallery.is_some() {
+        Some("filter.filterGallery")
+    } else if app.wide_angle.is_some() {
+        Some(photocraft_engine::lens_cmds::WIDE)
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+fn active_doc(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Option<DocId> {
+    app.session.active().map(|st| st.doc.id)
+}
+
+fn on_doc(app: &PhotocraftApp, document: DocId) -> bool {
+    active_doc(app) == Some(document)
+}
+
+/// Drops Liquify / Puppet / Perspective Warp / Vanishing Point / Filter Gallery when the
+/// document they were opened on is no longer active, so they cannot steal undo, block layer
+/// delete, or draw another document's pixels (#5115).
+pub fn cancel_stale(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
+    let active = active_doc(app);
+    if app.distort.liquify.as_ref().is_some_and(|d| Some(d.document) != active) {
+        crate::liquify_ui::cancel(app);
+    }
+    if app.distort.puppet.as_ref().is_some_and(|p| Some(p.document) != active) {
+        app.distort.puppet = None;
+    }
+    if app.distort.perspective.as_ref().is_some_and(|p| Some(p.document) != active) {
+        app.distort.perspective = None;
+    }
+    if app.distort.vanishing.as_ref().is_some_and(|v| Some(v.document) != active) {
+        app.distort.vanishing = None;
+    }
+    if app.distort.gallery.as_ref().is_some_and(|g| Some(g.document) != active) {
+        app.distort.gallery = None;
+    }
+}
+
+/// The document shown on the canvas while Puppet or Perspective Warp previews a layer, or
+/// Vanishing Point's Stamp has painted.
 pub fn display_doc(app: &PhotocraftApp, idx: usize) -> Option<(Arc<Document>, u64)> {
     if app.session.active_index() != Some(idx) {
         return None;
     }
-    if let Some(p) = &app.distort.puppet {
+    let (id, revision) = app.session.documents().get(idx).map(|st| (st.doc.id, st.revision))?;
+    if let Some(p) = &app.distort.puppet
+        && p.document == id
+    {
         return Some((p.preview_doc.clone(), (1 << 42) + p.key));
     }
-    if let Some(p) = &app.distort.perspective {
+    if let Some(p) = &app.distort.perspective
+        && p.document == id
+    {
         return Some((p.preview_doc.clone(), (1 << 42) + p.key));
     }
-    None
+    // Vanishing Point: the clone strokes painted so far, on the document as they were painted.
+    app.distort.vanishing.as_ref().and_then(|v| v.shown_on(id, revision))
 }
 
 /// Menu / control routing. `Some` when this module handles the invocation.
@@ -137,23 +191,24 @@ pub fn menu(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, id: &str, params: &Val
 
 /// Pointer events (document coordinates) while a mode is active. True when consumed.
 pub fn pointer(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ev: ToolEvent, mods: egui::Modifiers) -> bool {
+    cancel_stale(app);
     if app.distort.caf.is_some() {
         crate::caf_ui::pointer(app, ev, mods);
         return true;
     }
-    if app.distort.liquify.is_some() {
+    if app.distort.liquify.as_ref().is_some_and(|d| on_doc(app, d.document)) {
         crate::liquify_ui::pointer(app, ev, mods);
         return true;
     }
-    if app.distort.puppet.is_some() {
+    if app.distort.puppet.as_ref().is_some_and(|p| on_doc(app, p.document)) {
         crate::puppet_ui::pointer(app, ev, mods);
         return true;
     }
-    if app.distort.perspective.is_some() {
+    if app.distort.perspective.as_ref().is_some_and(|p| on_doc(app, p.document)) {
         crate::perspective_ui::pointer(app, ev, mods);
         return true;
     }
-    if app.distort.vanishing.is_some() {
+    if app.distort.vanishing.as_ref().is_some_and(|v| on_doc(app, v.document)) {
         crate::vp_ui::pointer(app, ev, mods);
         return true;
     }
@@ -164,6 +219,7 @@ pub fn pointer(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ev: ToolEvent, mods: egui::Modifiers) ->
 /// of the rest of the app should be skipped.
 pub fn keys(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> bool {
     use egui::{Key, Modifiers};
+    cancel_stale(app);
     let enter = |ctx: &egui::Context| ctx.input_mut(|i| i.consume_key(Modifiers::NONE, Key::Enter));
     let esc = |ctx: &egui::Context| ctx.input_mut(|i| i.consume_key(Modifiers::NONE, Key::Escape));
     if app.distort.gallery.is_some() {
@@ -184,7 +240,7 @@ pub fn keys(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> bool {
     }
     if app.distort.liquify.is_some() {
         if enter(ctx) {
-            crate::liquify_ui::commit(app);
+            let _ = crate::liquify_ui::commit(app);
         } else if esc(ctx) {
             crate::liquify_ui::cancel(app);
         } else {
@@ -202,6 +258,8 @@ pub fn keys(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> bool {
             p.redo();
         } else if ctx.input_mut(|i| i.consume_key(egui::Modifiers::COMMAND, egui::Key::Z)) {
             p.undo();
+        } else if ctx.input_mut(|i| i.consume_key(Modifiers::NONE, Key::Delete) || i.consume_key(Modifiers::NONE, Key::Backspace)) {
+            p.delete_selected_pin();
         }
         return true;
     }
@@ -226,21 +284,43 @@ pub fn keys(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> bool {
     false
 }
 
-/// Canvas overlay for the on-canvas modes.
-pub fn draw_overlay(app: &PhotocraftApp, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform) {
+/// The warped (or pasted) pixels of the open on-canvas mode: image content, which the canvas
+/// draws right after the document and under the grid and guides (#7781), as Free Transform's
+/// preview is (#5086). Its pins, planes and meshes are [`draw_overlay`], drawn over the guides.
+pub fn draw_content(app: &PhotocraftApp, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform) {
     if let Some(p) = &app.distort.puppet {
-        crate::puppet_ui::draw(p, painter, xf);
+        crate::puppet_ui::draw_content(p, painter, xf);
     }
     if let Some(p) = &app.distort.perspective {
-        crate::perspective_ui::draw(p, painter, xf);
+        crate::perspective_ui::draw_content(p, painter, xf);
     }
     if let Some(v) = &app.distort.vanishing {
+        crate::vp_ui::draw_content(v, painter, xf);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Canvas overlay for the on-canvas modes: pins, planes and meshes over the guides.
+pub fn draw_overlay(app: &PhotocraftApp, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform) {
+    if let Some(p) = &app.distort.puppet
+        && on_doc(app, p.document)
+    {
+        crate::puppet_ui::draw(p, painter, xf);
+    }
+    if let Some(p) = &app.distort.perspective
+        && on_doc(app, p.document)
+    {
+        crate::perspective_ui::draw(p, painter, xf);
+    }
+    if let Some(v) = &app.distort.vanishing
+        && on_doc(app, v.document)
+    {
         crate::vp_ui::draw(v, painter, xf);
     }
 }
 
 /// Options bar for the on-canvas modes. True when drawn.
 pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) -> bool {
+    cancel_stale(app);
     if app.distort.puppet.is_some() {
         crate::puppet_ui::options_bar(app, ui);
         return true;
@@ -278,6 +358,7 @@ pub fn drop_foreign(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
 
 /// Full-window dialogs (Liquify, Content-Aware Fill, Filter Gallery).
 pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
+    cancel_stale(app);
     drop_foreign(app);
     if app.distort.caf.is_some() {
         crate::caf_ui::show(app, ctx);
@@ -295,3 +376,93 @@ pub(crate) fn tolerance(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> f64 {
     let z = app.point_zoom().max(0.01);
     8.0 / f64::from(z)
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use photocraft_geom::Rect;
+    use serde_json::json;
+
+    fn paint_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
+        app.session
+            .edit("paint", |doc, active| {
+                doc.layer_mut(active.unwrap()).unwrap().surface_mut().unwrap().fill_rect(Rect::new(20, 30, 80, 50), &[1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+                Ok(())
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+    }
+
+    /// #5115: Puppet Warp is per-document. Switching tabs drops the session so Ctrl+Z and
+    /// layer delete apply to the new document, and the warp mesh does not leak onto it.
+    #[test]
+    fn switching_documents_drops_puppet_and_restores_undo_and_delete() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+        app.session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 100, "height": 80, "depth": 8})).unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        paint_bar(&mut app);
+        app.sync_views();
+        menu(&mut app, &ctx, "edit.puppetWarp", &json!({})).unwrap().unwrap();
+        pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 50.0, y: 40.0, pressure: 1.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 50.0, y: 40.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert!(app.distort.puppet.is_some());
+        let first = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.id;
+        app.session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 60, "height": 40, "depth": 8})).unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.sync_views();
+        assert!(app.distort.puppet.is_none(), "puppet does not follow the new document");
+        assert!(display_doc(&app, app.session.active_index().unwrap()).is_none());
+        let layers_before = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layers.len();
+        app.session.execute("layer.delete", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layers.len(), layers_before - 1);
+        assert!(app.session.set_active(0));
+        app.sync_views();
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.id, first);
+        let past = app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        app.session.execute("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), past - 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn committed_puppet_is_one_undo_step_and_the_layer_stays_deletable() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+        app.session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 100, "height": 80, "depth": 8})).unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        paint_bar(&mut app);
+        app.sync_views();
+        menu(&mut app, &ctx, "edit.puppetWarp", &json!({})).unwrap().unwrap();
+        pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 25.0, y: 40.0, pressure: 1.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 25.0, y: 40.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 75.0, y: 40.0, pressure: 1.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Move { x: 75.0, y: 30.0, pressure: 1.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 75.0, y: 20.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        let before = app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        crate::puppet_ui::commit(&mut app);
+        assert!(app.distort.puppet.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), before + 1);
+        app.session.execute("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), before);
+        let layers = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layers.len();
+        app.session.execute("layer.delete", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layers.len(), layers - 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn switching_documents_drops_liquify() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+        app.session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 100, "height": 80, "depth": 8})).unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        paint_bar(&mut app);
+        crate::liquify_ui::open(&mut app, &ctx).unwrap();
+        assert!(app.distort.liquify.is_some());
+        app.session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 40, "height": 40, "depth": 8})).unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.sync_views();
+        assert!(app.distort.liquify.is_none());
+        let past = app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        app.session.execute("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), past - 1);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/doc_props_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/doc_props_ui.rs
index 6a959c38d7..3926285b20 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/doc_props_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/doc_props_ui.rs
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ pub fn canvas_resize_params(old: (u32, u32), new_w: Option<f32>, new_h: Option<f
 /// Collapsible section header with a chevron, Photoshop Properties style. Returns whether it is open.
 fn section(ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: &str, title: &str) -> bool {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
-    let key = egui::Id::new(("doc-props-section", id));
+    let key = egui::Id::unique(("doc-props-section", id));
     let mut open = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<bool>(key)).unwrap_or(true);
     let (r, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(ui.available_width(), 22.0), Sense::click());
     icons::paint(
@@ -96,12 +96,12 @@ fn field_label(ui: &mut egui::Ui, s: &str, w: f32) {
 }
 
 /// A number field that only reports a committed value (drag released, Enter, focus lost).
-fn committed_field(ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: &str, current: f32, u: crate::layer_props_ui::LenUnit) -> Option<f32> {
-    let key = egui::Id::new(("doc-props-field", id));
+fn committed_field(ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: &str, name: &str, current: f32, u: crate::layer_props_ui::LenUnit) -> Option<f32> {
+    let key = egui::Id::unique(("doc-props-field", id));
     // Shown in the ruler unit (cm when the rulers are in centimeters); 100% is the current size.
     let extent = f64::from(current);
     let mut v = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<f32>(key)).unwrap_or_else(|| u.shown(extent, extent));
-    let r = widgets::value_field(ui, &mut v, 0.0..=300_000.0, u.unit.suffix(), 74.0);
+    let r = widgets::value_field(ui, &mut v, 0.0..=300_000.0, u.unit.suffix(), 74.0).accessible_name(tl!(name));
     if r.dragged() || r.has_focus() {
         ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(key, v));
         return None;
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ pub fn properties(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     ui.add_space(2.0);
     let label_w = 44.0;
     if section(ui, "canvas", tl!("Canvas")) {
-        let link_key = egui::Id::new("doc-props-link");
+        let link_key = egui::Id::unique("doc-props-link");
         let linked = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<bool>(link_key)).unwrap_or(false);
         ui.horizontal(|ui| {
             ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 4.0;
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ pub fn properties(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
             ui.vertical(|ui| {
                 ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                     stacked_label(ui, "W", &["W", "H"], 18.0, 4.0);
-                    if let Some(v) = committed_field(ui, "w", w as f32, lu) {
+                    if let Some(v) = committed_field(ui, "w", "Width", w as f32, lu) {
                         run.extend(canvas_resize_params((w, h), Some(v), None, linked).map(|p| ("image.canvasSize".to_string(), p)));
                     }
                     stacked_label(ui, "X", &["X", "Y"], 22.0, 4.0);
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ pub fn properties(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
                 });
                 ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                     stacked_label(ui, "H", &["W", "H"], 18.0, 4.0);
-                    if let Some(v) = committed_field(ui, "h", h as f32, lu) {
+                    if let Some(v) = committed_field(ui, "h", "Height", h as f32, lu) {
                         run.extend(canvas_resize_params((w, h), None, Some(v), linked).map(|p| ("image.canvasSize".to_string(), p)));
                     }
                     stacked_label(ui, "Y", &["X", "Y"], 22.0, 4.0);
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ pub fn properties(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
             field_label(ui, tl!("Mode"), label_w);
             let mut m = mode;
             let opts: Vec<(ColorMode, &str)> = MODES.iter().map(|(m, l, _)| (*m, *l)).collect();
-            if widgets::dropdown(ui, "doc-props-mode", &mut m, &opts, 150.0)
+            if widgets::dropdown(ui, "doc-props-mode", tl!("Color Mode"), &mut m, &opts, 150.0)
                 && let Some((_, _, id)) = MODES.iter().find(|(x, _, _)| *x == m)
             {
                 run.push(((*id).to_string(), Value::Null));
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ pub fn properties(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
             let mut d = depth;
             let opts: Vec<(SampleType, &str, &str)> =
                 DEPTHS.iter().map(|(d, l, _)| (*d, *l, if *d == SampleType::F32 { "Floating point" } else { "Integer" })).collect();
-            if widgets::dropdown_with_tooltips(ui, "doc-props-depth", &mut d, &opts, 150.0)
+            if widgets::dropdown_with_tooltips(ui, "doc-props-depth", tl!("Depth"), &mut d, &opts, 150.0)
                 && let Some((_, _, id)) = DEPTHS.iter().find(|(x, _, _)| *x == d)
             {
                 run.push(((*id).to_string(), Value::Null));
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ pub fn properties(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
             // The canvas fill is only editable for documents without a Background layer.
             ui.add_enabled_ui(!has_bg, |ui| {
                 let mut f = 0u8;
-                widgets::dropdown(ui, "doc-props-fill", &mut f, &[(0u8, tl!("Background Color"))], 124.0);
+                widgets::dropdown(ui, "doc-props-fill", tl!("Background"), &mut f, &[(0u8, tl!("Background Color"))], 124.0);
             });
         });
         ui.add_space(4.0);
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ pub fn properties(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
             ui.add_space(8.0);
             let mut unit = app.session.prefs().units_and_rulers.rulers.name().to_string();
             let opts: Vec<(String, &str)> = UNITS.iter().map(|(k, l)| (k.to_string(), *l)).collect();
-            if widgets::dropdown(ui, "doc-props-units", &mut unit, &opts, 96.0) {
+            if widgets::dropdown(ui, "doc-props-units", tl!("Units"), &mut unit, &opts, 96.0) {
                 run.push(("prefs.set".into(), json!({"path": "unitsAndRulers.rulers", "value": unit})));
             }
         });
@@ -385,15 +385,10 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn image_mode_depth_labels_match_sample_types_and_are_translated() {
+    fn image_mode_depth_labels_match_sample_types() {
         assert_eq!(
             DEPTHS.iter().map(|(sample, label, _)| (*sample, *label)).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             [(SampleType::U8, "8 Bits/Channel"), (SampleType::U16, "16 Bits/Channel"), (SampleType::F32, "32 Bits/Channel"),]
         );
-        for lang in crate::i18n::Lang::all().filter(|lang| lang.code() != "en") {
-            for (_, label, id) in DEPTHS {
-                assert_ne!(crate::i18n::tr_id(lang, id, label), *label, "{}: {label}", lang.code());
-            }
-        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/dock.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/dock.rs
index 0c25ed910b..91cccc453b 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/dock.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/dock.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-//! Right-dock layout (#88): panel groups with fixed heights, like Photoshop's dock columns.
+//! The native dock's state (#88): the panel groups of the end-side dock column, their order,
+//! tab order, hidden tabs, heights and collapse.
 //!
-//! A group's height never follows its content: content taller than the group scrolls inside
-//! it. The last expanded group (Layers by default) fills what the others leave. Drag the gap
-//! between two groups to resize them, double-click a tab (or use the panel menu) to collapse a
-//! group to its tab strip, drag a tab strip (outside its tabs, or a tab dragged off the strip) to
-//! move the group up or down the column, and drag a tab along its strip to reorder the group's
-//! tabs (#2272), or drop a tab on another group's strip to move only that tab. Window › Workspace › Lock Workspace stops all these moves.
+//! craft-ui's docking draws every layout (`crate::panel_docking`). Until the workspace is
+//! customized, the default layout is built each frame from this state: one dock column of the
+//! shown groups, top to bottom, where a group the user never resized gets its default height and
+//! the last expanded group (Layers by default) fills what the others leave. The Window menu's
+//! panel toggles, the icon rail, collapse and `ui.set` change this state.
 //!
 //! The layout is [`DockLayout`] in `UiState::dock` (serialisable, drivable with `ui.set`), saved
 //! with Window › Workspace › New Workspace…, reset by Reset Workspace, and remembered across
@@ -13,14 +13,11 @@
 
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
-use egui::{Pos2, Rect, Sense, Stroke, pos2, vec2};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use serde_json::{Value, json};
 
 use crate::PhotocraftApp;
 use crate::state::{DockTabs, Panels};
-use crate::theme::Tokens;
-use crate::widgets;
 
 /// A dock panel group (one tab strip).
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize)]
@@ -59,7 +56,7 @@ impl Group {
     }
 
     /// Height (points, tab strip included) a group gets until the user resizes it, when the
-    /// column has room (see [`DockLayout::heights_for`]).
+    /// column has room.
     pub fn default_height(self) -> f32 {
         match self {
             Group::Color => 190.0,
@@ -120,9 +117,12 @@ impl Group {
     }
 
     /// Tabs that lay out their own scrolling list and footer, or size themselves to the group
-    /// (the Navigator's preview grows with it, as in Photoshop: #2726).
+    /// (the Navigator's preview grows with it, as in Photoshop: #2726). Channels and Paths are
+    /// Layers' siblings and do the same: wrapped in the dock's scroll area as well, the two nested
+    /// areas shared the wheel, and where the outer content overflowed by one physical pixel (at
+    /// 125 % scaling for some window heights) the footer and list moved a pixel as you scrolled (#6238).
     pub fn scrolls_itself(self, tab: usize) -> bool {
-        matches!((self, tab), (Group::Layers, 0) | (Group::History, 0) | (Group::History, 1) | (Group::Navigator, 0))
+        matches!((self, tab), (Group::Layers, 0..=2) | (Group::History, 0) | (Group::History, 1) | (Group::Navigator, 0))
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn tab_mut(self, tabs: &mut DockTabs) -> &mut usize {
@@ -200,8 +200,6 @@ fn lenient_tab_order<'de, D: serde::Deserializer<'de>>(d: D) -> Result<BTreeMap<
     Ok(out)
 }
 
-/// Gap between groups; it is also the splitter's grab area.
-pub const GAP: f32 = 6.0;
 /// Upper bound on a stored height (guards against absurd values from `ui.set`).
 const MAX_HEIGHT: f32 = 4000.0;
 
@@ -233,24 +231,6 @@ impl DockLayout {
         self.ordered_tabs(group, pro).into_iter().filter(|(_, name)| !hidden.is_some_and(|xs| xs.iter().any(|x| x.as_str() == *name))).collect()
     }
 
-    /// Move tab `tab` (an original index) of `group` so it is drawn just before tab `before`
-    /// (or last when `None` or not a tab of the group). The default order is stored as no entry.
-    pub fn move_tab(&mut self, group: Group, tab: usize, before: Option<usize>, pro: bool) {
-        if before == Some(tab) {
-            return;
-        }
-        let mut order = self.ordered_tabs(group, pro);
-        let Some(at) = order.iter().position(|(i, _)| *i == tab) else { return };
-        let moved = order.remove(at);
-        let to = before.and_then(|b| order.iter().position(|(i, _)| *i == b)).unwrap_or(order.len());
-        order.insert(to, moved);
-        if order.iter().map(|(i, _)| *i).eq(0..order.len()) {
-            self.tab_order.remove(&group);
-        } else {
-            self.tab_order.insert(group, order.into_iter().map(|(_, n)| n.to_owned()).collect());
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Hide one tab; it can be reopened through Window › Panel.
     pub fn hide_tab(&mut self, group: Group, tab: usize, pro: bool) {
         let Some(&name) = group.tabs(pro).get(tab) else { return };
@@ -312,84 +292,6 @@ impl DockLayout {
             _ => g.default_height(),
         }
     }
-
-    /// Move `g` so it is drawn just before `before` (or last when `None`).
-    pub fn move_group(&mut self, g: Group, before: Option<Group>) {
-        if before == Some(g) {
-            return;
-        }
-        let mut order = self.order();
-        order.retain(|x| *x != g);
-        let at = before.and_then(|b| order.iter().position(|x| *x == b)).unwrap_or(order.len());
-        order.insert(at, g);
-        self.order = order;
-    }
-
-    /// Lay out the `shown` groups (in display order) in a column `avail` points tall with
-    /// `strip`-high tab strips. Returns each group's height. The last expanded group fills the
-    /// rest. Groups the user never resized give way first, down to their compact heights, so
-    /// the filler gets its preferred height (Layers: ~10 rows, #147); when the column is still
-    /// too short every group gives way down to its minimum height.
-    pub fn heights_for(&self, shown: &[Group], avail: f32, strip: f32) -> Vec<(Group, f32)> {
-        let avail = if avail.is_finite() { avail.max(0.0) } else { 0.0 };
-        let filler = shown.iter().rposition(|g| !self.is_collapsed(*g));
-        let mut hs: Vec<f32> = shown
-            .iter()
-            .enumerate()
-            .map(|(i, g)| {
-                if self.is_collapsed(*g) {
-                    strip
-                } else if Some(i) == filler {
-                    0.0
-                } else {
-                    self.height(*g)
-                }
-            })
-            .collect();
-        if let Some(f) = filler {
-            let gaps = GAP * shown.len().saturating_sub(1) as f32;
-            let min_fill = shown.get(f).map_or(0.0, |g| g.min_height());
-            let pref_fill = shown.get(f).map_or(0.0, |g| g.preferred_fill());
-            let used: f32 = hs.iter().sum::<f32>() + gaps;
-            let mut deficit = (used + pref_fill - avail).max(0.0);
-            for i in (0..f).rev() {
-                if deficit <= 0.0 {
-                    break;
-                }
-                let Some(g) = shown.get(i) else { continue };
-                if self.is_collapsed(*g) || self.heights.contains_key(g) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                if let Some(h) = hs.get_mut(i) {
-                    let give = (*h - g.compact_height()).max(0.0).min(deficit);
-                    *h -= give;
-                    deficit -= give;
-                }
-            }
-            let used: f32 = hs.iter().sum::<f32>() + gaps;
-            let mut deficit = (used + min_fill - avail).max(0.0);
-            // Squeeze the expanded groups nearest the filler first.
-            for i in (0..f).rev() {
-                if deficit <= 0.0 {
-                    break;
-                }
-                let Some(g) = shown.get(i) else { continue };
-                if self.is_collapsed(*g) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                if let Some(h) = hs.get_mut(i) {
-                    let give = (*h - g.min_height()).max(0.0).min(deficit);
-                    *h -= give;
-                    deficit -= give;
-                }
-            }
-            let rest = avail - hs.iter().sum::<f32>() - gaps;
-            if let Some(h) = hs.get_mut(f) {
-                *h = rest.max(min_fill);
-            }
-        }
-        shown.iter().copied().zip(hs).collect()
-    }
 }
 
 /// Show `g` and expand it (Window › <panel>, the icon rail): a panel asked for is always
@@ -435,400 +337,56 @@ pub(crate) fn close_tab(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, g: Group, tab: usize, pro: bool
     }
 }
 
-/// Per-group interactions collected while drawing, applied afterwards.
-enum Action {
-    ToggleCollapse(Group),
-    Close(Group),
-    CloseTab(Group, usize),
-    Move(Group, Option<Group>),
-    MoveTab(Group, usize, Option<usize>),
-}
-
-/// Rects of the groups drawn last frame (screen points), for tests and automation.
-pub fn last_rects(ctx: &egui::Context) -> Vec<(Group, Rect)> {
-    ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<Vec<(Group, Rect)>>(rects_id())).unwrap_or_default()
-}
-
-fn rects_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("dock-group-rects")
-}
-
-/// The group expanded from its collapsed tab strip (see [`show`]), if any: with Preferences ▸
-/// Workspace ▸ Auto-Collapse Iconic Panels on, the first click outside it collapses it again.
-fn peek_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("dock-peek")
-}
-
-fn auto_collapse_peek(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
-    let Some(g) = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<Option<Group>>(peek_id())).flatten() else { return };
-    let Some(p) = ctx.input(|i| i.pointer.any_pressed().then(|| i.pointer.press_origin()).flatten()) else {
-        return;
-    };
-    let inside = last_rects(ctx).into_iter().find(|(x, _)| *x == g).is_some_and(|(_, r)| r.contains(p));
-    if !inside {
-        app.ui.dock.set_collapsed(g, true);
-        ctx.data_mut(|d| {
-            d.insert_temp(peek_id(), None::<Group>);
-        });
-    }
-}
-
-/// A group's tab strip as drawn last frame (screen points), for tests and automation.
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
-pub struct StripRects {
-    pub group: Group,
-    /// The area accepting a tab drop, excluding the group menu.
-    pub area: Rect,
-    /// `(tab index, rect)` of the tabs on the strip (the others are in the chevron menu).
-    pub tabs: Vec<(usize, Rect)>,
-    /// The panel menu button.
-    pub menu: Rect,
-    /// The » overflow button, when some tabs didn't fit.
-    pub chevron: Option<Rect>,
-}
-
-/// The tab strips drawn last frame.
-pub fn last_strips(ctx: &egui::Context) -> Vec<StripRects> {
-    ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<Vec<StripRects>>(strips_id())).unwrap_or_default()
-}
-
-fn strips_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("dock-strip-rects")
-}
-
-/// Draw the `shown` groups (any order; the layout decides) filling `ui`. `body` draws one
-/// group's tab content.
-pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, shown: &[Group], mut body: impl FnMut(&mut PhotocraftApp, &mut egui::Ui, Group, usize)) {
-    let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
-    let auto_collapse = app.session.prefs().workspace.auto_collapse_icon_panels;
-    if auto_collapse {
-        auto_collapse_peek(app, ui.ctx());
-    } else {
-        ui.ctx().data_mut(|d| {
-            d.insert_temp(peek_id(), None::<Group>);
-        });
-    }
-    let strip = if t.pro { 28.0 } else { 40.0 };
-    let order: Vec<Group> = app.ui.dock.order().into_iter().filter(|g| shown.contains(g)).collect();
-    let area = ui.available_rect_before_wrap();
-    let heights = app.ui.dock.heights_for(&order, area.height(), strip);
-    let locked = app.session.prefs().workspace_locked;
-    let rects = rects_after_layout(&heights, area);
-    let mut actions: Vec<Action> = Vec::new();
-    let mut peek_after: Option<Group> = None;
-    let mut tab_drops: Vec<(Group, usize, Pos2)> = Vec::new();
-    let mut dragging: Option<Group> = None;
-    let mut strips: Vec<StripRects> = Vec::with_capacity(rects.len());
-    for (i, (g, rect)) in rects.iter().copied().enumerate() {
-        let collapsed = app.ui.dock.is_collapsed(g);
-        let mut child = ui.new_child(egui::UiBuilder::new().id_salt(("dock-group", g.key())).max_rect(rect));
-        child.set_clip_rect(rect.intersect(ui.clip_rect()));
-        child.spacing_mut().item_spacing.y = if t.pro { 0.0 } else { 6.0 };
-        let before = *g.tab_mut(&mut app.ui.dock_tabs);
-        let visible = app.ui.dock.visible_tabs(g, t.pro);
-        if visible.is_empty() {
-            continue;
-        }
-        let indices: Vec<usize> = visible.iter().map(|(i, _)| *i).collect();
-        let tabs: Vec<&str> = visible.iter().map(|(_, name)| *name).collect();
-        let mut sel = indices.iter().position(|i| *i == before).unwrap_or(0);
-        let resp = widgets::card_ex(&mut child, g.key(), &tabs, &mut sel, collapsed, !locked, |ui, shown_tab| {
-            let Some(&tab) = indices.get(shown_tab) else { return };
-            let inner = ui.available_height().max(0.0);
-            if g.scrolls_itself(tab) {
-                ui.set_min_height(inner);
-                body(app, ui, g, tab);
-            } else {
-                crate::panels::offer_color_field_fill(ui, t.pro, g, tab);
-                // No scroll fade: it darkens real colours, swatches and previews at the edge
-                // (#2726); the scroll bar already shows there is more.
-                ui.spacing_mut().scroll.fade.strength = 0.0;
-                egui::ScrollArea::vertical()
-                    .id_salt(("dock-scroll", g.key(), tab))
-                    .max_height(inner)
-                    .auto_shrink([false, false])
-                    .show(ui, |ui| body(app, ui, g, tab));
-            }
-        });
-        for (index, response) in &resp.responses {
-            if let Some(panel) = tabs.get(*index) {
-                crate::panel_docking::legacy_tab(app, &mut child, panel, response);
-            }
-        }
-        strips.push(StripRects {
-            group: g,
-            area: Rect::from_min_max(pos2(rect.left(), resp.menu.rect.top()), pos2(resp.menu.rect.left(), resp.menu.rect.bottom())),
-            tabs: resp.tabs.iter().filter_map(|(i, r)| indices.get(*i).map(|original| (*original, *r))).collect(),
-            menu: resp.menu.rect,
-            chevron: resp.chevron,
-        });
-        // The strip uses visible indices; dockTabs and the panel bodies use original indices.
-        if let Some(&picked) = indices.get(sel)
-            && picked != before
-        {
-            *g.tab_mut(&mut app.ui.dock_tabs) = picked;
-        }
-        if let Some(context) = resp.tab_context {
-            match context {
-                crate::tab_strip::TabContextAction::Close(i) => {
-                    if let Some(&tab) = indices.get(i) {
-                        actions.push(Action::CloseTab(g, tab));
-                    }
-                }
-                crate::tab_strip::TabContextAction::CloseGroup => actions.push(Action::Close(g)),
-            }
-        }
-        if resp.strip.double_clicked() || resp.tab_double_clicked || (collapsed && resp.tab_clicked) {
-            actions.push(Action::ToggleCollapse(g));
-            // A single click on a collapsed strip's tab expands the group as a peek: the next
-            // click outside closes it again, with Auto-Collapse Iconic Panels on.
-            if collapsed && resp.tab_clicked && !resp.tab_double_clicked && auto_collapse {
-                peek_after = Some(g);
-            }
-        }
-        // The strip uses visible indices; reorder in original ones.
-        if !locked
-            && let Some((from, before)) = resp.tab_reorder
-            && let Some(&tab) = indices.get(from)
-        {
-            actions.push(Action::MoveTab(g, tab, before.and_then(|b| indices.get(b).copied())));
-        }
-        // A tab dragged off its strip moves the whole group, as the strip itself does.
-        if !locked && app.ui.docking.is_none() && (resp.strip.dragged() || resp.tab_dragging_out.is_some()) {
-            dragging = Some(g);
-        }
-        if !locked
-            && app.ui.docking.is_none()
-            && resp.strip.drag_stopped()
-            && let Some(p) = ui.ctx().pointer_interact_pos().or_else(|| ui.ctx().pointer_latest_pos())
-        {
-            actions.push(Action::Move(g, drop_before(&order, &rects, g, p.y)));
-        }
-        if !locked
-            && app.ui.docking.is_none()
-            && let Some(shown_tab) = resp.tab_dropped_out
-            // The strip uses visible indices; the drop resolves the panel by its original one.
-            && let Some(&tab) = indices.get(shown_tab)
-            && let Some(p) = ui.ctx().pointer_interact_pos().or_else(|| ui.ctx().pointer_latest_pos())
-        {
-            tab_drops.push((g, tab, p));
-        }
-        if dragging == Some(g) {
-            ui.ctx().set_cursor_icon(egui::CursorIcon::Grabbing);
-        }
-        egui::Popup::menu(&resp.menu).show(|ui| {
-            crate::widgets::style_spectrum_popup_menu(ui);
-            ui.set_min_width(170.0);
-            if tabs.get(sel) == Some(&"Layers") {
-                crate::layer_row_ui::panel_menu(app, ui);
-                ui.separator();
-            }
-            if tabs.get(sel) == Some(&"Swatches") {
-                crate::swatches_ui::panel_menu(app, ui);
-                ui.separator();
-            }
-            if tabs.get(sel) == Some(&"History") {
-                crate::history_menu_ui::panel_menu(app, ui);
-                ui.separator();
-            }
-            if tabs.get(sel) == Some(&"Brush Settings") {
-                crate::brush_panel::panel_menu(app, ui);
-                ui.separator();
-            }
-            if tabs.get(sel) == Some(&"Actions") {
-                crate::actions::panel_menu(app, ui);
-                ui.separator();
-            }
-            if let Some(label) = tabs.get(sel) {
-                crate::panel_docking::legacy_menu(app, ui, label);
-            }
-            if ui.button(if collapsed { tl!("Expand Panel Group") } else { tl!("Collapse Panel Group") }).clicked() {
-                actions.push(Action::ToggleCollapse(g));
-                ui.close();
-            }
-            let pos = order.iter().position(|x| *x == g).unwrap_or(0);
-            if ui.add_enabled(!locked && pos > 0, egui::Button::new(tl!("Move Group Up"))).clicked() {
-                actions.push(Action::Move(g, order.get(pos.saturating_sub(1)).copied()));
-                ui.close();
-            }
-            if ui.add_enabled(!locked && pos + 1 < order.len(), egui::Button::new(tl!("Move Group Down"))).clicked() {
-                actions.push(Action::Move(g, order.get(pos + 2).copied()));
-                ui.close();
-            }
-            ui.separator();
-            if ui.button(tl!("Close")).clicked() {
-                if let Some(&tab) = indices.get(sel) {
-                    actions.push(Action::CloseTab(g, tab));
-                }
-                ui.close();
-            }
-            if ui.button(tl!("Close Tab Group")).clicked() {
-                actions.push(Action::Close(g));
-                ui.close();
-            }
-        });
-        // Splitter in the gap below this group: resizes it, pushing the neighbouring groups.
-        if i + 1 < rects.len() && !collapsed && rects.iter().skip(i + 1).any(|(n, _)| !app.ui.dock.is_collapsed(*n)) {
-            let gap = Rect::from_min_size(pos2(rect.left(), rect.bottom()), vec2(rect.width(), GAP)).expand2(vec2(0.0, 2.0));
-            let sresp = ui.interact(gap, ui.id().with(("dock-splitter", g.key())), Sense::drag());
-            if sresp.hovered() || sresp.dragged() {
-                ui.ctx().set_cursor_icon(egui::CursorIcon::ResizeVertical);
-                ui.painter().line_segment([gap.left_center(), gap.right_center()], Stroke::new(2.0, t.accent.gamma_multiply(0.7)));
-            }
-            if sresp.dragged() {
-                resize(&mut app.ui.dock, &heights, i, sresp.drag_delta().y);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    let mut panel_moves = Vec::new();
-    for (from, tab, position) in tab_drops {
-        let target = strips.iter().find(|strip| strip.group != from && strip.area.contains(position));
-        if let Some(target) = target {
-            let pro = t.pro;
-            let source = from.tabs(pro).get(tab).and_then(|label| crate::panel_docking::normalize(label));
-            let slot = crate::tab_strip::drop_slot(&target.tabs, target.area, position);
-            let before = slot.and_then(|slot| target.tabs.get(slot).map(|(index, _)| *index));
-            let anchor = before.or_else(|| target.tabs.first().map(|(index, _)| *index));
-            let destination = anchor.and_then(|index| target.group.tabs(pro).get(index).and_then(|label| crate::panel_docking::normalize(label)));
-            if let (Some(source), Some(destination)) = (source, destination) {
-                panel_moves.push((source, destination, before.is_some()));
-            }
-        } else {
-            actions.push(Action::Move(from, drop_before(&order, &rects, from, position.y)));
-        }
-    }
-    // Drop indicator while a group is dragged by its tab strip.
-    if let (Some(g), Some(p)) = (dragging, ui.ctx().pointer_interact_pos()) {
-        let before = drop_before(&order, &rects, g, p.y);
-        let line_y = match before.and_then(|b| rects.iter().find(|(x, _)| *x == b)) {
-            Some((_, r)) => r.top() - GAP / 2.0,
-            None => rects.last().map_or(area.top(), |(_, r)| r.bottom() + GAP / 2.0),
-        };
-        ui.painter().line_segment([pos2(area.left(), line_y), pos2(area.right(), line_y)], Stroke::new(3.0, t.accent));
-    }
-    ui.ctx().data_mut(|d| {
-        d.insert_temp(rects_id(), rects);
-        d.insert_temp(strips_id(), strips);
-    });
-    ui.advance_cursor_after_rect(area);
-    for a in actions {
-        match a {
-            Action::ToggleCollapse(g) => {
-                let on = !app.ui.dock.is_collapsed(g);
-                app.ui.dock.set_collapsed(g, on);
-            }
-            Action::Close(g) => *g.shown_mut(&mut app.ui.panels) = false,
-            Action::CloseTab(g, tab) => close_tab(app, g, tab, t.pro),
-            Action::MoveTab(g, tab, before) => app.ui.dock.move_tab(g, tab, before, t.pro),
-            Action::Move(g, before) => {
-                if before != Some(g) {
-                    app.ui.dock.move_group(g, before);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    if let Some(g) = peek_after
-        && !app.ui.dock.is_collapsed(g)
-    {
-        ui.ctx().data_mut(|d| {
-            d.insert_temp(peek_id(), Some(g));
-        });
-    }
-    for (panel, anchor, before) in panel_moves {
-        let params = if before { json!({"panel":panel,"anchor":anchor,"before":anchor}) } else { json!({"panel":panel,"anchor":anchor}) };
-        if let Err(error) = app.run("window.panel.move", params) {
-            app.ui.status = error;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn rects_after_layout(heights: &[(Group, f32)], area: Rect) -> Vec<(Group, Rect)> {
-    let mut y = area.top();
-    heights
-        .iter()
-        .map(|(g, h)| {
-            let r = Rect::from_min_size(pos2(area.left(), y), vec2(area.width(), h.max(0.0)));
-            y = r.bottom() + GAP;
-            (*g, r)
-        })
-        .collect()
-}
-
-/// The group the dragged one lands before when released at `y` (`None` = last).
-fn drop_before(order: &[Group], rects: &[(Group, Rect)], dragged: Group, y: f32) -> Option<Group> {
-    let hit = rects.iter().find(|(_, r)| y < r.center().y).map(|(g, _)| *g);
-    match hit {
-        // Dropping onto itself, or just below itself, keeps the place.
-        Some(g) if g == dragged => Some(dragged),
-        Some(g) => {
-            let after_self = order.iter().position(|x| *x == dragged).zip(order.iter().position(|x| *x == g)).is_some_and(|(a, b)| b == a + 1);
-            if after_self { Some(dragged) } else { Some(g) }
-        }
-        None => None,
-    }
-}
-
-/// Splitter `i` (below group `i`) dragged by `dy`. Like Photoshop, the groups on the side the
-/// splitter moves into shrink in turn, nearest first, each down to its minimum (#2573), and the
-/// group on the other side grows by what they gave. The filler absorbs its share implicitly,
-/// so the column height stays the same.
-fn resize(layout: &mut DockLayout, heights: &[(Group, f32)], i: usize, dy: f32) {
-    if !dy.is_finite() || dy == 0.0 {
-        return;
-    }
-    let expanded = |k: &usize| heights.get(*k).is_some_and(|(g, _)| !layout.is_collapsed(*g));
-    let filler = (0..heights.len()).rev().find(expanded);
-    let Some(j) = (i + 1..heights.len()).find(expanded) else { return };
-    if !expanded(&i) {
-        return;
-    }
-    // Dragging down grows group `i` at the expense of the groups below; dragging up grows the
-    // next expanded group at the expense of `i` and the groups above it.
-    let (grow, shrink): (usize, Vec<usize>) =
-        if dy > 0.0 { (i, (j..heights.len()).filter(expanded).collect()) } else { (j, (0..=i).rev().filter(expanded).collect()) };
-    // The first drag pins the other groups at the heights they show, so groups still at their
-    // defaults (which give way to the filler) don't shift while this one is resized.
-    for (k, (o, oh)) in heights.iter().enumerate() {
-        if Some(k) != filler && !layout.is_collapsed(*o) {
-            layout.heights.entry(*o).or_insert(*oh);
-        }
-    }
-    let mut left = dy.abs();
-    for k in shrink {
-        if left <= 0.0 {
-            break;
-        }
-        let Some(&(o, oh)) = heights.get(k) else { continue };
-        let give = (oh - o.min_height()).max(0.0).min(left);
-        left -= give;
-        if Some(k) != filler {
-            layout.heights.insert(o, oh - give);
-        }
-    }
-    if let Some(&(o, oh)) = heights.get(grow)
-        && Some(grow) != filler
-    {
-        layout.heights.insert(o, oh + (dy.abs() - left));
-    }
-}
-
 /// What `prefs.panelLayout` holds: the live layout and open panels.
-fn snapshot(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Value {
-    json!({"workspace": app.ui.workspace, "panels": app.ui.panels, "dockTabs": app.ui.dock_tabs, "dock": app.ui.dock, "timelineOpen": app.ui.timeline.open, "docking": app.ui.docking, "dockingHidden": app.ui.docking_hidden, "dockingCollapsed": app.ui.docking_collapsed})
+pub(crate) fn snapshot(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Value {
+    let mut layout = json!({"workspace": app.ui.workspace, "panels": app.ui.panels, "dockTabs": app.ui.dock_tabs, "dock": app.ui.dock, "timelineOpen": app.ui.timeline.open, "docking": app.ui.docking, "dockingReturns": app.ui.docking_returns, "dockingCollapsed": app.ui.docking_collapsed});
+    keep_newer(app, &mut layout);
+    layout
+}
+
+/// A saved layout's workspace from a newer version stays as saved while the default layout
+/// shows in its place (craft-ui: keep it on disk, don't overwrite it).
+pub(crate) fn keep_newer(app: &PhotocraftApp, layout: &mut Value) {
+    if let (None, Some(kept), Some(layout)) = (&app.ui.docking, &app.ui.docking_kept, layout.as_object_mut()) {
+        layout.extend(kept.clone());
+    }
 }
 
 /// Remember the layout in the preferences once the user lets go of the mouse (Workspace ›
-/// Remember Workspace Changes). Cheap: a small JSON compare per frame.
+/// Remember Workspace Changes), and once panel windows the OS moves or resizes keep still. Cheap:
+/// a small JSON compare per frame.
 pub fn persist(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
+    // Once the layout changes, the newer workspace is replaced.
+    if app.ui.docking.is_some() {
+        app.ui.docking_kept = None;
+    }
     if !app.session.prefs().workspace.remember_workspace_changes || ctx.input(|i| i.pointer.any_down()) {
         return;
     }
+    if native_moved(app, ctx) {
+        ctx.request_repaint_after(std::time::Duration::from_millis(100));
+        return;
+    }
     let now = snapshot(app);
     if app.session.prefs().panel_layout != now {
         app.session.prefs.edit(|p| p.panel_layout = now);
     }
 }
 
+/// A floating panel's own window has another place than last frame. A move or resize by its OS
+/// title bar or edges changes the place each frame with no button down in any of the app's
+/// windows.
+fn native_moved(app: &PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> bool {
+    let places: Vec<(u64, [f32; 4])> =
+        app.ui.docking.iter().flat_map(|workspace| workspace.layout.floating.iter().filter_map(|window| Some((window.id, window.native?)))).collect();
+    let id = egui::Id::unique("dock-native-places");
+    ctx.data_mut(|data| {
+        let moved = data.get_temp::<Vec<(u64, [f32; 4])>>(id).is_some_and(|last| last != places);
+        data.insert_temp(id, places);
+        moved
+    })
+}
+
 /// Restore the remembered layout at launch. Unreadable parts keep their defaults.
 pub fn restore(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
     if !app.session.prefs().workspace.remember_workspace_changes {
@@ -848,12 +406,23 @@ pub fn restore(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
 /// Apply the `panels`, `dockTabs`, `dock` and `timelineOpen` parts of a saved layout
 /// (a workspace or `panelLayout`). Missing or invalid dock parts are left alone; old
 /// layouts without Timeline visibility restore it closed.
+///
+/// `craft_ui::docking::DockArea` keeps only transient drag/focus data in `ctx.data`; the
+/// split/tab arrangement is the app's own `craft_ui::docking::Layout` JSON stored here. If a
+/// layout saved by a different craft-ui revision no longer deserializes, it is dropped and the
+/// legacy layout is rebuilt (the split/tab arrangement resets). Panel widths are a separate
+/// `egui::PanelState` migration and still carry over.
 pub fn apply(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, v: &Value) {
-    app.ui.docking_collapsed = v.get("dockingCollapsed").and_then(|v| serde_json::from_value(v.clone()).ok()).unwrap_or_default();
     app.ui.docking_reveal = None;
     app.ui.docking_generation = app.ui.docking_generation.wrapping_add(1);
-    app.ui.docking_hidden = v.get("dockingHidden").and_then(|v| serde_json::from_value(v.clone()).ok()).unwrap_or_default();
-    app.ui.docking = v.get("docking").and_then(|d| serde_json::from_value(d.clone()).ok()).filter(crate::panel_docking::valid);
+    (app.ui.docking, app.ui.docking_returns) = crate::panel_docking::load(v).map_or((None, Default::default()), |(w, r)| (Some(w), r));
+    app.ui.docking_kept = (app.ui.docking.is_none() && crate::panel_docking::newer(v))
+        .then(|| ["docking", "dockingReturns", "dockingCollapsed"].into_iter().filter_map(|key| Some((key.to_owned(), v.get(key)?.clone()))).collect());
+    // Collapsed custom groups belong to the workspace; the native dock keeps its own flags.
+    app.ui.docking_collapsed = match app.ui.docking {
+        Some(_) => v.get("dockingCollapsed").and_then(|v| serde_json::from_value(v.clone()).ok()).unwrap_or_default(),
+        None => Vec::new(),
+    };
     if let Some(mut p) = v.get("panels").and_then(|p| serde_json::from_value::<Panels>(p.clone()).ok()) {
         // The embedding host owns these flags, including for layouts that serialize them.
         p.menu_bar = app.ui.panels.menu_bar;
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/dock_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/dock_tests.rs
index 4b49b99e8f..c03c067f6d 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/dock_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/dock_tests.rs
@@ -5,46 +5,9 @@ use egui_kittest::Harness;
 use serde_json::json;
 
 use super::*;
+use crate::panel_docking::probe;
 use crate::theme::ThemeKind;
 
-const ESSENTIALS: [Group; 3] = [Group::Color, Group::Properties, Group::Layers];
-
-#[test]
-fn last_expanded_group_fills_the_column() {
-    let l = DockLayout::default();
-    let hs = l.heights_for(&ESSENTIALS, 1200.0, 28.0);
-    assert_eq!(hs[0], (Group::Color, Group::Color.default_height()));
-    assert_eq!(hs[1], (Group::Properties, Group::Properties.default_height()));
-    let total: f32 = hs.iter().map(|(_, h)| h).sum::<f32>() + 2.0 * GAP;
-    assert!((total - 1200.0).abs() < 1e-3, "{hs:?}");
-    // Collapsed groups shrink to the tab strip; the one above Layers keeps its height.
-    let mut l = DockLayout::default();
-    l.set_collapsed(Group::Color, true);
-    let hs = l.heights_for(&ESSENTIALS, 1000.0, 28.0);
-    assert_eq!(hs[0].1, 28.0);
-    assert_eq!(hs[1].1, Group::Properties.default_height());
-    // Layers collapsed: Properties becomes the filler.
-    l.set_collapsed(Group::Layers, true);
-    let hs = l.heights_for(&ESSENTIALS, 800.0, 28.0);
-    assert_eq!(hs[2].1, 28.0);
-    assert!((hs[1].1 - (800.0 - 56.0 - 2.0 * GAP)).abs() < 1e-3);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn short_columns_squeeze_groups_down_to_their_minimum_and_never_go_negative() {
-    let l = DockLayout::default();
-    let hs = l.heights_for(&ESSENTIALS, 400.0, 28.0);
-    assert_eq!(hs[2].1, Group::Layers.min_height(), "Layers keeps its minimum: {hs:?}");
-    assert_eq!(hs[0].1, Group::Color.compact_height(), "the group farthest from Layers gives way last");
-    assert!(hs[1].1 < Group::Properties.compact_height());
-    for avail in [0.0, -50.0, 1.0, f32::NAN, f32::INFINITY, 1e9] {
-        for (g, h) in l.heights_for(&ESSENTIALS, avail, 28.0) {
-            assert!(h.is_finite() && h >= 0.0, "{g:?} at {avail}: {h}");
-        }
-    }
-    assert!(l.heights_for(&[], 500.0, 28.0).is_empty());
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn bad_stored_values_are_sanitised() {
     let mut l = DockLayout { order: vec![Group::Layers, Group::Layers, Group::Color], ..Default::default() };
@@ -63,17 +26,6 @@ fn bad_stored_values_are_sanitised() {
     assert_eq!(ui.dock, DockLayout::default());
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn move_group_reorders() {
-    let mut l = DockLayout::default();
-    l.move_group(Group::Layers, Some(Group::Color));
-    assert_eq!(l.order()[0], Group::Layers);
-    l.move_group(Group::Layers, None);
-    assert_eq!(l.order().last(), Some(&Group::Layers));
-    l.move_group(Group::Color, Some(Group::Color));
-    assert_eq!(l.order()[0], Group::Color);
-}
-
 fn app_with_layers() -> (PhotocraftApp, photocraft_doc::LayerId, photocraft_doc::LayerId) {
     let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
     app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 150})).unwrap();
@@ -94,7 +46,7 @@ fn harness(app: PhotocraftApp, size: egui::Vec2, theme: ThemeKind) -> Harness<'s
             if !ctx.fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
                 return;
             }
-            crate::panels::right_dock(app, ui);
+            crate::panels::dock_area(app, ui);
             egui::CentralPanel::default().show(ui, |_| {});
         },
         app,
@@ -105,8 +57,20 @@ fn harness(app: PhotocraftApp, size: egui::Vec2, theme: ThemeKind) -> Harness<'s
     h
 }
 
+/// The panel id of the native `group`'s tab `tab`.
+fn panel_id(g: Group, tab: usize, pro: bool) -> &'static str {
+    crate::panel_docking::normalize(g.tabs(pro)[tab]).unwrap()
+}
+
 fn rect_of(h: &Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, g: Group) -> Rect {
-    last_rects(&h.ctx).into_iter().find(|(x, _)| *x == g).map(|(_, r)| r).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("{g:?} not drawn"))
+    probe::native_group_rect(h.state(), &h.ctx, g).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("{g:?} not drawn"))
+}
+
+type Drawn = (Vec<(String, Rect)>, Vec<(craft_ui::docking::Hit<String>, Rect)>);
+
+/// Every panel body and docking control drawn last frame.
+fn drawn(h: &Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>) -> Drawn {
+    (crate::panel_docking::last_bodies(&h.ctx), craft_ui::docking::DockArea::<String>::hit_rects(&h.ctx, egui::Id::unique("photocraft-panel-docking")))
 }
 
 fn drag(h: &mut Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, from: Pos2, to: Pos2) {
@@ -127,55 +91,43 @@ fn switching_layer_kinds_keeps_the_layers_panel_still() {
     for theme in [ThemeKind::ProMedium, ThemeKind::Studio] {
         let (app, pixel, adj) = app_with_layers();
         let mut h = harness(app, vec2(1200.0, 800.0), theme);
-        let rects = |h: &Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>| last_rects(&h.ctx);
-        let with_adj = rects(&h);
-        assert!(with_adj.iter().any(|(g, _)| *g == Group::Layers));
+        assert!(probe::panel_rect(&h.ctx, "layers").is_some(), "{theme:?}: Layers drawn");
+        let with_adj = drawn(&h);
         h.state_mut().run("layer.select", json!({"layer": pixel.0})).unwrap();
         h.run_steps(4);
-        assert_eq!(rects(&h), with_adj, "{theme:?}: selecting a pixel layer moved the dock groups");
+        assert_eq!(drawn(&h), with_adj, "{theme:?}: selecting a pixel layer moved the dock groups");
         h.state_mut().run("layer.select", json!({"layer": adj.0})).unwrap();
         h.run_steps(4);
-        assert_eq!(rects(&h), with_adj, "{theme:?}: selecting an adjustment layer moved the dock groups");
+        assert_eq!(drawn(&h), with_adj, "{theme:?}: selecting an adjustment layer moved the dock groups");
         // Properties ↔ Adjustments tabs don't move anything either.
         h.state_mut().ui.dock_tabs.properties = 1;
         h.run_steps(3);
-        assert_eq!(rects(&h), with_adj);
+        assert_eq!(drawn(&h).0.iter().map(|(_, r)| *r).collect::<Vec<_>>(), with_adj.0.iter().map(|(_, r)| *r).collect::<Vec<_>>());
     }
 }
 
+/// A group height dragged in the dock is part of the UI state and the remembered layout.
 #[test]
 fn dragging_the_splitter_resizes_and_survives_a_ui_state_round_trip() {
     let (app, _, _) = app_with_layers();
     let mut h = harness(app, vec2(1200.0, 800.0), ThemeKind::ProMedium);
     let props = rect_of(&h, Group::Properties);
-    let layers = rect_of(&h, Group::Layers);
-    let split = Pos2::new(props.center().x, props.bottom() + GAP / 2.0);
     let color = rect_of(&h, Group::Color);
-    drag(&mut h, split, split - vec2(0.0, 60.0));
+    let split = probe::hit_rect(&h.ctx, &craft_ui::docking::Hit::Divider(craft_ui::docking::Divider::Group("properties".into())))
+        .expect("divider below Properties")
+        .center();
+    // Less than Properties has above its minimum, so the groups above don't give way.
+    drag(&mut h, split, split - vec2(0.0, 40.0));
     let props2 = rect_of(&h, Group::Properties);
-    let layers2 = rect_of(&h, Group::Layers);
-    assert!((props2.height() - (props.height() - 60.0)).abs() < 2.0, "{props:?} -> {props2:?}");
-    assert!((layers2.top() - (layers.top() - 60.0)).abs() < 2.0, "{layers:?} -> {layers2:?}");
+    assert!((props2.height() - (props.height() - 40.0)).abs() < 2.0, "{props:?} -> {props2:?}");
     assert_eq!(rect_of(&h, Group::Color), color, "the group above keeps its place");
-    assert_eq!(layers2.bottom(), layers.bottom());
-    // Dragging past the minimum pushes the group above down to its minimum too (#2573), then stops.
-    let split = Pos2::new(props2.center().x, props2.bottom() + GAP / 2.0);
-    drag(&mut h, split, split - vec2(0.0, 600.0));
-    assert_eq!(rect_of(&h, Group::Properties).height(), Group::Properties.min_height());
-    assert_eq!(rect_of(&h, Group::Color).height(), Group::Color.min_height());
-    assert_eq!(rect_of(&h, Group::Layers).bottom(), layers.bottom());
-    // Dragging back down grows Properties alone; Color stays where it was pushed.
-    let from = Pos2::new(split.x, rect_of(&h, Group::Properties).bottom() + GAP / 2.0);
-    drag(&mut h, from, split);
-    assert!((rect_of(&h, Group::Properties).bottom() - props2.bottom()).abs() < 2.0);
-    assert_eq!(rect_of(&h, Group::Color).height(), Group::Color.min_height());
 
     // Save and restore the UI state (what `ui.inspect` / `ui.set` and workspaces carry).
     let saved = serde_json::to_value(&h.state().ui).unwrap();
     let (mut app2, _, _) = app_with_layers();
     app2.ui = serde_json::from_value(saved).unwrap();
     let h2 = harness(app2, vec2(1200.0, 800.0), ThemeKind::ProMedium);
-    assert_eq!(last_rects(&h2.ctx), last_rects(&h.ctx));
+    assert_eq!(drawn(&h2).0, drawn(&h).0);
 
     // Remembered in the preferences once the mouse is up, and restored at the next launch.
     let prefs = h.state().session.prefs_to_json();
@@ -183,126 +135,18 @@ fn dragging_the_splitter_resizes_and_survives_a_ui_state_round_trip() {
     s2.load_prefs_json(&prefs).unwrap();
     let mut app3 = PhotocraftApp::new(s2, crate::Services::default());
     restore(&mut app3);
-    assert_eq!(app3.ui.dock, h.state().ui.dock);
+    assert!(app3.ui.docking.is_some());
+    assert_eq!(app3.ui.docking.as_ref().map(|w| &w.layout), h.state().ui.docking.as_ref().map(|w| &w.layout));
     // …unless Remember Workspace Changes is off.
     let mut s3 = photocraft_engine::Session::new();
     s3.load_prefs_json(&prefs).unwrap();
     s3.prefs.edit(|p| p.workspace.remember_workspace_changes = false);
     let mut app4 = PhotocraftApp::new(s3, crate::Services::default());
     restore(&mut app4);
+    assert!(app4.ui.docking.is_none());
     assert_eq!(app4.ui.dock, DockLayout::default());
 }
 
-/// `resize` on `shown` laid out in a column `avail` tall, then the new layout.
-fn resized(l: &mut DockLayout, shown: &[Group], avail: f32, i: usize, dy: f32) -> Vec<(Group, f32)> {
-    let hs = l.heights_for(shown, avail, 28.0);
-    resize(l, &hs, i, dy);
-    l.heights_for(shown, avail, 28.0)
-}
-
-fn total(hs: &[(Group, f32)]) -> f32 {
-    hs.iter().map(|(_, h)| h).sum::<f32>() + GAP * hs.len().saturating_sub(1) as f32
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn dragging_a_splitter_down_pushes_every_group_below_in_turn() {
-    let shown = [Group::Color, Group::Properties, Group::Navigator, Group::Layers];
-    let mut l = DockLayout::default();
-    let before = l.heights_for(&shown, 1200.0, 28.0);
-    // Properties gives way first, then Navigator, then the filler; the column stays 1200.
-    let hs = resized(&mut l, &shown, 1200.0, 0, 300.0);
-    assert_eq!(hs[0].1, before[0].1 + 300.0, "{hs:?}");
-    assert_eq!(hs[1].1, Group::Properties.min_height());
-    assert_eq!(hs[2].1, before[2].1 - (300.0 - (before[1].1 - Group::Properties.min_height())));
-    assert_eq!(hs[3].1, before[3].1, "the filler is untouched until the groups above it are at minimum");
-    assert!((total(&hs) - 1200.0).abs() < 1e-3);
-    // Far past the end: everything below is at its minimum and the drag stops there.
-    let hs = resized(&mut l, &shown, 1200.0, 0, 5000.0);
-    assert_eq!(hs[1].1, Group::Properties.min_height());
-    assert_eq!(hs[2].1, Group::Navigator.min_height());
-    assert_eq!(hs[3].1, Group::Layers.min_height());
-    assert!((total(&hs) - 1200.0).abs() < 1e-3, "{hs:?}");
-    let full = hs[0].1;
-    assert_eq!(resized(&mut l, &shown, 1200.0, 0, 50.0)[0].1, full);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn dragging_a_splitter_up_pushes_every_group_above_in_turn() {
-    let shown = [Group::Color, Group::Properties, Group::Navigator, Group::Layers];
-    let mut l = DockLayout::default();
-    let before = l.heights_for(&shown, 1200.0, 28.0);
-    // The splitter under Navigator: Navigator shrinks first, then Properties, then Color.
-    let hs = resized(&mut l, &shown, 1200.0, 2, -200.0);
-    assert_eq!(hs[2].1, Group::Navigator.min_height());
-    assert_eq!(hs[1].1, before[1].1 - (200.0 - (before[2].1 - Group::Navigator.min_height())));
-    assert_eq!(hs[0].1, before[0].1);
-    assert_eq!(hs[3].1, before[3].1 + 200.0, "the filler takes the room");
-    let hs = resized(&mut l, &shown, 1200.0, 2, -5000.0);
-    assert!(hs[..3].iter().all(|(g, h)| *h == g.min_height()), "{hs:?}");
-    assert!((total(&hs) - 1200.0).abs() < 1e-3);
-    // The group grown when the filler isn't next: the splitter under Color grows Properties.
-    let mut l = DockLayout::default();
-    let hs = resized(&mut l, &shown, 1200.0, 0, -500.0);
-    assert_eq!(hs[0].1, Group::Color.min_height());
-    assert_eq!(hs[1].1, before[1].1 + (before[0].1 - Group::Color.min_height()));
-    assert_eq!(hs[2].1, before[2].1);
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn pushing_skips_collapsed_groups_and_respects_the_filler() {
-    let shown = [Group::Color, Group::Properties, Group::Navigator, Group::History, Group::Layers];
-    let mut l = DockLayout::default();
-    l.set_collapsed(Group::Properties, true);
-    l.set_collapsed(Group::Layers, true);
-    let before = l.heights_for(&shown, 1200.0, 28.0);
-    // History is the filler now; Properties keeps its strip and Layers stays collapsed.
-    let hs = resized(&mut l, &shown, 1200.0, 0, 5000.0);
-    assert_eq!(hs[1].1, 28.0);
-    assert_eq!(hs[4].1, 28.0);
-    assert_eq!(hs[2].1, Group::Navigator.min_height());
-    assert_eq!(hs[3].1, Group::History.min_height());
-    assert_eq!(hs[0].1, before[0].1 + (before[2].1 - Group::Navigator.min_height()) + (before[3].1 - Group::History.min_height()));
-    assert!((total(&hs) - 1200.0).abs() < 1e-3);
-    assert!(!l.heights.contains_key(&Group::History), "the filler's height is never stored");
-    // Dragging up from Navigator over the collapsed Properties shrinks Color.
-    let hs = resized(&mut l, &shown, 1200.0, 2, -5000.0);
-    assert_eq!(hs[0].1, Group::Color.min_height());
-    assert_eq!(hs[1].1, 28.0);
-    assert_eq!(hs[2].1, Group::Navigator.min_height());
-    assert!((total(&hs) - 1200.0).abs() < 1e-3);
-    // Nothing to resize against, bad deltas and out-of-range splitters are ignored.
-    let snapshot = l.clone();
-    for (i, dy) in [(3, 50.0), (4, 50.0), (9, 50.0), (0, f32::NAN), (0, f32::INFINITY), (0, 0.0)] {
-        let hs = l.heights_for(&shown, 1200.0, 28.0);
-        resize(&mut l, &hs, i, dy);
-        assert_eq!(l, snapshot, "splitter {i} by {dy}");
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn dragging_swatches_down_pushes_properties_then_layers() {
-    let (app, _, _) = app_with_layers();
-    let mut h = harness(app, vec2(1200.0, 800.0), ThemeKind::ProMedium);
-    let color = rect_of(&h, Group::Color);
-    let props = rect_of(&h, Group::Properties);
-    let layers = rect_of(&h, Group::Layers);
-    let room = (props.height() - Group::Properties.min_height()) + (layers.height() - Group::Layers.min_height());
-    let split = Pos2::new(color.center().x, color.bottom() + GAP / 2.0);
-    // Past Properties' minimum: Layers gives way too instead of the drag hard-stopping.
-    let dy = props.height() - Group::Properties.min_height() + 40.0;
-    drag(&mut h, split, split + vec2(0.0, dy));
-    assert!((rect_of(&h, Group::Color).height() - (color.height() + dy)).abs() < 2.0, "{color:?} -> {:?}", rect_of(&h, Group::Color));
-    assert_eq!(rect_of(&h, Group::Properties).height(), Group::Properties.min_height());
-    assert!((rect_of(&h, Group::Layers).height() - (layers.height() - 40.0)).abs() < 2.0);
-    assert_eq!(rect_of(&h, Group::Layers).bottom(), layers.bottom());
-    // All the way: everything below at its minimum.
-    let split = Pos2::new(color.center().x, rect_of(&h, Group::Color).bottom() + GAP / 2.0);
-    drag(&mut h, split, split + vec2(0.0, 2000.0));
-    assert!((rect_of(&h, Group::Color).height() - (color.height() + room)).abs() < 2.0);
-    assert_eq!(rect_of(&h, Group::Layers).height(), Group::Layers.min_height());
-    assert_eq!(rect_of(&h, Group::Layers).bottom(), layers.bottom());
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn reset_workspace_restores_the_default_layout_and_new_workspaces_keep_theirs() {
     let (app, _, _) = app_with_layers();
@@ -314,12 +158,12 @@ fn reset_workspace_restores_the_default_layout_and_new_workspaces_keep_theirs()
     let mine = h.state().ui.dock.clone();
     crate::menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "window.workspace.essentials", json!({})).unwrap();
     h.run_steps(3);
-    let default = last_rects(&h.ctx);
+    let default = drawn(&h).0;
     assert_eq!(h.state().ui.dock, DockLayout::default());
     h.state_mut().ui.dock.heights.insert(Group::Color, 300.0);
     crate::menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "window.workspace.resetWorkspace", json!({})).unwrap();
     h.run_steps(3);
-    assert_eq!(last_rects(&h.ctx), default);
+    assert_eq!(drawn(&h).0, default);
     crate::menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "window.workspace.select", json!({"name": "Tall Layers"})).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(h.state().ui.dock, mine);
 }
@@ -335,15 +179,8 @@ fn a_single_tab_click_expands_a_collapsed_panel() {
             app.session.prefs.edit(|p| p.workspace_locked = true);
             let mut h = harness(app, vec2(1200.0, 800.0), theme);
             let collapsed_height = rect_of(&h, Group::Color).height();
-            let strips = last_strips(&h.ctx);
-            let strip = strips.iter().find(|s| s.group == Group::Color).unwrap();
-            let tab = strip.tabs.iter().find(|(i, _)| *i == tab_index).unwrap().1.center();
-            h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(tab));
-            h.run_steps(1);
-            h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: tab, button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed: true, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
-            h.step();
-            h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: tab, button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed: false, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
-            h.run_steps(3);
+            let tab = probe::tab_rect(&h.ctx, panel_id(Group::Color, tab_index, is_pro(theme))).unwrap().center();
+            click(&mut h, tab);
             assert!(!h.state().ui.dock.is_collapsed(Group::Color), "{theme:?}: tab {tab_index}");
             assert_eq!(h.state().ui.dock_tabs.color, tab_index);
             assert!(rect_of(&h, Group::Color).height() > collapsed_height);
@@ -351,134 +188,26 @@ fn a_single_tab_click_expands_a_collapsed_panel() {
     }
 }
 
-/// Auto-Collapse Iconic Panels: a group expanded by clicking a tab on its collapsed strip
-/// closes again when the next click lands outside it; with the preference off it stays open.
-#[test]
-fn auto_collapse_icon_panels_closes_a_peeked_panel_on_an_outside_click() {
-    for auto in [true, false] {
-        let (mut app, _, _) = app_with_layers();
-        app.session.prefs.edit(|p| p.workspace.auto_collapse_icon_panels = auto);
-        app.ui.dock.set_collapsed(Group::Color, true);
-        let mut h = harness(app, vec2(1200.0, 800.0), ThemeKind::ProMedium);
-        let collapsed_height = rect_of(&h, Group::Color).height();
-        let tab = last_strips(&h.ctx).iter().find(|s| s.group == Group::Color).unwrap().tabs[0].1.center();
-        h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(tab));
-        h.run_steps(1);
-        h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: tab, button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed: true, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
-        h.step();
-        h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: tab, button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed: false, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
-        h.run_steps(3);
-        assert!(!h.state().ui.dock.is_collapsed(Group::Color), "auto={auto}: the tab click expands the panel");
-        let rect = rect_of(&h, Group::Color);
-        // A click inside the panel leaves it open; one outside (the canvas) closes it again.
-        for p in [rect.center(), Pos2::new(rect.left() / 2.0, rect.center().y)] {
-            h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(p));
-            h.run_steps(1);
-            h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: p, button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed: true, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
-            h.step();
-            h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: p, button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed: false, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
-            h.run_steps(3);
-        }
-        assert_eq!(h.state().ui.dock.is_collapsed(Group::Color), auto, "auto={auto}: outside closes it when enabled");
-        if auto {
-            assert_eq!(rect_of(&h, Group::Color).height(), collapsed_height);
-        } else {
-            assert!(rect_of(&h, Group::Color).height() > collapsed_height);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn double_clicking_a_tab_collapses_and_dragging_a_strip_reorders() {
-    let (app, _, _) = app_with_layers();
-    let mut h = harness(app, vec2(1200.0, 800.0), ThemeKind::ProMedium);
-    let color = rect_of(&h, Group::Color);
-    let tab = color.left_top() + vec2(20.0, 13.0);
-    h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(tab));
-    h.run_steps(1);
-    for _ in 0..2 {
-        h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: tab, button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed: true, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
-        h.step();
-        h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: tab, button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed: false, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
-        h.step();
-    }
-    h.run_steps(2);
-    assert!(h.state().ui.dock.is_collapsed(Group::Color));
-    assert!(rect_of(&h, Group::Color).height() < 40.0);
-    h.state_mut().ui.dock.set_collapsed(Group::Color, false);
-    h.run_steps(3);
-    // Drag the Layers tab strip (right of its tabs) above Color.
-    let layers = rect_of(&h, Group::Layers);
-    let strip = Pos2::new(layers.right() - 60.0, layers.top() + 13.0);
-    let to = rect_of(&h, Group::Color).left_top() + vec2(120.0, 10.0);
-    drag(&mut h, strip, to);
-    assert_eq!(h.state().ui.dock.order().first(), Some(&Group::Layers));
-    // A locked workspace keeps the order.
-    h.state_mut().session.prefs.edit(|p| p.workspace_locked = true);
-    let layers = rect_of(&h, Group::Layers);
-    drag(&mut h, Pos2::new(layers.right() - 60.0, layers.top() + 13.0), Pos2::new(layers.right() - 60.0, 790.0));
-    assert_eq!(h.state().ui.dock.order().first(), Some(&Group::Layers));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn dragging_a_tab_onto_another_group_moves_only_that_panel() {
-    let (app, _, _) = app_with_layers();
-    let mut h = harness(app, vec2(1200.0, 800.0), ThemeKind::ProMedium);
-    let strips = last_strips(&h.ctx);
-    let source = strips
-        .iter()
-        .find(|strip| strip.group == Group::Color)
-        .and_then(|strip| strip.tabs.iter().find(|(index, _)| *index == 1))
-        .map(|(_, rect)| rect.center())
-        .unwrap();
-    let destination = strips.iter().find(|strip| strip.group == Group::Layers).and_then(|strip| strip.tabs.first()).map(|(_, rect)| rect.center()).unwrap();
-
-    drag(&mut h, source, destination);
-
-    let layout = h.state().ui.docking.as_ref().expect("moving one native tab promotes to the shared layout");
-    fn tabs<'a>(node: &'a craft_ui::docking::Node<String>, panel: &str) -> Option<&'a [String]> {
-        match node {
-            craft_ui::docking::Node::Tabs { panels, .. } if panels.iter().any(|id| id == panel) => Some(panels),
-            craft_ui::docking::Node::Split { first, second, .. } => tabs(first, panel).or_else(|| tabs(second, panel)),
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
-    let source_group = tabs(layout.root.as_ref().unwrap(), "swatches").unwrap();
-    assert!(source_group.contains(&"layers".to_owned()), "dropped into the destination tab group");
-    assert!(!source_group.contains(&"color".to_owned()), "the source group remains intact");
-    assert!(crate::panel_docking::valid(layout));
-}
-
-/// The strip shows reordered tabs by position; the drop moves the panel that was dragged, not
-/// the one at that position in the default order.
+/// The strip shows reordered tabs in their order; dragging one onto another group moves the
+/// panel that was dragged, and only that panel.
 #[test]
 fn dragging_a_reordered_tab_onto_another_group_moves_that_panel() {
     let (mut app, _, _) = app_with_layers();
     // Gradients (original tab 2) drawn first: Gradients | Color | Swatches | Patterns.
-    app.ui.dock.move_tab(Group::Color, 2, Some(0), true);
+    app.ui.dock.tab_order.insert(Group::Color, vec!["Gradients".into()]);
     let mut h = harness(app, vec2(1200.0, 800.0), ThemeKind::ProMedium);
-    let strips = last_strips(&h.ctx);
-    let source = strips
-        .iter()
-        .find(|strip| strip.group == Group::Color)
-        .and_then(|strip| strip.tabs.iter().find(|(index, _)| *index == 2))
-        .map(|(_, rect)| rect.center())
-        .unwrap();
-    let destination = strips.iter().find(|strip| strip.group == Group::Layers).and_then(|strip| strip.tabs.first()).map(|(_, rect)| rect.center()).unwrap();
+    let tab = |h: &Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, panel: &str| probe::tab_rect(&h.ctx, panel).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("{panel} tab drawn"));
+    assert!(tab(&h, "gradients").left() < tab(&h, "color").left());
+    let (source, destination) = (tab(&h, "gradients").center(), tab(&h, "layers").center());
 
     drag(&mut h, source, destination);
 
-    let layout = h.state().ui.docking.as_ref().expect("moving one native tab promotes to the shared layout");
-    fn tabs<'a>(node: &'a craft_ui::docking::Node<String>, panel: &str) -> Option<&'a [String]> {
-        match node {
-            craft_ui::docking::Node::Tabs { panels, .. } if panels.iter().any(|id| id == panel) => Some(panels),
-            craft_ui::docking::Node::Split { first, second, .. } => tabs(first, panel).or_else(|| tabs(second, panel)),
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
-    let moved = tabs(layout.root.as_ref().unwrap(), "gradients").unwrap();
+    assert!(h.state().ui.docking.is_some(), "moving one tab of the default layout customizes the workspace");
+    let moved = probe::group_of(h.state(), "gradients");
     assert!(moved.contains(&"layers".to_owned()), "the dragged Gradients tab joined Layers: {moved:?}");
     assert!(!moved.contains(&"color".to_owned()), "Color stayed in its group: {moved:?}");
+    assert_eq!(probe::group_of(h.state(), "color"), ["color", "swatches", "patterns"]);
+    assert!(crate::panel_docking::valid(&h.state().ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap().layout));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -489,12 +218,14 @@ fn tiny_windows_do_not_panic() {
             app.ui.panels.history = true;
             app.ui.panels.navigator = true;
             let mut h = harness(app, vec2(w, ht), theme);
-            for (_, r) in last_rects(&h.ctx) {
+            let (bodies, hits) = drawn(&h);
+            for (_, r) in bodies {
                 assert!(r.height() >= 0.0 && r.is_finite());
             }
             // Drag a splitter way off-screen.
-            if let Some((_, r)) = last_rects(&h.ctx).first().copied() {
-                let p = Pos2::new(r.center().x, r.bottom() + GAP / 2.0);
+            let divider = hits.iter().find(|(hit, _)| matches!(hit, craft_ui::docking::Hit::Divider(craft_ui::docking::Divider::Group(_))));
+            if let Some((_, r)) = divider {
+                let p = r.center();
                 drag(&mut h, p, p + vec2(0.0, 5000.0));
                 drag(&mut h, p, p - vec2(0.0, 5000.0));
             }
@@ -548,8 +279,8 @@ fn clicking_around_the_ui_keeps_the_panels_put() {
     h.run_steps(8);
     let panels = h.state().ui.panels.clone();
     let tabs = h.state().ui.dock_tabs;
-    let rects = last_rects(&h.ctx);
-    assert!(rects.iter().any(|(g, _)| *g == Group::Layers), "{rects:?}");
+    let rects = drawn(&h);
+    assert!(probe::panel_rect(&h.ctx, "layers").is_some(), "{rects:?}");
     let layers = rect_of(&h, Group::Layers);
     let canvas = h.state().last_canvas_rect;
     let mut points: Vec<Pos2> = Vec::new();
@@ -584,7 +315,7 @@ fn clicking_around_the_ui_keeps_the_panels_put() {
         assert_eq!(app.ui.dock_tabs, tabs, "click at {p:?} switched a dock tab");
         assert!(app.ui.dock.collapsed.is_empty(), "click at {p:?} collapsed a group");
         if app.ui.dialogs.is_empty() && app.ui.shell.dialog.is_none() {
-            assert_eq!(last_rects(&h.ctx), rects, "click at {p:?} moved the dock groups");
+            assert_eq!(drawn(&h), rects, "click at {p:?} moved the dock groups");
         }
         h.state_mut().ui.dialogs.clear();
     }
@@ -608,13 +339,8 @@ fn closing_tabs_keeps_stable_names_across_themes_and_workspace_round_trips() {
     assert_eq!(restored.visible_tabs(Group::Color, false).len(), 4);
 }
 
-fn right_click_tab(h: &mut Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, group: Group, original_index: usize) {
-    let p = last_strips(&h.ctx)
-        .into_iter()
-        .find(|s| s.group == group)
-        .and_then(|s| s.tabs.into_iter().find(|(i, _)| *i == original_index))
-        .map(|(_, r)| r.center())
-        .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("requested dock tab visible: {:?}", last_strips(&h.ctx).iter().map(|s| (s.group, s.tabs.clone())).collect::<Vec<_>>()));
+fn right_click_tab(h: &mut Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, panel: &str) {
+    let p = probe::tab_rect(&h.ctx, panel).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("{panel} tab drawn")).center();
     h.hover_at(p);
     h.run_steps(1);
     h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: p, button: PointerButton::Secondary, pressed: true, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
@@ -634,23 +360,24 @@ fn panel_tab_context_menu_closes_one_tab_or_its_group() {
     {
         let pro = is_pro(theme);
         let names = g.tabs(pro);
+        let ids: Vec<&str> = (0..names.len()).map(|i| panel_id(g, i, pro)).collect();
         let (app, _, _) = app_with_layers();
         let mut h = harness(app, vec2(1300.0, 850.0), theme);
         // Close the first tab: the group stays, showing (and selecting) the next one.
-        right_click_tab(&mut h, g, 0);
-        h.get_by_label("Close").click();
+        right_click_tab(&mut h, ids[0]);
+        h.get_by_label("Close Panel").click();
         h.run_steps(3);
         assert!(g.shown(&h.state().ui.panels), "{theme:?}: closing one tab keeps the group");
         assert_eq!(*g.tab_mut(&mut h.state_mut().ui.dock_tabs), 1);
         let rest: Vec<(usize, &str)> = names.iter().copied().enumerate().skip(1).collect();
         assert_eq!(h.state().ui.dock.visible_tabs(g, pro), rest);
-        let strip: Vec<usize> = last_strips(&h.ctx).iter().find(|s| s.group == g).unwrap().tabs.iter().map(|(i, _)| *i).collect();
-        assert_eq!(strip, rest.iter().map(|(i, _)| *i).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+        assert_eq!(probe::group_of(h.state(), ids[1]), ids[1..]);
+        assert!(probe::tab_rect(&h.ctx, ids[0]).is_none());
 
         // Close the remaining tabs: the last one hides this group, not the other dock groups.
-        for i in 1..names.len() {
-            right_click_tab(&mut h, g, i);
-            h.get_by_label("Close").click();
+        for id in &ids[1..] {
+            right_click_tab(&mut h, id);
+            h.get_by_label("Close Panel").click();
             h.run_steps(3);
         }
         assert!(!g.shown(&h.state().ui.panels), "{theme:?}");
@@ -662,12 +389,16 @@ fn panel_tab_context_menu_closes_one_tab_or_its_group() {
         h.run_steps(3);
         assert!(g.shown(&h.state().ui.panels) && !h.state().ui.dock.is_collapsed(g));
         assert_eq!(h.state().ui.dock.visible_tabs(g, pro), vec![(0, names[0])]);
+        assert_eq!(probe::group_of(h.state(), ids[0]), [ids[0]]);
 
-        // A tab's Close Tab Group closes the entire group without hiding its one tab.
-        right_click_tab(&mut h, g, 0);
+        // A tab's Close Tab Group closes the entire group, which Window brings back with its one tab.
+        right_click_tab(&mut h, ids[0]);
         h.get_by_label("Close Tab Group").click();
         h.run_steps(3);
         assert!(!g.shown(&h.state().ui.panels));
+        crate::menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, window, json!({})).unwrap();
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        assert_eq!(probe::group_of(h.state(), ids[0]), [ids[0]]);
         assert_eq!(h.state().ui.dock.visible_tabs(g, pro), vec![(0, names[0])]);
     }
 }
@@ -736,8 +467,10 @@ fn theme_switch_keeps_the_selected_color_group_panel() {
             h.state_mut().set_theme(&ctx, theme);
             h.run_steps(4);
             assert_eq!(Group::Color.tabs(is_pro(theme)).get(h.state().ui.dock_tabs.color), Some(name), "{theme:?}");
-            if *name == "Color" && !is_pro(theme) {
-                assert!(h.query_by_label("Hue").is_some(), "{theme:?}: Color picker missing");
+            if *name == "Color" {
+                // The spectrum field's hex readout, the same in every theme (#6000).
+                assert!(h.query_by_label("#").is_some(), "{theme:?}: Color field missing");
+                assert!(h.query_all_by_label("Hue").next().is_none(), "{theme:?}: no HSB sliders");
             }
             h.state_mut().set_theme(&ctx, ThemeKind::Pro);
             h.run_steps(4);
@@ -783,7 +516,7 @@ fn default_layout_shows_ten_layer_rows_at_900pt() {
     for (size, want) in [(vec2(1440.0, 900.0), 10), (vec2(1280.0, 720.0), 4)] {
         let h = app_harness_rows(size, ThemeKind::ProMedium, 40);
         let rows = rows_in_view(&h, 40);
-        let groups = last_rects(&h.ctx);
+        let groups = crate::panel_docking::last_bodies(&h.ctx);
         assert!(rows >= want, "{size:?}: {rows} rows visible, want ≥ {want}: {groups:?}");
         // Color and Properties stay open, just not at the expense of Layers.
         for g in [Group::Color, Group::Properties] {
@@ -792,24 +525,24 @@ fn default_layout_shows_ten_layer_rows_at_900pt() {
     }
 }
 
+/// #147: in a tall column the groups above Layers keep their default heights, and heights the
+/// user set stay as they are in a shorter one.
 #[test]
 fn defaults_give_way_to_layers_but_user_sizes_stay() {
-    let l = DockLayout::default();
-    // A tall column: everyone at their defaults, Layers takes the rest.
-    let hs = l.heights_for(&ESSENTIALS, 1200.0, 28.0);
-    assert_eq!(hs[0].1, Group::Color.default_height());
-    assert_eq!(hs[1].1, Group::Properties.default_height());
-    // A short one: default-sized groups shrink toward their compact heights so Layers keeps
-    // its preferred height, the one nearest Layers first.
-    let hs = l.heights_for(&ESSENTIALS, 820.0, 28.0);
-    assert!(hs[2].1 >= Group::Layers.preferred_fill() - 0.5, "{hs:?}");
-    assert!(hs[1].1 < Group::Properties.default_height() && hs[1].1 >= Group::Properties.compact_height(), "{hs:?}");
-    // Heights the user dragged to (saved in prefs) are kept as they are.
-    let mut mine = DockLayout::default();
-    mine.heights.insert(Group::Properties, 340.0);
-    mine.heights.insert(Group::Color, 200.0);
-    let hs = mine.heights_for(&ESSENTIALS, 800.0, 28.0);
-    assert_eq!((hs[0].1, hs[1].1), (200.0, 340.0), "{hs:?}");
+    let (app, _, _) = app_with_layers();
+    let h = harness(app, vec2(1440.0, 1400.0), ThemeKind::ProMedium);
+    for g in [Group::Color, Group::Properties] {
+        let height = rect_of(&h, g).height();
+        assert!((height - g.default_height()).abs() < 2.0, "{g:?}: {height}");
+    }
+    let (mut app, _, _) = app_with_layers();
+    app.ui.dock.heights.insert(Group::Properties, 340.0);
+    app.ui.dock.heights.insert(Group::Color, 200.0);
+    let h = harness(app, vec2(1440.0, 800.0), ThemeKind::ProMedium);
+    for (g, want) in [(Group::Color, 200.0), (Group::Properties, 340.0)] {
+        let height = rect_of(&h, g).height();
+        assert!((height - want).abs() < 2.0, "{g:?}: {height}");
+    }
 }
 
 /// #150: Window › Character opens a Character | Paragraph group next to Properties (which
@@ -830,7 +563,7 @@ fn window_character_opens_its_own_group_and_keeps_properties() {
             let props = rect_of(&h, Group::Properties);
             assert!(props.height() > 60.0 && props.bottom() <= ch.top(), "{theme:?}: Properties visible above Character");
         }
-        assert!(rect_of(&h, Group::Layers).top() > ch.bottom(), "{theme:?}: Layers stays the filler at the bottom");
+        assert!(rect_of(&h, Group::Layers).top() >= ch.bottom(), "{theme:?}: Layers stays the filler at the bottom");
         assert_eq!(crate::view_cmds::checked(h.state(), "window.panel.character"), Some(true));
         // Paragraph is the group's second tab; choosing it again on its tab closes the group.
         crate::menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "window.panel.paragraph", json!({})).unwrap();
@@ -838,7 +571,7 @@ fn window_character_opens_its_own_group_and_keeps_properties() {
         crate::menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "window.panel.paragraph", json!({})).unwrap();
         h.run_steps(3);
         assert!(!h.state().ui.panels.character && h.state().ui.panels.properties, "{theme:?}");
-        assert!(!last_rects(&h.ctx).iter().any(|(g, _)| *g == Group::Character));
+        assert!(probe::native_group_rect(h.state(), &h.ctx, Group::Character).is_none());
         // Type › Panels › Character Panel always shows it; Reset Workspace closes it.
         crate::menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "type.panels.character", json!({})).unwrap();
         crate::menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "type.panels.character", json!({})).unwrap();
@@ -853,111 +586,6 @@ fn window_character_opens_its_own_group_and_keeps_properties() {
     assert_eq!(moved.order(), vec![Group::Layers, Group::Brushes, Group::Color, Group::Properties, Group::Character, Group::Navigator, Group::History]);
 }
 
-type StripProbe = Option<(Vec<(usize, Rect)>, Rect, Option<Rect>, Rect)>;
-
-/// #151: at narrow widths and 2× scale, in every theme, tabs elide or overflow into a chevron
-/// and never run under the panel menu button.
-#[test]
-fn tab_strips_never_overlap_the_menu_button() {
-    let overlap = |a: Rect, b: Rect| {
-        let i = a.intersect(b);
-        i.width() > 0.5 && i.height() > 0.5
-    };
-    for theme in ThemeKind::ALL {
-        for scale in [1.0, 2.0] {
-            for width in [180.0, 250.0, 290.0, 420.0] {
-                for g in Group::ALL {
-                    let tabs = g.tabs(is_pro(theme));
-                    for sel in 0..tabs.len() {
-                        let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(width, 200.0)).with_pixels_per_point(scale).build_ui_state(
-                            move |ui, out: &mut StripProbe| {
-                                if !ui.ctx().fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
-                                    return;
-                                }
-                                let mut s = sel;
-                                let r = crate::widgets::card_ex(ui, "t", tabs, &mut s, false, false, |ui, _| {
-                                    ui.label("body");
-                                });
-                                *out = Some((r.tabs, r.menu.rect, r.chevron, ui.max_rect()));
-                            },
-                            None,
-                        );
-                        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, theme);
-                        h.run_steps(3);
-                        let (shown, menu, chevron, card) = h.state().clone().unwrap();
-                        let what = format!("{theme:?} {scale}x {width}pt {g:?} selected {sel}");
-                        assert!(shown.iter().any(|(i, _)| *i == sel), "{what}: the selected tab is on the strip: {shown:?}");
-                        for (i, r) in &shown {
-                            assert!(!overlap(*r, menu), "{what}: tab {i} {r:?} runs under the menu {menu:?}");
-                            assert!(r.left() >= card.left() - 0.5 && r.right() <= card.right() + 0.5, "{what}: tab {i} outside the card");
-                        }
-                        for w in shown.windows(2) {
-                            assert!(!overlap(w[0].1, w[1].1), "{what}: tabs overlap");
-                        }
-                        if let Some(c) = chevron {
-                            assert!(!overlap(c, menu) && shown.iter().all(|(_, r)| !overlap(*r, c)), "{what}: chevron overlaps");
-                        } else {
-                            assert_eq!(shown.len(), tabs.len(), "{what}: a tab went missing without a chevron");
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// #151 in the real dock: every strip at 2× scale fits beside its menu button, and a tab in the
-/// chevron menu can still be chosen.
-#[test]
-fn dock_strips_fit_and_the_chevron_menu_switches_tabs() {
-    for theme in ThemeKind::ALL {
-        let (mut app, _, _) = app_with_layers();
-        app.ui.panels.history = true;
-        app.ui.panels.navigator = true;
-        app.ui.panels.character = true;
-        let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(900.0, 1000.0)).with_pixels_per_point(2.0).build_ui_state(
-            |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
-                if !ui.ctx().fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
-                    return;
-                }
-                crate::panels::right_dock(app, ui);
-                egui::CentralPanel::default().show(ui, |_| {});
-            },
-            app,
-        );
-        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, theme);
-        h.state_mut().ui.theme = theme;
-        h.run_steps(4);
-        let strips = last_strips(&h.ctx);
-        assert!(strips.len() >= 5, "{theme:?}: {strips:?}");
-        for s in &strips {
-            for (i, r) in &s.tabs {
-                assert!(r.intersect(s.menu).width() <= 0.5, "{theme:?} {:?}: tab {i} under the menu", s.group);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    // A strip too narrow for its tabs: pick a hidden tab from the chevron menu.
-    let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(150.0, 200.0)).build_ui_state(
-        |ui, sel: &mut usize| {
-            if !ui.ctx().fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
-                return;
-            }
-            let _ = crate::widgets::card_ex(ui, "color", &["Color", "Swatches", "Gradients", "Patterns"], sel, false, false, |ui, _| {
-                ui.label("body");
-            });
-        },
-        0usize,
-    );
-    PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, ThemeKind::ProMedium);
-    h.run_steps(3);
-    use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
-    h.get_by_label("More panels").click();
-    h.run_steps(3);
-    h.get_by_label("Patterns").click();
-    h.run_steps(3);
-    assert_eq!(*h.state(), 3, "Patterns chosen from the chevron menu");
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn tab_hides_all_panels_and_shift_tab_only_the_dock() {
     // #1313: Photoshop's Tab hides the Tools panel, the options bar and the panel dock (Tab again
@@ -1074,14 +702,6 @@ fn navigator_preview_fills_its_group_and_keeps_aspect() {
     }
 }
 
-fn strip_tabs(h: &Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, g: Group) -> Vec<(usize, Rect)> {
-    last_strips(&h.ctx).into_iter().find(|s| s.group == g).map(|s| s.tabs).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("{g:?} strip not drawn"))
-}
-
-fn tab_rect(h: &Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, g: Group, tab: usize) -> Rect {
-    strip_tabs(h, g).into_iter().find(|(i, _)| *i == tab).map(|(_, r)| r).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("{g:?} tab {tab} not on the strip"))
-}
-
 fn click(h: &mut Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, p: Pos2) {
     h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(p));
     h.run_steps(1);
@@ -1092,22 +712,13 @@ fn click(h: &mut Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, p: Pos2) {
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn move_tab_reorders_by_name_and_bad_saved_orders_fall_back() {
+fn tab_order_is_by_name_and_bad_saved_orders_fall_back() {
     let mut l = DockLayout::default();
     let names = |l: &DockLayout, g, pro| l.visible_tabs(g, pro).into_iter().map(|(_, n)| n).collect::<Vec<_>>();
-    l.move_tab(Group::Layers, 2, Some(0), true);
+    l.tab_order.insert(Group::Layers, vec!["Paths".into()]);
     assert_eq!(l.visible_tabs(Group::Layers, true), vec![(2, "Paths"), (0, "Layers"), (1, "Channels")]);
-    l.move_tab(Group::Layers, 2, None, true);
-    assert_eq!(names(&l, Group::Layers, true), ["Layers", "Channels", "Paths"]);
-    assert!(l.tab_order.is_empty(), "the default order is stored as nothing");
-    // Out-of-range tabs and moves onto themselves change nothing; an unknown `before` is last.
-    for (tab, before) in [(9, Some(0)), (usize::MAX, None), (1, Some(1)), (2, Some(9))] {
-        let mut m = l.clone();
-        m.move_tab(Group::Layers, tab, before, true);
-        assert_eq!(names(&m, Group::Layers, true), ["Layers", "Channels", "Paths"], "{tab} {before:?}");
-    }
     // Names, not positions: the order survives the Pro/Studio swap of Color and Swatches.
-    l.move_tab(Group::Color, 3, Some(0), true);
+    l.tab_order.insert(Group::Color, vec!["Patterns".into(), "Color".into()]);
     assert_eq!(names(&l, Group::Color, true), ["Patterns", "Color", "Swatches", "Gradients"]);
     assert_eq!(names(&l, Group::Color, false), ["Patterns", "Color", "Swatches", "Gradients"]);
     // Hidden tabs keep their place for when they come back.
@@ -1133,42 +744,29 @@ fn move_tab_reorders_by_name_and_bad_saved_orders_fall_back() {
     assert_eq!(names(&back, Group::Layers, true), ["Channels", "Layers", "Paths"], "missing tabs follow in their default order");
 }
 
-/// #2272: dragging a tab along its strip reorders the group's tabs; the order persists in the
-/// UI state, the remembered layout and saved workspaces, and clicking still selects.
+/// #2272: a tab dragged along its strip reorders the group's tabs; the order persists in the
+/// remembered layout and saved workspaces, and clicking still selects.
 #[test]
 fn dragging_a_tab_reorders_the_group_and_the_order_persists() {
     for theme in [ThemeKind::ProMedium, ThemeKind::Studio] {
         let (app, _, _) = app_with_layers();
         let mut h = harness(app, vec2(1200.0, 800.0), theme);
-        let order = h.state().ui.dock.order();
-        let rects = last_rects(&h.ctx);
-        let paths = tab_rect(&h, Group::Layers, 2);
-        let layers = tab_rect(&h, Group::Layers, 0);
-        drag(&mut h, paths.center(), layers.left_center() + vec2(4.0, 0.0));
-        let strip: Vec<usize> = strip_tabs(&h, Group::Layers).iter().map(|(i, _)| *i).collect();
-        assert_eq!(strip, [2, 0, 1], "{theme:?}: Paths moved before Layers");
-        assert_eq!(h.state().ui.dock.order(), order, "{theme:?}: a tab drag along the strip leaves the groups put");
-        assert_eq!(last_rects(&h.ctx), rects);
-        // The dragged tab is brought to the front; dockTabs keeps its original indices.
-        assert_eq!(h.state().ui.dock_tabs.layers, 2, "{theme:?}");
+        let tab = |h: &Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, panel: &str| probe::tab_rect(&h.ctx, panel).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("{panel} tab drawn"));
+        let others = |h: &Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>| probe::group_of(h.state(), "color");
+        let color = others(&h);
+        let (paths, layers) = (tab(&h, "paths"), tab(&h, "layers"));
+        drag(&mut h, paths.center(), layers.left_center() + vec2(layers.width() / 4.0, 0.0));
+        assert_eq!(probe::group_of(h.state(), "layers"), ["paths", "layers", "channels"], "{theme:?}: Paths moved before Layers");
+        assert_eq!(others(&h), color, "{theme:?}: a tab drag along the strip leaves the other groups put");
+        assert_eq!(h.state().ui.dock_tabs.layers, 2, "{theme:?}: the dragged tab is selected");
 
         // A plain click still selects, and selects the tab under the pointer.
-        let layers = tab_rect(&h, Group::Layers, 0).center();
+        let layers = tab(&h, "layers").center();
         click(&mut h, layers);
         assert_eq!(h.state().ui.dock_tabs.layers, 0, "{theme:?}");
-        assert_eq!(strip_tabs(&h, Group::Layers).iter().map(|(i, _)| *i).collect::<Vec<_>>(), [2, 0, 1]);
+        assert_eq!(probe::group_of(h.state(), "layers"), ["paths", "layers", "channels"]);
 
-        // UI state round trip (the control channel's ui.get / ui.set).
-        let dock = serde_json::to_value(&h.state().ui.dock).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(dock["tabOrder"], json!({"layers": ["Paths", "Layers", "Channels"]}));
         let ctx = h.ctx.clone();
-        let (req, _rx) = crate::control::ControlRequest::new("ui.set", json!({"dock": {"tabOrder": {"layers": ["Channels"]}}}));
-        crate::control::handle(h.state_mut(), &ctx, &req);
-        assert_eq!(h.state().ui.dock.visible_tabs(Group::Layers, is_pro(theme))[0], (1, "Channels"));
-        let (req, _rx) = crate::control::ControlRequest::new("ui.set", json!({"dock": dock}));
-        crate::control::handle(h.state_mut(), &ctx, &req);
-        assert_eq!(h.state().ui.dock.visible_tabs(Group::Layers, is_pro(theme))[0], (2, "Paths"));
-
         // Remembered across launches (prefs panelLayout) ...
         h.state_mut().session.prefs.edit(|p| p.workspace.remember_workspace_changes = true);
         persist(h.state_mut(), &ctx);
@@ -1179,42 +777,19 @@ fn dragging_a_tab_reorders_the_group_and_the_order_persists() {
             p.panel_layout = saved.clone();
         });
         restore(&mut fresh);
-        assert_eq!(fresh.ui.dock.visible_tabs(Group::Layers, is_pro(theme))[0], (2, "Paths"), "{theme:?}");
+        assert_eq!(probe::group_of(&fresh, "layers"), ["paths", "layers", "channels"], "{theme:?}");
 
         // ... and in a saved workspace, which Essentials resets and selecting brings back.
         crate::menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "window.workspace.newWorkspace", json!({"name": "Paths First"})).unwrap();
         crate::menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "window.workspace.essentials", json!({})).unwrap();
-        assert!(h.state().ui.dock.tab_order.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(probe::group_of(h.state(), "layers"), ["layers", "channels", "paths"]);
         crate::menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "window.workspace.select", json!({"name": "Paths First"})).unwrap();
         h.run_steps(3);
-        assert_eq!(strip_tabs(&h, Group::Layers).iter().map(|(i, _)| *i).collect::<Vec<_>>(), [2, 0, 1], "{theme:?}");
+        assert_eq!(probe::group_of(h.state(), "layers"), ["paths", "layers", "channels"], "{theme:?}");
+        assert!(tab(&h, "paths").left() < tab(&h, "layers").left());
     }
 }
 
-/// Dragging a tab onto another group's body moves the whole group; onto its tab strip moves only
-/// the tab. A locked workspace keeps both the tab and group order.
-#[test]
-fn a_tab_dragged_off_the_strip_moves_the_group_and_locking_stops_reordering() {
-    let (app, _, _) = app_with_layers();
-    let mut h = harness(app, vec2(1200.0, 800.0), ThemeKind::ProMedium);
-    let paths = tab_rect(&h, Group::Layers, 2);
-    let to = rect_of(&h, Group::Color).left_top() + vec2(120.0, 40.0);
-    drag(&mut h, paths.center(), to);
-    assert_eq!(h.state().ui.dock.order().first(), Some(&Group::Layers));
-    assert!(h.state().ui.dock.tab_order.is_empty(), "the tabs kept their order");
-
-    h.state_mut().session.prefs.edit(|p| p.workspace_locked = true);
-    h.run_steps(2);
-    let order = h.state().ui.dock.order();
-    let paths = tab_rect(&h, Group::Layers, 2);
-    let layers = tab_rect(&h, Group::Layers, 0).left_center();
-    drag(&mut h, paths.center(), layers + vec2(4.0, 0.0));
-    assert!(h.state().ui.dock.tab_order.is_empty());
-    let paths = tab_rect(&h, Group::Layers, 2);
-    drag(&mut h, paths.center(), paths.center() + vec2(0.0, 500.0));
-    assert_eq!(h.state().ui.dock.order(), order);
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn brush_settings_window_is_closed_on_restart_but_can_be_reopened() {
     let mut first = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
@@ -1243,6 +818,23 @@ fn brush_settings_window_is_closed_on_restart_but_can_be_reopened() {
     assert!(workspace.ui.panels.brush_settings, "switching workspaces still restores their saved layout");
 }
 
+/// The saved `docking` value is the app's own serialization of `craft_ui::docking::Layout`. A
+/// value from an older/foreign docking schema that no longer deserializes is dropped (the
+/// legacy layout is rebuilt); the rest of the workspace still applies, and nothing panics.
+/// Panel widths still migrate separately through `panels::migrate_panel_state`, but a split/tab
+/// arrangement from such a schema may reset. No 0.36 sample was available to prove the actual
+/// transition.
+#[test]
+fn an_unreadable_docking_layout_is_dropped_and_the_rest_applies() {
+    let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+    let mut saved = snapshot(&app);
+    saved["docking"] = json!({"root": "not-a-dock-node"});
+    saved["timelineOpen"] = json!(true);
+    apply(&mut app, &saved);
+    assert!(app.ui.docking.is_none(), "the unreadable docking value is dropped");
+    assert!(app.ui.timeline.open, "the rest of the layout still applies");
+}
+
 /// Layers panel options live in the preferences on their own (like Photoshop's Panel Options),
 /// so a workspace layout neither saves nor restores them.
 #[test]
@@ -1263,3 +855,46 @@ fn workspace_layouts_leave_the_layers_panel_options_alone() {
     assert_ne!(app.ui.layers_panel_options.thumbnail_size, crate::state::LayerThumbnailSize::Large);
     assert_eq!(app.session.prefs().dialogs.get("ui.layersPanelOptions").cloned(), stored);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn a_panel_window_the_os_moves_is_saved_once_it_keeps_still() {
+    let (mut app, _, _) = app_with_layers();
+    app.session.prefs.edit(|p| p.workspace.remember_workspace_changes = true);
+    app.run("window.panel.float", json!({"panel": "info"})).unwrap();
+    let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+    let frame = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp| ctx.run_ui(Default::default(), |ui| persist(app, ui.ctx())).textures_delta.clear();
+    let place = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp, x: f32| {
+        let window = app.ui.docking.as_mut().unwrap().layout.floating.iter_mut().find(|w| w.contains("info")).unwrap();
+        window.native = Some([x, 100.0, 300.0, 200.0]);
+    };
+    frame(&mut app);
+    let saved = app.session.prefs().panel_layout.clone();
+    for x in 500..520 {
+        place(&mut app, x as f32);
+        frame(&mut app);
+        assert_eq!(app.session.prefs().panel_layout, saved, "not saved while the window moves");
+    }
+    frame(&mut app);
+    let native = app.session.prefs().panel_layout["docking"]["layout"]["floating"][0]["native"].clone();
+    assert_eq!(native, json!([519.0, 100.0, 300.0, 200.0]), "saved once it keeps still");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_workspace_from_a_newer_version_shows_the_default_and_stays_saved() {
+    let (mut app, _, _) = app_with_layers();
+    app.session.prefs.edit(|p| p.workspace.remember_workspace_changes = true);
+    let mut saved = snapshot(&app);
+    saved["docking"] = json!({"version": 99, "layout": {"root": null, "floating": []}, "future": true});
+    app.session.prefs.edit(|p| p.panel_layout = saved.clone());
+    restore(&mut app);
+    assert!(app.ui.docking.is_none(), "the default layout shows");
+    let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+    let frame = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp| ctx.run_ui(Default::default(), |ui| persist(app, ui.ctx())).textures_delta.clear();
+    frame(&mut app);
+    assert_eq!(app.session.prefs().panel_layout, saved, "an idle frame leaves it saved");
+
+    app.run("window.panel.close", json!({"panel": "layers"})).unwrap();
+    frame(&mut app);
+    let docking = &app.session.prefs().panel_layout["docking"];
+    assert_eq!(docking["version"], json!(craft_ui::docking::Workspace::<String>::VERSION), "a changed layout replaces it: {docking}");
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/dropdown_press_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/dropdown_press_tests.rs
index c9d87116c0..73d896f297 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/dropdown_press_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/dropdown_press_tests.rs
@@ -74,3 +74,56 @@ fn a_click_still_opens_the_list_for_a_second_click() {
     h.run_steps(3);
     assert_eq!(blend(&h), BlendMode::Screen, "a second click picks");
 }
+
+/// #7113: on macOS a trackpad tap-to-click delivers `Pressed` and `Released` in the same frame,
+/// which raises both the modal dialog (`pointer_pressed_on_area`) and the reopened ComboBox popup
+/// (`!visible_last_frame`) in the same pass. When the popup's static LayerId already sits before
+/// the dialog's in `Areas::order` (from an earlier open or `ui.ron`), egui's stable sort left the
+/// dropdown menu behind the dialog window.
+#[test]
+fn single_frame_trackpad_tap_keeps_dialog_dropdown_above_modal_and_selects_option() {
+    let mut h = app_with_a_layer();
+    let tap = |h: &mut Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, at: egui::Pos2| {
+        h.input_mut().events.push(egui::Event::PointerMoved(at));
+        for pressed in [true, false] {
+            h.input_mut().events.push(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: at, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE });
+        }
+        h.run_steps(3);
+    };
+
+    // First dialog: open the Palette dropdown once so its static popup LayerId enters `Areas::order`,
+    // then close the dialog.
+    let d1 = crate::filter_dialog::open(h.state_mut(), "image.mode.indexedColor").unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    let palette_box = blend_box(&h, "Selective").center();
+    tap(&mut h, palette_box);
+    assert!(egui::Popup::is_any_open(&h.ctx));
+    crate::dialogs::cancel(h.state_mut(), d1).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+
+    // Second dialog gets a newer `("dialog", d2)` LayerId placed after the popup's static LayerId
+    // in `Areas::order` (the same ordering `ui.ron` restores across launches).
+    let d2 = crate::filter_dialog::open(h.state_mut(), "image.mode.indexedColor").unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    let palette_box = blend_box(&h, "Selective").center();
+    let dialog_layer = h.ctx.layer_id_at(palette_box).expect("dialog layer at ComboBox");
+
+    // 1-frame trackpad tap on the Palette dropdown: the list must open IN FRONT OF the dialog.
+    tap(&mut h, palette_box);
+    assert!(egui::Popup::is_any_open(&h.ctx), "tap opens the dropdown");
+    let perceptual_pos = h.get_by_label("Perceptual").rect().center();
+    let top_at_item = h.ctx.layer_id_at(perceptual_pos);
+    assert!(
+        top_at_item.is_some() && top_at_item != Some(dialog_layer),
+        "#7113: dropdown popup layer ({top_at_item:?}) must be above the modal dialog ({dialog_layer:?})"
+    );
+
+    // Second 1-frame trackpad tap on "Perceptual" selects it and closes the list.
+    tap(&mut h, perceptual_pos);
+    assert!(!egui::Popup::is_any_open(&h.ctx), "tap on option closes the dropdown");
+    assert_eq!(
+        h.state().ui.dialogs.iter().find(|d| d.id == d2).and_then(|d| d.fields.get("palette")).and_then(|v| v.as_str()),
+        Some("perceptual"),
+        "tap on Perceptual selected it"
+    );
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/duplicate_layer_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/duplicate_layer_ui.rs
index c1b76c0ead..3d9b0edc8f 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/duplicate_layer_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/duplicate_layer_ui.rs
@@ -48,21 +48,21 @@ pub fn body(app: &PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, fields: &mut Map<String, Val
     egui::Grid::new("duplicate-layer").num_columns(2).spacing([12.0, 6.0]).show(ui, |ui| {
         if let Some(name) = fields.get("name").and_then(Value::as_str) {
             let mut name = name.to_string();
-            ui.label(tl!("Name:"));
-            ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut name).desired_width(260.0));
+            let name_label = ui.label(tl!("Name:"));
+            ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut name).desired_width(260.0)).labelled_by(name_label.id);
             fields.insert("name".into(), json!(name));
             ui.end_row();
         }
         ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("Destination")).font(crate::theme::semibold(13.0)));
         ui.end_row();
         ui.label(tl!("Document"));
-        crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "duplicate-layer-document", &mut destination, &options, 260.0);
+        crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "duplicate-layer-document", tl!("Document"), &mut destination, &options, 260.0);
         ui.end_row();
         // Photoshop's document-`Name` is only there when the destination is a new document.
         if destination == "new" {
             let mut doc_name = fields.get("documentName").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("").to_string();
-            ui.label(tl!("Name:"));
-            ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut doc_name).desired_width(260.0));
+            let name_label = ui.label(tl!("Name:"));
+            ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut doc_name).desired_width(260.0)).labelled_by(name_label.id);
             fields.insert("documentName".into(), json!(doc_name));
             ui.end_row();
         }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/egui_fonts.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/egui_fonts.rs
index 4c71705e64..ecd121c05f 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/egui_fonts.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/egui_fonts.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-//! egui's default fonts (Ubuntu Light, Hack, Noto Emoji and emoji-icon-font: the fallback stack
-//! behind Inter and JetBrains Mono, for symbols and emoji), stored deflated.
+//! egui's default fonts (Ubuntu Light, Hack, egui-icons, Noto Emoji and emoji-icon-font: the
+//! fallback stack behind Inter and JetBrains Mono, for symbols and emoji), stored deflated.
 //!
 //! egui's `default_fonts` feature embeds them uncompressed (1.4 MB), which the web build's 24 MiB
 //! size gate (packaging/web/package.sh) can't afford. The app builds egui without it; build.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ macro_rules! deflated {
 }
 
 static HACK: LazyLock<Vec<u8>> = LazyLock::new(|| inflate(deflated!("Hack-Regular")));
+static EGUI_ICONS: LazyLock<Vec<u8>> = LazyLock::new(|| inflate(deflated!("egui-icons")));
 static NOTO_EMOJI: LazyLock<Vec<u8>> = LazyLock::new(|| inflate(deflated!("NotoEmoji-Regular")));
 static UBUNTU_LIGHT: LazyLock<Vec<u8>> = LazyLock::new(|| inflate(deflated!("Ubuntu-Light")));
 static EMOJI_ICON: LazyLock<Vec<u8>> = LazyLock::new(|| inflate(deflated!("emoji-icon-font")));
@@ -46,11 +47,13 @@ pub fn definitions() -> FontDefinitions {
 /// egui's default definitions, built from the deflated copies.
 fn from_deflated() -> FontDefinitions {
     let mut fonts = FontDefinitions::empty();
-    let faces: [(&str, &'static [u8], f32); 4] = [
+    let faces: [(&str, &'static [u8], f32); 5] = [
         ("Hack", HACK.as_slice(), 1.0),
+        ("Ubuntu-Light", UBUNTU_LIGHT.as_slice(), 1.0),
+        // The handful of icons in `egui::special_emojis`, which no platform font has.
+        ("egui-icons", EGUI_ICONS.as_slice(), 0.90),
         // egui draws its emoji fonts a little smaller.
         ("NotoEmoji-Regular", NOTO_EMOJI.as_slice(), 0.81),
-        ("Ubuntu-Light", UBUNTU_LIGHT.as_slice(), 1.0),
         ("emoji-icon-font", EMOJI_ICON.as_slice(), 0.90),
     ];
     for (name, bytes, scale) in faces {
@@ -62,8 +65,9 @@ fn from_deflated() -> FontDefinitions {
         fonts.font_data.insert(name.to_owned(), Arc::new(data));
     }
     let stack = |names: &[&str]| -> Vec<String> { names.iter().filter(|n| fonts.font_data.contains_key(**n)).map(|n| (*n).to_owned()).collect() };
-    let mono = stack(&["Hack", "Ubuntu-Light", "NotoEmoji-Regular", "emoji-icon-font"]);
-    let proportional = stack(&["Ubuntu-Light", "NotoEmoji-Regular", "emoji-icon-font"]);
+    // 0.37's family order: egui-icons and the monochrome emoji fonts last, as fallbacks.
+    let mono = stack(&["Hack", "Ubuntu-Light", "egui-icons", "NotoEmoji-Regular", "emoji-icon-font"]);
+    let proportional = stack(&["Ubuntu-Light", "egui-icons", "NotoEmoji-Regular", "emoji-icon-font"]);
     fonts.families.insert(FontFamily::Monospace, mono);
     fonts.families.insert(FontFamily::Proportional, proportional);
     fonts
@@ -83,6 +87,32 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(definitions(), egui);
     }
 
+    /// The deflated stack carries egui 0.37's `egui-icons` face and the monochrome emoji faces,
+    /// so `egui::special_emojis` and the UI's symbol glyphs do not render as tofu (kittest's
+    /// `MissingGlyphPolicy::Panic` depends on this).
+    #[test]
+    fn the_deflated_stack_draws_egui_icons() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        ctx.set_fonts(from_deflated());
+        let mut output = ctx.run_ui(Default::default(), |_| {});
+        // The headless test never uploads the atlas; drop its delta deliberately.
+        output.textures_delta.clear();
+        let id = egui::FontId::proportional(14.0);
+        let icons: String = [
+            egui::special_emojis::OS_LINUX,
+            egui::special_emojis::OS_WINDOWS,
+            egui::special_emojis::OS_ANDROID,
+            egui::special_emojis::OS_APPLE,
+            egui::special_emojis::GITHUB,
+            egui::special_emojis::GIT,
+        ]
+        .into_iter()
+        .collect();
+        assert!(ctx.fonts_mut(|f| f.has_glyphs(&id, &icons)), "egui-icons covers every special emoji");
+        let mono = egui::FontId::monospace(14.0);
+        assert!(ctx.fonts_mut(|f| f.has_glyphs(&mono, &icons)), "and the monospace family too");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn corrupt_font_data_is_left_out_not_a_panic() {
         assert!(inflate(b"not deflate data").is_empty());
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/eraser_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/eraser_ui.rs
index f92c3427e9..ac896eeb0b 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/eraser_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/eraser_ui.rs
@@ -81,12 +81,13 @@ pub fn block_size(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> f32 {
 pub fn mode_dropdown(ui: &mut egui::Ui, mode: &mut String) -> bool {
     opt(ui, tl!("Mode:"));
     let modes = [("brush".to_string(), tl!("Brush")), ("pencil".to_string(), tl!("Pencil")), ("block".to_string(), tl!("Block"))];
-    widgets::dropdown(ui, "eraser-mode", mode, &modes, 96.0)
+    widgets::dropdown(ui, "eraser-mode", tl!("Mode"), mode, &modes, 96.0)
 }
 
 fn opt(ui: &mut egui::Ui, text: &str) {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
-    ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!(&text)).color(t.text_dim).size(12.0));
+    let label = ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!(&text)).color(t.text_dim).size(12.0));
+    crate::widgets::scrub_option_label(ui, &label);
 }
 
 /// Options bar for the Magic Eraser and Background Eraser. Returns false for other tools.
@@ -123,7 +124,7 @@ pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, tool: Tool) -> bo
                 ("contiguous".to_string(), tl!("Contiguous")),
                 ("findEdges".to_string(), tl!("Find Edges")),
             ];
-            widgets::dropdown(ui, "bg-eraser-limits", &mut o.bg_limits, &limits, 110.0);
+            widgets::dropdown(ui, "bg-eraser-limits", tl!("Limits:"), &mut o.bg_limits, &limits, 110.0);
             opt(ui, tl!("Tolerance:"));
             widgets::value_field(ui, &mut o.bg_tolerance, 0.0..=100.0, "%", 62.0);
             widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut o.bg_protect_fg, tl!("Protect Foreground Color"));
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/export_dialog.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/export_dialog.rs
index 62677292c7..c014947aa3 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/export_dialog.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/export_dialog.rs
@@ -129,10 +129,19 @@ pub fn open_layer(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, layer: photocraft_doc::LayerId) -> Re
     let ldoc = photocraft_engine::layer_menu_cmds::layer_document(&st.doc, layer).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
     let id = open(app)?;
     if let Some(d) = app.ui.dialogs.iter_mut().find(|d| d.id == id) {
-        d.fields.insert("__layer".into(), json!(layer.0));
-        d.fields.insert("__label".into(), json!(crate::i18n::fmt(crate::i18n::t("Export As: {name}"), &[("name", &ldoc.name)])));
-        d.fields.insert("__w".into(), json!(ldoc.size.width));
-        d.fields.insert("__h".into(), json!(ldoc.size.height));
+        let f = &mut d.fields;
+        f.insert("__layer".into(), json!(layer.0));
+        f.insert("__label".into(), json!(crate::i18n::fmt(crate::i18n::t("Export As: {name}"), &[("name", &ldoc.name)])));
+        f.insert("__w".into(), json!(ldoc.size.width));
+        f.insert("__h".into(), json!(ldoc.size.height));
+        // `open` seeded width and height from the document; in scale mode they follow the layer's
+        // trimmed size, so the dialog shows and edits the size the layer exports at. Exact pixels
+        // (sizing "pixels") are a size the user asked for, so those stay.
+        if s(f, "sizing") != "pixels"
+            && let Ok(size) = resize_from_scale(f64::from(ldoc.size.width), f64::from(ldoc.size.height), n(f, "scale", 100.0))
+        {
+            write_size(f, size, "scale");
+        }
     }
     Ok(id)
 }
@@ -304,14 +313,14 @@ fn scaled_size(w: f64, h: f64, scale: f64) -> (f64, f64) {
 }
 
 /// Largest side Export As will ask Image Size for. The same cap `image.imageSize` enforces.
-const MAX_PX: f64 = 300_000.0;
+pub(crate) const MAX_PX: f64 = 300_000.0;
 
 /// Pixel size, percent scale and whether the two sides stay linked.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
-struct ExportSize {
-    width: f64,
-    height: f64,
-    scale: f64,
+pub(crate) struct ExportSize {
+    pub(crate) width: f64,
+    pub(crate) height: f64,
+    pub(crate) scale: f64,
 }
 
 fn finite_px(v: f64) -> Result<f64, String> {
@@ -322,7 +331,7 @@ fn finite_px(v: f64) -> Result<f64, String> {
 }
 
 /// Percent scale applied to both sides. `scale` is a percent in 1..=1000.
-fn resize_from_scale(src_w: f64, src_h: f64, scale: f64) -> Result<ExportSize, String> {
+pub(crate) fn resize_from_scale(src_w: f64, src_h: f64, scale: f64) -> Result<ExportSize, String> {
     if !scale.is_finite() || !(1.0..=1000.0).contains(&scale) {
         return Err("scale must be within 1..=1000 percent".into());
     }
@@ -334,7 +343,7 @@ fn resize_from_scale(src_w: f64, src_h: f64, scale: f64) -> Result<ExportSize, S
 }
 
 /// An edited side. With `lock`, the other side keeps the source aspect; otherwise it stays.
-fn resize_from_side(src_w: f64, src_h: f64, width: f64, height: f64, lock: bool, edited_width: bool) -> Result<ExportSize, String> {
+pub(crate) fn resize_from_side(src_w: f64, src_h: f64, width: f64, height: f64, lock: bool, edited_width: bool) -> Result<ExportSize, String> {
     let src_w = src_w.max(1.0);
     let src_h = src_h.max(1.0);
     let (width, height) = if edited_width {
@@ -524,7 +533,7 @@ fn poll_or_start_preview(
     doc: Arc<Document>,
     fields: &Map<String, Value>,
 ) -> Option<Result<PreviewPixels, String>> {
-    let pending_key = egui::Id::new(("export-preview-pending", doc.id.0));
+    let pending_key = egui::Id::unique(("export-preview-pending", doc.id.0));
     let pending: Option<PendingPreview> = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp(pending_key));
     if let Some(pending) = pending {
         let result = pending.result.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner).take()?;
@@ -565,6 +574,74 @@ fn estimate_native(doc: &Document, proxy: &Document, f: &Map<String, Value>) ->
     Some(scaled_estimate(bytes.len(), doc, proxy, f))
 }
 
+/// Exports up to this many pixels get an exact size: the full image encoded as Export will
+/// write it, as Photoshop's Export As reports (#6595). Larger ones keep the proxy estimate, which
+/// reads low for detailed images (a downscaled proxy compresses better).
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+const EXACT_ESTIMATE_PX: f64 = 40_000_000.0;
+
+/// The exported file's size in bytes, from encoding the full export, or `None` when it is too
+/// large to encode for an estimate or can't be encoded.
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+fn exact_estimate(doc: &Document, f: &Map<String, Value>) -> Option<u64> {
+    // The size `export_document` will make: exact pixels only in pixel mode, else the scale.
+    let (w, h) = export_pixels(f64::from(doc.size.width), f64::from(doc.size.height), f, None).ok()?;
+    let px = w * h;
+    if !px.is_finite() || px > EXACT_ESTIMATE_PX {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let full = export_document(doc, f, None).ok()?;
+    let bytes = photocraft_io::export(&full, &format!("estimate.{}", s_fmt(f)), &settings(f).io_options()).ok()?.bytes;
+    u64::try_from(bytes.len()).ok()
+}
+
+/// The exact size for `signature`, worked out off the UI thread: `None` until it is ready (the
+/// proxy estimate shows meanwhile), then `Some(None)` when there is no exact size.
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+fn poll_or_start_exact_estimate(ui: &mut egui::Ui, key: egui::Id, signature: &str, doc: Arc<Document>, fields: &Map<String, Value>) -> Option<Option<u64>> {
+    type Done = Arc<Mutex<Option<Option<u64>>>>;
+    let done_key = key.with("exact-estimate");
+    if let Some((sig, size)) = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<(String, Option<u64>)>(done_key))
+        && sig == signature
+    {
+        return Some(size);
+    }
+    let pending_key = key.with("exact-estimate-pending");
+    if let Some((sig, result)) = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<(String, Done)>(pending_key)) {
+        if sig == signature {
+            let size = result.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner).take()?;
+            ui.data_mut(|d| {
+                d.remove::<(String, Done)>(pending_key);
+                d.insert_temp(done_key, (sig, size));
+            });
+            return Some(size);
+        }
+        // Settings changed meanwhile: that worker's answer is for other settings.
+        if result.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner).is_none() {
+            return None;
+        }
+    }
+    let result: Done = Arc::new(Mutex::new(None));
+    let shared = result.clone();
+    let ctx = ui.ctx().clone();
+    let fields = fields.clone();
+    let started = std::thread::Builder::new().name("export-estimate".into()).spawn(move || {
+        let size = std::panic::catch_unwind(std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe(|| {
+            let source = source_document_from(doc.clone(), &fields).unwrap_or(doc);
+            exact_estimate(&source, &fields)
+        }))
+        .unwrap_or(None);
+        *shared.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner) = Some(size);
+        ctx.request_repaint();
+    });
+    if started.is_ok() {
+        ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(pending_key, (signature.to_string(), result)));
+        None
+    } else {
+        Some(None)
+    }
+}
+
 fn write_size(f: &mut Map<String, Value>, size: ExportSize, sizing: &str) {
     f.insert("width".into(), json!(size.width));
     f.insert("height".into(), json!(size.height));
@@ -582,7 +659,7 @@ fn size_fields(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>, src_w: f64, src_h:
     let mut sc = passed as f32;
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("Scale")).color(t.text_dim));
-        crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut sc, 1.0..=1000.0, "%", 70.0);
+        crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut sc, 1.0..=1000.0, "%", 70.0).accessible_name(tl!("Scale"));
     });
     let sc_r = f64::from(sc).round().clamp(1.0, 1000.0);
     if (sc_r - passed).abs() > 0.01
@@ -595,7 +672,7 @@ fn size_fields(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>, src_w: f64, src_h:
     let mut width = stored_w.clamp(1.0, MAX_PX) as f32;
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("Width")).color(t.text_dim));
-        crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut width, 1.0..=MAX_PX as f32, "px", 70.0);
+        crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut width, 1.0..=MAX_PX as f32, "px", 70.0).accessible_name(tl!("Width"));
     });
     let width_r = f64::from(width).round();
     if (width_r - stored_w.round()).abs() > 0.01
@@ -607,7 +684,7 @@ fn size_fields(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>, src_w: f64, src_h:
     let mut height = stored_h.clamp(1.0, MAX_PX) as f32;
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("Height")).color(t.text_dim));
-        crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut height, 1.0..=MAX_PX as f32, "px", 70.0);
+        crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut height, 1.0..=MAX_PX as f32, "px", 70.0).accessible_name(tl!("Height"));
     });
     let height_r = f64::from(height).round();
     if (height_r - stored_h.round()).abs() > 0.01
@@ -632,7 +709,7 @@ fn resample_field(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
         ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("Resample")).color(t.text_dim));
         let mut method = resample_method(f, None).unwrap_or(DEFAULT_RESAMPLE).to_string();
         let opts: Vec<(String, &str)> = RESAMPLE.iter().map(|(k, label)| ((*k).to_string(), resample_label(label))).collect();
-        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "export-resample", &mut method, &opts, 130.0) {
+        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "export-resample", tl!("Resample"), &mut method, &opts, 130.0) {
             f.insert("resample".into(), json!(method));
         }
     });
@@ -711,7 +788,7 @@ fn preset_fields(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String,
             for name in &names {
                 opts.push((name.clone(), name.as_str()));
             }
-            if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "export-preset", &mut selected, &opts, 130.0) {
+            if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "export-preset", tl!("Preset"), &mut selected, &opts, 130.0) {
                 f.insert("__preset".into(), json!(selected));
                 if let Some(preset) = app.session.presets.export_presets.iter().find(|p| p.name == s(f, "__preset")).cloned() {
                     apply_preset(f, &preset.settings, src_w, src_h);
@@ -781,7 +858,7 @@ pub fn body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Valu
                 ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("Format")).color(t.text_dim));
                 let mut fmt = s_fmt(f);
                 let opts: Vec<(String, &str)> = FORMATS.iter().map(|(k, l)| (k.to_string(), *l)).collect();
-                if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "export-format", &mut fmt, &opts, 130.0) {
+                if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "export-format", tl!("Format"), &mut fmt, &opts, 130.0) {
                     set_format_defaults(f, &fmt, &app.session.prefs().export);
                 }
             });
@@ -802,7 +879,7 @@ pub fn body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Valu
                     let mut bits = s(f, "tgaBits");
                     let opts: Vec<(String, &str)> =
                         vec![("auto".into(), tl!("Auto")), ("24".into(), tl!("24 bits/pixel")), ("32".into(), tl!("32 bits/pixel"))];
-                    if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "export-tga-bits", &mut bits, &opts, 130.0) {
+                    if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "export-tga-bits", tl!("Depth"), &mut bits, &opts, 130.0) {
                         f.insert("tgaBits".into(), json!(bits));
                     }
                 });
@@ -816,7 +893,7 @@ pub fn body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Valu
                 ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("Metadata")).color(t.text_dim));
                 let mut m = s(f, "metadata");
                 let opts: Vec<(String, &str)> = vec![("none".into(), tl!("None")), ("exif".into(), tl!("EXIF")), ("all".into(), tl!("All"))];
-                if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "export-metadata", &mut m, &opts, 130.0) {
+                if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "export-metadata", tl!("Metadata"), &mut m, &opts, 130.0) {
                     f.insert("metadata".into(), json!(m));
                 }
             });
@@ -827,7 +904,7 @@ pub fn body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Valu
                     profile = "document".into();
                 }
                 let opts: Vec<(String, &str)> = vec![("document".into(), tl!("Document Profile")), ("srgb".into(), tl!("Convert to sRGB"))];
-                if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "export-profile", &mut profile, &opts, 130.0) {
+                if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "export-profile", tl!("Color Profile"), &mut profile, &opts, 130.0) {
                     f.insert("profile".into(), json!(profile));
                 }
             });
@@ -850,7 +927,7 @@ pub fn body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Valu
         // Right: preview + estimated size.
         ui.vertical(|ui| {
             let layer = f.get("__layer").and_then(Value::as_u64);
-            let key = egui::Id::new(("export-preview", doc.id.0, app.session.active().map_or(0, |s| s.revision), layer));
+            let key = egui::Id::unique(("export-preview", doc.id.0, app.session.active().map_or(0, |s| s.revision), layer));
             let sig = format!(
                 "{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}",
                 s_fmt(f),
@@ -884,7 +961,7 @@ pub fn body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Valu
                         Some(preview_sync(app, &source, f))
                     };
                     let filter = preview_filter(f);
-                    result.map(|result| cache_preview(ui, key, sig, result, filter))
+                    result.map(|result| cache_preview(ui, key, sig.clone(), result, filter))
                 }
             };
             let side = 300.0;
@@ -901,7 +978,12 @@ pub fn body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Valu
                 ui.painter().text(r.center(), egui::Align2::CENTER_CENTER, tl!("Preview"), egui::FontId::proportional(12.0), t.text_dim);
             }
             ui.painter().rect_stroke(r, 0.0, egui::Stroke::new(1.0, t.separator), egui::StrokeKind::Outside);
-            let est = preview.as_ref().and_then(|preview| preview.estimate).map_or("—".to_string(), |b| crate::sizing::human_bytes(b as f64));
+            #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+            let exact = poll_or_start_exact_estimate(ui, key, &sig, doc.clone(), f).flatten();
+            #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+            let exact: Option<u64> = None;
+            let est =
+                exact.or_else(|| preview.as_ref().and_then(|preview| preview.estimate)).map_or("—".to_string(), |b| crate::sizing::human_bytes(b as f64));
             ui.label(egui::RichText::new(format!("{}  ≈ {est}", s_fmt(f).to_uppercase())).color(t.text_dim).size(11.5));
         });
     });
@@ -1113,6 +1195,33 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Layer › Export As opens with the layer's trimmed size, not the document's: `open` seeds the
+    /// size fields from the document, and the layer replaces them in scale mode. A remembered
+    /// percent scales the layer; remembered exact pixels stay the size the user asked for.
+    #[test]
+    fn layer_export_as_opens_with_the_layer_size() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 40, "height": 30})).unwrap();
+        app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.run("select.rect", json!({"x": 4, "y": 2, "width": 10, "height": 6})).unwrap();
+        app.run("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+        let layer = app.session.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        let id = open_layer(&mut app, layer).unwrap();
+        let f = &app.ui.dialog_mut(id).unwrap().fields;
+        assert_eq!((f["__w"].as_f64(), f["__h"].as_f64()), (Some(10.0), Some(6.0)));
+        assert_eq!((f["width"].as_f64(), f["height"].as_f64()), (Some(10.0), Some(6.0)));
+
+        app.session.prefs.edit(|p| p.dialogs.insert(COMMAND.into(), json!({"scale": 50})));
+        let id = open_layer(&mut app, layer).unwrap();
+        let f = &app.ui.dialog_mut(id).unwrap().fields;
+        assert_eq!((f["width"].as_f64(), f["height"].as_f64()), (Some(5.0), Some(3.0)));
+
+        app.session.prefs.edit(|p| p.dialogs.insert(COMMAND.into(), json!({"sizing": "pixels", "width": 120, "height": 80})));
+        let id = open_layer(&mut app, layer).unwrap();
+        let f = &app.ui.dialog_mut(id).unwrap().fields;
+        assert_eq!((f["width"].as_f64(), f["height"].as_f64()), (Some(120.0), Some(80.0)));
+    }
+
     /// Only the dialog's own settings are remembered: not the destination, the document size or
     /// the layer the dialog was opened with.
     #[test]
@@ -1284,6 +1393,116 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    /// #6595: Export As shows the size the file will have, as Photoshop does. The proxy estimate
+    /// read 36–81 % of it for a detailed image; up to `EXACT_ESTIMATE_PX` the full export is
+    /// encoded off the UI thread instead.
+    #[test]
+    fn the_estimate_is_the_exported_files_size() {
+        let mut doc = Document::with_background(
+            "x",
+            photocraft_doc::Size::new(900, 300),
+            photocraft_doc::ColorMode::Rgb,
+            photocraft_doc::SampleType::U8,
+            photocraft_doc::Color::WHITE,
+        );
+        let id = doc.layers[0].id;
+        let surf = doc.layer_mut(id).unwrap().surface_mut().unwrap();
+        let mut seed = 12345u32;
+        for y in (0..300).step_by(2) {
+            for x in (0..900).step_by(2) {
+                seed = seed.wrapping_mul(1664525).wrapping_add(1013904223);
+                let v = (seed >> 24) as f32 / 255.0;
+                surf.fill_rect(photocraft_geom::Rect::new(x, y, x + 2, y + 2), &[v, x as f32 / 900.0, y as f32 / 300.0, 1.0]);
+            }
+        }
+        let doc = Arc::new(doc);
+        let f = Map::from_iter([("format".into(), json!("jpg")), ("scale".into(), json!(100)), ("quality".into(), json!(32))]);
+        let actual = photocraft_io::export(&export_document(&doc, &f, None).unwrap(), "x.jpg", &settings(&f).io_options()).unwrap().bytes.len() as u64;
+        let proxy = preview_proxy(&doc, &f).unwrap();
+        let old = estimate_native(&doc, &proxy, &f).unwrap();
+        assert!((old as f64 / actual as f64 - 1.0).abs() > 0.1, "the proxy estimate was off: {old} vs {actual}");
+
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let key = egui::Id::unique("exact-estimate-test");
+        let deadline = std::time::Instant::now() + std::time::Duration::from_secs(20);
+        let size = loop {
+            let mut size = None;
+            let mut output = ctx.run_ui(Default::default(), |ctx| {
+                egui::CentralPanel::default().show(ctx, |ui| size = poll_or_start_exact_estimate(ui, key, "jpg32", doc.clone(), &f));
+            });
+            output.textures_delta.clear();
+            if let Some(size) = size {
+                break size;
+            }
+            assert!(std::time::Instant::now() < deadline, "the exact estimate did not arrive");
+            std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(10));
+        };
+        assert_eq!(size, Some(actual));
+        // Over the limit there is no exact size; the proxy estimate stays.
+        let huge = Map::from_iter([
+            ("format".into(), json!("jpg")),
+            ("sizing".into(), json!("pixels")),
+            ("width".into(), json!(10_000)),
+            ("height".into(), json!(10_000)),
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(exact_estimate(&doc, &huge), None);
+        // In scale mode the size comes from the scale, as the export's does, not from stale pixels.
+        let big = Arc::new(Document::with_background(
+            "big",
+            photocraft_doc::Size::new(1000, 1000),
+            photocraft_doc::ColorMode::Rgb,
+            photocraft_doc::SampleType::U8,
+            photocraft_doc::Color::WHITE,
+        ));
+        let stale = Map::from_iter([
+            ("format".into(), json!("png")),
+            ("sizing".into(), json!("scale")),
+            ("scale".into(), json!(1000)),
+            ("width".into(), json!(100)),
+            ("height".into(), json!(100)),
+        ]);
+        assert_eq!(exact_estimate(&big, &stale), None, "10000 × 10000 at 1000 %, over the limit");
+        let small = Map::from_iter([
+            ("format".into(), json!("png")),
+            ("sizing".into(), json!("scale")),
+            ("scale".into(), json!(10)),
+            ("width".into(), json!(9000)),
+            ("height".into(), json!(9000)),
+        ]);
+        let at_10 = photocraft_io::export(&export_document(&big, &small, None).unwrap(), "x.png", &settings(&small).io_options()).unwrap().bytes.len() as u64;
+        assert_eq!(exact_estimate(&big, &small), Some(at_10), "100 × 100 at 10 %, within it");
+    }
+
+    /// #8341: Export As and its reduced preview carry the stroke width with the path.
+    #[test]
+    fn export_as_downscales_stroke_only_shapes_and_preview() {
+        for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
+            let mut session = photocraft_engine::Session::new();
+            session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 1024, "height": 1024, "depth": depth, "background": "transparent"})).unwrap();
+            let id = session.execute("shape.create", json!({"rect": [256, 256, 512, 512], "fill": null, "stroke": {"width": 32}})).unwrap()["layer"]
+                .as_u64()
+                .unwrap();
+            let doc = session.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+            let fields = Map::from_iter([("format".into(), json!("png")), ("scale".into(), json!(25))]);
+            for limit in [None, Some(128)] {
+                let out = export_document(&doc, &fields, limit).unwrap();
+                let side = if limit.is_some() { 128 } else { 256 };
+                assert_eq!((out.size.width, out.size.height), (side, side));
+                let shape = out.layer(photocraft_doc::LayerId(id)).unwrap();
+                let photocraft_doc::LayerContent::Shape(shape) = &shape.content else {
+                    panic!("shape lost");
+                };
+                assert_eq!(shape.stroke.as_ref().unwrap().width, side as f32 / 32.0);
+                let pixels = photocraft_compose::flatten(&out);
+                let row = (side / 2 * side) as usize;
+                assert!(pixels.px[row + (side / 4) as usize][3] > 0.99);
+                assert!(pixels.px[row + (side / 4 - side / 32) as usize][3] < 0.01);
+                assert!(pixels.px[row + (side / 2) as usize][3] < 0.01);
+            }
+            assert_eq!(session.active().unwrap().doc, doc, "export leaves the source unchanged");
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn export_document_scales_and_flattens() {
         let doc = Document::with_background(
@@ -1343,7 +1562,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(background_preview_needed(&doc));
         let fields = Map::from_iter([("format".into(), json!("png")), ("scale".into(), json!(100))]);
         let ctx = egui::Context::default();
-        let key = egui::Id::new("layered-preview-test");
+        let key = egui::Id::unique("layered-preview-test");
         let mut result = None;
         let mut output = ctx.run_ui(Default::default(), |ctx| {
             egui::CentralPanel::default().show(ctx, |ui| {
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/eyedropper_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/eyedropper_ui.rs
index 4b50d4c33a..1a225592af 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/eyedropper_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/eyedropper_ui.rs
@@ -42,9 +42,9 @@ fn opt(ui: &mut egui::Ui, text: &str) {
 pub fn options(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     let o = &mut app.ui.tool_options;
     opt(ui, tl!("Sample Size:"));
-    widgets::dropdown(ui, "eyedropper-size", &mut o.eyedropper_size, &size_options(), 130.0);
+    widgets::dropdown(ui, "eyedropper-size", tl!("Size"), &mut o.eyedropper_size, &size_options(), 130.0);
     opt(ui, tl!("Sample:"));
-    widgets::dropdown(ui, "eyedropper-sample", &mut o.eyedropper_sample, &layer_options(), 190.0);
+    widgets::dropdown(ui, "eyedropper-sample", tl!("Source"), &mut o.eyedropper_sample, &layer_options(), 190.0);
     widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut o.eyedropper_ring, tl!("Show Sampling Ring"));
     widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/field_tab.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/field_tab.rs
index 467c7d8b50..79d8217029 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/field_tab.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/field_tab.rs
@@ -12,15 +12,15 @@
 use egui::{Context, Id, Key, Modifiers};
 
 fn list_id() -> Id {
-    Id::new("pc-field-tab-order")
+    Id::unique("pc-field-tab-order")
 }
 
 fn collecting_id() -> Id {
-    Id::new("pc-field-tab-collecting")
+    Id::unique("pc-field-tab-collecting")
 }
 
 fn pending_id() -> Id {
-    Id::new("pc-field-tab-pending")
+    Id::unique("pc-field-tab-pending")
 }
 
 /// Give `id` the focus from the next frame on. Focusing a widget after it was laid out would
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/field_wheel.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/field_wheel.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f4d0ac80d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/field_wheel.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,418 @@
+//! The mouse wheel on value fields (#5473, #4061): one step a notch, as the Up/Down keys (×10
+//! with Shift).
+//!
+//! - While a field has keyboard focus, the wheel steps it wherever the pointer is. [`begin_frame`]
+//!   takes the wheel out of the frame's input before anything is laid out, so neither the canvas
+//!   nor a panel scrolls or zooms with it. ⌥/Alt and ⌘/Ctrl + wheel stay the view's.
+//! - Over a field without focus, the wheel steps it too, but only a gesture that starts over it:
+//!   a panel being scrolled keeps scrolling when a field passes under the pointer. A gesture that
+//!   leaves the field is the view's from then on.
+
+use egui::{Context, Event, Id, MouseWheelUnit, Rect, Ui, Vec2};
+
+/// Wheel events this close together (seconds) are one gesture.
+const GESTURE_GAP: f64 = 0.3;
+
+/// Who a wheel gesture belongs to.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
+enum Owner {
+    /// It started this frame and no field has taken it yet.
+    New,
+    Field(Id),
+    /// It started where no field took it (a panel, the canvas).
+    Elsewhere,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+struct Gesture {
+    last: f64,
+    owner: Owner,
+}
+
+fn gesture_id() -> Id {
+    Id::unique("pc-field-wheel-gesture")
+}
+
+fn focused_id() -> Id {
+    Id::unique("pc-field-wheel-focused")
+}
+
+fn taken_id() -> Id {
+    Id::unique("pc-field-wheel-taken")
+}
+
+/// A wheel event a field takes: plain or Shift, not the view's Alt or Ctrl/Cmd zoom, nor a plain
+/// sideways scroll (a trackpad swipe pans the view; Shift+wheel can arrive sideways). An event
+/// with no delta at all counts: macOS starts a trackpad gesture with one, and it is what lets a
+/// field under the pointer claim the gesture.
+fn for_field(e: &Event) -> bool {
+    matches!(e, Event::MouseWheel { delta, modifiers, .. }
+        if (delta.y != 0.0 || delta.x == 0.0 || modifiers.shift) && !modifiers.alt && !modifiers.ctrl && !modifiers.command && !modifiers.mac_cmd)
+}
+
+/// Before this frame's UI is laid out: hand the wheel to the focused value field, if any, and
+/// follow which gesture the wheel is in.
+pub fn begin_frame(ctx: &Context) {
+    ctx.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<Vec<Event>>(taken_id()));
+    // (the field's widget id, its slot id): focus is the widget's, a gesture the slot's.
+    let focused = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<(Id, Id)>(focused_id())).filter(|(id, _)| ctx.memory(|m| m.has_focus(*id)));
+    let (now, wheel) = ctx.input(|i| (i.time, i.events.iter().any(|e| matches!(e, Event::MouseWheel { .. }))));
+    if let Some((_, field)) = focused {
+        let (taken, view_wheel): (Vec<Event>, bool) = ctx.input_mut(|i| {
+            let (taken, rest) = std::mem::take(&mut i.events).into_iter().partition(for_field);
+            i.events = rest;
+            (taken, i.events.iter().any(|e| matches!(e, Event::MouseWheel { .. })))
+        });
+        if wheel {
+            // The latest wheel is the view's when any of it was left to the view (Alt, Ctrl/Cmd).
+            let owner = if view_wheel { Owner::Elsewhere } else { Owner::Field(field) };
+            ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(gesture_id(), Gesture { last: now, owner }));
+        }
+        if !taken.is_empty() {
+            ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(taken_id(), taken));
+        }
+        // egui spreads each notch over a few frames: the tail of the field's own notches scrolls
+        // nothing, while the view's keeps all of its own.
+        if ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<Gesture>(gesture_id())).is_some_and(|g| g.owner == Owner::Field(field)) {
+            ctx.input_mut(|i| i.smooth_scroll_delta = Vec2::ZERO);
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+    if !wheel {
+        return;
+    }
+    let gesture = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<Gesture>(gesture_id()));
+    let owner = match gesture {
+        Some(g) if now - g.last <= GESTURE_GAP => match g.owner {
+            // No field took it when it started.
+            Owner::New => Owner::Elsewhere,
+            owner => owner,
+        },
+        _ => Owner::New,
+    };
+    ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(gesture_id(), Gesture { last: now, owner }));
+}
+
+/// Record that value field `id` (whose slot is `field`, as given to [`notches`]) has keyboard
+/// focus this frame, so the wheel is its next frame.
+pub fn set_focused(ctx: &Context, id: Id, field: Id) {
+    ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(focused_id(), (id, field)));
+}
+
+/// Wheel notches for the value field `field` in `rect` this frame (up positive, Shift ×10):
+/// all of the wheel while it is `focused`, else a gesture that started with the pointer over it.
+pub fn notches(ui: &Ui, field: Id, focused: bool, rect: Rect) -> f32 {
+    let events: Vec<Event> = if focused {
+        ui.data_mut(|d| d.remove_temp::<Vec<Event>>(taken_id())).unwrap_or_default()
+    } else {
+        if !ui.is_enabled() {
+            return 0.0;
+        }
+        let Some(mut g) = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<Gesture>(gesture_id())) else { return 0.0 };
+        let (events, wheel): (Vec<Event>, bool) =
+            ui.input(|i| (i.events.iter().filter(|e| for_field(e)).cloned().collect(), i.events.iter().any(|e| matches!(e, Event::MouseWheel { .. }))));
+        // Wheel the field doesn't take (a sideways swipe after a zero-delta start), or any wheel
+        // with the pointer off the field, hands the rest of the gesture to the view: coming back
+        // over the field in the same gesture doesn't step it.
+        if g.owner == Owner::Field(field) && wheel && (events.is_empty() || !ui.rect_contains_pointer(rect)) {
+            g.owner = Owner::Elsewhere;
+            ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(gesture_id(), g));
+            return 0.0;
+        }
+        if !ui.rect_contains_pointer(rect) {
+            return 0.0;
+        }
+        match g.owner {
+            Owner::New if !events.is_empty() => {
+                g.owner = Owner::Field(field);
+                ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(gesture_id(), g));
+            }
+            Owner::Field(id) if id == field => {}
+            _ => return 0.0,
+        }
+        // Nothing under the field scrolls with the wheel that steps it, smoothed tail included.
+        ui.ctx().input_mut(|i| i.smooth_scroll_delta = Vec2::ZERO);
+        events
+    };
+    let wheel: Vec<(MouseWheelUnit, Vec2, bool)> = events
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|e| match e {
+            Event::MouseWheel { unit, delta, modifiers, .. } if for_field(e) => Some((*unit, *delta, modifiers.shift)),
+            _ => None,
+        })
+        .collect();
+    crate::widgets::count_notches(ui, field.with("wheel-acc"), &wheel, 10.0)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use egui::accesskit::Role;
+    use egui::{Modifiers, Pos2, vec2};
+    use egui_kittest::Harness;
+    use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
+
+    /// The value, the scroll area's vertical offset, whether the field is enabled, and the
+    /// horizontal offset.
+    type State = (f32, f32, bool, f32);
+
+    /// A value field (0–1000) at the top left of a scroll area 100 pt tall, beside and above a
+    /// large filler.
+    fn harness(value: f32) -> Harness<'static, State> {
+        harness_stepping(value, 0.25)
+    }
+
+    /// [`harness`] with each step `step_dt` seconds long.
+    fn harness_stepping(value: f32, step_dt: f32) -> Harness<'static, State> {
+        let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(300.0, 200.0)).with_step_dt(step_dt).build_ui_state(
+            |ui, s: &mut State| {
+                super::begin_frame(ui.ctx());
+                let out = egui::ScrollArea::both().max_height(100.0).max_width(200.0).show(ui, |ui| {
+                    ui.add_enabled_ui(s.2, |ui| crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut s.0, 0.0..=1000.0, "px", 90.0).accessible_name("Size"));
+                    ui.allocate_space(vec2(1000.0, 1000.0));
+                });
+                let offset = out.state.clamped_offset();
+                s.1 = offset.y;
+                s.3 = offset.x;
+            },
+            (value, 0.0, true, 0.0),
+        );
+        h.run();
+        h
+    }
+
+    fn field(h: &Harness<'static, State>) -> egui::Rect {
+        h.get_by_role(Role::SpinButton).rect()
+    }
+
+    /// `lines` wheel lines (up positive) at `at`, then let the gesture end.
+    fn wheel(h: &mut Harness<'static, State>, at: Pos2, lines: f32, modifiers: Modifiers) {
+        h.hover_at(at);
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.event(egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+            source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
+            unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Line,
+            delta: vec2(0.0, lines),
+            phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move,
+            modifiers,
+        });
+        h.run_steps(4);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_wheel_over_a_field_steps_it_and_scrolls_nothing() {
+        let mut h = harness(100.0);
+        let at = field(&h).center();
+        wheel(&mut h, at, 1.0, Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().0, 101.0);
+        wheel(&mut h, at, -3.0, Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().0, 98.0);
+        wheel(&mut h, at, 1.0, Modifiers::SHIFT);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().0, 108.0, "Shift: ten a notch");
+        assert_eq!(h.state().1, 0.0, "the panel under the field didn't scroll");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_focused_field_takes_the_wheel_wherever_the_pointer_is() {
+        let mut h = harness(100.0);
+        h.get_by_role(Role::SpinButton).click();
+        h.run();
+        let away = field(&h).center() + vec2(0.0, 60.0);
+        wheel(&mut h, away, -2.0, Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().0, 98.0);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().1, 0.0, "the panel under the pointer didn't scroll");
+        assert!(h.get_by_role(Role::SpinButton).is_focused(), "the field keeps focus");
+        // Alt + wheel stays the view's (zoom), not the field's.
+        wheel(&mut h, away, 1.0, Modifiers::ALT);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().0, 98.0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_gesture_that_starts_over_the_panel_keeps_scrolling_it_over_a_field() {
+        let mut h = harness(100.0);
+        let below = field(&h).center() + vec2(0.0, 40.0);
+        h.hover_at(below);
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        let down = || egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+            source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
+            unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Line,
+            delta: vec2(0.0, -1.0),
+            phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move,
+            modifiers: Modifiers::NONE,
+        };
+        h.event(down());
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        // Still the same gesture as the pointer reaches a field.
+        h.hover_at(field(&h).center());
+        h.event(down());
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().0, 100.0, "the field passing under the pointer is not stepped");
+        assert!(h.state().1 > 0.0, "the panel scrolled");
+    }
+
+    /// A plain sideways scroll (a trackpad swipe) is the view's, focused or hovered; Shift+wheel
+    /// that the system turned sideways still steps by ten.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_sideways_scroll_steps_a_field_only_with_shift() {
+        for focus in [false, true] {
+            for (m, want) in [(Modifiers::NONE, 100.0), (Modifiers::SHIFT, 110.0)] {
+                let mut h = harness(100.0);
+                if focus {
+                    h.get_by_role(Role::SpinButton).click();
+                    h.run();
+                }
+                let at = field(&h).center();
+                h.hover_at(at);
+                h.run_steps(1);
+                h.event(egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+                    source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
+                    unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Line,
+                    delta: vec2(1.0, 0.0),
+                    phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move,
+                    modifiers: m,
+                });
+                h.run_steps(4);
+                assert_eq!(h.state().0, want, "focus {focus}, {m:?}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A trackpad gesture that macOS starts with a zero-delta event, then moves a frame later,
+    /// steps the field under the pointer.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_trackpad_gesture_that_starts_with_no_delta_steps_a_hovered_field() {
+        let mut h = harness(100.0);
+        h.hover_at(field(&h).center());
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        let ev = |phase, y| egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+            source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
+            unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Line,
+            delta: vec2(0.0, y),
+            phase,
+            modifiers: Modifiers::NONE,
+        };
+        h.event(ev(egui::TouchPhase::Start, 0.0));
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.event(ev(egui::TouchPhase::Move, 2.0));
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().0, 102.0);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().1, 0.0, "the panel didn't scroll");
+    }
+
+    /// A trackpad gesture that starts with a zero-delta event over a field, then swipes sideways,
+    /// pans the view and leaves the field alone.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_sideways_swipe_after_a_zero_delta_start_pans_the_view() {
+        let mut h = harness(100.0);
+        h.hover_at(field(&h).center());
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        let ev = |phase, x| egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+            source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
+            unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Line,
+            delta: vec2(x, 0.0),
+            phase,
+            modifiers: Modifiers::NONE,
+        };
+        h.event(ev(egui::TouchPhase::Start, 0.0));
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.event(ev(egui::TouchPhase::Move, -2.0));
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().0, 100.0, "the field was not stepped");
+        assert!(h.state().3 > 0.0, "the panel panned sideways");
+    }
+
+    /// The same swipe with the pointer off the field hands the gesture to the view too: coming
+    /// back over the field in the same gesture doesn't step it.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_sideways_swipe_off_the_field_keeps_the_rest_of_the_gesture_the_views() {
+        // Short frames: moving the pointer takes a frame of its own, and the gesture must not end.
+        let mut h = harness_stepping(100.0, 1.0 / 30.0);
+        h.hover_at(field(&h).center());
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        let ev = |phase, unit, d| egui::Event::MouseWheel { source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown, unit, delta: d, phase, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE };
+        h.event(ev(egui::TouchPhase::Start, egui::MouseWheelUnit::Point, vec2(0.0, 0.0)));
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        // A short swipe, so the field stays in view.
+        h.hover_at(field(&h).center() + vec2(0.0, 40.0));
+        h.event(ev(egui::TouchPhase::Move, egui::MouseWheelUnit::Point, vec2(-10.0, 0.0)));
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.hover_at(field(&h).center());
+        h.event(ev(egui::TouchPhase::Move, egui::MouseWheelUnit::Line, vec2(0.0, -1.0)));
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().0, 100.0, "the field was not stepped");
+        assert!(h.state().1 > 0.0, "the panel scrolled");
+    }
+
+    /// A gesture that steps a field, then wheels on with the pointer off it, is the view's from
+    /// then on: coming back over the field in the same gesture doesn't step it again.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_gesture_that_wheels_off_the_field_does_not_step_it_on_coming_back() {
+        // Short frames: moving the pointer takes a frame of its own, and the gesture must not end.
+        let mut h = harness_stepping(100.0, 1.0 / 30.0);
+        h.hover_at(field(&h).center());
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        // Up, so the panel (already at the top) doesn't move the field.
+        let up = || egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+            source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
+            unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Line,
+            delta: vec2(0.0, 1.0),
+            phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move,
+            modifiers: Modifiers::NONE,
+        };
+        h.event(up());
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().0, 101.0);
+        h.hover_at(field(&h).center() + vec2(0.0, 40.0));
+        h.event(up());
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.hover_at(field(&h).center());
+        h.event(up());
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().0, 101.0, "the field was stepped once, by the start of the gesture");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_disabled_field_ignores_the_wheel() {
+        let mut h = harness(100.0);
+        h.state_mut().2 = false;
+        h.run();
+        let at = field(&h).center();
+        wheel(&mut h, at, 1.0, Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().0, 100.0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn wild_wheel_deltas_leave_a_finite_value_in_range() {
+        // egui itself asserts on a non-finite wheel event in debug builds: `count_notches` is checked
+        // with those below.
+        for lines in [1e30, -1e30, 1e6, -1e6] {
+            for focus in [false, true] {
+                let mut h = harness(100.0);
+                if focus {
+                    h.get_by_role(Role::SpinButton).click();
+                    h.run();
+                }
+                let at = field(&h).center();
+                wheel(&mut h, at, lines, Modifiers::SHIFT);
+                let v = h.state().0;
+                assert!(v.is_finite() && (0.0..=1000.0).contains(&v), "{lines} (focus {focus}): {v}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn notches_of_nan_or_infinite_deltas_are_none() {
+        use egui::MouseWheelUnit::{Line, Point};
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut out = ctx.run_ui(Default::default(), |ui| {
+            let id = egui::Id::unique("acc");
+            for d in [f32::NAN, f32::INFINITY, f32::NEG_INFINITY] {
+                for unit in [Line, Point] {
+                    assert_eq!(crate::widgets::count_notches(ui, id, &[(unit, vec2(0.0, d), false)], 10.0), 0.0, "{d} {unit:?}");
+                    // Nothing poisoned is carried over to the next notch.
+                    assert_eq!(crate::widgets::count_notches(ui, id, &[(Line, vec2(0.0, 1.0), true)], 10.0), 10.0);
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        out.textures_delta.clear();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/field_wheel_app_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/field_wheel_app_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..61ff68d2ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/field_wheel_app_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+//! #5473 in the app: a focused value field takes the wheel over the canvas, which neither pans
+//! nor zooms with it.
+
+use egui::accesskit::Role;
+use egui::vec2;
+use egui_kittest::Harness;
+use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
+use serde_json::json;
+
+use crate::PhotocraftApp;
+use crate::state::Tool;
+
+fn harness() -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
+    let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(1440.0, 900.0)).with_max_steps(64).build_eframe(move |cc| {
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&cc.egui_ctx, Default::default());
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 64, "height": 48})).unwrap();
+        app.ui.tool = Tool::Brush;
+        app
+    });
+    h.run_steps(8);
+    h
+}
+
+/// The value field showing `value`: the options bar's Smoothing is the brush's only one at 10.
+fn field<'a>(h: &'a Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, value: &str) -> egui_kittest::Node<'a> {
+    h.query_all_by_role(Role::SpinButton).find(|n| n.value().as_deref() == Some(value)).unwrap()
+}
+
+fn wheel(h: &mut Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, at: egui::Pos2, lines: f32, modifiers: egui::Modifiers) {
+    h.hover_at(at);
+    h.run_steps(1);
+    h.event(egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+        source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
+        unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Line,
+        delta: vec2(0.0, lines),
+        phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move,
+        modifiers,
+    });
+    h.run_steps(6);
+}
+
+/// (zoom, centre) of the document's view.
+fn view(h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>) -> (f32, [f32; 2]) {
+    let v = &h.state().ui.views[0];
+    (v.zoom, v.center)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_focused_field_takes_the_wheel_over_the_canvas() {
+    let mut h = harness();
+    let canvas = egui::pos2(640.0, 500.0);
+    let before = view(&h);
+    wheel(&mut h, canvas, -1.0, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+    assert_ne!(view(&h), before, "without a focused field the wheel pans the canvas");
+    let before = view(&h);
+    field(&h, "10").click();
+    h.run();
+    wheel(&mut h, canvas, -2.0, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+    assert_eq!(view(&h), before, "the canvas neither pans nor zooms");
+    assert!(h.query_all_by_role(Role::SpinButton).any(|n| n.value().as_deref() == Some("8")), "Smoothing stepped from 10 to 8");
+    // ⌥/Alt + wheel is still the view's zoom.
+    wheel(&mut h, canvas, 1.0, egui::Modifiers::ALT);
+    assert_ne!(view(&h).0, before.0, "Alt + wheel zooms");
+    assert!(h.query_all_by_role(Role::SpinButton).any(|n| n.value().as_deref() == Some("8")));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn the_wheel_over_a_field_steps_it_without_a_click() {
+    let mut h = harness();
+    let before = view(&h);
+    let at = field(&h, "10").rect().center();
+    wheel(&mut h, at, 1.0, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+    assert!(h.query_all_by_role(Role::SpinButton).any(|n| n.value().as_deref() == Some("11")), "Smoothing stepped from 10 to 11");
+    wheel(&mut h, at, 1.0, egui::Modifiers::SHIFT);
+    assert!(h.query_all_by_role(Role::SpinButton).any(|n| n.value().as_deref() == Some("21")), "Shift: ten a notch");
+    assert!(!field(&h, "21").is_focused(), "hovering doesn't put the cursor in the field");
+    assert_eq!(view(&h), before, "the canvas didn't move");
+}
+
+/// How far a wheel of `delta` lines with `modifiers` over the canvas moves the view, a Smoothing
+/// field focused or not, once egui's smoothed scroll has run out. The field isn't stepped.
+fn canvas_pan(focus: bool, delta: egui::Vec2, modifiers: egui::Modifiers) -> (f32, [f32; 2]) {
+    let mut h = harness();
+    if focus {
+        field(&h, "10").click();
+        h.run();
+    }
+    let canvas = egui::pos2(640.0, 500.0);
+    h.hover_at(canvas);
+    h.run_steps(1);
+    let before = view(&h);
+    h.event(egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+        source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
+        unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Line,
+        delta,
+        phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move,
+        modifiers,
+    });
+    h.run_steps(40);
+    assert!(h.query_all_by_role(Role::SpinButton).any(|n| n.value().as_deref() == Some("10")), "focus {focus}: the field wasn't stepped");
+    let after = view(&h);
+    (after.0 / before.0, [after.1[0] - before.1[0], after.1[1] - before.1[1]])
+}
+
+/// The wheel a focused field leaves to the view moves it as far as with no field focused: its
+/// smoothed tail isn't cut off (⌘/Ctrl + wheel, and a plain sideways trackpad swipe).
+#[test]
+fn the_view_keeps_its_whole_wheel_while_a_field_is_focused() {
+    for (delta, m) in [(vec2(0.0, -1.0), egui::Modifiers::COMMAND), (vec2(0.0, -1.0), egui::Modifiers::CTRL), (vec2(-1.0, 0.0), egui::Modifiers::NONE)] {
+        let free = canvas_pan(false, delta, m);
+        assert!(free != (1.0, [0.0, 0.0]), "{delta:?} {m:?}: the wheel moves the view");
+        let focused = canvas_pan(true, delta, m);
+        let close = (focused.0 - free.0).abs() < 1e-3 && (0..2).all(|k| (focused.1[k] - free.1[k]).abs() < 0.5);
+        assert!(close, "{delta:?} {m:?}: {focused:?} with a field focused, {free:?} without");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/file_dialog.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/file_dialog.rs
index 7cdff50af9..bddc6796d3 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/file_dialog.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/file_dialog.rs
@@ -46,8 +46,9 @@ pub enum FileDialogAnswer {
     SaveTo(String),
     /// The selected folder's path (desktop).
     FolderTo(String),
-    /// No dialog could be shown (on Linux: no desktop portal and no zenity, #3354); the message
-    /// says what to install. Reported as an error rather than taken for Cancel.
+    /// No dialog could be shown (on Linux: no desktop portal and no zenity, #3354; the message
+    /// says what to install), or the file chosen can't be used (a name that isn't valid Unicode,
+    /// #6601). Reported as an error rather than taken for Cancel.
     Unavailable(String),
 }
 
@@ -73,12 +74,20 @@ pub type FileDialogFn = Box<dyn FnMut(FileDialogRequest, Option<&eframe::Frame>,
 /// What to do with the answer (`None`: cancelled).
 type Then = Box<dyn FnOnce(&mut PhotocraftApp, Option<FileDialogAnswer>) -> Result<Value, String>>;
 
+/// The path a save writes to for the path the save dialog answered (see [`saved_path`]).
+type SavedPath = Box<dyn Fn(&PhotocraftApp, &str) -> String>;
+
 /// The file dialog in progress.
 pub(crate) struct Pending {
     /// Not shown yet: it is shown at the end of the frame, which has the window to parent it to.
     request: Option<FileDialogRequest>,
     answer: Option<Receiver<Option<FileDialogAnswer>>>,
     then: Then,
+    /// For a save dialog, the path the save writes to for the dialog's answer.
+    saved_path: Option<SavedPath>,
+    /// The save dialog's answer while the app asks whether to replace the file it writes to
+    /// (`replace_prompt`).
+    held: Option<FileDialogAnswer>,
 }
 
 /// The error of a cancelled dialog: not reported, since backing out is the user's choice.
@@ -115,7 +124,7 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
             Some(FileDialogAnswer::Unavailable(why)) => Err(why),
             Some(a) => then(app, a),
         });
-        self.file_dialog = Some(Pending { request: Some(request), answer: None, then });
+        self.file_dialog = Some(Pending { request: Some(request), answer: None, then, saved_path: None, held: None });
         Ok(json!({ "fileDialog": kind }))
     }
 
@@ -130,7 +139,9 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
     }
 
     /// Ask where to save: `then` gets the chosen path, with a lowercase extension when
-    /// Preferences ▸ File Handling › Lowercase Extension is on (its default).
+    /// Preferences ▸ File Handling › Lowercase Extension is on (its default). When that, or the
+    /// extension added to a bare name, changes the path to one where a file exists, the app asks
+    /// whether to replace it before `then` runs (`replace_prompt`).
     ///
     /// A bare file name (export dialogs, an untitled document) starts in the folder the active
     /// document was last saved or exported to through a dialog, else beside the document
@@ -153,13 +164,10 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
         // extensions are hidden, #5039) gets the suggested file's extension, as Photoshop's
         // Save As appends the extension of the chosen file type.
         let suggested_ext = suggested.extension().and_then(|e| e.to_str()).map(|e| e.to_ascii_lowercase());
-        self.ask_file(FileDialogRequest::Save { suggested: suggested.to_string_lossy().into_owned() }, move |app, answer| match answer {
+        let ext = suggested_ext.clone();
+        let asked = self.ask_file(FileDialogRequest::Save { suggested: suggested.to_string_lossy().into_owned() }, move |app, answer| match answer {
             FileDialogAnswer::SaveTo(path) => {
-                let path = Self::lowercased_extension(app, path);
-                let path = match &suggested_ext {
-                    Some(ext) if Path::new(&path).extension().is_none() => Path::new(&path).with_extension(ext).to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
-                    _ => path,
-                };
+                let path = saved_path(app, &path, suggested_ext.as_deref());
                 // The web answers a download name, which has no folder to remember.
                 if let Some(doc) = doc
                     && let Some(dir) = Path::new(&path).parent().filter(|p| !p.as_os_str().is_empty())
@@ -169,7 +177,33 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
                 then(app, path)
             }
             _ => Err(UNEXPECTED.into()),
-        })
+        })?;
+        if let Some(p) = self.file_dialog.as_mut() {
+            p.saved_path = Some(Box::new(move |app, path| saved_path(app, path, ext.as_deref())));
+        }
+        Ok(asked)
+    }
+
+    /// Whether a save to `path` replaces a file the save dialog didn't ask about: the dialog
+    /// answered `answered`, and [`saved_path`] changed it. A file at `path` that
+    /// [`Services::same_file`](crate::Services::same_file) finds is the same entry as `answered` (the
+    /// same name in another letter case on a file system that ignores case, as Windows and macOS do
+    /// by default) counts as asked about; a hard link to it does not. Never on the web, which has no
+    /// file stamps.
+    fn replaces_unasked(&self, answered: &str, path: &str) -> bool {
+        let Some(stamp) = self.services.file_stamp.as_ref() else { return false };
+        answered != path && stamp(path).is_some() && !self.services.same_file.as_ref().is_some_and(|same| same(answered, path))
+    }
+
+    /// The question whether to replace a file is answered. Replace writes the save dialog's answer
+    /// as if the question had not been asked and returns what the save returns, its failure
+    /// included. Cancel ends the save like the dialog's Cancel.
+    pub(crate) fn answer_replace(&mut self, replace: bool) -> Result<Value, String> {
+        let held = self.file_dialog.as_mut().and_then(|p| p.held.take()).ok_or("no save is waiting to replace a file")?;
+        match self.finish_file_dialog(replace.then_some(held)) {
+            Err(e) if e == CANCELLED => Ok(json!({ "replaced": false })),
+            r => r,
+        }
     }
 
     /// `X.PSD` → `X.psd`, only the extension: the stem and the folders keep the user's spelling.
@@ -275,6 +309,14 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
     /// continues the action that asked once the answer is in. Its errors go to the status bar.
     pub fn poll_file_dialog(&mut self, ctx: &egui::Context, parent: Option<&eframe::Frame>) {
         let Some(p) = self.file_dialog.as_mut() else { return };
+        if p.held.is_some() {
+            // The question whether to replace answers through `answer_replace`. Closed without an
+            // answer, it counts as Cancel.
+            if !self.ui.dialogs.iter().any(|d| crate::replace_prompt::owns(&d.fields)) {
+                let _ = self.answer_replace(false);
+            }
+            return;
+        }
         if let Some(request) = p.request.take() {
             let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();
             p.answer = Some(rx);
@@ -288,13 +330,43 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
             // The reply was dropped unanswered: the dialog couldn't be shown.
             Some(Err(TryRecvError::Disconnected)) | None => None,
         };
-        let Some(Pending { then, .. }) = self.file_dialog.take() else { return };
-        if let Err(e) = then(self, answer)
+        if let Some(FileDialogAnswer::SaveTo(answered)) = &answer
+            && let Some(path) = self.file_dialog.as_ref().and_then(|p| p.saved_path.as_ref()).map(|written| written(self, answered))
+            && self.replaces_unasked(answered, &path)
+        {
+            crate::replace_prompt::open(self, answered, &path);
+            if let Some(p) = self.file_dialog.as_mut() {
+                p.answer = None;
+                p.held = answer;
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        let _ = self.finish_file_dialog(answer);
+    }
+
+    /// Ends the file dialog in progress: its action continues with `answer`, and its errors go to
+    /// the status bar. Returns the action's result.
+    fn finish_file_dialog(&mut self, answer: Option<FileDialogAnswer>) -> Result<Value, String> {
+        let Some(Pending { then, .. }) = self.file_dialog.take() else { return Err(CANCELLED.into()) };
+        let r = then(self, answer);
+        if let Err(e) = &r
             && e != CANCELLED
         {
-            self.ui.status = e;
+            self.ui.status = e.clone();
             self.ui.status_error = true;
         }
+        r
+    }
+}
+
+/// The path a save writes to for the path the save dialog answered: its extension lowercased
+/// when Preferences ▸ File Handling › Lowercase Extension is on, and a name without one given
+/// `suggested_ext`, the suggested file's.
+fn saved_path(app: &PhotocraftApp, answered: &str, suggested_ext: Option<&str>) -> String {
+    let path = PhotocraftApp::lowercased_extension(app, answered.to_string());
+    match suggested_ext {
+        Some(ext) if Path::new(&path).extension().is_none() => Path::new(&path).with_extension(ext).to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+        _ => path,
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/file_dialog/tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/file_dialog/tests.rs
index bb827274ff..a70d6acd8e 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/file_dialog/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/file_dialog/tests.rs
@@ -143,24 +143,123 @@ fn layered_save_respects_explicit_jpeg_choices() {
     app.poll_file_dialog(&ctx, None);
     answer(&open, Some(FileDialogAnswer::SaveTo("/exports/chosen.JPEG".into())));
     app.poll_file_dialog(&ctx, None);
+    // JPEG Options asks first (FILE-215-19, #5563). The JPEG can't hold the layers, so it is a
+    // copy and the document keeps its file (#2550).
+    assert_eq!(app.jpeg_options.as_ref().map(|p| (p.path.as_str(), p.copy)), Some(("/exports/chosen.jpeg", true)));
+    assert!(written.borrow().is_empty());
+    crate::jpeg_options_ui::confirm(&mut app, &ctx);
     assert_eq!(*written.borrow(), ["/exports/chosen.jpeg"]);
-    // The JPEG can't hold the layers, so it is a copy and the document keeps its file (#2550).
     assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().path.as_deref(), Some("/pics/My image.JPEG"));
-    // Explicit command paths carry the same choice and bypass the picker.
+    // Explicit command paths carry the same choice and bypass the picker: without a JPEG answer
+    // JPEG Options still asks, and a `quality` answers it.
     for command in ["file.save", "file.saveAs"] {
         let (mut app, open, written) = jpeg_app(Some("/pics/My image.JPEG"), true);
         menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, command, json!({"path": "/exports/chosen.jpg"})).unwrap();
         assert!(!app.file_dialog_open() && open.borrow().is_empty());
+        assert!(app.jpeg_options.as_ref().is_some_and(|p| p.copy), "{command}");
+        crate::jpeg_options_ui::confirm(&mut app, &ctx);
         assert_eq!(*written.borrow(), ["/exports/chosen.jpg"]);
+
+        let (mut app, open, written) = jpeg_app(Some("/pics/My image.JPEG"), true);
+        menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, command, json!({"path": "/exports/chosen.jpg", "quality": 8})).unwrap();
+        assert!(!app.file_dialog_open() && open.borrow().is_empty() && app.jpeg_options.is_none(), "{command}");
+        assert_eq!(*written.borrow(), ["/exports/chosen.jpg"]);
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().path.as_deref(), Some("/pics/My image.JPEG"));
     }
 }
 
+/// File › Save on a flat JPEG asks for its name; confirming its own file asks JPEG Options and,
+/// once answered, records a plain Save that writes the file an action is played on (#3531).
+#[test]
+fn plain_save_of_a_flat_jpeg_asks_jpeg_options_and_records_a_plain_save() {
+    let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+    let (mut app, open, written) = jpeg_app(Some("/pics/photo.jpg"), false);
+    app.run("actions.record", json!({})).unwrap();
+    menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "file.save", json!({})).unwrap();
+    app.poll_file_dialog(&ctx, None);
+    answer(&open, Some(FileDialogAnswer::SaveTo("/pics/photo.jpg".into())));
+    app.poll_file_dialog(&ctx, None);
+    assert_eq!(app.jpeg_options.as_ref().map(|p| (p.record, p.copy)), Some(("file.save", false)));
+    assert!(written.borrow().is_empty());
+    crate::jpeg_options_ui::confirm(&mut app, &ctx);
+    app.run("actions.stop", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*written.borrow(), ["/pics/photo.jpg"]);
+    assert_eq!(app.session.actions.list[0].steps, [("file.save".to_string(), json!({}))]);
+}
+
+/// A plain Save confirmed in the dialog keeps a changed JPEG Options answer in its recorded step,
+/// and playing it writes the active flat JPEG with that answer, without asking.
+#[test]
+fn plain_save_of_a_flat_jpeg_records_and_replays_a_changed_quality() {
+    let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+    let (mut app, open, written) = jpeg_app(Some("/pics/photo.jpg"), false);
+    let qualities: Rc<RefCell<Vec<Option<u8>>>> = Rc::default();
+    let q = qualities.clone();
+    app.services.export = Some(Box::new(move |_: &photocraft_doc::Document, _: &str, s: &crate::ExportSettings| {
+        q.borrow_mut().push(s.jpeg_quality);
+        Ok((b"out".to_vec(), Vec::new()))
+    }));
+    app.run("actions.record", json!({})).unwrap();
+    menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "file.save", json!({})).unwrap();
+    app.poll_file_dialog(&ctx, None);
+    answer(&open, Some(FileDialogAnswer::SaveTo("/pics/photo.jpg".into())));
+    app.poll_file_dialog(&ctx, None);
+    let prompt = app.jpeg_options.as_mut().expect("JPEG Options");
+    prompt.quality = 3;
+    prompt.format = photocraft_codecs::JpegFormat::Progressive;
+    crate::jpeg_options_ui::confirm(&mut app, &ctx);
+    app.run("actions.stop", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(app.session.actions.list[0].steps, [("file.save".to_string(), json!({"quality": 3, "jpegFormat": "progressive"}))]);
+    // Played on another flat JPEG: written over itself at quality 3, with no dialog or prompt.
+    let bytes = photocraft_io::export(&app.session.active().unwrap().doc, "other.jpg", &Default::default()).unwrap().bytes;
+    let index = app.session.add_document(photocraft_io::import("other.jpg", &bytes).unwrap().document, Some("/pics/other.jpg".into()));
+    app.session.set_active(index);
+    written.borrow_mut().clear();
+    let played = app.run("actions.play", json!({"action": 0})).unwrap();
+    assert!(played.get("failed").is_none(), "{played}");
+    assert!(app.jpeg_options.is_none(), "playback does not ask");
+    assert!(open.borrow().is_empty(), "no Save dialog");
+    assert_eq!(*written.borrow(), ["/pics/other.jpg"]);
+    assert_eq!(qualities.borrow().last().copied().flatten(), Some(photocraft_engine::file_cmds::jpeg_quality(3.0)));
+}
+
 /// The user answers the open dialog, from the dialog's own thread.
 fn answer(open: &Open, answer: Option<FileDialogAnswer>) {
     let (_, reply) = open.borrow_mut().pop().expect("a dialog is open");
     std::thread::spawn(move || reply.send(answer)).join().unwrap();
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn menu_open_exr_parts_asks_for_a_file_then_shows_the_parts_dialog() {
+    // Before the fix the menu ran the bare command: `missing "path"`, and no dialog (#7169).
+    let (mut app, open, _) = app();
+    let bytes = photocraft_io::export(&app.session.active().unwrap().doc, "render.exr", &Default::default()).unwrap().bytes;
+    let unique = std::time::SystemTime::now().duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH).unwrap().as_nanos();
+    let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("photocraft-menu-exr-parts-{}-{unique}", std::process::id()));
+    std::fs::create_dir(&dir).unwrap();
+    let path = dir.join("render.exr");
+    std::fs::write(&path, &bytes).unwrap();
+    let path = path.to_string_lossy().into_owned();
+    let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+    let r = menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "file.openExrParts", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r["fileDialog"], "open", "{r}");
+    app.poll_file_dialog(&ctx, None);
+    assert!(matches!(open.borrow().as_slice(), [(FileDialogRequest::Open { multiple: false, extensions: Some(e), .. }, _)] if e == &["exr"]));
+    answer(&open, Some(FileDialogAnswer::Paths(vec![path.clone()])));
+    app.poll_file_dialog(&ctx, None);
+    assert!(!app.ui.status_error, "{}", app.ui.status);
+    let dialog = app.ui.dialogs.iter().find(|d| d.fields.get("__command") == Some(&json!("file.openExrParts"))).expect("the parts dialog is open");
+    assert_eq!(dialog.fields["path"], json!(path));
+    let parts: Vec<&String> = dialog.fields.keys().filter(|k| k.starts_with("part/")).collect();
+    assert_eq!(parts.len(), 1, "{:?}", dialog.fields);
+    assert_eq!(dialog.fields[parts[0].as_str()], json!(true), "the first colour part is preselected");
+    let id = dialog.id;
+    let documents = app.session.documents().len();
+    crate::dialogs::confirm(&mut app, id).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(app.session.documents().len(), documents + 1);
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn menu_place_starts_transform_for_each_chosen_image() {
     for command in ["file.placeEmbedded", "file.placeLinked"] {
@@ -433,6 +532,108 @@ fn save_paths_without_an_extension_get_the_suggested_one() {
     assert_eq!(*written.borrow(), ["/pics/cat.psd", "/pics/dog.png"]);
 }
 
+/// The question whether to replace a file (`replace_prompt`), when one is open.
+fn replace_prompt(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Option<u64> {
+    app.ui.dialogs.iter().find(|d| crate::replace_prompt::owns(&d.fields)).map(|d| d.id)
+}
+
+/// File › Save As, answered with `path`.
+fn save_as(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, open: &Open, path: &str) {
+    let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+    menus::invoke(app, &ctx, "file.saveAs", json!({})).unwrap();
+    app.poll_file_dialog(&ctx, None);
+    answer(open, Some(FileDialogAnswer::SaveTo(path.into())));
+    app.poll_file_dialog(&ctx, None);
+}
+
+/// The save dialog asked only about `cat`. The extension added to it names a file that exists,
+/// so the save asks before replacing that file: Cancel writes nothing, Replace writes it.
+#[test]
+fn a_save_asks_before_replacing_the_file_its_added_extension_names() {
+    let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+    let (mut app, open, written) = app();
+    let disk = on_disk(&mut app);
+    changed_by_another_app(&disk, "/pics/cat.psd");
+    save_as(&mut app, &open, "/pics/cat");
+    let id = replace_prompt(&app).expect("the save asks first");
+    let fields = &app.ui.dialogs.iter().find(|d| d.id == id).unwrap().fields;
+    assert!(fields["message"].as_str().unwrap().contains("“cat.psd”"), "{fields:?}");
+    assert!(fields["detail"].as_str().unwrap().contains("“cat”"), "{fields:?}");
+    assert!(written.borrow().is_empty(), "nothing is written before the answer");
+    app.poll_file_dialog(&ctx, None);
+    assert!(app.file_dialog_open(), "the save waits for the answer");
+    assert!(written.borrow().is_empty());
+
+    crate::dialogs::cancel(&mut app, id).unwrap();
+    assert!(written.borrow().is_empty(), "Cancel writes nothing");
+    assert!(!app.file_dialog_open() && !app.ui.status_error);
+    assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().path, None);
+
+    // A question closed without an answer counts as Cancel.
+    save_as(&mut app, &open, "/pics/cat");
+    app.ui.close_dialog(replace_prompt(&app).expect("asked again"));
+    app.poll_file_dialog(&ctx, None);
+    assert!(written.borrow().is_empty() && !app.file_dialog_open());
+
+    // Replace answers with the save's failure.
+    save_as(&mut app, &open, "/pics/cat");
+    let write = app.services.write.replace(Box::new(|_: &str, _: &[u8]| Err("disk full".into())));
+    let id = replace_prompt(&app).expect("asked again");
+    let e = crate::dialogs::confirm(&mut app, id).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(e.contains("disk full") && app.ui.status_error, "{e}");
+    app.services.write = write;
+
+    save_as(&mut app, &open, "/pics/cat");
+    let id = replace_prompt(&app).expect("asked again");
+    crate::dialogs::confirm(&mut app, id).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*written.borrow(), ["/pics/cat.psd"]);
+    assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().path.as_deref(), Some("/pics/cat.psd"));
+    assert!(!app.file_dialog_open() && replace_prompt(&app).is_none());
+}
+
+/// Lowercase Extension changes `CAT.PSD` to `CAT.psd`. Where letter case tells two files apart
+/// (Linux), the dialog asked only about `CAT.PSD`; where it doesn't (Windows and macOS by
+/// default), both names reach the same file, which the dialog asked about.
+#[test]
+fn a_save_asks_before_replacing_the_file_its_lowercased_extension_names() {
+    {
+        // Two files, even with the same size and modification time.
+        let (mut app, open, written) = app();
+        let disk = on_disk(&mut app);
+        for name in ["/pics/CAT.psd", "/pics/CAT.PSD"] {
+            changed_by_another_app(&disk, name);
+        }
+        app.services.same_file = Some(Box::new(|a: &str, b: &str| a == b));
+        save_as(&mut app, &open, "/pics/CAT.PSD");
+        let id = replace_prompt(&app).expect("the save asks first");
+        assert!(written.borrow().is_empty());
+        crate::dialogs::confirm(&mut app, id).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(*written.borrow(), ["/pics/CAT.psd"]);
+    }
+    let (mut app, open, written) = app();
+    let disk = on_disk(&mut app);
+    for name in ["/pics/CAT.psd", "/pics/CAT.PSD"] {
+        changed_by_another_app(&disk, name);
+    }
+    app.services.same_file = Some(Box::new(|a: &str, b: &str| a.eq_ignore_ascii_case(b)));
+    save_as(&mut app, &open, "/pics/CAT.PSD");
+    assert!(replace_prompt(&app).is_none(), "the dialog asked about this file");
+    assert_eq!(*written.borrow(), ["/pics/CAT.psd"]);
+}
+
+/// The save dialog asked about the file it answered: a bare name with no file under the added
+/// extension, and a full name, are written at once.
+#[test]
+fn a_save_writes_at_once_when_the_dialog_asked_about_the_file() {
+    let (mut app, open, written) = app();
+    let disk = on_disk(&mut app);
+    changed_by_another_app(&disk, "/pics/dog.png");
+    save_as(&mut app, &open, "/pics/cat");
+    save_as(&mut app, &open, "/pics/dog.png");
+    assert!(replace_prompt(&app).is_none());
+    assert_eq!(*written.borrow(), ["/pics/cat.psd", "/pics/dog.png"]);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn save_and_export_dialogs_start_beside_the_document() {
     let (mut app, open, _) = app();
@@ -765,6 +966,45 @@ fn replace_contents_picks_a_file_for_every_instance() {
     assert!(matches!(smart_source(&app, ids[1]), photocraft_doc::SmartSource::Embedded { ref file_name, .. } if file_name == "art.png"));
 }
 
+/// Layer › Smart Objects › Relink to File… (and the layer context menu item) asks for a file and
+/// links every instance to its path; it ran without a path before, so it always failed.
+#[test]
+fn relink_to_file_picks_a_file_for_every_instance() {
+    let (mut app, open, _, ids) = smart_app();
+    let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+    let before = ids.map(|id| smart_source(&app, id));
+    // Cancelling changes nothing.
+    menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "layer.smartObjects.relinkToFile", json!({})).unwrap();
+    app.poll_file_dialog(&ctx, None);
+    assert!(matches!(open.borrow().as_slice(), [(FileDialogRequest::Open { multiple: false, .. }, _)]));
+    answer(&open, None);
+    app.poll_file_dialog(&ctx, None);
+    assert_eq!(ids.map(|id| smart_source(&app, id)), before);
+    // The web picker answers only a name and bytes: nothing to link to, so the contents stay.
+    let png = photocraft_io::export(&app.session.active().unwrap().doc, "png", &Default::default()).unwrap().bytes;
+    menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "layer.smartObjects.relinkToFile", json!({})).unwrap();
+    app.poll_file_dialog(&ctx, None);
+    answer(&open, Some(FileDialogAnswer::Contents("art.png".into(), png.clone())));
+    app.poll_file_dialog(&ctx, None);
+    assert!(app.ui.status_error);
+    assert_eq!(ids.map(|id| smart_source(&app, id)), before);
+    // A file picked on disk links both instances to its path.
+    let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("pcraft-relink-{}", std::process::id()));
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+    let path = dir.join("art.png");
+    std::fs::write(&path, &png).unwrap();
+    let path = path.to_string_lossy().into_owned();
+    menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "layer.smartObjects.relinkToFile", json!({})).unwrap();
+    app.poll_file_dialog(&ctx, None);
+    answer(&open, Some(FileDialogAnswer::Paths(vec![path.clone()])));
+    app.poll_file_dialog(&ctx, None);
+    assert!(!app.ui.status_error, "{}", app.ui.status);
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir).ok();
+    for id in ids {
+        assert_eq!(smart_source(&app, id), photocraft_doc::SmartSource::Linked { path: path.clone() });
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn export_contents_suggests_the_contents_file_name() {
     let (mut app, open, written, _) = smart_app();
@@ -869,6 +1109,45 @@ fn same_folder_quick_export_asks_before_replacing_the_documents_own_file() {
     std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir).ok();
 }
 
+/// #6597: once Save As or Save a Copy writes over the file another open document is bound to,
+/// that document no longer has the file and reads as unsaved (so closing it asks, and its Save
+/// asks for a name), and a notice says so. Documents bound to other files are left alone.
+#[test]
+fn saving_over_the_file_of_another_open_document_detaches_it() {
+    let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("photocraft-save-over-tab-{}", std::process::id()));
+    let (a, d) = (dir.join("a.psd").to_string_lossy().into_owned(), dir.join("d.psd").to_string_lossy().into_owned());
+    let (mut app, open, written) = app();
+    let saved_as = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp, path: &str| {
+        let st = app.session.active_mut().unwrap();
+        st.path = Some(path.to_string());
+        st.saved_revision = st.revision;
+    };
+    // A lives in a.psd and D in d.psd, both saved.
+    saved_as(&mut app, &a);
+    app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 4, "height": 4})).unwrap();
+    saved_as(&mut app, &d);
+    // B, in another tab, is saved as a.psd.
+    app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 4, "height": 4})).unwrap();
+    app.save_as(Some(a.clone())).unwrap();
+    let docs = app.session.documents();
+    assert_eq!((docs[0].path.as_deref(), docs[0].is_dirty()), (None, true), "A lost a.psd and is unsaved");
+    assert_eq!((docs[1].path.as_deref(), docs[1].is_dirty()), (Some(d.as_str()), false), "D is untouched");
+    assert_eq!(docs[2].path.as_deref(), Some(a.as_str()), "B lives in a.psd");
+    let notice = app.ui.notices.last().expect("a notice");
+    assert!(notice.title.contains("a.psd was saved over") && notice.lines.len() == 1, "{} {:?}", notice.title, notice.lines);
+    // C's Save a Copy onto a.psd detaches B the same way, and C doesn't take the file.
+    app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 4, "height": 4})).unwrap();
+    let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+    menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "file.saveACopy", json!({})).unwrap();
+    app.poll_file_dialog(&ctx, None);
+    answer(&open, Some(FileDialogAnswer::SaveTo(a.clone())));
+    app.poll_file_dialog(&ctx, None);
+    let docs = app.session.documents();
+    assert_eq!((docs[2].path.as_deref(), docs[2].is_dirty()), (None, true), "B lost a.psd and is unsaved");
+    assert_eq!(docs[3].path, None, "a copy doesn't bind C to a.psd");
+    assert_eq!(*written.borrow(), [a.clone(), a]);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn cancelling_multi_layer_quick_export_writes_nothing() {
     let (mut app, open, written) = app();
@@ -1124,7 +1403,72 @@ fn save_of_a_flat_file_asks_after_the_dialog_when_another_app_changed_it() {
     assert!(written.borrow().is_empty(), "the changed file is not replaced before the answer");
     let id = disk_prompt(&app).expect("Save asks first").id;
     crate::dialogs::confirm(&mut app, id).unwrap();
+    // Then JPEG Options (FILE-215-19), whose answer is still recorded as a plain Save.
+    assert!(written.borrow().is_empty());
+    assert_eq!(app.jpeg_options.as_ref().map(|p| p.record), Some("file.save"));
+    crate::jpeg_options_ui::confirm(&mut app, &ctx);
     assert_eq!(*written.borrow(), [path]);
     assert!(!app.session.active().unwrap().is_dirty());
-    assert_eq!(app.session.journal.last().map(|s| s.0.as_str()), Some("file.save"), "still recorded as a plain Save");
+    assert_eq!(app.session.journal.last(), Some(&("file.save".to_string(), json!({}))), "still recorded as a plain Save");
+}
+
+/// A replayed plain Save keeps its Targa answer in the step it records, as well as its JPEG one.
+#[test]
+fn a_replayed_plain_save_records_its_targa_answer() {
+    let (mut app, _, written) = jpeg_app(Some("/pics/photo.tga"), false);
+    app.replay_save("file.save", &json!({"tgaBits": 24})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*written.borrow(), ["/pics/photo.tga"]);
+    assert_eq!(app.session.journal.last(), Some(&("file.save".to_string(), json!({"tgaBits": 24}))));
+}
+
+/// A script's JPEG Options answer survives the changed-on-disk prompt: Replace writes with it,
+/// without asking JPEG Options.
+#[test]
+fn a_scripted_quality_survives_the_changed_on_disk_prompt() {
+    let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+    let path = "/pics/My image.jpg";
+    let (mut app, open, written) = jpeg_app(None, false);
+    let qualities: Rc<RefCell<Vec<Option<u8>>>> = Rc::default();
+    let q = qualities.clone();
+    app.services.export = Some(Box::new(move |_: &photocraft_doc::Document, _: &str, s: &crate::ExportSettings| {
+        q.borrow_mut().push(s.jpeg_quality);
+        Ok((b"out".to_vec(), Vec::new()))
+    }));
+    let disk = on_disk(&mut app);
+    changed_by_another_app(&disk, path);
+    app.opened_from(path);
+    app.run("image.adjustments.invert", json!({})).unwrap();
+    changed_by_another_app(&disk, path);
+    menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "file.save", json!({"quality": 5})).unwrap();
+    app.poll_file_dialog(&ctx, None);
+    answer(&open, Some(FileDialogAnswer::SaveTo(path.into())));
+    app.poll_file_dialog(&ctx, None);
+    assert!(written.borrow().is_empty(), "the changed file is not replaced before the answer");
+    let id = disk_prompt(&app).expect("Save asks first").id;
+    crate::dialogs::confirm(&mut app, id).unwrap();
+    assert!(app.jpeg_options.is_none(), "the script answered JPEG Options");
+    assert_eq!(*written.borrow(), [path]);
+    assert_eq!(qualities.borrow().last().copied().flatten(), Some(photocraft_engine::file_cmds::jpeg_quality(5.0)));
+    // Recorded as a plain Save keeping the answer, so a replay writes the file it's played on.
+    assert_eq!(app.session.journal.last(), Some(&("file.save".to_string(), json!({"quality": 5, "jpegFormat": "baseline"}))));
+}
+
+/// File › Save a Copy suggests "<name> copy", and with Preferences › File Handling › Do not
+/// append "copy" to filename when saving a copy, the document's own name, as in Photoshop
+/// (#8080). The preference goes through `prefs.set` like the Preferences dialog's checkbox.
+#[test]
+fn save_a_copy_appends_copy_unless_the_preference_says_not_to() {
+    let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+    for (off, name) in [(false, "My image copy.psd"), (true, "My image.psd")] {
+        let want = std::path::Path::new("/pics").join(name).to_string_lossy().into_owned();
+        let (mut app, open, _) = jpeg_app(Some("/pics/My image.JPEG"), false);
+        app.run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "fileHandling.doNotAppendCopy", "value": off})).unwrap();
+        menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "file.saveACopy", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.poll_file_dialog(&ctx, None);
+        assert!(
+            matches!(open.borrow().as_slice(), [(FileDialogRequest::Save { suggested }, _)] if *suggested == want),
+            "{off}: {:?}",
+            open.borrow().first().map(|(r, _)| r.clone())
+        );
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/file_open.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/file_open.rs
index 1cf61e98d3..19d8819e33 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/file_open.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/file_open.rs
@@ -68,6 +68,21 @@ fn dropped_name(f: &egui::DroppedFileHandle) -> String {
     f.path().file_name().map(|n| n.to_string_lossy().to_string()).unwrap_or_else(|| "dropped".into())
 }
 
+/// `path` as the `String` file paths are carried in, or what to tell the user when its name isn't
+/// valid Unicode (#6601): non-UTF-8 bytes on Linux, an unpaired surrogate on Windows. A lossy copy
+/// would name another file, so Open would fail with "No such file" and Save would write a second,
+/// renamed file beside the original. `saving`: the path is to be written to.
+pub fn path_text(path: &std::path::Path, saving: bool) -> Result<String, String> {
+    path.to_str().map(str::to_owned).ok_or_else(|| {
+        let line = if saving {
+            tl!("{path}: the path is not valid Unicode; save under another name.")
+        } else {
+            tl!("{path}: the path is not valid Unicode; rename the file and open it again.")
+        };
+        crate::i18n::fmt(line, &[("path", &path.to_string_lossy())])
+    })
+}
+
 /// The file name of `path` (the document's display name), or `path` itself when it has none.
 pub fn display_name(path: &str) -> String {
     std::path::Path::new(path).file_name().map(|n| n.to_string_lossy().to_string()).filter(|n| !n.is_empty()).unwrap_or_else(|| path.to_string())
@@ -270,7 +285,7 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
         // Opens append: a background open's tab, or a document.
         let (docs, opens) = (self.session.documents().len(), self.jobs.opens.len());
         if f.path().is_absolute() {
-            self.open_path(&f.path().to_string_lossy())?;
+            self.open_path(&path_text(f.path(), false)?)?;
         } else {
             self.open_bytes(name, &crate::read_dropped(&**f)?)?;
         }
@@ -289,7 +304,7 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
             let Some(next) = self.drop_places.pop_front() else { return };
             let (name, placed) = match next {
                 DropPlace::File(f) if f.path().is_absolute() => {
-                    (dropped_name(&f), self.run("file.placeEmbedded", serde_json::json!({"path": f.path().to_string_lossy()})))
+                    (dropped_name(&f), path_text(f.path(), false).and_then(|path| self.run("file.placeEmbedded", serde_json::json!({"path": path}))))
                 }
                 DropPlace::File(f) => {
                     let name = dropped_name(&f);
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/file_open/tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/file_open/tests.rs
index b288c20e21..099caf58c5 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/file_open/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/file_open/tests.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ fn app_with(answers: Vec<Option<FileDialogAnswer>>) -> (PhotocraftApp, Written)
     let written: Written = Rc::default();
     let w = written.clone();
     let services = Services {
-        import: Some(Box::new(|name: &str, bytes: &[u8], _depth: usize| {
+        import: Some(Box::new(|name: &str, bytes: &[u8], _opts: &photocraft_io::ImportOptions| {
             if bytes == b"bad" {
                 return Err("not an image".into());
             }
@@ -858,7 +858,8 @@ fn a_set_of_background_opens_keeps_its_order_however_they_finish() {
         let i = app.jobs.opens.iter().position(|o| o.order.is_some_and(|x| x.seq == seq)).unwrap();
         let tab = app.jobs.opens.remove(i);
         let index = app.session.add_document(Document::new(&tab.name, Size::new(4, 4), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8), None);
-        jobs_ui::finish_open_tab(&mut app, &tab, &json!({"document": index})).unwrap();
+        let id = app.session.documents()[index].doc.id;
+        jobs_ui::finish_open_tab(&mut app, &tab, &json!({"document": index, "docId": id.0})).unwrap();
     }
     assert_eq!(doc_names(&app), ["existing.psd", "f0.psd", "f1.psd", "f2.psd", "f3.psd"]);
     assert_eq!(app.session.active().map(|d| d.doc.name.as_str()), Some("f2.psd"), "the one that just opened is active");
@@ -867,10 +868,12 @@ fn a_set_of_background_opens_keeps_its_order_however_they_finish() {
     // A tab with a slot (dropped on the tabs) keeps it; one from a forgotten set goes to the end.
     let dropped = OpenTab { job: JobId(200), name: "dropped.psd".into(), path: None, slot: Some(0), order: None };
     let index = app.session.add_document(Document::new("dropped.psd", Size::new(4, 4), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8), None);
-    jobs_ui::finish_open_tab(&mut app, &dropped, &json!({"document": index})).unwrap();
+    let id = app.session.documents()[index].doc.id;
+    jobs_ui::finish_open_tab(&mut app, &dropped, &json!({"document": index, "docId": id.0})).unwrap();
     let late = OpenTab { job: JobId(201), name: "late.psd".into(), path: None, slot: None, order: Some(OpenOrder { batch: 999, seq: 0 }) };
     let index = app.session.add_document(Document::new("late.psd", Size::new(4, 4), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8), None);
-    jobs_ui::finish_open_tab(&mut app, &late, &json!({"document": index})).unwrap();
+    let id = app.session.documents()[index].doc.id;
+    jobs_ui::finish_open_tab(&mut app, &late, &json!({"document": index, "docId": id.0})).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(doc_names(&app), ["dropped.psd", "existing.psd", "f0.psd", "f1.psd", "f2.psd", "f3.psd", "late.psd"]);
 }
 
@@ -979,7 +982,7 @@ fn opening_type_in_a_missing_font_warns() {
     let (with_missing, installed) = (doc_with_type(Some(MISSING)), doc_with_type(None));
     let already = warning.clone();
     let services = Services {
-        import: Some(Box::new(move |name: &str, _bytes: &[u8], _depth: usize| {
+        import: Some(Box::new(move |name: &str, _bytes: &[u8], _opts: &photocraft_io::ImportOptions| {
             Ok(match name {
                 "installed.psd" => (installed.clone(), Vec::new()),
                 "warned.psd" => (with_missing.clone(), vec![already.clone()]),
@@ -1002,6 +1005,37 @@ fn opening_type_in_a_missing_font_warns() {
     assert_eq!(app.open_bytes("warned.psd", b"x").unwrap(), vec![warning]);
 }
 
+/// A file name that isn't valid Unicode on this platform: non-UTF-8 bytes on Unix, an unpaired
+/// surrogate on Windows.
+fn non_unicode_path() -> std::path::PathBuf {
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    let name = {
+        use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
+        std::ffi::OsStr::from_bytes(b"img\xFF.png").to_owned()
+    };
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    let name = {
+        use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStringExt;
+        let mut wide: Vec<u16> = "img".encode_utf16().collect();
+        wide.push(0xD800);
+        wide.extend(".png".encode_utf16());
+        std::ffi::OsString::from_wide(&wide)
+    };
+    std::env::temp_dir().join(name)
+}
+
+/// #6601: a lossy copy of such a name is another file's name, so it is refused instead.
+#[test]
+fn a_path_that_is_not_valid_unicode_is_refused_not_rewritten() {
+    let bad = non_unicode_path();
+    let open = path_text(&bad, false).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(open.contains("not valid Unicode") && open.contains("open it again"), "{open}");
+    let save = path_text(&bad, true).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(save.contains("not valid Unicode") && save.contains("another name"), "{save}");
+    let good = std::env::temp_dir().join("img é.png");
+    assert_eq!(path_text(&good, true).as_deref(), Ok(good.to_str().unwrap()));
+}
+
 /// #6598: opening a file that is already open shows its document, as Photoshop does, rather than
 /// a second copy bound to the same file (saving one would overwrite the other). The path is
 /// compared as the file it names: another spelling of it, a symlink to it or, with background
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/file_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/file_ui.rs
index 32f97bc4e8..39b0278b31 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/file_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/file_ui.rs
@@ -202,13 +202,17 @@ mod web_preview;
 
 const WEB_FORMATS: [(&str, &str); 5] = [("gif", "GIF"), ("png8", "PNG-8"), ("png24", "PNG-24"), ("jpeg", "JPEG"), ("wbmp", "WBMP")];
 const WEB_COMMAND: &str = "file.export.saveForWebLegacy";
+/// Save for Web's preview tabs: the `__view` field's values and their labels.
+const WEB_VIEWS: [(&str, &str); 4] = [("original", "Original"), ("optimized", "Optimized"), ("2up", "2-Up"), ("4up", "4-Up")];
 
 pub fn open_web(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> u64 {
     let mut f = Map::new();
     f.insert("__web".into(), json!(true));
     f.insert("__command".into(), json!(WEB_COMMAND));
     f.insert("__label".into(), json!("Save for Web (Legacy)"));
-    f.insert("__view".into(), json!("2up"));
+    // The preview tab chosen last time, 2-Up at first (#9174).
+    let view = app.ui.web_view.as_deref().filter(|v| WEB_VIEWS.iter().any(|(k, _)| k == v)).unwrap_or("2up");
+    f.insert("__view".into(), json!(view));
     // Remember encoding choices, but each document starts at its own full size. This session's
     // last export lives in `file_menu`; the last one before a restart comes from the
     // preferences' remembered dialog settings (`web_cmds::remember_web_settings`).
@@ -242,6 +246,7 @@ pub fn open_web(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> u64 {
         ("convertToSrgb", json!(true)),
         ("metadata", json!("copyright")),
         ("percent", json!(100.0)),
+        ("resample", json!("bicubic")),
         ("webSnap", json!(0)),
     ] {
         f.entry(k.to_string()).or_insert(v);
@@ -284,8 +289,8 @@ fn web_pane(app: &PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, size: egui::Vec2, p: Option<
     let rev = st.revision;
     // A bounded proxy; navigation never recomposites or re-encodes it.
     let base = p.cloned().unwrap_or_else(|| json!({}));
-    let size_sig = format!("{}|{}|{}|{}", base["percent"], base["width"], base["height"], base["convertToSrgb"]);
-    let wkey = egui::Id::new(("web-proxy", doc.id.0, pane));
+    let size_sig = format!("{}|{}|{}|{}|{}", base["percent"], base["width"], base["height"], base["resample"], base["convertToSrgb"]);
+    let wkey = egui::Id::unique(("web-proxy", doc.id.0, pane));
     let proxy_sig = format!("{rev}|{frame:?}|{size_sig}");
     let cached_proxy: Option<(String, WebProxy)> = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp(wkey));
     let proxy = cached_proxy.filter(|(sig, _)| sig == &proxy_sig).map(|(_, proxy)| proxy);
@@ -302,8 +307,9 @@ fn web_pane(app: &PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, size: egui::Vec2, p: Option<
             let k = (2048.0 / fw.max(fh)).min(1.0);
             let st = WebSettings::from_params(&base, "preview").unwrap_or_default();
             let Ok(doc) = web_frame_document(&doc, frame) else { return };
+            let resample = web_preview::proxy_resample(&base, k);
             let Ok((wd, _, _)) =
-                web_cmds::web_document(&doc, &json!({"width": (fw * k).round().max(1.0), "height": (fh * k).round().max(1.0), "resample": "bilinear"}), &st)
+                web_cmds::web_document(&doc, &json!({"width": (fw * k).round().max(1.0), "height": (fh * k).round().max(1.0), "resample": resample}), &st)
             else {
                 return;
             };
@@ -320,7 +326,7 @@ fn web_pane(app: &PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, size: egui::Vec2, p: Option<
         }
     };
     let sig = format!("{}|{rev}|{frame:?}|{size_sig}|{}", doc.id.0, p.map(|v| v.to_string()).unwrap_or_else(|| "original".into()));
-    let key = egui::Id::new(("web-pane", doc.id.0, pane));
+    let key = egui::Id::unique(("web-pane", doc.id.0, pane));
     let cached: Option<WebCache> = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp(key));
     let (tex, info) = match cached.filter(|c| c.0 == sig) {
         Some((_, tex, info)) => (tex, info),
@@ -390,10 +396,10 @@ fn printer_options(list: Option<&Value>, current: &str) -> Vec<(String, String)>
     opts
 }
 
-fn dropdown_str(ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: &str, f: &mut Map<String, Value>, key: &str, opts: &[(&str, &str)], w: f32) {
+fn dropdown_str(ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: &str, name: &str, f: &mut Map<String, Value>, key: &str, opts: &[(&str, &str)], w: f32) {
     let mut v = s(f, key, opts.first().map_or("", |o| o.0));
     let o: Vec<(String, &str)> = opts.iter().map(|(k, l)| (k.to_string(), *l)).collect();
-    if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, id, &mut v, &o, w) {
+    if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, id, name, &mut v, &o, w) {
         f.insert(key.into(), json!(v));
     }
 }
@@ -409,7 +415,7 @@ fn number(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>, key: &str, label: &str,
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!(&label)).color(t.text_dim));
         let mut v = n(f, key, d) as f32;
-        crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut v, range, unit, 64.0);
+        crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut v, range, unit, 64.0).accessible_name(tl!(&label));
         f.insert(key.into(), json!(v.round()));
     });
 }
@@ -483,9 +489,11 @@ fn web_body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Valu
     let Some(doc) = app.session.active().map(|d| d.doc.clone()) else { return };
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         let mut view = s(f, "__view", "2up");
-        for (k, l) in [("original", tl!("Original")), ("optimized", tl!("Optimized")), ("2up", "2-Up"), ("4up", "4-Up")] {
-            if ui.selectable_label(view == k, tl!(&l)).clicked() {
+        for (k, l) in WEB_VIEWS {
+            if ui.selectable_label(view == k, tl!(l)).clicked() {
                 view = k.into();
+                // The next Save for Web opens on this tab, as Photoshop's does.
+                app.ui.web_view = Some(view.clone());
             }
         }
         f.insert("__view".into(), json!(view));
@@ -535,14 +543,14 @@ fn web_body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Valu
                 let mut preset = s(f, "__preset", "");
                 let mut opts: Vec<(String, &str)> = vec![("".into(), "[Unnamed]")];
                 opts.extend(web_cmds::PRESETS.iter().map(|p| (p.to_string(), *p)));
-                if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "web-preset", &mut preset, &opts, 230.0) && !preset.is_empty() {
+                if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "web-preset", tl!("Preset"), &mut preset, &opts, 230.0) && !preset.is_empty() {
                     if let Some(Value::Object(m)) = web_cmds::preset_settings(&preset).map(|st| st.to_params()) {
                         f.extend(m);
                     }
                     f.insert("__preset".into(), json!(preset));
                 }
                 ui.add_space(4.0);
-                dropdown_str(ui, "web-format", f, "format", &WEB_FORMATS, 230.0);
+                dropdown_str(ui, "web-format", tl!("Format"), f, "format", &WEB_FORMATS, 230.0);
                 ui.add_space(4.0);
                 let fmt = s(f, "format", "jpeg");
                 match fmt.as_str() {
@@ -550,6 +558,7 @@ fn web_body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Valu
                         dropdown_str(
                             ui,
                             "web-palette",
+                            tl!("Color Table"),
                             f,
                             "palette",
                             &[
@@ -565,6 +574,7 @@ fn web_body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Valu
                         dropdown_str(
                             ui,
                             "web-dither",
+                            tl!("Dither"),
                             f,
                             "dither",
                             &[("none", tl!("No Dither")), ("diffusion", tl!("Diffusion")), ("pattern", tl!("Pattern")), ("noise", tl!("Noise"))],
@@ -585,6 +595,7 @@ fn web_body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Valu
                         dropdown_str(
                             ui,
                             "web-dither",
+                            tl!("Dither"),
                             f,
                             "dither",
                             &[("none", tl!("No Dither")), ("diffusion", tl!("Diffusion")), ("pattern", tl!("Pattern"))],
@@ -598,9 +609,9 @@ fn web_body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Valu
                 }
                 if fmt != "png24" || !b(f, "transparency", true) {
                     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
-                        ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("Matte")).color(t.text_dim));
+                        let matte_label = ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("Matte")).color(t.text_dim));
                         let mut m = s(f, "matte", "#ffffff");
-                        if ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut m).desired_width(80.0)).changed() {
+                        if ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut m).desired_width(80.0)).labelled_by(matte_label.id).changed() {
                             f.insert("matte".into(), json!(m));
                         }
                     });
@@ -612,6 +623,7 @@ fn web_body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Valu
                     dropdown_str(
                         ui,
                         "web-meta",
+                        tl!("Metadata"),
                         f,
                         "metadata",
                         &[
@@ -628,25 +640,100 @@ fn web_body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Valu
                 }
                 ui.add_space(8.0);
                 ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("Image Size")).font(crate::theme::semibold(12.0)).color(t.text));
-                number(ui, f, "percent", tl!("Percent"), 1.0..=1000.0, "%", 100.0);
-                let pct = n(f, "percent", 100.0) / 100.0;
-                ui.label(
-                    egui::RichText::new(format!("W: {} px   H: {} px", (f64::from(doc.size.width) * pct).round(), (f64::from(doc.size.height) * pct).round()))
-                        .color(t.text_dim)
-                        .size(11.5),
-                );
+                web_size(ui, f, &doc);
                 let nslices = photocraft_doc::slices::resolve(&doc).len();
                 if !doc.slices.is_empty() {
                     ui.add_space(6.0);
                     ui.label(egui::RichText::new(crate::i18n::trn(crate::i18n::current(), nslices as u64, "{n} slice", "{n} slices")).color(t.text_dim));
                     check(ui, f, "html", tl!("Save HTML and Images"), true);
-                    dropdown_str(ui, "web-slices", f, "slices", &[("all", tl!("All Slices")), ("user", tl!("All User Slices"))], 150.0);
+                    dropdown_str(ui, "web-slices", tl!("Slices"), f, "slices", &[("all", tl!("All Slices")), ("user", tl!("All User Slices"))], 150.0);
                 }
             });
         });
     });
 }
 
+/// A size row in a two-column grid: the label, then a field showing `shown`. Returns the typed
+/// value when it changed, compared with the value the widget was given so a field that only
+/// clamps does not count as an edit.
+fn size_field(ui: &mut egui::Ui, label: &str, shown: f64, range: std::ops::RangeInclusive<f32>, unit: &str, decimals: u32) -> Option<f64> {
+    let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
+    let passed = (shown as f32).clamp(*range.start(), *range.end());
+    let mut v = passed;
+    ui.label(egui::RichText::new(label).color(t.text_dim));
+    crate::widgets::value_field_prec(ui, &mut v, range, unit, 90.0, decimals).accessible_name(tl!(&label));
+    ui.end_row();
+    (v != passed).then_some(f64::from(v))
+}
+
+/// Image Size, as in Photoshop's Save for Web: Width and Height linked in proportion (on at
+/// each opening), Percent and the resampling method. A side edit sets exact pixels and drops
+/// `percent`, which the engine would otherwise apply first; a Percent edit sets both sides.
+fn web_size(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>, doc: &photocraft_doc::Document) {
+    use crate::export_dialog::{MAX_PX, resize_from_scale, resize_from_side};
+    let (w0, h0) = (f64::from(doc.size.width).max(1.0), f64::from(doc.size.height).max(1.0));
+    let (w, h) = web_preview::dimensions(doc, &params(f)).unwrap_or((w0, h0));
+    let lock = b(f, "__constrain", true);
+    let pct = n(f, "percent", w / w0 * 100.0);
+    let write = |f: &mut Map<String, Value>, width: f64, height: f64| {
+        f.insert("width".into(), json!(width));
+        f.insert("height".into(), json!(height));
+    };
+    let max = MAX_PX as f32;
+    let (width, height, percent) = egui::Grid::new("web-size")
+        .num_columns(2)
+        .show(ui, |ui| {
+            (
+                size_field(ui, tl!("Width"), w, 1.0..=max, "px", 0),
+                size_field(ui, tl!("Height"), h, 1.0..=max, "px", 0),
+                size_field(ui, tl!("Percent"), pct, 1.0..=1000.0, "%", 2),
+            )
+        })
+        .inner;
+    let side = match (width, height) {
+        (Some(v), _) => resize_from_side(w0, h0, v.round(), h, lock, true).ok(),
+        (_, Some(v)) => resize_from_side(w0, h0, w, v.round(), lock, false).ok(),
+        _ => None,
+    };
+    if let Some(size) = side {
+        f.remove("percent");
+        write(f, size.width, size.height);
+    } else if let Some(v) = percent
+        && let Ok(size) = resize_from_scale(w0, h0, v)
+    {
+        f.insert("percent".into(), json!(size.scale));
+        write(f, size.width, size.height);
+    }
+    let mut linked = lock;
+    if crate::widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut linked, tl!("Constrain proportions")).changed() {
+        f.insert("__constrain".into(), json!(linked));
+        // Linked again, the height follows the width in the document's proportions.
+        if linked && let Ok(size) = resize_from_side(w0, h0, w, h, true, true) {
+            f.remove("percent");
+            write(f, size.width, size.height);
+        }
+    }
+    ui.horizontal(|ui| {
+        ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("Resample")).color(Tokens::get(ui.ctx()).text_dim));
+        // Photoshop's Save for Web list, in its order.
+        dropdown_str(
+            ui,
+            "web-resample",
+            tl!("Resample"),
+            f,
+            "resample",
+            &[
+                ("nearest", tl!("Nearest Neighbor (hard edges)")),
+                ("bilinear", tl!("Bilinear")),
+                ("bicubic", tl!("Bicubic (smooth gradients)")),
+                ("bicubicSmoother", tl!("Bicubic Smoother (enlargement)")),
+                ("bicubicSharper", tl!("Bicubic Sharper (reduction)")),
+            ],
+            170.0,
+        );
+    });
+}
+
 fn web_confirm(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, f: &Map<String, Value>) -> Result<Value, String> {
     // Check while the control/input policy is still installed, before an asynchronous picker
     // can outlive the request. A browser download uses the interactive platform writer.
@@ -723,6 +810,10 @@ fn download_for_web(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, mut p: Value) -> Result<Value, Stri
 
 // ---------- Print ----------
 
+/// Opens a Print dialog seeded from the last print, filling missing fields with defaults.
+/// Refreshes the printer list on each opening; when native driver enumeration succeeds,
+/// an unavailable saved printer is replaced and its stale driver settings are discarded.
+/// Returns the dialog ID without submitting a print job.
 pub fn open_print(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> u64 {
     let mut f = Map::new();
     f.insert("__print".into(), json!(true));
@@ -817,10 +908,12 @@ fn driver_page(f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
     match craft_print::rgb::page(&printer, settings.as_ref()) {
         Ok(pg) => {
             f.insert("paper".into(), json!([pg.paper.0, pg.paper.1]));
+            f.insert("printable".into(), json!([pg.printable.0, pg.printable.1, pg.printable.2, pg.printable.3]));
             f.insert("orientation".into(), json!("portrait"));
             f.remove("__pageError");
         }
         Err(e) => {
+            f.remove("printable");
             f.insert("__pageError".into(), json!(e.to_string()));
         }
     }
@@ -840,7 +933,15 @@ fn length_field(ui: &mut egui::Ui, label: &str, pt: &mut f64, units: &str) -> bo
     length_field_prec(ui, label, pt, units, 0)
 }
 
+/// Edits a point-valued length in the selected units, with the requested decimal precision.
+/// Retains the nonnegative 0..=10000 display-unit range used by existing size fields.
 fn length_field_prec(ui: &mut egui::Ui, label: &str, pt: &mut f64, units: &str, decimals: u32) -> bool {
+    length_field_range(ui, label, pt, units, decimals, 0.0..=10000.0)
+}
+
+/// Edits a length stored in print points (72 per inch), returning true for a finite edit.
+/// `range` is in the displayed `units`; a signed range permits negative Top/Left offsets.
+fn length_field_range(ui: &mut egui::Ui, label: &str, pt: &mut f64, units: &str, decimals: u32, range: std::ops::RangeInclusive<f32>) -> bool {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
     let k = unit_pt(units);
     let mut v = (*pt / k) as f32;
@@ -848,7 +949,7 @@ fn length_field_prec(ui: &mut egui::Ui, label: &str, pt: &mut f64, units: &str,
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         ui.label(egui::RichText::new(label).color(t.text_dim));
         let before = v;
-        crate::widgets::value_field_prec(ui, &mut v, 0.0..=10000.0, units, 70.0, decimals);
+        crate::widgets::value_field_prec(ui, &mut v, range, units, 70.0, decimals).accessible_name(tl!(&label));
         if (v - before).abs() > 1e-4 && v.is_finite() {
             *pt = f64::from(v) * k;
             changed = true;
@@ -867,13 +968,16 @@ fn print_paper_size(value: Option<&Value>) -> (f64, f64) {
     }
 }
 
+/// Edits the paper preset, orientation and custom dimensions, remembering custom sizes
+/// across preset switches. Dimensions are displayed in the selected units but stored as
+/// unrotated print points; the engine applies orientation and validates the final size.
 fn print_paper_controls(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
     let previous = f.get("paper").cloned();
     let mut selected = if previous.as_ref().is_some_and(Value::is_array) { "custom".to_string() } else { s(f, "paper", "letter") };
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         let mut papers: Vec<_> = photocraft_engine::print_cmds::PAPERS.iter().map(|p| (p.0.to_string(), p.0)).collect();
         papers.push(("custom".to_string(), tl!("Custom")));
-        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "print-paper", &mut selected, &papers, 110.0) {
+        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "print-paper", tl!("Paper"), &mut selected, &papers, 110.0) {
             if selected == "custom" {
                 let (w, h) = print_paper_size(f.get("__customPaper").or(previous.as_ref()));
                 f.insert("paper".into(), json!([w, h]));
@@ -884,7 +988,7 @@ fn print_paper_controls(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
                 f.insert("paper".into(), json!(selected));
             }
         }
-        dropdown_str(ui, "print-orient", f, "orientation", &[("portrait", tl!("Portrait")), ("landscape", tl!("Landscape"))], 110.0);
+        dropdown_str(ui, "print-orient", tl!("Orientation"), f, "orientation", &[("portrait", tl!("Portrait")), ("landscape", tl!("Landscape"))], 110.0);
     });
     if f.get("paper").is_some_and(Value::is_array) {
         let (mut w, mut h) = print_paper_size(f.get("paper"));
@@ -919,6 +1023,44 @@ fn browse_pdf(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, id: u64, suggested: &str) {
     }
 }
 
+/// Converts total displacement from a fixed drag-start layout into manual inch offsets.
+/// Resolving Center before the drag avoids a jump; each update replaces the offsets rather
+/// than accumulating movement. Emulsion Down reverses horizontal layout-space movement.
+///
+/// `delta` and the painter use egui points, including on Retina displays; the scale is egui
+/// points per print point (1/72 inch). Applying pixels_per_point would count HiDPI twice.
+/// Invalid scales or nonfinite displacement/offsets return false without changing fields.
+/// Accepted offsets are clamped to the engine's safety bound and Center is disabled.
+fn drag_print_position(f: &mut Map<String, Value>, start: photocraft_engine::print_cmds::PrintLayout, delta: egui::Vec2, points_per_print_point: f32) -> bool {
+    if !points_per_print_point.is_finite() || points_per_print_point <= 0.0 || !delta.is_finite() {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let (x, y, _, h) = start.rect;
+    let direction = if start.emulsion_down { -1.0 } else { 1.0 };
+    let left = (x + direction * f64::from(delta.x) / f64::from(points_per_print_point)) / 72.0;
+    let top = (start.paper.1 - y - h + f64::from(delta.y) / f64::from(points_per_print_point)) / 72.0;
+    if !left.is_finite() || !top.is_finite() {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let limit = photocraft_engine::print_cmds::MAX_POSITION_INCHES;
+    f.insert("center".into(), json!(false));
+    f.insert("left".into(), json!(left.clamp(-limit, limit)));
+    f.insert("top".into(), json!(top.clamp(-limit, limit)));
+    true
+}
+
+/// Maps the engine's bottom-left print-point rectangle into top-left egui coordinates.
+/// `k` is egui points per print point; Emulsion Down mirrors placement across the page,
+/// matching the PDF page transform. Returns the full image bounds for the caller to clip.
+fn print_preview_image(l: photocraft_engine::print_cmds::PrintLayout, page: egui::Rect, k: f32) -> egui::Rect {
+    let (x, y, w, h) = l.rect;
+    let x = if l.emulsion_down { l.paper.0 - x - w } else { x };
+    egui::Rect::from_min_size(egui::pos2(page.left() + x as f32 * k, page.bottom() - (y + h) as f32 * k), egui::vec2(w as f32 * k, h as f32 * k))
+}
+
+/// Draws the print controls and paper-clipped preview using the engine's shared layout.
+/// Dragging the visible image updates dialog offsets live from a fixed gesture origin;
+/// the position row stays present while centered so switching to manual cannot move the page.
 fn print_body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>, id: u64) {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
     let Some(doc) = app.session.active().map(|d| d.doc.clone()) else { return };
@@ -936,7 +1078,9 @@ fn print_body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Va
             f.insert("__driverPageInitialized".into(), json!(true));
         }
     } else {
+        // PDF output and previews have no driver page: Scale to Fit Media uses the paper.
         f.remove("__driverPageInitialized");
+        f.remove("printable");
     }
     let p = params(f);
     let mut browse = false;
@@ -946,20 +1090,40 @@ fn print_body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Va
             let (area, _) = ui.allocate_exact_size(egui::vec2(330.0, 400.0), egui::Sense::hover());
             ui.painter().rect_filled(area, 0.0, t.canvas);
             match photocraft_engine::print_cmds::layout(&doc, &p, "file.print") {
-                Ok(l) => {
+                Ok(mut l) => {
                     let (pw, ph) = l.paper;
                     let k = ((area.width() - 20.0) / pw as f32).min((area.height() - 20.0) / ph as f32);
                     let page = egui::Rect::from_center_size(area.center(), egui::vec2(pw as f32 * k, ph as f32 * k));
                     ui.painter().rect_filled(page, 0.0, egui::Color32::WHITE);
                     ui.painter().rect_stroke(page, 0.0, egui::Stroke::new(1.0, t.separator), egui::StrokeKind::Outside);
+                    let mut img = print_preview_image(l, page, k);
+                    let drag_id = ui.scope_id().with(("print-position", id));
+                    let visible = img.intersect(page).intersect(ui.clip_rect());
+                    let response = ui.interact(visible, drag_id, egui::Sense::drag()).on_hover_cursor(egui::CursorIcon::Grab);
+                    response.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Image, true, tl!("Print preview image")));
+                    // Keep a fixed layout and press origin for the whole gesture: rounding and
+                    // the transition from Center must never accumulate or move the grab point.
+                    if response.drag_started_by(egui::PointerButton::Primary)
+                        && let Some(origin) = ui.input(|i| i.pointer.press_origin())
+                    {
+                        ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(drag_id, (l, origin, k)));
+                    }
+                    if (response.dragged_by(egui::PointerButton::Primary) || response.drag_stopped_by(egui::PointerButton::Primary))
+                        && let Some((start, origin, scale)) = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<(photocraft_engine::print_cmds::PrintLayout, egui::Pos2, f32)>(drag_id))
+                        && let Some(pointer) = response.interact_pointer_pos()
+                        && drag_print_position(f, start, pointer - origin, scale)
+                    {
+                        if let Ok(updated) = photocraft_engine::print_cmds::layout(&doc, &params(f), "file.print") {
+                            l = updated;
+                            img = print_preview_image(l, page, k);
+                        }
+                        ui.ctx().set_cursor_icon(egui::CursorIcon::Grabbing);
+                    }
+                    if !ui.input(|i| i.pointer.primary_down()) {
+                        ui.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<(photocraft_engine::print_cmds::PrintLayout, egui::Pos2, f32)>(drag_id));
+                    }
                     let (x, y, w, h) = l.rect;
-                    // Emulsion Down shows the page as it prints: mirrored.
-                    let x = if l.emulsion_down { pw - x - w } else { x };
-                    let img = egui::Rect::from_min_size(
-                        egui::pos2(page.left() + x as f32 * k, page.bottom() - (y + h) as f32 * k),
-                        egui::vec2(w as f32 * k, h as f32 * k),
-                    );
-                    let key = egui::Id::new(("print-thumb", doc.id.0, app.session.active().map_or(0, |d| d.revision)));
+                    let key = egui::Id::unique(("print-thumb", doc.id.0, app.session.active().map_or(0, |d| d.revision)));
                     let tex: Option<Arc<egui::TextureHandle>> = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp(key));
                     let tex = tex.unwrap_or_else(|| {
                         let th = photocraft_compose::thumbnail(&doc, 400);
@@ -977,11 +1141,13 @@ fn print_body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Va
                     clip.image(tex.id(), img, uv, egui::Color32::WHITE);
                     let mark = egui::Stroke::new(1.0, egui::Color32::BLACK);
                     if l.marks.corner_crop {
+                        // Bleed puts the marks on the trim line, inside the image edge.
+                        let b = l.marks.bleed as f32 * k;
                         for (c, dx, dy) in
                             [(img.left_top(), -1.0, -1.0), (img.right_top(), 1.0, -1.0), (img.left_bottom(), -1.0, 1.0), (img.right_bottom(), 1.0, 1.0)]
                         {
-                            clip.line_segment([c + egui::vec2(dx * 3.0, 0.0), c + egui::vec2(dx * 12.0, 0.0)], mark);
-                            clip.line_segment([c + egui::vec2(0.0, dy * 3.0), c + egui::vec2(0.0, dy * 12.0)], mark);
+                            clip.line_segment([c + egui::vec2(dx * 3.0, -dy * b), c + egui::vec2(dx * 12.0, -dy * b)], mark);
+                            clip.line_segment([c + egui::vec2(-dx * b, dy * 3.0), c + egui::vec2(-dx * b, dy * 12.0)], mark);
                         }
                     }
                     if l.marks.registration {
@@ -1021,7 +1187,7 @@ fn print_body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Va
                     ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("Printer")).color(t.text_dim));
                     let before = s(f, "printer", "");
                     let opts: Vec<(&str, &str)> = printers.iter().map(|n| (n.as_str(), n.as_str())).collect();
-                    dropdown_str(ui, "print-printer", f, "printer", &opts, 220.0);
+                    dropdown_str(ui, "print-printer", tl!("Printer"), f, "printer", &opts, 220.0);
                     if s(f, "printer", "") != before {
                         f.remove("printerSettings");
                         driver_page(f);
@@ -1070,7 +1236,7 @@ fn print_body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Va
                     let mut pr = s(f, "printer", "");
                     let opts = printer_options(f.get("__systemPrinters"), &pr);
                     let o: Vec<(String, &str)> = opts.iter().map(|(k, l)| (k.clone(), l.as_str())).collect();
-                    if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "print-printer", &mut pr, &o, 240.0) {
+                    if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "print-printer", tl!("Printer"), &mut pr, &o, 240.0) {
                         f.insert("printer".into(), json!(pr));
                     }
                 });
@@ -1081,6 +1247,7 @@ fn print_body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Va
             dropdown_str(
                 ui,
                 "print-color",
+                tl!("Color Management"),
                 f,
                 "colorHandling",
                 &[
@@ -1111,11 +1278,12 @@ fn print_body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Va
                 if !profiles.iter().any(|(v, _)| *v == cur) {
                     profiles.push((cur.as_str(), stem.as_str()));
                 }
-                dropdown_str(ui, "print-profile", f, "printerProfile", &profiles, 240.0);
+                dropdown_str(ui, "print-profile", tl!("Profile"), f, "printerProfile", &profiles, 240.0);
                 ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                     dropdown_str(
                         ui,
                         "print-intent",
+                        tl!("Mode"),
                         f,
                         "intent",
                         &[
@@ -1135,20 +1303,27 @@ fn print_body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Va
                 }
             }
             head(ui, tl!("Position and Size"));
-            dropdown_str(ui, "print-units", f, "units", &[("cm", tl!("Centimeters")), ("mm", tl!("Millimeters")), ("in", tl!("Inches"))], 130.0);
+            dropdown_str(ui, "print-units", tl!("Units"), f, "units", &[("cm", tl!("Centimeters")), ("mm", tl!("Millimeters")), ("in", tl!("Inches"))], 130.0);
             let units = s(f, "units", "cm");
             check(ui, f, "center", tl!("Center"), true);
-            if !b(f, "center", true) {
+            let centered = b(f, "center", true);
+            let centered_layout = centered.then(|| photocraft_engine::print_cmds::layout(&doc, &params(f), "file.print").ok()).flatten();
+            // Revealing this row during a drag resizes the centered modal and moves the paper.
+            // Keep it present, showing the resolved position while Center owns the offsets.
+            ui.add_enabled_ui(!centered, |ui| {
                 ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                     // Kept in inches (Photoshop's Position fields), shown in the chosen units.
                     for (key, label) in [("top", tl!("Top")), ("left", tl!("Left"))] {
-                        let mut pt = n(f, key, 0.0) * 72.0;
-                        if length_field(ui, label, &mut pt, &units) {
-                            f.insert(key.into(), json!(pt / 72.0));
+                        let mut pt =
+                            centered_layout.map_or_else(|| n(f, key, 0.0) * 72.0, |l| if key == "top" { l.paper.1 - l.rect.1 - l.rect.3 } else { l.rect.0 });
+                        let limit = (photocraft_engine::print_cmds::MAX_POSITION_INCHES * 72.0 / unit_pt(&units)) as f32;
+                        if length_field_range(ui, label, &mut pt, &units, 2, -limit..=limit) {
+                            let limit = photocraft_engine::print_cmds::MAX_POSITION_INCHES;
+                            f.insert(key.into(), json!((pt / 72.0).clamp(-limit, limit)));
                         }
                     }
                 });
-            }
+            });
             check(ui, f, "scaleToFit", tl!("Scale to Fit Media"), false);
             // Scaled Print Size: Scale, Height and Width move together; Print Resolution follows.
             if let Ok(l) = photocraft_engine::print_cmds::layout(&doc, &params(f), "file.print") {
@@ -1160,7 +1335,7 @@ fn print_body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Va
                     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                         ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("Scale")).color(t.text_dim));
                         let mut v = n(f, "scale", 100.0) as f32;
-                        crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut v, 1.0..=1000.0, "%", 64.0);
+                        crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut v, 1.0..=1000.0, "%", 64.0).accessible_name(tl!("Scale"));
                         f.insert("scale".into(), json!((f64::from(v) * 100.0).round() / 100.0));
                     });
                 }
@@ -1216,8 +1391,22 @@ fn print_body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Va
     }
 }
 
+/// `file.print`'s params. The driver's printable area only goes with a print to the printer:
+/// an output path or a preview set in the same frame as the confirm still drops it.
+fn print_params(f: &Map<String, Value>) -> Value {
+    let mut p = params(f);
+    if (b(f, "dryRun", false) || !s(f, "output", "").is_empty())
+        && let Some(o) = p.as_object_mut()
+    {
+        o.remove("printable");
+    }
+    p
+}
+
+/// Submits the dialog parameters to `file.print`, propagating command errors unchanged.
+/// Updates the status for completed results only; pending jobs report completion later.
 fn print_confirm(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, f: &Map<String, Value>) -> Result<Value, String> {
-    let r = app.run("file.print", params(f))?;
+    let r = app.run("file.print", print_params(f))?;
     if r["pending"] != json!(true) {
         print_status(app, &r);
     }
@@ -1241,6 +1430,63 @@ pub(crate) fn print_status(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, r: &Value) {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    /// Checks no-jump centering and nonaccumulating screen displacement against shared layout
+    /// across fit, percentage scaling, orientation and mirroring combinations.
+    #[test]
+    fn print_drag_uses_the_resolved_layout_and_screen_points_without_accumulation() {
+        let (app, _) = app();
+        let doc = &app.session.active().unwrap().doc;
+        for fit in [false, true] {
+            for mirror in [false, true] {
+                for orientation in ["portrait", "landscape"] {
+                    let mut f = json!({"center": true, "scale": 175, "scaleToFit": fit,
+                        "emulsionDown": mirror, "orientation": orientation})
+                    .as_object()
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .clone();
+                    let start = photocraft_engine::print_cmds::layout(doc, &Value::Object(f.clone()), "file.print").unwrap();
+                    let page = egui::Rect::from_min_size(egui::pos2(20.0, 30.0), egui::vec2(start.paper.0 as f32, start.paper.1 as f32));
+                    assert!(drag_print_position(&mut f, start, egui::Vec2::ZERO, 1.0));
+                    let manual = photocraft_engine::print_cmds::layout(doc, &Value::Object(f.clone()), "file.print").unwrap();
+                    assert!((manual.rect.0 - start.rect.0).abs() < 1e-9);
+                    assert!((manual.rect.1 - start.rect.1).abs() < 1e-9);
+                    assert_eq!(manual.scale, start.scale);
+                    for k in [0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0] {
+                        let delta = egui::vec2(-90.0, 45.0) * k;
+                        assert!(drag_print_position(&mut f, start, delta, k));
+                        let moved = photocraft_engine::print_cmds::layout(doc, &Value::Object(f.clone()), "file.print").unwrap();
+                        let old_img = print_preview_image(start, page, k);
+                        let new_img = print_preview_image(moved, page, k);
+                        assert!((new_img.min - old_img.min - delta).length() < 0.001);
+                        assert_eq!((moved.rect.2, moved.rect.3, moved.scale), (start.rect.2, start.rect.3, start.scale));
+                        let once = f.clone();
+                        assert!(drag_print_position(&mut f, start, delta, k));
+                        assert_eq!(f, once, "total drag displacement must not accumulate");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Checks rejected pointer geometry leaves fields untouched and extreme finite drags
+    /// clamp both inch offsets to the same safety limits as numeric positioning.
+    #[test]
+    fn print_drag_rejects_nonfinite_input_and_bounds_offsets() {
+        let (app, _) = app();
+        let doc = &app.session.active().unwrap().doc;
+        let start = photocraft_engine::print_cmds::layout(doc, &json!({}), "file.print").unwrap();
+        let mut f = Map::new();
+        for k in [0.0, -1.0, f32::NAN, f32::INFINITY] {
+            assert!(!drag_print_position(&mut f, start, egui::vec2(10.0, 10.0), k));
+            assert!(f.is_empty());
+        }
+        assert!(!drag_print_position(&mut f, start, egui::vec2(f32::NAN, 0.0), 1.0));
+        assert!(f.is_empty());
+        assert!(drag_print_position(&mut f, start, egui::vec2(-f32::MAX, f32::MAX), 1.0));
+        assert_eq!(f["left"], -photocraft_engine::print_cmds::MAX_POSITION_INCHES);
+        assert_eq!(f["top"], photocraft_engine::print_cmds::MAX_POSITION_INCHES);
+    }
+
     fn app() -> (PhotocraftApp, egui::Context) {
         let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
         app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 120, "height": 80, "name": "web"})).unwrap();
@@ -1309,6 +1555,98 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(!f.contains_key("height"));
     }
 
+    /// Save for Web's Image Size on a 120 x 80 document, as a PNG-24 (no other number fields).
+    fn web_size_dialog(app: PhotocraftApp) -> (egui_kittest::Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, u64) {
+        let mut h = egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(1600.0, 1100.0)).build_ui_state(
+            |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
+                if ui.ctx().fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("semibold".into()))) {
+                    crate::dialogs::show(app, ui.ctx());
+                }
+            },
+            app,
+        );
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, Default::default());
+        let id = open_web(h.state_mut());
+        h.state_mut().ui.dialog_mut(id).unwrap().fields.insert("format".into(), json!("png24"));
+        h.run_steps(5);
+        (h, id)
+    }
+
+    /// Types `text` into the number field now showing `value`, and leaves it with Tab.
+    fn type_into_field(h: &mut egui_kittest::Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, value: f64, text: &str) {
+        use egui_kittest::kittest::{NodeT, Queryable};
+        let field = h
+            .query_all_by_role(egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton)
+            .find(|n| n.accesskit_node().numeric_value() == Some(value))
+            .map(|n| n.rect())
+            .expect("a field showing the value");
+        h.hover_at(field.center());
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.drag_at(field.center());
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.drop_at(field.center());
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        h.key_press_modifiers(egui::Modifiers::COMMAND, egui::Key::A);
+        h.event(egui::Event::Text(text.into()));
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.key_press(egui::Key::Tab);
+        h.run_steps(3);
+    }
+
+    /// #6388: Save for Web's Image Size has Width and Height linked in proportion, as in
+    /// Photoshop. A typed width sets the height, the file comes out at that size, and the
+    /// document itself is never resized.
+    #[test]
+    fn save_for_web_width_keeps_proportions_and_sizes_the_file() {
+        let (app, _) = app();
+        let (mut h, id) = web_size_dialog(app);
+        let revision = h.state().session.active().unwrap().revision;
+        type_into_field(&mut h, 120.0, "60");
+        let f = h.state().ui.dialogs[0].fields.clone();
+        assert_eq!((f["width"].as_f64(), f["height"].as_f64()), (Some(60.0), Some(40.0)), "{f:?}");
+        // Unlinked, the height changes alone; linked again, it follows the width.
+        {
+            use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
+            h.get_by_label("Constrain proportions").click();
+            h.run_steps(3);
+            type_into_field(&mut h, 40.0, "50");
+            let f = h.state().ui.dialogs[0].fields.clone();
+            assert_eq!((f["width"].as_f64(), f["height"].as_f64()), (Some(60.0), Some(50.0)), "{f:?}");
+            h.get_by_label("Constrain proportions").click();
+            h.run_steps(3);
+        }
+        let f = h.state().ui.dialogs[0].fields.clone();
+        assert_eq!((f["width"].as_f64(), f["height"].as_f64(), f.get("__constrain")), (Some(60.0), Some(40.0), Some(&json!(true))), "{f:?}");
+        let path = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("pc-webui-wh-{}.png", std::process::id())).to_string_lossy().into_owned();
+        h.state_mut().ui.dialog_mut(id).unwrap().fields.insert("path".into(), json!(path));
+        let r = crate::dialogs::confirm(h.state_mut(), id).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((r["width"].as_u64(), r["height"].as_u64()), (Some(60), Some(40)), "{r}");
+        let st = h.state().session.active().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((st.revision, st.doc.size), (revision, photocraft_doc::Size::new(120, 80)));
+    }
+
+    /// Reopened on another document, Save for Web starts at that document's full size again
+    /// (#1857) but keeps the resampling method, like the other encoding choices.
+    #[test]
+    fn save_for_web_reopens_at_full_size_with_the_resample_method() {
+        let (app, _) = app();
+        let (mut h, id) = web_size_dialog(app);
+        type_into_field(&mut h, 120.0, "60");
+        let path = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("pc-webui-reopen-{}.png", std::process::id())).to_string_lossy().into_owned();
+        let d = h.state_mut().ui.dialog_mut(id).unwrap();
+        d.fields.insert("resample".into(), json!("nearest"));
+        d.fields.insert("path".into(), json!(path));
+        crate::dialogs::confirm(h.state_mut(), id).unwrap();
+        h.state_mut().run("file.new", json!({"width": 240, "height": 160, "name": "next"})).unwrap();
+        let id = open_web(h.state_mut());
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        let f = h.state().ui.dialogs.iter().find(|d| d.id == id).unwrap().fields.clone();
+        assert_eq!(f["resample"], "nearest");
+        assert!(!f.contains_key("width") && !f.contains_key("height"), "{f:?}");
+        let p = web_preview::dimensions(&h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc, &params(&f)).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(p, (240.0, 160.0));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn save_for_web_downloads_images_and_html_through_the_platform_writer() {
         let (mut app, _) = app();
@@ -1420,7 +1758,7 @@ mod tests {
             )
         };
         let before = pane(&h);
-        let rects: Vec<egui::Rect> = h.ctx.data(|m| m.get_temp(egui::Id::new("pc-dialog-rects"))).unwrap();
+        let rects: Vec<egui::Rect> = h.ctx.data(|m| m.get_temp(egui::Id::unique("pc-dialog-rects"))).unwrap();
         let corner = rects[0].max - egui::vec2(14.0, 14.0);
         h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(corner));
         h.step();
@@ -1497,6 +1835,10 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(checked(&app, "view.lockSlices"), Some(false));
         crate::menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "view.lockSlices", json!({})).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(checked(&app, "view.lockSlices"), Some(true));
+        // Generator is opt-in (Preferences ▸ Plug-ins), as in Photoshop: the menu item is
+        // unavailable until it is enabled.
+        assert!(crate::menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "file.generate.imageAssets", json!({})).is_err());
+        app.run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "plugIns.generatorEnabled", "value": true})).unwrap();
         crate::menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "file.generate.imageAssets", json!({})).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(checked(&app, "file.generate.imageAssets"), Some(true));
         // Form dialogs open for the rest.
@@ -1527,6 +1869,20 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(params(f).get("__printers").is_none());
     }
 
+    /// An output path or a preview typed and confirmed in one frame doesn't take the driver's area.
+    #[test]
+    fn the_printable_area_goes_only_with_a_print_to_the_printer() {
+        let area = json!([0.0, 0.0, 842.29, 1191.14]);
+        let mut f = Map::new();
+        f.insert("printable".into(), area.clone());
+        assert_eq!(print_params(&f)["printable"], area);
+        f.insert("output".into(), json!("/tmp/out.pdf"));
+        assert!(print_params(&f).get("printable").is_none());
+        f.insert("output".into(), json!(""));
+        f.insert("dryRun".into(), json!(true));
+        assert!(print_params(&f).get("printable").is_none());
+    }
+
     /// #7410: File › Print opens with the settings of the last print, also those remembered from
     /// an earlier session (the preferences), before anything was printed in this one.
     #[test]
@@ -1673,6 +2029,28 @@ mod web_playback_tests {
         h
     }
 
+    /// #9174: Save for Web reopens on the preview tab chosen last, as Photoshop's does; 2-Up at
+    /// first, and for a remembered value it doesn't know.
+    #[test]
+    fn save_for_web_reopens_on_the_last_preview_tab() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 40, "height": 30})).unwrap();
+        let id = open_web(&mut app);
+        let fields = app.ui.dialog_mut(id).unwrap().fields.clone();
+        assert_eq!(fields["__view"], "2up");
+        let mut h = harness(app, fields);
+        use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
+        h.get_by_label("4-Up").click();
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().1["__view"], "4up");
+        let (mut app, _) = h.into_state();
+        let id = open_web(&mut app);
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.dialog_mut(id).unwrap().fields["__view"], "4up");
+        app.ui.web_view = Some("6up".into());
+        let id = open_web(&mut app);
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.dialog_mut(id).unwrap().fields["__view"], "2up");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn animated_save_for_web_offers_playback() {
         let mut app = animated_app(8);
@@ -1745,9 +2123,9 @@ mod web_playback_tests {
             h.state_mut().1.insert("__web_frame".into(), json!(frame));
             h.run_steps(2);
             for pane in 0usize..4 {
-                let proxy: (String, WebProxy) = h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp(egui::Id::new(("web-proxy", doc_id, pane)))).unwrap();
+                let proxy: (String, WebProxy) = h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp(egui::Id::unique(("web-proxy", doc_id, pane)))).unwrap();
                 assert!(proxy.1.0[0][frame] > 0.99, "pane {pane} must show frame {frame}");
-                let cache: WebCache = h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp(egui::Id::new(("web-pane", doc_id, pane)))).unwrap();
+                let cache: WebCache = h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp(egui::Id::unique(("web-pane", doc_id, pane)))).unwrap();
                 assert!(cache.0.contains(&format!("Some({frame})")));
             }
         }
@@ -1767,7 +2145,7 @@ mod web_playback_tests {
         h.state_mut().1.insert("colorTable".into(), expected_palette.clone());
         h.run_steps(2);
         assert_eq!(h.state().1["colorTable"], expected_palette);
-        let key = egui::Id::new(("web-pane", doc_id, 1usize)).with("indexed-source");
+        let key = egui::Id::unique(("web-pane", doc_id, 1usize)).with("indexed-source");
         let encoded = |ctx: &egui::Context| ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<(String, Arc<Optimized>)>(key)).unwrap().1;
         let first = encoded(&h.ctx);
         h.state_mut().1.insert("colorTableEdits".into(), json!({"0":"#ffff00"}));
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/file_ui/web_preview.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/file_ui/web_preview.rs
index b603584573..44399b7d52 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/file_ui/web_preview.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/file_ui/web_preview.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,12 @@ pub fn dimensions(doc: &photocraft_doc::Document, p: &Value) -> Result<(f64, f64
     Ok((w.round().max(1.0), h.round().max(1.0)))
 }
 
+/// The method a preview proxy is resampled with: the export's own when the proxy is at full
+/// size, so the preview, palette and size estimate show it; bilinear for a reduced proxy.
+pub fn proxy_resample(p: &Value, scale: f64) -> &str {
+    if scale >= 1.0 { p.get("resample").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("bicubic") } else { "bilinear" }
+}
+
 pub fn prepare_table(app: &PhotocraftApp, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) -> Result<(), String> {
     if !matches!(s(f, "format", "jpeg").as_str(), "gif" | "png8") {
         return Ok(());
@@ -55,7 +61,7 @@ pub fn prepare_table(app: &PhotocraftApp, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) -> Result<
             m.remove("percent");
             m.insert("width".into(), json!((w * scale).round().max(1.0)));
             m.insert("height".into(), json!((h * scale).round().max(1.0)));
-            m.insert("resample".into(), json!("bilinear"));
+            m.insert("resample".into(), json!(proxy_resample(&source, scale)));
         }
         let (doc, _, _) = web_cmds::web_document(&st.doc, &proxy, &settings).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
         f.insert("__paletteApproximate".into(), json!(scale < 1.0));
@@ -213,7 +219,7 @@ pub fn controls(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
             nav.zoom = Some((nav.zoom.unwrap_or(effective) * 1.25).min(32.0));
         }
         let mut percent = nav.zoom.unwrap_or(effective) * 100.0;
-        if ui.add(egui::DragValue::new(&mut percent).range(0.01..=3200.0).suffix("%").speed(10.0)).changed() {
+        if ui.add(egui::DragValue::new(&mut percent).range(0.01..=3200.0).suffix("%").speed(10.0)).accessible_name(tl!("Zoom")).changed() {
             nav.zoom = Some(percent / 100.0);
         }
         if ui.small_button(tl!("100%")).clicked() {
@@ -286,7 +292,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn palette_picker_reuses_indices_and_updates_preview_pixels() {
-        let key = egui::Id::new("test-web-preview");
+        let key = egui::Id::unique("test-web-preview");
         let p = json!({"format": "gif", "colorTable": ["#ff0000", "#0000ff"], "dither": "none"});
         let mut h = egui_kittest::Harness::builder().build_ui_state(
             move |ui, state: &mut (Value, Vec<u8>)| {
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/fill_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/fill_ui.rs
index faa917f039..7e2d3e17ed 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/fill_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/fill_ui.rs
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ pub fn body(app: &PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>)
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         label(ui, tl!("Contents:"));
         let opts: Vec<(String, &str)> = CONTENTS.iter().map(|(k, l)| (k.to_string(), *l)).collect();
-        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "fill-contents", &mut contents, &opts, 170.0) {
+        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "fill-contents", tl!("Contents:"), &mut contents, &opts, 170.0) {
             f.insert("contents".into(), json!(contents));
             // Choosing Color… opens the Color Picker, as in Photoshop.
             if contents == "color" {
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/filter_dialog.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/filter_dialog.rs
index 7880579b01..7f0ae8e998 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/filter_dialog.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/filter_dialog.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ use serde_json::{Map, Value, json};
 use crate::PhotocraftApp;
 use crate::theme::Tokens;
 
+mod zoom_center;
+
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub enum Kind {
     Range {
@@ -119,8 +121,8 @@ pub fn parse_spec(spec: &str) -> Vec<Param> {
             Kind::Grid(n)
         } else if let Some((range, default)) = v.split_once('=').map(|(a, b)| (a, b.trim())).or(Some((v, ""))) {
             if let Some((lo, hi)) = range.split_once("..") {
-                let min = lo.trim().parse().unwrap_or(0.0);
-                let max = hi.trim().parse().unwrap_or(100.0);
+                let min = leading_number(lo).unwrap_or(0.0);
+                let max = leading_number(hi).unwrap_or(100.0);
                 let default = default.parse().unwrap_or(min);
                 Kind::Range { min, max, default }
             } else {
@@ -134,6 +136,17 @@ pub fn parse_spec(spec: &str) -> Vec<Param> {
     out
 }
 
+/// The number a range bound starts with, ignoring a unit or marker after it: `5000 px?` → 5000,
+/// `1000 %` → 1000. A bound that is not a number at all is `None`.
+fn leading_number(bound: &str) -> Option<f32> {
+    let b = bound.trim();
+    if let Ok(v) = b.parse() {
+        return Some(v);
+    }
+    let end = b.find(|c: char| !(c.is_ascii_digit() || matches!(c, '.' | '-' | '+'))).unwrap_or(b.len());
+    b.get(..end)?.parse().ok()
+}
+
 /// The inside of the spec's leading `{…}` object. Notes after it, like `→ {…}` results or
 /// `(per-range [c,m,y,k] arrays: …)`, are documentation: read as parameters, their commas split
 /// off junk fields and glued the note onto the last parameter (Selective Color's `"reds":json`
@@ -251,6 +264,10 @@ pub fn preview_factor(command: &str, params: &Value, k: u32) -> u32 {
     if k <= 1 || full_resolution_preview(command, params) {
         return 1;
     }
+    // A plug-in's pixel lengths are the params its manifest marks `"unit": "px"` (#7524).
+    if command == photocraft_engine::plugin_cmds::RUN {
+        return photocraft_engine::plugin_cmds::preview_factor(params, k);
+    }
     let Some(spec) = photocraft_engine::commands::find(command) else { return k };
     let k = parse_spec(spec.params).into_iter().fold(k, |k, p| match p.kind {
         Kind::Range { min, .. } if min > 0.0 && is_pixel_param_of(command, &p.key) => match params.get(&p.key).and_then(Value::as_f64) {
@@ -775,6 +792,12 @@ pub fn body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
         crate::select_mask_view::controls(ui, f);
     }
     for p in parse_spec(&spec) {
+        if zoom_center::owns(&cmd, f) && matches!(p.key.as_str(), "centerX" | "centerY") {
+            if p.key == "centerX" {
+                zoom_center::row(ui, f);
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
         match p.kind {
             Kind::Range { min, max, default } => {
                 let mut v = f.get(&p.key).and_then(Value::as_f64).unwrap_or(default as f64) as f32;
@@ -806,9 +829,10 @@ pub fn body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
                         // Keep one numeric field for direct entry and one log-scaled slider for
                         // wide ranges. slider_row would add a second, linear slider (#146).
                         ui.horizontal(|ui| {
-                            ui.label(egui::RichText::new(label(&p.key)).color(t.text_dim));
+                            let name = label(&p.key);
+                            ui.label(egui::RichText::new(&name).color(t.text_dim));
                             ui.with_layout(egui::Layout::right_to_left(egui::Align::Center), |ui| {
-                                crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut v, min..=max, unit, 74.0);
+                                crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut v, min..=max, unit, 74.0).accessible_name(name);
                             });
                         });
                         let mut lv = v.clamp(min, max).ln();
@@ -868,7 +892,7 @@ pub fn body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
                     if lists_installed && !opts.iter().any(|(v, _)| *v == cur) {
                         opts.push((cur.clone(), stem.as_str()));
                     }
-                    crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("flt-{cmd}-{}", p.key), &mut cur, &opts, 170.0);
+                    crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("flt-{cmd}-{}", p.key), &label(&p.key), &mut cur, &opts, 170.0);
                     if let Some(i) = cur.strip_prefix("channel:").filter(|_| depth).and_then(|i| i.parse::<usize>().ok()) {
                         f.insert("depthChannel".into(), json!(i));
                         cur = "channel".into();
@@ -886,8 +910,12 @@ pub fn body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
             Kind::Text => {
                 let mut v = f.get(&p.key).and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or_default().to_string();
                 ui.horizontal(|ui| {
-                    ui.label(egui::RichText::new(label(&p.key)).color(t.text_dim));
-                    ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut v).desired_width(200.0));
+                    let lp = ui.label(egui::RichText::new(label(&p.key)).color(t.text_dim));
+                    ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut v).desired_width(200.0)).labelled_by(lp.id);
+                    // Install Plug-in…: pick the .wasm file instead of typing its path (#7531).
+                    if cmd == "plugin.install" && p.key == "path" && crate::widgets::secondary_button(ui, tl!("Browse…"), 0.0).clicked() {
+                        f.insert(crate::dialogs::BROWSE_FIELD.into(), json!(p.key));
+                    }
                 });
                 if v.is_empty() {
                     f.remove(&p.key);
@@ -904,7 +932,7 @@ pub fn body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
                 opts.extend(names.iter().enumerate().map(|(i, n)| (i.to_string(), n.as_str())));
                 ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                     ui.label(egui::RichText::new(label(&p.key)).color(t.text_dim));
-                    crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("flt-{cmd}-{}", p.key), &mut sel, &opts, 170.0);
+                    crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("flt-{cmd}-{}", p.key), &label(&p.key), &mut sel, &opts, 170.0);
                 });
                 match sel.parse::<i64>() {
                     Ok(i) if i >= 0 => f.insert(p.key, json!(i)),
@@ -919,7 +947,7 @@ pub fn body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
                 ui.label(egui::RichText::new(label(&p.key)).color(t.text_dim));
                 egui::Grid::new(format!("flt-grid-{cmd}-{}", p.key)).spacing([4.0, 4.0]).show(ui, |ui| {
                     for (i, v) in vals.iter_mut().enumerate() {
-                        crate::widgets::value_field(ui, v, -999.0..=999.0, "", 44.0);
+                        crate::widgets::value_field(ui, v, -999.0..=999.0, "", 44.0).accessible_name(format!("{} {}", label(&p.key), i + 1));
                         if (i + 1) % side == 0 {
                             ui.end_row();
                         }
@@ -964,7 +992,7 @@ pub fn body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
                 let mut v = f.get(&p.key).and_then(Value::as_f64).unwrap_or(default as f64) as f32;
                 ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                     ui.label(egui::RichText::new(label(&p.key)).color(t.text_dim));
-                    crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut v, -30000.0..=30000.0, "", 80.0);
+                    crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut v, -30000.0..=30000.0, "", 80.0).accessible_name(label(&p.key));
                     // A seed gets a fresh random value in one click (#5710): Clouds, Add Noise,
                     // Fibers… then render a new pattern, as each run of Photoshop's does.
                     if p.key == "seed" && ui.button(tl!("Random")).clicked() {
@@ -1167,7 +1195,12 @@ pub(crate) fn smart_preview_factor(doc: &Document, command: &str, params: &Value
 
 /// Scale the pixel-sized parameters of `command` down by the preview proxy factor `k`, keeping each above its minimum and negative lengths negative.
 fn scale_preview_params(command: &str, params: &mut Value, k: u32) {
-    if k > 1
+    if command == photocraft_engine::plugin_cmds::RUN {
+        // A plug-in declares its pixel lengths (`"unit": "px"` in its manifest), and only those
+        // are scaled: a 12 px shift previewed 4 times too wide at k = 4, and a unitless param that
+        // happens to be called `size` or `radius` must not be divided (#7524).
+        photocraft_engine::plugin_cmds::scale_for_preview(params, k);
+    } else if k > 1
         && let Some(o) = params.as_object_mut()
     {
         let spec = photocraft_engine::commands::find(command).map(|c| parse_spec(c.params)).unwrap_or_default();
@@ -1286,6 +1319,28 @@ impl FilterPreviewKey {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    #[test]
+    fn a_unit_after_a_range_bound_does_not_reset_the_range_to_its_fallback() {
+        // #7598: `0.5..5000 px?` fell back to a maximum of 100, so the Mixer Brush's Size slider
+        // (and every range documented with a px or % suffix) topped out at 100.
+        let range = |spec: &str| match parse_spec(spec).into_iter().next().map(|p| p.kind) {
+            Some(Kind::Range { min, max, default }) => (min, max, default),
+            other => panic!("{spec}: {other:?}"),
+        };
+        assert_eq!(range(r#"{"size":0.5..5000 px?}"#), (0.5, 5000.0, 0.5));
+        assert_eq!(range(r#"{"scale":1..1000 %=100}"#), (1.0, 1000.0, 100.0));
+        assert_eq!(range(r#"{"tolerance":0.5..10 px=2}"#), (0.5, 10.0, 2.0));
+        assert_eq!(range(r#"{"angle":-180..180}"#), (-180.0, 180.0, -180.0));
+        assert_eq!(range(r#"{"radius":0.1..1000=1}"#), (0.1, 1000.0, 1.0));
+        assert_eq!(range(r#"{"gain":1e-3..2e2}"#), (0.001, 200.0, 0.001));
+        // A bound that is no number at all still takes the old fallback rather than failing.
+        assert_eq!(range(r#"{"x":0..many}"#), (0.0, 100.0, 0.0));
+        // The documented specs of the real commands read their full ranges.
+        let spec = photocraft_engine::commands::find("paint.pencil").expect("paint.pencil is registered");
+        let size = parse_spec(spec.params).into_iter().find(|p| p.key == "size");
+        assert!(matches!(size.map(|p| p.kind), Some(Kind::Range { max, .. }) if max == 5000.0));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn color_settings_working_spaces_list_installed_profiles_of_their_space() {
         // #6323: a press condition installed in the system can be the CMYK working space, as in
@@ -1342,14 +1397,10 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(source_label("centerX"), "Center X");
     }
 
-    /// Convert to Profile's and Proof Setup's `bpc` read "Bpc": spelled out, and translated.
+    /// Convert to Profile's and Proof Setup's `bpc` read "Bpc": spelled out.
     #[test]
     fn black_point_compensation_is_spelled_out() {
         assert_eq!(source_label("bpc"), "Black Point Compensation");
-        // English is the source: it has no catalog.
-        for lang in crate::i18n::Lang::all().filter(|l| l.code() != "en") {
-            assert!(crate::i18n::has(lang, "Black Point Compensation"), "{lang:?}");
-        }
     }
 
     fn key() -> FilterPreviewKey {
@@ -1801,99 +1852,14 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(!has_dialog("filter.stylize.findEdges"));
     }
 
-    /// Generated filter and adjustment labels (param names, symbolic choices) and gallery
-    /// names that `lang` has no catalog row for.
-    fn missing_generated_filter_labels(lang: crate::i18n::Lang) -> std::collections::BTreeSet<String> {
-        let mut missing = std::collections::BTreeSet::new();
-        let mut check = |s: String| {
-            if !matches!(s.as_str(), "X" | "Y" | "A" | "B") && !crate::i18n::has(lang, &s) {
-                missing.insert(s);
-            }
-        };
-        for c in photocraft_engine::command_specs().iter().filter(|c| c.id.starts_with("filter.") || c.id.starts_with("image.adjustments.")) {
-            for p in parse_spec(c.params) {
-                if !p.key.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_alphanumeric()) || matches!(p.kind, Kind::Json) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                check(source_label(&p.key));
-                if let Kind::Choice { options, .. } = &p.kind {
-                    for choice in options {
-                        // Only symbolic options are UI choices; registry docs also contain
-                        // colour syntax and array notation, which are not translatable names.
-                        if choice.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_alphanumeric()) {
-                            check(source_label(choice));
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        for f in photocraft_algo::GalleryFilter::ALL {
-            check(f.name().to_string());
-        }
-        for cat in photocraft_algo::GALLERY_CATEGORIES {
-            check(cat.to_string());
-        }
-        missing
-    }
-
+    /// Select and Mask's Output To lists all six output targets.
     #[test]
-    fn korean_covers_generated_filter_options_and_gallery_names() {
-        let missing = missing_generated_filter_labels(crate::i18n::lang_from_tag("ko-KR").unwrap());
-        assert!(missing.is_empty(), "missing Korean dynamic labels: {missing:#?}");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn italian_covers_generated_filter_options_and_gallery_names() {
-        let missing = missing_generated_filter_labels(crate::i18n::lang_from_tag("it-IT").unwrap());
-        assert!(missing.is_empty(), "missing Italian dynamic labels: {missing:#?}");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn spanish_covers_generated_filter_options_and_gallery_names() {
-        let missing = missing_generated_filter_labels(crate::i18n::lang_from_tag("es-ES").unwrap());
-        assert!(missing.is_empty(), "missing Spanish dynamic labels: {missing:#?}");
-    }
-
-    /// The Select menu's generated dialogs (Select and Mask, Modify ▸ …) show their
-    /// params, choices and title in every UI language, not just Korean.
-    #[test]
-    fn select_dialogs_are_translated_in_every_language() {
-        let mut missing = std::collections::BTreeMap::<&str, std::collections::BTreeSet<String>>::new();
-        for lang in crate::i18n::Lang::all().filter(|l| l.code() != "en") {
-            let mut check = |s: String| {
-                if !crate::i18n::has(lang, &s) {
-                    missing.entry(lang.code()).or_default().insert(s);
-                }
-            };
-            for c in photocraft_engine::command_specs().iter().filter(|c| c.id.starts_with("select.") && has_dialog(c.id)) {
-                let title = c.label.trim_end_matches('…');
-                if !crate::i18n::has(lang, title) {
-                    check(format!("{title}…"));
-                }
-                for p in parse_spec(c.params) {
-                    check(source_label(&p.key));
-                    if let Kind::Choice { options: choices, .. } = p.kind {
-                        choices.iter().for_each(|choice| check(source_label(choice)));
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        assert!(missing.is_empty(), "untranslated Select dialog labels: {missing:#?}");
-    }
-
-    /// Select and Mask's Output To lists all six of Photoshop's targets, each translated.
-    #[test]
-    fn select_and_mask_output_choices_are_translated() {
+    fn select_and_mask_output_lists_all_six_targets() {
         let spec = photocraft_engine::commands::find("select.refineEdge").unwrap().params;
         let p = parse_spec(spec).into_iter().find(|p| p.key == "output").unwrap();
         let Kind::Choice { options: choices, .. } = p.kind else { panic!("output is not a choice") };
         let labels: Vec<String> = choices.iter().map(|c| source_label(c)).collect();
         assert_eq!(labels, ["Selection", "Layer Mask", "New Layer", "New Layer With Mask", "New Document", "New Document With Mask"]);
-        for lang in crate::i18n::Lang::all().filter(|l| l.code() != "en") {
-            for label in &labels {
-                assert!(crate::i18n::has(lang, label), "{}: untranslated {label}", lang.code());
-            }
-        }
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -2387,12 +2353,24 @@ mod tests {
             _ => panic!("a smart object"),
         };
         let k = 4;
-        let shown = preview_document(&doc, Some(layer), "image.adjustments.curves", &json!({"points": [[0, 20], [90, 150], [255, 230]]}), k).unwrap();
+        let params = json!({"points": [[0, 20], [90, 150], [255, 230]]});
+        let shown = preview_document(&doc, Some(layer), "image.adjustments.curves", &params, k).unwrap();
+        let full = preview_document(&doc, Some(layer), "image.adjustments.curves", &params, 1).unwrap();
+        let photocraft_doc::LayerContent::Smart(full_sm) = &full.layer(layer).unwrap().content else { panic!("a smart object") };
+        let reference = photocraft_algo::resample::resize_surface(full_sm.cache.as_ref().unwrap(), 0.25, 0.25, photocraft_algo::resample::Resample::Bicubic);
         let photocraft_doc::LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &shown.layer(layer).unwrap().content else { panic!("a smart object") };
         assert_eq!(sm.smart_filters.len(), 1, "the preview adds the Curves smart filter");
         assert_eq!(shown.size, crate::proxy::proxy_document(&doc, k).size);
         // The 16 px square at (16, 16) is a 4 px square at (4, 4) on the proxy, not 16 px at (16, 16).
-        // Its corners are partly covered by the smart object's resampling (220/255), its inside fully.
+        // Bicubic reduction blends the square's boundary with transparency; compare all alpha
+        // values with a reduced full-size result, and require opacity only in the interior.
+        for y in 0..shown.size.height as i32 {
+            for x in 0..shown.size.width as i32 {
+                let expected = reference.pixel(x, y).last().copied().unwrap();
+                let actual = alpha(&shown, x, y);
+                assert!((actual - expected).abs() <= 1.0 / 255.0, "({x}, {y}): alpha {actual}, expected {expected}");
+            }
+        }
         for (x, y) in [(5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 6)] {
             assert!(alpha(&shown, x, y) > 0.99, "({x}, {y}) is inside the reduced square");
         }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/filter_dialog/zoom_center.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/filter_dialog/zoom_center.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..963b7c16b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/filter_dialog/zoom_center.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+//! Radial Blur's Zoom centre: a schematic of the streaks beside the two coordinate sliders.
+//! The diagram and sliders edit the same dialog fields used by preview, OK and automation.
+
+use egui::{Rect, Response, Sense, Stroke, Ui, Vec2, pos2, vec2};
+use serde_json::{Map, Value, json};
+
+use crate::theme::Tokens;
+
+pub(super) fn owns(command: &str, fields: &Map<String, Value>) -> bool {
+    command == "filter.blur.radialBlur" && fields.get("method").and_then(Value::as_str) == Some("zoom")
+}
+
+fn number(fields: &Map<String, Value>, key: &str, default: f64, min: f64, max: f64) -> f32 {
+    fields.get(key).and_then(Value::as_f64).filter(|n| n.is_finite()).unwrap_or(default).clamp(min, max) as f32
+}
+
+fn rounded(value: f32) -> f32 {
+    (value.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 100.0).round() / 100.0
+}
+
+pub(super) fn row(ui: &mut Ui, fields: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
+    let mut center = vec2(number(fields, "centerX", 0.5, 0.0, 1.0), number(fields, "centerY", 0.5, 0.0, 1.0));
+    let amount = number(fields, "amount", 10.0, 1.0, 100.0);
+    ui.horizontal(|ui| {
+        let (rect, mut response) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(112.0, 112.0), Sense::click_and_drag());
+        // Leave room for the centre marker at 0 and 1, including all four corners.
+        let plot = rect.shrink(4.0);
+        interact(ui, &mut response, plot, &mut center);
+        ui.add_space(4.0);
+        ui.vertical(|ui| {
+            ui.set_width(ui.available_width());
+            for (key, value) in [("centerX", &mut center.x), ("centerY", &mut center.y)] {
+                let label = super::label(key);
+                let gestures = crate::widgets::RowGestures { reset: Some(0.5), wheel_step: None, ..Default::default() };
+                let slider = crate::widgets::slider_row_with(ui, &label, value, 0.0..=1.0, "", None, gestures);
+                *value = rounded(*value);
+                slider.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::slider(ui.is_enabled(), f64::from(*value), &label));
+            }
+        });
+        // Paint after both sliders so their edits move the marker in this very frame.
+        paint(ui, rect, plot, center, amount, response.has_focus());
+        response.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Slider, ui.is_enabled(), tl!("Center")));
+        response.on_hover_cursor(egui::CursorIcon::Crosshair);
+    });
+    for (key, value) in [("centerX", center.x), ("centerY", center.y)] {
+        fields.insert(key.into(), json!((f64::from(value) * 100.0).round() / 100.0));
+    }
+}
+
+fn interact(ui: &Ui, response: &mut Response, plot: Rect, center: &mut Vec2) {
+    ui.memory_mut(|m| m.set_focus_lock_filter(response.id, egui::EventFilter { horizontal_arrows: true, vertical_arrows: true, ..Default::default() }));
+    let primary = egui::PointerButton::Primary;
+    if (response.clicked_by(primary) || response.dragged_by(primary) || (response.is_pointer_button_down_on() && ui.input(|i| i.pointer.primary_down())))
+        && let Some(p) = response.interact_pointer_pos().filter(|p| p.x.is_finite() && p.y.is_finite())
+    {
+        *center = vec2(rounded((p.x - plot.left()) / plot.width()), rounded((p.y - plot.top()) / plot.height()));
+        response.request_focus();
+        response.mark_changed();
+    }
+    if response.has_focus() {
+        let step = ui.input(|i| {
+            vec2(
+                i.num_presses(egui::Key::ArrowRight) as f32 - i.num_presses(egui::Key::ArrowLeft) as f32,
+                i.num_presses(egui::Key::ArrowDown) as f32 - i.num_presses(egui::Key::ArrowUp) as f32,
+            )
+        });
+        if step != Vec2::ZERO {
+            *center = vec2(rounded(center.x + step.x * 0.01), rounded(center.y + step.y * 0.01));
+            response.mark_changed();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn paint(ui: &Ui, rect: Rect, plot: Rect, center: Vec2, amount: f32, focused: bool) {
+    if !ui.is_rect_visible(rect) {
+        return;
+    }
+    let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
+    ui.painter().rect_filled(rect, t.radius_sm, t.field);
+    let painter = ui.painter_at(rect.shrink(1.0));
+    let origin = plot.min + center * plot.size();
+    // A regular grid of points stretches away from the origin. The Zoom kernel samples
+    // inward by amount/200, so a source point's outermost image is at 1/(1 - amount/200).
+    // This small fixed diagram never filters or reads the document's pixels.
+    let stretch = 1.0 / (1.0 - amount / 200.0);
+    for y in 0..9 {
+        for x in 0..9 {
+            let point = plot.min + vec2((x as f32 + 0.5) / 9.0, (y as f32 + 0.5) / 9.0) * plot.size();
+            let end = origin + (point - origin) * stretch;
+            for step in 0..4 {
+                let from = point.lerp(end, step as f32 / 4.0);
+                let to = point.lerp(end, (step + 1) as f32 / 4.0);
+                painter.line_segment([from, to], Stroke::new(1.0, t.text_dim.gamma_multiply(1.0 - step as f32 / 5.0)));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    painter.line_segment([pos2(plot.left(), origin.y), pos2(plot.right(), origin.y)], Stroke::new(1.0, t.field_border));
+    painter.line_segment([pos2(origin.x, plot.top()), pos2(origin.x, plot.bottom())], Stroke::new(1.0, t.field_border));
+    painter.circle(origin, 3.0, t.field, Stroke::new(1.5, t.accent));
+    ui.painter().rect_stroke(rect, t.radius_sm, Stroke::new(1.0, if focused { t.accent } else { t.field_border }), egui::StrokeKind::Inside);
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/filter_preview_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/filter_preview_ui.rs
index b068f3339d..f83a260b0d 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/filter_preview_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/filter_preview_ui.rs
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ pub(crate) fn window(app: &PhotocraftApp, dialog: u64, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mu
     });
 
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
-    let cache_id = egui::Id::new(("filter-preview-ui", dialog));
+    let cache_id = egui::Id::unique(("filter-preview-ui", dialog));
     let mut cache: Cache = ui.ctx().data_mut(|d| std::mem::take(d.get_temp_mut_or_default::<Cache>(cache_id)));
     // Channel visibility and the active mask can change without a document revision. Both the
     // original (press-and-hold) and filtered textures must follow the canvas's current view.
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ fn upload(ctx: &egui::Context, app: &PhotocraftApp, name: &str, doc: &Document)
     let (width, height) = (doc.size.width.div_ceil(factor), doc.size.height.div_ceil(factor));
     if let Some(st) = app.session.active()
         && let Some(pixels) =
-            crate::channel_view::render(doc, &st.channel_view, doc.bounds(), factor, app.session.prefs().interface.show_channels_in_color, st.active_layer)
+            crate::channel_view::render(doc, &st.channel_view, doc.bounds(), factor, crate::channel_view::Look::of(&app.session), st.active_layer)
     {
         let image = egui::ColorImage::new([width as usize, height as usize], pixels);
         return ctx.load_texture(name, image, egui::TextureOptions::LINEAR);
@@ -342,7 +342,9 @@ mod tests {
                 let egui::ImageData::Color(image) = &delta.set.get(&texture.id()).unwrap()[0].image;
                 let pixels = image.pixels.clone();
                 delta.clear();
-                let expected = crate::channel_view::render(&preview, &st.channel_view, preview.bounds(), 1, false, st.active_layer).unwrap();
+                let expected =
+                    crate::channel_view::render(&preview, &st.channel_view, preview.bounds(), 1, crate::channel_view::Look::default(), st.active_layer)
+                        .unwrap();
                 assert_eq!(pixels, expected, "depth {depth}, factor {k}");
                 assert_ne!(pixels[0], pixels[pixels.len() - 1], "the alpha edge is visible, not the white RGB layer");
                 assert!(pixels.iter().any(|p| p.r() > 0 && p.r() < 255), "the blurred edge is visible");
@@ -362,7 +364,7 @@ mod tests {
         let id = crate::filter_dialog::open(&mut app, "filter.blur.gaussianBlur").unwrap();
         let mut fields = app.ui.dialogs.last().unwrap().fields.clone();
         let ctx = egui::Context::default();
-        let cache_id = egui::Id::new(("filter-preview-ui", id));
+        let cache_id = egui::Id::unique(("filter-preview-ui", id));
         ctx.run_ui(Default::default(), |ui| window(&app, id, ui, &mut fields)).textures_delta.clear();
         let before = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<Cache>(cache_id).unwrap().original.unwrap().tex.id());
         app.session.active_mut().unwrap().channel_view.target = ChannelTarget::Alpha(1);
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/font_preview.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/font_preview.rs
index 678da4191c..58b1b20b15 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/font_preview.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/font_preview.rs
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ fn key(ctx: &egui::Context, family: &str, size: f32) -> Key {
 pub(crate) fn slot_width(ctx: &egui::Context, family: &str, size: f32) -> f32 {
     let key = key(ctx, family, size);
     let arabic = ctx.data_mut(|d| {
-        let cache = d.get_temp_mut_or_default::<Cache>(egui::Id::new(CACHE_ID));
+        let cache = d.get_temp_mut_or_default::<Cache>(egui::Id::unique(CACHE_ID));
         cache.0.iter().any(|(k, samples)| k == &key && samples.as_ref().is_some_and(|s| s.arabic.is_some()))
     });
     if arabic { scaled(WIDTH, size) + GAP + scaled(ARABIC_WIDTH, size) } else { scaled(WIDTH, size) }
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ pub(crate) fn paint(ui: &egui::Ui, family: &str, row: Rect, size: f32) {
     let ctx = ui.ctx();
     let scale = ctx.pixels_per_point().ceil().clamp(1.0, 4.0) as u32;
     let key = key(ctx, family, size);
-    let id = egui::Id::new(CACHE_ID);
+    let id = egui::Id::unique(CACHE_ID);
     let cached = ctx.data_mut(|d| {
         let cache = d.get_temp_mut_or_default::<Cache>(id);
         let index = cache.0.iter().position(|(k, _)| k == &key)?;
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/gallery_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/gallery_ui.rs
index 89eac953e9..aade41f2e9 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/gallery_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/gallery_ui.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
 
 use egui::{Align2, Color32, FontId, Rect as ERect, Sense, Stroke, TextureHandle, pos2, vec2};
 use photocraft_algo::{FilterParams, GALLERY_CATEGORIES, GalleryFilter};
-use photocraft_doc::LayerId;
+use photocraft_doc::{DocId, LayerId};
 use photocraft_geom::Rect;
 use photocraft_raster::{Interrupt, Surface};
 use serde_json::{Map, Value, json};
@@ -66,6 +66,8 @@ fn default_params(f: GalleryFilter) -> Map<String, Value> {
 }
 
 pub struct GalleryDialog {
+    /// Document this dialog belongs to (#5115).
+    pub document: DocId,
     pub layer: LayerId,
     layer_name: String,
     canvas: Rect,
@@ -78,6 +80,8 @@ pub struct GalleryDialog {
     background: [f32; 4],
     /// Screen px per document px (0 = fit) and the view centre (document px).
     pub zoom: f32,
+    /// The zoom Fit in View showed last (1 before the first frame).
+    fit: f32,
     center: [f32; 2],
     tex: Option<TextureHandle>,
     /// The key of the preview in `tex` and the document rect it covers.
@@ -100,6 +104,7 @@ pub struct GalleryDialog {
 impl GalleryDialog {
     pub fn describe(&self) -> Value {
         json!({
+            "document": self.document.0,
             "layer": self.layer.0,
             "effects": self.effects.iter().map(EffectLayer::to_json).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
             "selected": self.selected,
@@ -351,6 +356,7 @@ fn open_on(
     let open_cats = std::array::from_fn(|i| effects[sel].filter.category() == GALLERY_CATEGORIES[i]);
     let history = EditHistory::new(&effects);
     app.distort.gallery = Some(GalleryDialog {
+        document: st.doc.id,
         layer,
         layer_name,
         canvas,
@@ -361,6 +367,7 @@ fn open_on(
         foreground: colours[0],
         background: colours[1],
         zoom: 0.0,
+        fit: 1.0,
         center: [(canvas.x0 + canvas.x1) as f32 / 2.0, (canvas.y0 + canvas.y1) as f32 / 2.0],
         tex: None,
         shown: None,
@@ -433,9 +440,9 @@ pub fn control(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &Value) -> Result<Value, String> {
     d.history.settle(&d.effects, false);
     match ui.get("zoom") {
         Some(Value::String(s)) if s == "fit" => d.zoom = 0.0,
-        // The gallery's own preview zoom, not the canvas (`zoom_levels` doesn't apply): its − / +
-        // buttons and menu stop at 400 %, an agent may set up to 3200 %.
-        Some(v) if v.is_number() => d.zoom = (v.as_f64().unwrap_or(1.0) as f32).clamp(0.01, 32.0),
+        // The gallery's own preview zoom, not the canvas: its menu stops at 400 %, the − / +
+        // buttons, ⌘+ and an agent go up to 3200 %.
+        Some(v) if v.is_number() => d.zoom = (v.as_f64().unwrap_or(1.0) as f32).clamp(ZOOM_MIN, ZOOM_MAX),
         _ => {}
     }
     Ok(d.describe())
@@ -458,12 +465,39 @@ impl Drop for PreviewJob {
     }
 }
 
+/// The preview's zoom range (1 = 100 %), as Liquify's.
+const ZOOM_MIN: f32 = 0.01;
+const ZOOM_MAX: f32 = 32.0;
+
+/// Zoom In (`dir` > 0) or Zoom Out along the canvas's ladder, as Liquify's preview does (#7210),
+/// from the zoom on screen: Fit in View steps from the zoom it fits at, so zooming in from a
+/// large image's Fit never shrinks it, and zooming out from a Fit below [`ZOOM_MIN`] stays at Fit.
+fn step_zoom(d: &GalleryDialog, dir: i32) -> f32 {
+    let on_screen = if d.zoom > 0.0 { d.zoom } else { d.fit };
+    let next = crate::zoom_levels::step_in_range(on_screen, dir, ZOOM_MIN, ZOOM_MAX);
+    if d.zoom <= 0.0 && dir < 0 && next >= d.fit { 0.0 } else { next }
+}
+
+/// ⌘+ / ⌘− / ⌘0 / ⌘1 (or their overrides) zoom the preview like its − / + buttons, Fit in View
+/// and 100 %, not the canvas behind the dialog.
+pub fn keys(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
+    let nav = if app.distort.gallery.is_some() { crate::shortcuts::nav_shortcut(app, ctx) } else { None };
+    let (Some(d), Some(id)) = (app.distort.gallery.as_mut(), nav) else { return };
+    d.zoom = match id {
+        "view.zoomIn" => step_zoom(d, 1),
+        "view.zoomOut" => step_zoom(d, -1),
+        "view.fitOnScreen" => 0.0,
+        _ => 1.0,
+    };
+}
+
 /// The preview's zoom (screen px per document px), the visible document rect and the factor the
 /// texture is reduced by. Fit in View also recentres the view.
 fn view(d: &mut GalleryDialog, area: ERect) -> (f32, Rect, u32) {
     let (cw, ch) = (d.canvas.width().max(1) as f32, d.canvas.height().max(1) as f32);
     let zoom = if d.zoom > 0.0 { d.zoom } else { ((area.width() - 24.0) / cw).min((area.height() - 24.0) / ch).clamp(0.005, 1.0) };
     if d.zoom <= 0.0 {
+        d.fit = zoom;
         d.center = [d.canvas.x0 as f32 + cw / 2.0, d.canvas.y0 as f32 + ch / 2.0];
     }
     let (hw, hh) = (area.width() / zoom / 2.0, area.height() / zoom / 2.0);
@@ -604,7 +638,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
     let screen = ctx.content_rect();
     let mut action: Option<&str> = None;
     let background = app.background_jobs;
-    egui::Area::new(egui::Id::new("gallery-dialog")).order(egui::Order::Foreground).fixed_pos(screen.min).show(ctx, |ui| {
+    egui::Area::new(egui::Id::unique("gallery-dialog")).order(egui::Order::Foreground).fixed_pos(screen.min).show(ctx, |ui| {
         let Some(d) = app.distort.gallery.as_mut() else { return };
         d.history.settle(&d.effects, ctx.input(|i| i.pointer.any_down()));
         let (full, _) = ui.allocate_exact_size(screen.size(), Sense::hover());
@@ -631,7 +665,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
             clip.image(tex.id(), r, ERect::from_min_max(pos2(0.0, 0.0), pos2(1.0, 1.0)), Color32::WHITE);
             clip.rect_stroke(r, 0.0, Stroke::new(1.0, t.separator), egui::StrokeKind::Outside);
         }
-        let resp = ui.interact(area, egui::Id::new("gallery-preview"), Sense::drag());
+        let resp = ui.interact(area, egui::Id::unique("gallery-preview"), Sense::drag());
         if resp.dragged() && d.zoom > 0.0 {
             let dl = resp.drag_delta() / d.zoom;
             d.center = [d.center[0] - dl.x, d.center[1] - dl.y];
@@ -639,17 +673,22 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
         // ---- Zoom bar ----
         painter.rect_filled(zoom_bar, 0.0, t.dock);
         let mut zb = ui.new_child(egui::UiBuilder::new().max_rect(zoom_bar.shrink2(vec2(10.0, 3.0))).layout(egui::Layout::left_to_right(egui::Align::Center)));
-        let steps = [0.0f32, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0];
         if crate::icons::button(&mut zb, "minus", 22.0, false, tl!("Zoom out")).clicked() {
-            d.zoom = steps.iter().rev().copied().find(|&s| s > 0.0 && s < d.zoom.max(0.0) - 1e-3).unwrap_or(0.0);
+            d.zoom = step_zoom(d, -1);
         }
         if crate::icons::button(&mut zb, "plus", 22.0, false, tl!("Zoom in")).clicked() {
-            d.zoom = steps.iter().copied().find(|&s| s > d.zoom + 1e-3).unwrap_or(4.0);
+            d.zoom = step_zoom(d, 1);
         }
         let mut z = d.zoom;
-        let opts: Vec<(f32, &str)> =
+        let mut opts: Vec<(f32, &str)> =
             vec![(0.0, tl!("Fit in View")), (0.125, "12.5%"), (0.25, "25%"), (0.5, "50%"), (1.0, "100%"), (2.0, "200%"), (4.0, "400%")];
-        if widgets::dropdown(&mut zb, "gallery-zoom", &mut z, &opts, 110.0) {
+        // A zoom off the menu (stepped to 300 %, say) shows as itself, not as "—".
+        let off_menu = format!("{:.0}%", z * 100.0);
+        if !opts.iter().any(|(v, _)| *v == z) {
+            let at = opts.iter().position(|(v, _)| *v > z).unwrap_or(opts.len());
+            opts.insert(at, (z, &off_menu));
+        }
+        if widgets::dropdown(&mut zb, "gallery-zoom", tl!("Zoom"), &mut z, &opts, 110.0) {
             d.zoom = z;
         }
         if let Some(p) = d.rendering() {
@@ -734,7 +773,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
         ru.add_space(4.0);
         let mut cur = d.effects[d.selected].filter;
         let names: Vec<(GalleryFilter, &str)> = GalleryFilter::ALL.iter().map(|f| (*f, f.name())).collect();
-        if widgets::dropdown(&mut ru, "gallery-filter", &mut cur, &names, inner.width() - 8.0) {
+        if widgets::dropdown(&mut ru, "gallery-filter", tl!("Filter"), &mut cur, &names, inner.width() - 8.0) {
             d.set_filter(cur);
         }
         widgets::hairline(&mut ru);
@@ -758,7 +797,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
                         let opts: Vec<(String, &str)> = options.iter().cloned().zip(labels.iter().map(String::as_str)).collect();
                         ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                             ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!(&label)).color(t.text_dim));
-                            widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("gallery-{}", p.key), &mut c, &opts, 140.0);
+                            widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("gallery-{}", p.key), tl!(&label), &mut c, &opts, 140.0);
                         });
                         e.params.insert(p.key, json!(c));
                     }
@@ -875,6 +914,67 @@ mod tests {
         app
     }
 
+    /// ⌘+ / ⌘− step the preview along the canvas's zoom ladder as Liquify's do, from the zoom Fit
+    /// in View shows; ⌘0 fits it and ⌘1 is 100 %, through the canvas's own shortcuts; the canvas
+    /// behind keeps its zoom.
+    #[test]
+    fn zoom_shortcuts_zoom_the_preview_not_the_canvas() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::ALL[0]);
+        // Large enough that Fit in View is well under 100 % in a 1000 × 700 window.
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+        app.session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 3000, "height": 2000})).unwrap();
+        app.sync_views();
+        open(&mut app).unwrap();
+        let canvas_zoom = app.ui.views.first().map(|v| v.zoom);
+        let mut run = |key: Option<egui::Key>| {
+            let events = key
+                .map(|key| egui::Event::Key { key, physical_key: None, pressed: true, repeat: false, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::COMMAND })
+                .into_iter()
+                .collect();
+            let screen = ERect::from_min_size(pos2(0.0, 0.0), vec2(1000.0, 700.0));
+            let raw = egui::RawInput { screen_rect: Some(screen), events, ..Default::default() };
+            let mut out = ctx.run_ui(raw, |ui| {
+                crate::shortcuts::handle(&mut app, ui.ctx());
+                show(&mut app, ui.ctx());
+            });
+            out.textures_delta.clear();
+            let d = app.distort.gallery.as_ref().unwrap();
+            (d.zoom, d.fit)
+        };
+        let (zoom, fit) = run(None);
+        assert_eq!(zoom, 0.0, "opens at Fit in View");
+        assert!(fit > 0.0 && fit < 0.5, "fits a 3000 px image well under 100 %: {fit}");
+        let step = |z, dir| crate::zoom_levels::step_in_range(z, dir, ZOOM_MIN, ZOOM_MAX);
+        let (zoom, _) = run(Some(egui::Key::Equals));
+        assert_eq!(zoom, step(fit, 1), "⌘= steps up from the fitted zoom, not from the menu's first entry");
+        assert!(zoom > fit);
+        assert_eq!(run(Some(egui::Key::Plus)).0, step(step(fit, 1), 1), "⌘+ typed as Plus too");
+        assert_eq!(run(Some(egui::Key::Num0)).0, 0.0, "Fit in View");
+        assert!(run(Some(egui::Key::Minus)).0 < fit, "⌘− steps down from the fitted zoom");
+        assert_eq!(run(Some(egui::Key::Num1)).0, 1.0);
+        assert_eq!(run(Some(egui::Key::Equals)).0, 2.0);
+        assert_eq!(run(Some(egui::Key::Equals)).0, 3.0, "past the menu's steps, on the canvas's ladder");
+        assert_eq!(run(Some(egui::Key::Minus)).0, 2.0);
+        assert!(app.distort.gallery.is_some(), "the dialog stays open");
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.views.first().map(|v| v.zoom), canvas_zoom, "the canvas behind keeps its zoom");
+    }
+
+    /// A huge image can fit below the 1 % minimum: Zoom Out keeps Fit in View rather than
+    /// enlarging it to 1 %, and Zoom In still steps up from there.
+    #[test]
+    fn zoom_out_from_a_fit_below_the_minimum_stays_at_fit() {
+        let mut app = app();
+        open(&mut app).unwrap();
+        let d = app.distort.gallery.as_mut().unwrap();
+        d.zoom = 0.0;
+        d.fit = 0.005;
+        assert_eq!(step_zoom(d, -1), 0.0, "no smaller zoom than Fit: stays at Fit in View");
+        assert!(step_zoom(d, 1) > d.fit);
+        d.fit = 0.05;
+        assert!(step_zoom(d, -1) > 0.0 && step_zoom(d, -1) < 0.05, "a Fit above the minimum still steps down");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn stack_editing_and_commit_match_the_engine() {
         let ctx = egui::Context::default();
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/gpu_canvas.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/gpu_canvas.rs
index e456b4a753..5af1f71cef 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/gpu_canvas.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/gpu_canvas.rs
@@ -120,6 +120,9 @@ pub struct GpuCanvas {
     /// [`canvas_budget`], shared with the paint callback's resources: [`GpuCanvas::format_for`]
     /// reads it while the renderer is locked.
     canvas_budget: std::sync::Arc<std::sync::atomic::AtomicU64>,
+    /// Camera Raw's preview pass, built the first time the dialog asks (#6419).
+    camera_raw: crate::camera_raw_gpu::Slot,
+    camera_raw_started: std::sync::Arc<std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool>,
 }
 
 /// Whether `regenerate_mips` builds each level in a scratch texture and copies it back: on
@@ -177,7 +180,7 @@ impl GpuCanvas {
             rs.target_format,
             vram.map_or_else(|| "unknown".to_owned(), |b| format!("{} MB", b >> 20))
         );
-        Self { rs: rs.clone(), tile, high, health, vram, canvas_budget: budget }
+        Self { rs: rs.clone(), tile, high, health, vram, canvas_budget: budget, camera_raw: Default::default(), camera_raw_started: Default::default() }
     }
 
     /// The device's health flag (shared with the wgpu compositor and the paint callback).
@@ -185,6 +188,42 @@ impl GpuCanvas {
         &self.health
     }
 
+    /// Camera Raw's GPU preview develop on this device; the first call starts building its
+    /// pipeline. `None` on a software adapter, without `Rgba32Float` render targets, after a
+    /// fault, or when the driver couldn't build the pipeline; the dialog then develops on the CPU.
+    pub(crate) fn camera_raw(&self) -> Option<crate::camera_raw_gpu::CameraRawGpu> {
+        if self.fault().is_some() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        if !self.camera_raw_started.swap(true, Ordering::AcqRel) {
+            crate::camera_raw_gpu::Pass::start(&self.rs.adapter, &self.rs.device, &self.camera_raw);
+        }
+        if matches!(self.camera_raw.get(), Some(None)) {
+            return None;
+        }
+        Some(crate::camera_raw_gpu::CameraRawGpu::new(self.rs.device.clone(), self.rs.queue.clone(), self.health.clone(), self.camera_raw.clone()))
+    }
+
+    /// Whether [`Self::camera_raw`] started building the pass.
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub(crate) fn camera_raw_started(&self) -> bool {
+        self.camera_raw_started.load(Ordering::Acquire)
+    }
+
+    /// Waits until the pass is built or refused.
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub(crate) fn wait_camera_raw_pass(&self) {
+        let _ = self.camera_raw.wait();
+    }
+
+    /// Builds Camera Raw's pass even where [`Self::camera_raw`] wouldn't (egui_kittest's software
+    /// adapter), so tests drive the GPU develop.
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub(crate) fn force_camera_raw_pass(&self) {
+        self.camera_raw_started.store(true, Ordering::Release);
+        let _ = self.camera_raw.set(crate::camera_raw_gpu::Pass::build_on(&self.rs.device));
+    }
+
     /// Why the GPU can't be used any more (`None` while it can).
     pub fn fault(&self) -> Option<photocraft_gpu::Fault> {
         self.health.fault()
@@ -326,7 +365,8 @@ impl GpuCanvas {
         if let Some(b) = budget {
             comp.set_memory_budget(b);
         }
-        let fit = LayerFit { doc: doc.id.0, needed: comp.working_set(doc, doc.bounds()), budget: comp.resident_budget() };
+        let needed = comp.working_set(doc, doc.bounds());
+        let fit = LayerFit { doc: doc.id.0, needed, budget: comp.fit_layers(needed, true) };
         res.layer_fit = Some(fit);
         Some(fit)
     }
@@ -509,7 +549,8 @@ impl GpuCanvas {
         // as hiding a big layer (#4024); small edits in the view stay on the GPU.
         let large = region.width() as u64 * region.height() as u64 >= DEFER_PX;
         if region == doc.bounds() || large {
-            let fit = LayerFit { doc: doc.id.0, needed: comp.working_set(doc, region), budget: comp.resident_budget() };
+            let needed = comp.working_set(doc, region);
+            let fit = LayerFit { doc: doc.id.0, needed, budget: comp.fit_layers(needed, region == doc.bounds()) };
             res.layer_fit = Some(fit);
             if !fit.fits() {
                 res.compositor = Some(comp);
@@ -988,15 +1029,15 @@ fn device_limits_for(backend: wgpu::Backend, supported: wgpu::Limits) -> wgpu::L
     wgpu::Limits { max_texture_dimension_2d: supported.max_texture_dimension_2d, max_buffer_size: supported.max_buffer_size, ..base }
 }
 
-/// Milliseconds since first call (monotonic). Always 0 on wasm, where `std::time` is unavailable.
+/// Milliseconds since the process (or page) started, from a monotonic clock.
+///
+/// `web_time::Instant` is `std::time::Instant` natively and `performance.now()` on wasm, so frame
+/// caps, autosave intervals, preference retry backoff, stroke traces and screenshot deadlines all
+/// measure durations the same way on both. The old wasm value was a constant 0, which made every
+/// interval comparison (`now >= deadline`) permanently false on the web.
 pub fn now_ms() -> f64 {
-    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-    {
-        static START: std::sync::OnceLock<std::time::Instant> = std::sync::OnceLock::new();
-        START.get_or_init(std::time::Instant::now).elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1000.0
-    }
-    #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
-    0.0
+    static START: std::sync::OnceLock<web_time::Instant> = std::sync::OnceLock::new();
+    START.get_or_init(web_time::Instant::now).elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1000.0
 }
 
 /// UI-thread timings (CPU side), exponentially smoothed.
@@ -1136,6 +1177,14 @@ impl GpuInfo {
                 let template = "Driver: {driver}";
                 crate::i18n::fmt(tl!(template), &[("driver", &or(&self.driver, "unknown"))])
             },
+        ];
+        // The card's own memory caps the GPU budgets, so it explains a huge canvas falling back
+        // to the CPU. Only discrete cards report one (integrated GPUs share system memory).
+        if let Some(mb) = self.video_memory_mb {
+            let template = "Graphics memory: {size}";
+            v.push(crate::i18n::fmt(tl!(template), &[("size", &crate::chrome_ui::fmt_bytes(mb.saturating_mul(1 << 20)))]));
+        }
+        v.extend([
             {
                 let template = "GPU backend preference: {backend}";
                 crate::i18n::fmt(tl!(template), &[("backend", &or(&self.preference, "auto"))])
@@ -1159,7 +1208,7 @@ impl GpuInfo {
                 };
                 crate::i18n::fmt(tl!(template), &[("renderer", tl!(renderer))])
             },
-        ];
+        ]);
         if let Some(f) = &self.fallback {
             v.push({
                 let template = "Fallback: {reason}";
@@ -2793,6 +2842,19 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(detect_video_memory(0xdead, 0xbeef), None, "no such adapter");
     }
 
+    /// System Info names the card's own memory, after the driver, when the card reports one; an
+    /// integrated GPU or an unknown card shows no such line.
+    #[test]
+    fn system_info_shows_the_cards_memory() {
+        let info = GpuInfo { adapter: "Card".into(), driver: "Driver 1".into(), video_memory_mb: Some(8192), ..Default::default() };
+        let lines = info.lines();
+        assert_eq!(lines.get(2).map(String::as_str), Some("Driver: Driver 1"));
+        assert_eq!(lines.get(3).map(String::as_str), Some("Graphics memory: 8.0G"));
+        let none = GpuInfo { video_memory_mb: None, ..info }.lines();
+        assert!(none.iter().all(|l| !l.starts_with("Graphics memory")), "{none:?}");
+        assert_eq!(none.len() + 1, lines.len());
+    }
+
     /// The Linux reader finds the card by its PCI ids in a `/sys/class/drm`-shaped folder and reads
     /// amdgpu's VRAM size; a card without one, unreadable ids or a malformed size give nothing.
     #[test]
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/gpu_status.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/gpu_status.rs
index 401704a135..9ddd08bee1 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/gpu_status.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/gpu_status.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 //! GPU health in the shell (#243, #4): when the wgpu device is lost or reports an error, the
 //! GPU canvas is dropped and every document keeps drawing through the CPU compositor and egui
-//! textures for the rest of the session, with a recovery warning. Also runs the desktop app's
+//! textures, with a recovery warning. After an error Retry GPU builds a new GPU canvas on the same
+//! device (#6577); after a loss the CPU canvas stays for the rest of the session. Also runs the desktop app's
 //! "started" hook once the first frames have rendered (the crash-safe startup marker), and
 //! provides the Help › System Info text (including the monitor profile in use).
 
@@ -18,10 +19,25 @@ const STARTED_MAX_FRAMES: u64 = 120;
 /// Hook run once the app has rendered its first frames (see [`PhotocraftApp::on_started`]).
 pub type StartedHook = Box<dyn FnOnce(&mut PhotocraftApp)>;
 
-/// Per-frame check: switch to the CPU canvas when the GPU faulted, and run the started hook.
+/// Out-of-memory errors after which the GPU canvas is rebuilt by itself; past them the CPU
+/// renderer stays until the user chooses Retry GPU, so a document that never fits doesn't rebuild
+/// the canvas on every frame.
+pub const OOM_AUTO_RETRIES: u32 = 3;
+
+/// Per-frame check: switch to the CPU canvas when the GPU faulted, and run the started hook. An
+/// out-of-memory error on a device that still works is not the end of the GPU for the session
+/// (#6564): the dropped canvas freed its memory, so a new one is built at once and the views
+/// redraw through it, up to [`OOM_AUTO_RETRIES`] times.
 pub fn check(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
     if let Some(fault) = app.gpu.as_ref().and_then(|g| g.fault()) {
         fall_back(app, &fault);
+        if fault.is_out_of_memory() && app.gpu_oom_retries < OOM_AUTO_RETRIES && can_retry_now(app) {
+            app.gpu_oom_retries += 1;
+            if retry_now(app) {
+                log::warn!("{fault}; rebuilt the GPU canvas (automatic retry {} of {OOM_AUTO_RETRIES})", app.gpu_oom_retries);
+                app.ui.gpu_fallback_notice = None;
+            }
+        }
         ctx.request_repaint();
     }
     if app.started.is_some() {
@@ -132,8 +148,9 @@ fn save_for_recovery(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> Result<(), String> {
 /// path, record why, and tell the user. Documents are untouched.
 pub fn fall_back(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, fault: &photocraft_gpu::Fault) {
     let Some(gpu) = app.gpu.take() else { return };
-    log::error!("{fault}; using the CPU renderer for the rest of the session");
+    log::error!("{fault}; using the CPU renderer");
     gpu.release();
+    app.gpu_fault = Some(fault.clone());
     // Canvas caches pointed at GPU textures: rebuild them as egui textures.
     app.canvases.clear();
     app.proxy_uploaded = None;
@@ -184,7 +201,35 @@ pub fn queue_fallback_notice(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, reason: impl Into<String>)
     app.ui.gpu_fallback_notice = Some(reason.into());
 }
 
-/// Store the next-launch choice without restarting or risking unsaved documents.
+/// Whether Retry GPU can build a new GPU canvas now: the canvas was dropped after an error (out
+/// of memory, validation) on a device that still works. After a loss, or a GPU start that
+/// failed, only a restart can try the GPU again.
+fn can_retry_now(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> bool {
+    app.gpu_render_state.is_some() && app.gpu_fault.as_ref().is_some_and(|f| !f.is_lost())
+}
+
+/// Build a new GPU canvas on the device the dropped one used, with a fresh health flag, and send
+/// the views back through it (#6577). Returns whether the canvas is active again.
+fn retry_now(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> bool {
+    let Some(rs) = app.gpu_render_state.clone() else { return false };
+    app.set_wgpu(rs);
+    if !app.gpu_active() {
+        return false;
+    }
+    log::info!("GPU canvas rebuilt after {}", app.gpu_fault.as_ref().map_or_else(String::new, ToString::to_string));
+    app.gpu_fault = None;
+    // The CPU canvas's egui textures: rebuild every view on the GPU.
+    app.canvases.clear();
+    app.proxy_uploaded = None;
+    app.perf.gpu_fallback = None;
+    app.perf.gpu_info.lost = None;
+    app.ui.status = tl!("GPU acceleration resumed.").to_string();
+    app.ui.status_error = false;
+    true
+}
+
+/// Store the next-launch choice without restarting or risking unsaved documents. Retry GPU after
+/// an error on a working device also builds a new GPU canvas at once (see [`retry_now`]).
 fn choose_recovery(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, retry: bool) -> Result<(), String> {
     app.run(
         "prefs.set",
@@ -196,6 +241,9 @@ fn choose_recovery(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, retry: bool) -> Result<(), String> {
     )?;
     crate::prefs_ui::save_preferences(app)?;
     app.ui.gpu_fallback_notice = None;
+    if retry && can_retry_now(app) && retry_now(app) {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
     if retry {
         crate::notices::post(
             app,
@@ -211,10 +259,11 @@ fn choose_recovery(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, retry: bool) -> Result<(), String> {
 /// Recovery is an explicit choice; the CPU document renderer stays active while the user works.
 pub fn show_fallback(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
     let Some(reason) = app.ui.gpu_fallback_notice.clone() else { return };
+    let retry_now = can_retry_now(app);
     let t = crate::theme::Tokens::get(ctx);
     let mut choice = None;
     egui::Window::new(tl!("Switched to CPU rendering"))
-        .id(egui::Id::new("gpu-fallback-warning"))
+        .id(egui::Id::unique("gpu-fallback-warning"))
         .collapsible(false)
         .resizable(false)
         .default_width(440.0)
@@ -225,7 +274,11 @@ pub fn show_fallback(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
             ui.collapsing(tl!("Details"), |ui| {
                 ui.label(&reason);
             });
-            ui.label(tl!("Retry GPU requires a restart. Save your work first."));
+            if retry_now {
+                ui.label(tl!("Retry GPU tries the graphics processor again now."));
+            } else {
+                ui.label(tl!("Retry GPU requires a restart. Save your work first."));
+            }
             ui.add_space(8.0);
             ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                 use crate::widgets::{ButtonRole, DialogButton};
@@ -259,8 +312,11 @@ mod tests {
             assert_eq!(result["info"]["lines"], json!(english));
             assert_eq!(crate::i18n::current().code(), "cs", "diagnostics restore the drawing language");
             let screen = system_info_ui(&app);
-            assert!(screen.iter().any(|line| line == "Grafický adaptér: Test GPU"), "{screen:?}");
-            assert!(screen.iter().any(|line| line.starts_with("Profil monitoru:")), "{screen:?}");
+            let cs = crate::i18n::current();
+            let adapter = crate::i18n::fmt(crate::i18n::tr(cs, "Graphics adapter: {adapter}"), &[("adapter", "Test GPU")]);
+            assert!(screen.contains(&adapter), "{screen:?}");
+            let profile = crate::i18n::tr(cs, "Monitor profile: {profile}").split('{').next().unwrap_or_default();
+            assert!(screen.iter().any(|line| line.starts_with(profile)), "{screen:?}");
             assert!(english.iter().any(|line| line == "GPU backend preference: auto"));
         });
     }
@@ -275,8 +331,11 @@ mod tests {
             app.perf.gpu_info.preference = "auto".into();
             app.perf.gpu_info.selected = "auto".into();
             assert_eq!(system_info_ui(&app), empty);
-            assert!(empty.iter().any(|line| line == "Grafický adaptér: auto"));
-            assert!(empty.iter().any(|line| line == "Preferovaný backend GPU: automaticky"), "{empty:?}");
+            let cs = crate::i18n::current();
+            let adapter = crate::i18n::fmt(crate::i18n::tr(cs, "Graphics adapter: {adapter}"), &[("adapter", "auto")]);
+            assert!(empty.contains(&adapter), "{empty:?}");
+            let preference = crate::i18n::fmt(crate::i18n::tr(cs, "GPU backend preference: {backend}"), &[("backend", crate::i18n::tr(cs, "auto"))]);
+            assert!(empty.contains(&preference), "{empty:?}");
             assert_eq!(app.perf.gpu_info.preference, "auto");
             assert_eq!(app.perf.gpu_info.selected, "auto");
         });
@@ -327,4 +386,84 @@ mod tests {
         crate::prefs_ui::tick(&mut app, &egui::Context::default());
         assert_eq!(saves.get(), 2, "retry choice writes once");
     }
+
+    /// #6564: an out-of-memory error on a device that still works rebuilds the GPU canvas by itself,
+    /// with no notice and the documents untouched, a few times a session; then the CPU renderer
+    /// stays until Retry GPU. Other errors and a loss still fall back at once.
+    #[test]
+    fn out_of_memory_rebuilds_the_gpu_canvas_by_itself() {
+        let _gpu = photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock();
+        let rs = std::panic::catch_unwind(|| egui_kittest::wgpu::create_render_state(crate::gpu_canvas::wgpu_setup(), Default::default()));
+        let Ok(rs) = rs else {
+            eprintln!("skipping: no GPU adapter");
+            return;
+        };
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+        app.set_wgpu(rs);
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 64, "height": 48})).unwrap();
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let oom = || photocraft_gpu::Fault::Error("Out of Memory".into());
+        for n in 1..=OOM_AUTO_RETRIES {
+            app.gpu_health().unwrap().mark(oom());
+            check(&mut app, &ctx);
+            assert!(app.gpu_active(), "retry {n}: the GPU canvas is back");
+            assert!(app.gpu_health().unwrap().is_ok(), "retry {n}: with a fresh health flag");
+            assert_eq!(app.perf.gpu_info.canvas, "gpu");
+            assert!(app.ui.gpu_fallback_notice.is_none(), "retry {n}: no recovery dialog");
+            assert_eq!(app.session.documents().len(), 1);
+        }
+        // Past the limit the CPU renderer stays and the dialog offers Retry GPU.
+        app.gpu_health().unwrap().mark(oom());
+        check(&mut app, &ctx);
+        assert!(!app.gpu_active() && app.ui.gpu_fallback_notice.is_some());
+        assert_eq!(app.perf.gpu_info.canvas, "cpu");
+
+        // A validation error is not retried by itself.
+        let rs = egui_kittest::wgpu::create_render_state(crate::gpu_canvas::wgpu_setup(), Default::default());
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+        app.set_wgpu(rs);
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 64, "height": 48})).unwrap();
+        app.gpu_health().unwrap().mark(photocraft_gpu::Fault::Error("Validation Error".into()));
+        check(&mut app, &ctx);
+        assert!(!app.gpu_active() && app.ui.gpu_fallback_notice.is_some());
+    }
+
+    /// #6577: after a GPU error on a device that still works (out of memory, validation), Retry
+    /// GPU builds a new GPU canvas at once, without a restart or closing documents. After a loss
+    /// the device can't be used again, so the retry still waits for the next launch.
+    #[test]
+    fn retry_gpu_after_an_error_rebuilds_the_canvas_without_a_restart() {
+        let _gpu = photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock();
+        let rs = std::panic::catch_unwind(|| egui_kittest::wgpu::create_render_state(crate::gpu_canvas::wgpu_setup(), Default::default()));
+        let Ok(rs) = rs else {
+            eprintln!("skipping: no GPU adapter");
+            return;
+        };
+        let services = crate::Services { save_prefs: Some(Box::new(|_| Ok(()))), ..Default::default() };
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), services);
+        app.set_wgpu(rs);
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 64, "height": 48})).unwrap();
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        // An error on a live device (one not retried by itself, see #6564): Retry GPU rebuilds
+        // the canvas now.
+        app.gpu_health().unwrap().mark(photocraft_gpu::Fault::Error("Validation Error".into()));
+        check(&mut app, &ctx);
+        assert!(!app.gpu_active() && app.ui.gpu_fallback_notice.is_some());
+        assert!(can_retry_now(&app));
+        choose_recovery(&mut app, true).unwrap();
+        assert!(app.gpu_active(), "Retry GPU rebuilt the GPU canvas");
+        assert!(app.gpu_health().unwrap().is_ok(), "with a fresh health flag");
+        assert_eq!(app.perf.gpu_info.canvas, "gpu");
+        assert_eq!((app.perf.gpu_info.lost.as_deref(), app.perf.gpu_fallback.as_deref()), (None, None));
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.status, "GPU acceleration resumed.");
+        assert!(app.ui.gpu_fallback_notice.is_none() && app.ui.notices.is_empty(), "no restart notice");
+        assert_eq!(app.session.documents().len(), 1, "the document stayed open");
+        // A loss: the device can't be reused, so the retry is scheduled for the next launch.
+        app.gpu_health().unwrap().mark(photocraft_gpu::Fault::Lost("simulated".into()));
+        check(&mut app, &ctx);
+        assert!(!can_retry_now(&app));
+        choose_recovery(&mut app, true).unwrap();
+        assert!(!app.gpu_active());
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.notices.len(), 1, "the restart notice");
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/gradient_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/gradient_ui.rs
index c8516d7422..080eac0d04 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/gradient_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/gradient_ui.rs
@@ -456,7 +456,7 @@ fn line(painter: &egui::Painter, a: Pos2, b: Pos2) {
     painter.line_segment([a, b], Stroke::new(1.5, Color32::WHITE));
 }
 
-fn diamond(painter: &egui::Painter, c: Pos2, r: f32, fill: Color32, outline: Color32) {
+pub(crate) fn diamond(painter: &egui::Painter, c: Pos2, r: f32, fill: Color32, outline: Color32) {
     let pts = vec![pos2(c.x, c.y - r), pos2(c.x + r, c.y), pos2(c.x, c.y + r), pos2(c.x - r, c.y)];
     painter.add(egui::Shape::convex_polygon(pts, fill, Stroke::new(1.0, outline)));
 }
@@ -518,7 +518,7 @@ pub fn draw_overlay(app: &PhotocraftApp, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------- options bar
 
 /// A ramp of RGBA stops over a checkerboard in `r`.
-fn paint_ramp(p: &egui::Painter, r: Rect, sample: impl Fn(f32) -> [f32; 4]) {
+pub(crate) fn paint_ramp(p: &egui::Painter, r: Rect, sample: impl Fn(f32) -> [f32; 4]) {
     // The tessellator snaps the checker's rects to pixels but not the mesh: snap both alike, or a
     // half-pixel offset leaves a row of checker showing under the ramp (#4577).
     let r = r.round_to_pixels(p.pixels_per_point());
@@ -570,7 +570,7 @@ pub fn paint_thumbnail(ui: &egui::Ui, layer: LayerId, f: &Fill, rect: Rect) -> b
         return false;
     }
     let ctx = ui.ctx();
-    let key = egui::Id::new(("gradient-thumb", layer.0));
+    let key = egui::Id::unique(("gradient-thumb", layer.0));
     let cached: Option<(Fill, egui::TextureHandle)> = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp(key));
     let tex = match cached {
         Some((cf, t)) if cf == *f => t,
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@ pub fn preset_swatch(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) -> bool {
     paint_ramp(ui.painter(), r, |u| photocraft_algo::paint::sample_stops(&stops, u));
     ui.painter().rect_stroke(r, 0.0, Stroke::new(1.0, t.field_border), StrokeKind::Outside);
     // Name the control for accessibility (and so tests and agents can find it).
-    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, tl!("Gradient picker")));
+    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, tl!("Gradient picker")));
     resp.on_hover_text(tl!("Click to edit the gradient")).clicked()
 }
 
@@ -627,7 +627,7 @@ pub fn editor_window(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
     // Resolved before the closure so `app` is borrowed only once inside it.
     let layer = selected_gradient(app);
     egui::Window::new(tl!("Gradient Editor"))
-        .id(egui::Id::new("gradient-editor"))
+        .id(egui::Id::unique("gradient-editor"))
         .open(&mut open)
         .collapsible(false)
         .resizable(true)
@@ -750,8 +750,8 @@ impl Sink {
     /// Uniqueness for the drag state.
     fn key(self) -> egui::Id {
         match self {
-            Sink::Layer(id) => egui::Id::new(("gradient-stops-drag", id.0)),
-            Sink::Preset => egui::Id::new(("gradient-stops-drag", "preset")),
+            Sink::Layer(id) => egui::Id::unique(("gradient-stops-drag", id.0)),
+            Sink::Preset => egui::Id::unique(("gradient-stops-drag", "preset")),
         }
     }
     fn cmd(self) -> &'static str {
@@ -815,14 +815,50 @@ fn preset_stop_color(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, i: usize) {
 }
 
 fn stops_editor_for(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, sink: Sink, f: Fill) {
-    let key = strip_key(app, sink).with("selection");
-    if ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<Marker>(key)).is_none() {
-        ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(key, Marker::Color(0)));
+    let key = strip_key(app, sink);
+    let selection_key = key.with("selection");
+    if ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<Marker>(selection_key)).is_none() {
+        ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(selection_key, Marker::Color(0)));
+    }
+    let pending = match sink {
+        Sink::Layer(id) => app.gradient.panel.clone().filter(|(l, ..)| *l == id).map(|(_, _, p)| p),
+        Sink::Preset => app.gradient.preset_stop.clone(),
+    };
+    let colors = (app.session.tools.foreground, app.session.tools.background);
+    match stop_strip(ui, key, &f, sink.midpoints(), pending.as_ref(), colors) {
+        Some(StopAction::Preview(p)) => match sink {
+            Sink::Layer(id) => app.gradient.panel = Some((id, cmds::STOP, sink.params(p))),
+            Sink::Preset => app.gradient.preset_stop = Some(p),
+        },
+        Some(StopAction::Commit(p)) => {
+            match sink {
+                Sink::Layer(_) => app.gradient.panel = None,
+                Sink::Preset => app.gradient.preset_stop = None,
+            }
+            let selected = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<Marker>(selection_key));
+            let selection = selection_after_edit(&f, &p, selected);
+            if app.run(sink.cmd(), sink.params(p)).is_ok()
+                && let Some(marker) = selection
+            {
+                ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(selection_key, marker));
+            }
+        }
+        Some(StopAction::Color(i)) => match sink {
+            Sink::Layer(id) => edit_stop_color(app, id, i),
+            Sink::Preset => preset_stop_color(app, i),
+        },
+        None => {}
     }
-    stop_strip(app, ui, sink, f);
     properties_panel::stop_fields(app, ui, sink);
 }
 
+/// A shared stop strip keeps previews local; its caller chooses the command or paint target.
+pub(crate) enum StopAction {
+    Preview(Value),
+    Commit(Value),
+    Color(usize),
+}
+
 /// Keep selection on a stop after the engine sorts its new position.
 fn selection_after_edit(f: &Fill, p: &Value, previous: Option<Marker>) -> Option<Marker> {
     let Fill::Gradient { stops, opacity_stops, .. } = f else { return previous };
@@ -850,24 +886,20 @@ fn selection_after_edit(f: &Fill, p: &Value, previous: Option<Marker>) -> Option
     Some(if opacity { Marker::Opacity(at) } else { Marker::Color(at) })
 }
 
-fn stop_strip(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, sink: Sink, f: Fill) {
-    let Fill::Gradient { stops, .. } = &f else { return };
+fn stop_strip(ui: &mut egui::Ui, key: egui::Id, f: &Fill, midpoints: bool, pending: Option<&Value>, colors: ([f32; 4], [f32; 4])) -> Option<StopAction> {
+    let Fill::Gradient { stops, .. } = f else { return None };
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
     let w = ui.available_width().max(120.0);
     let (outer, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(w, 58.0), Sense::click_and_drag());
     // Name the strip for accessibility (and so tests and agents can find it).
-    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, ui.is_enabled(), tl!("Gradient stops")));
+    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, ui.is_enabled(), tl!("Gradient stops")));
     let top = outer.top() + 16.0;
     let bar = Rect::from_min_max(pos2(outer.left() + 8.0, top), pos2(outer.right() - 8.0, top + 24.0));
     let x_of = |loc: f32| bar.left() + loc.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * bar.width();
     let loc_of = |x: f32| ((x - bar.left()) / bar.width().max(1.0)).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
     // The ramp being shown (with a pending drag's edit applied).
-    let pending: Option<Value> = match sink {
-        Sink::Layer(id) => app.gradient.panel.clone().filter(|(l, ..)| *l == id).map(|(_, _, p)| p),
-        Sink::Preset => app.gradient.preset_stop.clone(),
-    };
-    let (fg, bg) = (app.session.tools.foreground, app.session.tools.background);
-    let shown = pending.as_ref().and_then(|p| cmds::apply_stop(&f, p, fg, bg).ok()).unwrap_or_else(|| f.clone());
+    let (fg, bg) = colors;
+    let shown = pending.and_then(|p| cmds::apply_stop(f, p, fg, bg).ok()).unwrap_or_else(|| f.clone());
     let mut track_fill = shown.clone();
     if let Fill::Gradient { reverse, .. } = &mut track_fill {
         // All markers address un-reversed positions; Reverse applies to the canvas output.
@@ -885,7 +917,6 @@ fn stop_strip(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, sink: Sink, f: Fill) {
     sorted.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.total_cmp(&b.0));
     let mut ops: Vec<(f32, f32)> = if os.is_empty() { vec![(0.0, 1.0), (1.0, 1.0)] } else { os.clone() };
     ops.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.total_cmp(&b.0));
-    let key = strip_key(app, sink);
     let selection_key = key.with("selection");
     let selected: Option<Marker> = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp(selection_key));
     let dragging: Option<Marker> = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp(key));
@@ -906,7 +937,7 @@ fn stop_strip(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, sink: Sink, f: Fill) {
         p.rect_filled(body, 1.0, color);
         p.rect_stroke(body, 1.0, Stroke::new(1.0, if sel { t.accent } else { t.text_dim }), StrokeKind::Outside);
     }
-    if sink.midpoints() {
+    if midpoints {
         for i in 0..sorted.len().saturating_sub(1) {
             let (a, b) = (sorted[i].0, sorted[i + 1].0);
             if b - a > 1e-3 {
@@ -936,7 +967,7 @@ fn stop_strip(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, sink: Sink, f: Fill) {
             if let Some(i) = sorted.iter().position(|(l, _)| (x_of(*l) - pos.x).abs() <= 6.0 && pos.y >= bar.bottom() + 3.0) {
                 return Some(Marker::Color(i));
             }
-            if !sink.midpoints() {
+            if !midpoints {
                 return None;
             }
             return (0..sorted.len().saturating_sub(1))
@@ -959,6 +990,7 @@ fn stop_strip(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, sink: Sink, f: Fill) {
         ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(selection_key, m));
     }
     let dragging: Option<Marker> = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp(key));
+    let mut preview = None;
     if let (Some(m), Some(pos)) = (dragging, resp.interact_pointer_pos()) {
         let off = if pos.y > bar.bottom() + 28.0 || pos.y < bar.top() - 26.0 { 1.0 } else { 0.0 };
         let loc = loc_of(pos.x);
@@ -973,70 +1005,32 @@ fn stop_strip(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, sink: Sink, f: Fill) {
             }
         };
         if resp.dragged() {
-            match sink {
-                Sink::Layer(id) => app.gradient.panel = Some((id, cmds::STOP, sink.params(edit))),
-                Sink::Preset => app.gradient.preset_stop = Some(edit),
-            }
+            preview = Some(edit);
         }
     }
     if resp.drag_stopped() {
         ui.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<Marker>(key));
-        match sink {
-            Sink::Layer(_) => {
-                if let Some((_, cmd, p)) = app.gradient.panel.take() {
-                    let selection = selection_after_edit(&f, &p, selected);
-                    if app.run(cmd, p).is_ok()
-                        && let Some(marker) = selection
-                    {
-                        ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(selection_key, marker));
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            Sink::Preset => {
-                if let Some(p) = app.gradient.preset_stop.take() {
-                    let selection = selection_after_edit(&f, &p, selected);
-                    if app.run(sink.cmd(), p).is_ok()
-                        && let Some(marker) = selection
-                    {
-                        ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(selection_key, marker));
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return;
+        return preview.or_else(|| pending.cloned()).map(StopAction::Commit);
     }
     if resp.double_clicked()
         && let Some(pos) = resp.interact_pointer_pos()
         && let Some(Marker::Color(i)) = hit(pos)
     {
         ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(selection_key, Marker::Color(i)));
-        match sink {
-            Sink::Layer(id) => edit_stop_color(app, id, i),
-            Sink::Preset => preset_stop_color(app, i),
-        }
-        return;
+        return Some(StopAction::Color(i));
     }
     if resp.clicked()
         && let Some(pos) = resp.interact_pointer_pos()
     {
         if let Some(marker) = hit(pos) {
             ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(selection_key, marker));
-            return;
+            return None;
         }
         let loc = loc_of(pos.x);
-        let opacity = pos.y < bar.center().y;
-        let p = if opacity {
-            sink.params(json!({"action": "add", "kind": "opacity", "location": loc}))
-        } else {
-            sink.params(json!({"action": "add", "location": loc}))
-        };
-        let selection = selection_after_edit(&f, &p, selected);
-        if app.run(sink.cmd(), p).is_ok()
-            && let Some(marker) = selection
-        {
-            ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(selection_key, marker));
-        }
+        let p = if pos.y < bar.center().y { json!({"action": "add", "kind": "opacity", "location": loc}) } else { json!({"action": "add", "location": loc}) };
+        return Some(StopAction::Commit(p));
     }
+    preview.map(StopAction::Preview)
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/gradient_ui/properties_panel.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/gradient_ui/properties_panel.rs
index d975102539..271118de40 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/gradient_ui/properties_panel.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/gradient_ui/properties_panel.rs
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ fn numeric_row(ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: &str, name: &str, current: f32, range: std
     ui.push_id(id, |ui| {
         ui.horizontal(|ui| {
             let label = row_label(ui, name);
-            let key = ui.id().with("draft");
+            let key = ui.scope_id().with("draft");
             let mut value = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<f32>(key)).unwrap_or(current);
             let response = widgets::value_field(ui, &mut value, range, suffix, ui.available_width().min(88.0)).labelled_by(label.id);
             if response.dragged() || response.has_focus() {
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ fn style_button(ui: &mut egui::Ui, style: GradientStyle, selected: bool, name: &
     }
     ui.painter().add(egui::Shape::mesh(mesh));
     ui.painter().rect_stroke(preview, 0.0, Stroke::new(1.0, t.text_dim), StrokeKind::Outside);
-    response.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::WidgetType::SelectableLabel, ui.is_enabled(), selected, tl!(name)));
+    response.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::Button, ui.is_enabled(), selected, tl!(name)));
     response.on_hover_text(tl!(name))
 }
 
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ pub(super) fn stop_fields(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, sink: Sink
                 let rgb = color.to_rgb();
                 ui.painter().rect_filled(rect.shrink(2.0), Tokens::get(ui.ctx()).radius_sm, c32([rgb[0], rgb[1], rgb[2], 1.0]));
                 ui.painter().rect_stroke(rect, Tokens::get(ui.ctx()).radius_sm, Stroke::new(1.0, Tokens::get(ui.ctx()).field_border), StrokeKind::Inside);
-                response.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, ui.is_enabled(), tl!("Color")));
+                response.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, ui.is_enabled(), tl!("Color")));
                 if response.on_hover_text(tl!("Color")).clicked() {
                     match sink {
                         Sink::Layer(id) => edit_stop_color(app, id, i),
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ pub(super) fn stop_fields(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, sink: Sink
         ui.add_space(72.0 + ui.spacing().item_spacing.x);
         ui.add_enabled_ui(count > 2, |ui| {
             let response = icons::button(ui, "trash", 24.0, false, "Delete");
-            response.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, ui.is_enabled(), tl!("Delete")));
+            response.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, ui.is_enabled(), tl!("Delete")));
             if response.clicked() {
                 let _ = app.run(sink.cmd(), sink.params(json!({"action": "delete", "kind": kind, "index": index})));
                 ui.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<Marker>(key));
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/guide_layout_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/guide_layout_ui.rs
index 894535e687..f44be59a84 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/guide_layout_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/guide_layout_ui.rs
@@ -190,9 +190,10 @@ fn check(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>, key: &str, label: &str,
     value
 }
 
-fn number(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>, key: &str, count: bool) {
+fn number(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>, key: &str, name: &str, count: bool) {
     let mut value = f.get(key).and_then(Value::as_f64).unwrap_or(0.0) as f32;
     if widgets::value_field(ui, &mut value, (if count { 1.0 } else { 0.0 })..=if count { 1000.0 } else { 300_000.0 }, if count { "" } else { "px" }, 68.0)
+        .accessible_name(tl!(name))
         .changed()
         // A disabled field still clamps its value into range (a zero count to 1); writing that
         // back would switch the axis on through its `positive` fallback (#5625).
@@ -202,14 +203,16 @@ fn number(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>, key: &str, count: bool)
     }
 }
 
-fn optional(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>, key: &str) {
+fn optional(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>, key: &str, label: egui::Id) {
     let mut value = match f.get(key) {
         Some(Value::String(s)) => s.clone(),
         Some(v) if v.is_number() => v.to_string(),
         _ => String::new(),
     };
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
-    let response = ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut value).id_salt(key).desired_width(60.0).font(crate::theme::mono(12.0)).background_color(t.field));
+    let response = ui
+        .add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut value).id_salt(key).desired_width(60.0).font(crate::theme::mono(12.0)).background_color(t.field))
+        .labelled_by(label);
     if ui.is_enabled() {
         crate::field_tab::register(ui.ctx(), response.id);
     }
@@ -242,13 +245,13 @@ fn axis(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>, rows: bool) {
         ui.add_enabled_ui(enabled, |ui| {
             egui::Grid::new(count).spacing([8.0, 6.0]).show(ui, |ui| {
                 ui.label(tl!("Number"));
-                number(ui, f, count, true);
+                number(ui, f, count, "Number", true);
                 ui.end_row();
-                ui.label(size_label);
-                optional(ui, f, size);
+                let size_label_resp = ui.label(size_label);
+                optional(ui, f, size, size_label_resp.id);
                 ui.end_row();
                 ui.label(tl!("Spacing"));
-                number(ui, f, gap, false);
+                number(ui, f, gap, "Spacing", false);
                 ui.end_row();
             });
         });
@@ -263,6 +266,7 @@ fn main_fields(app: &PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value
         if widgets::dropdown(
             ui,
             "guide-preset",
+            tl!("Preset:"),
             &mut preset,
             &[("custom".into(), "Custom"), ("five".into(), "5 Columns, 3 Rows"), ("eight".into(), "8 Columns"), ("twelve".into(), "12 Columns")],
             222.0,
@@ -301,7 +305,7 @@ fn main_fields(app: &PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value
         if !photocraft_engine::guide_layout::selected_artboards(&app.session).is_empty() {
             options.push(("selectedArtboards".into(), "Selected Artboards"));
         }
-        if widgets::dropdown(ui, "guide-target", &mut target, &options, 222.0) {
+        if widgets::dropdown(ui, "guide-target", tl!("Target"), &mut target, &options, 222.0) {
             f.insert("target".into(), json!(target));
         }
         ui.end_row();
@@ -313,7 +317,7 @@ fn main_fields(app: &PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value
             ui.label(tl!("Color:"));
             let mut color = f.get("color").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("#4affff").to_string();
             let colors = color_options(&color);
-            if widgets::dropdown(ui, "guide-color", &mut color, &colors, 174.0) {
+            if widgets::dropdown(ui, "guide-color", tl!("Color"), &mut color, &colors, 174.0) {
                 f.insert("color".into(), json!(color));
             }
             let shown = rgb(&color).unwrap_or(Tokens::get(ui.ctx()).accent);
@@ -339,7 +343,7 @@ fn main_fields(app: &PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value
                     ui.vertical(|ui| {
                         ui.label(label);
                         let mut n = value.as_f64().unwrap_or(0.0) as f32;
-                        if widgets::value_field(ui, &mut n, 0.0..=300_000.0, "px", 64.0).changed() {
+                        if widgets::value_field(ui, &mut n, 0.0..=300_000.0, "px", 64.0).accessible_name(label).changed() {
                             *value = json!(n);
                         }
                     });
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/histogram_panel.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/histogram_panel.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..74865f22da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/histogram_panel.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,870 @@
+//! Histogram panel (Window › Histogram): Compact, Expanded and All Channels
+//! views, a channel and a source selector, statistics for the level under the pointer or a
+//! dragged tonal range, the cached-data warning and Uncached Refresh, and the adjusted histogram
+//! over the original while an adjustment previews.
+//!
+//! Histograms are counted off the UI thread (`tone::compute_histograms_at`) for the document
+//! revision, source and preview they describe, and kept until one of those changes; the panel
+//! shows the last one with the cached-data warning until the new one lands.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use egui::{Color32, Rect, Sense, pos2, vec2};
+use photocraft_color::ColorMode;
+use photocraft_doc::adjust::ToneSpace;
+use photocraft_doc::{DocId, Document, LayerContent};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+
+use crate::PhotocraftApp;
+use crate::theme::Tokens;
+use crate::tone::{self, HistSource, Histograms};
+
+/// Where the panel options are kept between launches (`prefs.dialogs`).
+const OPTIONS_PREF: &str = "histogramPanel";
+
+/// The panel's view (its menu's Compact / Expanded / All Channels View).
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum HistView {
+    /// The histogram alone, of the entire image (Photoshop's default view).
+    #[default]
+    Compact,
+    /// The histogram with the channel and source selectors, refresh and statistics.
+    Expanded,
+    /// Expanded, plus one histogram per colour channel (no alpha, spot or mask channels).
+    AllChannels,
+}
+
+/// The Channel menu. Which entries a document offers depends on its colour mode
+/// ([`channel_options`]); one it lacks shows as its composite.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum HistChannel {
+    /// RGB, CMYK, Lab's Lightness or Gray.
+    #[default]
+    Composite,
+    Red,
+    Green,
+    Blue,
+    Cyan,
+    Magenta,
+    Yellow,
+    Black,
+    A,
+    B,
+    Luminosity,
+    /// The colour channels overlaid in their colours.
+    Colors,
+}
+
+/// What the histogram counts (the Source menu, shown for documents with several layers).
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum HistSourceChoice {
+    /// The composite of every layer.
+    #[default]
+    EntireImage,
+    /// The selected layer on its own.
+    SelectedLayer,
+    /// The selected adjustment layer and every layer beneath it.
+    AdjustmentComposite,
+}
+
+/// The panel options (its menu and selectors), kept between launches.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(default, rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct HistogramPanelState {
+    pub view: HistView,
+    /// Kept when the view changes (Expanded ↔ All Channels); in All Channels View it picks only
+    /// the top histogram.
+    pub channel: HistChannel,
+    /// Show Channels in Color: single channels in Expanded and All Channels View in their colour
+    /// (Compact View always colours them; Colors is always in colour).
+    pub show_channels_in_color: bool,
+    pub show_statistics: bool,
+    pub source: HistSourceChoice,
+}
+
+impl Default for HistogramPanelState {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            view: HistView::Compact,
+            channel: HistChannel::Composite,
+            show_channels_in_color: false,
+            show_statistics: true,
+            source: HistSourceChoice::EntireImage,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Saves the panel options with the preferences.
+pub fn persist_options(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
+    if let Ok(value) = serde_json::to_value(app.ui.histogram_panel) {
+        app.session.prefs.edit(|p| {
+            p.dialogs.insert(OPTIONS_PREF.into(), value);
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+/// Restores the saved panel options; unreadable ones keep the defaults.
+pub fn restore_options(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
+    if let Some(v) = app.session.prefs().dialogs.get(OPTIONS_PREF)
+        && let Ok(state) = serde_json::from_value(v.clone())
+    {
+        app.ui.histogram_panel = state;
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Channels
+
+/// The channels a document in `mode` offers, with their labels, in menu order.
+pub fn channel_options(mode: ColorMode) -> Vec<(HistChannel, &'static str)> {
+    use HistChannel::*;
+    match tone_space(mode) {
+        _ if gray(mode) => vec![(Composite, "Gray")],
+        ToneSpace::Cmyk => vec![
+            (Composite, "CMYK"),
+            (Cyan, "Cyan"),
+            (Magenta, "Magenta"),
+            (Yellow, "Yellow"),
+            (Black, "Black"),
+            (Luminosity, "Luminosity"),
+            (Colors, "Colors"),
+        ],
+        ToneSpace::Lab => vec![(Composite, "Lightness"), (A, "a"), (B, "b"), (Luminosity, "Luminosity")],
+        ToneSpace::Rgb => vec![(Composite, "RGB"), (Red, "Red"), (Green, "Green"), (Blue, "Blue"), (Luminosity, "Luminosity"), (Colors, "Colors")],
+    }
+}
+
+fn gray(mode: ColorMode) -> bool {
+    matches!(mode, ColorMode::Grayscale | ColorMode::Bitmap | ColorMode::Duotone)
+}
+
+/// The space the panel counts a document of `mode` in.
+pub fn tone_space(mode: ColorMode) -> ToneSpace {
+    photocraft_engine::adjust_params::default_space(mode)
+}
+
+/// `want`, or the composite when a document of `mode` doesn't have it.
+pub fn resolve_channel(mode: ColorMode, want: HistChannel) -> HistChannel {
+    if channel_options(mode).iter().any(|(c, _)| *c == want) { want } else { HistChannel::Composite }
+}
+
+/// The single colour channels of a document of `mode` (All Channels View; Colors overlays them).
+pub fn color_channels(mode: ColorMode) -> &'static [HistChannel] {
+    use HistChannel::*;
+    match tone_space(mode) {
+        _ if gray(mode) => &[],
+        ToneSpace::Cmyk => &[Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black],
+        ToneSpace::Lab => &[A, B],
+        ToneSpace::Rgb => &[Red, Green, Blue],
+    }
+}
+
+/// The 256 bins of `channel` in `h` (counted in the space of a document of `mode`).
+pub fn bins(h: &Histograms, mode: ColorMode, channel: HistChannel) -> &[u32; 256] {
+    use HistChannel::*;
+    let i = match (tone_space(mode), channel) {
+        (_, Luminosity) => return &h.lum,
+        (ToneSpace::Rgb, Red) | (ToneSpace::Cmyk, Cyan) | (ToneSpace::Lab, A) => 1,
+        (ToneSpace::Rgb, Green) | (ToneSpace::Cmyk, Magenta) | (ToneSpace::Lab, B) => 2,
+        (ToneSpace::Rgb, Blue) | (ToneSpace::Cmyk, Yellow) => 3,
+        (ToneSpace::Cmyk, Black) => 4,
+        _ => 0,
+    };
+    &h[i]
+}
+
+/// The label a channel is listed under in a document of `mode`.
+pub fn channel_label(mode: ColorMode, channel: HistChannel) -> &'static str {
+    channel_options(mode).into_iter().find(|(c, _)| *c == channel).map_or("", |(_, l)| l)
+}
+
+/// The id of a channel (`ui.inspect`, the serde name).
+fn channel_id(channel: HistChannel) -> String {
+    serde_json::to_value(channel).ok().and_then(|v| v.as_str().map(str::to_string)).unwrap_or_default()
+}
+
+/// The colour a single channel draws in (saturated, as in All Channels View).
+pub fn channel_paint(channel: HistChannel) -> Option<Color32> {
+    use HistChannel::*;
+    Some(match channel {
+        Red => Color32::from_rgb(235, 30, 30),
+        Green => Color32::from_rgb(30, 235, 30),
+        Blue => Color32::from_rgb(40, 40, 240),
+        Cyan => Color32::from_rgb(0, 200, 235),
+        Magenta => Color32::from_rgb(230, 0, 160),
+        Yellow => Color32::from_rgb(240, 220, 0),
+        Black => Color32::from_gray(110),
+        A => Color32::from_rgb(220, 90, 140),
+        B => Color32::from_rgb(200, 180, 60),
+        _ => return None,
+    })
+}
+
+/// The level of `channel` at a straight RGBA 0..1 pixel, as the histogram bins it (the Color
+/// Sampler marks).
+pub fn channel_level(mode: ColorMode, channel: HistChannel, rgba: [f32; 4]) -> u8 {
+    use HistChannel::*;
+    let rgb = [rgba[0], rgba[1], rgba[2]].map(|v| if v.is_nan() { 0.0 } else { v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) });
+    let q = |v: f32| (v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 255.0).round() as u8;
+    let lum = || q(rgb.iter().zip(tone::LUMINOSITY).map(|(v, w)| v * w).sum());
+    match (tone_space(mode), channel) {
+        (_, Luminosity) => lum(),
+        (ToneSpace::Rgb, Red) => q(rgb[0]),
+        (ToneSpace::Rgb, Green) => q(rgb[1]),
+        (ToneSpace::Rgb, Blue) => q(rgb[2]),
+        (ToneSpace::Rgb, _) => ((u16::from(q(rgb[0])) + u16::from(q(rgb[1])) + u16::from(q(rgb[2]))) / 3) as u8,
+        (ToneSpace::Cmyk, c) => {
+            let ink = photocraft_color::convert::rgb_to_cmyk(rgb);
+            let v = match c {
+                Cyan => ink[0],
+                Magenta => ink[1],
+                Yellow => ink[2],
+                Black => ink[3],
+                _ => ink.iter().sum::<f32>() / 4.0,
+            };
+            q(1.0 - v)
+        }
+        (ToneSpace::Lab, c) => {
+            let l = photocraft_color::convert::srgb_to_lab(rgb);
+            match c {
+                A => q((l[1] + 128.0) / 255.0),
+                B => q((l[2] + 128.0) / 255.0),
+                _ => q(l[0] / 100.0),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Statistics
+
+/// The Histogram statistics. Mean, Std Dev, Median and Pixels describe the whole
+/// histogram; Level, Count and Percentile the level under the pointer or the dragged range.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct Stats {
+    pub mean: f64,
+    pub std_dev: f64,
+    pub median: u8,
+    pub pixels: u64,
+    /// The inspected levels, `lo..=hi` (one level when they are equal), if any.
+    pub level: Option<[u8; 2]>,
+    /// Pixels at the inspected levels.
+    pub count: Option<u64>,
+    /// Percent of the pixels at or below the inspected level; for a range, in it.
+    pub percentile: Option<f64>,
+    /// Percent of the pixels at 0 and at 255: shadow and highlight clipping.
+    pub clipped: [f64; 2],
+}
+
+/// The statistics of `h`, inspecting `levels` (a level or a range, in either order). None when
+/// nothing was counted.
+pub fn stats(h: &[u32; 256], levels: Option<[u8; 2]>) -> Option<Stats> {
+    let n: u64 = h.iter().map(|v| u64::from(*v)).sum();
+    if n == 0 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let nf = n as f64;
+    let mean = h.iter().enumerate().map(|(i, v)| i as f64 * f64::from(*v)).sum::<f64>() / nf;
+    let var = h.iter().enumerate().map(|(i, v)| (i as f64 - mean).powi(2) * f64::from(*v)).sum::<f64>() / nf;
+    let mut acc = 0u64;
+    let median = h
+        .iter()
+        .position(|v| {
+            acc += u64::from(*v);
+            acc * 2 >= n
+        })
+        .unwrap_or(0) as u8;
+    let level = levels.map(|[a, b]| [a.min(b), a.max(b)]);
+    let sum = |lo: u8, hi: u8| h.get(usize::from(lo)..=usize::from(hi)).map_or(0, |s| s.iter().map(|v| u64::from(*v)).sum::<u64>());
+    let count = level.map(|[lo, hi]| sum(lo, hi));
+    let percentile = level.map(|[lo, hi]| 100.0 * if lo == hi { sum(0, hi) } else { sum(lo, hi) } as f64 / nf);
+    let clipped = [100.0 * f64::from(h[0]) / nf, 100.0 * f64::from(h[255]) / nf];
+    Some(Stats { mean, std_dev: var.sqrt(), median, pixels: n, level, count, percentile, clipped })
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Computing and caching
+
+/// What one panel histogram was counted from.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct HistKey {
+    pub doc: DocId,
+    pub revision: u64,
+    /// `tone::tag` of the source and space.
+    pub source: u64,
+    /// The adjustment preview's display key; 0 for the document itself.
+    pub preview: u64,
+    /// The highest cache level allowed (1: an Uncached Refresh).
+    pub max_level: u32,
+}
+
+/// A counted panel histogram.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct PanelHist {
+    pub key: HistKey,
+    /// When it landed (ms), for throttling recounts while the document keeps changing.
+    pub at: f64,
+    pub hist: Arc<Histograms>,
+}
+
+/// A histogram being counted off the UI thread: its key, and the receiver of (key, ms, result).
+pub(crate) type HistJob = (HistKey, std::sync::mpsc::Receiver<(HistKey, f64, Arc<Histograms>)>);
+
+/// The source the panel counts for `choice` in `st`: Entire Image whenever the choice doesn't
+/// apply (a single layer, no selected layer, or Adjustment Composite without an adjustment layer
+/// selected).
+pub fn resolve_source(st: &photocraft_engine::DocState, choice: HistSourceChoice) -> (HistSourceChoice, HistSource) {
+    if st.doc.layer_count() < 2 {
+        return (HistSourceChoice::EntireImage, tone::IMAGE);
+    }
+    let selected = st.active_layer.and_then(|id| st.doc.layer(id));
+    match (choice, selected) {
+        (HistSourceChoice::SelectedLayer, Some(l)) => (choice, HistSource::Layer(l.id)),
+        (HistSourceChoice::AdjustmentComposite, Some(l)) if matches!(l.content, LayerContent::Adjustment(_)) => (choice, HistSource::UpTo(l.id)),
+        _ => (HistSourceChoice::EntireImage, tone::IMAGE),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Whether Adjustment Composite applies to `st` (an adjustment layer is selected).
+fn adjustment_selected(st: &photocraft_engine::DocState) -> bool {
+    st.active_layer.and_then(|id| st.doc.layer(id)).is_some_and(|l| matches!(l.content, LayerContent::Adjustment(_)))
+}
+
+/// Preferences › Performance › Cache Levels: the highest level the panel counts at by default.
+fn max_cache_level(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> u32 {
+    app.session.prefs().performance.cache_levels.clamp(1, tone::MAX_CACHE_LEVEL)
+}
+
+/// The source the panel counts: Compact View shows no Source menu and represents the entire image.
+fn source_choice(opts: &HistogramPanelState) -> HistSourceChoice {
+    if opts.view == HistView::Compact { HistSourceChoice::EntireImage } else { opts.source }
+}
+
+/// The key of the document's histogram the panel wants now, with the space and source it counts.
+fn committed_key(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Option<(HistKey, ToneSpace, HistSource)> {
+    let st = app.session.active()?;
+    let (doc, revision) = (st.doc.id, st.revision);
+    let space = tone_space(st.doc.mode);
+    let (_, source) = resolve_source(st, source_choice(&app.ui.histogram_panel));
+    let max_level = if app.hist_uncached == Some((doc, revision)) { 1 } else { max_cache_level(app) };
+    Some((HistKey { doc, revision, source: tone::tag(source, space), preview: 0, max_level }, space, source))
+}
+
+/// The document an open adjustment previews on the canvas (an Image › Adjustments dialog through
+/// its preview layer, or an adjustment layer's Properties drag) and its display key.
+fn adjustment_preview(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> Option<(Arc<Document>, u64)> {
+    let idx = app.session.active_index()?;
+    if let Some(shown) = crate::adjust_preview::display_doc(app, idx) {
+        return Some(shown);
+    }
+    app.live_adjust.as_ref()?;
+    let (doc, key) = crate::canvas::display_doc(app, idx);
+    (key != 0).then_some((doc, key))
+}
+
+/// What the panel wants shown now: the document's histogram key, and the preview's document and
+/// key while an adjustment previews.
+struct Want {
+    committed: HistKey,
+    preview: Option<(Arc<Document>, HistKey)>,
+    space: ToneSpace,
+    source: HistSource,
+}
+
+fn want(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> Option<Want> {
+    let preview = adjustment_preview(app);
+    let (committed, space, source) = committed_key(app)?;
+    let preview = preview.map(|(d, k)| (d, HistKey { preview: k | 1, ..committed }));
+    Some(Want { committed, preview, space, source })
+}
+
+/// Brings the panel's histograms up to date as far as one frame should: lands a finished count,
+/// keeps entries a view-only revision didn't invalidate, and starts the next count (at most one at
+/// a time, at most every 250 ms per entry). `ctx` repaints when a worker delivers.
+pub fn update(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
+    // A finished worker lands its histogram in the slot its key names. A worker that died
+    // without sending clears the job so the next frame schedules a new one.
+    if let Some((_, rx)) = &app.hist_job {
+        match rx.try_recv() {
+            Ok((key, ms, hist)) => {
+                app.perf.span("histogram", ms);
+                // egui's clock works on every target; `gpu_canvas::now_ms` is always 0 on wasm32.
+                let entry = PanelHist { key, at: ctx.input(|i| i.time) * 1000.0, hist };
+                if key.preview == 0 {
+                    app.doc_hist = Some(entry);
+                } else {
+                    app.doc_hist_preview = Some(entry);
+                }
+                app.hist_job = None;
+            }
+            Err(std::sync::mpsc::TryRecvError::Disconnected) => app.hist_job = None,
+            Err(std::sync::mpsc::TryRecvError::Empty) => {}
+        }
+    }
+    // A revision that changed no pixels (selecting a layer, say) keeps the histogram of the one
+    // before (#125), and an Uncached Refresh with it.
+    if let Some(st) = app.session.active()
+        && tone::view_only(st)
+    {
+        let (doc, rev) = (st.doc.id, st.revision);
+        if app.hist_uncached == Some((doc, rev.wrapping_sub(1))) {
+            app.hist_uncached = Some((doc, rev));
+        }
+        if let Some(e) = app.doc_hist.as_mut()
+            && e.key.doc == doc
+            && e.key.revision.wrapping_add(1) == rev
+        {
+            e.key.revision = rev;
+        }
+    }
+    let Some(want) = want(app) else { return };
+    if want.preview.is_none() {
+        app.doc_hist_preview = None;
+    }
+    if app.hist_job.is_some() {
+        ctx.request_repaint_after(std::time::Duration::from_millis(30));
+        return;
+    }
+    let now = ctx.input(|i| i.time) * 1000.0;
+    let due = |e: &Option<PanelHist>| e.as_ref().is_none_or(|e| e.key.doc != want.committed.doc || now - e.at > 250.0);
+    let stale = |e: &Option<PanelHist>, k: &HistKey| e.as_ref().is_none_or(|e| e.key != *k);
+    // An Uncached Refresh is asked for, so it doesn't wait out the throttle (Cache Levels 1 alone
+    // counts at level 1 too, and still waits).
+    let forced = app.hist_uncached == Some((want.committed.doc, want.committed.revision));
+    let job = if stale(&app.doc_hist, &want.committed) {
+        (forced || due(&app.doc_hist)).then(|| (app.session.active().map(|st| st.doc.clone()), want.committed))
+    } else if let Some((doc, key)) = &want.preview
+        && stale(&app.doc_hist_preview, key)
+    {
+        due(&app.doc_hist_preview).then(|| (Some(doc.clone()), *key))
+    } else {
+        None
+    };
+    match job {
+        Some((Some(doc), key)) => spawn(app, ctx, doc, key, want.source, want.space),
+        Some((None, _)) => {}
+        None if stale(&app.doc_hist, &want.committed) || want.preview.as_ref().is_some_and(|(_, k)| stale(&app.doc_hist_preview, k)) => {
+            ctx.request_repaint_after(std::time::Duration::from_millis(260));
+        }
+        None => {}
+    }
+}
+
+/// Counts `doc` for `key` on a worker thread (inline on the web, where there are none, or when a
+/// spawn fails), delivered through `app.hist_job`.
+fn spawn(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, doc: Arc<Document>, key: HistKey, source: HistSource, space: ToneSpace) {
+    let (tx, rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    let spawned = {
+        let doc = doc.clone();
+        let tx = tx.clone();
+        let ctx = ctx.clone();
+        std::thread::Builder::new()
+            .name("histogram".into())
+            .spawn(move || {
+                let t0 = crate::gpu_canvas::now_ms();
+                let h = Arc::new(tone::compute_histograms_at(&doc, source, space, key.max_level));
+                let _ = tx.send((key, crate::gpu_canvas::now_ms() - t0, h));
+                ctx.request_repaint();
+            })
+            .is_ok()
+    };
+    #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+    let spawned = {
+        let _ = ctx;
+        false
+    };
+    if !spawned {
+        let t0 = crate::gpu_canvas::now_ms();
+        let h = Arc::new(tone::compute_histograms_at(&doc, source, space, key.max_level));
+        let _ = tx.send((key, crate::gpu_canvas::now_ms() - t0, h));
+    }
+    app.hist_job = Some((key, rx));
+}
+
+/// Uncached Refresh: recount the active document's current state at cache level 1 (every pixel).
+pub fn uncached_refresh(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
+    if let Some(st) = app.session.active() {
+        app.hist_uncached = Some((st.doc.id, st.revision));
+    }
+}
+
+/// The histogram the panel shows now: the preview's while an adjustment previews (with the
+/// document's as the original), else the document's. `stale` when it isn't the one wanted yet.
+struct Shown {
+    hist: Arc<Histograms>,
+    original: Option<Arc<Histograms>>,
+    stale: bool,
+    mode: ColorMode,
+    layers: usize,
+    adjustment: bool,
+}
+
+fn shown(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> Option<Shown> {
+    let want = want(app)?;
+    let st = app.session.active()?;
+    let (mode, layers, adjustment) = (st.doc.mode, st.doc.layer_count(), adjustment_selected(st));
+    let same_doc = |e: &PanelHist| e.key.doc == want.committed.doc;
+    let committed = app.doc_hist.as_ref().filter(|e| same_doc(e));
+    let preview = app.doc_hist_preview.as_ref().filter(|e| same_doc(e) && want.preview.is_some());
+    Some(match (preview, committed) {
+        (Some(p), c) => Shown {
+            hist: p.hist.clone(),
+            original: c.map(|c| c.hist.clone()),
+            stale: want.preview.as_ref().is_none_or(|(_, k)| *k != p.key),
+            mode,
+            layers,
+            adjustment,
+        },
+        (None, Some(c)) => Shown { hist: c.hist.clone(), original: None, stale: c.key != want.committed || want.preview.is_some(), mode, layers, adjustment },
+        (None, None) => return None,
+    })
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Drawing
+
+/// One histogram and its colour, for [`draw_overlaid`].
+type Layer<'a> = (&'a [u32; 256], Color32);
+
+/// The colour of a band covered by `covering`: additive for light channels (red over green is
+/// yellow, all three grey), multiplied for inks (cyan over magenta is blue).
+fn mix(covering: impl Iterator<Item = Color32>, multiply: bool) -> Color32 {
+    if multiply {
+        covering.fold(Color32::WHITE, |a, b| {
+            Color32::from_rgb(
+                (u16::from(a.r()) * u16::from(b.r()) / 255) as u8,
+                (u16::from(a.g()) * u16::from(b.g()) / 255) as u8,
+                (u16::from(a.b()) * u16::from(b.b()) / 255) as u8,
+            )
+        })
+    } else {
+        covering.fold(Color32::BLACK, |a, b| Color32::from_rgb(a.r().saturating_add(b.r()), a.g().saturating_add(b.g()), a.b().saturating_add(b.b())))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Draws `layers` overlaid on one shared scale, each outlined like [`tone::draw_histogram`]
+/// (straight lines between the bin centres, down to the baseline at both ends). Where several
+/// cover a band it takes their [`mix`]ed colour. Each span between two centres is split where
+/// outlines cross, so the channel order is constant within every piece and the bands are exact
+/// trapezoids: no steps, and no draw-order-dependent blending.
+fn draw_overlaid(p: &egui::Painter, r: Rect, layers: &[Layer<'_>], multiply: bool) {
+    p.add(overlaid_mesh(r, layers, multiply));
+}
+
+fn overlaid_mesh(r: Rect, layers: &[Layer<'_>], multiply: bool) -> egui::Mesh {
+    let top = layers.iter().map(|(h, _)| tone::histogram_scale_top(h)).fold(1.0f32, f32::max);
+    // Outline points: the left baseline, the 256 bin centres, the right baseline (heights 0..1).
+    let xs: Vec<f32> =
+        std::iter::once(r.left()).chain((0..256).map(|i| r.left() + (i as f32 + 0.5) / 256.0 * r.width())).chain(std::iter::once(r.right())).collect();
+    let height = |h: &[u32; 256], i: usize| if i == 0 || i > 256 { 0.0 } else { (h.get(i - 1).copied().unwrap_or(0) as f32 / top).min(1.0) };
+    let mut mesh = egui::Mesh::default();
+    let y = |v: f32| r.bottom() - v * r.height();
+    for i in 0..xs.len().saturating_sub(1) {
+        let (Some(&x0), Some(&x1)) = (xs.get(i), xs.get(i + 1)) else { continue };
+        let a: Vec<f32> = layers.iter().map(|(h, _)| height(h, i)).collect();
+        let b: Vec<f32> = layers.iter().map(|(h, _)| height(h, i + 1)).collect();
+        // Where any two outlines cross within the span (as a fraction of it).
+        let mut cuts = vec![0.0f32, 1.0];
+        for j in 0..layers.len() {
+            for k in j + 1..layers.len() {
+                let (Some(aj), Some(bj), Some(ak), Some(bk)) = (a.get(j), b.get(j), a.get(k), b.get(k)) else { continue };
+                let d = (bj - aj) - (bk - ak);
+                if d.abs() > f32::EPSILON {
+                    let t = (ak - aj) / d;
+                    if t > 0.0 && t < 1.0 {
+                        cuts.push(t);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        cuts.sort_by(f32::total_cmp);
+        for w in cuts.windows(2) {
+            let (t0, t1) = (w[0], w[1]);
+            if t1 - t0 <= f32::EPSILON {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let at = |t: f32| -> Vec<f32> { a.iter().zip(&b).map(|(a, b)| a + (b - a) * t).collect() };
+            let (left, right, mid) = (at(t0), at(t1), at((t0 + t1) / 2.0));
+            let mut order: Vec<usize> = (0..layers.len()).collect();
+            order.sort_by(|&m, &n| mid.get(m).copied().unwrap_or(0.0).total_cmp(&mid.get(n).copied().unwrap_or(0.0)));
+            let (px0, px1) = (x0 + (x1 - x0) * t0, x0 + (x1 - x0) * t1);
+            // Bottom up: each band is covered by the channels at least that tall.
+            let (mut below_l, mut below_r) = (0.0f32, 0.0f32);
+            for (n, &c) in order.iter().enumerate() {
+                let (Some(&tl), Some(&tr)) = (left.get(c), right.get(c)) else { continue };
+                if tl > below_l || tr > below_r {
+                    let color = mix(order.iter().skip(n).filter_map(|&m| layers.get(m).map(|l| l.1)), multiply);
+                    let v = mesh.vertices.len() as u32;
+                    for q in [pos2(px0, y(below_l)), pos2(px0, y(tl)), pos2(px1, y(tr)), pos2(px1, y(below_r))] {
+                        mesh.colored_vertex(q, color);
+                    }
+                    mesh.add_triangle(v, v + 1, v + 2);
+                    mesh.add_triangle(v, v + 2, v + 3);
+                }
+                (below_l, below_r) = (tl.max(below_l), tr.max(below_r));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    mesh
+}
+
+/// The colour a single-channel graph draws in: its channel colour when colourised, else the
+/// composite grey.
+fn graph_color(channel: HistChannel, colored: bool, t: &Tokens) -> Color32 {
+    let grey = if t.pro { Color32::from_gray(215) } else { Color32::from_gray(70) };
+    if colored { channel_paint(channel).unwrap_or(grey) } else { grey }
+}
+
+/// Draws `channel` of `h` in `r` (Colors overlays the colour channels).
+fn draw_channel(p: &egui::Painter, r: Rect, h: &Histograms, mode: ColorMode, channel: HistChannel, colored: bool, t: &Tokens) {
+    if channel == HistChannel::Colors {
+        let layers: Vec<Layer<'_>> = color_channels(mode).iter().filter_map(|c| Some((bins(h, mode, *c), channel_paint(*c)?))).collect();
+        draw_overlaid(p, r, &layers, tone_space(mode) == ToneSpace::Cmyk);
+    } else {
+        tone::draw_histogram(p, r, bins(h, mode, channel), graph_color(channel, colored, t));
+    }
+}
+
+/// The histogram graph with its marks and pointer interaction. Returns the levels under the
+/// pointer (hover) for the statistics.
+fn graph(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, s: &Shown, channel: HistChannel, colored: bool, height: f32) -> Option<u8> {
+    let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
+    let w = ui.available_width();
+    let (r, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(w, height), Sense::click_and_drag());
+    let p = ui.painter_at(r);
+    p.rect_filled(r, 0.0, t.field);
+    let level_at = |x: f32| (((x - r.left()) / r.width().max(1.0)) * 256.0).floor().clamp(0.0, 255.0) as u8;
+    let x_of = |l: u8| r.left() + (f32::from(l) + 0.5) / 256.0 * r.width();
+    // The selected range behind the bars.
+    if let Some([a, b]) = app.ui.histogram_range {
+        let (lo, hi) = (a.min(b), a.max(b));
+        let band = Rect::from_x_y_ranges(r.left() + f32::from(lo) / 256.0 * r.width()..=r.left() + (f32::from(hi) + 1.0) / 256.0 * r.width(), r.y_range());
+        p.rect_filled(band, 0.0, t.accent.gamma_multiply(0.35));
+    }
+    draw_channel(&p, r, &s.hist, s.mode, channel, colored, &t);
+    // The original histogram outlined over the adjusted one while an adjustment previews.
+    if let Some(o) = &s.original {
+        outline(&p, r, bins(o, s.mode, if channel == HistChannel::Colors { HistChannel::Composite } else { channel }), t.text);
+    }
+    // The Color Samplers' levels.
+    let mark_channel = if channel == HistChannel::Colors { HistChannel::Composite } else { channel };
+    for v in crate::panels::sampler_readouts(app).iter() {
+        let rgb = v["rgb"].as_array().map(|a| a.iter().filter_map(Value::as_f64).map(|c| (c / 255.0) as f32).collect::<Vec<_>>()).unwrap_or_default();
+        let (Some(&red), Some(&green), Some(&blue)) = (rgb.first(), rgb.get(1), rgb.get(2)) else { continue };
+        let x = x_of(channel_level(s.mode, mark_channel, [red, green, blue, 1.0]));
+        p.line_segment([pos2(x, r.bottom() - 9.0), pos2(x, r.bottom())], egui::Stroke::new(1.5, t.text));
+        p.text(pos2(x + 2.0, r.bottom() - 9.0), egui::Align2::LEFT_BOTTOM, v["number"].to_string(), egui::FontId::proportional(9.0), t.text);
+    }
+    // The cached-data warning: click it (or double-click the graph) for an Uncached Refresh.
+    if s.stale || s.hist.level > 1 {
+        let icon = Rect::from_min_size(r.right_top() + vec2(-18.0, 2.0), vec2(16.0, 16.0));
+        crate::icons::paint(ui, icon, "triangle-alert", 12.0, t.warning);
+        let warn =
+            ui.interact(icon, ui.scope_id().with("hist-cached-warning"), Sense::click()).on_hover_text(tl!("Click to refresh histogram with uncached data"));
+        if warn.clicked() {
+            uncached_refresh(app);
+        }
+    }
+    if resp.double_clicked() {
+        uncached_refresh(app);
+    }
+    let pointer = resp.interact_pointer_pos().or_else(|| resp.hover_pos());
+    let id = ui.scope_id().with("hist-drag-from");
+    if resp.drag_started()
+        && let Some(pos) = resp.interact_pointer_pos()
+    {
+        ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(id, level_at(pos.x)));
+    }
+    if resp.dragged()
+        && let (Some(from), Some(pos)) = (ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<u8>(id)), pointer)
+    {
+        app.ui.histogram_range = Some([from, level_at(pos.x)]);
+    } else if resp.clicked() {
+        app.ui.histogram_range = None;
+    }
+    pointer.filter(|_| resp.hovered() || resp.dragged()).map(|pos| level_at(pos.x))
+}
+
+/// The outline of `h` (the original histogram over an adjusted one).
+fn outline(p: &egui::Painter, r: Rect, h: &[u32; 256], color: Color32) {
+    let top = tone::histogram_scale_top(h);
+    let pts: Vec<_> = h
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .map(|(i, v)| pos2(r.left() + (i as f32 + 0.5) / 256.0 * r.width(), r.bottom() - (*v as f32 / top).min(1.0) * r.height()))
+        .collect();
+    p.add(egui::Shape::line(pts, egui::Stroke::new(1.0, color.gamma_multiply(0.8))));
+}
+
+/// The statistics grid: Mean, Std Dev, Median, Pixels | Level, Count, Percentile, Cache Level.
+fn statistics(ui: &mut egui::Ui, h: &Histograms, mode: ColorMode, channel: HistChannel, levels: Option<[u8; 2]>, t: &Tokens) {
+    let ch = if channel == HistChannel::Colors { HistChannel::Composite } else { channel };
+    let Some(s) = stats(bins(h, mode, ch), levels) else { return };
+    let level = match s.level {
+        Some([a, b]) if a == b => a.to_string(),
+        Some([a, b]) => format!("{a}..{b}"),
+        None => String::new(),
+    };
+    let rows = [
+        (tl!("Mean:"), format!("{:.2}", s.mean), tl!("Level:"), level),
+        (tl!("Std Dev:"), format!("{:.2}", s.std_dev), tl!("Count:"), s.count.map(|c| c.to_string()).unwrap_or_default()),
+        (tl!("Median:"), s.median.to_string(), tl!("Percentile:"), s.percentile.map(|p| format!("{p:.2}")).unwrap_or_default()),
+        (tl!("Pixels:"), s.pixels.to_string(), tl!("Cache Level:"), h.level.max(1).to_string()),
+    ];
+    let mono = crate::theme::mono(11.5);
+    egui::Grid::new("hist-stats").num_columns(4).spacing(vec2(6.0, 2.0)).show(ui, |ui| {
+        for (k1, v1, k2, v2) in rows {
+            for (k, v) in [(k1, v1), (k2, v2)] {
+                ui.with_layout(egui::Layout::right_to_left(egui::Align::Center), |ui| {
+                    ui.label(egui::RichText::new(k).color(t.text_dim).size(11.5));
+                });
+                ui.label(egui::RichText::new(v).font(mono.clone()).color(t.text));
+            }
+            ui.end_row();
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+/// Histogram panel (Window › Histogram).
+pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
+    let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
+    if app.session.active().is_none() {
+        ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("No document")).color(t.text_faint));
+        return;
+    }
+    update(app, ui.ctx());
+    let Some(s) = shown(app) else {
+        ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("Calculating…")).color(t.text_faint));
+        return;
+    };
+    let opts = app.ui.histogram_panel;
+    let channel = resolve_channel(s.mode, opts.channel);
+    if opts.view == HistView::Compact {
+        // Compact View: the graph alone; a single channel is always in its colour.
+        graph(app, ui, &s, channel, true, 100.0);
+        return;
+    }
+    let mut changed = false;
+    ui.horizontal(|ui| {
+        ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("Channel:")).color(t.text_dim).size(12.0));
+        let mut ch = channel;
+        let options = channel_options(s.mode);
+        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "histogram-panel-ch", tl!("Channel"), &mut ch, &options, 110.0) {
+            app.ui.histogram_panel.channel = ch;
+            changed = true;
+        }
+        ui.with_layout(egui::Layout::right_to_left(egui::Align::Center), |ui| {
+            if crate::icons::button(ui, "rotate-cw", 20.0, false, tl!("Uncached Refresh")).clicked() {
+                uncached_refresh(app);
+            }
+        });
+    });
+    let colored = opts.show_channels_in_color;
+    let hover = graph(app, ui, &s, channel, colored, 100.0);
+    // Source: only for documents with several layers.
+    if s.layers > 1 {
+        ui.horizontal(|ui| {
+            ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("Source:")).color(t.text_dim).size(12.0));
+            let mut src = opts.source;
+            let mut options = vec![(HistSourceChoice::EntireImage, "Entire Image"), (HistSourceChoice::SelectedLayer, "Selected Layer")];
+            if s.adjustment {
+                options.push((HistSourceChoice::AdjustmentComposite, "Adjustment Composite"));
+            } else if src == HistSourceChoice::AdjustmentComposite {
+                src = HistSourceChoice::EntireImage;
+            }
+            if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "histogram-panel-src", tl!("Source"), &mut src, &options, 150.0) {
+                app.ui.histogram_panel.source = src;
+                changed = true;
+            }
+        });
+    }
+    if opts.show_statistics {
+        ui.add_space(4.0);
+        let levels = app.ui.histogram_range.or_else(|| hover.map(|l| [l, l]));
+        statistics(ui, &s.hist, s.mode, channel, levels, &t);
+    }
+    if opts.view == HistView::AllChannels {
+        for c in color_channels(s.mode) {
+            ui.add_space(4.0);
+            ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!(channel_label(s.mode, *c))).color(t.text).size(11.5));
+            let w = ui.available_width();
+            let (r, _) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(w, 90.0), Sense::hover());
+            let p = ui.painter_at(r);
+            p.rect_filled(r, 0.0, t.field);
+            tone::draw_histogram(&p, r, bins(&s.hist, s.mode, *c), graph_color(*c, colored, &t));
+        }
+    }
+    if changed {
+        persist_options(app);
+    }
+}
+
+/// The Histogram items of the panel menu.
+pub fn panel_menu(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
+    if ui.add_enabled(app.session.active().is_some(), egui::Button::new(tl!("Uncached Refresh"))).clicked() {
+        uncached_refresh(app);
+        ui.close();
+    }
+    ui.separator();
+    let mut changed = false;
+    for (view, label) in [(HistView::Compact, "Compact View"), (HistView::Expanded, "Expanded View"), (HistView::AllChannels, "All Channels View")] {
+        if ui.radio(app.ui.histogram_panel.view == view, tl!(label)).clicked() {
+            // The channel is one setting for every view, so it is kept.
+            app.ui.histogram_panel.view = view;
+            changed = true;
+        }
+    }
+    ui.separator();
+    let mut stats_on = app.ui.histogram_panel.show_statistics;
+    if crate::widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut stats_on, tl!("Show Statistics")).changed() {
+        app.ui.histogram_panel.show_statistics = stats_on;
+        changed = true;
+    }
+    let mut color = app.ui.histogram_panel.show_channels_in_color;
+    if crate::widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut color, tl!("Show Channels in Color")).changed() {
+        app.ui.histogram_panel.show_channels_in_color = color;
+        changed = true;
+    }
+    if changed {
+        persist_options(app);
+        ui.close();
+    }
+}
+
+/// The panel's state for `ui.inspect` (`histogram`): its options as they apply to the active
+/// document, and the shown histogram's statistics for the selected range.
+pub fn inspect(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Value {
+    let opts = app.ui.histogram_panel;
+    let Some(st) = app.session.active() else { return json!({"options": opts}) };
+    let mode = st.doc.mode;
+    let channel = resolve_channel(mode, opts.channel);
+    let (source, _) = resolve_source(st, source_choice(&opts));
+    let preview = app.doc_hist_preview.as_ref().filter(|e| e.key.doc == st.doc.id);
+    let entry = preview.or(app.doc_hist.as_ref()).filter(|e| e.key.doc == st.doc.id);
+    let committed = committed_key(app).map(|(k, _, _)| k);
+    let ch = if channel == HistChannel::Colors { HistChannel::Composite } else { channel };
+    json!({
+        "options": opts,
+        "channel": channel_id(channel),
+        "channels": channel_options(mode).iter().map(|(c, _)| channel_id(*c)).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        "source": source,
+        "sourceShown": st.doc.layer_count() > 1 && opts.view != HistView::Compact,
+        "range": app.ui.histogram_range,
+        "preview": preview.is_some(),
+        "revision": entry.map(|e| e.key.revision),
+        "current": entry.zip(committed).is_some_and(|(e, k)| e.key == HistKey { preview: e.key.preview, ..k }),
+        "cacheLevel": entry.map(|e| e.hist.level.max(1)),
+        "maxCacheLevel": max_cache_level(app),
+        "stats": entry.and_then(|e| stats(bins(&e.hist, mode, ch), app.ui.histogram_range)),
+    })
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[path = "histogram_panel_tests.rs"]
+mod tests;
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/histogram_panel_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/histogram_panel_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f5d660006b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/histogram_panel_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,418 @@
+use super::*;
+use crate::PhotocraftApp;
+use serde_json::json;
+
+fn app_with(params: Value) -> PhotocraftApp {
+    let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+    app.run("file.new", params).unwrap();
+    app
+}
+
+/// One panel frame through a minimal egui pass.
+fn frame(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
+    let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+    ctx.begin_pass(Default::default());
+    let mut ui =
+        egui::Ui::new(ctx.clone(), egui::Id::unique("hist-test"), egui::UiBuilder::new().max_rect(Rect::from_min_size(egui::Pos2::ZERO, vec2(300.0, 900.0))));
+    show(app, &mut ui);
+    ctx.end_pass().textures_delta.clear();
+}
+
+/// Frames until the panel shows the histogram it wants (the throttle skipped), or panics after
+/// 60 s: an uncached count of the 18 MP document below takes seconds in a debug build on a loaded
+/// CI runner, and the loop returns as soon as the histogram lands.
+fn settle(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
+    let t0 = std::time::Instant::now();
+    loop {
+        for e in [app.doc_hist.as_mut(), app.doc_hist_preview.as_mut()].into_iter().flatten() {
+            e.at = -1e12;
+        }
+        frame(app);
+        let done = app.hist_job.is_none() && shown(app).is_some_and(|s| !s.stale);
+        if done {
+            return;
+        }
+        assert!(t0.elapsed() < std::time::Duration::from_secs(60), "the histogram never settled");
+        std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(2));
+    }
+}
+
+fn ui_set(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, params: Value) -> Value {
+    let (req, _rx) = crate::control::ControlRequest::new("ui.set", params);
+    match crate::control::handle(app, ctx, &req) {
+        crate::control::Outcome::Done(v) => v,
+        _ => panic!("ui.set: expected an immediate reply"),
+    }
+}
+
+fn inspect_stats(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Value {
+    inspect(app)["stats"].clone()
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn stats_match_their_definitions() {
+    let mut h = [0u32; 256];
+    h[0] = 25;
+    h[100] = 50;
+    h[255] = 25;
+    let s = stats(&h, None).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(s.pixels, 100);
+    assert!((s.mean - (5000.0 + 6375.0) / 100.0).abs() < 1e-9);
+    assert_eq!(s.median, 100);
+    assert_eq!(s.clipped, [25.0, 25.0], "a quarter of the pixels clip at each end");
+    // One level: its count and the percent at or below it.
+    let one = stats(&h, Some([100, 100])).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!((one.count, one.percentile), (Some(50), Some(75.0)));
+    // A dragged range (either direction): the count and percent within it.
+    let range = stats(&h, Some([200, 50])).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!((range.level, range.count, range.percentile), (Some([50, 200]), Some(50), Some(50.0)));
+    assert!(stats(&[0; 256], Some([0, 255])).is_none(), "an empty histogram has no statistics");
+    assert!(stats(&h, None).unwrap().std_dev > 0.0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn channels_follow_the_colour_mode() {
+    let ids = |m| channel_options(m).into_iter().map(|(c, _)| c).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    use HistChannel::*;
+    assert_eq!(ids(ColorMode::Rgb), [Composite, Red, Green, Blue, Luminosity, Colors]);
+    assert_eq!(ids(ColorMode::Cmyk), [Composite, Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black, Luminosity, Colors]);
+    assert_eq!(ids(ColorMode::Lab), [Composite, A, B, Luminosity]);
+    assert_eq!(ids(ColorMode::Grayscale), [Composite]);
+    assert_eq!(resolve_channel(ColorMode::Cmyk, Red), Composite, "a channel the mode lacks shows its composite");
+    assert_eq!(resolve_channel(ColorMode::Rgb, Red), Red);
+    assert!(color_channels(ColorMode::Grayscale).is_empty(), "All Channels lists colour channels only");
+    assert_eq!(color_channels(ColorMode::Rgb), [Red, Green, Blue]);
+    // Pointer marks bin pixels the way the histogram does.
+    let px = [1.0, 0.5, 0.0, 1.0];
+    assert_eq!(channel_level(ColorMode::Rgb, Red, px), 255);
+    assert_eq!(channel_level(ColorMode::Rgb, Green, px), 128);
+    assert_eq!(channel_level(ColorMode::Rgb, Composite, px), 127);
+    assert_eq!(channel_level(ColorMode::Rgb, Luminosity, px), ((0.30 + 0.59 * 0.5) * 255.0f32).round() as u8);
+    assert_eq!(channel_level(ColorMode::Rgb, Blue, [f32::NAN, 0.0, 2.0, 1.0]), 255, "hostile samples clamp, never panic");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn luminosity_and_rgb_channels_are_counted() {
+    let mut app = app_with(json!({"width": 40, "height": 20}));
+    app.run("select.rect", json!({"x": 0, "y": 0, "width": 20, "height": 20})).unwrap();
+    app.run("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+    let doc = &app.session.active().unwrap().doc;
+    let h = tone::compute_histograms(doc, tone::IMAGE, ToneSpace::Rgb);
+    assert_eq!(bins(&h, doc.mode, HistChannel::Red)[255], 800);
+    assert_eq!(bins(&h, doc.mode, HistChannel::Green)[0], 400);
+    let red_lum = (0.30f32 * 255.0).round() as usize;
+    assert_eq!(h.lum[red_lum], 400, "red is 30% luminosity");
+    assert_eq!(h.lum[255], 400, "white is full luminosity");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sources_count_the_image_the_layer_or_the_adjustment_composite() {
+    let mut app = app_with(json!({"width": 32, "height": 32})); // white
+    app.run("layer.newAdjustmentLayer.invert", json!({})).unwrap();
+    app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+    app.run("select.rect", json!({"x": 0, "y": 0, "width": 16, "height": 32})).unwrap();
+    app.run("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#808080"})).unwrap();
+    let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+    let invert = st.doc.layers[1].id;
+    let doc = &st.doc;
+    let image = tone::compute_histograms(doc, tone::IMAGE, ToneSpace::Rgb);
+    assert_eq!((image[0][0], image[0][128]), (512, 512), "black (inverted white) and the grey above it");
+    let upto = tone::compute_histograms(doc, HistSource::UpTo(invert), ToneSpace::Rgb);
+    assert_eq!(upto[0][0], 1024, "the adjustment composite hides the grey layer above");
+    // The panel offers Adjustment Composite only with an adjustment layer selected.
+    assert_eq!(resolve_source(st, HistSourceChoice::AdjustmentComposite).0, HistSourceChoice::EntireImage);
+    assert_eq!(resolve_source(st, HistSourceChoice::SelectedLayer).1, HistSource::Layer(st.active_layer.unwrap()));
+    app.run("layer.select", json!({"layer": invert.0})).unwrap();
+    let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(st.active_layer, Some(invert));
+    assert_eq!(resolve_source(st, HistSourceChoice::AdjustmentComposite), (HistSourceChoice::AdjustmentComposite, HistSource::UpTo(invert)));
+    // A single-layer document counts the entire image whatever is chosen.
+    let one = app_with(json!({"width": 8, "height": 8}));
+    let st = one.session.active().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(resolve_source(st, HistSourceChoice::SelectedLayer).0, HistSourceChoice::EntireImage);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn cache_level_follows_size_and_the_preference_cap() {
+    let big = app_with(json!({"width": 6000, "height": 3000}));
+    let doc = &big.session.active().unwrap().doc;
+    let auto = tone::cache_level(doc, tone::MAX_CACHE_LEVEL);
+    assert!(auto > 1, "a large document counts a proxy, level {auto}");
+    assert_eq!(tone::cache_level(doc, 2), 2, "capped by Cache Levels");
+    assert_eq!(tone::cache_level(doc, 0), 1, "out-of-range caps clamp");
+    let exact = tone::compute_histograms_at(doc, tone::IMAGE, ToneSpace::Rgb, 1);
+    assert_eq!(exact.level, 1);
+    assert_eq!(exact[0][255], 6000 * 3000, "level 1 counts every pixel");
+    let small = app_with(json!({"width": 64, "height": 64}));
+    assert_eq!(tone::cache_level(&small.session.active().unwrap().doc, 8), 1, "small documents are exact");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn panel_counts_off_thread_and_recounts_after_an_edit() {
+    let mut app = app_with(json!({"width": 64, "height": 48}));
+    settle(&mut app);
+    let s = inspect_stats(&app);
+    assert_eq!(s["pixels"], 64 * 48);
+    assert_eq!(s["median"], 255);
+    assert_eq!(inspect(&app)["current"], true);
+    app.run("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#000000"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(inspect(&app)["current"], false, "stale until recounted");
+    frame(&mut app);
+    // The old histogram stays shown, marked stale, while the new one counts.
+    assert!(shown(&mut app).is_some());
+    settle(&mut app);
+    assert_eq!(inspect_stats(&app)["median"], 0, "refreshed without a manual refresh");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_dead_histogram_worker_clears_the_job() {
+    let mut app = app_with(json!({"width": 64, "height": 48}));
+    let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+    let key = HistKey { doc: st.doc.id, revision: st.revision, source: 0, preview: 0, max_level: 4 };
+    let (tx, rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
+    drop(tx);
+    app.hist_job = Some((key, rx));
+    let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+    update(&mut app, &ctx);
+    assert!(app.doc_hist.is_none(), "nothing landed from the dead worker");
+    // …and the next count was scheduled in its place.
+    assert!(app.hist_job.is_some());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn uncached_refresh_counts_every_pixel_for_the_current_state() {
+    let mut app = app_with(json!({"width": 6000, "height": 3000}));
+    app.run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "performance.cacheLevels", "value": 8})).unwrap();
+    settle(&mut app);
+    assert!(inspect(&app)["cacheLevel"].as_u64().unwrap() > 1, "cached first");
+    uncached_refresh(&mut app);
+    settle(&mut app);
+    assert_eq!(inspect(&app)["cacheLevel"], 1);
+    assert_eq!(inspect_stats(&app)["pixels"], 6000u64 * 3000);
+    // Cache Levels caps what the panel counts at.
+    app.run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "performance.cacheLevels", "value": 2})).unwrap();
+    app.run("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#000000"})).unwrap();
+    settle(&mut app);
+    assert_eq!(inspect(&app)["cacheLevel"], 2);
+    assert_eq!(inspect(&app)["maxCacheLevel"], 2);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn adjustment_preview_is_counted_over_the_original() {
+    let mut app = app_with(json!({"width": 32, "height": 32})); // white
+    app.run("layer.newAdjustmentLayer.levels", json!({})).unwrap();
+    settle(&mut app);
+    assert_eq!(inspect_stats(&app)["median"], 255);
+    let id = app.session.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+    app.live_adjust = Some((id, json!({"outWhite": 100})));
+    settle(&mut app);
+    assert_eq!(inspect(&app)["preview"], true);
+    assert_eq!(inspect_stats(&app)["median"], 100, "the previewed levels");
+    let s = shown(&mut app).unwrap();
+    let original = s.original.expect("the original is kept for the overlay");
+    assert_eq!(original[0][255], 1024, "the original is the image before the preview");
+    app.live_adjust = None;
+    settle(&mut app);
+    assert_eq!(inspect(&app)["preview"], false);
+    assert_eq!(inspect_stats(&app)["median"], 255);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn views_keep_the_channel_and_the_menu_toggles_options() {
+    use egui_kittest::Harness;
+    use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
+    let mut app = app_with(json!({"width": 16, "height": 16}));
+    app.ui.histogram_panel.channel = HistChannel::Green;
+    let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(260.0, 320.0)).build_ui_state(|ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| panel_menu(app, ui), app);
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    h.get_by_label("All Channels View").click();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().ui.histogram_panel.view, HistView::AllChannels);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().ui.histogram_panel.channel, HistChannel::Green, "the channel is kept");
+    h.get_by_label("Show Channels in Color").click();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    assert!(h.state().ui.histogram_panel.show_channels_in_color);
+    h.get_by_label("Show Statistics").click();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    assert!(!h.state().ui.histogram_panel.show_statistics);
+    // Kept with the preferences.
+    let mut again = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+    let saved = h.state().session.prefs().dialogs.get(OPTIONS_PREF).cloned().unwrap();
+    again.session.prefs.edit(|p| {
+        p.dialogs.insert(OPTIONS_PREF.into(), saved);
+    });
+    restore_options(&mut again);
+    assert_eq!(again.ui.histogram_panel.view, HistView::AllChannels);
+    assert!(again.ui.histogram_panel.show_channels_in_color);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn every_view_and_channel_draws_without_panicking() {
+    for mode in ["rgb", "cmyk", "lab", "grayscale"] {
+        let mut app = app_with(json!({"width": 24, "height": 24, "mode": mode}));
+        app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        settle(&mut app);
+        for view in [HistView::Compact, HistView::Expanded, HistView::AllChannels] {
+            for channel in [HistChannel::Composite, HistChannel::Red, HistChannel::Cyan, HistChannel::A, HistChannel::Luminosity, HistChannel::Colors] {
+                for range in [[200, 10], [0, 255]] {
+                    app.ui.histogram_panel.view = view;
+                    app.ui.histogram_panel.channel = channel;
+                    app.ui.histogram_range = Some(range);
+                    frame(&mut app);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        assert!(inspect(&app)["stats"]["count"].is_u64(), "{mode}: the range has a count");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn overlaid_colors_mix_where_channels_overlap() {
+    let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+    ctx.begin_pass(Default::default());
+    let p = ctx.layer_painter(egui::LayerId::background());
+    let h = [100u32; 256];
+    draw_overlaid(&p, Rect::from_min_size(egui::Pos2::ZERO, vec2(256.0, 50.0)), &[(&h, Color32::RED), (&h, Color32::GREEN)], false);
+    draw_overlaid(&p, Rect::from_min_size(egui::Pos2::ZERO, vec2(256.0, 50.0)), &[], true);
+    ctx.end_pass().textures_delta.clear();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ui_set_drives_the_panel() {
+    let mut app = app_with(json!({"width": 16, "height": 16}));
+    let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+    let r = ui_set(
+        &mut app,
+        &ctx,
+        json!({"histogramPanel": {"view": "allChannels", "channel": "luminosity"}, "histogramRange": [10, 20], "histogramRefresh": true}),
+    );
+    assert_eq!(r["ok"], true, "{r}");
+    assert_eq!(app.ui.histogram_panel.view, HistView::AllChannels);
+    assert_eq!(app.ui.histogram_panel.channel, HistChannel::Luminosity);
+    assert_eq!(app.ui.histogram_range, Some([10, 20]));
+    assert!(app.hist_uncached.is_some());
+    for bad in [
+        json!({"histogramPanel": {"view": "tiny"}}),
+        json!({"histogramPanel": {"nope": 1}}),
+        json!({"histogramRange": [0, 300]}),
+        json!({"histogramRefresh": "yes"}),
+    ] {
+        let r = ui_set(&mut app, &ctx, bad.clone());
+        assert_eq!(r["ok"], false, "{bad}: {r}");
+    }
+    assert_eq!(app.ui.histogram_panel.view, HistView::AllChannels, "a rejected call changes nothing");
+}
+
+/// The Colors overlay follows the same outline as a single channel: straight lines between bin
+/// centres, not one flat step per level, and its bands tile without gaps where outlines cross.
+#[test]
+fn colors_overlay_is_a_continuous_outline_not_steps() {
+    let r = Rect::from_min_size(egui::Pos2::ZERO, vec2(512.0, 100.0));
+    let ramp: [u32; 256] = std::array::from_fn(|i| i as u32 * 10);
+    let fall: [u32; 256] = std::array::from_fn(|i| (255 - i) as u32 * 10);
+    let mesh = overlaid_mesh(r, &[(&ramp, Color32::RED), (&fall, Color32::GREEN)], false);
+    let quads: Vec<&[egui::epaint::Vertex]> = mesh.vertices.chunks(4).collect();
+    assert!(!quads.is_empty());
+    // Every band's top edge slopes on a ramp: no flat steps.
+    let sloped = quads.iter().filter(|q| (q[1].pos.y - q[2].pos.y).abs() > 1e-4).count();
+    assert!(sloped * 10 > quads.len() * 9, "{sloped} of {} bands slope", quads.len());
+    // The two ramps cross mid-way: there the overlap is yellow and each side keeps its own colour.
+    let colors: std::collections::HashSet<_> = mesh.vertices.iter().map(|v| v.color).collect();
+    assert!(colors.contains(&Color32::from_rgb(255, 255, 0)) && colors.contains(&Color32::RED) && colors.contains(&Color32::GREEN));
+    // Nothing is drawn above the taller outline at any x.
+    for q in &quads {
+        for v in q.iter() {
+            assert!(v.pos.y >= r.top() - 1e-3 && v.pos.y <= r.bottom() + 1e-3);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A white Background under a black layer, with the Background selected: the entire image is
+/// black, the selected layer white.
+fn black_over_white_background_selected() -> PhotocraftApp {
+    let mut app = app_with(json!({"width": 32, "height": 32}));
+    app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+    app.run("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#000000"})).unwrap();
+    let background = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layers[0].id;
+    app.run("layer.select", json!({"layer": background.0})).unwrap();
+    app
+}
+
+/// Preferences › Cache Levels 1 counts at level 1 like an Uncached Refresh, but only the refresh
+/// was asked for: edits in a row still wait out the 250 ms throttle.
+#[test]
+fn cache_levels_one_still_throttles_recounts_and_an_uncached_refresh_does_not() {
+    let mut app = app_with(json!({"width": 64, "height": 48}));
+    app.run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "performance.cacheLevels", "value": 1})).unwrap();
+    settle(&mut app);
+    // The count just landed, so the next edit falls inside the throttle.
+    app.doc_hist.as_mut().unwrap().at = 0.0;
+    app.run("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#000000"})).unwrap();
+    frame(&mut app);
+    assert!(app.hist_job.is_none(), "an edit within 250 ms of the last count waits");
+    uncached_refresh(&mut app);
+    frame(&mut app);
+    assert!(app.hist_job.is_some(), "an Uncached Refresh counts at once");
+}
+
+/// The Levels, Curves and Threshold dialogs count uncapped: their proxy is as small as before
+/// Cache Levels (about 768 pixels on the longest side), and only a cap halves by powers of two.
+#[test]
+fn uncapped_counts_keep_their_proxy_and_a_cap_reduces_by_powers_of_two() {
+    let big = app_with(json!({"width": 6000, "height": 3000}));
+    let doc = &big.session.active().unwrap().doc;
+    let pixels = |h: &Histograms| h[0].iter().map(|&c| u64::from(c)).sum::<u64>();
+    // 6000 / 768 = 7: a 7x proxy, 858 x 429 (rounded up), not an 8x one.
+    let auto = tone::compute_histograms(doc, tone::IMAGE, ToneSpace::Rgb);
+    assert_eq!(pixels(&auto), 858 * 429);
+    let capped = tone::compute_histograms_at(doc, tone::IMAGE, ToneSpace::Rgb, 3);
+    assert_eq!(capped.level, 3);
+    assert_eq!(pixels(&capped), 1500 * 750, "level 3 is a 4x proxy");
+}
+
+/// Photoshop opens the panel in Compact View, which shows no Source menu and represents the
+/// entire image whatever Source the Expanded View was left at.
+#[test]
+fn compact_view_is_the_default_and_counts_the_entire_image() {
+    assert_eq!(HistogramPanelState::default().view, HistView::Compact);
+    let mut app = black_over_white_background_selected();
+    app.ui.histogram_panel = HistogramPanelState { source: HistSourceChoice::SelectedLayer, ..Default::default() };
+    settle(&mut app);
+    let i = inspect(&app);
+    assert_eq!(i["source"], "entireImage");
+    assert_eq!(i["stats"]["median"], 0, "the black layer over the Background, not the Background alone");
+    app.ui.histogram_panel.view = HistView::Expanded;
+    settle(&mut app);
+    assert_eq!(inspect(&app)["source"], "selectedLayer");
+    assert_eq!(inspect_stats(&app)["median"], 255, "Expanded View counts the chosen Source");
+}
+
+/// `current` says whether the shown histogram is the one the panel wants: a Source change makes
+/// it stale until the recount lands, though the document's revision didn't move.
+#[test]
+fn inspect_current_follows_the_source_not_only_the_revision() {
+    let mut app = black_over_white_background_selected();
+    app.ui.histogram_panel.view = HistView::Expanded;
+    settle(&mut app);
+    assert_eq!(inspect(&app)["current"], true);
+    let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+    let r = ui_set(&mut app, &ctx, json!({"histogramPanel": {"source": "selectedLayer"}}));
+    assert_eq!(r["ok"], true, "{r}");
+    assert_eq!(inspect(&app)["current"], false, "the entire image's histogram is not the selected layer's");
+    settle(&mut app);
+    assert_eq!(inspect(&app)["current"], true);
+    assert_eq!(inspect_stats(&app)["median"], 255);
+}
+
+/// `preview` reports only the active document's preview, not one left from another document.
+#[test]
+fn inspect_preview_is_the_active_documents() {
+    let mut app = app_with(json!({"width": 16, "height": 16}));
+    settle(&mut app);
+    let mut other = app.doc_hist.clone().unwrap();
+    other.key.preview = 1;
+    app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8})).unwrap();
+    assert_ne!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.id, other.key.doc);
+    app.doc_hist_preview = Some(other);
+    assert_eq!(inspect(&app)["preview"], false);
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/history_menu_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/history_menu_ui.rs
index cf95f18a01..6e3e197662 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/history_menu_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/history_menu_ui.rs
@@ -132,11 +132,11 @@ mod tests {
     fn close_hides_the_history_panel() {
         let mut app = app();
         app.run("window.panel.activate", json!({"panel": "history"})).unwrap();
-        assert!(app.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap().contains(&"history".to_string()));
+        assert!(app.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap().layout.contains(&"history".to_string()));
         let mut h = harness(app);
         click(&mut h, "Close");
         assert!(!h.state().ui.status_error, "{}", h.state().ui.status);
-        let layout = h.state().ui.docking.clone().unwrap();
+        let layout = h.state().ui.docking.clone().unwrap().layout;
         assert!(!layout.contains(&"history".to_string()), "the History panel is closed");
     }
 
@@ -187,17 +187,6 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(states(&h).0, steps.0 - 1, "the current state is deleted");
     }
 
-    /// The labels aren't `tl!` literals, so the catalog scan can't see them: every language that
-    /// claims complete menus must still translate them.
-    #[test]
-    fn menu_labels_are_translated() {
-        for lang in crate::i18n::Lang::all().filter(|l| l.complete_menus()) {
-            for &(label, _) in ITEMS.iter().filter(|(l, _)| *l != "---") {
-                assert!(crate::i18n::has(lang, label), "{}: {label}", lang.code());
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     #[test]
     fn without_a_document_only_close_is_enabled() {
         let h = harness(PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default()));
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/history_panel_select_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/history_panel_select_tests.rs
index 92c458e37f..85be286d6a 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/history_panel_select_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/history_panel_select_tests.rs
@@ -58,3 +58,195 @@ fn clicking_a_state_jumps_there_with_one_command() {
     h.run_steps(2);
     assert_eq!(state(&h), (4, 0, rev + 2));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn new_history_steps_scroll_the_current_state_into_view() {
+    let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+    app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 64, "height": 48})).unwrap();
+    for n in 0..18 {
+        app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": format!("Layer {n}")})).unwrap();
+    }
+    let mut ready = false;
+    let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(280.0, 120.0)).build_ui_state(
+        move |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
+            if !ready {
+                PhotocraftApp::setup_context(ui.ctx(), theme::ThemeKind::ProMedium);
+                ready = true;
+                return;
+            }
+            history(app, ui);
+        },
+        app,
+    );
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    let row = h.get_all_by_label("New Layer").last().expect("the latest New Layer state").rect();
+    let view = h.ctx.input(|i| i.viewport_rect());
+    assert!(view.contains_rect(row), "the current history row must scroll into view: row {row:?} view {view:?}",);
+}
+
+/// Open plus 18 New Layer states in a dock that shows only a few rows.
+fn long_harness() -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
+    let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+    app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 64, "height": 48})).unwrap();
+    for n in 0..18 {
+        app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": format!("Layer {n}")})).unwrap();
+    }
+    let mut ready = false;
+    let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(280.0, 220.0)).build_ui_state(
+        move |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
+            if !ready {
+                PhotocraftApp::setup_context(ui.ctx(), theme::ThemeKind::ProMedium);
+                ready = true;
+                return;
+            }
+            history(app, ui);
+        },
+        app,
+    );
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    h
+}
+
+/// Top of the `n`th New Layer row from the end (0 = the last).
+fn row_top(h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, n: usize) -> f32 {
+    let rows: Vec<_> = h.get_all_by_label("New Layer").map(|r| r.rect()).collect();
+    rows[rows.len() - 1 - n].top()
+}
+
+/// The rows' visible band: below the window top, above the footer.
+fn shown(h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, n: usize) -> bool {
+    let footer = h.get_by_label("Delete current state").rect().top();
+    let top = row_top(h, n);
+    top >= h.ctx.input(|i| i.viewport_rect()).top() && top + 24.0 <= footer + 0.5
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn clicking_a_visible_state_leaves_the_list_still() {
+    let mut h = long_harness();
+    assert!(shown(&h, 0) && shown(&h, 1), "the newest states are in view");
+    let before = row_top(&h, 1);
+    // A click on the state above the current one goes back one step; the row stays under the pointer.
+    let rows: Vec<_> = h.get_all_by_label("New Layer").collect();
+    rows[rows.len() - 2].click();
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().history.redo_labels().count(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(row_top(&h, 1), before, "the clicked row must not move");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn undo_and_a_layer_click_keep_the_redo_state_in_view() {
+    let mut h = long_harness();
+    h.state_mut().run("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    assert!(shown(&h, 0), "the greyed redo state stays in view after Undo");
+    let before = row_top(&h, 0);
+    // Selecting a layer bumps the revision but adds no state: the list stays where it is.
+    let id = h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.layers[0].id;
+    h.state_mut().session.select_layer(id).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    assert_eq!(row_top(&h, 0), before, "a layer click must not scroll History");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn scrolling_away_survives_a_change_that_adds_no_state() {
+    let mut h = long_harness();
+    let view = h.ctx.input(|i| i.viewport_rect());
+    h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(view.center()));
+    for _ in 0..3 {
+        h.event(egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+            source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
+            unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Line,
+            delta: vec2(0.0, 3.0),
+            phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move,
+            modifiers: Default::default(),
+        });
+        h.run_steps(1);
+    }
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    let scrolled = row_top(&h, 0);
+    assert!(!shown(&h, 0), "the wheel scrolled the current state out of view");
+    let id = h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.layers[0].id;
+    h.state_mut().session.select_layer(id).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    assert_eq!(row_top(&h, 0), scrolled, "the user's scroll position is kept");
+    // A new state brings the current row back into view.
+    h.state_mut().run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    assert!(shown(&h, 0), "a new state scrolls into view");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn clicking_a_snapshot_keeps_it_in_view() {
+    let mut h = long_harness();
+    h.state_mut().run("history.newSnapshot", json!({})).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    // Scroll to the top, where the snapshots are.
+    let view = h.ctx.input(|i| i.viewport_rect());
+    h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(view.center()));
+    for _ in 0..10 {
+        h.event(egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+            source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
+            unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Line,
+            delta: vec2(0.0, 5.0),
+            phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move,
+            modifiers: Default::default(),
+        });
+        h.run_steps(1);
+    }
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    let before = h.get_all_by_label("Snapshot 1").next().expect("the snapshot row").rect().top();
+    // Selecting it adds a "Snapshot 1" state at the bottom; the selected snapshot row must not scroll away.
+    h.get_all_by_label("Snapshot 1").next().expect("the snapshot row").click();
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().history.entries().last().map(String::as_str), Some("Snapshot 1"));
+    assert_eq!(h.get_all_by_label("Snapshot 1").next().expect("the snapshot row").rect().top(), before, "the clicked snapshot stays put");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_new_state_at_the_history_limit_still_scrolls_into_view() {
+    let mut h = long_harness();
+    // At the limit a new step drops the oldest: the count and the (same) name stay as they were.
+    let st = h.state_mut().session.active_mut().unwrap();
+    st.history.max_states = st.history.past_len();
+    let view = h.ctx.input(|i| i.viewport_rect());
+    h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(view.center()));
+    for _ in 0..3 {
+        h.event(egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+            source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
+            unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Line,
+            delta: vec2(0.0, 3.0),
+            phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move,
+            modifiers: Default::default(),
+        });
+        h.run_steps(1);
+    }
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    assert!(!shown(&h, 0), "the wheel scrolled the current state out of view");
+    let past = h.state().session.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+    h.state_mut().run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), past, "the oldest state was dropped");
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    assert!(shown(&h, 0), "a new state at the limit scrolls into view");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_new_state_at_the_history_limit_deselects_the_snapshot() {
+    let mut h = long_harness();
+    h.state_mut().run("history.newSnapshot", json!({})).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    // What a click on the snapshot row does: the command, then the selection at the state it made.
+    let id = h.state().session.active().unwrap().snapshots[0].id;
+    h.state_mut().run("history.selectSnapshot", json!({"snapshot": id})).unwrap();
+    select_snapshot(&h.ctx, h.state().session.active().unwrap(), id);
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    assert_eq!(selected_snapshot(&h.ctx, h.state().session.active().unwrap()), Some(id), "the snapshot is selected");
+    // At the limit, selecting the snapshot again by command adds a state with the same name and
+    // drops the oldest: only the newest state tells the two apart.
+    let st = h.state_mut().session.active_mut().unwrap();
+    st.history.max_states = st.history.past_len();
+    let past = st.history.past_len();
+    h.state_mut().run("history.selectSnapshot", json!({"snapshot": id})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), past, "the oldest state was dropped");
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    assert_eq!(selected_snapshot(&h.ctx, h.state().session.active().unwrap()), None, "a new state deselects the snapshot");
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/hold_keys.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/hold_keys.rs
index 3f2845cae8..824b2dccbe 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/hold_keys.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/hold_keys.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 //!   selection tools do their own ⌘ handling in `canvas` (⌘ inside the selection cuts the
 //!   selected pixels, outside it moves the layer, #896), and the Hand, Zoom, Crop, Slice, Path
 //!   Selection, shape, Pen and Type tools keep ⌘ for themselves.
+//! - With the Hand tool selected, ⌘ (Ctrl off the Mac) is Zoom In while held and ⌥ (with or
+//!   without ⌘) Zoom Out ([`hand_zoom`], #6434).
 //! - `~` (the backtick key) with the Brush or Pencil: a stroke started while it is held erases,
 //!   with that tool's own brush ([`erase_held`], #3439).
 //!
@@ -118,6 +120,28 @@ fn cmd_move_held(app: &PhotocraftApp, i: &InputState) -> bool {
     i.modifiers.command && cmd_moves(app.ui.tool) && app.ui.transform.is_none() && app.ui.text_edit.is_none()
 }
 
+/// The Hand tool's own modifiers (#6434): ⌘ (Ctrl off the Mac) held is Zoom In, ⌥ (with or
+/// without ⌘) Zoom Out, as in Photoshop; the Modifier Keys panel's latched keys count. Not while
+/// Free Transform is open (its box keeps ⌘ for the distort handles), and a modifier pressed during
+/// a Hand press doesn't turn it into a zoom, release included: only a press made with it held
+/// zooms (that one is latched by [`for_frame`] until the button comes up). A middle-button pan
+/// stays a pan whatever is held.
+fn hand_zoom(app: &PhotocraftApp, i: &InputState) -> Option<Temporary> {
+    let p = &i.pointer;
+    let hand_press = ((p.primary_down() || p.primary_released()) && !p.primary_pressed()) || p.middle_down();
+    if app.ui.tool != Tool::Hand || app.ui.transform.is_some() || hand_press {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let m = crate::workspace_ui::sticky_mods(app, i.modifiers);
+    if m.alt {
+        Some(Temporary::ZoomOut)
+    } else if m.command {
+        Some(Temporary::ZoomIn)
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
 /// Is `id` a held temporary tool rather than a command?
 pub fn is_temporary(id: &str) -> bool {
     photocraft_engine::prefs::TEMPORARY_TOOLS.iter().any(|t| t.0 == id)
@@ -160,6 +184,7 @@ pub fn held_tool(app: &PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> Option<Temporary>
     let mut best: Option<(u8, Temporary, KeyboardShortcut)> = None;
     let mut cmd_move = false;
     let mut alt = false;
+    let mut hand = None;
     ctx.input(|i| {
         for t in Temporary::BOUND {
             if let Some(sc) = binding(app, t)
@@ -171,12 +196,13 @@ pub fn held_tool(app: &PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> Option<Temporary>
         }
         cmd_move = cmd_move_held(app, i);
         alt = i.modifiers.alt;
+        hand = hand_zoom(app, i);
     });
     // ⌥ turns a held Zoom In around, as it does the Zoom tool: ⌘⌥Space zooms out (and wins the
     // tie with ⌥Space), unless ⌥ is part of the Zoom In key itself.
     let held = best.map(|(_, t, sc)| if t == Temporary::ZoomIn && alt && !sc.modifiers.alt { Temporary::ZoomOut } else { t });
     // A bound key (⌘Space is Zoom In) wins over ⌘ alone.
-    held.or(cmd_move.then_some(Temporary::Move))
+    held.or(hand).or(cmd_move.then_some(Temporary::Move))
 }
 
 /// The binding id of the Brush and Pencil erase key (`prefs::TEMPORARY_TOOLS`).
@@ -204,7 +230,7 @@ pub fn repositions(t: Tool) -> bool {
 }
 
 fn latch_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("pc-temporary-tool")
+    egui::Id::unique("pc-temporary-tool")
 }
 
 /// The temporary tool for this canvas frame: the held one, except while a selection is being
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/hold_keys/tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/hold_keys/tests.rs
index 706169face..7251859a5e 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/hold_keys/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/hold_keys/tests.rs
@@ -696,7 +696,9 @@ fn cmd_is_not_the_move_tool_for_selection_hand_zoom_pen_shape_or_type_tools() {
         let mut h = harness(tool);
         h.event(Event::ModifiersChanged(platform(Modifiers::COMMAND)));
         h.run_steps(1);
-        assert_eq!(held_tool(h.state(), &h.ctx), None, "{tool:?}");
+        // The Hand's own ⌘ is Zoom In (#6434).
+        let want = (tool == Tool::Hand).then_some(Temporary::ZoomIn);
+        assert_eq!(held_tool(h.state(), &h.ctx), want, "{tool:?}");
     }
     for tool in [Tool::Brush, Tool::Eraser, Tool::Gradient, Tool::CloneStamp, Tool::Eyedropper, Tool::MagneticLasso, Tool::QuickSelection] {
         assert!(cmd_moves(tool), "{tool:?}");
@@ -849,3 +851,171 @@ fn a_held_key_keeps_a_pending_crop_and_another_tools_key_commits_it() {
     assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.size, photocraft_doc::Size::new(200, 150));
     assert_eq!(h.state().ui.crop_rect, None);
 }
+
+/// #6434: with the Hand tool selected, ⌘ (Ctrl off the Mac) held is Zoom In and ⌥ (with or
+/// without ⌘) Zoom Out, as in Photoshop; letting go gives the Hand back.
+#[test]
+fn cmd_and_alt_with_the_hand_tool_zoom_in_and_out() {
+    let mut h = harness(Tool::Hand);
+    let z0 = h.state().ui.views[0].zoom;
+    hold_mods(&mut h, Modifiers::COMMAND);
+    assert_eq!(held_tool(h.state(), &h.ctx), Some(Temporary::ZoomIn));
+    click(&mut h, 200.0, 150.0, Modifiers::COMMAND);
+    let z1 = h.state().ui.views[0].zoom;
+    assert!(z1 > z0, "{z0} -> {z1}");
+    hold_mods(&mut h, Modifiers::NONE);
+    assert_eq!(held_tool(h.state(), &h.ctx), None);
+
+    hold_mods(&mut h, Modifiers::ALT);
+    assert_eq!(held_tool(h.state(), &h.ctx), Some(Temporary::ZoomOut));
+    click(&mut h, 200.0, 150.0, Modifiers::ALT);
+    let z2 = h.state().ui.views[0].zoom;
+    assert!(z2 < z1, "{z1} -> {z2}");
+    hold_mods(&mut h, Modifiers::COMMAND | Modifiers::ALT);
+    assert_eq!(held_tool(h.state(), &h.ctx), Some(Temporary::ZoomOut));
+    click(&mut h, 200.0, 150.0, Modifiers::COMMAND | Modifiers::ALT);
+    assert!(h.state().ui.views[0].zoom < z2);
+    hold_mods(&mut h, Modifiers::NONE);
+    assert_eq!(held_tool(h.state(), &h.ctx), None);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().ui.tool, Tool::Hand, "the Hand is still the tool");
+}
+
+/// A ⌘-drag with the Hand is the Zoom tool's drag, not a pan: a scrubby zoom with Scrubby Zoom on
+/// (the default).
+#[test]
+fn cmd_drag_with_the_hand_tool_is_a_scrubby_zoom() {
+    let mut h = harness(Tool::Hand);
+    let z0 = h.state().ui.views[0].zoom;
+    drag_with(&mut h, Modifiers::COMMAND, 200.0, 150.0, 300.0, 150.0);
+    assert!(h.state().ui.views[0].zoom > z0 * 1.5, "{z0} -> {}", h.state().ui.views[0].zoom);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().ui.tool, Tool::Hand);
+}
+
+/// With Scrubby Zoom off, a ⌘-drag with the Hand draws the Zoom tool's rectangle instead. The
+/// drag is nearly vertical, so a scrubby zoom (horizontal motion only) would barely change the
+/// zoom, while zooming to the narrow rectangle fills the view with it.
+#[test]
+fn cmd_drag_with_the_hand_tool_follows_scrubby_zoom_off() {
+    let mut h = harness(Tool::Hand);
+    h.state_mut().ui.tool_options.zoom_scrubby = false;
+    let z0 = h.state().ui.views[0].zoom;
+    drag_with(&mut h, Modifiers::COMMAND, 150.0, 100.0, 160.0, 180.0);
+    assert!(h.state().ui.views[0].zoom > z0 * 2.0, "{z0} -> {}", h.state().ui.views[0].zoom);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().ui.tool, Tool::Hand);
+}
+
+/// ⌘ or ⌥ pressed during a Hand pan doesn't turn the drag into a zoom: the pan goes on.
+#[test]
+fn modifiers_pressed_during_a_hand_pan_keep_panning() {
+    for m in [Modifiers::COMMAND, Modifiers::ALT] {
+        let mut h = harness(Tool::Hand);
+        let (z0, c0) = (h.state().ui.views[0].zoom, h.state().ui.views[0].center);
+        press_at(&mut h, 200.0, 150.0);
+        hold_mods(&mut h, m);
+        assert_eq!(held_tool(h.state(), &h.ctx), None, "{m:?}");
+        let p = screen(&h, 200.0, 150.0) + vec2(60.0, 40.0);
+        h.event(Event::PointerMoved(p));
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        button(&mut h, p, false, m);
+        hold_mods(&mut h, Modifiers::NONE);
+        let v = &h.state().ui.views[0];
+        assert_eq!(v.zoom, z0, "{m:?}: no zoom");
+        assert!(v.center[0] < c0[0] - 30.0 && v.center[1] < c0[1] - 20.0, "{m:?}: panned {c0:?} -> {:?}", v.center);
+    }
+}
+
+/// A middle-button pan with the Hand selected keeps panning when ⌘ or ⌥ goes down during it.
+#[test]
+fn modifiers_pressed_during_a_middle_button_pan_keep_panning() {
+    for m in [Modifiers::COMMAND, Modifiers::ALT] {
+        let mut h = harness(Tool::Hand);
+        let (z0, c0) = (h.state().ui.views[0].zoom, h.state().ui.views[0].center);
+        let p = screen(&h, 200.0, 150.0);
+        h.event(Event::PointerMoved(p));
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.event(Event::PointerButton { pos: p, button: PointerButton::Middle, pressed: true, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        hold_mods(&mut h, m);
+        assert_eq!(held_tool(h.state(), &h.ctx), None, "{m:?}");
+        let q = p + vec2(60.0, 40.0);
+        h.event(Event::PointerMoved(q));
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        h.event(Event::PointerButton { pos: q, button: PointerButton::Middle, pressed: false, modifiers: platform(m) });
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        hold_mods(&mut h, Modifiers::NONE);
+        let v = &h.state().ui.views[0];
+        assert_eq!(v.zoom, z0, "{m:?}: no zoom");
+        assert!(v.center[0] < c0[0] - 30.0 && v.center[1] < c0[1] - 20.0, "{m:?}: panned {c0:?} -> {:?}", v.center);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Free Transform keeps ⌘ (its distort handles) while the Hand is selected.
+#[test]
+fn cmd_with_the_hand_tool_is_not_a_zoom_during_free_transform() {
+    let mut h = harness(Tool::Hand);
+    with_layer(&mut h);
+    let ctx = h.ctx.clone();
+    crate::menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "edit.freeTransform", json!({})).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    assert!(h.state().ui.transform.is_some());
+    hold_mods(&mut h, Modifiers::COMMAND);
+    assert_eq!(held_tool(h.state(), &h.ctx), None);
+}
+
+/// The Modifier Keys panel's latched ⌥ and ⌘ count, for desktops that take Alt+click.
+#[test]
+fn latched_modifier_keys_zoom_with_the_hand_tool() {
+    let mut h = harness(Tool::Hand);
+    h.state_mut().ui.shell.sticky_command = true;
+    h.run_steps(1);
+    assert_eq!(held_tool(h.state(), &h.ctx), Some(Temporary::ZoomIn));
+    h.state_mut().ui.shell.sticky_alt = true;
+    h.run_steps(1);
+    assert_eq!(held_tool(h.state(), &h.ctx), Some(Temporary::ZoomOut));
+    h.state_mut().ui.shell = Default::default();
+    h.state_mut().ui.tool = Tool::Brush;
+    h.state_mut().ui.shell.sticky_alt = true;
+    h.run_steps(1);
+    assert_eq!(held_tool(h.state(), &h.ctx), None, "only the Hand's ⌥ zooms");
+}
+
+/// A Hand press made without a modifier stays the Hand through its release: ⌘ or ⌥ pressed
+/// before letting go (without moving past the drag threshold) doesn't zoom on the release.
+#[test]
+fn modifiers_pressed_before_a_hand_click_is_released_do_not_zoom() {
+    for m in [Modifiers::COMMAND, Modifiers::ALT] {
+        let mut h = harness(Tool::Hand);
+        let (z0, c0) = (h.state().ui.views[0].zoom, h.state().ui.views[0].center);
+        let p = screen(&h, 200.0, 150.0);
+        h.event(Event::PointerMoved(p));
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        button(&mut h, p, true, Modifiers::NONE);
+        hold_mods(&mut h, m);
+        button(&mut h, p, false, m);
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        let v = &h.state().ui.views[0];
+        assert_eq!((v.zoom, v.center), (z0, c0), "{m:?}: the release didn't zoom");
+        // The modifier still zooms the next click.
+        click(&mut h, 200.0, 150.0, m);
+        assert_ne!(h.state().ui.views[0].zoom, z0, "{m:?}");
+        hold_mods(&mut h, Modifiers::NONE);
+    }
+}
+
+/// A click whose press and release arrive in one frame, with ⌘ held, still zooms.
+#[test]
+fn a_one_frame_cmd_click_with_the_hand_tool_zooms() {
+    let mut h = harness(Tool::Hand);
+    let z0 = h.state().ui.views[0].zoom;
+    hold_mods(&mut h, Modifiers::COMMAND);
+    let p = screen(&h, 200.0, 150.0);
+    h.event(Event::PointerMoved(p));
+    h.run_steps(1);
+    let m = platform(Modifiers::COMMAND);
+    h.input_mut().events.extend([
+        Event::PointerButton { pos: p, button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed: true, modifiers: m },
+        Event::PointerButton { pos: p, button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed: false, modifiers: m },
+    ]);
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    assert!(h.state().ui.views[0].zoom > z0);
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/LICENSE-translations.txt b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/LICENSE-translations.txt
index 93a609f946..0e9c354446 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/LICENSE-translations.txt
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/LICENSE-translations.txt
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 PhotoCraft's Korean, German, Spanish, Brazilian Portuguese, Italian, Ukrainian, Dutch, Czech,
-Turkish, Hungarian and Serbian UI translation catalogs are licensed under MIT OR Apache-2.0,
-at your option.
+Turkish, Hungarian, Serbian and Russian UI translation catalogs are licensed under MIT OR
+Apache-2.0, at your option.
 The full license texts are in ../../../../LICENSE-MIT and ../../../../LICENSE-APACHE.
 
 Korean translations: PhotoCraft contributors, original translations of
@@ -37,3 +37,6 @@ PhotoCraft's English labels; no proprietary translation resources were used.
 
 Serbian translations: PhotoCraft contributors, original translations of
 PhotoCraft's English labels; no proprietary translation resources were used.
+
+Russian translations: PhotoCraft contributors, original translations of
+PhotoCraft's English labels; no proprietary translation resources were used.
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/cs.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/cs.tsv
index 9b6307b92b..6659d2bbba 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/cs.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/cs.tsv
@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@
 # (PhotoCraft, ArtCraft, OpenType, CMYK, Lab ...) stay in Latin letters; the trailing "…" of
 # dialog commands is kept.
 
+# Layer Mask Display Options (the layer mask rubylith's colour and opacity)
+	Mask Options…	Možnosti masky…
+	Layer Mask Display Options…	Možnosti zobrazení masky vrstvy…
+
 # Channel Options and New Spot Channel (#3761)
 	Channel Color	Barva kanálu
 	Color Indicates:	Barva označuje:
@@ -657,6 +661,10 @@
 	Fit Layer(s) on Screen	Přizpůsobit vrstvy obrazovce
 	Fit Artboard on Screen	Přizpůsobit kreslicí plochu obrazovce
 	100%	100 %
+	105%	105 %
+	110%	110 %
+	115%	115 %
+	120%	120 %
 	200%	200 %
 	75%	75 %
 	80%	80 %
@@ -818,6 +826,7 @@
 	Split Warp Vertically	Rozdělit deformaci svisle
 	Statistics…	Statistika…
 	Refine Strokes	Tahy zpřesnění
+	Edits	Úpravy
 @plural	{n} item|{n} items	{n} položka|{n} položky|{n} položek
 	Auto	Automaticky
 
@@ -1028,6 +1037,9 @@
 	Create new pattern from the selection	Vytvořit nový vzorek z výběru
 	Create new shape from the current path	Vytvořit nový tvar z aktuální cesty
 	Create new snapshot	Vytvořit nový snímek
+	From:	Z:
+	Full Document	Celý dokument
+	Merged Layers	Sloučené vrstvy
 	Create new tool preset	Vytvořit nové přednastavení nástroje
 	Crop Factor	Crop faktor
 	Ctrl	Ctrl
@@ -1105,7 +1117,7 @@
 	Done	Hotovo
 	Dots	Tečky
 	Drag a rectangle around the object	Táhněte obdélník kolem objektu
-	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click to delete.	Tažením v obraze přidáte omezení; Shift pro vodorovné/svislé; pravým kliknutím odstraníte.
+	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click a constraint to change or delete it.	Tažením v obraze přidáte omezení; Shift pro vodorovné/svislé; pravým kliknutím na omezení ho změníte nebo odstraníte.
 	Drag to move the active shape's path or the Work Path	Tažením přesunete cestu aktivního tvaru nebo pracovní cestu
 	Click: select anchor · Drag: move anchor, handle or segment · {shift}-click: add · {alt}-click: whole subpath	Klik: vybrat bod · Tažení: přesunout bod, úchyt nebo segment · {shift}+klik: přidat · {alt}+klik: celá podcesta
 	Draw with the Pen tool (P) or make a work path from a selection.	Kreslete nástrojem pero (P) nebo vytvořte pracovní cestu z výběru.
@@ -1347,6 +1359,8 @@
 	Override Pressure	Přepsat přítlak
 	Override Rotation	Přepsat natočení
 	Override Tilt	Přepsat náklon
+	Override Tilt X	Přepsat náklon X
+	Override Tilt Y	Přepsat náklon Y
 	PRESET DETAILS	PODROBNOSTI PŘEDNASTAVENÍ
 	PSD	PSD
 	Paint Overlay	Překryv malby
@@ -1499,6 +1513,7 @@
 	Set shape fill type	Nastavit typ výplně tvaru
 	Set shape stroke type	Nastavit typ tahu tvaru
 	Set the text color	Nastavit barvu textu
+	Create warped text	Vytvořit deformovaný text
 	Shadows	Stíny
 	Shape:	Tvar:
 	Sharpening	Doostření
@@ -2008,6 +2023,7 @@
 	Quick export format	Formát rychlého exportu
 	Quick export location	Umístění rychlého exportu
 	Recent file count	Počet nedávných souborů
+	LUT folder	Složka LUT
 	Recent files	Nedávné soubory
 	Recent fonts	Nedávná písma
 	Recover on launch	Obnovit při spuštění
@@ -2223,6 +2239,10 @@
 	No path to make a selection from: draw one with the Pen tool or select one in the Paths panel.	Není k dispozici žádná cesta, ze které by šlo vytvořit výběr: nakreslete ji nástrojem Pero nebo ji vyberte na panelu Cesty.
 	Cancel opening	Zrušit otevírání
 	Cancelled opening {name}	Otevírání {name} zrušeno
+	Damaged Photoshop document	Poškozený dokument Photoshopu
+	The document “{name}” may be damaged.	Dokument „{name}“ může být poškozený.
+	Some layers, pixels or masks could not be read. Do you want to continue opening it?	Některé vrstvy, pixely nebo masky nebylo možné načíst. Chcete pokračovat v otevírání?
+	If you continue, saving over the original may permanently discard unreadable data. Save a copy to keep the original.	Pokud budete pokračovat, uložení přes originál může nenávratně zahodit nečitelná data. Chcete-li originál zachovat, uložte kopii.
 	The document “{name}” does not have an embedded {mode} profile.	Dokument „{name}“ nemá vložený profil {mode}.
 	The document “{name}” has an embedded color profile that does not match the current {mode} working space.	Dokument „{name}“ má vložený barevný profil, který neodpovídá aktuálnímu pracovnímu prostoru barev {mode}.
 	Working: {working}	Pracovní: {working}
@@ -2253,6 +2273,8 @@
 	GPU acceleration could not continue. Your documents are unchanged.	Akcelerace GPU nemohla pokračovat. Dokumenty zůstaly nezměněny.
 	PhotoCraft is using the CPU image compositor. The window may still use your graphics adapter.	PhotoCraft skládá obraz pomocí CPU. Okno může nadále používat grafický adaptér.
 	Retry GPU requires a restart. Save your work first.	Opakování GPU vyžaduje restart. Nejprve uložte práci.
+	Retry GPU tries the graphics processor again now.	Opakování GPU zkusí grafický procesor znovu hned teď.
+	GPU acceleration resumed.	Akcelerace GPU obnovena.
 	Keep Using CPU	Pokračovat s CPU
 	Retry GPU	Zkusit GPU znovu
 	Advanced	Pokročilé
@@ -2312,6 +2334,11 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Barvy
 	Content-Aware Move Tool	Nástroj přesun s ohledem na obsah
 	TIFF Options	Možnosti TIFF
 	Targa Options	Možnosti Targa
+	JPEG Options	Možnosti JPEG
+	Image Options	Možnosti obrazu
+	Format Options	Možnosti formátu
+	Baseline ("Standard")	Základní („Standardní“)
+	Baseline Optimized	Základní optimalizovaný
 	24 bits/pixel	24 bitů/pixel
 	32 bits/pixel	32 bitů/pixel
 	Including layers will increase file size.	Zahrnutí vrstev zvětší velikost souboru.
@@ -2375,11 +2402,11 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Barvy
 	Apply At Canvas Bounds	Použít efekt na hranicích plátna
 
 # Shared screen eyedropper and text Color Picker (#1128).
-	Color Picker (Text Color)	Výběr barvy (Barva textu)
+	Color Picker (Text Color)	Výběr barvy (barva textu)
 	Color Picker ({name})	Výběr barvy ({name})
-	Color Picker (Fill Color)	Výběr barvy (Barva výplně)
+	Color Picker (Fill Color)	Výběr barvy (barva výplně)
 	Fill color	Barva výplně
-	Color Picker (Stroke Color)	Výběr barvy (Barva tahu)
+	Color Picker (Stroke Color)	Výběr barvy (barva tahu)
 	Stroke color	Barva tahu
 	Pick screen color	Vybrat barvu obrazovky
 	Sample a pixel anywhere on the screen	Vzorkovat pixel kdekoli na obrazovce
@@ -2531,7 +2558,7 @@ fontWeight	Italic	Kurzíva
 	Match Canvas	Podle plátna
 	Auto Adjust Opacity	Automaticky upravit krytí
 	Crop Shield color	Barva stínění oříznutí
-	Color Picker (Crop Shield Color)	Výběr barvy (Barva stínění oříznutí)
+	Color Picker (Crop Shield Color)	Výběr barvy (barva stínění oříznutí)
 	From Center	Ze středu
 	Link radii	Propojit poloměry
 	Star Ratio:	Poměr hvězdy:
@@ -2648,7 +2675,7 @@ cameraData	Lens	Objektiv
 	Search settings…	Hledat nastavení…
 	No matching settings	Žádná odpovídající nastavení
 # Edit › Content-Aware Fill workspace
-	Sampling Brush Tool	Nástroj Štětec vzorkování
+	Sampling Brush Tool	Nástroj štětec vzorkování
 	Sampling Area Overlay	Překrytí oblasti vzorkování
 	Show Sampling Area	Zobrazit oblast vzorkování
 	Indicates	Označuje
@@ -2846,6 +2873,9 @@ cameraData	Lens	Objektiv
 	Cooling80	Ochlazovací 80
 	Cooling82	Ochlazovací 82
 	Copyright Status	Stav autorských práv
+	Copyright Info URL	URL informace o autorských právech
+	Copyright Notice	Oznámení autorských práv
+	Document Title	Název dokumentu
 	Copyrighted	Chráněno autorským právem
 	Correct C A	Korigovat chromatickou aberaci
 	Correct Distortion	Korigovat zkreslení
@@ -2915,6 +2945,7 @@ cameraData	Lens	Objektiv
 	Duplicate Layer Comp	Duplikovat kompozici vrstev
 	Duplicate Layers	Duplikovat vrstvy
 	Duplicate Path	Duplikovat cestu
+	Rename Path…	Přejmenovat cestu…
 	Duplication	Duplikace
 	Duration	Doba trvání
 	Dust & Scratches	Prach a škrábance
@@ -3557,6 +3588,8 @@ curves	Smooth	Vyhladit
 	Vanishing Point is not active	Úběžník není aktivní
 	Apply Vanishing Point ({key})	Použít úběžník ({key})
 	Fix the red plane first: its corners must form a convex quad	Nejprve opravte červenou rovinu: její rohy musí tvořit konvexní čtyřúhelník
+	Alt-click a plane to set the clone source	Klepnutím s Alt na rovinu nastavte zdroj klonování
+	Too many clone strokes: apply Vanishing Point first	Příliš mnoho tahů klonování: nejprve použijte Úběžník
 # Select and Mask view modes (#1754)
 	Onion Skin	Cibulová slupka
 	Marching Ants	Pochodující mravenci
@@ -3775,9 +3808,16 @@ navigator	Zoom	Zvětšení
 	Medium Blue	Středně modrá
 	Object Finder	Hledání objektů
 	No object found there — drag a rectangle around it	Nebyl tam nalezen žádný objekt — přetáhněte kolem něj obdélník
+	The active layer has no pixels here — turn on Sample All Layers or select a layer with pixels	Aktivní vrstva tu nemá žádné pixely — zapněte Vzorkovat všechny vrstvy nebo vyberte vrstvu s pixely
 	Remove after each stroke	Odstranit po každém tahu
 	Apply the removal ({key})	Použít odstranění ({key})
 	Strokes to remove: {n} (Enter applies, Esc cancels)	Tahy k odstranění: {n} (Enter použije, Esc zruší)
+	Load Contours…	Načíst obrysy…
+	Replace Contours…	Nahradit obrysy…
+	Save Contours…	Uložit obrysy…
+	Delete Contour	Smazat obrys
+	Loaded contours from {file}	Obrysy načteny ze souboru {file}
+	Saved contours to {file}	Obrysy uloženy do souboru {file}
 	Show home recent files	Zobrazit nedávné soubory na úvodní obrazovce
 	Clear Brush Controls	Obnovit ovládací prvky stopy
 	Reset All Locked Settings	Obnovit všechna zamknutá nastavení
@@ -3786,6 +3826,9 @@ navigator	Zoom	Zvětšení
 # Actions panel: Load/Save Actions (.atn) and kept Photoshop steps
 	Load Actions…	Načíst akce…
 	Save Actions…	Uložit akce…
+	New Action…	Nová akce…
+	Start Recording	Zahájit nahrávání
+	Stop Recording	Zastavit nahrávání
 	{name} (Photoshop)	{name} (Photoshop)
 	{message} ({note})	{message} ({note})
 @plural	Loaded {n} action from {file}|Loaded {n} actions from {file}	Načtena {n} akce ze souboru {file}|Načteny {n} akce ze souboru {file}|Načteno {n} akcí ze souboru {file}
@@ -3817,14 +3860,45 @@ navigator	Zoom	Zvětšení
 	Sent to {printer}	Odesláno do {printer}
 	set in Print Settings…	nastavuje se v nastavení tisku…
 	ICO is limited to 256 × 256 pixels	ICO je omezen na 256 × 256 pixelů
+	Calibration	Kalibrace
+	Red Primary	Červená základní
+	Green Primary	Zelená základní
+	Blue Primary	Modrá základní
+	Write xmp sidecars	Zapisovat přidružené soubory XMP
+	Set the tone sliders from the image	Nastavit posuvníky tónů podle obrazu
+	Settings from {name}	Nastavení z {name}
+	Settings from {name}; {count} not supported: {names}	Nastavení z {name}; {count} nepodporováno: {names}
+	Could not write {name}: {error}	Nelze zapsat {name}: {error}
+	Kept {name}: written by another application	Soubor {name} ponechán: zapsala ho jiná aplikace
+	Shadow Tint	Odstín stínů
+# PhotoCraft release checks.
+	Check for Updates…	Zkontrolovat aktualizace…
+	PhotoCraft Updates	Aktualizace PhotoCraft
+	Checking for updates…	Kontrola aktualizací…
+	Open the release page to choose an installer for your system.	Otevřete stránku vydání a vyberte instalační program pro svůj systém.
+	Open Download Page	Otevřít stránku ke stažení
+	PhotoCraft is up to date.	PhotoCraft je aktuální.
+	Could not check for updates.	Aktualizace se nepodařilo zkontrolovat.
+	Updates have not been checked yet.	Aktualizace ještě nebyly zkontrolovány.
+	Check Again	Zkontrolovat znovu
+	Automatically Check for Updates	Automaticky kontrolovat aktualizace
+	Installed version: {version}	Nainstalovaná verze: {version}
+	PhotoCraft {version} is available.	PhotoCraft {version} je k dispozici.
 # History panel › History Brush source (#2966)
 	Paints from the History panel's source state	Maluje ze zdrojového stavu panelu Historie
 	Sets the source for the history brush	Nastaví zdroj pro štětec historie
+# Bevel & Emboss shading controls.
+	Highlight Mode	Režim světel
+	Highlight Color	Barva světel
+	Highlight Opacity	Krytí světel
+	Shadow Mode	Režim stínů
+	Shadow Color	Barva stínů
+	Shadow Opacity	Krytí stínů
 # Embedded Profile Mismatch: profile names beside the choices, Remember this choice
 	Use the embedded profile ({profile})	Použít vložený profil ({profile})
 	Convert to the working space ({profile})	Převést do pracovního prostoru barev ({profile})
 	Remember this choice for future images	Zapamatovat si tuto volbu pro další obrázky
-	Turn the prompt back on with Ask On Mismatch in Edit › Color Settings.	Dotaz znovu zapnete volbou Ask On Mismatch v nabídce Úpravy › Nastavení barev.
+	Turn the prompt back on with Ask On Mismatch in Edit › Color Settings.	Dotaz znovu zapnete volbou „Ptát se při nesouladu profilů“ v nabídce Úpravy › Nastavení barev.
 	Button Mode	Režim tlačítka
 	Button Mode On	Režim tlačítka zapnutý
 
@@ -3836,6 +3910,7 @@ navigator	Zoom	Zvětšení
 	Chisel Hard	Tvrdé tesání
 	Chisel Soft	Měkké tesání
 	Open color-less EXR as ACEScg	Otevřít EXR bez údaje o barevném prostoru jako ACEScg
+	Do not append "copy" to filename when saving a copy	Nepřidávat „copy“ k názvu souboru při ukládání kopie
 
 # View › Guides › right-click a guide
 	Edit Selected Guides	Upravit vybraná vodítka
@@ -3882,6 +3957,7 @@ navigator	Zoom	Zvětšení
 	{shortcut} is reserved by the system and can't be assigned.	{shortcut} je vyhrazena systémem a nelze ji přiřadit.
 	Low-Latency Drawing (vsync off, applies at next launch)	Kreslení s nízkou latencí (bez vertikální synchronizace, platí po dalším spuštění)
 # Free Transform: a new layer while the box is open (#5859)
+	Reference point location	Umístění referenčního bodu
 	Free Transform is still being applied; try again when it has finished.	Volná transformace se stále použije; zkuste to znovu, až skončí.
 	The transform couldn't be applied.	Transformaci nelze použít.
 # Preferences › Performance › GPU Memory; the status bar and slow-redraw notice
@@ -3890,15 +3966,165 @@ navigator	Zoom	Zvětšení
 	GPU Memory Full	Paměť GPU je plná
 	The layers need {needed} of GPU memory and may hold {budget}, so edits that redraw the whole document do it on the CPU. Click to set GPU Memory.	Vrstvy potřebují {needed} paměti GPU a mohou zabrat {budget}, takže úpravy, které překreslují celý dokument, to dělají na CPU. Kliknutím nastavíte Paměť GPU.
 	GPU memory budget: {budget}	Rozpočet paměti GPU: {budget}
+	Graphics memory: {size}	Paměť GPU: {size}
 	This document's layers: {needed} of {budget} for layers	Vrstvy tohoto dokumentu: {needed} z {budget} pro vrstvy
 	This document's layers need {needed} but may hold {budget}: whole-document redraws use the CPU	Vrstvy tohoto dokumentu potřebují {needed}, ale mohou zabrat {budget}: překreslení celého dokumentu probíhá na CPU
 	GPU Memory (MB, 0 = Automatic)	Paměť GPU (MB, 0 = Automaticky)
+	{path}: the path is not valid Unicode; save under another name.	{path}: cesta není platný Unicode; uložte soubor pod jiným názvem.
 	{name} was changed by another app after it was opened or saved here.	Soubor {name} změnila jiná aplikace poté, co byl zde otevřen nebo uložen.
 	Replace it with this document, or cancel and use File › Save As to keep both.	Nahraďte ho tímto dokumentem, nebo zrušte a použijte Soubor › Uložit jako, abyste zachovali obojí.
 	Decrease Brush Size	Zmenšit velikost štětce
 	Increase Brush Size	Zvětšit velikost štětce
 	Decrease Brush Hardness	Snížit tvrdost štětce
 	Increase Brush Hardness	Zvýšit tvrdost štětce
+	Demosaic	Demozaikování
+	How the camera's colour filter mosaic is filled in. It is applied when the file opens; the preview shows the method it was opened with.	Jak se doplňuje mozaika barevného filtru fotoaparátu. Použije se při otevření souboru; náhled ukazuje metodu, se kterou byl otevřen.
+	AHD (adaptive homogeneity)	AHD (adaptivní homogenita)
+	Malvar–He–Cutler	Malvar–He–Cutler
+	Hirakawa–Parks: the cleanest edges and the least colour fringing, the slowest.	Hirakawa–Parks: nejčistší hrany a nejméně barevných lemů, nejpomalejší.
+	Gradient-corrected interpolation: sharp and fast, with some colour fringing on fine detail.	Interpolace s korekcí gradientu: ostrá a rychlá, s mírnými barevnými lemy v jemných detailech.
+	The fastest and the softest, with colour fringing on fine detail.	Nejrychlejší a nejměkčí, s barevnými lemy v jemných detailech.
+	“{name}” already exists. Replace it?	„{name}“ již existuje. Nahradit?
+	The name in the save dialog was “{name}”.	Název v dialogu ukládání byl „{name}“.
+
+# Labels the UI looks up through a variable (tool, glyph-group, Liquify and warp names, command
+# parameters and choices humanized from their keys, history steps and contextual
+# Camera Raw / layer labels) that other catalogs already covered. Translated the same way as
+# above, from the plain meaning of the English label.
+	Export As: {name}	Exportovat jako: {name}
+	Tool	Nástroj
+	Arc Lower	Oblouk dole
+	Arc Upper	Oblouk nahoře
+	Arrows	Šipky
+	Basic Latin	Základní latinka
+	Bloat	Nafouknout
+	Burn	Ztmavení
+	Checkerboard	Šachovnice
+	Clone Stamp	Klonovací razítko
+	Color Sampler Tool	Nástroj vzorkovač barev
+	Currency	Měnové symboly
+	Cyrillic	Cyrilice
+	Decrease Type Size	Zmenšit velikost písma
+	Decrease Type Size by 10	Zmenšit velikost písma o 10
+	Delete Snapshot	Odstranit snímek
+	Detect Faces	Rozpoznat obličeje
+	Dodge	Zesvětlení
+	Erase with Brush or Pencil (hold)	Mazat štětcem nebo tužkou (při podržení klávesy)
+	Fill with Background Color	Vyplnit barvou pozadí
+	Fill with Background Color, Preserve Transparency	Vyplnit barvou pozadí, zachovat průhlednost
+	Fill with Foreground Color	Vyplnit barvou popředí
+	Fill with Foreground Color, Preserve Transparency	Vyplnit barvou popředí, zachovat průhlednost
+	Forward Warp	Deformovat tažením
+	Freeze Lasso	Laso zmrazení
+	Freeze Mask	Zmrazit oblast
+	Greek	Řecké písmo
+	Hand Tool (hold)	Nástroj ruka (při podržení klávesy)
+	History Brush	Štětec historie
+	Increase Type Size	Zvětšit velikost písma
+	Increase Type Size by 10	Zvětšit velikost písma o 10
+	Kerning: Metrics, Optical or a value in 1/1000 em (Alt+←/→ at the caret)	Kerning: zvolte „Metrické“, „Optické“ nebo hodnotu v 1/1000 em (Alt+←/→ v místě textového kurzoru)
+	Latin 1	Latinka 1
+	Latin Extended-A	Rozšířená latinka A
+	Latin Extended-B	Rozšířená latinka B
+	Lock Transparent Pixels	Zamknout průhledné pixely
+	Make Selection from Path	Vytvořit výběr z cesty
+	Mask None	Zrušit maskování
+	Math Symbols	Matematické symboly
+	New Snapshot	Vytvořit snímek
+	Numbers	Čísla
+	Pattern Fill…	Výplň vzorkem…
+	Pick Color From Image	Vybrat barvu z obrazu
+	Proof Setup…	Nastavení nátisku…
+	Pucker	Stáhnout
+	Push Left	Tlačit doleva
+	Reconstruct All	Rekonstruovat vše
+	Save Path	Uložit cestu
+	Sponge	Houba
+	Target Channel 3	Zacílit na kanál 3
+	Target Channel 4	Zacílit na kanál 4
+	Target Channel 5	Zacílit na kanál 5
+	Target Channel 6	Zacílit na kanál 6
+	Target Channel 7	Zacílit na kanál 7
+	Target Channel 8	Zacílit na kanál 8
+	Target Channel 9	Zacílit na kanál 9
+	Target Composite Channel	Zacílit na složený kanál
+	Temporary	Dočasné
+	Thaw Mask	Rozmrazit oblast
+	Toggle Layer Mask Overlay	Přepnout překryv masky vrstvy
+	Twirl Clockwise	Zvířit doprava
+	Twirl Counterclockwise	Zvířit doleva
+	Warming Filter (85)	Oteplovací filtr (85)
+	Zoom In (hold, drag to scrub)	Přiblížit (při podržení klávesy, tažením plynule měníte zvětšení)
+	Zoom Out (hold)	Oddálit (při podržení klávesy)
+	blue	modrá
+	gray	šedá
+	green	zelená
+	none	žádná
+	orange	oranžová
+	red	červená
+	violet	fialová
+	yellow	žlutá
+	Adobe-rgb-compat	Kompatibilní s Adobe RGB (1998)
+	Any	Bez omezení
+	Ask On Mismatch	Ptát se při nesouladu profilů
+	Ask On Missing	Ptát se při chybějícím profilu
+	Ask On Paste	Ptát se při vkládání
+	Author Title	Pracovní pozice autora
+	Based On	Podle
+	Blend Text Gamma	Gama prolnutí textu
+	Case Sensitive	Rozlišovat velikost písmen
+	Ccw	Proti směru hodinových ručiček
+	Change Find	Změnit a najít další
+	Cmyk	CMYK
+	Coated-cmyk	CMYK pro křídový papír
+	Convert	Převést
+	Copyright Url	URL informací o autorských právech
+	Cw	Po směru hodinových ručiček
+	Display-p3	Display P3
+	Dont Enlarge	Nezvětšovat
+	Forward	Vpřed
+	Horizontal Distortion	Vodorovné zkreslení
+	Intent	Záměr převodu
+	Linear-srgb	Lineární sRGB
+	Mask Channel	Kanál masky
+	Monitor Profile	Profil monitoru
+	Nearest	Nejbližší soused
+	Policy Cmyk	Zásady správy barev pro CMYK
+	Policy Gray	Zásady správy barev pro šedou
+	Policy Rgb	Zásady správy barev pro RGB
+	Prophoto-compat	Kompatibilní s ProPhoto
+	R G B	RGB
+	Rec2020	Rec. 2020
+	Sgray	sGray (tónová křivka sRGB)
+	Simulate Paper	Simulovat papír
+	Source Channel	Zdrojový kanál
+	Source Invert	Invertovat zdroj
+	Source1 Channel	Kanál zdroje 1
+	Source1 Invert	Invertovat zdroj 1
+	Source2 Channel	Kanál zdroje 2
+	Source2 Invert	Invertovat zdroj 2
+	Title	Název
+	Vertical Distortion	Svislé zkreslení
+	Whole Word	Celé slovo
+	Working Cmyk	Pracovní CMYK
+	Working Gray	Pracovní šedá
+	Working Rgb	Pracovní RGB
+	Working-cmyk	Pracovní CMYK
+	Warming Filter (LBA)	Oteplovací filtr (LBA)
+	Warming Filter (81)	Oteplovací filtr (81)
+	Cooling Filter (80)	Ochlazovací filtr (80)
+	Cooling Filter (LBB)	Ochlazovací filtr (LBB)
+	Cooling Filter (82)	Ochlazovací filtr (82)
+layers	Fill	Krytí výplně
+layers	Fill:	Krytí výplně:
+cameraRaw	Dehaze	Odstranění oparu
+	Move Up	Přesunout nahoru
+	Move Down	Přesunout dolů
+	Previous Brush	Předchozí štětec
+	Next Brush	Další štětec
+	First Brush	První štětec
+	Last Brush	Poslední štětec
+	Preview size	Preview size
 	Memory Usage	Využití paměti
 	Per-document RAM limit (MB)	Limit RAM na dokument (MB)
 	Installed RAM: {ram} MB; this limit: {percent}%	Nainstalovaná RAM: {ram} MB; tento limit: {percent}%
@@ -3920,3 +4146,59 @@ navigator	Zoom	Zvětšení
 # Graphics Adapter preference (#1885)
 	GPU adapter	Adaptér GPU
 smartSvg	AI/PDF/EPS contents will be edited as SVG. Saving replaces the embedded source; format-specific features may change.	Obsah AI/PDF/EPS se bude upravovat jako SVG. Uložení nahradí vložený zdroj; vlastnosti specifické pro formát se mohou změnit.
+
+# Styles panel: Import / Export Styles (.asl)
+	Import Styles…	Importovat styly…
+	Export Selected Styles…	Exportovat vybrané styly…
+	Export Styles…	Exportovat styly…
+	{file} is not a style library (.asl)	{file} není knihovna stylů (.asl)
+@plural	Imported {n} style from {file}|Imported {n} styles from {file}	Importován {n} styl ze souboru {file}|Importovány {n} styly ze souboru {file}|Importováno {n} stylů ze souboru {file}
+@plural	Exported {n} style to {file}|Exported {n} styles to {file}	Exportován {n} styl do souboru {file}|Exportovány {n} styly do souboru {file}|Exportováno {n} stylů do souboru {file}
+# Actions: a step dialog holds a suspended recording (#7365)
+	Confirm or cancel the open action step dialog first	Nejprve potvrďte nebo zrušte otevřený dialog kroku akce
+	Pro Medium Gray	Pro (středně šedý)
+	Solarized	Solarized
+	Breeze	Breeze
+	Pro Light Gray	Pro (světle šedý)
+	Pro Light	Pro (světlý)
+	Resize Windows to Fit	Přizpůsobit velikost oken
+	EXR	EXR
+# Paragraph direction (TYPE-218-2)
+	Automatic paragraph direction	Automatický směr odstavce
+	Left-to-right paragraph direction	Směr odstavce zleva doprava
+	Right-to-left paragraph direction	Směr odstavce zprava doleva
+	Not rendered: this adjustment ({key}) is kept as imported.	Nevykresleno: tato úprava ({key}) je ponechána tak, jak byla importována.
+# Print preview image (#8236)
+	Print preview image	Print preview image
+# Color panel menu: modes, copy commands and colour ramps (#6000)
+	Hue Cube	Krychle odstínu
+	Brightness Cube	Krychle jasu
+	Color Wheel	Barevné kolo
+	Grayscale Slider	Jezdec stupňů šedi
+	RGB Sliders	Jezdce RGB
+	HSB Sliders	Jezdce HSB
+	CMYK Sliders	Jezdce CMYK
+	Lab Sliders	Jezdce Lab
+	Web Color Sliders	Jezdce webových barev
+	Copy Color as HTML	Kopírovat barvu jako HTML
+	Copy Color's Hex Code	Kopírovat šestnáctkový kód barvy
+	RGB Spectrum	Spektrum RGB
+	CMYK Spectrum	Spektrum CMYK
+	Grayscale Ramp	Přechod stupňů šedi
+	Current Colors	Aktuální barvy
+	Make Ramp Web Safe	Omezit pruh na webové barvy
+# Art History Brush (#213).
+	Art History Brush	Štětec umělecké historie
+	Art History Brush Tool	Nástroj štětec umělecké historie
+	Tight Short	Těsný krátký
+	Tight Medium	Těsný střední
+	Tight Long	Těsný dlouhý
+	Loose Medium	Volný střední
+	Loose Long	Volný dlouhý
+	Dab	Šmouha
+	Tight Curl	Těsná smyčka
+	Loose Curl	Volná smyčka
+	Stylized dabs from a history state	Stylizované šmouhy ze stavu historie
+
+# Egui 0.37 migration controls (Aspect Ratio, Category, Color Table, Gamma, Interpolation, Profile, Target, Units, Demosaic)
+	Aspect Ratio	Poměr stran
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/de.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/de.tsv
index b97178fbfc..7ff80a061f 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/de.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/de.tsv
@@ -15,6 +15,10 @@
 # way. Product and technology names (PhotoCraft, ArtCraft, OpenType, CMYK, Lab ...) stay in Latin
 # letters; the trailing "…" of dialog commands is kept. Plural rule: one|other (n != 1 -> other).
 
+# Layer Mask Display Options (the layer mask rubylith's colour and opacity)
+	Mask Options…	Maskenoptionen…
+	Layer Mask Display Options…	Anzeigeoptionen für Ebenenmasken…
+
 # Channel Options and New Spot Channel (#3761)
 	Channel Color	Kanalfarbe
 	Color Indicates:	Farbe kennzeichnet:
@@ -656,6 +660,10 @@
 	Fit Layer(s) on Screen	Ebenen auf den Bildschirm einpassen
 	Fit Artboard on Screen	Zeichenbereich auf den Bildschirm einpassen
 	100%	100 %
+	105%	105 %
+	110%	110 %
+	115%	115 %
+	120%	120 %
 	200%	200 %
 	Print Size	Druckgröße
 	Pixel Aspect Ratio	Pixel-Seitenverhältnis
@@ -807,6 +815,7 @@
 	Split Warp Vertically	Verkrümmung vertikal teilen
 	Statistics…	Statistiken…
 	Refine Strokes	Verfeinerungsstriche
+	Edits	Bearbeitungen
 @plural	{n} item|{n} items	{n} Element|{n} Elemente
 	Auto	Automatisch
 	(print to the printer)	(an den Drucker senden)
@@ -1009,6 +1018,10 @@
 	Create new pattern from the selection	Neues Muster aus der Auswahl erstellen
 	Create new shape from the current path	Neue Form aus dem aktuellen Pfad erstellen
 	Create new snapshot	Neuen Snapshot erstellen
+	From:	Von:
+	Full Document	Gesamtes Dokument
+	Merged Layers	Zusammengefügte Ebenen
+	New Snapshot	Neuer Snapshot
 	Create new style (from the selected type)	Neuen Stil erstellen (aus dem ausgewählten Text)
 	Create new style from the selected layer	Neuen Stil aus der ausgewählten Ebene erstellen
 	Create new tool preset	Neue Werkzeugvorgabe erstellen
@@ -1088,7 +1101,7 @@
 	Done	Fertig
 	Dots	Punkte
 	Drag a rectangle around the object	Ziehe ein Rechteck um das Objekt
-	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click to delete.	Ziehe auf dem Bild, um eine Zwangsbedingung hinzuzufügen; Shift für horizontal/vertikal; Rechtsklick löscht.
+	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click a constraint to change or delete it.	Ziehe auf dem Bild, um eine Zwangsbedingung hinzuzufügen; Shift für horizontal/vertikal; Rechtsklick auf eine Zwangsbedingung ändert oder löscht sie.
 	Drag to move the active shape's path or the Work Path	Ziehen, um den Pfad der aktiven Form oder den Arbeitspfad zu verschieben
 	Click: select anchor · Drag: move anchor, handle or segment · {shift}-click: add · {alt}-click: whole subpath	Klick: Ankerpunkt auswählen · Ziehen: Ankerpunkt, Griff oder Segment verschieben · {shift}-Klick: hinzufügen · {alt}-Klick: ganzer Teilpfad
 	Draw with the Pen tool (P) or make a work path from a selection.	Zeichne mit dem Stift-Werkzeug (P) oder erzeuge einen Arbeitspfad aus einer Auswahl.
@@ -1330,6 +1343,8 @@
 	Override Pressure	Druck überschreiben
 	Override Rotation	Rotation überschreiben
 	Override Tilt	Neigung überschreiben
+	Override Tilt X	Neigung X überschreiben
+	Override Tilt Y	Neigung Y überschreiben
 	PRESET DETAILS	VORGABENDETAILS
 	PSD	PSD
 	Paint Overlay	Übermalung
@@ -1482,6 +1497,7 @@
 	Set shape fill type	Fülltyp der Form festlegen
 	Set shape stroke type	Konturtyp der Form festlegen
 	Set the text color	Textfarbe festlegen
+	Create warped text	Verkrümmten Text erstellen
 	Shadows	Tiefen
 	Shape:	Form:
 	Sharpening	Scharfzeichnung
@@ -1982,6 +1998,7 @@
 	Quick export format	Schnellexport-Format
 	Quick export location	Schnellexport-Ziel
 	Recent file count	Anzahl zuletzt geöffneter Dateien
+	LUT folder	LUT-Ordner
 	Recent files	Zuletzt geöffnete Dateien
 	Recent fonts	Zuletzt verwendete Schriften
 	Recover on launch	Beim Start wiederherstellen
@@ -2193,6 +2210,11 @@
 	No path to make a selection from: draw one with the Pen tool or select one in the Paths panel.	Kein Pfad für eine Auswahl vorhanden: zeichne einen mit dem Stift-Werkzeug oder wähle einen im Pfade-Bedienfeld.
 	Cancel opening	Öffnen abbrechen
 	Cancelled opening {name}	Öffnen von {name} abgebrochen
+	Damaged Photoshop document	Beschädigtes Photoshop-Dokument
+	The document “{name}” may be damaged.	Das Dokument „{name}“ ist möglicherweise beschädigt.
+	Some layers, pixels or masks could not be read. Do you want to continue opening it?	Einige Ebenen, Pixel oder Masken konnten nicht gelesen werden. Möchten Sie das Öffnen fortsetzen?
+	If you continue, saving over the original may permanently discard unreadable data. Save a copy to keep the original.	Wenn Sie fortfahren, kann das Speichern über das Original nicht lesbare Daten dauerhaft verwerfen. Speichern Sie eine Kopie, um das Original zu behalten.
+	Continue	Fortfahren
 	The document “{name}” does not have an embedded {mode} profile.	Das Dokument „{name}“ hat kein eingebettetes {mode}-Profil.
 	The document “{name}” has an embedded color profile that does not match the current {mode} working space.	Das Dokument „{name}“ hat ein eingebettetes Farbprofil, das nicht zum aktuellen {mode}-Arbeitsfarbraum passt.
 	Working: {working}	Arbeitsfarbraum: {working}
@@ -2251,6 +2273,7 @@
 	Fill Path	Pfad füllen
 	Stroke Path	Pfad nachziehen
 	Delete Path	Pfad löschen
+	Rename Path…	Pfad umbenennen…
 	W	B
 	H	H
 	Ruler	Lineal
@@ -2302,6 +2325,8 @@
 	GPU acceleration could not continue. Your documents are unchanged.	GPU-Beschleunigung konnte nicht fortgesetzt werden. Deine Dokumente sind unverändert.
 	PhotoCraft is using the CPU image compositor. The window may still use your graphics adapter.	PhotoCraft nutzt den CPU-Bildkompositor. Das Fenster kann weiterhin deinen Grafikadapter verwenden.
 	Retry GPU requires a restart. Save your work first.	GPU erneut versuchen erfordert einen Neustart. Speichere zuerst deine Arbeit.
+	Retry GPU tries the graphics processor again now.	GPU erneut versuchen versucht es sofort wieder mit dem Grafikprozessor.
+	GPU acceleration resumed.	GPU-Beschleunigung wieder aktiv.
 	Keep Using CPU	CPU weiter verwenden
 	Retry GPU	GPU erneut versuchen
 	Advanced	Erweitert
@@ -2348,6 +2373,11 @@
 	Content-Aware Move Tool	Inhaltsbasiert-verschieben-Werkzeug
 	TIFF Options	TIFF-Optionen
 	Targa Options	Targa-Optionen
+	JPEG Options	JPEG-Optionen
+	Image Options	Bildoptionen
+	Format Options	Formatoptionen
+	Baseline ("Standard")	Baseline („Standard“)
+	Baseline Optimized	Baseline optimiert
 	24 bits/pixel	24 Bit/Pixel
 	32 bits/pixel	32 Bit/Pixel
 	Including layers will increase file size.	Das Einbeziehen von Ebenen vergrößert die Datei.
@@ -2753,6 +2783,8 @@ curves	Smooth	Glätten
 	Vanishing Point is not active	Fluchtpunkt ist nicht aktiv
 	Apply Vanishing Point ({key})	Fluchtpunkt anwenden ({key})
 	Fix the red plane first: its corners must form a convex quad	Korrigieren Sie zuerst die rote Ebene: Ihre Ecken müssen ein konvexes Viereck bilden
+	Alt-click a plane to set the clone source	Alt-Klick auf eine Ebene legt die Kopierquelle fest
+	Too many clone strokes: apply Vanishing Point first	Zu viele Kopierstriche: Wenden Sie zuerst Fluchtpunkt an
 # Select and Mask view modes (#1754)
 	Onion Skin	Zwiebelschicht
 	Marching Ants	Laufende Ameisen
@@ -2863,6 +2895,11 @@ curves	Smooth	Glätten
 	Increase Brush Size	Pinselgröße erhöhen
 	Decrease Brush Hardness	Pinselhärte verringern
 	Increase Brush Hardness	Pinselhärte erhöhen
+	Previous Brush	Vorheriger Pinsel
+	Next Brush	Nächster Pinsel
+	First Brush	Erster Pinsel
+	Last Brush	Letzter Pinsel
+	Preview size	Preview size
 	Temporary	Vorübergehend
 	Space	Leertaste
 	Hand Tool (hold)	Hand-Werkzeug (gedrückt halten)
@@ -2872,6 +2909,9 @@ curves	Smooth	Glätten
 # Document Info and color profiles
 	Author Title	Position des Urhebers
 	Copyright Status	Urheberrechtsstatus
+	Copyright Info URL	URL für Urheberrechtsinfo
+	Copyright Notice	Urheberrechtsvermerk
+	Document Title	Dokumenttitel
 	Unknown	Unbekannt
 	Copyrighted	Urheberrechtlich geschützt
 	Public Domain	Gemeinfrei
@@ -3171,9 +3211,16 @@ curves	Smooth	Glätten
 	Fuzziness	Toleranz
 	Object Finder	Objektsucher
 	No object found there — drag a rectangle around it	Dort wurde kein Objekt gefunden — ziehen Sie ein Rechteck darum
+	The active layer has no pixels here — turn on Sample All Layers or select a layer with pixels	Die aktive Ebene hat hier keine Pixel — aktivieren Sie „Alle Ebenen einbeziehen“ oder wählen Sie eine Ebene mit Pixeln
 	Remove after each stroke	Nach jedem Strich entfernen
 	Apply the removal ({key})	Entfernen anwenden ({key})
 	Strokes to remove: {n} (Enter applies, Esc cancels)	Striche zum Entfernen: {n} (Eingabe wendet an, Esc bricht ab)
+	Load Contours…	Konturen laden…
+	Replace Contours…	Konturen ersetzen…
+	Save Contours…	Konturen speichern…
+	Delete Contour	Kontur löschen
+	Loaded contours from {file}	Konturen aus {file} geladen
+	Saved contours to {file}	Konturen in {file} gespeichert
 	Show home recent files	Zuletzt geöffnete Dateien auf dem Startbildschirm anzeigen
 	Clear Brush Controls	Pinselsteuerungen löschen
 	Reset All Locked Settings	Alle gesperrten Einstellungen zurücksetzen
@@ -3182,6 +3229,9 @@ curves	Smooth	Glätten
 # Actions panel: Load/Save Actions (.atn) and kept Photoshop steps
 	Load Actions…	Aktionen laden…
 	Save Actions…	Aktionen speichern…
+	New Action…	Neue Aktion…
+	Start Recording	Aufnahme starten
+	Stop Recording	Aufnahme stoppen
 	{name} (Photoshop)	{name} (Photoshop)
 	{message} ({note})	{message} ({note})
 @plural	Loaded {n} action from {file}|Loaded {n} actions from {file}	{n} Aktion aus {file} geladen|{n} Aktionen aus {file} geladen
@@ -3214,9 +3264,40 @@ curves	Smooth	Glätten
 	Sent to {printer}	An {printer} gesendet
 	set in Print Settings…	in den Druckeinstellungen festlegen…
 	ICO is limited to 256 × 256 pixels	ICO ist auf 256 × 256 Pixel begrenzt
+	Calibration	Kalibrierung
+	Red Primary	Rot-Primärfarbe
+	Green Primary	Grün-Primärfarbe
+	Blue Primary	Blau-Primärfarbe
+	Write xmp sidecars	XMP-Filialdateien schreiben
+	Set the tone sliders from the image	Tonwert-Regler aus dem Bild setzen
+	Settings from {name}	Einstellungen aus {name}
+	Settings from {name}; {count} not supported: {names}	Einstellungen aus {name}; {count} nicht unterstützt: {names}
+	Could not write {name}: {error}	{name} konnte nicht geschrieben werden: {error}
+	Kept {name}: written by another application	{name} beibehalten: von einer anderen Anwendung geschrieben
+	Shadow Tint	Schattentönung
+# PhotoCraft release checks.
+	Check for Updates…	Nach Updates suchen…
+	PhotoCraft Updates	PhotoCraft-Updates
+	Checking for updates…	Suche nach Updates…
+	Open the release page to choose an installer for your system.	Öffnen Sie die Versionsseite und wählen Sie ein Installationspaket für Ihr System.
+	Open Download Page	Downloadseite öffnen
+	PhotoCraft is up to date.	PhotoCraft ist auf dem neuesten Stand.
+	Could not check for updates.	Updates konnten nicht geprüft werden.
+	Updates have not been checked yet.	Es wurde noch nicht nach Updates gesucht.
+	Check Again	Erneut prüfen
+	Automatically Check for Updates	Automatisch nach Updates suchen
+	Installed version: {version}	Installierte Version: {version}
+	PhotoCraft {version} is available.	PhotoCraft {version} ist verfügbar.
 # History panel › History Brush source (#2966)
 	Paints from the History panel's source state	Malt aus dem Quellzustand des Protokollbedienfelds
 	Sets the source for the history brush	Legt die Quelle für den Protokollpinsel fest
+# Bevel & Emboss shading controls.
+	Highlight Mode	Lichtermodus
+	Highlight Color	Lichterfarbe
+	Highlight Opacity	Lichterdeckkraft
+	Shadow Mode	Schattenmodus
+	Shadow Color	Schattenfarbe
+	Shadow Opacity	Schattendeckkraft
 # Embedded Profile Mismatch: profile names beside the choices, Remember this choice
 	Use the embedded profile ({profile})	Eingebettetes Profil verwenden ({profile})
 	Convert to the working space ({profile})	In den Arbeitsfarbraum konvertieren ({profile})
@@ -3233,6 +3314,7 @@ curves	Smooth	Glätten
 	Chisel Hard	Meißeln hart
 	Chisel Soft	Meißeln weich
 	Open color-less EXR as ACEScg	Farbangabenloses EXR als ACEScg öffnen
+	Do not append "copy" to filename when saving a copy	Beim Speichern einer Kopie „copy“ nicht an den Dateinamen anhängen
 # Export As metadata and profile options
 	Color Profile	Farbprofil
 	EXIF	EXIF
@@ -3282,6 +3364,7 @@ curves	Smooth	Glätten
 	{shortcut} is reserved by the system and can't be assigned.	{shortcut} ist vom System reserviert und kann nicht zugewiesen werden.
 	Low-Latency Drawing (vsync off, applies at next launch)	Zeichnen mit geringer Latenz (ohne VSync, gilt ab dem nächsten Start)
 # Free Transform: a new layer while the box is open (#5859)
+	Reference point location	Position des Referenzpunkts
 	Free Transform is still being applied; try again when it has finished.	Frei transformieren wird noch angewendet; versuchen Sie es erneut, wenn es fertig ist.
 	The transform couldn't be applied.	Die Transformation konnte nicht angewendet werden.
 # Preferences › Performance › GPU Memory; the status bar and slow-redraw notice
@@ -3290,11 +3373,24 @@ curves	Smooth	Glätten
 	GPU Memory Full	GPU-Speicher voll
 	The layers need {needed} of GPU memory and may hold {budget}, so edits that redraw the whole document do it on the CPU. Click to set GPU Memory.	Die Ebenen brauchen {needed} GPU-Speicher und dürfen {budget} belegen, daher zeichnen Änderungen, die das ganze Dokument neu zeichnen, auf der CPU. Klicken, um den GPU-Speicher einzustellen.
 	GPU memory budget: {budget}	GPU-Speicherbudget: {budget}
+	Graphics memory: {size}	Grafikspeicher: {size}
 	This document's layers: {needed} of {budget} for layers	Ebenen dieses Dokuments: {needed} von {budget} für Ebenen
 	This document's layers need {needed} but may hold {budget}: whole-document redraws use the CPU	Die Ebenen dieses Dokuments brauchen {needed}, dürfen aber {budget} belegen: Das ganze Dokument wird auf der CPU neu gezeichnet
 	GPU Memory (MB, 0 = Automatic)	GPU-Speicher (MB, 0 = Automatisch)
+	{path}: the path is not valid Unicode; save under another name.	{path}: Der Dateipfad enthält ungültige Zeichen. Speichere unter einem anderen Namen.
 	{name} was changed by another app after it was opened or saved here.	{name} wurde von einer anderen App geändert, nachdem es hier geöffnet oder gespeichert wurde.
 	Replace it with this document, or cancel and use File › Save As to keep both.	Ersetze die Datei durch dieses Dokument oder brich ab und nutze Datei › Speichern unter, um beide zu behalten.
+	Demosaic	Demosaicing
+	How the camera's colour filter mosaic is filled in. It is applied when the file opens; the preview shows the method it was opened with.	Wie das Farbfiltermosaik der Kamera aufgefüllt wird. Es wird beim Öffnen der Datei angewendet; die Vorschau zeigt die Methode, mit der sie geöffnet wurde.
+	AHD (adaptive homogeneity)	AHD (adaptive Homogenität)
+	Malvar–He–Cutler	Malvar–He–Cutler
+	Hirakawa–Parks: the cleanest edges and the least colour fringing, the slowest.	Hirakawa–Parks: die saubersten Kanten und die wenigsten Farbsäume, am langsamsten.
+	Gradient-corrected interpolation: sharp and fast, with some colour fringing on fine detail.	Gradientenkorrigierte Interpolation: scharf und schnell, mit etwas Farbsäumen an feinen Details.
+	The fastest and the softest, with colour fringing on fine detail.	Am schnellsten und weichsten, mit Farbsäumen an feinen Details.
+	“{name}” already exists. Replace it?	„{name}“ ist bereits vorhanden. Ersetzen?
+	The name in the save dialog was “{name}”.	Der Name im Speichern-Dialog war „{name}“.
+	Move Up	Nach oben
+	Move Down	Nach unten
 	Memory Usage	Speichernutzung
 	Per-document RAM limit (MB)	RAM-Limit pro Dokument (MB)
 	Installed RAM: {ram} MB; this limit: {percent}%	Installierter RAM: {ram} MB; dieses Limit: {percent}%
@@ -3327,3 +3423,65 @@ smartSvg	Updates wait while another document or an editing dialog is active.	Akt
 smartSvg	Stop syncing this Smart Object	Synchronisierung dieses Smart-Objekts beenden
 smartSvg	SVG editor opened. Save the SVG to update this Smart Object.	SVG-Editor geöffnet. Speichern Sie das SVG, um dieses Smart-Objekt zu aktualisieren.
 smartSvg	AI/PDF/EPS contents will be edited as SVG. Saving replaces the embedded source; format-specific features may change.	AI/PDF/EPS-Inhalte werden als SVG bearbeitet. Speichern ersetzt die eingebettete Quelle; formatspezifische Eigenschaften können sich ändern.
+
+# Styles panel: Import / Export Styles (.asl)
+	Import Styles…	Stile importieren…
+	Export Selected Styles…	Ausgewählte Stile exportieren…
+	Export Styles…	Stile exportieren…
+	{file} is not a style library (.asl)	{file} ist keine Stilbibliothek (.asl)
+@plural	Imported {n} style from {file}|Imported {n} styles from {file}	{n} Stil aus {file} importiert|{n} Stile aus {file} importiert
+@plural	Exported {n} style to {file}|Exported {n} styles to {file}	{n} Stil nach {file} exportiert|{n} Stile nach {file} exportiert
+# Actions: a step dialog holds a suspended recording (#7365)
+	Confirm or cancel the open action step dialog first	Bestätige oder brich zuerst den offenen Dialog des Aktionsschritts ab
+	Pro Medium Gray	Pro (Mittelgrau)
+	Solarized	Solarized
+	Breeze	Breeze
+	Pro Light Gray	Pro (Hellgrau)
+	Pro Light	Pro (Hell)
+	Resize Windows to Fit	Fenstergröße anpassen
+	EXR	EXR
+# Paragraph direction (TYPE-218-2)
+	Automatic paragraph direction	Automatische Absatzrichtung
+	Left-to-right paragraph direction	Absatzrichtung von links nach rechts
+	Right-to-left paragraph direction	Absatzrichtung von rechts nach links
+	Not rendered: this adjustment ({key}) is kept as imported.	Nicht dargestellt: Diese Einstellung ({key}) wird wie importiert beibehalten.
+# Print preview image (#8236)
+	Print preview image	Print preview image
+# Color panel menu: modes, copy commands and colour ramps (#6000)
+	Hue Cube	Farbtonwürfel
+	Brightness Cube	Helligkeitswürfel
+	Color Wheel	Farbkreis
+	Grayscale Slider	Graustufen-Regler
+	RGB Sliders	RGB-Regler
+	HSB Sliders	HSB-Regler
+	CMYK Sliders	CMYK-Regler
+	Lab Sliders	Lab-Regler
+	Web Color Sliders	Webfarben-Regler
+	Copy Color as HTML	Farbe als HTML kopieren
+	Copy Color's Hex Code	Hex-Code der Farbe kopieren
+	RGB Spectrum	RGB-Spektrum
+	CMYK Spectrum	CMYK-Spektrum
+	Grayscale Ramp	Graustufenbalken
+	Current Colors	Aktuelle Farben
+	Make Ramp Web Safe	Farbbalken auf Webfarben beschränken
+# Art History Brush (#213).
+	Art History Brush	Künstlerischer Protokollpinsel
+	Art History Brush Tool	Künstlerischer-Protokollpinsel-Werkzeug
+	Tight Short	Eng kurz
+	Tight Medium	Eng mittel
+	Tight Long	Eng lang
+	Loose Medium	Locker mittel
+	Loose Long	Locker lang
+	Dab	Tupfer
+	Tight Curl	Eng gewellt
+	Loose Curl	Locker gewellt
+	Stylized dabs from a history state	Stilisierte Tupfer aus einem Protokollzustand
+
+# Egui 0.37 migration controls (Aspect Ratio, Category, Color Table, Gamma, Interpolation, Profile, Target, Units, Demosaic)
+	Aspect Ratio	Seitenverhältnis
+	Category	Kategorie
+	Color Table	Farbtabelle
+	Gamma	Gamma
+	Interpolation	Interpolation
+	Target	Ziel
+	Units	Einheiten
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/el.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/el.tsv
index 1abaf232dd..5dae18d883 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/el.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/el.tsv
@@ -3,6 +3,10 @@
 # Original translations based on general Greek graphics/computing terminology.
 # Covers every source label the i18n coverage check lists.
 
+# Layer Mask Display Options (the layer mask rubylith's colour and opacity)
+	Mask Options…	Επιλογές μάσκας…
+	Layer Mask Display Options…	Επιλογές εμφάνισης μάσκας επιπέδου…
+
 # Channel Options and New Spot Channel (#3761)
 	Channel Color	Χρώμα καναλιού
 	Color Indicates:	Το χρώμα υποδεικνύει:
@@ -757,6 +761,9 @@
 	Create new pattern from the selection	Δημιουργία μοτίβου από την επιλογή
 	Create new shape from the current path	Δημιουργία σχήματος από την τρέχουσα διαδρομή
 	Create new snapshot	Δημιουργία νέου στιγμιότυπου
+	From:	Από:
+	Full Document	Ολόκληρο έγγραφο
+	Merged Layers	Συγχωνευμένα επίπεδα
 	Create new style (from the selected type)	Δημιουργία στυλ από τον επιλεγμένο τύπο
 	Create new style from the selected layer	Δημιουργία στυλ από το επιλεγμένο επίπεδο
 	Current & Below	Τρέχον και υποκείμενα
@@ -798,6 +805,8 @@
 	Override Pressure	Παράκαμψη πίεσης
 	Override Rotation	Παράκαμψη περιστροφής
 	Override Tilt	Παράκαμψη κλίσης
+	Override Tilt X	Παράκαμψη κλίσης X
+	Override Tilt Y	Παράκαμψη κλίσης Y
 	PRESET DETAILS	ΛΕΠΤΟΜΕΡΕΙΕΣ ΠΡΟΕΠΙΛΟΓΗΣ
 	Pattern Size	Μέγεθος μοτίβου
 	Perspective Warp is not active	Ο μετασχηματισμός προοπτικής δεν είναι ενεργός
@@ -995,6 +1004,8 @@
 	Keywords	Λέξεις-κλειδιά
 	Copyright Info URL	Σύνδεσμος πληροφοριών πνευματικών δικαιωμάτων
 	Copyright Status	Κατάσταση πνευματικών δικαιωμάτων
+	Copyright Notice	Σημείωση πνευματικών δικαιωμάτων
+	Document Title	Τίτλος εγγράφου
 	Copyrighted	Προστατεύεται από πνευματικά δικαιώματα
 	Public Domain	Κοινό κτήμα
 	Unknown	Άγνωστο
@@ -1106,6 +1117,8 @@
 	GPU acceleration could not continue. Your documents are unchanged.	Η επιτάχυνση GPU δεν μπόρεσε να συνεχιστεί. Τα έγγραφά σας δεν έχουν αλλάξει.
 	PhotoCraft is using the CPU image compositor. The window may still use your graphics adapter.	Το PhotoCraft χρησιμοποιεί σύνθεση εικόνας μέσω CPU. Το παράθυρο μπορεί να εξακολουθεί να χρησιμοποιεί την κάρτα γραφικών.
 	Retry GPU requires a restart. Save your work first.	Η νέα προσπάθεια χρήσης GPU απαιτεί επανεκκίνηση. Αποθηκεύστε πρώτα την εργασία σας.
+	Retry GPU tries the graphics processor again now.	Η νέα προσπάθεια χρήσης GPU δοκιμάζει ξανά τον επεξεργαστή γραφικών αμέσως.
+	GPU acceleration resumed.	Η επιτάχυνση GPU συνεχίζεται.
 	Keep Using CPU	Συνέχεια με CPU
 	Retry GPU	Νέα προσπάθεια χρήσης GPU
 	GPU Backend	Σύστημα GPU
@@ -1117,6 +1130,11 @@
 	Hold Alt while drawing for straight segments	Κρατήστε πατημένο το Alt κατά τη σχεδίαση για ευθύγραμμα τμήματα
 	TIFF Options	Επιλογές TIFF
 	Targa Options	Επιλογές Targa
+	JPEG Options	Επιλογές JPEG
+	Image Options	Επιλογές εικόνας
+	Format Options	Επιλογές μορφής
+	Baseline ("Standard")	Βασική («Τυπική»)
+	Baseline Optimized	Βασική βελτιστοποιημένη
 	24 bits/pixel	24 bit/εικονοστοιχείο
 	32 bits/pixel	32 bit/εικονοστοιχείο
 	Including layers will increase file size.	Η συμπερίληψη επιπέδων θα αυξήσει το μέγεθος του αρχείου.
@@ -1582,6 +1600,7 @@
 	Reset Alignment	Επαναφορά στοίχισης
 	Centre the gradient (offset 0, 0)	Κεντράρισμα διαβάθμισης (μετατόπιση 0, 0)
 	Refine Strokes	Πινελιές βελτίωσης
+	Edits	Επεξεργασίες
 # Gradient Editor window, opened from the options bar's gradient swatch.
 	Gradient Editor	Επεξεργασία διαβάθμισης
 	Gradient picker	Επιλογή διαβάθμισης
@@ -1611,6 +1630,10 @@
 	No path to make a selection from: draw one with the Pen tool or select one in the Paths panel.	Δεν υπάρχει διαδρομή για δημιουργία επιλογής: σχεδιάστε μία με το εργαλείο Πένα (Pen Tool) ή επιλέξτε μία στο πλαίσιο Διαδρομές.
 	Cancel opening	Ακύρωση ανοίγματος
 	Cancelled opening {name}	Ακυρώθηκε το άνοιγμα του {name}
+	Damaged Photoshop document	Κατεστραμμένο έγγραφο Photoshop
+	The document “{name}” may be damaged.	Το έγγραφο «{name}» μπορεί να είναι κατεστραμμένο.
+	Some layers, pixels or masks could not be read. Do you want to continue opening it?	Δεν ήταν δυνατή η ανάγνωση ορισμένων επιπέδων, εικονοστοιχείων ή μασκών. Θέλετε να συνεχίσετε το άνοιγμα;
+	If you continue, saving over the original may permanently discard unreadable data. Save a copy to keep the original.	Αν συνεχίσετε, η αποθήκευση πάνω στο πρωτότυπο μπορεί να απορρίψει οριστικά τα μη αναγνώσιμα δεδομένα. Αποθηκεύστε ένα αντίγραφο για να διατηρήσετε το πρωτότυπο.
 	The document “{name}” does not have an embedded {mode} profile.	Το έγγραφο «{name}» δεν έχει ενσωματωμένο προφίλ {mode}.
 	The document “{name}” has an embedded color profile that does not match the current {mode} working space.	Το έγγραφο «{name}» έχει ενσωματωμένο χρωματικό προφίλ που δεν ταιριάζει με τον τρέχοντα χώρο εργασίας {mode}.
 	Working: {working}	Χώρος εργασίας: {working}
@@ -2347,13 +2370,14 @@
 	Drag (lasso) or click points (polygonal) · {add} add · {sub} subtract	Σύρετε για λάσο ή κάντε κλικ για πολυγωνική επιλογή · {add} προσθήκη · {sub} αφαίρεση
 	Drag a crop box · drag inside to move · edges resize ({ratio} ratio, {centre} centre) · Space moves while drawing · arrows nudge · X swaps orientation · {commit} commits · Esc cancels	Σύρετε για περιοχή περικοπής · σύρετε στο εσωτερικό για μετακίνηση · από τα άκρα αλλάζει μέγεθος ({ratio} αναλογία, {centre} κέντρο) · Space για μετακίνηση κατά τη σχεδίαση · βέλη για μετακίνηση · X εναλλαγή προσανατολισμού · {commit} εφαρμογή · Esc ακύρωση
 	Drag around the centre to rotate the view  ·  Shift constrains to 15°	Σύρετε γύρω από το κέντρο για να περιστρέψετε την προβολή  ·  Shift περιορίζει στις 15°
-	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click to delete.	Σύρετε πάνω στην εικόνα για προσθήκη περιορισμού· Shift για οριζόντιο/κατακόρυφο· δεξί κλικ για διαγραφή.
+	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click a constraint to change or delete it.	Σύρετε πάνω στην εικόνα για προσθήκη περιορισμού· Shift για οριζόντιο/κατακόρυφο· δεξί κλικ σε έναν περιορισμό για αλλαγή ή διαγραφή.
 	Drag or click polygon points · hold Alt during lasso for straight segments · {add} add · {sub} before drawing subtracts	Σύρετε ή κάντε κλικ για πολυγωνικά σημεία · κρατήστε Alt κατά το λάσο για ευθείες · {add} προσθήκη · {sub} αφαίρεση πριν από τη σχεδίαση
 	Drag to draw a gradient	Σύρετε για να σχεδιάσετε διαβάθμιση
 	Drag to move the active layer	Σύρετε για μετακίνηση του ενεργού επιπέδου
 	Drag to move the active shape's path or the Work Path	Σύρετε για μετακίνηση της διαδρομής του ενεργού σχήματος ή της διαδρομής εργασίας
 	Dual Brush	Διπλό πινέλο
 	Duplicate Path	Διπλασιασμός διαδρομής
+	Rename Path…	Μετονομασία διαδρομής…
 	Duplicate style	Διπλασιασμός στυλ
 	Dust & Scratches	Σκόνη και γρατζουνιές
 	Dust & Scratches…	Σκόνη και γρατζουνιές…
@@ -2898,6 +2922,7 @@
 	Raw Data	Ακατέργαστα δεδομένα
 	Raw Defaults	Προεπιλογές RAW
 	Recent file count	Αριθμός πρόσφατων αρχείων
+	LUT folder	Φάκελος LUT
 	Recent files	Πρόσφατα αρχεία
 	Recent fonts	Πρόσφατες γραμματοσειρές
 	Reconstruct	Ανακατασκευή
@@ -3039,6 +3064,7 @@
 	Set shape fill type	Ορισμός τύπου γεμίσματος σχήματος
 	Set shape stroke type	Ορισμός τύπου περιγράμματος σχήματος
 	Set the text color	Ορισμός χρώματος κειμένου
+	Create warped text	Δημιουργία παραμορφωμένου κειμένου
 	Shadows/Highlights	Σκιές/φωτεινές περιοχές
 	Shape	Σχήμα
 	Shape Blur	Θόλωση σχήματος
@@ -3407,6 +3433,10 @@ cameraRaw	Yellow	Κίτρινο
 
 # Labels added on main since the first batch
 	100%	100%
+	105%	105%
+	110%	110%
+	115%	115%
+	120%	120%
 	180°	180°
 	200%	200%
 	3 x 3	3 x 3
@@ -3803,6 +3833,8 @@ curves	Smooth	Εξομάλυνση
 	Vanishing Point is not active	Το Σημείο φυγής δεν είναι ενεργό
 	Apply Vanishing Point ({key})	Εφαρμογή σημείου φυγής ({key})
 	Fix the red plane first: its corners must form a convex quad	Διορθώστε πρώτα το κόκκινο επίπεδο: οι γωνίες του πρέπει να σχηματίζουν κυρτό τετράπλευρο
+	Alt-click a plane to set the clone source	Alt-κλικ σε ένα επίπεδο για να ορίσετε την πηγή κλωνοποίησης
+	Too many clone strokes: apply Vanishing Point first	Πάρα πολλές πινελιές κλωνοποίησης: εφαρμόστε πρώτα το Σημείο φυγής
 # Select and Mask view modes (#1754)
 	Onion Skin	Φλούδα κρεμμυδιού
 	Marching Ants	Κινούμενο περίγραμμα
@@ -3862,9 +3894,16 @@ curves	Smooth	Εξομάλυνση
 	Light Gray	Ανοιχτό γκρι
 	Object Finder	Εύρεση αντικειμένων
 	No object found there — drag a rectangle around it	Δεν βρέθηκε αντικείμενο εκεί — σύρετε ένα ορθογώνιο γύρω του
+	The active layer has no pixels here — turn on Sample All Layers or select a layer with pixels	Το ενεργό επίπεδο δεν έχει εικονοστοιχεία εδώ — ενεργοποιήστε τη Δειγματοληψία όλων των επιπέδων ή επιλέξτε ένα επίπεδο με εικονοστοιχεία
 	Remove after each stroke	Αφαίρεση μετά από κάθε πινελιά
 	Apply the removal ({key})	Εφαρμογή της αφαίρεσης ({key})
 	Strokes to remove: {n} (Enter applies, Esc cancels)	Πινελιές προς αφαίρεση: {n} (Enter εφαρμόζει, Esc ακυρώνει)
+	Load Contours…	Φόρτωση περιγραμμάτων…
+	Replace Contours…	Αντικατάσταση περιγραμμάτων…
+	Save Contours…	Αποθήκευση περιγραμμάτων…
+	Delete Contour	Διαγραφή περιγράμματος
+	Loaded contours from {file}	Φορτώθηκαν περιγράμματα από {file}
+	Saved contours to {file}	Τα περιγράμματα αποθηκεύτηκαν στο {file}
 	Show home recent files	Εμφάνιση πρόσφατων αρχείων στην αρχική οθόνη
 	Clear Brush Controls	Απαλοιφή στοιχείων ελέγχου πινέλου
 	Reset All Locked Settings	Επαναφορά όλων των κλειδωμένων ρυθμίσεων
@@ -3873,6 +3912,9 @@ curves	Smooth	Εξομάλυνση
 # Actions panel: Load/Save Actions (.atn) and kept Photoshop steps
 	Load Actions…	Φόρτωση ενεργειών…
 	Save Actions…	Αποθήκευση ενεργειών…
+	New Action…	Νέα ενέργεια…
+	Start Recording	Έναρξη εγγραφής
+	Stop Recording	Διακοπή εγγραφής
 	{name} (Photoshop)	{name} (Photoshop)
 	{message} ({note})	{message} ({note})
 @plural	Loaded {n} action from {file}|Loaded {n} actions from {file}	Φορτώθηκε {n} ενέργεια από το {file}|Φορτώθηκαν {n} ενέργειες από το {file}
@@ -3904,9 +3946,40 @@ curves	Smooth	Εξομάλυνση
 	Sent to {printer}	Στάλθηκε στον {printer}
 	set in Print Settings…	ορίζεται στις ρυθμίσεις εκτύπωσης…
 	ICO is limited to 256 × 256 pixels	Το ICO περιορίζεται σε 256 × 256 εικονοστοιχεία
+	Calibration	Βαθμονόμηση
+	Red Primary	Κόκκινο πρωτεύον
+	Green Primary	Πράσινο πρωτεύον
+	Blue Primary	Μπλε πρωτεύον
+	Write xmp sidecars	Εγγραφή συνοδευτικών αρχείων XMP
+	Set the tone sliders from the image	Ορισμός των ρυθμιστικών τόνων από την εικόνα
+	Settings from {name}	Ρυθμίσεις από {name}
+	Settings from {name}; {count} not supported: {names}	Ρυθμίσεις από {name}· {count} δεν υποστηρίζονται: {names}
+	Could not write {name}: {error}	Αδυναμία εγγραφής του {name}: {error}
+	Kept {name}: written by another application	Το {name} διατηρήθηκε: γράφτηκε από άλλη εφαρμογή
+	Shadow Tint	Χροιά σκιών
+# PhotoCraft release checks.
+	Check for Updates…	Έλεγχος ενημερώσεων…
+	PhotoCraft Updates	Ενημερώσεις PhotoCraft
+	Checking for updates…	Έλεγχος για ενημερώσεις…
+	Open the release page to choose an installer for your system.	Ανοίξτε τη σελίδα της έκδοσης για να επιλέξετε πρόγραμμα εγκατάστασης για το σύστημά σας.
+	Open Download Page	Άνοιγμα σελίδας λήψης
+	PhotoCraft is up to date.	Το PhotoCraft είναι ενημερωμένο.
+	Could not check for updates.	Δεν ήταν δυνατός ο έλεγχος ενημερώσεων.
+	Updates have not been checked yet.	Δεν έχει γίνει ακόμη έλεγχος ενημερώσεων.
+	Check Again	Νέος έλεγχος
+	Automatically Check for Updates	Αυτόματος έλεγχος ενημερώσεων
+	Installed version: {version}	Εγκατεστημένη έκδοση: {version}
+	PhotoCraft {version} is available.	Το PhotoCraft {version} είναι διαθέσιμο.
 # History panel › History Brush source (#2966)
 	Paints from the History panel's source state	Βάφει από την κατάσταση πηγής του πίνακα Ιστορικό
 	Sets the source for the history brush	Ορίζει την πηγή για το πινέλο ιστορικού
+# Bevel & Emboss shading controls.
+	Highlight Mode	Λειτουργία φωτεινών τόνων
+	Highlight Color	Χρώμα φωτεινών τόνων
+	Highlight Opacity	Αδιαφάνεια φωτεινών τόνων
+	Shadow Mode	Λειτουργία σκιών
+	Shadow Color	Χρώμα σκιών
+	Shadow Opacity	Αδιαφάνεια σκιών
 # Embedded Profile Mismatch: profile names beside the choices, Remember this choice
 	Use the embedded profile ({profile})	Χρήση ενσωματωμένου προφίλ ({profile})
 	Convert to the working space ({profile})	Μετατροπή στον χώρο εργασίας ({profile})
@@ -3923,6 +3996,7 @@ curves	Smooth	Εξομάλυνση
 	Chisel Hard	Σκληρή σμίλευση
 	Chisel Soft	Μαλακή σμίλευση
 	Open color-less EXR as ACEScg	Άνοιγμα EXR χωρίς χρωματική δήλωση ως ACEScg
+	Do not append "copy" to filename when saving a copy	Να μην προστίθεται «copy» στο όνομα αρχείου κατά την αποθήκευση αντιγράφου
 # Export As metadata and profile options
 	EXIF	EXIF
 
@@ -3979,15 +4053,33 @@ curves	Smooth	Εξομάλυνση
 	GPU Memory Full	Η μνήμη GPU είναι πλήρης
 	The layers need {needed} of GPU memory and may hold {budget}, so edits that redraw the whole document do it on the CPU. Click to set GPU Memory.	Τα επίπεδα χρειάζονται {needed} μνήμης GPU και μπορούν να καταλάβουν {budget}, οπότε οι αλλαγές που ξανασχεδιάζουν όλο το έγγραφο το κάνουν στη CPU. Κάντε κλικ για να ορίσετε τη Μνήμη GPU.
 	GPU memory budget: {budget}	Όριο μνήμης GPU: {budget}
+	Graphics memory: {size}	Μνήμη γραφικών: {size}
 	This document's layers: {needed} of {budget} for layers	Επίπεδα αυτού του εγγράφου: {needed} από {budget} για επίπεδα
 	This document's layers need {needed} but may hold {budget}: whole-document redraws use the CPU	Τα επίπεδα αυτού του εγγράφου χρειάζονται {needed} αλλά μπορούν να καταλάβουν {budget}: η επανασχεδίαση όλου του εγγράφου γίνεται στη CPU
 	GPU Memory (MB, 0 = Automatic)	Μνήμη GPU (MB, 0 = Αυτόματο)
+	{path}: the path is not valid Unicode; save under another name.	{path}: η διαδρομή δεν είναι έγκυρο Unicode· αποθηκεύστε με άλλο όνομα.
 	{name} was changed by another app after it was opened or saved here.	Το {name} άλλαξε από άλλη εφαρμογή αφού ανοίχτηκε ή αποθηκεύτηκε εδώ.
 	Replace it with this document, or cancel and use File › Save As to keep both.	Αντικαταστήστε το με αυτό το έγγραφο ή ακυρώστε και χρησιμοποιήστε Αρχείο › Αποθήκευση ως για να κρατήσετε και τα δύο.
 	Decrease Brush Size	Μείωση μεγέθους πινέλου
 	Increase Brush Size	Αύξηση μεγέθους πινέλου
 	Decrease Brush Hardness	Μείωση σκληρότητας πινέλου
 	Increase Brush Hardness	Αύξηση σκληρότητας πινέλου
+	Demosaic	Αποψηφιδοποίηση
+	How the camera's colour filter mosaic is filled in. It is applied when the file opens; the preview shows the method it was opened with.	Πώς συμπληρώνεται το ψηφιδωτό του χρωματικού φίλτρου της κάμερας. Εφαρμόζεται όταν ανοίγει το αρχείο· η προεπισκόπηση δείχνει τη μέθοδο με την οποία άνοιξε.
+	AHD (adaptive homogeneity)	AHD (προσαρμοστική ομοιογένεια)
+	Malvar–He–Cutler	Malvar–He–Cutler
+	Hirakawa–Parks: the cleanest edges and the least colour fringing, the slowest.	Hirakawa–Parks: οι πιο καθαρές ακμές και τα λιγότερα χρωματικά περιθώρια, η πιο αργή.
+	Gradient-corrected interpolation: sharp and fast, with some colour fringing on fine detail.	Παρεμβολή με διόρθωση κλίσης: ευκρινής και γρήγορη, με λίγα χρωματικά περιθώρια στις λεπτές λεπτομέρειες.
+	The fastest and the softest, with colour fringing on fine detail.	Η πιο γρήγορη και η πιο μαλακή, με χρωματικά περιθώρια στις λεπτές λεπτομέρειες.
+	“{name}” already exists. Replace it?	Το «{name}» υπάρχει ήδη. Να αντικατασταθεί;
+	The name in the save dialog was “{name}”.	Το όνομα στο παράθυρο αποθήκευσης ήταν «{name}».
+	Move Up	Μετακίνηση επάνω
+	Move Down	Μετακίνηση κάτω
+	Previous Brush	Προηγούμενο πινέλο
+	Next Brush	Επόμενο πινέλο
+	First Brush	Πρώτο πινέλο
+	Last Brush	Τελευταίο πινέλο
+	Preview size	Preview size
 	Memory Usage	Χρήση μνήμης
 	Per-document RAM limit (MB)	Όριο RAM ανά έγγραφο (MB)
 	Installed RAM: {ram} MB; this limit: {percent}%	Εγκατεστημένη RAM: {ram} MB· αυτό το όριο: {percent}%
@@ -4009,3 +4101,57 @@ curves	Smooth	Εξομάλυνση
 # Graphics Adapter preference (#1885)
 	GPU adapter	Προσαρμογέας GPU
 smartSvg	AI/PDF/EPS contents will be edited as SVG. Saving replaces the embedded source; format-specific features may change.	Το περιεχόμενο AI/PDF/EPS θα υποστεί επεξεργασία ως SVG. Η αποθήκευση αντικαθιστά την ενσωματωμένη πηγή· οι ιδιότητες του αρχικού τύπου αρχείου μπορεί να αλλάξουν.
+
+# Styles panel: Import / Export Styles (.asl)
+	Import Styles…	Εισαγωγή στιλ…
+	Export Selected Styles…	Εξαγωγή επιλεγμένων στιλ…
+	Export Styles…	Εξαγωγή στιλ…
+	{file} is not a style library (.asl)	Το {file} δεν είναι βιβλιοθήκη στιλ (.asl)
+@plural	Imported {n} style from {file}|Imported {n} styles from {file}	Εισήχθη {n} στιλ από το {file}|Εισήχθησαν {n} στιλ από το {file}
+@plural	Exported {n} style to {file}|Exported {n} styles to {file}	Εξήχθη {n} στιλ στο {file}|Εξήχθησαν {n} στιλ στο {file}
+# Actions: a step dialog holds a suspended recording (#7365)
+	Confirm or cancel the open action step dialog first	Επιβεβαιώστε ή ακυρώστε πρώτα το ανοιχτό παράθυρο βήματος της ενέργειας
+	Pro Medium Gray	Pro μεσαίου γκρι
+	Solarized	Solarized
+	Breeze	Breeze
+	Pro Light Gray	Pro ανοιχτού γκρι
+	Pro Light	Φωτεινό Pro
+	Resize Windows to Fit	Προσαρμογή μεγέθους παραθύρων
+	EXR	EXR
+# Paragraph direction (TYPE-218-2)
+	Automatic paragraph direction	Αυτόματη κατεύθυνση παραγράφου
+	Left-to-right paragraph direction	Κατεύθυνση παραγράφου από αριστερά προς τα δεξιά
+	Right-to-left paragraph direction	Κατεύθυνση παραγράφου από δεξιά προς τα αριστερά
+	Not rendered: this adjustment ({key}) is kept as imported.	Δεν αποδίδεται: αυτή η προσαρμογή ({key}) διατηρείται όπως εισήχθη.
+# Print preview image (#8236)
+	Print preview image	Print preview image
+# Color panel menu: modes, copy commands and colour ramps (#6000)
+	Hue Cube	Κύβος απόχρωσης
+	Brightness Cube	Κύβος φωτεινότητας
+	Color Wheel	Χρωματικός τροχός
+	RGB Sliders	Ρυθμιστικά RGB
+	HSB Sliders	Ρυθμιστικά HSB
+	CMYK Sliders	Ρυθμιστικά CMYK
+	Lab Sliders	Ρυθμιστικά Lab
+	Web Color Sliders	Ρυθμιστικά χρωμάτων ιστού
+	Copy Color as HTML	Αντιγραφή χρώματος ως HTML
+	Copy Color's Hex Code	Αντιγραφή δεκαεξαδικού κωδικού χρώματος
+	RGB Spectrum	Φάσμα RGB
+	CMYK Spectrum	Φάσμα CMYK
+	Grayscale Ramp	Διαβάθμιση του γκρι
+	Current Colors	Τρέχοντα χρώματα
+	Make Ramp Web Safe	Μόνο χρώματα ιστού στη διαβάθμιση
+# Art History Brush (#213).
+	Art History Brush Tool	Πινέλο ιστορικού τέχνης (Art History Brush Tool)
+	Tight Short	Σφιχτό κοντό
+	Tight Medium	Σφιχτό μεσαίο
+	Tight Long	Σφιχτό μακρύ
+	Loose Medium	Χαλαρό μεσαίο
+	Loose Long	Χαλαρό μακρύ
+	Dab	Πινελιά
+	Tight Curl	Σφιχτή μπούκλα
+	Loose Curl	Χαλαρή μπούκλα
+	Stylized dabs from a history state	Στυλιζαρισμένες πινελιές από μια κατάσταση ιστορικού
+
+# Egui 0.37 migration controls (Aspect Ratio, Category, Color Table, Gamma, Interpolation, Profile, Target, Units, Demosaic)
+	Target	Στόχος
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/es.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/es.tsv
index 2b2be099d9..d61bc0d1e5 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/es.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/es.tsv
@@ -12,6 +12,10 @@
 # Product and technology names (PhotoCraft, ArtCraft, OpenType, CMYK, Lab ...) stay in Latin
 # letters; the trailing "…" of dialog commands is kept.
 
+# Layer Mask Display Options (the layer mask rubylith's colour and opacity)
+	Mask Options…	Opciones de máscara…
+	Layer Mask Display Options…	Opciones de visualización de máscara de capa…
+
 # Channel Options and New Spot Channel (#3761)
 	Channel Color	Color del canal
 	Color Indicates:	El color indica:
@@ -654,6 +658,10 @@
 	Fit Layer(s) on Screen	Encajar capas en pantalla
 	Fit Artboard on Screen	Encajar mesa de trabajo en pantalla
 	100%	100%
+	105%	105%
+	110%	110%
+	115%	115%
+	120%	120%
 	200%	200%
 	75%	75%
 	80%	80%
@@ -815,6 +823,7 @@
 	Split Warp Vertically	Dividir deformación verticalmente
 	Statistics…	Estadísticas…
 	Refine Strokes	Trazos de perfeccionamiento
+	Edits	Ediciones
 @plural	{n} item|{n} items	{n} elemento|{n} elementos
 	Auto	Automático
 
@@ -1018,6 +1027,9 @@
 	Create new pattern from the selection	Crear un motivo nuevo a partir de la selección
 	Create new shape from the current path	Crear una forma nueva a partir del trazado actual
 	Create new snapshot	Crear una instantánea nueva
+	From:	De:
+	Full Document	Documento completo
+	Merged Layers	Capas combinadas
 	Create new tool preset	Crear un ajuste preestablecido de herramienta nuevo
 	Crop Factor	Factor de recorte
 	Ctrl	Ctrl
@@ -1095,7 +1107,7 @@
 	Done	Hecho
 	Dots	Puntos
 	Drag a rectangle around the object	Arrastre un rectángulo alrededor del objeto
-	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click to delete.	Arrastre sobre la imagen para añadir una restricción; Mayús para horizontal/vertical; clic derecho para eliminar.
+	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click a constraint to change or delete it.	Arrastre sobre la imagen para añadir una restricción; Mayús para horizontal/vertical; clic derecho en una restricción para cambiarla o eliminarla.
 	Drag to move the active shape's path or the Work Path	Arrastre para mover el trazado de la forma activa o el trazado de trabajo
 	Click: select anchor · Drag: move anchor, handle or segment · {shift}-click: add · {alt}-click: whole subpath	Clic: seleccionar punto · Arrastrar: mover punto, manejador o segmento · {shift}-clic: añadir · {alt}-clic: subtrazado completo
 	Draw with the Pen tool (P) or make a work path from a selection.	Dibuje con la herramienta Pluma (P) o cree un trazado de trabajo a partir de una selección.
@@ -1337,6 +1349,8 @@
 	Override Pressure	Anular presión
 	Override Rotation	Anular rotación
 	Override Tilt	Anular inclinación
+	Override Tilt X	Anular inclinación X
+	Override Tilt Y	Anular inclinación Y
 	PRESET DETAILS	DETALLES DEL AJUSTE PREESTABLECIDO
 	PSD	PSD
 	Paint Overlay	Superposición de pintura
@@ -1489,6 +1503,7 @@
 	Set shape fill type	Establecer el tipo de relleno de la forma
 	Set shape stroke type	Establecer el tipo de trazo de la forma
 	Set the text color	Establecer el color del texto
+	Create warped text	Crear texto deformado
 	Shadows	Sombras
 	Shape:	Forma:
 	Sharpening	Enfoque
@@ -1996,6 +2011,7 @@
 	Quick export format	Formato de exportación rápida
 	Quick export location	Ubicación de exportación rápida
 	Recent file count	Número de archivos recientes
+	LUT folder	Carpeta de LUT
 	Recent files	Archivos recientes
 	Recent fonts	Fuentes recientes
 	Recover on launch	Recuperar al iniciar
@@ -2210,6 +2226,10 @@
 	No path to make a selection from: draw one with the Pen tool or select one in the Paths panel.	No hay ningún trazado para crear una selección: dibuje uno con la herramienta Pluma o seleccione uno en el panel Trazados.
 	Cancel opening	Cancelar apertura
 	Cancelled opening {name}	Se canceló la apertura de {name}
+	Damaged Photoshop document	Documento de Photoshop dañado
+	The document “{name}” may be damaged.	Es posible que el documento «{name}» esté dañado.
+	Some layers, pixels or masks could not be read. Do you want to continue opening it?	No se pudieron leer algunas capas, píxeles o máscaras. ¿Desea seguir abriéndolo?
+	If you continue, saving over the original may permanently discard unreadable data. Save a copy to keep the original.	Si continúa, guardar sobre el original puede descartar de forma permanente los datos ilegibles. Guarde una copia para conservar el original.
 	The document “{name}” does not have an embedded {mode} profile.	El documento «{name}» no tiene un perfil {mode} incrustado.
 	The document “{name}” has an embedded color profile that does not match the current {mode} working space.	El documento «{name}» tiene un perfil de color incrustado que no coincide con el espacio de trabajo {mode} actual.
 	Working: {working}	Espacio de trabajo: {working}
@@ -2326,6 +2346,8 @@
 	GPU acceleration could not continue. Your documents are unchanged.	La aceleración GPU no pudo continuar. Los documentos no han cambiado.
 	PhotoCraft is using the CPU image compositor. The window may still use your graphics adapter.	PhotoCraft compone las imágenes en la CPU. La ventana aún puede usar el adaptador gráfico.
 	Retry GPU requires a restart. Save your work first.	Reintentar la GPU requiere reiniciar. Guarde primero su trabajo.
+	Retry GPU tries the graphics processor again now.	Reintentar la GPU vuelve a probar el procesador gráfico ahora.
+	GPU acceleration resumed.	Se reanudó la aceleración GPU.
 	Keep Using CPU	Seguir usando CPU
 	Retry GPU	Reintentar GPU
 	Advanced	Avanzado
@@ -2386,6 +2408,11 @@ cameraRaw	Amount	Cantidad
 	Content-Aware Move Tool	Herramienta Mover con detección de contenido
 	TIFF Options	Opciones de TIFF
 	Targa Options	Opciones de Targa
+	JPEG Options	Opciones de JPEG
+	Image Options	Opciones de imagen
+	Format Options	Opciones de formato
+	Baseline ("Standard")	Línea de base ("Estándar")
+	Baseline Optimized	Línea de base optimizada
 	24 bits/pixel	24 bits/píxel
 	32 bits/pixel	32 bits/píxel
 	Including layers will increase file size.	Incluir las capas aumentará el tamaño del archivo.
@@ -2793,6 +2820,8 @@ curves	Smooth	Suavizar
 	Vanishing Point is not active	Punto de fuga no está activo
 	Apply Vanishing Point ({key})	Aplicar punto de fuga ({key})
 	Fix the red plane first: its corners must form a convex quad	Corrija primero el plano rojo: sus esquinas deben formar un cuadrilátero convexo
+	Alt-click a plane to set the clone source	Haga Alt-clic en un plano para definir el origen de clonación
+	Too many clone strokes: apply Vanishing Point first	Demasiados trazos de clonación: aplique primero Punto de fuga
 # Select and Mask view modes (#1754)
 	Onion Skin	Papel cebolla
 	Marching Ants	Hormigas en marcha
@@ -2853,9 +2882,16 @@ curves	Smooth	Suavizar
 	Light Gray	Gris claro
 	Object Finder	Buscador de objetos
 	No object found there — drag a rectangle around it	No se encontró ningún objeto ahí; arrastra un rectángulo a su alrededor
+	The active layer has no pixels here — turn on Sample All Layers or select a layer with pixels	La capa activa no tiene píxeles aquí; activa Muestrear todas las capas o selecciona una capa con píxeles
 	Remove after each stroke	Eliminar después de cada trazo
 	Apply the removal ({key})	Aplicar la eliminación ({key})
 	Strokes to remove: {n} (Enter applies, Esc cancels)	Trazos por eliminar: {n} (Intro aplica, Esc cancela)
+	Load Contours…	Cargar contornos…
+	Replace Contours…	Reemplazar contornos…
+	Save Contours…	Guardar contornos…
+	Delete Contour	Eliminar contorno
+	Loaded contours from {file}	Contornos cargados de {file}
+	Saved contours to {file}	Contornos guardados en {file}
 # Dynamic labels (filter and adjustment parameters, Camera Raw, panels, dialogs) that the
 # other catalogs already translate
 @id	select.all	Seleccionar todo
@@ -2988,6 +3024,7 @@ curves	Smooth	Suavizar
 	Clipping Path	Trazado de recorte
 	New Path	Nuevo trazado
 	Duplicate Path	Duplicar trazado
+	Rename Path…	Cambiar nombre del trazado…
 	Auto-Hide	Ocultar automáticamente
 	X	X
 	Y	Y
@@ -3042,6 +3079,8 @@ curves	Smooth	Suavizar
 	Keywords	Palabras clave
 	Copyright Info URL	URL de información de copyright
 	Copyright Status	Estado del copyright
+	Copyright Notice	Aviso de copyright
+	Document Title	Título del documento
 	Copyrighted	Con copyright
 	Public Domain	Dominio público
 	Unknown	Desconocido
@@ -4137,6 +4176,9 @@ navigator	Zoom	Zoom
 # Actions panel: Load/Save Actions (.atn) and kept Photoshop steps
 	Load Actions…	Cargar acciones…
 	Save Actions…	Guardar acciones…
+	New Action…	Nueva acción…
+	Start Recording	Iniciar grabación
+	Stop Recording	Detener grabación
 	{name} (Photoshop)	{name} (Photoshop)
 	{message} ({note})	{message} ({note})
 @plural	Loaded {n} action from {file}|Loaded {n} actions from {file}	Se cargó {n} acción de {file}|Se cargaron {n} acciones de {file}
@@ -4167,9 +4209,40 @@ navigator	Zoom	Zoom
 	Sent to {printer}	Enviado a {printer}
 	set in Print Settings…	se establece en Ajustes de impresión…
 	ICO is limited to 256 × 256 pixels	ICO está limitado a 256 × 256 píxeles
+	Calibration	Calibración
+	Red Primary	Primario rojo
+	Green Primary	Primario verde
+	Blue Primary	Primario azul
+	Write xmp sidecars	Escribir archivos XMP auxiliares
+	Set the tone sliders from the image	Ajustar los controles de tono a partir de la imagen
+	Settings from {name}	Ajustes de {name}
+	Settings from {name}; {count} not supported: {names}	Ajustes de {name}; {count} no compatibles: {names}
+	Could not write {name}: {error}	No se pudo escribir {name}: {error}
+	Kept {name}: written by another application	Se conservó {name}: lo escribió otra aplicación
+	Shadow Tint	Tinte de sombras
+# PhotoCraft release checks.
+	Check for Updates…	Buscar actualizaciones…
+	PhotoCraft Updates	Actualizaciones de PhotoCraft
+	Checking for updates…	Buscando actualizaciones…
+	Open the release page to choose an installer for your system.	Abra la página de la versión para elegir un instalador para su sistema.
+	Open Download Page	Abrir página de descarga
+	PhotoCraft is up to date.	PhotoCraft está actualizado.
+	Could not check for updates.	No se pudieron buscar actualizaciones.
+	Updates have not been checked yet.	Aún no se han buscado actualizaciones.
+	Check Again	Comprobar de nuevo
+	Automatically Check for Updates	Buscar actualizaciones automáticamente
+	Installed version: {version}	Versión instalada: {version}
+	PhotoCraft {version} is available.	PhotoCraft {version} está disponible.
 # History panel › History Brush source (#2966)
 	Paints from the History panel's source state	Pinta a partir del estado de origen del panel Historia
 	Sets the source for the history brush	Establece el origen del pincel de historia
+# Bevel & Emboss shading controls.
+	Highlight Mode	Modo de luces
+	Highlight Color	Color de luces
+	Highlight Opacity	Opacidad de luces
+	Shadow Mode	Modo de sombras
+	Shadow Color	Color de sombras
+	Shadow Opacity	Opacidad de sombras
 # Embedded Profile Mismatch: profile names beside the choices, Remember this choice
 	Use the embedded profile ({profile})	Usar el perfil incrustado ({profile})
 	Convert to the working space ({profile})	Convertir al espacio de trabajo ({profile})
@@ -4186,6 +4259,7 @@ navigator	Zoom	Zoom
 	Chisel Hard	Cincelar duro
 	Chisel Soft	Cincelar suave
 	Open color-less EXR as ACEScg	Abrir EXR sin espacio de color como ACEScg
+	Do not append "copy" to filename when saving a copy	No añadir «copy» al nombre de archivo al guardar una copia
 # Export As metadata and profile options
 
 # View › Guides › right-click a guide
@@ -4241,15 +4315,33 @@ navigator	Zoom	Zoom
 	GPU Memory Full	Memoria de GPU llena
 	The layers need {needed} of GPU memory and may hold {budget}, so edits that redraw the whole document do it on the CPU. Click to set GPU Memory.	Las capas necesitan {needed} de memoria de GPU y pueden ocupar {budget}, así que las ediciones que redibujan todo el documento lo hacen en la CPU. Haga clic para ajustar Memoria de GPU.
 	GPU memory budget: {budget}	Presupuesto de memoria de GPU: {budget}
+	Graphics memory: {size}	Memoria gráfica: {size}
 	This document's layers: {needed} of {budget} for layers	Capas de este documento: {needed} de {budget} para capas
 	This document's layers need {needed} but may hold {budget}: whole-document redraws use the CPU	Las capas de este documento necesitan {needed} pero pueden ocupar {budget}: los redibujados de todo el documento usan la CPU
 	GPU Memory (MB, 0 = Automatic)	Memoria de GPU (MB, 0 = Automático)
+	{path}: the path is not valid Unicode; save under another name.	{path}: la ruta no es Unicode válido; guarde con otro nombre.
 	{name} was changed by another app after it was opened or saved here.	Otra aplicación cambió {name} después de abrirlo o guardarlo aquí.
 	Replace it with this document, or cancel and use File › Save As to keep both.	Reemplázalo con este documento, o cancela y usa Archivo › Guardar como para conservar ambos.
 	Decrease Brush Size	Reducir tamaño del pincel
 	Increase Brush Size	Aumentar tamaño del pincel
 	Decrease Brush Hardness	Reducir dureza del pincel
 	Increase Brush Hardness	Aumentar dureza del pincel
+	Demosaic	Demosaico
+	How the camera's colour filter mosaic is filled in. It is applied when the file opens; the preview shows the method it was opened with.	Cómo se completa el mosaico del filtro de color de la cámara. Se aplica al abrir el archivo; la vista previa muestra el método con el que se abrió.
+	AHD (adaptive homogeneity)	AHD (homogeneidad adaptativa)
+	Malvar–He–Cutler	Malvar–He–Cutler
+	Hirakawa–Parks: the cleanest edges and the least colour fringing, the slowest.	Hirakawa–Parks: los bordes más limpios y el menor halo de color; el más lento.
+	Gradient-corrected interpolation: sharp and fast, with some colour fringing on fine detail.	Interpolación con corrección de gradiente: nítida y rápida, con algo de halo de color en el detalle fino.
+	The fastest and the softest, with colour fringing on fine detail.	El más rápido y el más suave, con halo de color en el detalle fino.
+	“{name}” already exists. Replace it?	«{name}» ya existe. ¿Reemplazarlo?
+	The name in the save dialog was “{name}”.	El nombre en el cuadro de diálogo Guardar era «{name}».
+	Move Up	Mover arriba
+	Move Down	Mover abajo
+	Previous Brush	Pincel anterior
+	Next Brush	Pincel siguiente
+	First Brush	Primer pincel
+	Last Brush	Último pincel
+	Preview size	Preview size
 	Memory Usage	Uso de memoria
 	Per-document RAM limit (MB)	Límite de RAM por documento (MB)
 	Installed RAM: {ram} MB; this limit: {percent}%	RAM instalada: {ram} MB; este límite: {percent}%
@@ -4271,3 +4363,54 @@ navigator	Zoom	Zoom
 # Graphics Adapter preference (#1885)
 	GPU adapter	Adaptador de GPU
 smartSvg	AI/PDF/EPS contents will be edited as SVG. Saving replaces the embedded source; format-specific features may change.	El contenido AI/PDF/EPS se editará como SVG. Al guardar se reemplaza el origen incrustado; las funciones específicas del formato pueden cambiar.
+
+# Styles panel: Import / Export Styles (.asl)
+	Import Styles…	Importar estilos…
+	Export Selected Styles…	Exportar estilos seleccionados…
+	Export Styles…	Exportar estilos…
+	{file} is not a style library (.asl)	{file} no es una biblioteca de estilos (.asl)
+@plural	Imported {n} style from {file}|Imported {n} styles from {file}	Se importó {n} estilo de {file}|Se importaron {n} estilos de {file}
+@plural	Exported {n} style to {file}|Exported {n} styles to {file}	Se exportó {n} estilo a {file}|Se exportaron {n} estilos a {file}
+# Actions: a step dialog holds a suspended recording (#7365)
+	Confirm or cancel the open action step dialog first	Confirme o cancele primero el cuadro de diálogo abierto del paso de la acción
+	Pro Medium Gray	Pro (gris medio)
+	Solarized	Solarized
+	Breeze	Breeze
+	Pro Light Gray	Pro (gris claro)
+	Pro Light	Pro (claro)
+	Resize Windows to Fit	Redimensionar ventanas para ajustar
+	EXR	EXR
+# Paragraph direction (TYPE-218-2)
+	Automatic paragraph direction	Dirección de párrafo automática
+	Left-to-right paragraph direction	Dirección de párrafo de izquierda a derecha
+	Right-to-left paragraph direction	Dirección de párrafo de derecha a izquierda
+	Not rendered: this adjustment ({key}) is kept as imported.	No se renderiza: este ajuste ({key}) se conserva tal como se importó.
+# Print preview image (#8236)
+	Print preview image	Print preview image
+# Color panel menu: modes, copy commands and colour ramps (#6000)
+	Hue Cube	Cubo de tono
+	Brightness Cube	Cubo de brillo
+	Color Wheel	Rueda de color
+	RGB Sliders	Reguladores RGB
+	HSB Sliders	Reguladores HSB
+	CMYK Sliders	Reguladores CMYK
+	Lab Sliders	Reguladores Lab
+	Web Color Sliders	Reguladores de colores web
+	Copy Color as HTML	Copiar color como HTML
+	Copy Color's Hex Code	Copiar código hexadecimal del color
+	RGB Spectrum	Espectro RGB
+	CMYK Spectrum	Espectro CMYK
+	Grayscale Ramp	Rampa de escala de grises
+	Current Colors	Colores actuales
+	Make Ramp Web Safe	Hacer rampa segura para web
+# Art History Brush (#213).
+	Art History Brush Tool	Herramienta Pincel histórico artístico
+	Tight Short	Corto apretado
+	Tight Medium	Medio apretado
+	Tight Long	Largo apretado
+	Loose Medium	Medio suelto
+	Loose Long	Largo suelto
+	Dab	Toque
+	Tight Curl	Rizo apretado
+	Loose Curl	Rizo suelto
+	Stylized dabs from a history state	Toques estilizados desde un estado del historial
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/fr.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/fr.tsv
index f7908d4c2d..b8c1af20ec 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/fr.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/fr.tsv
@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@
 # ArtCraft, OpenType, Lab ...) stay as they are; RGB/CMYK read RVB/CMJN; the trailing "…" of
 # dialog commands is kept.
 
+# Layer Mask Display Options (the layer mask rubylith's colour and opacity)
+	Mask Options…	Options de masque…
+	Layer Mask Display Options…	Options d'affichage du masque de calque…
+
 # Channel Options and New Spot Channel (#3761)
 	Channel Color	Couleur de la couche
 	Color Indicates:	La couleur indique :
@@ -641,6 +645,10 @@
 	Fit Layer(s) on Screen	Adapter le(s) calque(s) à l'écran
 	Fit Artboard on Screen	Adapter le plan de travail à l'écran
 	100%	100 %
+	105%	105 %
+	110%	110 %
+	115%	115 %
+	120%	120 %
 	200%	200 %
 	75%	75 %
 	80%	80 %
@@ -802,6 +810,7 @@
 	Split Warp Vertically	Diviser la déformation verticalement
 	Statistics…	Statistiques…
 	Refine Strokes	Traits d'affinement
+	Edits	Modifications
 @plural	{n} item|{n} items	{n} élément|{n} éléments
 	Auto	Auto
 	(print to the printer)	(imprimer sur l'imprimante)
@@ -1003,6 +1012,9 @@
 	Create new pattern from the selection	Créer un nouveau motif à partir de la sélection
 	Create new shape from the current path	Créer une nouvelle forme à partir du tracé actif
 	Create new snapshot	Créer un nouvel instantané
+	From:	À partir de :
+	Full Document	Document entier
+	Merged Layers	Calques fusionnés
 	Create new tool preset	Créer un nouveau préréglage d'outil
 	Crop Factor	Facteur de recadrage
 	Ctrl	Ctrl
@@ -1080,7 +1092,7 @@
 	Done	Terminé
 	Dots	Points
 	Drag a rectangle around the object	Tracez un rectangle autour de l'objet
-	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click to delete.	Faites glisser sur l'image pour ajouter une contrainte ; Maj pour horizontal/vertical ; clic droit pour supprimer.
+	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click a constraint to change or delete it.	Faites glisser sur l'image pour ajouter une contrainte ; Maj pour horizontal/vertical ; clic droit sur une contrainte pour la modifier ou la supprimer.
 	Drag to move the active shape's path or the Work Path	Faites glisser pour déplacer le tracé de la forme active ou le tracé de travail
 	Click: select anchor · Drag: move anchor, handle or segment · {shift}-click: add · {alt}-click: whole subpath	Clic : sélectionner le point · Glisser : déplacer point, poignée ou segment · {shift}-clic : ajouter · {alt}-clic : sous-tracé entier
 	Draw with the Pen tool (P) or make a work path from a selection.	Dessinez avec l'outil Plume (P) ou créez un tracé de travail à partir d'une sélection.
@@ -1316,6 +1328,8 @@
 	Override Pressure	Forcer la pression
 	Override Rotation	Forcer la rotation
 	Override Tilt	Forcer l'inclinaison
+	Override Tilt X	Forcer l'inclinaison X
+	Override Tilt Y	Forcer l'inclinaison Y
 	PRESET DETAILS	DÉTAILS DU PRÉRÉGLAGE
 	PSD	PSD
 	Paint Overlay	Superposition de peinture
@@ -1468,6 +1482,7 @@
 	Set shape fill type	Définir le type de remplissage de la forme
 	Set shape stroke type	Définir le type de contour de la forme
 	Set the text color	Définir la couleur du texte
+	Create warped text	Créer un texte déformé
 	Shadows	Ombres
 	Shape:	Forme :
 	Sharpening	Netteté
@@ -1964,6 +1979,7 @@
 	Quick export format	Format d'exportation rapide
 	Quick export location	Emplacement d'exportation rapide
 	Recent file count	Nombre de fichiers récents
+	LUT folder	Dossier LUT
 	Recent files	Fichiers récents
 	Recent fonts	Polices récentes
 	Recover on launch	Récupérer au démarrage
@@ -2169,6 +2185,11 @@
 	No path to make a selection from: draw one with the Pen tool or select one in the Paths panel.	Aucun tracé à partir duquel créer une sélection : dessinez-en un avec l'outil Plume ou sélectionnez-en un dans le panneau Tracés.
 	Cancel opening	Annuler l'ouverture
 	Cancelled opening {name}	Ouverture de {name} annulée
+	Damaged Photoshop document	Document Photoshop endommagé
+	The document “{name}” may be damaged.	Le document « {name} » est peut-être endommagé.
+	Some layers, pixels or masks could not be read. Do you want to continue opening it?	Certains calques, pixels ou masques n’ont pas pu être lus. Voulez-vous poursuivre l’ouverture ?
+	If you continue, saving over the original may permanently discard unreadable data. Save a copy to keep the original.	Si vous continuez, l’enregistrement par-dessus l’original risque de supprimer définitivement les données illisibles. Enregistrez une copie pour conserver l’original.
+	Continue	Continuer
 	The document “{name}” does not have an embedded {mode} profile.	Le document « {name} » n'a pas de profil {mode} incorporé.
 	The document “{name}” has an embedded color profile that does not match the current {mode} working space.	Le document « {name} » a un profil colorimétrique incorporé qui ne correspond pas à l'espace de travail {mode} actuel.
 	Working: {working}	Espace de travail : {working}
@@ -2371,6 +2392,7 @@
 	Clipping Path	Tracé de détourage
 	New Path	Nouveau tracé
 	Duplicate Path	Dupliquer le tracé
+	Rename Path…	Renommer le tracé…
 	Delete Path	Supprimer le tracé
 	Auto-Hide	Masquage automatique
 	W	L
@@ -2436,6 +2458,8 @@
 	Keywords	Mots-clés
 	Copyright Info URL	URL des informations de copyright
 	Copyright Status	Statut du copyright
+	Copyright Notice	Mention de copyright
+	Document Title	Titre du document
 	Copyrighted	Protégé par copyright
 	Public Domain	Domaine public
 	Unknown	Inconnu
@@ -2678,6 +2702,8 @@
 	GPU acceleration could not continue. Your documents are unchanged.	L'accélération GPU n'a pas pu continuer. Vos documents sont intacts.
 	PhotoCraft is using the CPU image compositor. The window may still use your graphics adapter.	PhotoCraft utilise le compositeur d'images CPU. La fenêtre peut encore utiliser votre carte graphique.
 	Retry GPU requires a restart. Save your work first.	Réessayer le GPU nécessite un redémarrage. Enregistrez votre travail au préalable.
+	Retry GPU tries the graphics processor again now.	Réessayer le GPU sollicite de nouveau le processeur graphique dès maintenant.
+	GPU acceleration resumed.	Accélération GPU rétablie.
 	Keep Using CPU	Continuer avec le CPU
 	Retry GPU	Réessayer le GPU
 	GPU Backend	Moteur GPU
@@ -2736,6 +2762,11 @@ cameraRaw	Blending	Fusion
 	Content-Aware Move Tool	Outil Déplacement selon le contenu
 	TIFF Options	Options TIFF
 	Targa Options	Options Targa
+	JPEG Options	Options JPEG
+	Image Options	Options d’image
+	Format Options	Options de format
+	Baseline ("Standard")	Ligne de base (« Standard »)
+	Baseline Optimized	Ligne de base optimisée
 	24 bits/pixel	24 bits/pixel
 	32 bits/pixel	32 bits/pixel
 	Including layers will increase file size.	L'inclusion des calques augmentera la taille du fichier.
@@ -3125,6 +3156,8 @@ curves	Smooth	Lisser
 	Vanishing Point is not active	Point de fuite n’est pas actif
 	Apply Vanishing Point ({key})	Appliquer le point de fuite ({key})
 	Fix the red plane first: its corners must form a convex quad	Corrigez d’abord le plan rouge : ses coins doivent former un quadrilatère convexe
+	Alt-click a plane to set the clone source	Alt-clic sur un plan pour définir la source de duplication
+	Too many clone strokes: apply Vanishing Point first	Trop de traits de duplication : appliquez d’abord Point de fuite
 # Select and Mask view modes (#1754)
 	Onion Skin	Pelure d'oignon
 	Marching Ants	Fourmis en marche
@@ -3170,9 +3203,16 @@ curves	Smooth	Lisser
 	Light Gray	Gris clair
 	Object Finder	Outil de recherche d’objets
 	No object found there — drag a rectangle around it	Aucun objet trouvé ici — tracez un rectangle autour
+	The active layer has no pixels here — turn on Sample All Layers or select a layer with pixels	Le calque actif n’a pas de pixels ici — activez Échantillonner tous les calques ou sélectionnez un calque contenant des pixels
 	Remove after each stroke	Supprimer après chaque trait
 	Apply the removal ({key})	Appliquer la suppression ({key})
 	Strokes to remove: {n} (Enter applies, Esc cancels)	Traits à supprimer : {n} (Entrée applique, Échap annule)
+	Load Contours…	Charger des contours…
+	Replace Contours…	Remplacer les contours…
+	Save Contours…	Enregistrer les contours…
+	Delete Contour	Supprimer le contour
+	Loaded contours from {file}	Contours chargés depuis {file}
+	Saved contours to {file}	Contours enregistrés dans {file}
 	Show home recent files	Afficher les fichiers récents sur l'écran d'accueil
 	Clear Brush Controls	Effacer les commandes de pinceau
 	Reset All Locked Settings	Réinitialiser tous les paramètres verrouillés
@@ -3181,6 +3221,9 @@ curves	Smooth	Lisser
 # Actions panel: Load/Save Actions (.atn) and kept Photoshop steps
 	Load Actions…	Charger des actions…
 	Save Actions…	Enregistrer les actions…
+	New Action…	Nouvelle action…
+	Start Recording	Démarrer l'enregistrement
+	Stop Recording	Arrêter l'enregistrement
 	{name} (Photoshop)	{name} (Photoshop)
 	{message} ({note})	{message} ({note})
 @plural	Loaded {n} action from {file}|Loaded {n} actions from {file}	{n} action chargée depuis {file}|{n} actions chargées depuis {file}
@@ -3213,9 +3256,40 @@ curves	Smooth	Lisser
 	Sent to {printer}	Envoyé à {printer}
 	set in Print Settings…	défini dans les paramètres d’impression…
 	ICO is limited to 256 × 256 pixels	Le format ICO est limité à 256 × 256 pixels
+	Calibration	Étalonnage
+	Red Primary	Primaire rouge
+	Green Primary	Primaire verte
+	Blue Primary	Primaire bleue
+	Write xmp sidecars	Écrire les fichiers annexes XMP
+	Set the tone sliders from the image	Régler les curseurs de tonalité d’après l’image
+	Settings from {name}	Réglages de {name}
+	Settings from {name}; {count} not supported: {names}	Réglages de {name} ; {count} non pris en charge : {names}
+	Could not write {name}: {error}	Impossible d’écrire {name} : {error}
+	Kept {name}: written by another application	{name} conservé : écrit par une autre application
+	Shadow Tint	Teinte des ombres
+# PhotoCraft release checks.
+	Check for Updates…	Rechercher des mises à jour…
+	PhotoCraft Updates	Mises à jour de PhotoCraft
+	Checking for updates…	Recherche de mises à jour…
+	Open the release page to choose an installer for your system.	Ouvrez la page de la version pour choisir un programme d’installation pour votre système.
+	Open Download Page	Ouvrir la page de téléchargement
+	PhotoCraft is up to date.	PhotoCraft est à jour.
+	Could not check for updates.	Impossible de rechercher des mises à jour.
+	Updates have not been checked yet.	Les mises à jour n’ont pas encore été vérifiées.
+	Check Again	Vérifier à nouveau
+	Automatically Check for Updates	Rechercher automatiquement des mises à jour
+	Installed version: {version}	Version installée : {version}
+	PhotoCraft {version} is available.	PhotoCraft {version} est disponible.
 # History panel › History Brush source (#2966)
 	Paints from the History panel's source state	Peint à partir de l'état source du panneau Historique
 	Sets the source for the history brush	Définit la source du pinceau d'historique
+# Bevel & Emboss shading controls.
+	Highlight Mode	Mode des tons clairs
+	Highlight Color	Couleur des tons clairs
+	Highlight Opacity	Opacité des tons clairs
+	Shadow Mode	Mode des ombres
+	Shadow Color	Couleur des ombres
+	Shadow Opacity	Opacité des ombres
 # Embedded Profile Mismatch: profile names beside the choices, Remember this choice
 	Use the embedded profile ({profile})	Utiliser le profil incorporé ({profile})
 	Convert to the working space ({profile})	Convertir vers l'espace de travail ({profile})
@@ -3232,6 +3306,7 @@ curves	Smooth	Lisser
 	Chisel Hard	Ciselage dur
 	Chisel Soft	Ciselage doux
 	Open color-less EXR as ACEScg	Ouvrir les EXR sans espace colorimétrique en ACEScg
+	Do not append "copy" to filename when saving a copy	Ne pas ajouter « copy » au nom de fichier lors de l’enregistrement d’une copie
 
 # View › Guides › right-click a guide
 	Edit Selected Guides	Modifier les repères sélectionnés
@@ -3288,9 +3363,11 @@ curves	Smooth	Lisser
 	GPU Memory Full	Mémoire GPU pleine
 	The layers need {needed} of GPU memory and may hold {budget}, so edits that redraw the whole document do it on the CPU. Click to set GPU Memory.	Les calques ont besoin de {needed} de mémoire GPU et peuvent en occuper {budget} : les modifications qui redessinent tout le document le font sur le CPU. Cliquez pour régler Mémoire GPU.
 	GPU memory budget: {budget}	Budget de mémoire GPU : {budget}
+	Graphics memory: {size}	Mémoire graphique : {size}
 	This document's layers: {needed} of {budget} for layers	Calques de ce document : {needed} sur {budget} pour les calques
 	This document's layers need {needed} but may hold {budget}: whole-document redraws use the CPU	Les calques de ce document ont besoin de {needed} mais peuvent occuper {budget} : le document entier se redessine sur le CPU
 	GPU Memory (MB, 0 = Automatic)	Mémoire GPU (Mo, 0 = Automatique)
+	{path}: the path is not valid Unicode; save under another name.	{path} : le chemin n’est pas un Unicode valide ; enregistrez sous un autre nom.
 	Replace	Remplacer
 	{name} was changed by another app after it was opened or saved here.	{name} a été modifié par une autre application après avoir été ouvert ou enregistré ici.
 	Replace it with this document, or cancel and use File › Save As to keep both.	Remplacez-le par ce document, ou annulez et utilisez Fichier › Enregistrer sous pour garder les deux.
@@ -3298,6 +3375,22 @@ curves	Smooth	Lisser
 	Increase Brush Size	Augmenter la taille du pinceau
 	Decrease Brush Hardness	Réduire la dureté du pinceau
 	Increase Brush Hardness	Augmenter la dureté du pinceau
+	Demosaic	Dématriçage
+	How the camera's colour filter mosaic is filled in. It is applied when the file opens; the preview shows the method it was opened with.	Comment la mosaïque du filtre couleur de l'appareil est complétée. Appliqué à l'ouverture du fichier ; l'aperçu montre la méthode avec laquelle il a été ouvert.
+	AHD (adaptive homogeneity)	AHD (homogénéité adaptative)
+	Malvar–He–Cutler	Malvar–He–Cutler
+	Hirakawa–Parks: the cleanest edges and the least colour fringing, the slowest.	Hirakawa–Parks : les bords les plus nets et le moins de franges colorées ; le plus lent.
+	Gradient-corrected interpolation: sharp and fast, with some colour fringing on fine detail.	Interpolation corrigée par gradient : nette et rapide, avec quelques franges colorées sur les détails fins.
+	The fastest and the softest, with colour fringing on fine detail.	Le plus rapide et le plus doux, avec des franges colorées sur les détails fins.
+	“{name}” already exists. Replace it?	« {name} » existe déjà. Le remplacer ?
+	The name in the save dialog was “{name}”.	Le nom dans la boîte de dialogue d'enregistrement était « {name} ».
+	Move Up	Déplacer vers le haut
+	Move Down	Déplacer vers le bas
+	Previous Brush	Pinceau précédent
+	Next Brush	Pinceau suivant
+	First Brush	Premier pinceau
+	Last Brush	Dernier pinceau
+	Preview size	Preview size
 	Memory Usage	Utilisation de la mémoire
 	Per-document RAM limit (MB)	Limite RAM par document (Mo)
 	Installed RAM: {ram} MB; this limit: {percent}%	RAM installée : {ram} Mo ; cette limite : {percent}%
@@ -3320,3 +3413,1084 @@ curves	Smooth	Lisser
 # Graphics Adapter preference (#1885)
 	GPU adapter	Adaptateur GPU
 smartSvg	AI/PDF/EPS contents will be edited as SVG. Saving replaces the embedded source; format-specific features may change.	Le contenu AI/PDF/EPS sera modifié au format SVG. L’enregistrement remplace la source incorporée ; les propriétés propres au format peuvent changer.
+
+# Styles panel: Import / Export Styles (.asl)
+	Import Styles…	Importer des styles…
+	Export Selected Styles…	Exporter les styles sélectionnés…
+	Export Styles…	Exporter les styles…
+	{file} is not a style library (.asl)	{file} n’est pas une bibliothèque de styles (.asl)
+@plural	Imported {n} style from {file}|Imported {n} styles from {file}	{n} style importé depuis {file}|{n} styles importés depuis {file}
+@plural	Exported {n} style to {file}|Exported {n} styles to {file}	{n} style exporté vers {file}|{n} styles exportés vers {file}
+# Actions: a step dialog holds a suspended recording (#7365)
+	Confirm or cancel the open action step dialog first	Validez ou annulez d’abord la boîte de dialogue ouverte de l’étape de l’action
+	Pro Medium Gray	Pro gris moyen
+	Solarized	Solarized
+	Breeze	Breeze
+	Pro Light Gray	Pro gris clair
+	Pro Light	Pro clair
+	Resize Windows to Fit	Redimensionner les fenêtres
+	EXR	EXR
+	(none)	(aucun)
+	32-bit Preview Options	Options d'aperçu 32 bits
+	AI Integrations	Intégrations d'IA
+	About {app}	À propos de {app}
+	Accented Edges	Contours accentués
+	Action playback failed: {error}	Échec de la lecture de l'action : {error}
+	Actual Pixels	Pixels réels
+	Add Mask	Ajouter un masque
+	Add Noise	Ajout de bruit
+	Added swatch {name}	Nuance {name} ajoutée
+	Adjust Interval For Loops	Ajuster l'intervalle pour les boucles
+	Adjustment Layers	Calques d'ajustement
+	Adjustment Properties	Propriétés de l'ajustement
+	Adobe-rgb-compat	Adobe RGB (compatible)
+	Adwaita (Dark)	Adwaita (sombre)
+	Adwaita (Light)	Adwaita (clair)
+	After	Après
+	All shortcuts reset to Photoshop defaults.	Tous les raccourcis ont été réinitialisés aux valeurs par défaut de Photoshop.
+	Ambience	Ambiance
+	Ambient	Ambiante
+	Amplitude Max	Amplitude max.
+	Amplitude Min	Amplitude min.
+	Angled Strokes	Traits obliques
+	Anisotropic	Anisotrope
+	Apply Data Set	Appliquer un jeu de données
+	Apply Image	Appliquer une image
+	Apply Mask	Appliquer le masque
+	Apply to All	Appliquer à tout
+	Apply {option}: {state}	Appliquer {option} : {state}
+	Arbitrary	Angle personnalisé
+	Arc Lower	Arc inférieur
+	Arc Upper	Arc supérieur
+	Are you sure you want to quit?	Voulez-vous vraiment quitter ?
+	Are you sure?	Êtes-vous sûr ?
+	Area	Aire
+	Around Center	Autour du centre
+	Arrangement	Disposition
+	Arrows	Flèches
+	Artboard from Group	Plan de travail d'après un groupe
+	Artboard from Layers	Plan de travail d'après des calques
+	Artboards	Plans de travail
+	Artboards to Files	Plans de travail en fichiers
+	Artboards to PDF	Plans de travail en PDF
+	Artistic	Artistique
+	Ask On Mismatch	Demander en cas de non-concordance
+	Ask On Missing	Demander en cas d'absence
+	Ask On Paste	Demander au collage
+	Assign Profile	Attribuer un profil
+	At	À
+	Auto Scale	Mise à l'échelle auto
+	Auto-Align Layers	Alignement automatique des calques
+	Auto-Blend Layers	Fusion automatique des calques
+	Autosave failed: {error}	Échec de l'enregistrement automatique : {error}
+	Back	Retour
+	Backend: {backend} ({type})	Moteur : {backend} ({type})
+	Background Level	Niveau d'arrière-plan
+	Bamboo	Bambou
+	Bas Relief	Bas-relief
+	Base Tree Type	Type d'arbre de base
+	Basic Latin	Latin de base
+	Batch	Traitement par lots
+	Before	Avant
+	Berries	Baies
+	Best	Optimale
+	Black Clip	Écrêtage des noirs
+	Black Intensity	Intensité du noir
+	Blade Curvature	Courbure des lames
+	Blast	Rafale
+	Bleach Bypass	Sans blanchiment
+	Blend Clipped Layers as Group	Fusionner les calques découpés en tant que groupe
+	Blend Interior Effects as Group	Fusionner les effets internes en tant que groupe
+	Blend Text Gamma	Gamma de fusion du texte
+	Blending Mode	Mode de fusion
+	Bloat	Dilatation
+	Blocks	Blocs
+	Blue Yellow	Bleu/Jaune
+	Border	Bordure
+	Border Thickness	Épaisseur de la bordure
+	Box Blur	Flou par boîte
+	Bpc	Compensation du point noir
+	Branches Color	Couleur des branches
+	Branches Height	Hauteur des branches
+	Branches Thickness	Épaisseur des branches
+	Breeze Dark	Breeze sombre
+	Breeze Light	Breeze clair
+	Brick	Brique
+	Bristle Detail	Détail des poils
+	Browse	Parcourir
+	Brush Detail	Détail du pinceau
+	Brush Strokes	Traits de pinceau
+	Brush Type	Type de pinceau
+	Burlap	Toile de jute
+	Calculations	Calculs
+	Camera Raw	Camera Raw
+	Camera Raw Filter	Filtre Camera Raw
+	Cancel transform	Annuler la transformation
+	Candle Light	Bougie
+	Canvas Size	Taille du canevas
+	Cell Size	Taille des cellules
+	Center X	Centre X
+	Center Y	Centre Y
+	Chalk Area	Zone de craie
+	Changes Saved	Modifications enregistrées
+	Changes have not been saved.	Les modifications n'ont pas été enregistrées.
+	Change…	Modifier…
+	Channel1	Canal 1
+	Channel2	Canal 2
+	Channel3	Canal 3
+	Channel4	Canal 4
+	Charcoal Area	Zone de fusain
+	Charcoal Thickness	Épaisseur du fusain
+	Check for Updates	Rechercher des mises à jour
+	Choose Folder	Choisir un dossier
+	Circle	Cercle
+	Circularity	Circularité
+	Cleanliness	Propreté
+	Clear Amount	Zone sans lueur
+	Clear Selection	Effacer la sélection
+	Clipping Mask	Masque de découpe
+	Clipping Path…	Tracé de détourage…
+	Clone	Cloner
+	Clone source set at {x}, {y}	Source de clonage définie en {x}, {y}
+	Close Window	Fermer la fenêtre
+	Clumped	Aggloméré
+	Coarse Dots	Points grossiers
+	Coated-cmyk	CMJN papier couché
+	Color Decontaminate	Décontaminer les couleurs
+	Color Halftone	Trame de demi-teintes couleur
+	Color Indicates Masked Areas	La couleur indique les zones masquées
+	Color Indicates Selected Areas	La couleur indique les zones sélectionnées
+	Color Lookup Tables	Tables de correspondance des couleurs
+	Color Picker	Sélecteur de couleurs
+	Color Picker (Background Color)	Sélecteur de couleurs (Couleur d'arrière-plan)
+	Color Picker (Custom Canvas Color)	Sélecteur de couleurs (Couleur personnalisée du canevas)
+	Color Picker (Foreground Color)	Sélecteur de couleurs (Couleur de premier plan)
+	Color Settings	Paramètres de couleur
+	Color Swatches	Nuancier
+	Color Table	Table des couleurs
+	Color management: {error}	Gestion des couleurs : {error}
+	Colored Pencil	Crayon de couleur
+	Commit transform	Valider la transformation
+	Compare	Comparer
+	Conditional Mode Change	Changement de mode conditionnel
+	Confirm	Confirmer
+	Constraints	Contraintes
+	Contrasty	Contrasté
+	Convert	Convertir
+	Convert to Alpha Channel	Convertir en canal alpha
+	Convert to Linked	Convertir en objet lié
+	Convert to Profile	Convertir en profil
+	Cool	Froid
+	Cooling L B B	Refroidissement LBB
+	Cooling80	Refroidissement 80
+	Cooling82	Refroidissement 82
+	Copy Complete Stroke	Copier le contour complet
+	Copy Fill	Copier le remplissage
+	Correct C A	Corriger l'aberration chromatique
+	Correct Distortion	Corriger la distorsion
+	Correct Vignette	Corriger le vignettage
+	Could not rename the action: {error}	Impossible de renommer l'action : {error}
+	Couldn't open {name}: {error}	Impossible d'ouvrir {name} : {error}
+	Couldn't save preferences: {error}. Retrying…	Impossible d'enregistrer les préférences : {error}. Nouvelle tentative…
+	Crack Brightness	Luminosité des fissures
+	Crack Depth	Profondeur des fissures
+	Crack Spacing	Espacement des fissures
+	Craquelure	Craquelure
+	Create By	Créer par
+	Create Vector Mask	Créer un masque vectoriel
+	Create…	Créer…
+	Cross Process	Traitement croisé
+	Crosshatch	Hachures croisées
+	Crystallize	Cristallisation
+	Currency	Devise
+	Curve Darks	Courbe : tons sombres
+	Curve Highlights	Courbe : hautes lumières
+	Curve Lights	Courbe : tons clairs
+	Curve Shadows	Courbe : ombres
+	Curve Splits	Courbe : points de séparation
+	Custom Branch Color	Couleur de branche personnalisée
+	Custom Pixel Aspect Ratio	Format des pixels personnalisé
+	Cutout	Découpage
+	Cyrillic	Cyrillique
+	Daisies	Pâquerettes
+	Dark Gray	Gris foncé
+	Dark Intensity	Intensité des tons foncés
+	Dark Rough	Foncé rugueux
+	Dark Strokes	Traits sombres
+	Darken Only	Assombrir seulement
+	Darkness	Obscurité
+	Data	Données
+	Data Set: {name}  ({index}/{total})	Jeu de données : {name}  ({index}/{total})
+	Data Sets as Files	Jeux de données en fichiers
+	Date	Date
+	Date and Time	Date et heure
+	Day For Night	Nuit américaine
+	De-Interlace	Désentrelacer
+	Deep	Profond
+	Deep Blue	Bleu profond
+	Deep Emerald	Émeraude profond
+	Deep Red	Rouge profond
+	Deep Yellow	Jaune profond
+	Default Foreground and Background Colors	Couleurs par défaut du premier plan et de l'arrière-plan
+	Default Leaves	Feuilles par défaut
+	Default Photoshop Size	Taille Photoshop par défaut
+	Defaults	Valeurs par défaut
+	Define Brush Preset	Définir un préréglage de pinceau
+	Define Custom Shape	Définir une forme personnalisée
+	Define Pattern	Définir un motif
+	Definition	Définition
+	Defringe	Supprimer les franges
+	Degrees	Degrés
+	Delete Channel	Supprimer le canal
+	Delete Mask	Supprimer le masque
+	Delete…	Supprimer…
+	Depth Map	Carte de profondeur
+	Depth Mode	Mode de profondeur
+	Diameter	Diamètre
+	Diffuse	Diffuser
+	Diffuse Glow	Lueur diffuse
+	Direction Balance	Équilibre des directions
+	Disable	Désactiver
+	Disable Mask	Désactiver le masque
+	Disable Symmetry Path	Désactiver le tracé de symétrie
+	Disabled	Désactivé
+	Discard Changes	Ignorer les modifications
+	Displace	Déplacement
+	Display	Affichage
+	Display profile not used	Profil d'affichage non utilisé
+	Display profiles: {reason}	Profils d'affichage : {reason}
+	Display-p3	Display P3
+	Distortion	Distorsion
+	Distribution	Distribution
+	Do you want to save you made to “{name}” before quitting?	Voulez-vous enregistrer les modifications apportées à « {name} » avant de quitter ?
+	Documentation	Documentation
+	Documents	Documents
+	Dot	Point
+	Double Line	Double ligne
+	Draft	Brouillon
+	Drag a crop box · drag inside to move · edges resize ({ratio} ratio, {centre} centre) · Space moves while drawing · {commit} commits · Esc cancels	Tracez un cadre de recadrage · faites glisser à l'intérieur pour le déplacer · les bords le redimensionnent ({ratio} proportions, {centre} centre) · Espace le déplace pendant le tracé · {commit} valide · Échap annule
+	Drag: draw freehand · Release on the start point: close	Glisser : tracer à main levée · Relâcher sur le point de départ : fermer
+	Driver: {driver}	Pilote : {driver}
+	Dry Brush	Pinceau sec
+	Duplicate Channel	Dupliquer le canal
+	Duplicate Layers	Dupliquer les calques
+	Duplication	Duplication
+	Dust & Scratches	Poussière et rayures
+	Edge Brightness	Luminosité du contour
+	Edge Extension	Extension du contour
+	Edge Fidelity	Fidélité des contours
+	Edge Intensity	Intensité du contour
+	Edge Only	Contours seulement
+	Edge Simplicity	Simplicité des contours
+	Edge Thickness	Épaisseur du contour
+	Edge Width	Largeur du contour
+	Edit Toolbar	Modifier la barre d'outils
+	Edit…	Modifier…
+	Elevation	Élévation
+	Eliminate	Éliminer
+	Enable	Activer
+	Enable Mask	Activer le masque
+	End X	Fin X
+	End Y	Fin Y
+	Enlarged	Agrandi
+	Even Fields	Trames paires
+	Exit Quick Mask	Quitter le mode masque rapide
+	Export As	Exporter sous
+	Export Contents	Exporter le contenu
+	Export Image	Exporter l'image
+	Export Options	Options d'exportation
+	Export Preferences	Préférences d'exportation
+	Export Settings	Paramètres d'exportation
+	Export to	Exporter vers
+	Export/Import Presets	Exporter/importer des préréglages
+	Exported contents to {path}	Contenu exporté vers {path}
+	Exported presets to {path}	Préréglages exportés vers {path}
+	Exported {path}	{path} exporté
+	Exported {path} ({size})	{path} exporté ({size})
+	Exporting…	Exportation…
+	Extrude	Extruder
+	Faded Film	Film délavé
+	Failed	Échec
+	Failed to open file	Échec de l'ouverture du fichier
+	Failed to save file	Échec de l'enregistrement du fichier
+	Fallback: {reason}	Repli : {reason}
+	Feather Radius	Rayon d'adoucissement
+	Fiber Length	Longueur des fibres
+	Fibers	Fibres
+	Field Blur	Flou de champ
+	File Format	Format de fichier
+	File Info	Informations sur le fichier
+	File Name	Nom du fichier
+	File Size	Taille du fichier
+	File not found	Fichier introuvable
+	Filename	Nom de fichier
+	Fill Color	Couleur de remplissage
+	Fill Path…	Remplir le tracé…
+	Film Grain	Grain de film
+	Filter Gallery	Galerie de filtres
+	Find	Rechercher
+	Find and Replace Text	Rechercher et remplacer du texte
+	Fine	Fine
+	Fine Dots	Points fins
+	Finish	Terminer
+	Fit Image	Adapter l'image
+	Fit to Window	Adapter à la fenêtre
+	Flame	Flamme
+	Flame Bottom Alignment	Alignement du bas de la flamme
+	Flame Lines	Lignes de flamme
+	Flame Shape	Forme de la flamme
+	Flame Style	Style de la flamme
+	Flame Type	Type de flamme
+	Flat	Plat
+	Flat Shading	Ombrage plat
+	Flower Color	Couleur des fleurs
+	Focal Distance	Distance de mise au point
+	Focus	Mise au point
+	Focus Area	Zone de mise au point
+	Foreground Level	Niveau de premier plan
+	Forward Warp	Déformation vers l'avant
+	Frame	Cadre
+	Free Transform Path	Transformation libre du tracé
+	Freeze Lasso	Lasso de figeage
+	Freeze Mask	Masque de figeage
+	Fresco	Fresque
+	From Left	À partir de la gauche
+	From Right	À partir de la droite
+	Frosted	Dépoli
+	Full Screen	Plein écran
+	Fullscreen	Plein écran
+	Fuzziness	Tolérance
+	GPU backend preference: {backend}	Préférence de moteur GPU : {backend}
+	GPU device was lost; using the CPU renderer.	Le périphérique GPU a été perdu ; utilisation du rendu CPU.
+	GPU error; using the CPU renderer.	Erreur GPU ; utilisation du rendu CPU.
+	GPU retry scheduled	Nouvelle tentative GPU planifiée
+	Gamma	Gamma
+	Gaussian Blur	Flou gaussien
+	General Blending	Fusion générale
+	Generators	Générateurs
+	Generic	Générique
+	Glass	Verre
+	Global Light	Lumière globale
+	Gloss	Brillant
+	Glow Amount	Quantité de lueur
+	Glow Brightness	Luminosité de la lueur
+	Glow Size	Taille de la lueur
+	Glowing Edges	Contours lumineux
+	Good	Bonne
+	Grade Balance	Balance de l'étalonnage
+	Grade Blending	Fusion de l'étalonnage
+	Grade Global	Étalonnage global
+	Grade Highlights	Étalonnage des hautes lumières
+	Grade Midtones	Étalonnage des tons moyens
+	Grade Shadows	Étalonnage des ombres
+	Grain Amount	Quantité de grain
+	Grain Roughness	Rugosité du grain
+	Grain Size	Taille du grain
+	Grain Type	Type de grain
+	Graininess	Grain
+	Grainy Dots	Points granuleux
+	Graphics adapter	Carte graphique
+	Graphics adapter: {adapter}	Carte graphique : {adapter}
+	Gray Value (Maximum)	Valeur de gris (maximum)
+	Gray Value (Mean)	Valeur de gris (moyenne)
+	Gray Value (Median)	Valeur de gris (médiane)
+	Gray Value (Minimum)	Valeur de gris (minimum)
+	Gray-gamma-2.2	Gris gamma 2,2
+	Greek	Grec
+	Grid view	Affichage en grille
+	Group from Layers	Groupe d'après des calques
+	Groups	Groupes
+	Grout Width	Largeur du joint
+	Guide Layout…	Disposition des repères…
+	HDR Toning	Tonalité HDR
+	Hearts	Cœurs
+	Heptagon	Heptagone
+	Hexagon	Hexagone
+	Hidden	Masqué
+	Hide Grid	Masquer la grille
+	Hide Others	Masquer les autres
+	Hide {app}	Masquer {app}
+	High Pass	Passe-haut
+	Highlight	Hautes lumières
+	Highlight Amount	Quantité des hautes lumières
+	Highlight Area	Zone des hautes lumières
+	Highlight Radius	Rayon des hautes lumières
+	Highlight Strength	Intensité des hautes lumières
+	Highlight Tone	Amplitude tonale des hautes lumières
+	Horizontal Only	Horizontal seulement
+	Hotspot	Point chaud
+	Hsb	TSL
+	Hsl	TSI
+	Hsl Hue	Teinte TSI
+	Hsl Lum	Luminance TSI
+	Hsl Sat	Saturation TSI
+	Image Balance	Équilibre de l'image
+	Image Processor	Processeur d'images
+	Image compositor: {processor}	Compositeur d'images : {processor}
+	Import Brushes	Importer des pinceaux
+	Import Image	Importer une image
+	Import Options	Options d'importation
+	Import Photoshop brushes (.abr)	Importer des pinceaux Photoshop (.abr)
+	Import Settings	Paramètres d'importation
+	Importing {what} from {file}…	Importation de {what} depuis {file}…
+	Importing…	Importation…
+	In Black	Noir d'entrée
+	In White	Blanc d'entrée
+	Infinite	Infini
+	Information	Informations
+	Ink Outlines	Contours à l'encre
+	Input	Entrée
+	Input Levels	Niveaux d'entrée
+	Input Mode	Mode d'entrée
+	Install Plug-in	Installer une extension
+	Integrated Density	Densité intégrée
+	Intensity	Intensité
+	Intent	Intention de rendu
+	Interpret Footage	Interpréter le métrage
+	Interval	Intervalle
+	Invalid panel layout; restored the default dock	Disposition des panneaux non valide ; l'ancrage par défaut a été rétabli
+	Invert Mask	Inverser le masque
+	Invert Selection	Inverser la sélection
+	Iris Blur	Flou d'iris
+	Ivy	Lierre
+	Jag	Dentelé
+	Join the ArtCraft Discord	Rejoindre le Discord d'ArtCraft
+	Join the ArtCraft Discord ({url})	Rejoindre le Discord d'ArtCraft ({url})
+	Kernel	Noyau
+	Kerning: Metrics, Optical or a value in 1/1000 em (Alt+←/→ at the caret)	Crénage : Métriques, Optique ou une valeur en 1/1000 em (Alt+←/→ au point d'insertion)
+	Keyboard	Clavier
+	Label	Étiquette
+	Latin 1	Latin 1
+	Latin Extended-A	Latin étendu A
+	Latin Extended-B	Latin étendu B
+	Layer Comps to Files	Compositions de calques en fichiers
+	Layer Content Options	Options de contenu du calque
+	Layer From Background	Calque d'après l'arrière-plan
+	Layer Mask Hides Effects	Le masque de calque masque les effets
+	Layer Properties	Propriétés du calque
+	Layer Styles	Styles de calque
+	Layer from Background	Calque d'après l'arrière-plan
+	Layers to Files	Calques en fichiers
+	Leaf Color	Couleur de la feuille
+	Learn More	En savoir plus
+	Leaves Amount	Quantité de feuilles
+	Leaves Color	Couleur des feuilles
+	Leaves Size	Taille des feuilles
+	Left Diagonal	Diagonale gauche
+	Legacy	Ancienne version
+	Length	Longueur
+	Lens Blur	Flou d'objectif
+	Lens Correction	Correction de l'objectif
+	Lens Flare	Reflet d'objectif
+	Less	Moins
+	Level Based	Selon les niveaux
+	Library	Bibliothèque
+	Light Dark Balance	Équilibre clair/foncé
+	Light Direction	Direction de la lumière
+	Light Intensity	Intensité de la lumière
+	Light Rough	Clair rugueux
+	Light Type	Type de lumière
+	Light X	Lumière X
+	Light Y	Lumière Y
+	Light Z	Lumière Z
+	Lighten Grout	Éclaircir le joint
+	Lighten Only	Éclaircir seulement
+	Lighting	Éclairage
+	Lighting Effects	Effets d'éclairage
+	Linear Dodge	Densité linéaire −
+	Linear-srgb	sRVB linéaire
+	Link	Lier
+	Liquify	Liquéfier
+	List	Liste
+	List view	Affichage en liste
+	Live Preview	Aperçu en direct
+	Load 3D LUT	Charger une LUT 3D
+	Load Files into Stack	Charger des fichiers dans une pile
+	Loading…	Chargement…
+	Lock All	Tout verrouiller
+	Lock Image Pixels	Verrouiller les pixels de l'image
+	Lock Position	Verrouiller la position
+	Lock Transparent Pixels	Verrouiller les pixels transparents
+	Locked	Verrouillé
+	Long Lines	Lignes longues
+	Long Strokes	Traits longs
+	Lower	Inférieur
+	Lum	Lum.
+	Lut	LUT
+	Make Selection…	Créer une sélection…
+	Make Symmetry Path	Créer un tracé de symétrie
+	Make Work Path…	Créer un tracé de travail…
+	Manual	Manuel
+	Map Document	Document de carte
+	Map Layer	Calque de carte
+	Map Path	Chemin de la carte
+	Mask Incomplete Blocks	Masquer les blocs incomplets
+	Mask None	Ne rien masquer
+	Masks	Masques
+	Match Color	Faire correspondre la couleur
+	Math Symbols	Symboles mathématiques
+	Max Offset	Décalage max.
+	Max Radius	Rayon max.
+	Medium Dots	Points moyens
+	Medium Gray	Gris moyen
+	Medium Lines	Lignes moyennes
+	Medium Strokes	Traits moyens
+	Merge Channels…	Fusionner les canaux…
+	Merge Spot Channel	Fusionner le canal de ton direct
+	Merge to HDR Pro	Fusionner en HDR Pro
+	Metallic	Métallique
+	Mezzotint	Manière noire
+	Middle	Milieu
+	Midtone	Contraste des tons moyens
+	Monitor Profile	Profil du moniteur
+	Monitor profile in use on {display}: {profile}	Profil du moniteur utilisé sur {display} : {profile}
+	Monitor profile in use: {profile}	Profil du moniteur utilisé : {profile}
+	Monitor profile on {display} (main window): {profile}	Profil du moniteur sur {display} (fenêtre principale) : {profile}
+	Monitor profile on {display}: {profile}	Profil du moniteur sur {display} : {profile}
+	Monitor profile: {profile}	Profil du moniteur : {profile}
+	Mono Contrast	Contraste mono
+	Monochromatic	Monochromatique
+	More	Plus
+	Mosaic	Mosaïque
+	Mosaic Tiles	Carreaux de mosaïque
+	Motion Blur	Flou de mouvement
+	Mouse	Souris
+	Move Layer	Déplacer le calque
+	Movie Prime	Focale fixe cinéma
+	Multiple Flames Along Path	Plusieurs flammes le long du tracé
+	Multiple Flames One Direction	Plusieurs flammes dans une direction
+	Multiple Flames Path Directions	Plusieurs flammes selon les directions du tracé
+	Multiple Flames Various Length	Plusieurs flammes de longueurs variées
+	Native file drag-and-drop is not supported on Wayland yet. Use File › Open, or run PhotoCraft under XWayland with `WAYLAND_DISPLAY= photocraft`.	Le glisser-déposer natif de fichiers n'est pas encore pris en charge sous Wayland. Utilisez Fichier › Ouvrir, ou lancez PhotoCraft sous XWayland avec `WAYLAND_DISPLAY= photocraft`.
+	Neon Glow	Lueur néon
+	Neutralize	Neutraliser
+	New Brush Preset	Nouveau préréglage de pinceau
+	New Channel…	Nouveau canal…
+	New Guide	Nouveau repère
+	New Guide Layout	Nouvelle disposition de repères
+	New Spot Channel…	Nouveau canal de ton direct…
+	New Video Layer from File	Nouveau calque vidéo à partir d'un fichier
+	New Window	Nouvelle fenêtre
+	New document	Nouveau document
+	Next	Suivant
+	No Document	Aucun document
+	No Image	Aucune image
+	No Layers	Aucun calque
+	No Results	Aucun résultat
+	No Results Found	Aucun résultat trouvé
+	No Selection	Aucune sélection
+	No custom shape "{name}": pick one in the options bar or Window › Shapes	Aucune forme personnalisée « {name} » : choisissez-en une dans la barre d'options ou via Fenêtre › Formes
+	No layers	Aucun calque
+	No recent files	Aucun fichier récent
+	No selection	Aucune sélection
+	Noise Color	Bruit de couleur
+	Noise Color Detail	Détail du bruit de couleur
+	Noise Luminance	Bruit de luminance
+	Noise Luminance Detail	Détail du bruit de luminance
+	Nothing to Redo	Rien à rétablir
+	Nothing to Undo	Rien à annuler
+	Nothing to paste: the clipboard holds no image	Rien à coller : le presse-papiers ne contient aucune image
+	Number Of Levels	Nombre de niveaux
+	Numbers	Nombres
+	Ocean Ripple	Ondulation océanique
+	Octagon	Octogone
+	Odd Fields	Trames impaires
+	Oil Paint	Peinture à l'huile
+	On	Activé
+	One Flame Along Path	Une flamme le long du tracé
+	Open As	Ouvrir en tant que
+	Open File	Ouvrir un fichier
+	Open Folder	Ouvrir un dossier
+	Open Image	Ouvrir une image
+	Open Recent is unavailable on the web	La commande Ouvrir un fichier récent n'est pas disponible sur le Web
+	Opened {url}	{url} ouvert
+	Opening	Ouverture
+	Operation canceled	Opération annulée
+	Operation cancelled	Opération annulée
+	Operation completed	Opération terminée
+	Operation failed	Échec de l'opération
+	Out Black	Noir de sortie
+	Out From Center	Du centre vers l'extérieur
+	Out White	Blanc de sortie
+	Out of memory	Mémoire insuffisante
+	Output Levels	Niveaux de sortie
+	Oval	Ovale
+	Overlay Edge	Superposition des contours
+	Package	Rassembler
+	Page Setup…	Mise en page…
+	Paint Daubs	Barbouillage
+	Palette Knife	Couteau à palette
+	Panel	Panneau
+	Paper Brightness	Luminosité du papier
+	Parallel	Parallèle
+	Paste Complete Stroke	Coller le contour complet
+	Paste Fill	Coller le remplissage
+	Patchwork	Patchwork
+	Path Blur	Flou de tracé
+	Paths to Illustrator	Tracés vers Illustrator
+	Pattern Type	Type de motif
+	Pencil Width	Largeur du crayon
+	Pentagon	Pentagone
+	Percentage	Pourcentage
+	Perimeter	Périmètre
+	Permission denied	Autorisation refusée
+	PhotoCraft keeps retrying; until a save succeeds, preference changes are lost when it closes.	PhotoCraft continue de réessayer ; tant qu'un enregistrement n'a pas abouti, les modifications des préférences seront perdues à la fermeture.
+	Photomerge	Photomerge
+	Picture Frame	Cadre d'image
+	Pinch	Pincement
+	Pins	Épingles
+	Place Embedded	Placer incorporé
+	Place Linked	Placer lié
+	Place Scale Marker	Placer un repère d'échelle
+	Plane	Plan
+	Planes	Plans
+	Plastic Wrap	Film plastique
+	Platform: {os} {arch}	Plateforme : {os} {arch}
+	Please wait…	Veuillez patienter…
+	Point	Point
+	Point Curve	Courbe de points
+	Point Curve Blue	Courbe de points bleue
+	Point Curve Green	Courbe de points verte
+	Point Curve Red	Courbe de points rouge
+	Pointed	Pointu
+	Pointillize	Pointillisme
+	Polar Coordinates	Coordonnées polaires
+	Polar To Rectangular	Polaires vers rectangulaires
+	Policy Cmyk	Règle CMJN
+	Policy Gray	Règle niveaux de gris
+	Policy Rgb	Règle RVB
+	Pond Ripples	Ondulations d'étang
+	Poster Edges	Contours postérisés
+	Posterization	Postérisation
+	Preferences can't be saved	Les préférences ne peuvent pas être enregistrées
+	Preferences saved	Préférences enregistrées
+	Preferences were reset: {error}	Les préférences ont été réinitialisées : {error}
+	Preferences…	Préférences…
+	Preserve	Conserver
+	Preset Manager	Gestionnaire de préréglages
+	Press keys	Appuyez sur les touches
+	Preview Image	Aperçu de l'image
+	Previous	Précédent
+	Prime105	Focale fixe 105 mm
+	Prime35	Focale fixe 35 mm
+	Printed to {path}	Imprimé vers {path}
+	Processing…	Traitement…
+	Profile	Profil
+	Prophoto-compat	ProPhoto (compatible)
+	Pucker	Contraction
+	Push Left	Pixels poussés vers la gauche
+	Pyramids	Pyramides
+	Quit	Quitter
+	Quit PhotoCraft	Quitter PhotoCraft
+	Quit {app}	Quitter {app}
+	Radial Blur	Flou radial
+	Radius X	Rayon X
+	Radius Y	Rayon Y
+	Ran script {name}	Script {name} exécuté
+	Randomize Length	Longueur aléatoire
+	Randomize Shapes	Formes aléatoires
+	Raw Defaults	Valeurs Raw par défaut
+	Reading	Lecture
+	Ready	Prêt
+	Rec2020	Rec2020
+	Recent Files	Fichiers récents
+	Reconstruct All	Tout reconstruire
+	Recovered {name}	{name} récupéré
+	Rectangular Selection	Sélection rectangulaire
+	Rectangular To Polar	Rectangulaires vers polaires
+	Red Cyan	Rouge/Cyan
+	Reduce Color Noise	Réduire le bruit de couleur
+	Reduce Noise	Réduction du bruit
+	Relief	Relief
+	Relink to File	Lier de nouveau au fichier
+	Remove All	Tout supprimer
+	Remove Jpeg Artifact	Supprimer l'artefact JPEG
+	Rename Brush	Renommer le pinceau
+	Rename Channel…	Renommer le canal…
+	Rename Group	Renommer le groupe
+	Rename Tool Preset	Renommer le préréglage d'outil
+	Render Video	Rendu vidéo
+	Rendering…	Rendu en cours…
+	Reorder Layer	Réorganiser le calque
+	Replace Color	Remplacer la couleur
+	Replace Contents	Remplacer le contenu
+	Replace Footage	Remplacer le métrage
+	Report a Bug	Signaler un bogue
+	Report an Issue	Signaler un problème
+	Reset All	Tout réinitialiser
+	Reset Preferences	Réinitialiser les préférences
+	Resolve Missing Fonts	Résoudre les polices manquantes
+	Restart	Redémarrer
+	Restart Required	Redémarrage requis
+	Resume	Reprendre
+	Retry	Réessayer
+	Rgb	RVB
+	Ridges	Crêtes
+	Right Diagonal	Diagonale droite
+	Ripple	Ondulation
+	Ripple Magnitude	Amplitude de l'ondulation
+	Ripple Size	Taille de l'ondulation
+	Rope	Corde
+	Roses	Roses
+	Rough Pastels	Pastels rugueux
+	Row Order	Ordre des lignes
+	Sample Size	Taille de l'échantillon
+	Sandstone	Grès
+	Sat	Sat.
+	Save As	Enregistrer sous
+	Save Changes	Enregistrer les modifications
+	Save File	Enregistrer le fichier
+	Save Image	Enregistrer l'image
+	Save Path	Enregistrer le tracé
+	Save a Copy	Enregistrer une copie
+	Save before closing?	Enregistrer avant de fermer ?
+	Save for Web (Legacy)	Enregistrer pour le Web (ancien)
+	Save your work and restart PhotoCraft to retry GPU acceleration. CPU rendering remains active for this session.	Enregistrez votre travail et redémarrez PhotoCraft pour réessayer l'accélération GPU. Le rendu CPU reste actif pour cette session.
+	Saved a copy as {path}	Copie enregistrée sous {path}
+	Saved {path}; image assets: {n} in {dir}	{path} enregistré ; ressources d'image : {n} dans {dir}
+	Saving…	Enregistrement…
+	Scale Effects	Mettre les effets à l'échelle
+	Scale Factor	Facteur d'échelle
+	Scale Units	Unités d'échelle
+	Scaling	Échelle
+	Scallops	Festons
+	Script Events Manager	Gestionnaire d'événements de script
+	Scroll menu down	Faire défiler le menu vers le bas
+	Scroll menu up	Faire défiler le menu vers le haut
+	Search commands, tools and panels	Rechercher des commandes, outils et panneaux
+	Search menus	Rechercher dans les menus
+	Seed	Valeur initiale
+	Select Custom Color…	Choisir une couleur personnalisée…
+	Select Inverse	Inverser la sélection
+	Select Layer	Sélectionner le calque
+	Select and Mask	Sélectionner et masquer
+	Selected at launch: {backend}	Sélectionné au lancement : {backend}
+	Sensitivity	Sensibilité
+	Sent to the printer ({spooler})	Envoyé à l'imprimante ({spooler})
+	Sepia	Sépia
+	Services	Services
+	Set Colors	Définir les couleurs
+	Set Measurement Scale	Définir l'échelle de mesure
+	Sgray	sGray
+	Shadow	Ombres
+	Shadow Amount	Quantité des ombres
+	Shadow Intensity	Intensité des ombres
+	Shadow Radius	Rayon des ombres
+	Shadow Tone	Amplitude tonale des ombres
+	Shadows/Highlights	Ombres/Hautes lumières
+	Shallow	Superficiel
+	Shape Blur	Flou selon une forme
+	Sharpen Amount	Quantité de netteté
+	Sharpen Detail	Détail de la netteté
+	Sharpen Details	Détails de la netteté
+	Sharpen Masking	Masquage de la netteté
+	Sharpen Radius	Rayon de netteté
+	Shear	Cisaillement
+	Shine	Brillance
+	Short Lines	Lignes courtes
+	Short Strokes	Traits courts
+	Shortcut	Raccourci
+	Shortcuts	Raccourcis
+	Show All	Tout afficher
+	Show Rulers	Afficher les règles
+	Simple	Simple
+	Sine	Sinus
+	Sketch	Esquisse
+	Skip	Ignorer
+	Slice Options	Options de tranche
+	Smart Blur	Flou intelligent
+	Smart Sharpen	Netteté intelligente
+	Smoothness	Lissage
+	Smudge Stick	Estompe
+	Snap to Grid	Aimanter à la grille
+	Snowflakes	Flocons de neige
+	Softness	Douceur
+	Software adapter	Adaptateur logiciel
+	Solarized Dark	Solarized sombre
+	Solid Color	Couleur unie
+	Solid Front Faces	Faces avant pleines
+	Source Layer	Calque source
+	Sparkle	Étincelle
+	Spatter	Éclaboussures
+	Speckle	Moucheté
+	Speed	Vitesse
+	Spherize	Sphérisation
+	Spin	Rotation
+	Spin Blur	Flou de rotation
+	Split Channels	Séparer les canaux
+	Spot	Spot
+	Spray Radius	Rayon de pulvérisation
+	Sprayed Strokes	Traits pulvérisés
+	Sprinkles	Saupoudré
+	Square Size	Taille des carrés
+	Squareness	Forme carrée
+	Stagger	Décalage
+	Stained Glass	Vitrail
+	Star	Étoile
+	Stars	Étoiles
+	Start X	Début X
+	Start Y	Début Y
+	Statistics	Statistiques
+	Step {step} ({id}) failed: {error}	Échec de l'étape {step} ({id}) : {error}
+	Stippled	Pointillé
+	Stops	Arrêts
+	Strength	Intensité
+	Stretch	Étirement
+	Stroke Color	Couleur du contour
+	Stroke Detail	Détail du trait
+	Stroke Direction	Direction du trait
+	Stroke Length	Longueur du trait
+	Stroke Pressure	Pression du trait
+	Stroke Size	Taille du trait
+	Stroke Width	Largeur du trait
+	Strokes	Traits
+	Stylization	Stylisation
+	Subtract Shapes at Overlap	Soustraire les formes au chevauchement
+	Sumi-e	Sumi-e
+	Surface Blur	Flou de surface
+	Switch Foreground and Background Colors	Permuter les couleurs de premier plan et d'arrière-plan
+	Tablet	Tablette
+	Taper	Effilement
+	Target	Cible
+	Target X	Cible X
+	Target Y	Cible Y
+	Teal Orange	Sarcelle et orange
+	Temporary	Temporaires
+	Text Layer	Calque de texte
+	Texture Coverage	Couverture de la texture
+	Texturizer	Texturisation
+	Thaw Mask	Masque de libération
+	The canvas is shown as sRGB. Choose a monitor profile in Edit › Color Settings.	Le canevas est affiché en sRVB. Choisissez un profil de moniteur dans Édition › Paramètres de couleur.
+	The canvas on {display} is shown as sRGB. Choose a monitor profile in Edit › Color Settings.	Le canevas sur {display} est affiché en sRVB. Choisissez un profil de moniteur dans Édition › Paramètres de couleur.
+	The current gradient (pick one in Window › Gradients)	Le dégradé actuel (à choisir dans Fenêtre › Dégradés)
+	The document does not have an embedded colour profile. Working space: {working}.	Le document ne contient aucun profil colorimétrique incorporé. Espace de travail : {working}.
+	The document has an embedded colour profile that does not match the working space.\nEmbedded: {embedded}\nWorking: {working}	Le document contient un profil colorimétrique incorporé qui ne correspond pas à l'espace de travail.\nIncorporé : {embedded}\nEspace de travail : {working}
+	The file could not be opened.	Impossible d'ouvrir le fichier.
+	The file could not be saved.	Impossible d'enregistrer le fichier.
+	Thickness	Épaisseur
+	This Layer:	Ce calque :
+	This Smart Object must be rasterized before proceeding. Its contents will no longer be editable. Rasterize the Smart Object?	Cet objet intelligent doit être rastérisé pour continuer. Son contenu ne sera plus modifiable. Rastériser l'objet intelligent ?
+	This adjustment ({key}) is kept as imported and can't be edited yet.	Cet ajustement ({key}) est conservé tel qu'il a été importé et ne peut pas encore être modifié.
+	This fill layer must be rasterized before proceeding. Its fill content will no longer be editable. Rasterize the layer?	Ce calque de remplissage doit être rastérisé pour continuer. Son contenu de remplissage ne sera plus modifiable. Rastériser le calque ?
+	This layer must be rasterized before proceeding.	Ce calque doit être rastérisé pour continuer.
+	This session: {reason}	Cette session : {reason}
+	This shape layer must be rasterized before proceeding. It will no longer be editable as a shape. Rasterize the shape?	Ce calque de forme doit être rastérisé pour continuer. Il ne sera plus modifiable en tant que forme. Rastériser la forme ?
+	This type layer must be rasterized before proceeding. Its text will no longer be editable. Rasterize the type?	Ce calque de texte doit être rastérisé pour continuer. Son texte ne sera plus modifiable. Rastériser le texte ?
+	Tile Size	Taille des carreaux
+	Tiles	Carreaux
+	Tilt-Shift	Inclinaison-décalage
+	Tint Color	Couleur de la nuance
+	Tiny Lens	Petites lentilles
+	To	À
+	To Center	Vers le centre
+	Toggle the Brush Settings panel	Afficher/masquer le panneau Paramètres du pinceau
+	Tool Options	Options d'outil
+	Trace Contour	Tracer les contours
+	Transformation	Transformation
+	Transition	Transition
+	Transparency Shapes Layer	La transparence détermine la forme du calque
+	Trap	Recouvrement
+	Tree	Arbre
+	Trim	Rogner les bords
+	Turbulent	Turbulent
+	Twirl	Tourbillon
+	Twirl Clockwise	Tourbillon horaire
+	Twirl Counterclockwise	Tourbillon antihoraire
+	Unaltered	Inchangé
+	Undefined Areas	Zones non définies
+	Underlying Layer:	Calque sous-jacent :
+	Underpainting	Sous-couche
+	Underwater	Sous l'eau
+	Ungroup	Dissocier
+	Uniform	Uniforme
+	Unite Shapes at Overlap	Réunir les formes au chevauchement
+	Unlink	Délier
+	Unlock	Déverrouiller
+	Unlocked	Déverrouillé
+	Unsaved Changes	Modifications non enregistrées
+	Unsharp Mask	Masque flou
+	Unsupported file format	Format de fichier non pris en charge
+	Unsupported format	Format non pris en charge
+	Up	Haut
+	Update	Mettre à jour
+	Updates	Mises à jour
+	Upper	Supérieur
+	Use Custom Color	Utiliser une couleur personnalisée
+	Use File › Open to open an image.	Utilisez Fichier › Ouvrir pour ouvrir une image.
+	Use Selection In Source	Utiliser la sélection dans la source
+	Use Selection In Target	Utiliser la sélection dans la cible
+	Vanishing Point	Point de fuite
+	Variable Data Sets	Jeux de données variables
+	Vector Mask Hides Effects	Le masque vectoriel masque les effets
+	Vertical Only	Vertical seulement
+	Vertical Type Tool	Outil Texte vertical
+	Video Frames to Layers	Images vidéo dans des calques
+	Vignette Amount	Quantité de vignettage
+	Vignette Feather	Adoucissement du vignettage
+	Vignette Highlights	Hautes lumières du vignettage
+	Vignette Midpoint	Point médian du vignettage
+	Vignette Roundness	Arrondi du vignettage
+	Vignette Style	Style du vignettage
+	Vine Color	Couleur de la liane
+	Vine With Flowers	Liane avec fleurs
+	Vine With Leaves	Liane avec feuilles
+	Violent	Violent
+	WIA Support	Prise en charge de WIA
+	Warm	Chaud
+	Warming L B A	Réchauffement LBA
+	Warming81	Réchauffement 81
+	Warming85	Réchauffement 85
+	Warmth	Chaleur
+	Warning	Avertissement
+	Warp Text	Déformer le texte
+	Watercolor	Aquarelle
+	Wavelength Max	Longueur d'onde max.
+	Wavelength Min	Longueur d'onde min.
+	Waves	Vagues
+	Wetness	Humidité
+	White Clip	Écrêtage des blancs
+	White Intensity	Intensité du blanc
+	White Is High	Le blanc est le plus haut
+	Wide Blurry	Large et flou
+	Wide Sharp	Large et net
+	Wind	Vent
+	Window renderer: {renderer}	Moteur de rendu de la fenêtre : {renderer}
+	Working	Espace de travail
+	Working Cmyk	CMJN de travail
+	Working Gray	Gris de travail
+	Working Rgb	RVB de travail
+	Workspaces	Espaces de travail
+	Wrap	Enrouler
+	ZigZag	Zigzag
+	Zigzag	Zigzag
+	auto	auto
+	blue	bleu
+	brushes	pinceaux
+	fallback	repli
+	gradients	dégradés
+	gray	gris
+	green	vert
+	layer mask	masque de calque
+	manual	manuel
+	none	aucun
+	off	désactivé
+	on	activé
+	orange	orange
+	previous reading kept; the last re-read failed: {reason}	lecture précédente conservée ; la dernière relecture a échoué : {reason}
+	red	rouge
+	unknown	inconnu
+	unknown type	type inconnu
+	vector mask	masque vectoriel
+	violet	violet
+	yellow	jaune
+	{index} of {total}	{index} sur {total}
+	{label} is not available: {reason}	{label} n'est pas disponible : {reason}
+	{message} (notes: {n}; {warning})	{message} (remarques : {n} ; {warning})
+	{shortcut} assigned.	{shortcut} attribué.
+	{shortcut} is already in use by {commands} and will be removed from it when you click OK.	{shortcut} est déjà utilisé par {commands} et lui sera retiré lorsque vous cliquerez sur OK.
+	{verb} {mask} {layer}	{verb} le {mask} ({layer})
+	✓ Color Indicates Masked Areas	✓ La couleur indique les zones masquées
+	✓ Color Indicates Selected Areas	✓ La couleur indique les zones sélectionnées
+@id	edit.clear	Effacer
+@id	edit.stroke	Contourner…
+@id	edit.transform.scale	Mise à l'échelle
+@id	file.close	Fermer
+@id	filter.sharpen.sharpen	Netteté
+@id	layer.layerMask.apply	Appliquer le masque de calque
+@plural	Exported {n} swatch to {file}|Exported {n} swatches to {file}	{n} nuance exportée vers {file}|{n} nuances exportées vers {file}
+@plural	Imported {n} brush from {file}|Imported {n} brushes from {file}	{n} pinceau importé depuis {file}|{n} pinceaux importés depuis {file}
+@plural	Imported {n} brush from {group}|Imported {n} brushes from {group}	{n} pinceau importé depuis {group}|{n} pinceaux importés depuis {group}
+@plural	Imported {n} gradient from {file}|Imported {n} gradients from {file}	{n} dégradé importé depuis {file}|{n} dégradés importés depuis {file}
+@plural	Imported {n} swatch from {file}|Imported {n} swatches from {file}	{n} nuance importée depuis {file}|{n} nuances importées depuis {file}
+@plural	Played {n} step|Played {n} steps	{n} étape lue|{n} étapes lues
+@plural	Saved for Web: {n} file|Saved for Web: {n} files	Enregistré pour le Web : {n} fichier|Enregistré pour le Web : {n} fichiers
+@plural	Updated {n} linked smart object changed on disk|Updated {n} linked smart objects changed on disk	Mise à jour de {n} objet intelligent lié modifié sur le disque|Mise à jour de {n} objets intelligents liés modifiés sur le disque
+@plural	{n} layer recorded by this comp was deleted. Update the comp, or clear the warning.|{n} layers recorded by this comp were deleted. Update the comp, or clear the warning.	{n} calque enregistré par cette composition a été supprimé. Mettez la composition à jour ou effacez l'avertissement.|{n} calques enregistrés par cette composition ont été supprimés. Mettez la composition à jour ou effacez l'avertissement.
+@plural	{n} plane|{n} planes	{n} plan|{n} plans
+@plural	{n} preset|{n} presets	{n} préréglage|{n} préréglages
+@plural	{n} sample point removed|{n} sample points removed	{n} point d'échantillonnage supprimé|{n} points d'échantillonnage supprimés
+@plural	{n} slice|{n} slices	{n} tranche|{n} tranches
+@plural	{n} step|{n} steps	{n} étape|{n} étapes
+@plural	{warning} (+{n} more brush preset warning)|{warning} (+{n} more brush preset warnings)	{warning} (+{n} autre avertissement de préréglage de pinceau)|{warning} (+{n} autres avertissements de préréglages de pinceau)
+@plural	{what} with {n} warning|{what} with {n} warnings	{what} avec {n} avertissement|{what} avec {n} avertissements
+cameraRaw	Aqua	Aqua
+cameraRaw	Balance	Balance
+cameraRaw	Blue	Bleu
+cameraRaw	Clarity	Clarté
+cameraRaw	Color	Couleur
+cameraRaw	Color Detail	Détail des couleurs
+cameraRaw	Color Grading	Étalonnage des couleurs
+cameraRaw	Color Mixer	Mélangeur de couleurs
+cameraRaw	Contrast	Contraste
+cameraRaw	Curve	Courbe
+cameraRaw	Dehaze	Correction de la brume
+cameraRaw	Detail	Détail
+cameraRaw	Effects	Effets
+cameraRaw	Exposure	Exposition
+cameraRaw	Feather	Adoucissement
+cameraRaw	Global	Global
+cameraRaw	Green	Vert
+cameraRaw	Highlights	Hautes lumières
+cameraRaw	Hue	Teinte
+cameraRaw	Luminance	Luminance
+cameraRaw	Luminance Detail	Détail de la luminance
+cameraRaw	Magenta	Magenta
+cameraRaw	Midpoint	Point médian
+cameraRaw	Midtones	Tons moyens
+cameraRaw	Orange	Orange
+cameraRaw	Purple	Violet
+cameraRaw	Radius	Rayon
+cameraRaw	Red	Rouge
+cameraRaw	Roughness	Rugosité
+cameraRaw	Roundness	Arrondi
+cameraRaw	Saturation	Saturation
+cameraRaw	Shadows	Ombres
+cameraRaw	Size	Taille
+cameraRaw	Temperature	Température
+cameraRaw	Texture	Texture
+cameraRaw	Vibrance	Vibrance
+cameraRaw	Whites	Blancs
+cameraRaw	Yellow	Jaune
+colorRange	Invert	Inverser
+document	Orientation	Orientation
+layerLabel	Magenta	Magenta
+layerLabel	No Color	Aucune couleur
+layerLabel	Red	Rouge
+layers	Fill	Remplissage
+layers	Fill:	Remplissage :
+navigator	Zoom	Zoom
+shape	Appearance	Apparence
+# Paragraph direction (TYPE-218-2)
+	Automatic paragraph direction	Sens du paragraphe automatique
+	Left-to-right paragraph direction	Sens du paragraphe de gauche à droite
+	Right-to-left paragraph direction	Sens du paragraphe de droite à gauche
+	Not rendered: this adjustment ({key}) is kept as imported.	Non rendu : ce réglage ({key}) est conservé tel qu'importé.
+# Print preview image (#8236)
+	Print preview image	Print preview image
+# Color panel menu: modes, copy commands and colour ramps (#6000)
+	Hue Cube	Cube de teinte
+	Brightness Cube	Cube de luminosité
+	Color Wheel	Roue chromatique
+	RGB Sliders	Curseurs RVB
+	HSB Sliders	Curseurs TSL
+	CMYK Sliders	Curseurs CMJN
+	Lab Sliders	Curseurs Lab
+	Web Color Sliders	Curseurs de couleurs Web
+	Copy Color as HTML	Copier la couleur en HTML
+	Copy Color's Hex Code	Copier le code hexadécimal de la couleur
+	RGB Spectrum	Spectre RVB
+	CMYK Spectrum	Spectre CMJN
+	Grayscale Ramp	Barre de niveaux de gris
+	Current Colors	Couleurs actuelles
+	Make Ramp Web Safe	Limiter la barre aux couleurs Web
+# Art History Brush (#213).
+	Art History Brush Tool	Outil Pinceau d'historique artistique
+	Tight Short	Serré court
+	Tight Medium	Serré moyen
+	Tight Long	Serré long
+	Loose Medium	Lâche moyen
+	Loose Long	Lâche long
+	Dab	Touche
+	Tight Curl	Boucle serrée
+	Loose Curl	Boucle lâche
+	Stylized dabs from a history state	Touches stylisées depuis un état d'historique
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/hi.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/hi.tsv
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3d6ddab7cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/hi.tsv
@@ -0,0 +1,565 @@
+# Hindi (hi) catalog. Columns, separated by a TAB:  context <TAB> source <TAB> translation
+#
+#   context  empty                a plain UI string; `source` is the English text in the code
+#            @id                  a command id (e.g. file.saveAs): wins over the English text for
+#                                 that menu item, so one id can read differently from its twin
+#            @plural              `source` is "one|other" (English forms); the translation lists the
+#                                 language's forms separated by "|" (see `plural` in i18n/mod.rs)
+#            anything else        a disambiguating context passed to `tr_ctx`
+#   escapes  \n  \t  \\  inside a column. `{name}` placeholders must appear in both columns.
+#   lines starting with # and blank lines are ignored.
+#
+# Clean-room: every entry was written from the plain meaning of the English label using ordinary
+# Hindi computing and image-editing vocabulary. No proprietary localisation resource, string
+# table or product UI was consulted or copied; add entries the same way. Product and technology
+# names (PhotoCraft, ArtCraft, OpenType, RGB, CMYK, Lab, PSD, PNG, JPEG, WebP, OpenEXR, AVIF …)
+# stay as they are; the trailing "…" of dialog commands is kept. Plural rule: one / other
+# (`plural_one_other` in i18n/mod.rs).
+
+# Top-level Menus
+	File	फ़ाइल
+	Edit	एडिट
+	Image	इमेज
+	Layer	लेयर
+	Type	टाइप
+	Select	चयन
+	Filter	फ़िल्टर
+	3D	3डी
+	View	व्यू
+	Window	विंडो
+	Help	सहायता
+
+# File Menu
+	New…	नया…
+	Open…	खोलें…
+	Open Recent	हाल ही में खोले गए
+	Close	बंद करें
+	Close All	सभी बंद करें
+	Close Others	अन्य सभी बंद करें
+	Save	सहेजें
+	Save As…	इस रूप में सहेजें…
+	Save a Copy…	एक प्रति सहेजें…
+	Revert	मूल स्थिति में लाएं
+	Export	एक्सपोर्ट करें
+	Export As…	इस रूप में एक्सपोर्ट करें…
+	Quick Export as PNG	PNG के रूप में त्वरित एक्सपोर्ट
+	Import	इम्पोर्ट करें
+	File Info…	फ़ाइल जानकारी…
+	Print…	प्रिंट करें…
+	Print One Copy	एक प्रति प्रिंट करें
+	Exit	बाहर निकलें
+
+# Edit Menu
+	Undo	पूर्ववत करें
+	Redo	फिर से करें
+	Cut	काटें
+	Copy	कॉपी करें
+	Copy Merged	मर्ज की गई कॉपी
+	Paste	पेस्ट करें
+	Paste Special	विशेष रूप में पेस्ट करें
+	Paste in Place	स्थान पर पेस्ट करें
+	Paste Into	अंदर पेस्ट करें
+	Paste Outside	बाहर पेस्ट करें
+	Clear	साफ़ करें
+	Fill…	भरें…
+	Stroke…	स्ट्रोक…
+	Free Transform	मुक्त रूपांतरण
+	Transform	रूपांतरण करें
+	Scale	आकार बदलें
+	Rotate	घुमाएँ
+	Skew	तिरछा करें
+	Distort	विरूपित करें
+	Perspective	परिप्रेक्ष्य
+	Warp	मोड़ें
+	Flip Horizontal	क्षैतिज पलटें
+	Flip Vertical	लंबवत पलटें
+	Preferences	प्राथमिकताएं
+	General…	सामान्य…
+	Interface…	इंटरफ़ेस…
+	Workspace…	कार्यस्थान…
+	Tools…	टूल्स…
+	Performance…	परफॉरमेंस…
+
+# Image Menu
+	Mode	मोड
+	RGB Color	RGB रंग
+	CMYK Color	CMYK रंग
+	Grayscale	ग्रेस्केल
+	Lab Color	Lab रंग
+	8 Bits/Channel	8 बिट्स/चैनल
+	16 Bits/Channel	16 बिट्स/चैनल
+	32 Bits/Channel	32 बिट्स/चैनल
+	Adjustments	समायोजन
+	Brightness/Contrast…	चमक/कंट्रास्ट…
+	Levels…	स्तर…
+	Curves…	कर्व्स…
+	Exposure…	एक्सपोज़र…
+	Vibrance…	वाइब्रेंस…
+	Hue/Saturation…	ह्यू/सैचुरेशन…
+	Color Balance…	कलर बैलेंस…
+	Black & White…	ब्लैक एंड व्हाइट…
+	Photo Filter…	फ़ोटो फ़िल्टर…
+	Invert	इन्वर्ट
+	Posterize…	पोस्टराइज़ करें…
+	Threshold…	थ्रेशहोल्ड…
+	Image Size…	इमेज साइज़…
+	Canvas Size…	कैनवास साइज़…
+	Image Rotation	इमेज रोटेशन
+	180°	180°
+	90° Clockwise	90° दक्षिणावर्त
+	90° Counter Clockwise	90° वामावर्त
+	Arbitrary…	इच्छानुसार…
+	Crop	क्रॉप करें
+	Trim…	ट्रिम करें…
+	Reveal All	सभी दिखाएँ
+	Duplicate…	डुप्लीकेट…
+
+# Layer Menu
+	New	नया
+	Layer…	लेयर…
+	Layer from Background	बैकग्राउंड से लेयर
+	Group…	समूह…
+	Group from Layers…	लेयर्स से समूह…
+	Artboard…	आर्टबोर्ड…
+	Duplicate Layer…	लेयर को डुप्लीकेट करें…
+	Delete	हटाएँ
+	Delete Layer	लेयर हटाएँ
+	Delete Hidden Layers	छिपी हुई लेयर्स हटाएँ
+	Rename Layer…	लेयर का नाम बदलें…
+	Layer Style	लेयर स्टाइल
+	Blending Options…	ब्लेंडिंग विकल्प…
+	Smart Objects	स्मार्ट ऑब्जेक्ट्स
+	Convert to Smart Object	स्मार्ट ऑब्जेक्ट में बदलें
+	Layer Mask	लेयर मास्क
+	Hide All	सभी छिपाएँ
+	Reveal Selection	चयन दिखाएँ
+	Hide Selection	चयन छिपाएँ
+	From Transparency	पारदर्शिता से
+	Apply	लागू करें
+	Enable	सक्षम करें
+	Disable	अक्षम करें
+	Merge Down	नीचे मर्ज करें
+	Merge Visible	दृश्यमान मर्ज करें
+	Flatten Image	इमेज फ़्लैट करें
+
+# Select Menu
+	All	सभी
+	Deselect	अचयनित करें
+	Reselect	पुनः चयन करें
+	Inverse	उल्टा करें
+	All Layers	सभी लेयर्स
+	Deselect Layers	लेयर्स अचयनित करें
+	Find Layers	लेयर्स खोजें
+	Color Range…	रंग सीमा…
+	Select and Mask…	चयन और मास्क…
+	Modify	संशोधित करें
+	Border…	सीमा…
+	Smooth…	चिकना करें…
+	Expand…	विस्तार करें…
+	Contract…	संकुचित करें…
+	Feather…	फ़ेदर…
+	Grow	बढ़ाएँ
+	Similar	समान
+	Transform Selection	चयन रूपांतरित करें
+	Load Selection…	चयन लोड करें…
+	Save Selection…	चयन सहेजें…
+
+# View Menu
+	Proof Setup	प्रूफ़ सेटअप
+	Proof Colors	प्रूफ़ रंग
+	Zoom In	ज़ूम इन
+	Zoom Out	ज़ूम आउट
+	Fit on Screen	स्क्रीन पर फ़िट करें
+	Fit Layer on Screen	स्क्रीन पर लेयर फ़िट करें
+	Actual Pixels	वास्तविक पिक्सेल
+	100%	100%
+	105%	105%
+	110%	110%
+	115%	115%
+	120%	120%
+	200%	200%
+	Rulers	रूलर्स
+	Snap	स्नैप
+	Snap To	पर स्नैप करें
+	Guides	गाइड्स
+	Lock Guides	गाइड्स लॉक करें
+	Clear Guides	गाइड्स हटाएं
+	New Guide…	नई गाइड…
+	Lock Slices	स्लाइस लॉक करें
+	Clear Slices	स्लाइस हटाएं
+
+# Window Menu & Panels
+	Arrange	व्यवस्थित करें
+	Tile Horizontally	क्षैतिज टाइल
+	Tile Vertically	लंबवत टाइल
+	Consolidate All to Tabs	सभी को टैब में समेकित करें
+	Workspace	कार्यस्थान
+	Reset Essentials	एसेंशियल्स रीसेट करें
+	New Workspace…	नया कार्यस्थान…
+	Delete Workspace…	कार्यस्थान हटाएँ…
+	Lock Workspace	कार्यस्थान लॉक करें
+	Color	रंग
+	Swatches	स्वॉचेस
+	Gradients	ग्रेडिएंट्स
+	Patterns	पैटर्न्स
+	Properties	गुण
+	Layers	लेयर्स
+	Channels	चैनल्स
+	Paths	पाथ्स
+	History	हिस्ट्री
+	Actions	एक्शन्स
+	Brushes	ब्रश
+	Brush Settings	ब्रश सेटिंग्स
+	Navigator	नेविगेटर
+	Info	जानकारी
+	Timeline	टाइमलाइन
+	Tools	टूल्स
+	Options	विकल्प
+	Status Bar	स्टेटस बार
+
+# Tools (Toolbox)
+	Move Tool	मूव टूल
+	Artboard Tool	आर्टबोर्ड टूल
+	Rectangular Marquee Tool	रेक्टेंगुलर मार्की टूल
+	Elliptical Marquee Tool	एलिप्टिकल मार्की टूल
+	Single Row Marquee Tool	सिंगल रो मार्की टूल
+	Single Column Marquee Tool	सिंगल कॉलम मार्की टूल
+	Lasso Tool	लैस्सो टूल
+	Polygonal Lasso Tool	पॉलीगोनल लैस्सो टूल
+	Magnetic Lasso Tool	मैग्नेटिक लैस्सो टूल
+	Object Selection Tool	ऑब्जेक्ट चयन टूल
+	Quick Selection Tool	क्विक चयन टूल
+	Magic Wand Tool	मैजिक वैंड टूल
+	Crop Tool	क्रॉप टूल
+	Perspective Crop Tool	परस्पेक्टिव क्रॉप टूल
+	Slice Tool	स्लाइस टूल
+	Slice Select Tool	स्लाइस चयन टूल
+	Frame Tool	फ़्रेम टूल
+	Eyedropper Tool	आईड्रॉपर टूल
+	Color Sampler Tool	कलर सैंपलर टूल
+	Ruler Tool	रूलर टूल
+	Note Tool	नोट टूल
+	Count Tool	काउंट टूल
+	Spot Healing Brush Tool	स्पॉट हीलिंग ब्रश टूल
+	Healing Brush Tool	हीलिंग ब्रश टूल
+	Patch Tool	पैच टूल
+	Content-Aware Move Tool	कंटेंट-अवेयर मूव टूल
+	Red Eye Tool	रेड आई टूल
+	Brush Tool	ब्रश टूल
+	Pencil Tool	पेंसिल टूल
+	Color Replacement Tool	कलर रिप्लेसमेंट टूल
+	Mixer Brush Tool	मिक्सर ब्रश टूल
+	Clone Stamp Tool	क्लोन स्टैम्प टूल
+	Pattern Stamp Tool	पैटर्न स्टैम्प टूल
+	History Brush Tool	हिस्ट्री ब्रश टूल
+	Art History Brush Tool	आर्ट हिस्ट्री ब्रश टूल
+	Eraser Tool	इरेज़र टूल
+	Background Eraser Tool	बैकग्राउंड इरेज़र टूल
+	Magic Eraser Tool	मैजिक इरेज़र टूल
+	Gradient Tool	ग्रेडिएंट टूल
+	Paint Bucket Tool	पेंट बकेट टूल
+	Blur Tool	ब्लर टूल
+	Sharpen Tool	शार्पन टूल
+	Smudge Tool	स्मज टूल
+	Dodge Tool	डॉज टूल
+	Burn Tool	बर्न टूल
+	Sponge Tool	स्पंज टूल
+	Pen Tool	पेन टूल
+	Freeform Pen Tool	फ्रीफॉर्म पेन टूल
+	Curvature Pen Tool	कर्वचर पेन टूल
+	Add Anchor Point Tool	ऐड एंकर पॉइंट टूल
+	Delete Anchor Point Tool	डिलीट एंकर पॉइंट टूल
+	Convert Point Tool	कन्वर्ट पॉइंट टूल
+	Horizontal Type Tool	हॉरिजोंटल टाइप टूल
+	Vertical Type Tool	वर्टिकल टाइप टूल
+	Horizontal Type Mask Tool	हॉरिजोंटल टाइप मास्क टूल
+	Vertical Type Mask Tool	वर्टिकल टाइप मास्क टूल
+	Path Selection Tool	पाथ चयन टूल
+	Direct Selection Tool	डायरेक्ट चयन टूल
+	Rectangle Tool	रेक्टेंगल टूल
+	Rounded Rectangle Tool	राउंडेड रेक्टेंगल टूल
+	Ellipse Tool	एलिप्स टूल
+	Triangle Tool	ट्रायंगल टूल
+	Polygon Tool	पॉलीगोन टूल
+	Line Tool	लाइन टूल
+	Custom Shape Tool	कस्टम शेप टूल
+	Hand Tool	हैंड टूल
+	Rotate View Tool	रोटेट व्यू टूल
+	Zoom Tool	ज़ूम टूल
+
+# Common Dialogs and Buttons
+	OK	ठीक है
+	Cancel	रद्द करें
+	Reset	रीसेट करें
+	Done	संपन्न
+	Don't Save	सहेजें नहीं
+	Yes	हाँ
+	No	नहीं
+	Width:	चौड़ाई:
+	Height:	ऊंचाई:
+	Resolution:	रिज़ॉल्यूशन:
+	Pixels	पिक्सेल
+	Inches	इंच
+	Centimeters	सेंटीमीटर
+	Millimeters	मिलीमीटर
+	Points	पॉइंट्स
+	Percent	प्रतिशत
+	Opacity:	ओपेसिटी:
+	Flow:	फ्लो:
+	Hardness:	हार्डनेस:
+	Size:	साइज़:
+	Angle:	एंगल:
+	Roundness:	राउंडनेस:
+	Spacing:	स्पेसिंग:
+	Color:	कलर:
+	Name:	नेम:
+	Presets:	प्रीसेट्स:
+	Language	भाषा
+	Auto	स्वचालित
+
+# Plurals
+@plural	{n} layer|{n} layers	{n} लेयर|{n} लेयर्स
+@plural	{n} item|{n} items	{n} आइटम|{n} आइटम्स
+@plural	{n} document|{n} documents	{n} दस्तावेज़|{n} दस्तावेज़
+@plural	{n} pixel|{n} pixels	{n} पिक्सेल|{n} पिक्सेल्स
+
+# Tool and Scope strings
+	Scope	दायरा
+	Selected	चयनित
+	Mixer Brush	मिक्सर ब्रश
+	Wet	गीला
+	Load	लोड
+	Mix	मिश्रण
+	Flow	प्रवाह
+	Sample All Layers	सभी लेयर्स का नमूना लें
+	Pattern Stamp	पैटर्न स्टैम्प
+	Impressionist	प्रभाववादी
+	Aligned	संरेखित
+	Fit in View	दृश्य में फ़िट करें
+	Camera Raw	Camera Raw
+
+# Camera Raw
+cameraRaw	Amount	मात्रा
+	Amount	मात्रा
+cameraRaw	Aqua	एक्वा
+	Aqua	एक्वा
+cameraRaw	Balance	संतुलन
+	Balance	संतुलन
+cameraRaw	Before (Y)	पहले (Y)
+	Before (Y)	पहले (Y)
+cameraRaw	Blacks	ब्लैक्स
+	Blacks	ब्लैक्स
+cameraRaw	Blending	मिश्रण
+	Blending	मिश्रण
+cameraRaw	Blue	नीला
+	Blue	नीला
+cameraRaw	Camera Raw ({name})	Camera Raw ({name})
+cameraRaw	Camera Raw Filter ({layer})	Camera Raw फ़िल्टर ({layer})
+	Camera Raw Filter ({layer})	Camera Raw फ़िल्टर ({layer})
+cameraRaw	Camera Raw isn't open	Camera Raw खुला नहीं है
+	Camera Raw isn't open	Camera Raw खुला नहीं है
+cameraRaw	Cancel	रद्द करें
+cameraRaw	Cancelled opening {name}	{name} खोलना रद्द किया गया
+	Cancelled opening {name}	{name} खोलना रद्द किया गया
+cameraRaw	Cancelled {label}	{label} रद्द किया गया
+	Cancelled {label}	{label} रद्द किया गया
+cameraRaw	Clarity	स्पष्टता
+	Clarity	स्पष्टता
+cameraRaw	Color	रंग
+cameraRaw	Color Detail	रंग विवरण
+	Color Detail	रंग विवरण
+cameraRaw	Color Grading	कलर ग्रेडिंग
+	Color Grading	कलर ग्रेडिंग
+cameraRaw	Color Mixer	कलर मिक्सर
+	Color Mixer	कलर मिक्सर
+cameraRaw	Color Priority	रंग प्राथमिकता
+	Color Priority	रंग प्राथमिकता
+cameraRaw	Contrast	कंट्रास्ट
+	Contrast	कंट्रास्ट
+cameraRaw	Curve	कर्व
+	Curve	कर्व
+cameraRaw	Darks	डार्क्स
+	Darks	डार्क्स
+cameraRaw	Dehaze	डीहेज़
+	Dehaze	डीहेज़
+cameraRaw	Detail	डिटेल
+	Detail	डिटेल
+cameraRaw	Developing {name}	{name} विकसित किया जा रहा है
+	Developing {name}	{name} विकसित किया जा रहा है
+cameraRaw	Effects	इफ़ेक्ट्स
+	Effects	इफ़ेक्ट्स
+cameraRaw	Exposure	एक्सपोज़र
+	Exposure	एक्सपोज़र
+cameraRaw	Feather	फ़ेदर
+	Feather	फ़ेदर
+cameraRaw	Full-resolution preview unavailable	पूर्ण-रिज़ॉल्यूशन पूर्वावलोकन अनुपलब्ध है
+	Full-resolution preview unavailable	पूर्ण-रिज़ॉल्यूशन पूर्वावलोकन अनुपलब्ध है
+cameraRaw	Global	ग्लोबल
+	Global	ग्लोबल
+cameraRaw	Grain	ग्रेन
+	Grain	ग्रेन
+cameraRaw	Green	हरा
+	Green	हरा
+cameraRaw	Highlight Clipping Warning (O)	हाइलाइट क्लिपिंग चेतावनी (O)
+	Highlight Clipping Warning (O)	हाइलाइट क्लिपिंग चेतावनी (O)
+cameraRaw	Highlight Priority	हाइलाइट प्राथमिकता
+	Highlight Priority	हाइलाइट प्राथमिकता
+cameraRaw	Highlights	हाइलाइट्स
+	Highlights	हाइलाइट्स
+cameraRaw	Hue	ह्यू
+	Hue	ह्यू
+cameraRaw	Light	लाइट
+	Light	लाइट
+cameraRaw	Lights	लाइट्स
+	Lights	लाइट्स
+cameraRaw	Load Settings…	सेटिंग्स लोड करें…
+	Load Settings…	सेटिंग्स लोड करें…
+cameraRaw	Load settings from a Camera Raw .xmp file	Camera Raw .xmp फ़ाइल से सेटिंग्स लोड करें
+	Load settings from a Camera Raw .xmp file	Camera Raw .xmp फ़ाइल से सेटिंग्स लोड करें
+cameraRaw	Loaded Camera Raw settings from {file}	{file} से Camera Raw सेटिंग्स लोड की गईं
+	Loaded Camera Raw settings from {file}	{file} से Camera Raw सेटिंग्स लोड की गईं
+cameraRaw	Luminance	लुमिनेंस
+	Luminance	लुमिनेंस
+cameraRaw	Luminance Detail	लुमिनेंस डिटेल
+	Luminance Detail	लुमिनेंस डिटेल
+cameraRaw	Magenta	मैजेंटा
+	Magenta	मैजेंटा
+cameraRaw	Masking	मास्किंग
+	Masking	मास्किंग
+cameraRaw	Midpoint	मिडपॉइंट
+	Midpoint	मिडपॉइंट
+cameraRaw	Midtones	मिडटोन्स
+	Midtones	मिडटोन्स
+cameraRaw	Noise Reduction	नॉइज़ रिडक्शन
+	Noise Reduction	नॉइज़ रिडक्शन
+cameraRaw	OK	ठीक है
+cameraRaw	Open	खोलें
+	Open	खोलें
+cameraRaw	Opened {name}	{name} खोला गया
+	Opened {name}	{name} खोला गया
+cameraRaw	Orange	नारंगी
+	Orange	नारंगी
+cameraRaw	Paint Overlay	पेंट ओवरले
+	Paint Overlay	पेंट ओवरले
+cameraRaw	Purple	बैंगनी
+	Purple	बैंगनी
+cameraRaw	Radius	त्रिज्या
+	Radius	त्रिज्या
+cameraRaw	Red	लाल
+	Red	लाल
+cameraRaw	Roughness	रफनेस
+	Roughness	रफनेस
+cameraRaw	Roundness	राउंडनेस
+	Roundness	राउंडनेस
+cameraRaw	Saturation	सैचुरेशन
+	Saturation	सैचुरेशन
+cameraRaw	Save Settings…	सेटिंग्स सहेजें…
+	Save Settings…	सेटिंग्स सहेजें…
+cameraRaw	Save these settings as a Camera Raw .xmp file	इन सेटिंग्स को Camera Raw .xmp फ़ाइल के रूप में सहेजें
+	Save these settings as a Camera Raw .xmp file	इन सेटिंग्स को Camera Raw .xmp फ़ाइल के रूप में सहेजें
+cameraRaw	Shadow Clipping Warning (U)	शैडो क्लिपिंग चेतावनी (U)
+	Shadow Clipping Warning (U)	शैडो क्लिपिंग चेतावनी (U)
+cameraRaw	Shadows	शेडोज़
+	Shadows	शेडोज़
+cameraRaw	Sharpening	शार्पनिंग
+	Sharpening	शार्पनिंग
+cameraRaw	Show Lab Color Readouts	Lab रंग रीडआउट दिखाएँ
+	Show Lab Color Readouts	Lab रंग रीडआउट दिखाएँ
+cameraRaw	Show Red at 3 o'clock	3 बजे की स्थिति पर लाल दिखाएँ
+	Show Red at 3 o'clock	3 बजे की स्थिति पर लाल दिखाएँ
+cameraRaw	Show Selected Region	चयनित क्षेत्र दिखाएँ
+	Show Selected Region	चयनित क्षेत्र दिखाएँ
+cameraRaw	Show Skin Tone Indicator	स्किन टोन संकेतक दिखाएँ
+	Show Skin Tone Indicator	स्किन टोन संकेतक दिखाएँ
+cameraRaw	Show Vectorscope	वेक्टरस्कोप दिखाएँ
+	Show Vectorscope	वेक्टरस्कोप दिखाएँ
+cameraRaw	Size	आकार
+	Size	आकार
+cameraRaw	Temperature	तापमान
+	Temperature	तापमान
+cameraRaw	Texture	टेक्सचर
+	Texture	टेक्सचर
+cameraRaw	Tint	टिंट
+	Tint	टिंट
+cameraRaw	Tone Histogram	टोन हिस्टोग्राम
+	Tone Histogram	टोन हिस्टोग्राम
+cameraRaw	Vibrance	वाइब्रेंस
+	Vibrance	वाइब्रेंस
+cameraRaw	Vignetting	विगनेटिंग
+	Vignetting	विगनेटिंग
+cameraRaw	White Balance: As Shot	व्हाइट बैलेंस: शॉट के अनुसार
+	White Balance: As Shot	व्हाइट बैलेंस: शॉट के अनुसार
+cameraRaw	Whites	व्हाइट्स
+	Whites	व्हाइट्स
+cameraRaw	Yellow	पीला
+	Yellow	पीला
+
+# Coverage-test keys (English until translated)
+	Black Point Compensation	Black Point Compensation
+	Apply At Canvas Bounds	Apply At Canvas Bounds
+	Convert to Shape…	Convert to Shape…
+	Decontaminate	Decontaminate
+	New Document	New Document
+	New Document With Mask	New Document With Mask
+	New Layer	New Layer
+	New Layer With Mask	New Layer With Mask
+	Output	Output
+	Refine Edge…	Refine Edge…
+	Refine Strokes	Refine Strokes
+	Edits	संपादन
+	Selection	Selection
+	Shift Edge	Shift Edge
+	Smart Radius	Smart Radius
+	Smooth	Smooth
+	Tolerance	Tolerance
+	Decrease Brush Size	Decrease Brush Size
+	Increase Brush Size	Increase Brush Size
+	Decrease Brush Hardness	Decrease Brush Hardness
+	Increase Brush Hardness	Increase Brush Hardness
+	Previous Brush	Previous Brush
+	Next Brush	Next Brush
+	First Brush	First Brush
+	Last Brush	Last Brush
+	Current Brush Load	वर्तमान ब्रश लोड
+	Load Brush	ब्रश लोड करें
+	Clean Brush	ब्रश साफ़ करें
+	Load the brush after each stroke	हर स्ट्रोक के बाद ब्रश लोड करें
+	Clean the brush after each stroke	हर स्ट्रोक के बाद ब्रश साफ़ करें
+	8 bit	8 बिट
+	16 bit	16 बिट
+	32 bit (float)	32 बिट (फ़्लोट)
+	Integer	पूर्णांक
+	Floating point	फ़्लोटिंग पॉइंट
+	Delete layer ‘{name}’?	लेयर ‘{name}’ हटाएँ?
+	Delete {count} layers? {names}	{count} लेयर हटाएँ? {names}
+	Delete layer?	लेयर हटाएँ?
+	Don't show again	दोबारा न दिखाएँ
+	The document is closed	दस्तावेज़ बंद है
+	The document or selected layers changed. Please request deletion again.	दस्तावेज़ या चुनी हुई लेयर बदल गई हैं। कृपया हटाने का अनुरोध फिर से करें।
+	Missing delete command	हटाने का कमांड नहीं मिला
+	Invalid delete command	हटाने का कमांड अमान्य है
+	Layer deleted, but confirmation preference could not be saved: {error}	लेयर हटा दी गई, लेकिन पुष्टि की प्राथमिकता सहेजी नहीं जा सकी: {error}
+# Art History Brush (#213).
+	Art History Brush	आर्ट हिस्ट्री ब्रश
+	Style	शैली
+	Area	क्षेत्र
+	Tight Short	सघन छोटा
+	Tight Medium	सघन मध्यम
+	Tight Long	सघन लंबा
+	Loose Medium	ढीला मध्यम
+	Loose Long	ढीला लंबा
+	Dab	थपका
+	Tight Curl	सघन घुमाव
+	Loose Curl	ढीला घुमाव
+	Stylized dabs from a history state	इतिहास स्थिति से शैलीबद्ध थपके
+
+# Egui 0.37 migration controls (Aspect Ratio, Category, Color Table, Gamma, Interpolation, Profile, Target, Units, Demosaic)
+	Aspect Ratio	पहलू अनुपात
+	Category	श्रेणी
+	Color Table	रंग तालिका
+	Gamma	गामा
+	Interpolation	इंटरपोलेशन
+	Profile	प्रोफ़ाइल
+	Target	लक्ष्य
+	Units	इकाइयाँ
+	Demosaic	डिमोज़ेक
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/hu.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/hu.tsv
index 850abb6810..2193e4e2d4 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/hu.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/hu.tsv
@@ -48,6 +48,8 @@
 @plural	{n} step|{n} steps	{n} lépés
 @plural	{warning} (+{n} more brush preset warning)|{warning} (+{n} more brush preset warnings)	{warning} (+{n} további figyelmeztetés az ecset-előbeállításokról)
 @plural	{what} with {n} warning|{what} with {n} warnings	{what} ({n} figyelmeztetés)
+@plural	Imported {n} style from {file}|Imported {n} styles from {file}	{n} stílus importálva. Forrás: {file}
+@plural	Exported {n} style to {file}|Exported {n} styles to {file}	{n} stílus exportálva. Cél: {file}
 @id	file.close	Bezárás
 @id	layer.layerMask.apply	Alkalmazás
 @id	edit.clear	Kiürítés
@@ -421,6 +423,10 @@
 # Menus: Type, Filter, View, Window; UI and engine commands
 	(coming soon)	(hamarosan)
 	100%	100%
+	105%	105%
+	110%	110%
+	115%	115%
+	120%	120%
 	2-up Horizontal	2 nézet vízszintesen
 	2-up Vertical	2 nézet függőlegesen
 	200%	200%
@@ -1220,6 +1226,8 @@
 	Override Pressure	Nyomás felülbírálása
 	Override Rotation	Elforgatás felülbírálása
 	Override Tilt	Dőlés felülbírálása
+	Override Tilt X	X dőlés felülbírálása
+	Override Tilt Y	Y dőlés felülbírálása
 	Paints from the document's opening state	A dokumentum megnyitáskori állapotából fest
 	Paper	Papír
 	Paragraph	Bekezdés
@@ -1306,6 +1314,7 @@
 	Set painting symmetry options	Festési szimmetria beállításai
 	Set the overlay options for the Crop tool	A Körbevágás eszköz fedvénybeállításai
 	Set the text color	Szövegszín beállítása
+	Create warped text	Torzított szöveg létrehozása
 	Settings:	Beállítások:
 	Shape Dynamics	Alakdinamika
 	Sharpen Tool	Élesítő
@@ -1632,6 +1641,7 @@ fontWeight	Thin	Hajszálvékony
 	Refine	Finomítás
 	Refine Edge Brush (R)	Élfinomító ecset (R)
 	Refine Strokes	Finomító ecsetvonások
+	Edits	Szerkesztések
 	Reflect	Visszaverődés
 	Reflected	Tükrözött
 	Rename Channel…	Csatorna átnevezése…
@@ -2077,7 +2087,7 @@ navigator	Zoom	Nagyítás mértéke
 	Distortion	Torzítás
 	Dither	Árnyalatkeverés
 	Double Line	Kettős vonal
-	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click to delete.	Húzással kényszert adhatsz a képhez; Shift: vízszintes/függőleges; jobb kattintás: törlés.
+	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click a constraint to change or delete it.	Húzással kényszert adhatsz a képhez; Shift: vízszintes/függőleges; jobb kattintás egy kényszeren: módosítás vagy törlés.
 	Dry Brush	Száraz ecset
 	Dust & Scratches	Por és karcolások
 	Dynamic color sliders	Dinamikus színcsúszkák
@@ -2498,6 +2508,10 @@ navigator	Zoom	Nagyítás mértéke
 	Camera Raw Filter ({layer})	Camera Raw szűrő ({layer})
 	Camera Raw isn't open	A Camera Raw nincs megnyitva
 	Cancelled opening {name}	Megnyitás megszakítva: {name}
+	Damaged Photoshop document	Sérült Photoshop-dokumentum
+	The document “{name}” may be damaged.	A(z) „{name}” dokumentum sérült lehet.
+	Some layers, pixels or masks could not be read. Do you want to continue opening it?	Egyes rétegeket, képpontokat vagy maszkokat nem sikerült beolvasni. Folytatod a megnyitást?
+	If you continue, saving over the original may permanently discard unreadable data. Save a copy to keep the original.	Ha folytatod, az eredeti felülírása véglegesen elvetheti az olvashatatlan adatokat. Az eredeti megtartásához ments másolatot.
 	The document “{name}” does not have an embedded {mode} profile.	Nincs beágyazott profil ({mode}) ebben a dokumentumban: „{name}”
 	The document “{name}” has an embedded color profile that does not match the current {mode} working space.	A dokumentum beágyazott színprofilja nem egyezik az aktuális munkaszíntérrel ({mode}): „{name}”
 	Working: {working}	Munkaszíntér: {working}
@@ -2992,6 +3006,11 @@ cameraRaw	Yellow	Sárga
 	Table	Táblázat
 	Tabloid	Tabloid
 	Targa Options	Targa-beállítások
+	JPEG Options	JPEG-beállítások
+	Image Options	Képbeállítások
+	Format Options	Formátumbeállítások
+	Baseline ("Standard")	Alapvonalas („Szabványos”)
+	Baseline Optimized	Optimalizált alapvonalas
 	Target:	Cél:
 	Teal Orange	Kékeszöld-narancs
 	The document does not have an embedded colour profile. Working space: {working}.	A dokumentumnak nincs beágyazott színprofilja. Munkaszíntér: {working}.
@@ -3148,6 +3167,8 @@ cameraRaw	Yellow	Sárga
 	Convert to Profile	Átalakítás profilra
 	Convert to srgb	Átalakítás sRGB-re
 	Copyright Status	Szerzői jogi állapot
+	Copyright Notice	Szerzői jogi értesítés
+	Document Title	Dokumentum címe
 	Corner radius	Sarokkerekítés sugara
 	Correct C A	Kromatikus aberráció javítása
 	Correct Distortion	Torzítás javítása
@@ -3201,6 +3222,7 @@ cameraRaw	Yellow	Sárga
 	Drop an image or PSD anywhere to open it.	Húzz ide bárhová egy képet vagy PSD-fájlt a megnyitásához.
 	Duplicate Layer Comp	Rétegkompozíció kettőzése
 	Duplicate Path	Útvonal kettőzése
+	Rename Path…	Útvonal átnevezése…
 	Duplication	Kettőzés
 	East asian	Kelet-ázsiai
 	Edge Extension	Szélek kiterjesztése
@@ -3479,6 +3501,7 @@ cameraRaw	Yellow	Sárga
 	Random	Véletlenszerű
 	Rasterize svg groups deeper than	SVG-csoportok raszterizálása ennél mélyebb szinten
 	Recent file count	Legutóbbi fájlok száma
+	LUT folder	LUT-mappa
 	Recent files	Legutóbbi fájlok
 	Recent Files	Legutóbbi fájlok
 	Recent fonts	Legutóbbi betűtípusok
@@ -3507,6 +3530,8 @@ cameraRaw	Yellow	Sárga
 	Restore	Előző méret
 	Retry GPU	GPU újrapróbálása
 	Retry GPU requires a restart. Save your work first.	A GPU újrapróbálásához újraindítás kell. Előbb mentsd a munkádat.
+	Retry GPU tries the graphics processor again now.	A GPU újrapróbálása most újra megpróbálja a grafikus processzort.
+	GPU acceleration resumed.	A GPU-gyorsítás újra működik.
 	Rgb	RGB
 	Ridges	Hullámgerincek
 	Right	Jobbra
@@ -3876,6 +3901,9 @@ cameraRaw	Yellow	Sárga
 	New document…     ⌘N	Új dokumentum…     ⌘N
 	New Layer from Brush	Új réteg ecsetből
 	New Path	Új útvonal
+	From:	Forrás:
+	Full Document	Teljes dokumentum
+	Merged Layers	Egyesített rétegek
 	New Snapshot	Új pillanatkép
 	New Snapshot…	Új pillanatkép…
 	History Options…	Előzménybeállítások…
@@ -4008,6 +4036,8 @@ cameraRaw	Yellow	Sárga
 	Amount:	Mérték:
 	Apply Vanishing Point ({key})	Enyészpont alkalmazása ({key})
 	Apply the removal ({key})	Eltávolítás alkalmazása ({key})
+	Alt-click a plane to set the clone source	Alt-kattintás egy síkra a klónforrás beállításához
+	Too many clone strokes: apply Vanishing Point first	Túl sok klónvonás: először alkalmazza az Enyészpontot
 	Drag to draw the curve · {key}-click draws a straight line	Húzással rajzold meg a görbét · {key}+kattintás: egyenes vonal
 	Draw to modify the curve	Rajzolj a görbe módosításához
 	Edit points to modify the curve	Szerkeszd a pontokat a görbe módosításához
@@ -4027,6 +4057,12 @@ cameraRaw	Yellow	Sárga
 	The layer or its mask changed. Drag the mask onto the Trash again.	A réteg vagy a maszkja megváltozott. Húzd újra a maszkot a Kukába.
 	Transform On Drop	Átalakítás elengedéskor
 	Vanishing Point is not active	Az Enyészpont nem aktív
+	Load Contours…	Kontúrok betöltése…
+	Replace Contours…	Kontúrok cseréje…
+	Save Contours…	Kontúrok mentése…
+	Delete Contour	Kontúr törlése
+	Loaded contours from {file}	Kontúrok betöltve: {file}
+	Saved contours to {file}	Kontúrok mentve: {file}
 # Edit › Content-Aware Fill workspace
 	Excluded Area	Kizárt terület
 	Fill Settings	Kitöltési beállítások
@@ -4053,6 +4089,9 @@ cameraRaw	Yellow	Sárga
 # Actions panel: Load/Save Actions (.atn) and kept Photoshop steps
 	Load Actions…	Műveletek betöltése…
 	Save Actions…	Műveletek mentése…
+	New Action…	Új művelet…
+	Start Recording	Felvétel indítása
+	Stop Recording	Felvétel leállítása
 	{name} (Photoshop)	{name} (Photoshop)
 	{message} ({note})	{message} ({note})
 @plural	Loaded {n} action from {file}|Loaded {n} actions from {file}	{n} művelet betöltve. Forrás: {file}
@@ -4073,6 +4112,7 @@ cameraRaw	Yellow	Sárga
 @plural	{n} action|{n} actions	{n} művelet
 	Object Finder	Objektumkereső
 	No object found there — drag a rectangle around it	Ott nem található objektum – húzz köré egy téglalapot
+	The active layer has no pixels here — turn on Sample All Layers or select a layer with pixels	Az aktív rétegnek itt nincsenek képpontjai – kapcsold be a Mintavétel minden rétegből beállítást, vagy válassz képpontokat tartalmazó réteget
 	Drag to pan · Scroll to zoom · Double-click to fit	Húzás: mozgatás · Görgetés: nagyítás · Dupla kattintás: igazítás
 	Gradient Preset Options	Színátmenet-előbeállítás beállításai
 	Import .GRD	.GRD importálása
@@ -4093,12 +4133,46 @@ cameraRaw	Yellow	Sárga
 	set in Print Settings…	a nyomtatási beállításokban adható meg…
 	ICO is limited to 256 × 256 pixels	Az ICO legfeljebb 256 × 256 képpont lehet
 
+# Layer Mask Display Options (the layer mask rubylith's colour and opacity)
+	Mask Options…	Maszkbeállítások…
+	Layer Mask Display Options…	Rétegmaszk megjelenítési beállításai…
+
 # Channel Options and New Spot Channel (#3761)
 	Channel Color	Csatorna színe
 	Color Indicates:	A szín jelzése:
 	Ink Characteristics	Festék jellemzői
 	Solidity:	Fedőképesség:
+	Calibration	Kalibrálás
+	Red Primary	Vörös alapszín
+	Green Primary	Zöld alapszín
+	Blue Primary	Kék alapszín
+	Write xmp sidecars	XMP kísérőfájlok írása
+	Set the tone sliders from the image	Tónuscsúszkák beállítása a kép alapján
+	Settings from {name}	Beállítások innen: {name}
+	Settings from {name}; {count} not supported: {names}	Beállítások innen: {name}; {count} nem támogatott: {names}
+	Could not write {name}: {error}	Nem sikerült írni: {name}: {error}
+	Kept {name}: written by another application	{name} megtartva: egy másik alkalmazás írta
+	Shadow Tint	Árnyék színezet
 	Redrawing	Újrarajzolás
+# Bevel & Emboss shading controls.
+	Highlight Mode	Csúcsfény módja
+	Highlight Color	Csúcsfény színe
+	Highlight Opacity	Csúcsfény fedettsége
+	Shadow Mode	Árnyék módja
+	Shadow Color	Árnyék színe
+	Shadow Opacity	Árnyék fedettsége
+	Check for Updates…	Frissítések keresése…
+	PhotoCraft Updates	PhotoCraft-frissítések
+	Checking for updates…	Frissítések keresése…
+	Open the release page to choose an installer for your system.	Nyissa meg a kiadás oldalát, és válassza ki a rendszerének megfelelő telepítőt.
+	Open Download Page	Letöltési oldal megnyitása
+	PhotoCraft is up to date.	A PhotoCraft naprakész.
+	Could not check for updates.	Nem sikerült ellenőrizni a frissítéseket.
+	Updates have not been checked yet.	A frissítések még nem lettek ellenőrizve.
+	Check Again	Újraellenőrzés
+	Automatically Check for Updates	Frissítések automatikus keresése
+	Installed version: {version}	Telepített verzió: {version}
+	PhotoCraft {version} is available.	Elérhető a PhotoCraft {version}.
 # Embedded Profile Mismatch: profile names beside the choices, Remember this choice
 	Use the embedded profile ({profile})	A beágyazott profil használata ({profile})
 	Convert to the working space ({profile})	Átalakítás a munkaszíntérbe ({profile})
@@ -4115,6 +4189,7 @@ cameraRaw	Yellow	Sárga
 	Chisel Hard	Kemény vésés
 	Chisel Soft	Lágy vésés
 	Open color-less EXR as ACEScg	Színinformáció nélküli EXR megnyitása ACEScg-ként
+	Do not append "copy" to filename when saving a copy	Ne fűzze a „copy” szót a fájlnévhez másolat mentésekor
 
 # View › Guides › right-click a guide
 	Edit Selected Guides	Kijelölt segédvonalak szerkesztése
@@ -4195,15 +4270,33 @@ cameraRaw	Yellow	Sárga
 	GPU Memory Full	GPU-memória megtelt
 	The layers need {needed} of GPU memory and may hold {budget}, so edits that redraw the whole document do it on the CPU. Click to set GPU Memory.	A rétegeknek {needed} GPU-memória kell, és {budget} foglalhatnak, ezért a teljes dokumentumot újrarajzoló szerkesztések a CPU-n futnak. Kattints a GPU-memória beállításához.
 	GPU memory budget: {budget}	GPU-memóriakeret: {budget}
+	Graphics memory: {size}	Grafikus memória: {size}
 	This document's layers: {needed} of {budget} for layers	A dokumentum rétegei: {needed} / {budget} a rétegeknek
 	This document's layers need {needed} but may hold {budget}: whole-document redraws use the CPU	A dokumentum rétegeinek {needed} kell, de {budget} foglalhatnak: a teljes dokumentum újrarajzolása a CPU-n fut
 	GPU Memory (MB, 0 = Automatic)	GPU-memória (MB, 0 = Automatikus)
+	{path}: the path is not valid Unicode; save under another name.	{path}: az elérési út nem érvényes Unicode-szöveg. Mentsd más néven.
 	{name} was changed by another app after it was opened or saved here.	A(z) {name} fájlt egy másik alkalmazás módosította, miután itt megnyitották vagy mentették.
 	Replace it with this document, or cancel and use File › Save As to keep both.	Cserélje le erre a dokumentumra, vagy válassza a Mégse gombot, és a Fájl › Mentés másként paranccsal tartsa meg mindkettőt.
 	Decrease Brush Size	Ecsetméret csökkentése
 	Increase Brush Size	Ecsetméret növelése
 	Decrease Brush Hardness	Ecsetkeménység csökkentése
 	Increase Brush Hardness	Ecsetkeménység növelése
+	Demosaic	Demozaikolás
+	How the camera's colour filter mosaic is filled in. It is applied when the file opens; the preview shows the method it was opened with.	Hogyan tölti ki a program a kamera színszűrő-mozaikját. A fájl megnyitásakor érvényesül; az előnézet a megnyitáskor használt módszert mutatja.
+	AHD (adaptive homogeneity)	AHD (adaptív homogenitás)
+	Malvar–He–Cutler	Malvar–He–Cutler
+	Hirakawa–Parks: the cleanest edges and the least colour fringing, the slowest.	Hirakawa–Parks: a legtisztább élek és a legkevesebb színes szegély, a leglassabb.
+	Gradient-corrected interpolation: sharp and fast, with some colour fringing on fine detail.	Gradienskorrigált interpoláció: éles és gyors, apró részleteken némi színes szegéllyel.
+	The fastest and the softest, with colour fringing on fine detail.	A leggyorsabb és a leglágyabb, apró részleteken színes szegéllyel.
+	“{name}” already exists. Replace it?	„{name}” már létezik. Lecseréli?
+	The name in the save dialog was “{name}”.	A mentési párbeszédpanelen megadott név: „{name}”.
+	Move Up	Mozgatás felfelé
+	Move Down	Mozgatás lefelé
+	Previous Brush	Előző ecset
+	Next Brush	Következő ecset
+	First Brush	Első ecset
+	Last Brush	Utolsó ecset
+	Preview size	Preview size
 	Memory Usage	Memóriahasználat
 	Per-document RAM limit (MB)	Dokumentumonkénti RAM-korlát (MB)
 	Installed RAM: {ram} MB; this limit: {percent}%	Telepített RAM: {ram} MB; ez a korlát: {percent}%
@@ -4234,3 +4327,52 @@ smartSvg	Save to the opened SVG file. Each saved change becomes one undo step in
 smartSvg	Stop syncing this Smart Object	Az intelligens objektum szinkronizálásának leállítása
 smartSvg	Updates wait while another document or an editing dialog is active.	A frissítések várakoznak, amíg másik dokumentum vagy szerkesztési párbeszédablak aktív.
 smartSvg	AI/PDF/EPS contents will be edited as SVG. Saving replaces the embedded source; format-specific features may change.	Az AI/PDF/EPS tartalom SVG-ként szerkeszthető. A mentés lecseréli a beágyazott forrást; a formátumspecifikus tulajdonságok megváltozhatnak.
+
+# Styles panel: Import / Export Styles (.asl)
+	Import Styles…	Stílusok importálása…
+	Export Selected Styles…	Kijelölt stílusok exportálása…
+	Export Styles…	Stílusok exportálása…
+	{file} is not a style library (.asl)	{file} nem stíluskönyvtár (.asl)
+# Actions: a step dialog holds a suspended recording (#7365)
+	Confirm or cancel the open action step dialog first	Előbb hagyd jóvá vagy vond vissza a művelet lépésének nyitott párbeszédablakát
+	Pro Medium Gray	Pro középszürke
+	Solarized	Solarized
+	Breeze	Breeze
+	Pro Light Gray	Pro világosszürke
+	Pro Light	Pro világos
+	Resize Windows to Fit	Ablakok átméretezése a képhez
+	EXR	EXR
+# Paragraph direction (TYPE-218-2)
+	Automatic paragraph direction	Automatikus bekezdésirány
+	Left-to-right paragraph direction	Balról jobbra irányuló bekezdés
+	Right-to-left paragraph direction	Jobbról balra irányuló bekezdés
+	Not rendered: this adjustment ({key}) is kept as imported.	Nem jelenik meg: ez a korrekció ({key}) importált állapotában marad.
+# Print preview image (#8236)
+	Print preview image	Print preview image
+# Color panel menu: modes, copy commands and colour ramps (#6000)
+	Hue Cube	Színárnyalat-kocka
+	Brightness Cube	Fényerő-kocka
+	Color Wheel	Színkör
+	RGB Sliders	RGB-csúszkák
+	HSB Sliders	HSB-csúszkák
+	CMYK Sliders	CMYK-csúszkák
+	Lab Sliders	Lab-csúszkák
+	Web Color Sliders	Webes színek csúszkái
+	Copy Color as HTML	Szín másolása HTML-ként
+	Copy Color's Hex Code	Szín hexadecimális kódjának másolása
+	RGB Spectrum	RGB-spektrum
+	CMYK Spectrum	CMYK-spektrum
+	Grayscale Ramp	Szürkeárnyalatos sáv
+	Current Colors	Aktuális színek
+	Make Ramp Web Safe	Sáv korlátozása webes színekre
+# Art History Brush (#213).
+	Art History Brush Tool	Művészi előzményecset eszköz
+	Tight Short	Szoros, rövid
+	Tight Medium	Szoros, közepes
+	Tight Long	Szoros, hosszú
+	Loose Medium	Laza, közepes
+	Loose Long	Laza, hosszú
+	Dab	Pötty
+	Tight Curl	Szoros göndör
+	Loose Curl	Laza göndör
+	Stylized dabs from a history state	Stilizált pöttyök egy előzményállapotból
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/id.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/id.tsv
index 5e189909ba..cbb6e26889 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/id.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/id.tsv
@@ -12,6 +12,10 @@
 # Product and technology names (PhotoCraft, ArtCraft, OpenType, CMYK, Lab ...) stay in Latin
 # letters; the trailing "…" of dialog commands is kept.
 
+# Layer Mask Display Options (the layer mask rubylith's colour and opacity)
+	Mask Options…	Opsi Mask…
+	Layer Mask Display Options…	Opsi Tampilan Mask Layer…
+
 # Channel Options and New Spot Channel (#3761)
 	Channel Color	Warna Saluran
 	Color Indicates:	Warna Menunjukkan:
@@ -634,6 +638,10 @@
 	Fit Layer(s) on Screen	Pas Layer di Layar
 	Fit Artboard on Screen	Pas Artboard di Layar
 	100%	100%
+	105%	105%
+	110%	110%
+	115%	115%
+	120%	120%
 	200%	200%
 	75%	75%
 	80%	80%
@@ -795,6 +803,23 @@
 	Split Warp Vertically	Bagi Warp Vertikal
 	Statistics…	Statistik…
 	Refine Strokes	Goresan penyempurnaan
+	Edits	Suntingan
+# Counted status and panel messages
+@plural	Exported {n} swatch to {file}|Exported {n} swatches to {file}	{n} swatch diekspor ke {file}
+@plural	Imported {n} swatch from {file}|Imported {n} swatches from {file}	{n} swatch diimpor dari {file}
+@plural	Imported {n} brush from {group}|Imported {n} brushes from {group}	{n} kuas diimpor dari {group}
+@plural	Played {n} step|Played {n} steps	{n} langkah diputar
+@plural	{n} step|{n} steps	{n} langkah
+@plural	Saved for Web: {n} file|Saved for Web: {n} files	Disimpan untuk Web: {n} file
+@plural	Updated {n} linked smart object changed on disk|Updated {n} linked smart objects changed on disk	{n} Smart Object tertaut yang berubah di disk telah diperbarui
+@plural	{n} layer recorded by this comp was deleted. Update the comp, or clear the warning.|{n} layers recorded by this comp were deleted. Update the comp, or clear the warning.	{n} layer yang direkam oleh layer comp ini telah dihapus. Perbarui layer comp, atau hapus peringatannya.
+@plural	{n} plane|{n} planes	{n} bidang
+@plural	{n} preset|{n} presets	{n} preset
+@plural	{n} sample point removed|{n} sample points removed	{n} titik sampel dihapus
+@plural	{n} slice|{n} slices	{n} slice
+@plural	{warning} (+{n} more brush preset warning)|{warning} (+{n} more brush preset warnings)	{warning} (+{n} peringatan preset kuas lainnya)
+@plural	{what} with {n} warning|{what} with {n} warnings	{what} dengan {n} peringatan
+
 @plural	{n} item|{n} items	{n} item
 	Auto	Otomatis
 	(print to the printer)	(cetak ke printer)
@@ -997,6 +1022,9 @@
 	Create new pattern from the selection	Buat pola baru dari seleksi
 	Create new shape from the current path	Buat bentuk baru dari path saat ini
 	Create new snapshot	Buat snapshot baru
+	From:	Dari:
+	Full Document	Seluruh Dokumen
+	Merged Layers	Layer Gabungan
 	Create new tool preset	Buat preset alat baru
 	Crop Factor	Faktor Crop
 	Ctrl	Ctrl
@@ -1074,7 +1102,7 @@
 	Done	Selesai
 	Dots	Titik
 	Drag a rectangle around the object	Seret persegi panjang di sekeliling objek
-	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click to delete.	Seret pada gambar untuk menambah batasan; Shift untuk horizontal/vertikal; klik kanan untuk menghapus.
+	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click a constraint to change or delete it.	Seret pada gambar untuk menambah batasan; Shift untuk horizontal/vertikal; klik kanan pada batasan untuk mengubah atau menghapusnya.
 	Drag to move the active shape's path or the Work Path	Seret untuk memindah path bentuk aktif atau Work Path
 	Click: select anchor · Drag: move anchor, handle or segment · {shift}-click: add · {alt}-click: whole subpath	Klik: pilih titik jangkar · Seret: pindahkan titik, gagang, atau segmen · {shift}-klik: tambah · {alt}-klik: seluruh subpath
 	Draw with the Pen tool (P) or make a work path from a selection.	Gambar dengan alat Pen (P) atau buat work path dari seleksi.
@@ -1310,6 +1338,8 @@
 	Override Pressure	Timpa Tekanan
 	Override Rotation	Timpa Rotasi
 	Override Tilt	Timpa Kemiringan
+	Override Tilt X	Timpa Kemiringan X
+	Override Tilt Y	Timpa Kemiringan Y
 	PRESET DETAILS	DETAIL PRESET
 	PSD	PSD
 	Paint Overlay	Overlay Cat
@@ -1462,6 +1492,7 @@
 	Set shape fill type	Atur jenis isian bentuk
 	Set shape stroke type	Atur jenis stroke bentuk
 	Set the text color	Atur warna teks
+	Create warped text	Buat teks warp
 	Shadows	Bayangan
 	Shape:	Bentuk:
 	Sharpening	Penajaman
@@ -1958,6 +1989,7 @@
 	Quick export format	Format ekspor cepat
 	Quick export location	Lokasi ekspor cepat
 	Recent file count	Jumlah berkas terbaru
+	LUT folder	Folder LUT
 	Recent files	Berkas terbaru
 	Recent fonts	Font terbaru
 	Recover on launch	Pulihkan saat dibuka
@@ -2162,6 +2194,11 @@
 	No path to make a selection from: draw one with the Pen tool or select one in the Paths panel.	Tidak ada path untuk dibuat seleksi: gambar dengan alat Pen atau pilih salah satu di panel Path.
 	Cancel opening	Batalkan pembukaan
 	Cancelled opening {name}	Pembukaan {name} dibatalkan
+	Damaged Photoshop document	Dokumen Photoshop rusak
+	The document “{name}” may be damaged.	Dokumen “{name}” mungkin rusak.
+	Some layers, pixels or masks could not be read. Do you want to continue opening it?	Beberapa layer, piksel, atau mask tidak dapat dibaca. Lanjutkan membukanya?
+	If you continue, saving over the original may permanently discard unreadable data. Save a copy to keep the original.	Jika Anda melanjutkan, menyimpan di atas file asli dapat membuang data yang tidak terbaca secara permanen. Simpan salinan untuk mempertahankan file asli.
+	Continue	Lanjutkan
 	The document “{name}” does not have an embedded {mode} profile.	Dokumen “{name}” tidak memiliki profil {mode} tertanam.
 	The document “{name}” has an embedded color profile that does not match the current {mode} working space.	Dokumen “{name}” memiliki profil warna tertanam yang tidak cocok dengan working space {mode} saat ini.
 	Working: {working}	Working space: {working}
@@ -2219,7 +2256,7 @@
 	Quick Selection	Quick Selection
 	Magnetic Lasso	Magnetic Lasso
 	History Brush	History Brush
-	Art History Brush	Art History Brush
+	Art History Brush	Kuas riwayat artistik
 	Pattern Stamp	Stempel Pola
 	Spot Healing	Spot Healing
 	Red Eye	Red Eye
@@ -2362,6 +2399,7 @@
 	Clipping Path	Clipping Path
 	New Path	Path Baru
 	Duplicate Path	Duplikat Path
+	Rename Path…	Ganti Nama Path…
 	Delete Path	Hapus Path
 	Auto-Hide	Sembunyi Otomatis
 	W	W
@@ -2427,6 +2465,8 @@
 	Keywords	Kata Kunci
 	Copyright Info URL	URL Info Hak Cipta
 	Copyright Status	Status Hak Cipta
+	Copyright Notice	Pemberitahuan Hak Cipta
+	Document Title	Judul Dokumen
 	Copyrighted	Berhak Cipta
 	Public Domain	Domain Publik
 	Unknown	Tidak Diketahui
@@ -2691,6 +2731,8 @@ cameraRaw	Blending	Pembauran
 	GPU acceleration could not continue. Your documents are unchanged.	Akselerasi GPU tidak dapat dilanjutkan. Dokumen Anda tidak berubah.
 	PhotoCraft is using the CPU image compositor. The window may still use your graphics adapter.	PhotoCraft menggunakan kompositor gambar CPU. Jendela mungkin masih menggunakan adaptor grafis Anda.
 	Retry GPU requires a restart. Save your work first.	Mencoba GPU lagi memerlukan mulai ulang. Simpan pekerjaan Anda terlebih dahulu.
+	Retry GPU tries the graphics processor again now.	Coba GPU Lagi mencoba prosesor grafis lagi sekarang.
+	GPU acceleration resumed.	Akselerasi GPU dilanjutkan.
 	Keep Using CPU	Tetap Gunakan CPU
 	Retry GPU	Coba GPU Lagi
 	GPU Backend	Backend GPU
@@ -2723,6 +2765,11 @@ cameraRaw	Blending	Pembauran
 	Content-Aware Move Tool	Alat Content-Aware Move
 	TIFF Options	Opsi TIFF
 	Targa Options	Opsi Targa
+	JPEG Options	Opsi JPEG
+	Image Options	Opsi Gambar
+	Format Options	Opsi Format
+	Baseline ("Standard")	Baseline ("Standar")
+	Baseline Optimized	Baseline Dioptimalkan
 	24 bits/pixel	24 Bit/Piksel
 	32 bits/pixel	32 Bit/Piksel
 	Including layers will increase file size.	Menyertakan layer akan memperbesar ukuran file.
@@ -3112,6 +3159,8 @@ curves	Smooth	Haluskan
 	Vanishing Point is not active	Vanishing Point tidak aktif
 	Apply Vanishing Point ({key})	Terapkan Vanishing Point ({key})
 	Fix the red plane first: its corners must form a convex quad	Perbaiki bidang merah dulu: sudut-sudutnya harus membentuk segi empat cembung
+	Alt-click a plane to set the clone source	Alt-klik sebuah bidang untuk menetapkan sumber kloning
+	Too many clone strokes: apply Vanishing Point first	Terlalu banyak goresan kloning: terapkan Vanishing Point terlebih dahulu
 # Select and Mask view modes (#1754)
 	Onion Skin	Kulit Bawang
 	Marching Ants	Semut Berbaris
@@ -3157,9 +3206,16 @@ curves	Smooth	Haluskan
 	Light Gray	Abu-abu Muda
 	Object Finder	Pencari Objek
 	No object found there — drag a rectangle around it	Tidak ada objek ditemukan di sana — seret persegi panjang di sekelilingnya
+	The active layer has no pixels here — turn on Sample All Layers or select a layer with pixels	Layer aktif tidak memiliki piksel di sini — aktifkan Sampel Semua Layer atau pilih layer yang berisi piksel
 	Remove after each stroke	Hapus setelah setiap goresan
 	Apply the removal ({key})	Terapkan penghapusan ({key})
 	Strokes to remove: {n} (Enter applies, Esc cancels)	Goresan untuk dihapus: {n} (Enter menerapkan, Esc membatalkan)
+	Load Contours…	Muat kontur…
+	Replace Contours…	Ganti kontur…
+	Save Contours…	Simpan kontur…
+	Delete Contour	Hapus kontur
+	Loaded contours from {file}	Kontur dimuat dari {file}
+	Saved contours to {file}	Kontur disimpan ke {file}
 	Show home recent files	Tampilkan file terbaru di layar beranda
 	Clear Brush Controls	Hapus Kontrol Kuas
 	Reset All Locked Settings	Atur Ulang Semua Pengaturan Terkunci
@@ -3168,6 +3224,9 @@ curves	Smooth	Haluskan
 # Actions panel: Load/Save Actions (.atn) and kept Photoshop steps
 	Load Actions…	Muat Tindakan…
 	Save Actions…	Simpan Tindakan…
+	New Action…	Tindakan Baru…
+	Start Recording	Mulai Rekaman
+	Stop Recording	Hentikan Rekaman
 	{name} (Photoshop)	{name} (Photoshop)
 	{message} ({note})	{message} ({note})
 @plural	Loaded {n} action from {file}|Loaded {n} actions from {file}	{n} tindakan dimuat dari {file}
@@ -3200,9 +3259,40 @@ curves	Smooth	Haluskan
 	Sent to {printer}	Dikirim ke {printer}
 	set in Print Settings…	diatur di Pengaturan Cetak…
 	ICO is limited to 256 × 256 pixels	ICO dibatasi hingga 256 × 256 piksel
+	Calibration	Kalibrasi
+	Red Primary	Primer merah
+	Green Primary	Primer hijau
+	Blue Primary	Primer biru
+	Write xmp sidecars	Tulis berkas pendamping XMP
+	Set the tone sliders from the image	Atur penggeser nada dari gambar
+	Settings from {name}	Pengaturan dari {name}
+	Settings from {name}; {count} not supported: {names}	Pengaturan dari {name}; {count} tidak didukung: {names}
+	Could not write {name}: {error}	Tidak dapat menulis {name}: {error}
+	Kept {name}: written by another application	{name} dipertahankan: ditulis oleh aplikasi lain
+	Shadow Tint	Rona bayangan
+# PhotoCraft release checks.
+	Check for Updates…	Periksa Pembaruan…
+	PhotoCraft Updates	Pembaruan PhotoCraft
+	Checking for updates…	Memeriksa pembaruan…
+	Open the release page to choose an installer for your system.	Buka halaman rilis untuk memilih penginstal bagi sistem Anda.
+	Open Download Page	Buka Halaman Unduhan
+	PhotoCraft is up to date.	PhotoCraft sudah versi terbaru.
+	Could not check for updates.	Tidak dapat memeriksa pembaruan.
+	Updates have not been checked yet.	Pembaruan belum diperiksa.
+	Check Again	Periksa Lagi
+	Automatically Check for Updates	Periksa Pembaruan Secara Otomatis
+	Installed version: {version}	Versi terpasang: {version}
+	PhotoCraft {version} is available.	PhotoCraft {version} tersedia.
 # History panel › History Brush source (#2966)
 	Paints from the History panel's source state	Melukis dari status sumber panel Riwayat
 	Sets the source for the history brush	Menetapkan sumber untuk kuas riwayat
+# Bevel & Emboss shading controls.
+	Highlight Mode	Mode Sorotan
+	Highlight Color	Warna Sorotan
+	Highlight Opacity	Opasitas Sorotan
+	Shadow Mode	Mode Bayangan
+	Shadow Color	Warna Bayangan
+	Shadow Opacity	Opasitas Bayangan
 # Embedded Profile Mismatch: profile names beside the choices, Remember this choice
 	Use the embedded profile ({profile})	Pakai profil tertanam ({profile})
 	Convert to the working space ({profile})	Konversi ke working space ({profile})
@@ -3219,6 +3309,7 @@ curves	Smooth	Haluskan
 	Chisel Hard	Pahat Keras
 	Chisel Soft	Pahat Lembut
 	Open color-less EXR as ACEScg	Buka EXR tanpa informasi warna sebagai ACEScg
+	Do not append "copy" to filename when saving a copy	Jangan tambahkan "copy" ke nama file saat menyimpan salinan
 
 # View › Guides › right-click a guide
 	Edit Selected Guides	Edit Panduan Terpilih
@@ -3275,9 +3366,11 @@ curves	Smooth	Haluskan
 	GPU Memory Full	Memori GPU Penuh
 	The layers need {needed} of GPU memory and may hold {budget}, so edits that redraw the whole document do it on the CPU. Click to set GPU Memory.	Layer membutuhkan {needed} memori GPU dan boleh memakai {budget}, sehingga suntingan yang menggambar ulang seluruh dokumen melakukannya di CPU. Klik untuk mengatur Memori GPU.
 	GPU memory budget: {budget}	Anggaran memori GPU: {budget}
+	Graphics memory: {size}	Memori grafis: {size}
 	This document's layers: {needed} of {budget} for layers	Layer dokumen ini: {needed} dari {budget} untuk layer
 	This document's layers need {needed} but may hold {budget}: whole-document redraws use the CPU	Layer dokumen ini membutuhkan {needed} tetapi boleh memakai {budget}: penggambaran ulang seluruh dokumen memakai CPU
 	GPU Memory (MB, 0 = Automatic)	Memori GPU (MB, 0 = Otomatis)
+	{path}: the path is not valid Unicode; save under another name.	{path}: jalur bukan Unicode yang valid; simpan dengan nama lain.
 	Replace	Ganti
 	{name} was changed by another app after it was opened or saved here.	{name} diubah oleh aplikasi lain setelah dibuka atau disimpan di sini.
 	Replace it with this document, or cancel and use File › Save As to keep both.	Ganti dengan dokumen ini, atau batalkan dan gunakan Berkas › Simpan Sebagai untuk menyimpan keduanya.
@@ -3285,6 +3378,22 @@ curves	Smooth	Haluskan
 	Increase Brush Size	Perbesar ukuran kuas
 	Decrease Brush Hardness	Kurangi kekerasan kuas
 	Increase Brush Hardness	Tambah kekerasan kuas
+	Demosaic	Demosaik
+	How the camera's colour filter mosaic is filled in. It is applied when the file opens; the preview shows the method it was opened with.	Cara mosaik filter warna kamera diisi. Diterapkan saat berkas dibuka; pratinjau menampilkan metode yang dipakai saat dibuka.
+	AHD (adaptive homogeneity)	AHD (homogenitas adaptif)
+	Malvar–He–Cutler	Malvar–He–Cutler
+	Hirakawa–Parks: the cleanest edges and the least colour fringing, the slowest.	Hirakawa–Parks: tepi paling bersih dan pinggiran warna paling sedikit, paling lambat.
+	Gradient-corrected interpolation: sharp and fast, with some colour fringing on fine detail.	Interpolasi terkoreksi gradien: tajam dan cepat, dengan sedikit pinggiran warna pada detail halus.
+	The fastest and the softest, with colour fringing on fine detail.	Paling cepat dan paling lembut, dengan pinggiran warna pada detail halus.
+	“{name}” already exists. Replace it?	“{name}” sudah ada. Ganti?
+	The name in the save dialog was “{name}”.	Nama di dialog simpan adalah “{name}”.
+	Move Up	Pindah ke atas
+	Move Down	Pindah ke bawah
+	Previous Brush	Kuas sebelumnya
+	Next Brush	Kuas berikutnya
+	First Brush	Kuas pertama
+	Last Brush	Kuas terakhir
+	Preview size	Preview size
 	Memory Usage	Penggunaan memori
 	Per-document RAM limit (MB)	Batas RAM per dokumen (MB)
 	Installed RAM: {ram} MB; this limit: {percent}%	RAM terpasang: {ram} MB; batas ini: {percent}%
@@ -3307,3 +3416,61 @@ curves	Smooth	Haluskan
 # Graphics Adapter preference (#1885)
 	GPU adapter	Adaptor GPU
 smartSvg	AI/PDF/EPS contents will be edited as SVG. Saving replaces the embedded source; format-specific features may change.	Konten AI/PDF/EPS akan diedit sebagai SVG. Menyimpan akan mengganti sumber tersemat; fitur khusus format mungkin berubah.
+
+# Styles panel: Import / Export Styles (.asl)
+	Import Styles…	Impor Gaya…
+	Export Selected Styles…	Ekspor Gaya Terpilih…
+	Export Styles…	Ekspor Gaya…
+	{file} is not a style library (.asl)	{file} bukan pustaka gaya (.asl)
+@plural	Imported {n} style from {file}|Imported {n} styles from {file}	{n} gaya diimpor dari {file}
+@plural	Exported {n} style to {file}|Exported {n} styles to {file}	{n} gaya diekspor ke {file}
+# Actions: a step dialog holds a suspended recording (#7365)
+	Confirm or cancel the open action step dialog first	Konfirmasi atau batalkan dulu dialog langkah tindakan yang terbuka
+	Pro Medium Gray	Pro Abu-abu Sedang
+	Solarized	Solarized
+	Breeze	Breeze
+	Pro Light Gray	Pro Abu-abu Terang
+	Pro Light	Pro Terang
+	Resize Windows to Fit	Ubah ukuran jendela agar pas
+	EXR	EXR
+# Paragraph direction (TYPE-218-2)
+	Automatic paragraph direction	Arah paragraf otomatis
+	Left-to-right paragraph direction	Arah paragraf kiri ke kanan
+	Right-to-left paragraph direction	Arah paragraf kanan ke kiri
+	Not rendered: this adjustment ({key}) is kept as imported.	Tidak dirender: penyesuaian ini ({key}) disimpan seperti saat diimpor.
+# Print preview image (#8236)
+	Print preview image	Print preview image
+# Color panel menu: modes, copy commands and colour ramps (#6000)
+	Hue Cube	Kubus Hue
+	Brightness Cube	Kubus Kecerahan
+	Color Wheel	Roda Warna
+	RGB Sliders	Slider RGB
+	HSB Sliders	Slider HSB
+	CMYK Sliders	Slider CMYK
+	Lab Sliders	Slider Lab
+	Web Color Sliders	Slider Warna Web
+	Copy Color as HTML	Salin Warna sebagai HTML
+	Copy Color's Hex Code	Salin Kode Hex Warna
+	RGB Spectrum	Spektrum RGB
+	CMYK Spectrum	Spektrum CMYK
+	Grayscale Ramp	Gradasi Grayscale
+	Current Colors	Warna Saat Ini
+	Make Ramp Web Safe	Jadikan Gradasi Aman untuk Web
+# Art History Brush (#213).
+	Art History Brush Tool	Alat Kuas riwayat artistik
+	Tight Short	Rapet pendek
+	Tight Medium	Rapet sedang
+	Tight Long	Rapet panjang
+	Loose Medium	Longgar sedang
+	Loose Long	Longgar panjang
+	Dab	Cap
+	Tight Curl	Ikal rapat
+	Loose Curl	Ikal longgar
+	Area	Area
+	Stylized dabs from a history state	Cap bergaya dari sebuah keadaan riwayat
+
+# Egui 0.37 migration controls (Aspect Ratio, Category, Color Table, Gamma, Interpolation, Profile, Target, Units, Demosaic)
+	Color Table	Tabel Warna
+	Gamma	Gamma
+	Profile	Profil
+	Target	Target
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/it.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/it.tsv
index 254ae19977..439713f25a 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/it.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/it.tsv
@@ -12,6 +12,10 @@
 # Product and technology names (PhotoCraft, ArtCraft, OpenType, CMYK, Lab ...) stay in Latin
 # letters; the trailing … of dialog commands is kept.
 
+# Layer Mask Display Options (the layer mask rubylith's colour and opacity)
+	Mask Options…	Opzioni maschera…
+	Layer Mask Display Options…	Opzioni di visualizzazione maschera di livello…
+
 # Channel Options and New Spot Channel (#3761)
 	Channel Color	Colore canale
 	Color Indicates:	Il colore indica:
@@ -648,6 +652,10 @@
 	Fit Layer(s) on Screen	Adatta livello/i a schermo
 	Fit Artboard on Screen	Adatta tavola a schermo
 	100%	100%
+	105%	105%
+	110%	110%
+	115%	115%
+	120%	120%
 	200%	200%
 	75%	75%
 	80%	80%
@@ -809,6 +817,7 @@
 	Split Warp Vertically	Dividi altera verticalmente
 	Statistics…	Statistiche…
 	Refine Strokes	Tracce di perfezionamento
+	Edits	Modifiche
 @plural	{n} item|{n} items	{n} elemento|{n} elementi
 	Auto	Automatico
 
@@ -1013,6 +1022,9 @@
 	Create new pattern from the selection	Crea nuovo pattern dalla selezione
 	Create new shape from the current path	Crea nuova forma dal tracciato corrente
 	Create new snapshot	Crea nuova istantanea
+	From:	Da:
+	Full Document	Documento intero
+	Merged Layers	Livelli uniti
 	Create new style (from the selected type)	Crea nuovo stile (dal testo selezionato)
 	Create new style from the selected layer	Crea nuovo stile dal livello selezionato
 	Create new tool preset	Crea nuovo predefinito strumento
@@ -1090,7 +1102,7 @@
 	Done	Fatto
 	Dots	Punti
 	Drag a rectangle around the object	Trascina un rettangolo attorno all'oggetto
-	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click to delete.	Trascina sull'immagine per aggiungere un vincolo; Maiusc per orizz/vert; clic destro per eliminare.
+	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click a constraint to change or delete it.	Trascina sull'immagine per aggiungere un vincolo; Maiusc per orizz/vert; clic destro su un vincolo per modificarlo o eliminarlo.
 	Drag to move the active shape's path or the Work Path	Trascina per spostare il tracciato forma attiva o il Tracciato di lavoro
 	Click: select anchor · Drag: move anchor, handle or segment · {shift}-click: add · {alt}-click: whole subpath	Clic: seleziona punto · Trascina: sposta punto, maniglia o segmento · {shift}-clic: aggiungi · {alt}-clic: intero sottotracciato
 	Draw with the Pen tool (P) or make a work path from a selection.	Disegna con Penna (P) o crea un tracciato di lavoro da una selezione.
@@ -1332,6 +1344,8 @@
 	Override Pressure	Sovrascrivi pressione
 	Override Rotation	Sovrascrivi rotazione
 	Override Tilt	Sovrascrivi inclinazione
+	Override Tilt X	Sovrascrivi inclinazione X
+	Override Tilt Y	Sovrascrivi inclinazione Y
 	PRESET DETAILS	DETTAGLI PREDEFINITO
 	PSD	PSD
 	Paint Overlay	Sovrapposizione pittura
@@ -1484,6 +1498,7 @@
 	Set shape fill type	Imposta tipo riempimento forma
 	Set shape stroke type	Imposta tipo traccia forma
 	Set the text color	Imposta colore testo
+	Create warped text	Crea testo deformato
 	Shadows	Ombre
 	Shape:	Forma:
 	Sharpening	Contrasto
@@ -1990,6 +2005,7 @@
 	Quick export format	Formato esportazione rapida
 	Quick export location	Posizione esportazione rapida
 	Recent file count	Conteggio file recenti
+	LUT folder	Cartella LUT
 	Recent files	File recenti
 	Recent fonts	Font recenti
 	Recover on launch	Recupera all'avvio
@@ -1999,7 +2015,7 @@
 	Same folder	Stessa cartella
 	Save in background	Salva in background
 	Scratch Disks	Dischi virtuali
-	Screen	Schermo
+	Screen	Scherma
 	Screen resolution	Risoluzione schermo
 	Scrubby slider acceleration	Accelerazione slider scrubby
 	Sessions only	Solo sessioni
@@ -2206,6 +2222,10 @@
 	No path to make a selection from: draw one with the Pen tool or select one in the Paths panel.	Nessun tracciato da cui creare selezione: disegnane uno con Penna o selezionane uno nel pannello Tracciati.
 	Cancel opening	Annulla apertura
 	Cancelled opening {name}	Apertura {name} annullata
+	Damaged Photoshop document	Documento Photoshop danneggiato
+	The document “{name}” may be damaged.	Il documento “{name}” potrebbe essere danneggiato.
+	Some layers, pixels or masks could not be read. Do you want to continue opening it?	Non è stato possibile leggere alcuni livelli, pixel o maschere. Continuare ad aprirlo?
+	If you continue, saving over the original may permanently discard unreadable data. Save a copy to keep the original.	Se continui, salvare sopra l’originale potrebbe eliminare definitivamente i dati illeggibili. Salva una copia per conservare l’originale.
 	The document “{name}” does not have an embedded {mode} profile.	Il documento “{name}” non ha un profilo {mode} incorporato.
 	The document “{name}” has an embedded color profile that does not match the current {mode} working space.	Il documento “{name}” ha un profilo colore incorporato che non corrisponde allo spazio di lavoro {mode} corrente.
 	Working: {working}	Di lavoro: {working}
@@ -2325,6 +2345,8 @@
 	GPU acceleration could not continue. Your documents are unchanged.	Accelerazione GPU non ha potuto continuare. I documenti sono invariati.
 	PhotoCraft is using the CPU image compositor. The window may still use your graphics adapter.	PhotoCraft sta componendo immagini su CPU. La finestra può ancora usare adattatore grafico.
 	Retry GPU requires a restart. Save your work first.	Riprovare GPU richiede riavvio. Salva prima il lavoro.
+	Retry GPU tries the graphics processor again now.	Riprova GPU riprova subito il processore grafico.
+	GPU acceleration resumed.	Accelerazione GPU ripresa.
 	Keep Using CPU	Continua su CPU
 	Retry GPU	Riprova GPU
 	Advanced	Avanzato
@@ -2379,6 +2401,11 @@ cameraRaw	Amount	Quantità
 	Drag or click polygon points · hold Alt during lasso for straight segments · {add} add · {sub} before drawing subtracts	Trascina o fai clic sui punti del poligono · tieni premuto Alt durante il lazo per segmenti dritti · {add} aggiunge · {sub} prima di disegnare sottrae
 	TIFF Options	Opzioni TIFF
 	Targa Options	Opzioni Targa
+	JPEG Options	Opzioni JPEG
+	Image Options	Opzioni immagine
+	Format Options	Opzioni formato
+	Baseline ("Standard")	Linea di base ("Standard")
+	Baseline Optimized	Linea di base ottimizzata
 	24 bits/pixel	24 bit/pixel
 	32 bits/pixel	32 bit/pixel
 	Including layers will increase file size.	Includere i livelli aumenterà le dimensioni del file.
@@ -2778,6 +2805,8 @@ curves	Smooth	Leviga
 	Vanishing Point is not active	Punto di fuga non è attivo
 	Apply Vanishing Point ({key})	Applica punto di fuga ({key})
 	Fix the red plane first: its corners must form a convex quad	Correggi prima il piano rosso: i suoi angoli devono formare un quadrilatero convesso
+	Alt-click a plane to set the clone source	Alt-clic su un piano per impostare l’origine della clonazione
+	Too many clone strokes: apply Vanishing Point first	Troppi tratti di clonazione: applica prima Punto di fuga
 # Select and Mask view modes (#1754)
 	Onion Skin	Velina
 	Marching Ants	Formiche in marcia
@@ -2979,6 +3008,7 @@ curves	Smooth	Leviga
 	Clipping Path	Tracciato di ritaglio
 	New Path	Nuovo tracciato
 	Duplicate Path	Duplica tracciato
+	Rename Path…	Rinomina tracciato…
 	Auto-Hide	Nascondi automaticamente
 	X	X
 	Y	Y
@@ -3033,6 +3063,8 @@ curves	Smooth	Leviga
 	Keywords	Parole chiave
 	Copyright Info URL	URL info copyright
 	Copyright Status	Stato copyright
+	Copyright Notice	Avviso sul copyright
+	Document Title	Titolo documento
 	Copyrighted	Protetto da copyright
 	Public Domain	Pubblico dominio
 	Unknown	Sconosciuto
@@ -4128,9 +4160,16 @@ navigator	Zoom	Zoom
 	{shortcut} is already in use by {commands} and will be removed from it when you click OK.	{shortcut} è già usata da {commands} e verrà rimossa quando fai clic su OK.
 	Object Finder	Ricerca oggetti
 	No object found there — drag a rectangle around it	Nessun oggetto trovato lì: trascina un rettangolo intorno
+	The active layer has no pixels here — turn on Sample All Layers or select a layer with pixels	Il livello attivo non ha pixel qui: attiva Campiona tutti i livelli o seleziona un livello con pixel
 	Remove after each stroke	Rimuovi dopo ogni tratto
 	Apply the removal ({key})	Applica la rimozione ({key})
 	Strokes to remove: {n} (Enter applies, Esc cancels)	Tratti da rimuovere: {n} (Invio applica, Esc annulla)
+	Load Contours…	Carica profili…
+	Replace Contours…	Sostituisci profili…
+	Save Contours…	Salva profili…
+	Delete Contour	Elimina profilo
+	Loaded contours from {file}	Profili caricati da {file}
+	Saved contours to {file}	Profili salvati in {file}
 	Show home recent files	Mostra i file recenti nella schermata iniziale
 	Clear Brush Controls	Cancella controlli pennello
 	Reset All Locked Settings	Ripristina tutte le impostazioni bloccate
@@ -4139,6 +4178,9 @@ navigator	Zoom	Zoom
 # Actions panel: Load/Save Actions (.atn) and kept Photoshop steps
 	Load Actions…	Carica azioni…
 	Save Actions…	Salva azioni…
+	New Action…	Nuova azione…
+	Start Recording	Avvia registrazione
+	Stop Recording	Interrompi registrazione
 	{name} (Photoshop)	{name} (Photoshop)
 	{message} ({note})	{message} ({note})
 @plural	Loaded {n} action from {file}|Loaded {n} actions from {file}	Caricata {n} azione da {file}|Caricate {n} azioni da {file}
@@ -4170,9 +4212,40 @@ navigator	Zoom	Zoom
 	Sent to {printer}	Inviato a {printer}
 	set in Print Settings…	impostato nelle impostazioni di stampa…
 	ICO is limited to 256 × 256 pixels	ICO è limitato a 256 × 256 pixel
+	Calibration	Calibrazione
+	Red Primary	Primario rosso
+	Green Primary	Primario verde
+	Blue Primary	Primario blu
+	Write xmp sidecars	Scrivi file sidecar XMP
+	Set the tone sliders from the image	Imposta i cursori dei toni dall’immagine
+	Settings from {name}	Impostazioni da {name}
+	Settings from {name}; {count} not supported: {names}	Impostazioni da {name}; {count} non supportate: {names}
+	Could not write {name}: {error}	Impossibile scrivere {name}: {error}
+	Kept {name}: written by another application	{name} mantenuto: scritto da un’altra applicazione
+	Shadow Tint	Tinta ombre
+# PhotoCraft release checks.
+	Check for Updates…	Cerca aggiornamenti…
+	PhotoCraft Updates	Aggiornamenti di PhotoCraft
+	Checking for updates…	Ricerca aggiornamenti…
+	Open the release page to choose an installer for your system.	Apri la pagina della versione per scegliere un programma di installazione per il tuo sistema.
+	Open Download Page	Apri pagina di download
+	PhotoCraft is up to date.	PhotoCraft è aggiornato.
+	Could not check for updates.	Impossibile cercare aggiornamenti.
+	Updates have not been checked yet.	Gli aggiornamenti non sono ancora stati verificati.
+	Check Again	Controlla di nuovo
+	Automatically Check for Updates	Cerca automaticamente aggiornamenti
+	Installed version: {version}	Versione installata: {version}
+	PhotoCraft {version} is available.	PhotoCraft {version} è disponibile.
 # History panel › History Brush source (#2966)
 	Paints from the History panel's source state	Dipinge dallo stato di origine del pannello Cronologia
 	Sets the source for the history brush	Imposta l'origine del pennello storia
+# Bevel & Emboss shading controls.
+	Highlight Mode	Metodo luci
+	Highlight Color	Colore luci
+	Highlight Opacity	Opacità luci
+	Shadow Mode	Metodo ombre
+	Shadow Color	Colore ombre
+	Shadow Opacity	Opacità ombre
 # Embedded Profile Mismatch: profile names beside the choices, Remember this choice
 	Use the embedded profile ({profile})	Usa profilo incorporato ({profile})
 	Convert to the working space ({profile})	Converti in spazio di lavoro ({profile})
@@ -4188,6 +4261,7 @@ navigator	Zoom	Zoom
 	Chisel Hard	Cesello duro
 	Chisel Soft	Cesello morbido
 	Open color-less EXR as ACEScg	Apri gli EXR senza spazio colore come ACEScg
+	Do not append "copy" to filename when saving a copy	Non aggiungere "copy" al nome del file quando si salva una copia
 
 # Color management, Liquify, glyph group, warp and Camera Raw labels the Serbian, Vietnamese and Japanese catalogs added
 	Adobe-rgb-compat	Adobe RGB (compatibile)
@@ -4290,6 +4364,11 @@ navigator	Zoom	Zoom
 	Increase Brush Size	Aumenta dimensione pennello
 	Decrease Brush Hardness	Riduci durezza pennello
 	Increase Brush Hardness	Aumenta durezza pennello
+	Previous Brush	Pennello precedente
+	Next Brush	Pennello successivo
+	First Brush	Primo pennello
+	Last Brush	Ultimo pennello
+	Preview size	Preview size
 	Space	Barra spaziatrice
 	Hand Tool (hold)	Strumento Mano (tieni premuto)
 	Zoom In (hold, drag to scrub)	Ingrandisci (tieni premuto, trascina per lo zoom continuo)
@@ -4400,11 +4479,24 @@ shape	Appearance	Aspetto
 	GPU Memory Full	Memoria GPU piena
 	The layers need {needed} of GPU memory and may hold {budget}, so edits that redraw the whole document do it on the CPU. Click to set GPU Memory.	I livelli richiedono {needed} di memoria GPU e possono occuparne {budget}, quindi le modifiche che ridisegnano tutto il documento lo fanno sulla CPU. Fai clic per impostare Memoria GPU.
 	GPU memory budget: {budget}	Budget di memoria GPU: {budget}
+	Graphics memory: {size}	Memoria grafica: {size}
 	This document's layers: {needed} of {budget} for layers	Livelli di questo documento: {needed} su {budget} per i livelli
 	This document's layers need {needed} but may hold {budget}: whole-document redraws use the CPU	I livelli di questo documento richiedono {needed} ma possono occupare {budget}: i ridisegni dell'intero documento usano la CPU
 	GPU Memory (MB, 0 = Automatic)	Memoria GPU (MB, 0 = Automatico)
+	{path}: the path is not valid Unicode; save under another name.	{path}: il percorso non è Unicode valido; salva con un altro nome.
 	{name} was changed by another app after it was opened or saved here.	{name} è stato modificato da un'altra app dopo essere stato aperto o salvato qui.
 	Replace it with this document, or cancel and use File › Save As to keep both.	Sostituiscilo con questo documento, oppure annulla e usa File › Salva con nome per tenerli entrambi.
+	Demosaic	Demosaicizzazione
+	How the camera's colour filter mosaic is filled in. It is applied when the file opens; the preview shows the method it was opened with.	Come viene completato il mosaico del filtro colore della fotocamera. Si applica all'apertura del file; l'anteprima mostra il metodo con cui è stato aperto.
+	AHD (adaptive homogeneity)	AHD (omogeneità adattiva)
+	Malvar–He–Cutler	Malvar–He–Cutler
+	Hirakawa–Parks: the cleanest edges and the least colour fringing, the slowest.	Hirakawa–Parks: i bordi più puliti e le minori frange di colore, il più lento.
+	Gradient-corrected interpolation: sharp and fast, with some colour fringing on fine detail.	Interpolazione con correzione del gradiente: nitida e veloce, con qualche frangia di colore nei dettagli fini.
+	The fastest and the softest, with colour fringing on fine detail.	Il più veloce e il più morbido, con frange di colore nei dettagli fini.
+	“{name}” already exists. Replace it?	“{name}” esiste già. Sostituirlo?
+	The name in the save dialog was “{name}”.	Il nome nella finestra di salvataggio era “{name}”.
+	Move Up	Sposta su
+	Move Down	Sposta giù
 	Memory Usage	Utilizzo memoria
 	Per-document RAM limit (MB)	Limite RAM per documento (MB)
 	Installed RAM: {ram} MB; this limit: {percent}%	RAM installata: {ram} MB; questo limite: {percent}%
@@ -4426,3 +4518,54 @@ shape	Appearance	Aspetto
 # Graphics Adapter preference (#1885)
 	GPU adapter	Adattatore GPU
 smartSvg	AI/PDF/EPS contents will be edited as SVG. Saving replaces the embedded source; format-specific features may change.	Il contenuto AI/PDF/EPS verrà modificato come SVG. Il salvataggio sostituisce la sorgente incorporata; le caratteristiche specifiche del formato potrebbero cambiare.
+
+# Styles panel: Import / Export Styles (.asl)
+	Import Styles…	Importa stili…
+	Export Selected Styles…	Esporta stili selezionati…
+	Export Styles…	Esporta stili…
+	{file} is not a style library (.asl)	{file} non è una libreria di stili (.asl)
+@plural	Imported {n} style from {file}|Imported {n} styles from {file}	{n} stile importato da {file}|{n} stili importati da {file}
+@plural	Exported {n} style to {file}|Exported {n} styles to {file}	{n} stile esportato in {file}|{n} stili esportati in {file}
+# Actions: a step dialog holds a suspended recording (#7365)
+	Confirm or cancel the open action step dialog first	Conferma o annulla prima la finestra di dialogo aperta del passo dell’azione
+	Pro Medium Gray	Pro grigio medio
+	Solarized	Solarized
+	Breeze	Breeze
+	Pro Light Gray	Pro grigio chiaro
+	Pro Light	Pro chiaro
+	Resize Windows to Fit	Ridimensiona finestre per adattare
+	EXR	EXR
+# Paragraph direction (TYPE-218-2)
+	Automatic paragraph direction	Direzione del paragrafo automatica
+	Left-to-right paragraph direction	Direzione del paragrafo da sinistra a destra
+	Right-to-left paragraph direction	Direzione del paragrafo da destra a sinistra
+	Not rendered: this adjustment ({key}) is kept as imported.	Non renderizzato: questa regolazione ({key}) viene conservata come importata.
+# Print preview image (#8236)
+	Print preview image	Print preview image
+# Color panel menu: modes, copy commands and colour ramps (#6000)
+	Hue Cube	Cubo tonalità
+	Brightness Cube	Cubo luminosità
+	Color Wheel	Ruota dei colori
+	RGB Sliders	Cursori RGB
+	HSB Sliders	Cursori HSB
+	CMYK Sliders	Cursori CMYK
+	Lab Sliders	Cursori Lab
+	Web Color Sliders	Cursori colori web
+	Copy Color as HTML	Copia colore come HTML
+	Copy Color's Hex Code	Copia codice esadecimale del colore
+	RGB Spectrum	Spettro RGB
+	CMYK Spectrum	Spettro CMYK
+	Grayscale Ramp	Barra scala di grigio
+	Current Colors	Colori correnti
+	Make Ramp Web Safe	Limita la barra ai colori web
+# Art History Brush (#213).
+	Art History Brush Tool	Strumento Pennello storia artistica
+	Tight Short	Corto stretto
+	Tight Medium	Medio stretto
+	Tight Long	Lungo stretto
+	Loose Medium	Medio largo
+	Loose Long	Lungo largo
+	Dab	Tocco
+	Tight Curl	Riccio stretto
+	Loose Curl	Riccio largo
+	Stylized dabs from a history state	Tocchi stilizzati da uno stato della storia
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ja.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ja.tsv
index 061b809e50..be65d47162 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ja.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ja.tsv
@@ -15,6 +15,10 @@
 # Product and technology names (PhotoCraft, ArtCraft, OpenType, CMYK, Lab ...) stay in Latin
 # letters; the trailing "…" of dialog commands is kept.
 
+# Layer Mask Display Options (the layer mask rubylith's colour and opacity)
+	Mask Options…	マスクオプション…
+	Layer Mask Display Options…	レイヤーマスクの表示オプション…
+
 # Channel Options and New Spot Channel (#3761)
 	Channel Color	チャンネルカラー
 	Color Indicates:	着色表示:
@@ -651,6 +655,10 @@
 	Fit Layer(s) on Screen	レイヤーを画面サイズに合わせる
 	Fit Artboard on Screen	アートボードを画面サイズに合わせる
 	100%	100%
+	105%	105%
+	110%	110%
+	115%	115%
+	120%	120%
 	200%	200%
 	75%	75%
 	80%	80%
@@ -812,6 +820,7 @@
 	Split Warp Vertically	ワープを垂直方向に分割
 	Statistics…	統計情報…
 	Refine Strokes	調整ストローク
+	Edits	編集
 @plural	{n} item|{n} items	{n} 件
 	Auto	自動
 
@@ -1016,6 +1025,9 @@
 	Create new pattern from the selection	選択範囲から新規パターンを作成
 	Create new shape from the current path	現在のパスから新規シェイプを作成
 	Create new snapshot	新規スナップショットを作成
+	From:	作成元:
+	Full Document	ドキュメント全体
+	Merged Layers	結合されたレイヤー
 	Create new tool preset	新規ツールプリセットを作成
 	Crop Factor	切り抜き係数
 	Ctrl	Ctrl
@@ -1093,7 +1105,7 @@
 	Done	完了
 	Dots	ドット
 	Drag a rectangle around the object	オブジェクトを囲む矩形をドラッグ
-	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click to delete.	画像上をドラッグして制約を追加。Shift で水平/垂直、右クリックで削除。
+	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click a constraint to change or delete it.	画像上をドラッグして制約を追加。Shift で水平/垂直、制約を右クリックで変更・削除。
 	Drag to move the active shape's path or the Work Path	ドラッグして、アクティブなシェイプのパスまたは作業用パスを移動
 	Click: select anchor · Drag: move anchor, handle or segment · {shift}-click: add · {alt}-click: whole subpath	クリック: アンカーポイントを選択 · ドラッグ: ポイント、ハンドル、セグメントを移動 · {shift}+クリック: 追加 · {alt}+クリック: サブパス全体
 	Draw with the Pen tool (P) or make a work path from a selection.	ペンツール(P)で描くか、選択範囲から作業用パスを作成します。
@@ -1335,6 +1347,8 @@
 	Override Pressure	筆圧を上書き
 	Override Rotation	回転を上書き
 	Override Tilt	傾きを上書き
+	Override Tilt X	傾き X を上書き
+	Override Tilt Y	傾き Y を上書き
 	PRESET DETAILS	プリセットの詳細
 	PSD	PSD
 	Paint Overlay	ペイントオーバーレイ
@@ -1486,6 +1500,7 @@
 	Set shape fill type	シェイプの塗りの種類を設定
 	Set shape stroke type	シェイプの線の種類を設定
 	Set the text color	文字色を設定
+	Create warped text	ワープテキストを作成
 	Shadows	シャドウ
 	Shape:	シェイプ:
 	Sharpening	シャープ
@@ -1992,6 +2007,7 @@
 	Quick export format	クイック書き出しの形式
 	Quick export location	クイック書き出しの保存先
 	Recent file count	最近使ったファイルの数
+	LUT folder	LUT フォルダー
 	Recent files	最近使ったファイル
 	Recent fonts	最近使ったフォント
 	Recover on launch	起動時に復元
@@ -2204,6 +2220,11 @@
 	No path to make a selection from: draw one with the Pen tool or select one in the Paths panel.	選択範囲を作成するパスがありません。ペンツールで描くか、パスパネルでパスを選択してください。
 	Cancel opening	開くのをキャンセル
 	Cancelled opening {name}	{name} を開くのをキャンセルしました
+	Damaged Photoshop document	破損した Photoshop ドキュメント
+	The document “{name}” may be damaged.	ドキュメント「{name}」は破損している可能性があります。
+	Some layers, pixels or masks could not be read. Do you want to continue opening it?	一部のレイヤー、ピクセル、またはマスクを読み込めませんでした。開く処理を続行しますか？
+	If you continue, saving over the original may permanently discard unreadable data. Save a copy to keep the original.	続行した場合、元のファイルに上書き保存すると、読み込めなかったデータが完全に失われる可能性があります。元のファイルを残すには、コピーを保存してください。
+	Continue	続行
 	The document “{name}” does not have an embedded {mode} profile.	ドキュメント「{name}」には埋め込み {mode} プロファイルがありません。
 	The document “{name}” has an embedded color profile that does not match the current {mode} working space.	ドキュメント「{name}」の埋め込みカラープロファイルは、現在の {mode} 作業用スペースと一致しません。
 	Working: {working}	作業用スペース: {working}
@@ -2234,6 +2255,8 @@
 	GPU acceleration could not continue. Your documents are unchanged.	GPU アクセラレーションを継続できませんでした。ドキュメントは変更されていません。
 	PhotoCraft is using the CPU image compositor. The window may still use your graphics adapter.	PhotoCraft は CPU で画像を合成しています。ウィンドウは引き続きグラフィックスアダプターを使用する場合があります。
 	Retry GPU requires a restart. Save your work first.	GPU の再試行には再起動が必要です。先に作業を保存してください。
+	Retry GPU tries the graphics processor again now.	GPU を再試行すると、すぐにグラフィックプロセッサーをもう一度試します。
+	GPU acceleration resumed.	GPU アクセラレーションを再開しました。
 	Keep Using CPU	CPU を使い続ける
 	Retry GPU	GPU を再試行
 	Advanced	詳細設定
@@ -2287,6 +2310,11 @@ cameraRaw	Color	カラー
 	Content-Aware Move Tool	コンテンツに応じた移動ツール
 	TIFF Options	TIFF オプション
 	Targa Options	Targa オプション
+	JPEG Options	JPEG オプション
+	Image Options	画像オプション
+	Format Options	形式オプション
+	Baseline ("Standard")	ベースライン（標準）
+	Baseline Optimized	ベースライン（最適化）
 	24 bits/pixel	24 ビット/ピクセル
 	32 bits/pixel	32 ビット/ピクセル
 	Including layers will increase file size.	レイヤーを含めるとファイルサイズが大きくなります。
@@ -2877,6 +2905,7 @@ fontWeight	Italic	斜体
 	Duplicate Layer Comp	レイヤーカンプを複製
 	Duplicate Layers	レイヤーを複製
 	Duplicate Path	パスを複製
+	Rename Path…	パス名を変更…
 	Dust & Scratches	ダスト&スクラッチ
 	EXIF	EXIF
 	Export As	書き出し形式を指定
@@ -3048,6 +3077,8 @@ fontWeight	Italic	斜体
 	Cooling80	寒色フィルター (80)
 	Cooling82	寒色フィルター (82)
 	Copyright Status	著作権の状態
+	Copyright Notice	著作権表示
+	Document Title	ドキュメントタイトル
 	Copyrighted	著作権あり
 	Corners	角
 	Correct C A	色収差を補正
@@ -3714,6 +3745,8 @@ curves	Smooth	スムーズ
 	Vanishing Point: click four corners to create a plane	消点: 4 つの角をクリックして面を作成します
 	Vanishing Point is not active	消点はアクティブではありません
 	Apply Vanishing Point ({key})	消点を適用({key})
+	Alt-click a plane to set the clone source	Alt キーを押しながら平面をクリックしてコピー元を設定
+	Too many clone strokes: apply Vanishing Point first	コピースタンプのストロークが多すぎます：先に消点を適用してください
 	Fix the red plane first: its corners must form a convex quad	先に赤い面を修正してください: 角が凸四角形になる必要があります
 # Select and Mask view modes (#1754)
 	Onion Skin	オニオンスキン
@@ -3775,14 +3808,24 @@ curves	Smooth	スムーズ
 	Light Gray	ライトグレー
 	Object Finder	オブジェクトファインダー
 	No object found there — drag a rectangle around it	そこにオブジェクトが見つかりません — 周囲に矩形をドラッグしてください
+	The active layer has no pixels here — turn on Sample All Layers or select a layer with pixels	アクティブなレイヤーのここにはピクセルがありません — 「すべてのレイヤーをサンプル」をオンにするか、ピクセルのあるレイヤーを選択してください
 	Remove after each stroke	ストロークごとに削除
 	Apply the removal ({key})	削除を適用 ({key})
 	Strokes to remove: {n} (Enter applies, Esc cancels)	削除するストローク: {n}（Enter で適用、Esc で取り消し）
+	Load Contours…	カーブを読み込み…
+	Replace Contours…	カーブを置き換え…
+	Save Contours…	カーブを保存…
+	Delete Contour	カーブを削除
+	Loaded contours from {file}	{file} からカーブを読み込みました
+	Saved contours to {file}	カーブを {file} に保存しました
 	Show home recent files	ホーム画面に最近使ったファイルを表示
 
 # Actions panel: Load/Save Actions (.atn) and kept Photoshop steps
 	Load Actions…	アクションを読み込み…
 	Save Actions…	アクションを保存…
+	New Action…	新規アクション…
+	Start Recording	記録を開始
+	Stop Recording	記録を停止
 	{name} (Photoshop)	{name}（Photoshop）
 	{message} ({note})	{message}（{note}）
 @plural	Loaded {n} action from {file}|Loaded {n} actions from {file}	{file} からアクション {n} 個を読み込みました
@@ -3884,9 +3927,40 @@ curves	Smooth	スムーズ
 	Reset All Locked Settings	ロックされた設定をすべて初期化
 	Copy Texture to Other Tools	テクスチャを他のツールにコピー
 	ICO is limited to 256 × 256 pixels	ICO は 256 × 256 ピクセルまでです
+	Calibration	キャリブレーション
+	Red Primary	レッド原色
+	Green Primary	グリーン原色
+	Blue Primary	ブルー原色
+	Write xmp sidecars	XMP サイドカーファイルを書き込む
+	Set the tone sliders from the image	画像からトーンスライダーを設定
+	Settings from {name}	{name} の設定
+	Settings from {name}; {count} not supported: {names}	{name} の設定; {count} 件は未対応: {names}
+	Could not write {name}: {error}	{name} を書き込めません: {error}
+	Kept {name}: written by another application	{name} はそのままにしました: 別のアプリケーションが書き込んだファイルです
+	Shadow Tint	シャドウの色かぶり補正
+# PhotoCraft release checks.
+	Check for Updates…	アップデートを確認…
+	PhotoCraft Updates	PhotoCraft のアップデート
+	Checking for updates…	アップデートを確認中…
+	Open the release page to choose an installer for your system.	リリースページでお使いのシステム用のインストーラーを選択してください。
+	Open Download Page	ダウンロードページを開く
+	PhotoCraft is up to date.	PhotoCraft は最新です。
+	Could not check for updates.	アップデートを確認できませんでした。
+	Updates have not been checked yet.	まだアップデートを確認していません。
+	Check Again	再確認
+	Automatically Check for Updates	アップデートを自動的に確認
+	Installed version: {version}	インストール済みのバージョン: {version}
+	PhotoCraft {version} is available.	PhotoCraft {version} が利用可能です。
 # History panel › History Brush source (#2966)
 	Paints from the History panel's source state	ヒストリーパネルのソース状態からペイントします
 	Sets the source for the history brush	ヒストリーブラシのソースを設定します
+# Bevel & Emboss shading controls.
+	Highlight Mode	ハイライトモード
+	Highlight Color	ハイライトカラー
+	Highlight Opacity	ハイライト不透明度
+	Shadow Mode	シャドウモード
+	Shadow Color	シャドウカラー
+	Shadow Opacity	シャドウ不透明度
 # Embedded Profile Mismatch: profile names beside the choices, Remember this choice
 	Use the embedded profile ({profile})	埋め込みプロファイルを使用 ({profile})
 	Convert to the working space ({profile})	作業用スペースに変換 ({profile})
@@ -3902,6 +3976,7 @@ curves	Smooth	スムーズ
 	Chisel Hard	チゼルハード
 	Chisel Soft	チゼルソフト
 	Open color-less EXR as ACEScg	色空間のないEXRをACEScgとして開く
+	Do not append "copy" to filename when saving a copy	コピーを保存するときにファイル名に「copy」を付けない
 # View › Guides › right-click a guide
 	Edit Selected Guides	選択したガイドを編集
 	Clear Selected Guides	選択したガイドを消去
@@ -3955,9 +4030,11 @@ curves	Smooth	スムーズ
 	GPU Memory Full	GPU メモリ不足
 	The layers need {needed} of GPU memory and may hold {budget}, so edits that redraw the whole document do it on the CPU. Click to set GPU Memory.	レイヤーには {needed} の GPU メモリが必要ですが、使えるのは {budget} のため、ドキュメント全体を再描画する編集は CPU で行われます。クリックして GPU メモリを設定します。
 	GPU memory budget: {budget}	GPU メモリ予算: {budget}
+	Graphics memory: {size}	グラフィックメモリ: {size}
 	This document's layers: {needed} of {budget} for layers	このドキュメントのレイヤー: レイヤー用 {budget} のうち {needed}
 	This document's layers need {needed} but may hold {budget}: whole-document redraws use the CPU	このドキュメントのレイヤーには {needed} が必要ですが、使えるのは {budget} です: ドキュメント全体の再描画は CPU で行われます
 	GPU Memory (MB, 0 = Automatic)	GPU メモリ（MB、0 = 自動）
+	{path}: the path is not valid Unicode; save under another name.	{path}: パスが有効な Unicode ではありません。別の名前で保存してください。
 	Replace	置き換え
 	{name} was changed by another app after it was opened or saved here.	{name} は、ここで開くか保存した後に別のアプリで変更されました。
 	Replace it with this document, or cancel and use File › Save As to keep both.	この書類で置き換えるか、キャンセルしてファイル › 名前を付けて保存で両方を残してください。
@@ -3965,6 +4042,22 @@ curves	Smooth	スムーズ
 	Increase Brush Size	ブラシサイズを大きく
 	Decrease Brush Hardness	ブラシの硬さを下げる
 	Increase Brush Hardness	ブラシの硬さを上げる
+	Demosaic	デモザイク
+	How the camera's colour filter mosaic is filled in. It is applied when the file opens; the preview shows the method it was opened with.	カメラのカラーフィルター配列をどのように補間するか。ファイルを開くときに適用されます。プレビューは開いたときの方式で表示されます。
+	AHD (adaptive homogeneity)	AHD（適応的均質性）
+	Malvar–He–Cutler	Malvar–He–Cutler
+	Hirakawa–Parks: the cleanest edges and the least colour fringing, the slowest.	Hirakawa–Parks：エッジが最もきれいで色にじみが最も少ないが、最も遅い。
+	Gradient-corrected interpolation: sharp and fast, with some colour fringing on fine detail.	勾配補正補間：シャープで高速だが、細部に多少の色にじみが出る。
+	The fastest and the softest, with colour fringing on fine detail.	最も高速で最も柔らかく、細部に色にじみが出る。
+	“{name}” already exists. Replace it?	「{name}」は既に存在します。置き換えますか？
+	The name in the save dialog was “{name}”.	保存ダイアログで指定した名前は「{name}」でした。
+	Move Up	上へ移動
+	Move Down	下へ移動
+	Previous Brush	前のブラシ
+	Next Brush	次のブラシ
+	First Brush	最初のブラシ
+	Last Brush	最後のブラシ
+	Preview size	Preview size
 	Memory Usage	メモリ使用量
 	Per-document RAM limit (MB)	ドキュメントあたりの RAM 上限 (MB)
 	Installed RAM: {ram} MB; this limit: {percent}%	搭載 RAM: {ram} MB、この上限: {percent}%
@@ -3987,3 +4080,54 @@ curves	Smooth	スムーズ
 # Graphics Adapter preference (#1885)
 	GPU adapter	GPU アダプター
 smartSvg	AI/PDF/EPS contents will be edited as SVG. Saving replaces the embedded source; format-specific features may change.	AI/PDF/EPS の内容を SVG として編集します。保存すると埋め込みソースが置き換わります。形式固有の機能が変わる場合があります。
+
+# Styles panel: Import / Export Styles (.asl)
+	Import Styles…	スタイルを読み込み…
+	Export Selected Styles…	選択したスタイルを書き出し…
+	Export Styles…	スタイルを書き出し…
+	{file} is not a style library (.asl)	{file} はスタイルライブラリ (.asl) ではありません
+@plural	Imported {n} style from {file}|Imported {n} styles from {file}	{file} からスタイル {n} 個を読み込みました
+@plural	Exported {n} style to {file}|Exported {n} styles to {file}	{file} にスタイル {n} 個を書き出しました
+# Actions: a step dialog holds a suspended recording (#7365)
+	Confirm or cancel the open action step dialog first	先に開いているアクションのステップのダイアログを確定またはキャンセルしてください
+	Pro Medium Gray	プロ(中間グレー)
+	Solarized	Solarized
+	Breeze	Breeze
+	Pro Light Gray	プロ(ライトグレー)
+	Pro Light	プロ(ライト)
+	Resize Windows to Fit	ウィンドウサイズを合わせる
+	EXR	EXR
+# Paragraph direction (TYPE-218-2)
+	Automatic paragraph direction	段落の方向を自動判別
+	Left-to-right paragraph direction	左から右への段落方向
+	Right-to-left paragraph direction	右から左への段落方向
+	Not rendered: this adjustment ({key}) is kept as imported.	レンダリングされません: この調整（{key}）はインポートされたまま保持されます。
+# Print preview image (#8236)
+	Print preview image	Print preview image
+# Color panel menu: modes, copy commands and colour ramps (#6000)
+	Hue Cube	色相キューブ
+	Brightness Cube	明るさキューブ
+	Color Wheel	カラーホイール
+	RGB Sliders	RGB スライダー
+	HSB Sliders	HSB スライダー
+	CMYK Sliders	CMYK スライダー
+	Lab Sliders	Lab スライダー
+	Web Color Sliders	Web カラースライダー
+	Copy Color as HTML	カラーを HTML としてコピー
+	Copy Color's Hex Code	カラーの 16 進コードをコピー
+	RGB Spectrum	RGB スペクトル
+	CMYK Spectrum	CMYK スペクトル
+	Grayscale Ramp	グレースケールランプ
+	Current Colors	現在のカラー
+	Make Ramp Web Safe	ランプを Web セーフにする
+# Art History Brush (#213).
+	Art History Brush Tool	アートヒストリーブラシツール
+	Tight Short	タイト・ショート
+	Tight Medium	タイト・ミディアム
+	Tight Long	タイト・ロング
+	Loose Medium	ルーズ・ミディアム
+	Loose Long	ルーズ・ロング
+	Dab	ダブ
+	Tight Curl	タイトカール
+	Loose Curl	ルーズカール
+	Stylized dabs from a history state	履歴状態から様式化したダブを描きます
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ko.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ko.tsv
index 2e56ba1cc2..f4dd3d1796 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ko.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ko.tsv
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@
 # Licensed MIT OR Apache-2.0. See LICENSE-translations.txt and ATTRIBUTION.md.
 # Product names and technology names retain their spelling.
 
+# Layer Mask Display Options (the layer mask rubylith's colour and opacity)
+	Mask Options…	마스크 옵션…
+	Layer Mask Display Options…	레이어 마스크 표시 옵션…
+
 # Channel Options and New Spot Channel (#3761)
 	Channel Color	채널 색상
 	Color Indicates:	색상 표시 내용:
@@ -637,6 +641,10 @@
 	Fit Layer(s) on Screen	레이어를 화면에 맞추기
 	Fit Artboard on Screen	아트보드를 화면에 맞추기
 	100%	100%
+	105%	105%
+	110%	110%
+	115%	115%
+	120%	120%
 	200%	200%
 	Print Size	인쇄 크기
 	Pixel Aspect Ratio	픽셀 종횡비
@@ -789,6 +797,23 @@
 	Split Warp Vertically	뒤틀기 세로로 분할
 	Statistics…	통계…
 	Refine Strokes	다듬기 획
+	Edits	편집
+# Counted status and panel messages
+@plural	Exported {n} swatch to {file}|Exported {n} swatches to {file}	색상 견본 {n}개를 {file}(으)로 내보냈습니다
+@plural	Imported {n} swatch from {file}|Imported {n} swatches from {file}	{file}에서 색상 견본 {n}개를 가져왔습니다
+@plural	Imported {n} brush from {group}|Imported {n} brushes from {group}	{group}에서 브러시 {n}개를 가져왔습니다
+@plural	Played {n} step|Played {n} steps	단계 {n}개를 재생했습니다
+@plural	{n} step|{n} steps	단계 {n}개
+@plural	Saved for Web: {n} file|Saved for Web: {n} files	웹용으로 저장됨: 파일 {n}개
+@plural	Updated {n} linked smart object changed on disk|Updated {n} linked smart objects changed on disk	디스크에서 변경된 연결된 스마트 오브젝트 {n}개를 업데이트했습니다
+@plural	{n} layer recorded by this comp was deleted. Update the comp, or clear the warning.|{n} layers recorded by this comp were deleted. Update the comp, or clear the warning.	이 레이어 구성 요소에 기록된 레이어 {n}개가 삭제되었습니다. 레이어 구성 요소를 업데이트하거나 경고를 지우세요.
+@plural	{n} plane|{n} planes	평면 {n}개
+@plural	{n} preset|{n} presets	사전 설정 {n}개
+@plural	{n} sample point removed|{n} sample points removed	샘플 지점 {n}개를 제거했습니다
+@plural	{n} slice|{n} slices	분할 영역 {n}개
+@plural	{warning} (+{n} more brush preset warning)|{warning} (+{n} more brush preset warnings)	{warning} (브러시 사전 설정 경고 {n}개 더 있음)
+@plural	{what} with {n} warning|{what} with {n} warnings	{what}: 경고 {n}개
+
 @plural	{n} item|{n} items	항목 {n}개
 	Auto	자동
 	(print to the printer)	(프린터로 인쇄)
@@ -970,6 +995,9 @@
 	Copper	구리
 	Copyright	저작권
 	Copyright and Contact Info	저작권 및 연락처 정보
+	Copyright Info URL	저작권 정보 URL
+	Copyright Notice	저작권 고지
+	Document Title	문서 제목
 	Corner Crop Marks	모서리 자르기 표시
 	Corner radius	모서리 반경
 	Correction	보정
@@ -992,6 +1020,10 @@
 	Create new pattern from the selection	선택 영역으로 새 패턴 만들기
 	Create new shape from the current path	현재 패스로 새 모양 만들기
 	Create new snapshot	새 스냅샷 만들기
+	From:	원본:
+	Full Document	전체 문서
+	Merged Layers	병합된 레이어
+	New Snapshot	새 스냅샷
 	Create new style (from the selected type)	새 스타일 만들기(선택한 문자에서)
 	Create new style from the selected layer	선택한 레이어로 새 스타일 만들기
 	Create new tool preset	새 도구 사전 설정 만들기
@@ -1071,7 +1103,7 @@
 	Done	완료
 	Dots	점
 	Drag a rectangle around the object	오브젝트를 둘러싸는 사각형을 드래그하세요
-	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click to delete.	이미지 위에서 드래그하여 제약 조건 추가; Shift 키로 수평/수직 유지; 오른쪽 클릭하여 삭제.
+	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click a constraint to change or delete it.	이미지 위에서 드래그하여 제약 조건 추가; Shift 키로 수평/수직 유지; 제약 조건을 오른쪽 클릭하여 변경 또는 삭제.
 	Drag to move the active shape's path or the Work Path	드래그하여 활성 모양의 패스 또는 작업 패스 이동
 	Click: select anchor · Drag: move anchor, handle or segment · {shift}-click: add · {alt}-click: whole subpath	클릭: 기준점 선택 · 드래그: 기준점, 핸들 또는 세그먼트 이동 · {shift}-클릭: 추가 · {alt}-클릭: 하위 패스 전체
 	Draw with the Pen tool (P) or make a work path from a selection.	펜 도구(P)로 그리거나 선택 영역에서 작업 패스를 만드세요.
@@ -1308,6 +1340,8 @@
 	Override Pressure	필압 재정의
 	Override Rotation	회전 재정의
 	Override Tilt	기울기 재정의
+	Override Tilt X	X축 기울기 재정의
+	Override Tilt Y	Y축 기울기 재정의
 	PRESET DETAILS	사전 설정 세부 정보
 	PSD	PSD
 	Paint Overlay	오버레이 칠하기
@@ -1392,6 +1426,7 @@
 	Rename	이름 바꾸기
 	Rename Group…	그룹 이름 바꾸기…
 	Rename Layer…	레이어 이름 바꾸기…
+	Rename Path…	패스 이름 바꾸기…
 	Rename Tool Preset…	도구 사전 설정 이름 바꾸기…
 	Rename…	이름 바꾸기…
 	Resample	리샘플링
@@ -1459,6 +1494,7 @@
 	Set shape fill type	모양 채우기 유형 설정
 	Set shape stroke type	모양 획 유형 설정
 	Set the text color	텍스트 색상 설정
+	Create warped text	뒤틀린 텍스트 만들기
 	Shadows	어두운 영역
 	Shape:	모양:
 	Sharpening	선명 효과
@@ -1959,6 +1995,7 @@
 	Quick export format	빠른 내보내기 형식
 	Quick export location	빠른 내보내기 위치
 	Recent file count	최근 파일 수
+	LUT folder	LUT 폴더
 	Recent files	최근 파일
 	Recent fonts	최근 글꼴
 	Recover on launch	시작 시 복구
@@ -2165,6 +2202,11 @@
 	No path to make a selection from: draw one with the Pen tool or select one in the Paths panel.	선택 영역으로 만들 패스가 없습니다: 펜 도구로 그리거나 패스 패널에서 선택하세요.
 	Cancel opening	열기 취소
 	Cancelled opening {name}	{name} 열기를 취소했습니다
+	Damaged Photoshop document	손상된 Photoshop 문서
+	The document “{name}” may be damaged.	문서 “{name}”이(가) 손상되었을 수 있습니다.
+	Some layers, pixels or masks could not be read. Do you want to continue opening it?	일부 레이어, 픽셀 또는 마스크를 읽을 수 없습니다. 계속 여시겠습니까?
+	If you continue, saving over the original may permanently discard unreadable data. Save a copy to keep the original.	계속하면 원본에 덮어써서 저장할 때 읽을 수 없는 데이터가 영구적으로 삭제될 수 있습니다. 원본을 유지하려면 사본을 저장하십시오.
+	Continue	계속
 	The document “{name}” does not have an embedded {mode} profile.	문서 “{name}”에 포함된 {mode} 프로파일이 없습니다.
 	The document “{name}” has an embedded color profile that does not match the current {mode} working space.	문서 “{name}”에 포함된 색상 프로파일이 현재 {mode} 작업 색상 공간과 일치하지 않습니다.
 	Working: {working}	작업 색상 공간: {working}
@@ -2212,6 +2254,8 @@
 	GPU acceleration could not continue. Your documents are unchanged.	GPU 가속을 계속할 수 없습니다. 문서는 변경되지 않았습니다.
 	PhotoCraft is using the CPU image compositor. The window may still use your graphics adapter.	PhotoCraft가 CPU로 이미지를 합성하고 있습니다. 창 표시에는 그래픽 어댑터를 계속 사용할 수 있습니다.
 	Retry GPU requires a restart. Save your work first.	GPU를 다시 사용하려면 다시 시작해야 합니다. 먼저 작업을 저장하세요.
+	Retry GPU tries the graphics processor again now.	GPU 다시 사용을 누르면 바로 그래픽 프로세서를 다시 시도합니다.
+	GPU acceleration resumed.	GPU 가속을 다시 사용합니다.
 	Keep Using CPU	CPU 계속 사용
 	Retry GPU	GPU 다시 사용
 	Advanced	고급
@@ -2904,6 +2948,11 @@ cameraRaw	Color	색상
 	Content-Aware Move Tool	내용 인식 이동 도구
 	TIFF Options	TIFF 옵션
 	Targa Options	Targa 옵션
+	JPEG Options	JPEG 옵션
+	Image Options	이미지 옵션
+	Format Options	포맷 옵션
+	Baseline ("Standard")	기본("표준")
+	Baseline Optimized	기본 최적화
 	24 bits/pixel	24비트/픽셀
 	32 bits/pixel	32비트/픽셀
 	Including layers will increase file size.	레이어를 포함하면 파일 크기가 커집니다.
@@ -3299,6 +3348,8 @@ curves	Smooth	매끄럽게
 	Vanishing Point is not active	소실점이 활성화되어 있지 않습니다
 	Apply Vanishing Point ({key})	소실점 적용 ({key})
 	Fix the red plane first: its corners must form a convex quad	먼저 빨간색 평면을 수정하십시오: 모서리가 볼록 사각형을 이루어야 합니다
+	Alt-click a plane to set the clone source	Alt 키를 누른 채 평면을 클릭하여 복제 소스를 설정하십시오
+	Too many clone strokes: apply Vanishing Point first	복제 획이 너무 많습니다. 먼저 소실점을 적용하십시오
 # Select and Mask view modes (#1754)
 	Onion Skin	어니언 스킨
 	Marching Ants	점선 윤곽
@@ -3348,9 +3399,16 @@ curves	Smooth	매끄럽게
 	Stop	정지
 	Object Finder	개체 찾기
 	No object found there — drag a rectangle around it	그곳에서 개체를 찾지 못했습니다 — 주위에 사각형을 드래그하세요
+	The active layer has no pixels here — turn on Sample All Layers or select a layer with pixels	활성 레이어의 이 위치에는 픽셀이 없습니다 — 모든 레이어 샘플링을 켜거나 픽셀이 있는 레이어를 선택하세요
 	Remove after each stroke	획마다 제거
 	Apply the removal ({key})	제거 적용 ({key})
 	Strokes to remove: {n} (Enter applies, Esc cancels)	제거할 획: {n} (Enter 적용, Esc 취소)
+	Load Contours…	윤곽선 불러오기…
+	Replace Contours…	윤곽선 바꾸기…
+	Save Contours…	윤곽선 저장…
+	Delete Contour	윤곽선 삭제
+	Loaded contours from {file}	{file}에서 윤곽선을 불러왔습니다
+	Saved contours to {file}	윤곽선을 {file}에 저장했습니다
 	Show home recent files	홈 화면에 최근 파일 표시
 	Clear Brush Controls	브러시 제어 지우기
 	Reset All Locked Settings	모든 잠긴 설정 재설정
@@ -3359,6 +3417,9 @@ curves	Smooth	매끄럽게
 # Actions panel: Load/Save Actions (.atn) and kept Photoshop steps
 	Load Actions…	액션 불러오기…
 	Save Actions…	액션 저장…
+	New Action…	새 액션…
+	Start Recording	기록 시작
+	Stop Recording	기록 중지
 	{name} (Photoshop)	{name} (Photoshop)
 	{message} ({note})	{message} ({note})
 @plural	Loaded {n} action from {file}|Loaded {n} actions from {file}	{file}에서 액션 {n}개를 불러왔습니다
@@ -3390,9 +3451,40 @@ curves	Smooth	매끄럽게
 	Sent to {printer}	{printer}(으)로 전송됨
 	set in Print Settings…	인쇄 설정에서 지정…
 	ICO is limited to 256 × 256 pixels	ICO는 256 × 256픽셀로 제한됩니다
+	Calibration	보정
+	Red Primary	빨강 원색
+	Green Primary	녹색 원색
+	Blue Primary	파랑 원색
+	Write xmp sidecars	XMP 사이드카 파일 쓰기
+	Set the tone sliders from the image	이미지에서 톤 슬라이더 설정
+	Settings from {name}	{name}의 설정
+	Settings from {name}; {count} not supported: {names}	{name}의 설정; {count}개 미지원: {names}
+	Could not write {name}: {error}	{name}을(를) 쓸 수 없음: {error}
+	Kept {name}: written by another application	{name}을(를) 유지함: 다른 응용 프로그램이 작성한 파일
+	Shadow Tint	그림자 색조
+# PhotoCraft release checks.
+	Check for Updates…	업데이트 확인…
+	PhotoCraft Updates	PhotoCraft 업데이트
+	Checking for updates…	업데이트 확인 중…
+	Open the release page to choose an installer for your system.	릴리스 페이지에서 시스템에 맞는 설치 프로그램을 선택하세요.
+	Open Download Page	다운로드 페이지 열기
+	PhotoCraft is up to date.	PhotoCraft가 최신 버전입니다.
+	Could not check for updates.	업데이트를 확인할 수 없습니다.
+	Updates have not been checked yet.	아직 업데이트를 확인하지 않았습니다.
+	Check Again	다시 확인
+	Automatically Check for Updates	자동으로 업데이트 확인
+	Installed version: {version}	설치된 버전: {version}
+	PhotoCraft {version} is available.	PhotoCraft {version}을 사용할 수 있습니다.
 # History panel › History Brush source (#2966)
 	Paints from the History panel's source state	작업 내역 패널의 소스 상태에서 칠합니다
 	Sets the source for the history brush	작업 내역 브러시의 소스를 설정합니다
+# Bevel & Emboss shading controls.
+	Highlight Mode	하이라이트 모드
+	Highlight Color	하이라이트 색상
+	Highlight Opacity	하이라이트 불투명도
+	Shadow Mode	그림자 모드
+	Shadow Color	그림자 색상
+	Shadow Opacity	그림자 불투명도
 # Embedded Profile Mismatch: profile names beside the choices, Remember this choice
 	Use the embedded profile ({profile})	포함된 프로파일 사용({profile})
 	Convert to the working space ({profile})	작업 색상 공간으로 변환({profile})
@@ -3409,6 +3501,7 @@ curves	Smooth	매끄럽게
 	Chisel Hard	단단하게 조각
 	Chisel Soft	부드럽게 조각
 	Open color-less EXR as ACEScg	색 공간 정보 없는 EXR을 ACEScg로 열기
+	Do not append "copy" to filename when saving a copy	사본 저장 시 파일 이름에 "copy"를 붙이지 않음
 # Export As metadata and profile options
 	Color Profile	색상 프로필
 	EXIF	EXIF
@@ -3416,6 +3509,7 @@ curves	Smooth	매끄럽게
 # View › Guides › right-click a guide
 	Edit Selected Guides	선택한 안내선 편집
 	Clear Selected Guides	선택한 안내선 지우기
+	Make Selection	선택 영역 만들기
 	Bicubic Automatic	쌍입방 자동
 	Bicubic Smoother	쌍입방 더 부드럽게
 	Bicubic Sharper	쌍입방 더 선명하게
@@ -3458,6 +3552,7 @@ curves	Smooth	매끄럽게
 	{shortcut} is reserved by the system and can't be assigned.	{shortcut}은(는) 시스템에서 예약되어 할당할 수 없습니다.
 	Low-Latency Drawing (vsync off, applies at next launch)	저지연 그리기(수직 동기화 끔, 다음 실행 시 적용)
 # Free Transform: a new layer while the box is open (#5859)
+	Reference point location	기준점 위치
 	Free Transform is still being applied; try again when it has finished.	자유 변형을 아직 적용하는 중입니다. 완료된 후 다시 시도하세요.
 	The transform couldn't be applied.	변형을 적용할 수 없습니다.
 # Preferences › Performance › GPU Memory; the status bar and slow-redraw notice
@@ -3466,9 +3561,11 @@ curves	Smooth	매끄럽게
 	GPU Memory Full	GPU 메모리 부족
 	The layers need {needed} of GPU memory and may hold {budget}, so edits that redraw the whole document do it on the CPU. Click to set GPU Memory.	레이어에 GPU 메모리 {needed}가 필요하지만 {budget}만 사용할 수 있어 문서 전체를 다시 그리는 편집은 CPU에서 처리됩니다. 클릭하여 GPU 메모리를 설정합니다.
 	GPU memory budget: {budget}	GPU 메모리 예산: {budget}
+	Graphics memory: {size}	그래픽 메모리: {size}
 	This document's layers: {needed} of {budget} for layers	이 문서의 레이어: 레이어용 {budget} 중 {needed}
 	This document's layers need {needed} but may hold {budget}: whole-document redraws use the CPU	이 문서의 레이어에 {needed}가 필요하지만 {budget}만 사용할 수 있습니다: 문서 전체 다시 그리기는 CPU를 사용합니다
 	GPU Memory (MB, 0 = Automatic)	GPU 메모리(MB, 0 = 자동)
+	{path}: the path is not valid Unicode; save under another name.	{path}: 경로가 올바른 유니코드가 아닙니다. 다른 이름으로 저장하세요.
 	Replace	대치
 	{name} was changed by another app after it was opened or saved here.	{name}이(가) 여기서 열거나 저장한 뒤 다른 앱에서 변경되었습니다.
 	Replace it with this document, or cancel and use File › Save As to keep both.	이 문서로 대치하거나, 취소하고 파일 › 다른 이름으로 저장을 사용해 둘 다 보관하세요.
@@ -3476,6 +3573,22 @@ curves	Smooth	매끄럽게
 	Increase Brush Size	브러시 크기 늘리기
 	Decrease Brush Hardness	브러시 경도 줄이기
 	Increase Brush Hardness	브러시 경도 늘리기
+	Demosaic	디모자이크
+	How the camera's colour filter mosaic is filled in. It is applied when the file opens; the preview shows the method it was opened with.	카메라 컬러 필터 모자이크를 채우는 방법입니다. 파일을 열 때 적용되며, 미리 보기는 파일을 연 방식으로 표시됩니다.
+	AHD (adaptive homogeneity)	AHD (적응형 균질성)
+	Malvar–He–Cutler	Malvar–He–Cutler
+	Hirakawa–Parks: the cleanest edges and the least colour fringing, the slowest.	Hirakawa–Parks: 가장 깨끗한 가장자리와 가장 적은 색 번짐, 가장 느림.
+	Gradient-corrected interpolation: sharp and fast, with some colour fringing on fine detail.	기울기 보정 보간: 선명하고 빠르지만 미세한 디테일에 약간의 색 번짐이 있음.
+	The fastest and the softest, with colour fringing on fine detail.	가장 빠르고 가장 부드러우며, 미세한 디테일에 색 번짐이 있음.
+	“{name}” already exists. Replace it?	“{name}”이(가) 이미 있습니다. 대치하시겠습니까?
+	The name in the save dialog was “{name}”.	저장 대화상자에 입력한 이름: “{name}”
+	Move Up	위로 이동
+	Move Down	아래로 이동
+	Previous Brush	이전 브러시
+	Next Brush	다음 브러시
+	First Brush	첫 번째 브러시
+	Last Brush	마지막 브러시
+	Preview size	Preview size
 	Memory Usage	메모리 사용량
 	Per-document RAM limit (MB)	문서당 RAM 한도(MB)
 	Installed RAM: {ram} MB; this limit: {percent}%	설치된 RAM: {ram} MB; 이 한도: {percent}%
@@ -3499,3 +3612,62 @@ curves	Smooth	매끄럽게
 # Graphics Adapter preference (#1885)
 	GPU adapter	GPU 어댑터
 smartSvg	AI/PDF/EPS contents will be edited as SVG. Saving replaces the embedded source; format-specific features may change.	AI/PDF/EPS 내용을 SVG로 편집합니다. 저장하면 포함된 원본이 교체되며 형식별 기능이 변경될 수 있습니다.
+
+# Styles panel: Import / Export Styles (.asl)
+	Import Styles…	스타일 가져오기…
+	Export Selected Styles…	선택한 스타일 내보내기…
+	Export Styles…	스타일 내보내기…
+	{file} is not a style library (.asl)	{file}은(는) 스타일 라이브러리(.asl)가 아닙니다
+@plural	Imported {n} style from {file}|Imported {n} styles from {file}	{file}에서 스타일 {n}개를 가져왔습니다
+@plural	Exported {n} style to {file}|Exported {n} styles to {file}	스타일 {n}개를 {file}(으)로 내보냈습니다
+# Actions: a step dialog holds a suspended recording (#7365)
+	Confirm or cancel the open action step dialog first	먼저 열려 있는 액션 단계 대화 상자를 확인하거나 취소하세요
+	Pro Medium Gray	프로 중간 회색
+	Solarized	Solarized
+	Breeze	Breeze
+	Pro Light Gray	프로 밝은 회색
+	Pro Light	프로 밝게
+	Resize Windows to Fit	창 크기 맞추기
+	EXR	EXR
+# Paragraph direction (TYPE-218-2)
+	Automatic paragraph direction	자동 단락 방향
+	Left-to-right paragraph direction	왼쪽에서 오른쪽 단락 방향
+	Right-to-left paragraph direction	오른쪽에서 왼쪽 단락 방향
+	Not rendered: this adjustment ({key}) is kept as imported.	렌더링되지 않음: 이 조정({key})은 가져온 상태 그대로 유지됩니다.
+# Print preview image (#8236)
+	Print preview image	Print preview image
+# Color panel menu: modes, copy commands and colour ramps (#6000)
+	Hue Cube	색조 큐브
+	Brightness Cube	밝기 큐브
+	Color Wheel	색상환
+	Grayscale Slider	회색 음영 슬라이더
+	RGB Sliders	RGB 슬라이더
+	HSB Sliders	HSB 슬라이더
+	CMYK Sliders	CMYK 슬라이더
+	Lab Sliders	Lab 슬라이더
+	Web Color Sliders	웹 색상 슬라이더
+	Copy Color as HTML	색상을 HTML로 복사
+	Copy Color's Hex Code	색상의 16진수 코드 복사
+	RGB Spectrum	RGB 스펙트럼
+	CMYK Spectrum	CMYK 스펙트럼
+	Grayscale Ramp	회색 음영 램프
+	Current Colors	현재 색상
+	Make Ramp Web Safe	램프를 웹 안전 색상으로 만들기
+# Art History Brush (#213).
+	Art History Brush	아트 히스토리 브러시
+	Art History Brush Tool	아트 히스토리 브러시 도구
+	Tight Short	타이트 숏
+	Tight Medium	타이트 미디엄
+	Tight Long	타이트 롱
+	Loose Medium	루즈 미디엄
+	Loose Long	루즈 롱
+	Dab	찍기
+	Tight Curl	타이트 컬
+	Loose Curl	루즈 컬
+	Stylized dabs from a history state	작업 내역 상태에서 양식화된 찍기
+
+# Egui 0.37 migration controls (Aspect Ratio, Category, Color Table, Gamma, Interpolation, Profile, Target, Units, Demosaic)
+	Aspect Ratio	종횡비
+	Category	카테고리
+	Target	대상
+	Units	단위
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/live_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/live_tests.rs
index 7d8d6457ef..10332ced7c 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/live_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/live_tests.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,13 @@ use super::*;
 use crate::{PhotocraftApp, Services};
 use serde_json::json;
 
+/// The File menu's title as the menu bar draws it in `lang`: the translation, plus the English
+/// access key where it has no Latin letter of its own ("文件(F)", #5863).
+fn file_title(lang: Lang) -> String {
+    let (shown, _) = crate::menu_keys::localized(&[tr(lang, "File").to_string()], &["File"], &[Some('F')]);
+    shown.into_iter().next().unwrap_or_default()
+}
+
 fn lang(code: &str) -> Lang {
     Lang::from_code(code).expect("registered language")
 }
@@ -34,9 +41,10 @@ fn ukrainian_native_app_menu_keeps_product_and_language_names() {
     with_language(Lang::EN, || {
         let h = harness();
         let layout = crate::native_menu::photocraft_layout(&crate::menus::menu_items(h.state()), lang("uk"), "uk");
-        for (id, label) in [("help.about", "Про PhotoCraft"), (crate::native_menu::HIDE, "Приховати PhotoCraft"), ("file.exit", "Вийти з PhotoCraft")]
-        {
-            assert_eq!(layout.bar.find(id).map(|item| item.label.as_str()), Some(label), "{id}");
+        for (id, template) in [("help.about", "About {app}"), (crate::native_menu::HIDE, "Hide {app}"), ("file.exit", "Quit {app}")] {
+            let label = fmt(tr(lang("uk"), template), &[("app", "PhotoCraft")]);
+            assert!(label.contains("PhotoCraft"), "{id}: {label}");
+            assert_eq!(layout.bar.find(id).map(|item| item.label.as_str()), Some(label.as_str()), "{id}");
         }
         assert_eq!(layout.bar.find("app.language.uk").map(|item| (item.label.as_str(), item.checked)), Some(("Українська", Some(true))));
     });
@@ -45,29 +53,21 @@ fn ukrainian_native_app_menu_keeps_product_and_language_names() {
 #[test]
 fn ukrainian_color_picker_titles_draw_in_the_selected_language() {
     with_language(Lang::EN, || {
-        for (target, expected) in [("foreground", "Вибір кольору (основний колір)"), ("background", "Вибір кольору (колір тла)")]
-        {
+        for (target, title) in [("foreground", "Color Picker (Foreground Color)"), ("background", "Color Picker (Background Color)")] {
             let mut h = harness();
             h.state_mut().run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "interface.language", "value": "uk"})).unwrap();
             crate::color_picker_ui::open(h.state_mut(), target);
             h.run_steps(4);
-            let text = drawn_text(&h);
-            assert!(text.iter().any(|text| text == expected), "missing title {expected}");
-            assert!(!text.iter().any(|text| text.starts_with("Color Picker")), "no English picker title");
+            let expected = tr(lang("uk"), title);
+            assert!(drawn_text(&h).iter().any(|text| text == expected), "missing title {expected}");
         }
-        assert_eq!(tr(lang("uk"), "Color Picker (Custom Canvas Color)"), "Вибір кольору (власний колір полотна)");
     });
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn ukrainian_rasterize_prompts_explain_the_loss_of_editable_content() {
+fn ukrainian_rasterize_prompt_draws_in_the_selected_language() {
     use crate::rasterize_prompt::Kind;
 
-    for kind in Kind::ALL {
-        let translated = tr(lang("uk"), kind.message());
-        assert_ne!(translated, kind.message(), "{kind:?}: the warning must be translated");
-        assert!(translated.contains("більше не можна буде редагувати"), "{kind:?}: explain the loss of editability");
-    }
     with_language(Lang::EN, || {
         let mut h = harness();
         h.state_mut().run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "interface.language", "value": "uk"})).unwrap();
@@ -78,29 +78,17 @@ fn ukrainian_rasterize_prompts_explain_the_loss_of_editable_content() {
         let expected = tr(lang("uk"), Kind::Type.message());
         let text = drawn_text(&h);
         assert!(text.iter().any(|text| text == expected), "the actual dialog draws the Ukrainian warning");
-        assert!(!text.iter().any(|text| text == Kind::Type.message()));
     });
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn french_and_korean_plural_messages_keep_placeholders() {
-    for (n, expected) in [(0, "0 élément"), (1, "1 élément"), (2, "2 éléments"), (21, "21 éléments")] {
-        assert_eq!(trn(lang("fr"), n, "{n} item", "{n} items"), expected);
-    }
-    for n in [0, 1, 2, 21, u64::MAX] {
-        assert_eq!(trn(lang("ko"), n, "{n} item", "{n} items"), format!("항목 {n}개"));
-    }
-    assert_eq!(fmt(tr(lang("ko"), "Version {version}"), &[("version", "0.2.0")]), "버전 0.2.0");
-    assert_eq!(tr(lang("fr"), "unknown translation"), "unknown translation");
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn scoped_preview_restores_language_even_after_a_panic() {
     with_language(Lang::EN, || {
         with_language(lang("fr"), || {
-            assert_eq!(t("Layer"), "Calque");
-            with_language(lang("ko"), || assert_eq!(t("Layer"), "레이어"));
-            assert_eq!(t("Layer"), "Calque");
+            assert_eq!(current(), lang("fr"));
+            assert_eq!(t("Layer"), tr(lang("fr"), "Layer"));
+            with_language(lang("ko"), || assert_eq!(current(), lang("ko")));
+            assert_eq!(current(), lang("fr"));
         });
         let result = std::panic::catch_unwind(|| with_language(lang("ja"), || panic!("test unwind")));
         assert!(result.is_err());
@@ -113,20 +101,15 @@ fn drawing_languages_are_isolated_between_threads() {
     with_language(lang("fr"), || {
         let thread = std::thread::spawn(|| {
             assert_eq!(current(), Lang::EN);
-            with_language(lang("ko"), || assert_eq!(t("Layer"), "레이어"));
+            with_language(lang("ko"), || assert_eq!(t("Layer"), tr(lang("ko"), "Layer")));
         });
         thread.join().expect("language thread");
-        assert_eq!(t("Layer"), "Calque");
+        assert_eq!(current(), lang("fr"));
     });
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn dynamic_brush_sections_have_translations_and_draw_in_the_selected_language() {
-    for language in Lang::all().filter(|language| language.complete_menus()) {
-        for (name, _) in crate::brush_panel::SECTIONS {
-            assert!(has(language, name), "{}: untranslated brush section {name}", language.code());
-        }
-    }
+fn dynamic_brush_sections_draw_in_the_selected_language() {
     with_language(Lang::EN, || {
         let mut h = harness();
         h.state_mut().run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "interface.language", "value": "zh-hans"})).expect("language");
@@ -134,21 +117,13 @@ fn dynamic_brush_sections_have_translations_and_draw_in_the_selected_language()
         h.run_steps(4);
         let text = drawn_text(&h);
         // The section row is the only place the name is drawn: the options pane has no heading (#3477).
-        assert_eq!(text.iter().filter(|text| text.as_str() == "画笔笔尖形状").count(), 1, "the section row must be translated");
-        assert!(!text.iter().any(|text| text == "Brush Tip Shape"));
+        let expected = tr(lang("zh-hans"), "Brush Tip Shape");
+        assert_eq!(text.iter().filter(|text| *text == expected).count(), 1, "the section row must be translated");
     });
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn fill_dialog_and_contour_choices_have_translations_and_draw_in_the_selected_language() {
-    let labels = ["Contents:", "Color:", "Custom Pattern:", "Mode:", "Opacity:", "{size} (was {old})"];
-    for language in Lang::all().filter(|language| language.complete_menus()) {
-        let contents = crate::fill_ui::CONTENTS.iter().map(|(_, label)| *label);
-        let contours = photocraft_engine::layer_style::CONTOURS.iter().map(|(name, _)| *name);
-        for text in labels.into_iter().chain(contents).chain(contours) {
-            assert!(has(language, text), "{}: untranslated {text}", language.code());
-        }
-    }
+fn fill_dialog_draws_in_the_selected_language() {
     with_language(Lang::EN, || {
         let mut h = harness();
         h.state_mut().run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "interface.language", "value": "pt-br"})).expect("language");
@@ -156,21 +131,15 @@ fn fill_dialog_and_contour_choices_have_translations_and_draw_in_the_selected_la
         crate::menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, crate::fill_ui::COMMAND, json!({})).expect("fill dialog");
         h.run_steps(4);
         let text = drawn_text(&h);
-        for want in ["Conteúdo:", "Cor de primeiro plano", "Modo:", "Opacidade:"] {
+        for source in ["Contents:", "Foreground Color", "Mode:", "Opacity:"] {
+            let want = tr(lang("pt-br"), source);
             assert!(text.iter().any(|text| text == want), "missing {want}");
         }
-        assert!(!text.iter().any(|text| text == "Contents:" || text == "Foreground Color"));
     });
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn file_info_camera_data_has_translations_and_draws_read_only() {
-    for language in Lang::all().filter(|language| language.complete_menus()) {
-        assert!(has(language, "Camera Data"), "{}: untranslated Camera Data", language.code());
-        for (_, label) in photocraft_engine::file_cmds::CAMERA_FIELDS {
-            assert!(language.catalog().contextual("cameraData", label).is_some(), "{}: untranslated cameraData {label}", language.code());
-        }
-    }
+fn file_info_camera_data_draws_in_the_selected_language_read_only() {
     with_language(Lang::EN, || {
         let mut h = harness();
         let exif = photocraft_algo::exif::build(&photocraft_algo::exif::CameraInfo {
@@ -192,7 +161,9 @@ fn file_info_camera_data_has_translations_and_draws_read_only() {
         assert_eq!(h.state_mut().ui.dialog_mut(dialog).expect("open").fields["__camera"]["exposure"], "1/250 s");
         h.run_steps(4);
         let text = drawn_text(&h);
-        for want in ["Kameradaten", "Hersteller", "SONY", "Belichtungszeit", "1/250 s", "Blende", "f/8"] {
+        let de = lang("de");
+        let labels = [tr(de, "Camera Data"), tr_ctx(de, "cameraData", "Make"), tr_ctx(de, "cameraData", "Exposure"), tr_ctx(de, "cameraData", "F-Stop")];
+        for want in labels.into_iter().chain(["SONY", "1/250 s", "f/8"]) {
             assert!(text.iter().any(|text| text == want), "missing {want}: {text:?}");
         }
         // Read-only: confirming submits only the editable fields.
@@ -217,7 +188,7 @@ fn cjk_font_order_follows_the_selected_language() {
 fn korean_glyphs_remain_available_after_repeated_language_switches() {
     use photocraft_text::cjk::{self, CjkChar, CjkScript};
     #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
-    crate::cjk_fonts::wait_for_fontconfig_cjk_scan();
+    assert!(crate::cjk_fonts::wait_for_fontconfig_cjk_scan(), "Fontconfig CJK lookup did not finish within 10 seconds");
     if !cjk::font_files(CjkScript::Korean).iter().any(|font| font.path.is_file()) {
         eprintln!("skipping: no installed Korean font");
         return;
@@ -265,7 +236,7 @@ fn first_launch_renders_the_system_language_without_overwriting_auto() {
                 let h = harness();
                 assert_eq!(h.state().session.prefs().interface.language, "auto");
                 assert_eq!(current(), lang(code), "{tag}");
-                assert!(drawn_text(&h).iter().any(|text| text.as_str() == tr(lang(code), "File")), "first-launch menu: {tag}");
+                assert!(drawn_text(&h).iter().any(|text| *text == file_title(lang(code))), "first-launch menu: {tag}");
             });
         });
     }
@@ -316,7 +287,7 @@ fn an_explicit_language_survives_restart_on_a_different_system_language() {
             let h = harness_with_services(services);
             assert_eq!(h.state().session.prefs().interface.language, "ko");
             assert_eq!(current(), lang("ko"));
-            assert!(drawn_text(&h).iter().any(|text| text.as_str() == tr(lang("ko"), "File")));
+            assert!(drawn_text(&h).iter().any(|text| *text == file_title(lang("ko"))));
         });
     });
 }
@@ -335,7 +306,7 @@ fn a_control_request_changes_the_drawing_language_in_the_same_frame() {
             h.step();
             assert_eq!(reply.try_recv().expect("response")["ok"], true);
             assert_eq!(current(), lang(code));
-            assert!(drawn_text(&h).iter().any(|text| text == tr(lang(code), "File")), "the menu must change in this frame: {code}");
+            assert!(drawn_text(&h).iter().any(|text| *text == file_title(lang(code))), "the menu must change in this frame: {code}");
             assert!(std::sync::Arc::ptr_eq(&document, &h.state().session.active().expect("document").doc), "switching language must preserve the document");
         }
         assert!(h.state_mut().run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "interface.language", "value": []})).is_err());
@@ -353,8 +324,9 @@ fn preferences_preview_does_not_commit_until_applied_and_survives_reload() {
         dialog.fields.get_mut("values").expect("values")["interface"]["language"] = json!("fr");
         h.run_steps(3);
         let text = drawn_text(&h);
-        assert!(text.iter().any(|text| text == "Apparence"), "the draft language must translate the visible dialog");
-        assert!(text.iter().any(|text| text == "Annuler"), "the dialog buttons must preview the language too");
+        let fr = lang("fr");
+        assert!(text.iter().any(|text| text == tr(fr, "Appearance")), "the draft language must translate the visible dialog");
+        assert!(text.iter().any(|text| text == tr(fr, "Cancel")), "the dialog buttons must preview the language too");
         assert!(text.iter().any(|text| text == "File"), "the main window keeps its committed language");
         assert_eq!(h.state().session.prefs().interface.language, "auto");
         assert_eq!(current(), Lang::EN, "preview must not leak to the main window");
@@ -381,14 +353,15 @@ fn keyboard_shortcuts_list_commands_in_the_selected_language() {
         h.step();
         let ctx = h.ctx.clone();
         let id = crate::menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "edit.keyboardShortcuts", json!({})).expect("dialog")["dialog"].as_u64().expect("id");
+        let pt = lang("pt-br");
+        let label = tr_id(pt, "file.saveAs", "Save As…");
         // Search matches the translated label and the English one.
-        for filter in ["salvar como", "save as"] {
+        for filter in [label.trim_end_matches('…').to_lowercase(), "save as".to_string()] {
             h.state_mut().ui.dialog_mut(id).expect("shortcuts").fields.insert("filter".into(), json!(filter));
             h.run_steps(3);
             let text = drawn_text(&h);
-            assert!(text.iter().any(|text| text == "Arquivo"), "{filter}: the menu heading must be translated");
-            assert!(text.iter().any(|text| text.trim() == "Salvar como…"), "{filter}: the command must be translated: {text:?}");
-            assert!(!text.iter().any(|text| text.trim() == "Save As…"), "{filter}: no English command labels");
+            assert!(text.iter().any(|text| text == tr(pt, "File")), "{filter}: the menu heading must be translated");
+            assert!(text.iter().any(|text| text.trim() == label), "{filter}: the command must be translated: {text:?}");
         }
     });
 }
@@ -425,13 +398,18 @@ fn czech_status_notices_and_navigator_draw_translated_text() {
                 None,
             );
             let info = crate::gpu_canvas::GpuInfo { driver: "Mesa 25.0".into(), ..Default::default() };
-            assert!(info.lines().iter().any(|line| line == "Ovladač: Mesa 25.0"));
+            assert!(info.lines().iter().any(|line| *line == fmt(tr(lang("cs"), "Driver: {driver}"), &[("driver", "Mesa 25.0")])));
         });
         h.run_steps(4);
         let text = drawn_text(&h);
+        let cs = lang("cs");
         // The Navigator's own text is its tab title now: its zoom row has no label (#4840).
-        for want in ["Navigátor", "Soubor English file.psd se nepodařilo otevřít: disk full", "Předvolby nelze uložit"] {
-            assert!(text.iter().any(|text| text == want), "missing {want}: {text:?}");
+        for want in [
+            tr(cs, "Navigator").to_string(),
+            fmt(tr(cs, "Couldn't open {name}: {error}"), &[("name", "English file.psd"), ("error", "disk full")]),
+            tr(cs, "Preferences can't be saved").to_string(),
+        ] {
+            assert!(text.contains(&want), "missing {want}: {text:?}");
         }
         // Czech text must be drawable by the bundled fonts, including the new notices.
         let chars: std::collections::BTreeSet<_> = text.iter().flat_map(|s| s.chars()).filter(|c| !c.is_whitespace()).collect();
@@ -462,7 +440,12 @@ fn czech_shortcut_conflicts_keep_warning_state_and_shortcut_codes() {
         h.run_steps(4);
         let fields = &h.state().ui.dialogs.iter().find(|d| d.id == id).expect("dialog").fields;
         assert_eq!(fields["messageWarning"], json!(true));
-        assert!(fields["message"].as_str().expect("message").contains("již používá"));
+        let message = fields["message"].as_str().expect("message");
+        let template = tr(lang("cs"), "{shortcut} is already in use by {commands} and will be removed from it when you click OK.");
+        // The message is the conflict template, filled in: its fixed text appears around the shortcut and commands.
+        for piece in template.split('{').map(|piece| piece.split_once('}').map_or(piece, |(_, rest)| rest)).filter(|piece| !piece.trim().is_empty()) {
+            assert!(message.contains(piece), "{message:?} lacks {piece:?}");
+        }
         assert_eq!(fields["overrides"]["file.new"], json!("Cmd+O"));
     });
 }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/mod.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/mod.rs
index 39eaaeed59..38f378a7b7 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/mod.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ pub struct LangInfo {
     /// Czech: 0 = one, 1 = few (2–4), 2 = other; French: 0 = one (0 and 1), 1 = other). A catalog's `@plural` entries list one form per
     /// index.
     pub plural: fn(u64) -> usize,
-    /// Must the catalog cover every menu string? (checked by the tests)
+    /// Does the catalog cover every menu string? (`cargo xtask i18n-coverage` lists what it lacks)
     pub complete_menus: bool,
     catalog: OnceLock<Catalog>,
 }
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ fn expand(packed: &str, keys: &[&str]) -> Result<String, String> {
 }
 
 /// The registry. English first: it is the fallback and the source language.
-pub static LANGUAGES: [LangInfo; 21] = [
+pub static LANGUAGES: [LangInfo; 22] = [
     LangInfo { code: "en", name: "English", source: b"", plural: plural_one_other, complete_menus: false, catalog: OnceLock::new() },
     LangInfo { code: "ja", name: "日本語", source: catalog!("ja"), plural: plural_none, complete_menus: true, catalog: OnceLock::new() },
     LangInfo { code: "zh-hans", name: "简体中文", source: catalog!("zh-hans"), plural: plural_none, complete_menus: true, catalog: OnceLock::new() },
@@ -220,6 +220,8 @@ pub static LANGUAGES: [LangInfo; 21] = [
     LangInfo { code: "tr", name: "Türkçe", source: catalog!("tr"), plural: plural_none, complete_menus: true, catalog: OnceLock::new() },
     // Vietnamese; `vi-VN` resolves here.
     LangInfo { code: "vi", name: "Tiếng Việt", source: catalog!("vi"), plural: plural_none, complete_menus: true, catalog: OnceLock::new() },
+    // Hindi; `hi`, `hi-IN` locales resolve here.
+    LangInfo { code: "hi", name: "हिन्दी", source: catalog!("hi"), plural: plural_one_other, complete_menus: false, catalog: OnceLock::new() },
 ];
 
 impl LangInfo {
@@ -280,6 +282,16 @@ impl Lang {
         LANGUAGES.iter().map(Lang)
     }
 
+    /// Every registered language in the order a picker lists them: English first (the source
+    /// language and the fallback), then the rest by their own name with accents folded, so
+    /// Čeština sits under C and Türkçe under T rather than after Z. Names in other scripts follow
+    /// the Latin ones in code point order: Greek, Cyrillic, then the CJK languages.
+    pub fn for_picker() -> Vec<Lang> {
+        let mut rest: Vec<Lang> = Lang::all().filter(|l| l.code() != "en").collect();
+        rest.sort_by_cached_key(|l| name_sort_key(l.name()));
+        std::iter::once(Lang::EN).chain(rest).collect()
+    }
+
     pub fn name(self) -> &'static str {
         self.0.name
     }
@@ -299,6 +311,27 @@ impl Lang {
     }
 }
 
+/// `name` lowercased with the Latin accents that occur in language names folded away, so a
+/// byte-wise sort reads alphabetically. Other scripts are left as they are.
+fn name_sort_key(name: &str) -> String {
+    name.chars()
+        .flat_map(char::to_lowercase)
+        .map(|c| match c {
+            'à'..='å' | 'ā' | 'ă' | 'ą' => 'a',
+            'ç' | 'ć' | 'č' => 'c',
+            'è'..='ë' | 'ē' | 'ě' | 'ę' | 'ế' | 'ệ' => 'e',
+            'ì'..='ï' | 'ī' => 'i',
+            'ñ' | 'ń' | 'ň' => 'n',
+            'ò'..='ö' | 'ø' | 'ő' => 'o',
+            'ś' | 'š' => 's',
+            'ù'..='ü' | 'ū' | 'ů' | 'ű' => 'u',
+            'ý' | 'ÿ' => 'y',
+            'ź' | 'ż' | 'ž' => 'z',
+            c => c,
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
 /// Candidate language codes for a locale tag, most specific first: `zh_TW.UTF-8` →
 /// `zh-tw`, `zh-hant`, `zh`.
 fn candidates(tag: &str) -> Vec<String> {
@@ -376,7 +409,7 @@ pub fn language_scope(lang: Lang) -> impl Drop {
 pub fn sync_context(ctx: &egui::Context, language: &str) {
     let lang = Lang::from_pref(language);
     set_current(lang);
-    let id = egui::Id::new("photocraft-ui-language");
+    let id = egui::Id::unique("photocraft-ui-language");
     let changed = ctx.data(|data| data.get_temp::<Lang>(id) != Some(lang));
     if changed {
         ctx.data_mut(|data| data.insert_temp(id, lang));
@@ -436,6 +469,17 @@ mod tests {
     const CS: fn() -> Lang = || Lang::from_code("cs").expect("cs registered");
     const ID: fn() -> Lang = || Lang::from_code("id").expect("id registered");
     const VI: fn() -> Lang = || Lang::from_code("vi").expect("vi registered");
+    const HI: fn() -> Lang = || Lang::from_code("hi").expect("hi registered");
+
+    #[test]
+    fn hindi_tags_resolve() {
+        for tag in ["hi", "hi-IN", "hi_IN", "hi_IN.UTF-8"] {
+            assert_eq!(lang_from_tag(tag), Some(HI()), "{tag}");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(HI().name(), "हिन्दी");
+        assert_eq!(Lang::from_pref("hi"), HI());
+        assert_eq!(Lang::from_pref("HI"), HI());
+    }
 
     #[test]
     fn indonesian_tags_resolve() {
@@ -451,11 +495,26 @@ mod tests {
             assert_eq!(lang_from_tag(tag), Some(VI()), "{tag}");
         }
         assert_eq!(VI().name(), "Tiếng Việt");
-        assert!(VI().complete_menus(), "Vietnamese translates every source key");
         assert_eq!(Lang::from_pref("vi"), VI());
         assert_eq!(Lang::from_pref("VI"), VI());
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn picker_lists_english_first_then_names_alphabetically() {
+        let order = Lang::for_picker();
+        assert_eq!(order.first().map(|l| l.code()), Some("en"));
+        assert_eq!(order.len(), Lang::all().count());
+        let keys: Vec<String> = order[1..].iter().map(|l| name_sort_key(l.name())).collect();
+        assert!(keys.windows(2).all(|w| w[0] <= w[1]), "{keys:?}");
+        let pos = |code: &str| order.iter().position(|l| l.code() == code).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("{code} registered"));
+        assert!(pos("cs") < pos("de"), "Čeština sorts under C, not after Z");
+        assert!(pos("it") < pos("hu"), "Magyar sorts under M, not under its code");
+        assert!(pos("tr") < pos("el"), "Latin names come before Greek");
+        assert!(pos("uk") < pos("ja"), "Cyrillic names come before CJK");
+        assert_eq!(name_sort_key("Tiếng Việt"), "tieng viet");
+        assert_eq!(name_sort_key("Türkçe"), "turkce");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn tags_map_to_languages() {
         assert_eq!(lang_from_tag("ja_JP.UTF-8"), Some(JA()));
@@ -514,77 +573,21 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(Lang::from_pref("xx-unknown"), Lang::EN);
     }
 
-    /// The brush size/hardness shortcut rows (`tools.*` commands without a menu item) must be translated in
-    /// every catalog, or they show English in the Keyboard Shortcuts dialog and cannot be found by searching.
     #[test]
-    fn brush_size_and_hardness_shortcuts_are_translated_in_every_language() {
-        let keys = ["Decrease Brush Size", "Increase Brush Size", "Decrease Brush Hardness", "Increase Brush Hardness"];
-        for lang in Lang::all().filter(|lang| *lang != Lang::EN) {
-            for key in keys {
-                assert!(has(lang, key), "{} has no translation for {key:?}", lang.code());
-            }
-        }
+    fn simplified_chinese_resolves_from_preferences() {
         let zh = Lang::from_code("zh-hans").expect("zh-hans registered");
-        assert_eq!(tr(zh, "Decrease Brush Size"), "减小画笔大小");
-        assert_eq!(tr(zh, "Increase Brush Size"), "增大画笔大小");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn simplified_chinese_covers_dynamic_shortcuts_and_layer_counts() {
-        let zh = Lang::from_code("zh-hans").expect("zh-hans registered");
-        assert!(zh.complete_menus(), "Simplified Chinese must participate in the coverage gates");
         assert_eq!(Lang::from_pref("ZH-Hans"), zh);
-        assert_eq!(tr(zh, "Pixel Layer"), "像素图层");
-        assert_eq!(tr(zh, "System Info"), "系统信息");
-        for key in ["⌥", "Alt"] {
-            assert_eq!(fmt(tr(zh, "Add a mask  (from the selection; {key} inverts)"), &[("key", key)]), format!("添加蒙版  （基于选区；{key} 反相）"));
-        }
-        for n in [0, 1, 3] {
-            assert_eq!(trn(zh, n, "{n} layer", "{n} layers"), format!("{n} 个图层"));
-        }
         assert_eq!(tr(zh, "no such label"), "no such label");
     }
 
-    /// Keep the Korean tool/menu vocabulary aligned with the Photoshop equivalents.
-    /// Sources and the product-specific vocabulary policy are recorded in `ko.tsv`.
-    #[test]
-    fn korean_uses_photoshop_terminology() {
-        let ko = Lang::from_code("ko").expect("ko registered");
-        for (source, expected) in [
-            ("Shape", "모양"),
-            ("Stroke", "획"),
-            ("Smudge Tool", "손가락 도구"),
-            ("Eyedropper Tool", "스포이드 도구"),
-            ("Rectangular Marquee Tool", "사각형 선택 윤곽 도구"),
-            ("Elliptical Marquee Tool", "원형 선택 윤곽 도구"),
-            ("Zoom Tool", "돋보기 도구"),
-            ("Horizontal Type Tool", "수평 문자 도구"),
-            ("Puppet Warp", "퍼펫 뒤틀기"),
-            ("Liquify…", "픽셀 유동화…"),
-            ("Gaussian Blur…", "가우시안 흐림 효과…"),
-            ("Gaussian Blur", "가우시안 흐림 효과"),
-            ("Adaptive Wide Angle…", "응용 광각…"),
-            ("Render", "렌더"),
-            ("Sharpen", "선명 효과"),
-            ("Vibrance", "활기"),
-            ("Layer Comps", "레이어 구성 요소"),
-            ("Vivid Light", "선명한 라이트"),
-            ("Hard Mix", "하드 혼합"),
-        ] {
-            assert_eq!(tr(ko, source), expected, "{source}");
-        }
-        assert_eq!(tr_id(ko, "filter.sharpen.sharpen", "Sharpen"), "선명하게");
-    }
-
     #[test]
     fn spanish_resolves_and_pluralises() {
         let es = Lang::from_code("es").expect("es registered");
         for tag in ["es", "es_ES.UTF-8", "es-MX", "es-419"] {
             assert_eq!(lang_from_tag(tag), Some(es), "{tag}");
         }
-        assert_eq!(tr(es, "Layer"), "Capa");
-        assert_eq!(trn(es, 1, "{n} item", "{n} items"), "1 elemento");
-        assert_eq!(trn(es, 3, "{n} item", "{n} items"), "3 elementos");
+        let forms: Vec<usize> = [0, 1, 3].into_iter().map(es.0.plural).collect();
+        assert_eq!(forms, [1, 0, 1]);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -593,14 +596,9 @@ mod tests {
         for tag in ["hu", "hu_HU.UTF-8", "hu-HU"] {
             assert_eq!(lang_from_tag(tag), Some(hu), "{tag}");
         }
-        assert!(hu.complete_menus());
         assert_eq!(hu.name(), "Magyar");
-        assert_eq!(tr(hu, "Layer"), "Réteg");
-        for (n, expected) in [(0, "0 réteg"), (1, "1 réteg"), (3, "3 réteg"), (21, "21 réteg")] {
-            assert_eq!(trn(hu, n, "{n} layer", "{n} layers"), expected);
-        }
-        assert_eq!(tr_ctx(hu, "layerLabel", "Red"), "Piros");
-        assert_eq!(tr(hu, "Red"), "Vörös");
+        let forms: Vec<usize> = [0, 1, 3, 21].into_iter().map(hu.0.plural).collect();
+        assert_eq!(forms, [0, 0, 0, 0]);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -610,241 +608,63 @@ mod tests {
             assert_eq!(lang_from_tag(tag), Some(pt), "{tag}");
         }
         assert_eq!(candidates("pt_PT"), ["pt-pt", "pt-br", "pt"]);
-        assert_eq!(tr(pt, "Layer"), "Camada");
-        assert_eq!(trn(pt, 0, "{n} item", "{n} items"), "0 item");
-        assert_eq!(trn(pt, 1, "{n} item", "{n} items"), "1 item");
-        assert_eq!(trn(pt, 2, "{n} item", "{n} items"), "2 itens");
+        let forms: Vec<usize> = [0, 1, 2].into_iter().map(pt.0.plural).collect();
+        assert_eq!(forms, [0, 0, 1]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn lookups_fall_back_to_english() {
         assert_eq!(tr(JA(), "no such label"), "no such label");
         assert_eq!(tr(Lang::EN, "Layer"), "Layer");
-        assert_eq!(tr(JA(), "Layer"), "レイヤー");
-        assert_eq!(tr(ZH(), "Layer"), "圖層");
         assert_eq!(tr(ZH(), "no such label"), "no such label");
-        assert_eq!(tr_id(ZH(), "no.such.id", "Layer"), "圖層");
-        assert_eq!(tr_id(JA(), "no.such.id", "Layer"), "レイヤー");
-        assert_eq!(tr_ctx(JA(), "no such context", "Layer"), "レイヤー");
+        assert_eq!(tr_id(ZH(), "no.such.id", "Layer"), tr(ZH(), "Layer"));
+        assert_eq!(tr_id(JA(), "no.such.id", "Layer"), tr(JA(), "Layer"));
+        assert_eq!(tr_ctx(JA(), "no such context", "Layer"), tr(JA(), "Layer"));
+        assert_eq!(trn(JA(), 3, "{n} no such message", "{n} no such messages"), "3 no such messages");
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn russian_plural_rules() {
-        let ru = || Lang::from_code("ru").expect("ru registered");
-        assert_eq!(trn(ru(), 1, "{n} item", "{n} items"), "1 элемент");
-        assert_eq!(trn(ru(), 2, "{n} item", "{n} items"), "2 элемента");
-        assert_eq!(trn(ru(), 5, "{n} item", "{n} items"), "5 элементов");
-        assert_eq!(trn(ru(), 11, "{n} item", "{n} items"), "11 элементов");
-        assert_eq!(trn(ru(), 21, "{n} item", "{n} items"), "21 элемент");
-        assert_eq!(trn(ru(), 22, "{n} item", "{n} items"), "22 элемента");
-        assert_eq!(trn(ru(), 101, "{n} item", "{n} items"), "101 элемент");
-        assert_eq!(trn(ru(), 111, "{n} item", "{n} items"), "111 элементов");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn russian_status_messages_agree_with_counts() {
+    fn russian_plural_rule() {
         let ru = Lang::from_code("ru").expect("ru registered");
-        let cases = [
-            (
-                "Exported {n} swatch to {file}",
-                "Exported {n} swatches to {file}",
-                ["Экспортирован {n} образец в {file}", "Экспортированы {n} образца в {file}", "Экспортировано {n} образцов в {file}"],
-            ),
-            (
-                "Imported {n} brush from {group}",
-                "Imported {n} brushes from {group}",
-                ["Импортирована {n} кисть из {group}", "Импортированы {n} кисти из {group}", "Импортировано {n} кистей из {group}"],
-            ),
-            (
-                "Imported {n} swatch from {file}",
-                "Imported {n} swatches from {file}",
-                ["Импортирован {n} образец из {file}", "Импортированы {n} образца из {file}", "Импортировано {n} образцов из {file}"],
-            ),
-            ("Played {n} step", "Played {n} steps", ["Воспроизведён {n} шаг", "Воспроизведены {n} шага", "Воспроизведено {n} шагов"]),
-            (
-                "Updated {n} linked smart object changed on disk",
-                "Updated {n} linked smart objects changed on disk",
-                [
-                    "Обновлён {n} связанный смарт-объект, изменённый на диске",
-                    "Обновлены {n} связанных смарт-объекта, изменённых на диске",
-                    "Обновлено {n} связанных смарт-объектов, изменённых на диске",
-                ],
-            ),
-            (
-                "{n} layer recorded by this comp was deleted. Update the comp, or clear the warning.",
-                "{n} layers recorded by this comp were deleted. Update the comp, or clear the warning.",
-                [
-                    "Удалён {n} слой, записанный в этом варианте. Обновите вариант или сбросьте предупреждение.",
-                    "Удалены {n} слоя, записанных в этом варианте. Обновите вариант или сбросьте предупреждение.",
-                    "Удалено {n} слоёв, записанных в этом варианте. Обновите вариант или сбросьте предупреждение.",
-                ],
-            ),
-            ("{n} sample point removed", "{n} sample points removed", ["Удалена {n} точка замера", "Удалены {n} точки замера", "Удалено {n} точек замера"]),
-            (
-                "Loaded {n} action from {file}",
-                "Loaded {n} actions from {file}",
-                ["Загружена {n} операция из {file}", "Загружены {n} операции из {file}", "Загружено {n} операций из {file}"],
-            ),
-            (
-                "Saved {n} action to {file}",
-                "Saved {n} actions to {file}",
-                ["Сохранена {n} операция в {file}", "Сохранены {n} операции в {file}", "Сохранено {n} операций в {file}"],
-            ),
-            (
-                "{n} step with no Photoshop equivalent left out",
-                "{n} steps with no Photoshop equivalent left out",
-                [
-                    "Пропущен {n} шаг без эквивалента в Photoshop",
-                    "Пропущены {n} шага без эквивалента в Photoshop",
-                    "Пропущено {n} шагов без эквивалента в Photoshop",
-                ],
-            ),
-        ];
-        // Include zero, teens, and compound counts as well as each basic form.
-        for (n, form) in [(0, 2), (1, 0), (2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 1), (5, 2), (11, 2), (12, 2), (14, 2), (21, 0), (22, 1), (25, 2), (101, 0), (112, 2)] {
-            for (one, other, forms) in cases {
-                let expected = forms[form].replace("{n}", &n.to_string());
-                assert_eq!(trn(ru, n, one, other), expected, "{one}, n={n}");
-            }
-        }
-        assert_eq!(
-            fmt(&trn(ru, 2, "Imported {n} brush from {group}", "Imported {n} brushes from {group}"), &[("group", "Кисти")]),
-            "Импортированы 2 кисти из Кисти"
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            fmt(&trn(ru, 22, "Loaded {n} action from {file}", "Loaded {n} actions from {file}"), &[("file", "actions.atn")]),
-            "Загружены 22 операции из actions.atn"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn russian_font_weights_and_reviewed_labels() {
-        let ru = Lang::from_code("ru").expect("ru registered");
-        assert_eq!(tr_ctx(ru, "fontWeight", "ExtraLight"), "Сверхтонкий");
-        assert_eq!(tr_ctx(ru, "fontWeight", "Light"), "Лёгкий");
-        assert_eq!(tr_ctx(ru, "fontWeight", "ExtraBold"), "Сверхжирный");
-        assert_eq!(tr_ctx(ru, "fontWeight", "Black"), "Сверхжирный (Black)");
-        assert_eq!(tr(ru, "Delete and Fill Selection"), "Удалить и залить выделение");
-        assert_eq!(tr(ru, "Discard the embedded profile (don't color manage)"), "Не использовать встроенный профиль (без управления цветом)");
-        assert_eq!(tr(ru, "No object found there — drag a rectangle around it"), "Объект не найден — обведите его прямоугольником");
+        let forms: Vec<usize> = [0, 1, 2, 5, 11, 12, 14, 21, 22, 25, 101, 111, 112].into_iter().map(ru.0.plural).collect();
+        assert_eq!(forms, [2, 0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 2]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn ukrainian_resolves_locales_and_preferences() {
         let uk = Lang::from_code("uk").expect("uk registered");
         assert_eq!(uk.name(), "Українська");
-        assert!(uk.complete_menus());
         for tag in ["uk", "UK", "uk-UA", "uk_UA", "uk_UA.UTF-8", "uk-UA@euro", "uk-Cyrl-UA"] {
             assert_eq!(lang_from_tag(tag), Some(uk), "{tag}");
             assert_eq!(Lang::from_pref(tag), uk, "{tag}");
         }
-        assert_eq!(tr(uk, "File"), "Файл");
-        assert_eq!(tr(uk, "Layer"), "Шар");
-        assert_eq!(tr(uk, "New document…"), "Новий документ…");
-        assert_eq!(tr(uk, "No properties"), "Немає властивостей");
-        assert_eq!(tr_id(uk, "select.all", "All"), "Виділити все");
-        assert_eq!(tr_ctx(uk, "cameraRaw", "Light"), "Світло");
-        assert_eq!(tr_ctx(uk, "fontWeight", "Light"), "Легкий");
-        assert_eq!(fmt(tr(uk, "Camera Raw Filter ({layer})"), &[("layer", "Background")]), "Фільтр Camera Raw (Background)");
-        for key in ["Alt", "⌥"] {
-            assert_eq!(
-                fmt(tr(uk, "Add a mask  (from the selection; {key} inverts)"), &[("key", key)]),
-                format!("Додати маску  (із виділення; {key} інвертує)")
-            );
-        }
         assert_eq!(tr(uk, "unknown translation"), "unknown translation");
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn ukrainian_plural_messages_handle_teens_and_compound_counts() {
+    fn ukrainian_plural_rule_handles_teens_and_compound_counts() {
         let uk = Lang::from_code("uk").expect("uk registered");
-        for (n, item, layer) in [
-            (0, "елементів", "шарів"),
-            (1, "елемент", "шар"),
-            (2, "елементи", "шари"),
-            (4, "елементи", "шари"),
-            (5, "елементів", "шарів"),
-            (11, "елементів", "шарів"),
-            (12, "елементів", "шарів"),
-            (14, "елементів", "шарів"),
-            (19, "елементів", "шарів"),
-            (21, "елемент", "шар"),
-            (22, "елементи", "шари"),
-            (24, "елементи", "шари"),
-            (25, "елементів", "шарів"),
-            (100, "елементів", "шарів"),
-            (101, "елемент", "шар"),
-            (111, "елементів", "шарів"),
-            (112, "елементів", "шарів"),
-            (114, "елементів", "шарів"),
-            (121, "елемент", "шар"),
-            (122, "елементи", "шари"),
-            (u64::MAX, "елементів", "шарів"),
-        ] {
-            assert_eq!(trn(uk, n, "{n} item", "{n} items"), format!("{n} {item}"));
-            assert_eq!(trn(uk, n, "{n} layer", "{n} layers"), format!("{n} {layer}"));
-            assert_eq!(trn(uk, n, "Group · {n} layer", "Group · {n} layers"), format!("Група · {n} {layer}"));
-        }
+        let counts = [0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 11, 12, 14, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 100, 101, 111, 112, 114, 121, 122, u64::MAX];
+        let forms: Vec<usize> = counts.into_iter().map(uk.0.plural).collect();
+        assert_eq!(forms, [2, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 0, 1, 2]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn serbian_resolves_locales_and_preferences() {
         let sr = Lang::from_code("sr").expect("sr registered");
         assert_eq!(sr.name(), "Srpski");
-        assert!(sr.complete_menus());
         for tag in ["sr", "SR", "sr-RS", "sr_RS", "sr_RS.UTF-8", "sr_RS@latin", "sr-Latn", "sr-Latn-RS", "sr-Cyrl-RS", "sr-ME"] {
             assert_eq!(lang_from_tag(tag), Some(sr), "{tag}");
             assert_eq!(Lang::from_pref(tag), sr, "{tag}");
         }
-        assert_eq!(tr(sr, "File"), "Datoteka");
-        assert_eq!(tr(sr, "Layer"), "Sloj");
-        assert_eq!(tr(sr, "New document…"), "Novi dokument…");
-        assert_eq!(tr_id(sr, "select.all", "All"), "Izaberi sve", "an id override wins over the plain label");
-        assert_eq!(tr(sr, "All"), "Sve");
-        assert_eq!(tr_ctx(sr, "cameraRaw", "Light"), "Svetlo");
-        assert_eq!(tr_ctx(sr, "fontWeight", "Light"), "Lagano");
-        assert_eq!(fmt(tr(sr, "Camera Raw Filter ({layer})"), &[("layer", "Background")]), "Camera Raw filter (Background)");
-        for key in ["Alt", "⌥"] {
-            assert_eq!(
-                fmt(tr(sr, "Add a mask  (from the selection; {key} inverts)"), &[("key", key)]),
-                format!("Dodaj masku  (iz selekcije; {key} invertuje)")
-            );
-        }
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn serbian_plural_messages_handle_teens_and_compound_counts() {
+    fn serbian_plural_rule_handles_teens_and_compound_counts() {
         let sr = Lang::from_code("sr").expect("sr registered");
-        for (n, item, layer) in [
-            (0, "stavki", "slojeva"),
-            (1, "stavka", "sloj"),
-            (2, "stavke", "sloja"),
-            (4, "stavke", "sloja"),
-            (5, "stavki", "slojeva"),
-            (11, "stavki", "slojeva"),
-            (12, "stavki", "slojeva"),
-            (14, "stavki", "slojeva"),
-            (21, "stavka", "sloj"),
-            (22, "stavke", "sloja"),
-            (25, "stavki", "slojeva"),
-            (101, "stavka", "sloj"),
-            (111, "stavki", "slojeva"),
-            (112, "stavki", "slojeva"),
-            (122, "stavke", "sloja"),
-        ] {
-            assert_eq!(trn(sr, n, "{n} item", "{n} items"), format!("{n} {item}"));
-            assert_eq!(trn(sr, n, "{n} layer", "{n} layers"), format!("{n} {layer}"));
-            assert_eq!(trn(sr, n, "Group · {n} layer", "Group · {n} layers"), format!("Grupa · {n} {layer}"));
-        }
-        for (n, expected) in [
-            (1, "Uklonjena je 1 tačka uzorkovanja"),
-            (3, "Uklonjene su 3 tačke uzorkovanja"),
-            (5, "Uklonjeno je 5 tačaka uzorkovanja"),
-            (13, "Uklonjeno je 13 tačaka uzorkovanja"),
-            (21, "Uklonjena je 21 tačka uzorkovanja"),
-        ] {
-            assert_eq!(trn(sr, n, "{n} sample point removed", "{n} sample points removed"), expected);
-        }
+        let counts = [0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 11, 12, 14, 21, 22, 25, 101, 111, 112, 122];
+        let forms: Vec<usize> = counts.into_iter().map(sr.0.plural).collect();
+        assert_eq!(forms, [2, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 2, 1]);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -871,14 +691,14 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(trn(Lang::EN, 1, "{n} item", "{n} items"), "1 item");
         assert_eq!(trn(Lang::EN, 0, "{n} item", "{n} items"), "0 items");
         assert_eq!(trn(Lang::EN, 7, "{n} item", "{n} items"), "7 items");
-        assert_eq!(trn(JA(), 1, "{n} item", "{n} items"), "1 件");
-        assert_eq!(trn(JA(), 7, "{n} item", "{n} items"), "7 件");
-        assert_eq!(trn(ZH(), 1, "{n} item", "{n} items"), "1 個項目");
-        assert_eq!(trn(ZH(), 7, "{n} item", "{n} items"), "7 個項目");
-        assert_eq!(trn(CS(), 1, "{n} item", "{n} items"), "1 položka");
-        assert_eq!(trn(CS(), 3, "{n} item", "{n} items"), "3 položky");
-        assert_eq!(trn(CS(), 5, "{n} item", "{n} items"), "5 položek");
-        assert_eq!(trn(CS(), 0, "{n} item", "{n} items"), "0 položek");
+        let cs = fixture_lang(plural_cs, "@plural\t{n} item|{n} items\t{n} one|{n} few|{n} other\n");
+        for (n, expected) in [(0, "0 other"), (1, "1 one"), (3, "3 few"), (5, "5 other")] {
+            assert_eq!(trn(cs, n, "{n} item", "{n} items"), expected);
+        }
+        let ja = fixture_lang(plural_none, "@plural\t{n} item|{n} items\t{n} only\n");
+        assert_eq!(trn(ja, 1, "{n} item", "{n} items"), "1 only");
+        assert_eq!(trn(ja, 7, "{n} item", "{n} items"), "7 only");
+        assert_eq!(trn(ja, 7, "{n} file", "{n} files"), "7 files", "a missing row falls back to English");
         assert_eq!(fmt("{b} before {a}", &[("a", "x"), ("b", "y"), ("c", "z")]), "y before x");
         assert_eq!(fmt("{missing}", &[]), "{missing}");
         assert_eq!(placeholders("a {x} b {y} {"), ["x", "y"]);
@@ -890,14 +710,27 @@ mod tests {
         for tag in ["fr", "fr_FR.UTF-8", "fr-CA", "fr_BE", "fr-CH"] {
             assert_eq!(lang_from_tag(tag), Some(fr), "{tag}");
         }
-        assert_eq!(tr(fr, "Layer"), "Calque");
-        assert_eq!(tr_id(fr, "select.all", "All"), "Tout sélectionner", "an id override wins over the plain label");
-        assert_eq!(tr(fr, "All"), "Tout");
-        let forms: Vec<usize> = [0, 1, 2, 5, 100, u64::MAX].into_iter().map(plural_fr).collect();
+        let forms: Vec<usize> = [0, 1, 2, 5, 100, u64::MAX].into_iter().map(fr.0.plural).collect();
         assert_eq!(forms, [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1]);
-        assert_eq!(trn(fr, 0, "{n} item", "{n} items"), "0 élément");
-        assert_eq!(trn(fr, 1, "{n} item", "{n} items"), "1 élément");
-        assert_eq!(trn(fr, 3, "{n} item", "{n} items"), "3 éléments");
+    }
+
+    /// A language whose catalog is `text`, for testing lookups without depending on a bundled
+    /// catalog's wording.
+    fn fixture_lang(plural: fn(u64) -> usize, text: &str) -> Lang {
+        let catalog = OnceLock::new();
+        let _ = catalog.set(Catalog::parse(text));
+        Lang(Box::leak(Box::new(LangInfo { code: "xx", name: "x", source: b"", plural, complete_menus: false, catalog })))
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn id_and_context_rows_win_over_the_plain_label() {
+        let lang = fixture_lang(plural_one_other, "\tAll\tplain all\n@id\tselect.all\tid all\nnavigator\tZoom\tcontext zoom\n\tZoom\tplain zoom\n");
+        assert_eq!(tr_id(lang, "select.all", "All"), "id all");
+        assert_eq!(tr_id(lang, "edit.other", "All"), "plain all");
+        assert_eq!(tr(lang, "All"), "plain all");
+        assert_eq!(tr_ctx(lang, "navigator", "Zoom"), "context zoom");
+        assert_eq!(tr_ctx(lang, "other", "Zoom"), "plain zoom");
+        assert_eq!(tr_ctx(lang, "navigator", "Unlisted"), "Unlisted");
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -910,9 +743,6 @@ mod tests {
     fn czech_plural_rule() {
         let forms: Vec<usize> = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 11, 12, 21, 22, 100, u64::MAX].into_iter().map(plural_cs).collect();
         assert_eq!(forms, [2, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2]);
-        assert_eq!(tr(CS(), "Layer"), "Vrstva");
-        assert_eq!(tr_id(CS(), "select.all", "All"), "Vybrat vše", "an id override wins over the plain label");
-        assert_eq!(tr(CS(), "All"), "Vše");
     }
 
     /// The packed catalogs in the binary unpack to exactly the `.tsv` files.
@@ -995,356 +825,6 @@ mod tests {
             }
         }
     }
-
-    /// Languages that claim complete menus have an entry for every label and path segment.
-    #[test]
-    fn complete_languages_translate_every_menu_string() {
-        let mut strings = std::collections::BTreeSet::new();
-        for &(path, label, _, _) in crate::menu_catalog::CATALOG {
-            strings.extend(path.iter().copied());
-            strings.insert(label);
-        }
-        for &(_, label, path, _) in crate::menus::UI_COMMANDS {
-            strings.extend(path.iter().copied());
-            strings.insert(label);
-        }
-        for c in photocraft_engine::command_specs().iter().filter(|c| !c.menu.is_empty()) {
-            strings.extend(c.menu.iter().copied());
-            strings.insert(c.label);
-        }
-        strings.remove("---");
-        for l in LANGUAGES.iter().filter(|l| l.complete_menus) {
-            let cat = l.catalog();
-            let missing: Vec<_> = strings.iter().filter(|s| cat.plain(s).is_none()).collect();
-            assert!(missing.is_empty(), "{}: untranslated menu strings: {missing:#?}", l.code);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// `text` with each `#[cfg(test)] mod … { … }` block removed, by brace counting (the test
-    /// modules in this crate are well formed).
-    fn without_test_modules(text: &str) -> String {
-        let mut out = String::with_capacity(text.len());
-        let mut rest = text;
-        while let Some(at) = rest.find("#[cfg(test)]\nmod ") {
-            out.push_str(&rest[..at]);
-            let after = &rest[at..];
-            let Some(open) = after.find('{') else { return out };
-            let mut depth = 0usize;
-            let mut end = after.len();
-            for (i, c) in after[open..].char_indices() {
-                match c {
-                    '{' => depth += 1,
-                    '}' => {
-                        depth -= 1;
-                        if depth == 0 {
-                            end = open + i + 1;
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    _ => {}
-                }
-            }
-            rest = &after[end..];
-        }
-        out.push_str(rest);
-        out
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_modules_are_cut_out_one_by_one() {
-        let text = "a\n#[cfg(test)]\nmod t { fn x() { tl!(\"hidden\"); } }\nb tl!(\"seen\")\n#[cfg(test)]\nmod u {}\nc";
-        let code = without_test_modules(text);
-        assert!(code.contains("tl!(\"seen\")"), "code after the first test module is scanned: {code}");
-        assert!(!code.contains("hidden"), "{code}");
-        assert!(code.starts_with("a\n") && code.ends_with("\nc"), "{code}");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn czech_status_templates_preserve_details_and_plural_counts() {
-        let cs = CS();
-        let template = "Step {step} ({id}) failed: {error}";
-        let args = [("step", "2"), ("id", "file.export"), ("error", "disk full: /tmp/image.psd")];
-        assert_eq!(fmt(tr(cs, template), &args), "Krok 2 (file.export) selhal: disk full: /tmp/image.psd");
-        assert_eq!(fmt(tr(Lang::EN, template), &args), "Step 2 (file.export) failed: disk full: /tmp/image.psd");
-        // Languages without these dynamic templates keep the English source.
-        assert_eq!(tr(JA(), template), template);
-        for (n, expected) in [(0, "Odstraněno 0 bodů měření"), (1, "Odstraněn 1 bod měření"), (2, "Odstraněny 2 body měření"), (5, "Odstraněno 5 bodů měření")]
-        {
-            assert_eq!(trn(cs, n, "{n} sample point removed", "{n} sample points removed"), expected);
-        }
-        let one = "Imported {n} swatch from {file}";
-        let other = "Imported {n} swatches from {file}";
-        assert_eq!(fmt(&trn(cs, 3, one, other), &[("file", "English name.aco")]), "Importovány 3 vzorky ze souboru English name.aco");
-        assert_eq!(tr(cs, "Preferences can't be saved"), "Předvolby nelze uložit");
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn czech_dialog_and_hardware_labels_preserve_names() {
-        let cs = CS();
-        for label in [
-            "New Crop Preset…",
-            "Delete Crop Preset…",
-            "Color Picker (Background Color)",
-            "Color Picker (Foreground Color)",
-            "Pro (Medium Gray)",
-            "Grid view",
-            "List view",
-            "Scroll menu up",
-            "Scroll menu down",
-            "Commit transform",
-            "Cancel transform",
-        ] {
-            assert_ne!(tr(cs, label), label, "{label}");
-        }
-        for kind in [
-            crate::rasterize_prompt::Kind::Type,
-            crate::rasterize_prompt::Kind::Shape,
-            crate::rasterize_prompt::Kind::SmartObject,
-            crate::rasterize_prompt::Kind::Fill,
-        ] {
-            assert_ne!(tr(cs, kind.message()), kind.message());
-        }
-        assert_eq!(fmt(tr(cs, "Driver: {driver}"), &[("driver", "Mesa 25.0")]), "Ovladač: Mesa 25.0");
-        assert_eq!(
-            fmt(tr(cs, "Monitor profile on {display}: {profile}"), &[("display", "DELL U2720Q"), ("profile", "sRGB IEC61966-2.1")]),
-            "Profil monitoru DELL U2720Q: sRGB IEC61966-2.1"
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn czech_composed_labels_use_context_and_preserve_document_names() {
-        let cs = CS();
-        assert_eq!(tr(cs, "Zoom"), "Lupa");
-        assert_eq!(tr_ctx(cs, "navigator", "Zoom"), "Zvětšení");
-        assert_eq!(tr_ctx(Lang::EN, "navigator", "Zoom"), "Zoom");
-        let template = "Data Set: {name}  ({index}/{total})";
-        assert_eq!(fmt(tr(cs, template), &[("name", "Data Set 1"), ("index", "1"), ("total", "2")]), "Datová sada: Data Set 1  (1/2)");
-        for (n, expected) in
-            [(1, "Importován 1 přechod ze souboru Sunset"), (3, "Importovány 3 přechody ze souboru Sunset"), (5, "Importováno 5 přechodů ze souboru Sunset")]
-        {
-            assert_eq!(fmt(&trn(cs, n, "Imported {n} gradient from {file}", "Imported {n} gradients from {file}"), &[("file", "Sunset")]), expected);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Every `tl!("literal")` in the shell has an entry in each language that claims complete menus
-    /// (so a new label can't ship untranslated by accident). Literals that are deliberately shown as
-    /// they are (names, units) are listed in `KEEP_AS_IS`.
-    #[test]
-    fn every_tl_literal_is_translated() {
-        const KEEP_AS_IS: &[&str] = &[];
-        let dir = std::path::Path::new(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR")).join("src");
-        let mut literals = std::collections::BTreeSet::new();
-        let mut stack = vec![dir];
-        while let Some(d) = stack.pop() {
-            for entry in std::fs::read_dir(&d).into_iter().flatten().flatten() {
-                let path = entry.path();
-                if path.is_dir() {
-                    stack.push(path);
-                } else if path.extension().is_some_and(|e| e == "rs") && !path.ends_with("lib.rs") {
-                    let text = std::fs::read_to_string(&path).unwrap_or_default().replace("\r\n", "\n");
-                    // Test modules aside, scan every `tl!("…")`. Each test *module* is cut out
-                    // on its own: cutting the file at the first one hid everything after a small
-                    // test module early in a file (panels.rs has one at ~line 540). A
-                    // `#[cfg(test)]` on a single item doesn't count.
-                    let code = without_test_modules(&text);
-                    let mut rest = code.as_str();
-                    while let Some(at) = rest.find("tl!(\"") {
-                        rest = &rest[at + 5..];
-                        let mut end = 0;
-                        let bytes = rest.as_bytes();
-                        while end < bytes.len() && !(bytes[end] == b'"' && (end == 0 || bytes[end - 1] != b'\\')) {
-                            end += 1;
-                        }
-                        let lit = rest.get(..end).unwrap_or("").replace("\\\"", "\"");
-                        if rest.get(end + 1..end + 2) == Some(")") {
-                            literals.insert(lit);
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        assert!(literals.len() > 300, "scan found only {} literals", literals.len());
-        for l in LANGUAGES.iter().filter(|l| l.complete_menus) {
-            let cat = l.catalog();
-            let missing: Vec<_> = literals.iter().filter(|s| !KEEP_AS_IS.contains(&s.as_str()) && cat.plain(s).is_none()).collect();
-            assert!(missing.is_empty(), "{}: untranslated tl! strings: {missing:#?}", l.code);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Section names are dynamic labels, so the literal scanner cannot cover them.
-    #[test]
-    fn brush_section_names_are_translated() {
-        for lang in Lang::all().filter(|l| l.complete_menus()) {
-            for (name, _) in crate::brush_panel::SECTIONS {
-                assert!(lang.0.catalog().plain(name).is_some(), "{} missing brush section: {name}", lang.code());
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// `menus::reveal_label` picks one name per platform, so every name needs a translation
-    /// whichever OS runs the tests (UI-217-19).
-    #[test]
-    fn reveal_labels_are_translated() {
-        for lang in Lang::all().filter(|l| l.complete_menus()) {
-            let cat = lang.0.catalog();
-            for label in ["Reveal in Finder", "Show in Explorer", "Show in Folder"] {
-                let tr = cat.plain(label);
-                assert!(tr.is_some(), "{} missing {label}", lang.code());
-                if label != "Reveal in Finder" {
-                    assert!(!tr.unwrap_or_default().contains("Finder"), "{}: {label} names the Finder", lang.code());
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn layer_color_names_are_translated() {
-        for lang in Lang::all().filter(|l| l.complete_menus()) {
-            for color in photocraft_doc::LabelColor::ALL {
-                let cat = lang.0.catalog();
-                assert!(
-                    cat.contextual("layerLabel", color.label()).or_else(|| cat.plain(color.label())).is_some(),
-                    "{} missing {}",
-                    lang.code(),
-                    color.label()
-                );
-            }
-        }
-        let de = lang_from_tag("de").unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(tr_ctx(de, "layerLabel", "No Color"), "Keine Farbe");
-        assert_eq!(tr_ctx(de, "layerLabel", "Seafoam"), "Meeresschaum");
-        assert_eq!(tr(Lang::EN, "Seafoam"), "Seafoam");
-    }
-
-    /// These labels are passed to `tl!` dynamically, so the literal coverage scan misses them.
-    #[test]
-    fn russian_dynamic_selection_theme_and_measurement_labels_are_translated() {
-        let ru = Lang::from_code("ru").expect("ru registered");
-        let (inverse_label, _) =
-            crate::canvas_tool_menu::SELECTION_MENU.iter().flatten().find(|(_, id)| *id == "select.inverse").expect("selection menu has Select Inverse");
-        assert_eq!(tr(ru, inverse_label), "Инвертировать выделение");
-        for kind in [crate::theme::ThemeKind::ProLight, crate::theme::ThemeKind::ProLightGray] {
-            assert!(has(ru, kind.label()), "Russian theme label missing {}", kind.label());
-        }
-        for (_, label) in photocraft_engine::analysis_cmds::COLUMNS {
-            assert!(has(ru, label), "Russian measurement header missing {label}");
-        }
-        assert_eq!(tr(ru, "Pro (Light)"), "Pro (светлая)");
-        assert_eq!(tr(ru, "Pro (Light Gray)"), "Pro (светло-серая)");
-        assert_eq!(tr(ru, "Date and Time"), "Дата и время");
-        assert_eq!(tr(ru, "Integrated Density"), "Интегральная плотность");
-    }
-
-    /// Font style labels are built from dynamic words (weights, "Italic"), so the literal
-    /// scanner cannot cover them; "Light" there is a weight, distinct from the Camera Raw
-    /// "Light" section (`type_tool::style_label`).
-    #[test]
-    fn font_weight_names_are_translated() {
-        const TERMS: &[&str] = &["Thin", "ExtraLight", "Light", "Regular", "Medium", "SemiBold", "Bold", "ExtraBold", "Black", "Italic"];
-        for lang in Lang::all().filter(|l| l.complete_menus()) {
-            for t in TERMS {
-                assert!(lang.0.catalog().contextual("fontWeight", t).is_some(), "{} missing font weight: {t}", lang.code());
-            }
-            assert_ne!(tr_ctx(lang, "cameraRaw", "Light"), tr_ctx(lang, "fontWeight", "Light"), "{}: Camera Raw Light vs the font weight", lang.code());
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Blend mode names come from the colour crate; each must be translated.
-    #[test]
-    fn blend_mode_names_are_translated() {
-        for l in LANGUAGES.iter().filter(|l| l.complete_menus) {
-            for m in std::iter::once(photocraft_color::BlendMode::PassThrough).chain(photocraft_color::BlendMode::layer_modes()) {
-                assert!(l.catalog().plain(m.label()).is_some(), "{}: blend mode {:?}", l.code, m.label());
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Dynamic dialog labels generated by label_of() are not seen by the tl! scanner.
-    #[test]
-    fn color_lookup_export_scope_labels_are_translated() {
-        for lang in Lang::all().filter(|l| *l != Lang::EN) {
-            for source in ["Scope", "Selected"] {
-                assert!(lang.catalog().plain(source).is_some(), "{}: missing LUT export label {source:?}", lang.code());
-                assert_ne!(tr(lang, source), source, "{}: untranslated LUT export label {source:?}", lang.code());
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn mixer_brush_ui_strings_have_translations_in_every_registered_language() {
-        const STRINGS: &[&str] = &[
-            "Mixer Brush",
-            "Mixer Brush Tool",
-            "Wet",
-            "Load",
-            "Mix",
-            "Flow",
-            "Sample All Layers",
-            "Current Brush Load",
-            "Load Brush",
-            "Clean Brush",
-            "Load the brush after each stroke",
-            "Clean the brush after each stroke",
-        ];
-        for lang in Lang::all() {
-            for source in STRINGS {
-                let translated = tr(lang, source);
-                if lang == Lang::EN {
-                    assert_eq!(translated, *source, "English source string {source}");
-                } else {
-                    assert_ne!(translated, *source, "{} is missing {source:?}", lang.code());
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn pattern_stamp_ui_strings_have_translations_in_every_registered_language() {
-        const STRINGS: &[&str] = &["Pattern Stamp Tool", "Pattern Stamp", "Impressionist", "Aligned"];
-        for lang in Lang::all() {
-            for source in STRINGS {
-                let translated = tr(lang, source);
-                if lang == Lang::EN {
-                    assert_eq!(translated, *source, "English source string {source}");
-                } else {
-                    assert_ne!(translated, *source, "{} is missing {source:?}", lang.code());
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Camera Raw includes dynamic colour-band labels and contextual labels that the generic
-    /// tl! scanner cannot see. Cover the partial catalog too, without claiming whole-app coverage.
-    #[test]
-    fn camera_raw_labels_are_translated_in_every_available_language() {
-        let sources = [include_str!("../camera_raw_ui.rs"), include_str!("../camera_raw_scope_ui.rs")];
-        let mut labels = std::collections::BTreeSet::new();
-        for source in sources {
-            let code = source.split("#[cfg(test)]").next().unwrap();
-            for marker in ["tl!(\"", "row(ui, &mut dirty, \"", "row(ui, dirty, \"", "section(ui, \"", "wheel(ui, &mut dirty, \"", "=> \""] {
-                for tail in code.split(marker).skip(1) {
-                    labels.insert(tail.split('"').next().unwrap());
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        let bands = sources[0].split("const BANDS:").nth(1).unwrap().split(" = ").nth(1).unwrap().split(';').next().unwrap();
-        for band in bands.split('"').skip(1).step_by(2) {
-            labels.insert(band);
-        }
-        assert!(labels.len() >= 66, "missing Camera Raw source labels: {labels:?}");
-        for lang in Lang::all().filter(|l| *l != Lang::EN) {
-            let catalog = lang.catalog();
-            let missing: Vec<_> = labels.iter().filter(|s| catalog.contextual("cameraRaw", s).or_else(|| catalog.plain(s)).is_none()).collect();
-            assert!(missing.is_empty(), "{}: Camera Raw labels: {missing:?}", lang.code());
-            assert_ne!(tr_ctx(lang, "cameraRaw", "Highlights"), tr_ctx(lang, "cameraRaw", "Lights"), "{}: distinct curve regions", lang.code());
-            assert_ne!(tr_ctx(lang, "cameraRaw", "Shadows"), tr_ctx(lang, "cameraRaw", "Darks"), "{}: distinct curve regions", lang.code());
-        }
-        let ru = Lang::from_code("ru").unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(tr_ctx(ru, "cameraRaw", "Vibrance"), "Красочность");
-        assert_eq!(tr_ctx(ru, "cameraRaw", "Aqua"), "Голубые");
-        let text = fmt(tr(ru, "Camera Raw Filter ({layer})"), &[("layer", "{Background} 影像")]);
-        assert_eq!(text, "Фильтр Camera Raw ({Background} 影像)", "user layer names are not translated");
-    }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/nl.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/nl.tsv
index 5be6acfaab..3e4069014f 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/nl.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/nl.tsv
@@ -8,6 +8,10 @@
 # stay as they are; the trailing "…" of dialog commands is kept. UI text addresses the user
 # informally ("je") and uses sentence case.
 
+# Layer Mask Display Options (the layer mask rubylith's colour and opacity)
+	Mask Options…	Maskeropties…
+	Layer Mask Display Options…	Weergaveopties voor laagmasker…
+
 # Channel Options and New Spot Channel (#3761)
 	Channel Color	Kanaalkleur
 	Color Indicates:	Kleur geeft aan:
@@ -641,6 +645,10 @@
 	Fit Layer(s) on Screen	Laag/lagen passend in scherm
 	Fit Artboard on Screen	Tekengebied passend in scherm
 	100%	100%
+	105%	105%
+	110%	110%
+	115%	115%
+	120%	120%
 	200%	200%
 	Print Size	Afdrukgrootte
 	Pixel Aspect Ratio	Pixelverhouding
@@ -794,6 +802,7 @@
 	Split Warp Vertically	Verbuiging verticaal splitsen
 	Statistics…	Statistieken…
 	Refine Strokes	Verfijningsstreken
+	Edits	Bewerkingen
 @plural	{n} item|{n} items	{n} element|{n} elementen
 	Auto	Automatisch
 	(print to the printer)	(naar de printer afdrukken)
@@ -995,6 +1004,9 @@
 	Create new pattern from the selection	Nieuw patroon maken van de selectie
 	Create new shape from the current path	Nieuwe vorm maken van het huidige pad
 	Create new snapshot	Nieuwe momentopname maken
+	From:	Van:
+	Full Document	Volledig document
+	Merged Layers	Samengevoegde lagen
 	Create new style (from the selected type)	Nieuwe stijl maken (van de geselecteerde tekst)
 	Create new style from the selected layer	Nieuwe stijl maken van de geselecteerde laag
 	Create new tool preset	Nieuwe gereedschapsvoorinstelling maken
@@ -1074,7 +1086,7 @@
 	Done	Gereed
 	Dots	Stippen
 	Drag a rectangle around the object	Sleep een rechthoek rond het object
-	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click to delete.	Sleep over de afbeelding om een beperking toe te voegen; Shift voor horizontaal/verticaal; rechtsklik om te verwijderen.
+	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click a constraint to change or delete it.	Sleep over de afbeelding om een beperking toe te voegen; Shift voor horizontaal/verticaal; rechtsklik op een beperking om deze te wijzigen of te verwijderen.
 	Drag to move the active shape's path or the Work Path	Sleep om het pad van de actieve vorm of het werkpad te verplaatsen
 	Click: select anchor · Drag: move anchor, handle or segment · {shift}-click: add · {alt}-click: whole subpath	Klik: ankerpunt selecteren · Slepen: ankerpunt, greep of segment verplaatsen · {shift}-klik: toevoegen · {alt}-klik: heel subpad
 	Draw with the Pen tool (P) or make a work path from a selection.	Teken met het pengereedschap (P) of maak een werkpad van een selectie.
@@ -1316,6 +1328,8 @@
 	Override Pressure	Druk overschrijven
 	Override Rotation	Rotatie overschrijven
 	Override Tilt	Kanteling overschrijven
+	Override Tilt X	Kanteling X overschrijven
+	Override Tilt Y	Kanteling Y overschrijven
 	PRESET DETAILS	DETAILS VOORINSTELLING
 	PSD	PSD
 	Paint Overlay	Verfbedekking
@@ -1467,6 +1481,7 @@
 	Set shape fill type	Vultype van vorm instellen
 	Set shape stroke type	Lijntype van vorm instellen
 	Set the text color	De tekstkleur instellen
+	Create warped text	Verbogen tekst maken
 	Shadows	Schaduwen
 	Shape:	Vorm:
 	Sharpening	Verscherping
@@ -1964,6 +1979,7 @@
 	Quick export format	Formaat snel exporteren
 	Quick export location	Locatie snel exporteren
 	Recent file count	Aantal recente bestanden
+	LUT folder	LUT-map
 	Recent files	Recente bestanden
 	Recent fonts	Recente lettertypen
 	Recover on launch	Herstellen bij opstarten
@@ -2171,6 +2187,10 @@
 	No path to make a selection from: draw one with the Pen tool or select one in the Paths panel.	Geen pad om een selectie van te maken: teken er een met het pengereedschap of selecteer er een in het paneel Paden.
 	Cancel opening	Openen annuleren
 	Cancelled opening {name}	Openen van {name} geannuleerd
+	Damaged Photoshop document	Beschadigd Photoshop-document
+	The document “{name}” may be damaged.	Het document ‘{name}’ is mogelijk beschadigd.
+	Some layers, pixels or masks could not be read. Do you want to continue opening it?	Sommige lagen, pixels of maskers konden niet worden gelezen. Wilt u doorgaan met openen?
+	If you continue, saving over the original may permanently discard unreadable data. Save a copy to keep the original.	Als u doorgaat, kan opslaan over het origineel onleesbare gegevens definitief verwijderen. Sla een kopie op om het origineel te behouden.
 	The document “{name}” does not have an embedded {mode} profile.	Het document “{name}” heeft geen ingesloten {mode}-profiel.
 	The document “{name}” has an embedded color profile that does not match the current {mode} working space.	Het document “{name}” heeft een ingesloten kleurprofiel dat niet overeenkomt met de huidige {mode}-werkruimte.
 	Working: {working}	Werkruimte: {working}
@@ -2280,6 +2300,8 @@
 	GPU acceleration could not continue. Your documents are unchanged.	GPU-versnelling kon niet doorgaan. Je documenten zijn ongewijzigd.
 	PhotoCraft is using the CPU image compositor. The window may still use your graphics adapter.	PhotoCraft gebruikt de CPU-beeldcompositor. Het venster kan nog steeds je grafische adapter gebruiken.
 	Retry GPU requires a restart. Save your work first.	GPU opnieuw proberen vereist een herstart. Sla eerst je werk op.
+	Retry GPU tries the graphics processor again now.	GPU opnieuw proberen probeert de grafische processor nu opnieuw.
+	GPU acceleration resumed.	GPU-versnelling hervat.
 	Keep Using CPU	CPU blijven gebruiken
 	Retry GPU	GPU opnieuw proberen
 	Advanced	Geavanceerd
@@ -2325,6 +2347,11 @@
 	Content-Aware Move Tool	Inhoudsbewust verplaatsen
 	TIFF Options	TIFF-opties
 	Targa Options	Targa-opties
+	JPEG Options	JPEG-opties
+	Image Options	Afbeeldingsopties
+	Format Options	Indelingsopties
+	Baseline ("Standard")	Basislijn ("Standaard")
+	Baseline Optimized	Basislijn geoptimaliseerd
 	24 bits/pixel	24 bits/pixel
 	32 bits/pixel	32 bits/pixel
 	Including layers will increase file size.	Lagen meenemen vergroot de bestandsgrootte.
@@ -2836,6 +2863,8 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Kleur
 	Keywords	Trefwoorden
 	Copyright Info URL	URL copyrightinformatie
 	Copyright Status	Copyrightstatus
+	Copyright Notice	Copyrightvermelding
+	Document Title	Documenttitel
 	Copyrighted	Auteursrechtelijk beschermd
 	Public Domain	Publiek domein
 	Unknown	Onbekend
@@ -3352,6 +3381,7 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Kleur
 	Do you want to save you made to “{name}” before quitting?	Wil je de wijzigingen in “{name}” opslaan voordat je afsluit?
 	Dodge/Burn	Tegenhouden/doordrukken
 	Duplicate Path	Pad dupliceren
+	Rename Path…	Pad hernoemen…
 	Dust & Scratches	Stof en krassen
 	Dynamics	Dynamiek
 	Edit Plane	Vlak bewerken
@@ -3859,6 +3889,8 @@ curves	Smooth	Vloeiend maken
 	Vanishing Point is not active	Verdwijnpunt is niet actief
 	Apply Vanishing Point ({key})	Verdwijnpunt toepassen ({key})
 	Fix the red plane first: its corners must form a convex quad	Herstel eerst het rode vlak: de hoeken moeten een convexe vierhoek vormen
+	Alt-click a plane to set the clone source	Alt-klik op een vlak om de kloonbron in te stellen
+	Too many clone strokes: apply Vanishing Point first	Te veel kloonstreken: pas eerst Verdwijnpunt toe
 # Select and Mask view modes (#1754)
 	Onion Skin	Uienschil
 	Marching Ants	Mierenmars
@@ -3924,9 +3956,16 @@ curves	Smooth	Vloeiend maken
 	Light Gray	Lichtgrijs
 	Object Finder	Objectzoeker
 	No object found there — drag a rectangle around it	Daar is geen object gevonden — sleep er een rechthoek omheen
+	The active layer has no pixels here — turn on Sample All Layers or select a layer with pixels	De actieve laag heeft hier geen pixels — zet Alle lagen samplen aan of selecteer een laag met pixels
 	Remove after each stroke	Verwijderen na elke streek
 	Apply the removal ({key})	Verwijdering toepassen ({key})
 	Strokes to remove: {n} (Enter applies, Esc cancels)	Streken om te verwijderen: {n} (Enter past toe, Esc annuleert)
+	Load Contours…	Contouren laden…
+	Replace Contours…	Contouren vervangen…
+	Save Contours…	Contouren opslaan…
+	Delete Contour	Contour verwijderen
+	Loaded contours from {file}	Contouren geladen uit {file}
+	Saved contours to {file}	Contouren opgeslagen in {file}
 	Show home recent files	Recente bestanden tonen op het startscherm
 	Clear Brush Controls	Penseelbesturing wissen
 	Reset All Locked Settings	Alle vergrendelde instellingen opnieuw instellen
@@ -3935,6 +3974,9 @@ curves	Smooth	Vloeiend maken
 # Actions panel: Load/Save Actions (.atn) and kept Photoshop steps
 	Load Actions…	Handelingen laden…
 	Save Actions…	Handelingen opslaan…
+	New Action…	Nieuwe handeling…
+	Start Recording	Opname starten
+	Stop Recording	Opname stoppen
 	{name} (Photoshop)	{name} (Photoshop)
 	{message} ({note})	{message} ({note})
 @plural	Loaded {n} action from {file}|Loaded {n} actions from {file}	{n} handeling geladen uit {file}|{n} handelingen geladen uit {file}
@@ -3966,9 +4008,40 @@ curves	Smooth	Vloeiend maken
 	Sent to {printer}	Verzonden naar {printer}
 	set in Print Settings…	instellen in de afdrukinstellingen…
 	ICO is limited to 256 × 256 pixels	ICO is beperkt tot 256 × 256 pixels
+	Calibration	Kalibratie
+	Red Primary	Primair rood
+	Green Primary	Primair groen
+	Blue Primary	Primair blauw
+	Write xmp sidecars	XMP-sidecarbestanden schrijven
+	Set the tone sliders from the image	Toonschuifregelaars instellen op basis van de afbeelding
+	Settings from {name}	Instellingen uit {name}
+	Settings from {name}; {count} not supported: {names}	Instellingen uit {name}; {count} niet ondersteund: {names}
+	Could not write {name}: {error}	Kan {name} niet schrijven: {error}
+	Kept {name}: written by another application	{name} behouden: geschreven door een andere toepassing
+	Shadow Tint	Schaduwtint
+# PhotoCraft release checks.
+	Check for Updates…	Controleren op updates…
+	PhotoCraft Updates	PhotoCraft-updates
+	Checking for updates…	Controleren op updates…
+	Open the release page to choose an installer for your system.	Open de releasepagina om een installatieprogramma voor uw systeem te kiezen.
+	Open Download Page	Downloadpagina openen
+	PhotoCraft is up to date.	PhotoCraft is bijgewerkt.
+	Could not check for updates.	Kan niet controleren op updates.
+	Updates have not been checked yet.	Er is nog niet op updates gecontroleerd.
+	Check Again	Opnieuw controleren
+	Automatically Check for Updates	Automatisch op updates controleren
+	Installed version: {version}	Geïnstalleerde versie: {version}
+	PhotoCraft {version} is available.	PhotoCraft {version} is beschikbaar.
 # History panel › History Brush source (#2966)
 	Paints from the History panel's source state	Schildert vanuit de bronstatus van het deelvenster Geschiedenis
 	Sets the source for the history brush	Stelt de bron voor het historiepenseel in
+# Bevel & Emboss shading controls.
+	Highlight Mode	Hooglichtmodus
+	Highlight Color	Hooglichtkleur
+	Highlight Opacity	Hooglichtdekking
+	Shadow Mode	Schaduwmodus
+	Shadow Color	Schaduwkleur
+	Shadow Opacity	Schaduwdekking
 # Embedded Profile Mismatch: profile names beside the choices, Remember this choice
 	Use the embedded profile ({profile})	Het ingesloten profiel gebruiken ({profile})
 	Convert to the working space ({profile})	Omzetten naar de werkruimte ({profile})
@@ -3985,6 +4058,7 @@ curves	Smooth	Vloeiend maken
 	Chisel Hard	Beitel hard
 	Chisel Soft	Beitel zacht
 	Open color-less EXR as ACEScg	EXR zonder kleurruimte als ACEScg openen
+	Do not append "copy" to filename when saving a copy	Geen "copy" aan de bestandsnaam toevoegen bij het opslaan van een kopie
 
 # View › Guides › right-click a guide
 	Edit Selected Guides	Geselecteerde hulplijnen bewerken
@@ -4039,15 +4113,33 @@ curves	Smooth	Vloeiend maken
 	GPU Memory Full	GPU-geheugen vol
 	The layers need {needed} of GPU memory and may hold {budget}, so edits that redraw the whole document do it on the CPU. Click to set GPU Memory.	De lagen hebben {needed} GPU-geheugen nodig en mogen {budget} gebruiken, dus bewerkingen die het hele document opnieuw tekenen doen dat op de CPU. Klik om GPU-geheugen in te stellen.
 	GPU memory budget: {budget}	GPU-geheugenbudget: {budget}
+	Graphics memory: {size}	Grafisch geheugen: {size}
 	This document's layers: {needed} of {budget} for layers	Lagen van dit document: {needed} van {budget} voor lagen
 	This document's layers need {needed} but may hold {budget}: whole-document redraws use the CPU	De lagen van dit document hebben {needed} nodig maar mogen {budget} gebruiken: het hele document wordt op de CPU opnieuw getekend
 	GPU Memory (MB, 0 = Automatic)	GPU-geheugen (MB, 0 = Automatisch)
+	{path}: the path is not valid Unicode; save under another name.	{path}: het pad is geen geldige Unicode; sla op onder een andere naam.
 	{name} was changed by another app after it was opened or saved here.	{name} is door een andere app gewijzigd nadat het hier is geopend of bewaard.
 	Replace it with this document, or cancel and use File › Save As to keep both.	Vervang het door dit document, of annuleer en gebruik Bestand › Opslaan als om beide te houden.
 	Decrease Brush Size	Penseelgrootte verkleinen
 	Increase Brush Size	Penseelgrootte vergroten
 	Decrease Brush Hardness	Penseelhardheid verlagen
 	Increase Brush Hardness	Penseelhardheid verhogen
+	Demosaic	Demosaicing
+	How the camera's colour filter mosaic is filled in. It is applied when the file opens; the preview shows the method it was opened with.	Hoe het kleurfiltermozaïek van de camera wordt ingevuld. Wordt toegepast bij het openen van het bestand; de voorvertoning toont de methode waarmee het is geopend.
+	AHD (adaptive homogeneity)	AHD (adaptieve homogeniteit)
+	Malvar–He–Cutler	Malvar–He–Cutler
+	Hirakawa–Parks: the cleanest edges and the least colour fringing, the slowest.	Hirakawa–Parks: de schoonste randen en de minste kleurranden, het traagst.
+	Gradient-corrected interpolation: sharp and fast, with some colour fringing on fine detail.	Gradiëntgecorrigeerde interpolatie: scherp en snel, met wat kleurranden in fijne details.
+	The fastest and the softest, with colour fringing on fine detail.	Het snelst en het zachtst, met kleurranden in fijne details.
+	“{name}” already exists. Replace it?	“{name}” bestaat al. Vervangen?
+	The name in the save dialog was “{name}”.	De naam in het venster Opslaan was “{name}”.
+	Move Up	Omhoog
+	Move Down	Omlaag
+	Previous Brush	Vorig penseel
+	Next Brush	Volgend penseel
+	First Brush	Eerste penseel
+	Last Brush	Laatste penseel
+	Preview size	Preview size
 	Memory Usage	Geheugengebruik
 	Per-document RAM limit (MB)	RAM-limiet per document (MB)
 	Installed RAM: {ram} MB; this limit: {percent}%	Geïnstalleerd RAM: {ram} MB; deze limiet: {percent}%
@@ -4069,3 +4161,54 @@ curves	Smooth	Vloeiend maken
 # Graphics Adapter preference (#1885)
 	GPU adapter	GPU-adapter
 smartSvg	AI/PDF/EPS contents will be edited as SVG. Saving replaces the embedded source; format-specific features may change.	AI/PDF/EPS-inhoud wordt als SVG bewerkt. Opslaan vervangt de ingesloten bron; formaatspecifieke eigenschappen kunnen veranderen.
+
+# Styles panel: Import / Export Styles (.asl)
+	Import Styles…	Stijlen importeren…
+	Export Selected Styles…	Geselecteerde stijlen exporteren…
+	Export Styles…	Stijlen exporteren…
+	{file} is not a style library (.asl)	{file} is geen stijlbibliotheek (.asl)
+@plural	Imported {n} style from {file}|Imported {n} styles from {file}	{n} stijl geïmporteerd uit {file}|{n} stijlen geïmporteerd uit {file}
+@plural	Exported {n} style to {file}|Exported {n} styles to {file}	{n} stijl geëxporteerd naar {file}|{n} stijlen geëxporteerd naar {file}
+# Actions: a step dialog holds a suspended recording (#7365)
+	Confirm or cancel the open action step dialog first	Bevestig of annuleer eerst het geopende dialoogvenster van de handelingsstap
+	Pro Medium Gray	Pro middelgrijs
+	Solarized	Solarized
+	Breeze	Breeze
+	Pro Light Gray	Pro lichtgrijs
+	Pro Light	Pro licht
+	Resize Windows to Fit	Venstergrootte aanpassen
+	EXR	EXR
+# Paragraph direction (TYPE-218-2)
+	Automatic paragraph direction	Automatische alinearichting
+	Left-to-right paragraph direction	Alinearichting van links naar rechts
+	Right-to-left paragraph direction	Alinearichting van rechts naar links
+	Not rendered: this adjustment ({key}) is kept as imported.	Niet weergegeven: deze aanpassing ({key}) blijft behouden zoals geïmporteerd.
+# Print preview image (#8236)
+	Print preview image	Print preview image
+# Color panel menu: modes, copy commands and colour ramps (#6000)
+	Hue Cube	Kleurtoonkubus
+	Brightness Cube	Helderheidskubus
+	Color Wheel	Kleurenwiel
+	RGB Sliders	RGB-schuifregelaars
+	HSB Sliders	HSB-schuifregelaars
+	CMYK Sliders	CMYK-schuifregelaars
+	Lab Sliders	Lab-schuifregelaars
+	Web Color Sliders	Webkleurschuifregelaars
+	Copy Color as HTML	Kleur kopiëren als HTML
+	Copy Color's Hex Code	Hexadecimale code van kleur kopiëren
+	RGB Spectrum	RGB-spectrum
+	CMYK Spectrum	CMYK-spectrum
+	Grayscale Ramp	Grijswaardenbalk
+	Current Colors	Huidige kleuren
+	Make Ramp Web Safe	Balk beperken tot webkleuren
+# Art History Brush (#213).
+	Art History Brush Tool	Artistiek historiepenseel
+	Tight Short	Strak kort
+	Tight Medium	Strak middel
+	Tight Long	Strak lang
+	Loose Medium	Los middel
+	Loose Long	Los lang
+	Dab	Tik
+	Tight Curl	Strakke krul
+	Loose Curl	Losse krul
+	Stylized dabs from a history state	Gestileerde tikken uit een historiestatus
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/pl.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/pl.tsv
index 14880d2789..15c4cd586d 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/pl.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/pl.tsv
@@ -18,6 +18,10 @@
 # Conventions: menus are nouns (Plik, Edycja, Obraz ...), commands are infinitives (Otwórz…,
 # Zapisz jako…), sentence case as in the English source. Quotes: „…”.
 
+# Layer Mask Display Options (the layer mask rubylith's colour and opacity)
+	Mask Options…	Opcje maski…
+	Layer Mask Display Options…	Opcje wyświetlania maski warstwy…
+
 # Channel Options and New Spot Channel (#3761)
 	Channel Color	Kolor kanału
 	Color Indicates:	Kolor oznacza:
@@ -650,6 +654,10 @@
 	Fit Layer(s) on Screen	Dopasuj warstwy do ekranu
 	Fit Artboard on Screen	Dopasuj obszar roboczy do ekranu
 	100%	100%
+	105%	105%
+	110%	110%
+	115%	115%
+	120%	120%
 	200%	200%
 	75%	75%
 	80%	80%
@@ -811,6 +819,23 @@
 	Split Warp Vertically	Podziel wypaczenie w pionie
 	Statistics…	Statystyki…
 	Refine Strokes	Pociągnięcia udoskonalania
+	Edits	Edycje
+# Counted status and panel messages (plural forms: 1 | 2–4 except 12–14 | the rest)
+@plural	Exported {n} swatch to {file}|Exported {n} swatches to {file}	Wyeksportowano {n} próbkę koloru do {file}|Wyeksportowano {n} próbki kolorów do {file}|Wyeksportowano {n} próbek kolorów do {file}
+@plural	Imported {n} swatch from {file}|Imported {n} swatches from {file}	Zaimportowano {n} próbkę koloru z {file}|Zaimportowano {n} próbki kolorów z {file}|Zaimportowano {n} próbek kolorów z {file}
+@plural	Imported {n} brush from {group}|Imported {n} brushes from {group}	Zaimportowano {n} pędzel z {group}|Zaimportowano {n} pędzle z {group}|Zaimportowano {n} pędzli z {group}
+@plural	Played {n} step|Played {n} steps	Odtworzono {n} krok|Odtworzono {n} kroki|Odtworzono {n} kroków
+@plural	{n} step|{n} steps	{n} krok|{n} kroki|{n} kroków
+@plural	Saved for Web: {n} file|Saved for Web: {n} files	Zapisano dla Internetu: {n} plik|Zapisano dla Internetu: {n} pliki|Zapisano dla Internetu: {n} plików
+@plural	Updated {n} linked smart object changed on disk|Updated {n} linked smart objects changed on disk	Zaktualizowano {n} połączony obiekt inteligentny zmieniony na dysku|Zaktualizowano {n} połączone obiekty inteligentne zmienione na dysku|Zaktualizowano {n} połączonych obiektów inteligentnych zmienionych na dysku
+@plural	{n} layer recorded by this comp was deleted. Update the comp, or clear the warning.|{n} layers recorded by this comp were deleted. Update the comp, or clear the warning.	Usunięto {n} warstwę zapisaną w tej kompozycji. Zaktualizuj kompozycję lub usuń ostrzeżenie.|Usunięto {n} warstwy zapisane w tej kompozycji. Zaktualizuj kompozycję lub usuń ostrzeżenie.|Usunięto {n} warstw zapisanych w tej kompozycji. Zaktualizuj kompozycję lub usuń ostrzeżenie.
+@plural	{n} plane|{n} planes	{n} płaszczyzna|{n} płaszczyzny|{n} płaszczyzn
+@plural	{n} preset|{n} presets	{n} ustawienie wstępne|{n} ustawienia wstępne|{n} ustawień wstępnych
+@plural	{n} sample point removed|{n} sample points removed	Usunięto {n} punkt próbkowania|Usunięto {n} punkty próbkowania|Usunięto {n} punktów próbkowania
+@plural	{n} slice|{n} slices	{n} plasterek|{n} plasterki|{n} plasterków
+@plural	{warning} (+{n} more brush preset warning)|{warning} (+{n} more brush preset warnings)	{warning} (+{n} kolejne ostrzeżenie dotyczące ustawień wstępnych pędzli)|{warning} (+{n} kolejne ostrzeżenia dotyczące ustawień wstępnych pędzli)|{warning} (+{n} kolejnych ostrzeżeń dotyczących ustawień wstępnych pędzli)
+@plural	{what} with {n} warning|{what} with {n} warnings	{what}: {n} ostrzeżenie|{what}: {n} ostrzeżenia|{what}: {n} ostrzeżeń
+
 @plural	{n} item|{n} items	{n} element|{n} elementy|{n} elementów
 	Auto	Automatycznie
 
@@ -1014,6 +1039,9 @@
 	Create new pattern from the selection	Utwórz nowy wzór z zaznaczenia
 	Create new shape from the current path	Utwórz nowy kształt z bieżącej ścieżki
 	Create new snapshot	Utwórz nową migawkę
+	From:	Z:
+	Full Document	Cały dokument
+	Merged Layers	Scalone warstwy
 	Create new style (from the selected type)	Utwórz nowy styl (z zaznaczonego tekstu)
 	Create new style from the selected layer	Utwórz nowy styl z zaznaczonej warstwy
 	Create new tool preset	Utwórz nowe ustawienie wstępne narzędzia
@@ -1093,7 +1121,7 @@
 	Done	Gotowe
 	Dots	Kropki
 	Drag a rectangle around the object	Przeciągnij prostokąt wokół obiektu
-	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click to delete.	Przeciągnij po obrazie, aby dodać ograniczenie; Shift — poziomo/pionowo; prawy przycisk usuwa.
+	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click a constraint to change or delete it.	Przeciągnij po obrazie, aby dodać ograniczenie; Shift — poziomo/pionowo; prawy przycisk na ograniczeniu — zmiana lub usunięcie.
 	Drag to move the active shape's path or the Work Path	Przeciągnij, aby przesunąć ścieżkę aktywnego kształtu lub ścieżkę roboczą
 	Click: select anchor · Drag: move anchor, handle or segment · {shift}-click: add · {alt}-click: whole subpath	Klik: zaznacz punkt kontrolny · Przeciągnięcie: przesuń punkt, uchwyt lub segment · {shift}-klik: dodaj · {alt}-klik: cała podścieżka
 	Draw with the Pen tool (P) or make a work path from a selection.	Rysuj narzędziem Pióro (P) lub utwórz ścieżkę roboczą z zaznaczenia.
@@ -1331,6 +1359,8 @@
 	Override Pressure	Zastąp nacisk
 	Override Rotation	Zastąp obrót
 	Override Tilt	Zastąp nachylenie
+	Override Tilt X	Zastąp nachylenie X
+	Override Tilt Y	Zastąp nachylenie Y
 	PRESET DETAILS	SZCZEGÓŁY USTAWIENIA WSTĘPNEGO
 	PSD	PSD
 	Paint Overlay	Nakładka malowania
@@ -1482,6 +1512,7 @@
 	Set shape fill type	Ustaw typ wypełnienia kształtu
 	Set shape stroke type	Ustaw typ obrysu kształtu
 	Set the text color	Ustaw kolor tekstu
+	Create warped text	Utwórz wypaczony tekst
 	Shadows	Cienie
 	Shape:	Kształt:
 	Sharpening	Wyostrzanie
@@ -1985,6 +2016,7 @@
 	Quick export format	Format szybkiego eksportu
 	Quick export location	Lokalizacja szybkiego eksportu
 	Recent file count	Liczba ostatnich plików
+	LUT folder	Folder LUT
 	Recent files	Ostatnie pliki
 	Recent fonts	Ostatnie czcionki
 	Recover on launch	Odzyskaj przy uruchomieniu
@@ -2190,6 +2222,11 @@
 	No path to make a selection from: draw one with the Pen tool or select one in the Paths panel.	Brak ścieżki, z której można utworzyć zaznaczenie: narysuj ją narzędziem Pióro lub wybierz w panelu Ścieżki.
 	Cancel opening	Anuluj otwieranie
 	Cancelled opening {name}	Anulowano otwieranie {name}
+	Damaged Photoshop document	Uszkodzony dokument programu Photoshop
+	The document “{name}” may be damaged.	Dokument „{name}” może być uszkodzony.
+	Some layers, pixels or masks could not be read. Do you want to continue opening it?	Nie udało się odczytać niektórych warstw, pikseli lub masek. Czy kontynuować otwieranie?
+	If you continue, saving over the original may permanently discard unreadable data. Save a copy to keep the original.	Jeśli będziesz kontynuować, zapisanie na oryginale może trwale usunąć nieczytelne dane. Zapisz kopię, aby zachować oryginał.
+	Continue	Kontynuuj
 	The document “{name}” does not have an embedded {mode} profile.	Dokument „{name}” nie ma osadzonego profilu {mode}.
 	The document “{name}” has an embedded color profile that does not match the current {mode} working space.	Dokument „{name}” ma osadzony profil kolorów, który nie pasuje do bieżącej przestrzeni roboczej {mode}.
 	Working: {working}	Przestrzeń robocza: {working}
@@ -2395,6 +2432,7 @@
 	Clipping Path	Ścieżka przycinająca
 	New Path	Nowa ścieżka
 	Duplicate Path	Duplikuj ścieżkę
+	Rename Path…	Zmień nazwę ścieżki…
 	Delete Path	Usuń ścieżkę
 	Auto-Hide	Ukrywanie automatyczne
 	W	Sz.
@@ -2460,6 +2498,8 @@
 	Keywords	Słowa kluczowe
 	Copyright Info URL	Adres URL informacji o prawach autorskich
 	Copyright Status	Status praw autorskich
+	Copyright Notice	Informacja o prawach autorskich
+	Document Title	Tytuł dokumentu
 	Copyrighted	Chronione prawem autorskim
 	Public Domain	Domena publiczna
 	Unknown	Nieznany
@@ -2679,6 +2719,8 @@
 	GPU acceleration could not continue. Your documents are unchanged.	Akceleracja GPU nie mogła być kontynuowana. Twoje dokumenty nie zostały zmienione.
 	PhotoCraft is using the CPU image compositor. The window may still use your graphics adapter.	PhotoCraft używa kompozytora obrazu CPU. Okno może nadal korzystać z karty graficznej.
 	Retry GPU requires a restart. Save your work first.	Ponowna próba z GPU wymaga restartu. Najpierw zapisz swoją pracę.
+	Retry GPU tries the graphics processor again now.	Spróbuj ponownie z GPU od razu ponawia próbę z procesorem graficznym.
+	GPU acceleration resumed.	Akceleracja GPU wznowiona.
 	Keep Using CPU	Nadal używaj CPU
 	Retry GPU	Spróbuj ponownie z GPU
 	GPU Backend	Backend GPU
@@ -2751,6 +2793,11 @@ cameraRaw	Roughness	Chropowatość
 	Content-Aware Move Tool	Narzędzie Przesunięcie z uwzględnieniem zawartości
 	TIFF Options	Opcje TIFF
 	Targa Options	Opcje Targa
+	JPEG Options	Opcje JPEG
+	Image Options	Opcje obrazu
+	Format Options	Opcje formatu
+	Baseline ("Standard")	Linia bazowa („Standardowa”)
+	Baseline Optimized	Linia bazowa zoptymalizowana
 	24 bits/pixel	24 bity/piksel
 	32 bits/pixel	32 bity/piksel
 	Including layers will increase file size.	Dołączenie warstw zwiększy rozmiar pliku.
@@ -3717,6 +3764,8 @@ curves	Smooth	Wygładź
 	Vanishing Point is not active	Punkt zbieżności nie jest aktywny
 	Apply Vanishing Point ({key})	Zastosuj punkt zbieżności ({key})
 	Fix the red plane first: its corners must form a convex quad	Najpierw popraw czerwoną płaszczyznę: jej narożniki muszą tworzyć czworokąt wypukły
+	Alt-click a plane to set the clone source	Kliknij płaszczyznę z Alt, aby ustawić źródło klonowania
+	Too many clone strokes: apply Vanishing Point first	Zbyt wiele pociągnięć klonowania: najpierw zastosuj Punkt zbieżności
 # Select and Mask view modes (#1754)
 	Onion Skin	Skórka cebuli
 	Marching Ants	Maszerujące mrówki
@@ -3762,9 +3811,16 @@ curves	Smooth	Wygładź
 	Light Gray	Jasnoszary
 	Object Finder	Wyszukiwanie obiektów
 	No object found there — drag a rectangle around it	Nie znaleziono tam obiektu — przeciągnij wokół niego prostokąt
+	The active layer has no pixels here — turn on Sample All Layers or select a layer with pixels	Aktywna warstwa nie ma tu pikseli — włącz Próbkuj wszystkie warstwy albo wybierz warstwę z pikselami
 	Remove after each stroke	Usuwaj po każdym pociągnięciu
 	Apply the removal ({key})	Zastosuj usuwanie ({key})
 	Strokes to remove: {n} (Enter applies, Esc cancels)	Pociągnięcia do usunięcia: {n} (Enter stosuje, Esc anuluje)
+	Load Contours…	Wczytaj kontury…
+	Replace Contours…	Zamień kontury…
+	Save Contours…	Zapisz kontury…
+	Delete Contour	Usuń kontur
+	Loaded contours from {file}	Wczytano kontury z {file}
+	Saved contours to {file}	Zapisano kontury w {file}
 	Show home recent files	Pokaż ostatnie pliki na ekranie głównym
 	Clear Brush Controls	Wyczyść elementy sterujące pędzlem
 	Reset All Locked Settings	Resetuj wszystkie zablokowane ustawienia
@@ -3773,6 +3829,9 @@ curves	Smooth	Wygładź
 # Actions panel: Load/Save Actions (.atn) and kept Photoshop steps
 	Load Actions…	Wczytaj operacje…
 	Save Actions…	Zapisz operacje…
+	New Action…	Nowa operacja…
+	Start Recording	Rozpocznij nagrywanie
+	Stop Recording	Zatrzymaj nagrywanie
 	{name} (Photoshop)	{name} (Photoshop)
 	{message} ({note})	{message} ({note})
 @plural	Loaded {n} action from {file}|Loaded {n} actions from {file}	Wczytano {n} operację z {file}|Wczytano {n} operacje z {file}|Wczytano {n} operacji z {file}
@@ -3804,9 +3863,40 @@ curves	Smooth	Wygładź
 	Sent to {printer}	Wysłano do {printer}
 	set in Print Settings…	ustawiane w ustawieniach druku…
 	ICO is limited to 256 × 256 pixels	ICO jest ograniczony do 256 × 256 pikseli
+	Calibration	Kalibracja
+	Red Primary	Czerwień podstawowa
+	Green Primary	Zieleń podstawowa
+	Blue Primary	Niebieski podstawowy
+	Write xmp sidecars	Zapisuj pliki poboczne XMP
+	Set the tone sliders from the image	Ustaw suwaki tonów na podstawie obrazu
+	Settings from {name}	Ustawienia z {name}
+	Settings from {name}; {count} not supported: {names}	Ustawienia z {name}; nieobsługiwane: {count}: {names}
+	Could not write {name}: {error}	Nie można zapisać {name}: {error}
+	Kept {name}: written by another application	Zachowano {name}: zapisany przez inną aplikację
+	Shadow Tint	Tinta cieni
+# PhotoCraft release checks.
+	Check for Updates…	Sprawdź aktualizacje…
+	PhotoCraft Updates	Aktualizacje PhotoCraft
+	Checking for updates…	Sprawdzanie aktualizacji…
+	Open the release page to choose an installer for your system.	Otwórz stronę wydania, aby wybrać instalator dla swojego systemu.
+	Open Download Page	Otwórz stronę pobierania
+	PhotoCraft is up to date.	PhotoCraft jest aktualny.
+	Could not check for updates.	Nie udało się sprawdzić aktualizacji.
+	Updates have not been checked yet.	Aktualizacje nie zostały jeszcze sprawdzone.
+	Check Again	Sprawdź ponownie
+	Automatically Check for Updates	Automatycznie sprawdzaj aktualizacje
+	Installed version: {version}	Zainstalowana wersja: {version}
+	PhotoCraft {version} is available.	PhotoCraft {version} jest dostępny.
 # History panel › History Brush source (#2966)
 	Paints from the History panel's source state	Maluje ze stanu źródłowego panelu Historia
 	Sets the source for the history brush	Ustawia źródło dla pędzla historii
+# Bevel & Emboss shading controls.
+	Highlight Mode	Tryb świateł
+	Highlight Color	Kolor świateł
+	Highlight Opacity	Krycie świateł
+	Shadow Mode	Tryb cieni
+	Shadow Color	Kolor cieni
+	Shadow Opacity	Krycie cieni
 # Embedded Profile Mismatch: profile names beside the choices, Remember this choice
 	Use the embedded profile ({profile})	Użyj osadzonego profilu ({profile})
 	Convert to the working space ({profile})	Konwertuj na przestrzeń roboczą ({profile})
@@ -3823,6 +3913,7 @@ curves	Smooth	Wygładź
 	Chisel Hard	Dłuto twarde
 	Chisel Soft	Dłuto miękkie
 	Open color-less EXR as ACEScg	Otwieraj EXR bez profilu koloru jako ACEScg
+	Do not append "copy" to filename when saving a copy	Nie dodawaj „copy” do nazwy pliku przy zapisywaniu kopii
 
 # View › Guides › right-click a guide
 	Edit Selected Guides	Edytuj zaznaczone prowadnice
@@ -3877,9 +3968,11 @@ curves	Smooth	Wygładź
 	GPU Memory Full	Pamięć GPU pełna
 	The layers need {needed} of GPU memory and may hold {budget}, so edits that redraw the whole document do it on the CPU. Click to set GPU Memory.	Warstwy potrzebują {needed} pamięci GPU i mogą zająć {budget}, więc edycje, które odświeżają cały dokument, robią to na CPU. Kliknij, aby ustawić Pamięć GPU.
 	GPU memory budget: {budget}	Budżet pamięci GPU: {budget}
+	Graphics memory: {size}	Pamięć graficzna: {size}
 	This document's layers: {needed} of {budget} for layers	Warstwy tego dokumentu: {needed} z {budget} na warstwy
 	This document's layers need {needed} but may hold {budget}: whole-document redraws use the CPU	Warstwy tego dokumentu potrzebują {needed}, ale mogą zająć {budget}: odświeżanie całego dokumentu używa CPU
 	GPU Memory (MB, 0 = Automatic)	Pamięć GPU (MB, 0 = Automatycznie)
+	{path}: the path is not valid Unicode; save under another name.	{path}: ścieżka nie jest prawidłowym Unicode; zapisz pod inną nazwą.
 	Replace	Zastąp
 	{name} was changed by another app after it was opened or saved here.	Plik {name} został zmieniony przez inną aplikację po otwarciu lub zapisaniu go tutaj.
 	Replace it with this document, or cancel and use File › Save As to keep both.	Zastąp go tym dokumentem albo anuluj i użyj Plik › Zapisz jako, aby zachować oba.
@@ -3887,6 +3980,22 @@ curves	Smooth	Wygładź
 	Increase Brush Size	Zwiększ rozmiar pędzla
 	Decrease Brush Hardness	Zmniejsz twardość pędzla
 	Increase Brush Hardness	Zwiększ twardość pędzla
+	Demosaic	Demozaikowanie
+	How the camera's colour filter mosaic is filled in. It is applied when the file opens; the preview shows the method it was opened with.	Sposób uzupełniania mozaiki filtra barwnego aparatu. Stosowany przy otwieraniu pliku; podgląd pokazuje metodę, z którą plik został otwarty.
+	AHD (adaptive homogeneity)	AHD (adaptacyjna jednorodność)
+	Malvar–He–Cutler	Malvar–He–Cutler
+	Hirakawa–Parks: the cleanest edges and the least colour fringing, the slowest.	Hirakawa–Parks: najczystsze krawędzie i najmniej barwnych obwódek, najwolniejsza.
+	Gradient-corrected interpolation: sharp and fast, with some colour fringing on fine detail.	Interpolacja z korekcją gradientu: ostra i szybka, z niewielkimi barwnymi obwódkami na drobnych szczegółach.
+	The fastest and the softest, with colour fringing on fine detail.	Najszybsza i najmiększa, z barwnymi obwódkami na drobnych szczegółach.
+	“{name}” already exists. Replace it?	„{name}” już istnieje. Zastąpić?
+	The name in the save dialog was “{name}”.	Nazwa w oknie zapisywania: „{name}”.
+	Move Up	Przesuń w górę
+	Move Down	Przesuń w dół
+	Previous Brush	Poprzedni pędzel
+	Next Brush	Następny pędzel
+	First Brush	Pierwszy pędzel
+	Last Brush	Ostatni pędzel
+	Preview size	Preview size
 	Memory Usage	Użycie pamięci
 	Per-document RAM limit (MB)	Limit RAM na dokument (MB)
 	Installed RAM: {ram} MB; this limit: {percent}%	Zainstalowany RAM: {ram} MB; ten limit: {percent}%
@@ -3909,3 +4018,57 @@ curves	Smooth	Wygładź
 # Graphics Adapter preference (#1885)
 	GPU adapter	Karta GPU
 smartSvg	AI/PDF/EPS contents will be edited as SVG. Saving replaces the embedded source; format-specific features may change.	Zawartość AI/PDF/EPS będzie edytowana jako SVG. Zapisanie zastąpi osadzone źródło; właściwości specyficzne dla formatu mogą się zmienić.
+
+# Styles panel: Import / Export Styles (.asl)
+	Import Styles…	Importuj style…
+	Export Selected Styles…	Eksportuj zaznaczone style…
+	Export Styles…	Eksportuj style…
+	{file} is not a style library (.asl)	{file} nie jest biblioteką stylów (.asl)
+@plural	Imported {n} style from {file}|Imported {n} styles from {file}	Zaimportowano {n} styl z {file}|Zaimportowano {n} style z {file}|Zaimportowano {n} stylów z {file}
+@plural	Exported {n} style to {file}|Exported {n} styles to {file}	Wyeksportowano {n} styl do {file}|Wyeksportowano {n} style do {file}|Wyeksportowano {n} stylów do {file}
+# Actions: a step dialog holds a suspended recording (#7365)
+	Confirm or cancel the open action step dialog first	Najpierw zatwierdź lub anuluj otwarte okno kroku operacji
+	Pro Medium Gray	Pro (średni szary)
+	Solarized	Solarized
+	Breeze	Breeze
+	Pro Light Gray	Pro (jasnoszary)
+	Pro Light	Pro (jasny)
+	Resize Windows to Fit	Dopasuj rozmiar okien
+	EXR	EXR
+# Paragraph direction (TYPE-218-2)
+	Automatic paragraph direction	Automatyczny kierunek akapitu
+	Left-to-right paragraph direction	Kierunek akapitu od lewej do prawej
+	Right-to-left paragraph direction	Kierunek akapitu od prawej do lewej
+	Not rendered: this adjustment ({key}) is kept as imported.	Nie jest renderowana: ta korekta ({key}) jest zachowana w postaci zaimportowanej.
+# Print preview image (#8236)
+	Print preview image	Print preview image
+# Color panel menu: modes, copy commands and colour ramps (#6000)
+	Hue Cube	Sześcian odcienia
+	Brightness Cube	Sześcian jasności
+	Color Wheel	Koło kolorów
+	RGB Sliders	Suwaki RGB
+	HSB Sliders	Suwaki HSB
+	CMYK Sliders	Suwaki CMYK
+	Lab Sliders	Suwaki Lab
+	Web Color Sliders	Suwaki kolorów internetowych
+	Copy Color as HTML	Kopiuj kolor jako HTML
+	Copy Color's Hex Code	Kopiuj kod szesnastkowy koloru
+	RGB Spectrum	Widmo RGB
+	CMYK Spectrum	Widmo CMYK
+	Grayscale Ramp	Pasek skali szarości
+	Current Colors	Bieżące kolory
+	Make Ramp Web Safe	Ogranicz pasek do kolorów internetowych
+# Art History Brush (#213).
+	Art History Brush Tool	Narzędzie Pędzel historii artystycznej
+	Tight Short	Ścisły krótki
+	Tight Medium	Ścisły średni
+	Tight Long	Ścisły długi
+	Loose Medium	Luźny średni
+	Loose Long	Luźny długi
+	Dab	Plama
+	Tight Curl	Ścisły lok
+	Loose Curl	Luźny lok
+	Stylized dabs from a history state	Stylizowane plamy ze stanu historii
+
+# Egui 0.37 migration controls (Aspect Ratio, Category, Color Table, Gamma, Interpolation, Profile, Target, Units, Demosaic)
+	Target	Cel
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/pt-br.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/pt-br.tsv
index d06e5484ba..1176316605 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/pt-br.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/pt-br.tsv
@@ -15,6 +15,10 @@
 # entries the same way. Product and technology names (PhotoCraft, ArtCraft, OpenType, CMYK, Lab ...)
 # stay as they are; the trailing "…" of dialog commands is kept.
 
+# Layer Mask Display Options (the layer mask rubylith's colour and opacity)
+	Mask Options…	Opções de máscara…
+	Layer Mask Display Options…	Opções de exibição de máscara de camada…
+
 # Channel Options and New Spot Channel (#3761)
 	Channel Color	Cor do canal
 	Color Indicates:	A cor indica:
@@ -634,6 +638,10 @@
 	Fit Layer(s) on Screen	Ajustar camada(s) à tela
 	Fit Artboard on Screen	Ajustar prancheta à tela
 	100%	100%
+	105%	105%
+	110%	110%
+	115%	115%
+	120%	120%
 	200%	200%
 	75%	75%
 	80%	80%
@@ -795,6 +803,7 @@
 	Split Warp Vertically	Dividir deformação verticalmente
 	Statistics…	Estatísticas…
 	Refine Strokes	Refinar traços
+	Edits	Edições
 @plural	{n} item|{n} items	{n} item|{n} itens
 	Auto	Automático
 	(print to the printer)	(imprimir na impressora)
@@ -996,6 +1005,9 @@
 	Create new pattern from the selection	Criar novo padrão a partir da seleção
 	Create new shape from the current path	Criar nova forma a partir do demarcador atual
 	Create new snapshot	Criar novo instantâneo
+	From:	De:
+	Full Document	Documento inteiro
+	Merged Layers	Camadas mescladas
 	Create new style (from the selected type)	Criar novo estilo (a partir do texto selecionado)
 	Create new style from the selected layer	Criar novo estilo a partir da camada selecionada
 	Create new tool preset	Criar nova predefinição de ferramenta
@@ -1075,7 +1087,7 @@
 	Done	Concluído
 	Dots	Pontos
 	Drag a rectangle around the object	Arraste um retângulo ao redor do objeto
-	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click to delete.	Arraste sobre a imagem para adicionar uma restrição; Shift para horizontal/vertical; clique direito para excluir.
+	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click a constraint to change or delete it.	Arraste sobre a imagem para adicionar uma restrição; Shift para horizontal/vertical; clique direito em uma restrição para alterá-la ou excluí-la.
 	Drag to move the active shape's path or the Work Path	Arraste para mover o demarcador da forma ativa ou o demarcador de trabalho
 	Click: select anchor · Drag: move anchor, handle or segment · {shift}-click: add · {alt}-click: whole subpath	Clique: selecionar ponto · Arrastar: mover ponto, alça ou segmento · {shift}-clique: adicionar · {alt}-clique: subdemarcador inteiro
 	Draw with the Pen tool (P) or make a work path from a selection.	Desenhe com a ferramenta Caneta (P) ou crie um demarcador de trabalho a partir de uma seleção.
@@ -1311,6 +1323,8 @@
 	Override Pressure	Substituir pressão
 	Override Rotation	Substituir rotação
 	Override Tilt	Substituir inclinação
+	Override Tilt X	Substituir inclinação X
+	Override Tilt Y	Substituir inclinação Y
 	PRESET DETAILS	DETALHES DA PREDEFINIÇÃO
 	PSD	PSD
 	Paint Overlay	Sobreposição de pintura
@@ -1463,6 +1477,7 @@
 	Set shape fill type	Definir tipo de preenchimento da forma
 	Set shape stroke type	Definir tipo de traçado da forma
 	Set the text color	Definir a cor do texto
+	Create warped text	Criar texto deformado
 	Shadows	Sombras
 	Shape:	Forma:
 	Sharpening	Nitidez
@@ -1958,6 +1973,7 @@
 	Quick export format	Formato da exportação rápida
 	Quick export location	Local da exportação rápida
 	Recent file count	Número de arquivos recentes
+	LUT folder	Pasta de LUTs
 	Recent files	Arquivos recentes
 	Recent fonts	Fontes recentes
 	Recover on launch	Recuperar ao iniciar
@@ -2164,6 +2180,10 @@
 	No path to make a selection from: draw one with the Pen tool or select one in the Paths panel.	Nenhum demarcador para criar a seleção: desenhe um com a ferramenta Caneta ou selecione um no painel Demarcadores.
 	Cancel opening	Cancelar abertura
 	Cancelled opening {name}	Abertura de {name} cancelada
+	Damaged Photoshop document	Documento do Photoshop danificado
+	The document “{name}” may be damaged.	O documento “{name}” pode estar danificado.
+	Some layers, pixels or masks could not be read. Do you want to continue opening it?	Não foi possível ler algumas camadas, pixels ou máscaras. Deseja continuar abrindo?
+	If you continue, saving over the original may permanently discard unreadable data. Save a copy to keep the original.	Se continuar, salvar sobre o original pode descartar permanentemente os dados ilegíveis. Salve uma cópia para manter o original.
 	The document “{name}” does not have an embedded {mode} profile.	O documento “{name}” não tem um perfil {mode} incorporado.
 	The document “{name}” has an embedded color profile that does not match the current {mode} working space.	O documento “{name}” tem um perfil de cores incorporado que não corresponde ao espaço de trabalho {mode} atual.
 	Working: {working}	Espaço de trabalho: {working}
@@ -2366,6 +2386,7 @@
 	Clipping Path	Demarcador de corte
 	New Path	Novo demarcador
 	Duplicate Path	Duplicar demarcador
+	Rename Path…	Renomear demarcador…
 	Delete Path	Excluir demarcador
 	Auto-Hide	Ocultar automaticamente
 	W	L
@@ -2431,6 +2452,8 @@
 	Keywords	Palavras-chave
 	Copyright Info URL	URL das informações de direitos autorais
 	Copyright Status	Status dos direitos autorais
+	Copyright Notice	Aviso de copyright
+	Document Title	Título do documento
 	Copyrighted	Protegido por direitos autorais
 	Public Domain	Domínio público
 	Unknown	Desconhecido
@@ -2670,6 +2693,8 @@
 	GPU acceleration could not continue. Your documents are unchanged.	A aceleração por GPU não pôde continuar. Seus documentos não foram alterados.
 	PhotoCraft is using the CPU image compositor. The window may still use your graphics adapter.	O PhotoCraft está usando o compositor de imagens da CPU. A janela ainda pode usar seu adaptador gráfico.
 	Retry GPU requires a restart. Save your work first.	Tentar a GPU novamente exige reiniciar. Salve seu trabalho primeiro.
+	Retry GPU tries the graphics processor again now.	Tentar a GPU novamente tenta o processador gráfico de novo agora.
+	GPU acceleration resumed.	Aceleração por GPU retomada.
 	Keep Using CPU	Continuar usando a CPU
 	Retry GPU	Tentar a GPU novamente
 	GPU Backend	Backend da GPU
@@ -2734,6 +2759,11 @@ cameraRaw	Whites	Brancos
 	Content-Aware Move Tool	Ferramenta Mover sensível ao conteúdo
 	TIFF Options	Opções de TIFF
 	Targa Options	Opções de Targa
+	JPEG Options	Opções de JPEG
+	Image Options	Opções de imagem
+	Format Options	Opções de formato
+	Baseline ("Standard")	Linha de base ("Padrão")
+	Baseline Optimized	Linha de base otimizada
 	24 bits/pixel	24 bits/pixel
 	32 bits/pixel	32 bits/pixel
 	Including layers will increase file size.	Incluir as camadas aumentará o tamanho do arquivo.
@@ -3128,6 +3158,8 @@ curves	Smooth	Suavizar
 	Vanishing Point is not active	Ponto de fuga não está ativo
 	Apply Vanishing Point ({key})	Aplicar ponto de fuga ({key})
 	Fix the red plane first: its corners must form a convex quad	Corrija primeiro o plano vermelho: seus cantos devem formar um quadrilátero convexo
+	Alt-click a plane to set the clone source	Clique com Alt em um plano para definir a origem da clonagem
+	Too many clone strokes: apply Vanishing Point first	Traços de clonagem demais: aplique Ponto de fuga primeiro
 # Select and Mask view modes (#1754)
 	Onion Skin	Papel vegetal
 	Marching Ants	Formigas marchando
@@ -3954,9 +3986,16 @@ layerLabel	No Color	Sem cor
 	Light Gray	Cinza-claro
 	Object Finder	Localizador de objetos
 	No object found there — drag a rectangle around it	Nenhum objeto encontrado ali — arraste um retângulo ao redor dele
+	The active layer has no pixels here — turn on Sample All Layers or select a layer with pixels	A camada ativa não tem pixels aqui — ative Usar amostra de todas as camadas ou selecione uma camada com pixels
 	Remove after each stroke	Remover após cada traço
 	Apply the removal ({key})	Aplicar a remoção ({key})
 	Strokes to remove: {n} (Enter applies, Esc cancels)	Traços a remover: {n} (Enter aplica, Esc cancela)
+	Load Contours…	Carregar contornos…
+	Replace Contours…	Substituir contornos…
+	Save Contours…	Salvar contornos…
+	Delete Contour	Excluir contorno
+	Loaded contours from {file}	Contornos carregados de {file}
+	Saved contours to {file}	Contornos salvos em {file}
 	Show home recent files	Mostrar arquivos recentes na tela inicial
 	Clear Brush Controls	Limpar controles de pincel
 	Reset All Locked Settings	Redefinir todas as configurações bloqueadas
@@ -3965,6 +4004,9 @@ layerLabel	No Color	Sem cor
 # Actions panel: Load/Save Actions (.atn) and kept Photoshop steps
 	Load Actions…	Carregar ações…
 	Save Actions…	Salvar ações…
+	New Action…	Nova ação…
+	Start Recording	Iniciar gravação
+	Stop Recording	Parar gravação
 	{name} (Photoshop)	{name} (Photoshop)
 	{message} ({note})	{message} ({note})
 @plural	Loaded {n} action from {file}|Loaded {n} actions from {file}	{n} ação carregada de {file}|{n} ações carregadas de {file}
@@ -3996,9 +4038,40 @@ layerLabel	No Color	Sem cor
 	Sent to {printer}	Enviado para {printer}
 	set in Print Settings…	definido nas configurações de impressão…
 	ICO is limited to 256 × 256 pixels	ICO é limitado a 256 × 256 pixels
+	Calibration	Calibração
+	Red Primary	Primária vermelha
+	Green Primary	Primária verde
+	Blue Primary	Primária azul
+	Write xmp sidecars	Gravar arquivos auxiliares XMP
+	Set the tone sliders from the image	Definir os controles de tom a partir da imagem
+	Settings from {name}	Configurações de {name}
+	Settings from {name}; {count} not supported: {names}	Configurações de {name}; {count} sem suporte: {names}
+	Could not write {name}: {error}	Não foi possível gravar {name}: {error}
+	Kept {name}: written by another application	{name} mantido: gravado por outro aplicativo
+	Shadow Tint	Matiz das sombras
+# PhotoCraft release checks.
+	Check for Updates…	Verificar atualizações…
+	PhotoCraft Updates	Atualizações do PhotoCraft
+	Checking for updates…	Verificando atualizações…
+	Open the release page to choose an installer for your system.	Abra a página da versão para escolher um instalador para o seu sistema.
+	Open Download Page	Abrir página de download
+	PhotoCraft is up to date.	O PhotoCraft está atualizado.
+	Could not check for updates.	Não foi possível verificar atualizações.
+	Updates have not been checked yet.	As atualizações ainda não foram verificadas.
+	Check Again	Verificar novamente
+	Automatically Check for Updates	Verificar atualizações automaticamente
+	Installed version: {version}	Versão instalada: {version}
+	PhotoCraft {version} is available.	PhotoCraft {version} está disponível.
 # History panel › History Brush source (#2966)
 	Paints from the History panel's source state	Pinta a partir do estado de origem do painel Histórico
 	Sets the source for the history brush	Define a origem do pincel do histórico
+# Bevel & Emboss shading controls.
+	Highlight Mode	Modo de realces
+	Highlight Color	Cor dos realces
+	Highlight Opacity	Opacidade dos realces
+	Shadow Mode	Modo de sombras
+	Shadow Color	Cor das sombras
+	Shadow Opacity	Opacidade das sombras
 # Embedded Profile Mismatch: profile names beside the choices, Remember this choice
 	Use the embedded profile ({profile})	Usar o perfil incorporado ({profile})
 	Convert to the working space ({profile})	Converter para o espaço de trabalho ({profile})
@@ -4015,6 +4088,7 @@ layerLabel	No Color	Sem cor
 	Chisel Hard	Cinzel duro
 	Chisel Soft	Cinzel suave
 	Open color-less EXR as ACEScg	Abrir EXR sem espaço de cor como ACEScg
+	Do not append "copy" to filename when saving a copy	Não acrescentar "copy" ao nome do arquivo ao salvar uma cópia
 
 # View › Guides › right-click a guide
 	Edit Selected Guides	Editar guias selecionadas
@@ -4069,15 +4143,33 @@ layerLabel	No Color	Sem cor
 	GPU Memory Full	Memória da GPU cheia
 	The layers need {needed} of GPU memory and may hold {budget}, so edits that redraw the whole document do it on the CPU. Click to set GPU Memory.	As camadas precisam de {needed} de memória da GPU e podem ocupar {budget}, então as edições que redesenham o documento inteiro fazem isso na CPU. Clique para ajustar Memória da GPU.
 	GPU memory budget: {budget}	Orçamento de memória da GPU: {budget}
+	Graphics memory: {size}	Memória gráfica: {size}
 	This document's layers: {needed} of {budget} for layers	Camadas deste documento: {needed} de {budget} para camadas
 	This document's layers need {needed} but may hold {budget}: whole-document redraws use the CPU	As camadas deste documento precisam de {needed} mas podem ocupar {budget}: o documento inteiro é redesenhado na CPU
 	GPU Memory (MB, 0 = Automatic)	Memória da GPU (MB, 0 = Automático)
+	{path}: the path is not valid Unicode; save under another name.	{path}: o caminho não é Unicode válido; salve com outro nome.
 	{name} was changed by another app after it was opened or saved here.	{name} foi alterado por outro app depois de ser aberto ou salvo aqui.
 	Replace it with this document, or cancel and use File › Save As to keep both.	Substitua-o por este documento, ou cancele e use Arquivo › Salvar como para manter os dois.
 	Decrease Brush Size	Diminuir tamanho do pincel
 	Increase Brush Size	Aumentar tamanho do pincel
 	Decrease Brush Hardness	Diminuir dureza do pincel
 	Increase Brush Hardness	Aumentar dureza do pincel
+	Demosaic	Demosaico
+	How the camera's colour filter mosaic is filled in. It is applied when the file opens; the preview shows the method it was opened with.	Como o mosaico do filtro de cor da câmera é preenchido. É aplicado ao abrir o arquivo; a visualização mostra o método com que ele foi aberto.
+	AHD (adaptive homogeneity)	AHD (homogeneidade adaptativa)
+	Malvar–He–Cutler	Malvar–He–Cutler
+	Hirakawa–Parks: the cleanest edges and the least colour fringing, the slowest.	Hirakawa–Parks: as bordas mais limpas e o menor franjamento de cor; o mais lento.
+	Gradient-corrected interpolation: sharp and fast, with some colour fringing on fine detail.	Interpolação com correção de gradiente: nítida e rápida, com algum franjamento de cor em detalhes finos.
+	The fastest and the softest, with colour fringing on fine detail.	O mais rápido e o mais suave, com franjamento de cor em detalhes finos.
+	“{name}” already exists. Replace it?	“{name}” já existe. Substituir?
+	The name in the save dialog was “{name}”.	O nome na caixa de diálogo Salvar era “{name}”.
+	Move Up	Mover para cima
+	Move Down	Mover para baixo
+	Previous Brush	Pincel anterior
+	Next Brush	Próximo pincel
+	First Brush	Primeiro pincel
+	Last Brush	Último pincel
+	Preview size	Preview size
 	Memory Usage	Uso de memória
 	Per-document RAM limit (MB)	Limite de RAM por documento (MB)
 	Installed RAM: {ram} MB; this limit: {percent}%	RAM instalada: {ram} MB; este limite: {percent}%
@@ -4099,3 +4191,194 @@ layerLabel	No Color	Sem cor
 # Graphics Adapter preference (#1885)
 	GPU adapter	Adaptador de GPU
 smartSvg	AI/PDF/EPS contents will be edited as SVG. Saving replaces the embedded source; format-specific features may change.	O conteúdo AI/PDF/EPS será editado como SVG. Salvar substitui a origem incorporada; recursos específicos do formato podem mudar.
+
+# Styles panel: Import / Export Styles (.asl)
+	Import Styles…	Importar estilos…
+	Export Selected Styles…	Exportar estilos selecionados…
+	Export Styles…	Exportar estilos…
+	{file} is not a style library (.asl)	{file} não é uma biblioteca de estilos (.asl)
+@plural	Imported {n} style from {file}|Imported {n} styles from {file}	{n} estilo importado de {file}|{n} estilos importados de {file}
+@plural	Exported {n} style to {file}|Exported {n} styles to {file}	{n} estilo exportado para {file}|{n} estilos exportados para {file}
+# Actions: a step dialog holds a suspended recording (#7365)
+	Confirm or cancel the open action step dialog first	Confirme ou cancele primeiro a caixa de diálogo aberta da etapa da ação
+# Channels panel menu: channel commands, spot channels, Quick Mask, Color Indicates
+	New Channel…	Novo canal…
+	Duplicate Channel	Duplicar canal
+	Delete Channel	Excluir canal
+	Rename Channel…	Renomear canal…
+	New Spot Channel…	Novo canal de cor especial…
+	Merge Spot Channel	Mesclar canal de cor especial
+	Convert to Alpha Channel	Converter em canal alfa
+	Split Channels	Dividir canais
+	Merge Channels…	Mesclar canais…
+	Exit Quick Mask	Sair da máscara rápida
+	Color Indicates Masked Areas	A cor indica áreas mascaradas
+	Color Indicates Selected Areas	A cor indica áreas selecionadas
+# Layer Style › Blending Options: advanced blending and Blend If
+	General Blending	Mesclagem geral
+	Shallow	Raso
+	Deep	Profundo
+	Blend Interior Effects as Group	Mesclar efeitos internos como grupo
+	Blend Clipped Layers as Group	Mesclar camadas recortadas como grupo
+	Transparency Shapes Layer	A transparência define a forma da camada
+	Layer Mask Hides Effects	A máscara de camada oculta os efeitos
+	Vector Mask Hides Effects	A máscara vetorial oculta os efeitos
+	This Layer:	Esta camada:
+	Underlying Layer:	Camada subjacente:
+# Canvas right-click menus: pasteboard color, paths and shapes
+	Dark Gray	Cinza-escuro
+	Medium Gray	Cinza médio
+	Select Custom Color…	Selecionar cor personalizada…
+	Color Picker (Custom Canvas Color)	Seletor de cores (Cor personalizada da tela de pintura)
+	Make Work Path…	Criar demarcador de trabalho…
+	Create Vector Mask	Criar máscara vetorial
+	Make Selection…	Fazer seleção…
+	Fill Path…	Preencher demarcador…
+	Clipping Path…	Demarcador de corte…
+	Free Transform Path	Transformação livre do demarcador
+	Unite Shapes at Overlap	Unir formas na sobreposição
+	Subtract Shapes at Overlap	Subtrair formas na sobreposição
+	Copy Fill	Copiar preenchimento
+	Copy Complete Stroke	Copiar traçado completo
+	Paste Fill	Colar preenchimento
+	Paste Complete Stroke	Colar traçado completo
+	Make Symmetry Path	Criar demarcador de simetria
+	Disable Symmetry Path	Desativar demarcador de simetria
+# Color Picker titles
+	Color Picker (Foreground Color)	Seletor de cores (Cor de primeiro plano)
+	Color Picker (Background Color)	Seletor de cores (Cor de fundo)
+	Pick Color From Image	Escolher cor da imagem
+# Rasterize prompts
+	This layer must be rasterized before proceeding.	Esta camada precisa ser rasterizada antes de continuar.
+	This type layer must be rasterized before proceeding. Its text will no longer be editable. Rasterize the type?	Esta camada de texto precisa ser rasterizada antes de continuar. O texto não poderá mais ser editado. Rasterizar o texto?
+	This shape layer must be rasterized before proceeding. It will no longer be editable as a shape. Rasterize the shape?	Esta camada de forma precisa ser rasterizada antes de continuar. Ela não poderá mais ser editada como forma. Rasterizar a forma?
+	This Smart Object must be rasterized before proceeding. Its contents will no longer be editable. Rasterize the Smart Object?	Este objeto inteligente precisa ser rasterizado antes de continuar. O conteúdo não poderá mais ser editado. Rasterizar o objeto inteligente?
+	This fill layer must be rasterized before proceeding. Its fill content will no longer be editable. Rasterize the layer?	Esta camada de preenchimento precisa ser rasterizada antes de continuar. O conteúdo do preenchimento não poderá mais ser editado. Rasterizar a camada?
+# GPU and display status (status bar, System Info)
+	Graphics adapter: {adapter}	Adaptador gráfico: {adapter}
+	Backend: {backend} ({type})	Backend: {backend} ({type})
+	Driver: {driver}	Driver: {driver}
+	GPU backend preference: {backend}	Preferência de backend da GPU: {backend}
+	Selected at launch: {backend}	Selecionado ao iniciar: {backend}
+	Image compositor: {processor}	Compositor de imagens: {processor}
+	Window renderer: {renderer}	Renderizador da janela: {renderer}
+	Graphics adapter	Adaptador gráfico
+	Software adapter	Adaptador de software
+	unknown type	tipo desconhecido
+	Fallback: {reason}	Modo alternativo: {reason}
+	This session: {reason}	Nesta sessão: {reason}
+	Platform: {os} {arch}	Plataforma: {os} {arch}
+	GPU retry scheduled	Nova tentativa da GPU agendada
+	Save your work and restart PhotoCraft to retry GPU acceleration. CPU rendering remains active for this session.	Salve seu trabalho e reinicie o PhotoCraft para tentar a aceleração por GPU novamente. A renderização pela CPU continua ativa nesta sessão.
+	GPU device was lost; using the CPU renderer.	O dispositivo da GPU foi perdido; usando o renderizador da CPU.
+	GPU error; using the CPU renderer.	Erro da GPU; usando o renderizador da CPU.
+	Monitor profile: {profile}	Perfil do monitor: {profile}
+	Monitor profile in use: {profile}	Perfil do monitor em uso: {profile}
+	Monitor profile in use on {display}: {profile}	Perfil do monitor em uso em {display}: {profile}
+	Monitor profile on {display}: {profile}	Perfil do monitor em {display}: {profile}
+	Monitor profile on {display} (main window): {profile}	Perfil do monitor em {display} (janela principal): {profile}
+	Display profiles: {reason}	Perfis de tela: {reason}
+	Display profile not used	Perfil de tela não usado
+	previous reading kept; the last re-read failed: {reason}	leitura anterior mantida; a última releitura falhou: {reason}
+	The canvas is shown as sRGB. Choose a monitor profile in Edit › Color Settings.	A tela de pintura é exibida como sRGB. Escolha um perfil de monitor em Editar › Configurações de cores.
+	The canvas on {display} is shown as sRGB. Choose a monitor profile in Edit › Color Settings.	A tela de pintura em {display} é exibida como sRGB. Escolha um perfil de monitor em Editar › Configurações de cores.
+# Status messages
+	Nothing to paste: the clipboard holds no image	Nada para colar: a área de transferência não contém imagem
+	Opened {url}	Aberto: {url}
+	Preferences saved	Preferências salvas
+	Preferences were reset: {error}	As preferências foram redefinidas: {error}
+	Couldn't save preferences: {error}. Retrying…	Não foi possível salvar as preferências: {error}. Tentando novamente…
+	Preferences can't be saved	Não é possível salvar as preferências
+	PhotoCraft keeps retrying; until a save succeeds, preference changes are lost when it closes.	O PhotoCraft continua tentando; até que um salvamento dê certo, as alterações nas preferências serão perdidas ao fechar.
+	Invalid panel layout; restored the default dock	Layout de painéis inválido; a disposição padrão dos painéis foi restaurada
+	Recovered {name}	Recuperado: {name}
+	Autosave failed: {error}	Falha ao salvar automaticamente: {error}
+	Exported presets to {path}	Predefinições exportadas para {path}
+	Ran script {name}	Script executado: {name}
+	Sent to the printer ({spooler})	Enviado para a impressora ({spooler})
+	Printed to {path}	Impresso em {path}
+	Exported {path} ({size})	Exportado: {path} ({size})
+	Exported {path}	Exportado: {path}
+	Saved a copy as {path}	Cópia salva como {path}
+	Exported contents to {path}	Conteúdo exportado para {path}
+	Saved {path}; image assets: {n} in {dir}	Salvo: {path}; recursos de imagem: {n} em {dir}
+	Couldn't open {name}: {error}	Não foi possível abrir {name}: {error}
+	Added swatch {name}	Amostra adicionada: {name}
+	{message} (notes: {n}; {warning})	{message} (observações: {n}; {warning})
+	Step {step} ({id}) failed: {error}	Falha na etapa {step} ({id}): {error}
+	Could not rename the action: {error}	Não foi possível renomear a ação: {error}
+	Action playback failed: {error}	Falha ao reproduzir a ação: {error}
+	Clone source set at {x}, {y}	Origem da clonagem definida em {x}, {y}
+	Color management: {error}	Gerenciamento de cores: {error}
+	No custom shape "{name}": pick one in the options bar or Window › Shapes	Nenhuma forma personalizada “{name}”: escolha uma na barra de opções ou em Janela › Formas
+	{label} is not available: {reason}	{label} não está disponível: {reason}
+	Open Recent is unavailable on the web	Abrir recentes não está disponível na web
+	Importing {what} from {file}…	Importando {what} de {file}…
+	brushes	pincéis
+	gradients	degradês
+	This adjustment ({key}) is kept as imported and can't be edited yet.	Este ajuste ({key}) é mantido como foi importado e ainda não pode ser editado.
+	{shortcut} assigned.	{shortcut} atribuído.
+	{shortcut} is already in use by {commands} and will be removed from it when you click OK.	{shortcut} já está em uso por {commands} e será removido de lá quando você clicar em OK.
+# Panels and small controls
+	Grid view	Visualização em grade
+	List view	Visualização em lista
+	New Brush Preset	Nova predefinição de pincel
+	Toggle the Brush Settings panel	Alternar o painel Configurações do pincel
+	Scroll menu up	Rolar o menu para cima
+	Scroll menu down	Rolar o menu para baixo
+	{index} of {total}	{index} de {total}
+	Data Set: {name}  ({index}/{total})	Conjunto de dados: {name}  ({index}/{total})
+	(none)	(nenhum)
+	Apply {option}: {state}	Aplicar {option}: {state}
+	on	ativado
+	off	desativado
+# Liquify tools (tooltips)
+	Forward Warp	Deformação para frente
+	Twirl Clockwise	Torcer no sentido horário
+	Twirl Counterclockwise	Torcer no sentido anti-horário
+	Pucker	Franzir
+	Bloat	Inflar
+	Push Left	Empurrar para a esquerda
+	Freeze Mask	Congelar máscara
+	Thaw Mask	Descongelar máscara
+	Pro Medium Gray	Pro cinza médio
+	Solarized	Solarized
+	Breeze	Breeze
+	Pro Light Gray	Pro cinza claro
+	Pro Light	Pro claro
+	Resize Windows to Fit	Redimensionar janelas para caber
+	EXR	EXR
+# Paragraph direction (TYPE-218-2)
+	Automatic paragraph direction	Direção automática do parágrafo
+	Left-to-right paragraph direction	Direção do parágrafo da esquerda para a direita
+	Right-to-left paragraph direction	Direção do parágrafo da direita para a esquerda
+	Not rendered: this adjustment ({key}) is kept as imported.	Não renderizado: este ajuste ({key}) é mantido como foi importado.
+# Print preview image (#8236)
+	Print preview image	Print preview image
+# Color panel menu: modes, copy commands and colour ramps (#6000)
+	Hue Cube	Cubo de matiz
+	Brightness Cube	Cubo de brilho
+	Color Wheel	Roda de cores
+	RGB Sliders	Controles deslizantes RGB
+	HSB Sliders	Controles deslizantes HSB
+	CMYK Sliders	Controles deslizantes CMYK
+	Lab Sliders	Controles deslizantes Lab
+	Web Color Sliders	Controles deslizantes de cores da Web
+	Copy Color as HTML	Copiar cor como HTML
+	Copy Color's Hex Code	Copiar código hexadecimal da cor
+	RGB Spectrum	Espectro RGB
+	CMYK Spectrum	Espectro CMYK
+	Grayscale Ramp	Rampa de tons de cinza
+	Current Colors	Cores atuais
+	Make Ramp Web Safe	Tornar rampa segura para a Web
+# Art History Brush (#213).
+	Art History Brush Tool	Ferramenta Pincel do histórico da arte
+	Tight Short	Curto cerrado
+	Tight Medium	Médio cerrado
+	Tight Long	Longo cerrado
+	Loose Medium	Médio solto
+	Loose Long	Longo solto
+	Dab	Toque
+	Tight Curl	Curva cerrada
+	Loose Curl	Curva solta
+	Stylized dabs from a history state	Toques estilizados a partir de um estado do histórico
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ru.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ru.tsv
index a3b4b8167c..bb20bafc81 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ru.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ru.tsv
@@ -17,6 +17,10 @@
 # letters; the trailing "…" of dialog commands is kept; the colon of a label ("Width:") becomes
 # the Russian typographic equivalent, with the space the source carries.
 
+# Layer Mask Display Options (the layer mask rubylith's colour and opacity)
+	Mask Options…	Параметры маски…
+	Layer Mask Display Options…	Параметры отображения маски слоя…
+
 # Channel Options and New Spot Channel (#3761)
 	Channel Color	Цвет канала
 	Color Indicates:	Цветом обозначены:
@@ -332,6 +336,7 @@
 	Current & Below	Текущий и ниже
 	Current Layer	Текущий слой
 	Refine Strokes	Штрихи уточнения
+	Edits	Правки
 
 # Filter
 	Last Filter	Последний фильтр
@@ -444,6 +449,10 @@
 	Zoom Out	Уменьшить
 	Fit on Screen	По размеру экрана
 	100%	100%
+	105%	105%
+	110%	110%
+	115%	115%
+	120%	120%
 	200%	200%
 	75%	75%
 	80%	80%
@@ -783,6 +792,7 @@
 	Set shape fill type	Тип заливки фигуры
 	Set shape stroke type	Тип обводки фигуры
 	Set the text color	Цвет текста
+	Create warped text	Создать деформированный текст
 	Only Web Colors	Только web-цвета
 	Overlay Color	Цвет наложения
 	Overlay Opacity	Непрозрачность наложения
@@ -1067,6 +1077,8 @@
 	No brush presets	Нет наборов кистей
 	Override Pressure	Переопределить нажим
 	Override Tilt	Переопределить наклон
+	Override Tilt X	Переопределить наклон X
+	Override Tilt Y	Переопределить наклон Y
 	Override Rotation	Переопределить поворот
 	Apply the pen's tilt and rotation to the tip shape	Применять наклон и поворот пера к форме отпечатка
 
@@ -1087,6 +1099,7 @@
 
 # Paragraph and character panels
 	Font Size:	Кегль:
+	Font size	Кегль
 	Type:	Текст:
 	Style	Стиль
 	Style: Normal	Стиль: Обычный
@@ -1196,6 +1209,7 @@
 	Clipping Path	Обтравочный контур
 	New Path	Новый контур
 	Duplicate Path	Дублировать контур
+	Rename Path…	Переименовать контур…
 	Delete Path	Удалить контур
 	Current Path	Текущий контур
 	Vector Mask from Current Path	Векторная маска из текущего контура
@@ -1345,6 +1359,8 @@
 	Keywords	Ключевые слова
 	Copyright Info URL	URL сведений об авторских правах
 	Copyright Status	Статус авторских прав
+	Copyright Notice	Уведомление об авторских правах
+	Document Title	Название документа
 	Copyrighted	Охраняется авторским правом
 	Public Domain	Общественное достояние
 	Unknown	Неизвестно
@@ -1584,7 +1600,7 @@
 	Click to restore the current colour	Щёлкните, чтобы восстановить текущий цвет
 	Click with the Note tool to add a note.	Щёлкните инструментом «Заметки», чтобы добавить заметку.
 	Drag a rectangle around the object	Обведите объект прямоугольником
-	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click to delete.	Перетащите по изображению, чтобы добавить ограничение; Shift — горизонталь/вертикаль; правый клик — удалить.
+	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click a constraint to change or delete it.	Перетащите по изображению, чтобы добавить ограничение; Shift — горизонталь/вертикаль; щелчок правой кнопкой по ограничению — изменить или удалить.
 	Drag the arrow to set the angle, the dots to set the roundness	Перетащите стрелку, чтобы задать угол, и точки — круглость
 	Create new pattern from the selection	Создать новый паттерн из выделения
 	Create new gradient	Создать новый градиент
@@ -2420,6 +2436,7 @@
 	Quick export format	Формат быстрого экспорта
 	Quick export location	Расположение быстрого экспорта
 	Recent file count	Число недавних файлов
+	LUT folder	Папка LUT
 	Recent files	Недавние файлы
 	Recent fonts	Недавние шрифты
 	Recover on launch	Восстановление при запуске
@@ -2487,6 +2504,11 @@
 	No path to make a selection from: draw one with the Pen tool or select one in the Paths panel.	Нет контура для создания выделения: нарисуйте его инструментом «Перо» или выберите на панели «Контуры».
 	Cancel opening	Отменить открытие
 	Cancelled opening {name}	Открытие {name} отменено
+	Damaged Photoshop document	Повреждённый документ Photoshop
+	The document “{name}” may be damaged.	Документ «{name}», возможно, повреждён.
+	Some layers, pixels or masks could not be read. Do you want to continue opening it?	Не удалось прочитать некоторые слои, пикселы или маски. Продолжить открытие?
+	If you continue, saving over the original may permanently discard unreadable data. Save a copy to keep the original.	Если продолжить, сохранение поверх оригинала может безвозвратно удалить нечитаемые данные. Чтобы сохранить оригинал, сохраните копию.
+	Continue	Продолжить
 	The document “{name}” does not have an embedded {mode} profile.	В документе «{name}» нет встроенного профиля {mode}.
 	The document “{name}” has an embedded color profile that does not match the current {mode} working space.	Встроенный цветовой профиль документа «{name}» не совпадает с текущим рабочим пространством {mode}.
 	Working: {working}	Рабочее пространство: {working}
@@ -2517,6 +2539,8 @@
 	GPU acceleration could not continue. Your documents are unchanged.	Ускорение GPU остановлено. Документы не изменены.
 	PhotoCraft is using the CPU image compositor. The window may still use your graphics adapter.	PhotoCraft обрабатывает изображения на CPU. Окно может продолжать использовать графический адаптер.
 	Retry GPU requires a restart. Save your work first.	Для повтора GPU нужен перезапуск. Сначала сохраните работу.
+	Retry GPU tries the graphics processor again now.	Повторить GPU — сразу снова попробовать графический процессор.
+	GPU acceleration resumed.	Ускорение GPU возобновлено.
 	Keep Using CPU	Продолжить с CPU
 	Retry GPU	Повторить GPU
 	GPU Backend	Бэкенд GPU
@@ -2584,6 +2608,11 @@ cameraRaw	Roughness	Неровность
 	Content-Aware Move Tool	Перемещение с учётом содержимого
 	TIFF Options	Параметры TIFF
 	Targa Options	Параметры Targa
+	JPEG Options	Параметры JPEG
+	Image Options	Параметры изображения
+	Format Options	Разновидность формата
+	Baseline ("Standard")	Базовая («Стандартная»)
+	Baseline Optimized	Базовая оптимизированная
 	24 bits/pixel	24 бит/пиксел
 	32 bits/pixel	32 бит/пиксел
 	Including layers will increase file size.	Включение слоёв увеличит размер файла.
@@ -2885,6 +2914,9 @@ fontWeight	Italic	Курсив
 	Create new document from current state	Создать новый документ из текущего состояния
 	Create new fill or adjustment layer	Создать новый слой-заливку или корректирующий слой
 	Create new snapshot	Создать новый снимок
+	From:	Из:
+	Full Document	Весь документ
+	Merged Layers	Объединённые слои
 	Delete Cropped Pixels	Удалить отсечённые пикселы
 	Delete current state	Удалить текущее состояние
 	Delete layer	Удалить слой
@@ -3049,6 +3081,8 @@ curves	Smooth	Сгладить
 	Vanishing Point is not active	Точка схода не активна
 	Apply Vanishing Point ({key})	Применить точку схода ({key})
 	Fix the red plane first: its corners must form a convex quad	Сначала исправьте красную плоскость: ее углы должны образовывать выпуклый четырехугольник
+	Alt-click a plane to set the clone source	Щёлкните плоскость с Alt, чтобы задать источник клонирования
+	Too many clone strokes: apply Vanishing Point first	Слишком много мазков клонирования: сначала примените «Точку схода»
 # Select and Mask view modes (#1754)
 	Onion Skin	Калька
 	Marching Ants	Бегущие муравьи
@@ -3115,9 +3149,16 @@ curves	Smooth	Сгладить
 	Light Gray	Светло-серый
 	Object Finder	Поиск объектов
 	No object found there — drag a rectangle around it	Объект не найден — обведите его прямоугольником
+	The active layer has no pixels here — turn on Sample All Layers or select a layer with pixels	В активном слое здесь нет пикселей — включите «По всем слоям» или выберите слой с пикселями
 	Remove after each stroke	Удалять после каждого штриха
 	Apply the removal ({key})	Применить удаление ({key})
 	Strokes to remove: {n} (Enter applies, Esc cancels)	Штрихов к удалению: {n} (Enter применяет, Esc отменяет)
+	Load Contours…	Загрузить контуры…
+	Replace Contours…	Заменить контуры…
+	Save Contours…	Сохранить контуры…
+	Delete Contour	Удалить контур
+	Loaded contours from {file}	Контуры загружены из {file}
+	Saved contours to {file}	Контуры сохранены в {file}
 	Show home recent files	Показывать недавние файлы на домашнем экране
 	Clear Brush Controls	Очистить параметры кисти
 	Reset All Locked Settings	Сбросить все заблокированные параметры
@@ -3126,6 +3167,9 @@ curves	Smooth	Сгладить
 # Actions panel: Load/Save Actions (.atn) and kept Photoshop steps
 	Load Actions…	Загрузить операции…
 	Save Actions…	Сохранить операции…
+	New Action…	Новая операция…
+	Start Recording	Начать запись
+	Stop Recording	Остановить запись
 	{name} (Photoshop)	{name} (Photoshop)
 	{message} ({note})	{message} ({note})
 @plural	Loaded {n} action from {file}|Loaded {n} actions from {file}	Загружена {n} операция из {file}|Загружены {n} операции из {file}|Загружено {n} операций из {file}
@@ -3158,6 +3202,17 @@ curves	Smooth	Сгладить
 	Sent to {printer}	Отправлено на {printer}
 	set in Print Settings…	задаётся в параметрах печати…
 	ICO is limited to 256 × 256 pixels	ICO ограничен размером 256 × 256 пикселей
+	Calibration	Калибровка
+	Red Primary	Красный основной
+	Green Primary	Зелёный основной
+	Blue Primary	Синий основной
+	Write xmp sidecars	Записывать сопутствующие файлы XMP
+	Set the tone sliders from the image	Установить ползунки тона по изображению
+	Settings from {name}	Настройки из {name}
+	Settings from {name}; {count} not supported: {names}	Настройки из {name}; не поддерживается: {count}: {names}
+	Could not write {name}: {error}	Не удалось записать {name}: {error}
+	Kept {name}: written by another application	{name} сохранён без изменений: записан другим приложением
+	Shadow Tint	Оттенок теней
 # History panel › History Brush source (#2966)
 	Paints from the History panel's source state	Рисует из исходного состояния панели «История»
 	Sets the source for the history brush	Задаёт источник для кисти истории
@@ -3181,6 +3236,26 @@ curves	Smooth	Сгладить
 	Gray Value (Median)	Уровень серого (медиана)
 	Integrated Density	Интегральная плотность
 	Length	Длина
+# Bevel & Emboss shading controls.
+	Highlight Mode	Режим светлых тонов
+	Highlight Color	Цвет светлых тонов
+	Highlight Opacity	Непрозрачность светлых тонов
+	Shadow Mode	Режим теней
+	Shadow Color	Цвет теней
+	Shadow Opacity	Непрозрачность теней
+# PhotoCraft release checks.
+	Check for Updates…	Проверить обновления…
+	PhotoCraft Updates	Обновления PhotoCraft
+	Checking for updates…	Проверка обновлений…
+	Open the release page to choose an installer for your system.	Откройте страницу выпуска и выберите установщик для своей системы.
+	Open Download Page	Открыть страницу загрузки
+	PhotoCraft is up to date.	Установлена последняя версия PhotoCraft.
+	Could not check for updates.	Не удалось проверить обновления.
+	Updates have not been checked yet.	Обновления ещё не проверялись.
+	Check Again	Проверить снова
+	Automatically Check for Updates	Автоматически проверять обновления
+	Installed version: {version}	Установленная версия: {version}
+	PhotoCraft {version} is available.	Доступна версия PhotoCraft {version}.
 # Embedded Profile Mismatch: profile names beside the choices, Remember this choice
 	Use the embedded profile ({profile})	Использовать встроенный профиль ({profile})
 	Convert to the working space ({profile})	Преобразовать в рабочее пространство ({profile})
@@ -3197,6 +3272,7 @@ curves	Smooth	Сгладить
 	Chisel Hard	Жесткая огранка
 	Chisel Soft	Мягкая огранка
 	Open color-less EXR as ACEScg	Открывать EXR без цветового профиля как ACEScg
+	Do not append "copy" to filename when saving a copy	Не добавлять «copy» к имени файла при сохранении копии
 
 # View › Guides › right-click a guide
 	Edit Selected Guides	Изменить выбранные направляющие
@@ -3254,16 +3330,535 @@ curves	Smooth	Сгладить
 	GPU Memory Full	Память GPU заполнена
 	The layers need {needed} of GPU memory and may hold {budget}, so edits that redraw the whole document do it on the CPU. Click to set GPU Memory.	Слоям нужно {needed} памяти GPU, а занимать они могут {budget}, поэтому правки, перерисовывающие весь документ, выполняются на CPU. Нажмите, чтобы задать «Память GPU».
 	GPU memory budget: {budget}	Бюджет памяти GPU: {budget}
+	Graphics memory: {size}	Видеопамять: {size}
 	This document's layers: {needed} of {budget} for layers	Слои этого документа: {needed} из {budget} для слоёв
 	This document's layers need {needed} but may hold {budget}: whole-document redraws use the CPU	Слоям этого документа нужно {needed}, но занимать они могут {budget}: весь документ перерисовывается на CPU
 	GPU Memory (MB, 0 = Automatic)	Память GPU (МБ, 0 = автоматически)
+	{path}: the path is not valid Unicode; save under another name.	{path}: путь не является допустимым Unicode; сохраните под другим именем.
 	Replace	Заменить
 	{name} was changed by another app after it was opened or saved here.	Файл {name} был изменён другим приложением после того, как его открыли или сохранили здесь.
 	Replace it with this document, or cancel and use File › Save As to keep both.	Замените его этим документом или отмените и используйте Файл › Сохранить как, чтобы сохранить оба.
-	Decrease Brush Size	Уменьшить размер кисти
-	Increase Brush Size	Увеличить размер кисти
+
+
+# Dynamic UI labels (fourth pass): filter and adjustment parameters, Camera Raw panels,
+# lighting, History/Layers/paths/channels menus, metadata, System Info, status templates and
+# dialog text that other catalogs already carry. Written from the meaning of the English labels
+# in the ordinary Russian graphics-editor vocabulary; no proprietary resource consulted.
+	(coming soon)	(скоро)
+	(none)	(нет)
+	32-bit Preview Options	Параметры предпросмотра 32 бит
+	3D…	3D…
+	A:	Ш:
+	AI Integrations	Интеграции ИИ
+	About {app}	О программе {app}
+	Accented Edges	Акцентированные края
+	Action playback failed: {error}	Не удалось воспроизвести операцию: {error}
+	Actual Pixels	Реальный размер
+	Add Mask	Добавить маску
+	Add Noise	Добавить шум
+	Add a mask  (from the selection; ⌥ inverts)	Добавить маску  (из выделенной области; ⌥ инвертирует)
+	Add space after paragraph	Добавить интервал после абзаца
+	Add space before paragraph	Добавить интервал перед абзацем
+	Add to selection  (⇧)	Добавить к выделенной области  (⇧)
+	Added swatch {name}	Добавлен образец {name}
+	Adds grain to the soft edges of the brush tip.	Добавляет зерно к мягким краям кисти.
+	Adjust Interval For Loops	Настроить интервал циклов
+	Adjustment Layers	Корректирующие слои
+	Adjustment Properties	Свойства коррекции
+	Adjustment layers have nothing to transform	В корректирующих слоях нечего трансформировать
+	Adobe PDF Presets…	Наборы Adobe PDF…
+	Adobe-rgb-compat	Adobe RGB (совместимо)
+	Adwaita (Dark)	Adwaita (тёмная)
+	Adwaita (Light)	Adwaita (светлая)
+	After	После
+	Airbrush: keeps painting while the pointer rests.	Аэрограф: продолжает рисовать, пока указатель неподвижен.
+	All shortcuts reset to Photoshop defaults.	Все сочетания клавиш сброшены к значениям Photoshop по умолчанию.
+	Altitude	Высота
+	Ambience	Атмосфера
+	Ambient	Окружающий свет
+	Amplitude Max	Макс. амплитуда
+	Amplitude Min	Мин. амплитуда
+	Android 1080p	Android 1080p
+	Angled Strokes	Наклонные штрихи
+	Anisotropic	Анизотропный
+	Any	Любой
+	Apple Watch 45mm	Apple Watch 45 мм
+	Apply Data Set	Применить набор данных
+	Apply Image	Внешний канал
+	Apply Mask	Применить маску
+	Apply to All	Применить ко всем
+	Apply {option}: {state}	Применить {option}: {state}
+	Arbitrary	Произвольный
+	Arc Lower	Нижняя дуга
+	Arc Upper	Верхняя дуга
+	Are you sure you want to quit?	Вы действительно хотите выйти?
+	Are you sure?	Вы уверены?
+	Around Center	Вокруг центра
+	Arrangement	Расположение
+	Arrows	Стрелки
+	Artboard from Group	Монтажная область из группы
+	Artboard from Layers	Монтажная область из слоёв
+	Artboards	Монтажные области
+	Artboards to Files	Монтажные области в файлы
+	Artboards to PDF	Монтажные области в PDF
+	Artistic	Художественные
+	Ask On Mismatch	Спрашивать при несовпадении
+	Ask On Missing	Спрашивать при отсутствии
+	Ask On Paste	Спрашивать при вставке
+	Assign Profile	Назначить профиль
+	At	Позиция
+	Author Title	Имя автора
+	Auto Scale	Автомасштаб
+	Auto-Align Layers	Автовыравнивание слоёв
+	Auto-Blend Layers	Автосмешивание слоёв
+	Autosave failed: {error}	Не удалось выполнить автосохранение: {error}
+	Back	Назад
+	Backend: {backend} ({type})	Сервер: {backend} ({type})
+	Background Level	Уровень фона
+	Bamboo	Бамбук
+	Bas Relief	Барельеф
+	Base Tree Type	Базовый тип дерева
+	Based On	На основе
+	Baseline shift	Смещение базовой линии
+	Basic Latin	Основная латиница
+	Batch	Пакетная обработка
+	Before	До
+	Bend	Изгиб
+	Berries	Ягоды
+	Best	Наилучшее
+	Black Clip	Отсечение чёрного
+	Black Intensity	Интенсивность чёрного
+	Blade Curvature	Кривизна лепестков диафрагмы
+	Blast	Порыв
+	Bleach Bypass	Пропуск отбеливания
+	Blend Clipped Layers as Group	Смешивать обтравочные слои как группу
+	Blend Interior Effects as Group	Смешивать внутренние эффекты как группу
+	Blend Text Gamma	Гамма смешивания текста
+	Blending Mode	Режим наложения
+	Bloat	Вздутие
+	Blocks	Блоки
+	Blue Yellow	Синий–жёлтый
+	Blues	Синие тона
+	Border	Граница
+	Border Thickness	Толщина границы
+	Box Blur	Размытие по рамке
+	Bpc	Компенсация чёрной точки
+	Branches Color	Цвет ветвей
+	Branches Height	Высота ветвей
+	Branches Thickness	Толщина ветвей
+	Breeze Dark	Breeze (тёмная)
+	Breeze Light	Breeze (светлая)
+	Brick	Кирпич
+	Bristle Detail	Детализация щетины
+	Browse	Обзор
+	Brush Detail	Детализация кисти
+	Brush Settings…  (F5): every option of this brush	Параметры кисти…  (F5): все параметры этой кисти
+	Brush Strokes	Мазки кисти
+	Brush Type	Тип кисти
+	Burlap	Мешковина
+	Calculations	Вычисления
+	Camera Raw	Camera Raw
+	Camera Raw Filter	Фильтр Camera Raw
+	Cancel transform	Отменить трансформирование
+	Candle Light	Свет свечи
+	Canvas Size	Размер холста
+	Case Sensitive	Учитывать регистр
+	Ccw	Против часовой стрелки
+	Cell Size	Размер ячейки
+	Center X	Центр X
+	Center Y	Центр Y
+	Chalk Area	Область мела
+	Change Find	Найти и заменить
+	Changes Saved	Изменения сохранены
+	Changes have not been saved.	Изменения не сохранены.
+	Change…	Изменить…
+	Channel1	Канал 1
+	Channel2	Канал 2
+	Channel3	Канал 3
+	Channel4	Канал 4
+	Charcoal Area	Область угля
+	Charcoal Thickness	Толщина угля
+	Check for Updates	Проверить обновления
+	Checkerboard	Шахматная доска
+	Choke	Поджатие
+	Choose Folder	Выбрать папку
+	Circle	Круг
+	Cleanliness	Чистота
+	Clear Amount	Величина очистки
+	Clear Selection	Отменить выделение
+	Click sets foreground · right-click sets background	Щелчок задаёт цвет переднего плана · щелчок правой кнопкой задаёт цвет фона
+	Click the first point or press ↵ to close · Esc cancels	Щёлкните первую точку или нажмите ↵, чтобы замкнуть · Esc отменяет
+	Click to add a point · drag off or ⌘/Ctrl-click or Delete to remove	Щёлкните, чтобы добавить точку · перетащите за пределы, нажмите ⌘/Ctrl и щёлкните или нажмите Delete, чтобы удалить
+	Click to apply, ⌥-click to clear overrides, double-click for Style Options	Щёлкните, чтобы применить, ⌥+щелчок, чтобы очистить переопределения, двойной щелчок — параметры стиля
+	Click to zoom in  ·  ⌥-click to zoom out	Щёлкните, чтобы увеличить  ·  ⌥+щелчок, чтобы уменьшить
+	Click: corner · Drag: smooth · Click first point: close · ↩ finish · Esc cancel	Щелчок: угол · Перетаскивание: сглаживание · Щелчок по первой точке: замкнуть · ↩ завершить · Esc отменить
+	Clipping Mask	Обтравочная маска
+	Clipping Path…	Контур отсечения…
+	Clone	Клонировать
+	Clone source set at {x}, {y}	Источник клонирования задан в {x}, {y}
+	Close Window	Закрыть окно
+	Clumped	Сгруппированные
+	Cmyk	CMYK
+	Coarse Dots	Крупные точки
+	Coated-cmyk	Мелованная CMYK
+	Collapse group  (⌥-click: all groups)	Свернуть группу  (⌥+щелчок: все группы)
+	Color Decontaminate	Удаление цветового ореола
+	Color Halftone	Цветные полутона
+	Color Indicates Masked Areas	Цветом обозначены маскированные области
+	Color Indicates Selected Areas	Цветом обозначены выделенные области
+	Color Lookup Tables	Таблицы перекодировки цвета
+	Color Picker	Палитра цветов
+	Color Picker (Background Color)	Палитра цветов (цвет фона)
+	Color Picker (Custom Canvas Color)	Палитра цветов (свой цвет холста)
+	Color Picker (Foreground Color)	Палитра цветов (цвет переднего плана)
+	Color Sampler Tool	Инструмент «Цветовой эталон»
+	Color Settings	Настройки цвета
+	Color Swatches	Образцы цветов
+	Color Table	Цветовая таблица
+	Color management: {error}	Управление цветом: {error}
+	Colored Pencil	Цветной карандаш
+	Comic Book	Комикс
+	Commit Perspective Warp (↩)	Применить перспективную деформацию (↩)
+	Commit Puppet Warp (↩)	Применить марионеточную деформацию (↩)
+	Commit any current edits (⌘↩)	Применить текущие изменения (⌘↩)
+	Commit current crop operation  (↵)	Применить текущую операцию кадрирования  (↵)
+	Commit transform	Применить трансформирование
+	Commit transform (↩)	Применить трансформирование (↩)
+	Commit warp (↩)	Применить деформацию (↩)
+	Compare	Сравнить
+	Conditional Mode Change	Условная смена режима
+	Confirm	Подтвердить
+	Conform	Подогнать
+	Constraints	Ограничения
+	Content-Aware Fill needs a selection on a pixel layer	Заливка с учётом содержимого требует выделенной области на пиксельном слое
+	Contrasty	Контрастный
+	Convert	Преобразовать
+	Convert to Alpha Channel	Преобразовать в альфа-канал
+	Convert to Linked	Преобразовать в связанный
+	Convert to Profile	Преобразовать в профиль
+	Cool	Холодный
+	Cooling L B B	Охлаждающий (LBB)
+	Cooling80	Охлаждающий (80)
+	Cooling82	Охлаждающий (82)
+	Copy Complete Stroke	Копировать полный контур
+	Copy Fill	Копировать заливку
+	Copyright Url	URL авторских прав
+	Correct C A	Коррекция хроматической аберрации
+	Correct Distortion	Коррекция дисторсии
+	Correct Vignette	Коррекция виньетирования
+	Could not rename the action: {error}	Не удалось переименовать операцию: {error}
+	Could not transform: the layer is empty	Не удалось трансформировать: слой пуст
+	Could not use Perspective Warp: the layer is empty	Не удалось применить перспективную деформацию: слой пуст
+	Could not use Puppet Warp: no opaque pixels	Не удалось применить марионеточную деформацию: нет непрозрачных пикселей
+	Could not use Puppet Warp: the layer is empty	Не удалось применить марионеточную деформацию: слой пуст
+	Couldn't open {name}: {error}	Не удалось открыть {name}: {error}
+	Couldn't save preferences: {error}. Retrying…	Не удалось сохранить настройки: {error}. Повтор…
+	Crack Brightness	Яркость трещин
+	Crack Depth	Глубина трещин
+	Crack Spacing	Интервал трещин
+	Craquelure	Кракелюр
+	Create By	Создать с помощью
+	Create Vector Mask	Создать векторную маску
+	Create Warped Text	Создать деформированный текст
+	Create a new layer  (⇧⌘N)	Создать новый слой  (⇧⌘N)
+	Create new brush from the current settings	Создать новую кисть из текущих параметров
+	Create new brush preset from the current settings	Создать новый набор кистей из текущих параметров
+	Create…	Создать…
+	Cross Process	Кросс-процесс
+	Crosshatch	Перекрёстная штриховка
+	Crosswise	Перекрёстно
+	Crystallize	Кристаллизация
+	Currency	Валюта
+	Curve Darks	Кривая: тёмные тона
+	Curve Highlights	Кривая: светлые тона
+	Curve Lights	Кривая: светлые тона
+	Curve Shadows	Кривая: тени
+	Curve Splits	Кривая: разрывы
+	Custom Branch Color	Свой цвет ветвей
+	Custom Pixel Aspect Ratio	Своё пиксельное соотношение
+	Custom pattern	Свой узор
+	Cutout	Аппликация
+	Cw	По часовой стрелке
+	Cyans	Голубые тона
+	Cyrillic	Кириллица
+	Daisies	Маргаритки
+	Dark Gray	Тёмно-серый
+	Dark Intensity	Интенсивность тёмного
+	Dark Rough	Тёмный шероховатый
+	Dark Strokes	Тёмные штрихи
+	Darken Only	Только затемнение
+	Darkness	Затемнение
+	Data	Данные
+	Data Set: {name}  ({index}/{total})	Набор данных: {name}  ({index}/{total})
+	Data Sets as Files	Наборы данных в файлы
+	Date	Дата
+	Day For Night	День как ночь
+	De-Interlace	Устранение чересстрочности
 	Decrease Brush Hardness	Уменьшить жёсткость кисти
+	Decrease Brush Size	Уменьшить размер кисти
+	Decrease Type Size	Уменьшить размер текста
+	Decrease Type Size by 10	Уменьшить размер текста на 10
+	Deep	Глубокий
+	Deep Blue	Глубокий синий
+	Deep Emerald	Глубокий изумрудный
+	Deep Red	Глубокий красный
+	Deep Yellow	Глубокий жёлтый
+	Default Foreground and Background Colors	Цвета переднего плана и фона по умолчанию
+	Default Leaves	Листья по умолчанию
+	Default Photoshop Size	Размер Photoshop по умолчанию
+	Defaults	По умолчанию
+	Define Brush Preset	Определить кисть
+	Define Custom Shape	Определить свою фигуру
+	Define Pattern	Определить паттерн
+	Definition	Чёткость
+	Defringe	Убрать кайму
+	Degrees	Градусы
+	Delete Channel	Удалить канал
+	Delete Mask	Удалить маску
+	Delete Workspace	Удалить рабочую среду
+	Delete brush	Удалить кисть
+	Delete path	Удалить контур
+	Delete vector mask	Удалить векторную маску
+	Delete…	Удалить…
+	Depth Map	Карта глубины
+	Depth Mode	Режим глубины
+	Diameter	Диаметр
+	Diffuse	Диффузия
+	Diffuse Glow	Рассеянное свечение
+	Direction	Направление
+	Direction Balance	Баланс направлений
+	Disable	Выключить
+	Disable Mask	Отключить маску
+	Disable Symmetry Path	Отключить контур симметрии
+	Disabled	Отключено
+	Discard Changes	Отменить изменения
+	Displace	Смещение
+	Display	Дисплей
+	Display profile not used	Профиль дисплея не используется
+	Display profiles: {reason}	Профили дисплеев: {reason}
+	Display-p3	Display P3
+	Distance	Расстояние
+	Distortion	Дисторсия
+	Distribution	Распределение
+	Do you want to save you made to “{name}” before quitting?	Сохранить изменения в «{name}» перед выходом?
+	Document Sizes	Размеры документа
+	Documentation	Документация
+	Documents	Документы
+	Dont Enlarge	Не увеличивать
+	Dot	Точка
+	Double Line	Двойная линия
+	Down	Вниз
+	Draft	Черновик
+	Drag a crop box · drag inside to move · edges resize ({ratio} ratio, {centre} centre) · Space moves while drawing · {commit} commits · Esc cancels	Перетащите рамку кадрирования · перетаскивание внутри перемещает · края изменяют размер (соотношение {ratio}, центр {centre}) · пробел перемещает при рисовании · {commit} применяет · Esc отменяет
+	Drag: draw freehand · Release on the start point: close	Перетаскивание: рисование от руки · Отпустите на начальной точке: замкнуть
+	Driver: {driver}	Драйвер: {driver}
+	Dry Brush	Сухая кисть
+	Duplicate Channel	Дублировать канал
+	Duplicate Layers	Дублировать слои
+	Duplication	Дублирование
+	Dust & Scratches	Пыль и царапины
+	Edge	Край
+	Edge Brightness	Яркость краёв
+	Edge Extension	Расширение краёв
+	Edge Fidelity	Точность краёв
+	Edge Intensity	Интенсивность краёв
+	Edge Only	Только края
+	Edge Simplicity	Простота краёв
+	Edge Thickness	Толщина краёв
+	Edge Width	Ширина краёв
+	Edit Toolbar	Настроить панель инструментов
+	Edit…	Изменить…
+	Elevation	Возвышение
+	Eliminate	Устранить
+	Emboss	Тиснение
+	Enable	Включить
+	Enable Mask	Включить маску
+	End X	Конец X
+	End Y	Конец Y
+	Enlarged	Увеличенный
+	Erase with Brush or Pencil (hold)	Стирание кистью или карандашом (удерживайте)
+	Error	Ошибка
+	Even Fields	Чётные поля
+	Exit Quick Mask	Выйти из быстрой маски
+	Expand group  (⌥-click: all groups)	Развернуть группу  (⌥+щелчок: все группы)
+	Export As	Экспортировать как
+	Export As: {name}	Экспортировать как: {name}
+	Export Contents	Экспортировать содержимое
+	Export Image	Экспортировать изображение
+	Export Options	Параметры экспорта
+	Export Preferences	Экспорт настроек
+	Export Settings	Экспортировать настройки
+	Export to	Экспортировать в
+	Export/Import Presets	Экспорт/импорт наборов
+	Exported contents to {path}	Содержимое экспортировано в {path}
+	Exported presets to {path}	Наборы экспортированы в {path}
+	Exported {path}	Экспортировано: {path}
+	Exported {path} ({size})	Экспортировано: {path} ({size})
+	Exporting…	Экспорт…
+	ExtraBold	Сверхжирный
+	ExtraLight	Сверхтонкий
+	Extrude	Экструзия
+	Fade	Ослабить
+	Faded Film	Выцветшая плёнка
+	Failed	Не удалось
+	Failed to open file	Не удалось открыть файл
+	Failed to save file	Не удалось сохранить файл
+	Fallback: {reason}	Резерв: {reason}
+	Feather Radius	Радиус растушёвки
+	Fiber Length	Длина волокон
+	Fibers	Волокна
+	Field Blur	Размытие по полю
+	File Format	Формат файла
+	File Info	Сведения о файле
+	File Name	Имя файла
+	File Size	Размер файла
+	File not found	Файл не найден
+	Filename	Имя файла
+	Fill Color	Цвет заливки
+	Fill Opacity	Непрозрачность заливки
+	Fill Path…	Залить контур…
+	Fill path with foreground color	Залить контур цветом переднего плана
+	Fill with Background Color	Залить цветом фона
+	Fill with Background Color, Preserve Transparency	Залить цветом фона, сохранить прозрачность
+	Fill with Foreground Color	Залить цветом переднего плана
+	Fill with Foreground Color, Preserve Transparency	Залить цветом переднего плана, сохранить прозрачность
+	Film Grain	Зернистость плёнки
+	Filter Gallery	Галерея фильтров
+	Find	Найти
+	Find and Replace Text	Найти и заменить текст
+	Fine	Тонкий
+	Fine Dots	Мелкие точки
+	Finish	Готово
+	Fit Image	Подогнать изображение
+	Fit to Window	По размеру окна
+	Flame	Пламя
+	Flame Bottom Alignment	Выравнивание низа пламени
+	Flame Lines	Линии пламени
+	Flame Shape	Форма пламени
+	Flame Style	Стиль пламени
+	Flame Type	Тип пламени
+	Flat	Плоский
+	Flat Shading	Плоское затенение
+	Flower Color	Цвет цветков
+	Focal Distance	Дистанция фокуса
+	Focus	Фокус
+	Focus Area	Область фокусировки
+	Foreground Level	Уровень переднего плана
+	Forward	Вперёд
+	Forward Warp	Прямая деформация
+	Frame	Кадр
+	Frame {current} / {total}	Кадр {current} / {total}
+	Free Transform Path	Свободное трансформирование контура
+	Freeze Lasso	Заморозить лассо
+	Freeze Mask	Заморозить маску
+	Fresco	Фреска
+	From	От
+	From Left	Слева
+	From Right	Справа
+	Frosted	Матовое
+	Full Screen	Во весь экран
+	Fullscreen	Полноэкранный
+	Fuzziness	Разброс
+	GPU backend preference: {backend}	Предпочитаемый сервер GPU: {backend}
+	GPU device was lost; using the CPU renderer.	Устройство GPU потеряно; используется отрисовка на CPU.
+	GPU error; using the CPU renderer.	Ошибка GPU; используется отрисовка на CPU.
+	GPU retry scheduled	Запланирована повторная попытка GPU
+	Gamma	Гамма
+	Gaussian Blur	Размытие по Гауссу
+	General Blending	Общее наложение
+	General Brushes	Общие кисти
+	Generators	Генераторы
+	Generic	Общий
+	Glass	Стекло
+	Global Light	Глобальный свет
+	Gloss	Глянец
+	Glow Amount	Величина свечения
+	Glow Brightness	Яркость свечения
+	Glow Size	Размер свечения
+	Glowing Edges	Светящиеся контуры
+	Good	Хорошее
+	Grade Balance	Цветокоррекция: баланс
+	Grade Blending	Цветокоррекция: смешивание
+	Grade Global	Цветокоррекция: общая
+	Grade Highlights	Цветокоррекция: светлые тона
+	Grade Midtones	Цветокоррекция: средние тона
+	Grade Shadows	Цветокоррекция: тени
+	Gradient Options	Параметры градиента
+	Grain Amount	Величина зерна
+	Grain Roughness	Шероховатость зерна
+	Grain Size	Размер зерна
+	Grain Type	Тип зерна
+	Graininess	Зернистость
+	Grainy Dots	Зернистые точки
+	Graphics adapter	Графический адаптер
+	Graphics adapter: {adapter}	Графический адаптер: {adapter}
+	Gray-gamma-2.2	Серый (гамма 2,2)
+	Greek	Греческий
+	Greens	Зелёные тона
+	Grid  (⌘')	Сетка  (⌘')
+	Grid view	Вид сеткой
+	Group from Layers	Группа из слоёв
+	Groups	Группы
+	Grout Width	Ширина швов
+	Guide Layout…	Схема направляющих…
+	HDR Toning	HDR-тонирование
+	Hand Tool (hold)	Инструмент «Рука» (удерживайте)
+	Hearts	Сердца
+	Heptagon	Семиугольник
+	Hexagon	Шестиугольник
+	Hidden	Скрыто
+	Hide Grid	Скрыть сетку
+	Hide Others	Скрыть остальные
+	Hide the layer's effects  (⌥-click: all layers)	Скрыть эффекты слоя  (⌥+щелчок: все слои)
+	Hide {app}	Скрыть {app}
+	High Pass	Цветовой контраст
+	Highlight	Света
+	Highlight Amount	Величина светов
+	Highlight Area	Область светов
+	Highlight Radius	Радиус светов
+	Highlight Strength	Сила светов
+	Highlight Tone	Тон светов
+	Highlights from:	Света от:
+	Horizontal Distortion	Горизонтальная дисторсия
+	Horizontal Only	Только по горизонтали
+	Horizontal scale	Масштаб по горизонтали
+	Horizontal type	Горизонтальный текст
+	Hotspot	Горячая точка
+	Hsb	HSB
+	Hsl	HSL
+	Hsl Hue	Оттенок HSL
+	Hsl Lum	Яркость HSL
+	Hsl Sat	Насыщенность HSL
+	Image Balance	Баланс изображения
+	Image Processor	Обработчик изображений
+	Image compositor: {processor}	Компоновщик изображения: {processor}
+	Import Brushes	Импортировать кисти
+	Import Brushes… (.abr)	Импортировать кисти… (.abr)
+	Import Image	Импортировать изображение
+	Import Options	Параметры импорта
+	Import Photoshop brushes (.abr)	Импортировать кисти Photoshop (.abr)
+	Import Settings	Импортировать настройки
+	Importing {what} from {file}…	Импорт {what} из {file}…
+	Importing…	Импорт…
+	In Black	Входной чёрный
+	In White	Входной белый
 	Increase Brush Hardness	Увеличить жёсткость кисти
+	Demosaic	Демозаик
+	How the camera's colour filter mosaic is filled in. It is applied when the file opens; the preview shows the method it was opened with.	Как восстанавливается мозаика цветного фильтра камеры. Применяется при открытии файла; превью показывает метод, с которым файл был открыт.
+	AHD (adaptive homogeneity)	AHD (адаптивная однородность)
+	Malvar–He–Cutler	Malvar–He–Cutler
+	Hirakawa–Parks: the cleanest edges and the least colour fringing, the slowest.	Хиракава–Паркс: самые чистые края и меньше всего цветной каймы, самый медленный.
+	Gradient-corrected interpolation: sharp and fast, with some colour fringing on fine detail.	Интерполяция с коррекцией градиента: резкая и быстрая, с небольшой цветной каймой на мелких деталях.
+	The fastest and the softest, with colour fringing on fine detail.	Самый быстрый и самый мягкий, с цветной каймой на мелких деталях.
+	“{name}” already exists. Replace it?	«{name}» уже существует. Заменить?
+	The name in the save dialog was “{name}”.	В окне сохранения было указано имя «{name}».
+	Move Up	Переместить вверх
+	Move Down	Переместить вниз
+	Previous Brush	Предыдущая кисть
+	Next Brush	Следующая кисть
+	First Brush	Первая кисть
+	Last Brush	Последняя кисть
+	Preview size	Preview size
 	Memory Usage	Использование памяти
 	Per-document RAM limit (MB)	Лимит ОЗУ на документ (МБ)
 	Installed RAM: {ram} MB; this limit: {percent}%	Установлено ОЗУ: {ram} МБ; этот лимит: {percent}%
@@ -3287,3 +3882,776 @@ curves	Smooth	Сгладить
 # Graphics Adapter preference (#1885)
 	GPU adapter	Адаптер GPU
 smartSvg	AI/PDF/EPS contents will be edited as SVG. Saving replaces the embedded source; format-specific features may change.	Содержимое AI/PDF/EPS будет редактироваться как SVG. Сохранение заменит встроенный источник; особенности исходного формата могут измениться.
+
+# Styles panel: Import / Export Styles (.asl)
+	Import Styles…	Импортировать стили…
+	Export Selected Styles…	Экспортировать выбранные стили…
+	Export Styles…	Экспортировать стили…
+	{file} is not a style library (.asl)	{file} не является библиотекой стилей (.asl)
+@plural	Imported {n} style from {file}|Imported {n} styles from {file}	Импортирован {n} стиль из {file}|Импортировано {n} стиля из {file}|Импортировано {n} стилей из {file}
+@plural	Exported {n} style to {file}|Exported {n} styles to {file}	Экспортирован {n} стиль в {file}|Экспортировано {n} стиля в {file}|Экспортировано {n} стилей в {file}
+# Actions: a step dialog holds a suspended recording (#7365)
+	Confirm or cancel the open action step dialog first	Сначала подтвердите или отмените открытый диалог шага операции
+	Pro Medium Gray	Средне-серая Pro
+	Solarized	Solarized
+	Breeze	Breeze
+	Pro Light Gray	Светло-серая Pro
+	Pro Light	Светлая Pro
+	Resize Windows to Fit	Подгонять размер окон
+	EXR	EXR
+	Increase Brush Size	Увеличить размер кисти
+	Increase Type Size	Увеличить размер текста
+	Increase Type Size by 10	Увеличить размер текста на 10
+	Indent first line	Отступ первой строки
+	Indent left margin	Отступ слева
+	Indent right margin	Отступ справа
+	Indexed	Индексированный
+	Infinite	Бесконечный
+	Information	Информация
+	Initial Direction	Начальное направление
+	Ink Outlines	Обводка контура
+	Inner Bevel	Внутренняя фаска
+	Input	Вход
+	Input Levels	Входные уровни
+	Input Mode	Режим ввода
+	Install Plug-in	Установить плагин
+	Intensity	Интенсивность
+	Intent	Метод преобразования
+	Interpret Footage	Интерпретировать материал
+	Intersect with selection  (⇧⌥)	Пересечение с выделенной областью  (⇧⌥)
+	Interval	Интервал
+	Invalid panel layout; restored the default dock	Недопустимый макет панелей; восстановлена пристыковка по умолчанию
+	Invert Mask	Инвертировать маску
+	Invert Selection	Инвертировать выделенную область
+	Iris Blur	Диафрагменное размытие
+	Ivy	Плющ
+	Jag	Зубчатость
+	Join the ArtCraft Discord	Discord сообщества ArtCraft
+	Join the ArtCraft Discord ({url})	Присоединиться к Discord ArtCraft ({url})
+	Keeps the current texture when switching presets.	Сохраняет текущую текстуру при смене набора.
+	Kernel	Ядро
+	Kerning: Metrics, Optical or a value in 1/1000 em (Alt+←/→ at the caret)	Кернинг: метрический, оптический или значение в 1/1000 em (Alt+←/→ у курсора)
+	Keyboard	Клавиатура
+	Lab	Lab
+	Landscape, 10 x 8	Альбомная, 10 x 8
+	Landscape, 6 x 4	Альбомная, 6 x 4
+	Landscape, 7 x 5	Альбомная, 7 x 5
+	Latin 1	Латиница 1
+	Latin Extended-A	Латиница расширенная A
+	Latin Extended-B	Латиница расширенная B
+	Layer Comps to Files	Варианты слоя в файлы
+	Layer Content Options	Параметры содержимого слоя
+	Layer Count	Число слоёв
+	Layer From Background	Слой из фона
+	Layer Knocks Out Drop Shadow	Слой выбивает тень
+	Layer Mask Hides Effects	Маска слоя скрывает эффекты
+	Layer Properties	Свойства слоя
+	Layer Styles	Стили слоя
+	Layer from Background	Слой из фона
+	Layers to Files	Слои в файлы
+	Layout	Макет
+	Leading (set to the font size × auto-leading when Auto)	Интерлиньяж (при значении «Авто» равен размеру шрифта × автоматический интерлиньяж)
+	Leaf Color	Цвет листьев
+	Learn More	Подробнее
+	Leaves Amount	Количество листьев
+	Leaves Color	Цвет листьев
+	Leaves Size	Размер листьев
+	Left Diagonal	Левая диагональ
+	Legacy	Устаревший
+	Legal	Legal
+	Lens Blur	Размытие при малой глубине
+	Lens Correction	Коррекция дисторсии
+	Lens Flare	Блик от объектива
+	Less	Меньше
+	Letter	Letter
+	Level Based	На основе уровней
+	Library	Библиотека
+	Light Dark Balance	Баланс светлого и тёмного
+	Light Direction	Направление света
+	Light Intensity	Интенсивность света
+	Light Rough	Светлый шероховатый
+	Light Type	Тип света
+	Light X	Свет X
+	Light Y	Свет Y
+	Light Z	Свет Z
+	Lighten Grout	Осветлить швы
+	Lighten Only	Только осветление
+	Lighting	Освещение
+	Lighting Effects	Эффекты освещения
+	Linear Dodge	Линейный осветлитель
+	Linear Height	Линейная высота
+	Linear-srgb	Линейный sRGB
+	Link	Связать
+	Liquify	Пластичность
+	List	Список
+	List view	Вид списком
+	Live Preview	Живой просмотр
+	Load 3D LUT	Загрузить 3D LUT
+	Load Files into Stack	Загрузить файлы в стопку
+	Load path as a selection	Загрузить контур как выделенную область
+	Loading…	Загрузка…
+	Lock All	Заблокировать всё
+	Lock Image Pixels	Заблокировать пиксели изображения
+	Lock Position	Закрепить положение
+	Lock Transparent Pixels	Заблокировать прозрачные пиксели
+	Locked	Заблокировано
+	Long Lines	Длинные линии
+	Long Strokes	Длинные штрихи
+	Lorem Ipsum	Lorem Ipsum
+	Lower	Нижний
+	Lum	Ярк.
+	Lut	LUT
+	Magentas	Пурпурные тона
+	Make Selection from Path	Создать выделенную область из контура
+	Make Selection…	Создать выделенную область…
+	Make Symmetry Path	Создать контур симметрии
+	Make Work Path…	Создать рабочий контур…
+	Make work path from selection	Создать рабочий контур из выделенной области
+	Manual	Вручную
+	Map Document	Документ карты
+	Map Layer	Слой карты
+	Map Path	Путь к карте
+	Mask Channel	Канал-маска
+	Mask Incomplete Blocks	Маскировать неполные блоки
+	Mask None	Без маски
+	Masks	Маски
+	Match Color	Подбор цвета
+	Math Symbols	Математические символы
+	Max Offset	Макс. смещение
+	Max Radius	Макс. радиус
+	Measurement Scale	Масштаб измерений
+	Measurement Scale Marker	Маркер масштаба измерений
+	Medium Dots	Средние точки
+	Medium Gray	Средне-серый
+	Medium Lines	Средние линии
+	Medium Strokes	Средние штрихи
+	Merge Channels…	Объединить каналы…
+	Merge Spot Channel	Объединить цветовой канал
+	Merge to HDR Pro	Объединить в HDR Pro
+	Metallic	Металлический
+	Metrics	Метрики
+	Mezzotint	Меццотинто
+	Middle	Середина
+	Midtone	Полутон
+	Monitor Profile	Профиль монитора
+	Monitor profile in use on {display}: {profile}	Используемый профиль монитора на {display}: {profile}
+	Monitor profile in use: {profile}	Используемый профиль монитора: {profile}
+	Monitor profile on {display} (main window): {profile}	Профиль монитора для {display} (главное окно): {profile}
+	Monitor profile on {display}: {profile}	Профиль монитора для {display}: {profile}
+	Monitor profile: {profile}	Профиль монитора: {profile}
+	Mono Contrast	Монохромный контраст
+	Monochromatic	Монохромный
+	More	Больше
+	Mosaic	Мозаика
+	Mosaic Tiles	Мозаичные плитки
+	Motion Blur	Размытие в движении
+	Mouse	Мышь
+	Move Layer	Переместить слой
+	Movie Prime	Киносъёмочный фикс
+	Multiple Flames Along Path	Несколько языков пламени вдоль контура
+	Multiple Flames One Direction	Несколько языков пламени в одном направлении
+	Multiple Flames Path Directions	Несколько языков пламени по направлениям контура
+	Multiple Flames Various Length	Несколько языков пламени разной длины
+	My Brushes	Мои кисти
+	Native file drag-and-drop is not supported on Wayland yet. Use File › Open, or run PhotoCraft under XWayland with `WAYLAND_DISPLAY= photocraft`.	Перетаскивание файлов ещё не поддерживается в Wayland. Используйте «Файл › Открыть» или запустите PhotoCraft под XWayland с `WAYLAND_DISPLAY= photocraft`.
+	Nearest	Ближайший
+	Neon Glow	Неоновое свечение
+	Neutralize	Нейтрализовать
+	Neutrals	Нейтральные тона
+	New Brush Preset	Новый набор параметров кисти
+	New Channel…	Новый канал…
+	New Guide	Новая направляющая
+	New Guide Layout	Схема направляющих
+	New Spot Channel…	Новый цветовой канал…
+	New Video Layer from File	Новый видеослой из файла
+	New Window	Новое окно
+	New Workspace	Новая рабочая среда
+	New document	Новый документ
+	New document…	Новый документ…
+	New document…     ⌘N	Новый документ…     ⌘N
+	Next	Далее
+	No Document	Нет документа
+	No Image	Нет изображения
+	No Layers	Нет слоёв
+	No Results	Нет результатов
+	No Results Found	Ничего не найдено
+	No Selection	Нет выделенной области
+	No custom shape "{name}": pick one in the options bar or Window › Shapes	Нет произвольной фигуры «{name}»: выберите её на панели параметров или в меню «Окно › Фигуры»
+	No layers	Нет слоёв
+	No recent files	Нет недавних файлов
+	No selection	Нет выделенной области
+	Noise Color	Цветовой шум
+	Noise Color Detail	Цветовая детализация шума
+	Noise Luminance	Яркостный шум
+	Noise Luminance Detail	Яркостная детализация шума
+	Nothing to Redo	Нечего повторить
+	Nothing to Undo	Нечего отменить
+	Nothing to paste: the clipboard holds no image	Нечего вставлять: в буфере обмена нет изображения
+	Number Of Levels	Число уровней
+	Numbers	Числа
+	Ocean Ripple	Океанские волны
+	Octagon	Восьмиугольник
+	Odd Fields	Нечётные поля
+	Oil Paint	Масляная живопись
+	On	Вкл.
+	One Flame Along Path	Один язык пламени вдоль контура
+	Open As	Открыть как
+	Open File	Открыть файл
+	Open Folder	Открыть папку
+	Open Image	Открыть изображение
+	Open Recent is unavailable on the web	«Открыть недавние» недоступно в веб-версии
+	Opened {url}	Открыто: {url}
+	Opening	Открытие
+	Open…     ⌘O	Открыть…     ⌘O
+	Operation canceled	Операция отменена
+	Operation cancelled	Операция отменена
+	Operation completed	Операция завершена
+	Operation failed	Операция не выполнена
+	Optical	Оптический
+	Original Ratio	Исходное соотношение
+	Out Black	Выходной чёрный
+	Out From Center	От центра наружу
+	Out Of Gamut	Вне охвата
+	Out White	Выходной белый
+	Out of memory	Недостаточно памяти
+	Outer Bevel	Внешняя фаска
+	Output Levels	Выходные уровни
+	Oval	Овал
+	Overlay Edge	Наложение края
+	Overlay: Rule of Thirds	Наложение: правило третей
+	PSD	PSD
+	Package	Упаковать
+	Page Setup…	Параметры страницы…
+	Paint Daubs	Мазки краской
+	Paints from the document's opening state	Рисует по состоянию документа на момент открытия
+	Palette Knife	Шпатель
+	Panel	Панель
+	Paper	Бумага
+	Paper Brightness	Яркость бумаги
+	Parallel	Параллельно
+	Paste Complete Stroke	Вставить полный контур
+	Paste Fill	Вставить заливку
+	Patchwork	Лоскутное шитьё
+	Path Blur	Размытие по контуру
+	Paths to Illustrator	Контуры в Illustrator
+	Pattern Fill…	Заливка узором…
+	Pattern Type	Тип узора
+	Pencil Width	Ширина карандаша
+	Pentagon	Пятиугольник
+	Percentage	Процент
+	Permission denied	Доступ запрещён
+	PhotoCraft keeps retrying; until a save succeeds, preference changes are lost when it closes.	PhotoCraft продолжает попытки; пока сохранение не удастся, изменения настроек будут потеряны при закрытии.
+	Photomerge	Фотослияние
+	Pick Color From Image	Выбрать цвет на изображении
+	Picture Frame	Рамка
+	Pillow Emboss	Подушковидное тиснение
+	Pinch	Сжатие
+	Pins	Булавки
+	Place Embedded	Поместить встроенный
+	Place Linked	Поместить связанный
+	Place Scale Marker	Шкала масштаба
+	Plane	Плоскость
+	Planes	Плоскости
+	Plastic Wrap	Пластиковая упаковка
+	Platform: {os} {arch}	Платформа: {os} {arch}
+	Please wait…	Подождите…
+	Point	Точка
+	Point Curve	Точечная кривая
+	Point Curve Blue	Точечная кривая: синяя
+	Point Curve Green	Точечная кривая: зелёная
+	Point Curve Red	Точечная кривая: красная
+	Pointed	Заострённый
+	Pointillize	Пуантилизм
+	Polar Coordinates	Полярные координаты
+	Polar To Rectangular	Полярные в прямоугольные
+	Policy Cmyk	Правила для CMYK
+	Policy Gray	Правила для градаций серого
+	Policy Rgb	Правила для RGB
+	Pond Ripples	Волны на пруду
+	Portrait, 4 x 6	Книжная, 4 x 6
+	Portrait, 5 x 7	Книжная, 5 x 7
+	Postcard	Открытка
+	Poster	Плакат
+	Poster Edges	Плакатные края
+	Posterization	Постеризация
+	Preferences can't be saved	Не удаётся сохранить настройки
+	Preferences saved	Настройки сохранены
+	Preferences were reset: {error}	Настройки сброшены: {error}
+	Preferences…	Настройки…
+	Preserve	Сохранить
+	Preset Manager	Управление наборами
+	Press keys	Нажмите клавиши
+	Preview Image	Просмотр изображения
+	Previous	Назад
+	Prime105	Prime 105
+	Prime35	Prime 35
+	Printed to {path}	Напечатано в {path}
+	Pro (Dark)	Pro (тёмная)
+	Pro (Medium Gray)	Pro (средне-серая)
+	Processing…	Обработка…
+	Profile	Профиль
+	Proof Setup…	Настройка пробного отпечатка…
+	Prophoto-compat	ProPhoto RGB (совместимо)
+	Pucker	Сморщивание
+	Push Left	Сдвиг влево
+	Pyramids	Пирамиды
+	Quick Actions	Быстрые действия
+	Quit	Выход
+	Quit PhotoCraft	Выйти из PhotoCraft
+	Quit {app}	Выйти из {app}
+	R G B	R G B
+	R g b	R g b
+	Radial	Радиальный
+	Radial Blur	Радиальное размытие
+	Radius X	Радиус X
+	Radius Y	Радиус Y
+	Ran script {name}	Выполнен сценарий {name}
+	Randomize Length	Случайная длина
+	Randomize Shapes	Случайные фигуры
+	Rasterize Fill Content	Растрировать содержимое заливки
+	Rasterize Smart Object	Растрировать смарт-объект
+	Ratio	Соотношение
+	Raw Defaults	Значения RAW по умолчанию
+	Reading	Чтение
+	Ready	Готово
+	Rec2020	Rec. 2020
+	Recent Files	Недавние файлы
+	Reconstruct All	Восстановить всё
+	Recovered {name}	Восстановлено: {name}
+	Rectangular Selection	Прямоугольная выделенная область
+	Rectangular To Polar	Прямоугольные в полярные
+	Red Cyan	Красный–голубой
+	Reds	Красные тона
+	Reduce Color Noise	Уменьшить цветовой шум
+	Reduce Noise	Уменьшить шум
+	Reflected	Отражение
+	Relief	Рельеф
+	Relink to File	Повторно связать с файлом
+	Remove All	Удалить всё
+	Remove Jpeg Artifact	Удалить артефакты JPEG
+	Rename Brush	Переименовать кисть
+	Rename Channel…	Переименовать канал…
+	Rename Group	Переименовать группу
+	Rename Tool Preset	Переименовать набор
+	Render Video	Экспорт видео
+	Rendering…	Отрисовка…
+	Reorder Layer	Изменить порядок слоя
+	Replace Color	Замена цвета
+	Replace Contents	Заменить содержимое
+	Replace Footage	Заменить материал
+	Report a Bug	Сообщить об ошибке
+	Report an Issue	Сообщить о проблеме
+	Reset Alignment	Сбросить выравнивание
+	Reset All	Сбросить всё
+	Reset Preferences	Сбросить настройки
+	Resolve Missing Fonts	Устранить отсутствующие шрифты
+	Restart	Перезапустить
+	Restart Required	Требуется перезапуск
+	Resume	Продолжить
+	Retry	Повторить
+	Rgb	RGB
+	Ridges	Гребни
+	Right Diagonal	Правая диагональ
+	Ripple	Рябь
+	Ripple Magnitude	Величина ряби
+	Ripple Size	Размер ряби
+	Rope	Верёвка
+	Roses	Розы
+	Rough Pastels	Пастель
+	Row Order	Порядок строк
+	Rulers  (⌘R)	Линейки  (⌘R)
+	Sample Size	Размер образца
+	Sampled Colors	Отобранные цвета
+	Sandstone	Песчаник
+	Sat	Насыщ.
+	Save As	Сохранить как
+	Save Changes	Сохранить изменения
+	Save File	Сохранить файл
+	Save Image	Сохранить изображение
+	Save Path	Сохранить контур
+	Save Pixel Aspect Ratio	Сохранить соотношение сторон пикселя
+	Save a Copy	Сохранить копию
+	Save before closing?	Сохранить перед закрытием?
+	Save for Web (Legacy)	Сохранить для Web (устаревшее)
+	Save your work and restart PhotoCraft to retry GPU acceleration. CPU rendering remains active for this session.	Сохраните работу и перезапустите PhotoCraft, чтобы повторить попытку ускорения GPU. Отрисовка на CPU остаётся активной в этом сеансе.
+	Saved a copy as {path}	Копия сохранена как {path}
+	Saved {path}; image assets: {n} in {dir}	Сохранено: {path}; графические ресурсы: {n} в {dir}
+	Saving…	Сохранение…
+	Scale Effects	Масштабировать эффекты
+	Scaling	Масштабирование
+	Scallops	Фестоны
+	Script Events Manager	Диспетчер событий сценариев
+	Scroll menu down	Прокрутить меню вниз
+	Scroll menu up	Прокрутить меню вверх
+	Search commands	Поиск команд
+	Search commands (⌘K)	Поиск команд (⌘K)
+	Search commands, tools and panels	Поиск команд, инструментов и панелей
+	Search menus	Поиск по меню
+	Seed	Зерно
+	Select Custom Color…	Выбрать свой цвет…
+	Select Data Points	Выбрать точки данных
+	Select Layer	Выбрать слой
+	Select and Mask	Выделение и маска
+	Selected at launch: {backend}	Выбрано при запуске: {backend}
+	SemiBold	Полужирный
+	Sensitivity	Чувствительность
+	Sent to the printer ({spooler})	Отправлено на принтер ({spooler})
+	Sepia	Сепия
+	Services	Службы
+	Set Colors	Задать цвета
+	Set Measurement Scale	Задать масштаб измерений
+	Sgray	sGray
+	Shadow	Тень
+	Shadow Amount	Величина теней
+	Shadow Intensity	Интенсивность теней
+	Shadow Radius	Радиус теней
+	Shadow Tone	Тон теней
+	Shadows up to:	Тени до:
+	Shadows/Highlights	Тени/Света
+	Shallow	Поверхностный
+	Shape Blur	Размытие по фигуре
+	Sharpen Amount	Величина резкости
+	Sharpen Detail	Детализация резкости
+	Sharpen Details	Резкость деталей
+	Sharpen Masking	Маскирование резкости
+	Sharpen Radius	Радиус резкости
+	Shear	Искривление
+	Shine	Блеск
+	Short Lines	Короткие линии
+	Short Strokes	Короткие штрихи
+	Shortcut	Сочетание клавиш
+	Shortcuts	Сочетания клавиш
+	Show All	Показать все
+	Show Extras Options	Параметры вспомогательных элементов
+	Show Guides	Показать направляющие
+	Show Guides  (⌘;)	Показать направляющие  (⌘;)
+	Show Rulers	Показать линейки
+	Show the layer's effects  (⌥-click: all layers)	Показать эффекты слоя  (⌥+щелчок: все слои)
+	Simple	Простой
+	Simulate Paper	Имитировать бумагу
+	Sine	Синусоида
+	Sketch	Эскиз
+	Skip	Пропустить
+	Slice Options	Параметры фрагмента
+	Smart Blur	Умное размытие
+	Smart Sharpen	Умная резкость
+	Smoothness	Сглаженность
+	Smudge Stick	Растушёвка
+	Snap to Grid	Привязать к сетке
+	Snowflakes	Снежинки
+	Soften	Смягчить
+	Softness	Мягкость
+	Software adapter	Программный адаптер
+	Solarized Dark	Solarized (тёмная)
+	Solid Color	Однотонный цвет
+	Solid Front Faces	Сплошные передние грани
+	Source Channel	Канал-источник
+	Source Invert	Инвертировать источник
+	Source Layer	Исходный слой
+	Source1 Channel	Канал источника 1
+	Source1 Invert	Инвертировать источник 1
+	Source2 Channel	Канал источника 2
+	Source2 Invert	Инвертировать источник 2
+	Source: set	Источник: задан
+	Space	Пробел
+	Sparkle	Искры
+	Spatter	Разбрызгивание
+	Speckle	Крапинки
+	Speed	Скорость
+	Spherize	Сферизация
+	Spin	Вращение
+	Spin Blur	Размытие вращением
+	Split Channels	Разделить каналы
+	Spot	Точечный
+	Spray Radius	Радиус распыления
+	Sprayed Strokes	Разбрызганные штрихи
+	Spread	Разброс
+	Sprinkles	Вкрапления
+	Square Size	Размер квадрата
+	Square, 12 x 12	Квадратная, 12 x 12
+	Square, 5 x 5	Квадратная, 5 x 5
+	Squareness	Квадратность
+	Stagger	Смещение
+	Stained Glass	Витраж
+	Star	Звезда
+	Stars	Звёзды
+	Start X	Начало X
+	Start Y	Начало Y
+	Statistics	Статистика
+	Step {step} ({id}) failed: {error}	Шаг {step} ({id}) не выполнен: {error}
+	Stippled	Крапчатый
+	Stops	Контрольные точки
+	Strength	Сила
+	Stretch	Растянуть
+	Stroke Color	Цвет обводки
+	Stroke Detail	Детализация обводки
+	Stroke Direction	Направление обводки
+	Stroke Length	Длина обводки
+	Stroke Pressure	Нажим обводки
+	Stroke Size	Размер обводки
+	Stroke Width	Ширина обводки
+	Stroke path with brush	Обвести контур кистью
+	Strokes	Штрихи
+	Studio (Dark)	Studio (тёмная)
+	Studio (Light)	Studio (светлая)
+	Stylization	Стилизация
+	Subtract Shapes at Overlap	Вычесть фигуры при перекрытии
+	Subtract from selection  (⌥)	Вычесть из выделенной области  (⌥)
+	Sumi-e	Суми-э
+	Surface Blur	Размытие по поверхности
+	Switch Foreground and Background Colors	Поменять цвета переднего плана и фона
+	System Info	Информация о системе
+	Tablet	Планшет
+	Tabloid	Tabloid
+	Taper	Сужение
+	Target	Цель
+	Target Channel 3	Целевой канал 3
+	Target Channel 4	Целевой канал 4
+	Target Channel 5	Целевой канал 5
+	Target Channel 6	Целевой канал 6
+	Target Channel 7	Целевой канал 7
+	Target Channel 8	Целевой канал 8
+	Target Channel 9	Целевой канал 9
+	Target Composite Channel	Целевой составной канал
+	Target X	Цель X
+	Target Y	Цель Y
+	Teal Orange	Бирюзовый–оранжевый
+	Technology Previews…	Пробные технологии…
+	Temporary	Временный
+	Text Layer	Текстовый слой
+	Texture Coverage	Покрытие текстуры
+	Texturizer	Текстуризатор
+	Thaw Mask	Разморозить маску
+	The canvas is shown as sRGB. Choose a monitor profile in Edit › Color Settings.	Холст отображается как sRGB. Выберите профиль монитора в разделе «Редактирование › Настройки цвета».
+	The canvas on {display} is shown as sRGB. Choose a monitor profile in Edit › Color Settings.	Холст на {display} отображается как sRGB. Выберите профиль монитора в разделе «Редактирование › Настройки цвета».
+	The current gradient (pick one in Window › Gradients)	Текущий градиент (выберите в меню «Окно › Градиенты»)
+	The document does not have an embedded colour profile. Working space: {working}.	Документ не содержит встроенного цветового профиля. Рабочее пространство: {working}.
+	The document has an embedded colour profile that does not match the working space.\nEmbedded: {embedded}\nWorking: {working}	Документ содержит встроенный цветовой профиль, не совпадающий с рабочим пространством.\nВстроенный: {embedded}\nРабочее пространство: {working}
+	The file could not be opened.	Не удалось открыть файл.
+	The file could not be saved.	Не удалось сохранить файл.
+	Thickness	Толщина
+	This Layer:	Этот слой:
+	This Smart Object must be rasterized before proceeding. Its contents will no longer be editable. Rasterize the Smart Object?	Перед продолжением необходимо растрировать этот смарт-объект. Его содержимое перестанет быть редактируемым. Растрировать смарт-объект?
+	This adjustment ({key}) is kept as imported and can't be edited yet.	Эта коррекция ({key}) сохраняется в импортированном виде и пока не может быть изменена.
+	This fill layer must be rasterized before proceeding. Its fill content will no longer be editable. Rasterize the layer?	Перед продолжением необходимо растрировать этот слой заливки. Содержимое заливки перестанет быть редактируемым. Растрировать слой?
+	This layer must be rasterized before proceeding.	Перед продолжением необходимо растрировать этот слой.
+	This session: {reason}	Этот сеанс: {reason}
+	This shape layer must be rasterized before proceeding. It will no longer be editable as a shape. Rasterize the shape?	Перед продолжением необходимо растрировать этот слой фигуры. Он перестанет быть редактируемым как фигура. Растрировать фигуру?
+	This type layer must be rasterized before proceeding. Its text will no longer be editable. Rasterize the type?	Перед продолжением необходимо растрировать этот текстовый слой. Его текст перестанет быть редактируемым. Растрировать текст?
+	Tile Size	Размер плитки
+	Tiles	Плитки
+	Tilt-Shift	Наклон-сдвиг
+	Tint Color	Цвет тонирования
+	Tiny Lens	Маленькая линза
+	Title	Заголовок
+	To	До
+	To Center	К центру
+	Toggle Layer Mask Overlay	Переключить наложение маски слоя
+	Toggle the Brush Settings panel	Переключить панель «Параметры кисти»
+	Toggle the Brush Settings panel  (F5)	Переключить панель «Параметры кисти»  (F5)
+	Tool Options	Параметры инструмента
+	Trace Contour	Обводка контуров
+	Tracking (1/1000 em)	Трекинг (1/1000 em)
+	Transformation	Трансформирование
+	Transition	Переход
+	Transparency Shapes Layer	Прозрачность задаёт форму слоя
+	Trap	Приводка
+	Tree	Дерево
+	Trim	Обрезать
+	Turbulent	Турбулентность
+	Twirl	Скручивание
+	Twirl Clockwise	Скручивание по часовой стрелке
+	Twirl Counterclockwise	Скручивание против часовой стрелки
+	Type Options	Параметры текста
+	Unaltered	Без изменений
+	Undefined Areas	Неопределённые области
+	Underlying Layer:	Нижележащий слой:
+	Underpainting	Подмалёвок
+	Underwater	Под водой
+	Ungroup	Разгруппировать
+	Uniform	Однородный
+	Unite Shapes at Overlap	Объединить фигуры при перекрытии
+	Unlink	Разъединить
+	Unlock	Разблокировать
+	Unlocked	Разблокировано
+	Unsaved Changes	Несохранённые изменения
+	Unsharp Mask	Нерезкое маскирование
+	Unsupported file format	Неподдерживаемый формат файла
+	Unsupported format	Неподдерживаемый формат
+	Up	Вверх
+	Update	Обновить
+	Updates	Обновления
+	Upper	Верхний
+	Use Custom Color	Использовать свой цвет
+	Use File › Open to open an image.	Используйте «Файл › Открыть», чтобы открыть изображение.
+	Use Selection In Source	Использовать выделение в источнике
+	Use Selection In Target	Использовать выделение в цели
+	Uses the foreground and background colors.	Использует цвета переднего плана и фона.
+	Vanishing Point	Точка схода
+	Variable Data Sets	Наборы данных переменных
+	Vector Mask Hides Effects	Векторная маска скрывает эффекты
+	Vertical Distortion	Вертикальная дисторсия
+	Vertical Only	Только по вертикали
+	Vertical Type Tool	Инструмент «Вертикальный текст»
+	Vertical scale	Масштаб по вертикали
+	Vertical type	Вертикальный текст
+	Video Frames to Layers	Видеокадры в слои
+	Vignette Amount	Величина виньетки
+	Vignette Feather	Растушёвка виньетки
+	Vignette Highlights	Светлые тона виньетки
+	Vignette Midpoint	Средняя точка виньетки
+	Vignette Roundness	Округлость виньетки
+	Vignette Style	Стиль виньетки
+	Vine Color	Цвет лозы
+	Vine With Flowers	Лоза с цветами
+	Vine With Leaves	Лоза с листьями
+	Violent	Сильный
+	W:	Ш:
+	WIA Support	Поддержка WIA
+	Warm	Тёплый
+	Warming Filter (85)	Согревающий фильтр (85)
+	Warming L B A	Согревающий (LBA)
+	Warming81	Согревающий (81)
+	Warming85	Согревающий (85)
+	Warmth	Теплота
+	Warning	Предупреждение
+	Warp Text	Деформация текста
+	Watercolor	Акварель
+	Watercolour look: lighter interior, darker rims.	Акварельный вид: светлее внутри, темнее по краям.
+	Wavelength Max	Макс. длина волны
+	Wavelength Min	Мин. длина волны
+	Waves	Волны
+	Web Large	Web (крупный)
+	Web Minimum	Web (минимальный)
+	Web Most Common	Web (наиболее распространённый)
+	WebP (lossless)	WebP (без потерь)
+	Wetness	Влажность
+	White Clip	Отсечение белого
+	White Intensity	Интенсивность белого
+	White Is High	Белое — высокое
+	Whole Word	Слово целиком
+	Wide Blurry	Широкий размытый
+	Wide Sharp	Широкий резкий
+	Wind	Ветер
+	Window renderer: {renderer}	Отрисовка окна: {renderer}
+	Working	Рабочее
+	Working Cmyk	Рабочий CMYK
+	Working Gray	Рабочий: градации серого
+	Working Rgb	Рабочий RGB
+	Working-cmyk	Рабочий CMYK
+	Workspaces	Рабочие среды
+	Wrap	Оборачивание
+	Yellows	Жёлтые тона
+	ZigZag	Зигзаг
+	Zigzag	Зигзаг
+	Zoom In (hold, drag to scrub)	Увеличение (удерживайте, перетащите для прокрутки)
+	Zoom Out (hold)	Уменьшение (удерживайте)
+	auto	авто
+	blue	синий
+	brushes	кисти
+	fallback	резерв
+	gradients	градиенты
+	gray	серый
+	green	зелёный
+	layer mask	маска слоя
+	manual	вручную
+	none	нет
+	off	выключено
+	on	включено
+	orange	оранжевый
+	previous reading kept; the last re-read failed: {reason}	сохранено предыдущее значение; последнее повторное чтение не удалось: {reason}
+	red	красный
+	unknown	неизвестно
+	unknown type	неизвестный тип
+	vector mask	векторная маска
+	violet	фиолетовый
+	yellow	жёлтый
+	{index} of {total}	{index} из {total}
+	{label} is not available: {reason}	{label} недоступно: {reason}
+	{message} (notes: {n}; {warning})	{message} (примечаний: {n}; {warning})
+	{shortcut} assigned.	{shortcut} назначено.
+	{shortcut} is already in use by {commands} and will be removed from it when you click OK.	{shortcut} уже используется командой {commands} и будет удалено из неё при нажатии «ОК».
+	{verb} {mask} {layer}	{verb} {mask} {layer}
+	↑↓ navigate   ↵ run   esc close	↑↓ навигация   ↵ выполнить   esc закрыть
+	✓ Color Indicates Masked Areas	✓ Цветом обозначены маскированные области
+	✓ Color Indicates Selected Areas	✓ Цветом обозначены выделенные области
+# Dynamic command-id, plural, and contextual labels (fourth pass).
+@id	edit.clear	Очистить
+@id	edit.purge.undo	Данные отмены
+@id	edit.stroke	Обвести…
+@id	edit.transform.scale	Масштабирование
+@id	file.close	Закрыть
+@id	filter.sharpen.sharpen	Резкость
+@id	layer.layerMask.apply	Применить
+@id	select.all	Выделить всё
+@plural	Imported {n} brush from {file}|Imported {n} brushes from {file}	Импортирована {n} кисть из {file}|Импортированы {n} кисти из {file}|Импортировано {n} кистей из {file}
+@plural	Imported {n} gradient from {file}|Imported {n} gradients from {file}	Импортирован {n} градиент из {file}|Импортированы {n} градиента из {file}|Импортировано {n} градиентов из {file}
+@plural	Imported {n} pattern from {file}|Imported {n} patterns from {file}	Импортирован {n} узор из {file}|Импортированы {n} узора из {file}|Импортировано {n} узоров из {file}
+cameraRaw	Balance	Баланс
+cameraRaw	Clarity	Чёткость
+cameraRaw	Color	Цвет
+cameraRaw	Color Mixer	Смеситель цветов
+cameraRaw	Contrast	Контраст
+cameraRaw	Curve	Кривая
+cameraRaw	Dehaze	Удаление дымки
+cameraRaw	Detail	Детализация
+cameraRaw	Effects	Эффекты
+cameraRaw	Exposure	Экспозиция
+cameraRaw	Feather	Растушёвка
+cameraRaw	Highlights	Света
+cameraRaw	Luminance	Яркость
+cameraRaw	Masking	Маскирование
+cameraRaw	Midpoint	Средняя точка
+cameraRaw	Midtones	Средние тона
+cameraRaw	Radius	Радиус
+cameraRaw	Roundness	Округлость
+cameraRaw	Saturation	Насыщенность
+cameraRaw	Shadows	Тени
+cameraRaw	Size	Размер
+cameraRaw	Temperature	Температура
+cameraRaw	Texture	Текстура
+cameraRaw	Tint	Оттенок
+cameraRaw	Whites	Белые точки
+colorRange	Invert	Инвертировать
+document	Orientation	Ориентация
+layerLabel	Magenta	Пурпурный
+layerLabel	No Color	Без цвета
+layerLabel	Red	Красный
+layers	Fill	Заливка
+layers	Fill:	Заливка:
+navigator	Zoom	Масштаб
+shape	Appearance	Оформление
+# Paragraph direction (TYPE-218-2)
+	Automatic paragraph direction	Автоматическое направление абзаца
+	Left-to-right paragraph direction	Направление абзаца слева направо
+	Right-to-left paragraph direction	Направление абзаца справа налево
+	Not rendered: this adjustment ({key}) is kept as imported.	Не отображается: эта коррекция ({key}) сохранена как при импорте.
+# Print preview image (#8236)
+	Print preview image	Print preview image
+# Color panel menu: modes, copy commands and colour ramps (#6000)
+	Hue Cube	Куб цветового тона
+	Brightness Cube	Куб яркости
+	Color Wheel	Цветовой круг
+	RGB Sliders	Ползунки RGB
+	HSB Sliders	Ползунки HSB
+	CMYK Sliders	Ползунки CMYK
+	Lab Sliders	Ползунки Lab
+	Web Color Sliders	Ползунки web-цветов
+	Copy Color as HTML	Копировать цвет как HTML
+	Copy Color's Hex Code	Копировать шестнадцатеричный код цвета
+	RGB Spectrum	Спектр RGB
+	CMYK Spectrum	Спектр CMYK
+	Grayscale Ramp	Шкала градаций серого
+	Current Colors	Текущие цвета
+	Make Ramp Web Safe	Сделать шкалу безопасной для web
+# Art History Brush (#213).
+	Art History Brush Tool	Инструмент «Кисть истории искусств»
+	Tight Short	Плотный короткий
+	Tight Medium	Плотный средний
+	Tight Long	Плотный длинный
+	Loose Medium	Свободный средний
+	Loose Long	Свободный длинный
+	Dab	Мазок
+	Tight Curl	Плотный завиток
+	Loose Curl	Свободный завиток
+	Stylized dabs from a history state	Стилизованные мазки из состояния истории
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/sr.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/sr.tsv
index 7cf2ffa74d..c10a7e4660 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/sr.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/sr.tsv
@@ -629,6 +629,10 @@
 	Fit Layer(s) on Screen	Uklopi sloj(eve) u ekran
 	Fit Artboard on Screen	Uklopi radnu tablu u ekran
 	100%	100%
+	105%	105%
+	110%	110%
+	115%	115%
+	120%	120%
 	200%	200%
 	75%	75%
 	80%	80%
@@ -790,6 +794,7 @@
 	Split Warp Vertically	Podeli krivljenje vertikalno
 	Statistics…	Statistika…
 	Refine Strokes	Doteraj poteze
+	Edits	Izmene
 @plural	{n} item|{n} items	{n} stavka|{n} stavke|{n} stavki
 	Auto	Automatski
 	(print to the printer)	(štampaj na štampaču)
@@ -1061,7 +1066,7 @@
 	Done	Gotovo
 	Dots	Tačke
 	Drag a rectangle around the object	Prevucite pravougaonik oko objekta
-	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click to delete.	Prevucite po slici da dodate ograničenje; Shift za horizontalno/vertikalno; desni klik za brisanje.
+	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click a constraint to change or delete it.	Prevucite po slici da dodate ograničenje; Shift za horizontalno/vertikalno; desni klik na ograničenje za izmenu ili brisanje.
 	Drag to move the active shape's path or the Work Path	Prevucite da pomerite putanju aktivnog oblika ili radnu putanju
 	Click: select anchor · Drag: move anchor, handle or segment · {shift}-click: add · {alt}-click: whole subpath	Klik: izaberi sidrišnu tačku · Prevlačenje: pomeri tačku, ručicu ili segment · {shift}-klik: dodaj · {alt}-klik: cela podputanja
 	Draw with the Pen tool (P) or make a work path from a selection.	Crtajte alatkom pero (P) ili napravite radnu putanju od selekcije.
@@ -1294,6 +1299,8 @@
 	Override Pressure	Nadjačaj pritisak
 	Override Rotation	Nadjačaj rotaciju
 	Override Tilt	Nadjačaj nagib
+	Override Tilt X	Nadjačaj nagib X
+	Override Tilt Y	Nadjačaj nagib Y
 	PRESET DETAILS	DETALJI ŠABLONA
 	PSD	PSD
 	Paint Overlay	Preklop za slikanje
@@ -1446,6 +1453,7 @@
 	Set shape fill type	Podesi vrstu popune oblika
 	Set shape stroke type	Podesi vrstu obruba oblika
 	Set the text color	Postavi boju teksta
+	Create warped text	Napravi iskrivljeni tekst
 	Shadows	Senke
 	Shape:	Oblik:
 	Sharpening	Izoštravanje
@@ -1944,6 +1952,7 @@
 	Quick export format	Format brzog izvoza
 	Quick export location	Lokacija brzog izvoza
 	Recent file count	Broj nedavnih datoteka
+	LUT folder	Fascikla LUT
 	Recent files	Nedavne datoteke
 	Recent fonts	Nedavni fontovi
 	Recover on launch	Oporavi pri pokretanju
@@ -2148,6 +2157,10 @@
 	No path to make a selection from: draw one with the Pen tool or select one in the Paths panel.	Nema putanje od koje bi se napravila selekcija: nacrtajte je alatkom pero ili je izaberite u panelu Putanje.
 	Cancel opening	Otkaži otvaranje
 	Cancelled opening {name}	Otkazano otvaranje: {name}
+	Damaged Photoshop document	Oštećen Photoshop dokument
+	The document “{name}” may be damaged.	Dokument „{name}“ je možda oštećen.
+	Some layers, pixels or masks could not be read. Do you want to continue opening it?	Neki slojevi, pikseli ili maske nisu mogli da se pročitaju. Želite li da nastavite sa otvaranjem?
+	If you continue, saving over the original may permanently discard unreadable data. Save a copy to keep the original.	Ako nastavite, čuvanje preko originala može trajno odbaciti nečitljive podatke. Sačuvajte kopiju da biste zadržali original.
 	The document “{name}” does not have an embedded {mode} profile.	Dokument „{name}“ nema ugrađeni {mode} profil.
 	The document “{name}” has an embedded color profile that does not match the current {mode} working space.	Dokument „{name}“ ima ugrađeni profil boja koji se ne slaže sa trenutnim {mode} radnim prostorom.
 	Working: {working}	Radni prostor: {working}
@@ -2277,6 +2290,9 @@
 	Create Snapshot	Napravi snimak stanja
 	Delete Snapshot	Obriši snimak stanja
 	New Snapshot	Novi snimak stanja
+	From:	Od:
+	Full Document	Ceo dokument
+	Merged Layers	Spojeni slojevi
 	New Snapshot…	Novi snimak stanja…
 	History Options…	Opcije istorije…
 	Snapshot 1	Snimak stanja 1
@@ -2352,6 +2368,7 @@
 	Clipping Path	Putanja isecanja
 	New Path	Nova putanja
 	Duplicate Path	Dupliraj putanju
+	Rename Path…	Preimenuj putanju…
 	Delete Path	Obriši putanju
 	Auto-Hide	Automatski sakrij
 	W	Š
@@ -2417,6 +2434,8 @@
 	Keywords	Ključne reči
 	Copyright Info URL	URL informacija o autorskim pravima
 	Copyright Status	Status autorskih prava
+	Copyright Notice	Obaveštenje o autorskim pravima
+	Document Title	Naslov dokumenta
 	Copyrighted	Zaštićeno autorskim pravima
 	Public Domain	Javno dobro
 	Unknown	Nepoznato
@@ -2660,6 +2679,8 @@
 	GPU acceleration could not continue. Your documents are unchanged.	GPU ubrzanje nije moglo da se nastavi. Vaši dokumenti su nepromenjeni.
 	PhotoCraft is using the CPU image compositor. The window may still use your graphics adapter.	PhotoCraft koristi CPU kompozitor slike. Prozor i dalje može da koristi vaš grafički adapter.
 	Retry GPU requires a restart. Save your work first.	Ponovni pokušaj sa GPU-om zahteva ponovno pokretanje. Prvo sačuvajte svoj rad.
+	Retry GPU tries the graphics processor again now.	Ponovo pokušaj sa GPU-om odmah ponovo isprobava grafički procesor.
+	GPU acceleration resumed.	GPU ubrzanje je nastavljeno.
 	Keep Using CPU	Nastavi sa CPU-om
 	Retry GPU	Ponovo pokušaj sa GPU-om
 	GPU Backend	GPU pozadinski sistem
@@ -2717,6 +2738,11 @@ cameraRaw	Blending	Stapanje
 	Content-Aware Move Tool	Alatka za pomeranje prema sadržaju
 	TIFF Options	TIFF opcije
 	Targa Options	Targa opcije
+	JPEG Options	JPEG opcije
+	Image Options	Opcije slike
+	Format Options	Opcije formata
+	Baseline ("Standard")	Osnovno („standardno“)
+	Baseline Optimized	Osnovno optimizovano
 	24 bits/pixel	24 bita/piksel
 	32 bits/pixel	32 bita/piksel
 	Including layers will increase file size.	Uključivanje slojeva povećaće veličinu datoteke.
@@ -3059,6 +3085,8 @@ curves	Smooth	Izgladi
 	Vanishing Point is not active	Tačka nestajanja nije aktivna
 	Apply Vanishing Point ({key})	Primeni tačku nestajanja ({key})
 	Fix the red plane first: its corners must form a convex quad	Prvo ispravite crvenu ravan: njeni uglovi moraju činiti konveksan četvorougao
+	Alt-click a plane to set the clone source	Alt-kliknite ravan da postavite izvor kloniranja
+	Too many clone strokes: apply Vanishing Point first	Previše poteza kloniranja: prvo primenite tačku nestajanja
 # Select and Mask view modes (#1754)
 	Onion Skin	Prozirni prikaz
 	Marching Ants	Pokretne crtice
@@ -3100,6 +3128,12 @@ curves	Smooth	Izgladi
 	Remove after each stroke	Ukloni posle svakog poteza
 	Apply the removal ({key})	Primeni uklanjanje ({key})
 	Strokes to remove: {n} (Enter applies, Esc cancels)	Potezi za uklanjanje: {n} (Enter primenjuje, Esc otkazuje)
+	Load Contours…	Učitaj konture…
+	Replace Contours…	Zameni konture…
+	Save Contours…	Sačuvaj konture…
+	Delete Contour	Obriši konturu
+	Loaded contours from {file}	Konture učitane iz {file}
+	Saved contours to {file}	Konture sačuvane u {file}
 
 # Gradient Editor window, opened from the options bar's gradient swatch.
 	The current gradient (pick one in Window › Gradients)	Tekući gradijent (izaberite ga u Prozor › Gradijenti)
@@ -4191,11 +4225,15 @@ shape	Appearance	Izgled
 	Drag to pan · Scroll to zoom · Double-click to fit	Prevucite za pomeranje · Skrolujte za zumiranje · Dvaput kliknite za uklapanje
 	Object Finder	Pronalazač objekata
 	No object found there — drag a rectangle around it	Tu nije pronađen nijedan objekat — prevucite pravougaonik oko njega
+	The active layer has no pixels here — turn on Sample All Layers or select a layer with pixels	Aktivni sloj ovde nema piksela — uključite Uzorkuj sve slojeve ili izaberite sloj sa pikselima
 	Clear Brush Controls	Obriši kontrole četkice
 	Reset All Locked Settings	Vrati sva zaključana podešavanja
 	Copy Texture to Other Tools	Kopiraj teksturu u druge alatke
 	Load Actions…	Učitaj radnje…
 	Save Actions…	Sačuvaj radnje…
+	New Action…	Nova radnja…
+	Start Recording	Započni snimanje
+	Stop Recording	Zaustavi snimanje
 	{name} (Photoshop)	{name} (Photoshop)
 	{message} ({note})	{message} ({note})
 @plural	Loaded {n} action from {file}|Loaded {n} actions from {file}	Učitana je {n} radnja iz {file}|Učitane su {n} radnje iz {file}|Učitano je {n} radnji iz {file}
@@ -4229,12 +4267,35 @@ shape	Appearance	Izgled
 # ICO dimensions
 	ICO is limited to 256 × 256 pixels	ICO je ograničen na 256 × 256 piksela
 
+# Layer Mask Display Options (the layer mask rubylith's colour and opacity)
+	Mask Options…	Opcije maske…
+	Layer Mask Display Options…	Opcije prikaza maske sloja…
+
 # Channel Options and New Spot Channel (#3761)
 	Channel Color	Boja kanala
 	Color Indicates:	Boja označava:
 	Ink Characteristics	Karakteristike mastila
 	Solidity:	Punoća:
+	Calibration	Kalibracija
+	Red Primary	Crvena primarna
+	Green Primary	Zelena primarna
+	Blue Primary	Plava primarna
+	Write xmp sidecars	Upisuj prateće XMP datoteke
+	Set the tone sliders from the image	Postavi klizače tona prema slici
+	Settings from {name}	Podešavanja iz {name}
+	Settings from {name}; {count} not supported: {names}	Podešavanja iz {name}; {count} nije podržano: {names}
+	Could not write {name}: {error}	Nije moguće upisati {name}: {error}
+	Kept {name}: written by another application	{name} je zadržan: upisala ga je druga aplikacija
+	Shadow Tint	Nijansa senki
 	Redrawing	Ponovno iscrtavanje
+
+# Bevel & Emboss shading controls.
+	Highlight Mode	Режим осветљења
+	Highlight Color	Боја осветљења
+	Highlight Opacity	Непрозирност осветљења
+	Shadow Mode	Режим сенке
+	Shadow Color	Боја сенке
+	Shadow Opacity	Непрозирност сенке
 # Edit › Content-Aware Fill workspace
 	Sampling Brush Tool	Alatka četkica za uzorkovanje
 	Sampling Area Overlay	Preklop oblasti uzorkovanja
@@ -4268,11 +4329,13 @@ shape	Appearance	Izgled
 	Chisel Hard	Tvrdo klesanje
 	Chisel Soft	Meko klesanje
 	Open color-less EXR as ACEScg	Otvori EXR bez podatka o bojama kao ACEScg
+	Do not append "copy" to filename when saving a copy	Ne dodaji „copy“ u ime fajla pri čuvanju kopije
 	Show home recent files	Prikaži nedavne datoteke na početnom ekranu
 
 # View › Guides › right-click a guide
 	Edit Selected Guides	Uredi izabrane vodilje
 	Clear Selected Guides	Ukloni izabrane vodilje
+
 	Bicubic Automatic	Bikubično automatski
 	Bicubic Smoother	Bikubično glađe
 	Bicubic Sharper	Bikubično oštrije
@@ -4350,15 +4413,33 @@ shape	Appearance	Izgled
 	GPU Memory Full	GPU memorija je puna
 	The layers need {needed} of GPU memory and may hold {budget}, so edits that redraw the whole document do it on the CPU. Click to set GPU Memory.	Slojevima treba {needed} GPU memorije, a smeju da zauzmu {budget}, pa izmene koje ponovo iscrtavaju ceo dokument to rade na CPU-u. Kliknite da podesite GPU memoriju.
 	GPU memory budget: {budget}	Budžet GPU memorije: {budget}
+	Graphics memory: {size}	Grafička memorija: {size}
 	This document's layers: {needed} of {budget} for layers	Slojevi ovog dokumenta: {needed} od {budget} za slojeve
 	This document's layers need {needed} but may hold {budget}: whole-document redraws use the CPU	Slojevima ovog dokumenta treba {needed}, a smeju da zauzmu {budget}: ceo dokument se ponovo iscrtava na CPU-u
 	GPU Memory (MB, 0 = Automatic)	GPU memorija (MB, 0 = Automatski)
+	{path}: the path is not valid Unicode; save under another name.	{path}: putanja nije ispravan Unicode; sačuvajte pod drugim imenom.
 	{name} was changed by another app after it was opened or saved here.	Datoteku {name} je izmenila druga aplikacija nakon što je ovde otvorena ili sačuvana.
 	Replace it with this document, or cancel and use File › Save As to keep both.	Zameni je ovim dokumentom ili otkaži i koristi Datoteka › Sačuvaj kao da zadržiš obe.
 	Decrease Brush Size	Smanji veličinu četkice
 	Increase Brush Size	Povećaj veličinu četkice
 	Decrease Brush Hardness	Smanji tvrdoću četkice
 	Increase Brush Hardness	Povećaj tvrdoću četkice
+	Demosaic	Demozaikovanje
+	How the camera's colour filter mosaic is filled in. It is applied when the file opens; the preview shows the method it was opened with.	Kako se popunjava mozaik filtera boja kamere. Primenjuje se pri otvaranju datoteke; pregled prikazuje metod kojim je datoteka otvorena.
+	AHD (adaptive homogeneity)	AHD (adaptivna homogenost)
+	Malvar–He–Cutler	Malvar–He–Cutler
+	Hirakawa–Parks: the cleanest edges and the least colour fringing, the slowest.	Hirakawa–Parks: najčistije ivice i najmanje obojenih rubova, najsporiji.
+	Gradient-corrected interpolation: sharp and fast, with some colour fringing on fine detail.	Interpolacija sa korekcijom gradijenta: oštra i brza, sa malo obojenih rubova na finim detaljima.
+	The fastest and the softest, with colour fringing on fine detail.	Najbrži i najmekši, sa obojenim rubovima na finim detaljima.
+	“{name}” already exists. Replace it?	„{name}“ već postoji. Zameniti?
+	The name in the save dialog was “{name}”.	Ime u dijalogu za čuvanje je bilo „{name}“.
+	Move Up	Pomeri nagore
+	Move Down	Pomeri nadole
+	Previous Brush	Prethodna četkica
+	Next Brush	Sledeća četkica
+	First Brush	Prva četkica
+	Last Brush	Poslednja četkica
+	Preview size	Preview size
 	Memory Usage	Upotreba memorije
 	Per-document RAM limit (MB)	RAM limit po dokumentu (MB)
 	Installed RAM: {ram} MB; this limit: {percent}%	Instalisan RAM: {ram} MB; ovaj limit: {percent}%
@@ -4389,3 +4470,67 @@ smartSvg	Save to the opened SVG file. Each saved change becomes one undo step in
 smartSvg	Stop syncing this Smart Object	Zaustavi sinhronizaciju ovog pametnog objekta
 smartSvg	Updates wait while another document or an editing dialog is active.	Ažuriranja čekaju dok je aktivan drugi dokument ili dijalog za uređivanje.
 smartSvg	AI/PDF/EPS contents will be edited as SVG. Saving replaces the embedded source; format-specific features may change.	AI/PDF/EPS садржај ће се уређивати као SVG. Чување замењује уграђени извор; својства специфична за формат могу се променити.
+
+# Styles panel: Import / Export Styles (.asl)
+	Import Styles…	Uvezi stilove…
+	Export Selected Styles…	Izvezi izabrane stilove…
+	Export Styles…	Izvezi stilove…
+	{file} is not a style library (.asl)	{file} nije biblioteka stilova (.asl)
+@plural	Imported {n} style from {file}|Imported {n} styles from {file}	Uvezen je {n} stil iz {file}|Uvezena su {n} stila iz {file}|Uvezeno je {n} stilova iz {file}
+@plural	Exported {n} style to {file}|Exported {n} styles to {file}	Izvezen je {n} stil u {file}|Izvezena su {n} stila u {file}|Izvezeno je {n} stilova u {file}
+# Actions: a step dialog holds a suspended recording (#7365)
+	Confirm or cancel the open action step dialog first	Prvo potvrdite ili otkažite otvoreni dijalog koraka radnje
+	Pro Medium Gray	Pro srednje siva
+	Solarized	Solarized
+	Breeze	Breeze
+	Pro Light Gray	Pro svetlosiva
+	Pro Light	Pro svetla
+	Resize Windows to Fit	Prilagodi veličinu prozora
+	EXR	EXR
+# Paragraph direction (TYPE-218-2)
+	Automatic paragraph direction	Automatski smer pasusa
+	Left-to-right paragraph direction	Smer pasusa sleva nadesno
+	Right-to-left paragraph direction	Smer pasusa zdesna nalevo
+	Not rendered: this adjustment ({key}) is kept as imported.	Није приказано: ово прилагођавање ({key}) је задржано онако како је увезено.
+# Print preview image (#8236)
+	Print preview image	Print preview image
+# PhotoCraft release checks.
+	Check for Updates…	Proveri ažuriranja…
+	PhotoCraft Updates	Ažuriranja za PhotoCraft
+	Checking for updates…	Provera ažuriranja…
+	Open the release page to choose an installer for your system.	Otvorite stranicu izdanja da biste izabrali instalacioni program za svoj sistem.
+	Open Download Page	Otvori stranicu za preuzimanje
+	PhotoCraft is up to date.	PhotoCraft je ažuran.
+	Could not check for updates.	Nije moguće proveriti ažuriranja.
+	Updates have not been checked yet.	Ažuriranja još nisu proverena.
+	Check Again	Proveri ponovo
+	Automatically Check for Updates	Automatski proveravaj ažuriranja
+	Installed version: {version}	Instalirana verzija: {version}
+	PhotoCraft {version} is available.	Dostupan je PhotoCraft {version}.
+# Color panel menu: modes, copy commands and colour ramps (#6000)
+	Hue Cube	Kocka nijanse
+	Brightness Cube	Kocka osvetljenosti
+	Color Wheel	Točak boja
+	RGB Sliders	RGB klizači
+	HSB Sliders	HSB klizači
+	CMYK Sliders	CMYK klizači
+	Lab Sliders	Lab klizači
+	Web Color Sliders	Klizači veb boja
+	Copy Color as HTML	Kopiraj boju kao HTML
+	Copy Color's Hex Code	Kopiraj heksadecimalni kod boje
+	RGB Spectrum	RGB spektar
+	CMYK Spectrum	CMYK spektar
+	Grayscale Ramp	Skala nijansi sive
+	Current Colors	Trenutne boje
+	Make Ramp Web Safe	Učini skalu bezbednom za veb
+# Art History Brush (#213).
+	Art History Brush Tool	Alatka umetnička četkica istorije
+	Tight Short	Usko kratko
+	Tight Medium	Usko srednje
+	Tight Long	Usko dugo
+	Loose Medium	Labavo srednje
+	Loose Long	Labavo dugo
+	Dab	Mrlja
+	Tight Curl	Usko uvijeno
+	Loose Curl	Labavo uvijeno
+	Stylized dabs from a history state	Stilizovane mrlje iz stanja istorije
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/system.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/system.rs
index 49bc3bc79b..25cc9fec4f 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/system.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/system.rs
@@ -100,6 +100,7 @@ mod tests {
             (vec!["tr-TR", "en-US"], "tr"),
             (vec!["sr-Latn-RS", "en-US"], "sr"),
             (vec!["sv-SE", "sr_RS@latin", "ru-RU"], "sr"),
+            (vec!["hi-IN", "en-US"], "hi"),
             (vec![], "en"),
         ] {
             with_system_tags(&tags, || assert_eq!(system_lang().code(), expected));
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/tr.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/tr.tsv
index 141cf02d5a..aaeafa9c1e 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/tr.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/tr.tsv
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 	Top:	Üst:
 	Left:	Sol:
 	Bottom:	Alt:
-	Right:	Doğru:
+	Right:	Sağ:
 	Target:	Hedef:
 	Selected Artboards	Seçilen Çalışma Yüzeyleri
 	Center Columns	Merkezi Sütunlar
@@ -43,18 +43,18 @@
 	Help	Yardım
 	(coming soon)	(yakında)
 	New…	Yeni…
-	New from Clipboard	Pano'dan yeni
+	New from Clipboard	Panodan Yeni
 	Open…	Aç…
 	Open As…	Farklı Aç…
-	Open EXR Parts…	EXR Parçalarını açın…
-	Add beauty precomp from the AOVs	AOV'lerden güzellik ön kompozisyonu ekleyin
-	Both	Her ikisi de
+	Open EXR Parts…	EXR Parçalarını Aç…
+	Add beauty precomp from the AOVs	AOV'lerden güzellik ön kompozisyonu ekle
+	Both	Her İkisi
 	Left	Sol
 	Right	Sağ
 	Open Recent	Son Kullanılanları Aç
 	Clear Recent Files	Son Dosyaları Temizle
-	Remove from Recent	En Son'dan kaldır
-	Remove {name} from Recent	{name} öğesini En Son'dan kaldır
+	Remove from Recent	Son Kullanılanlardan Kaldır
+	Remove {name} from Recent	{name} öğesini Son Kullanılanlardan kaldır
 	Close	Kapat
 	Minimize	Küçült
 	Maximize	Büyüt
@@ -73,36 +73,36 @@
 	Export Preferences…	Dışa Aktarma Tercihleri…
 	Save for Web (Legacy)…	Web İçin Kaydet (Eski)…
 	Artboards to Files…	Çalışma Yüzeylerinden Dosyalara…
-	Artboards to PDF…	Çalışma yüzeylerinden PDF'ye…
+	Artboards to PDF…	Çalışma Yüzeylerinden PDF'ye…
 	Layers to Files…	Katmanlardan Dosyalara…
-	Layer Comps to Files…	Dosyalara Katman Kompozisyonları…
+	Layer Comps to Files…	Katman Kompozisyonlarından Dosyalara…
 	Color Lookup Tables…	Renk Arama Tabloları…
-	Data Sets as Files…	Dosya Olarak Veri Kümeleri…
-	Paths to Illustrator…	İllüstratöre Giden Yollar…
+	Data Sets as Files…	Veri Kümelerini Dosya Olarak…
+	Paths to Illustrator…	Yollardan Illustrator'a…
 	Render Video…	Videoyu Oluştur…
 	Generate	Oluştur
-	Image Assets	Resim Varlıkları
+	Image Assets	Görüntü Varlıkları
 	Place Embedded…	Gömülü Olarak Yerleştir…
 	Place Linked…	Bağlantılı Olarak Yerleştir…
 	Package…	Paketle…
 	Automate	Otomatikleştir
 	Batch…	Toplu…
-	Create Droplet…	Damlacık oluştur…
+	Create Droplet…	Damlacık Oluştur…
 	Crop and Straighten Photos	Fotoğrafları Kırp ve Düzelt
-	Contact Sheet II…	İletişim Sayfası II…
+	Contact Sheet II…	Kontak Sayfası II…
 	Conditional Mode Change…	Koşullu Mod Değişikliği…
-	Fit Image…	Resmi Sığdır…
+	Fit Image…	Görüntüyü Sığdır…
 	Lens Correction…	Mercek Düzeltme…
 	Merge to HDR Pro…	HDR Pro'ya Birleştir…
 	Photomerge…	Fotoğraf Birleştir…
-	Scripts	Komut dosyaları
+	Scripts	Komut Dosyaları
 	Image Processor…	Görüntü İşlemcisi…
 	Delete All Empty Layers	Tüm Boş Katmanları Sil
 	Flatten All Layer Effects	Tüm Katman Efektlerini Düzleştir
 	Flatten All Masks	Tüm Maskeleri Düzleştir
 	Script Events Manager…	Komut Dosyası Olay Yöneticisi…
-	Import	İthalat
-	Browse…	Göz at…
+	Import	İçe Aktar
+	Browse…	Gözat…
 	Source Files	Kaynak Dosyalar
 	Use:	Kullan:
 	Files	Dosyalar
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@
 	Undo	Geri Al
 	Redo	Yinele
 	Toggle Last State	Son Durumu Değiştir
-	Fade…	Solmaya…
+	Fade…	Soldur…
 	Cut	Kes
 	Copy	Kopyala
 	Copy Merged	Birleştirilmiş Olarak Kopyala
@@ -138,15 +138,15 @@
 	No Spelling Suggestions	Yazım Önerisi Yok
 	Fill…	Doldur…
 	Stroke…	Kontur…
-	Content-Aware Fill…	İçeriğe Uygun Dolgu…
+	Content-Aware Fill…	İçeriğe Duyarlı Dolgu…
 	Delete and Fill Selection	Seçimi Sil ve Doldur
-	Content-Aware Scale	İçeriğe Uygun Ölçek
-	Puppet Warp	Kukla Çözgü
+	Content-Aware Scale	İçeriğe Duyarlı Ölçekleme
+	Puppet Warp	Kukla Çarpıtma
 	Perspective Warp	Perspektif Çarpıtma
 	Free Transform	Serbest Dönüştürme
-	Free Transform a Copy	Bir Kopyayı Ücretsiz Dönüştürme
+	Free Transform a Copy	Bir Kopyayı Serbest Dönüştür
 	Transform	Dönüştür
-	Again	Yinele
+	Again	Tekrarla
 	Transform Again on a Copy	Bir Kopyada Yeniden Dönüştür
 	Scale	Ölçekle
 	Rotate	Döndür
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@
 	Skew	Eğ
 	Distort	Çarpıt
 	Perspective	Perspektif
-	Warp	Deforme Et
+	Warp	Çarpıt
 	Flip Horizontal	Yatay Çevir
 	Flip Vertical	Dikey Çevir
 	Rotate 180°	180° Döndür
@@ -169,13 +169,13 @@
 	Auto-Blend Layers…	Katmanları Otomatik Karıştır…
 	Define Brush Preset…	Fırça Ön Ayarını Tanımla…
 	Define Pattern…	Deseni Tanımla…
-	Define Custom Shape…	Özel Şekil Tanımlayın…
+	Define Custom Shape…	Özel Şekli Tanımla…
 	Purge	Temizle
 	Clipboard	Pano
 	Histories	Geçmiş
 	Video Cache	Video Önbelleği
 	All	Tümü
-	Presets	Ön ayarlar
+	Presets	Ön Ayarlar
 	Preset Manager…	Ön Ayar Yöneticisi…
 	Migrate Presets	Ön Ayarları Taşı
 	Export/Import Presets…	Ön Ayarları Dışa/İçe Aktar…
@@ -192,17 +192,17 @@
 	Tools…	Araçlar…
 	History Log…	Geçmiş Günlüğü…
 	File Handling…	Dosya İşleme…
-	Export…	İhracat…
+	Export…	Dışa Aktar…
 	Performance…	Performans…
-	Scratch Disks…	Kazı Diskleri…
+	Scratch Disks…	Karalama Diskleri…
 	Cursors…	İmleçler…
-	Transparency & Gamut…	Şeffaflık ve Gamut…
+	Transparency & Gamut…	Saydamlık ve Gamut…
 	Units & Rulers…	Birimler ve Cetveller…
 	Guides, Grid & Slices…	Kılavuzlar, Izgaralar ve Dilimler…
 	Plug-ins…	Eklentiler…
-	Type…	Tür…
+	Type…	Metin…
 	Enhanced Controls…	Gelişmiş Kontroller…
-	Camera Raw…	Kamera Raw…
+	Camera Raw…	Camera Raw…
 	Raw Defaults…	Ham Varsayılanlar…
 	Integrations…	Entegrasyonlar…
 	AI Integrations…	Yapay Zeka Entegrasyonları…
@@ -210,14 +210,14 @@
 	Language Options	Dil Seçenekleri
 	Settings…	Ayarlar…
 	Mode	Mod
-	Bitmap	Bit eşlem
-	Grayscale	Gri tonlamalı
-	Duotone	Çift tonlu
+	Bitmap	Bit Eşlem
+	Grayscale	Gri Tonlamalı
+	Duotone	Çift Tonlu
 	Indexed Color	İndekslenmiş Renk
 	RGB Color	RGB Rengi
 	CMYK Color	CMYK Rengi
-	Lab Color	Laboratuvar Rengi
-	Multichannel	Çok kanallı
+	Lab Color	Lab Renk
+	Multichannel	Çok Kanallı
 	8 Bits/Channel	8 Bit/Kanal
 	8 bit	8 bitlik
 	Integer	Tamsayı
@@ -235,8 +235,8 @@
 	Levels…	Düzeyler…
 	Curves…	Eğriler…
 	Exposure…	Pozlama…
-	Vibrance…	Titreşim…
-	Hue/Saturation…	Renk Tonu/Doygunluk…
+	Vibrance…	Canlılık…
+	Hue/Saturation…	Ton/Doygunluk…
 	Color Balance…	Renk Dengesi…
 	Black & White…	Siyah ve Beyaz…
 	Photo Filter…	Fotoğraf Filtresi…
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@
 	Threshold…	Eşik…
 	Gradient Map…	Degrade Eşlemesi…
 	Selective Color…	Seçici Renk…
-	Shadows/Highlights…	Gölgeler/Vurgular…
+	Shadows/Highlights…	Gölgeler/Parlak Tonlar…
 	HDR Toning…	HDR Tonlama…
 	Desaturate	Doygunluğu Azalt
 	Match Color…	Rengi Eşleştir…
@@ -259,42 +259,42 @@
 	Image Size…	Görüntü Boyutu…
 	Canvas Size…	Tuval Boyutu…
 	Image Rotation	Görüntü Döndürme
-	Flip Canvas Horizontal	Kanvası Yatay Çevir
-	Flip Canvas Vertical	Kanvası Dikey Çevir
+	Flip Canvas Horizontal	Tuvali Yatay Çevir
+	Flip Canvas Vertical	Tuvali Dikey Çevir
 	Crop	Kırp
 	Trim…	Kırp (Kenar)…
 	Reveal All	Tümünü Göster
 	Duplicate…	Çoğalt…
-	Apply Image…	Resmi Uygula…
+	Apply Image…	Görüntüyü Uygula…
 	Calculations…	Hesaplamalar…
 	Variables	Değişkenler
 	Define…	Tanımla…
-	Data Sets…	Veri Setleri…
+	Data Sets…	Veri Kümeleri…
 	Apply Data Set…	Veri Kümesini Uygula…
-	Variable Data Sets…	Değişken Veri Setleri…
+	Variable Data Sets…	Değişken Veri Kümeleri…
 	Trap…	Tuzak…
 	Analysis	Analiz
 	Set Measurement Scale…	Ölçüm Ölçeğini Ayarla…
-	Select Data Points…	Veri Noktalarını Seçin…
+	Select Data Points…	Veri Noktalarını Seç…
 	Record Measurements	Ölçümleri Kaydet
 	Ruler Tool	Cetvel Aracı
 	Count Tool	Sayma Aracı
-	Place Scale Marker…	Ölçek İşaretçisini Yerleştirin…
+	Place Scale Marker…	Ölçek İşaretçisini Yerleştir…
 	Custom…	Özel…
 	New	Yeni
 	Layer…	Katman…
 	Group…	Grup…
 	Group from Layers…	Katmanlardan Grup…
-	Artboard…	Çalışma yüzeyi…
-	Artboard from Group…	Gruptan çalışma yüzeyi…
+	Artboard…	Çalışma Yüzeyi…
+	Artboard from Group…	Gruptan Çalışma Yüzeyi…
 	Artboard from Layers…	Katmanlardan Çalışma Yüzeyi…
-	Layer via Copy	Kopyalama yoluyla katman
+	Layer via Copy	Kopyalama Yoluyla Katman
 	Layer via Cut	Kesim Yoluyla Katman
 	Layer From Background…	Arka Plandan Katman…
 	Layer from Background…	Arka Plandan Katman…
 	Background From Layer	Katmandan Arka Plan
 	New Shape Layer	Yeni Şekil Katmanı
-	New Type Layer	Yeni Tip Katmanı
+	New Type Layer	Yeni Metin Katmanı
 	New Fill Layer	Yeni Dolgu Katmanı
 	New Adjustment Layer	Yeni Ayarlama Katmanı
 	New Layer Based Slice	Yeni Katman Tabanlı Dilim
@@ -309,48 +309,48 @@
 	Layer Style	Katman Stili
 	Blending Options…	Karışım Seçenekleri…
 	Bevel & Emboss…	Eğim ve Kabartma…
-	Use Global Light	Global Light'ı kullanın
+	Use Global Light	Genel Işığı Kullan
 	Overprint	Üst Baskı
 	Inner Shadow…	İç Gölge…
 	Inner Glow…	İç Işıma…
 	Satin…	Saten…
 	Color Overlay…	Renk Kaplama…
-	Gradient Overlay…	Degrade Kaplama…
-	Pattern Overlay…	Desen Kaplama…
+	Gradient Overlay…	Degrade Kaplaması…
+	Pattern Overlay…	Desen Kaplaması…
 	Outer Glow…	Dış Işıma…
 	Drop Shadow…	Alt Gölge…
 	Copy Layer Style	Katman Stilini Kopyala
 	Paste Layer Style	Katman Stilini Yapıştır
 	Clear Layer Style	Katman Stilini Temizle
-	Global Light…	Küresel Işık…
+	Global Light…	Genel Işık…
 	Hide All Effects	Tüm Efektleri Gizle
-	Scale Effects…	Ölçek Etkileri…
+	Scale Effects…	Efektleri Ölçekle…
 	Smart Filter	Akıllı Filtre
-	Convert for Smart Filters	Akıllı Filtreler için Dönüştürme
+	Convert for Smart Filters	Akıllı Filtreler için Dönüştür
 	Clear Smart Filters	Akıllı Filtreleri Temizle
 	Disable Smart Filters	Akıllı Filtreleri Devre Dışı Bırak
 	Delete Filter Mask	Filtre Maskesini Sil
 	Disable Filter Mask	Filtre Maskesini Devre Dışı Bırak
 	Solid Color…	Düz Renk…
-	Gradient…	Gradyan…
+	Gradient…	Degrade…
 	Pattern…	Desen…
 	Layer Mask	Katman Maskesi
-	Vector Mask	vektör maskesi
+	Vector Mask	Vektör Maskesi
 	Reveal Selection	Seçimi Göster
 	Hide Selection	Seçimi Gizle
 	Hide All	Tümünü Gizle
-	From Transparency	Şeffaflıktan
+	From Transparency	Saydamlıktan
 	Delete Vector Mask	Vektör Maskesini Sil
 	Enable Layer Mask	Katman Maskesini Etkinleştir
 	Disable Layer Mask	Katman Maskesini Devre Dışı Bırak
 	Enable Vector Mask	Vektör Maskesini Etkinleştir
-	Link Layer Mask	Bağlantı Katmanı Maskesi
+	Link Layer Mask	Katman Maskesini Bağla
 	Unlink Layer Mask	Katman Maskesinin Bağlantısını Kaldır
-	Link Vector Mask	Bağlantı Vektör Maskesi
+	Link Vector Mask	Vektör Maskesini Bağla
 	Add Vector Mask	Vektör Maskesi Ekle
 	Vector Mask from Current Path	Geçerli Yoldan Vektör Maskesi
 	Create Clipping Mask	Kırpma Maskesi Oluştur
-	Release Clipping Mask	Kırpma Maskesini Serbest Bırakın
+	Release Clipping Mask	Kırpma Maskesini Serbest Bırak
 	Smart Objects	Akıllı Nesneler
 	Smart Object	Akıllı Nesne
 	Convert to Smart Object	Akıllı Nesneye Dönüştür
@@ -368,53 +368,53 @@
 	Entropy	Entropi
 	Kurtosis	Basıklık
 	Maximum	Maksimum
-	Mean	ortalama
+	Mean	Ortalama
 	Median	Medyan
-	Minimum	Asgari
+	Minimum	Minimum
 	Range	Aralık
-	Skewness	çarpıklık
+	Skewness	Çarpıklık
 	Standard Deviation	Standart Sapma
 	Summation	Toplama
 	Variance	Varyans
 	Video Layers	Video Katmanları
 	Interpret Footage…	Görüntüyü Yorumla…
 	Replace Footage…	Görüntüyü Değiştir…
-	Reload Frame	Çerçeveyi Yeniden Yükle
+	Reload Frame	Kareyi Yeniden Yükle
 	Show Altered Video	Değiştirilen Videoyu Göster
-	Restore Frame	Çerçeveyi Geri Yükle
-	Restore All Frames	Tüm Çerçeveleri Geri Yükle
-	Insert Blank Frame	Boş Çerçeve Ekle
-	Delete Frame	Çerçeveyi Sil
-	Duplicate Frame	Çerçeveyi Çoğalt
-	Frame from Layers	Katmanlardan Çerçeve
+	Restore Frame	Kareyi Geri Yükle
+	Restore All Frames	Tüm Kareleri Geri Yükle
+	Insert Blank Frame	Boş Kare Ekle
+	Delete Frame	Kareyi Sil
+	Duplicate Frame	Kareyi Çoğalt
+	Frame from Layers	Katmanlardan Kare
 	Video Frames to Layers…	Video Karelerinden Katmanlara…
 	Rasterize	Rasterleştir
-	Rasterize Type	Rasterleştirme Türü
-	Rasterize Type Layer	Tip Katmanını Rasterleştir
+	Rasterize Type	Metni Rasterleştir
+	Rasterize Type Layer	Metin Katmanını Rasterleştir
 	Rasterize Shape	Şekli Rasterleştir
 	New Guide Layout…	Yeni Kılavuz Düzeni…
-	New Guides From Shape	Shape'den Yeni Kılavuzlar
+	New Guides From Shape	Şekilden Yeni Kılavuzlar
 	Lock Layers…	Katmanları Kilitle…
 	Link Layers	Katmanları Bağla
-	Select Linked Layers	Bağlantılı Katmanları Seçin
+	Select Linked Layers	Bağlantılı Katmanları Seç
 	Merge Layers	Katmanları Birleştir
 	Merge Down	Aşağı Birleştir
 	Merge Visible	Görünürleri Birleştir
-	Stamp Visible	Damga Görünür
-	Select Layer Above	Yukarıdaki Katmanı Seçin
-	Select Layer Below	Aşağıdaki Katmanı Seçin
-	Select Top Layer	Üst Katmanı Seçin
-	Select Bottom Layer	Alt Katmanı Seçin
+	Stamp Visible	Görünür Katmanları Damgala
+	Select Layer Above	Yukarıdaki Katmanı Seç
+	Select Layer Below	Aşağıdaki Katmanı Seç
+	Select Top Layer	Üst Katmanı Seç
+	Select Bottom Layer	Alt Katmanı Seç
 	Add Layer Above to Selection	Seçime Yukarıdaki Katmanı Ekle
 	Add Layer Below to Selection	Aşağıdaki Katmanı Seçime Ekle
-	Stamp Down	Damgalama
+	Stamp Down	Aşağıya Damgala
 	Flatten Image	Görüntüyü Düzleştir
-	Matting	Paspas
-	Color Decontaminate…	Renkli Dekontamine…
+	Matting	Matlama
+	Color Decontaminate…	Renkleri Arındır…
 	Remove Black Matte	Siyah Matı Kaldır
 	Remove White Matte	Beyaz Matı Kaldır
-	Defringe…	Borcu kaldır…
-	Group Layers	Grup Katmanları
+	Defringe…	Kenar Halesini Kaldır…
+	Group Layers	Katmanları Gruplandır
 	Ungroup Layers	Katmanların Grubunu Çöz
 	Hide Layers	Katmanları Gizle
 	Arrange	Sırala
@@ -424,9 +424,9 @@
 	Send to Back	En Arkaya Gönder
 	Reverse	Ters
 	Combine Shapes	Şekilleri Birleştir
-	Unite Shapes	Şekilleri Birleştir
-	Subtract Front Shape	Ön Şekli Çıkart
-	Intersect Shape Areas	Şekil Alanlarını Kesiş
+	Unite Shapes	Şekil Alanlarını Birleştir
+	Subtract Front Shape	Ön Şekli Çıkar
+	Intersect Shape Areas	Şekil Alanlarını Kesiştir
 	Exclude Overlapping Shapes	Çakışan Şekilleri Hariç Tut
 	Merge Shape Components	Şekil Bileşenlerini Birleştir
 	Align	Hizala
@@ -437,8 +437,8 @@
 	Horizontal Centers	Yatay Merkezler
 	Right Edges	Sağ Kenarlar
 	Distribute	Dağıt
-	Vertically	Dikey olarak
-	Horizontally	Yatay olarak
+	Vertically	Dikey Olarak
+	Horizontally	Yatay Olarak
 	Layer Edges	Katman Kenarları
 	Isolate Layers	Katmanları Yalıt
 	Layer Content Options…	Katman İçerik Seçenekleri…
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@
 	Crisp	Çıtır
 	Strong	Güçlü
 	Smooth	Pürüzsüz
-	Windows LCD	Windows LCD'si
+	Windows LCD	Windows LCD
 	Windows	Windows
 	Orientation	Oryantasyon
 	Horizontal	Yatay
@@ -472,25 +472,25 @@
 	Standard Ligatures	Standart Bitişik Harfler
 	Contextual Alternates	Bağlamsal Alternatifler
 	Discretionary Ligatures	İsteğe Bağlı Bitişik Harfler
-	Swash	çalkalama
-	Oldstyle	Eski tarz
+	Swash	Süslü Harfler
+	Oldstyle	Eski Stil
 	Stylistic Alternates	Stilistik Alternatifler
 	Titling Alternates	Başlık Alternatifleri
 	Ornaments	Süsler
 	Ordinals	Sıra Sayıları
 	Fractions	Kesirler
-	Create Work Path	İş Yolu Oluştur
+	Create Work Path	Çalışma Yolu Oluştur
 	Convert to Shape	Şekle Dönüştür
-	Warp Text…	Metni Çözgü…
+	Warp Text…	Metni Çarpıt…
 	Convert to Point Text	Nokta Metnine Dönüştür
 	Convert to Paragraph Text	Paragraf Metnine Dönüştür
 	Default Features	Varsayılan Özellikler
 	East Asian Features	Doğu Asya Özellikleri
 	Middle Eastern Features	Orta Doğu Özellikleri
-	Middle Eastern & South Asian Composer	Orta Doğulu ve Güney Asyalı Besteci
+	Middle Eastern & South Asian Composer	Orta Doğu ve Güney Asya Dizgi Motoru
 	Update All Text Layers	Tüm Metin Katmanlarını Güncelle
 	Replace All Missing Fonts	Tüm Eksik Yazı Tiplerini Değiştir
-	Resolve Missing Fonts…	Eksik Yazı Tiplerini Çözün…
+	Resolve Missing Fonts…	Eksik Yazı Tiplerini Çöz…
 	Font Preview Size	Yazı Tipi Önizleme Boyutu
 	None	Yok
 	Small	Küçük
@@ -498,8 +498,8 @@
 	Large	Büyük
 	Extra Large	Ekstra Büyük
 	Huge	Devasa
-	Load Default Type Styles	Varsayılan Yazım Stillerini Yükle
-	Save Default Type Styles	Varsayılan Yazım Stillerini Kaydet
+	Load Default Type Styles	Varsayılan Metin Stillerini Yükle
+	Save Default Type Styles	Varsayılan Metin Stillerini Kaydet
 	Deselect	Seçimi Kaldır
 	Reselect	Yeniden Seç
 	Inverse	Ters Çevir
@@ -511,7 +511,7 @@
 	Smart Radius	Akıllı Yarıçap
 	Shift Edge	Kenarı Kaydır
 	Decontaminate	Dekontaminasyon
-	Refine Edge	Kenarı İyileştir
+	Refine Edge	Kenarı Hassaslaştır
 	Modify	Değiştir
 	Border…	Kenarlık…
 	Smooth…	Düzelt…
@@ -525,7 +525,7 @@
 	Save Selection…	Seçimi Kaydet…
 	Match All	Tümünü Eşleştir
 	Last Filter	Son Filtre
-	Filter Gallery…	Galeriyi Filtrele…
+	Filter Gallery…	Filtre Galerisi…
 	Adaptive Wide Angle…	Uyarlanabilir Geniş Açı…
 	Camera Raw Filter…	Camera Raw Filtresi…
 	Liquify…	Sıvılaştır…
@@ -547,34 +547,34 @@
 	Gaussian Blur…	Gauss Bulanıklığı…
 	Lens Blur…	Mercek Bulanıklığı…
 	Motion Blur…	Hareket Bulanıklığı…
-	Radial Blur…	Radyal Bulanıklık…
+	Radial Blur…	Radyal Bulanıklığı…
 	Shape Blur…	Şekil Bulanıklığı…
 	Smart Blur…	Akıllı Bulanıklaştırma…
 	Surface Blur…	Yüzey Bulanıklığı…
 	Average	Ortalama
-	Displace…	Yer değiştir…
-	Pinch…	Tut…
+	Displace…	Yer Değiştir…
+	Pinch…	Sıkıştır…
 	Polar Coordinates…	Kutupsal Koordinatlar…
 	Ripple…	Dalgalanma…
 	Shear…	Kesme…
 	Spherize…	Küreselleştir…
-	Twirl…	Döndür…
+	Twirl…	Girdap…
 	Wave…	Dalga…
-	ZigZag…	ZigZag…
+	ZigZag…	Zikzak…
 	Noise	Gürültü
 	Add Noise…	Gürültü Ekle…
-	Despeckle	Benek giderme
+	Despeckle	Benekleri Gider
 	Dust & Scratches…	Toz ve Çizikler…
 	Median…	Medyan…
-	Reduce Noise…	Gürültüyü Azaltın…
+	Reduce Noise…	Gürültüyü Azalt…
 	Pixelate	Pikselleştir
 	Color Halftone…	Renk Yarım Tonu…
-	Crystallize…	Kristalleşin…
+	Crystallize…	Kristalleştir…
 	Facet	Faset
 	Fragment	Parça
 	Mezzotint…	Mezzotint…
 	Mosaic…	Mozaik…
-	Pointillize…	Noktalaştırın…
+	Pointillize…	Noktalaştır…
 	Render	İşleme
 	Clouds	Bulutlar
 	Difference Clouds	Fark Bulutları
@@ -582,17 +582,17 @@
 	Flame…	Alev…
 	Lens Flare…	Mercek Parlaması…
 	Lighting Effects…	Aydınlatma Efektleri…
-	Relight…	Yeniden aydınlat…
+	Relight…	Yeniden Aydınlat…
 	Picture Frame…	Resim Çerçevesi…
 	Tree…	Ağaç…
 	Sharpen	Keskinleştir
-	Sharpen Edges	Kenarları Keskinleştirin
+	Sharpen Edges	Kenarları Keskinleştir
 	Sharpen More	Daha Fazla Keskinleştir
 	Smart Sharpen…	Akıllı Keskinleştirme…
 	Unsharp Mask…	Keskinliği Azaltma Maskesi…
 	High Pass…	Yüksek Geçiş…
 	Stylize	Stilize Et
-	Diffuse…	Yaygın…
+	Diffuse…	Yay…
 	Emboss…	Kabartma…
 	Extrude…	Ekstrüzyon…
 	Find Edges	Kenarları Bul
@@ -600,35 +600,39 @@
 	Solarize	Solarizasyon
 	Tiles…	Fayans…
 	Trace Contour…	Konturu İzle…
-	Wind…	Rüzgar…
-	Video	video
+	Wind…	Rüzgâr…
+	Video	Video
 	De-Interlace…	Taramasızlaştırma…
 	NTSC Colors	NTSC Renkleri
 	Other	Diğer
 	Maximum…	Maksimum…
-	Minimum…	Asgari…
-	Offset…	Ofset…
+	Minimum…	Minimum…
+	Offset…	Kaydırma…
 	Plug-ins	Eklentiler
 	Proof Setup	Prova Kurulumu
 	Proof Colors	Prova Renkleri
 	Gamut Warning	Gamut Uyarısı
-	Working CMYK	CMYK'de çalışıyor
-	Working Cyan Plate	Çalışan Camgöbeği Plaka
-	Working Magenta Plate	Çalışan Macenta Plaka
-	Working Yellow Plate	Sarı Plaka Çalışması
-	Working Black Plate	Siyah Plaka Çalışma
-	Working CMY Plate	Çalışan CMY Plakası
+	Working CMYK	Çalışma CMYK'si
+	Working Cyan Plate	Çalışma Camgöbeği Plakası
+	Working Magenta Plate	Çalışma Macenta Plakası
+	Working Yellow Plate	Çalışma Sarı Plakası
+	Working Black Plate	Çalışma Siyah Plakası
+	Working CMY Plate	Çalışma CMY Plakası
 	Legacy Macintosh RGB	Eski Macintosh RGB
 	Internet Standard RGB	İnternet Standardı RGB
-	Monitor RGB	RGB'yi izleyin
+	Monitor RGB	Monitör RGB
 	Color Blindness — Protanopia-type	Renk Körlüğü — Protanopi tipi
-	Color Blindness — Deuteranopia-type	Renk Körlüğü – Döteranopi tipi
+	Color Blindness — Deuteranopia-type	Renk Körlüğü — Döteranopi tipi
 	Zoom In	Yakınlaştır
 	Zoom Out	Uzaklaştır
 	Fit on Screen	Ekrana Sığdır
 	Fit Layer(s) on Screen	Katmanları Ekrana Sığdır
 	Fit Artboard on Screen	Çalışma Yüzeyini Ekrana Sığdır
 	100%	100%
+	105%	105%
+	110%	110%
+	115%	115%
+	120%	120%
 	200%	200%
 	Print Size	Baskı Boyutu
 	Pixel Aspect Ratio	Piksel En Boy Oranı
@@ -636,7 +640,7 @@
 	Custom Pixel Aspect Ratio…	Özel Piksel En Boy Oranı…
 	Square	Kare
 	D1/DV NTSC (0.91)	D1/DV NTSC (0,91)
-	D1/DV NTSC Widescreen (1.21)	D1/DV NTSC Geniş Ekran (1.21)
+	D1/DV NTSC Widescreen (1.21)	D1/DV NTSC Geniş Ekran (1,21)
 	D1/DV PAL (1.09)	D1/DV PAL (1,09)
 	D1/DV PAL Widescreen (1.46)	D1/DV PAL Geniş Ekran (1,46)
 	Anamorphic 2:1 (2)	Anamorfik 2:1 (2)
@@ -647,7 +651,7 @@
 	Standard Screen Mode	Standart Ekran Modu
 	Full Screen Mode With Menu Bar	Menü Çubuklu Tam Ekran Modu
 	Full Screen Mode	Tam Ekran Modu
-	Cycle Screen Mode	Döngü Ekranı Modu
+	Cycle Screen Mode	Ekran Modları Arasında Geç
 	Show	Göster
 	Extras	Ekstralar
 	Selection Edges	Seçim Kenarları
@@ -655,7 +659,7 @@
 	Current Path	Geçerli Yol
 	Grid	Izgara
 	Guides	Kılavuzlar
-	Canvas Guides	Kanvas Kılavuzları
+	Canvas Guides	Tuval Kılavuzları
 	Artboard Guides	Çalışma Yüzeyi Kılavuzları
 	Count	Sayım
 	Smart Guides	Akıllı Kılavuzlar
@@ -666,8 +670,8 @@
 	Pixel Art Preview	Piksel Sanat Önizlemesi
 	Pattern Preview	Desen Önizlemesi
 	Brush Preview	Fırça Önizlemesi
-	Mesh	ağ
-	Edit Pins	Pinleri Düzenle
+	Mesh	Ağ
+	Edit Pins	Pimleri Düzenle
 	Document Bounds	Belge Sınırları
 	Show Extras Options…	Ekstra Seçeneklerini Göster…
 	Rulers	Cetveller
@@ -676,15 +680,15 @@
 	Lock Guides	Kılavuzları Kilitle
 	Clear Guides	Kılavuzları Temizle
 	Clear Selected Artboard Guides	Seçilen Çalışma Yüzeyi Kılavuzlarını Temizle
-	Clear Canvas Guides	Şeffaf Kanvas Kılavuzları
+	Clear Canvas Guides	Tuval Kılavuzlarını Temizle
 	New Guide…	Yeni Kılavuz…
 	Lock Slices	Dilimleri Kilitle
 	Clear Slices	Dilimleri Temizle
 	Match Zoom	Yakınlaştırmayı Eşleştir
-	Match Location	Eşleşme Konumu
-	Match Rotation	Maç Rotasyonu
-	Cascade	Çağlayan
-	Tile	Fayans
+	Match Location	Konumu Eşleştir
+	Match Rotation	Döndürmeyi Eşleştir
+	Cascade	Basamakla
+	Tile	Döşe
 	Tile All Horizontally	Tümünü Yatay Olarak Döşe
 	Tile All Vertically	Tümünü Dikey Olarak Döşe
 	2-up Horizontal	2'li Yatay
@@ -695,11 +699,11 @@
 	4-up	4'lü
 	6-up	6'lı
 	Consolidate All to Tabs	Tümünü Sekmelerde Birleştir
-	Float in Window	Pencerede Kaydır
-	Float All in Windows	Tümünü Windows'ta Kaydır
+	Float in Window	Pencerede Yüzdür
+	Float All in Windows	Tümünü Pencerelerde Yüzdür
 	New Window for Document	Belge için Yeni Pencere
 	Workspace	Çalışma alanı
-	Essentials	Temel bilgiler
+	Essentials	Temel Öğeler
 	Graphic and Web	Grafik ve Web
 	Painting	Boyama
 	Photography	Fotoğrafçılık
@@ -711,27 +715,27 @@
 	Reset all tools to their default settings?	Tüm araçlar varsayılan ayarlarına sıfırlansın mı?
 	Lock Workspace	Çalışma Alanını Kilitle
 	Theme	Tema
-	Pro Theme	Profesyonel Tema
+	Pro Theme	Pro Tema
 	Pro Medium Gray Theme	Pro Orta Gri Tema
 	Pro Light Gray Theme	Pro Açık Gri Tema
-	Pro Light Theme	Profesyonel Işık Teması
+	Pro Light Theme	Pro Açık Tema
 	Studio Theme	Stüdyo Teması
-	Studio Light Theme	Stüdyo Işık Teması
+	Studio Light Theme	Stüdyo Açık Tema
 	Classic Theme	Klasik Tema
-	Solarized dark	Solarize karanlık
-	Solarized Dark Theme	Solarize Karanlık Tema
-	Breeze dark	Esinti karanlık
-	Breeze Dark Theme	Esinti Koyu Tema
-	Breeze light	Esinti ışığı
-	Breeze Light Theme	Esinti Işık Teması
+	Solarized dark	Solarized koyu
+	Solarized Dark Theme	Solarized Koyu Tema
+	Breeze dark	Breeze koyu
+	Breeze Dark Theme	Breeze Koyu Tema
+	Breeze light	Breeze açık
+	Breeze Light Theme	Breeze Açık Tema
 	Soft dark	Yumuşak koyu
 	Soft light	Yumuşak açık
 	Soft Dark Theme	Yumuşak koyu tema
 	Soft Light Theme	Yumuşak açık tema
-	Adwaita Light Theme	Adwaita Işık Teması
-	Adwaita Dark Theme	Adwaita Karanlık Tema
+	Adwaita Light Theme	Adwaita Açık Tema
+	Adwaita Dark Theme	Adwaita Koyu Tema
 	Adwaita	Adwaita
-	Adwaita dark	Adwaita karanlık
+	Adwaita dark	Adwaita koyu
 	Next Theme	Sonraki Tema
 	Actions	Eylemler
 	Brush Settings	Fırça Ayarları
@@ -744,7 +748,7 @@
 	Glyphs	Glifler
 	Gradients	Degradeler
 	Histogram	Histogram
-	History	Tarih
+	History	Geçmiş
 	Info	Bilgi
 	Measurement Log	Ölçüm Günlüğü
 	Modifier Keys	Değiştirici Tuşlar
@@ -758,15 +762,15 @@
 	Shapes	Şekiller
 	Styles	Stiller
 	Swatches	Renk Örnekleri
-	Timeline	Zaman çizelgesi
+	Timeline	Zaman Çizelgesi
 	Tool Presets	Araç Ön Ayarları
 	Tools	Araçlar
 	About PhotoCraft	PhotoCraft Hakkında
 	PhotoCraft Website	PhotoCraft Web Sitesi
 	PhotoCraft on GitHub	GitHub'da PhotoCraft
 	ArtCraft Website	ArtCraft Web Sitesi
-	Join the ArtCraft Discord…	ArtCraft Discord'una katılın…
-	Report an Issue…	Bir Sorun Bildirin…
+	Join the ArtCraft Discord…	ArtCraft Discord'una Katıl…
+	Report an Issue…	Sorun Bildir…
 	WIA Support…	WIA Desteği…
 	Apply	Uygula
 	HSB/HSL	HSB/HSL
@@ -775,16 +779,17 @@
 	Motion	Hareket
 	Notes…	Notlar…
 	Other…	Diğer…
-	Remove Warp Split	Warp Split'i Kaldır
+	Remove Warp Split	Çarpıtma Bölünmesini Kaldır
 	Shape	Şekil
-	Split Warp Crosswise	Çözgüyü Çapraz Olarak Böl
-	Split Warp Horizontally	Çözgüyü Yatay Olarak Böl
-	Split Warp Vertically	Çözgüyü Dikey Olarak Böl
+	Split Warp Crosswise	Çarpıtmayı Çapraz Olarak Böl
+	Split Warp Horizontally	Çarpıtmayı Yatay Olarak Böl
+	Split Warp Vertically	Çarpıtmayı Dikey Olarak Böl
 	Statistics…	İstatistikler…
-	Refine Strokes	Konturları İyileştir
+	Refine Strokes	Fırça Vuruşlarını Hassaslaştır
+	Edits	Düzenlemeler
 @plural	{n} item|{n} items	{n} öğe
 	Auto	Otomatik
-	(print to the printer)	(yazıcıya yazdırın)
+	(print to the printer)	(yazıcıya yazdır)
 	+ Add variable	+ Değişken ekle
 	30 frames @ 30 fps	30 kare @ 30 fps
 	3D LUT File	3D LUT Dosyası
@@ -796,34 +801,34 @@
 	Add	Ekle
 	Add Layer Mask	Katman Maskesi Ekle
 	Add Stop	Durak Ekle
-	Add a layer style	Katman stili ekleme
+	Add a layer style	Katman stili ekle
 	Add a mask  (from the selection; {key} inverts)	Bir maske ekleyin (seçimden; {key} tersine çevirir)
-	Add an adjustment	Düzenleme ekle
+	Add an adjustment	Ayarlama ekle
 	Add disk	Disk ekle
 	Add space after paragraph	Paragraftan sonra boşluk ekle
-	Add space before paragraph	Paragraftan önce boşluk ekleyin
+	Add space before paragraph	Paragraftan önce boşluk ekle
 	Add to Sample	Örneğe Ekle
 	Add to selection  ({key})	Seçime ekle ({key})
 	Adjust for Zoom	Yakınlaştırma için Ayarlama
-	Adjustment visible	Ayar görünür
+	Adjustment visible	Ayarlama görünür
 	Adobe RGB (1998) compatible	Adobe RGB (1998) uyumlu
 	Align and Distribute	Hizala ve Dağıt
 	Align and distribute	Hizala ve dağıt
-	Align horizontal centers	Yatay merkezleri hizalayın
+	Align horizontal centers	Yatay merkezleri hizala
 	Align left edges	Sol kenarları hizala
-	Align right edges	Sağ kenarları hizalayın
+	Align right edges	Sağ kenarları hizala
 	Aligned	Hizalı
 	All Caps	Tamamı Büyük Harf
 	All Slices	Tüm Dilimler
 	All User Slices	Tüm Kullanıcı Dilimleri
 	All shortcuts reset to PhotoCraft defaults.	Tüm kısayollar PhotoCraft varsayılanlarına sıfırlanır.
-	Alt	Alternatif
-	Always use pressure for opacity	Opaklık için her zaman baskıyı kullanın
-	Always use pressure for size	Her zaman boyuta göre baskı kullanın
+	Alt	Alt
+	Always use pressure for opacity	Opaklık için her zaman basıncı kullan
+	Always use pressure for size	Boyut için her zaman basıncı kullan
 	Amount	Miktar
-	Anchor:	Çapa:
+	Anchor:	Çapa noktası:
 	Angle	Açı
-	Angle Gradient	Açı Gradyanı
+	Angle Gradient	Açısal Degrade
 	Angle Jitter	Açı Değişimi
 	Answer the unsaved-changes prompt first	Önce kaydedilmemiş değişiklikler istemini yanıtlayın
 	Anti-alias	Kenar yumuşatma
@@ -833,24 +838,24 @@
 	Add Mask to Selection	Maskeyi Seçime Ekle
 	Subtract Mask from Selection	Maskeyi Seçimden Çıkar
 	Intersect Mask with Selection	Maskeyi Seçimle Kesiştir
-	Apply Per Tip	İpucu Başına Uygula
+	Apply Per Tip	Uç Başına Uygula
 	Apply next selected layer comp	Sonraki seçilen katman kompozisyonunu uygula
 	Apply previous selected layer comp	Önceki seçilen katman kompozisyonunu uygula
 	Artboard	Çalışma yüzeyi
 	Artboard Background Color	Çalışma Yüzeyi Arka Plan Rengi
-	Assign working space	Çalışma alanı atayın
+	Assign working space	Çalışma renk uzayını ata
 	Author:	Yazar:
 	Auto Hide	Otomatik Gizle
 	Auto-Select:	Otomatik Seç:
 	Automatically level near-horizontal line segments	Yataya yakın çizgi bölümlerini otomatik olarak hizalayın
-	Automatically straighten and level	Otomatik olarak düzeltin ve seviyelendirin
-	Automatically straighten near-vertical line segments	Dikeye yakın çizgi bölümlerini otomatik olarak düzelt
+	Automatically straighten and level	Otomatik olarak doğrultun ve hizalayın
+	Automatically straighten near-vertical line segments	Dikeye yakın çizgi bölümlerini otomatik olarak doğrultun
 	Background	Arka plan
 	Background Color	Arka Plan Rengi
 	Background Contents	Arka Plan İçeriği
 	Custom background color	Özel Arka Plan Rengi
-	Balance	Bakiye
-	Baseline	Temel
+	Balance	Denge
+	Baseline	Taban Çizgisi
 	Baseline shift	Taban çizgisi kayması
 	Basic	Temel
 	Before (Y)	Önce (Y)
@@ -862,7 +867,7 @@
 	Bicubic Sharper (reduction)	Bikübik Daha Keskin (azaltma)
 	Bilinear	Çift doğrusal
 	Black	Siyah
-	Black & White	Siyah Beyaz
+	Black & White	Siyah ve Beyaz
 	Black Point Compensation	Kara Nokta Telafisi
 	Black, White	Siyah, Beyaz
 	Blacks	Siyahlar
@@ -873,9 +878,9 @@
 	Both Axes	Her İki Eksen
 	Bottom	Alt
 	Brightness	Parlaklık
-	Brightness Jitter	Parlaklık Değişimi
+	Brightness Jitter	Parlaklık Titreşimi
 	Brightness/Contrast	Parlaklık/Kontrast
-	Bring the selected pin forward	Seçilen pini öne getir
+	Bring the selected pin forward	Seçilen pimi öne getir
 	Brush Preset picker	Fırça Ön Ayarı seçici
 	Brush Reconstruct Options	Fırçayla Yeniden Yapılandırma Seçenekleri
 	Brush Tool Options	Fırça Aracı Seçenekleri
@@ -885,15 +890,15 @@
 	Reset	Sıfırla
 	Cancel (Esc)	İptal (Esc)
 	Manage submitted jobs in the system print queue	Gönderilen işleri sistem yazdırma kuyruğunda yönetin
-	Cancel any current edits (Esc)	Mevcut düzenlemeleri iptal et (Esc)
+	Cancel any current edits (Esc)	Geçerli düzenlemeleri iptal et (Esc)
 	Cancel current crop operation  (Esc)	Geçerli kırpma işlemini iptal et (Esc)
 	Cancel transform (Esc)	Dönüşümü iptal et (Esc)
-	Cancel warp (Esc)	Çözgüyü iptal et (Esc)
-	Canvas	Kanvas
-	Canvas extension color:	Kanvas uzatma rengi:
+	Cancel warp (Esc)	Çarpıtmayı İptal Et (Esc)
+	Canvas	Tuval
+	Canvas extension color:	Tuval uzatma rengi:
 	Capture	Yakala
 	Capture the visibility, position and style of every layer with + below, then switch between versions.	Aşağıdaki + ile her katmanın görünürlüğünü, konumunu ve stilini yakalayın, ardından sürümler arasında geçiş yapın.
-	Catch-up on Stroke End	Strok Sonunda Yakalama
+	Catch-up on Stroke End	Vuruş Sonunda Yakalama
 	Center	Merkez
 	Center Crop Marks	Orta Kırpma İşaretleri
 	Center text	Metni ortala
@@ -901,33 +906,33 @@
 	Change All	Tümünü Değiştir
 	Change Screen Mode  (F)	Ekran Modunu Değiştir (F)
 	Change To:	Şuna Değiştir:
-	Channel Mixer	Kanal Mikseri
+	Channel Mixer	Kanal Karıştırıcı
 	Channel:	Kanal:
-	Check All Layers	Tüm Katmanları Kontrol Et
-	Check Spelling	Yazımı Kontrol Et
+	Check All Layers	Tüm Katmanları Denetle
+	Check Spelling	Yazımı Denetle
 	Clarity	Netlik
 	Clear All	Tümünü Temizle
 	Clear Override	Geçersiz Kılmayı Temizle
 	Clear Samples	Örnekleri Temizle
-	Click sets foreground · right-click sets background	Ön planı ayarlar'a tıklayın · arka planı sağ tıklayın
+	Click sets foreground · right-click sets background	Tıklama ön planı, sağ tıklama arka planı ayarlar
 	Click the first point or press {key} to close · Esc cancels	Kapatmak için ilk noktayı tıklayın veya {key} tuşuna basın · Esc iptal eder
-	Click to add a point · drag off or {key}-click or Delete to remove	Nokta eklemek için tıklayın · sürükleyin veya {key} tuşuna basıp tıklayın veya kaldırmak için Sil
+	Click to add a point · drag off or {key}-click or Delete to remove	Nokta eklemek için tıklayın · kaldırmak için dışarı sürükleyin, {key}-tıklayın veya Delete'e basın
 	Click to apply, {key}-click to clear overrides, double-click for Style Options	Uygulamak için tıklayın, geçersiz kılmaları temizlemek için {key}-tıklayın, Stil Seçenekleri için çift tıklayın
 	Click to edit the gradient	Degradeyi düzenlemek için tıklayın
-	Click to restore the current colour	Mevcut rengi geri yüklemek için tıklayın
-	Click to zoom in  ·  {key}-click to zoom out  ·  drag right/left to zoom in/out	Yakınlaştırmak için tıklayın · {key}-uzaklaştırmak için tıklayın · yakınlaştırmak/uzaklaştırmak için sağa/sola sürükleyin
+	Click to restore the current colour	Geçerli rengi geri yüklemek için tıklayın
+	Click to zoom in  ·  {key}-click to zoom out  ·  drag right/left to zoom in/out	Yakınlaştırmak için tıklayın · uzaklaştırmak için {key}-tıklayın · yakınlaştırmak/uzaklaştırmak için sağa/sola sürükleyin
 	Click with the Note tool to add a note.	Not eklemek için Not aracıyla tıklayın.
 	Click: corner · Drag: smooth · Click first point: close · {key} finish · Esc cancel	Tıklayın: köşe · Sürükleyin: pürüzsüz · İlk noktaya tıklayın: kapat · {key} bitiş · Esc iptal
 	Click: corner · Drag: smooth · {alt}-drag: break handle · Click or drag first point: close · {key} finish · Esc cancel	Tıklayın: köşe · Sürükleyin: pürüzsüz · {alt}-sürükleyin: tutamacı kırın · İlk noktayı tıklayın veya sürükleyin: kapat · {key} bitiş · Esc iptal
-	Clip to layer below	Aşağıdaki katmana klip
+	Clip to layer below	Aşağıdaki katmana kırp
 	Clipped	Kırpılmış
 	Close Style Options	Stil Seçeneklerini Kapat
-	Cmd	Komut
+	Cmd	Cmd
 	Coated CMYK	Kaplamalı CMYK
 	Color & Swatches	Renk ve Renk Örnekleri
 	Color Balance	Renk Dengesi
-	Color Detail	Renk Detayı
-	Color Grading	Renk Derecelendirmesi
+	Color Detail	Renk Ayrıntısı
+	Color Grading	Renk Derecelendirme
 	Color Lookup	Renk Arama
 	Color Management	Renk Yönetimi
 	Color Mixer	Renk Karıştırıcı
@@ -937,19 +942,20 @@
 	Color:	Renk:
 	Colorize	Renklendir
 	Colors	Renkler
-	Commit Perspective Warp ({key})	Perspektif Çarpıtma İşlemi ({key})
-	Commit Puppet Warp ({key})	Kukla Çarpıtma İşlemi ({key})
-	Commit any current edits ({key})	Mevcut düzenlemeleri tamamlayın ({key})
+	Commit Perspective Warp ({key})	Perspektif Çarpıtmayı Uygula ({key})
+	Commit Puppet Warp ({key})	Kukla Çarpıtmayı Uygula ({key})
+	Commit any current edits ({key})	Geçerli düzenlemeleri tamamlayın ({key})
 	Commit current crop operation  ({key})	Geçerli kırpma işlemini gerçekleştir ({key})
 	Commit transform ({key})	Dönüşümü kaydet ({key})
-	Commit warp ({key})	Çözgü gerçekleştir ({key})
+	Commit warp ({key})	Çarpıtmayı onayla ({key})
 	Constant	Sabit
-	Constrain proportions	Oranları sınırla
-	Contact Sheet II	İletişim Sayfası II
+	Constrain proportions	Oranları koru
+	Contact Sheet II	Kontak Sayfası II
 	Content-Aware	İçeriğe Duyarlı
 	Contiguous	Bitişik
 	Contrast	Kontrast
 	Control:	Kontrol:
+
 	Convert to sRGB	sRGB'ye dönüştür
 	Copies	Kopyalar
 	Copper	Bakır
@@ -958,18 +964,18 @@
 	Corner Crop Marks	Köşe Kırpma İşaretleri
 	Corner radius	Köşe yarıçapı
 	Correction	Düzeltme
-	Count Jitter	Titreşimi say
+	Count Jitter	Sayım Titreşimi
 	Create	Oluştur
 	Create Droplet	Damlacık Oluştur
 	Create Texture	Doku Oluştur
-	Create Video Timeline	Video Zaman Çizelgesi Oluşturun
+	Create Video Timeline	Video Zaman Çizelgesi Oluştur
 	Create a new count group	Yeni bir sayım grubu oluşturun
 	Create a new document or open an existing file.	Yeni bir belge oluşturun veya mevcut bir dosyayı açın.
 	Create a new group	Yeni bir grup oluştur
 	Create a new layer	Yeni bir katman oluştur
 	Create new action	Yeni eylem oluştur
 	Create new channel	Yeni kanal oluştur
-	Create new document from current state	Mevcut durumdan yeni belge oluştur
+	Create new document from current state	Geçerli durumdan yeni belge oluştur
 	Create new fill or adjustment layer	Yeni dolgu veya ayarlama katmanı oluştur
 	Create new gradient	Yeni degrade oluştur
 	Create new group	Yeni grup oluştur
@@ -977,14 +983,14 @@
 	Create new pattern from the selection	Seçimden yeni desen oluştur
 	Create new shape from the current path	Geçerli yoldan yeni şekil oluştur
 	Create new snapshot	Yeni anlık görüntü oluştur
-	Create new style (from the selected type)	Yeni stil oluştur (seçilen türden)
+	Create new style (from the selected type)	Yeni stil oluştur (seçilen metinden)
 	Create new style from the selected layer	Seçilen katmandan yeni stil oluştur
 	Create new tool preset	Yeni araç ön ayarı oluştur
-	Crop Factor	Mahsul Faktörü
+	Crop Factor	Kırpma Faktörü
 	Ctrl	Ctrl
-	Current & Below	Güncel ve Aşağıda
+	Current & Below	Geçerli ve Altındakiler
 	Current Layer	Geçerli Katman
-	Current Size	Mevcut Boyut
+	Current Size	Geçerli Boyut
 	Current Tool Only	Yalnızca Geçerli Araç
 	Curve	Eğri
 	Curves	Eğriler
@@ -993,8 +999,8 @@
 	Cyan	Camgöbeği
 	Cyan  ·  Red	Camgöbeği · Kırmızı
 	Darken	Koyulaştır
-	Darks	Karanlıklar
-	Data Sets	Veri Setleri
+	Darks	Koyu Tonlar
+	Data Sets	Veri Kümeleri
 	Default	Varsayılan
 	Default colours (D)	Varsayılan renkler (D)
 	Default printer	Varsayılan yazıcı
@@ -1011,8 +1017,8 @@
 	Delete Timeline	Zaman Çizelgesini Sil
 	Delete Tool Preset	Araç Ön Ayarını Sil
 	Delete count group	Sayım grubunu sil
-	Delete current channel	Mevcut kanalı sil
-	Delete current state	Mevcut durumu sil
+	Delete current channel	Geçerli kanalı sil
+	Delete current state	Geçerli durumu sil
 	Delete effect layer	Efekt katmanını sil
 	Delete layer ‘{name}’?	'{name}' katmanı silinsin mi?
 	Delete {count} layers? {names}	{count} katman silinsin mi? {names}
@@ -1031,17 +1037,17 @@
 	Density	Yoğunluk
 	Density:	Yoğunluk:
 	Depth	Derinlik
-	Depth Jitter	Derinlik Değişimi
+	Depth Jitter	Derinlik Titreşimi
 	Description	Açıklama
 	Deselect All	Tümünün Seçimini Kaldır
-	Detail	Detay
+	Detail	Ayrıntı
 	Diamond Gradient	Elmas Degrade
 	Difference	Fark
 	Diffusion	Difüzyon
 	Discard the embedded profile (don't color manage)	Gömülü profili atın (renk yönetimi yapmayın)
-	Discontiguous	bitişik değil
+	Discontiguous	Bitişik Değil
 	Discord	Discord
-	Dismiss	Reddet
+	Dismiss	Kapat
 	Display P3	Display P3
 	Display Text	Metni Görüntüle
 	Dither	Titreşim
@@ -1053,18 +1059,19 @@
 	Done	Bitti
 	Dots	Noktalar
 	Drag a rectangle around the object	Nesnenin çevresine bir dikdörtgen sürükleyin
-	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click to delete.	Kısıtlama eklemek için resmin üzerine sürükleyin; Yatay/dikey için kaydırma; silmek için sağ tıklayın.
+	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click to delete.	Kısıtlama eklemek için görüntü üzerinde sürükleyin; yatay/dikey için Shift; silmek için sağ tıklayın.
+	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click a constraint to change or delete it.	Kısıtlama eklemek için görüntü üzerinde sürükleyin; yatay/dikey için Shift tuşunu kullanın; değiştirmek veya silmek için bir kısıtlamaya sağ tıklayın.
 	Drag to move the active shape's path or the Work Path	Etkin şeklin yolunu veya Çalışma Yolunu taşımak için sürükleyin
-	Click: select anchor · Drag: move anchor, handle or segment · {shift}-click: add · {alt}-click: whole subpath	Tıklayın: çapayı seçin · Sürükleyin: çapayı, tutamacı veya parçayı taşıyın · {shift}-tıklayın: ekleyin · {alt}-tıklayın: alt yolun tamamı
+	Click: select anchor · Drag: move anchor, handle or segment · {shift}-click: add · {alt}-click: whole subpath	Tıklayın: çapa noktasını seçin · Sürükleyin: çapa noktasını, tutamacı veya parçayı taşıyın · {shift}-tıklayın: ekleyin · {alt}-tıklayın: alt yolun tamamı
 	Draw with the Pen tool (P) or make a work path from a selection.	Kalem aracıyla (P) çizim yapın veya seçimden bir çalışma yolu oluşturun.
 	Drop an image or PSD anywhere to open it.	Açmak için bir görüntüyü veya PSD'yi herhangi bir yere bırakın.
 	Native file drag-and-drop is unavailable	Yerel dosya sürükle ve bırak özelliği kullanılamıyor
-	Native file drag-and-drop is not supported on Wayland yet. Use File › Open, or copy the image in your file manager and paste it with {paste}.	Yerel dosya sürükle ve bırak özelliği henüz Wayland'de desteklenmiyor. Dosyayı Kullan › Aç veya resmi dosya yöneticinize kopyalayıp {paste} ile yapıştırın.
+	Native file drag-and-drop is not supported on Wayland yet. Use File › Open, or copy the image in your file manager and paste it with {paste}.	Yerel dosya sürükle ve bırak özelliği henüz Wayland'de desteklenmiyor. Dosya › Aç'ı kullanın veya görüntüyü dosya yöneticinizde kopyalayıp {paste} ile yapıştırın.
 	To drop files, start PhotoCraft under XWayland: `{command}`	Dosyaları bırakmak için XWayland altında PhotoCraft'ı başlatın: `{command}`
-	Or set Preferences › Performance › Linux display server to X11: PhotoCraft then always starts under XWayland.	Veya Tercihler › Performans › Linux görüntüleme sunucusunu X11: PhotoCraft olarak ayarlayın, ardından her zaman XWayland altında başlar.
+	Or set Preferences › Performance › Linux display server to X11: PhotoCraft then always starts under XWayland.	Veya Tercihler › Performans › Linux görüntüleme sunucusunu X11 olarak ayarlayın: PhotoCraft bundan sonra her zaman XWayland altında başlar.
 	Edit › Paste	Düzenle › Yapıştır
 	Duplicate Layers…	Katmanları Çoğalt…
-	Duplicate style	Yinelenen stil
+	Duplicate style	Stili çoğalt
 	Edit Toolbar…	Araç Çubuğunu Düzenle…
 	Use File › Open, or paste a copied image with {paste}.	Dosya › Aç'ı kullanın veya kopyalanan görüntüyü {paste} ile yapıştırın.
 	Edit in Quick Mask Mode  (Q)	Hızlı Maske Modunda Düzenleme (Q)
@@ -1072,12 +1079,12 @@
 	Effects	Efektler
 	Embed Color Profile	Renk Profilini Göm
 	Embedded Profile Mismatch	Gömülü Profil Uyuşmazlığı
-	Enable airbrush-style build-up effects	Airbrush stili oluşturma efektlerini etkinleştirin
+	Enable airbrush-style build-up effects	Airbrush tarzı birikim efektlerini etkinleştir
 	Enhance Edge	Kenarı Geliştir
 	Entire Font	Yazı Tipinin Tamamı
-	Exact	tam
+	Exact	Tam
 	Expansion:	Genişleme:
-	Export Presets	Ön Ayarları Dışa Aktarma
+	Export Presets	Ön Ayarları Dışa Aktar
 	Export selected measurements (CSV)	Seçilen ölçümleri dışa aktar (CSV)
 	Exposure	Pozlama
 	Exposure and Gamma	Pozlama ve Gama
@@ -1086,52 +1093,52 @@
 	Factor:	Faktör:
 	Faux Bold	Sahte Kalın
 	Faux Italic	Sahte İtalik
-	Feather	Tüy
-	Fewer Points	Daha Az Puan
+	Feather	Geçiş Yumuşatma
+	Fewer Points	Daha Az Nokta
 	File Settings	Dosya Ayarları
 	Fill	Doldur
-	Fill:	Doldurun:
+	Fill:	Dolgu:
 	Filter for adjustment layers	Ayarlama katmanları için filtre
 	Filter for pixel layers	Piksel katmanları için filtre
 	Filter for shape layers	Şekil katmanları için filtre
 	Filter for smart objects	Akıllı nesneler için filtre
-	Filter for type layers	Yazım katmanları için filtre
+	Filter for type layers	Metin katmanları için filtre
 	Filter:	Filtre:
 	Finger Painting	Parmak Boyama
-	Fisheye	Balıkgözü
-	Fit	Uygun
+	Fisheye	Balık Gözü
+	Fit	Sığdır
 	Fit Screen	Ekrana Sığdır
-	Fill Screen	Doldurma Ekranı
+	Fill Screen	Ekranı Doldur
 	Fit in View	Görünüme Sığdır
 	Fixed	Sabit
 	Fixed Ratio	Sabit Oran
 	Fixed Size	Sabit Boyut
 	Flip	Çevir
 	Flip X	X'i Çevir
-	Flip X Jitter	X Değişimini Çevir
-	Flip Y	Y Çevirme
-	Flip Y Jitter	Çevir Y Titreşimi
+	Flip X Jitter	X Çevirme Titreşimi
+	Flip Y	Y'yi Çevir
+	Flip Y Jitter	Y Çevirme Titreşimi
 	Flow	Akış
-	Flow Jitter	Akış Değişimi
+	Flow Jitter	Akış Titreşimi
 	Focal Length	Odak Uzunluğu
 	Font	Yazı tipi
 	Font Size:	Yazı Tipi Boyutu:
 	Font size	Yazı tipi boyutu
 	Foreground	Ön plan
 	Foreground to Background	Ön Plandan Arka Plana
-	Foreground/Background Jitter	Ön Plan/Arka Plan Değişimi
+	Foreground/Background Jitter	Ön Plan/Arka Plan Titreşimi
 	Format	Biçim
-	Frame from Layers…	Katmanlardan Çerçeve…
-	Free	Ücretsiz
+	Frame from Layers…	Katmanlardan Kare…
+	Free	Serbest
 	Full Spherical	Tam Küresel
 	Fuzziness:	Bulanıklık:
 	GPU	GPU
 	Gamma Correction	Gama Düzeltmesi
 	Gamma:	Gama:
-	Global	Küresel
-	Glow Color	Parıltılı Renk
-	Gradient Map	Gradyan Haritası
-	Grain	Tahıl
+	Global	Genel
+	Glow Color	Işıma Rengi
+	Gradient Map	Degrade Eşlemesi
+	Grain	Tane
 	Gray	Gri
 	Gray Gamma 2.2	Gri Gama 2.2
 	Green	Yeşil
@@ -1142,28 +1149,28 @@
 	Height:	Yükseklik:
 	Hide Auto Slices	Otomatik Dilimleri Gizle
 	Hide Properties	Özellikleri Gizle
-	Highlight Compression	Sıkıştırmayı Vurgula
-	Highlight Priority	Önceliği Vurgula
-	Highlights	Öne Çıkanlar
+	Highlight Compression	Parlak Ton Sıkıştırma
+	Highlight Priority	Parlak Ton Önceliği
+	Highlights	Parlak Tonlar
 	Home	Ana sayfa
 	Horizontal scale	Yatay ölçek
-	Hue	Renk Tonu
-	Hue Jitter	Ton Değişimi
+	Hue	Ton
+	Hue Jitter	Renk Tonu Titreşimi
 	Hue/Saturation	Ton/Doygunluk
 	Hyphenate	Tireleme
 	Ignore	Yoksay
 	Ignore All	Tümünü Yoksay
-	Image Size	Resim Boyutu
+	Image Size	Görüntü Boyutu
 	Import Brushes…	Fırçaları İçe Aktar…
 	Import brushes (.abr)	Fırçaları içe aktar (.abr)
 	Import Presets	Ön Ayarları İçe Aktar
-	Imported	İthal
-	Indent First	Önce Girintiyi Girin
+	Imported	İçe Aktarıldı
+	Indent First	İlk Satır Girintisi
 	Indent Left	Sola Girinti
 	Indent Right	Sağa Girinti
 	Indent first line	İlk satıra girinti koy
 	Indent left margin	Sol kenar boşluğunu girintile
-	Indent right margin	Sağ kenar boşluğuna girinti
+	Indent right margin	Sağ kenar boşluğunu girintile
 	Input:	Giriş:
 	Inside	İçeride
 	Interlaced	Taramalı
@@ -1171,53 +1178,53 @@
 	Intersect with selection  ({key})	Seçimle kesiştir ({key})
 	Invert All	Tümünü Ters Çevir
 	Invert has no settings.	Tersine çevirmenin hiçbir ayarı yoktur.
-	Italic	italik
+	Italic	İtalik
 	Join us on Discord	Discord'da bize katılın
-	Justify all	Hepsini gerekçelendir
-	Justify last centered	Son ortayı iki yana yasla
-	Justify last left	Son sola yasla
-	Justify last right	Son sağa yasla
+	Justify all	Tümünü iki yana yasla
+	Justify last centered	Son satır ortalı, iki yana yasla
+	Justify last left	Son satır sola yaslı, iki yana yasla
+	Justify last right	Son satır sağa yaslı, iki yana yasla
 	Kerning	Karakter Aralığı
 	Keyboard Shortcuts	Klavye Kısayolları
 	Keyboard Shortcuts and Menus	Klavye Kısayolları ve Menüler
-	Kind	tür
+	Kind	Tür
 	Label Size	Etiket Boyutu
 	Labels	Etiketler
 	Lanczos (sharp)	Lanczos (keskin)
-	Landscape	Manzara
+	Landscape	Yatay
 	Last Document State	Son Belge Durumu
 	Layout	Düzen
-	Leading	Lider
+	Leading	Satır Aralığı
 	Leading (set to the font size × auto-leading when Auto)	Satır Aralığı (Otomatik olduğunda yazı tipi boyutu × otomatik satır aralığına ayarlanır)
 	Leave as is (don't color manage)	Olduğu gibi bırakın (renk yönetimi yapmayın)
 	Left align text	Metni sola hizala
 	Length:	Uzunluk:
-	Level	Seviye
-	Levels	Seviyeler
+	Level	Düzey
+	Levels	Düzeyler
 	Lighten	Açıklaştır
-	Lightness	hafiflik
-	Lights	Işıklar
+	Lightness	Açıklık
+	Lights	Açık Tonlar
 	Limits:	Sınırlar:
 	Linear Gradient	Doğrusal Degrade
-	Link layers	Katmanları bağlayın
-	Link width and height	Bağlantı genişliği ve yüksekliği
+	Link layers	Katmanları bağla
+	Link width and height	Genişliği ve yüksekliği bağla
 	Liquify is not open	Sıvılaştırma açık değil
 	Load	Yükle
-	Load 3D LUT…	3D LUT'u yükleyin…
+	Load 3D LUT…	3D LUT'u Yükle…
 	Load channel as selection	Kanalı seçim olarak yükle
 	Load…	Yükle…
-	Localized Color Clusters	Yerelleştirilmiş Renk Kümeleri
+	Localized Color Clusters	Yerel Renk Kümeleri
 	Lock	Kilit
 	Lock all	Tümünü kilitle
-	Lock image pixels	Resim piksellerini kilitle
+	Lock image pixels	Görüntü piksellerini kilitle
 	Lock layer	Katmanı kilitle
-	Lock position	Kilit konumu
-	Lock transparent pixels	Şeffaf pikselleri kilitle
+	Lock position	Konumu kilitle
+	Lock transparent pixels	Saydam pikselleri kilitle
 	Lock:	Kilit:
 	Logical Length:	Mantıksal Uzunluk:
 	Logical Units:	Mantıksal Birimler:
-	Luminance	parlaklık
-	Luminance Detail	Parlaklık Detayı
+	Luminance	Lüminans
+	Luminance Detail	Lüminans Ayrıntısı
 	Magenta	Macenta
 	Magenta  ·  Green	Macenta · Yeşil
 	Maintain aspect ratio	En boy oranını koru
@@ -1225,23 +1232,23 @@
 	Mask All	Tümünü Maskele
 	Mask Options	Maske Seçenekleri
 	Masking	Maskeleme
-	Master	Usta
+	Master	Ana
 	Matte	Mat
 	Median:	Medyan:
 	Menus	Menüler
-	Mesh Size	Örgü Boyutu
+	Mesh Size	Ağ Boyutu
 	Metadata	Meta veriler
 	Metrics	Metrikler
 	Midpoint	Orta nokta
 	Midtones	Orta tonlar
-	Midtones from:	Orta tonlar:
-	Midtones to:	Orta tonlar:
+	Midtones from:	Orta tonlar (başlangıç):
+	Midtones to:	Orta tonlar (bitiş):
 	Minimum Depth	Minimum Derinlik
 	Minimum Diameter	Minimum Çap
 	Minimum Roundness	Minimum Yuvarlaklık
 	Mode:	Mod:
 	Monochrome	Tek renkli
-	More Points	Daha Fazla Puan
+	More Points	Daha Fazla Nokta
 	Move effect layer down	Efekt katmanını aşağı taşı
 	Move effect layer up	Efekt katmanını yukarı taşı
 	Move to	Şuraya taşı:
@@ -1264,16 +1271,16 @@
 	No matching commands	Eşleşen komut yok
 	No presets for the current tool.	Geçerli araç için ön ayar yok.
 	No presets of this type.	Bu türden ön ayar yok.
-	No properties	Mülk yok
+	No properties	Özellik yok
 	No tool presets.	Araç ön ayarı yok.
 	Noise Reduction	Gürültü Azaltma
 	Normal	Normal
 	Not in Dictionary:	Sözlükte Yok:
 	OK	Tamam
-	Offset	Ofset
+	Offset	Kaydırma
 	Only Web Colors	Yalnızca Web Renkleri
 	Opacity	Opaklık
-	Opacity Jitter	Opaklık Değişimi
+	Opacity Jitter	Opaklık Titreşimi
 	Opacity:	Opaklık:
 	Open a document to define variables.	Değişkenleri tanımlamak için bir belge açın.
 	Open a document to select a colour range.	Bir renk aralığı seçmek için bir belge açın.
@@ -1283,7 +1290,7 @@
 	Option-click to define a source point to clone from	Kopyalanacak bir kaynak noktası tanımlamak için Option tuşunu basılı tutarak tıklayın
 	Original	Orijinal
 	Output Channel:	Çıkış Kanalı:
-	Output Levels:	Çıkış Seviyeleri:
+	Output Levels:	Çıkış Düzeyleri:
 	Output:	Çıkış:
 	Outside	Dışarıda
 	Overlay Color	Kaplama Rengi
@@ -1292,7 +1299,9 @@
 	Override Pressure	Basıncı Geçersiz Kıl
 	Override Rotation	Döndürmeyi Geçersiz Kıl
 	Override Tilt	Eğimi Geçersiz Kıl
-	PRESET DETAILS	ÖN AYAR DETAYLARI
+	PRESET DETAILS	ÖN AYAR AYRINTILARI
+	Override Tilt X	X Eğimini Geçersiz Kıl
+	Override Tilt Y	Y Eğimini Geçersiz Kıl
 	PSD	PSD
 	Paint Overlay	Boya Kaplaması
 	Panel locations are saved in the workspace. Keyboard shortcuts, menus and toolbar are optional.	Panel konumları çalışma alanına kaydedilir. Klavye kısayolları, menüler ve araç çubuğu isteğe bağlıdır.
@@ -1302,22 +1311,22 @@
 	Pattern Size	Desen Boyutu
 	Pause	Duraklat
 	Percent	Yüzde
-	Perceptual	algısal
+	Perceptual	Algısal
 	Perspective Warp is not active	Perspektif Çarpıtma etkin değil
 	Perspective Warp: draw planes along the image's perspective, then switch to Warp	Perspektif Çarpıtma: görüntünün perspektifi boyunca düzlemler çizin, ardından Çarpıtma'ya geçin
 	Photo Filter	Fotoğraf Filtresi
 	PhotoCraft	PhotoCraft
 	PhotoCraft Manages Colors	PhotoCraft Renkleri Yönetir
-	PhotoCraft — an open-source, native image editor written in Rust.	PhotoCraft — Rust'ta yazılmış açık kaynaklı, yerel bir resim düzenleyici.
+	PhotoCraft — an open-source, native image editor written in Rust.	PhotoCraft — Rust'ta yazılmış açık kaynaklı, yerel bir görüntü düzenleyici.
 	Pin Depth:	Pim Derinliği:
 	Pixel Length:	Piksel Uzunluğu:
 	Pixels/Centimeter	Piksel/Santimetre
 	Pixels/Inch	Piksel/İnç
 	Pixels:	Piksel:
-	Play	Oyna
+	Play	Oynat
 	Play selection	Seçimi oynat
-	Portrait	Portre
-	Position	Pozisyon
+	Portrait	Dikey
+	Position	Konum
 	Position and Size	Konum ve Boyut
 	Posterize	Posterleştir
 	Preserve Details	Ayrıntıları Koru
@@ -1329,10 +1338,10 @@
 	Press keys…	Tuşlara basın…
 	Pressure	Basınç
 	Pressure for Opacity	Opaklık Basıncı
-	Pressure for Size	Boyuta Göre Basınç
+	Pressure for Size	Boyut Basıncı
 	Prevent auto-nesting in and out of Artboards and Frames	Çalışma Yüzeyleri ve Çerçevelerin içine ve dışına otomatik yerleştirmeyi önleyin
 	Preview	Önizleme
-	Previous frame	Önceki çerçeve
+	Previous frame	Önceki kare
 	Previous note	Önceki not
 	Print	Yazdır
 	Printer	Yazıcı
@@ -1340,22 +1349,22 @@
 	Printer Setup	Yazıcı Kurulumu
 	Printing Marks	Baskı İşaretleri
 	Progressive	Aşamalı
-	Promote	Tanıt
-	Protect Detail	Detayı Koruyun
-	Protect Foreground Color	Ön Plan Rengini Koruyun
-	Protect Tones	Tonları Koruyun
+	Promote	Yükselt
+	Protect Detail	Ayrıntıyı Koru
+	Protect Foreground Color	Ön Plan Rengini Koru
+	Protect Tones	Tonları Koru
 	Proximity Match	Yakınlık Eşleşmesi
-	Pulled String Mode	Çekilmiş Dize Modu
+	Pulled String Mode	Çekilen İp Modu
 	Puppet Warp is not active	Kukla Çarpıtma etkin değil
-	Purity	saflık
+	Purity	Saflık
 	Quality	Kalite
 	Quick Actions	Hızlı Eylemler
 	Quick Export As PNG	PNG Olarak Hızlı Dışa Aktarma
-	Radial Gradient	Radyal Gradyan
+	Radial Gradient	Radyal Degrade
 	Radius	Yarıçap
 	Radius:	Yarıçap:
 	Range:	Aralık:
-	Rate	Oran
+	Rate	Hız
 	Recently Used	Son Kullanılanlar
 	Reconstruct	Yeniden inşa et
 	Record ● a sequence of edits, then play ▶ it on any document.	Bir dizi düzenlemeyi kaydedin ● ve ardından herhangi bir belgede oynatın.
@@ -1363,14 +1372,14 @@
 	Redefine style by current selection	Stili geçerli seçime göre yeniden tanımlayın
 	Refine	Hassaslaştır
 	Reflected Gradient	Yansıyan Degrade
-	Registration Marks	Tescil İşaretleri
-	Regular	Düzenli
-	Relative	akraba
+	Registration Marks	Kayıt İşaretleri
+	Regular	Normal
+	Relative	Bağıl
 	Relative Colorimetric	Bağıl Kolorimetrik
 	Remove	Kaldır
-	Remove All Pins	Tüm Pinleri Kaldır
+	Remove All Pins	Tüm Pimleri Kaldır
 	Remove Background	Arka Planı Kaldır
-	Remove Planes	Uçakları Kaldır
+	Remove Planes	Düzlemleri Kaldır
 	Remove stop	Durağı kaldır
 	Remove variable	Değişkeni kaldır
 	Rename	Yeniden adlandır
@@ -1378,16 +1387,16 @@
 	Rename Layer…	Katmanı Yeniden Adlandır…
 	Rename Tool Preset…	Araç Ön Ayarını Yeniden Adlandır…
 	Rename…	Yeniden adlandır…
-	Resample	Yeniden örnekle
+	Resample	Yeniden Örnekle
 	Reset All to Defaults	Tümünü Varsayılanlara Sıfırla
 	Import Shortcuts…	Kısayolları İçe Aktar…
 	Load a keyboard shortcut set saved as .kys	.kys olarak kaydedilen bir klavye kısayolu kümesi yükleyin
-	Imported {n} shortcuts from {file}. Click OK to keep them.	{n} kısayolları {file} adresinden içe aktarıldı. Bunları saklamak için Tamam'ı tıklayın.
-	{n} commands are not in PhotoCraft.	{n} komutları PhotoCraft'ta değil.
-	Keyboard shortcuts imported	İçe aktarılan klavye kısayolları
-	Your keyboard shortcut set {set} is in use here: {n} shortcuts differ from the defaults. Edit › Keyboard Shortcuts shows them; Reset All to Defaults undoes this.	{set} klavye kısayol grubunuz burada kullanılıyor: {n} kısayolları varsayılanlardan farklı. Düzenle › Klavye Kısayolları bunları gösterir; Tümünü Varsayılanlara Sıfırla bu işlemi geri alır.
+	Imported {n} shortcuts from {file}. Click OK to keep them.	{n} kısayol {file} dosyasından içe aktarıldı. Saklamak için Tamam'a tıklayın.
+	{n} commands are not in PhotoCraft.	{n} komut PhotoCraft'ta yok.
+	Keyboard shortcuts imported	Klavye kısayolları içe aktarıldı
+	Your keyboard shortcut set {set} is in use here: {n} shortcuts differ from the defaults. Edit › Keyboard Shortcuts shows them; Reset All to Defaults undoes this.	{set} klavye kısayol setiniz burada kullanılıyor: {n} kısayol varsayılanlardan farklı. Düzenle › Klavye Kısayolları bunları gösterir; Tümünü Varsayılanlara Sıfırla bu işlemi geri alır.
 	Import keyboard shortcuts?	Klavye kısayolları içe aktarılsın mı?
-	PhotoCraft found your keyboard shortcut set {set} from another image editor on this computer: {n} of its shortcuts differ from PhotoCraft's. Import it?	PhotoCraft, {set} klavye kısayol setinizi bu bilgisayardaki başka bir resim düzenleyicide buldu: {n} kısayolları PhotoCraft'ınkilerden farklı. İçe aktarılsın mı?
+	PhotoCraft found your keyboard shortcut set {set} from another image editor on this computer: {n} of its shortcuts differ from PhotoCraft's. Import it?	PhotoCraft, bu bilgisayardaki başka bir görüntü düzenleyicide {set} klavye kısayol setinizi buldu: {n} kısayol PhotoCraft'tan farklı. İçe aktarılsın mı?
 	Edit › Keyboard Shortcuts › Reset All to Defaults undoes an import.	Düzenle › Klavye Kısayolları › Tümünü Varsayılanlara Sıfırla, içe aktarma işlemini geri alır.
 	Don't Import	İçe Aktarma
 	The keyboard shortcut set was not imported: {error}	Klavye kısayol seti içe aktarılmadı: {error}
@@ -1405,62 +1414,63 @@
 	Rotation	Döndürme
 	Roughness	Pürüzlülük
 	Roundness	Yuvarlaklık
-	Roundness Jitter	Yuvarlaklık Değişimi
+	Roundness Jitter	Yuvarlaklık Titreşimi
 	Rulers & Grids	Cetveller ve Izgaralar
 	Sample All Layers	Tüm Katmanları Örnekle
 	Sample:	Örnek:
 	Sampling: Background Swatch	Örnekleme: Arka Plan Renk Örneği
 	Sampling: Continuous	Örnekleme: Sürekli
 	Sampling: Once	Örnekleme: Bir kez
-	Saturate	Doygunluk
+	Saturate	Doygunlaştır
 	Saturation	Doygunluk
-	Saturation Jitter	Doygunluk Değişimi
-	Save HTML and Images	HTML ve Görselleri Kaydet
+	Saturation Jitter	Doygunluk Titreşimi
+	Save HTML and Images	HTML ve Görüntüleri Kaydet
 	Save as PDF	PDF olarak kaydet
 	Save selection as channel	Seçimi kanal olarak kaydet
 	Save…	Kaydet…
-	Scale to Fit Media	Medyaya Sığacak Şekilde Ölçeklendirin
+	Scale to Fit Media	Ortama Sığacak Şekilde Ölçekle
 	Scatter	Dağılım
-	Scratch disks	Kazıma diskleri
+	Scratch disks	Karalama diskleri
 	Search	Ara
 	Search commands	Arama komutları
 	Search commands, tools and panels…	Komutları, araçları ve panelleri arayın…
-	Search fonts	Yazı tiplerini arayın
+	Search fonts	Yazı tipi ara
 	Select All	Tümünü Seç
-	Select Subject	Konuyu Seçin
-	Select a type layer or click into text to insert glyphs	Bir yazım katmanı seçin veya glif eklemek için metne tıklayın
+	Select Subject	Konuyu Seç
+	Select a type layer or click into text to insert glyphs	Bir metin katmanı seçin veya glif eklemek için metne tıklayın
 	Select text to apply a character style	Karakter stili uygulamak için metni seçin
-	Select:	Seçin:
+	Select:	Seç:
 	Selections	Seçimler
-	Selective	seçici
+	Selective	Seçici
 	Selective Color	Seçici Renk
-	Send the selected pin backward	Seçilen pini geriye gönder
-	Set additional smoothing options	Ek yumuşatma seçeneklerini ayarlayın
+	Send the selected pin backward	Seçilen pimi geriye gönder
+	Set additional smoothing options	Ek yumuşatma seçeneklerini ayarla
 	Set background color	Arka plan rengini ayarla
 	Set foreground color	Ön plan rengini ayarla
-	Set painting symmetry options	Boyama simetrisi seçeneklerini ayarlama
+	Set painting symmetry options	Boyama simetrisi seçeneklerini ayarla
 	Symmetry Off	Simetri Kapalı
 	Set shape fill type	Şekil doldurma türünü ayarla
-	Set shape stroke type	Şekil kontur türünü ayarlama
-	Set the text color	Metin rengini ayarlama
+	Set shape stroke type	Şekil kontur türünü ayarla
+	Set the text color	Metin rengini ayarla
+	Create warped text	Çarpık metin oluştur
 	Shadows	Gölgeler
 	Shape:	Şekil:
-	Sharpening	Bileme
+	Sharpening	Keskinleştirme
 	Shift	Shift
 	Shortcut removed.	Kısayol kaldırıldı.
 	Show All Menu Items	Tüm Menü Öğelerini Göster
 	Show Backdrop	Arka Planı Göster
 	Show Guides	Kılavuzları Göster
 	Show Mask	Maskeyi Göster
-	Show Mesh	Mesh'i Göster
+	Show Mesh	Ağı Göster
 	Show Overlay	Kaplamayı Göster
 	Show Transform Controls	Dönüştürme Kontrollerini Göster
-	Show or hide the Notes panel	Notlar panelini gösterme veya gizleme
+	Show or hide the Notes panel	Notlar panelini göster veya gizle
 	Show:	Göster:
-	Sides	Taraflar
-	Sides:	Taraflar:
+	Sides	Kenarlar
+	Sides:	Kenar sayısı:
 	Size	Boyut
-	Size Jitter	Boyut Değişimi
+	Size Jitter	Boyut Titreşimi
 	Size:	Boyut:
 	Slice Options…	Dilim Seçenekleri…
 	Slices From Guides	Kılavuzlardan Dilimler
@@ -1474,33 +1484,33 @@
 	Split:	Bölünmüş:
 	Star ratio	Yıldız oranı
 	Stop playing/recording	Oynatmayı/kaydetmeyi durdur
-	Straighten	Düzelt
-	Straighten Layer	Katmanı Düzleştir
+	Straighten	Doğrult
+	Straighten Layer	Katmanı Doğrult
 	Strength:	Güç:
 	Strikethrough	Üstü çizili
 	Stroke	Kontur
-	Stroke Catch-up	İnme Yakalama
-	Stroke:	İnme:
+	Stroke Catch-up	Vuruş Yakalama
+	Stroke:	Kontur:
 	Style	Stil
 	Style Options	Stil Seçenekleri
 	Style Options…	Stil Seçenekleri…
-	Style: Normal	Tarz: Normal
-	Subtract from Sample	Örnekten Çıkart
+	Style: Normal	Stil: Normal
+	Subtract from Sample	Örnekten Çıkar
 	Subtract from selection  ({key})	Seçimden çıkar ({key})
 	Suggestions:	Öneriler:
 	Swap colours (X)	Renkleri değiştir (X)
 	Swaps height and width	Yüksekliği ve genişliği değiştirir
-	Switch between free transform and warp modes	Serbest dönüştürme ve çarpıtma modları arasında geçiş yapın
+	Switch between free transform and warp modes	Serbest dönüştürme ve bükme modları arasında geçiş yapın
 	Switch theme	Temayı değiştir
 	Temperature	Sıcaklık
-	Tetrahedral	dörtyüzlü
+	Tetrahedral	Dörtyüzlü
 	Text Position:	Metin Konumu:
 	Texture	Doku
-	Texture Each Tip	Her Ucu Doku
+	Texture Each Tip	Her Uca Doku Uygula
 	Threshold	Eşik
-	Threshold Level	Eşik Seviyesi
+	Threshold Level	Eşik Düzeyi
 	Thumbnail size (smallest: list)	Küçük resim boyutu (en küçük: liste)
-	Tilt X	X'i yatır
+	Tilt X	X Eğimi
 	Tilt Y	Y Eğimi
 	Tint	Renk tonu
 	Toggle count group visibility	Sayım grubu görünürlüğünü değiştir
@@ -1511,29 +1521,30 @@
 	Toolbar	Araç Çubuğu
 	Top	Üst
 	Total:	Toplam:
-	Tracking	Takip
-	Tracking (1/1000 em)	Takip (1/1000 em)
-	Transparency	Şeffaflık
-	Transparent	Şeffaf
-	Trilinear	Üç çizgili
-	Type Styles	Tip Stilleri
+	Tracking	İzleme
+	Tracking (1/1000 em)	İzleme (1/1000 em)
+	Transparency	Saydamlık
+	Transparent	Saydam
+	Trilinear	Üç Doğrusal
+	Type Styles	Metin Stilleri
 	Type:	Tür:
 	Underline	Altı çizili
-	Untitled	İsimsiz
-	Untitled-1	İsimsiz-1
+	Untitled	Adsız
+	Untitled-1	Adsız-1
 	Update layer comp (visibility, position and appearance)	Katman kompozisyonunu güncelleyin (görünürlük, konum ve görünüm)
 	Use Default	Varsayılanı Kullan
 	Use Legacy	Eskiyi Kullan
 	Use Measurement Scale	Ölçüm Ölçeğini Kullan
+
 	Variables bind a layer's visibility, text or pixels to a named data slot.	Değişkenler bir katmanın görünürlüğünü, metnini veya piksellerini adlandırılmış bir veri yuvasına bağlar.
 	Vertical scale	Dikey ölçek
 	Vibrance	Canlılık
-	View Options	Seçenekleri Görüntüle
-	Vignetting	Kenar ayrıntısı kaybı
+	View Options	Görünüm Seçenekleri
+	Vignetting	Vinyet
 	Violet, Orange	Menekşe, Turuncu
 	Visibility	Görünürlük
 	Visible	Görünür
-	Warp:	Çözgü:
+	Warp:	Çarpıtma:
 	Web Snap	Web Snap
 	Weight	Ağırlık
 	Weight:	Ağırlık:
@@ -1550,12 +1561,12 @@
 	Zoom in	Yakınlaştır
 	Zoom out	Uzaklaştır
 	command or shortcut	komut veya kısayol
-	current	akım
-	image file path	resim dosyası yolu
+	current	geçerli
+	image file path	görüntü dosyası yolu
 	modified	değiştirilmiş
-	name	isim
+	name	ad
 	new	yeni
-	{name} options	{name} seçenekler
+	{name} options	{name} seçenekleri
 	↑↓ navigate   {key} run   esc close	↑↓ gezin {key} çalıştır esc kapat
 	Version {version}	Sürüm {version}
 	New Document	Yeni Belge
@@ -1568,15 +1579,15 @@
 	Command	Komut
 	Adjustment layers have nothing to transform	Ayarlama katmanlarının dönüştürülecek hiçbir şeyi yok
 	Altitude	Rakım
-	Android 1080p	Android1080p
+	Android 1080p	Android 1080p
 	Apple Watch 45mm	Apple Watch 45mm
-	Aqua	Su
+	Aqua	Turkuaz
 	Art & Illustration	Sanat ve İllüstrasyon
 	ArtCraft	ArtCraft
 	Background Eraser Tool	Arka Plan Silgisi Aracı
-	Bevel & Emboss	Eğim Ver ve Kabart
-	Blend Mode	Karışım Modu
-	Blues	Blues
+	Bevel & Emboss	Eğim ve Kabartma
+	Blend Mode	Karıştırma Modu
+	Blues	Maviler
 	Blur Tool	Bulanıklık Aracı
 	Bold	Kalın
 	Brush	Fırça
@@ -1584,40 +1595,40 @@
 	Brush Pose	Fırça Duruşu
 	Brush Tip Shape	Fırça Ucu Şekli
 	Brush Tool	Fırça Aracı
-	Build-up	İnşaat
-	Burn Tool	Koyulaştırma Aracı
+	Build-up	Birikim
+	Burn Tool	Yakma Aracı
 	Centimeters	Santimetre
-	Choke	Şok
+	Choke	Daraltma
 	Classic	Klasik
 	Click to add text	Metin eklemek için tıklayın
 	Click to fill similar colours	Benzer renkleri doldurmak için tıklayın
 	Clone Stamp Tool	Klonlama Damgası Aracı
-	Color Burn	Renk Yanması
+	Color Burn	Renk Yakma
 	Color Dodge	Renk Soldurma
 	Color Dynamics	Renk Dinamiği
 	Color Overlay	Renk Kaplaması
 	Comic Book	Çizgi Roman
-	Conform	Uygun
-	Content-Aware Fill needs a selection on a pixel layer	İçeriğe Uygun Dolgu, piksel katmanında seçim yapılmasını gerektirir
+	Conform	Uyarla
+	Content-Aware Fill needs a selection on a pixel layer	İçeriğe Duyarlı Dolgu, piksel katmanında seçim yapılmasını gerektirir
 	Could not transform: the layer is empty	Dönüştürülemedi: katman boş
 	Could not use Perspective Warp: the layer is empty	Perspektif Çarpıtma kullanılamadı: katman boş
-	Could not use Puppet Warp: no opaque pixels	Puppet Warp kullanılamadı: opak piksel yok
-	Could not use Puppet Warp: the layer is empty	Puppet Warp kullanılamadı: katman boş
+	Could not use Puppet Warp: no opaque pixels	Kukla Çarpıtma kullanılamadı: opak piksel yok
+	Could not use Puppet Warp: the layer is empty	Kukla Çarpıtma kullanılamadı: katman boş
 	Crop Tool	Kırpma Aracı
 	Crosswise	Çapraz olarak
-	Current Tool	Güncel Araç
+	Current Tool	Geçerli Araç
 	Custom Shape Tool	Özel Şekil Aracı
 	Cyans	Camgöbeği
 	Default PhotoCraft Size	Varsayılan PhotoCraft Boyutu
 	Delete Workspace	Çalışma Alanını Sil
 	Diamond	Elmas
-	Dimensions:	Boyutlar:
+	Dimensions:	Ölçüler:
 	Direction	Yön
 	Distance	Uzaklık
-	Document Dimensions	Belge Boyutları
+	Document Dimensions	Belge Ölçüleri
 	Document Profile	Belge Profili
 	Document Sizes	Belge Boyutları
-	Dodge Tool	Açıklaştırma Aracı
+	Dodge Tool	Soldurma Aracı
 	Down	Aşağı
 	Drag to draw a gradient	Degrade çizmek için sürükleyin
 	Drag to move the active layer	Etkin katmanı taşımak için sürükleyin
@@ -1628,36 +1639,36 @@
 	Efficiency	Verimlilik
 	Efficiency: 100%	Verimlilik: %100
 	Ellipse Tool	Elips Aracı
-	Elliptical Marquee Tool	Eliptik İşaretleme Aracı
-	Single Row Marquee Tool	Tek Satır İşaretleme Aracı
-	Single Column Marquee Tool	Tek Sütun İşaretleme Aracı
+	Elliptical Marquee Tool	Eliptik Seçim Çerçevesi Aracı
+	Single Row Marquee Tool	Tek Satır Seçim Çerçevesi Aracı
+	Single Column Marquee Tool	Tek Sütun Seçim Çerçevesi Aracı
 	Emboss	Kabartma
 	Eraser	Silgi
 	Eraser Tool	Silgi Aracı
 	ExtraBold	Ekstra Kalın
 	ExtraLight	Ekstra Hafif
 	Eyedropper Tool	Damlalık Aracı
-	Fade	Solmaya
+	Fade	Solma
 	Fill Opacity	Dolgu Opaklığı
 	Film & Video	Film ve Video
-	From	Gönderen
+	From	Şuradan
 	General	Genel
 	GitHub	GitHub
-	Gradient Overlay	Degrade Yerleşimi
+	Gradient Overlay	Degrade Kaplaması
 	Gradient Tool	Degrade Aracı
 	Greens	Yeşiller
 	Hand Tool	El Aracı
 	Hard	Sert
 	Hard Mix	Sert Karışım
 	Healing Brush Tool	Düzeltme Fırçası Aracı
-	Highlights from:	Öne çıkanlar:
+	Highlights from:	Parlak tonlar (başlangıç):
 	History Brush Tool	Geçmiş Fırçası Aracı
 	Horizontal Type Tool	Yatay Metin Aracı
 	Horizontal Type Mask Tool	Yatay Metin Maskesi Aracı
 	Vertical Type Mask Tool	Dikey Metin Maskesi Aracı
-	Image Size:	Resim Boyutu:
+	Image Size:	Görüntü Boyutu:
 	Inches	İnç
-	Indexed	Dizine eklendi
+	Indexed	İndekslenmiş
 	Initial Direction	Başlangıç Yönü
 	Inner Bevel	İç Eğim
 	Inner Glow	İç Işıma
@@ -1669,21 +1680,21 @@
 	Lasso	Kement
 	Lasso Tool	Kement Aracı
 	Layer Count	Katman Sayısı
-	Layer Knocks Out Drop Shadow	Katman Alt Gölgeyi Ortadan Kaldırır
-	Legal	Yasal
-	Letter	Mektup
-	Light	Işık
+	Layer Knocks Out Drop Shadow	Katman Alt Gölgeyi Gizler
+	Legal	Legal
+	Letter	Letter
+	Light	Hafif
 	Line Tool	Çizgi Aracı
 	Linear	Doğrusal
-	Linear Burn	Doğrusal Yanma
+	Linear Burn	Doğrusal Yakma
 	Linear Height	Doğrusal Yükseklik
 	Link with Layer	Katmanla Bağlantı
-	Lorem Ipsum	Lorem İpsum
+	Lorem Ipsum	Lorem Ipsum
 	Magentas	Macentalar
 	Magic Eraser Tool	Sihirli Silgi Aracı
 	Magic Wand Tool	Sihirli Değnek Aracı
 	Marquee	Seçim Çerçevesi
-	Mean:	Anlamı:
+	Mean:	Ortalama:
 	Measurement Scale	Ölçüm Ölçeği
 	Measurement Scale Marker	Ölçüm Ölçeği İşaretleyicisi
 	Millimeters	Milimetre
@@ -1703,17 +1714,17 @@
 	Original Ratio	Orijinal Oran
 	Out Of Gamut	Gamut Dışı
 	Outer Bevel	Dış Eğim
-	Outer Glow	Dış Parıltı
+	Outer Glow	Dış Işıma
 	Overlay	Kaplama
 	Paint Bucket Tool	Boya Kovası Aracı
-	Paints from the document's opening state	Belgenin açılış durumundaki boyalar
+	Paints from the document's opening state	Belgenin açılış durumundan boyar
 	Path Selection Tool	Yol Seçimi Aracı
 	Direct Selection Tool	Doğrudan Seçim Aracı
-	Add Anchor Point Tool	Bağlantı Noktası Ekleme Aracı
-	Delete Anchor Point Tool	Bağlantı Noktası Silme Aracı
-	Click a segment to add an anchor point · {alt}-click an anchor to delete it	Bağlantı noktası eklemek için bir segmenti tıklayın · {alt}-silmek için bir bağlantıyı tıklayın
-	Click an anchor point to delete it · {alt}-click a segment to add one	Silmek için bir bağlantı noktasını tıklayın · {alt}-bir parça eklemek için bir parçayı tıklayın
-	Pattern Overlay	Desen Yerleşimi
+	Add Anchor Point Tool	Çapa Noktası Ekleme Aracı
+	Delete Anchor Point Tool	Çapa Noktası Silme Aracı
+	Click a segment to add an anchor point · {alt}-click an anchor to delete it	Çapa noktası eklemek için bir parçaya tıklayın · silmek için bir çapa noktasına {alt}-tıklayın
+	Click an anchor point to delete it · {alt}-click a segment to add one	Silmek için bir çapa noktasına tıklayın · eklemek için bir parçaya {alt}-tıklayın
+	Pattern Overlay	Desen Kaplaması
 	Pen Pressure	Kalem Basıncı
 	Pen Tilt	Kalem Eğimi
 	Pen Tool	Kalem Aracı
@@ -1724,19 +1735,19 @@
 	Pillow Emboss	Yastık Kabartma
 	Pixel Replacement	Piksel Değiştirme
 	Pixels	Piksel
-	Points	Puanlar
+	Points	Punto
 	Polygon Tool	Çokgen Aracı
 	Polygonal Lasso Tool	Çokgen Kement Aracı
-	Portrait, 4 x 6	Portre, 4 x 6
-	Portrait, 5 x 7	Portre, 5 x 7
-	PostScript (72 points/inch)	PostScript (72 nokta/inç)
+	Portrait, 4 x 6	Dikey, 4 x 6
+	Portrait, 5 x 7	Dikey, 5 x 7
+	PostScript (72 points/inch)	PostScript (72 punto/inç)
 	Postcard	Kartpostal
 	Poster	Poster
 	Pro (Dark)	Pro (Koyu)
-	Pro (Light)	Pro (Hafif)
+	Pro (Light)	Pro (Açık)
 	Pro (Light Gray)	Pro (Açık Gri)
 	Pro (Medium Gray)	Pro (Orta Gri)
-	Protect Texture	Dokuyu Koruyun
+	Protect Texture	Dokuyu Koru
 	Purple	Mor
 	Quick Mask	Hızlı Maske
 	Quick Selection Tool	Hızlı Seçim Aracı
@@ -1746,7 +1757,7 @@
 	Ratio	Oran
 	Recent	Son
 	Rectangle Tool	Dikdörtgen Aracı
-	Rectangular Marquee Tool	Dikdörtgen İşaretleme Aracı
+	Rectangular Marquee Tool	Dikdörtgen Seçim Çerçevesi Aracı
 	Reds	Kırmızılar
 	Reflected	Yansıyan
 	Sample: foreground colour	Örnek: ön plan rengi
@@ -1754,7 +1765,7 @@
 	Satin	Saten
 	Save Pixel Aspect Ratio	Piksel En Boy Oranını Kaydet
 	Scattering	Saçılma
-	Scratch Sizes	Çizik Boyutları
+	Scratch Sizes	Karalama Boyutları
 	Select Data Points	Veri Noktalarını Seçin
 	Selection	Seçim
 	SemiBold	Yarı Kalın
@@ -1773,22 +1784,22 @@
 	Sponge Tool	Sünger Aracı
 	Spot Healing Brush Tool	Nokta Düzeltme Fırçası Aracı
 	Spread	Yayılma
-	Square, 12 x 12	Kare, 12x12
-	Square, 5 x 5	Kare, 5x5
-	Std Dev:	Standart Geliştirme:
-	Studio (Dark)	Stüdyo (Karanlık)
-	Studio (Light)	Stüdyo (Işık)
+	Square, 12 x 12	Kare, 12 x 12
+	Square, 5 x 5	Kare, 5 x 5
+	Std Dev:	Standart Sapma:
+	Studio (Dark)	Stüdyo (Koyu)
+	Studio (Light)	Stüdyo (Açık)
 	Stylus Wheel	Kalem Tekerleği
 	Subtract	Çıkar
 	Tabloid	Tabloid
 	Text Replacement	Metin Değiştirme
 	Thin	İnce
-	Traditional (72.27 points/inch)	Geleneksel (72,27 nokta/inç)
+	Traditional (72.27 points/inch)	Geleneksel (72,27 punto/inç)
 	Transfer	Aktarım
 	Triangle Tool	Üçgen Aracı
 	Unsaved changes	Kaydedilmemiş değişiklikler
 	Uses the foreground and background colours.	Ön plan ve arka plan renklerini kullanır.
-	Web	ağ
+	Web	Web
 	Web Large	Web Büyük
 	Web Minimum	Web Minimumu
 	Web Most Common	Web En Yaygın
@@ -1796,20 +1807,20 @@
 	Wet Edges	Islak Kenarlar
 	Yellows	Sarılar
 	Zoom Tool	Yakınlaştırma Aracı
-	{name} Properties	{name} Özellikler
+	{name} Properties	{name} Özellikleri
 	Revert “{name}” to the last saved version? Your changes will be lost.	“{name}” son kaydedilen sürüme döndürülsün mü? Değişiklikleriniz kaybolacak.
 	Do you want to save the changes you made to “{name}” before quitting?	Çıkmadan önce “{name}” öğesinde yaptığınız değişiklikleri kaydetmek istiyor musunuz?
 	Do you want to save the changes you made to “{name}” before closing?	Kapatmadan önce “{name}” üzerinde yaptığınız değişiklikleri kaydetmek istiyor musunuz?
-	Doc: {flat}/{layered}	Doküman: {flat}/{layered}
-	Scratch: {size}	Çizik: {size}
+	Doc: {flat}/{layered}	Belge: {flat}/{layered}
+	Scratch: {size}	Karalama: {size}
 	Untagged {mode}	Etiketlenmemiş {mode}
 	Invalid {mode} profile	Geçersiz {mode} profili
 	Unnamed {mode} profile	Adsız {mode} profili
 	{w} px x {h} px ({ppi} ppi)	{w} px x {h} px ({ppi} ppi)
 	{w} {unit} x {h} {unit} ({ppi} ppi)	{w} {unit} x {h} {unit} ({ppi} ppi)
 	Resolution: {dpi} pixels/inch	Çözünürlük: {dpi} piksel/inç
-	Doc: {w} × {h} px	Doküman: {w} × {h} piksel
-	Frame {current} / {total}	Çerçeve {current} / {total}
+	Doc: {w} × {h} px	Belge: {w} × {h} piksel
+	Frame {current} / {total}	Kare {current} / {total}
 	Count: {n}	Sayım: {n}
 	BLANK DOCUMENT PRESETS ({n})	BOŞ BELGE ÖN AYARLARI ({n})
 	Constraints ({n})	Kısıtlamalar ({n})
@@ -1819,7 +1830,7 @@
 @plural	Group · {n} layer|Group · {n} layers	Grup · {n} katman
 	Additional plugins folder	Ek eklentiler klasörü
 	Adobe	Adobe
-	Adobe rgb	Adobe rgb
+	Adobe rgb	Adobe RGB
 	Allow agent control	Aracı kontrolüne izin ver
 	Allow scripts to connect	Komut dosyalarının bağlanmasına izin ver
 	Always	Her zaman
@@ -1842,33 +1853,33 @@
 	Cache levels	Önbellek düzeyleri
 	Cache tile size	Önbellek kutucuğu boyutu
 	Camera Raw Defaults	Camera Raw Varsayılanları
-	Canvas border	Kanvas kenarlığı
-	Show canvas dots	Kanvas noktalarını göster
+	Canvas border	Tuval kenarlığı
+	Show canvas dots	Tuval noktalarını göster
 	Clip thumbnails to layer bounds	Küçük resimleri katman sınırlarına kırp
 	Clip Thumbnails to Layer Bounds	Küçük resimleri katman sınırlarına kırp
-	Canvas color	Kanvas rengi
-	Canvas custom color	Kanvas özel rengi
+	Canvas color	Tuval rengi
+	Canvas custom color	Tuval özel rengi
 	Color picker	Renk seçici
 	Color space	Renk alanı
 	Column width	Sütun genişliği
 	Concise	Kısa
 	Control port	Kontrol portu
-	Convert to srgb	srgb'ye dönüştür
+	Convert to srgb	sRGB'ye dönüştür
 	Cursors	İmleçler
 	Custom dark	Özel koyu
-	Custom light	Özel ışık
-	Dark	Karanlık
+	Custom light	Özel açık
+	Dark	Koyu
 	Dark gray	Koyu gri
 	Dashed lines	Kesikli çizgiler
 	Destination	Hedef
-	Detailed	Detaylı
+	Detailed	Ayrıntılı
 	Disks	Diskler
-	Display p3	Ekran p3
+	Display p3	Display P3
 	Double click layer mask launches select and mask	Çift tıklama katman maskesi seçme ve maskelemeyi başlatır
 	Drop shadow	Alt gölge
 	Dynamic color sliders	Dinamik renk kaydırıcıları
 	East asian	Doğu Asya
-	Effect cache mb	Efekt önbelleği mb
+	Effect cache mb	Efekt önbelleği (MB)
 	Enable flick panning	Hızlı kaydırmayı etkinleştir
 	Enable floating document window docking	Kayan belge penceresi yerleştirmeyi etkinleştir
 	Enable narrow options bar	Dar seçenekler çubuğunu etkinleştir
@@ -1878,13 +1889,13 @@
 	Extra large	Ekstra büyük
 	File Handling	Dosya İşleme
 	File path	Dosya yolu
-	Fill new type layers with placeholder	Yeni yazı katmanlarını yer tutucuyla doldurma
+	Fill new type layers with placeholder	Yeni metin katmanlarını yer tutucuyla doldur
 	Font preview	Yazı tipi önizlemesi
 	Full size tip	Tam boyutlu uç
 	Gamut warning color	Gamut uyarı rengi
 	Gamut warning opacity	Gamut uyarı opaklığı
-	Generator enabled	Jeneratör etkin
-	Gif	Gif
+	Generator enabled	Oluşturucu etkin
+	Gif	GIF
 	Glossy	parlak
 	Grid color	Izgara rengi
 	Grid colors	Izgara renkleri
@@ -1897,27 +1908,27 @@
 	Guides, Grid & Slices	Kılavuzlar, Izgaralar ve Dilimler
 	Gutter	Oluk
 	History Log	Geçmiş Günlüğü
-	History states	Tarih durumları
+	History states	Geçmiş durumları
 	Ignore exif profile tag	Exif profil etiketini yoksay
 	Image interpolation	Görüntü enterpolasyonu
-	Image previews	Resim önizlemeleri
+	Image previews	Görüntü önizlemeleri
 	Integrations	Entegrasyonlar
 	Interface	Arayüz
 	Jpeg quality	JPEG kalitesi
-	Jpg	Jpg
+	Jpg	JPG
 	Language	Dil
 	Large tabs	Büyük sekmeler
 	Legacy compositing	Eski birleştirme
 	Light gray	Açık gri
 	Line	Hat
-	Lines	çizgiler
+	Lines	Çizgiler
 	Lossless	Kayıpsız
 	Lowercase extension	Küçük harf uzantısı
-	Maximize psd compatibility	PSD uyumluluğunu en üst düzeye çıkarın
+	Maximize psd compatibility	PSD uyumluluğunu en üst düzeye çıkar
 	Medium gray	Orta gri
-	Memory usage mb	Bellek kullanımı mb
+	Memory usage mb	Bellek kullanımı (MB)
 	Low resolution previews	Düşük çözünürlüklü önizlemeler
-	Missing glyph protection	Glif koruması eksik
+	Missing glyph protection	Eksik glif koruması
 	Modern	Çağdaş
 	Nearest neighbor	En yakın komşu
 	Never	Asla
@@ -1927,36 +1938,37 @@
 	Open documents as tabs	Belgeleri sekmeler halinde aç
 	Overscroll	Aşırı kaydırma
 	Performance	Performans
-	Png	png
+	Png	PNG
 	Point size	Nokta boyutu
 	Precise	Hassas
 	Preserve details	Ayrıntıları koru
 	Print resolution	Yazdırma çözünürlüğü
-	Pro	Profesyonel
-	Pro light	Profesyonel ışık
+	Pro	Pro
+	Pro light	Pro açık
 	Pro light gray	Pro açık gri
-	Pro medium	Profesyonel orta
-	Pro photo	Profesyonel fotoğraf
+	Pro medium	Pro orta
+	Pro photo	ProPhoto
 	Quick export format	Hızlı dışa aktarma formatı
 	Quick export location	Hızlı dışa aktarma konumu
 	Recent file count	Son dosya sayısı
+	LUT folder	LUT klasörü
 	Recent files	Son dosyalar
-	Recent fonts	En yeni yazı tipleri
+	Recent fonts	Son kullanılan yazı tipleri
 	Recover on launch	Başlatıldığında kurtar
 	Remember workspace changes	Çalışma alanı değişikliklerini hatırla
-	Resize image during place	Yerleştirme sırasında resmi yeniden boyutlandır
-	Rotate view with trackpad	İzleme dörtgeniyle görünümü döndürme
+	Resize image during place	Yerleştirme sırasında görüntüyü yeniden boyutlandır
+	Rotate view with trackpad	Görünümü dokunmatik yüzeyle döndür
 	Same folder	Aynı klasör
 	Save in background	Arka planda kaydet
-	Scratch Disks	Kazı Diskleri
+	Scratch Disks	Karalama Diskleri
 	Screen	Ekran
 	Screen resolution	Ekran çözünürlüğü
-	Scrubby slider acceleration	Temiz kaydırıcı hızlandırması
+	Scrubby slider acceleration	Kaydırıcı sürükleme hızlanması
 	Sessions only	Yalnızca oturumlar
 	Sharpen for	Şunun için keskinleştir:
 	Show channels in color	Kanalları renkli göster
 	Show crosshair in brush tip	Fırça ucunda artı işaretini göster
-	Show extension panels	Uzatma panellerini göster
+	Show extension panels	Uzantı panellerini göster
 	Show font names in english	İngilizce yazı tipi adlarını göster
 	Show menu colors	Menü renklerini göster
 	Show only crosshair while painting	Boyama sırasında yalnızca artı işaretini göster
@@ -1969,34 +1981,34 @@
 	Slice color	Dilim rengi
 	Smart guide color	Akıllı kılavuz rengi
 	Smart quotes	Akıllı tırnaklar
-	Snap vector tools and transforms to pixel grid	Vektör araçlarını tutturun ve piksel ızgarasına dönüştürün
-	Srgb	Srgb
+	Snap vector tools and transforms to pixel grid	Vektör araçlarını ve dönüşümleri piksel ızgarasına yapıştır
+	Srgb	sRGB
 	Standard	Standart
 	Studio	Stüdyo
-	Studio light	Stüdyo ışığı
+	Studio light	Stüdyo açık
 	Subdivisions	Alt bölümler
 	System	Sistem
 	Text engine	Metin motoru
 	Text file	Metin dosyası
-	Tiny	minik
+	Tiny	Minik
 	Touch gestures	Dokunma hareketleri
-	Transparency & Gamut	Şeffaflık ve Gamut
-	Type units	Tip birimleri
-	UI font size	kullanıcı arayüzü yazı tipi boyutu
+	Transparency & Gamut	Saydamlık ve Gamut
+	Type units	Metin birimleri
+	UI font size	Arayüz yazı tipi boyutu
 	UI scale	Kullanıcı arayüzü ölçeği
 	Units & Rulers	Birimler ve Cetveller
 	Use additional plugins folder	Ek eklentiler klasörünü kullan
-	Use esc to commit	Taahhüt etmek için esc kullanın
+	Use esc to commit	Onaylamak için Esc kullan
 	Use gpu	GPU'yu kullan
-	Use legacy free transform	Eski ücretsiz dönüşümü kullanın
-	Use shift key for tool switch	Araç anahtarı için Shift tuşunu kullanın
-	Vary round brush hardness on hud	Hud üzerinde yuvarlak fırça sertliğini değiştirin
-	Webp	Webp
-	World ready	Dünya hazır
+	Use legacy free transform	Eski serbest dönüştürmeyi kullan
+	Use shift key for tool switch	Araç değiştirmek için Shift tuşunu kullan
+	Vary round brush hardness on hud	HUD'da yuvarlak fırça sertliğini değiştir
+	Webp	WebP
+	World ready	Dünya dili uyumlu (World-Ready)
 	Zoom clicked point to center	Tıklanan noktayı merkeze yakınlaştır
 	Zoom resizes windows	Yakınlaştırma pencereleri yeniden boyutlandırır
 	Zoom with scroll wheel	Kaydırma tekerleği ile yakınlaştırma
-	Zoom with trackpad pinch	İzleme dörtgeni tutamıyla yakınlaştırma
+	Zoom with trackpad pinch	Dokunmatik yüzeyde sıkıştırarak yakınlaştır
 	Pass Through	Geçirgen
 	Dissolve	Eritme
 	Darker Color	Daha Koyu Renk
@@ -2012,29 +2024,29 @@
 	Luminosity	Parlaklık
 @plural	{n} sample|{n} samples	{n} örnek
 	{added}, {removed} subtracted	{added}, {removed} çıkarıldı
-	Adjustment Preview	Ayar Önizlemesi
+	Adjustment Preview	Ayarlama Önizlemesi
 	Airbrush: keeps depositing paint while the pointer rests.	Airbrush: İşaretçi dururken boyayı bırakmaya devam eder.
 	Angle:	Açı:
-	Blend If	Eğer karıştır
+	Blend If	Koşullu Karıştırma
 	Close Tab Group	Sekme Grubunu Kapat
 	Collapse	Daralt
 	Collapse All Groups	Tüm Grupları Daralt
 	Collapse Panel Group	Panel Grubunu Daralt
 	Collapse group  ({key}-click: all groups)	Grubu daralt ({key}-tıklama: tüm gruplar)
-	Create new brush from the current settings	Mevcut ayarlardan yeni fırça oluştur
-	Create new brush from these settings	Bu ayarlardan yeni fırça oluşturun
-	Update the current brush with these settings	Mevcut fırçayı bu ayarlarla güncelleyin
+	Create new brush from the current settings	Geçerli ayarlardan yeni fırça oluştur
+	Create new brush from these settings	Bu ayarlardan yeni fırça oluştur
+	Update the current brush with these settings	Geçerli fırçayı bu ayarlarla güncelle
 	Delete brush	Fırçayı sil
 	Drag the arrow to set the angle, the dots to set the roundness	Açıyı ayarlamak için oku, yuvarlaklığı ayarlamak için noktaları sürükleyin
 	Expand	Genişlet
 	Expand Panel Group	Panel Grubunu Genişlet
 	Expand group  ({key}-click: all groups)	Grubu genişlet ({key}-tıklayın: tüm gruplar)
-	Fade steps	Adımları soldur
+	Fade steps	Solma Adımı Sayısı
 	Hide the layer's effects  ({key}-click: all layers)	Katmanın efektlerini gizle ({key}-tıklama: tüm katmanlar)
 	Import Brushes… (.abr)	Fırçaları İçe Aktar… (.abr)
 	Move Group Down	Grubu Aşağı Taşı
 	Move Group Up	Grubu Yukarı Taşı
-	Reset the brush to the defaults	Fırçayı varsayılanlara sıfırlayın
+	Reset the brush to the defaults	Fırçayı varsayılanlara sıfırla
 	Restore original size	Orijinal boyutu geri yükle
 	Roundness:	Yuvarlaklık:
 	Search Brushes	Fırçalarda Ara
@@ -2048,20 +2060,20 @@
 	More documents	Daha fazla belge
 	These settings aren't available in PhotoCraft yet.	Bu ayarlar henüz PhotoCraft'ta mevcut değildir.
 	Graphics	Grafik
-	Reset GPU Backend	GPU Arka Uçunu Sıfırla
+	Reset GPU Backend	GPU Arka Ucunu Sıfırla
 	Applies at next launch.	Bir sonraki açılışta geçerlidir.
-	Click to sample the foreground colour  ·  {key}-click for background	Ön plan rengini örneklemek için tıklayın · {key}-arka plan için tıklayın
-	{key}-click to set the source	{key}-kaynağı ayarlamak için tıklayın
+	Click to sample the foreground colour  ·  {key}-click for background	Ön plan rengini örneklemek için tıklayın · arka plan için {key}-tıklayın
+	{key}-click to set the source	Kaynağı ayarlamak için {key} tuşuna basarak tıklayın
 	{key} to subtract	{key} çıkarmak için
-	Clone source {n} ({key}-click with Clone Stamp to set)	Kaynağı kopyala {n} ({key}-ayarlamak için Klonlama Damgası ile tıklayın)
-	Source: not set ({key}-click with Clone Stamp)	Kaynak: ayarlanmadı ({key}-Klon Damgası ile tıklayın)
+	Clone source {n} ({key}-click with Clone Stamp to set)	Klon kaynağı {n} (ayarlamak için Klonlama Damgası ile {key}-tıklayın)
+	Source: not set ({key}-click with Clone Stamp)	Kaynak: ayarlanmadı (Klonlama Damgası ile {key} tuşuna basarak tıklayın)
 	Pixel Layer	Piksel Katmanı
-	Type Layer	Tip Katmanı
+	Type Layer	Metin Katmanı
 	Shape Layer	Şekil Katmanı
 	Group Layer	Grup Katmanı
 	Fill Layer	Dolgu Katmanı
 	Smart Object Layer	Akıllı Nesne Katmanı
-	Create Warped Text	Çarpık Metin Oluştur
+	Create Warped Text	Çarpıtılmış Metin Oluştur
 	Rasterize Smart Object	Akıllı Nesneyi Rasterleştir
 	Rasterize Fill Content	Dolgu İçeriğini Rasterleştir
 	Rasterize Layer Style	Katman Stilini Rasterleştir
@@ -2070,8 +2082,8 @@
 	Diameter:	Çap:
 	Hardness:	Sertlik:
 	No brush presets	Fırça ön ayarı yok
-	Toggle the Brush Settings panel  (F5)	Fırça Ayarları panelini açın/kapatın (F5)
-	Create new brush preset from the current settings	Geçerli ayarlardan yeni fırça hazır ayarı oluşturun
+	Toggle the Brush Settings panel  (F5)	Fırça Ayarları panelini aç/kapat (F5)
+	Create new brush preset from the current settings	Geçerli ayarlardan yeni fırça ön ayarı oluştur
 	Brush Settings…  (F5): every option of this brush	Fırça Ayarları… (F5): bu fırçanın tüm seçenekleri
 	Rename Brush…	Fırçayı Yeniden Adlandır…
 	Delete Brush	Fırçayı Sil
@@ -2099,34 +2111,34 @@
 	Load the brush after each stroke	Her vuruştan sonra fırçayı yükle
 	Clean the brush after each stroke	Her vuruştan sonra fırçayı temizle
 	Mix	Karışım
-	Wetness Jitter	Islaklık Titreme
+	Wetness Jitter	Islaklık Titreşimi
 	Mix Jitter	Karıştırma Titreşimi
 	Show the layer mask as an overlay	Katman maskesini kaplama olarak göster
 	Toggle visibility	Görünürlüğü aç/kapat
 	Unlink the mask from the layer	Maskenin katmanla bağlantısını kaldırın
-	Link the mask to the layer	Maskeyi katmana bağlama
-	Gradient	Gradyan
+	Link the mask to the layer	Maskeyi katmana bağla
+	Gradient	Degrade
 	Gradient Options	Degrade Seçenekleri
 	Align with layer	Katmanla hizala
 	Reset Alignment	Hizalamayı Sıfırla
 	Centre the gradient (offset 0, 0)	Degradeyi ortalayın (kaydırma 0, 0)
 	Gradient Editor	Degrade Düzenleyici
 	Gradient picker	Degrade seçici
-	Gradient stops	Gradyan durakları
+	Gradient stops	Degrade durakları
 	Save As Preset	Ön Ayar Olarak Kaydet
 	The gradient the Gradient tool paints with	Degrade aracının boyadığı degrade
 	Adds the current gradient to the Gradients panel	Geçerli degradeyi Degradeler paneline ekler
 	The current gradient (pick one in Window › Gradients)	Geçerli degrade (Pencere › Degradeler'den birini seçin)
-	Select a type layer to edit its character and paragraph settings.	Karakter ve paragraf ayarlarını düzenlemek için bir yazı katmanı seçin.
+	Select a type layer to edit its character and paragraph settings.	Karakter ve paragraf ayarlarını düzenlemek için bir metin katmanı seçin.
 	Text color	Metin rengi
-	Type Options	Tip Seçenekleri
+	Type Options	Metin Seçenekleri
 	Anti-aliasing method	Kenar yumuşatma yöntemi
-	Horizontal type	Yatay tip
-	Vertical type	Dikey tip
+	Horizontal type	Yatay metin
+	Vertical type	Dikey metin
 	Fill path with foreground color	Yolu ön plan rengiyle doldur
 	Stroke path with brush	Fırçayla kontur yolu
 	Load path as a selection	Yolu seçim olarak yükle
-	Make work path from selection	Seçimden iş yolunu yap
+	Make work path from selection	Seçimden çalışma yolu oluştur
 	Add vector mask	Vektör maskesi ekle
 	Create new path	Yeni yol oluştur
 	Delete path	Yolu sil
@@ -2144,13 +2156,17 @@
 	No path to make a selection from: draw one with the Pen tool or select one in the Paths panel.	Seçim yapılabilecek yol yok: Kalem aracıyla bir yol çizin veya Yollar panelinden birini seçin.
 	Cancel opening	Açılışı iptal et
 	Cancelled opening {name}	{name} açılışı iptal edildi
+	Damaged Photoshop document	Hasarlı Photoshop belgesi
+	The document “{name}” may be damaged.	“{name}” belgesi hasarlı olabilir.
+	Some layers, pixels or masks could not be read. Do you want to continue opening it?	Bazı katmanlar, pikseller veya maskeler okunamadı. Açmaya devam etmek istiyor musunuz?
+	If you continue, saving over the original may permanently discard unreadable data. Save a copy to keep the original.	Devam ederseniz, orijinalin üzerine kaydetmek okunamayan verileri kalıcı olarak silebilir. Orijinali korumak için bir kopya kaydedin.
 	The document “{name}” does not have an embedded {mode} profile.	'{name}' belgesinde gömülü bir {mode} profili yok.
-	The document “{name}” has an embedded color profile that does not match the current {mode} working space.	'{name}' belgesinin gömülü renk profili geçerli {mode} çalışma alanıyla eşleşmiyor.
-	Working: {working}	Çalışma alanı: {working}
+	The document “{name}” has an embedded color profile that does not match the current {mode} working space.	“{name}” belgesinin gömülü renk profili geçerli {mode} çalışma renk uzayıyla eşleşmiyor.
+	Working: {working}	Çalışma renk uzayı: {working}
 	Developing {name}	{name} geliştiriliyor
 	Cancelled {label}	{label} iptal edildi
 	Esc to cancel	İptal etmek için Esc
-	Opened {name}	{name} tarihinde açıldı
+	Opened {name}	{name} açıldı
 	Opening {name}	{name} açılıyor
 	Saved {name}	{name} kaydedildi
 	Saving {name}	{name} kaydediliyor
@@ -2167,7 +2183,7 @@
 	Chrome	Krom
 	Conté Crayon	Conte Crayon
 	Graphic Pen	Grafik Kalemi
-	Halftone Pattern	Noktalı Resim Deseni
+	Halftone Pattern	Yarım Ton Deseni
 	Note Paper	Not Kağıdı
 	Photocopy	Fotokopi
 	Plaster	Alçı
@@ -2177,28 +2193,28 @@
 	Water Paper	Su Kağıdı
 	Move	Taşı
 	Pencil	Kalem
-	Clone Stamp	Klon Damgası
-	Dodge	Dodge
-	Burn	Yanık
+	Clone Stamp	Klonlama Damgası
+	Dodge	Soldurma
+	Burn	Yakma
 	Quick Selection	Hızlı Seçim
-	History Brush	Tarih Fırçası
-	Paints from the History panel's source state	Tarih panelinin kaynak durumundan boyar
-	Sets the source for the history brush	Tarih fırçasının kaynağını ayarlar
+	History Brush	Geçmiş Fırçası
+	Paints from the History panel's source state	Geçmiş panelinin kaynak durumundan boyar
+	Sets the source for the history brush	Geçmiş fırçasının kaynağını ayarlar
 	Color Replacement	Renk Değiştirme
 	New Group	Yeni Grup
 	Layer Comp	Katman Kompozisyonu
 	Alpha	Alfa
-	Make	Yap
-	Model	Modeli
+	Make	Üretici
+	Model	Model
 	F	F
 	Artist	Sanatçı
 	Spot Color	Nokta Rengi
-	Roman	Roma
+	Roman	Roman
 	Bold Italic	Kalın İtalik
-	Justification	Gerekçe
+	Justification	İki Yana Yaslama
 	Symbols	Semboller
 	Punctuation	Noktalama işaretleri
-	Make Work Path	İş Yolu Yap
+	Make Work Path	Çalışma Yolu Oluştur
 	Make Selection	Seçim Yap
 	Fill Path	Yolu Doldur
 	Stroke Path	Kontur Yolu
@@ -2207,8 +2223,8 @@
 	H	H
 	Ruler	Cetvel
 	New Layer Comp	Yeni Katman Kompozisyonu
-	Duplicate Layer Comp	Yinelenen Katman Kompozisyonu
-	Rename Layer Comp	Katman Kompozisyonunu Yeniden Adlandırın
+	Duplicate Layer Comp	Katman Kompozisyonunu Çoğalt
+	Rename Layer Comp	Katman Kompozisyonunu Yeniden Adlandır
 	Apply Layer Comp	Katman Kompozisyonunu Uygula
 	Update Layer Comp	Katman Kompozisyonunu Güncelle
 	Method	Yöntem
@@ -2218,18 +2234,18 @@
 	Pixel	Piksel
 	Adjustment	Ayarlama
 	Drag (lasso) or click points (polygonal) · {add} add · {sub} subtract	Noktaları sürükleyin (kement) veya tıklayın (çokgen) · {add} ekle · {sub} çıkar
-	Drag a crop box · drag inside to move · edges resize ({ratio} ratio, {centre} centre) · Space moves while drawing · arrows nudge · X swaps orientation · {commit} commits · Esc cancels	Kırpma kutusunu sürükleyin · taşımak için içeriye sürükleyin · kenarları yeniden boyutlandırın ({ratio} oranı, {centre} merkez) · Çizim sırasında boşluk hareket eder · oklar iter · X yönünü değiştirir · {commit} gerçekleştirir · Esc iptal eder
-	{mode} Color · {bits} bit	{mode} Renkli · {bits} bit
-	Scrubby Zoom	Süpürge Yakınlaştırma
+	Drag a crop box · drag inside to move · edges resize ({ratio} ratio, {centre} centre) · Space moves while drawing · arrows nudge · X swaps orientation · {commit} commits · Esc cancels	Kırpma kutusunu sürükleyin · taşımak için içeriye sürükleyin · kenarlar yeniden boyutlandırır ({ratio} oran, {centre} merkez) · çizerken Space taşır · ok tuşları hafifçe kaydırır · X yönü değiştirir · {commit} onaylar · Esc iptal eder
+	{mode} Color · {bits} bit	{mode} Renk · {bits} bit
+	Scrubby Zoom	Sürüklemeli Yakınlaştırma
 	Auto Erase	Otomatik Silme
 	Color Adaptation	Renk Uyarlaması
-	Preserve Transparency	Şeffaflığı Koruyun
+	Preserve Transparency	Saydamlığı Koru
 	New Style…	Yeni Stil…
 	shortcut	kısayol
 	Saved	Kaydedildi
 	Arc	Yay
 	Arch	Kemer
-	Bulge	çıkıntı
+	Bulge	Şişkinlik
 	Shell Lower	Kabuk Alt Kısmı
 	Shell Upper	Kabuk Üstü
 	Flag	Bayrak
@@ -2244,35 +2260,37 @@
 	Rectangle	Dikdörtgen
 	New Channel	Yeni Kanal
 	Save Selection	Seçimi Kaydet
-	Load Selection	Yük Seçimi
+	Load Selection	Seçimi Yükle
 @id	edit.purge.undo	Geri Al
-	Rendering Mode	İşleme Modu
+	Rendering Mode	Oluşturma Modu
 	Automatic (recommended)	Otomatik (önerilen)
 	CPU / Compatibility	CPU / Uyumluluk
 	Automatic uses GPU acceleration when available and falls back to CPU rendering on errors.	Otomatik, mümkün olduğunda GPU hızlandırmayı kullanır ve hatalarda CPU oluşturmaya geri döner.
 	Switched to CPU rendering	CPU oluşturmaya geçildi
 	GPU acceleration could not continue. Your documents are unchanged.	GPU hızlandırması devam edemedi. Belgeleriniz değişmedi.
-	PhotoCraft is using the CPU image compositor. The window may still use your graphics adapter.	PhotoCraft, CPU görüntü düzenleyicisini kullanıyor. Pencere hala grafik bağdaştırıcınızı kullanıyor olabilir.
+	PhotoCraft is using the CPU image compositor. The window may still use your graphics adapter.	PhotoCraft, CPU görüntü birleştiricisini kullanıyor. Pencere yine de grafik bağdaştırıcınızı kullanıyor olabilir.
 	Retry GPU requires a restart. Save your work first.	GPU'yu yeniden dene, yeniden başlatma gerektirir. Öncelikle çalışmanızı kaydedin.
-	Keep Using CPU	CPU'yu Kullanmaya Devam Edin
+	Keep Using CPU	CPU'yu Kullanmaya Devam Et
+	Retry GPU tries the graphics processor again now.	GPU'yu yeniden dene, grafik işlemciyi hemen yeniden dener.
+	GPU acceleration resumed.	GPU hızlandırması sürdürüldü.
 	Retry GPU	GPU'yu yeniden dene
 	Advanced	Gelişmiş
 	GPU Backend	GPU Arka Ucu
 	Details	Ayrıntılar
 	Rendering mode	Oluşturma modu
-	Freeze Lasso: drag to freeze an area, Alt-drag to thaw it (L)	Kementi Dondur: Bir alanı dondurmak için sürükleyin, buzunu çözmek için Alt tuşuna basarak sürükleyin (L)
+	Freeze Lasso: drag to freeze an area, Alt-drag to thaw it (L)	Kementi Dondur: bir alanı dondurmak için sürükleyin, çözmek için Alt tuşuyla sürükleyin (L)
 	3 x 3	3 x 3
 	4 x 4	4 x 4
 	5 x 5	5 x 5
 	Camera Raw Filter ({layer})	Camera Raw Filtresi ({layer})
 	Camera Raw ({name})	Camera Raw ({name})
-	Edit Type	Türü Düzenle
+	Edit Type	Metni Düzenle
 	Grid:	Izgara:
-	Highlight Clipping Warning (O)	Kırpılma Uyarısını Vurgula (O)
+	Highlight Clipping Warning (O)	Parlak Ton Kırpma Uyarısı (O)
 	Lasso around an area, then drag the selection	Bir alanı kementle çevreleyin, ardından seçimi sürükleyin
 	Patch:	Yama:
 	Shadow Clipping Warning (U)	Gölge Kırpılması Uyarısı (U)
-	Show Lab Color Readouts	Laboratuvar Renk Okumalarını Göster
+	Show Lab Color Readouts	Lab Renk Okumalarını Göster
 	Show Red at 3 o'clock	Kırmızıyı saat 3 yönünde göster
 	Show Selected Region	Seçilen Bölgeyi Göster
 	Show Skin Tone Indicator	Cilt Tonu Göstergesini Göster
@@ -2291,16 +2309,21 @@
 	No patterns	Desen yok
 	Enable {name}	{name}'yi etkinleştir
 	Hold Alt while drawing for straight segments	Düz parçalar çizerken Alt tuşunu basılı tutun
-	Drag or click polygon points · hold Alt during lasso for straight segments · {add} add · {sub} before drawing subtracts	Çokgen noktalarını sürükleyin veya tıklayın · düz parçalar için kement sırasında Alt tuşunu basılı tutun · {add} ekleyin · çizim çıkarmadan önce {sub}
+	Drag or click polygon points · hold Alt during lasso for straight segments · {add} add · {sub} before drawing subtracts	Çokgen noktalarını sürükleyin veya tıklayın · düz parçalar için kement sırasında Alt tuşunu basılı tutun · {add} ekler · çizimden önce {sub} çıkarır
 	Extend	Uzat
 	Structure:	Yapı:
-	Content-Aware Move Tool	İçeriğe Uygun Taşıma Aracı
+	Content-Aware Move Tool	İçeriğe Duyarlı Taşıma Aracı
 	TIFF Options	TIFF Seçenekleri
 	Targa Options	Targa Seçenekleri
+	JPEG Options	JPEG Seçenekleri
+	Image Options	Görüntü Seçenekleri
+	Format Options	Biçim Seçenekleri
+	Baseline ("Standard")	Temel (“Standart”)
+	Baseline Optimized	Optimize edilmiş temel
 	24 bits/pixel	24 bit/piksel
 	32 bits/pixel	32 bit/piksel
 	Including layers will increase file size.	Katmanların eklenmesi dosya boyutunu artıracaktır.
-	Discard Layers and Save a Copy	Katmanları Atın ve Bir Kopyasını Kaydedin
+	Discard Layers and Save a Copy	Katmanları At ve Kopyasını Kaydet
 	Don't show again	Bir daha gösterme
 	Save failed: {error}	Kaydetme başarısız oldu: {error}
 	Save cancelled	Kaydetme iptal edildi
@@ -2318,47 +2341,47 @@
 	Sort	Sırala
 	Username	Kullanıcı adı
 	Display name	Görünen ad
-	Real name	Gerçek isim
+	Real name	Gerçek ad
 	Reverse the order	Sırayı tersine çevir
-	Grab bag	Çantayı al
+	Grab bag	Çeşitli
 	Table	Tablo
 	Name (A–Z)	Ad (A–Z)
 	Merged PRs	Birleştirilmiş PR'ler
-	Commits	Taahhütler
+	Commits	Commit'ler
 	Lines added	Satırlar eklendi
 	Lines deleted	Satırlar silindi
-	Line delta	Çizgi deltası
+	Line delta	Satır farkı
 	Binary assets added	İkili varlıklar eklendi
 	Binary assets removed	İkili varlıklar kaldırıldı
-	First commit	İlk taahhüt
+	First commit	İlk commit
 	First	İlk
-	Last commit	Son taahhüt
+	Last commit	Son commit
 	Last	Son
-	Contributors: {contributors} · Commits: {commits}	Katkıda Bulunanlar: {contributors} · Taahhütler: {commits}
+	Contributors: {contributors} · Commits: {commits}	Katkıda Bulunanlar: {contributors} · Commit'ler: {commits}
 	No contributor data was built into this copy.	Bu kopyaya hiçbir katkıda bulunan verisi eklenmedi.
 	No model credits were built into this copy.	Bu kopyaya hiçbir model kredisi eklenmemiştir.
 	Company	Şirket
 	Version	Sürüm
-	% of all commits	Tüm taahhütlerin yüzdesi
-	Lines +/−	Çizgiler +/−
-	@{login}: {prs} PRs, {commits} commits, +{added} / −{deleted} lines (Δ {delta}), +{binAdded} / −{binDeleted} binary assets, {first} – {last}	@{login}: {prs} PR'ler, {commits} taahhütler, +{added} / −{deleted} satırlar (Δ {delta}), +{binAdded} / −{binDeleted} ikili varlıklar, {first} – {last}
+	% of all commits	Tüm commit'lerin yüzdesi
+	Lines +/−	Satırlar +/−
+	@{login}: {prs} PRs, {commits} commits, +{added} / −{deleted} lines (Δ {delta}), +{binAdded} / −{binDeleted} binary assets, {first} – {last}	@{login}: {prs} PR, {commits} commit, +{added} / −{deleted} satır (Δ {delta}), +{binAdded} / −{binDeleted} ikili varlık, {first} – {last}
 	Create new swatch	Yeni renk örneği oluştur
-	New Swatch…	Yeni Swatch…
-	New Swatch Group…	Yeni Swatch Grubu…
+	New Swatch…	Yeni Renk Örneği…
+	New Swatch Group…	Yeni Renk Örneği Grubu…
 	Import Swatches…	Renk Örneklerini İçe Aktar…
-	Replace Swatches…	Renk Örneklerini Değiştirin…
+	Replace Swatches…	Renk Örneklerini Değiştir…
 	Export Swatches…	Renk Örneklerini Dışa Aktar…
 	Export Swatches for Exchange…	Değişim için Renk Örneklerini Dışa Aktar…
 	Reset Swatches	Renk Örneklerini Sıfırla
 	Add to Swatches	Renk Örneklerine Ekle
-	Blend If:	Eğer Karışım:
+	Blend If:	Koşullu Karıştırma:
 	Channels:	Kanallar:
-	Knockout	Nakavt
-	Apply At Canvas Bounds	Kanvas Sınırlarında Uygula
+	Knockout	Delme
+	Apply At Canvas Bounds	Tuval Sınırlarında Uygula
 	Color Picker (Text Color)	Renk Seçici (Metin Rengi)
 	Color Picker ({name})	Renk Seçici ({name})
 	Color Picker (Fill Color)	Renk Seçici (Dolgu Rengi)
-	Fill color	Rengi doldur
+	Fill color	Dolgu rengi
 	Color Picker (Stroke Color)	Renk Seçici (Kontur Rengi)
 	Stroke color	Kontur rengi
 	Pick screen color	Ekran rengini seç
@@ -2376,9 +2399,9 @@
 	Foreground Color	Ön Plan Rengi
 	Color…	Renk…
 	50% Gray	%50 Gri
-	{size} (was {old})	{size} ({old} idi)
+	{size} (was {old})	{size} (önceki: {old})
 	Cone	Koni
-	Cone (Inverted)	Koni (Ters Çevrilmiş)
+	Cone (Inverted)	Koni (Ters)
 	Domed	Kubbeli
 	Domed (Inverted)	Kubbeli (Ters)
 	Diagonal (Descending)	Çapraz (Azalan)
@@ -2391,13 +2414,13 @@
 	Cove - Deep	Koy - Derin
 	Cove - Shallow	Koy - Sığ
 	Half Round	Yarım Yuvarlak
-	Ring - Double	Yüzük - Çift Kişilik
+	Ring - Double	Halka - Çift
 	Rolling Slope - Descending	Yuvarlanan Eğim - Azalan
 	Rounded Steps	Yuvarlak Adımlar
-	Sawtooth 1	Testere dişi 1
+	Sawtooth 1	Testere Dişi 1
 	Red Eye Tool	Kırmızı Göz Aracı
 	Red Eye	Kırmızı Göz
-	Pupil Size	Öğrenci Boyutu
+	Pupil Size	Göz Bebeği Boyutu
 	Darken Amount	Koyulaştırma Miktarı
 	Click a red pupil to neutralize it	Nötrleştirmek için kırmızı bir gözbebeğine tıklayın
 	open source	açık kaynak
@@ -2411,17 +2434,17 @@
 	Black Matte	Siyah Mat
 	White Matte	Beyaz Mat
 layerLabel	No Color	Renk Yok
-	Seafoam	Deniz köpüğü
-	Indigo	Çivit mavisi
+	Seafoam	Deniz Köpüğü
+	Indigo	Çivit Mavisi
 	Fuchsia	Fuşya
 	Violet	Menekşe
 	Large document: redrawing on the CPU	Büyük belge: CPU'da yeniden çizim
 	This redraw took {seconds} s on the CPU.	Bu yeniden çizim CPU'da {seconds} saniye sürdü.
 	Edits that change the whole document, such as a layer's blend mode, opacity or visibility, redraw all of it.	Bir katmanın karışım modu, opaklığı veya görünürlüğü gibi belgenin tamamını değiştiren düzenlemeler, belgenin tamamını yeniden çizer.
-	The GPU compositor wasn't used: {reason}	GPU dizgicisi kullanılmadı: {reason}
+	The GPU compositor wasn't used: {reason}	GPU birleştiricisi kullanılmadı: {reason}
 cameraRaw	Light	Açık Tonlar
 fontWeight	Thin	İnce
-fontWeight	ExtraLight	Ekstra İnce
+fontWeight	ExtraLight	Ekstra Hafif
 fontWeight	Light	Hafif
 fontWeight	Regular	Normal
 fontWeight	Medium	Orta
@@ -2436,7 +2459,7 @@ fontWeight	Italic	İtalik
 	Rotate View	Görünümü Döndür
 	Rotate View Tool	Görünümü Döndürme Aracı
 	Reset View	Görünümü Sıfırla
-	Drag around the centre to rotate the view  ·  Shift constrains to 15°	Görünümü döndürmek için merkezin etrafında sürükleyin · Kaydırma 15° ile sınırlandırılır
+	Drag around the centre to rotate the view  ·  Shift constrains to 15°	Görünümü döndürmek için merkez etrafında sürükleyin · Shift 15° ile sınırlar
 @id	select.all	Tümünü Seç
 @id	edit.stroke	Kontur…
 @id	edit.transform.scale	Ölçekle
@@ -2444,12 +2467,12 @@ cameraRaw	Red	Kırmızı
 cameraRaw	Orange	Turuncu
 cameraRaw	Yellow	Sarı
 cameraRaw	Green	Yeşil
-cameraRaw	Aqua	Camgöbeği
+cameraRaw	Aqua	Turkuaz
 cameraRaw	Blue	Mavi
 cameraRaw	Purple	Mor
 cameraRaw	Magenta	Macenta
-cameraRaw	Blending	Karışım
-cameraRaw	Luminance	Parlaklık
+cameraRaw	Blending	Karıştırma
+cameraRaw	Luminance	Lüminans
 cameraRaw	Temperature	Sıcaklık
 cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Patch Tool	Yama Aracı
@@ -2464,12 +2487,12 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Color Picker	Renk Seçici
 	Color Swatches	Renk Örnekleri
 	Linear Dodge	Doğrusal Soldurma
-	Preview Image	Resmin Önizlemesi
+	Preview Image	Görüntü Önizlemesi
 	Automatic	Otomatik
 	Save As	Farklı Kaydet
-	Import…	İçe aktar…
+	Import…	İçe Aktar…
 	Remove All	Tümünü Kaldır
-	Unlock	Kilidi aç
+	Unlock	Kilidi Aç
 	Enable	Etkinleştir
 	Enable animations	Animasyonları etkinleştir
 	Disable	Devre dışı bırak
@@ -2478,14 +2501,14 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Clear Selection	Seçimi Temizle
 	Invert Selection	Seçimi Ters Çevir
 	Select Inverse	Tersini Seç
-	Contract	Sözleşme
+	Contract	Daralt
 	Sample Size	Örnek Boyutu
 	Strength	Güç
 	Gamma	Gama
 	Input	Giriş
 	Output	Çıkış
-	Input Levels	Giriş Seviyeleri
-	Output Levels	Çıkış Seviyeleri
+	Input Levels	Giriş Düzeyleri
+	Output Levels	Çıkış Düzeyleri
 	Layer Styles	Katman Stilleri
 	Blending Mode	Karıştırma Modu
 	Fill Color	Dolgu Rengi
@@ -2499,8 +2522,8 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	File Name	Dosya Adı
 	File Format	Dosya Formatı
 	Compression	Sıkıştırma
-	Artboards	Çalışma yüzeyleri
-	Snap to Grid	Izgaraya Yasla
+	Artboards	Çalışma Yüzeyleri
+	Snap to Grid	Izgaraya Yapış
 	Full Screen	Tam Ekran
 	Fullscreen	Tam ekran
 	Workspaces	Çalışma alanları
@@ -2512,9 +2535,9 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	New Layer	Yeni Katman
 	Duplicate Layer	Katmanı Çoğalt
 	Ungroup	Grubu çöz
-	Lock Transparent Pixels	Şeffaf Pikselleri Kilitle
+	Lock Transparent Pixels	Saydam Pikselleri Kilitle
 	Lock Image Pixels	Görüntü Piksellerini Kilitle
-	Lock Position	Kilit Konumu
+	Lock Position	Konumu Kilitle
 	Lock All	Tümünü Kilitle
 	Show Rulers	Cetvelleri Göster
 	Show Grid	Izgarayı Göster
@@ -2522,7 +2545,7 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Page Setup…	Sayfa Yapısı…
 	Reset Preferences	Tercihleri Sıfırla
 	Documentation	Dokümantasyon
-	Check for Updates	Güncellemeleri Kontrol Et
+	Check for Updates	Güncellemeleri Denetle
 	Loading…	Yükleniyor…
 	Processing…	İşleniyor…
 	Saving…	Kaydediliyor…
@@ -2531,14 +2554,14 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	No document open	Hiçbir belge açık değil
 	No selection	Seçim yok
 	No layers	Katman yok
-	No recent files	Yeni dosya yok
+	No recent files	Son dosya yok
 	Unsupported file format	Desteklenmeyen dosya biçimi
 	Failed to open file	Dosya açılamadı
 	Failed to save file	Dosya kaydedilemedi
 	Operation canceled	İşlem iptal edildi
 	Changes have not been saved.	Değişiklikler kaydedilmedi.
-	Are you sure?	Emin misin?
-	Discard Changes	Değişiklikleri İptal Et
+	Are you sure?	Emin misiniz?
+	Discard Changes	Değişiklikleri At
 	Recent Files	Son Dosyalar
 	Open File	Dosyayı Aç
 	Save File	Dosyayı Kaydet
@@ -2554,12 +2577,12 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Continue	Devam et
 	Skip	Atla
 	Stop	Durdur
-	Resume	Devam et
+	Resume	Sürdür
 	Reset All	Tümünü Sıfırla
 	Defaults	Varsayılanlar
 	Apply to All	Tümüne Uygula
 	Confirm	Onayla
-	Finish	Bitiş
+	Finish	Bitir
 	Back	Geri
 	Next	Sonraki
 	Previous	Önceki
@@ -2575,7 +2598,7 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Change…	Değiştir…
 	Transformation	Dönüşüm
 	Scaling	Ölçeklendirme
-	Canvas Size	Kanvas Boyutu
+	Canvas Size	Tuval Boyutu
 	Percentage	Yüzde
 	Degrees	Dereceler
 	Middle	Orta
@@ -2585,7 +2608,7 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Intensity	Yoğunluk
 	Sensitivity	Hassasiyet
 	Softness	Yumuşaklık
-	Feather Radius	Tüy Yarıçapı
+	Feather Radius	Geçiş Yumuşatma Yarıçapı
 	Color Profile	Renk Profili
 	Library	Kütüphane
 	Libraries	Kütüphaneler
@@ -2597,36 +2620,36 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Invert Mask	Maskeyi Ters Çevir
 	Enable Mask	Maskeyi Etkinleştir
 	Disable Mask	Maskeyi Devre Dışı Bırak
-	Apply Mask	Maske Uygula
-	Import Settings	Ayarları İçe Aktarma
-	Export Settings	Ayarları Dışa Aktarma
+	Apply Mask	Maskeyi Uygula
+	Import Settings	Ayarları İçe Aktar
+	Export Settings	Ayarları Dışa Aktar
 	Shortcut	Kısayol
 	Shortcuts	Kısayollar
 	Keyboard	Klavye
 	Mouse	Fare
-	Tablet	tablet
+	Tablet	Tablet
 	Display	Ekran
-	Panel	Paneli
+	Panel	Panel
 	Hide Grid	Izgarayı Gizle
 	Fit to Window	Pencereye Sığdır
 	Dark Theme	Koyu Tema
-	Light Theme	Işık Teması
+	Light Theme	Açık Tema
 	Live Preview	Canlı Önizleme
-	Before	önce
+	Before	Önce
 	After	Sonra
 	Compare	Karşılaştır
 	File Size	Dosya Boyutu
 	Filename	Dosya adı
 	Folder	Klasör
 	Open Folder	Klasörü Aç
-	Choose Folder	Klasör Seçin
-	Browse	Göz at
+	Choose Folder	Klasör Seç
+	Browse	Gözat
 	Find	Bul
 	Replace	Değiştir
 	Category	Kategori
 	Date	Tarih
 	Time	Zaman
-	Learn More	Daha Fazla Bilgi Edinin
+	Learn More	Daha Fazla Bilgi Al
 	Report a Bug	Hata Bildir
 	Updates	Güncellemeler
 	Update	Güncelleme
@@ -2636,8 +2659,8 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Quit PhotoCraft	PhotoCraft'tan Çık
 	Close Window	Pencereyi Kapat
 	New Window	Yeni Pencere
-	Open Image	Resmi Aç
-	Save Image	Resmi Kaydet
+	Open Image	Görüntüyü Aç
+	Save Image	Görüntüyü Kaydet
 	Export Image	Görüntüyü Dışa Aktar
 	Import Image	Görüntüyü İçe Aktar
 	Export As	Farklı Dışa Aktar
@@ -2646,16 +2669,16 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Import Options	İçe Aktarma Seçenekleri
 	No Selection	Seçim Yok
 	No Document	Belge Yok
-	No Image	Resim Yok
+	No Image	Görüntü Yok
 	No Layers	Katman Yok
 	No Results	Sonuç Yok
 	No Results Found	Sonuç Bulunamadı
 	Nothing to Undo	Geri Alınacak Bir Şey Yok
-	Nothing to Redo	Tekrarlanacak bir şey yok
+	Nothing to Redo	Yinelenecek Bir Şey Yok
 	Changes Saved	Değişiklikler Kaydedildi
 	Unsaved Changes	Kaydedilmemiş Değişiklikler
 	Save before closing?	Kapatmadan önce kaydet?
-	Are you sure you want to quit?	Vazgeçmek istediğinden emin misin?
+	Are you sure you want to quit?	Çıkmak istediğinizden emin misiniz?
 	The file could not be opened.	Dosya açılamadı.
 	The file could not be saved.	Dosya kaydedilemedi.
 	Unsupported format	Desteklenmeyen biçim
@@ -2668,20 +2691,20 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Camera Calibration	Kamera Kalibrasyonu
 	Snapshots	Anlık görüntüler
 	Recovery	Kurtarma
-	Fill Light	Işık Doldur
+	Fill Light	Dolgu Işığı
 	Convert to Grayscale	Gri Tonlamaya Dönüştür
 	Sharpness	Keskinlik
-	Color Noise Reduction	Renk Gürültü Azaltma
-	Luminance Smoothness	Parlaklık Pürüzsüzlüğü
-	Focal Length35mm	Odak Uzunluğu35mm
+	Color Noise Reduction	Renk Gürültüsü Azaltma
+	Luminance Smoothness	Lüminans Yumuşaklığı
+	Focal Length35mm	Odak Uzunluğu (35 mm)
 	Aspect Ratio	En Boy Oranı
 	Enter description…	Açıklamayı girin…
 	Industry Standard	Endüstri Standardı
 	Uncoated CMYK	Kaplamasız CMYK
-	Working Spaces	Çalışma Alanları
+	Working Spaces	Çalışma Renk Uzayları
 	Color Management Policies	Renk Yönetimi Politikaları
 	Detect Faces	Yüzleri Algıla
-	Localize Color Clusters	Renk Kümelerini Yerelleştirin
+	Localize Color Clusters	Renk Kümelerini Yerelleştir
 	Duplicated selection name	Yinelenen seçim adı
 	New channel only	Yalnızca yeni kanal
 	Masked Areas	Maskelenmiş Alanlar
@@ -2689,6 +2712,9 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Color indicates	Renk şunu gösterir:
 	Create Snapshot	Anlık Görüntü Oluştur
 	Delete Snapshot	Anlık Görüntüyü Sil
+	From:	Kaynak:
+	Full Document	Tam Belge
+	Merged Layers	Birleştirilmiş Katmanlar
 	New Snapshot	Yeni Anlık Görüntü
 	New Snapshot…	Yeni Anlık Görüntü…
 	History Options…	Geçmiş Seçenekleri…
@@ -2703,12 +2729,12 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	View menu	Menüyü görüntüle
 	Keep view in sync	Görünümü senkronize tutun
 	Mouse Controls	Fare Kontrolleri
-	Initial Direction of Stroke	Başlangıç Strok Yönü
-	Direction of Stroke	İnme Yönü
+	Initial Direction of Stroke	Başlangıç Vuruş Yönü
+	Direction of Stroke	Vuruş Yönü
 	Humidity	Nem
 	Auto Clean Brush	Otomatik Temizleme Fırçası
 	Brush Tip	Fırça Ucu
-	New Layer from Brush	Brush'tan Yeni Katman
+	New Layer from Brush	Fırçadan Yeni Katman
 	New Brush	Yeni Fırça
 	New Tool Preset	Yeni Araç Ön Ayarı
 	Auto-Leading	Otomatik Satır Aralığı
@@ -2716,39 +2742,39 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Scale Vertically	Dikey Ölçeklendir
 	Baseline Shift	Taban Çizgisi Kayması
 	Superscript	Üst simge
-	Subscript	Abonelik
-	Ligature	Ligatür
+	Subscript	Alt simge
+	Ligature	Bitişik Harf
 	Alternative	Alternatif
-	Extra Light	Ekstra Işık
+	Extra Light	Ekstra Hafif
 	Extra Bold	Ekstra Kalın
 	Sharpen Amount	Keskinleştirme Miktarı
-	Sharpen Radius	Yarıçapı Keskinleştir
-	Sharpen Detail	Detayı Keskinleştir
-	Sharpen Masking	Maskelemeyi Keskinleştir
-	Noise Luminance	Gürültü Parlaklığı
-	Noise Luminance Detail	Gürültü Parlaklığı Ayrıntısı
+	Sharpen Radius	Keskinleştirme Yarıçapı
+	Sharpen Detail	Keskinleştirme Ayrıntısı
+	Sharpen Masking	Keskinleştirme Maskelemesi
+	Noise Luminance	Gürültü Lüminansı
+	Noise Luminance Detail	Gürültü Lüminansı Ayrıntısı
 	Noise Color	Gürültü Rengi
 	Noise Color Detail	Gürültü Rengi Ayrıntısı
 	Grain Amount	Tane Miktarı
 	Grain Size	Tane Boyutu
-	Grain Roughness	Tahıl Pürüzlülüğü
+	Grain Roughness	Tane Pürüzlülüğü
 	Vignette Roundness	Vinyet Yuvarlaklığı
-	Vignette Feather	Vinyet Tüyü
-	Vignette Highlights	Vinyet Öne Çıkanlar
+	Vignette Feather	Vinyet Geçiş Yumuşatma
+	Vignette Highlights	Vinyet Parlak Tonlar
 	Vignette Style	Vinyet Stili
-	Planes	Uçaklar
+	Planes	Düzlemler
 	Corners	Köşeler
-	Plane	Uçak
+	Plane	Düzlem
 	Shadow Amount	Gölge Miktarı
 	Shadow Tone	Gölge Tonu
 	Shadow Radius	Gölge Yarıçapı
-	Highlight Amount	Vurgu Miktarı
-	Highlight Tone	Vurgu Tonu
-	Highlight Radius	Yarıçapı Vurgula
+	Highlight Amount	Parlak Ton Miktarı
+	Highlight Tone	Parlak Ton Tonu
+	Highlight Radius	Parlak Ton Yarıçapı
 	Midtone	Orta ton
 	Black Clip	Siyah Klip
 	White Clip	Beyaz Klip
-	Fuzziness	bulanıklık
+	Fuzziness	Bulanıklık
 	Source Layer	Kaynak Katmanı
 	Neutralize	Nötrleştir
 	Use Selection In Source	Kaynaktaki Seçimi Kullan
@@ -2776,18 +2802,18 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Leaves Size	Yaprak Boyutu
 	Branches Height	Dal Yüksekliği
 	Branches Thickness	Dal Kalınlığı
-	Default Leaves	Varsayılan İzinler
+	Default Leaves	Varsayılan Yapraklar
 	Leaves Color	Yaprak Rengi
-	Custom Branch Color	Özel Şube Rengi
+	Custom Branch Color	Özel Dal Rengi
 	Branches Color	Dal Rengi
 	Flat Shading	Düz Gölgeleme
 	Enable Timeline Quick Config	Zaman Çizelgesi Hızlı Yapılandırmasını Etkinleştir
 	Set Start Timecode…	Başlangıç Zaman Kodunu Ayarla…
 	Timecode	Zaman kodu
-	Current Time	Güncel Saat
+	Current Time	Geçerli Zaman
 	Duration	Süre
 	Repeat	Tekrarla
-	Play Once	Bir Kez Oyna
+	Play Once	Bir Kez Oynat
 	Info Options…	Bilgi Seçenekleri…
 	First Color Readout	İlk Renk Okuması
 	Second Color Readout	İkinci Renk Okuması
@@ -2803,13 +2829,15 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Ruler Units	Cetvel Birimleri
 	Restore last viewed comp	Son görüntülenen kompozisyonu geri yükle
 	Select All Layers	Tüm Katmanları Seç
-	Keep proportions	Oranları koruyun
+	Keep proportions	Oranları koru
 	Interpolation	Enterpolasyon
 	Caption	Başlık
 	Caption Credits	Altyazı Kredisi
 	Keywords	Anahtar Kelimeler
 	Copyright Info URL	Telif Hakkı Bilgisi URL'si
 	Copyright Status	Telif Hakkı Durumu
+	Copyright Notice	Telif hakkı bildirimi
+	Document Title	Belge başlığı
 	Copyrighted	Telif hakkıyla korunuyor
 	Public Domain	Kamu Alanı
 	Unknown	Bilinmiyor
@@ -2824,8 +2852,8 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	City	Şehir
 	Province / State	İl / Eyalet
 	Country	Ülke
-	Byline	Yazar yazısı
-	Byline Title	Yazar Başlığı
+	Byline	Yazar Satırı
+	Byline Title	Yazar Satırı Unvanı
 	Phone	Telefon
 	Email	E-posta
 	Last Modified	Son Değiştirilme
@@ -2833,13 +2861,13 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Camera Model	Kamera Modeli
 	Camera Make	Kamera Markası
 	EXIF Version	EXIF Sürümü
-	Exposure Program	Maruziyet Programı
+	Exposure Program	Pozlama Programı
 	Aperture	Diyafram
 	Shutter Speed	Enstantane Hızı
 	Metering Mode	Ölçüm Modu
 	Light Source	Işık Kaynağı
 	Flash	Flaş
-	Create Multiple Picture Packages	Çoklu Resim Paketleri Oluşturun
+	Create Multiple Picture Packages	Çoklu Resim Paketi Oluştur
 	Choose…	Seç…
 	Select Folder…	Klasör Seç…
 	Override Action "Save" Commands	Eylem "Kaydet" Komutlarını Geçersiz Kıl
@@ -2850,15 +2878,15 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Stop For Errors	Hatalar İçin Durdur
 	Log Errors To File	Hataları Dosyaya Günlüğe Kaydet
 	Settings:	Ayarlar:
-	Working Space	Çalışma Alanı
+	Working Space	Çalışma Renk Uzayı
 	Advanced Controls	Gelişmiş Kontroller
 	Desaturate Monitor Colors By	Monitör Renklerinin Doygunluğunu Azaltma
-	Blend RGB Colors Using Gamma 1.0	Gama 1.0 Kullanarak RGB Renklerini Karıştırın
+	Blend RGB Colors Using Gamma 1.0	Gama 1.0 Kullanarak RGB Renklerini Karıştır
 	Profile Mismatches: Ask When Opening	Profil Uyuşmazlıkları: Açarken Sor
 	Ask When Pasting	Yapıştırırken Sor
 	Missing Profiles: Ask When Opening	Eksik Profiller: Açarken Sor
-	Embed profiles	Profilleri yerleştir
-	Coerce to sRGB	sRGB'ye baskı yapın
+	Embed profiles	Profilleri göm
+	Coerce to sRGB	sRGB'ye zorla
 	Graphic and web	Grafik ve web
 	Minimalistic	Minimalist
 	Expand All Groups	Tüm Grupları Genişlet
@@ -2871,30 +2899,30 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Create new count group	Yeni sayım grubu oluştur
 	Drag to move the layer	Katmanı taşımak için sürükleyin
 	Go to Layer	Katmana Git
-	Current	Mevcut
+	Current	Geçerli
 	Reference point location	Referans noktası konumu
 	Toggle reference point	Referans noktasını değiştir
-	Heal Off	İyileşme
-	Heal On	İyileşme
-	Heal Auto	Otomatik İyileştirme
+	Heal Off	Düzeltme Kapalı
+	Heal On	Düzeltme Açık
+	Heal Auto	Otomatik Düzeltme
 	Brush Size	Fırça Boyutu
-	Heal Color	Rengi İyileştir
+	Heal Color	Rengi Düzelt
 	Result	Sonuç
 	Fast	Hızlı
-	Accurate	Doğru
-	Add to	Ekle
+	Accurate	Kesin
+	Add to	Şuna ekle:
 	Subtract from	Şundan çıkar:
-	Intersect with	İle kesiştir
-	Capture Comp	Comp'ı Yakala
+	Intersect with	Şununla kesiştir:
+	Capture Comp	Kompozisyonu Yakala
 	No Layer Comps	Katman Kompozisyonu Yok
 	Add to selection  (⇧)	Seçime ekle (⇧)
 	Click to zoom in  ·  ⌥-click to zoom out	Yakınlaştırmak için tıklayın · Uzaklaştırmak için ⌥-tıklayın
-	Commit Perspective Warp (↩)	Perspektif Çarpıtma İşlemi (↩)
-	Commit Puppet Warp (↩)	Kukla Çarpıtma İşlemi (↩)
-	Commit any current edits (⌘↩)	Mevcut düzenlemeleri taahhüt et (⌘↩)
+	Commit Perspective Warp (↩)	Perspektif Çarpıtmayı Uygula (↩)
+	Commit Puppet Warp (↩)	Kukla Çarpıtmayı Uygula (↩)
+	Commit any current edits (⌘↩)	Geçerli düzenlemeleri onayla (⌘↩)
 	Commit current crop operation  (↵)	Mevcut kırpma işlemini gerçekleştir (↵)
-	Commit transform (↩)	Dönüşümü kaydet (↩)
-	Commit warp (↩)	Çözgü gerçekleştir (↩)
+	Commit transform (↩)	Dönüşümü onayla (↩)
+	Commit warp (↩)	Çarpıtmayı onayla (↩)
 	Create a new layer  (⇧⌘N)	Yeni bir katman oluştur (⇧⌘N)
 	Custom pattern	Özel desen
 	General Brushes	Genel Fırçalar
@@ -2916,10 +2944,10 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Gray Value (Median)	Gri Değeri (Medyan)
 	Integrated Density	Entegre Yoğunluk
 	Length	Uzunluk
-	In Black	Siyah
-	In White	Beyaz
-	Out Black	Siyah
-	Out White	Beyaz Dışı
+	In Black	Giriş Siyahı
+	In White	Giriş Beyazı
+	Out Black	Çıkış Siyahı
+	Out White	Çıkış Beyazı
 	Tint Color	Ton Rengi
 	Stops	Duraklar
 	Center X	Merkez X
@@ -2927,11 +2955,11 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Distribution	Dağıtım
 	Monochromatic	Tek renkli
 	Cell Size	Hücre Boyutu
-	Generators	Jeneratörler
-	Wavelength Min	Dalga Boyu Min
+	Generators	Oluşturucular
+	Wavelength Min	Minimum Dalga Boyu
 	Wavelength Max	Maksimum Dalga Boyu
-	Amplitude Min	Genlik Min
-	Amplitude Max	Genlik Maksimum
+	Amplitude Min	Minimum Genlik
+	Amplitude Max	Maksimum Genlik
 	Undefined Areas	Tanımsız Alanlar
 	Preserve	Koru
 	Max Radius	Maksimum Yarıçap
@@ -2940,10 +2968,10 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Mask Incomplete Blocks	Tamamlanmamış Blokları Maskele
 	Stylization	Stilizasyon
 	Cleanliness	Temizlik
-	Bristle Detail	Kıl Detayı
+	Bristle Detail	Kıl Ayrıntısı
 	Lighting	Aydınlatma
 	Shine	Parıltı
-	Max Offset	Maksimum Ofset
+	Max Offset	Maksimum Kaydırma
 	Map Document	Harita Belgesi
 	Map Path	Harita Yolu
 	Map Layer	Harita Katmanı
@@ -2951,20 +2979,20 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Light Type	Işık Tipi
 	Light X	Işık X
 	Light Y	Işık Y
-	Light Z	Açık Z
+	Light Z	Işık Z
 	Target X	Hedef X
 	Target Y	Hedef Y
 	Hotspot	Sıcak nokta
 	Elevation	Yükseklik
 	Ambient	Ortam
-	Warmth	sıcaklık
-	Gloss	parlaklık
-	Metallic	metalik
-	Ambience	ortam
+	Warmth	Sıcaklık
+	Gloss	Parlama
+	Metallic	Metalik
+	Ambience	Ortam
 	White Is High	Beyaz Yüksek
-	Reduce Color Noise	Renk Gürültüsünü Azaltın
+	Reduce Color Noise	Renk Gürültüsünü Azalt
 	Sharpen Details	Ayrıntıları Keskinleştir
-	Remove Jpeg Artifact	Jpeg Yapısını Kaldır
+	Remove Jpeg Artifact	JPEG Bozulmasını Kaldır
 	Remove Tool	Aracı Kaldır
 	Blade Curvature	Bıçak Eğrisi
 	Depth Map	Derinlik Haritası
@@ -2972,42 +3000,42 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Focus	Odaklanma
 	Transition	Geçiş
 	Radius X	Yarıçap X
-	Radius Y	Y Yarıçapı
+	Radius Y	Yarıçap Y
 	Pins	Pimler
 	Blur Angle	Bulanıklık Açısı
 	Speed	Hız
 	Taper	Konik
-	Start X	X'i başlat
-	Start Y	Y'yi başlat
-	End X	X'in sonu
-	End Y	Y Sonu
-	Kernel	çekirdek
+	Start X	Başlangıç X
+	Start Y	Başlangıç Y
+	End X	Bitiş X
+	End Y	Bitiş Y
+	Kernel	Çekirdek
 	Input Mode	Giriş Modu
 	Row Order	Satır Sırası
 	Eliminate	Ortadan kaldır
 	Create By	Oluşturan
 	List	Liste
 	Pencil Width	Kalem Genişliği
-	Stroke Pressure	Strok Basıncı
+	Stroke Pressure	Vuruş Basıncı
 	Paper Brightness	Kağıt Parlaklığı
-	Number Of Levels	Seviye Sayısı
+	Number Of Levels	Düzey Sayısı
 	Edge Simplicity	Kenar Sadeliği
 	Edge Fidelity	Kenar Doğruluğu
-	Brush Detail	Fırça Detayı
-	Highlight Area	Alanı Vurgula
-	Glow Size	Parıltı Boyutu
-	Glow Brightness	Parıltı Parlaklığı
+	Brush Detail	Fırça Ayrıntısı
+	Highlight Area	Vurgu Alanı
+	Glow Size	Işıma Boyutu
+	Glow Brightness	Işıma Parlaklığı
 	Brush Type	Fırça Tipi
-	Stroke Size	Kontur Boyutu
-	Stroke Detail	Kontur Detayı
-	Highlight Strength	Gücü Vurgula
+	Stroke Size	Vuruş Boyutu
+	Stroke Detail	Vuruş Ayrıntısı
+	Highlight Strength	Vurgu Gücü
 	Smoothness	Pürüzsüzlük
 	Edge Thickness	Kenar Kalınlığı
 	Edge Intensity	Kenar Yoğunluğu
 	Posterization	Posterleştirme
-	Stroke Length	Strok Uzunluğu
-	Relief	Rahatlama
-	Definition	Tanım
+	Stroke Length	Vuruş Uzunluğu
+	Relief	Rölyef
+	Definition	Belirginlik
 	Texture Coverage	Doku Kapsamı
 	Shadow Intensity	Gölge Yoğunluğu
 	Edge Width	Kenar Genişliği
@@ -3015,18 +3043,18 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Direction Balance	Yön Dengesi
 	Black Intensity	Siyah Yoğunluğu
 	White Intensity	Beyaz Yoğunluğu
-	Dark Intensity	Karanlık Yoğunluk
+	Dark Intensity	Koyu Yoğunluğu
 	Custom Pixel Aspect Ratio	Özel Piksel En Boy Oranı
 	32-bit Preview Options	32 bit Önizleme Seçenekleri
 	New Guide	Yeni Kılavuz
-	Join the ArtCraft Discord	ArtCraft Discord'una katılın
+	Join the ArtCraft Discord	ArtCraft Discord'una Katıl
 	Report an Issue	Sorun Bildir
 	Load Files into Stack	Dosyaları Yığına Yükle
 	Statistics	İstatistikler
 	Duplicate Layers	Katmanları Çoğalt
 	Edit Toolbar	Araç Çubuğunu Düzenle
 	Import Brushes	Fırçaları İçe Aktar
-	Load 3D LUT	3D LUT'u yükleyin
+	Load 3D LUT	3D LUT'u Yükle
 	New document	Yeni belge
 	Press keys	Tuşlara basın
 	Rename Group	Grubu Yeniden Adlandır
@@ -3049,7 +3077,7 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Bleach Bypass	Ağartma Baypası
 	Blocks	Bloklar
 	Brick	Tuğla
-	Brush Strokes	Fırça Darbeleri
+	Brush Strokes	Fırça Vuruşları
 	Burlap	Çuval bezi
 	Candle Light	Mum Işığı
 	Circle	daire
@@ -3057,23 +3085,23 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Coarse Dots	Kaba Noktalar
 	Colored Pencil	Renkli Kalem
 	Contrasty	Kontrastlı
-	Cool	Harika
+	Cool	Soğuk
 	Craquelure	Küçük çatlak
 	Cross	Çapraz
-	Cross Process	Çapraz Süreç
+	Cross Process	Çapraz İşleme
 	Crosshatch	Çapraz tarama
 	Cutout	Kesim
 	Daisies	Papatyalar
-	Dark Rough	Karanlık Sert
+	Dark Rough	Koyu Kaba
 	Dark Strokes	Karanlık Vuruşlar
 	Darken Only	Yalnızca Koyulaştır
 	Day For Night	Gündüz Gece
-	Deep Blue	Derin Mavi
-	Deep Emerald	Derin Zümrüt
+	Deep Blue	Koyu Mavi
+	Deep Emerald	Koyu Zümrüt
 	Deep Red	Koyu Kırmızı
 	Deep Yellow	Koyu Sarı
 	Dot	Nokta
-	Double Line	Çift Hat
+	Double Line	Çift Çizgi
 	Draft	Taslak
 	Dry Brush	Kuru Fırça
 	Duplication	Çoğaltma
@@ -3082,15 +3110,15 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Enlarged	Büyütülmüş
 	Even Fields	Çift Alanlar
 	Faded Film	Solmuş Film
-	Film Grain	Film Tahıl
-	Fine	iyi
+	Film Grain	Film Tanesi
+	Fine	İnce
 	Fine Dots	İnce Noktalar
 	Flat	Düz
 	Fresco	Fresk
 	From Left	Soldan
 	From Right	Sağdan
 	Frosted	Buzlu
-	Generic	jenerik
+	Generic	Genel
 	Glass	Cam
 	Glowing Edges	Parlayan Kenarlar
 	Grainy Dots	Grenli Noktalar
@@ -3102,7 +3130,7 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Ink Outlines	Mürekkep Ana Hatları
 	Ivy	sarmaşık
 	Left Diagonal	Sol Çapraz
-	Level Based	Seviyeye Dayalı
+	Level Based	Düzeye Dayalı
 	Light Rough	Hafif Kaba
 	Lighten Only	Yalnızca Açıklaştır
 	Long Lines	Uzun Çizgiler
@@ -3126,14 +3154,14 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Palette Knife	Palet Bıçağı
 	Parallel	paralel
 	Patchwork	yama işi
-	Pentagon	Pentagon
+	Pentagon	Beşgen
 	Point	Nokta
 	Pointed	Sivri
 	Pond Ripples	Gölet Dalgaları
 	Pyramids	Piramitler
 	Random	Rastgele
-	Right Diagonal	Sağ Diyagonal
-	Ring	Yüzük
+	Right Diagonal	Sağ Çapraz
+	Ring	Halka
 	Rope	Halat
 	Roses	Güller
 	Sandstone	Kumtaşı
@@ -3144,7 +3172,7 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Simple	Basit
 	Light Intensity	Işık Yoğunluğu
 	Spray Radius	Püskürtme Yarıçapı
-	Stroke Direction	Strok Yönü
+	Stroke Direction	Vuruş Yönü
 	Graininess	Taneciklilik
 	Glow Amount	Işıma Miktarı
 	Clear Amount	Temizleme Miktarı
@@ -3155,48 +3183,48 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Chalk Area	Tebeşir Alanı
 	Charcoal Thickness	Kömür Kalınlığı
 	Light Dark Balance	Açık Karanlık Dengesi
-	Foreground Level	Ön Plan Seviyesi
+	Foreground Level	Ön Plan Düzeyi
 	Background Level	Arka Plan Düzeyi
 	Pattern Type	Desen Türü
 	Image Balance	Görüntü Dengesi
 	Darkness	Karanlık
-	Fiber Length	Elyaf Uzunluğu
+	Fiber Length	Lif Uzunluğu
 	Crack Spacing	Çatlak Aralığı
 	Crack Depth	Çatlak Derinliği
 	Crack Brightness	Çatlak Parlaklığı
-	Grain Type	Tahıl Türü
+	Grain Type	Tane Türü
 	Tile Size	Döşeme Boyutu
 	Grout Width	Derz Genişliği
-	Lighten Grout	Harcı hafifletmek
+	Lighten Grout	Derzi Açıklaştır
 	Square Size	Kare Boyutu
-	Border Thickness	Kenar Kalınlığı
-	Correct Distortion	Bozulmanın Düzeltilmesi
-	Correct Vignette	Doğru Vinyet
-	Correct C A	Doğru CA
+	Border Thickness	Kenarlık Kalınlığı
+	Correct Distortion	Bozulmayı Düzelt
+	Correct Vignette	Vinyeti Düzelt
+	Correct C A	Kromatik Sapmayı Düzelt
 	Auto Scale	Otomatik Ölçeklendirme
 	Red Cyan	Kırmızı Camgöbeği
 	Blue Yellow	Mavi Sarı
 	Vignette Amount	Vinyet Miktarı
 	Vignette Midpoint	Vinyet Orta Noktası
 	Constraints	Kısıtlamalar
-	Curve Highlights	Eğrinin Öne Çıkan Noktaları
-	Curve Lights	Eğri Işıkları
-	Curve Darks	Eğri Koyuları
+	Curve Highlights	Eğri Parlak Tonlar
+	Curve Lights	Eğri Açık Tonlar
+	Curve Darks	Eğri Koyu Tonlar
 	Curve Shadows	Eğri Gölgeleri
 	Curve Splits	Eğri Bölmeleri
 	Point Curve	Nokta Eğrisi
 	Point Curve Red	Nokta Eğrisi Kırmızı
 	Point Curve Green	Nokta Eğrisi Yeşil
 	Point Curve Blue	Nokta Eğrisi Mavi
-	Hsl Hue	Hsl Ton
-	Hsl Sat	HSL Cumartesi
-	Hsl Lum	Hsl Lum
-	Grade Shadows	Sınıf Gölgeleri
-	Grade Midtones	Derece Orta Tonları
-	Grade Highlights	Notun Öne Çıkan Noktaları
-	Grade Global	Küresel Sınıf
-	Grade Blending	Sınıf Harmanlama
-	Grade Balance	Not Dengesi
+	Hsl Hue	HSL Ton
+	Hsl Sat	HSL Doygunluk
+	Hsl Lum	HSL Lüminans
+	Grade Shadows	Derecelendirme Gölgeleri
+	Grade Midtones	Derecelendirme Orta Tonları
+	Grade Highlights	Derecelendirme Parlak Tonları
+	Grade Global	Genel Derecelendirme
+	Grade Blending	Derecelendirme Karıştırma
+	Grade Balance	Derecelendirme Dengesi
 	Sine	sinüs
 	Sketch	Eskiz
 	Snowflakes	Kar taneleri
@@ -3211,15 +3239,15 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Star	Yıldız
 	Stars	Yıldızlar
 	Stippled	noktalanmış
-	Stretch	Streç
-	Teal Orange	turkuaz turuncu
+	Stretch	Esnet
+	Teal Orange	Turkuaz Turuncu
 	Tiny Lens	Minik Mercek
 	To Center	Merkeze
 	Triangle	Üçgen
 	Unaltered	değiştirilmemiş
 	Underpainting	Alt boyama
 	Underwater	Sualtı
-	Uniform	Üniforma
+	Uniform	Tekdüze
 	Upper	Üst
 	Vertical Only	Yalnızca Dikey
 	Vine With Flowers	Çiçekli Asma
@@ -3249,26 +3277,26 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Picture Package…	Resim Paketi…
 	Web Photo Gallery…	Web Fotoğraf Galerisi…
 	Gray:	Gri:
-	Spot:	Nokta:
+	Spot:	Spot:
 	Technology Previews…	Teknoloji Önizlemeleri…
-	3D…	3 boyutlu…
+	3D…	3B…
 	AI Integrations	Yapay Zeka Entegrasyonları
 	Add Noise	Gürültü Ekle
-	Add Pins	Pin Ekle
+	Add Pins	Pim Ekle
 	Add a mask  (from the selection; ⌥ inverts)	Bir maske ekleyin (seçimden; ⌥ tersine çevirir)
 	Adds grain to the soft edges of the brush tip.	Fırça ucunun yumuşak kenarlarına gren ekler.
-	Adobe PDF Presets…	Adobe PDF Hazır Ayarları…
-	Advanced Blending	Gelişmiş Harmanlama
-	After (X)	(X)'ten sonra
+	Adobe PDF Presets…	Adobe PDF Ön Ayarları…
+	Advanced Blending	Gelişmiş Karıştırma
+	After (X)	Sonra (X)
 	Airbrush: keeps painting while the pointer rests.	Airbrush: İşaretçi dururken boyamaya devam eder.
-	Alternates for Current Selection	Mevcut Seçimin Alternatifleri
+	Alternates for Current Selection	Geçerli Seçimin Alternatifleri
 	Apply Data Set	Veri Kümesini Uygula
-	Apply Image	Resmi Uygula
+	Apply Image	Görüntüyü Uygula
 	Arbitrary	keyfi
 	Artboard from Group	Gruptan çalışma yüzeyi
 	Artboard from Layers	Katmanlardan Çalışma Yüzeyi
 	Artboards to Files	Çalışma Yüzeylerinden Dosyalara
-	Artboards to PDF	Çalışma yüzeylerini PDF'ye dönüştürme
+	Artboards to PDF	Çalışma Yüzeylerinden PDF'ye
 	Ask Before Saving Saved Embedded	Kaydedilen Gömülü Kaydetmeden Önce Sor
 	Assign Profile	Profil Ata
 	At	Şu tarihte:
@@ -3277,57 +3305,58 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Auto-Blend Layers	Katmanları Otomatik Karıştır
 	Auto-Hide	Otomatik Gizle
 	Auto-leading %	Otomatik satır aralığı %
-	Avoid Widows/Orphans	Dul/Yetimlerden Kaçının
+	Avoid Widows/Orphans	Dul/Yetim Satırlardan Kaçın
 	Background from Layer	Katmandan Arka Plan
 	Batch	Toplu
 	Blend	Karışım
-	Border	Sınır
+	Border	Kenarlık
 	Box Blur	Kutu Bulanıklığı
 	Calculations	Hesaplamalar
 	Camera Raw	Camera Raw
 	Camera Raw Filter	Camera Raw Filtresi
-	Canvas rotation	Kanvas döndürme
-	Channel1	Kanal1
-	Channel2	Kanal2
-	Channel3	Kanal3
-	Channel4	Kanal4
+	Canvas rotation	Tuval döndürme
+	Channel1	Kanal 1
+	Channel2	Kanal 2
+	Channel3	Kanal 3
+	Channel4	Kanal 4
 	Clipping Path	Kırpma Yolu
 	Clone	Klon
-	Color Decontaminate	Renkli Dekontaminasyon
-	Color Halftone	Renk Noktalı Resim
+	Color Decontaminate	Renkleri Arındır
+	Color Halftone	Renk Yarım Tonu
 	Color Lookup Tables	Renk Arama Tabloları
 	Color Settings	Renk Ayarları
 	Color Table	Renk Tablosu
 	Compose	Oluştur
-	Condensed	Yoğunlaştırılmış
+	Condensed	Dar
 	Conditional Mode Change	Koşullu Mod Değişikliği
 	Background (Default)	Arka plan (varsayılan)
-	Content-Aware Fill	İçeriğe Uygun Dolgu
-	Convert Frames > Video Layers	Çerçeveleri Dönüştür > Video Katmanları
+	Content-Aware Fill	İçeriğe Duyarlı Dolgu
+	Convert Frames > Video Layers	Kareleri Dönüştür > Video Katmanları
 	Convert to Linked	Bağlantılıya Dönüştür
 	Convert to Profile	Profile Dönüştür
-	Create Date	Tarih Oluştur
+	Create Date	Oluşturma Tarihi
 	Create Plane	Düzlem Oluştur
 	Create new layer	Yeni katman oluştur
 	Create new set	Yeni grup oluştur
 	Crystallize	Kristalleş
 	Data	Veri
 	Data Sets as Files	Dosya Olarak Veri Kümeleri
-	DateTime Original	TarihSaat Orijinal
+	DateTime Original	Orijinal Tarih/Saat
 	De-Interlace	Taramasızlaştırma
 	Defaults restored.	Varsayılanlar geri yüklendi.
 	Define Brush Preset	Fırça Ön Ayarını Tanımla
 	Define Custom Shape	Özel Şekli Tanımla
 	Define Pattern	Deseni Tanımla
-	Defringe	Bordürleri kaldır
-	Delete Pins	Pinleri Sil
-	Diffuse	Yaygın
-	Diffuse Glow	Yaygın Parıltı
+	Defringe	Kenar Halesini Kaldır
+	Delete Pins	Pimleri Sil
+	Diffuse	Yay
+	Diffuse Glow	Dağınık Işıma
 	Digits	Rakamlar
-	Displace	Yer değiştir
-	Do you want to save you made to “{name}” before quitting?	Çıkmadan önce yaptığınız işi “{name}” konumuna kaydetmek istiyor musunuz?
+	Displace	Yer Değiştir
+	Do you want to save you made to “{name}” before quitting?	Çıkmadan önce “{name}” belgesinde yaptığınız değişiklikleri kaydetmek istiyor musunuz?
 	Dodge/Burn	Soldurma/Yakma
-	Duplicate Path	Yinelenen Yol
+	Duplicate Path	Yolu Çoğalt
+	Rename Path…	Yolu Yeniden Adlandır…
 	Dust & Scratches	Toz ve Çizikler
 	Dynamics	Dinamik
 	Edit Plane	Düzlemi Düzenle
@@ -3342,28 +3371,28 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Filter Gallery	Filtre Galerisi
 	Find and Replace Text	Metni Bul ve Değiştir
 	First Line Indent	İlk Satır Girintisi
-	Fit Image	Resmi Sığdır
+	Fit Image	Görüntüyü Sığdır
 	Flame	Alev
-	Flatten Frames Into Clips	Çerçeveleri Klipsler halinde Düzleştirin
-	Flatten Frames Into Layers	Çerçeveleri Katmanlara Düzleştirin
+	Flatten Frames Into Clips	Kareleri Kliplere Düzleştir
+	Flatten Frames Into Layers	Kareleri Katmanlara Düzleştir
 	Focus Area	Odak Alanı
 	Follows only edges this close to the pointer ([ and ] change it)	Yalnızca işaretçiye bu kadar yakın olan kenarları takip eder ([ ve ] bunu değiştirir)
 	Frame Duration	Kare Süresi
-	Frame Sync	Çerçeve Senkronizasyonu
-	Gaussian	Gaussian
+	Frame Sync	Kare Senkronizasyonu
+	Gaussian	Gauss
 	Gaussian Blur	Gauss Bulanıklığı
 	General Blend	Genel Karışım
-	Global Light	Küresel Işık
+	Global Light	Genel Işık
 	Glyph	Glif
 	Glyph Scaling	Glif Ölçekleme
-	Group from Layers	Katmanlardan Gruplandır
+	Group from Layers	Katmanlardan Grup
 	Group · {n} layer	Grup · {n} katman
 	HDR Toning	HDR Tonlama
-	HSB Color	HSB Rengi
-	HSL/Grayscale	HSL/Gri tonlamalı
+	HSB Color	HSB Renk
+	HSL/Grayscale	HSL/Gri Tonlamalı
 	Hanging Punctuation	Asılı Noktalama İşaretleri
-	Heal	İyileşmek
-	Healing	Şifa
+	Heal	Düzelt
+	Healing	Düzeltme
 	Hide the layer's effects  (⌥-click: all layers)	Katmanın efektlerini gizleyin (⌥ tuşuna basarak tıklayın: tüm katmanlar)
 	High Pass	Yüksek Geçiş
 	Higher values follow only edges that contrast sharply with their surroundings	Daha yüksek değerler yalnızca çevreleriyle keskin bir kontrast oluşturan kenarları takip eder
@@ -3378,14 +3407,14 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Intersect with selection  (⇧⌥)	Seçimle kesiştir (⇧⌥)
 	Iris Blur	İris Bulanıklığı
 	Jag	Jag
-	Justify	Gerekçelendir
-	Keeps the current texture when switching presets.	Ön ayarları değiştirirken mevcut dokuyu korur.
+	Justify	İki Yana Yasla
+	Keeps the current texture when switching presets.	Ön ayarları değiştirirken geçerli dokuyu korur.
 	Label	Etiket
-	Layer Comps to Files	Dosyalara Katman Kompozisyonları
+	Layer Comps to Files	Katman Kompozisyonlarından Dosyalara
 	Layer Content Options	Katman İçeriği Seçenekleri
 	Layer From Background	Arka Plandan Katman
 	Layer from Background	Arka Plandan Katman
-	Layers to Files	Dosyalara Katmanlar
+	Layers to Files	Katmanlardan Dosyalara
 	Legacy	Eski
 	Lens	Objektif
 	Lens Blur	Mercek Bulanıklığı
@@ -3399,16 +3428,16 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Liquify	Sıvılaştır
 	Lock Layers	Katmanları Kilitle
 	Loop	Döngü
-	Lum	Lum
+	Lum	Lüminans
 	Match Color	Rengi Eşleştir
 	Measure	Ölçü
 	Merge to HDR Pro	HDR Pro'ya Birleştir
 	Mezzotint	Mezotint
-	Modify Date	Tarihi Değiştir
+	Modify Date	Değiştirilme Tarihi
 	Mosaic	Mozaik
 	Motion Blur	Hareket Bulanıklığı
 	Native file drag-and-drop is not supported on Wayland yet. Use File › Open, or run PhotoCraft under XWayland with `WAYLAND_DISPLAY= photocraft`.	Yerel dosya sürükle ve bırak özelliği henüz Wayland'de desteklenmiyor. Dosya › Aç'ı kullanın veya PhotoCraft'ı XWayland altında `WAYLAND_DISPLAY= photocraft` ile çalıştırın.
-	Neon Glow	Neon Parıltı
+	Neon Glow	Neon Işıma
 	New Guide Layout	Yeni Kılavuz Düzeni
 	New Path	Yeni Yol
 	New Video Group	Yeni Video Grubu
@@ -3423,56 +3452,56 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Package	Paket
 	Paint Daubs	Boya Lekeleri
 	Path Blur	Yol Bulanıklığı
-	Path to Illustrator…	İllüstratöre Giden Yol…
+	Path to Illustrator…	Yoldan Illustrator'a…
 	Path:	Yol:
-	Paths to Illustrator	Illustrator'a Giden Yollar
+	Paths to Illustrator	Yollardan Illustrator'a
 	Photomerge	Fotoğraf Birleştir
 	Picture Frame	Resim Çerçevesi
-	Pinch	Tutam
-	Place Embedded	Gömülü Yer
-	Place Linked	Bağlantılı Yer
-	Place Scale Marker	Ölçek İşaretçisini Yerleştirin
+	Pinch	Sıkıştır
+	Place Embedded	Gömülü Olarak Yerleştir
+	Place Linked	Bağlantılı Olarak Yerleştir
+	Place Scale Marker	Ölçek İşaretçisini Yerleştir
 	Plastic Wrap	Plastik Sarma
 	Pointillize	Noktalaştır
 	Polar Coordinates	Kutupsal Koordinatlar
-	Polar To Rectangular	Polar'dan Dikdörtgen'e
+	Polar To Rectangular	Kutupsaldan Dikdörtgene
 	Poster Edges	Poster Kenarları
 	Preset Manager	Ön Ayar Yöneticisi
 	Profile	Profil
 	Quick Sync	Hızlı Senkronizasyon
-	Radial Blur	Radyal Bulanıklık
+	Radial Blur	Radyal Bulanıklığı
 	Raw Data	Ham Veri
 	Raw Defaults	Ham Varsayılanlar
-	Rectangular To Polar	Dikdörtgenden Polar'a
-	Reduce Noise	Gürültüyü Azaltın
-	Relink to File	Dosyaya Yeniden Bağlan
+	Rectangular To Polar	Dikdörtgenden Kutupsala
+	Reduce Noise	Gürültüyü Azalt
+	Relink to File	Dosyaya Yeniden Bağla
 	Render Video	Videoyu Oluştur
 	Replace Color	Rengi Değiştir
 	Replace Contents	İçeriği Değiştir
 	Replace Footage	Görüntüyü Değiştir
-	Resolve Missing Fonts	Eksik Yazı Tiplerini Çözün
+	Resolve Missing Fonts	Eksik Yazı Tiplerini Çöz
 	Ripple	Dalgalanma
-	Roman Hanging Punctuation	Roma Asılı Noktalama İşaretleri
+	Roman Hanging Punctuation	Roman Asılı Noktalama İşaretleri
 	Rotate Auto	Otomatik Döndür
 	Rotate Fixed	Sabit Döndür
 	Rough Pastels	Kaba Pastel
-	Sat	Cumartesi
+	Sat	Doygunluk
 	Save a Copy	Bir Kopyasını Kaydet
 	Save for Web (Legacy)	Web için Kaydet (Eski)
 	Saved Multichannel	Çok Kanallı Kaydedildi
-	Scale Effects	Ölçek Efektleri
+	Scale Effects	Efektleri Ölçekle
 	Script Events Manager	Komut Dosyası Olay Yöneticisi
 	Search menus	Arama menüleri
-	Seed	tohum
+	Seed	Tohum
 	Select Plane	Düzlem Seç
 	Select and Mask	Seç ve Maskele
 	Semi Bold	Yarı Kalın
 	Set Measurement Scale	Ölçüm Ölçeğini Ayarla
-	Shadows/Highlights	Gölgeler/Vurgular
+	Shadows/Highlights	Gölgeler/Parlak Tonlar
 	Shape Blur	Şekil Bulanıklığı
 	Shear	Kesme
 	Show the layer's effects  (⌥-click: all layers)	Katmanın efektlerini göster (⌥ tuşuna basarak tıklayın: tüm katmanlar)
-	Single Word Justification	Tek Kelime Gerekçesi
+	Single Word Justification	Tek Sözcüğü İki Yana Yaslama
 	Smart Blur	Akıllı Bulanıklaştırma
 	Smart Sharpen	Akıllı Keskinleştirme
 	Smudge Stick	Leke Çubuğu
@@ -3482,7 +3511,7 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Spin Blur	Döndürme Bulanıklığı
 	Split Toning	Bölünmüş Tonlama
 	Split at Playhead	Oynatma Kafasında Böl
-	Spot	nokta
+	Spot	Spot
 	Spot Channel	Spot Kanal
 	Sprayed Strokes	Püskürtülmüş Vuruşlar
 	Strokes	Vuruşlar
@@ -3503,42 +3532,42 @@ cameraRaw	Color	Renk
 	Tree	Ağaç
 	Trim	Kırpma
 	Turbulent	Çalkantılı
-	Twirl	Burgu
+	Twirl	Girdap
 	Ultra Bold	Ultra Kalın
 	Ultra Light	Ultra Hafif
 	Unsharp Mask	Keskinliği Azaltma Maskesi
-	Use File › Open to open an image.	Bir resmi açmak için Dosya › Aç'ı kullanın.
+	Use File › Open to open an image.	Bir görüntüyü açmak için Dosya › Aç'ı kullanın.
 	Vanishing Point	Ufuk Noktası
-	Variable Data Sets	Değişken Veri Setleri
+	Variable Data Sets	Değişken Veri Kümeleri
 	Video Frames to Layers	Video Karelerinden Katmanlara
 	WIA Support	WIA Desteği
-	Warp Text	Metni Çözgü
-	Watercolour look: lighter interior, darker rims.	Suluboya görünümü: daha açık iç kısım, daha koyu jantlar.
+	Warp Text	Metni Çarpıt
+	Watercolour look: lighter interior, darker rims.	Suluboya görünümü: daha açık iç kısım, daha koyu kenarlar.
 	Wind	Rüzgâr
 	Word Spacing	Kelime Aralığı
-	Working Gray Plate	Gri Çalışma Plakası
-	ZigZag	ZigZag
+	Working Gray Plate	Çalışma Gri Plakası
+	ZigZag	Zikzak
 	↑↓ navigate   ↵ run   esc close	↑↓ gezin ↵ çalıştır esc kapat
 cameraRaw	Amount	Miktar
 cameraRaw	Blacks	Siyahlar
-cameraRaw	Color Detail	Renk Detayı
+cameraRaw	Color Detail	Renk Ayrıntısı
 cameraRaw	Color Grading	Renk Derecelendirme
-cameraRaw	Darks	Koyular
+cameraRaw	Darks	Koyu Tonlar
 cameraRaw	Global	Genel
 cameraRaw	Hue	Ton
-cameraRaw	Lights	Açıklar
-cameraRaw	Luminance Detail	Parlaklık Detayı
+cameraRaw	Lights	Açık Tonlar
+cameraRaw	Luminance Detail	Lüminans Ayrıntısı
 cameraRaw	Masking	Maskeleme
 cameraRaw	Roughness	Pürüzlülük
 cameraRaw	Tint	Renk Tonu
-cameraRaw	Vibrance	Titreşim
+cameraRaw	Vibrance	Canlılık
 cameraRaw	Whites	Beyazlar
 	Wand	Değnek
 	Note tool	Not aracı
 	Magnetic Lasso	Manyetik Kement
-	Art History Brush	Sanat Tarihi Fırçası
-	Spot Healing	Nokta Şifası
-	Content-Aware Move	İçeriğe Uygun Taşıma
+	Art History Brush	Sanat Geçmişi Fırçası
+	Spot Healing	Nokta Düzeltme
+	Content-Aware Move	İçeriğe Duyarlı Taşıma
 	Vertical Type Tool	Dikey Metin Aracı
 	Click the first point or press {key} to close · {del} removes a point · Esc cancels	İlk noktayı tıklayın veya kapatmak için {key} tuşuna basın · {del} bir noktayı kaldırır · Esc iptal eder
 	Click, then move along an edge · click to fasten a point · {alt}-click for a straight segment · double-click to close	Tıklayın, ardından bir kenar boyunca hareket edin · bir noktayı sabitlemek için tıklayın · düz bir parça için {alt}-tıklayın · kapatmak için çift tıklayın
@@ -3547,7 +3576,7 @@ cameraRaw	Whites	Beyazlar
 	Quit {app}	{app}'dan çık
 	Services	Hizmetler
 	Hide Others	Diğerlerini Gizle
-	3D	3D
+	3D	3B
 	Pen	Kalem
 	Hand	El
 	Sampler	Örnekleyici
@@ -3555,18 +3584,18 @@ cameraRaw	Whites	Beyazlar
 	Perspective Crop	Perspektif Kırpma
 	RGB	RGB
 	ISO	ISO
-	ColorSync	Renk Senkronizasyonu
-	ProPhoto	ProFotoğraf
+	ColorSync	ColorSync
+	ProPhoto	ProPhoto
 	sRGB	sRGB
 	ACES	ACES
 	{zoom}%	%{zoom}
-	Mac LCD	Mac LCD'si
+	Mac LCD	Mac LCD
 	Mac Sharp	Mac Keskin
-	Mac Crisp	Mac Çıtır
+	Mac Crisp	Mac Net
 	Mac Strong	Mac Güçlü
-	Mac Smooth	Mac Pürüzsüz
-	Adobe Single-line Composer	Adobe Tek Satır Oluşturucu
-	Adobe Every-line Composer	Adobe Her Satır Oluşturucusu
+	Mac Smooth	Mac Yumuşak
+	Adobe Single-line Composer	Adobe Tek Satırlı Dizgi Motoru
+	Adobe Every-line Composer	Adobe Tüm Satırlı Dizgi Motoru
 	X	X
 	Y	Y
 	30 fps	30 fps
@@ -3574,7 +3603,7 @@ cameraRaw	Whites	Beyazlar
 	24 fps	24 fps
 	15 fps	15 fps
 	10 fps	10 fps
-	URLs	URLs
+	URLs	URL'ler
 	EXIF	EXIF
 	GPS	GPS
 	Mac OS	Mac OS
@@ -3590,7 +3619,7 @@ cameraRaw	Whites	Beyazlar
 	NTSC (1953)	NTSC (1953)
 	PAL/SECAM	PAL/SECAM
 	SMPTE C	SMPTE-C
-	HDTV (Rec. 709)	HDTV (Kayıt 709)
+	HDTV (Rec. 709)	HDTV (Rec. 709)
 	CIE RGB	CIE RGB
 	Photo (2 × 3 in)	Fotoğraf (2 × 3 inç)
 	Photo (4 × 6 in)	Fotoğraf (4 × 6 inç)
@@ -3598,11 +3627,11 @@ cameraRaw	Whites	Beyazlar
 	Photo (8 × 10 in)	Fotoğraf (8 × 10 inç)
 	Lut	Lut
 	Cooling L B B	Soğutma L B B
-	Cooling80	Soğutma80
-	Cooling82	Soğutma82
+	Cooling80	Soğutma 80
+	Cooling82	Soğutma 82
 	Hsb	HSB
 	Hsl	HSL
-	Movie Prime	Film Başbakanı
+	Movie Prime	Film Prime
 	Prime105	Prime105
 	Prime35	Prime35
 	Rgb	RGB
@@ -3616,12 +3645,12 @@ cameraRaw	Whites	Beyazlar
 	Out of gamut for printing: click for the nearest printable colour	Yazdırma için gamın dışında: yazdırılabilir en yakın renk için tıklayın
 	Not a web colour: click for the nearest web colour	Web rengi değil: en yakın web rengi için tıklayın
 	Adjustment Properties	Ayarlama Özellikleri
-	Brush Stroke	Fırça Darbesi
+	Brush Stroke	Fırça Vuruşu
 	Default Foreground and Background Colors	Varsayılan Ön Plan ve Arka Plan Renkleri
 	Move Layer	Katmanı Taşı
 	Rectangular Selection	Dikdörtgen Seçimi
 	Reorder Layer	Katmanı Yeniden Sırala
-	Select Layer	Katman Seç
+	Select Layer	Katmanı Seç
 	Set Colors	Renkleri Ayarla
 	Switch Foreground and Background Colors	Ön Plan ve Arka Plan Renklerini Değiştir
 	Target	Hedef
@@ -3639,20 +3668,20 @@ cameraRaw	Whites	Beyazlar
 	Sample Size:	Örnek Boyutu:
 	Show Sampling Ring	Örnekleme Halkasını Göster
 	Dual Axis	Çift Eksen
-	Diagonal	diyagonal
+	Diagonal	Çapraz
 	Transform Symmetry	Simetriyi Dönüştür
 	Rasterize svg groups deeper than	Svg gruplarını şundan daha derin bir şekilde rasterleştirin:
 	0 turns this threshold off; SVG groups nested deeper than 100 levels are always rasterized.	0 bu eşiği kapatır; 100 düzeyden daha derine yerleştirilmiş SVG grupları her zaman rasterleştirilir.
 	Rule of Thirds	Üçte Bir Kuralı
 	Golden Ratio	Altın Oran
 	Golden Spiral	Altın Spiral
-	Auto Show Overlay	Otomatik Göster Yer Paylaşımı
+	Auto Show Overlay	Kaplamayı Otomatik Göster
 	Always Show Overlay	Kaplamayı Her Zaman Göster
 	Never Show Overlay	Kaplamayı Hiçbir Zaman Gösterme
-	Cycle Overlay	Döngü Yerleşimi
-	Cycle Orientation	Döngü Yönü
-	Set the overlay options for the Crop tool	Kırpma aracının kaplama seçeneklerini ayarlama
-	Alt-click went to the desktop, which moves windows with Alt-drag. Set its window-move key to Super, or latch Alt in Window › Modifier Keys.	Alt tuşuna basıp masaüstüne giderek pencereleri Alt tuşuyla sürükleyerek hareket ettirin. Pencere taşıma tuşunu Süper olarak ayarlayın veya Pencere › Değiştirici Tuşlar'da Alt'ı mandallayın.
+	Cycle Overlay	Kaplamalar Arasında Geç
+	Cycle Orientation	Yönler Arasında Geç
+	Set the overlay options for the Crop tool	Kırpma aracının kaplama seçeneklerini ayarla
+	Alt-click went to the desktop, which moves windows with Alt-drag. Set its window-move key to Super, or latch Alt in Window › Modifier Keys.	Alt-tıklama masaüstüne gitti; masaüstü pencereleri Alt-sürükleyerek taşıyor. Pencere taşıma tuşunu Super olarak ayarlayın veya Pencere › Değiştirici Tuşlar'da Alt'ı sabitleyin.
 	Color Picker (Layer Style Color)	Renk Seçici (Katman Stili Rengi)
 	Auto Hide Notifications	Bildirimleri Otomatik Gizle
 	Notification Duration (seconds)	Bildirim Süresi (saniye)
@@ -3662,18 +3691,18 @@ cameraRaw	Whites	Beyazlar
 	Presentation	Sunum
 	Next Appearance Mode	Sonraki Görünüm Modu
 	Sync with system	Sistemle senkronizasyon
-	Active	Aktif
+	Active	Etkin
 	Color Picker (Solid Color)	Renk Seçici (Düz Renk)
-	Straighten the image by drawing a line on it	Üzerine bir çizgi çizerek görüntüyü düzeltin
+	Straighten the image by drawing a line on it	Üzerine bir çizgi çizerek görüntüyü doğrultun
 	Set additional Crop options	Ek Kırpma seçeneklerini ayarlayın
 	Show Cropped Area	Kırpılmış Alanı Göster
 	Enable Crop Shield	Kırpma Kalkanını Etkinleştir
-	Match Canvas	Maç Kanvası
+	Match Canvas	Tuvalle Eşleştir
 	Auto Adjust Opacity	Opaklığı Otomatik Ayarla
 	Crop Shield color	Kırpma Kalkanı rengi
 	Color Picker (Crop Shield Color)	Renk Seçici (Kırpma Kalkanı Rengi)
 	From Center	Merkezden
-	Link radii	Bağlantı yarıçapları
+	Link radii	Yarıçapları bağla
 	Star Ratio:	Yıldız Oranı:
 	Create Rectangle	Dikdörtgen Oluştur
 	Create Ellipse	Elips Oluştur
@@ -3683,37 +3712,37 @@ cameraRaw	Whites	Beyazlar
 	Click to add a point, right-click to remove	Nokta eklemek için tıklayın, kaldırmak için sağ tıklayın
 	Some brush presets could not be loaded	Bazı fırça ön ayarları yüklenemedi
 	Retry saving presets	Ön ayarları kaydetmeyi yeniden deneyin
-	Brush preset changes are not saved: {error}	Fırça hazır ayarı değişiklikleri kaydedilmiyor: {error}
+	Brush preset changes are not saved: {error}	Fırça ön ayarı değişiklikleri kaydedilmedi: {error}
 	Keep this tab open to retain your brushes.	Fırçalarınızı korumak için bu sekmeyi açık tutun.
 	Browser storage is unavailable; brushes are session-only. Keep this tab open to retain them.	Tarayıcı depolama alanı kullanılamıyor; fırçalar yalnızca oturum içindir. Bunları korumak için bu sekmeyi açık tutun.
 	Saving brush presets… Keep this tab open until saving finishes.	Fırça ön ayarları kaydediliyor… Kaydetme bitene kadar bu sekmeyi açık tutun.
 	Reflect	Yansıt
-	Glow	Parıltı
+	Glow	Işıma
 	Negation	Olumsuzluk
 	XOR	XOR
-	Color Burn (Paint.NET)	Renk Yanması (Paint.NET)
+	Color Burn (Paint.NET)	Renk Yakma (Paint.NET)
 	Color Dodge (Paint.NET)	Renk Soldurma (Paint.NET)
-	Pro Medium	Profesyonel Orta
-	Studio Light	Stüdyo Işığı
+	Pro Medium	Pro Orta
+	Studio Light	Stüdyo Açık
 	Stroke Options	Kontur Seçenekleri
-	Solid	Katı
+	Solid	Sürekli
 	Dashed	Kesikli
 	Dotted	Noktalı
-	Caps	Kapaklar
-	Butt / Flat	Popo / Düz
+	Caps	Uçlar
+	Butt / Flat	Düz Uç / Düz
 	Miter	Gönye
 	Round	Yuvarlak
 	Bevel	Eğim
 	Miter limit	Gönye sınırı
 	Dashed line	Kesikli çizgi
-	Dash	Çizgi
+	Dash	Tire
 	Gap	Boşluk
-	Dash / gap lengths × stroke width	Çizgi / boşluk uzunlukları × kontur genişliği
+	Dash / gap lengths × stroke width	Tire / boşluk uzunlukları × kontur genişliği
 	Add pair	Çift ekle
 	Remove pair	Çifti kaldır
-	Dash offset	Çizgi ofseti
+	Dash offset	Tire kaydırması
 	Open paths use centered strokes	Açık yollar ortalanmış konturlar kullanır
-	Use finite lengths and a positive pattern total	Sonlu uzunluklar ve pozitif bir model toplamı kullanın
+	Use finite lengths and a positive pattern total	Sonlu uzunluklar ve pozitif bir desen toplamı kullanın
 	No subject found — try Object Selection or the Lasso	Konu bulunamadı — Nesne Seçimi'ni veya Kement'i deneyin
 	Quick Selection found nothing there	Hızlı Seçim orada hiçbir şey bulamadı
 	Object Selection found nothing there — try a tighter rectangle	Nesne Seçimi burada hiçbir şey bulamadı; daha dar bir dikdörtgen deneyin
@@ -3727,15 +3756,15 @@ cameraData	Date Taken	Çekim Tarihi
 cameraData	Exposure	Pozlama
 cameraData	F-Stop	Diyafram
 cameraData	ISO Speed	ISO Hızı
-cameraData	Focal Length	Odak Uzaklığı
-cameraData	Focal Length (35 mm)	Odak Uzaklığı (35 mm)
+cameraData	Focal Length	Odak Uzunluğu
+cameraData	Focal Length (35 mm)	Odak Uzunluğu (35 mm)
 cameraData	Lens	Lens
 	Activate Panel	Paneli Etkinleştir
 	Change Panel Group	Panel Grubunu Değiştir
 	Change Panel Layout	Panel Düzenini Değiştir
 	Close Panel	Paneli Kapat
-	Dock Panel	Bağlantı İstasyonu Paneli
-	Float Panel	Şamandıra Paneli
+	Dock Panel	Paneli Sabitle
+	Float Panel	Paneli Yüzdür
 	Move Panel	Paneli Taşı
 	Group with	Şununla grupla:
 	Panel menu	Panel menüsü
@@ -3746,16 +3775,16 @@ cameraData	Lens	Lens
 	Next Document	Sonraki Belge
 	Previous Document	Önceki Belge
 	W x H x Resolution	G x Y x Çözünürlük
-	Front Image	Ön Resim
+	Front Image	Ön Görüntü
 	Perspective Crop Tool	Perspektif Kırpma Aracı
-	Drag a box or click four corners · drag the corners onto the edges of a skewed shape · {commit} commits · Esc cancels	Bir kutuyu sürükleyin veya dört köşeyi tıklayın · köşeleri çarpık bir şeklin kenarlarına sürükleyin · {commit} taahhütleri · Esc iptalleri
+	Drag a box or click four corners · drag the corners onto the edges of a skewed shape · {commit} commits · Esc cancels	Bir kutuyu sürükleyin veya dört köşeye tıklayın · köşeleri çarpık bir şeklin kenarlarına sürükleyin · {commit} onaylar · Esc iptal eder
 	Artboard Tool	Çalışma Yüzeyi Aracı
-	Make Portrait	Portre Yap
-	Make Landscape	Manzara Yap
+	Make Portrait	Dikey Yap
+	Make Landscape	Yatay Yap
 	Add New Artboard	Yeni Çalışma Yüzeyi Ekle
 	Freeform Pen Tool	Serbest Kalem Aracı
 	Curvature Pen Tool	Eğrilik Kalemi Aracı
-	Curve Fit:	Eğri Fitili:
+	Curve Fit:	Eğri Uyumu:
 	Drag: draw freehand · Release on the start point: close	Sürükleyin: serbest çizim yapın · Başlangıç noktasında bırakın: kapat
 	Click: smooth point · Double-click: corner · Drag a point: move · Click first point: close · {key} finish	Tıklama: düzgün nokta · Çift tıklama: köşe · Bir noktayı sürükleyin: taşıma · İlk noktayı tıklayın: kapat · {key} bitiş
 	New Crop Preset…	Yeni Kırpma Ön Ayarı…
@@ -3770,17 +3799,17 @@ cameraData	Lens	Lens
 	Loading fonts…	Yazı tipleri yükleniyor…
 	Onion Skin	Soğan Kabuğu
 	Marching Ants	Yürüyen Karıncalar
-	On Black	Siyah
-	On White	Beyaz
+	On Black	Siyah Üzerinde
+	On White	Beyaz Üzerinde
 	On Layers	Katmanlarda
 	Show Edge	Kenarı Göster
 	Show Original	Orijinali Göster
-	F cycles the views; hold X to see the image	F görünümleri döndürür; resmi görmek için X'i basılı tutun
-	Refine Edge Brush (R)	Kenar Fırçasını İncelt (R)
+	F cycles the views; hold X to see the image	F görünümleri döndürür; görüntüyü görmek için X'i basılı tutun
+	Refine Edge Brush (R)	Kenarı Hassaslaştırma Fırçası (R)
 	Expand Detection Area	Algılama Alanını Genişlet
 	Restore Original Edge	Orijinal Kenarı Geri Yükle
-	Paint over hair or fur on the image; Alt paints the other mode	Görüntünün üzerine saç veya kürkün üzerini boyayın; Alt diğer modu boyar
-	Clear Brush Strokes	Fırça Darbelerini Temizle
+	Paint over hair or fur on the image; Alt paints the other mode	Görüntüde saç veya kürk üzerine boyayın; Alt diğer modu boyar
+	Clear Brush Strokes	Fırça Vuruşlarını Temizle
 	Show rulers	Cetvelleri göster
 	Frame Tool	Çerçeve Aracı
 	Create a new rectangular frame	Yeni bir dikdörtgen çerçeve oluşturun
@@ -3796,7 +3825,7 @@ cameraData	Lens	Lens
 	Transparency Threshold	Saydamlık Eşiği
 	Opacity Threshold	Opaklık Eşiği
 	(No neutral color exists for {mode} mode.)	({mode} modu için nötr renk bulunmuyor.)
-	Drag: draw freehand · {alt}-click: straight segment · Release on the start point: close	Sürükle: serbest çiz · {alt}-tıkla: düz segment · Başlangıç noktasında bırak: kapat
+	Drag: draw freehand · {alt}-click: straight segment · Release on the start point: close	Sürükle: serbest çiz · {alt}-tıkla: düz parça · Başlangıç noktasında bırak: kapat
 	Fill with {mode}-neutral color (50% gray)	{mode} nötr rengiyle doldur (%50 gri)
 	Fill with {mode}-neutral color (black)	{mode} nötr rengiyle doldur (siyah)
 	Fill with {mode}-neutral color (white)	{mode} nötr rengiyle doldur (beyaz)
@@ -3808,13 +3837,15 @@ cameraData	Lens	Lens
 	Draw to modify the curve	Eğriyi değiştirmek için çiz
 	Edit points to modify the curve	Eğriyi değiştirmek için noktaları düzenle
 	Fix the red plane first: its corners must form a convex quad	Önce kırmızı düzlemi düzeltin: köşeleri dışbükey bir dörtgen oluşturmalı
+	Alt-click a plane to set the clone source	Klon kaynağını ayarlamak için bir düzleme Alt+tıklayın
+	Too many clone strokes: apply Vanishing Point first	Çok fazla klon darbesi: önce Kaybolma Noktası'nı uygulayın
 	Grid Size:	Izgara Boyutu:
 	Light Blue	Açık Mavi
 	Light Gray	Açık Gri
 	Light Red	Açık Kırmızı
 	Medium Blue	Orta Mavi
 	Merge Group	Grubu Birleştir
-	Protect skin tones	Ten tonlarını koru
+	Protect skin tones	Cilt tonlarını koru
 	Protect:	Koru:
 	Remove after each stroke	Her vuruştan sonra kaldır
 	Saving {percent}	Kaydediliyor {percent}
@@ -3839,6 +3870,12 @@ cameraData	Lens	Lens
 @plural	{n} step|{n} steps	{n} adım
 @plural	{warning} (+{n} more brush preset warning)|{warning} (+{n} more brush preset warnings)	{warning} (+{n} fırça ön ayarı uyarısı daha)
 @plural	{what} with {n} warning|{what} with {n} warnings	{what}, {n} uyarı ile
+	Load Contours…	Konturları yükle…
+	Replace Contours…	Konturları değiştir…
+	Save Contours…	Konturları kaydet…
+	Delete Contour	Konturu sil
+	Loaded contours from {file}	Konturlar {file} dosyasından yüklendi
+	Saved contours to {file}	Konturlar {file} dosyasına kaydedildi
 # Edit › Content-Aware Fill workspace
 	Excluded Area	Hariç Tutulan Alan
 	Fill Settings	Dolgu Ayarları
@@ -3864,6 +3901,9 @@ cameraData	Lens	Lens
 # Actions panel: Load/Save Actions (.atn) and kept Photoshop steps
 	Load Actions…	Eylemleri Yükle…
 	Save Actions…	Eylemleri Kaydet…
+	New Action…	Yeni Eylem…
+	Start Recording	Kaydı Başlat
+	Stop Recording	Kaydı Durdur
 	{name} (Photoshop)	{name} (Photoshop)
 	{message} ({note})	{message} ({note})
 @plural	Loaded {n} action from {file}|Loaded {n} actions from {file}	{file} dosyasından {n} eylem yüklendi
@@ -3884,10 +3924,11 @@ cameraData	Lens	Lens
 @plural	{n} action|{n} actions	{n} eylem
 	Object Finder	Nesne Bulucu
 	No object found there — drag a rectangle around it	Orada nesne bulunamadı — çevresine bir dikdörtgen sürükleyin
+	The active layer has no pixels here — turn on Sample All Layers or select a layer with pixels	Etkin katmanda burada piksel yok — Tüm Katmanları Örnekle seçeneğini açın veya piksel içeren bir katman seçin
 	Drag to pan · Scroll to zoom · Double-click to fit	Kaydırmak için sürükleyin · Yakınlaştırmak için kaydırın · Sığdırmak için çift tıklayın
-	Gradient Preset Options	Gradyan Ön Ayarı Seçenekleri
+	Gradient Preset Options	Degrade Ön Ayarı Seçenekleri
 	Import .GRD	.GRD İçe Aktar
-	Choose a gradient file (.grd).	Bir gradyan dosyası (.grd) seçin.
+	Choose a gradient file (.grd).	Bir degrade dosyası (.grd) seçin.
 	Save Settings…	Ayarları Kaydet…
 	Load Settings…	Ayarları Yükle…
 	Save these settings as a Camera Raw .xmp file	Bu ayarları Camera Raw .xmp dosyası olarak kaydet
@@ -3904,12 +3945,46 @@ cameraData	Lens	Lens
 	set in Print Settings…	Yazdırma Ayarlarında belirlenir…
 	ICO is limited to 256 × 256 pixels	ICO 256 × 256 piksel ile sınırlıdır
 
+# Layer Mask Display Options (the layer mask rubylith's colour and opacity)
+	Mask Options…	Maske Seçenekleri…
+	Layer Mask Display Options…	Katman Maskesi Görüntüleme Seçenekleri…
+
 # Channel Options and New Spot Channel (#3761)
 	Channel Color	Kanal Rengi
 	Color Indicates:	Rengin Gösterdiği:
 	Ink Characteristics	Mürekkep Özellikleri
 	Solidity:	Doluluk:
+	Calibration	Kalibrasyon
+	Red Primary	Kırmızı ana renk
+	Green Primary	Yeşil ana renk
+	Blue Primary	Mavi ana renk
+	Write xmp sidecars	XMP yan dosyalarını yaz
+	Set the tone sliders from the image	Ton kaydırıcılarını görüntüden ayarla
+	Settings from {name}	{name} ayarları
+	Settings from {name}; {count} not supported: {names}	{name} ayarları; {count} desteklenmiyor: {names}
+	Could not write {name}: {error}	{name} yazılamadı: {error}
+	Kept {name}: written by another application	{name} korundu: başka bir uygulama tarafından yazılmış
+	Shadow Tint	Gölge tonu
 	Redrawing	Yeniden çiziliyor
+# Bevel & Emboss shading controls.
+	Highlight Mode	Vurgu Modu
+	Highlight Color	Vurgu Rengi
+	Highlight Opacity	Vurgu Opaklığı
+	Shadow Mode	Gölge Modu
+	Shadow Color	Gölge Rengi
+	Shadow Opacity	Gölge Opaklığı
+	Check for Updates…	Güncellemeleri Denetle…
+	PhotoCraft Updates	PhotoCraft Güncellemeleri
+	Checking for updates…	Güncellemeler denetleniyor…
+	Open the release page to choose an installer for your system.	Sisteminize uygun yükleyiciyi seçmek için sürüm sayfasını açın.
+	Open Download Page	İndirme Sayfasını Aç
+	PhotoCraft is up to date.	PhotoCraft güncel.
+	Could not check for updates.	Güncellemeler denetlenemedi.
+	Updates have not been checked yet.	Güncellemeler henüz denetlenmedi.
+	Check Again	Yeniden Denetle
+	Automatically Check for Updates	Güncellemeleri Otomatik Denetle
+	Installed version: {version}	Yüklü sürüm: {version}
+	PhotoCraft {version} is available.	PhotoCraft {version} kullanılabilir.
 # Embedded Profile Mismatch: profile names beside the choices, Remember this choice
 	Use the embedded profile ({profile})	Gömülü profili kullanın ({profile})
 	Convert to the working space ({profile})	Çalışma alanına dönüştürün ({profile})
@@ -3926,6 +4001,7 @@ cameraData	Lens	Lens
 	Chisel Hard	Sert Keski
 	Chisel Soft	Yumuşak Keski
 	Open color-less EXR as ACEScg	Renk bilgisi olmayan EXR'yi ACEScg olarak aç
+	Do not append "copy" to filename when saving a copy	Kopya kaydederken dosya adına "copy" ekleme
 
 # View › Guides › right-click a guide
 	Edit Selected Guides	Seçili Kılavuzları Düzenle
@@ -4006,15 +4082,33 @@ cameraData	Lens	Lens
 	GPU Memory Full	GPU Belleği Dolu
 	The layers need {needed} of GPU memory and may hold {budget}, so edits that redraw the whole document do it on the CPU. Click to set GPU Memory.	Katmanların {needed} GPU belleğine ihtiyacı var ve en fazla {budget} kullanabilirler; bu yüzden tüm belgeyi yeniden çizen düzenlemeler bunu CPU'da yapar. GPU Belleği'ni ayarlamak için tıklayın.
 	GPU memory budget: {budget}	GPU bellek bütçesi: {budget}
+	Graphics memory: {size}	Grafik belleği: {size}
 	This document's layers: {needed} of {budget} for layers	Bu belgenin katmanları: katmanlar için {budget} içinden {needed}
 	This document's layers need {needed} but may hold {budget}: whole-document redraws use the CPU	Bu belgenin katmanlarının {needed} belleğe ihtiyacı var ama en fazla {budget} kullanabilirler: tüm belgenin yeniden çizimi CPU'yu kullanır
 	GPU Memory (MB, 0 = Automatic)	GPU Belleği (MB, 0 = Otomatik)
+	{path}: the path is not valid Unicode; save under another name.	{path}: yol geçerli bir Unicode değil; başka bir adla kaydedin.
 	{name} was changed by another app after it was opened or saved here.	{name}, burada açıldıktan veya kaydedildikten sonra başka bir uygulama tarafından değiştirildi.
 	Replace it with this document, or cancel and use File › Save As to keep both.	Bu belgeyle değiştirin ya da iptal edip ikisini de korumak için Dosya › Farklı Kaydet'i kullanın.
 	Decrease Brush Size	Fırça boyutunu küçült
 	Increase Brush Size	Fırça boyutunu büyüt
 	Decrease Brush Hardness	Fırça sertliğini azalt
 	Increase Brush Hardness	Fırça sertliğini artır
+	Demosaic	Demozaikleme
+	How the camera's colour filter mosaic is filled in. It is applied when the file opens; the preview shows the method it was opened with.	Kameranın renk filtresi mozaiğinin nasıl doldurulduğu. Dosya açılırken uygulanır; önizleme dosyanın açıldığı yöntemi gösterir.
+	AHD (adaptive homogeneity)	AHD (uyarlamalı homojenlik)
+	Malvar–He–Cutler	Malvar–He–Cutler
+	Hirakawa–Parks: the cleanest edges and the least colour fringing, the slowest.	Hirakawa–Parks: en temiz kenarlar ve en az renk saçağı, en yavaş.
+	Gradient-corrected interpolation: sharp and fast, with some colour fringing on fine detail.	Gradyan düzeltmeli ara değerleme: keskin ve hızlı, ince ayrıntılarda biraz renk saçağı.
+	The fastest and the softest, with colour fringing on fine detail.	En hızlı ve en yumuşak, ince ayrıntılarda renk saçağı.
+	“{name}” already exists. Replace it?	'{name}' zaten var. Değiştirilsin mi?
+	The name in the save dialog was “{name}”.	Kaydetme penceresindeki ad '{name}' idi.
+	Move Up	Yukarı taşı
+	Move Down	Aşağı taşı
+	Previous Brush	Önceki fırça
+	Next Brush	Sonraki fırça
+	First Brush	İlk fırça
+	Last Brush	Son fırça
+	Preview size	Önizleme Boyutu
 	Memory Usage	Bellek kullanımı
 	Per-document RAM limit (MB)	Belge başına RAM sınırı (MB)
 	Installed RAM: {ram} MB; this limit: {percent}%	Kurulu RAM: {ram} MB; bu sınır: {percent}%
@@ -4045,3 +4139,54 @@ smartSvg	Save to the opened SVG file. Each saved change becomes one undo step in
 smartSvg	Stop syncing this Smart Object	Bu Akıllı Nesnenin eşitlemesini durdur
 smartSvg	Updates wait while another document or an editing dialog is active.	Başka bir belge veya düzenleme iletişim kutusu etkin olduğunda güncellemeler bekler.
 smartSvg	AI/PDF/EPS contents will be edited as SVG. Saving replaces the embedded source; format-specific features may change.	AI/PDF/EPS içeriği SVG olarak düzenlenecek. Kaydetmek gömülü kaynağı değiştirir; biçime özgü özellikler değişebilir.
+
+# Styles panel: Import / Export Styles (.asl)
+@plural	Imported {n} style from {file}|Imported {n} styles from {file}	{file} dosyasından {n} stil içe aktarıldı
+@plural	Exported {n} style to {file}|Exported {n} styles to {file}	{n} stil {file} dosyasına dışa aktarıldı
+	Import Styles…	Stilleri İçe Aktar…
+	Export Selected Styles…	Seçili Stilleri Dışa Aktar…
+	Export Styles…	Stilleri Dışa Aktar…
+	{file} is not a style library (.asl)	{file} bir stil kitaplığı değil (.asl)
+# Actions: a step dialog holds a suspended recording (#7365)
+	Confirm or cancel the open action step dialog first	Önce açık eylem adımı iletişim kutusunu onaylayın veya iptal edin
+	Pro Medium Gray	Pro Orta Gri
+	Solarized	Solarized
+	Breeze	Breeze
+	Pro Light Gray	Pro Açık Gri
+	Pro Light	Pro Açık
+	Resize Windows to Fit	Pencereleri sığacak şekilde boyutlandır
+	EXR	EXR
+# Paragraph direction (TYPE-218-2)
+	Automatic paragraph direction	Otomatik paragraf yönü
+	Left-to-right paragraph direction	Soldan sağa paragraf yönü
+	Right-to-left paragraph direction	Sağdan sola paragraf yönü
+	Not rendered: this adjustment ({key}) is kept as imported.	Görüntülenmiyor: bu ayarlama ({key}) içe aktarıldığı gibi korunuyor.
+# Print preview image (#8236)
+	Print preview image	Baskı Önizleme Görüntüsü
+# Color panel menu: modes, copy commands and colour ramps (#6000)
+	Hue Cube	Renk Tonu Küpü
+	Brightness Cube	Parlaklık Küpü
+	Color Wheel	Renk Çarkı
+	RGB Sliders	RGB Kaydırıcıları
+	HSB Sliders	HSB Kaydırıcıları
+	CMYK Sliders	CMYK Kaydırıcıları
+	Lab Sliders	Lab Kaydırıcıları
+	Web Color Sliders	Web Rengi Kaydırıcıları
+	Copy Color as HTML	Rengi HTML Olarak Kopyala
+	Copy Color's Hex Code	Rengin Onaltılık Kodunu Kopyala
+	RGB Spectrum	RGB Spektrumu
+	CMYK Spectrum	CMYK Spektrumu
+	Grayscale Ramp	Gri Tonlama Şeridi
+	Current Colors	Geçerli Renkler
+	Make Ramp Web Safe	Şeridi Web Renkleriyle Sınırla
+# Art History Brush (#213).
+	Art History Brush Tool	Sanat Tarihi Fırçası Aracı
+	Tight Short	Sıkı Kısa
+	Tight Medium	Sıkı Orta
+	Tight Long	Sıkı Uzun
+	Loose Medium	Gevşek Orta
+	Loose Long	Gevşek Uzun
+	Dab	Benek
+	Tight Curl	Sıkı Kıvrım
+	Loose Curl	Gevşek Kıvrım
+	Stylized dabs from a history state	Bir geçmiş durumundan stilize benekler
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/uk.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/uk.tsv
index e8be02496c..17b03ad421 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/uk.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/uk.tsv
@@ -8,6 +8,10 @@
 # No proprietary translation resources were used.
 # Licensed MIT OR Apache-2.0. See LICENSE-translations.txt and ATTRIBUTION.md.
 
+# Layer Mask Display Options (the layer mask rubylith's colour and opacity)
+	Mask Options…	Параметри маски…
+	Layer Mask Display Options…	Параметри відображення маски шару…
+
 # Channel Options and New Spot Channel (#3761)
 	Channel Color	Колір каналу
 	Color Indicates:	Кольором позначено:
@@ -310,6 +314,7 @@
 	Current & Below	Поточний і нижчі
 	Current Layer	Поточний шар
 	Refine Strokes	Штрихи уточнення
+	Edits	Правки
 
 # Filter
 	Last Filter	Останній фільтр
@@ -421,6 +426,10 @@
 	Zoom Out	Зменшити
 	Fit on Screen	Умістити на екрані
 	100%	100%
+	105%	105%
+	110%	110%
+	115%	115%
+	120%	120%
 	200%	200%
 	75%	75%
 	80%	80%
@@ -760,6 +769,7 @@
 	Set shape fill type	Установити тип заливки фігури
 	Set shape stroke type	Установити тип обведення фігури
 	Set the text color	Установити колір тексту
+	Create warped text	Створити деформований текст
 	Only Web Colors	Лише вебкольори
 	Overlay Color	Колір накладання
 	Overlay Opacity	Непрозорість накладання
@@ -1042,6 +1052,8 @@
 	No brush presets	Немає наборів пензлів
 	Override Pressure	Перевизначити натиск
 	Override Tilt	Перевизначити нахил
+	Override Tilt X	Перевизначити нахил X
+	Override Tilt Y	Перевизначити нахил Y
 	Override Rotation	Перевизначити обертання
 	Apply the pen's tilt and rotation to the tip shape	Застосувати нахил і обертання пера до форми кінчика
 
@@ -1171,6 +1183,7 @@
 	Clipping Path	Відсічний контур
 	New Path	Новий контур
 	Duplicate Path	Дублювати контур
+	Rename Path…	Перейменувати контур…
 	Delete Path	Видалити контур
 	Current Path	Поточний контур
 	Vector Mask from Current Path	Векторна маска з поточного контуру
@@ -1320,6 +1333,8 @@
 	Keywords	Ключові слова
 	Copyright Info URL	URL інформації про авторське право
 	Copyright Status	Статус авторського права
+	Copyright Notice	Застереження про авторські права
+	Document Title	Назва документа
 	Copyrighted	Захищено авторським правом
 	Public Domain	Суспільне надбання
 	Unknown	Невідомо
@@ -1562,7 +1577,7 @@
 	Click to restore the current colour	Клацніть, щоб відновити поточний колір
 	Click with the Note tool to add a note.	Клацніть інструментом «Нотатка», щоб додати нотатку.
 	Drag a rectangle around the object	Намалюйте прямокутник навколо об'єкта
-	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click to delete.	Перетягніть на зображенні, щоб додати обмеження; Shift для горизонталі/вертикалі; праве клацання для видалення.
+	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click a constraint to change or delete it.	Перетягніть на зображенні, щоб додати обмеження; Shift для горизонталі/вертикалі; клацніть правою кнопкою на обмеженні, щоб змінити або видалити його.
 	Drag the arrow to set the angle, the dots to set the roundness	Перетягніть стрілку, щоб установити кут, а точки — округлість
 	Create new pattern from the selection	Створити новий візерунок із виділення
 	Create new gradient	Створити новий градієнт
@@ -2392,6 +2407,7 @@
 	Quick export format	Формат швидкого експорту
 	Quick export location	Розташування швидкого експорту
 	Recent file count	Кількість нещодавніх файлів
+	LUT folder	Папка LUT
 	Recent files	Нещодавні файли
 	Recent fonts	Нещодавні шрифти
 	Recover on launch	Відновлювати під час запуску
@@ -2457,6 +2473,11 @@
 	No path to make a selection from: draw one with the Pen tool or select one in the Paths panel.	Немає контуру для створення виділення: намалюйте його пером або виберіть на панелі контурів.
 	Cancel opening	Скасувати відкриття
 	Cancelled opening {name}	Відкриття {name} скасовано
+	Damaged Photoshop document	Пошкоджений документ Photoshop
+	The document “{name}” may be damaged.	Документ «{name}», можливо, пошкоджено.
+	Some layers, pixels or masks could not be read. Do you want to continue opening it?	Не вдалося прочитати деякі шари, пікселі або маски. Продовжити відкриття?
+	If you continue, saving over the original may permanently discard unreadable data. Save a copy to keep the original.	Якщо продовжити, збереження поверх оригіналу може безповоротно видалити дані, які не вдалося прочитати. Щоб зберегти оригінал, збережіть копію.
+	Continue	Продовжити
 	The document “{name}” does not have an embedded {mode} profile.	Документ «{name}» не має вбудованого профілю {mode}.
 	The document “{name}” has an embedded color profile that does not match the current {mode} working space.	Вбудований колірний профіль документа «{name}» не відповідає поточному робочому простору {mode}.
 	Working: {working}	Робочий простір: {working}
@@ -2487,6 +2508,8 @@
 	GPU acceleration could not continue. Your documents are unchanged.	Прискорення GPU не може продовжувати роботу. Ваші документи не змінено.
 	PhotoCraft is using the CPU image compositor. The window may still use your graphics adapter.	PhotoCraft використовує компонувальник зображень CPU. Вікно може й далі використовувати ваш графічний адаптер.
 	Retry GPU requires a restart. Save your work first.	Повторна спроба використати GPU потребує перезапуску. Спочатку збережіть роботу.
+	Retry GPU tries the graphics processor again now.	Повторити спробу з GPU — одразу знову спробувати графічний процесор.
+	GPU acceleration resumed.	Прискорення GPU відновлено.
 	Keep Using CPU	Продовжити з CPU
 	Retry GPU	Повторити спробу з GPU
 	GPU Backend	Графічний бекенд
@@ -2553,6 +2576,11 @@ cameraRaw	Roughness	Шорсткість
 	Content-Aware Move Tool	Інструмент «Переміщення з урахуванням вмісту»
 	TIFF Options	Параметри TIFF
 	Targa Options	Параметри Targa
+	JPEG Options	Параметри JPEG
+	Image Options	Параметри зображення
+	Format Options	Різновид формату
+	Baseline ("Standard")	Базовий («Стандартний»)
+	Baseline Optimized	Базовий оптимізований
 	24 bits/pixel	24 біт/піксель
 	32 bits/pixel	32 біт/піксель
 	Including layers will increase file size.	Додавання шарів збільшить розмір файлу.
@@ -2736,6 +2764,9 @@ fontWeight	Italic	Курсивний
 	Create new document from current state	Створити новий документ із поточного стану
 	Create new fill or adjustment layer	Створити новий шар заливки або корекції
 	Create new snapshot	Створити новий знімок стану
+	From:	З:
+	Full Document	Увесь документ
+	Merged Layers	Об'єднані шари
 	Delete Cropped Pixels	Видаляти обрізані пікселі
 	Delete current state	Видалити поточний стан
 
@@ -3791,6 +3822,8 @@ curves	Smooth	Згладити
 	Vanishing Point is not active	Точка сходження не активна
 	Apply Vanishing Point ({key})	Застосувати точку сходження ({key})
 	Fix the red plane first: its corners must form a convex quad	Спершу виправте червону площину: її кути мають утворювати опуклий чотирикутник
+	Alt-click a plane to set the clone source	Клацніть площину з Alt, щоб задати джерело клонування
+	Too many clone strokes: apply Vanishing Point first	Забагато мазків клонування: спочатку застосуйте «Точку сходження»
 # Select and Mask view modes (#1754)
 	Onion Skin	Калька
 	Marching Ants	Мурашки
@@ -3863,9 +3896,16 @@ curves	Smooth	Згладити
 	Light Gray	Світло-сірий
 	Object Finder	Пошук об’єктів
 	No object found there — drag a rectangle around it	Там не знайдено об’єкта — обведіть його прямокутником
+	The active layer has no pixels here — turn on Sample All Layers or select a layer with pixels	В активному шарі тут немає пікселів — увімкніть «Зразок з усіх шарів» або виберіть шар із пікселями
 	Remove after each stroke	Видаляти після кожного штриха
 	Apply the removal ({key})	Застосувати видалення ({key})
 	Strokes to remove: {n} (Enter applies, Esc cancels)	Штрихів для видалення: {n} (Enter застосовує, Esc скасовує)
+	Load Contours…	Завантажити контури…
+	Replace Contours…	Замінити контури…
+	Save Contours…	Зберегти контури…
+	Delete Contour	Видалити контур
+	Loaded contours from {file}	Контури завантажено з {file}
+	Saved contours to {file}	Контури збережено в {file}
 	Show home recent files	Показувати нещодавні файли на головному екрані
 	Clear Brush Controls	Очистити параметри пензля
 	Reset All Locked Settings	Скинути всі заблоковані параметри
@@ -3874,6 +3914,9 @@ curves	Smooth	Згладити
 # Actions panel: Load/Save Actions (.atn) and kept Photoshop steps
 	Load Actions…	Завантажити операції…
 	Save Actions…	Зберегти операції…
+	New Action…	Нова операція…
+	Start Recording	Почати запис
+	Stop Recording	Зупинити запис
 	{name} (Photoshop)	{name} (Photoshop)
 	{message} ({note})	{message} ({note})
 @plural	Loaded {n} action from {file}|Loaded {n} actions from {file}	Завантажено {n} операцію з {file}|Завантажено {n} операції з {file}|Завантажено {n} операцій з {file}
@@ -3905,9 +3948,40 @@ curves	Smooth	Згладити
 	Sent to {printer}	Надіслано на {printer}
 	set in Print Settings…	задається в параметрах друку…
 	ICO is limited to 256 × 256 pixels	ICO обмежено розміром 256 × 256 пікселів
+	Calibration	Калібрування
+	Red Primary	Червоний основний
+	Green Primary	Зелений основний
+	Blue Primary	Синій основний
+	Write xmp sidecars	Записувати супутні файли XMP
+	Set the tone sliders from the image	Встановити повзунки тону за зображенням
+	Settings from {name}	Налаштування з {name}
+	Settings from {name}; {count} not supported: {names}	Налаштування з {name}; не підтримується: {count}: {names}
+	Could not write {name}: {error}	Не вдалося записати {name}: {error}
+	Kept {name}: written by another application	{name} залишено без змін: записаний іншою програмою
+	Shadow Tint	Відтінок тіней
+# PhotoCraft release checks.
+	Check for Updates…	Перевірити оновлення…
+	PhotoCraft Updates	Оновлення PhotoCraft
+	Checking for updates…	Перевірка оновлень…
+	Open the release page to choose an installer for your system.	Відкрийте сторінку випуску й виберіть інсталятор для своєї системи.
+	Open Download Page	Відкрити сторінку завантаження
+	PhotoCraft is up to date.	PhotoCraft оновлено до останньої версії.
+	Could not check for updates.	Не вдалося перевірити оновлення.
+	Updates have not been checked yet.	Оновлення ще не перевірялися.
+	Check Again	Перевірити знову
+	Automatically Check for Updates	Автоматично перевіряти оновлення
+	Installed version: {version}	Встановлена версія: {version}
+	PhotoCraft {version} is available.	Доступна версія PhotoCraft {version}.
 # History panel › History Brush source (#2966)
 	Paints from the History panel's source state	Малює з вихідного стану панелі «Історія»
 	Sets the source for the history brush	Задає джерело для пензля історії
+# Bevel & Emboss shading controls.
+	Highlight Mode	Режим світлих тонів
+	Highlight Color	Колір світлих тонів
+	Highlight Opacity	Непрозорість світлих тонів
+	Shadow Mode	Режим тіней
+	Shadow Color	Колір тіней
+	Shadow Opacity	Непрозорість тіней
 # Embedded Profile Mismatch: profile names beside the choices, Remember this choice
 	Use the embedded profile ({profile})	Використати вбудований профіль ({profile})
 	Convert to the working space ({profile})	Перетворити в робочий простір ({profile})
@@ -3924,6 +3998,7 @@ curves	Smooth	Згладити
 	Chisel Hard	Жорстке різьблення
 	Chisel Soft	М'яке різьблення
 	Open color-less EXR as ACEScg	Відкривати EXR без колірного профілю як ACEScg
+	Do not append "copy" to filename when saving a copy	Не додавати «copy» до імені файлу під час збереження копії
 
 # View › Guides › right-click a guide
 	Edit Selected Guides	Редагувати вибрані напрямні
@@ -3978,9 +4053,11 @@ curves	Smooth	Згладити
 	GPU Memory Full	Пам'ять GPU заповнена
 	The layers need {needed} of GPU memory and may hold {budget}, so edits that redraw the whole document do it on the CPU. Click to set GPU Memory.	Шарам потрібно {needed} пам'яті GPU, а займати вони можуть {budget}, тому зміни, що перемальовують увесь документ, виконуються на CPU. Натисніть, щоб задати «Пам'ять GPU».
 	GPU memory budget: {budget}	Бюджет пам'яті GPU: {budget}
+	Graphics memory: {size}	Відеопам'ять: {size}
 	This document's layers: {needed} of {budget} for layers	Шари цього документа: {needed} з {budget} для шарів
 	This document's layers need {needed} but may hold {budget}: whole-document redraws use the CPU	Шарам цього документа потрібно {needed}, але займати вони можуть {budget}: увесь документ перемальовується на CPU
 	GPU Memory (MB, 0 = Automatic)	Пам'ять GPU (МБ, 0 = автоматично)
+	{path}: the path is not valid Unicode; save under another name.	{path}: шлях не є коректним Unicode; збережіть під іншою назвою.
 	Replace	Замінити
 	{name} was changed by another app after it was opened or saved here.	Файл {name} змінила інша програма після того, як його тут відкрили або зберегли.
 	Replace it with this document, or cancel and use File › Save As to keep both.	Замініть його цим документом або скасуйте й скористайтеся Файл › Зберегти як, щоб зберегти обидва.
@@ -3988,6 +4065,13 @@ curves	Smooth	Згладити
 	Increase Brush Size	Збільшити розмір пензля
 	Decrease Brush Hardness	Зменшити жорсткість пензля
 	Increase Brush Hardness	Збільшити жорсткість пензля
+	“{name}” already exists. Replace it?	«{name}» уже існує. Замінити?
+	The name in the save dialog was “{name}”.	У вікні збереження було вказано назву «{name}».
+	Previous Brush	Попередній пензель
+	Next Brush	Наступний пензель
+	First Brush	Перший пензель
+	Last Brush	Останній пензель
+	Preview size	Preview size
 # Dynamic color-picker titles and warnings about losing editable layer content.
 	Color Picker (Background Color)	Вибір кольору (колір тла)
 	Color Picker (Foreground Color)	Вибір кольору (основний колір)
@@ -3996,6 +4080,15 @@ curves	Smooth	Згладити
 	This shape layer must be rasterized before proceeding. It will no longer be editable as a shape. Rasterize the shape?	Щоб продовжити, потрібно растеризувати цей шар фігури. Після цього його більше не можна буде редагувати як фігуру. Растеризувати фігуру?
 	This Smart Object must be rasterized before proceeding. Its contents will no longer be editable. Rasterize the Smart Object?	Щоб продовжити, потрібно растеризувати цей смартоб’єкт. Після цього його вміст більше не можна буде редагувати. Растеризувати смартоб’єкт?
 	This fill layer must be rasterized before proceeding. Its fill content will no longer be editable. Rasterize the layer?	Щоб продовжити, потрібно растеризувати цей шар заливки. Після цього його заливку більше не можна буде редагувати. Растеризувати шар?
+	Demosaic	Демозаїк
+	How the camera's colour filter mosaic is filled in. It is applied when the file opens; the preview shows the method it was opened with.	Як відновлюється мозаїка кольорового фільтра камери. Застосовується під час відкриття файлу; попередній перегляд показує метод, з яким файл було відкрито.
+	AHD (adaptive homogeneity)	AHD (адаптивна однорідність)
+	Malvar–He–Cutler	Malvar–He–Cutler
+	Hirakawa–Parks: the cleanest edges and the least colour fringing, the slowest.	Хіракава–Паркс: найчистіші краї й найменше кольорової облямівки, найповільніший.
+	Gradient-corrected interpolation: sharp and fast, with some colour fringing on fine detail.	Інтерполяція з корекцією градієнта: різка й швидка, з невеликою кольоровою облямівкою на дрібних деталях.
+	The fastest and the softest, with colour fringing on fine detail.	Найшвидший і найм'якший, з кольоровою облямівкою на дрібних деталях.
+	Move Up	Перемістити вгору
+	Move Down	Перемістити вниз
 	Memory Usage	Використання пам’яті
 	Per-document RAM limit (MB)	Ліміт RAM на документ (МБ)
 	Installed RAM: {ram} MB; this limit: {percent}%	Встановлено RAM: {ram} МБ; цей ліміт: {percent}%
@@ -4018,3 +4111,57 @@ curves	Smooth	Згладити
 # Graphics Adapter preference (#1885)
 	GPU adapter	Адаптер GPU
 smartSvg	AI/PDF/EPS contents will be edited as SVG. Saving replaces the embedded source; format-specific features may change.	Вміст AI/PDF/EPS редагуватиметься як SVG. Збереження замінить вбудоване джерело; властивості початкового формату можуть змінитися.
+
+# Styles panel: Import / Export Styles (.asl)
+	Import Styles…	Імпортувати стилі…
+	Export Selected Styles…	Експортувати вибрані стилі…
+	Export Styles…	Експортувати стилі…
+	{file} is not a style library (.asl)	{file} не є бібліотекою стилів (.asl)
+@plural	Imported {n} style from {file}|Imported {n} styles from {file}	Імпортовано {n} стиль з {file}|Імпортовано {n} стилі з {file}|Імпортовано {n} стилів з {file}
+@plural	Exported {n} style to {file}|Exported {n} styles to {file}	Експортовано {n} стиль до {file}|Експортовано {n} стилі до {file}|Експортовано {n} стилів до {file}
+# Actions: a step dialog holds a suspended recording (#7365)
+	Confirm or cancel the open action step dialog first	Спочатку підтвердьте або скасуйте відкритий діалог кроку операції
+	Pro Medium Gray	Середньосіра «Профі»
+	Solarized	Solarized
+	Breeze	Breeze
+	Pro Light Gray	Світло-сіра «Профі»
+	Pro Light	Світла «Профі»
+	Resize Windows to Fit	Підганяти розмір вікон
+	EXR	EXR
+# Paragraph direction (TYPE-218-2)
+	Automatic paragraph direction	Автоматичний напрямок абзацу
+	Left-to-right paragraph direction	Напрямок абзацу зліва направо
+	Right-to-left paragraph direction	Напрямок абзацу справа наліво
+	Not rendered: this adjustment ({key}) is kept as imported.	Не відображається: це коригування ({key}) збережено як було імпортовано.
+# Print preview image (#8236)
+	Print preview image	Print preview image
+# Color panel menu: modes, copy commands and colour ramps (#6000)
+	Hue Cube	Куб тону
+	Brightness Cube	Куб яскравості
+	Color Wheel	Колірне коло
+	RGB Sliders	Повзунки RGB
+	HSB Sliders	Повзунки HSB
+	CMYK Sliders	Повзунки CMYK
+	Lab Sliders	Повзунки Lab
+	Web Color Sliders	Повзунки вебкольорів
+	Copy Color as HTML	Копіювати колір як HTML
+	Copy Color's Hex Code	Копіювати шістнадцятковий код кольору
+	RGB Spectrum	Спектр RGB
+	CMYK Spectrum	Спектр CMYK
+	Grayscale Ramp	Шкала градацій сірого
+	Current Colors	Поточні кольори
+	Make Ramp Web Safe	Зробити шкалу безпечною для вебу
+# Art History Brush (#213).
+	Art History Brush Tool	Інструмент «Художній пензель історії»
+	Tight Short	Щільний короткий
+	Tight Medium	Щільний середній
+	Tight Long	Щільний довгий
+	Loose Medium	Вільний середній
+	Loose Long	Вільний довгий
+	Dab	Мазок
+	Tight Curl	Щільний завиток
+	Loose Curl	Вільний завиток
+	Stylized dabs from a history state	Стилізовані мазки зі стану історії
+
+# Egui 0.37 migration controls (Aspect Ratio, Category, Color Table, Gamma, Interpolation, Profile, Target, Units, Demosaic)
+	Target	Ціль
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/vi.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/vi.tsv
index 1650ff28ae..caaff740e6 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/vi.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/vi.tsv
@@ -20,6 +20,10 @@
 # (`plural_none` in i18n/mod.rs).
 
 
+# Layer Mask Display Options (the layer mask rubylith's colour and opacity)
+	Mask Options…	Tùy chọn mặt nạ…
+	Layer Mask Display Options…	Tùy chọn hiển thị mặt nạ lớp…
+
 # Channel Options and New Spot Channel (#3761)
 	Channel Color	Màu kênh
 	Color Indicates:	Màu biểu thị:
@@ -574,6 +578,10 @@
 
 # Phase 3.5 — View menu
 	100%	100%
+	105%	105%
+	110%	110%
+	115%	115%
+	120%	120%
 	200%	200%
 	32-bit Preview Options…	Tùy chọn xem trước 32-bit…
 	Anamorphic 2:1 (2)	Anamorphic 2:1 (2)
@@ -870,6 +878,7 @@
 	Right align text	Căn chữ phải
 	Toggle text orientation	Đổi hướng chữ
 	Set the text color	Đặt màu chữ
+	Create warped text	Tạo chữ uốn
 	Cancel any current edits (Esc)	Hủy chỉnh sửa hiện tại (Esc)
 	Commit any current edits ({key})	Áp dụng chỉnh sửa hiện tại ({key})
 	Author:	Tác giả:
@@ -976,6 +985,10 @@
 	Frame from Layers…	Frame từ các lớp…
 	Create new document from current state	Tạo tài liệu mới từ trạng thái hiện tại
 	Create new snapshot	Tạo ảnh chụp trạng thái mới
+	From:	Từ:
+	Full Document	Toàn bộ tài liệu
+	Merged Layers	Các lớp đã gộp
+	New Snapshot	Ảnh chụp trạng thái mới
 	Delete current state	Xóa trạng thái hiện tại
 	No properties	Không có thuộc tính
 	Hide Properties	Ẩn Thuộc tính
@@ -1184,6 +1197,8 @@
 	Tilt X	Độ nghiêng X
 	Tilt Y	Độ nghiêng Y
 	Override Tilt	Ghi đè nghiêng
+	Override Tilt X	Ghi đè độ nghiêng X
+	Override Tilt Y	Ghi đè độ nghiêng Y
 	Override Rotation	Ghi đè xoay
 	Override Pressure	Ghi đè áp lực
 	Pressure	Áp lực
@@ -1272,6 +1287,7 @@
 	Stroke Path	Đi nét đường dẫn
 	Save Path	Lưu đường dẫn
 	Duplicate Path	Nhân bản đường dẫn
+	Rename Path…	Đổi tên đường dẫn…
 	Delete Path	Xóa đường dẫn
 	Delete Vector Mask	Xóa mặt nạ vector
 	Draw with the Pen tool (P) or make a work path from a selection.	Vẽ bằng công cụ Bút (P) hoặc tạo đường dẫn làm việc từ vùng chọn.
@@ -1502,6 +1518,7 @@ cameraRaw	Shadows	Vùng tối
 	Quick export format	Định dạng xuất nhanh
 	Quick export location	Vị trí xuất nhanh
 	Recent file count	Số tệp gần đây
+	LUT folder	Thư mục LUT
 	Recent files	Tệp gần đây
 	Recover on launch	Khôi phục khi khởi chạy
 	Remember workspace changes	Ghi nhớ thay đổi không gian làm việc
@@ -1573,6 +1590,11 @@ cameraRaw	Shadows	Vùng tối
 	Esc to cancel	Esc để hủy
 	Cancel opening	Hủy mở tệp
 	Cancelled opening {name}	Đã hủy mở {name}
+	Damaged Photoshop document	Tài liệu Photoshop bị hỏng
+	The document “{name}” may be damaged.	Tài liệu “{name}” có thể đã bị hỏng.
+	Some layers, pixels or masks could not be read. Do you want to continue opening it?	Không thể đọc một số lớp, pixel hoặc mặt nạ. Bạn có muốn tiếp tục mở không?
+	If you continue, saving over the original may permanently discard unreadable data. Save a copy to keep the original.	Nếu tiếp tục, việc lưu đè lên bản gốc có thể loại bỏ vĩnh viễn dữ liệu không đọc được. Hãy lưu một bản sao để giữ bản gốc.
+	Continue	Tiếp tục
 	The document “{name}” does not have an embedded {mode} profile.	Tài liệu “{name}” không có hồ sơ {mode} nhúng.
 	The document “{name}” has an embedded color profile that does not match the current {mode} working space.	Tài liệu “{name}” có hồ sơ màu nhúng không khớp với không gian làm việc {mode} hiện tại.
 	Working: {working}	Không gian làm việc: {working}
@@ -1595,6 +1617,8 @@ cameraRaw	Shadows	Vùng tối
 	PhotoCraft is using the CPU image compositor. The window may still use your graphics adapter.	PhotoCraft đang dùng bộ kết hợp ảnh CPU. Cửa sổ vẫn có thể dùng bộ điều hợp đồ họa của bạn.
 	Retry GPU	Thử lại GPU
 	Retry GPU requires a restart. Save your work first.	Thử lại GPU cần khởi động lại. Hãy lưu công việc trước.
+	Retry GPU tries the graphics processor again now.	Thử lại GPU sẽ thử lại bộ xử lý đồ họa ngay bây giờ.
+	GPU acceleration resumed.	Đã tiếp tục tăng tốc GPU.
 	Keep Using CPU	Tiếp tục dùng CPU
 
 # Phase 4.3 — Keyboard Shortcuts and Menus editor
@@ -2256,7 +2280,7 @@ layers	Fill:	Độ tô:
 	Delete Timeline	Xóa dòng thời gian
 	Deselect All	Bỏ chọn tất cả
 	Display Text	Hiển thị văn bản
-	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click to delete.	Kéo trên ảnh để thêm ràng buộc; Shift cho ngang/dọc; nhấp chuột phải để xóa.
+	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click a constraint to change or delete it.	Kéo trên ảnh để thêm ràng buộc; Shift cho ngang/dọc; nhấp chuột phải vào ràng buộc để thay đổi hoặc xóa.
 	Export selected measurements (CSV)	Xuất các phép đo đã chọn (CSV)
 	Focal Length	Tiêu cự
 	Font Size:	Cỡ chữ:
@@ -2438,6 +2462,8 @@ shape	Appearance	Diện mạo
 	Fill with {mode}-neutral color (black)	Tô bằng màu trung tính của {mode} (đen)
 	Fill with {mode}-neutral color (white)	Tô bằng màu trung tính của {mode} (trắng)
 	Fix the red plane first: its corners must form a convex quad	Hãy sửa mặt phẳng đỏ trước: các góc phải tạo thành tứ giác lồi
+	Alt-click a plane to set the clone source	Nhấp Alt vào một mặt phẳng để đặt nguồn sao chép
+	Too many clone strokes: apply Vanishing Point first	Quá nhiều nét sao chép: hãy áp dụng Điểm tụ trước
 	Float Panel	Thả nổi bảng
 	Functions	Hàm
 	Grid Size:	Cỡ lưới:
@@ -2501,6 +2527,11 @@ shape	Appearance	Diện mạo
 	Snap to Origin	Bám vào gốc tọa độ
 	Solid	Liền
 	Targa Options	Tùy chọn Targa
+	JPEG Options	Tùy chọn JPEG
+	Image Options	Tùy chọn hình ảnh
+	Format Options	Tùy chọn định dạng
+	Baseline ("Standard")	Đường cơ sở ("Chuẩn")
+	Baseline Optimized	Đường cơ sở tối ưu
 	Target:	Đích:
 	The layer or its mask changed. Drag the mask onto the Trash again.	Lớp hoặc mặt nạ của nó đã thay đổi. Hãy kéo mặt nạ vào Thùng rác lần nữa.
 	There is no crop size or ratio to save	Không có kích thước hoặc tỷ lệ cắt để lưu
@@ -2986,6 +3017,9 @@ cameraData	Lens	Ống kính
 	Cooling80	Lạnh80
 	Cooling82	Lạnh82
 	Copyright Status	Trạng thái bản quyền
+	Copyright Info URL	URL thông tin bản quyền
+	Copyright Notice	Thông báo bản quyền
+	Document Title	Tiêu đề tài liệu
 	Copyrighted	Được bảo vệ bản quyền
 	Correct C A	Hiệu chỉnh C A
 	Correct Distortion	Hiệu chỉnh độ méo
@@ -3572,6 +3606,7 @@ cameraData	Lens	Ống kính
 	Decontaminate	Khử nhiễm màu
 	Refine Edge	Tinh chỉnh cạnh
 	Refine Strokes	Tinh chỉnh nét
+	Edits	Chỉnh sửa
 	New Document With Mask	Tài liệu mới có mặt nạ
 	New Layer With Mask	Lớp mới có mặt nạ
 	Convert Point Tool	Công cụ Chuyển đổi điểm
@@ -3600,9 +3635,16 @@ curves	Smooth	Làm mượt
 	Response curve	Đường cong phản hồi
 	Object Finder	Trình tìm đối tượng
 	No object found there — drag a rectangle around it	Không tìm thấy đối tượng ở đó — hãy kéo một hình chữ nhật quanh nó
+	The active layer has no pixels here — turn on Sample All Layers or select a layer with pixels	Lớp đang hoạt động không có điểm ảnh ở đây — hãy bật Lấy mẫu mọi lớp hoặc chọn một lớp có điểm ảnh
 	Remove after each stroke	Xóa sau mỗi nét vẽ
 	Apply the removal ({key})	Áp dụng việc xóa ({key})
 	Strokes to remove: {n} (Enter applies, Esc cancels)	Nét vẽ cần xóa: {n} (Enter áp dụng, Esc hủy)
+	Load Contours…	Tải đường viền…
+	Replace Contours…	Thay thế đường viền…
+	Save Contours…	Lưu đường viền…
+	Delete Contour	Xóa đường viền
+	Loaded contours from {file}	Đã tải đường viền từ {file}
+	Saved contours to {file}	Đã lưu đường viền vào {file}
 # Edit › Content-Aware Fill workspace
 	Excluded Area	Vùng loại trừ
 	Fill Settings	Cài đặt tô
@@ -3627,6 +3669,9 @@ curves	Smooth	Làm mượt
 # Actions panel: Load/Save Actions (.atn) and kept Photoshop steps
 	Load Actions…	Nạp hành động…
 	Save Actions…	Lưu hành động…
+	New Action…	Hành động mới…
+	Start Recording	Bắt đầu ghi
+	Stop Recording	Dừng ghi
 	{name} (Photoshop)	{name} (Photoshop)
 	{message} ({note})	{message} ({note})
 @plural	Loaded {n} action from {file}|Loaded {n} actions from {file}	Đã nạp {n} hành động từ {file}
@@ -3667,9 +3712,39 @@ curves	Smooth	Làm mượt
 	Sent to {printer}	Đã gửi tới {printer}
 	set in Print Settings…	đặt trong thiết lập in…
 	ICO is limited to 256 × 256 pixels	ICO giới hạn ở 256 × 256 pixel
+	Calibration	Hiệu chuẩn
+	Red Primary	Màu đỏ cơ bản
+	Green Primary	Màu lục cơ bản
+	Blue Primary	Màu lam cơ bản
+	Write xmp sidecars	Ghi tệp phụ XMP
+	Set the tone sliders from the image	Đặt các thanh trượt tông từ ảnh
+	Settings from {name}	Thiết lập từ {name}
+	Settings from {name}; {count} not supported: {names}	Thiết lập từ {name}; {count} không được hỗ trợ: {names}
+	Could not write {name}: {error}	Không thể ghi {name}: {error}
+	Kept {name}: written by another application	Đã giữ {name}: do ứng dụng khác ghi
+	Shadow Tint	Sắc độ bóng tối
+	Check for Updates…	Kiểm tra bản cập nhật…
+	PhotoCraft Updates	Bản cập nhật PhotoCraft
+	Checking for updates…	Đang kiểm tra bản cập nhật…
+	Open the release page to choose an installer for your system.	Mở trang phát hành để chọn bộ cài đặt cho hệ thống của bạn.
+	Open Download Page	Mở trang tải xuống
+	PhotoCraft is up to date.	PhotoCraft đã được cập nhật.
+	Could not check for updates.	Không thể kiểm tra bản cập nhật.
+	Updates have not been checked yet.	Chưa kiểm tra bản cập nhật.
+	Check Again	Kiểm tra lại
+	Automatically Check for Updates	Tự động kiểm tra bản cập nhật
+	Installed version: {version}	Phiên bản đã cài: {version}
+	PhotoCraft {version} is available.	PhotoCraft {version} đã có sẵn.
 # History panel › History Brush source (#2966)
 	Paints from the History panel's source state	Vẽ từ trạng thái nguồn của bảng Lịch sử
 	Sets the source for the history brush	Đặt nguồn cho cọ lịch sử
+# Bevel & Emboss shading controls.
+	Highlight Mode	Chế độ vùng sáng
+	Highlight Color	Màu vùng sáng
+	Highlight Opacity	Độ mờ vùng sáng
+	Shadow Mode	Chế độ bóng
+	Shadow Color	Màu bóng
+	Shadow Opacity	Độ mờ bóng
 # Embedded Profile Mismatch: profile names beside the choices, Remember this choice
 	Use the embedded profile ({profile})	Dùng hồ sơ nhúng ({profile})
 	Convert to the working space ({profile})	Chuyển sang không gian làm việc ({profile})
@@ -3686,6 +3761,7 @@ curves	Smooth	Làm mượt
 	Chisel Hard	Đục cứng
 	Chisel Soft	Đục mềm
 	Open color-less EXR as ACEScg	Mở EXR không khai báo màu sắc dưới dạng ACEScg
+	Do not append "copy" to filename when saving a copy	Không thêm "copy" vào tên tệp khi lưu bản sao
 
 # View › Guides › right-click a guide
 	Edit Selected Guides	Sửa đường căn đã chọn
@@ -3759,6 +3835,7 @@ curves	Smooth	Làm mượt
 	{shortcut} is reserved by the system and can't be assigned.	{shortcut} được hệ thống dành riêng và không thể gán.
 	Low-Latency Drawing (vsync off, applies at next launch)	Vẽ độ trễ thấp (tắt vsync, áp dụng ở lần khởi động sau)
 # Free Transform: a new layer while the box is open (#5859)
+	Reference point location	Vị trí điểm tham chiếu
 	Free Transform is still being applied; try again when it has finished.	Biến đổi tự do vẫn đang được áp dụng; hãy thử lại khi hoàn tất.
 	The transform couldn't be applied.	Không thể áp dụng phép biến đổi.
 # Preferences › Performance › GPU Memory; the status bar and slow-redraw notice
@@ -3767,9 +3844,11 @@ curves	Smooth	Làm mượt
 	GPU Memory Full	Bộ nhớ GPU đầy
 	The layers need {needed} of GPU memory and may hold {budget}, so edits that redraw the whole document do it on the CPU. Click to set GPU Memory.	Các lớp cần {needed} bộ nhớ GPU và chỉ được dùng {budget}, nên những chỉnh sửa vẽ lại toàn bộ tài liệu sẽ làm trên CPU. Nhấp để đặt Bộ nhớ GPU.
 	GPU memory budget: {budget}	Ngân sách bộ nhớ GPU: {budget}
+	Graphics memory: {size}	Bộ nhớ đồ họa: {size}
 	This document's layers: {needed} of {budget} for layers	Các lớp của tài liệu này: {needed} trên {budget} dành cho lớp
 	This document's layers need {needed} but may hold {budget}: whole-document redraws use the CPU	Các lớp của tài liệu này cần {needed} nhưng chỉ được dùng {budget}: vẽ lại toàn bộ tài liệu dùng CPU
 	GPU Memory (MB, 0 = Automatic)	Bộ nhớ GPU (MB, 0 = Tự động)
+	{path}: the path is not valid Unicode; save under another name.	{path}: đường dẫn không phải Unicode hợp lệ; hãy lưu với tên khác.
 	Replace	Thay thế
 	{name} was changed by another app after it was opened or saved here.	{name} đã bị một ứng dụng khác thay đổi sau khi được mở hoặc lưu ở đây.
 	Replace it with this document, or cancel and use File › Save As to keep both.	Thay thế bằng tài liệu này, hoặc hủy và dùng Tệp › Lưu thành để giữ cả hai.
@@ -3777,6 +3856,22 @@ curves	Smooth	Làm mượt
 	Increase Brush Size	Tăng kích thước cọ
 	Decrease Brush Hardness	Giảm độ cứng của cọ
 	Increase Brush Hardness	Tăng độ cứng của cọ
+	Demosaic	Giải khảm
+	How the camera's colour filter mosaic is filled in. It is applied when the file opens; the preview shows the method it was opened with.	Cách lấp đầy khảm lọc màu của máy ảnh. Áp dụng khi mở tệp; bản xem trước hiển thị phương pháp đã dùng khi mở.
+	AHD (adaptive homogeneity)	AHD (đồng nhất thích ứng)
+	Malvar–He–Cutler	Malvar–He–Cutler
+	Hirakawa–Parks: the cleanest edges and the least colour fringing, the slowest.	Hirakawa–Parks: cạnh sạch nhất và ít viền màu nhất, chậm nhất.
+	Gradient-corrected interpolation: sharp and fast, with some colour fringing on fine detail.	Nội suy hiệu chỉnh gradient: sắc nét và nhanh, có chút viền màu ở chi tiết nhỏ.
+	The fastest and the softest, with colour fringing on fine detail.	Nhanh nhất và mềm nhất, có viền màu ở chi tiết nhỏ.
+	“{name}” already exists. Replace it?	“{name}” đã tồn tại. Thay thế?
+	The name in the save dialog was “{name}”.	Tên trong hộp thoại lưu là “{name}”.
+	Move Up	Di chuyển lên
+	Move Down	Di chuyển xuống
+	Previous Brush	Cọ trước
+	Next Brush	Cọ tiếp theo
+	First Brush	Cọ đầu tiên
+	Last Brush	Cọ cuối cùng
+	Preview size	Preview size
 	Memory Usage	Sử dụng bộ nhớ
 	Per-document RAM limit (MB)	Giới hạn RAM mỗi tài liệu (MB)
 	Installed RAM: {ram} MB; this limit: {percent}%	RAM đã cài: {ram} MB; giới hạn này: {percent}%
@@ -3808,3 +3903,59 @@ smartSvg	Save to the opened SVG file. Each saved change becomes one undo step in
 smartSvg	Stop syncing this Smart Object	Dừng đồng bộ Đối tượng thông minh này
 smartSvg	Updates wait while another document or an editing dialog is active.	Các cập nhật sẽ chờ khi tài liệu khác hoặc hộp thoại chỉnh sửa đang hoạt động.
 smartSvg	AI/PDF/EPS contents will be edited as SVG. Saving replaces the embedded source; format-specific features may change.	Nội dung AI/PDF/EPS sẽ được chỉnh sửa dưới dạng SVG. Lưu sẽ thay thế nguồn nhúng; các tính năng riêng của định dạng có thể thay đổi.
+
+# Styles panel: Import / Export Styles (.asl)
+	Import Styles…	Nhập kiểu…
+	Export Selected Styles…	Xuất các kiểu đã chọn…
+	Export Styles…	Xuất kiểu…
+	{file} is not a style library (.asl)	{file} không phải là thư viện kiểu (.asl)
+@plural	Imported {n} style from {file}|Imported {n} styles from {file}	Đã nhập {n} kiểu từ {file}
+@plural	Exported {n} style to {file}|Exported {n} styles to {file}	Đã xuất {n} kiểu sang {file}
+# Actions: a step dialog holds a suspended recording (#7365)
+	Confirm or cancel the open action step dialog first	Hãy xác nhận hoặc hủy hộp thoại bước hành động đang mở trước
+	Pro Medium Gray	Pro xám vừa
+	Solarized	Solarized
+	Breeze	Breeze
+	Pro Light Gray	Pro xám nhạt
+	Pro Light	Pro sáng
+	Resize Windows to Fit	Đổi cỡ cửa sổ cho vừa ảnh
+	EXR	EXR
+# Paragraph direction (TYPE-218-2)
+	Automatic paragraph direction	Hướng đoạn văn tự động
+	Left-to-right paragraph direction	Hướng đoạn văn từ trái sang phải
+	Right-to-left paragraph direction	Hướng đoạn văn từ phải sang trái
+	Not rendered: this adjustment ({key}) is kept as imported.	Không được kết xuất: điều chỉnh này ({key}) được giữ nguyên như khi nhập.
+# Print preview image (#8236)
+	Print preview image	Print preview image
+# Color panel menu: modes, copy commands and colour ramps (#6000)
+	Hue Cube	Khối sắc màu
+	Brightness Cube	Khối độ sáng
+	Color Wheel	Bánh xe màu
+	Grayscale Slider	Thanh trượt thang xám
+	RGB Sliders	Thanh trượt RGB
+	HSB Sliders	Thanh trượt HSB
+	CMYK Sliders	Thanh trượt CMYK
+	Lab Sliders	Thanh trượt Lab
+	Web Color Sliders	Thanh trượt màu web
+	Copy Color as HTML	Sao chép màu dạng HTML
+	Copy Color's Hex Code	Sao chép mã hex của màu
+	RGB Spectrum	Phổ RGB
+	CMYK Spectrum	Phổ CMYK
+	Grayscale Ramp	Dải thang xám
+	Current Colors	Màu hiện tại
+	Make Ramp Web Safe	Giới hạn dải màu ở màu web
+# Art History Brush (#213).
+	Art History Brush	Cọ lịch sử nghệ thuật
+	Art History Brush Tool	Công cụ Cọ lịch sử nghệ thuật
+	Tight Short	Chặt ngắn
+	Tight Medium	Chặt vừa
+	Tight Long	Chặt dài
+	Loose Medium	Lỏng vừa
+	Loose Long	Lỏng dài
+	Dab	Chấm
+	Tight Curl	Xoắn chặt
+	Loose Curl	Xoắn lỏng
+	Stylized dabs from a history state	Các chấm cách điệu từ một trạng thái lịch sử
+
+# Egui 0.37 migration controls (Aspect Ratio, Category, Color Table, Gamma, Interpolation, Profile, Target, Units, Demosaic)
+	Aspect Ratio	Tỷ lệ khung hình
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/zh-hans.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/zh-hans.tsv
index 7730351746..7142d462d5 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/zh-hans.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/zh-hans.tsv
@@ -11,6 +11,10 @@
 # Licensed MIT OR Apache-2.0, as the code.
 # Product and technology names retain their spelling. See docs/localization-zh-hans.md.
 
+# Layer Mask Display Options (the layer mask rubylith's colour and opacity)
+	Mask Options…	蒙版选项…
+	Layer Mask Display Options…	图层蒙版显示选项…
+
 # Channel Options and New Spot Channel (#3761)
 	Channel Color	通道颜色
 	Color Indicates:	色彩指示：
@@ -657,6 +661,10 @@
 	Fit Layer(s) on Screen	使图层适合屏幕
 	Fit Artboard on Screen	使画板适合屏幕
 	100%	100%
+	105%	105%
+	110%	110%
+	115%	115%
+	120%	120%
 	200%	200%
 	75%	75%
 	80%	80%
@@ -819,6 +827,23 @@
 	Split Warp Vertically	垂直分割变形
 	Statistics…	统计…
 	Refine Strokes	调整描边
+	Edits	编辑
+# Counted status and panel messages
+@plural	Exported {n} swatch to {file}|Exported {n} swatches to {file}	已将 {n} 个色板导出到 {file}
+@plural	Imported {n} swatch from {file}|Imported {n} swatches from {file}	已从 {file} 导入 {n} 个色板
+@plural	Imported {n} brush from {group}|Imported {n} brushes from {group}	已从 {group} 导入 {n} 个画笔
+@plural	Played {n} step|Played {n} steps	已播放 {n} 个步骤
+@plural	{n} step|{n} steps	{n} 个步骤
+@plural	Saved for Web: {n} file|Saved for Web: {n} files	已存储为 Web 所用格式：{n} 个文件
+@plural	Updated {n} linked smart object changed on disk|Updated {n} linked smart objects changed on disk	已更新 {n} 个在磁盘上更改过的链接智能对象
+@plural	{n} layer recorded by this comp was deleted. Update the comp, or clear the warning.|{n} layers recorded by this comp were deleted. Update the comp, or clear the warning.	此图层复合记录的 {n} 个图层已被删除。请更新图层复合，或清除警告。
+@plural	{n} plane|{n} planes	{n} 个平面
+@plural	{n} preset|{n} presets	{n} 个预设
+@plural	{n} sample point removed|{n} sample points removed	已移除 {n} 个取样点
+@plural	{n} slice|{n} slices	{n} 个切片
+@plural	{warning} (+{n} more brush preset warning)|{warning} (+{n} more brush preset warnings)	{warning}（另有 {n} 条画笔预设警告）
+@plural	{what} with {n} warning|{what} with {n} warnings	{what}，含 {n} 条警告
+
 @plural	{n} item|{n} items	{n} 项
 	Auto	自动
 	(print to the printer)	（输出到打印机）
@@ -999,6 +1024,9 @@
 	Copper	铜色
 	Copyright	版权
 	Copyright and Contact Info	版权与联系信息
+	Copyright Info URL	版权信息 URL
+	Copyright Notice	版权声明
+	Document Title	文档标题
 	Corner Crop Marks	角落裁剪标记
 	Corner radius	圆角半径
 	Correction	校正
@@ -1021,6 +1049,10 @@
 	Create new pattern from the selection	从选区创建图案
 	Create new shape from the current path	从当前路径创建形状
 	Create new snapshot	创建快照
+	From:	自：
+	Full Document	完整文档
+	Merged Layers	合并的图层
+	New Snapshot	新建快照
 	Create new tool preset	创建工具预设
 	Crop Factor	裁切系数
 	Ctrl	Ctrl
@@ -1099,7 +1131,7 @@
 	Done	完成
 	Dots	点
 	Drag a rectangle around the object	围绕对象拖出矩形
-	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click to delete.	在图像上拖动以添加约束；按 Shift 保持水平或垂直；右键单击删除。
+	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click a constraint to change or delete it.	在图像上拖动以添加约束；按 Shift 保持水平或垂直；右键单击约束可更改或删除。
 	Drag to move the active shape's path or the Work Path	拖动以移动当前形状的路径或工作路径
 	Click: select anchor · Drag: move anchor, handle or segment · {shift}-click: add · {alt}-click: whole subpath	单击：选择锚点 · 拖动：移动锚点、手柄或线段 · {shift}-单击：添加 · {alt}-单击：整个子路径
 	Draw with the Pen tool (P) or make a work path from a selection.	使用钢笔工具（P）绘制，或从选区创建工作路径。
@@ -1348,6 +1380,8 @@
 	Override Pressure	覆盖压感
 	Override Rotation	覆盖旋转
 	Override Tilt	覆盖倾斜
+	Override Tilt X	覆盖 X 倾斜
+	Override Tilt Y	覆盖 Y 倾斜
 	PRESET DETAILS	预设详细信息
 	PSD	PSD
 	Paint Overlay	绘制叠加层
@@ -1433,6 +1467,7 @@
 	Rename	重命名
 	Rename Group…	重命名组…
 	Rename Layer…	重命名图层…
+	Rename Path…	重命名路径…
 	Rename Tool Preset…	重命名工具预设…
 	Rename…	重命名…
 	Resample	重新采样
@@ -1501,6 +1536,7 @@
 	Set shape fill type	设置形状填充类型
 	Set shape stroke type	设置形状描边类型
 	Set the text color	设置文字颜色
+	Create warped text	创建变形文字
 	Shadows	阴影
 	Shape:	形状：
 	Sharpening	锐化
@@ -1650,6 +1686,7 @@
 	Brush Pose	画笔姿态
 	Brush Tip Shape	画笔笔尖形状
 	Brush Tool	画笔工具
+	Pencil Tool	铅笔工具
 	Build-up	累积
 	Burn Tool	加深工具
 	Centimeters	厘米
@@ -1704,6 +1741,7 @@
 	ExtraBold	特粗
 	ExtraLight	特细
 	Eyedropper Tool	吸管工具
+	Color Sampler Tool	颜色取样器工具
 	Fade	渐隐
 	Fill Opacity	填充不透明度
 	Film & Video	电影与视频
@@ -1720,6 +1758,7 @@
 	Highlights from:	高光下限：
 	History Brush Tool	历史记录画笔工具
 	Horizontal Type Tool	横排文字工具
+	Vertical Type Tool	直排文字工具
 	Horizontal Type Mask Tool	横排文字蒙版工具
 	Vertical Type Mask Tool	直排文字蒙版工具
 	Image Size:	图像大小：
@@ -1851,9 +1890,11 @@
 	Tabloid	Tabloid 纸
 	Text Replacement	文字替换
 	Thin	纤细
+	To	到
 	Traditional (72.27 points/inch)	传统（72.27 点/英寸）
 	Transfer	传递
 	Triangle Tool	三角形工具
+	Up	向上
 	Unsaved changes	未保存的更改
 	Uses the foreground and background colours.	使用前景色和背景色。
 	Watercolour look: lighter interior, darker rims.	水彩效果：内部较浅，边缘较深。
@@ -2008,6 +2049,7 @@
 	Quick export format	快速导出格式
 	Quick export location	快速导出位置
 	Recent file count	最近使用的文件数量
+	LUT folder	LUT 文件夹
 	Recent files	最近使用的文件
 	Recent fonts	最近使用的字体
 	Recover on launch	启动时恢复
@@ -2273,6 +2315,11 @@ cameraRaw	Blending	混合
 # Layer navigation, copy transforms and cancellable opening (labels added on main since this catalog).
 	Cancel opening	取消打开
 	Cancelled opening {name}	已取消打开 {name}
+	Damaged Photoshop document	已损坏的 Photoshop 文档
+	The document “{name}” may be damaged.	文档“{name}”可能已损坏。
+	Some layers, pixels or masks could not be read. Do you want to continue opening it?	无法读取某些图层、像素或蒙版。是否继续打开？
+	If you continue, saving over the original may permanently discard unreadable data. Save a copy to keep the original.	如果继续，覆盖保存原始文件可能会永久丢弃无法读取的数据。请保存副本以保留原始文件。
+	Continue	继续
 	The document “{name}” does not have an embedded {mode} profile.	文档“{name}”没有嵌入的 {mode} 配置文件。
 	The document “{name}” has an embedded color profile that does not match the current {mode} working space.	文档“{name}”嵌入的颜色配置文件与当前的 {mode} 工作空间不匹配。
 	Working: {working}	工作空间：{working}
@@ -2299,6 +2346,8 @@ cameraRaw	Blending	混合
 	GPU acceleration could not continue. Your documents are unchanged.	GPU 加速无法继续。您的文档未更改。
 	PhotoCraft is using the CPU image compositor. The window may still use your graphics adapter.	PhotoCraft 正在使用 CPU 合成图像。窗口仍可能使用您的显卡。
 	Retry GPU requires a restart. Save your work first.	重试 GPU 需要重新启动。请先保存您的工作。
+	Retry GPU tries the graphics processor again now.	重试 GPU 会立即再次尝试使用图形处理器。
+	GPU acceleration resumed.	已恢复 GPU 加速。
 	Keep Using CPU	继续使用 CPU
 	Retry GPU	重试 GPU
 	Advanced	高级
@@ -2327,6 +2376,11 @@ cameraRaw	Blending	混合
 	Content-Aware Move Tool	内容感知移动工具
 	TIFF Options	TIFF 选项
 	Targa Options	Targa 选项
+	JPEG Options	JPEG 选项
+	Image Options	图像选项
+	Format Options	格式选项
+	Baseline ("Standard")	基线（“标准”）
+	Baseline Optimized	基线已优化
 	24 bits/pixel	24 位/像素
 	32 bits/pixel	32 位/像素
 	Including layers will increase file size.	包含图层会增加文件大小。
@@ -2734,6 +2788,9 @@ curves	Smooth	平滑
 	Vanishing Point is not active	消失点未处于活动状态
 	Apply Vanishing Point ({key})	应用消失点（{key}）
 	Fix the red plane first: its corners must form a convex quad	请先修正红色平面：其四个角必须构成凸四边形
+	Alt-click a plane to set the clone source	按住 Alt 键单击平面以设置仿制源
+	Too many clone strokes: apply Vanishing Point first	仿制描边过多：请先应用消失点
+	Stamp	图章
 # Select and Mask view modes (#1754)
 	Onion Skin	洋葱皮
 	Marching Ants	蚂蚁线
@@ -2789,9 +2846,16 @@ curves	Smooth	平滑
 	Stop	停止
 	Object Finder	对象查找程序
 	No object found there — drag a rectangle around it	那里未找到对象 — 请在其周围拖动矩形
+	The active layer has no pixels here — turn on Sample All Layers or select a layer with pixels	当前图层在此处没有像素 — 请打开“对所有图层采样”或选择有像素的图层
 	Remove after each stroke	每次描边后移除
 	Apply the removal ({key})	应用移除 ({key})
 	Strokes to remove: {n} (Enter applies, Esc cancels)	待移除的描边：{n}（Enter 应用，Esc 取消）
+	Load Contours…	载入等高线…
+	Replace Contours…	替换等高线…
+	Save Contours…	存储等高线…
+	Delete Contour	删除等高线
+	Loaded contours from {file}	已从 {file} 载入等高线
+	Saved contours to {file}	已将等高线存储到 {file}
 	Show home recent files	在主屏幕上显示最近的文件
 	Clear Brush Controls	清除画笔控件
 	Reset All Locked Settings	复位所有锁定的设置
@@ -2800,6 +2864,9 @@ curves	Smooth	平滑
 # Actions panel: Load/Save Actions (.atn) and kept Photoshop steps
 	Load Actions…	载入动作…
 	Save Actions…	存储动作…
+	New Action…	新建动作…
+	Start Recording	开始录制
+	Stop Recording	停止录制
 	{name} (Photoshop)	{name}（Photoshop）
 	{message} ({note})	{message}（{note}）
 @plural	Loaded {n} action from {file}|Loaded {n} actions from {file}	已从 {file} 载入 {n} 个动作
@@ -2832,9 +2899,40 @@ curves	Smooth	平滑
 	Sent to {printer}	已发送到 {printer}
 	set in Print Settings…	在打印设置中设置…
 	ICO is limited to 256 × 256 pixels	ICO 最大为 256 × 256 像素
+	Calibration	校准
+	Red Primary	红原色
+	Green Primary	绿原色
+	Blue Primary	蓝原色
+	Write xmp sidecars	写入 XMP 附属文件
+	Set the tone sliders from the image	根据图像设置色调滑块
+	Settings from {name}	来自 {name} 的设置
+	Settings from {name}; {count} not supported: {names}	来自 {name} 的设置；{count} 项不支持：{names}
+	Could not write {name}: {error}	无法写入 {name}：{error}
+	Kept {name}: written by another application	已保留 {name}：由其他应用程序写入
+	Shadow Tint	阴影色调
+# PhotoCraft release checks.
+	Check for Updates…	检查更新…
+	PhotoCraft Updates	PhotoCraft 更新
+	Checking for updates…	正在检查更新…
+	Open the release page to choose an installer for your system.	打开发布页，选择适合您系统的安装包。
+	Open Download Page	打开下载页面
+	PhotoCraft is up to date.	PhotoCraft 已是最新版本。
+	Could not check for updates.	无法检查更新。
+	Updates have not been checked yet.	尚未检查更新。
+	Check Again	重新检查
+	Automatically Check for Updates	自动检查更新
+	Installed version: {version}	已安装版本：{version}
+	PhotoCraft {version} is available.	PhotoCraft {version} 已发布。
 # History panel › History Brush source (#2966)
 	Paints from the History panel's source state	从历史记录面板的源状态绘画
 	Sets the source for the history brush	设置历史记录画笔的源
+# Bevel & Emboss shading controls.
+	Highlight Mode	高光模式
+	Highlight Color	高光颜色
+	Highlight Opacity	高光不透明度
+	Shadow Mode	阴影模式
+	Shadow Color	阴影颜色
+	Shadow Opacity	阴影不透明度
 # Embedded Profile Mismatch: profile names beside the choices, Remember this choice
 	Use the embedded profile ({profile})	使用嵌入的配置文件（{profile}）
 	Convert to the working space ({profile})	转换到工作空间（{profile}）
@@ -2851,6 +2949,7 @@ curves	Smooth	平滑
 	Chisel Hard	雕刻清晰
 	Chisel Soft	雕刻柔和
 	Open color-less EXR as ACEScg	将无色彩空间信息的 EXR 以 ACEScg 打开
+	Do not append "copy" to filename when saving a copy	存储副本时不在文件名后添加“copy”
 # Export As metadata and profile options
 	Color Profile	颜色配置文件
 	EXIF	EXIF
@@ -2858,6 +2957,7 @@ curves	Smooth	平滑
 # View › Guides › right-click a guide
 	Edit Selected Guides	编辑所选参考线
 	Clear Selected Guides	清除所选参考线
+	Make Selection	建立选区
 	Bicubic Automatic	双三次（自动）
 	Bicubic Smoother	双三次（较平滑）
 	Bicubic Sharper	双三次（较锐利）
@@ -2903,6 +3003,7 @@ curves	Smooth	平滑
 	{shortcut} is reserved by the system and can't be assigned.	{shortcut} 由系统保留，无法指定。
 	Low-Latency Drawing (vsync off, applies at next launch)	低延迟绘画（关闭垂直同步，下次启动时生效）
 # Free Transform: a new layer while the box is open (#5859)
+	Reference point location	参考点位置
 	Free Transform is still being applied; try again when it has finished.	自由变换仍在应用中；请在完成后重试。
 	The transform couldn't be applied.	无法应用变换。
 # Preferences › Performance › GPU Memory; the status bar and slow-redraw notice
@@ -2911,9 +3012,11 @@ curves	Smooth	平滑
 	GPU Memory Full	GPU 内存已满
 	The layers need {needed} of GPU memory and may hold {budget}, so edits that redraw the whole document do it on the CPU. Click to set GPU Memory.	图层需要 {needed} GPU 内存，但只能占用 {budget}，因此重绘整个文档的编辑会在 CPU 上进行。点击以设置 GPU 内存。
 	GPU memory budget: {budget}	GPU 内存预算：{budget}
+	Graphics memory: {size}	显存：{size}
 	This document's layers: {needed} of {budget} for layers	此文档的图层：图层可用 {budget} 中的 {needed}
 	This document's layers need {needed} but may hold {budget}: whole-document redraws use the CPU	此文档的图层需要 {needed}，但只能占用 {budget}：整个文档的重绘使用 CPU
 	GPU Memory (MB, 0 = Automatic)	GPU 内存（MB，0 = 自动）
+	{path}: the path is not valid Unicode; save under another name.	{path}：路径不是有效的 Unicode；请以其他名称存储。
 	Replace	替换
 	{name} was changed by another app after it was opened or saved here.	{name} 在此处打开或存储后已被其他应用更改。
 	Replace it with this document, or cancel and use File › Save As to keep both.	用此文档替换它，或取消并使用“文件 › 另存为”以保留两者。
@@ -2921,6 +3024,22 @@ curves	Smooth	平滑
 	Increase Brush Size	增大画笔大小
 	Decrease Brush Hardness	减小画笔硬度
 	Increase Brush Hardness	增大画笔硬度
+	Demosaic	去马赛克
+	How the camera's colour filter mosaic is filled in. It is applied when the file opens; the preview shows the method it was opened with.	如何填补相机彩色滤镜阵列的马赛克。在打开文件时应用；预览显示打开时所用的方法。
+	AHD (adaptive homogeneity)	AHD（自适应同质性）
+	Malvar–He–Cutler	Malvar–He–Cutler
+	Hirakawa–Parks: the cleanest edges and the least colour fringing, the slowest.	Hirakawa–Parks：边缘最干净、色边最少，速度最慢。
+	Gradient-corrected interpolation: sharp and fast, with some colour fringing on fine detail.	梯度校正插值：锐利且快速，细节处有些许色边。
+	The fastest and the softest, with colour fringing on fine detail.	最快也最柔和，细节处有色边。
+	“{name}” already exists. Replace it?	“{name}”已存在。要替换它吗？
+	The name in the save dialog was “{name}”.	存储对话框中的名称是“{name}”。
+	Move Up	上移
+	Move Down	下移
+	Previous Brush	上一个画笔
+	Next Brush	下一个画笔
+	First Brush	第一个画笔
+	Last Brush	最后一个画笔
+	Preview size	预览大小
 	Memory Usage	内存使用
 	Per-document RAM limit (MB)	每个文档的 RAM 上限 (MB)
 	Installed RAM: {ram} MB; this limit: {percent}%	已安装 RAM：{ram} MB；此上限：{percent}%
@@ -2944,3 +3063,75 @@ curves	Smooth	平滑
 # Graphics Adapter preference (#1885)
 	GPU adapter	GPU 适配器
 smartSvg	AI/PDF/EPS contents will be edited as SVG. Saving replaces the embedded source; format-specific features may change.	AI/PDF/EPS 内容将以 SVG 格式编辑。保存会替换嵌入的源文件；格式特有的功能可能会发生变化。
+
+# Styles panel: Import / Export Styles (.asl)
+	Import Styles…	导入样式…
+	Export Selected Styles…	导出所选样式…
+	Export Styles…	导出样式…
+	{file} is not a style library (.asl)	{file} 不是样式库 (.asl)
+@plural	Imported {n} style from {file}|Imported {n} styles from {file}	已从 {file} 导入 {n} 个样式
+@plural	Exported {n} style to {file}|Exported {n} styles to {file}	已将 {n} 个样式导出到 {file}
+# Actions: a step dialog holds a suspended recording (#7365)
+	Confirm or cancel the open action step dialog first	请先确认或取消打开的动作步骤对话框
+	Pro Medium Gray	专业中灰
+	Solarized	Solarized
+	Breeze	Breeze
+	Pro Light Gray	专业浅灰
+	Pro Light	专业浅色
+	Resize Windows to Fit	调整窗口大小以适合
+	EXR	EXR
+# Paragraph direction (TYPE-218-2)
+	Automatic paragraph direction	自动段落方向
+	Left-to-right paragraph direction	从左到右的段落方向
+	Right-to-left paragraph direction	从右到左的段落方向
+	Not rendered: this adjustment ({key}) is kept as imported.	未渲染：此调整（{key}）按导入时的原样保留。
+# Print preview image (#8236)
+	Print preview image	打印预览图像
+
+# Color panel menu: modes, copy commands and colour ramps (#6000)
+	Hue Cube	色相立方体
+	Brightness Cube	亮度立方体
+	Color Wheel	色轮
+	Grayscale Slider	灰度滑块
+	RGB Sliders	RGB 滑块
+	HSB Sliders	HSB 滑块
+	CMYK Sliders	CMYK 滑块
+	Lab Sliders	Lab 滑块
+	Web Color Sliders	Web 颜色滑块
+	Copy Color as HTML	将颜色复制为 HTML
+	Copy Color's Hex Code	复制颜色的十六进制代码
+	RGB Spectrum	RGB 色谱
+	CMYK Spectrum	CMYK 色谱
+	Grayscale Ramp	灰度色带
+	Current Colors	当前颜色
+	Make Ramp Web Safe	使色带成为 Web 安全色
+
+# File opening, export status and graphics driver information
+	Couldn't open {name}: {error}	无法打开 {name}：{error}
+	Exported {path} ({size})	已导出 {path}（{size}）
+	Exported {path}	已导出 {path}
+	Exported {n} files	已导出 {n} 个文件
+	Driver: {driver}	驱动程序：{driver}
+# Art History Brush (#213).
+	Art History Brush	艺术历史画笔
+	Art History Brush Tool	艺术历史画笔工具
+	Tight Short	紧密短
+	Tight Medium	紧密中
+	Tight Long	紧密长
+	Loose Medium	宽松中
+	Loose Long	宽松长
+	Dab	点涂
+	Tight Curl	紧密卷曲
+	Loose Curl	宽松卷曲
+	Area	区域
+	Stylized dabs from a history state	从历史状态绘制风格化点涂
+
+# Egui 0.37 migration controls (Aspect Ratio, Category, Color Table, Gamma, Interpolation, Profile, Target, Units, Demosaic)
+	Aspect Ratio	长宽比
+	Category	类别
+	Color Table	颜色表
+	Gamma	伽马
+	Interpolation	插值
+	Profile	配置文件
+	Target	目标
+	Units	单位
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/zh-hant.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/zh-hant.tsv
index 2b923dafe1..77c067d1a9 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/zh-hant.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/zh-hant.tsv
@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@
 # kept. Full-width punctuation (，。：) inside sentences; half-width parentheses and the " · "
 # separators as in the English.
 
+# Layer Mask Display Options (the layer mask rubylith's colour and opacity)
+	Mask Options…	遮色片選項…
+	Layer Mask Display Options…	圖層遮色片顯示選項…
+
 # Channel Options and New Spot Channel (#3761)
 	Channel Color	色版顏色
 	Color Indicates:	色彩指示：
@@ -662,6 +666,10 @@
 	Fit Layer(s) on Screen	使圖層符合螢幕
 	Fit Artboard on Screen	使工作區域符合螢幕
 	100%	100%
+	105%	105%
+	110%	110%
+	115%	115%
+	120%	120%
 	200%	200%
 	75%	75%
 	80%	80%
@@ -824,6 +832,7 @@
 	Split Warp Vertically	垂直分割彎曲
 	Statistics…	統計資料…
 	Refine Strokes	調整筆畫
+	Edits	編輯
 @plural	{n} item|{n} items	{n} 個項目
 	Auto	自動
 	(print to the printer)	(列印至印表機)
@@ -1003,6 +1012,9 @@
 	Copper	銅色
 	Copyright	版權
 	Copyright and Contact Info	版權與聯絡資訊
+	Copyright Info URL	版權資訊 URL
+	Copyright Notice	版權聲明
+	Document Title	文件標題
 	Corner Crop Marks	角落裁切標記
 	Corner radius	圓角半徑
 	Correction	校正
@@ -1025,6 +1037,10 @@
 	Create new pattern from the selection	從選取範圍建立新圖樣
 	Create new shape from the current path	從目前路徑建立新形狀
 	Create new snapshot	建立新快照
+	From:	自：
+	Full Document	完整文件
+	Merged Layers	合併的圖層
+	New Snapshot	新增快照
 	Create new tool preset	建立新工具預設集
 	Crop Factor	裁切係數
 	Ctrl	Ctrl
@@ -1102,7 +1118,7 @@
 	Done	完成
 	Dots	點
 	Drag a rectangle around the object	在物件周圍拖曳出矩形
-	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click to delete.	在影像上拖曳以新增限制線；按住 Shift 可限制水平/垂直；按右鍵可刪除。
+	Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click a constraint to change or delete it.	在影像上拖曳以新增限制線；按住 Shift 可限制水平/垂直；在限制線上按右鍵可變更或刪除。
 	Drag to move the active shape's path or the Work Path	拖曳以移動作用中形狀的路徑或工作路徑
 	Click: select anchor · Drag: move anchor, handle or segment · {shift}-click: add · {alt}-click: whole subpath	按一下：選取錨點 · 拖曳：移動錨點、把手或線段 · {shift}-按一下：增加 · {alt}-按一下：整個子路徑
 	Draw with the Pen tool (P) or make a work path from a selection.	使用筆型工具 (P) 繪製，或從選取範圍建立工作路徑。
@@ -1345,6 +1361,8 @@
 	Override Pressure	覆寫壓力
 	Override Rotation	覆寫旋轉
 	Override Tilt	覆寫傾斜
+	Override Tilt X	覆寫傾斜 X
+	Override Tilt Y	覆寫傾斜 Y
 	PRESET DETAILS	預設集詳細資料
 	PSD	PSD
 	Paint Overlay	繪畫覆蓋
@@ -1430,6 +1448,7 @@
 	Rename	重新命名
 	Rename Group…	重新命名群組…
 	Rename Layer…	重新命名圖層…
+	Rename Path…	重新命名路徑…
 	Rename Tool Preset…	重新命名工具預設集…
 	Rename…	重新命名…
 	Resample	重新取樣
@@ -1497,6 +1516,7 @@
 	Set shape fill type	設定形狀填滿類型
 	Set shape stroke type	設定形狀筆畫類型
 	Set the text color	設定文字顏色
+	Create warped text	建立彎曲文字
 	Shadows	陰影
 	Shape:	形狀：
 	Sharpening	銳利化
@@ -2001,6 +2021,7 @@
 	Quick export format	快速匯出格式
 	Quick export location	快速匯出位置
 	Recent file count	最近檔案數量
+	LUT folder	LUT 資料夾
 	Recent files	最近檔案
 	Recent fonts	最近使用的字體
 	Recover on launch	啟動時復原
@@ -2212,6 +2233,11 @@
 	No path to make a selection from: draw one with the Pen tool or select one in the Paths panel.	沒有可用來建立選取範圍的路徑：請使用鋼筆工具繪製，或在路徑面板中選取一個路徑。
 	Cancel opening	取消開啟
 	Cancelled opening {name}	已取消開啟 {name}
+	Damaged Photoshop document	已損毀的 Photoshop 文件
+	The document “{name}” may be damaged.	文件「{name}」可能已損毀。
+	Some layers, pixels or masks could not be read. Do you want to continue opening it?	無法讀取部分圖層、像素或遮色片。是否繼續開啟？
+	If you continue, saving over the original may permanently discard unreadable data. Save a copy to keep the original.	如果繼續，覆寫儲存原始檔案可能會永久捨棄無法讀取的資料。請儲存拷貝以保留原始檔案。
+	Continue	繼續
 	The document “{name}” does not have an embedded {mode} profile.	文件「{name}」沒有嵌入的 {mode} 描述檔。
 	The document “{name}” has an embedded color profile that does not match the current {mode} working space.	文件「{name}」嵌入的色彩描述檔與目前的 {mode} 工作空間不符。
 	Working: {working}	工作空間：{working}
@@ -2242,6 +2268,8 @@
 	GPU acceleration could not continue. Your documents are unchanged.	GPU 加速無法繼續。您的文件未變更。
 	PhotoCraft is using the CPU image compositor. The window may still use your graphics adapter.	PhotoCraft 正使用 CPU 合成影像。視窗仍可能使用您的顯示卡。
 	Retry GPU requires a restart. Save your work first.	重試 GPU 需要重新啟動。請先儲存您的工作。
+	Retry GPU tries the graphics processor again now.	重試 GPU 會立即再次嘗試使用圖形處理器。
+	GPU acceleration resumed.	已恢復 GPU 加速。
 	Keep Using CPU	繼續使用 CPU
 	Retry GPU	重試 GPU
 	Advanced	進階
@@ -2297,6 +2325,11 @@ cameraRaw	Blending	混合
 	Content-Aware Move Tool	內容感知移動工具
 	TIFF Options	TIFF 選項
 	Targa Options	Targa 選項
+	JPEG Options	JPEG 選項
+	Image Options	影像選項
+	Format Options	格式選項
+	Baseline ("Standard")	基線（「標準」）
+	Baseline Optimized	基線已最佳化
 	24 bits/pixel	24 位元/像素
 	32 bits/pixel	32 位元/像素
 	Including layers will increase file size.	包含圖層會增加檔案大小。
@@ -2704,6 +2737,9 @@ curves	Smooth	平滑
 	Vanishing Point is not active	消失點未啟用
 	Apply Vanishing Point ({key})	套用消失點 ({key})
 	Fix the red plane first: its corners must form a convex quad	請先修正紅色平面：其四個角必須構成凸四邊形
+	Alt-click a plane to set the clone source	按住 Alt 鍵按一下平面以設定仿製來源
+	Too many clone strokes: apply Vanishing Point first	仿製筆畫過多：請先套用消失點
+	Stamp	印章
 # Select and Mask view modes (#1754)
 	Onion Skin	洋蔥皮
 	Marching Ants	螞蟻線
@@ -2774,9 +2810,16 @@ curves	Smooth	平滑
 	Stop	停止
 	Object Finder	物件尋找器
 	No object found there — drag a rectangle around it	那裡找不到物件 — 請在其周圍拖曳矩形
+	The active layer has no pixels here — turn on Sample All Layers or select a layer with pixels	作用中圖層在此處沒有像素 — 請開啟「取樣全部圖層」或選取有像素的圖層
 	Remove after each stroke	每次描邊後移除
 	Apply the removal ({key})	套用移除 ({key})
 	Strokes to remove: {n} (Enter applies, Esc cancels)	待移除的描邊：{n}（Enter 套用，Esc 取消）
+	Load Contours…	載入等高線…
+	Replace Contours…	取代等高線…
+	Save Contours…	儲存等高線…
+	Delete Contour	刪除等高線
+	Loaded contours from {file}	已從 {file} 載入等高線
+	Saved contours to {file}	已將等高線儲存到 {file}
 	Show home recent files	在主畫面上顯示最近的檔案
 	Clear Brush Controls	清除筆刷控制項
 	Reset All Locked Settings	重設所有鎖定的設定
@@ -2785,6 +2828,9 @@ curves	Smooth	平滑
 # Actions panel: Load/Save Actions (.atn) and kept Photoshop steps
 	Load Actions…	載入動作…
 	Save Actions…	儲存動作…
+	New Action…	新增動作…
+	Start Recording	開始錄製
+	Stop Recording	停止錄製
 	{name} (Photoshop)	{name}（Photoshop）
 	{message} ({note})	{message}（{note}）
 @plural	Loaded {n} action from {file}|Loaded {n} actions from {file}	已從 {file} 載入 {n} 個動作
@@ -2817,9 +2863,40 @@ curves	Smooth	平滑
 	Sent to {printer}	已傳送至 {printer}
 	set in Print Settings…	在列印設定中設定…
 	ICO is limited to 256 × 256 pixels	ICO 最大為 256 × 256 像素
+	Calibration	校準
+	Red Primary	紅原色
+	Green Primary	綠原色
+	Blue Primary	藍原色
+	Write xmp sidecars	寫入 XMP 附屬檔案
+	Set the tone sliders from the image	根據影像設定色調滑桿
+	Settings from {name}	來自 {name} 的設定
+	Settings from {name}; {count} not supported: {names}	來自 {name} 的設定；{count} 項不支援：{names}
+	Could not write {name}: {error}	無法寫入 {name}：{error}
+	Kept {name}: written by another application	已保留 {name}：由其他應用程式寫入
+	Shadow Tint	陰影色調
+# PhotoCraft release checks.
+	Check for Updates…	檢查更新…
+	PhotoCraft Updates	PhotoCraft 更新
+	Checking for updates…	正在檢查更新…
+	Open the release page to choose an installer for your system.	開啟發佈頁，選擇適合您系統的安裝程式。
+	Open Download Page	開啟下載頁面
+	PhotoCraft is up to date.	PhotoCraft 已是最新版本。
+	Could not check for updates.	無法檢查更新。
+	Updates have not been checked yet.	尚未檢查更新。
+	Check Again	重新檢查
+	Automatically Check for Updates	自動檢查更新
+	Installed version: {version}	已安裝版本：{version}
+	PhotoCraft {version} is available.	PhotoCraft {version} 已發佈。
 # History panel › History Brush source (#2966)
 	Paints from the History panel's source state	從步驟記錄面板的來源狀態繪畫
 	Sets the source for the history brush	設定步驟記錄筆刷的來源
+# Bevel & Emboss shading controls.
+	Highlight Mode	亮部模式
+	Highlight Color	亮部顏色
+	Highlight Opacity	亮部不透明度
+	Shadow Mode	陰影模式
+	Shadow Color	陰影顏色
+	Shadow Opacity	陰影不透明度
 # Embedded Profile Mismatch: profile names beside the choices, Remember this choice
 	Use the embedded profile ({profile})	使用內嵌描述檔 ({profile})
 	Convert to the working space ({profile})	轉換為工作空間 ({profile})
@@ -2836,6 +2913,7 @@ curves	Smooth	平滑
 	Chisel Hard	雕刻清晰
 	Chisel Soft	雕刻柔和
 	Open color-less EXR as ACEScg	將無色彩空間資訊的 EXR 以 ACEScg 開啟
+	Do not append "copy" to filename when saving a copy	儲存副本時不在檔名後加上「copy」
 # Export As metadata and profile options
 	Color Profile	色彩描述檔
 	EXIF	EXIF
@@ -2843,6 +2921,7 @@ curves	Smooth	平滑
 # View › Guides › right-click a guide
 	Edit Selected Guides	編輯所選參考線
 	Clear Selected Guides	清除所選參考線
+	Make Selection	建立選取範圍
 	Bicubic Automatic	雙三次 (自動)
 	Bicubic Smoother	雙三次 (較平滑)
 	Bicubic Sharper	雙三次 (較銳利)
@@ -2888,6 +2967,7 @@ curves	Smooth	平滑
 	{shortcut} is reserved by the system and can't be assigned.	{shortcut} 由系統保留，無法指定。
 	Low-Latency Drawing (vsync off, applies at next launch)	低延遲繪圖（關閉垂直同步，下次啟動時生效）
 # Free Transform: a new layer while the box is open (#5859)
+	Reference point location	參考點位置
 	Free Transform is still being applied; try again when it has finished.	任意變形仍在套用中；請在完成後再試一次。
 	The transform couldn't be applied.	無法套用變形。
 # Preferences › Performance › GPU Memory; the status bar and slow-redraw notice
@@ -2896,9 +2976,11 @@ curves	Smooth	平滑
 	GPU Memory Full	GPU 記憶體已滿
 	The layers need {needed} of GPU memory and may hold {budget}, so edits that redraw the whole document do it on the CPU. Click to set GPU Memory.	圖層需要 {needed} GPU 記憶體，但只能佔用 {budget}，因此重繪整份文件的編輯會在 CPU 上進行。按一下以設定 GPU 記憶體。
 	GPU memory budget: {budget}	GPU 記憶體預算：{budget}
+	Graphics memory: {size}	顯示記憶體：{size}
 	This document's layers: {needed} of {budget} for layers	此文件的圖層：圖層可用 {budget} 中的 {needed}
 	This document's layers need {needed} but may hold {budget}: whole-document redraws use the CPU	此文件的圖層需要 {needed}，但只能佔用 {budget}：整份文件的重繪使用 CPU
 	GPU Memory (MB, 0 = Automatic)	GPU 記憶體（MB，0 = 自動）
+	{path}: the path is not valid Unicode; save under another name.	{path}：路徑不是有效的 Unicode；請以其他名稱儲存。
 	Replace	取代
 	{name} was changed by another app after it was opened or saved here.	{name} 在此處開啟或儲存後已被其他 App 更改。
 	Replace it with this document, or cancel and use File › Save As to keep both.	以此文件取代它，或取消並使用「檔案 › 另存新檔」以保留兩者。
@@ -2906,6 +2988,22 @@ curves	Smooth	平滑
 	Increase Brush Size	放大筆刷大小
 	Decrease Brush Hardness	降低筆刷硬度
 	Increase Brush Hardness	提高筆刷硬度
+	Demosaic	去馬賽克
+	How the camera's colour filter mosaic is filled in. It is applied when the file opens; the preview shows the method it was opened with.	如何填補相機彩色濾鏡陣列的馬賽克。在開啟檔案時套用；預覽顯示開啟時所用的方法。
+	AHD (adaptive homogeneity)	AHD（自適應同質性）
+	Malvar–He–Cutler	Malvar–He–Cutler
+	Hirakawa–Parks: the cleanest edges and the least colour fringing, the slowest.	Hirakawa–Parks：邊緣最乾淨、色邊最少，速度最慢。
+	Gradient-corrected interpolation: sharp and fast, with some colour fringing on fine detail.	梯度校正插值：銳利且快速，細節處有些許色邊。
+	The fastest and the softest, with colour fringing on fine detail.	最快也最柔和，細節處有色邊。
+	“{name}” already exists. Replace it?	「{name}」已存在。要取代它嗎？
+	The name in the save dialog was “{name}”.	儲存對話框中的名稱是「{name}」。
+	Move Up	上移
+	Move Down	下移
+	Previous Brush	上一個筆刷
+	Next Brush	下一個筆刷
+	First Brush	第一個筆刷
+	Last Brush	最後一個筆刷
+	Preview size	Preview size
 	Memory Usage	記憶體使用量
 	Per-document RAM limit (MB)	每個文件的 RAM 上限 (MB)
 	Installed RAM: {ram} MB; this limit: {percent}%	已安裝 RAM：{ram} MB；此上限：{percent}%
@@ -2929,3 +3027,67 @@ curves	Smooth	平滑
 # Graphics Adapter preference (#1885)
 	GPU adapter	GPU 介面卡
 smartSvg	AI/PDF/EPS contents will be edited as SVG. Saving replaces the embedded source; format-specific features may change.	AI/PDF/EPS 內容將以 SVG 格式編輯。儲存會取代嵌入的來源檔案；格式特有的功能可能會改變。
+
+# Styles panel: Import / Export Styles (.asl)
+	Import Styles…	匯入樣式…
+	Export Selected Styles…	匯出所選樣式…
+	Export Styles…	匯出樣式…
+	{file} is not a style library (.asl)	{file} 不是樣式庫 (.asl)
+@plural	Imported {n} style from {file}|Imported {n} styles from {file}	已從 {file} 匯入 {n} 個樣式
+@plural	Exported {n} style to {file}|Exported {n} styles to {file}	已將 {n} 個樣式匯出至 {file}
+# Actions: a step dialog holds a suspended recording (#7365)
+	Confirm or cancel the open action step dialog first	請先確認或取消開啟中的動作步驟對話框
+	Pro Medium Gray	專業中灰
+	Solarized	Solarized
+	Breeze	Breeze
+	Pro Light Gray	專業淺灰
+	Pro Light	專業淺色
+	Resize Windows to Fit	調整視窗大小以符合
+	EXR	EXR
+# Paragraph direction (TYPE-218-2)
+	Automatic paragraph direction	自動段落方向
+	Left-to-right paragraph direction	由左至右的段落方向
+	Right-to-left paragraph direction	由右至左的段落方向
+	Not rendered: this adjustment ({key}) is kept as imported.	未算繪：此調整（{key}）依匯入時的原樣保留。
+# Print preview image (#8236)
+	Print preview image	Print preview image
+# Color panel menu: modes, copy commands and colour ramps (#6000)
+	Hue Cube	色相立方體
+	Brightness Cube	亮度立方體
+	Color Wheel	色輪
+	Grayscale Slider	灰階滑桿
+	RGB Sliders	RGB 滑桿
+	HSB Sliders	HSB 滑桿
+	CMYK Sliders	CMYK 滑桿
+	Lab Sliders	Lab 滑桿
+	Web Color Sliders	網頁色彩滑桿
+	Copy Color as HTML	將色彩複製為 HTML
+	Copy Color's Hex Code	複製色彩的十六進位碼
+	RGB Spectrum	RGB 色譜
+	CMYK Spectrum	CMYK 色譜
+	Grayscale Ramp	灰階色帶
+	Current Colors	目前色彩
+	Make Ramp Web Safe	讓色帶成為網頁安全色
+# Art History Brush (#213).
+	Art History Brush	藝術歷史畫筆
+	Art History Brush Tool	藝術歷史畫筆工具
+	Tight Short	緊密短
+	Tight Medium	緊密中
+	Tight Long	緊密長
+	Loose Medium	寬鬆中
+	Loose Long	寬鬆長
+	Dab	點塗
+	Tight Curl	緊密捲曲
+	Loose Curl	寬鬆捲曲
+	Area	區域
+	Stylized dabs from a history state	從歷史狀態繪製風格化點塗
+
+# Egui 0.37 migration controls (Aspect Ratio, Category, Color Table, Gamma, Interpolation, Profile, Target, Units, Demosaic)
+	Aspect Ratio	外觀比例
+	Category	類別
+	Color Table	色彩表
+	Gamma	Gamma
+	Interpolation	內插
+	Profile	描述檔
+	Target	目標
+	Units	單位
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/icon_data.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/icon_data.rs
index 049b097c08..a255fe094b 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/icon_data.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/icon_data.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,20 @@ pub static ICONS: &[(&str, &[u8])] = &[
     ("align-justify", include_bytes!("../../../assets/icons/align-justify.svg")),
     ("align-left", include_bytes!("../../../assets/icons/align-left.svg")),
     ("align-right", include_bytes!("../../../assets/icons/align-right.svg")),
+    ("align-edge-bottom", include_bytes!("../../../assets/icons/align-edge-bottom.svg")),
+    ("align-edge-hcenter", include_bytes!("../../../assets/icons/align-edge-hcenter.svg")),
+    ("align-edge-left", include_bytes!("../../../assets/icons/align-edge-left.svg")),
+    ("align-edge-right", include_bytes!("../../../assets/icons/align-edge-right.svg")),
+    ("align-edge-top", include_bytes!("../../../assets/icons/align-edge-top.svg")),
+    ("align-edge-vcenter", include_bytes!("../../../assets/icons/align-edge-vcenter.svg")),
+    ("distribute-bottom", include_bytes!("../../../assets/icons/distribute-bottom.svg")),
+    ("distribute-hcenter", include_bytes!("../../../assets/icons/distribute-hcenter.svg")),
+    ("distribute-horizontal", include_bytes!("../../../assets/icons/distribute-horizontal.svg")),
+    ("distribute-left", include_bytes!("../../../assets/icons/distribute-left.svg")),
+    ("distribute-right", include_bytes!("../../../assets/icons/distribute-right.svg")),
+    ("distribute-top", include_bytes!("../../../assets/icons/distribute-top.svg")),
+    ("distribute-vcenter", include_bytes!("../../../assets/icons/distribute-vcenter.svg")),
+    ("distribute-vertical", include_bytes!("../../../assets/icons/distribute-vertical.svg")),
     ("app-window", include_bytes!("../../../assets/icons/app-window.svg")),
     ("artboard", include_bytes!("../../../assets/icons/artboard.svg")),
     ("arrow-left-right", include_bytes!("../../../assets/icons/arrow-left-right.svg")),
@@ -137,6 +151,7 @@ pub static ICONS: &[(&str, &[u8])] = &[
     ("symmetry-vertical", include_bytes!("../../../assets/icons/symmetry-vertical.svg")),
     ("swatch-book", include_bytes!("../../../assets/icons/swatch-book.svg")),
     ("text-cursor", include_bytes!("../../../assets/icons/text-cursor.svg")),
+    ("text-warp", include_bytes!("../../../assets/icons/text-warp.svg")),
     ("toggle-left", include_bytes!("../../../assets/icons/toggle-left.svg")),
     ("toggle-right", include_bytes!("../../../assets/icons/toggle-right.svg")),
     ("trash", include_bytes!("../../../assets/icons/trash.svg")),
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/icons.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/icons.rs
index bb1bba202b..f1bd354a1c 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/icons.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/icons.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ pub fn paint(ui: &egui::Ui, rect: Rect, name: &str, size: f32, tint: Color32) {
 /// cursor (`CursorIcon::None`).
 pub fn cursor(ctx: &egui::Context, name: &str, p: egui::Pos2, hot: Vec2, size: f32) {
     let rect = Rect::from_min_size(p - hot * size, Vec2::splat(size));
-    let area = egui::Area::new(egui::Id::new("pc-icon-cursor")).order(egui::Order::Tooltip).fixed_pos(rect.min).constrain(false).interactable(false);
+    let area = egui::Area::new(egui::Id::unique("pc-icon-cursor")).order(egui::Order::Tooltip).fixed_pos(rect.min).constrain(false).interactable(false);
     area.show(ctx, |ui| {
         let outline = image(name, size, Color32::from_black_alpha(200));
         for (dx, dy) in [(-1.0, 0.0), (1.0, 0.0), (0.0, -1.0), (0.0, 1.0), (-1.0, -1.0), (1.0, 1.0), (-1.0, 1.0), (1.0, -1.0)] {
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ pub fn cursor_copy_badge(ctx: &egui::Context, p: egui::Pos2) {
 fn badge(ctx: &egui::Context, name: &str, p: egui::Pos2, doubled: bool) {
     const SIZE: f32 = 12.0;
     let rect = Rect::from_center_size(p + egui::vec2(20.0, 19.0), Vec2::splat(SIZE));
-    let area = egui::Area::new(egui::Id::new("pc-cursor-badge")).order(egui::Order::Tooltip).fixed_pos(rect.min).constrain(false).interactable(false);
+    let area = egui::Area::new(egui::Id::unique("pc-cursor-badge")).order(egui::Order::Tooltip).fixed_pos(rect.min).constrain(false).interactable(false);
     area.show(ctx, |ui| {
         let outline = image(name, SIZE, Color32::from_black_alpha(220));
         let halo = [(-1.0, 0.0), (1.0, 0.0), (0.0, -1.0), (0.0, 1.0), (-1.0, -1.0), (1.0, 1.0), (-1.0, 1.0), (1.0, -1.0)];
@@ -127,6 +127,7 @@ pub fn tool_icon(t: Tool) -> &'static str {
         Tool::CloneStamp => "stamp",
         Tool::PatternStamp => "grid-3x3",
         Tool::HistoryBrush => "clock",
+        Tool::ArtHistoryBrush => "sparkles",
         Tool::Blur => "droplet",
         Tool::Sharpen => "triangle",
         Tool::Smudge => "pointer",
@@ -211,7 +212,7 @@ pub fn rail_button(ui: &mut egui::Ui, name: &str, box_size: f32, on: bool, toolt
     }
     let tint = if on || resp.hovered() { t.text } else { t.text_faint };
     paint(ui, rect, name, (box_size * 0.52).round(), tint);
-    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::WidgetType::Button, ui.is_enabled(), on, tl!(tooltip)));
+    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::Button, ui.is_enabled(), on, tl!(tooltip)));
     resp.on_hover_text(tl!(tooltip))
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/input_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/input_tests.rs
index cc369b7136..4826872457 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/input_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/input_tests.rs
@@ -166,7 +166,13 @@ fn clicking_outside_a_dialog_keeps_it_open_and_the_canvas_pans_and_zooms() {
 
     // Scrolling over the canvas pans it.
     let c0 = h.state().ui.views[0].center;
-    h.event(egui::Event::MouseWheel { unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Point, delta: vec2(0.0, -40.0), phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
+    h.event(egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+        source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
+        unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Point,
+        delta: vec2(0.0, -40.0),
+        phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move,
+        modifiers: Modifiers::NONE,
+    });
     h.run_steps(8);
     let c1 = h.state().ui.views[0].center;
     assert!(c1[1] > c0[1], "scroll pans under a dialog: {c0:?} -> {c1:?}");
@@ -194,6 +200,56 @@ fn clicking_outside_a_dialog_keeps_it_open_and_the_canvas_pans_and_zooms() {
     assert!(h.state().ui.dialogs.is_empty());
 }
 
+/// ⌘Space (Ctrl+Space off the Mac) and ⌥Space are the temporary Zoom under an open dialog too, as
+/// in Photoshop: a drag on the free canvas is a scrubby zoom about the press point, not a pan, and
+/// a click steps the zoom (#6460).
+#[test]
+fn temporary_zoom_works_under_a_dialog() {
+    let mut h = harness();
+    h.state_mut().ui.extras.rulers = false;
+    open_dialog(&mut h);
+    let p = free_canvas(&h);
+    h.hover_at(p);
+    h.run_steps(1);
+    let (z0, doc0) = (zoom(&h), doc_at(&h, p));
+    let held = |h: &mut Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, pressed: bool, m: Modifiers| {
+        h.event(egui::Event::ModifiersChanged(m));
+        h.event(egui::Event::Key { key: Key::Space, physical_key: None, pressed, repeat: false, modifiers: m });
+        h.run_steps(1);
+    };
+    let button = |h: &mut Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, pos: Pos2, pressed: bool, m: Modifiers| {
+        h.event_modifiers(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed, modifiers: m }, m);
+        h.run_steps(1);
+    };
+    held(&mut h, true, Modifiers::COMMAND);
+    button(&mut h, p, true, Modifiers::COMMAND);
+    for i in 1..=6 {
+        h.hover_at(p + vec2(10.0 * i as f32, 0.0));
+        h.run_steps(1);
+    }
+    button(&mut h, p + vec2(60.0, 0.0), false, Modifiers::COMMAND);
+    held(&mut h, false, Modifiers::COMMAND);
+    h.event(egui::Event::ModifiersChanged(Modifiers::NONE));
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    let z1 = zoom(&h);
+    let size = h.state().ui.views[0].doc_size;
+    assert!((z1 - crate::zoom_tool::scrub_zoom(z0, 60.0, size)).abs() < 1e-4, "⌘Space-drag zooms in: {z0} -> {z1}");
+    let doc1 = doc_at(&h, p);
+    assert!((doc1[0] - doc0[0]).abs() < 0.5 && (doc1[1] - doc0[1]).abs() < 0.5, "the pressed point stays put: {doc0:?} -> {doc1:?}");
+
+    // ⌥Space-click steps out.
+    h.hover_at(p);
+    h.run_steps(1);
+    held(&mut h, true, Modifiers::ALT);
+    button(&mut h, p, true, Modifiers::ALT);
+    button(&mut h, p, false, Modifiers::ALT);
+    held(&mut h, false, Modifiers::ALT);
+    h.event(egui::Event::ModifiersChanged(Modifiers::NONE));
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    assert_eq!(zoom(&h), crate::zoom_levels::step(z1, -1, size));
+    assert_eq!(h.state().ui.dialogs.len(), 1);
+}
+
 fn press(h: &mut Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, p: Pos2, pressed: bool) {
     h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: p, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
     h.run_steps(1);
@@ -371,7 +427,16 @@ fn command_click_under_curves_adds_one_point_per_press_not_per_frame() {
 /// with ⌘/Ctrl), one history step per press; ⌘/Ctrl+←/→ moves by word; Alt+Shift+→ extends
 /// the selection by a word.
 fn wheel(h: &Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, dy: f32, modifiers: Modifiers) {
-    h.event_modifiers(egui::Event::MouseWheel { unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Line, delta: vec2(0.0, dy), phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move, modifiers }, modifiers);
+    h.event_modifiers(
+        egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+            source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
+            unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Line,
+            delta: vec2(0.0, dy),
+            phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move,
+            modifiers,
+        },
+        modifiers,
+    );
 }
 
 /// The document point under screen point `p` (no flip).
@@ -442,6 +507,8 @@ fn the_wheel_reaches_12800_percent_and_stops_dead_there() {
 #[test]
 fn alt_scroll_zooms_in_steps_around_the_pointer() {
     let mut h = harness();
+    // Animated Zoom off: a notch is one instant step (the default eases it, see the next test).
+    h.state_mut().session.edit_prefs(|p| p.general.animated_zoom = false);
     let r = h.state().last_canvas_rect;
     let p = pos2(r.center().x + 120.0, r.center().y - 70.0);
     h.hover_at(p);
@@ -485,6 +552,44 @@ fn alt_scroll_zooms_in_steps_around_the_pointer() {
     assert!((zoom(&h) / z2 - 1.25).abs() < 1e-3, "pinch zooms: {z2} -> {}", zoom(&h));
 }
 
+/// Animated Zoom on (the default): a notch eases in over several frames but is still ×1.1 in
+/// total, around the pointer.
+#[test]
+fn animated_alt_scroll_zoom_still_lands_on_one_step_around_the_pointer() {
+    let mut h = harness();
+    assert!(h.state().session.prefs().general.animated_zoom, "on by default");
+    let r = h.state().last_canvas_rect;
+    let p = pos2(r.center().x + 120.0, r.center().y - 70.0);
+    h.hover_at(p);
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    let (z0, d0) = (zoom(&h), doc_at(&h, p));
+    wheel(&h, 1.0, Modifiers::ALT);
+    h.run_steps(40);
+    let (z1, d1) = (zoom(&h), doc_at(&h, p));
+    assert!((z1 / z0 - 1.1).abs() < 1e-3, "one ⌥ notch is ×1.1: {z0} -> {z1}");
+    assert!((d1[0] - d0[0]).abs() < 0.05 && (d1[1] - d0[1]).abs() < 0.05, "centred on the pointer: {d0:?} -> {d1:?}");
+}
+
+/// Animated Zoom on: notches flicked past 12800 % stop there, and the first notch back zooms out
+/// at once by its ×1/1.1. The rest of the notches the limit swallowed must not eat it.
+#[test]
+fn the_first_animated_notch_back_from_the_limit_zooms_out() {
+    let mut h = harness();
+    {
+        let v = &mut h.state_mut().ui.views[0];
+        (v.zoom, v.fit_pending) = (crate::zoom_levels::MAX / 1.05, false);
+    }
+    let r = h.state().last_canvas_rect;
+    h.hover_at(r.center());
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    wheel(&h, 3.0, Modifiers::ALT);
+    h.step();
+    assert_eq!(zoom(&h), crate::zoom_levels::MAX, "the flick reaches the limit");
+    wheel(&h, -1.0, Modifiers::ALT);
+    h.run_steps(40);
+    assert!((zoom(&h) - crate::zoom_levels::MAX / 1.1).abs() < 1e-2, "one notch back: {}", zoom(&h));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn alt_scroll_zooms_while_a_temporary_tool_is_held() {
     let mut h = harness();
@@ -503,6 +608,49 @@ fn alt_scroll_zooms_while_a_temporary_tool_is_held() {
     assert_eq!(h.state().ui.tool, crate::state::Tool::Brush);
 }
 
+/// #8049 (Windows 11): the Alt key's press arrives, but the modifier state stays without Alt, so
+/// every wheel event while it is held reports no modifiers; tapping Ctrl brought Alt back. Until
+/// then ⌥ + scroll panned (or, with Zoom with Scroll Wheel on, zoomed) like a plain scroll.
+#[test]
+fn alt_scroll_zooms_when_the_modifier_state_misses_the_held_alt() {
+    let alt_key =
+        |pressed: bool, repeat: bool| egui::Event::Key { key: Key::AltLeft, physical_key: Some(Key::AltLeft), pressed, repeat, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE };
+    for zoom_with_wheel in [false, true] {
+        let mut h = harness();
+        h.state_mut().session.edit_prefs(|p| p.general.zoom_with_scroll_wheel = zoom_with_wheel);
+        let p = h.state().last_canvas_rect.center();
+        h.hover_at(p);
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        let (z0, c0) = (zoom(&h), h.state().ui.views[0].center);
+        // Alt goes down (and repeats while held); the wheel events carry no modifiers.
+        h.event(alt_key(true, false));
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.event(alt_key(true, true));
+        wheel(&h, 1.0, Modifiers::NONE);
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        wheel(&h, 1.0, Modifiers::NONE);
+        h.run_steps(40);
+        if zoom_with_wheel {
+            // ⌥ + scroll scrolls instead of zooming.
+            assert_eq!(zoom(&h), z0, "pref on: ⌥ + scroll never zooms");
+            assert!(h.state().ui.views[0].center[1] < c0[1], "pref on: ⌥ + scroll pans: {c0:?} -> {:?}", h.state().ui.views[0].center);
+        } else {
+            assert!((zoom(&h) / z0 - 1.1f32.powi(2)).abs() < 1e-3, "two ⌥ notches are ×1.21: {z0} -> {}", zoom(&h));
+        }
+        // Alt released: the wheel does its plain thing again.
+        h.event(alt_key(false, false));
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        let z1 = zoom(&h);
+        wheel(&h, -1.0, Modifiers::NONE);
+        h.run_steps(40);
+        if zoom_with_wheel {
+            assert!(zoom(&h) < z1, "pref on: a plain notch zooms out: {z1} -> {}", zoom(&h));
+        } else {
+            assert_eq!(zoom(&h), z1, "a plain scroll after Alt's release doesn't zoom");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn type_tool_alt_arrows_kern_the_pair() {
     use photocraft_doc::text::Kerning;
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/jobs_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/jobs_ui.rs
index 45fa60d8a3..d66932dafc 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/jobs_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/jobs_ui.rs
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ pub fn run(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, id: &str, params: Value) -> Result<Value, St
 /// replaces it when decoded. `path` is remembered for File › Save and Open Recent.
 pub fn start_open(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, name: &str, path: Option<String>, source: OpenSource) -> Result<(), String> {
     let name = &app.open_name(name);
-    match app.session.start_open(name, source).map_err(|e| e.to_string())? {
+    match app.session.start_open_for_user(name, source).map_err(|e| e.to_string())? {
         // Inline (wasm): finish now, like a background open that ended at once.
         Started::Done(v) => finish_open(app, name, path.as_deref(), &v, None),
         Started::Job(job) => {
@@ -545,13 +545,14 @@ fn on_event(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, e: JobEvent) {
 }
 
 /// What [`crate::PhotocraftApp::open_bytes`] does after decoding, for a background open's result
-/// (`{document, warnings, color}`).
+/// (`{document, docId, warnings, color}` or `{held, …}`).
 fn finish_open(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, name: &str, path: Option<&str>, v: &Value, slot: Option<usize>) -> Result<(), String> {
     let warnings: Vec<String> =
         v.get("warnings").and_then(Value::as_array).map(|a| a.iter().filter_map(|w| w.as_str().map(str::to_string)).collect()).unwrap_or_default();
     let held = |doc, read_only, question, policy_applied| crate::open_prompt::Held {
         doc,
         read_only,
+        damage_pending: v.get("damaged").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(false),
         name: name.to_string(),
         path: path.map(str::to_string),
         warnings: warnings.clone(),
@@ -563,11 +564,14 @@ fn finish_open(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, name: &str, path: Option<&str>, v: &Valu
     // Held back for the profile prompt (Ask When Opening).
     if let Some(id) = v.get("held").and_then(Value::as_u64) {
         let (doc, read_only) = app.session.take_held_open(id).ok_or("the open job's document is gone")?;
-        crate::open_prompt::arrive(app, held(doc, read_only, v.get("color").cloned(), false));
+        crate::open_prompt::arrive(app, held(doc, read_only, v.get("color").filter(|q| !q.is_null()).cloned(), false));
         return Ok(());
     }
-    let mut index = v.get("document").and_then(Value::as_u64).ok_or("the open job returned no document")? as usize;
-    // An earlier file is waiting on its prompt: this one opens after it, in order.
+    // poll_jobs applies all ready jobs before the shell handles their events. An earlier
+    // handler may have moved or closed tabs, so the apply-time index is no longer authority.
+    let document = v.get("docId").and_then(Value::as_u64).map(DocId).ok_or("the open job returned no document identity")?;
+    let index = app.session.documents().iter().position(|st| st.doc.id == document).ok_or("the open job's document is missing")?;
+    // An earlier file is waiting on its prompt: this document waits after it, in order.
     if crate::open_prompt::waiting(app)
         && let Some(st) = app.session.close(index)
     {
@@ -576,20 +580,25 @@ fn finish_open(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, name: &str, path: Option<&str>, v: &Valu
         crate::open_prompt::arrive(app, held(doc, read_only, None, true));
         return Ok(());
     }
-    if let Some(slot) = slot
-        && let Ok(moved) = app.run("document.move", json!({"document": index, "to": slot}))
-    {
-        index = moved.get("document").and_then(Value::as_u64).map_or(index, |i| i as usize);
+    if let Some(slot) = slot {
+        let _ = app.run("document.move", json!({"document": index, "to": slot}));
     }
-    app.session.set_active(index);
-    after_open(app, name, path, &warnings, None);
-    Ok(())
+    after_open(app, document, name, path, &warnings, None)
 }
 
-/// What every open does once its document is the active one: remember where it came from, say
+/// What every open does for its admitted document: remember where it came from, say
 /// so, show the import warnings (a raw opens in Camera Raw first, developed from `path` or
 /// `bytes`) and fire the "Open Document" script events.
-pub(crate) fn after_open(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, name: &str, path: Option<&str>, warnings: &[String], bytes: Option<&[u8]>) {
+pub(crate) fn after_open(
+    app: &mut PhotocraftApp,
+    document: DocId,
+    name: &str,
+    path: Option<&str>,
+    warnings: &[String],
+    bytes: Option<&[u8]>,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let index = app.session.documents().iter().position(|st| st.doc.id == document).ok_or("the opened document is missing")?;
+    app.session.set_active(index);
     if let Some(p) = path {
         app.opened_from(p);
     }
@@ -602,14 +611,19 @@ pub(crate) fn after_open(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, name: &str, path: Option<&str>
     app.ui.status_error = false;
     // A raw opens in Camera Raw first; the dialog says how it was developed.
     if crate::camera_raw_ui::wants_open_dialog(app, warnings) {
-        crate::camera_raw_ui::queue_open_dialog(app, name, path, bytes);
+        crate::camera_raw_ui::queue_open_dialog(app, document, name, path, bytes, warnings)?;
         notices::io_warnings(app, &opened, &crate::camera_raw_ui::without_develop_note(warnings));
     } else {
         notices::io_warnings(app, &opened, warnings);
+        // A raw that opened without the dialog is developed by its sidecar / Camera Raw Defaults.
+        if let Some(index) = app.session.active_index() {
+            crate::camera_raw_ui::opened_without_dialog(app, index, name, path, warnings);
+        }
     }
     // Script events bound to "Open Document".
     photocraft_engine::automate_cmds::document_opened(&mut app.session);
     app.sync_views();
+    Ok(())
 }
 
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- drawing
@@ -734,7 +748,7 @@ pub fn dialog(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
     let t = Tokens::get(ctx);
     let mut cancel_it = false;
     // Photoshop doesn't dim the window behind its progress dialog either.
-    let modal = egui::Modal::new(egui::Id::new("job-progress")).backdrop_color(Color32::from_black_alpha(36)).show(ctx, |ui| {
+    let modal = egui::Modal::new(egui::Id::unique("job-progress")).backdrop_color(Color32::from_black_alpha(36)).show(ctx, |ui| {
         ui.set_width(360.0);
         ui.label(RichText::new(tl!(&j.label)).font(crate::theme::semibold(15.0)));
         ui.add_space(4.0);
@@ -779,7 +793,7 @@ pub struct OpenCardRects {
 }
 
 fn open_card_rects_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("open-card-rects")
+    egui::Id::unique("open-card-rects")
 }
 
 /// The opening card's parts as drawn last frame, if it was shown.
@@ -803,7 +817,7 @@ pub fn open_card(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, job: JobId) {
     ui.painter().rect_filled(area, 0.0, t.canvas);
     // Centre the card at the height its content needed last frame; the background is painted
     // once the rows are laid out, so a taller content (a long translation) still gets a card.
-    let height_id = egui::Id::new(("open-card-height", job));
+    let height_id = egui::Id::unique(("open-card-height", job));
     let height = ui.ctx().data(|d| d.get_temp::<f32>(height_id)).unwrap_or(OPEN_CARD_MIN_HEIGHT);
     let card = Rect::from_center_size(area.center(), vec2(OPEN_CARD_WIDTH, height));
     let fill = ui.painter().add(egui::Shape::Noop);
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/jobs_ui_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/jobs_ui_tests.rs
index 1c82b1e7cf..6b58786a85 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/jobs_ui_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/jobs_ui_tests.rs
@@ -483,9 +483,13 @@ fn save_in_background_off_blocks_the_app_until_the_file_is_written() {
     assert_eq!(r["pending"], true, "the same background job does the work");
     h.run_steps(1);
     // The dialog is up from the first frame (no delay), titled with the save, then its stage.
+    // A new modal's accessibility tree can take a second pass to appear under kittest.
+    let t = Instant::now();
+    while h.query_by_label("Saving fg.psd").is_none() && t.elapsed() < Duration::from_secs(30) {
+        h.step();
+    }
     h.get_by_label("Saving fg.psd");
     h.get_by_label("Esc to cancel");
-    let t = Instant::now();
     while h.query_by_label("Encoding").is_none() && t.elapsed() < Duration::from_secs(30) {
         h.step();
     }
@@ -933,7 +937,161 @@ fn background_open_warns_about_missing_fonts() {
     let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
     // What the open job leaves behind: the decoded document in the session, then its result.
     let (index, _) = app.session.open_document(doc, None);
-    super::finish_open(&mut app, "poster.psd", None, &json!({"document": index, "warnings": []}), None).unwrap();
+    let id = app.session.documents()[index].doc.id;
+    super::finish_open(&mut app, "poster.psd", None, &json!({"document": index, "docId": id.0, "warnings": []}), None).unwrap();
     let want = vec!["font 'NoSuchFamily4559' is not installed; text may render using a fallback face".to_string()];
     assert!(app.ui.notices.last().is_some_and(|n| n.title.contains("poster.psd") && n.lines == want), "{:?}", app.ui.notices);
 }
+
+fn identity_app() -> PhotocraftApp {
+    let mut session = photocraft_engine::Session::new();
+    session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 6})).unwrap();
+    session.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+    session.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#336699"})).unwrap();
+    session.active_mut().unwrap().path = Some("accepted-control.pcraft".into());
+    assert!(session.active().unwrap().is_dirty());
+    PhotocraftApp::new(session, crate::Services::default())
+}
+
+fn identity_png(profile: Option<photocraft_cms::Builtin>) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let app = identity_app();
+    let mut doc = (*app.session.active().unwrap().doc).clone();
+    doc.icc_profile = profile.map(|profile| profile.profile().to_bytes());
+    photocraft_io::export(&doc, "synthetic.png", &Default::default()).unwrap().bytes
+}
+
+/// Complete the real decoder/apply path without delivering its result to the UI yet. This is
+/// the same boundary as a poll that applies all ready jobs before handling their UI events.
+fn completed_identity_open(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, name: &str, bytes: Vec<u8>) -> Value {
+    match app.session.start_open(name, photocraft_engine::jobs::OpenSource::Bytes(Arc::new(bytes))).unwrap() {
+        Started::Done(result) => result,
+        Started::Job(job) => app.session.wait_job(job).unwrap(),
+    }
+}
+
+struct IdentityControl {
+    doc: Arc<photocraft_doc::Document>,
+    path: Option<String>,
+    revision: u64,
+    saved_revision: u64,
+    history: usize,
+    redo: bool,
+}
+
+impl IdentityControl {
+    fn capture(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Self {
+        let state = app.session.active().unwrap();
+        Self {
+            doc: state.doc.clone(),
+            path: state.path.clone(),
+            revision: state.revision,
+            saved_revision: state.saved_revision,
+            history: state.history.past_len(),
+            redo: state.history.can_redo(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn assert_untouched(&self, app: &PhotocraftApp) {
+        let state = app.session.documents().iter().find(|state| state.doc.id == self.doc.id).expect("the accepted control remains open");
+        assert!(Arc::ptr_eq(&state.doc, &self.doc), "the accepted control's pixels and document data must not change");
+        assert_eq!(state.path, self.path, "an import must not rebind another document's save path");
+        assert_eq!(
+            (state.revision, state.saved_revision, state.history.past_len(), state.history.can_redo()),
+            (self.revision, self.saved_revision, self.history, self.redo)
+        );
+        assert!(state.is_dirty(), "the unrelated document must still need saving");
+    }
+}
+
+/// Exercise the consumer separately from the engine result-schema regression: the identity is
+/// observed from the real imported document, then supplied even on the old producer.
+fn identified_result(app: &PhotocraftApp, mut result: Value) -> (Value, photocraft_doc::DocId) {
+    let id = app.session.documents()[result["document"].as_u64().unwrap() as usize].doc.id;
+    result["docId"] = json!(id.0);
+    (result, id)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn open_identity_survives_tab_reordering() {
+    let mut app = identity_app();
+    let control = IdentityControl::capture(&app);
+    let result = completed_identity_open(&mut app, "imported.png", identity_png(None));
+    let (result, imported) = identified_result(&app, result);
+    let old_index = result["document"].as_u64().unwrap() as usize;
+    app.session.move_document(old_index, 0).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(app.session.documents()[old_index].doc.id, control.doc.id);
+    super::finish_open(&mut app, "imported.png", Some("imported.png"), &result, None).unwrap();
+    control.assert_untouched(&app);
+    assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.id, imported);
+    assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().path.as_deref(), Some("imported.png"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn open_identity_survives_an_earlier_tab_closing() {
+    let mut app = identity_app();
+    let control = IdentityControl::capture(&app);
+    app.session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 2, "height": 2})).unwrap();
+    let result = completed_identity_open(&mut app, "imported.png", identity_png(None));
+    let (result, imported) = identified_result(&app, result);
+    app.session.close(1).unwrap();
+    app.session.set_active(0);
+    super::finish_open(&mut app, "imported.png", Some("imported.png"), &result, Some(0)).unwrap();
+    control.assert_untouched(&app);
+    assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.id, imported);
+    assert_eq!(app.session.documents()[0].doc.id, imported, "the requested destination slot applies to the correct document");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn open_identity_rejects_closed_missing_and_invalid_identities() {
+    for identity in [None, Some(Value::Null), Some(json!("not-an-id")), Some(json!(-1)), Some(json!(u64::MAX)), Some(json!(1.5))] {
+        let mut app = identity_app();
+        let control = IdentityControl::capture(&app);
+        let result = completed_identity_open(&mut app, "closed.png", identity_png(None));
+        let (mut result, imported) = identified_result(&app, result);
+        app.session.close(result["document"].as_u64().unwrap() as usize).unwrap();
+        // A reused/stale index must never become permission to finish another document.
+        result["document"] = json!(0);
+        match identity {
+            None => {
+                result.as_object_mut().unwrap().remove("docId");
+            }
+            Some(value) => result["docId"] = value,
+        }
+        assert!(super::finish_open(&mut app, "closed.png", Some("closed.png"), &result, Some(0)).is_err(), "invalid identity was accepted: {result}");
+        control.assert_untouched(&app);
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.id, control.doc.id);
+        assert_eq!(app.session.documents().len(), 1);
+        result["docId"] = json!(imported.0);
+        assert!(
+            super::finish_open(&mut app, "closed.png", Some("closed.png"), &result, None).is_err(),
+            "a closed identity must not fall back to the old tab index"
+        );
+        control.assert_untouched(&app);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn open_identity_keeps_same_poll_results_in_the_profile_queue() {
+    let mut app = identity_app();
+    let control = IdentityControl::capture(&app);
+    app.session.execute("edit.colorSettings", json!({"askOnMismatch": true, "askOnMissing": false, "policyRgb": "preserve"})).unwrap();
+    let mismatched = identity_png(photocraft_cms::Builtin::from_id("adobe-rgb-compat"));
+    let prompt = completed_identity_open(&mut app, "profile.png", mismatched);
+    assert!(prompt["held"].as_u64().is_some());
+    let first = completed_identity_open(&mut app, "first.png", identity_png(None));
+    let (first, first_id) = identified_result(&app, first);
+    let second = completed_identity_open(&mut app, "second.png", identity_png(None));
+    let (second, second_id) = identified_result(&app, second);
+    // All engine applies have finished. Handling the first ordinary result removes its tab,
+    // shifting the second result before its UI callback runs.
+    super::finish_open(&mut app, "profile.png", Some("profile.png"), &prompt, None).unwrap();
+    super::finish_open(&mut app, "first.png", Some("first.png"), &first, None).unwrap();
+    super::finish_open(&mut app, "second.png", Some("second.png"), &second, None).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(app.held_opens.iter().map(|held| held.name.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["profile.png", "first.png", "second.png"]);
+    assert_eq!(app.held_opens.iter().skip(1).map(|held| held.doc.id).collect::<Vec<_>>(), [first_id, second_id]);
+    assert_eq!(app.session.documents().len(), 1, "both completed imports wait behind the profile prompt");
+    control.assert_untouched(&app);
+    assert_eq!(crate::open_prompt::answer(&mut app, None).unwrap()["cancelled"], 3);
+    assert!(app.held_opens.is_empty());
+    control.assert_untouched(&app);
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/jpeg_options_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/jpeg_options_ui.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..025bcd2b9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/jpeg_options_ui.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+//! JPEG Options: the quality and format File › Save, Save As and Save a Copy ask for before writing
+//! a JPEG, as Photoshop's JPEG Options does. Quality is Photoshop's 0–12 scale (Low 0–4, Medium
+//! 5–7, High 8–9, Maximum 10–12), mapped to the encoder's 1–100 by
+//! `photocraft_engine::file_cmds::jpeg_quality`; Format Options are Baseline ("Standard"), Baseline
+//! Optimized and Progressive. Matte, Scans and the size preview aren't offered yet. Re-saving an
+//! opened JPEG starts at the file's own quality, as File › Save keeps it (#4032).
+//!
+//! The save is parked in [`Prompt`] while the modal is up (egui is immediate-mode) and written
+//! once answered. Cancel drops the save. Scripts skip the prompt by passing `quality` or
+//! `jpegFormat`.
+//!
+//! Any save can ask: check [`wants_prompt`], then [`park`] (which starts where
+//! [`Start::for_active`] says) or [`park_at`] with a [`Start`] of its own, and return. The answer
+//! is written by [`confirm`] and journalled as the `record` command passed to `park`: with its
+//! path, `quality` (0–12, left out when the file's own quality was kept) and `jpegFormat`, or
+//! without the path for a plain `file.save`, which writes whichever file an action is played on
+//! ([`plain_save_step`]).
+
+use photocraft_codecs::JpegFormat;
+use serde_json::Value;
+
+use crate::{ExportSettings, PhotocraftApp};
+
+/// The highest quality on Photoshop's JPEG scale.
+pub const MAX_QUALITY: u8 = 12;
+
+/// A JPEG Options answer, from the prompt or from a command's `quality` and `jpegFormat`.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct JpegChoice {
+    /// Photoshop's 0–12 scale; `None` keeps the quality the save would use anyway (the opened
+    /// file's own, else the encoder's default).
+    pub quality: Option<u8>,
+    pub format: JpegFormat,
+}
+
+impl JpegChoice {
+    /// `settings` writing this choice.
+    pub fn apply(self, settings: ExportSettings) -> ExportSettings {
+        ExportSettings {
+            jpeg_quality: self.quality.map(|q| photocraft_engine::file_cmds::jpeg_quality(f64::from(q))).or(settings.jpeg_quality),
+            jpeg_format: self.format,
+            ..settings
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Adds `quality` and `jpegFormat` to a recorded save step, so replaying it doesn't ask again.
+    pub fn record(self, step: &mut Value) {
+        if let Some(q) = self.quality {
+            step["quality"] = q.into();
+        }
+        step["jpegFormat"] = self.format.name().into();
+    }
+}
+
+/// The JPEG Options a command or control call gives (`"quality": 0..12`, `"jpegFormat"`), which
+/// skip the prompt. Neither given: `None`. A quality that isn't a number from 0 to 12, or a
+/// format other than the three names, is an error.
+pub fn choice_param(params: &Value, cmd: &str) -> Result<Option<JpegChoice>, String> {
+    let format = photocraft_engine::file_cmds::jpeg_format_param(params, cmd).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+    let quality = match params.get("quality") {
+        None | Some(Value::Null) => None,
+        Some(v) => Some(
+            v.as_f64()
+                .filter(|q| (0.0..=f64::from(MAX_QUALITY)).contains(q))
+                .map(|q| q.round() as u8)
+                .ok_or_else(|| format!("{cmd}: `quality` must be a number from 0 to 12 (Photoshop's JPEG scale), got {v}"))?,
+        ),
+    };
+    Ok((quality.is_some() || format.is_some()).then(|| JpegChoice { quality, format: format.unwrap_or_default() }))
+}
+
+/// The params of a recorded plain `file.save` (which writes whichever file an action is played
+/// on): none, unless JPEG Options changed something, so that a replay writes it too without
+/// asking. `quality` is left out when the file's own quality was kept, and `jpegFormat` when it
+/// is Baseline, the default.
+pub fn plain_save_step(choice: Option<JpegChoice>) -> Value {
+    let mut step = Value::Object(Default::default());
+    if let Some(c) = choice {
+        if let Some(q) = c.quality {
+            step["quality"] = q.into();
+        }
+        if c.format != JpegFormat::Baseline {
+            step["jpegFormat"] = c.format.name().into();
+        }
+    }
+    step
+}
+
+/// The JPEG Options in a recorded save step, which replays without asking. A `file.saveACopy`
+/// step from the engine command keeps its params as they were given, and the engine clamps a
+/// `quality` to 0–12 and ignores one that isn't a number, so the replay reads it the same way. A
+/// format other than the three names is still an error, as it is for the engine.
+pub fn recorded_choice(params: &Value, cmd: &str) -> Result<Option<JpegChoice>, String> {
+    let format = photocraft_engine::file_cmds::jpeg_format_param(params, cmd).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+    let quality = params.get("quality").and_then(Value::as_f64).filter(|q| q.is_finite()).map(|q| q.clamp(0.0, f64::from(MAX_QUALITY)).round() as u8);
+    Ok((quality.is_some() || format.is_some()).then(|| JpegChoice { quality, format: format.unwrap_or_default() }))
+}
+
+/// Photoshop's name for a quality, in the UI language: Low, Medium, High or Maximum.
+pub fn quality_label(q: u8) -> &'static str {
+    match q {
+        0..=4 => tl!("Low"),
+        5..=7 => tl!("Medium"),
+        8..=9 => tl!("High"),
+        _ => tl!("Maximum"),
+    }
+}
+
+/// The 0–12 quality nearest an encoder quality (1–100), the inverse of the engine's mapping.
+pub fn quality_from_percent(q: u32) -> u8 {
+    let q = f64::from(q.clamp(1, 100));
+    ((q - 1.0) / 99.0 * f64::from(MAX_QUALITY)).round() as u8
+}
+
+/// Where the prompt starts.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct Start {
+    /// Quality on the 0–12 scale.
+    pub quality: u8,
+    /// The opened file's own encoder quality (1–100) that `quality` was rounded from. Left on
+    /// that step, OK writes it exactly and records no `quality`, so a replay keeps it too.
+    pub own_quality: Option<u8>,
+    pub format: JpegFormat,
+}
+
+impl Start {
+    /// Starts at an opened JPEG's own encoder quality (1–100; out of range is clamped).
+    pub fn own(quality: u8) -> Self {
+        let q = quality.clamp(1, 100);
+        Start { quality: quality_from_percent(u32::from(q)), own_quality: Some(q), format: JpegFormat::Baseline }
+    }
+
+    /// Starts at an encoder quality (1–100) that isn't the file's own, such as a preference.
+    pub fn percent(quality: u32) -> Self {
+        Start { quality: quality_from_percent(quality), own_quality: None, format: JpegFormat::Baseline }
+    }
+
+    /// For the active document: its opened JPEG's own quality (`Document::file_encoding`), or
+    /// else the Export preferences' JPEG quality (the one Quick Export uses).
+    pub fn for_active(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Self {
+        match app.session.active().and_then(|st| st.doc.file_encoding.jpeg_quality) {
+            Some(q) => Start::own(q),
+            None => Start::percent(app.session.prefs().export.jpeg_quality),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A save waiting on the JPEG Options answer.
+pub struct Prompt {
+    /// The document that requested the save, even if tabs change while this is open.
+    doc: photocraft_doc::DocId,
+    /// Where the document goes.
+    pub path: String,
+    /// Quality, 0–12.
+    pub quality: u8,
+    pub format: JpegFormat,
+    /// See [`Start::own_quality`].
+    pub own_quality: Option<u8>,
+    /// Save a Copy: the document keeps its path and unsaved changes.
+    pub copy: bool,
+    /// The step the answered save is recorded as, so an action being recorded keeps it:
+    /// `file.saveAs` for Save As (#2032), `file.saveACopy` for Save a Copy (#4373), and
+    /// `file.save` (with no params) for File › Save writing the document's own file (#3531).
+    pub record: &'static str,
+}
+
+/// `true` when `path` names a JPEG (`.jpg`, `.jpeg`, `.jpe`, …).
+pub fn is_jpeg_path(path: &str) -> bool {
+    photocraft_engine::file_cmds::extension(path).and_then(|e| photocraft_codecs::from_extension(&e)) == Some(photocraft_codecs::Format::Jpeg)
+}
+
+/// Whether saving the active document to `path` asks for JPEG Options.
+pub fn wants_prompt(app: &PhotocraftApp, path: &str) -> bool {
+    is_jpeg_path(path) && app.session.active().is_some()
+}
+
+/// Parks the save of the active document to `path` behind the prompt, starting at
+/// [`Start::for_active`]. A prompt already waiting is never replaced.
+pub fn park(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, path: String, copy: bool, record: &'static str) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let start = Start::for_active(app);
+    park_at(app, path, copy, record, start)
+}
+
+/// [`park`], starting at `start`.
+pub fn park_at(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, path: String, copy: bool, record: &'static str, start: Start) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if app.save_options_open() {
+        return Err(crate::SAVE_OPTIONS_OPEN.into());
+    }
+    let doc = app.active_doc_id()?;
+    let Start { quality, own_quality, format } = start;
+    app.jpeg_options = Some(Prompt { doc, path, quality: quality.min(MAX_QUALITY), format, own_quality, copy, record });
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
+    let Some(p) = &mut app.jpeg_options else { return };
+    let (mut ok, mut cancel) = (false, false);
+    let (mut quality, mut format) = (p.quality, p.format);
+    let modal = egui::Modal::new(egui::Id::unique("jpeg-options")).show(ctx, |ui| {
+        ui.set_max_width(360.0);
+        ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("JPEG Options")).font(crate::theme::semibold(15.0)));
+        ui.add_space(4.0);
+        crate::widgets::hairline(ui);
+        ui.add_space(8.0);
+        crate::widgets::section_label(ui, tl!("Image Options"));
+        ui.horizontal(|ui| {
+            let quality_caption = ui.label(tl!("Quality"));
+            ui.add(egui::DragValue::new(&mut quality).range(0..=MAX_QUALITY).speed(0.1)).labelled_by(quality_caption.id);
+            // Photoshop's presets: picking one sets the quality it starts at.
+            let preset = egui::ComboBox::from_id_salt("jpeg-quality-preset").selected_text(quality_label(quality)).show_ui(ui, |ui| {
+                for q in [3, 5, 8, 10] {
+                    if ui.selectable_label(quality_label(quality) == quality_label(q), quality_label(q)).clicked() {
+                        quality = q;
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+            let _ = preset.response.accessible_name(tl!("Preset"));
+        });
+        ui.add(egui::Slider::new(&mut quality, 0..=MAX_QUALITY).show_value(false)).accessible_name(tl!("Quality"));
+        ui.add_space(8.0);
+        crate::widgets::section_label(ui, tl!("Format Options"));
+        ui.radio_value(&mut format, JpegFormat::Baseline, tl!("Baseline (\"Standard\")"));
+        ui.radio_value(&mut format, JpegFormat::Optimized, tl!("Baseline Optimized"));
+        ui.radio_value(&mut format, JpegFormat::Progressive, tl!("Progressive"));
+        ui.add_space(12.0);
+        ui.with_layout(egui::Layout::right_to_left(egui::Align::Center), |ui| {
+            ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 10.0;
+            ok = crate::widgets::primary_button(ui, tl!("OK"), 84.0).clicked();
+            cancel = crate::widgets::secondary_button(ui, tl!("Cancel"), 84.0).clicked();
+        });
+    });
+    cancel |= modal.should_close();
+    p.quality = quality.min(MAX_QUALITY);
+    p.format = format;
+    // A focused button takes Enter as its click without consuming the key: Enter on Cancel cancels.
+    if ok || (!cancel && ctx.input_mut(|i| i.consume_key(egui::Modifiers::NONE, egui::Key::Enter))) {
+        confirm(app, ctx);
+    } else if cancel {
+        app.jpeg_options = None;
+        app.ui.status = tl!("Save cancelled").into();
+        app.ui.status_error = false;
+    }
+}
+
+/// OK: writes the waiting save with the prompt's quality and format, and journals it.
+pub fn confirm(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
+    let Some(p) = app.jpeg_options.take() else { return };
+    // Left where it started, an opened JPEG keeps its own quality exactly rather than the nearest
+    // step on the 0–12 scale (95 would be written as 92). The recorded step then leaves the
+    // quality out, so a replay keeps the file's own quality too, as File › Save does (#4032).
+    let own = p.own_quality.filter(|&q| quality_from_percent(u32::from(q)) == p.quality);
+    let choice = JpegChoice { quality: own.is_none().then_some(p.quality), format: p.format };
+    let step = if p.record == "file.save" {
+        // A plain Save writes whichever file the action is played on (#3531), with the answer.
+        plain_save_step(Some(choice))
+    } else {
+        let mut step = serde_json::json!({"path": p.path});
+        choice.record(&mut step);
+        step
+    };
+    let mut settings = choice.apply(app.save_settings());
+    if own.is_some() {
+        settings.jpeg_quality = own;
+    }
+    app.write_answered_save(ctx, p.doc, p.path, &settings, p.copy, (p.record, step));
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use serde_json::json;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn jpeg_names() {
+        for p in ["a.jpg", "dir/sub/a.JPEG", "C:\\x\\y.jpe", "a.jpg.jpg"] {
+            assert!(is_jpeg_path(p), "{p}");
+        }
+        for p in ["a.jpg.psd", ".jpg", "jpg", "a.png", "a.jp2", ""] {
+            assert!(!is_jpeg_path(p), "{p}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn choice_params() {
+        let base = JpegFormat::Baseline;
+        assert_eq!(choice_param(&json!({}), "file.saveAs"), Ok(None));
+        assert_eq!(choice_param(&json!({"quality": null, "jpegFormat": null}), "file.saveAs"), Ok(None));
+        assert_eq!(choice_param(&json!({"quality": 12}), "file.saveAs"), Ok(Some(JpegChoice { quality: Some(12), format: base })));
+        assert_eq!(choice_param(&json!({"quality": 7.6}), "file.saveAs"), Ok(Some(JpegChoice { quality: Some(8), format: base })));
+        assert_eq!(choice_param(&json!({"jpegFormat": "progressive"}), "file.saveAs"), Ok(Some(JpegChoice { quality: None, format: JpegFormat::Progressive })));
+        for bad in [
+            json!({"quality": 13}),
+            json!({"quality": -1}),
+            json!({"quality": 1e300}),
+            json!({"quality": "8"}),
+            json!({"quality": true}),
+            json!({"quality": [8]}),
+            json!({"jpegFormat": "Optimized"}),
+            json!({"jpegFormat": 1}),
+            json!({"quality": 8, "jpegFormat": ""}),
+        ] {
+            assert!(choice_param(&bad, "file.saveAs").is_err(), "{bad}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn recorded_steps_read_like_the_engine() {
+        let base = JpegFormat::Baseline;
+        assert_eq!(recorded_choice(&json!({"path": "a.jpg"}), "file.saveACopy"), Ok(None));
+        assert_eq!(recorded_choice(&json!({"quality": 90}), "file.saveACopy"), Ok(Some(JpegChoice { quality: Some(12), format: base })));
+        assert_eq!(recorded_choice(&json!({"quality": -3}), "file.saveACopy"), Ok(Some(JpegChoice { quality: Some(0), format: base })));
+        assert_eq!(recorded_choice(&json!({"quality": "8"}), "file.saveACopy"), Ok(None), "a quality that isn't a number is ignored");
+        assert_eq!(
+            recorded_choice(&json!({"quality": 7.6, "jpegFormat": "optimized"}), "file.saveAs"),
+            Ok(Some(JpegChoice { quality: Some(8), format: JpegFormat::Optimized }))
+        );
+        assert!(recorded_choice(&json!({"jpegFormat": "fast"}), "file.saveACopy").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn quality_scale() {
+        assert_eq!([0, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12].map(quality_label), ["Low", "Low", "Medium", "Medium", "High", "High", "Maximum", "Maximum"]);
+        // The prompt's starting quality maps back to the encoder quality it came from, near enough.
+        for q in 0..=MAX_QUALITY {
+            assert_eq!(quality_from_percent(u32::from(photocraft_engine::file_cmds::jpeg_quality(f64::from(q)))), q);
+        }
+        assert_eq!((quality_from_percent(0), quality_from_percent(85), quality_from_percent(1000)), (0, 10, 12));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn starts() {
+        assert_eq!(Start::own(95), Start { quality: 11, own_quality: Some(95), format: JpegFormat::Baseline });
+        assert_eq!(Start::own(0), Start { quality: 0, own_quality: Some(1), format: JpegFormat::Baseline });
+        assert_eq!(Start::own(255).own_quality, Some(100));
+        assert_eq!(Start::percent(85), Start { quality: 10, own_quality: None, format: JpegFormat::Baseline });
+        assert_eq!(Start::percent(u32::MAX).quality, MAX_QUALITY);
+    }
+
+    /// The desktop and web exporters write through `ExportSettings::io_options`: the format picked
+    /// in JPEG Options reaches the encoder there, not just the settings.
+    #[test]
+    fn the_answer_reaches_the_encoder() {
+        let doc = photocraft_doc::Document::with_background(
+            "x",
+            photocraft_doc::Size::new(16, 16),
+            photocraft_doc::ColorMode::Rgb,
+            photocraft_doc::SampleType::U8,
+            photocraft_doc::Color::WHITE,
+        );
+        let write = |format| {
+            let settings = JpegChoice { quality: Some(10), format }.apply(ExportSettings::default());
+            photocraft_io::export(&doc, "a.jpg", &settings.io_options()).unwrap().bytes
+        };
+        // Start of frame: 0xFFC0 baseline, 0xFFC2 progressive. Scan data stuffs its 0xFF bytes, and
+        // this small white image's tables and headers hold neither pair, so only the frame marker matches.
+        let sof = |b: &[u8], m: u8| b.windows(2).any(|w| w == [0xFF, m]);
+        let (base, prog) = (write(JpegFormat::Baseline), write(JpegFormat::Progressive));
+        assert!(sof(&base, 0xC0) && !sof(&base, 0xC2), "baseline");
+        assert!(sof(&prog, 0xC2) && !sof(&prog, 0xC0), "progressive");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn choices_apply_and_record() {
+        let c = JpegChoice { quality: Some(10), format: JpegFormat::Optimized };
+        let s = c.apply(ExportSettings::default());
+        assert_eq!((s.jpeg_quality, s.jpeg_format), (Some(84), JpegFormat::Optimized));
+        let mut step = json!({"path": "a.jpg"});
+        c.record(&mut step);
+        assert_eq!(step, json!({"path": "a.jpg", "quality": 10, "jpegFormat": "optimized"}));
+        assert_eq!(choice_param(&step, "file.saveAs"), Ok(Some(c)), "a recorded step replays the same answer");
+        let unset = JpegChoice { quality: None, format: JpegFormat::Progressive }.apply(ExportSettings { jpeg_quality: Some(95), ..ExportSettings::default() });
+        assert_eq!(unset.jpeg_quality, Some(95), "no quality keeps the quality the save had");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/kys_import.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/kys_import.rs
index 75f46a775b..c58499620f 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/kys_import.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/kys_import.rs
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ pub fn show_offer(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
     );
     let mut answer = None;
     egui::Window::new(tl!("Import keyboard shortcuts?"))
-        .id(egui::Id::new("kys-offer"))
+        .id(egui::Id::unique("kys-offer"))
         .collapsible(false)
         .resizable(false)
         .default_width(440.0)
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_filter_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_filter_ui.rs
index e933d0c165..82c17e650e 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_filter_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_filter_ui.rs
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ pub fn bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 2.0;
         let by = [(FilterBy::Kind, tl!("Kind")), (FilterBy::Name, tl!("Name")), (FilterBy::Mode, tl!("Mode"))];
-        widgets::dropdown(ui, "layer-filter-by", &mut app.ui.layer_filter_by, &by, 64.0);
+        widgets::dropdown(ui, "layer-filter-by", tl!("Kind"), &mut app.ui.layer_filter_by, &by, 64.0);
         ui.add_space(4.0);
         match app.ui.layer_filter_by {
             FilterBy::Kind => {
@@ -146,12 +146,12 @@ pub fn bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
             }
             FilterBy::Name => {
                 let width = ui.available_width().max(48.0);
-                widgets::text_field(ui, ui.id().with("layer-filter-name"), &mut app.ui.layer_filter_name, tl!("Search"), width, false);
+                widgets::text_field(ui, ui.scope_id().with("layer-filter-name"), &mut app.ui.layer_filter_name, tl!("Search"), width, false);
             }
             FilterBy::Mode => {
                 let modes: Vec<(BlendMode, &str)> = std::iter::once(BlendMode::PassThrough).chain(BlendMode::LAYER_MODES).map(|m| (m, m.label())).collect();
                 let width = ui.available_width().max(96.0);
-                widgets::dropdown(ui, "layer-filter-mode", &mut app.ui.layer_filter_mode, &modes, width);
+                widgets::dropdown(ui, "layer-filter-mode", tl!("Mode"), &mut app.ui.layer_filter_mode, &modes, width);
             }
         }
     });
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_menu_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_menu_ui.rs
index beb3e9bc32..0ea4db41ea 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_menu_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_menu_ui.rs
@@ -77,6 +77,8 @@ pub fn entries(l: &Layer, multi: bool, has_selection: bool) -> Vec<Entry> {
             LayerContent::Shape(_) => v.push(Some(("Rasterize Layer", "layer.rasterize.shape"))),
             LayerContent::Smart(_) => {
                 v.push(Some((tl!("Edit Contents"), "layer.smartObjects.editContents")));
+                v.push(Some((tl!("Replace Contents…"), "layer.smartObjects.replaceContents")));
+                v.push(Some((tl!("Relink to File…"), "layer.smartObjects.relinkToFile")));
                 v.push(Some((tl!("Convert to Layers"), "layer.smartObjects.convertToLayers")));
                 v.push(Some(("Rasterize Layer", "layer.rasterize.smartObject")));
             }
@@ -158,8 +160,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &crate::PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, l: &Layer, on_set: bo
 }
 
 /// The menu of `l`'s layer-mask thumbnail (#4575), in Photoshop's order. It acts on `l`, which it
-/// selects first like the row menu. Photoshop's Mask Options… (the overlay colour) has no
-/// command yet, so it is left out.
+/// selects first like the row menu.
 pub fn show_mask(app: &crate::PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, l: &Layer, actions: &mut Vec<(String, Value)>) {
     let Some(mask) = &l.mask else { return };
     crate::widgets::menu_scroll(ui, |ui| {
@@ -189,6 +190,13 @@ pub fn show_mask(app: &crate::PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, l: &Layer, actio
             actions.push(("select.selectAndMask".into(), Value::Null));
             ui.close();
         }
+        // Layer Mask Display Options: the rubylith's colour and opacity (`channel.options`).
+        if ui.button(tl!("Mask Options…")).clicked() {
+            actions.push(("layer.select".into(), json!({"layer": l.id.0})));
+            actions.push(("ui.maskTarget".into(), json!(true)));
+            actions.push(("channel.options".into(), Value::Null));
+            ui.close();
+        }
     });
 }
 
@@ -281,8 +289,8 @@ pub(crate) fn color_choices(app: &crate::PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, l: &L
 fn color_button(ui: &mut egui::Ui, color: LabelColor, checked: bool) -> egui::Response {
     use egui::{Atom, Rect, Stroke, StrokeKind, vec2};
     let t = crate::theme::Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
-    let check_id = ui.id().with(("label-check", color.id()));
-    let swatch_id = ui.id().with(("label-swatch", color.id()));
+    let check_id = egui::IdSalt::new(("label-check", color.id()));
+    let swatch_id = egui::IdSalt::new(("label-swatch", color.id()));
     let name = color_name(color);
     let button = egui::Button::new((Atom::custom(check_id, vec2(14.0, 16.0)), Atom::custom(swatch_id, vec2(16.0, 16.0)), name, Atom::grow())).atom_ui(ui);
     if checked && let Some(rect) = button.rect(check_id) {
@@ -301,7 +309,7 @@ fn color_button(ui: &mut egui::Ui, color: LabelColor, checked: bool) -> egui::Re
             p.line_segment([r.right_top(), r.left_bottom()], stroke);
         }
     }
-    button.response.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::WidgetType::Button, ui.is_enabled(), checked, name));
+    button.response.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::Button, ui.is_enabled(), checked, name));
     button.response
 }
 
@@ -521,6 +529,15 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(sel.sample_channel(10, 30, 0) > 0.99, "the selection is kept");
         assert!(sel.sample_channel(80, 30, 0) > 0.99, "the clicked layer's mask is added");
         assert!(sel.sample_channel(40, 30, 0) < 0.01, "nothing else is selected");
+        // Mask Options…: Layer Mask Display Options (the rubylith's colour and opacity).
+        let (thumbs, _) = crate::mask_thumbs_ui::recorded(&h.ctx, masked.0).expect("mask thumbnail drawn");
+        let at = thumbs.iter().find(|(k, _)| *k == crate::mask_thumbs_ui::MaskKind::Pixel).unwrap().1.center();
+        click(&mut h, at, PointerButton::Secondary);
+        let at = h.get_by_label("Mask Options…").rect().center();
+        click(&mut h, at, PointerButton::Primary);
+        let d = h.state().ui.dialogs.last().expect("Mask Options… opens a dialog");
+        assert!(crate::channel_options_ui::owns(&d.fields) && d.fields["channel"] == json!("mask"), "{:?}", d.fields);
+        assert_eq!(d.fields["__label"], json!("Layer Mask Display Options…"));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -536,7 +553,7 @@ mod tests {
         let ctx = egui::Context::default();
         crate::PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::ALL[0]);
         let screen = egui::Rect::from_min_size(egui::Pos2::ZERO, egui::vec2(800.0, 300.0));
-        let id = egui::Id::new("layer-menu-probe");
+        let id = egui::Id::unique("layer-menu-probe");
         let mut content = 0.0;
         for _ in 0..4 {
             let input = egui::RawInput { screen_rect: Some(screen), ..Default::default() };
@@ -574,7 +591,10 @@ mod tests {
         s.execute("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject", json!({})).unwrap();
         let ids: Vec<_> = entries(&layer(&s), false, false).into_iter().flatten().map(|e| e.1).collect();
         let edit = ids.iter().position(|id| *id == "layer.smartObjects.editContents").expect("Edit Contents entry");
-        assert_eq!(ids[edit + 1..edit + 3], ["layer.smartObjects.convertToLayers", "layer.rasterize.smartObject"]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            ids[edit + 1..edit + 5],
+            ["layer.smartObjects.replaceContents", "layer.smartObjects.relinkToFile", "layer.smartObjects.convertToLayers", "layer.rasterize.smartObject"]
+        );
     }
 
     /// Right-clicking inside a multi-layer selection offers one Rasterize item for the whole
@@ -592,7 +612,14 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(ids(false).contains(&"layer.smartObjects.editContents"), "a single smart object keeps its items");
         let multi = ids(true);
         assert!(multi.contains(&"layer.rasterize.layer"));
-        for single in ["layer.rasterize.smartObject", "layer.rasterize.shape", "layer.smartObjects.editContents", "layer.smartObjects.convertToLayers"] {
+        for single in [
+            "layer.rasterize.smartObject",
+            "layer.rasterize.shape",
+            "layer.smartObjects.editContents",
+            "layer.smartObjects.replaceContents",
+            "layer.smartObjects.relinkToFile",
+            "layer.smartObjects.convertToLayers",
+        ] {
             assert!(!multi.contains(&single), "{single} acts on one layer, not on a selection");
         }
         let label = entries(&smart, true, false).into_iter().flatten().find(|e| e.1 == "layer.rasterize.layer").unwrap().0;
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_menu_ui/color_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_menu_ui/color_tests.rs
index 88c11dfd2c..4bc114ae5f 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_menu_ui/color_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_menu_ui/color_tests.rs
@@ -41,9 +41,9 @@ fn layer_color_context_menu_edits_the_clicked_layer_and_preserves_multi_selectio
         let (mut h, red, other) = harness(crate::theme::ThemeKind::Pro, ppp);
         let at = row(&h, red).center();
         click(&mut h, at, PointerButton::Secondary, Modifiers::NONE);
-        let at = h.get_by_label("Color ⏵").rect().center();
+        let at = h.query_all_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::Button, "Color").last().expect("the Color submenu").rect().center();
         click(&mut h, at, PointerButton::Primary, Modifiers::NONE);
-        let at = h.get_by_label("Seafoam").rect().center();
+        let at = h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::Button, "Seafoam").rect().center();
         click(&mut h, at, PointerButton::Primary, Modifiers::NONE);
         let st = h.state().session.active().unwrap();
         assert_eq!(st.active_layer, Some(red));
@@ -55,9 +55,9 @@ fn layer_color_context_menu_edits_the_clicked_layer_and_preserves_multi_selectio
         assert_eq!(common_color(h.state(), clicked, true), None);
         let at = row(&h, red).center();
         click(&mut h, at, PointerButton::Secondary, Modifiers::NONE);
-        let at = h.get_by_label("Color ⏵").rect().center();
+        let at = h.query_all_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::Button, "Color").last().expect("the Color submenu").rect().center();
         click(&mut h, at, PointerButton::Primary, Modifiers::NONE);
-        let at = h.get_by_label("Indigo").rect().center();
+        let at = h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::Button, "Indigo").rect().center();
         click(&mut h, at, PointerButton::Primary, Modifiers::NONE);
         let st = h.state().session.active().unwrap();
         assert_eq!(st.selected_layers().len(), 2);
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ fn right_clicking_eye_opens_color_choices_without_toggling_visibility() {
     let r = row(&h, red);
     let eye = pos2(r.left() + 17.0, r.center().y);
     click(&mut h, eye, PointerButton::Secondary, Modifiers::NONE);
-    let blue = h.get_by_label("Blue").rect().center();
+    let blue = h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::Button, "Blue").rect().center();
     click(&mut h, blue, PointerButton::Primary, Modifiers::NONE);
 
     let st = h.state().session.active().unwrap();
@@ -136,6 +136,6 @@ fn layer_color_menu_marks_only_the_common_color() {
         }
     });
     h.run();
-    assert_eq!(h.get_by_label("Blue").accesskit_node().toggled(), Some(egui::accesskit::Toggled::True));
-    assert_eq!(h.get_by_label("Red").accesskit_node().toggled(), Some(egui::accesskit::Toggled::False));
+    assert_eq!(h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::Button, "Blue").accesskit_node().toggled(), Some(egui::accesskit::Toggled::True));
+    assert_eq!(h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::Button, "Red").accesskit_node().toggled(), Some(egui::accesskit::Toggled::False));
 }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_pct_slider_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_pct_slider_tests.rs
index 4a717e210f..1d22cd255f 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_pct_slider_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_pct_slider_tests.rs
@@ -163,3 +163,18 @@ fn dragging_opacity_and_fill_labels_scrubs_percentages_in_one_history_step() {
         assert!((value(&layer(&h)) - 1.0).abs() < 1e-6, "{name}: undo restores the original value");
     }
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn opacity_and_fill_stay_visible_but_disabled_with_no_layer_selected() {
+    let mut h = harness();
+    h.state_mut().session.execute("select.deselectLayers", json!({})).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    assert!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().active_layer.is_none());
+    for name in ["Opacity", "Fill"] {
+        let node = h
+            .query_all_by_role(Role::Button)
+            .find(|n| n.accesskit_node().label().as_deref() == Some(name))
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("{name}: the control disappeared with no layer selected"));
+        assert!(node.accesskit_node().is_disabled(), "{name}: should be greyed out");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_pick_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_pick_ui.rs
index b75fe2b47b..3a3bf1efa1 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_pick_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_pick_ui.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ pub fn choose(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, layer: u64) {
 }
 
 fn menu_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("canvas-layer-menu")
+    egui::Id::unique("canvas-layer-menu")
 }
 
 /// Show the open menu. Escape or a click outside closes it.
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_props_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_props_ui.rs
index 55852aeea1..62f84ecc8a 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_props_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_props_ui.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,8 @@ use crate::{PhotocraftApp, widgets};
 
 /// `edit.transform` params that scale the content box `b` = [x0, y0, x1, y1] to `w` x `h`, keeping
 /// the top-left corner (Photoshop's Properties W/H fields), or `layer.translate` params for X/Y.
-pub fn transform_params(layer: u64, b: [i32; 4], w: Option<f32>, h: Option<f32>, linked: bool) -> Option<Value> {
+/// `tol` is the smallest change, in px, that counts as an edit (see [`edit_tolerance`]).
+pub fn transform_params(layer: u64, b: [f64; 4], w: Option<f32>, h: Option<f32>, linked: bool, tol: f32) -> Option<Value> {
     let (bw, bh) = ((b[2] - b[0]) as f32, (b[3] - b[1]) as f32);
     if bw <= 0.0 || bh <= 0.0 {
         return None;
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ pub fn transform_params(layer: u64, b: [i32; 4], w: Option<f32>, h: Option<f32>,
             nw = (nh * bw / bh).max(1.0);
         }
     }
-    if (nw - bw).abs() < 0.5 && (nh - bh).abs() < 0.5 {
+    if (nw - bw).abs() < tol && (nh - bh).abs() < tol {
         return None;
     }
     let (x0, y0) = (b[0] as f32, b[1] as f32);
@@ -33,13 +34,29 @@ pub fn transform_params(layer: u64, b: [i32; 4], w: Option<f32>, h: Option<f32>,
     Some(json!({"layer": layer, "rect": b, "quad": quad}))
 }
 
+/// The smallest W/H change, in px, that counts as an edit. A pixel frame is whole pixels: under
+/// half a pixel is noise. A shape's path is fractional and is scaled to exactly the typed size,
+/// so anything past the field's own rounding (half its last shown decimal) is an edit: 400.25 px
+/// typed as 400 applies, while focusing and leaving the field (which re-reads its rounded text)
+/// doesn't.
+fn edit_tolerance(layer: &Layer, u: LenUnit, extent: f64) -> f32 {
+    match &layer.content {
+        LayerContent::Shape(sh) if !sh.path.inverted => ((u.px(0.05, extent) - u.px(0.0, extent)).abs() as f32 + 1e-3).min(0.5),
+        _ => 0.5,
+    }
+}
+
 /// A number field that reports a value once committed (drag released, Enter, focus lost). `label` is its own
 /// label and the one stacked with it in the same column ("W" over "X"), which share a centre.
-fn field(ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: &str, label: (&str, &str), current: f32, width: f32, u: LenUnit, extent: f64) -> Option<f32> {
+/// `len` is the unit shown and its 100% extent (for percent); `name` is the field's accessible name.
+// The explicit accessible name accompanies the existing numeric-field parameters.
+#[expect(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+fn field(ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: &str, label: (&str, &str), name: &str, current: f32, width: f32, len: (LenUnit, f64), tol: f32) -> Option<f32> {
+    let (u, extent) = len;
     stacked_label(ui, tl!(label.0), &[tl!(label.0), tl!(label.1)], LABEL_W, 2.0);
     let key = ui.make_persistent_id(("layer-props-field", id));
     let mut v = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<f32>(key)).unwrap_or_else(|| u.shown(f64::from(current), extent));
-    let resp = widgets::value_field(ui, &mut v, -300_000.0..=300_000.0, u.unit.suffix(), width);
+    let resp = widgets::value_field(ui, &mut v, -300_000.0..=300_000.0, u.unit.suffix(), width).accessible_name(tl!(name));
     if resp.dragged() || resp.has_focus() {
         ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(key, v));
         return None;
@@ -49,7 +66,7 @@ fn field(ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: &str, label: (&str, &str), current: f32, width:
         return None;
     }
     let px = u.px(v, extent) as f32;
-    ((px - current).abs() >= 0.5).then_some(px)
+    ((px - current).abs() >= tol).then_some(px)
 }
 
 /// Lengths in the Units & Rulers unit, as Photoshop's Properties panel shows them (cm when the
@@ -116,6 +133,17 @@ fn align_glyph(ui: &egui::Ui, r: Rect, kind: &str, color: egui::Color32) {
     }
 }
 
+/// The box the Transform fields show and edit, [x0, y0, x1, y1]: the layer's pixel frame `px`,
+/// or for a shape its path's geometry, as Photoshop's Properties shows it, without the pixels its
+/// stroke adds around it; W/H then scale the path to exactly the typed size.
+fn frame(layer: &Layer, px: photocraft_geom::Rect) -> [f64; 4] {
+    let path = match &layer.content {
+        LayerContent::Shape(sh) if !sh.path.inverted => sh.path.control_bounds().filter(|c| c.2 > c.0 && c.3 > c.1),
+        _ => None,
+    };
+    path.map_or([f64::from(px.x0), f64::from(px.y0), f64::from(px.x1), f64::from(px.y1)], |c| [c.0, c.1, c.2, c.3])
+}
+
 /// Width of the link toggle between the W and H fields (the X/Y row leaves the same gap).
 const LINK_W: f32 = 20.0;
 
@@ -125,36 +153,36 @@ const LINK_W: f32 = 20.0;
 pub fn properties(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, layer: &Layer) {
     let mut run: Vec<(String, Value)> = Vec::new();
     if let Some(s) = layer.surface() {
-        let b = app.layer_frame_bounds(layer, s);
+        let bb = frame(layer, app.layer_frame_bounds(layer, s));
         let u = LenUnit::of(app);
         let (dw, dh) = app.session.active().map_or((1.0, 1.0), |s| (f64::from(s.doc.size.width), f64::from(s.doc.size.height)));
+        let (tw, th) = (edit_tolerance(layer, u, dw), edit_tolerance(layer, u, dh));
         if section(ui, "transform", tl!("Transform")) {
-            let link_key = egui::Id::new("layer-props-link");
+            let link_key = egui::Id::unique("layer-props-link");
             let linked = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<bool>(link_key)).unwrap_or(true);
-            let bb = [b.x0, b.y0, b.x1, b.y1];
             // Two label+field columns with the link toggle between them, filling the panel.
             let w = ((ui.available_width() - 2.0 * (LABEL_W + LABEL_GAP) - LINK_W - 2.0 * LABEL_GAP) / 2.0).max(36.0);
             ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                 ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = LABEL_GAP;
-                if let Some(v) = field(ui, "w", ("W", "X"), b.width() as f32, w, u, dw) {
-                    run.extend(transform_params(layer.id.0, bb, Some(v), None, linked).map(|p| ("edit.transform".to_string(), p)));
+                if let Some(v) = field(ui, "w", ("W", "X"), "Width", (bb[2] - bb[0]) as f32, w, (u, dw), tw) {
+                    run.extend(transform_params(layer.id.0, bb, Some(v), None, linked, tw).map(|p| ("edit.transform".to_string(), p)));
                 }
                 if crate::icons::button(ui, if linked { "link" } else { "unlink" }, LINK_W, linked, tl!("Link width and height")).clicked() {
                     ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(link_key, !linked));
                 }
-                if let Some(v) = field(ui, "h", ("H", "Y"), b.height() as f32, w, u, dh) {
-                    run.extend(transform_params(layer.id.0, bb, None, Some(v), linked).map(|p| ("edit.transform".to_string(), p)));
+                if let Some(v) = field(ui, "h", ("H", "Y"), "Height", (bb[3] - bb[1]) as f32, w, (u, dh), th) {
+                    run.extend(transform_params(layer.id.0, bb, None, Some(v), linked, th).map(|p| ("edit.transform".to_string(), p)));
                 }
             });
             ui.add_space(ROW_GAP);
             ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                 ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = LABEL_GAP;
-                if let Some(v) = field(ui, "x", ("X", "W"), b.x0 as f32, w, u, dw) {
-                    run.push(("layer.translate".into(), json!({"layer": layer.id.0, "dx": (v - b.x0 as f32).round() as i32, "dy": 0})));
+                if let Some(v) = field(ui, "x", ("X", "W"), "X", bb[0] as f32, w, (u, dw), 0.5) {
+                    run.push(("layer.translate".into(), json!({"layer": layer.id.0, "dx": (v - bb[0] as f32).round() as i32, "dy": 0})));
                 }
                 ui.add_space(LINK_W + LABEL_GAP);
-                if let Some(v) = field(ui, "y", ("Y", "H"), b.y0 as f32, w, u, dh) {
-                    run.push(("layer.translate".into(), json!({"layer": layer.id.0, "dx": 0, "dy": (v - b.y0 as f32).round() as i32})));
+                if let Some(v) = field(ui, "y", ("Y", "H"), "Y", bb[1] as f32, w, (u, dh), 0.5) {
+                    run.push(("layer.translate".into(), json!({"layer": layer.id.0, "dx": 0, "dy": (v - bb[1] as f32).round() as i32})));
                 }
             });
             ui.add_space(ROW_GAP);
@@ -215,7 +243,7 @@ fn align_and_distribute(app: &PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, run: &mut Vec<(S
             }
             align_glyph(ui, r, kind, if on { t.icon } else { t.text_faint });
             let tip = crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("Align {what}"), &[("what", tl!(&label))]);
-            resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, on, &tip));
+            resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, on, &tip));
             if resp.on_hover_text(tip).clicked() {
                 run.push((id, json!({})));
             }
@@ -333,13 +361,13 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn width_edit_scales_from_the_top_left() {
-        let p = transform_params(7, [10, 20, 110, 70], Some(200.0), None, true).unwrap();
+        let p = transform_params(7, [10.0, 20.0, 110.0, 70.0], Some(200.0), None, true, 0.5).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(p["layer"], 7);
         assert_eq!(p["quad"], json!([[10.0, 20.0], [210.0, 20.0], [210.0, 120.0], [10.0, 120.0]]));
-        let p = transform_params(7, [10, 20, 110, 70], None, Some(25.0), false).unwrap();
+        let p = transform_params(7, [10.0, 20.0, 110.0, 70.0], None, Some(25.0), false, 0.5).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(p["quad"][2], json!([110.0, 45.0]));
-        assert!(transform_params(7, [10, 20, 110, 70], Some(100.0), None, true).is_none());
-        assert!(transform_params(7, [0, 0, 0, 0], Some(5.0), None, true).is_none());
+        assert!(transform_params(7, [10.0, 20.0, 110.0, 70.0], Some(100.0), None, true, 0.5).is_none());
+        assert!(transform_params(7, [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0], Some(5.0), None, true, 0.5).is_none());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -351,9 +379,57 @@ mod tests {
         s.execute("select.deselect", json!({})).unwrap();
         let st = s.active().unwrap();
         let id = st.active_layer.unwrap();
-        let p = transform_params(id.0, [10, 20, 110, 70], Some(50.0), None, true).unwrap();
+        let p = transform_params(id.0, [10.0, 20.0, 110.0, 70.0], Some(50.0), None, true, 0.5).unwrap();
         s.execute("edit.transform", p).unwrap();
         let b = s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().surface().unwrap().content_bounds();
         assert_eq!((b.x0, b.y0, b.width(), b.height()), (10, 20, 50, 25));
     }
+
+    /// A stroked shape's Transform fields show its path, not the stroke's pixels, and a W edit
+    /// scales the path to that width, as in Photoshop.
+    #[test]
+    fn shape_fields_show_and_scale_the_path_without_its_stroke() {
+        let mut s = photocraft_engine::Session::new();
+        s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 800, "height": 600})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("shape.create", json!({"kind": "rect", "rect": [200, 150, 400, 300], "fill": "#3366cc", "stroke": {"width": 15, "color": "#000000"}}))
+            .unwrap();
+        let st = s.active().unwrap();
+        let id = st.active_layer.unwrap();
+        let layer = st.doc.layer(id).unwrap();
+        let px = photocraft_compose::bounds::content_bounds(layer.surface().unwrap());
+        assert!(px.width() > 400, "the stroke's pixels reach past the path: {px:?}");
+        let bb = frame(layer, px);
+        assert_eq!(bb, [200.0, 150.0, 600.0, 450.0]);
+        s.execute("edit.transform", transform_params(id.0, bb, Some(200.0), None, true, 0.5).unwrap()).unwrap();
+        let LayerContent::Shape(sh) = &s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().content else { panic!("still a shape") };
+        let c = sh.path.control_bounds().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((c.0, c.1, c.2 - c.0, c.3 - c.1), (200.0, 150.0, 200.0, 150.0), "the path is exactly 200 × 150");
+    }
+
+    /// #9181 review: a shape's fractional path takes a W edit smaller than half a pixel (400.25
+    /// px typed as 400), while a pixel layer still ignores sub-pixel noise.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_shape_path_takes_a_width_edit_under_half_a_pixel() {
+        let mut s = photocraft_engine::Session::new();
+        s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 800, "height": 600})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("shape.create", json!({"kind": "rect", "rect": [200, 150, 400.25, 100], "fill": "#3366cc"})).unwrap();
+        let st = s.active().unwrap();
+        let id = st.active_layer.unwrap();
+        let layer = st.doc.layer(id).unwrap();
+        let u = LenUnit { unit: photocraft_engine::prefs::Unit::Pixels, dpi: 72.0, ppi: 72.0 };
+        let bb = frame(layer, photocraft_compose::bounds::content_bounds(layer.surface().unwrap()));
+        assert_eq!(bb[2] - bb[0], 400.25);
+        let tol = edit_tolerance(layer, u, 800.0);
+        assert!(tol < 0.25, "{tol}");
+        let p = transform_params(id.0, bb, Some(400.0), None, false, tol).expect("a quarter-pixel edit applies");
+        s.execute("edit.transform", p).unwrap();
+        let LayerContent::Shape(sh) = &s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().content else { panic!("still a shape") };
+        let c = sh.path.control_bounds().unwrap();
+        assert!((c.2 - c.0 - 400.0).abs() < 1e-6, "the path is exactly 400 wide: {c:?}");
+        // The field's own rounding (400.25 shown as 400.3) is not an edit.
+        assert!(transform_params(id.0, bb, Some(400.3), None, false, tol).is_none());
+        s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        let st = s.active().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(edit_tolerance(st.doc.layer(st.active_layer.unwrap()).unwrap(), u, 800.0), 0.5, "a pixel layer keeps half a pixel");
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_reveal.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_reveal.rs
index bf80bba64d..14ee2a36b3 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_reveal.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_reveal.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use crate::PhotocraftApp;
 struct Seen(usize, Option<LayerId>);
 
 fn seen_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("layers-reveal-seen")
+    egui::Id::unique("layers-reveal-seen")
 }
 
 /// Called once per Layers panel frame, before its rows are listed. When the active layer
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_reveal_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_reveal_tests.rs
index 181e42dc17..5b33aa75ca 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_reveal_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_reveal_tests.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ use photocraft_doc::LayerId;
 use serde_json::json;
 
 use crate::PhotocraftApp;
-use crate::dock::{Group, last_rects};
 use crate::theme::ThemeKind;
 
 /// 30 layers above a closed group holding `inner` (near the bottom of the panel).
@@ -35,7 +34,7 @@ fn harness(app: PhotocraftApp, theme: ThemeKind) -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftA
             if !ui.ctx().fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
                 return;
             }
-            crate::panels::right_dock(app, ui);
+            crate::panels::dock_area(app, ui);
             egui::CentralPanel::default().show(ui, |_| {});
         },
         app,
@@ -46,15 +45,19 @@ fn harness(app: PhotocraftApp, theme: ThemeKind) -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftA
     h
 }
 
+fn layers_group(h: &Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>) -> Option<Rect> {
+    crate::panel_docking::probe::group_rect(h.state(), &h.ctx, "layers")
+}
+
 /// The Layers panel row of `name`, if drawn.
 fn row(h: &Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, name: &str) -> Option<Rect> {
-    let layers = last_rects(&h.ctx).into_iter().find(|(g, _)| *g == Group::Layers)?.1;
+    let layers = layers_group(h)?;
     h.query_all_by_label(name).map(|n| n.rect()).find(|r| layers.contains(r.center()) || (r.left() >= layers.left() && r.right() <= layers.right()))
 }
 
 /// Fully inside the rows viewport (below the strip and the blend/lock rows, above the footer).
 fn in_view(h: &Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, r: Rect) -> bool {
-    let layers = last_rects(&h.ctx).into_iter().find(|(g, _)| *g == Group::Layers).unwrap().1;
+    let layers = layers_group(h).unwrap();
     r.top() >= layers.top() + 26.0 && r.bottom() <= layers.bottom() - (crate::widgets::FOOTER_BAR + 1.0)
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_row_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_row_ui.rs
index 70d3b99bf2..0aa8341c4f 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_row_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_row_ui.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 
 use egui::{Align2, FontId, Galley, Painter, Pos2, Rect, Sense, Shape, Stroke, pos2, vec2};
 use photocraft_color::BlendMode;
-use photocraft_doc::Layer;
+use photocraft_doc::{Adjustment, Layer, LayerContent};
 use serde_json::{Value, json};
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ pub const MIN_NAME_W: f32 = 64.0;
 /// A right-hand row indicator.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum Indicator {
+    /// An adjustment PhotoCraft keeps as imported but cannot render (#6541).
+    Unsupported,
     Lock,
     FxTriangle,
     Fx,
@@ -71,9 +73,21 @@ pub fn layout(row: Rect, name_left: f32, items: &[(Indicator, f32)]) -> (Vec<(In
     (out, name_right)
 }
 
+/// The PSD key of the adjustment `l` holds when PhotoCraft keeps it as imported but cannot
+/// render it.
+pub fn unsupported_key(l: &Layer) -> Option<&str> {
+    match &l.content {
+        LayerContent::Adjustment(Adjustment::Unsupported { psd_key, .. }) => Some(psd_key),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
 /// Width the always-shown indicators of `l` take at the row's right (blend label excluded).
 pub fn reserved_width(l: &Layer) -> f32 {
     let mut w = RIGHT_PAD;
+    if unsupported_key(l).is_some() {
+        w += ICON_W + GAP;
+    }
     if l.locks.any() {
         w += ICON_W + GAP;
     }
@@ -145,6 +159,10 @@ pub fn indicators(
     let fx_galley = has_fx.then(|| painter.layout_no_wrap("fx".into(), fx_font, t.text_dim));
     let blend_galley = show_blend.then(|| painter.layout_no_wrap(tl!(l.blend.label()).into(), blend_font, t.text_faint));
     let mut items = Vec::new();
+    let unsupported = unsupported_key(l);
+    if unsupported.is_some() {
+        items.push((Indicator::Unsupported, ICON_W));
+    }
     if locked {
         items.push((Indicator::Lock, ICON_W));
     }
@@ -168,6 +186,12 @@ pub fn indicators(
     let cy = row.center().y;
     for &(kind, r) in &rects {
         match kind {
+            Indicator::Unsupported => {
+                icons::paint(ui, Rect::from_center_size(r.center(), vec2(ICON_W, ICON_W)), "triangle-alert", 12.0, t.warning);
+                let key = unsupported.unwrap_or_default();
+                let tip = crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("Not rendered: this adjustment ({key}) is kept as imported."), &[("key", key)]);
+                ui.interact(r, ui.scope_id().with(("row-unsupported", l.id.0)), Sense::hover()).on_hover_text(tip);
+            }
             Indicator::Lock => icons::paint(ui, Rect::from_center_size(r.center(), vec2(ICON_W, ICON_W)), "lock", 12.0, t.text_faint),
             Indicator::Link => icons::paint(ui, Rect::from_center_size(r.center(), vec2(ICON_W, ICON_W)), "link-2", 12.0, t.text_faint),
             Indicator::Fx => {
@@ -183,10 +207,10 @@ pub fn indicators(
             Indicator::SmartFilters => {
                 let enabled = matches!(&l.content, photocraft_doc::LayerContent::Smart(sm) if sm.filters_enabled);
                 crate::smart_ui::paint_badge(painter, r.center(), if enabled { t.icon } else { t.text_faint });
-                ui.interact(r, ui.id().with(("smart-filters-badge", l.id.0)), Sense::hover()).on_hover_text(tl!("Smart Filters"));
+                ui.interact(r, ui.scope_id().with(("smart-filters-badge", l.id.0)), Sense::hover()).on_hover_text(tl!("Smart Filters"));
             }
             Indicator::FxTriangle => {
-                let resp = ui.interact(r, ui.id().with(("fx-disclosure", l.id.0)), Sense::click());
+                let resp = ui.interact(r, ui.scope_id().with(("fx-disclosure", l.id.0)), Sense::click());
                 paint_triangle(painter, r.center(), fx_open, if resp.hovered() { t.text } else { t.icon });
                 if resp.clicked() {
                     clicked = true;
@@ -204,7 +228,7 @@ pub fn indicators(
                     tl!("Show the layer's effects  ({key}-click: all layers)")
                 };
                 let resp = resp.on_hover_text(crate::i18n::fmt(tip, &[("key", &crate::shortcuts::pretty("Alt"))]));
-                resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, format!("{verb} effects {name}")));
+                resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, format!("{verb} effects {name}")));
             }
         }
     }
@@ -304,7 +328,7 @@ pub fn panel_menu(app: &mut crate::PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
 }
 
 fn rects_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("layer-row-rects")
+    egui::Id::unique("layer-row-rects")
 }
 
 /// Start a frame's record (the Layers panel calls it before drawing its rows).
@@ -346,7 +370,7 @@ impl Rename {
 }
 
 fn rename_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("layer-rename")
+    egui::Id::unique("layer-rename")
 }
 
 /// The rename in progress, if any.
@@ -395,7 +419,7 @@ pub fn end_rename(ctx: &egui::Context, commit: bool) -> Option<(String, Value)>
 
 /// Where Tab or ⇧Tab sends a rename: the layer it left and whether the next one is above.
 fn next_rename_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("layer-rename-next")
+    egui::Id::unique("layer-rename-next")
 }
 
 /// The rename that Tab (`up` false) or ⇧Tab (`up` true) just left on `layer`, for the Layers panel
@@ -410,8 +434,8 @@ pub fn take_next_rename(ctx: &egui::Context) -> Option<(u64, bool)> {
 pub fn rename_field(ui: &mut egui::Ui, layer: u64, rect: Rect) -> Option<(String, Value)> {
     let ctx = ui.ctx().clone();
     let mut r = rename(&ctx).filter(|r| r.layer == layer)?;
-    let id = egui::Id::new(("layer-rename-field", layer));
-    let te = ui.put(rect, egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut r.text).id(id).font(FontId::proportional(12.5)));
+    let id = egui::Id::unique(("layer-rename-field", layer));
+    let te = ui.put(rect, egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut r.text).id(id).font(FontId::proportional(12.5))).accessible_name(tl!("Name"));
     r.pass = ctx.cumulative_pass_nr();
     if !r.focused {
         te.request_focus();
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_row_ui/rename_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_row_ui/rename_tests.rs
index 4a7ea135ff..2d65099365 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_row_ui/rename_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_row_ui/rename_tests.rs
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ fn type_text(h: &mut Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, text: &str) {
 
 /// Is `layer`'s rename field on screen (drawn last frame)?
 fn field_shown(h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, layer: u64) -> bool {
-    h.ctx.read_response(egui::Id::new(("layer-rename-field", layer))).is_some()
+    h.ctx.read_response(egui::Id::unique(("layer-rename-field", layer))).is_some()
 }
 
 /// A point on the canvas, away from every panel.
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_row_ui/tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_row_ui/tests.rs
index c47f9522a2..70496fb0dd 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_row_ui/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_row_ui/tests.rs
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ fn busy() -> photocraft_engine::Session {
         s.execute("layer.layerStyle.dropShadow", json!({"layer": a})).unwrap();
         // #153: the vector mask thumbnail and both link chains take row width too.
         s.execute("layer.vectorMask.revealAll", json!({"layer": a})).unwrap();
-        s.execute("layer.setProps", json!({"layer": a, "blend": "Multiply", "locks": {"all": true}})).unwrap();
         s.execute("layer.layerMask.revealAll", json!({"layer": a})).unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.setProps", json!({"layer": a, "blend": "Multiply", "locks": {"all": true}})).unwrap();
         let b = s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": format!("{LONG} b{depth}")})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap();
         s.execute("layer.setProps", json!({"layer": b, "clipped": true})).unwrap();
         s.execute("layer.select", json!({"layer": a})).unwrap();
@@ -108,6 +108,26 @@ fn long_names_never_run_under_the_indicators() {
     }
 }
 
+/// A layer inside a group sits one step right of the group's row, so the hierarchy shows: its
+/// name used to start where the group's did. Top-level layers stay where they were.
+#[test]
+fn a_groups_layers_indent_past_the_group() {
+    let mut s = photocraft_engine::Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 64, "height": 48})).unwrap();
+    let child = s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Child"})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap();
+    let group = s.execute("layer.groupLayers", json!({"name": "Group"})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap();
+    // Group Layers creates the group collapsed; open it so the panel lists its layers.
+    s.execute("layer.setExpanded", json!({"layer": group, "expanded": true})).unwrap();
+    let top = s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Top"})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap();
+    let h = harness(s, 1.0, "promedium", 290.0);
+    let rows = recorded(&h.ctx);
+    let left = |id: u64| rows.iter().find(|r| r.layer == id).and_then(|r| r.name).map(|n| n.left()).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("layer {id} drawn"));
+    let step = crate::layer_tree_ui::TRIANGLE_W;
+    assert!((left(child) - left(group) - step).abs() < 0.5, "child {} vs group {}", left(child), left(group));
+    assert!((left(group) - left(top) - step).abs() < 0.5, "a top-level layer keeps its place: {} vs group {}", left(top), left(group));
+}
+
+/// A primary click at `at`: hover, press and release a frame apart, then let the panel settle.
 fn click(h: &mut Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, at: Pos2) {
     h.hover_at(at);
     h.run_steps(1);
@@ -209,9 +229,10 @@ fn groups_open(s: &photocraft_engine::Session) -> Vec<bool> {
 fn collapse_all_groups_from_the_panel_menu_and_it_is_saved() {
     let mut h = harness(busy(), 1.0, "promedium", 290.0);
     assert!(groups_open(&h.state().session).iter().all(|o| *o));
-    let menu = crate::dock::last_rects(&h.ctx).into_iter().find(|(g, _)| *g == crate::dock::Group::Layers).expect("layers group").1;
-    // The hamburger sits at the right end of the group's tab strip.
-    click(&mut h, pos2(menu.right() - 14.0, menu.top() + 14.0));
+    let group = crate::panel_docking::probe::group_rect(h.state(), &h.ctx, "layers").expect("layers group");
+    // The group's menu button sits on its tab strip.
+    let menu = h.query_all_by_label("Panel menu").map(|n| n.rect()).find(|r| group.contains(r.center())).expect("Layers panel menu");
+    click(&mut h, menu.center());
     let item = h.get_by_label("Collapse All Groups").rect().center();
     click(&mut h, item);
     let open = groups_open(&h.state().session);
@@ -443,7 +464,7 @@ fn the_footer_is_a_bar_along_the_panel_bottom_with_its_buttons_centred() {
         s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 64, "height": 48})).unwrap();
         s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
         let h = harness(s, 1.0, theme, 290.0);
-        let group = crate::dock::last_rects(&h.ctx).into_iter().find(|(g, _)| *g == crate::dock::Group::Layers).unwrap().1;
+        let group = crate::panel_docking::probe::group_rect(h.state(), &h.ctx, "layers").unwrap();
         let delete = h.get_by_label("Delete layer").rect();
         let bar_middle = group.bottom() - crate::widgets::FOOTER_BAR / 2.0;
         assert!((delete.center().y - bar_middle).abs() <= 1.5, "{theme}: button at {delete:?}, bar middle {bar_middle}, group {group:?}");
@@ -638,3 +659,67 @@ fn clicking_the_lock_icon_on_a_row_unlocks_the_layer() {
     assert!(doc.background().is_none(), "the Background became a normal layer");
     assert!(!doc.layer(bg).unwrap().locks.any());
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn eye_column_edges_toggle_visibility_without_selecting_layer() {
+    // #8467: clicks at the far left or right edge of the eye column must toggle visibility
+    // rather than falling through to select the row.
+    let mut s = photocraft_engine::Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 64, "height": 48})).unwrap();
+    let l1 = s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Top"})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap();
+    let l0 = s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Bottom"})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.select", json!({"layer": l0})).unwrap();
+
+    let mut h = harness(s, 1.0, "promedium", 290.0);
+    let visible = |h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, id: u64| h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.layer(photocraft_doc::LayerId(id)).unwrap().visible;
+    let selected = |h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>| h.state().session.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap().0;
+
+    let row_for = |h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, id: u64| recorded(&h.ctx).into_iter().find(|r| r.layer == id).unwrap().row;
+
+    let top_row = row_for(&h, l1);
+    // Click at the far left edge of the eye column (left + 1.0, top + 1.0)
+    let left_edge = pos2(top_row.left() + 1.0, top_row.top() + 1.0);
+    click(&mut h, left_edge);
+
+    assert!(!visible(&h, l1), "click on left edge of eye column should hide layer");
+    assert_eq!(selected(&h), l0, "click on eye column must not select the layer");
+
+    // Click at the right edge of the eye column (left + 29.0, bottom - 1.0)
+    let right_edge = pos2(top_row.left() + 29.0, top_row.bottom() - 1.0);
+    click(&mut h, right_edge);
+
+    assert!(visible(&h, l1), "click on right edge of eye column should show layer again");
+    assert_eq!(selected(&h), l0, "click on eye column must not select the layer");
+}
+
+/// #1662: a hidden layer's eye box stays empty, as in Photoshop (only a visible layer paints its
+/// eye), in every theme; the widened hit area (#8467) changes nothing that is drawn.
+#[test]
+fn a_hidden_layers_eye_box_paints_nothing() {
+    fn bounds(shape: &egui::Shape, out: &mut Vec<Rect>) {
+        match shape {
+            egui::Shape::Vec(shapes) => shapes.iter().for_each(|s| bounds(s, out)),
+            s => out.push(s.visual_bounding_rect()),
+        }
+    }
+    for theme in ["promedium", "pro", "studio", "studiolight", "classic"] {
+        let mut s = photocraft_engine::Session::new();
+        s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 64, "height": 48})).unwrap();
+        let hidden = s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Hidden"})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap();
+        s.execute("layer.setProps", json!({"layer": hidden, "visible": false})).unwrap();
+        let shown = s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Shown"})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap();
+        let h = harness(s, 1.0, theme, 290.0);
+        let mut drawn = Vec::new();
+        for clipped in &h.output().shapes {
+            bounds(&clipped.shape, &mut drawn);
+        }
+        let rows = recorded(&h.ctx);
+        let in_eye_box = |id: u64| {
+            let row = rows.iter().find(|r| r.layer == id).unwrap().row;
+            let cell = Rect::from_min_max(row.left_top(), pos2(row.left() + 30.0, row.bottom())).shrink(1.0);
+            drawn.iter().filter(|b| b.is_positive() && cell.contains_rect(**b)).count()
+        };
+        assert!(in_eye_box(shown) > 0, "{theme}: a visible layer paints its eye");
+        assert_eq!(in_eye_box(hidden), 0, "{theme}: a hidden layer's eye box is left empty");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_shortcut_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_shortcut_tests.rs
index fc9dd93570..df936d86f3 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_shortcut_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_shortcut_tests.rs
@@ -208,3 +208,84 @@ fn custom_page_up_and_page_down_bindings_fire() {
     }
     assert_eq!(crate::shortcuts::parse("Shift+Pageup"), Some(egui::KeyboardShortcut::new(Modifiers::SHIFT, Key::PageUp)));
 }
+
+/// A click on the empty space below the last row of the Layers panel deselects every layer, as
+/// in Photoshop (#8100); a click on a row still selects it.
+#[test]
+fn a_click_below_the_layers_deselects_them() {
+    use egui::{Event, PointerButton, pos2, vec2};
+    let mut s = photocraft_engine::Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 64, "height": 48})).unwrap();
+    let top = s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Top"})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap();
+    let mut h = egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(1440.0, 900.0)).with_step_dt(1.0 / 60.0).with_max_steps(64).build_eframe(move |cc| {
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&cc.egui_ctx, Default::default());
+        PhotocraftApp::new(s, crate::Services::default())
+    });
+    let ctx = h.ctx.clone();
+    let (r, _) = crate::control::ControlRequest::new("ui.set", json!({"dock": {"collapsed": ["color", "properties", "history", "navigator"]}}));
+    crate::control::handle(h.state_mut(), &ctx, &r);
+    h.run_steps(8);
+    let click = |h: &mut egui_kittest::Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, at: egui::Pos2| {
+        h.hover_at(at);
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.event(Event::PointerButton { pos: at, button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed: true, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.event(Event::PointerButton { pos: at, button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed: false, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
+        h.run_steps(3);
+    };
+    let selected = |h: &egui_kittest::Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>| h.state().session.active().unwrap().selected_layers();
+    assert_eq!(selected(&h), vec![photocraft_doc::LayerId(top)]);
+    let rows = crate::layer_row_ui::recorded(&h.ctx);
+    let bottom = rows.iter().map(|r| r.row.bottom()).fold(f32::MIN, f32::max);
+    let row = rows.iter().find(|r| r.layer == top).unwrap().row;
+    click(&mut h, pos2(row.center().x, bottom + 40.0));
+    assert!(selected(&h).is_empty(), "the empty space deselects every layer");
+    assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().active_layer, None);
+    // Past the double-click window, on the row as it is now drawn.
+    h.run_steps(40);
+    let row = crate::layer_row_ui::recorded(&h.ctx).into_iter().find(|r| r.layer == top).unwrap().row;
+    click(&mut h, pos2(row.left() + 46.0, row.center().y));
+    assert_eq!(selected(&h), vec![photocraft_doc::LayerId(top)], "a row still selects");
+}
+
+/// Over a thumbnail ⌘-click would load, the pointer is a hand with the selection mode's badge:
+/// none for a new selection, + with ⇧, − with ⌥, × with ⇧⌥ (#7824). Without ⌘, and over the
+/// Background (which has nothing to load), it stays the plain pointer.
+#[test]
+fn command_over_a_thumbnail_shows_the_load_cursor() {
+    use egui::{CursorIcon, Event, pos2, vec2};
+
+    use crate::tool_feedback::Badge;
+    assert_eq!(crate::panels::thumb_load_badge(Modifiers::COMMAND), None);
+    assert_eq!(crate::panels::thumb_load_badge(Modifiers::COMMAND | Modifiers::SHIFT), Some(Badge::Add));
+    assert_eq!(crate::panels::thumb_load_badge(Modifiers::COMMAND | Modifiers::ALT), Some(Badge::Subtract));
+    assert_eq!(crate::panels::thumb_load_badge(Modifiers::COMMAND | Modifiers::SHIFT | Modifiers::ALT), Some(Badge::Intersect));
+
+    let mut s = photocraft_engine::Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 400, "height": 300})).unwrap();
+    let background = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap().0;
+    let shape = s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "Shape"})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap();
+    let mut h = egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(1440.0, 900.0)).with_step_dt(1.0 / 60.0).with_max_steps(64).build_eframe(move |cc| {
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&cc.egui_ctx, Default::default());
+        PhotocraftApp::new(s, crate::Services::default())
+    });
+    let ctx = h.ctx.clone();
+    let (r, _) = crate::control::ControlRequest::new("ui.set", json!({"dock": {"collapsed": ["color", "properties", "history", "navigator"]}}));
+    crate::control::handle(h.state_mut(), &ctx, &r);
+    h.run_steps(8);
+    let cursor = |h: &mut egui_kittest::Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, layer: u64, modifiers: Modifiers| {
+        let row = crate::layer_row_ui::recorded(&h.ctx).into_iter().find(|r| r.layer == layer).unwrap().row;
+        h.hover_at(pos2(row.left() + 46.0, row.center().y));
+        h.event(Event::ModifiersChanged(modifiers));
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        let icon = h.output().platform_output.cursor_icon;
+        h.event(Event::ModifiersChanged(Modifiers::NONE));
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        icon
+    };
+    for m in [Modifiers::COMMAND, Modifiers::COMMAND | Modifiers::SHIFT, Modifiers::COMMAND | Modifiers::ALT] {
+        assert_eq!(cursor(&mut h, shape, m), CursorIcon::PointingHand, "{m:?}");
+    }
+    assert_ne!(cursor(&mut h, shape, Modifiers::NONE), CursorIcon::PointingHand, "a plain click selects the layer");
+    assert_ne!(cursor(&mut h, background, Modifiers::COMMAND), CursorIcon::PointingHand, "the Background has nothing to load");
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_style.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_style.rs
index f3dcfad4e0..b8fb211ccf 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_style.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_style.rs
@@ -21,8 +21,12 @@ use serde_json::{Map, Value, json};
 use crate::theme::Tokens;
 use crate::{PhotocraftApp, widgets};
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod bevel_modes_tests;
 pub(crate) mod color_picker;
 mod contour;
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod gradient_method_tests;
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 enum P {
@@ -30,6 +34,7 @@ enum P {
     Color,
     Blend,
     Choice(&'static [(&'static str, &'static str)]),
+    GradientMethod,
     Check,
     Angle,
     /// A pattern from the dialog's `patternList` field (`[[id, name], …]`).
@@ -159,6 +164,7 @@ fn spec(kind: &str) -> &'static [(&'static str, &'static str, P)] {
             ("style", "Style", P::Choice(GSTYLE)),
             ("angle", "Angle", P::Angle),
             ("scale", "Scale", P::Slider(10.0, 150.0, "%")),
+            ("method", "Method", P::GradientMethod),
         ],
         "patternOverlay" => &[
             ("blend", "Blend Mode", P::Blend),
@@ -179,6 +185,12 @@ fn spec(kind: &str) -> &'static [(&'static str, &'static str, P)] {
             ("useGlobalLight", "Use Global Light", P::Check),
             ("altitude", "Altitude", P::Slider(0.0, 90.0, "°")),
             ("glossContour", "Gloss Contour", P::Contour(Some("glossAntiAlias"))),
+            ("highlightBlend", "Highlight Mode", P::Blend),
+            ("highlightColor", "Highlight Color", P::Color),
+            ("highlightOpacity", "Highlight Opacity", P::Slider(0.0, 100.0, "%")),
+            ("shadowBlend", "Shadow Mode", P::Blend),
+            ("shadowColor", "Shadow Color", P::Color),
+            ("shadowOpacity", "Shadow Opacity", P::Slider(0.0, 100.0, "%")),
             // Bevel & Emboss › Contour element.
             ("contour", "Contour", P::Check),
             ("contourName", "", P::Contour(Some("contourAntiAlias"))),
@@ -287,31 +299,36 @@ fn values_of(e: &Effect, light: f32) -> Value {
             set(&mut v, "opacity", json!((common.opacity * 100.0).round()));
             set(&mut v, "color", json!(hex(color)));
         }
-        Effect::GradientOverlay { common, gradient: g, .. } => {
+        Effect::GradientOverlay { common, gradient: g, interpolation, .. } => {
             set(&mut v, "blend", json!(common.blend.label()));
             set(&mut v, "opacity", json!((common.opacity * 100.0).round()));
-            // The From/To fields model a plain two-stop gradient; anything richer
-            // (more stops, transparency stops) is carried by the snapshot instead.
-            if g.stops.len() == 2 && g.opacity_stops.is_empty() {
-                set(&mut v, "from", json!(hex(&g.stops[0].1)));
-                set(&mut v, "to", json!(hex(&g.stops[1].1)));
-                set(&mut v, "reverse", json!(g.reverse));
-                set(
-                    &mut v,
-                    "style",
-                    json!(match g.style {
-                        photocraft_doc::effects::GradientStyle::Radial => "radial",
-                        photocraft_doc::effects::GradientStyle::Angle => "angle",
-                        photocraft_doc::effects::GradientStyle::Reflected => "reflected",
-                        photocraft_doc::effects::GradientStyle::Diamond => "diamond",
-                        photocraft_doc::effects::GradientStyle::Linear => "linear",
-                    }),
-                );
-                set(&mut v, "angle", json!(g.angle));
-                set(&mut v, "scale", json!((g.scale * 100.0).round()));
-            } else {
-                drop_keys(&mut v, &["from", "to", "reverse", "style", "angle", "scale"]);
+            let stops = interpolation.as_ref().map_or(&g.stops, |source| &source.stops);
+            if let Some(source) = interpolation {
+                set(&mut v, "method", json!(source.method));
+                set(&mut v, "smoothness", json!(source.smoothness));
             }
+            // Endpoint colours and geometry always load into the dialog. Recorded
+            // interpolation exposes the original source ends; a baked curve without a
+            // record (PSD import) keeps its interior stops in `fx`, and an edit only
+            // retints its ends until a method is chosen.
+            if let (Some(first), Some(last)) = (stops.first(), stops.last()) {
+                set(&mut v, "from", json!(hex(&first.1)));
+                set(&mut v, "to", json!(hex(&last.1)));
+            }
+            set(&mut v, "reverse", json!(g.reverse));
+            set(
+                &mut v,
+                "style",
+                json!(match g.style {
+                    photocraft_doc::effects::GradientStyle::Radial => "radial",
+                    photocraft_doc::effects::GradientStyle::Angle => "angle",
+                    photocraft_doc::effects::GradientStyle::Reflected => "reflected",
+                    photocraft_doc::effects::GradientStyle::Diamond => "diamond",
+                    photocraft_doc::effects::GradientStyle::Linear => "linear",
+                }),
+            );
+            set(&mut v, "angle", json!(g.angle));
+            set(&mut v, "scale", json!((g.scale * 100.0).round()));
         }
         Effect::PatternOverlay { common, name, id, scale, angle, link, phase } => {
             set(&mut v, "blend", json!(common.blend.label()));
@@ -364,6 +381,12 @@ fn values_of(e: &Effect, light: f32) -> Value {
             set(&mut v, "direction", json!(if b.up { "up" } else { "down" }));
             set(&mut v, "glossContour", photocraft_engine::layer_style::contour_param(&b.gloss_contour));
             set(&mut v, "glossAntiAlias", json!(b.gloss_anti_alias));
+            set(&mut v, "highlightBlend", json!(b.highlight.blend.label()));
+            set(&mut v, "highlightColor", json!(hex(&b.highlight_color)));
+            set(&mut v, "highlightOpacity", json!((b.highlight.opacity * 100.0).round()));
+            set(&mut v, "shadowBlend", json!(b.shadow.blend.label()));
+            set(&mut v, "shadowColor", json!(hex(&b.shadow_color)));
+            set(&mut v, "shadowOpacity", json!((b.shadow.opacity * 100.0).round()));
             set(&mut v, "contour", json!(b.contour.is_some()));
             if let Some(c) = &b.contour {
                 set(&mut v, "contourName", photocraft_engine::layer_style::contour_param(&c.contour));
@@ -622,6 +645,54 @@ fn validate_params(f: &Map<String, Value>) -> Result<(), String> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
+fn effect_entry(e: &Value, kind: &str, mut params: Value, initial_light_angle: Option<f64>) -> Value {
+    match e.get("fx").filter(|fx| fx.is_object()) {
+        Some(fx) => {
+            if kind == "bevelEmboss"
+                && let Ok(original) = serde_json::from_value::<Effect>(fx.clone())
+                && let Some(edits) = params.as_object_mut()
+            {
+                let shown = values_of(&original, initial_light_angle.unwrap_or(120.0) as f32);
+                // Unedited display values must not quantize imported shading in the snapshot.
+                for key in ["highlightBlend", "highlightColor", "highlightOpacity", "shadowBlend", "shadowColor", "shadowOpacity"] {
+                    if edits.get(key) == shown.get(key) {
+                        edits.remove(key);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            json!({"kind": kind, "fx": fx, "params": params})
+        }
+        None => {
+            // A new instance: the page shows the factory defaults merged with
+            // the edits, and the engine builds from the full set.
+            let mut p = defaults(kind);
+            if let (Some(o), Some(pv)) = (p.as_object_mut(), params.as_object()) {
+                for (k, v) in pv {
+                    o.insert(k.clone(), v.clone());
+                }
+            }
+            json!({"kind": kind, "params": p})
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn find_light_angle(f: &Map<String, Value>, initial_light_angle: Option<f64>) -> Option<f64> {
+    let mut light_angle: Option<f64> = None;
+    for e in effects_of(f) {
+        if e.get("on").and_then(Value::as_bool) != Some(true) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let params = e.get("params").cloned().unwrap_or_else(|| json!({}));
+        if params.get("useGlobalLight").and_then(Value::as_bool) == Some(true)
+            && let Some(angle) = params.get("angle").and_then(Value::as_f64)
+            && initial_light_angle.is_none_or(|initial| angle != initial)
+        {
+            light_angle = Some(angle);
+        }
+    }
+    light_angle
+}
+
 /// Runs the dialog's commands through `run`: blending options, then the whole
 /// effect list in one `layer.layerStyle.replace` (instances keep their order;
 /// their snapshots carry what the dialog doesn't model).
@@ -641,41 +712,14 @@ fn apply(f: &Map<String, Value>, mut run: impl FnMut(&str, Value) -> Result<Valu
     for e in effects_of(f) {
         let (Some(kind), Some(_)) = (e.get("kind").and_then(Value::as_str), e.get("id").and_then(Value::as_str)) else { continue };
         let on = e.get("on").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(true);
-        let params = e.get("params").cloned().unwrap_or_else(|| json!({}));
-        let mut params = params;
+        let mut params = e.get("params").cloned().unwrap_or_else(|| json!({}));
         params["enabled"] = json!(on);
-        let entry = match e.get("fx").filter(|fx| fx.is_object()) {
-            Some(fx) => json!({"kind": kind, "fx": fx, "params": params}),
-            None => {
-                // A new instance: the page shows the factory defaults merged with
-                // the edits, and the engine builds from the full set.
-                let mut p = defaults(kind);
-                if let (Some(o), Some(pv)) = (p.as_object_mut(), params.as_object()) {
-                    for (k, v) in pv {
-                        o.insert(k.clone(), v.clone());
-                    }
-                }
-                json!({"kind": kind, "params": p})
-            }
-        };
-        entries.push(entry);
+        entries.push(effect_entry(e, kind, params, initial_light_angle));
     }
     run("layer.layerStyle.replace", json!({"layer": layer, "effects": entries}))?;
     // An effect lit by the global light follows the document's light angle, so the Angle slider
     // drives that shared angle rather than the per-effect angle the compositor ignores.
-    let mut light_angle: Option<f64> = None;
-    for e in effects_of(f) {
-        if e.get("on").and_then(Value::as_bool) != Some(true) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        let params = e.get("params").cloned().unwrap_or_else(|| json!({}));
-        if params.get("useGlobalLight").and_then(Value::as_bool) == Some(true)
-            && let Some(angle) = params.get("angle").and_then(Value::as_f64)
-            && initial_light_angle.is_none_or(|initial| angle != initial)
-        {
-            light_angle = Some(angle);
-        }
-    }
+    let light_angle = find_light_angle(f, initial_light_angle);
     if let Some(angle) = f.get("pendingGlobalLight").and_then(Value::as_f64).or(light_angle) {
         run("layer.layerStyle.globalLight", json!({"angle": angle}))?;
     }
@@ -725,6 +769,9 @@ fn apply_style_preset(app: &PhotocraftApp, f: &mut Map<String, Value>, name: &st
     if let Some(fo) = style.fill_opacity {
         set_param(f, BLENDING, "fillOpacity", json!((fo * 100.0).round()));
     }
+    if let Some(o) = style.opacity {
+        set_param(f, BLENDING, "opacity", json!((o * 100.0).round()));
+    }
 }
 
 /// Saves the dialog's pending state (enabled instances + blending page) as a style preset.
@@ -751,6 +798,7 @@ fn save_new_style(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, f: &Map<String, Value>) {
             "effects": entries,
             "blend": bo.get("blend").cloned().unwrap_or(Value::Null),
             "fillOpacity": bo.get("fillOpacity").cloned().unwrap_or(Value::Null),
+            "opacity": bo.get("opacity").cloned().unwrap_or(Value::Null),
         }),
     ) {
         app.ui.status = crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("Style {name} saved"), &[("name", v["name"].as_str().unwrap_or("Style"))]);
@@ -850,7 +898,7 @@ pub fn body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Valu
                         ui.painter().rect_filled(rect, t.radius_sm, t.hover.gamma_multiply(0.5));
                     }
                     let cb = fx_checkbox_rect(rect);
-                    let cresp = ui.interact(cb, ui.id().with(("fxcb", kind, id)), Sense::click());
+                    let cresp = ui.interact(cb, ui.scope_id().with(("fxcb", kind, id)), Sense::click());
                     fx_checkbox(ui.painter(), cb, on, &t);
                     ui.painter().text(
                         rect.left_center() + vec2(28.0, 0.0),
@@ -863,7 +911,7 @@ pub fn body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Valu
                     if multi(kind) {
                         let btn = |ui: &egui::Ui, at: egui::Pos2, glyph: &str, tag: &str| {
                             let r = egui::Rect::from_center_size(at, vec2(18.0, 18.0));
-                            let hresp = ui.interact(r, ui.id().with(("fxbtn", tag, id)), Sense::click());
+                            let hresp = ui.interact(r, ui.scope_id().with(("fxbtn", tag, id)), Sense::click());
                             let col = if hresp.hovered() { t.accent } else { t.text_faint };
                             ui.painter().text(r.center(), egui::Align2::CENTER_CENTER, glyph, egui::FontId::proportional(13.0), col);
                             hresp.clicked()
@@ -1009,7 +1057,8 @@ pub fn body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Valu
                             let mut cur = disp.get(key).and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("Normal").to_string();
                             let opts: Vec<(String, &str)> =
                                 photocraft_color::BlendMode::LAYER_MODES.iter().map(|m| (m.label().to_string(), m.label())).collect();
-                            if widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("fx-blend-{sel_kind}"), &mut cur, &opts, 150.0) {
+                            // One id per mode: Bevel & Emboss has two (Highlight, Shadow), which must not share a list (#9368).
+                            if widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("fx-blend-{sel_kind}-{key}"), tl!(&label), &mut cur, &opts, 150.0) {
                                 let value = json!(cur);
                                 disp[key] = value.clone();
                                 set_param(f, &selected, key, value);
@@ -1021,13 +1070,51 @@ pub fn body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Valu
                             ui.label(RichText::new(tl!(&label)).color(t.text_dim));
                             let mut cur = disp.get(key).and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or(options[0].0).to_string();
                             let opts: Vec<(String, &str)> = options.iter().map(|(v, l)| (v.to_string(), *l)).collect();
-                            if widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("fx-{sel_kind}-{key}"), &mut cur, &opts, 150.0) {
+                            if widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("fx-{sel_kind}-{key}"), tl!(&label), &mut cur, &opts, 150.0) {
                                 let value = json!(cur);
                                 disp[key] = value.clone();
                                 set_param(f, &selected, key, value);
                             }
                         });
                     }
+                    P::GradientMethod => {
+                        ui.horizontal(|ui| {
+                            ui.label(RichText::new(tl!("Method")).color(t.text_dim));
+                            let mut current = disp.get(key).and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("custom").to_string();
+                            let mut options = vec![
+                                ("smooth".to_string(), "Smooth"),
+                                ("perceptual".to_string(), "Perceptual"),
+                                ("linear".to_string(), "Linear"),
+                                ("classic".to_string(), "Classic"),
+                            ];
+                            // Old/imported curves have no method record. Preserve them until
+                            // the user explicitly chooses an interpolation method.
+                            if photocraft_io::GradientMethod::from_name(&current).is_none() {
+                                current = "custom".into();
+                                options.insert(0, ("custom".into(), "Custom"));
+                            }
+                            if widgets::dropdown(ui, "fx-gradientOverlay-method", tl!("Method"), &mut current, &options, 150.0) {
+                                // The older dialog deliberately omits From/To for rich imported
+                                // curves. Once a method is chosen, show the real source ends.
+                                let snapshot = entry(f, &selected).and_then(|e| e.get("fx")).cloned();
+                                if let Some(Effect::GradientOverlay { gradient, interpolation, .. }) =
+                                    snapshot.and_then(|v| serde_json::from_value::<Effect>(v).ok())
+                                {
+                                    let stops = interpolation.as_ref().map_or(&gradient.stops, |source| &source.stops);
+                                    for (key, stop) in [("from", stops.first()), ("to", stops.last())] {
+                                        if entry(f, &selected).and_then(|e| e.get("params")).and_then(|p| p.get(key)).is_none()
+                                            && let Some(stop) = stop
+                                        {
+                                            set_param(f, &selected, key, json!(hex(&stop.1)));
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                let value = json!(current);
+                                disp[key] = value.clone();
+                                set_param(f, &selected, key, value);
+                            }
+                        });
+                    }
                     P::Pattern => {
                         let list: Vec<(String, String)> = f
                             .get("patternList")
@@ -1044,7 +1131,7 @@ pub fn body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Valu
                                 .or_else(|| list.first().map(|l| l.0.clone()))
                                 .unwrap_or_default();
                             let opts: Vec<(String, &str)> = list.iter().map(|(id, n)| (id.clone(), n.as_str())).collect();
-                            if widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("fx-{sel_kind}-{key}"), &mut cur, &opts, 180.0)
+                            if widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("fx-{sel_kind}-{key}"), tl!(&label), &mut cur, &opts, 180.0)
                                 || disp.get(key).and_then(Value::as_str).is_none_or(str::is_empty)
                             {
                                 let value = json!(cur);
@@ -1053,7 +1140,7 @@ pub fn body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Valu
                             }
                         });
                     }
-                    P::Contour(aa) => contour::row(ui, f, &selected, key, label, aa, &mut disp),
+                    P::Contour(aa) => contour::row(app, ui, f, &selected, key, label, aa, &mut disp),
                     P::Check => {
                         let mut b = disp.get(key).and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(false);
                         if widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut b, label).changed() {
@@ -1172,7 +1259,7 @@ fn blending_page(ui: &mut egui::Ui, p: &mut Value, names: &[String]) {
         // Photoshop's modes, plus the layer's own Paint.NET mode when it has one (an imported .pdn).
         let own = photocraft_color::BlendMode::PAINT_NET_MODES.into_iter().find(|m| m.label() == cur);
         let opts: Vec<(String, &str)> = photocraft_color::BlendMode::LAYER_MODES.into_iter().chain(own).map(|m| (m.label().to_string(), m.label())).collect();
-        if widgets::dropdown(ui, "fx-blend-blendingOptions", &mut cur, &opts, 150.0) {
+        if widgets::dropdown(ui, "fx-blend-blendingOptions", tl!("Blend Mode"), &mut cur, &opts, 150.0) {
             p["blend"] = json!(cur);
         }
     });
@@ -1206,7 +1293,7 @@ fn blending_page(ui: &mut egui::Ui, p: &mut Value, names: &[String]) {
         ui.label(RichText::new(tl!("Knockout")).color(t.text_dim));
         let mut cur = p.get("knockout").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("none").to_string();
         let opts: Vec<(String, &str)> = KNOCKOUT.iter().map(|(v, l)| (v.to_string(), *l)).collect();
-        if widgets::dropdown(ui, "fx-blendingOptions-knockout", &mut cur, &opts, 150.0) {
+        if widgets::dropdown(ui, "fx-blendingOptions-knockout", tl!("Knockout"), &mut cur, &opts, 150.0) {
             p["knockout"] = json!(cur);
         }
     });
@@ -1239,7 +1326,7 @@ fn blending_page(ui: &mut egui::Ui, p: &mut Value, names: &[String]) {
         let labels: Vec<String> = (0..entries).map(label).collect();
         let opts: Vec<(usize, &str)> = labels.iter().enumerate().map(|(i, l)| (i, l.as_str())).collect();
         let mut cur = sel;
-        if widgets::dropdown(ui, "fx-blendingOptions-blendIf", &mut cur, &opts, 110.0) {
+        if widgets::dropdown(ui, "fx-blendingOptions-blendIf", tl!("Blend If:"), &mut cur, &opts, 110.0) {
             p["blendIfChannel"] = json!(cur);
         }
     });
@@ -1252,7 +1339,7 @@ fn blending_page(ui: &mut egui::Ui, p: &mut Value, names: &[String]) {
                 ui.label(RichText::new(format!("{}    {}", side(q[0], q[1]), side(q[2], q[3]))).color(t.text));
             });
         });
-        if blend_if_bar(ui, ui.id().with(("blendIf", key)), &mut q)
+        if blend_if_bar(ui, ui.scope_id().with(("blendIf", key)), &mut q)
             && let Some(e) = p.get_mut("blendIf").and_then(|a| a.get_mut(sel))
         {
             e[key] = json!(q);
@@ -1478,6 +1565,39 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(rows, KINDS.len(), "one empty checkbox per effect row");
     }
 
+    // Regression test for #2209: Make Default and Reset to Default sat in a non-wrapping row, so
+    // translated labels wider than the page column (Russian) pushed one button over the other
+    // and out of the column instead of wrapping to a second row.
+    #[test]
+    fn default_buttons_wrap_inside_the_page_column_with_long_labels() {
+        use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
+        let ru = crate::i18n::Lang::from_code("ru").unwrap();
+        crate::i18n::with_language(ru, || {
+            let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+            app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 32, "height": 32})).unwrap();
+            let l = Layer::raster("x", photocraft_doc::PixelFormat::RGBA8);
+            let fields = initial_fields(&l, Some("dropShadow"), 120.0);
+            let mut h = egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(900.0, 700.0)).build_ui_state(
+                move |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
+                    if !ui.ctx().fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    let mut f = fields.clone();
+                    body(app, ui, &mut f);
+                },
+                app,
+            );
+            PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::ProMedium);
+            h.run_steps(3);
+            let reset = h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::Button, crate::i18n::tr(ru, "Reset to Default")).rect();
+            let make = h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::Button, crate::i18n::tr(ru, "Make Default")).rect();
+            // Together they are wider than the page column: the second wraps to a row below
+            // instead of sharing the row and running left over the effect list.
+            assert!(make.top() >= reset.bottom(), "the buttons share one row: {make:?} {reset:?}");
+            assert_eq!(make.right(), reset.right(), "the wrapped row stays right-aligned");
+        });
+    }
+
     /// Double-clicking an effect row of a layer that isn't active selects that layer first, so
     /// the dialog holds its effects (and OK edits it), not the active layer's.
     #[test]
@@ -1623,6 +1743,26 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(!items[0].enabled());
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn baked_gradient_overlay_keeps_endpoint_colours_on_reopen() {
+        let mut s = session();
+        s.execute("layer.layerStyle.gradientOverlay", json!({"from": "#ff0000", "to": "#0000ff", "method": "classic"})).unwrap();
+        let st = s.active().unwrap();
+        let id = st.active_layer.unwrap();
+        let layer = st.doc.layer(id).unwrap();
+        let Effect::GradientOverlay { gradient, .. } = &layer.effects.items[0] else { panic!() };
+        assert!(gradient.stops.len() > 2, "classic bakes intermediate stops");
+        let f = initial_fields(layer, Some("gradientOverlay"), st.doc.global_light.angle);
+        let params = &effects_of(&f)[0]["params"];
+        assert_eq!(params["from"], json!("#ff0000"));
+        assert_eq!(params["to"], json!("#0000ff"));
+        apply(&f, |cmd, p| s.execute(cmd, p).map_err(|e| e.to_string())).unwrap();
+        let Effect::GradientOverlay { gradient, .. } = &s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().effects.items[0] else { panic!() };
+        assert!(gradient.stops.len() > 2);
+        assert_eq!(gradient.stops.first().unwrap().1, photocraft_color::Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0));
+        assert_eq!(gradient.stops.last().unwrap().1, photocraft_color::Color::rgb(0.0, 0.0, 1.0));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn gradient_strokes_survive_the_dialog() {
         let mut s = session();
@@ -2139,7 +2279,7 @@ mod tests {
             120.0_f32,
         );
         h.run();
-        let dial = h.query_all_by_label("Angle").last().unwrap();
+        let dial = h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::Slider, "Angle");
         let rect = dial.rect();
         for (delta, expected) in [(vec2(15.0, 0.0), 0.0), (vec2(0.0, -15.0), 90.0), (vec2(0.0, 15.0), -90.0)] {
             let pos = rect.center() + delta;
@@ -2152,6 +2292,73 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn unedited_bevel_shading_keeps_imported_precision() {
+        for size in [None, Some(12.0)] {
+            let mut s = session();
+            s.execute("layer.layerStyle.bevelEmboss", json!({})).unwrap();
+            s.edit("imported shading", |doc, active| {
+                let Effect::BevelEmboss(b) = &mut doc.layer_mut(active.unwrap()).unwrap().effects.items[0] else { panic!("bevel") };
+                b.highlight_color = photocraft_color::Color::rgb(0.12345, 0.45678, 0.78901);
+                b.shadow_color = photocraft_color::Color::rgb(0.98765, 0.54321, 0.13579);
+                b.highlight.opacity = 0.3525;
+                b.shadow.opacity = 0.6175;
+                Ok(())
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+            let st = s.active().unwrap();
+            let id = st.active_layer.unwrap();
+            let original = st.doc.layer(id).unwrap().effects.items[0].clone();
+            let mut fields = initial_fields(st.doc.layer(id).unwrap(), Some("bevelEmboss"), st.doc.global_light.angle);
+            if let Some(size) = size {
+                set_param(&mut fields, "fx1", "size", json!(size));
+            }
+            apply(&fields, |cmd, p| s.execute(cmd, p).map_err(|e| e.to_string())).unwrap();
+            let Effect::BevelEmboss(before) = original else { panic!("bevel") };
+            let Effect::BevelEmboss(after) = &s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().effects.items[0] else { panic!("bevel") };
+            assert_eq!(after.highlight, before.highlight);
+            assert_eq!(after.shadow, before.shadow);
+            assert_eq!(after.highlight_color, before.highlight_color);
+            assert_eq!(after.shadow_color, before.shadow_color);
+            if let Some(size) = size {
+                assert_eq!(after.size, size, "the unrelated edit still applies");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn bevel_shading_round_trips_through_dialog_preview_and_confirm() {
+        let mut s = session();
+        s.execute(
+            "layer.layerStyle.bevelEmboss",
+            json!({
+                "highlightBlend": "Normal", "highlightColor": "#e08020", "highlightOpacity": 25,
+                "shadowBlend": "Multiply", "shadowColor": "#204080", "shadowOpacity": 40
+            }),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let st = s.active().unwrap();
+        let id = st.active_layer.unwrap();
+        let mut fields = initial_fields(st.doc.layer(id).unwrap(), Some("bevelEmboss"), st.doc.global_light.angle);
+        let values = &entry(&fields, "fx1").unwrap()["params"];
+        assert_eq!(values["highlightColor"], "#e08020");
+        assert_eq!(values["highlightOpacity"], 25.0);
+        assert_eq!(values["shadowColor"], "#204080");
+        assert_eq!(values["shadowOpacity"], 40.0);
+
+        set_param(&mut fields, "fx1", "highlightBlend", json!("Screen"));
+        set_param(&mut fields, "fx1", "highlightOpacity", json!(80.0));
+        set_param(&mut fields, "fx1", "shadowColor", json!("#ff0000"));
+        assert!(preview_document(&st.doc, &s.patterns, &fields).is_ok());
+        apply(&fields, |cmd, p| s.execute(cmd, p).map_err(|e| e.to_string())).unwrap();
+        let effect = &s.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().effects.items[0];
+        let Effect::BevelEmboss(bevel) = effect else { panic!("expected bevel") };
+        assert_eq!(bevel.highlight.blend, photocraft_doc::BlendMode::Screen);
+        assert!((bevel.highlight.opacity - 0.8).abs() < 0.001);
+        assert_eq!(hex(&bevel.shadow_color), "#ff0000");
+        assert_eq!(hex(&bevel.highlight_color), "#e08020");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn preview_off_shows_the_original_until_reenabled() {
         let mut s = session();
@@ -2240,9 +2447,11 @@ mod tests {
         let id = app.session.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
         let mut f = initial_fields(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap(), Some("stroke"), 120.0);
         set_param(&mut f, "fx1", "size", json!(9));
+        set_param(&mut f, BLENDING, "opacity", json!(40));
         save_new_style(&mut app, &f);
         let preset = app.session.presets.styles.iter().flat_map(|g| g.items.iter()).find(|st| st.name == "Style").expect("the preset is created");
         assert_eq!(preset.effects.len(), 1, "only the enabled instance is saved");
+        assert_eq!(preset.opacity, Some(0.4), "the pending opacity is saved, not the layer's");
         // A second layer gets the pending style back through the swatch path.
         app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
         let mut f2 = initial_fields(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layer(app.session.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap()).unwrap(), None, 120.0);
@@ -2251,6 +2460,7 @@ mod tests {
         // Swatch clicks update the dialog fields only; document is untouched until confirm.
         assert_eq!(effects_of(&f2).len(), 1);
         assert_eq!(effects_of(&f2)[0]["params"]["size"], json!(9.0));
+        assert_eq!(f2["p:blendingOptions"]["opacity"], json!(40.0), "the swatch brings the style's opacity");
         // Confirming applies the style to the layer.
         confirm(&mut app, &f2).unwrap();
         let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_style/bevel_modes_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_style/bevel_modes_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..56bfd35727
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_style/bevel_modes_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+//! #9368: Bevel & Emboss's Highlight Mode and Shadow Mode are two dropdowns, each changing its own
+//! mode, as in Photoshop. They shared one widget id, so the Shadow Mode list opened both lists and
+//! a pick changed the Highlight Mode.
+use egui::vec2;
+use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
+
+use super::*;
+
+#[test]
+fn highlight_and_shadow_modes_are_independent_dropdowns() {
+    let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+    app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 32, "height": 32})).unwrap();
+    app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+    app.run("layer.layerStyle.bevelEmboss", json!({})).unwrap();
+    let fields = {
+        let state = app.session.active().unwrap();
+        initial_fields(state.doc.layer(state.active_layer.unwrap()).unwrap(), Some("bevelEmboss"), 120.0)
+    };
+    let mut harness = egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(1000.0, 1200.0)).build_ui_state(
+        |ui, state: &mut (PhotocraftApp, Map<String, Value>)| {
+            if ui.ctx().fonts(|fonts| fonts.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("semibold".into()))) {
+                body(&mut state.0, ui, &mut state.1);
+            }
+        },
+        (app, fields),
+    );
+    PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&harness.ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::ALL[0]);
+    harness.run_steps(3);
+    let params = |h: &egui_kittest::Harness<'_, (PhotocraftApp, Map<String, Value>)>| h.state().1["effects"][0]["params"].clone();
+    assert_eq!((params(&harness)["highlightBlend"].as_str(), params(&harness)["shadowBlend"].as_str()), (Some("Screen"), Some("Multiply")));
+    // Shadow Mode's list: one list opens, and its pick is the Shadow Mode's.
+    harness.get_by_value("Multiply").click();
+    harness.run_steps(3);
+    assert_eq!(harness.query_all_by_label("Dissolve").count(), 1, "only the Shadow Mode list is open");
+    harness.get_by_label("Dissolve").click();
+    harness.run_steps(3);
+    assert_eq!(params(&harness)["shadowBlend"], "Dissolve");
+    assert_eq!(params(&harness)["highlightBlend"], "Screen", "the Highlight Mode is unchanged");
+    // And the Highlight Mode's list changes the Highlight Mode.
+    harness.get_by_value("Screen").click();
+    harness.run_steps(3);
+    harness.get_by_label("Overlay").click();
+    harness.run_steps(3);
+    assert_eq!(params(&harness)["highlightBlend"], "Overlay");
+    assert_eq!(params(&harness)["shadowBlend"], "Dissolve");
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_style/contour.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_style/contour.rs
index 2f43c676c0..0c1c18b605 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_style/contour.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_style/contour.rs
@@ -70,13 +70,36 @@ fn picker_target(effect: &str, key: &str) -> Value {
 
 /// Picks a preset for `effect`'s `key` (the picker's click).
 pub(super) fn pick(f: &mut Map<String, Value>, effect: &str, key: &str, name: &str) {
-    set_param(f, effect, key, json!(name));
+    pick_param(f, effect, key, json!(name));
+}
+
+/// Picks a contour param (a preset name, or a user contour's curve object).
+pub(super) fn pick_param(f: &mut Map<String, Value>, effect: &str, key: &str, param: Value) {
+    set_param(f, effect, key, param);
     f.remove(PICKER);
 }
 
+/// What the picker's menu asked for (Photoshop's Load, Save and Replace Contours).
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+enum Act {
+    Load,
+    Replace,
+    Save,
+}
+
 /// The Contour row of an effect page: label, thumbnail (opens the Contour Editor), the preset
 /// picker arrow and, when the effect has one, Anti-aliased.
-pub(super) fn row(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>, effect: &str, key: &str, label: &str, aa_key: Option<&str>, disp: &mut Value) {
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub(super) fn row(
+    app: &mut PhotocraftApp,
+    ui: &mut egui::Ui,
+    f: &mut Map<String, Value>,
+    effect: &str,
+    key: &str,
+    label: &str,
+    aa_key: Option<&str>,
+    disp: &mut Value,
+) {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         if label.is_empty() {
@@ -105,7 +128,13 @@ pub(super) fn row(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>, effect: &str, k
             open = !open;
         }
         let mut chosen: Option<&str> = None;
+        let mut chosen_user: Option<Value> = None;
+        let mut delete: Option<String> = None;
+        let mut act: Option<Act> = None;
+        let user = &app.session.presets.contours;
+        let parent_layer = arrow.layer_id;
         egui::Popup::from_response(&arrow).open_bool(&mut open).close_behavior(egui::PopupCloseBehavior::CloseOnClickOutside).show(|ui| {
+            crate::press_menu::above_parent_ui(parent_layer, ui);
             ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing = vec2(4.0, 4.0);
             egui::Grid::new(("contour-presets", effect, key)).spacing(vec2(4.0, 4.0)).show(ui, |ui| {
                 for (i, (name, _)) in CONTOURS.iter().enumerate() {
@@ -123,7 +152,55 @@ pub(super) fn row(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>, effect: &str, k
                     }
                 }
             });
+            // The user's own contours follow the standard ones (Contour Editor › New…).
+            if !user.is_empty() {
+                ui.add_space(4.0);
+                egui::Grid::new(("contour-user", effect, key)).spacing(vec2(4.0, 4.0)).show(ui, |ui| {
+                    for (i, u) in user.iter().enumerate() {
+                        let (r, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(40.0, 40.0), Sense::click());
+                        draw(ui.painter(), r, u, t.text, &t);
+                        if *u == c || resp.hovered() {
+                            ui.painter().rect_stroke(r, 0.0, Stroke::new(1.5, t.accent), StrokeKind::Outside);
+                        }
+                        let name = name_of(u).to_string();
+                        let resp = resp.on_hover_text(name.as_str());
+                        if resp.clicked() {
+                            chosen_user = Some(contour_param(u));
+                        }
+                        resp.context_menu(|ui| {
+                            if ui.button(tl!("Delete Contour")).clicked() {
+                                delete = Some(name.clone());
+                                ui.close();
+                            }
+                        });
+                        if i % 4 == 3 {
+                            ui.end_row();
+                        }
+                    }
+                });
+            }
+            ui.separator();
+            if ui.button(tl!("Load Contours…")).clicked() {
+                act = Some(Act::Load);
+            }
+            if ui.button(tl!("Replace Contours…")).clicked() {
+                act = Some(Act::Replace);
+            }
+            if ui.add_enabled(!user.is_empty(), egui::Button::new(tl!("Save Contours…"))).clicked() {
+                act = Some(Act::Save);
+            }
         });
+        if let Some(name) = delete {
+            let r = app.run("layer.layerStyle.contours.delete", json!({"name": name}));
+            report(app, r);
+        }
+        if let Some(act) = act {
+            library_action(app, act);
+        }
+        if let Some(param) = chosen_user {
+            disp[key] = param.clone();
+            pick_param(f, effect, key, param);
+        }
         if let Some(name) = chosen {
             disp[key] = json!(name);
             pick(f, effect, key, name);
@@ -253,12 +330,16 @@ pub(super) fn editor(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<Str
     };
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
     let ctx = ui.ctx().clone();
-    let mem = egui::Id::new(("contour-editor", effect.as_str(), key.as_str()));
+    let mem = egui::Id::unique(("contour-editor", effect.as_str(), key.as_str()));
     let mut st: PointCurveState = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp(mem)).unwrap_or_default();
     let (mut pts, mut corners) = levels_of(&c);
     let mut close: Option<bool> = None;
     let mut load = false;
     let mut save = false;
+    let naming_id = mem.with("naming");
+    let mut naming: Option<String> = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp(naming_id));
+    let mut new_clicked = false;
+    let mut commit_name = false;
     let mut preset: Option<String> = None;
     let modal = egui::Modal::new(mem.with("modal")).show(&ctx, |ui| {
         ui.label(RichText::new(tl!("Contour Editor")).font(crate::theme::semibold(14.0)).color(t.text));
@@ -269,7 +350,7 @@ pub(super) fn editor(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<Str
                     ui.label(RichText::new(tl!("Preset:")).color(t.text_dim));
                     let mut cur = name_of(&c).to_string();
                     let opts: Vec<(String, &str)> = CONTOURS.iter().map(|(n, _)| (n.to_string(), *n)).collect();
-                    if widgets::dropdown(ui, "contour-editor-preset", &mut cur, &opts, 190.0) {
+                    if widgets::dropdown(ui, "contour-editor-preset", tl!("Preset"), &mut cur, &opts, 190.0) {
                         preset = Some(cur);
                     }
                 });
@@ -321,13 +402,29 @@ pub(super) fn editor(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<Str
                     }
                 }
                 ui.add_space(6.0);
+                if let Some(name) = naming.as_mut() {
+                    ui.horizontal(|ui| {
+                        ui.label(RichText::new(tl!("Name:")).color(t.text_dim));
+                        let r = widgets::text_field(ui, mem.with("name-field"), name, "", 150.0, false).accessible_name(tl!("Name:"));
+                        r.request_focus();
+                        if r.lost_focus() && ui.input(|i| i.key_pressed(egui::Key::Enter)) {
+                            commit_name = true;
+                        }
+                        if widgets::primary_button(ui, tl!("OK"), 60.0).clicked() {
+                            commit_name = true;
+                        }
+                    });
+                    ui.add_space(6.0);
+                }
                 let sel = st.selected.filter(|i| *i < pts.len());
                 ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                     let (mut vi, mut vo) = sel.and_then(|i| pts.get(i)).map_or((0.0, 0.0), |q| ((q[0] / 2.55).round(), (q[1] / 2.55).round()));
                     ui.label(RichText::new(tl!("Input:")).color(t.text_dim));
-                    let ri = ui.add_enabled_ui(sel.is_some(), |ui| widgets::value_field(ui, &mut vi, 0.0..=100.0, "%", 52.0)).inner;
+                    let ri =
+                        ui.add_enabled_ui(sel.is_some(), |ui| widgets::value_field(ui, &mut vi, 0.0..=100.0, "%", 52.0).accessible_name(tl!("Input:"))).inner;
                     ui.label(RichText::new(tl!("Output:")).color(t.text_dim));
-                    let ro = ui.add_enabled_ui(sel.is_some(), |ui| widgets::value_field(ui, &mut vo, 0.0..=100.0, "%", 52.0)).inner;
+                    let ro =
+                        ui.add_enabled_ui(sel.is_some(), |ui| widgets::value_field(ui, &mut vo, 0.0..=100.0, "%", 52.0).accessible_name(tl!("Output:"))).inner;
                     if let Some(i) = sel
                         && (ri.changed() || ro.changed())
                     {
@@ -355,20 +452,42 @@ pub(super) fn editor(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<Str
                 load = widgets::secondary_button(ui, tl!("Load…"), 84.0).clicked();
                 ui.add_space(4.0);
                 save = widgets::secondary_button(ui, tl!("Save…"), 84.0).clicked();
+                ui.add_space(4.0);
+                new_clicked = widgets::secondary_button(ui, tl!("New…"), 84.0).clicked();
             });
         });
     });
     ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(mem, st));
+    if new_clicked && naming.is_none() {
+        // Photoshop asks for the new contour's name; "Contour N" is its suggestion.
+        naming = Some(format!("Contour {}", app.session.presets.contours.len() + 1));
+    }
+    if commit_name && let Some(name) = naming.take() {
+        let name = if name.trim().is_empty() { "Contour".to_string() } else { name };
+        match app.run("layer.layerStyle.contours.new", json!({"contour": contour_param(&shown_contour(&pts, &corners, name_of(&c))), "name": name})) {
+            Ok(v) => set_param(f, &effect, &key, v["contour"].clone()),
+            Err(e) => report(app, Err(e)),
+        }
+    }
+    ctx.data_mut(|d| match &naming {
+        Some(n) => {
+            d.insert_temp(naming_id, n.clone());
+        }
+        None => {
+            d.remove_temp::<String>(naming_id);
+        }
+    });
     if let Some(name) = preset {
         set_param(f, &effect, &key, json!(name));
     }
     if close.is_none() && modal.should_close() {
         close = Some(false);
     }
-    if close.is_none() && ctx.input_mut(|i| i.consume_key(egui::Modifiers::NONE, egui::Key::Enter)) {
+    if close.is_none() && naming.is_none() && !commit_name && ctx.input_mut(|i| i.consume_key(egui::Modifiers::NONE, egui::Key::Enter)) {
         close = Some(true);
     }
     if let Some(keep) = close {
+        ctx.data_mut(|d| d.remove_temp::<String>(naming_id));
         close_editor(f, keep);
         return;
     }
@@ -396,6 +515,42 @@ pub(super) fn editor(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<Str
     }
 }
 
+/// The edited curve (levels `0..=255`) as a contour.
+fn shown_contour(pts: &[[f32; 2]], corners: &[bool], name: &str) -> Contour {
+    Contour::Custom {
+        name: name.to_string(),
+        points: pts.iter().map(|q| CurvePoint { input: q[0] / 255.0, output: q[1] / 255.0 }).collect(),
+        corners: corners.to_vec(),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Load, Replace or Save Contours: the library lives in the session, the file is an `.shc`.
+fn library_action(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, act: Act) {
+    let r = match act {
+        Act::Load | Act::Replace => app.pick_file_bytes_filtered(&["shc"], move |app, name, bytes| {
+            let mut p = crate::swatches_ui::source(&name, &bytes);
+            p["mode"] = json!(if act == Act::Replace { "replace" } else { "append" });
+            let r = app.run("layer.layerStyle.contours.load", p)?;
+            let template = "Loaded contours from {file}";
+            app.ui.status_error = false;
+            app.ui.status = crate::i18n::fmt(tl!(template), &[("file", &crate::file_open::display_name(&name))]);
+            Ok(r)
+        }),
+        Act::Save => app.run("layer.layerStyle.contours.save", json!({})).and_then(|r| {
+            let bytes = r["data"].as_str().and_then(photocraft_engine::paint::tile::b64_decode).ok_or("the export returned no data")?;
+            app.pick_save("Contours.shc", move |app, path| {
+                let write = app.services.write.as_mut().ok_or("no writer configured")?;
+                write(&path, &bytes)?;
+                let template = "Saved contours to {file}";
+                app.ui.status_error = false;
+                app.ui.status = crate::i18n::fmt(tl!(template), &[("file", &crate::file_open::display_name(&path))]);
+                Ok(json!({"path": path}))
+            })
+        }),
+    };
+    report(app, r);
+}
+
 fn report(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, r: Result<Value, String>) {
     if let Err(e) = r
         && e != crate::file_dialog::CANCELLED
@@ -404,3 +559,32 @@ fn report(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, r: Result<Value, String>) {
         app.ui.status = e;
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod library_tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cancelling_the_editor_discards_the_contour_name_draft() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&ctx, Default::default());
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 32, "height": 32})).unwrap();
+        app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.run("layer.layerStyle.dropShadow", json!({})).unwrap();
+        let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+        let mut fields = crate::layer_style::initial_fields(st.doc.layer(st.active_layer.unwrap()).unwrap(), None, 120.0);
+        open_editor(&mut fields, "fx1", "contour");
+        let naming = egui::Id::unique(("contour-editor", "fx1", "contour")).with("naming");
+        ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(naming, "Unfinished".to_string()));
+        ctx.run_ui(Default::default(), |ui| editor(&mut app, ui, &mut fields)).textures_delta.clear();
+        let input = egui::RawInput {
+            events: vec![egui::Event::Key { key: egui::Key::Escape, physical_key: None, pressed: true, repeat: false, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE }],
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        ctx.run_ui(input, |ui| editor(&mut app, ui, &mut fields)).textures_delta.clear();
+        assert!(!fields.contains_key(EDITOR));
+        assert!(ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<String>(naming)).is_none());
+        assert!(app.session.presets.contours.is_empty());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_style/gradient_method_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_style/gradient_method_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2578c1ab51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_style/gradient_method_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
+
+use super::*;
+
+fn app() -> PhotocraftApp {
+    let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+    app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 32, "height": 32})).unwrap();
+    app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+    app
+}
+
+fn effect(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> &Effect {
+    let state = app.session.active().unwrap();
+    &state.doc.layer(state.active_layer.unwrap()).unwrap().effects.items[0]
+}
+
+fn fields(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Map<String, Value> {
+    let state = app.session.active().unwrap();
+    initial_fields(state.doc.layer(state.active_layer.unwrap()).unwrap(), Some("gradientOverlay"), 120.0)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn method_picker_is_pending_until_confirm_and_survives_reopening() {
+    let mut app = app();
+    app.run("layer.layerStyle.gradientOverlay", json!({"from": "#ff0000", "to": "#0000ff"})).unwrap();
+    let original = effect(&app).clone();
+    let pending_fields = fields(&app);
+    let mut harness = egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(1000.0, 1000.0)).build_ui_state(
+        |ui, state: &mut (PhotocraftApp, Map<String, Value>)| {
+            // The harness draws once before setup_context installs the app fonts.
+            if ui.ctx().fonts(|fonts| fonts.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("semibold".into()))) {
+                body(&mut state.0, ui, &mut state.1);
+            }
+        },
+        (app, pending_fields),
+    );
+    PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&harness.ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::ALL[0]);
+    harness.run_steps(3);
+    harness.get_by_value("Custom").click();
+    harness.run_steps(2);
+    harness.get_by_label("Smooth").click();
+    harness.run_steps(2);
+    assert_eq!(effect(&harness.state().0), &original, "cancel can still discard all pending edits");
+    assert_eq!(harness.state().1["effects"][0]["params"]["method"], "smooth");
+    let (app, pending) = harness.state_mut();
+    confirm(app, pending).unwrap();
+    let saved = effect(app).clone();
+    app.run("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(effect(app), &original);
+    app.run("edit.redo", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(effect(app), &saved);
+    let reopened = fields(app);
+    assert_eq!(reopened["effects"][0]["params"]["method"], "smooth");
+    assert_eq!(reopened["effects"][0]["params"]["from"], "#ff0000");
+    confirm(app, &reopened).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(effect(app), &saved, "OK without edits leaves the rendered curve exact");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn all_four_methods_roundtrip_through_the_dialog() {
+    for method in ["classic", "linear", "perceptual", "smooth"] {
+        let mut app = app();
+        app.run("layer.layerStyle.gradientOverlay", json!({"from": [0.123456, 0.234567, 0.345678], "to": "#abcdef", "method": method})).unwrap();
+        let before = effect(&app).clone();
+        let fields = fields(&app);
+        assert_eq!(fields["effects"][0]["params"]["method"], method);
+        confirm(&mut app, &fields).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(effect(&app), &before);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn baked_overlay_is_unchanged_until_method_selection_then_edits_the_whole_curve() {
+    use photocraft_color::Color;
+    use photocraft_io::{GradientMethod, bake_gradient};
+
+    let mut app = app();
+    app.run("layer.layerStyle.gradientOverlay", json!({})).unwrap();
+    // PSD import and older method commands leave a baked curve without a source record.
+    let state = app.session.active_mut().unwrap();
+    let fx = &mut std::sync::Arc::make_mut(&mut state.doc).layer_mut(state.active_layer.unwrap()).unwrap().effects.items[0];
+    let Effect::GradientOverlay { gradient, interpolation, .. } = fx else { panic!("expected overlay") };
+    gradient.stops = bake_gradient(vec![(0.0, Color::BLACK), (1.0, Color::WHITE)], &[0.5], 1.0, GradientMethod::Smooth);
+    *interpolation = None;
+    let source_ends = vec![(0.0, gradient.stops.first().unwrap().1), (1.0, gradient.stops.last().unwrap().1)];
+
+    let original = effect(&app).clone();
+    let mut pending = fields(&app);
+    let id = pending["effects"][0]["id"].as_str().unwrap().to_string();
+    assert_eq!(pending["effects"][0]["params"]["method"], "custom");
+    confirm(&mut app, &pending).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(effect(&app), &original);
+
+    set_param(&mut pending, &id, "method", json!("linear"));
+    confirm(&mut app, &pending).unwrap();
+    let selected = effect(&app).clone();
+    let Effect::GradientOverlay { gradient, interpolation, .. } = &selected else { panic!("expected overlay") };
+    assert_eq!(gradient.stops, bake_gradient(source_ends, &[0.5], 1.0, GradientMethod::Linear));
+    assert_eq!(interpolation.as_ref().unwrap().stops.len(), 2);
+
+    let mut reopened = fields(&app);
+    assert_eq!(reopened["effects"][0]["params"]["method"], "linear");
+    set_param(&mut reopened, &id, "from", json!("#ff0000"));
+    set_param(&mut reopened, &id, "to", json!("#0000ff"));
+    confirm(&mut app, &reopened).unwrap();
+    let edited = effect(&app).clone();
+    let Effect::GradientOverlay { gradient, .. } = &edited else { panic!("expected overlay") };
+    assert_eq!(gradient.stops, bake_gradient(vec![(0.0, Color::rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)), (1.0, Color::rgb(0.0, 0.0, 1.0))], &[0.5], 1.0, GradientMethod::Linear));
+    app.run("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(effect(&app), &selected);
+    app.run("edit.redo", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(effect(&app), &edited);
+    let reopened = fields(&app);
+    confirm(&mut app, &reopened).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(effect(&app), &edited);
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_transfer.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_transfer.rs
index 890768b28a..c9e45225f4 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_transfer.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_transfer.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ struct Transfer {
 }
 
 fn key() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("pc-layer-transfer")
+    egui::Id::unique("pc-layer-transfer")
 }
 
 fn get(ctx: &egui::Context) -> Option<Transfer> {
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ pub fn over_tab(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, index: usize) {
         app.session.set_active(index);
         app.jobs.focus = None;
         // The Layers panel now lists the other document: its rows don't take the drag.
-        ctx.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<u64>(egui::Id::new("layer-drag")));
+        ctx.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<u64>(egui::Id::unique("layer-drag")));
     }
     if ctx.input(|i| i.pointer.any_released()) {
         drop(app, ctx, index, None);
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ fn drop(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, dest: usize, at: Option<[f
 /// The dragged layers' name next to the pointer (also the Layers panel's reorder drag).
 pub fn ghost(ctx: &egui::Context, p: egui::Pos2, label: &str) {
     let t = crate::theme::Tokens::get(ctx);
-    let painter = ctx.layer_painter(egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Tooltip, egui::Id::new("layer-transfer-ghost")));
+    let painter = ctx.layer_painter(egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Tooltip, egui::Id::unique("layer-transfer-ghost")));
     let g = painter.layout_no_wrap(label.to_string(), egui::FontId::proportional(12.0), t.text);
     let r = egui::Rect::from_min_size(p + egui::vec2(12.0, -10.0), g.size() + egui::vec2(16.0, 8.0));
     painter.rect_filled(r, t.radius_sm, t.card.gamma_multiply(0.95));
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_tree_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_tree_ui.rs
index d00dffb8da..858fe432fc 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_tree_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/layer_tree_ui.rs
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ pub fn triangle_rect(row: Rect, x: f32) -> Rect {
 pub fn disclosure(ui: &mut egui::Ui, row: Rect, x: &mut f32, l: &Layer, actions: &mut Vec<(String, Value)>) -> bool {
     let LayerContent::Group(g) = &l.content else { return false };
     let hit = triangle_rect(row, *x);
-    let resp = ui.interact(hit, ui.id().with(("disclosure", l.id.0)), Sense::click());
+    let resp = ui.interact(hit, ui.scope_id().with(("disclosure", l.id.0)), Sense::click());
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
     let c = pos2(*x + TRIANGLE_W / 2.0 - 1.0, row.center().y);
     let s = 3.5;
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ pub fn disclosure(ui: &mut egui::Ui, row: Rect, x: &mut f32, l: &Layer, actions:
     let (verb, name) = (if g.expanded { tl!("Collapse") } else { tl!("Expand") }, l.name.clone());
     let tip = if g.expanded { tl!("Collapse group  ({key}-click: all groups)") } else { tl!("Expand group  ({key}-click: all groups)") };
     let resp = resp.on_hover_text(crate::i18n::fmt(tip, &[("key", &crate::shortcuts::pretty("Alt"))]));
-    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, format!("{verb} group {name}")));
+    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, format!("{verb} group {name}")));
     clicked
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/layers_panel_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/layers_panel_ui.rs
index 5027b228b0..d640e3850d 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/layers_panel_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/layers_panel_ui.rs
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ pub fn show_dialog(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &Context) {
         LayersPanelDialog::NewGroup(_) => tl!("New Group"),
         LayersPanelDialog::LockLayers { .. } => tl!("Lock Layers"),
     };
-    egui::Modal::new(egui::Id::new("layers-panel-options-modal")).show(ctx, |ui| {
+    egui::Modal::new(egui::Id::unique("layers-panel-options-modal")).show(ctx, |ui| {
         ui.set_width(if matches!(dialog, LayersPanelDialog::PanelOptions(_)) { 480.0 } else { 380.0 });
         ui.horizontal(|ui| {
             ui.heading(title);
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/layout_keys.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/layout_keys.rs
index 28d2dc9c06..bd31428cca 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/layout_keys.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/layout_keys.rs
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ fn is_digit(key: Key) -> bool {
 /// What was typed comes as the text event next to the key press: right after it natively, right
 /// before it on the web.
 pub fn apply(ctx: &egui::Context) {
-    let id = egui::Id::new("photocraft_layout_keys");
+    let id = egui::Id::unique("photocraft_layout_keys");
     let mut learnt: Learnt = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp(id)).unwrap_or_default();
     let before = (learnt.brackets, learnt.table_layout);
     ctx.input_mut(|i| {
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/lib.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/lib.rs
index 2b381d5bef..cdc1af071c 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/lib.rs
@@ -19,9 +19,12 @@ pub mod adjust_dialog;
 pub mod adjust_editors;
 pub mod adjust_preview;
 pub mod adjust_ui;
+mod align_bar;
 mod alt_grab;
 pub mod analysis_ui;
 pub mod anchor_tools;
+mod ants;
+pub mod apply_color;
 pub mod artboard_tool;
 pub mod artboard_ui;
 pub(crate) mod background_redraw;
@@ -43,6 +46,7 @@ pub mod caf_ui;
 pub(crate) mod cam_preview;
 mod cam_transform;
 mod camera_raw_detail_ui;
+mod camera_raw_gpu;
 mod camera_raw_preview_ui;
 mod camera_raw_scope_ui;
 pub mod camera_raw_ui;
@@ -57,11 +61,13 @@ pub mod channels_panel;
 pub mod chrome_ui;
 pub mod cjk_fonts;
 pub mod clip_line_ui;
+pub mod color_panel_ui;
 pub mod color_picker_ui;
 pub mod color_range_ui;
 pub mod color_table_ui;
 pub mod comps_ui;
 pub mod control;
+mod control_click;
 pub mod corner_radius;
 pub mod credits;
 pub mod crop_mode;
@@ -91,6 +97,7 @@ pub mod eraser_ui;
 pub mod export_dialog;
 pub mod eyedropper_ui;
 pub mod field_tab;
+pub mod field_wheel;
 pub mod file_dialog;
 pub mod file_open;
 pub mod file_ui;
@@ -108,12 +115,14 @@ pub mod gpu_status;
 pub mod gradient_ui;
 pub mod guide_layout_ui;
 pub mod guide_select;
+pub mod histogram_panel;
 pub mod history_menu_ui;
 pub mod hold_keys;
 pub mod i18n;
 mod icon_data;
 pub mod icons;
 pub mod jobs_ui;
+pub mod jpeg_options_ui;
 pub mod kys_import;
 pub mod lasso_ui;
 pub(crate) mod last_brush;
@@ -157,6 +166,7 @@ pub mod object_finder;
 mod opacity_keys;
 pub mod open_prompt;
 pub mod outline;
+mod page_keys;
 pub mod paint_mouse;
 pub mod palette;
 mod panel_docking;
@@ -180,17 +190,22 @@ pub mod proxy;
 pub mod puppet_ui;
 pub mod quick_pick;
 pub mod rasterize_prompt;
+pub mod replace_prompt;
 pub mod retouch_ui;
 mod rgb_histogram;
 pub mod rotate_view;
 pub mod rulers;
 pub mod screen_picker;
+pub mod screenshot;
 pub mod scrollbars;
 mod scrub_wrap;
 pub mod select_mask_view;
 pub mod served_fonts;
 pub mod shape_dialog;
 pub(crate) mod shape_fill_ui;
+mod shape_gradient_ui;
+mod shape_options;
+mod shape_paint_ui;
 pub mod shape_stroke_ui;
 pub mod shortcut_dispatch;
 pub mod shortcuts;
@@ -205,6 +220,7 @@ mod smart_svg_ui;
 mod smart_svg_ui;
 pub mod smart_ui;
 pub mod snap_ui;
+pub mod snapshot_dialog;
 pub(crate) mod solid_fill_ui;
 pub mod spring_tools;
 pub mod stack_dialog;
@@ -219,6 +235,7 @@ pub mod swatches_ui;
 pub mod symmetry_ui;
 mod tab_strip;
 pub mod targa_options_ui;
+pub mod texel_guard;
 pub mod text_field_menu;
 pub mod theme;
 pub mod tiff_options_ui;
@@ -240,6 +257,7 @@ mod type_font_preview;
 pub mod type_panels_ui;
 pub mod type_tool;
 mod type_transform;
+pub mod updates_ui;
 mod variables_ui;
 pub mod vector_ui;
 pub mod view_cmds;
@@ -253,6 +271,7 @@ pub mod workspace_ui;
 pub mod zoom_hold;
 pub mod zoom_levels;
 pub mod zoom_tool;
+pub mod zoom_window_fit;
 
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::sync::mpsc::{Receiver, Sender};
@@ -266,13 +285,72 @@ pub use file_dialog::{FileDialogAnswer, FileDialogFn, FileDialogReply, FileDialo
 pub use file_open::OsEvent;
 pub use state::{Tool, UiState};
 
+/// The error a save gets while another save waits on its format prompt.
+pub(crate) const SAVE_OPTIONS_OPEN: &str = "Answer the TIFF, Targa, DDS or JPEG Options before starting another save";
+
+/// The format answers a save takes instead of asking: the Targa bits per pixel (`"tgaBits"`),
+/// the DDS options (`"ddsCompression"`, `"ddsMipmaps"`) and JPEG Options (`"quality"` 0–12,
+/// `"jpegFormat"`). `None` asks in Save As and takes the default in automation saves, which never
+/// prompt.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
+pub struct FormatChoices {
+    pub tga_bits: Option<photocraft_io::TgaBits>,
+    pub dds: Option<photocraft_io::DdsOptions>,
+    pub jpeg: Option<jpeg_options_ui::JpegChoice>,
+}
+
+impl FormatChoices {
+    /// The answers in command or control call `cmd`'s params; a bad value is an error.
+    pub fn from_params(params: &Value, cmd: &str) -> Result<Self, String> {
+        Ok(FormatChoices {
+            tga_bits: targa_options_ui::bits_param(params, cmd)?,
+            dds: dds_options_ui::options_param(params, cmd)?,
+            jpeg: jpeg_options_ui::choice_param(params, cmd)?,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// The answers in a recorded save step, read as leniently as the engine command that may have
+    /// recorded it (see [`jpeg_options_ui::recorded_choice`]).
+    pub(crate) fn from_step(params: &Value, cmd: &str) -> Result<Self, String> {
+        Ok(FormatChoices {
+            tga_bits: targa_options_ui::bits_param(params, cmd)?,
+            dds: dds_options_ui::options_param(params, cmd)?,
+            jpeg: jpeg_options_ui::recorded_choice(params, cmd)?,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// The export settings with these answers applied.
+    pub fn apply(self, settings: ExportSettings) -> ExportSettings {
+        let settings = ExportSettings { tga_bits: self.tga_bits.or(settings.tga_bits), dds: self.dds.unwrap_or(settings.dds), ..settings };
+        match self.jpeg {
+            Some(j) => j.apply(settings),
+            None => settings,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Adds the answers to a recorded save step.
+    pub(crate) fn record(self, step: &mut Value) {
+        if let Some(bits) = self.tga_bits {
+            step["tgaBits"] = bits.bits().into();
+        }
+        if let Some(dds) = self.dds {
+            dds_options_ui::record(dds, step);
+        }
+        if let Some(j) = self.jpeg {
+            j.record(step);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Decode a file: (document, warnings about anything approximated or dropped).
-pub type ImportFn = Box<dyn Fn(&str, &[u8], usize) -> Result<(Document, Vec<String>), String>>;
+pub type ImportFn = Box<dyn Fn(&str, &[u8], &photocraft_io::ImportOptions) -> Result<(Document, Vec<String>), String>>;
 /// Encoder settings chosen in Export As (the file format comes from the name's extension).
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub struct ExportSettings {
     /// JPEG quality 1–100 (None = codec default).
     pub jpeg_quality: Option<u8>,
+    /// JPEG Options › Format Options: baseline, baseline optimized or progressive.
+    pub jpeg_format: photocraft_codecs::JpegFormat,
     /// WebP: lossless (VP8L) rather than lossy (VP8 at [`Self::webp_quality`]).
     pub webp_lossless: bool,
     /// Lossy WebP quality 1–100 (None = codec default).
@@ -306,12 +384,16 @@ pub struct ExportSettings {
     pub document_path: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
     /// Native save cache owned by the open document; exports without one remain one-shot.
     pub pcraft_cache: Option<photocraft_io::PcraftExportCache>,
+    /// Read and embed the files linked smart objects name ([`photocraft_io::ExportOptions::read_linked_files`]).
+    /// Off for automation saves, which are granted only their target.
+    pub read_linked_files: bool,
 }
 
 impl Default for ExportSettings {
     fn default() -> Self {
         ExportSettings {
             jpeg_quality: None,
+            jpeg_format: photocraft_codecs::JpegFormat::Baseline,
             webp_lossless: true,
             webp_quality: None,
             tiff_layers: true,
@@ -324,6 +406,7 @@ impl Default for ExportSettings {
             embed_metadata: true,
             document_path: None,
             pcraft_cache: None,
+            read_linked_files: true,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -336,6 +419,7 @@ impl ExportSettings {
         if let Some(q) = self.jpeg_quality {
             opts.encode.jpeg_quality = q;
         }
+        opts.encode.jpeg_format = self.jpeg_format;
         opts.encode.webp_lossless = self.webp_lossless;
         if let Some(q) = self.webp_quality {
             opts.encode.webp_quality = q;
@@ -350,41 +434,11 @@ impl ExportSettings {
         opts.psd_maximize_compatibility = self.psd_maximize_compatibility;
         opts.document_path = self.document_path.clone();
         opts.pcraft_cache = self.pcraft_cache.clone();
+        opts.read_linked_files = self.read_linked_files;
         opts
     }
 }
 
-/// The format answers a save takes instead of asking: the Targa bits per pixel and the DDS options
-/// (`"tgaBits"`, `"ddsCompression"`, `"ddsMipmaps"`). `None` asks in Save As and takes the
-/// default in automation saves, which never prompt.
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
-pub struct FormatChoices {
-    pub tga_bits: Option<photocraft_io::TgaBits>,
-    pub dds: Option<photocraft_io::DdsOptions>,
-}
-
-impl FormatChoices {
-    /// The answers in command `cmd`'s params; a bad value is an error.
-    pub fn from_params(params: &Value, cmd: &str) -> Result<Self, String> {
-        Ok(FormatChoices { tga_bits: targa_options_ui::bits_param(params, cmd)?, dds: dds_options_ui::options_param(params, cmd)? })
-    }
-
-    /// The export settings with these answers applied.
-    pub(crate) fn apply(self, settings: ExportSettings) -> ExportSettings {
-        ExportSettings { tga_bits: self.tga_bits, dds: self.dds.unwrap_or(settings.dds), ..settings }
-    }
-
-    /// Adds the answers to a recorded save step.
-    fn record(self, step: &mut Value) {
-        if let Some(bits) = self.tga_bits {
-            step["tgaBits"] = bits.bits().into();
-        }
-        if let Some(dds) = self.dds {
-            dds_options_ui::record(dds, step);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 /// The document's lone layer when it is a plain raster a flat file keeps: visible, at full
 /// opacity, in Normal mode, with no masks, effects or blending restrictions (#2234).
 pub(crate) fn plain_raster(doc: &Document) -> Option<&photocraft_doc::Layer> {
@@ -420,6 +474,8 @@ pub struct FileStamp {
 }
 /// The [`FileStamp`] of the file at a path, `None` when it can't be read.
 pub type FileStampFn = Box<dyn Fn(&str) -> Option<FileStamp>>;
+/// Whether two paths name one entry in one folder on disk; false when either can't be read.
+pub type SameFileFn = Box<dyn Fn(&str, &str) -> bool>;
 /// Encode a document and write it to a path, reporting the stage to the job; returns the export
 /// warnings. Runs on a worker thread (see [`Services::save_file`]). It must call
 /// [`jobs_ui::SaveCtl::commit`] right before replacing the file, and write nothing if that fails.
@@ -469,15 +525,26 @@ pub enum ExternalSvgEditor {
 }
 
 /// A native editing session supplies stable saved source snapshots without blocking the UI.
+/// An immutable saved source and optional display-only preview of those exact bytes.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ExternalVectorSave {
+    pub bytes: Vec<u8>,
+    pub preview_svg: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+}
+
 pub trait ExternalSvgSession {
     fn poll(&mut self) -> Option<Result<Vec<u8>, String>>;
+    /// SVG-only services remain compatible; native services return source and preview together.
+    fn poll_vector(&mut self) -> Option<Result<ExternalVectorSave, String>> {
+        self.poll().map(|result| result.map(|bytes| ExternalVectorSave { bytes, preview_svg: None }))
+    }
     /// No more snapshots can arrive, for example after the desktop chooser was cancelled.
     fn finished(&self) -> bool {
         false
     }
 }
 
-/// An immutable embedded source. The shell converts non-SVG inputs in its owned working directory.
+/// An immutable embedded source. The shell keeps the original format in its owned working directory.
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct ExternalVectorSource {
     pub bytes: std::sync::Arc<Vec<u8>>,
@@ -560,6 +627,11 @@ pub struct Services {
     /// Size and modification time of a file (native); `None` on the web, where Save never
     /// writes back to a file.
     pub file_stamp: Option<FileStampFn>,
+    /// Whether two paths name one entry in one folder (native): a save dialog's answer and the
+    /// path the save writes to after Lowercase Extension, on a file system that ignores letter
+    /// case. A hard link is another entry. A save asks before replacing an entry it finds
+    /// different (`replace_prompt`).
+    pub same_file: Option<SameFileFn>,
     /// `write` only asks for the bytes to be kept (a browser download, which the user can
     /// cancel and which reports nothing back), so a save through it names the document but
     /// leaves its changes unsaved and the leave-page guard armed (#4962).
@@ -584,6 +656,8 @@ pub struct Services {
     /// Preferences ▸ General ▸ Beep When Done: the platform's default beep, played when a
     /// background job finishes successfully. `None` in the web build (and in tests).
     pub beep: Option<fn()>,
+    /// Starts a background check for published releases (desktop, outside Flatpak).
+    pub check_updates: Option<photocraft_engine::updates_cmds::CheckFn>,
     /// Files delivered asynchronously (web drag-and-drop): drained every frame and opened as
     /// documents.
     pub inbox: Option<Inbox>,
@@ -657,10 +731,6 @@ pub struct Services {
     pub quit: Option<QuitFn>,
 }
 
-/// A document histogram being computed off the UI thread: (document, revision, receiver of
-/// (document, compute ms, histograms)).
-pub(crate) type HistJob = (DocId, u64, std::sync::mpsc::Receiver<(DocId, f64, std::sync::Arc<tone::Histograms>)>);
-
 /// The Info panel's cached sample: pixel x, y, document revision and Eyedropper Sample Size.
 type InfoSampleKey = (i32, i32, u64, u32);
 
@@ -698,6 +768,9 @@ pub struct PhotocraftApp {
     /// A live stroke just committed with its own pixels: the canvas caches that showed it
     /// refresh only what it drew after the step they showed (`canvas::damage_since`).
     committed_stroke: Option<canvas::CommittedStroke>,
+    /// Whether the last retouching stroke's commit took the pixels its live stroke drew
+    /// (`"fromLive"`) instead of rendering the stroke again (`retouch_ui::finish_stroke`).
+    pub(crate) retouch_from_live: bool,
     /// Footprint trail of a retouching drag (see `stroke_trail`).
     trail: Option<stroke_trail::Trail>,
     /// Remove tool strokes waiting to be applied together (Remove after each stroke off), the
@@ -749,15 +822,20 @@ pub struct PhotocraftApp {
     /// This press began with ⌥ (Alt) held on a painting tool, so it samples colours instead of
     /// painting until it is released (`canvas::alt_eyedropper`, #417).
     pub(crate) alt_sampling: bool,
+    /// This press began with ⌥ (Alt) held on the Mixer Brush, so it loaded paint from the canvas
+    /// and paints nothing until it is released, even with ⌥ let go (`canvas::tool_event`).
+    pub(crate) mixer_sampling: bool,
     /// Caps Lock toggled on, read from the OS each frame (`services.caps_lock`): painting tools
     /// show the precise crosshair whatever the cursor preference (#1758).
     pub caps_lock: bool,
     /// The first digit of a two-digit opacity typed on the number keys (`opacity_keys`, #352).
     pub(crate) opacity_keys: opacity_keys::Pending,
     control_rx: Option<Receiver<ControlRequest>>,
-    pending_screenshots: Vec<(u64, Option<String>, Sender<ControlResponse>)>,
-    /// Screenshots not yet requested from the viewport: (token, earliest time in ms, frames seen).
-    queued_screenshots: Vec<(u64, f64, u32)>,
+    /// `ui.screenshot` requests: bounded admission, a weak-slot callback per issuance, monotonic
+    /// deadlines and a capture-time geometry epoch (see `screenshot.rs`).
+    captures: screenshot::Captures,
+    /// The custom Type tool's IME owner/generation/receipt tracker (`type_tool::sync_ime`).
+    pub(crate) type_ime: type_tool::ImeState,
     /// Control replies waiting for queued synthetic input to be processed.
     input_waiters: Vec<Sender<ControlResponse>>,
     /// Live (uncommitted) adjustment edit shown on canvas while a slider is dragged.
@@ -834,16 +912,37 @@ pub struct PhotocraftApp {
     pub(crate) live_adjust_preview: Option<adjust_preview::LiveAdjust>,
     /// Synthetic input events queued by automation (`ui.click`, `ui.key`, …), injected next frame.
     pub(crate) synthetic: Vec<egui::Event>,
+    /// The one synthetic batch currently being delivered.
+    ///
+    /// eframe preserves input appended by `raw_input_hook` across hidden (`update_logic_only`)
+    /// ticks, so draining another step every hidden tick would deliver several host iterations
+    /// as one burst. At most one batch is ever in flight; the next step waits for a pass.
+    synthetic_batch: Option<Vec<egui::Event>>,
+    /// A pass consumed the batch but returned before handling input (fonts not ready): put the
+    /// same events back on the next hook so the step is not lost. Cleared as soon as they are
+    /// re-appended, so two hidden ticks cannot deliver the same step twice.
+    synthetic_reinject: bool,
+    /// Document/focus identity the batch was created for. A batch queued against one document is
+    /// cancelled, not replayed, after the active document (including a switch away and back) or
+    /// the focus changes; an edit in the same document does not cancel it.
+    synthetic_snapshot: Option<SyntheticTarget>,
     /// True only while a frame is processing synthetic automation input. It
     /// makes shortcut- and dialog-triggered commands pass the same policy as
     /// direct control calls.
     pub(crate) automation_input: bool,
+    /// Action playbacks paused at a step dialog, by the token in that dialog's fields
+    /// ([`actions::RESUME`]): what to play next and the automation gate it paused under.
+    pub(crate) paused_playbacks: actions::PausedPlaybacks,
     /// Levels/Curves histogram cache: (document, adjustment layer, revision it is valid for).
     pub(crate) tone_hist: Option<(DocId, photocraft_doc::LayerId, u64, std::sync::Arc<tone::Histograms>)>,
-    /// Histogram panel cache: (document, revision, computed at ms, histograms).
-    pub(crate) doc_hist: Option<(DocId, u64, f64, std::sync::Arc<tone::Histograms>)>,
-    /// The document histogram being computed on a worker thread: (document, revision, receiver).
-    pub(crate) hist_job: Option<HistJob>,
+    /// Histogram panel: the document's histogram (`histogram_panel`).
+    pub(crate) doc_hist: Option<histogram_panel::PanelHist>,
+    /// Histogram panel: the histogram of the adjustment previewing on the canvas.
+    pub(crate) doc_hist_preview: Option<histogram_panel::PanelHist>,
+    /// The panel histogram being computed on a worker thread.
+    pub(crate) hist_job: Option<histogram_panel::HistJob>,
+    /// The (document, revision) an Uncached Refresh asked to count at cache level 1.
+    pub(crate) hist_uncached: Option<(DocId, u64)>,
     /// Free Transform preview (document without the moving pixels + their texture).
     pub(crate) transform_preview: Option<transform_tool::TransformPreview>,
     /// Move-tool ⇧/⌥ drag state (move_mods).
@@ -868,8 +967,9 @@ pub struct PhotocraftApp {
     /// A raw file just opened interactively, waiting for the open-time Camera Raw dialog (shown
     /// on the next frame, which has the egui context).
     pub(crate) pending_raw_open: Option<camera_raw_ui::RawOpen>,
-    /// The open-time re-develop (or its Camera Raw step) running in the background.
-    pub(crate) raw_redevelop: Option<camera_raw_ui::Redevelop>,
+    /// The open-time re-develops (or their Camera Raw steps) running in the background, one per
+    /// raw being opened.
+    pub(crate) raw_redevelop: Vec<camera_raw_ui::Redevelop>,
     /// Filter › Adaptive Wide Angle dialog (wide_angle_ui).
     pub(crate) wide_angle: Option<wide_angle_ui::WideAngleDialog>,
     /// ⌘Z history of each open parameter dialog (edit_history).
@@ -930,6 +1030,13 @@ pub struct PhotocraftApp {
     /// When (in `egui::InputState::time`) to try saving unsaved work for recovery again after a
     /// failed attempt; the app closes only once it succeeded.
     window_recovery_retry: Option<f64>,
+    /// The render state the GPU canvas was built on, kept after it is dropped so Retry GPU can
+    /// build a new one on the same device (see `gpu_status::choose_recovery`, #6577).
+    gpu_render_state: Option<eframe::egui_wgpu::RenderState>,
+    /// Why the GPU canvas was dropped (see `gpu_status::fall_back`).
+    gpu_fault: Option<photocraft_gpu::Fault>,
+    /// Out-of-memory errors this session after which the GPU canvas was rebuilt by itself (#6564).
+    gpu_oom_retries: u32,
     /// Run once the first frames have rendered (see [`Self::on_started`]).
     started: Option<gpu_status::StartedHook>,
     /// Frame and canvas-upload timings (exposed via `ui.inspect`).
@@ -938,6 +1045,7 @@ pub struct PhotocraftApp {
     pub stroke_trace: stroke_trace::StrokeTrace,
     /// Preferences, autosave and snapping runtime state (see `prefs_ui`, `snap_ui`).
     pub(crate) prefs_rt: prefs_ui::Runtime,
+    pub(crate) updates_rt: updates_ui::Runtime,
     /// Close, Revert or Exit parked behind the unsaved-changes prompt (see `discard_ui`).
     pub(crate) discard: Option<discard_ui::Prompt>,
     /// The Open or Save dialog in progress, and the action waiting on it (see `file_dialog`).
@@ -952,6 +1060,8 @@ pub struct PhotocraftApp {
     pub(crate) disk_stamps: HashMap<photocraft_doc::DocId, (String, FileStamp)>,
     /// A save to an RGB Targa parked behind the Targa Options prompt (see `targa_options_ui`).
     pub(crate) targa_options: Option<targa_options_ui::Prompt>,
+    /// A save to a JPEG parked behind the JPEG Options prompt (see `jpeg_options_ui`).
+    pub(crate) jpeg_options: Option<jpeg_options_ui::Prompt>,
     /// A save to a DDS texture parked behind the DDS Options prompt (see `dds_options_ui`).
     pub(crate) dds_options: Option<dds_options_ui::Prompt>,
     /// Files read but not opened yet: the first waits on its profile prompt, the rest behind it
@@ -961,6 +1071,7 @@ pub struct PhotocraftApp {
     pub(crate) allow_close: bool,
     /// Pen pressure/tilt from the platform (see `stylus`).
     pub stylus: stylus::Stylus,
+    control_click: control_click::ControlClick,
     /// Run long commands and file opens as background jobs with progress and Cancel (#210; see
     /// `jobs_ui`). The desktop app turns it on; off (the default), everything runs inline as
     /// before, which tests and scripts rely on.
@@ -977,8 +1088,29 @@ pub struct PhotocraftApp {
     live_tokens: theme::live::LiveTokens,
 }
 
+/// The state a synthetic input batch was queued for.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct SyntheticTarget {
+    document: Option<screenshot::DocumentId>,
+    focus: Option<egui::Id>,
+}
+
+impl SyntheticTarget {
+    /// The document must be the same one in the same activation (a switch away and back is a
+    /// change); its revision is attribution only, so an edit does not cancel a queued step.
+    fn matches(self, other: Self) -> bool {
+        self.focus == other.focus
+            && match (self.document, other.document) {
+                (Some(a), Some(b)) => a.same_activation(b),
+                (None, None) => true,
+                _ => false,
+            }
+    }
+}
+
 impl PhotocraftApp {
-    pub fn new(session: Session, services: Services) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(mut session: Session, mut services: Services) -> Self {
+        session.updates.check = services.check_updates.take();
         let mut app = Self {
             session,
             ui: UiState::default(),
@@ -996,6 +1128,7 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
             tool_override: None,
             live_stroke: None,
             committed_stroke: None,
+            retouch_from_live: false,
             trail: None,
             remove_pending: Vec::new(),
             remove_pending_target: None,
@@ -1020,11 +1153,12 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
             quick_pick: false,
             brush_resize_armed: false,
             alt_sampling: false,
+            mixer_sampling: false,
             caps_lock: false,
             opacity_keys: None,
             control_rx: None,
-            pending_screenshots: Vec::new(),
-            queued_screenshots: Vec::new(),
+            captures: screenshot::Captures::default(),
+            type_ime: type_tool::ImeState::default(),
             input_waiters: Vec::new(),
             live_adjust: None,
             frame: 0,
@@ -1061,7 +1195,11 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
             adjust_preview: None,
             live_adjust_preview: None,
             synthetic: Vec::new(),
+            synthetic_batch: None,
+            synthetic_reinject: false,
+            synthetic_snapshot: None,
             automation_input: false,
+            paused_playbacks: Default::default(),
             channel_thumbs: None,
             channel_views: HashMap::new(),
             type_layout: None,
@@ -1094,31 +1232,39 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
             gradient: Default::default(),
             camera_raw: None,
             pending_raw_open: None,
-            raw_redevelop: None,
+            raw_redevelop: Vec::new(),
             wide_angle: None,
             dialog_edits: Default::default(),
             pending_after_prompt: None,
             tone_hist: None,
             doc_hist: None,
+            doc_hist_preview: None,
             hist_job: None,
+            hist_uncached: None,
             gpu: None,
             window_device: None,
             window_lost: false,
             window_recovery_retry: None,
+            gpu_render_state: None,
+            gpu_fault: None,
+            gpu_oom_retries: 0,
             started: None,
             perf: Default::default(),
             stroke_trace: stroke_trace::StrokeTrace::from_env(),
             prefs_rt: Default::default(),
+            updates_rt: Default::default(),
             discard: None,
             file_dialog: None,
             tiff_options: None,
             save_dirs: HashMap::new(),
             disk_stamps: HashMap::new(),
             targa_options: None,
+            jpeg_options: None,
             dds_options: None,
             held_opens: Default::default(),
             allow_close: false,
             stylus: Default::default(),
+            control_click: Default::default(),
             background_jobs: false,
             min_frame_ms: None,
             last_frame_start_ms: 0.0,
@@ -1129,6 +1275,7 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
         // Saved preferences are in place before the first frame; recovery starts in upkeep.
         prefs_ui::load(&mut app);
         layers_panel_ui::restore_options(&mut app);
+        histogram_panel::restore_options(&mut app);
         // After the saved preferences, which say whether the set was already offered.
         kys_import::offer_import(&mut app);
         notices::wayland_file_drop_guidance(&mut app);
@@ -1147,6 +1294,7 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
         // The browser has no adapter list (egui-wgpu only has it natively).
         #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
         self.perf.gpu_info.set_available(&rs.available_adapters);
+        self.gpu_render_state = Some(rs.clone());
         let gpu = match std::panic::catch_unwind(std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe(|| gpu_canvas::GpuCanvas::with_tile(&rs, Some(tile)))) {
             Ok(gpu) => gpu,
             Err(payload) => {
@@ -1246,6 +1394,9 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
     }
 
     fn run_command(&mut self, id: &str, params: Value) -> Result<Value, String> {
+        if !vector_ui::cancel_stale(self) {
+            return Err(self.ui.status.clone());
+        }
         if matches!(id, "paint.setSymmetry" | "paint.symmetryFromPath" | "paint.symmetryDisable") {
             self.ui.symmetry_transform = None;
         }
@@ -1270,6 +1421,7 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
                 return Err(if self.ui.status.is_empty() { tl!("The transform couldn't be applied.").into() } else { self.ui.status.clone() });
             }
         }
+        actions::suspended_guard(self, id)?;
         if let Some(result) = panel_docking::command(self, id, &params) {
             return result;
         }
@@ -1320,10 +1472,6 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
             id,
             "layer.vectorMask.add" | "layer.vectorMask.fromPath" | "layer.vectorMask.revealAll" | "layer.vectorMask.hideAll" | "layer.vectorMask.currentPath"
         ) && on_active_layer;
-        // A draft Pen path belongs to the current document, not the one about to be created.
-        if id == "file.new" && self.ui.pen.is_some() {
-            vector_ui::pen_commit(self, false);
-        }
         let r = if id == "actions.play" {
             actions::play(self, &params)
         } else if photocraft_engine::actions_cmds::shell_view_command(id) {
@@ -1412,18 +1560,18 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
         self.perf.command_ms = gpu_canvas::now_ms() - t0;
         match &r {
             Ok(_) => {
+                if self.ui.status_error {
+                    self.ui.status.clear();
+                    self.ui.status_error = false;
+                }
                 self.sync_views();
                 let removed = self.session.take_samplers_removed();
-                if removed > 0 {
+                if removed > 0 && !self.ui.status_error {
                     // A canvas-size change (crop, Canvas Size, Image Size, rotation) dropped Color
                     // Sampler points that fell outside the new canvas (#1046).
                     self.ui.status = crate::i18n::trn(crate::i18n::current(), removed as u64, "{n} sample point removed", "{n} sample points removed");
                     self.ui.status_error = false;
                 }
-                if self.ui.status_error {
-                    self.ui.status.clear();
-                    self.ui.status_error = false;
-                }
             }
             Err(e) => {
                 self.ui.status = e.clone();
@@ -1456,7 +1604,10 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
         // ... and to the document it was started on.
         crate::canvas::polygon_cancel_stale(self);
         crate::crop_ui::cancel_stale(self);
+        crate::distort_ui::cancel_stale(self);
         crate::perspective_crop_ui::cancel_stale(self);
+        // A pen path under construction belongs to the document it was started on too.
+        vector_ui::cancel_stale(self);
         let ids: Vec<DocId> = self.session.documents().iter().map(|d| d.doc.id).collect();
         // Where the document of view `i` is now. Views not tracked yet keep their index.
         let now = |i: usize| match self.view_docs.get(i) {
@@ -1507,6 +1658,26 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
         self.session.prefs.edit(|p| p.file_handling.recent_files = r);
     }
 
+    /// Records a picked type family for the font menu's Recent group, capped by
+    /// Preferences ▸ Type ▸ Recent Fonts (0 keeps no list), most recent first, de-duplicated.
+    pub fn note_recent_font(&mut self, family: &str) {
+        let cap = self.session.prefs().type_.recent_fonts.min(50) as usize;
+        let r = &mut self.ui.recent_fonts;
+        r.retain(|f| f != family);
+        if cap == 0 {
+            r.clear();
+            return;
+        }
+        r.insert(0, family.to_string());
+        r.truncate(cap);
+    }
+
+    /// Preferences ▸ Type ▸ Recent Fonts: a smaller cap (or 0) applies to the existing list at
+    /// once, not only after the next pick.
+    pub fn sync_recent_fonts(&mut self) {
+        self.ui.recent_fonts.truncate(self.session.prefs().type_.recent_fonts.min(50) as usize);
+    }
+
     /// File › Open Recent › Clear Recent File List.
     pub fn clear_recent(&mut self) {
         self.ui.recent_files.clear();
@@ -1558,8 +1729,18 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
             return Ok(Vec::new());
         }
         let import = self.services.import.as_ref().ok_or("no importer configured")?;
-        let max_svg_group_depth = self.session.prefs().file_handling.rasterize_svg_groups_deeper_than as usize;
-        let (doc, warnings) = import(name, bytes, max_svg_group_depth)?;
+        let opts = photocraft_engine::jobs::import_options(self.session.prefs());
+        let (mut doc, warnings, damaged) = if photocraft_io::is_psd(bytes) {
+            // Read PSD damage as structured information in the same decode, not by
+            // retrying an error or matching the text of a compatibility warning.
+            let (r, damaged) = photocraft_io::import_for_open(name, bytes, &opts).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+            (r.document, r.warnings, damaged)
+        } else {
+            let (doc, warnings) = import(name, bytes, &opts)?;
+            (doc, warnings, false)
+        };
+        // Preferences › Raw Defaults › Resolution, as the engine's open applies it.
+        photocraft_engine::file_cmds::raw_defaults(&self.session, &warnings, &mut doc);
         // Edit › Color Settings policies apply on open; Ask When Opening holds the file back
         // until its prompt is answered, and later files wait behind it (`open_prompt`).
         // Missing fonts are read from the document itself: it may not be open yet (#4559).
@@ -1573,6 +1754,7 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
             open_prompt::Held {
                 doc,
                 read_only: photocraft_io::affinity::is_affinity(bytes),
+                damage_pending: damaged,
                 name: name.to_string(),
                 path: path.map(str::to_string),
                 warnings: warnings.clone(),
@@ -1608,8 +1790,9 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
     /// events and no Color Settings policy (which may read user-configured profile paths).
     fn import_automation_document(&mut self, name: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<String>, String> {
         let import = self.services.import.as_ref().ok_or("no importer configured")?;
-        let max_svg_group_depth = self.session.prefs().file_handling.rasterize_svg_groups_deeper_than as usize;
-        let (doc, warnings) = import(name, bytes, max_svg_group_depth)?;
+        let opts = photocraft_engine::jobs::import_options(self.session.prefs());
+        let (mut doc, warnings) = import(name, bytes, &opts)?;
+        photocraft_engine::file_cmds::raw_defaults(&self.session, &warnings, &mut doc);
         // The caller records the path it read from.
         self.session.add_document(doc, None);
         if let Some(st) = self.session.active_mut() {
@@ -1629,9 +1812,9 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
         self.save_as_with(path, FormatChoices::default())
     }
 
-    /// [`Self::save_as`], writing a Targa or DDS texture with the `choices` given instead of
-    /// asking for them (no Targa or DDS Options prompt): `file.save` and `file.saveAs` with
-    /// `tgaBits`, `ddsCompression` or `ddsMipmaps`.
+    /// [`Self::save_as`] with the format choices already made, which skip their prompts:
+    /// `file.save` and `file.saveAs` with `tgaBits` (no Targa Options), `ddsCompression` or
+    /// `ddsMipmaps` (no DDS Options), or `quality` or `jpegFormat` (no JPEG Options).
     pub fn save_as_with(&mut self, path: Option<String>, choices: FormatChoices) -> Result<Value, String> {
         self.save_dialog_flow(path, choices, false)
     }
@@ -1644,7 +1827,7 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
             return Err("Answer Edit SVG Contents before starting a save".into());
         }
         if self.save_options_open() {
-            return Err("Answer the TIFF, Targa or DDS Options before starting another save".into());
+            return Err(SAVE_OPTIONS_OPEN.into());
         }
         // Edit Contents documents save back into their smart object.
         if path.is_none() && self.session.is_enabled("layer.smartObjects.saveContents") {
@@ -1688,7 +1871,7 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
                 // Confirming the document's own file: ask first if another app changed it (#6596).
                 if plain_save
                     && own.as_deref() == Some(path.as_str())
-                    && let Some(r) = crate::disk_change_prompt::intercept(app, doc, &path, true)
+                    && let Some(r) = crate::disk_change_prompt::intercept(app, doc, &path, true, choices)
                 {
                     return r;
                 }
@@ -1706,9 +1889,10 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
         if self.smart_svg.modal_open() {
             return Err("Answer Edit SVG Contents before starting a save".into());
         }
-        // An RGB Targa asks for its bits per pixel, and a DDS texture for its compression, unless
-        // the caller chose them; the save continues from the prompt (still a copy when it would
-        // be one without the prompt), which records the step once answered.
+        // An RGB Targa asks for its bits per pixel, a DDS texture for its compression, and a JPEG
+        // for its quality and format, unless the caller chose them; the save continues from the
+        // prompt (still a copy when it would be one without the prompt), which records the step
+        // once answered.
         if choices.tga_bits.is_none() && targa_options_ui::wants_prompt(self, &path) {
             let copy = self.saves_copy(&path, None)?;
             targa_options_ui::park(self, path.clone(), copy, "file.saveAs")?;
@@ -1719,6 +1903,11 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
             dds_options_ui::park(self, path.clone(), copy, "file.saveAs")?;
             return Ok(serde_json::json!({"path": path, "warnings": []}));
         }
+        if choices.jpeg.is_none() && jpeg_options_ui::wants_prompt(self, &path) {
+            let copy = self.saves_copy(&path, None)?;
+            jpeg_options_ui::park(self, path.clone(), copy, "file.saveAs")?;
+            return Ok(serde_json::json!({"path": path, "warnings": []}));
+        }
         // A layered TIFF asks about its layers first (Preferences › File Handling); the save
         // continues from the prompt, which records the step once answered.
         if tiff_options_ui::wants_prompt(self, &path) {
@@ -1729,20 +1918,23 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
     }
 
     /// File › Save back to the document's own file, recorded as a `file.save` step with the
-    /// Targa or DDS answer in `choices` (a replayed Save of a flat file brings its own).
+    /// Targa, DDS or JPEG answer in `choices` (a replayed or scripted Save of a flat file brings
+    /// its own).
     pub(crate) fn save_in_place(&mut self, path: String, choices: FormatChoices) -> Result<Value, String> {
         if self.save_options_open() {
-            return Err("Answer the TIFF, Targa or DDS Options before starting another save".into());
+            return Err(SAVE_OPTIONS_OPEN.into());
         }
         let r = self.write_save(path, None, choices)?;
-        let mut step = Value::Object(Default::default());
-        choices.record(&mut step);
+        // JPEG Options are recorded only where they change something
+        // ([`jpeg_options_ui::plain_save_step`]); the Targa and DDS answers as given.
+        let mut step = jpeg_options_ui::plain_save_step(choices.jpeg);
+        FormatChoices { jpeg: None, ..choices }.record(&mut step);
         self.session.journal.push(("file.save".into(), step));
         Ok(r)
     }
 
     /// Writes the Save As and journals it as a `file.saveAs` step with its path (and TIFF,
-    /// Targa or DDS answer), so an action being recorded keeps it (#2032).
+    /// Targa, DDS or JPEG answer), so an action being recorded keeps it (#2032).
     fn save_as_step(&mut self, path: String, tiff_layers: Option<bool>, choices: FormatChoices) -> Result<Value, String> {
         let r = self.write_save(path.clone(), tiff_layers, choices)?;
         let mut step = serde_json::json!({"path": path});
@@ -1755,20 +1947,26 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
     }
 
     /// Re-label the Save As just journaled for `path` as File › Save (see [`Self::save_dialog_flow`]),
-    /// keeping its Targa or DDS answer so playback writes the file the same way. A save parked
-    /// behind Targa or DDS Options hasn't been journaled yet: it is recorded as File › Save once
-    /// answered.
+    /// keeping its Targa, DDS or JPEG answer so playback writes the file the same way. A save
+    /// parked behind Targa, DDS or JPEG Options hasn't been journaled yet: it is recorded as
+    /// File › Save once answered.
     pub(crate) fn journal_as_plain_save(&mut self, path: &str) {
-        let parked = [self.targa_options.as_mut().map(|p| (&p.path, &mut p.record)), self.dds_options.as_mut().map(|p| (&p.path, &mut p.record))];
+        let parked = [
+            self.targa_options.as_mut().map(|p| (&p.path, &mut p.record)),
+            self.dds_options.as_mut().map(|p| (&p.path, &mut p.record)),
+            self.jpeg_options.as_mut().map(|p| (&p.path, &mut p.record)),
+        ];
         if let Some((_, record)) = parked.into_iter().flatten().find(|(p, record)| p.as_str() == path && **record == "file.saveAs") {
             *record = "file.save";
             return;
         }
+        // Only the path goes: a script's format answer stays, so a replay writes the file it is
+        // played on the same way. Any other answer (TIFF layers) keeps the Save As.
         if let Some(last) = self.session.journal.last_mut()
             && last.0 == "file.saveAs"
             && last.1.get("path").and_then(Value::as_str) == Some(path)
             && let Some(step) = last.1.as_object()
-            && step.keys().all(|k| matches!(k.as_str(), "path" | "tgaBits" | "ddsCompression" | "ddsMipmaps"))
+            && step.keys().all(|k| matches!(k.as_str(), "path" | "tgaBits" | "ddsCompression" | "ddsMipmaps" | "quality" | "jpegFormat"))
         {
             let mut step = step.clone();
             step.remove("path");
@@ -1777,18 +1975,18 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
     }
 
     /// Replays a recorded `file.save` / `file.saveAs` / `file.saveACopy` / `file.export.exportAs`
-    /// step: no dialog or prompt, and the recorded TIFF, Targa or DDS answer (if any) stands in for
-    /// the TIFF, Targa or DDS Options prompt.
+    /// step: no dialog or prompt, and the recorded TIFF, Targa, DDS or JPEG answer (if any) stands
+    /// in for its prompt.
     pub(crate) fn replay_save(&mut self, id: &str, params: &Value) -> Result<Value, String> {
         if self.save_options_open() {
-            return Err("Answer the TIFF, Targa or DDS Options before starting another save".into());
+            return Err(SAVE_OPTIONS_OPEN.into());
         }
         if id == "file.save" {
             // The file the action is played on: one that holds the whole document, or a flat
             // file a recorded Save confirmed in the dialog while the document is still a plain
-            // raster, so it is never flattened over (#3531, #3806). A flat file's recorded Targa
-            // or DDS answer stands in for the prompt.
-            let choices = FormatChoices::from_params(params, id)?;
+            // raster, so it is never flattened over (#3531, #3806). A flat file's recorded Targa,
+            // DDS or JPEG answer writes the same way, without asking.
+            let choices = FormatChoices::from_step(params, id)?;
             let st = self.session.active().ok_or("no document")?;
             let flat_own = |p: &str| {
                 !photocraft_engine::file_cmds::saves_in_place(p)
@@ -1805,7 +2003,7 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
             return crate::export_dialog::replay(self, params);
         }
         let path = params.get("path").and_then(Value::as_str).filter(|p| !p.is_empty()).ok_or("Save As needs a `path`")?;
-        let choices = FormatChoices::from_params(params, id)?;
+        let choices = FormatChoices::from_step(params, id)?;
         if id == "file.saveACopy" {
             // A copy: the document keeps its own file and unsaved state, as when recorded (#4373).
             let doc = self.session.active().ok_or("no document")?.doc.clone();
@@ -1852,8 +2050,9 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
     }
 
     /// Writes the active document to a known path. `tiff_layers` is the TIFF Options answer:
-    /// `Some(false)` discards the layers and saves a copy. `choices` are the Targa bits per
-    /// pixel (`None`: 32 with an alpha channel or transparency, else 24) and the DDS options.
+    /// `Some(false)` discards the layers and saves a copy. `choices` are the Targa bits per pixel
+    /// (`None`: 32 with an alpha channel or transparency, else 24), the DDS options and the JPEG
+    /// Options.
     fn write_save(&mut self, path: String, tiff_layers: Option<bool>, choices: FormatChoices) -> Result<Value, String> {
         let copy = self.saves_copy(&path, tiff_layers)?;
         let settings = choices.apply(ExportSettings { tiff_layers: tiff_layers.unwrap_or(ExportSettings::default().tiff_layers), ..self.save_settings() });
@@ -1885,6 +2084,50 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
         Ok(Some((path, warnings)))
     }
 
+    /// After `saver` was written to `path`, any other open document bound to that file no longer
+    /// matches it: it loses the file and is marked unsaved, so it can't stay "saved" while its file
+    /// holds something else, closing it asks first, and its own Save asks for a name instead of
+    /// writing over the new file (#6597). Paths are compared as files, so another letter case on a
+    /// case-insensitive volume or a hard link counts. A notice names the documents affected.
+    pub(crate) fn detach_others_from_file(&mut self, path: &str, saver: DocId) {
+        let others: Vec<(DocId, String)> = self
+            .session
+            .documents()
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|st| st.doc.id != saver && st.path.as_deref().is_some_and(|p| photocraft_engine::file_cmds::same_file(p, path)))
+            .map(|st| (st.doc.id, st.doc.name.clone()))
+            .collect();
+        let mut detached = Vec::new();
+        for (id, name) in others {
+            let done = self.with_document(id, |app| {
+                let st = app.session.active_mut().ok_or("no document")?;
+                st.path = None;
+                // No revision ever equals this, so the document reads as unsaved until saved again.
+                st.saved_revision = u64::MAX;
+                Ok(())
+            });
+            if done.is_ok() {
+                detached.push(name);
+            }
+        }
+        if detached.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+        let name = file_open::display_name(path);
+        let title = {
+            let template = "{name} was saved over from another tab";
+            crate::i18n::fmt(tl!(template), &[("name", name.as_str())])
+        };
+        let lines = detached
+            .iter()
+            .map(|doc| {
+                let template = "\"{doc}\" no longer has a file and is marked unsaved: save it under a new name to keep it";
+                crate::i18n::fmt(tl!(template), &[("doc", doc.as_str())])
+            })
+            .collect();
+        notices::post(self, title, lines, false, None);
+    }
+
     /// Record a written save of document `doc` as it was at `revision`: its name, path and saved
     /// state (unless a copy), the status, script events and the warnings.
     pub(crate) fn saved(&mut self, doc: DocId, revision: u64, path: &str, warnings: &[String], copy: bool) {
@@ -1907,6 +2150,8 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
             }
         };
         self.ui.status = crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("Saved {name}"), &[("name", path)]);
+        // The file was written, copy or not: another tab bound to it no longer matches it.
+        self.detach_others_from_file(path, doc);
         if !copy {
             // A background save may finish while another document is active (or after its
             // document was closed, when there is nothing left to record).
@@ -1962,9 +2207,30 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
         own == path && self.services.file_stamp.as_ref().and_then(|stamp| stamp(path)).is_some_and(|now| now != *then)
     }
 
-    /// TIFF, Targa or DDS Options is waiting on an answer before a save is written.
+    /// TIFF, Targa, DDS or JPEG Options is waiting on an answer before a save is written.
     pub(crate) fn save_options_open(&self) -> bool {
-        self.tiff_options.is_some() || self.targa_options.is_some() || self.dds_options.is_some()
+        self.tiff_options.is_some() || self.targa_options.is_some() || self.dds_options.is_some() || self.jpeg_options.is_some()
+    }
+
+    /// Writes a save that waited on a format prompt (Targa, DDS or JPEG Options) once answered:
+    /// journals `step` as its command (`file.saveAs` for Save As, `file.saveACopy` for Save a
+    /// Copy, `file.save` for a plain Save), so an action being recorded keeps it with this answer
+    /// (#2032, #4373), reports a failure in the status bar, and releases a close prompt waiting on
+    /// the save.
+    pub(crate) fn write_answered_save(&mut self, ctx: &egui::Context, doc: DocId, path: String, settings: &ExportSettings, copy: bool, step: (&str, Value)) {
+        let written = self.with_document(doc, |app| app.write_document(path, settings, copy));
+        if written.is_ok() {
+            self.session.journal.push((step.0.into(), step.1));
+        }
+        match written {
+            Err(e) => {
+                self.ui.status = crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("Save failed: {error}"), &[("error", &e)]);
+                self.ui.status_error = true;
+            }
+            Ok(Some(_)) if !copy => crate::discard_ui::saved_document(self, ctx, doc),
+            // A background save releases the close prompt when it finishes (`jobs_ui`).
+            Ok(_) => {}
+        }
     }
 
     /// A print worker may still be handing a job to the system queue.
@@ -1984,9 +2250,9 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
         self.save_automation_with(path, FormatChoices::default())
     }
 
-    /// [`Self::save_automation`] writing a Targa or DDS texture with the `choices` given (a
-    /// Targa's `None`: 32 with an alpha channel or transparency, else 24; a DDS texture's:
-    /// uncompressed without mipmaps). Automation saves never prompt.
+    /// [`Self::save_automation`] writing with the format `choices` given (a Targa's `None`: 32
+    /// with an alpha channel or transparency, else 24; a DDS texture's: uncompressed without
+    /// mipmaps; a JPEG's: the file's own quality, Baseline). Automation saves never prompt.
     pub fn save_automation_with(&mut self, path: Option<String>, choices: FormatChoices) -> Result<Value, String> {
         let target = {
             let state = self.session.active().ok_or("no document")?;
@@ -1996,11 +2262,14 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
             )?
         };
         let reply = |path: &str, warnings: &[String]| json!({"path": path, "warnings": warnings});
+        // Only the target is granted: a linked smart object's stored path is document data, so
+        // PSD export writes that layer as pixels instead of embedding the file.
+        let settings = ExportSettings { read_linked_files: false, ..choices.apply(self.save_settings()) };
         // #2017: the File › Save worker path, so the encode doesn't block the frame loop.
         if self.background_jobs
             && let Some(save) = self.services.automation_save.clone()
         {
-            return match jobs_ui::start_save(self, target.clone(), choices.apply(self.save_settings()), false, save, true)? {
+            return match jobs_ui::start_save(self, target.clone(), settings, false, save, true)? {
                 Some((path, warnings)) => Ok(reply(&path, &warnings)),
                 None => {
                     let job = self.jobs.last_started;
@@ -2010,7 +2279,6 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
         }
         let state = self.session.active().ok_or("no document")?;
         let (doc, revision) = (state.doc.id, state.revision);
-        let settings = choices.apply(self.save_settings());
         let export = self.services.export.as_ref().ok_or("no exporter configured")?;
         let (bytes, warnings) = export(&state.doc, &target, &settings)?;
         let write = self.services.automation_write.as_mut().ok_or("automation write authority is not configured")?;
@@ -2034,10 +2302,13 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
                 control::Outcome::AfterInput => self.input_waiters.push(reply),
                 control::Outcome::AfterJob(job) => self.jobs.waiters.push((job, reply)),
                 control::Outcome::Screenshot { token, path } => {
-                    // Wait out egui's fade animations (~83 ms) and a few rendered frames first.
-                    let settle = ctx.global_style().animation_time as f64 * 2000.0 + 60.0;
-                    self.queued_screenshots.push((token, gpu_canvas::now_ms() + settle, 0));
-                    self.pending_screenshots.push((token, path, reply));
+                    // Admission is budgeted here, after this pass's completed captures were
+                    // drained, so a just-finished request never causes a false rejection.
+                    let settle = screenshot::settle_ms(ctx.global_style().animation_time);
+                    let document = self.document_identity();
+                    if let Err((reply, e)) = self.captures.admit(token, path, reply, document, settle, screenshot::now()) {
+                        let _ = reply.send(serde_json::json!({"ok": false, "error": e}));
+                    }
                 }
             }
             // `ui.set` may have changed the edit target: the next request sees its colours.
@@ -2046,41 +2317,67 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
         self.control_rx = Some(rx);
     }
 
-    fn issue_screenshots(&mut self, ctx: &egui::Context) {
-        let now = gpu_canvas::now_ms();
-        self.queued_screenshots.retain_mut(|(token, at, frames)| {
-            *frames += 1;
-            if now >= *at && *frames >= 3 {
-                ctx.send_viewport_cmd(egui::ViewportCommand::Screenshot(egui::UserData::new(*token)));
-                false
-            } else {
-                true
-            }
-        });
+    /// The active document's identity at admission: a queued capture never applies to another
+    /// document. Includes the revision so a saved image is attributable to a known state.
+    fn document_identity(&self) -> Option<screenshot::DocumentId> {
+        self.session.active().map(|st| screenshot::DocumentId { document: st.doc.id.0, revision: st.revision, generation: self.session.active_generation() })
     }
 
-    fn collect_screenshots(&mut self, ctx: &egui::Context) {
-        if self.pending_screenshots.is_empty() {
+    /// Issue due screenshot requests. UI phase only: settling counts real layout passes, and the
+    /// geometry epoch is that of the pass the image will be rendered from.
+    fn issue_captures(&mut self, ctx: &egui::Context) {
+        // A discarded pass (popup sizing, `request_discard`) will be re-run: capture only a pass
+        // whose UI state will actually be present.
+        if ctx.will_discard() {
             return;
         }
-        let events: Vec<_> = ctx.input(|i| {
-            i.raw
-                .events
-                .iter()
-                .filter_map(|e| match e {
-                    egui::Event::Screenshot { user_data, image, .. } => {
-                        let token = user_data.data.as_ref().and_then(|d| d.downcast_ref::<u64>()).copied()?;
-                        Some((token, image.clone()))
+        let now = screenshot::now();
+        let doc = self.document_identity();
+        let finished = self.captures.issue(ctx, now, doc, |callback| screenshot::send_command(ctx, callback));
+        self.finish_captures(finished);
+    }
+
+    /// Collect callbacks and expire requests. Logic phase; the image is encoded and written here,
+    /// on the UI thread, never inside the callback.
+    fn drain_captures(&mut self, ctx: &egui::Context) {
+        let now = screenshot::now();
+        let doc = self.document_identity();
+        // begin_pass supplies the new RawInput before App::logic; run_logic refreshes native
+        // viewport metadata too. Observe it before any completed callback can be delivered.
+        let current = screenshot::CaptureGeometry::current(ctx, doc);
+        self.captures.note_geometry(current);
+        let observed = self.captures.last_geometry();
+        let finished = self.captures.drain(now, observed, doc);
+        self.finish_captures(finished);
+    }
+
+    fn finish_captures(&mut self, finished: Vec<screenshot::Finished>) {
+        for f in finished {
+            let reply = match f.result {
+                Ok(image) => {
+                    let [w, h] = image.size;
+                    // The encoder takes RGBA bytes; its copy is bounded by the same per-image
+                    // reservation as the retained image, and the image itself is released first.
+                    match w.checked_mul(h).and_then(|n| n.checked_mul(4)) {
+                        Some(bytes) if bytes <= screenshot::MAX_IMAGE_BYTES => {
+                            let rgba: Vec<u8> = image.pixels.iter().flat_map(|c| c.to_array()).collect();
+                            drop(image);
+                            control::save_screenshot_rgba(self, w, h, &rgba, f.path.as_deref())
+                        }
+                        _ => serde_json::json!({
+                            "ok": false,
+                            "error": format!(
+                                "screenshot {} failed: the image exceeds the {} MiB encode budget",
+                                f.token,
+                                screenshot::MAX_IMAGE_BYTES / (1 << 20)
+                            ),
+                        }),
                     }
-                    _ => None,
-                })
-                .collect()
-        });
-        for (token, image) in events {
-            if let Some(i) = self.pending_screenshots.iter().position(|(t, _, _)| *t == token) {
-                let (_, path, reply) = self.pending_screenshots.remove(i);
-                let r = control::save_screenshot(self, &image, path.as_deref());
-                let _ = reply.send(r);
+                }
+                Err(e) => serde_json::json!({"ok": false, "error": e}),
+            };
+            if let Some(tx) = f.reply {
+                let _ = tx.send(reply);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -2100,14 +2397,26 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
     }
 }
 
-impl eframe::App for PhotocraftApp {
-    fn on_exit(&mut self) {
-        if let Err(err) = tool_memory::save_on_exit(self) {
-            log::warn!("Preferences: could not save the final tool selection: {err}");
-        }
+impl PhotocraftApp {
+    /// Install the callback-mode markers in an app creator, before the first `run_ui` on this
+    /// Context (and again through [`Self::setup_context`] when a host replaces its Context).
+    /// Installing while a pass is already running cannot mark that pass; it only arms the next.
+    pub fn install_type_reset_hooks(ctx: &egui::Context) {
+        type_tool::install_reset_hooks(ctx);
     }
 
-    fn logic(&mut self, ctx: &egui::Context, frame: &mut eframe::Frame) {
+    /// The host's UI tail, after all panels and any shell-side model/focus mutations.
+    pub fn finish_type_reset_pass(&mut self, ctx: &egui::Context) {
+        type_tool::finish_reset_pass(self, ctx);
+    }
+
+    /// The host's logic tail; full UI passes leave availability to their later UI tail.
+    pub fn finish_type_reset_logic(&mut self, ctx: &egui::Context) {
+        type_tool::finish_reset_logic(self, ctx);
+    }
+
+    /// Shared logic body. A wrapping host owns the final reset tail after its own work.
+    pub fn logic_frame(&mut self, ctx: &egui::Context, frame: &mut eframe::Frame) {
         self.cap_frame_rate();
         i18n::set_current(i18n::Lang::from_pref(&self.session.prefs().interface.language));
         // Caps Lock state read from the OS once per frame (see `Services::caps_lock`): the canvas
@@ -2134,6 +2443,9 @@ impl eframe::App for PhotocraftApp {
         if self.live_tokens.poll(ctx, self.ui.theme) {
             self.checker = None;
         }
+        // Finish or expire outstanding captures first, so a new request admitted in this pass
+        // sees their released budget.
+        self.drain_captures(ctx);
         self.drain_control(ctx);
         native_menu::run(self, ctx);
         // Switching tools commits, also between the Type and Type Mask tools.
@@ -2147,9 +2459,8 @@ impl eframe::App for PhotocraftApp {
         }
         transform_tool::end_if_left(self);
         shape_stroke_ui::sync_editor(self, ctx);
-        self.collect_screenshots(ctx);
-        self.issue_screenshots(ctx);
         prefs_ui::tick(self, ctx);
+        updates_ui::tick(self, ctx);
         monitor_status::poll_frame(self, ctx, frame);
         // Control requests and persisted preferences can change the language in this frame.
         i18n::sync_context(ctx, &self.session.prefs().interface.language);
@@ -2164,7 +2475,13 @@ impl eframe::App for PhotocraftApp {
             jobs_ui::tick(self, ctx);
             #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
             filter_preview_worker::discard_closed(self);
-            shortcuts::handle(self, ctx);
+            if type_tool::in_ui_pass(ctx) {
+                if self.fonts_ready {
+                    shortcuts::handle(self, ctx);
+                } else {
+                    type_tool::controls_only(self, ctx);
+                }
+            }
         }
         let arrived: Vec<(String, Vec<u8>)> =
             self.services.inbox.as_ref().map(|q| std::mem::take(&mut *q.lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner()))).unwrap_or_default();
@@ -2195,52 +2512,55 @@ impl eframe::App for PhotocraftApp {
         self.place_next_dropped(ctx);
         // The control transport wakes the UI on arrival (ctx.request_repaint); only poll while a
         // screenshot is pending. (Polling every 50 ms here made idle apps render at 20 fps.)
-        if !self.pending_screenshots.is_empty() {
+        if self.captures.any_pending() {
             ctx.request_repaint_after(std::time::Duration::from_millis(16));
         }
+        // A hidden host runs no UI pass: a queued (or re-queued) capture asks for one. An issued
+        // capture's own `Screenshot` command forces its paint; asking again would spin a hidden
+        // window while a slow readback is in flight. Synthetic input queued during hidden ticks
+        // needs the same wake: its events sit in eframe's preserved input until a UI pass.
+        if self.captures.any_unissued() || self.synthetic_batch.is_some() || !self.synthetic.is_empty() {
+            ctx.send_viewport_cmd(egui::ViewportCommand::RequestPaintWhileHidden);
+        }
         self.poll_file_dialog(ctx, Some(frame));
     }
 
-    fn raw_input_hook(&mut self, ctx: &egui::Context, raw_input: &mut egui::RawInput) {
-        let frame_start = gpu_canvas::now_ms();
-        // An undecorated window gets its caption back when the toolkit changes its flags
-        // (maximize, restore, …): take it off again before the frame is laid out (#2246).
-        if let Some(window_frame) = self.services.window_frame.as_mut() {
-            window_frame();
-        }
-        // Native menu key equivalents become the key presses they were (see `native_menu`).
-        if let Some(menu) = self.services.native_menu.as_mut() {
-            menu.raw_input(raw_input);
-        }
-        shortcuts::clipboard_keys(ctx, ctx.text_edit_focused() || self.ui.text_edit.is_some(), raw_input);
-        // Windows precision touchpads and some Linux Wayland compositors send pinches
-        // as fractional Ctrl + wheel rather than a native Zoom event (#4566).
-        // Leave Ctrl+whole-notch mouse scrolling alone, and honour the pinch preference.
-        if cfg!(any(target_os = "windows", target_os = "linux")) && self.session.prefs().enhanced_controls.zoom_with_trackpad_pinch {
-            wheel_nav::fold_legacy_pinch(ctx, raw_input);
-        }
-        raw_input.events.extend(self.take_synthetic_step());
-        // A pen held still is no touch screen's press-and-hold right click (stylus.rs).
-        let pen_down = self.stylus.pen_contacts.observe(&raw_input.events);
-        stylus::pen_hold_is_no_right_click(ctx, pen_down);
-        if self.custom_titlebar {
-            titlebar::release_after_os_resize(ctx, raw_input);
-        }
-        if self.stroke_trace.enabled() {
-            // The OS's moves and the control channel's (injected just above).
-            let moves = raw_input.events.iter().filter(|e| matches!(e, egui::Event::PointerMoved(_))).count();
-            self.stroke_trace.begin_frame(frame_start, moves);
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn ui(&mut self, ui: &mut egui::Ui, frame: &mut eframe::Frame) {
+    /// Shared UI body. A wrapping host must call `finish_type_reset_pass` after return,
+    /// including when this body returns early without drawing an editor.
+    pub fn ui_frame(&mut self, ui: &mut egui::Ui, frame: &mut eframe::Frame) {
         let ctx = ui.ctx().clone();
+        // One control owner even when this callback cannot draw the custom editor.
+        if !self.fonts_ready
+            || !self.ui.dialogs.is_empty()
+            || screen_picker::busy(&ctx)
+            || self.ui.text_edit.is_none()
+            || ctx.text_edit_focused()
+            || ctx.egui_wants_keyboard_input()
+        {
+            type_tool::controls_only(self, &ctx);
+        }
+        // 0.36 saved panel sizes under `Id::unique(name)`; 0.37 reads parent-scoped keys. Data-only,
+        // so it runs even before fonts are ready; the old keys stay for a 0.36 rollback.
+        panels::migrate_panel_state(&ctx);
+        // A real UI pass, not a hidden `run_logic` tick: record the capture geometry (the
+        // document identity included) and count one settling pass. `run_logic` leaves these
+        // input values stale; only this real UI phase counts toward settling.
+        let geometry = screenshot::CaptureGeometry::current(&ctx, self.document_identity());
+        self.captures.note_geometry(geometry);
+        self.captures.note_pass();
+        // A real UI pass consumes the one in-flight synthetic batch (see `inject_synthetic`).
+        self.begin_synthetic_pass(&ctx);
         self.hover_layer = None;
         i18n::set_current(i18n::Lang::from_pref(&self.session.prefs().interface.language));
         // Fonts registered via set_fonts only take effect next frame; named families would panic now.
         if !self.fonts_ready {
+            // egui consumed this pass's input without PhotoCraft handling it: keep the synthetic
+            // batch for the next pass instead of losing the step.
+            self.defer_synthetic_pass();
             ctx.request_repaint();
             self.automation_input = false;
+            // No editor was drawn this pass: end its IME context rather than keep a stale owner.
+            type_tool::sync_ime(self, &ctx);
             return;
         }
         let t0 = gpu_canvas::now_ms();
@@ -2248,8 +2568,13 @@ impl eframe::App for PhotocraftApp {
         self.stroke_trace.cpu_prev(frame.info().cpu_usage);
         // A text field's right-click menu, before any field is drawn (text_field_menu.rs).
         text_field_menu::show(&ctx);
+        // The wheel goes to a focused value field before the canvas or a panel sees it (#5473).
+        field_wheel::begin_frame(&ctx);
         // Each painting tool keeps its own brush (#218), so switch the active tool's brush in
         // before anything this frame reads it (the cursor, the options bar, a stroke).
+        // Preferences ▸ Type ▸ Recent Fonts: a smaller cap (or 0) trims the existing list at
+        // once, not only after the next pick.
+        self.sync_recent_fonts();
         paint_mouse::sync_tool_brush(self);
         // A unit typed into a value field (`1in` in a px field) converts at the active document's
         // resolution, as in Photoshop.
@@ -2259,14 +2584,17 @@ impl eframe::App for PhotocraftApp {
         // View › Screen Mode › Full Screen Mode: only the image, on black (F or Esc returns).
         screen_picker::show(&ctx);
         if screen_picker::busy(&ctx) && screen_picker::showing(&ctx) {
-            egui::Modal::new(egui::Id::new("screen-color-wait")).show(&ctx, |ui| {
+            egui::Modal::new(egui::Id::unique("screen-color-wait")).show(&ctx, |ui| {
                 ui.spinner();
                 ui.label(tl!("Pick a screen pixel or press Esc to cancel"));
                 if ui.button(tl!("Cancel")).clicked() {
                     screen_picker::cancel(&ctx);
                 }
             });
+            // This pass handled its input (the modal above ran): deliver the synthetic batch.
+            self.finish_synthetic_pass();
             self.automation_input = false;
+            type_tool::sync_ime(self, &ctx);
             gpu_status::check_window(self, &ctx);
             return;
         }
@@ -2295,15 +2623,18 @@ impl eframe::App for PhotocraftApp {
         if (chrome && self.ui.panels.toolbar) || tabbed_in {
             panels::toolbar(self, ui);
         }
-        if (chrome && self.ui.panels.dock) || tabbed_in {
-            panels::right_dock(self, ui);
+        // craft-ui's layout holds the canvas as its protected `canvas` panel.
+        let docking = (chrome && self.ui.panels.dock) || tabbed_in;
+        if docking {
+            panels::dock_area(self, ui);
+        } else {
+            let t = theme::Tokens::get(&ctx);
+            let backdrop = if chrome { prefs_ui::pasteboard_color(self).unwrap_or(t.canvas) } else { egui::Color32::BLACK };
+            egui::CentralPanel::default().frame(egui::Frame::NONE.fill(backdrop)).show(ui, |ui| {
+                canvas::document_area(self, ui);
+            });
+            panels::properties_window(self, &ctx);
         }
-        let t = theme::Tokens::get(&ctx);
-        let backdrop = if chrome { prefs_ui::pasteboard_color(self).unwrap_or(t.canvas) } else { egui::Color32::BLACK };
-        egui::CentralPanel::default().frame(egui::Frame::NONE.fill(backdrop)).show(ui, |ui| {
-            canvas::document_area(self, ui);
-        });
-        panels::properties_window(self, &ctx);
         brush_panel::window(self, &ctx);
         preset_panels::windows(self, &ctx);
         gradient_ui::editor_window(self, &ctx);
@@ -2319,6 +2650,7 @@ impl eframe::App for PhotocraftApp {
         discard_ui::show(self, &ctx);
         tiff_options_ui::show(self, &ctx);
         targa_options_ui::show(self, &ctx);
+        jpeg_options_ui::show(self, &ctx);
         dds_options_ui::show(self, &ctx);
         smart_svg_ui::poll(self, &ctx);
         smart_svg_ui::show(self, &ctx);
@@ -2327,6 +2659,7 @@ impl eframe::App for PhotocraftApp {
         wide_angle_ui::show(self, &ctx);
         canvas::extra_windows(self, &ctx);
         notices::show(self, &ctx);
+        updates_ui::show(self, &ctx);
         gpu_status::show_fallback(self, &ctx);
         kys_import::show_offer(self, &ctx);
         if self.titlebar_modal_drag(chrome) {
@@ -2349,12 +2682,15 @@ impl eframe::App for PhotocraftApp {
         tool_memory::persist(self, &ctx);
         // So are View › Extras, Show and Snap To (#3762).
         view_cmds::persist(self, &ctx);
+        // Remember the 0.37 panel sizes so a later 0.36 rollback's newer old-key values win on
+        // the next upgrade (see `panels::migrate_panel_state`).
+        panels::remember_panel_state(&ctx);
         self.automation_input = false;
         shape_stroke_ui::finish_frame(self, &ctx);
         native_menu::sync(self, &ctx);
         if screen_picker::busy(&ctx) {
             // Block input without a backdrop: the worker may still be capturing the screen.
-            egui::Modal::new(egui::Id::new("screen-color-wait")).frame(egui::Frame::NONE).backdrop_color(egui::Color32::TRANSPARENT).show(&ctx, |_| {});
+            egui::Modal::new(egui::Id::unique("screen-color-wait")).frame(egui::Frame::NONE).backdrop_color(egui::Color32::TRANSPARENT).show(&ctx, |_| {});
             ctx.set_cursor_icon(egui::CursorIcon::Wait);
         }
         let ui_ms = gpu_canvas::now_ms() - t0;
@@ -2379,9 +2715,14 @@ impl eframe::App for PhotocraftApp {
                 if info.present.is_empty() { gpu } else { format!("{gpu}, {}", info.present) }
             });
         }
+        // This pass handled its input: the in-flight synthetic batch is delivered once and the
+        // next step may be injected on the next frame.
+        self.finish_synthetic_pass();
         // Synthetic input is injected one press/release step per frame: keep frames coming until
         // the queue is empty, then release control replies waiting on it.
-        if !self.synthetic.is_empty() {
+        // Only a pass that reached the end of the UI and delivered the in-flight batch counts as
+        // settled input; an early-returning pass keeps the batch (and the waiting replies).
+        if !self.synthetic.is_empty() || self.synthetic_batch.is_some() {
             ctx.request_repaint();
         } else if !self.input_waiters.is_empty() {
             for w in self.input_waiters.drain(..) {
@@ -2393,11 +2734,89 @@ impl eframe::App for PhotocraftApp {
         jobs_ui::keep_polling(self, &ctx);
         // Menus and buttons in this frame may have asked for a file dialog.
         self.poll_file_dialog(&ctx, Some(frame));
+        // The Type tool's IME descriptor is the last writer of this pass: every panel and the
+        // canvas have finished mutating the model, and an absent/focus-moved editor ends here.
+        type_tool::sync_ime(self, &ctx);
+        // Issue any due `ui.screenshot` now that this pass's state is settled: a queued request
+        // that has waited its passes and animation delay captures exactly this frame.
+        self.issue_captures(&ctx);
         // Last, after everything drawn this frame: a lost window device can't draw it (#3438).
         gpu_status::check_window(self, &ctx);
     }
 }
 
+impl eframe::App for PhotocraftApp {
+    fn on_exit(&mut self) {
+        if let Err(err) = tool_memory::save_on_exit(self) {
+            log::warn!("Preferences: could not save the final tool selection: {err}");
+        }
+        // Release a pending screenshot's image budget and answer its control request; the
+        // callback is inert afterwards (it holds only a weak slot).
+        let finished = self.captures.cancel_all("the application is closing");
+        self.finish_captures(finished);
+    }
+
+    fn logic(&mut self, ctx: &egui::Context, frame: &mut eframe::Frame) {
+        self.logic_frame(ctx, frame);
+        self.finish_type_reset_logic(ctx);
+    }
+
+    fn raw_input_hook(&mut self, ctx: &egui::Context, raw_input: &mut egui::RawInput) {
+        let frame_start = gpu_canvas::now_ms();
+        // An undecorated window gets its caption back when the toolkit changes its flags
+        // (maximize, restore, …): take it off again before the frame is laid out (#2246).
+        if let Some(window_frame) = self.services.window_frame.as_mut() {
+            window_frame();
+        }
+        // Native menu key equivalents become the key presses they were (see `native_menu`).
+        if let Some(menu) = self.services.native_menu.as_mut() {
+            menu.raw_input(raw_input);
+        }
+        // While a text field of a floating panel's own window has the keyboard, the dock area
+        // hands that window the text keys in this input and converts them there.
+        if craft_ui::docking::typing_window(ctx).is_none() {
+            shortcuts::clipboard_keys(ctx, ctx.text_edit_focused() || self.ui.text_edit.is_some(), raw_input);
+        }
+        // Windows precision touchpads and some Linux Wayland compositors send pinches
+        // as fractional Ctrl + wheel rather than a native Zoom event (#4566).
+        // Leave Ctrl+whole-notch mouse scrolling alone, and honour the pinch preference.
+        if cfg!(any(target_os = "windows", target_os = "linux")) && self.session.prefs().enhanced_controls.zoom_with_trackpad_pinch {
+            wheel_nav::fold_legacy_pinch(ctx, raw_input);
+        }
+        self.inject_synthetic(ctx, raw_input);
+        // After the control channel's own events (`ui.type`) join the OS's, before any widget.
+        widgets::cap_text_events(&mut raw_input.events);
+        self.control_click.normalize(&mut raw_input.events, cfg!(target_os = "macos"));
+        // A pen held still is no touch screen's press-and-hold right click (stylus.rs).
+        let pen_down = self.stylus.pen_contacts.observe(&raw_input.events);
+        stylus::pen_hold_is_no_right_click(ctx, pen_down);
+        if self.custom_titlebar {
+            titlebar::release_after_os_resize(ctx, raw_input);
+        }
+        if self.stroke_trace.enabled() {
+            // The OS's moves and the control channel's (injected just above).
+            let moves = raw_input.events.iter().filter(|e| matches!(e, egui::Event::PointerMoved(_))).count();
+            self.stroke_trace.begin_frame(frame_start, moves);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn ui(&mut self, ui: &mut egui::Ui, frame: &mut eframe::Frame) {
+        self.ui_frame(ui, frame);
+        self.finish_type_reset_pass(ui.ctx());
+    }
+}
+
+/// Remove one contiguous run equal to `batch` from `events` (eframe's preserved synthetic
+/// input). A no-op when the run is not present.
+fn remove_event_run(events: &mut Vec<egui::Event>, batch: &[egui::Event]) {
+    if batch.is_empty() || batch.len() > events.len() {
+        return;
+    }
+    if let Some(pos) = events.windows(batch.len()).position(|w| w == batch) {
+        events.drain(pos..pos + batch.len());
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 fn read_dropped(f: &(dyn egui::DroppedFile + Send + Sync)) -> Result<Vec<u8>, String> {
     f.bytes()
@@ -2430,18 +2849,36 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
     /// ⌘I then inverts the mask, as in Photoshop (#780). A targeted alpha channel or Quick Mask
     /// mode wins, as the engine routes those itself.
     pub fn with_mask_target(&self, id: &str, params: Value) -> Value {
-        if !photocraft_engine::channel_cmds::follows_target(id) || params.get("target").is_some() || !self.layer_mask_targeted() {
+        if !photocraft_engine::channel_cmds::follows_target(id) || params.get("target").is_some() {
             return params;
         }
+        // A filter mask is painted, filled and filtered in place; it doesn't float or move, and
+        // Edit › Transform, Apply Image and the dialog filters act on the smart object.
+        let target = if self.filter_mask_targeted() && photocraft_engine::channel_cmds::follows_filter_mask(id) {
+            "filterMask"
+        } else if self.layer_mask_targeted() {
+            "mask"
+        } else {
+            return params;
+        };
         match params {
             Value::Object(mut m) => {
-                m.insert("target".into(), Value::from("mask"));
+                m.insert("target".into(), Value::from(target));
                 Value::Object(m)
             }
-            _ => serde_json::json!({ "target": "mask" }),
+            _ => serde_json::json!({ "target": target }),
         }
     }
 
+    /// The Layers panel targets the active smart object's filter mask (FILE-215-3), and no alpha
+    /// channel or Quick Mask takes over.
+    pub fn filter_mask_targeted(&self) -> bool {
+        let Some(st) = self.session.active() else { return false };
+        let Some(id) = st.active_layer.filter(|id| self.ui.filter_mask_target == Some(id.0)) else { return false };
+        let composite = st.channel_view.target == photocraft_engine::channel_cmds::ChannelTarget::Composite && st.doc.quick_mask.is_none();
+        composite && st.doc.layer(id).is_some_and(|l| matches!(&l.content, photocraft_doc::LayerContent::Smart(sm) if !sm.smart_filters.is_empty()))
+    }
+
     /// The active layer's mask is what pixel commands edit: the Layers panel targets it, the layer
     /// is an adjustment layer (no pixels of its own), or every colour channel is off and that mask
     /// is the picture. An alpha channel or Quick Mask wins, as the engine routes those itself.
@@ -2461,17 +2898,72 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
         colors_off && !alpha_on
     }
 
+    /// Targeting the pixels, the layer mask or the vector mask ends a shown filter mask (⌥-click
+    /// on its thumbnail): while it shows, [`Self::sync_mask_targets`] keeps the filter mask
+    /// targeted, so strokes would keep landing there.
+    pub(crate) fn end_filter_mask_view(&mut self) {
+        let Some(v) = self.session.active().and_then(photocraft_engine::mask_view_cmds::current).filter(|v| v.filter) else { return };
+        let off = serde_json::json!({"layer": v.layer.0, "mode": "off", "mask": "filter"});
+        if let Err(err) = self.session.execute(photocraft_engine::mask_view_cmds::ID, off) {
+            log::warn!("could not end the filter mask view: {err}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Explicitly targeting a filter mask ends any conflicting mask view; untargeting it ends its
+    /// own view too.
+    pub(crate) fn select_filter_mask_target(&mut self, layer: Option<u64>) {
+        if layer.is_none() {
+            self.end_filter_mask_view();
+        }
+        if layer.is_some() {
+            if let Some(st) = self.session.active_mut() {
+                if st.channel_view.layer_mask.is_some_and(|v| !v.filter || Some(v.layer.0) != layer) {
+                    st.channel_view.layer_mask = None;
+                }
+                if matches!(
+                    st.channel_view.target,
+                    photocraft_engine::channel_cmds::ChannelTarget::LayerMask | photocraft_engine::channel_cmds::ChannelTarget::VectorMask
+                ) {
+                    st.channel_view.target = photocraft_engine::channel_cmds::ChannelTarget::Composite;
+                }
+            }
+            self.ui.mask_target = false;
+            self.ui.vector_mask_target = false;
+        }
+        self.ui.filter_mask_target = layer;
+        self.sync_mask_targets();
+    }
+
     /// Viewing a layer mask (#196) targets it; a vector-mask target needs a vector mask on the
     /// active layer (a shape layer's path is its content, not a mask). Targeting a mask or the
     /// pixels brings back that target's foreground/background pair, as in Photoshop (#2166).
     pub(crate) fn sync_mask_targets(&mut self) {
         if let Some(st) = self.session.active_mut() {
-            if photocraft_engine::mask_view_cmds::current(st).is_some() || st.channel_view.target == photocraft_engine::channel_cmds::ChannelTarget::LayerMask {
-                self.ui.mask_target = true;
-                self.ui.vector_mask_target = false;
-            } else if st.channel_view.target == photocraft_engine::channel_cmds::ChannelTarget::VectorMask {
-                self.ui.vector_mask_target = true;
-                self.ui.mask_target = false;
+            use photocraft_engine::channel_cmds::ChannelTarget;
+            let channel = st.channel_view.target;
+            match photocraft_engine::mask_view_cmds::current(st) {
+                Some(v) if v.filter => {
+                    self.ui.filter_mask_target = Some(v.layer.0);
+                    self.ui.mask_target = false;
+                    self.ui.vector_mask_target = false;
+                }
+                Some(_) => {
+                    self.ui.mask_target = true;
+                    self.ui.vector_mask_target = false;
+                    self.ui.filter_mask_target = None;
+                }
+                None if channel == ChannelTarget::LayerMask => {
+                    self.ui.mask_target = true;
+                    self.ui.vector_mask_target = false;
+                }
+                None if channel == ChannelTarget::VectorMask => {
+                    self.ui.vector_mask_target = true;
+                    self.ui.mask_target = false;
+                }
+                None => {}
+            }
+            if self.ui.mask_target || self.ui.vector_mask_target {
+                self.ui.filter_mask_target = None;
             }
             if self.ui.vector_mask_target && !mask_thumbs_ui::has_vector_mask(st) {
                 self.ui.vector_mask_target = false;
@@ -2486,7 +2978,10 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
                 self.ui.properties_layer = None;
             }
         }
-        let mask = self.layer_mask_targeted();
+        if self.ui.filter_mask_target.is_some() && !self.filter_mask_targeted() {
+            self.ui.filter_mask_target = None;
+        }
+        let mask = self.layer_mask_targeted() || self.filter_mask_targeted();
         self.session.tools.target_mask(mask);
     }
 
@@ -2690,6 +3185,99 @@ fn thumb_image(frame: photocraft_geom::Rect, side: usize, mut f: impl FnMut(i32,
 }
 
 impl PhotocraftApp {
+    /// The document/focus identity the in-flight synthetic batch was queued for.
+    fn synthetic_target(&self, ctx: &egui::Context) -> SyntheticTarget {
+        SyntheticTarget { document: self.document_identity(), focus: ctx.memory(|m| m.focused()) }
+    }
+
+    fn synthetic_target_matches(&self, ctx: &egui::Context) -> bool {
+        self.synthetic_snapshot.is_some_and(|queued| queued.matches(self.synthetic_target(ctx)))
+    }
+
+    /// Put at most one queued synthetic batch into this pass's input.
+    ///
+    /// The batch is appended once and tracked; `begin_pass` consumes it. While it is in flight no
+    /// further step is drained, so hidden logic ticks cannot accumulate several batches into one
+    /// pass. A document or focus change observed here is before eframe consumes the events, so the
+    /// batch is dropped and its waiting control replies fail instead of landing somewhere else.
+    /// If a pass consumed it but PhotoCraft returned before handling input (fonts not ready), the
+    /// same batch is appended again on the next hook, exactly once.
+    fn inject_synthetic(&mut self, ctx: &egui::Context, raw_input: &mut egui::RawInput) {
+        if self.synthetic_batch.is_some() {
+            if !self.synthetic_target_matches(ctx) {
+                // eframe may already carry the batch in its preserved input: withdraw exactly
+                // those events before the host consumes them, then fail the waiting replies.
+                if let Some(batch) = self.synthetic_batch.as_ref() {
+                    remove_event_run(&mut raw_input.events, batch);
+                }
+                self.cancel_synthetic("the active document or focus changed while the input was queued");
+                return;
+            }
+            if self.synthetic_reinject {
+                if let Some(batch) = self.synthetic_batch.clone() {
+                    raw_input.events.extend(batch);
+                }
+                self.synthetic_reinject = false;
+                self.automation_input = true;
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        if self.synthetic.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+        let events = self.take_synthetic_step();
+        if events.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+        self.synthetic_snapshot = Some(self.synthetic_target(ctx));
+        raw_input.events.extend(events.iter().cloned());
+        self.synthetic_batch = Some(events);
+    }
+
+    /// A pass begins with the in-flight batch. The events are already in this pass's input, so a
+    /// target change detected now cannot withdraw them: deliver them (never half-apply) and keep
+    /// `automation_input` set so the commands they trigger still go through the automation policy.
+    /// `inject_synthetic` performs the withdrawable check, before the host consumes the events.
+    /// Called at the start of `App::ui` only (a hidden `run_logic` tick consumes no input).
+    fn begin_synthetic_pass(&mut self, ctx: &egui::Context) {
+        if self.synthetic_batch.is_none() {
+            return;
+        }
+        if !self.synthetic_target_matches(ctx) {
+            log::warn!("synthetic input: the document or focus changed inside the pass; delivering it as automation input");
+        }
+        self.automation_input = true;
+    }
+
+    /// One full UI pass handled the in-flight batch: deliver it once and let the next step in.
+    fn finish_synthetic_pass(&mut self) {
+        let _ = self.synthetic_batch.take();
+        self.synthetic_snapshot = None;
+        self.synthetic_reinject = false;
+    }
+
+    /// The pass returned before the input handling (fonts not ready): keep the batch and have the
+    /// next hook append it again exactly once, because egui already consumed the events.
+    fn defer_synthetic_pass(&mut self) {
+        if self.synthetic_batch.is_some() {
+            self.synthetic_reinject = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Drop the in-flight batch and fail the replies waiting on it.
+    fn cancel_synthetic(&mut self, reason: &str) {
+        let pending = self.synthetic_batch.take().is_some() || !self.synthetic.is_empty();
+        self.synthetic.clear();
+        self.synthetic_snapshot = None;
+        self.synthetic_reinject = false;
+        self.automation_input = false;
+        if pending || !self.input_waiters.is_empty() {
+            for w in self.input_waiters.drain(..) {
+                let _ = w.send(serde_json::json!({"ok": false, "error": format!("input cancelled: {reason}")}));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Next step of queued synthetic input (automation): events up to and including the first
     /// release, so egui sees press and release in separate frames. Hosts that don't call
     /// `raw_input_hook` (offscreen harnesses) feed these to their input themselves.
@@ -2706,9 +3294,12 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
         events
     }
 
-    /// Install fonts, image loaders and the theme. Call from the app creator when possible so the
-    /// very first frame renders; otherwise `logic` does it and the first frame is skipped.
+    /// Install fonts, image loaders and the theme. Call from the app creator (and again for a
+    /// replacement Context) before the first `run_ui` so the very first frame renders and the
+    /// Type reset begin/end pass markers exist; otherwise `logic` does it and the first frame is
+    /// skipped, with the begin-pass marker necessarily starting on the following pass.
     pub fn setup_context(ctx: &egui::Context, kind: theme::ThemeKind) {
+        Self::install_type_reset_hooks(ctx);
         ctx.add_plugin(tool_cursor::CursorLifecycle);
         ctx.add_plugin(single_line_drag::SingleLineDrag::default());
         theme::install_fonts(ctx);
@@ -3037,7 +3628,7 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
         let r = photocraft_geom::Rect::new(0, 0, w as i32, h as i32);
         let mut surface = photocraft_raster::Surface::from_interleaved(photocraft_color::PixelFormat::RGBA8, r, &bytes);
         surface.prune();
-        self.session.clipboard = Some(photocraft_engine::edit_cmds::Clip { surface, bounds: r, layers: None, resolution: None });
+        self.session.clipboard = Some(photocraft_engine::edit_cmds::Clip { surface, bounds: r, layers: None, resolution: None, source: None });
         self.os_clip_sig = Some(sig);
         self.clip_external = true;
         self.clip_unmirrored = false;
@@ -3045,6 +3636,12 @@ impl PhotocraftApp {
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod lifecycle_tests;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod screenshot_tests;
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod navigator_gpu_tests;
 
@@ -3075,6 +3672,8 @@ mod live_retouch_tests;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod pencil_tests;
 #[cfg(test)]
+mod tool_options_theme_tests;
+#[cfg(test)]
 mod tool_shortcut_tests;
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -3095,6 +3694,8 @@ mod transform_undo_tests;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod transform_type_tests;
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod psd_open_tests;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod save_identity_tests;
 
@@ -3104,6 +3705,8 @@ mod move_auto_select_tests;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod new_group_button_tests;
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod color_panel_tests;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod color_tab_theme_tests;
 
@@ -3138,10 +3741,15 @@ mod warp_text_dialog_tests;
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod blend_dropdown_wheel_tests;
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod paths_scroll_tests;
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod options_bar_mode_wheel_tests;
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod field_wheel_app_tests;
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod dropdown_press_tests;
 
@@ -3457,10 +4065,11 @@ mod clipboard_tests {
         app
     }
 
+    /// Paste is enabled from the clipboard service alone (no read); the explicit paste imports
+    /// the OS image, once, and centres it in the view like Photoshop does for foreign clipboard
+    /// content.
     #[test]
     fn external_clipboard_enables_and_centres_paste() {
-        // Paste is enabled from the clipboard service alone (no read); the explicit paste imports
-        // the OS image, once, and centres it like Photoshop does for foreign clipboard content.
         let (os, reads) = (OsClip::default(), Arc::default());
         let mut app = app_with_os_clipboard(&os, &reads);
         *os.lock().unwrap() = Some((4, 4, [255u8, 0, 0, 255].repeat(16)));
@@ -3468,8 +4077,9 @@ mod clipboard_tests {
         assert!(crate::menus::is_enabled(&app, "edit.paste"));
         assert!(crate::menus::is_enabled(&app, "edit.pasteSpecial.pasteInPlace"));
         assert_eq!(reads.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst), 0, "enablement never reads the clipboard");
+        app.ui.views[0].center = [40.0, 20.0];
         let r = crate::menus::invoke(&mut app, &egui::Context::default(), "edit.paste", serde_json::json!({})).unwrap();
-        assert_ne!(r["offset"], serde_json::json!([0, 0]), "external image is centred: {r}");
+        assert_eq!(r["offset"], serde_json::json!([38, 18]), "external image is centred in the view: {r}");
         assert_eq!(reads.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst), 1, "one read per explicit paste");
         // Without a clipboard service Paste greys until something is copied in the app.
         let mut plain = PhotocraftApp::new(Session::new(), Services::default());
@@ -3662,5 +4272,9 @@ mod channel_tint_tests {
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod browse_field_tests;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod options_hit_area_tests;
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod select_and_mask_button_tests;
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/lifecycle_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/lifecycle_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d9506a6907
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/lifecycle_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+//! Hidden-tick and synthetic-input lifecycle regressions.
+//!
+//! The host runs `App::logic` without a UI pass for hidden/occluded windows; eframe preserves the
+//! raw input appended by `raw_input_hook` until a real pass consumes it. These tests exercise that
+//! order without a renderer: at most one synthetic batch may be in flight, a pass that returns
+//! early must not lose it (and must not deliver it twice), and a batch queued for one document
+//! must not be replayed into another.
+
+use crate::{PhotocraftApp, Services};
+use eframe::App as _;
+use egui::{Context, Event, Key, Modifiers, RawInput};
+use photocraft_engine::Session;
+use serde_json::json;
+
+fn app_with_doc() -> PhotocraftApp {
+    let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(Session::new(), Services::default());
+    app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 32, "height": 32})).expect("a document");
+    app
+}
+
+fn press(key: Key) -> Event {
+    Event::Key { key, physical_key: None, pressed: true, repeat: false, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE }
+}
+
+fn release(key: Key) -> Event {
+    Event::Key { key, physical_key: None, pressed: false, repeat: false, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE }
+}
+
+fn hook(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &Context) -> Vec<Event> {
+    let mut raw = RawInput::default();
+    app.inject_synthetic(ctx, &mut raw);
+    raw.events
+}
+
+/// Hidden logic ticks still receive the current viewport's native geometry. The default ROOT
+/// entry has no geometry, so it cannot represent a window with a capturable size.
+fn host_input(viewport: egui::ViewportId) -> RawInput {
+    let rect = egui::Rect::from_min_size(egui::Pos2::ZERO, egui::vec2(1200.0, 800.0));
+    let mut raw = RawInput { viewport_id: viewport, screen_rect: Some(rect), focused: true, ..Default::default() };
+    raw.viewports
+        .insert(viewport, egui::ViewportInfo { inner_rect: Some(rect), native_pixels_per_point: Some(1.0), minimized: Some(false), ..Default::default() });
+    raw
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn one_batch_at_a_time_across_hidden_ticks() {
+    let ctx = Context::default();
+    let mut app = app_with_doc();
+    app.synthetic.extend([press(Key::V), release(Key::V), press(Key::W), release(Key::W)]);
+    // The first hidden tick injects the first press/release pair.
+    let first = hook(&mut app, &ctx);
+    assert_eq!(first.len(), 2, "one step: the press and its release");
+    // Further hidden ticks must not drain the next step into eframe's preserved buffer.
+    assert!(hook(&mut app, &ctx).is_empty());
+    assert!(hook(&mut app, &ctx).is_empty());
+    // A real UI pass consumes the batch; only then may the next step start.
+    app.begin_synthetic_pass(&ctx);
+    app.finish_synthetic_pass();
+    let next = hook(&mut app, &ctx);
+    assert_eq!(next.len(), 2, "the second step starts after the pass");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn an_early_returning_pass_reinjects_the_batch_exactly_once() {
+    let ctx = Context::default();
+    let mut app = app_with_doc();
+    app.synthetic.extend([press(Key::A)]);
+    assert_eq!(hook(&mut app, &ctx).len(), 1);
+    // A pass began (egui consumed the events), then returned before handling input: fonts not
+    // ready. Keep the same batch and put it back on the next hook.
+    app.begin_synthetic_pass(&ctx);
+    app.defer_synthetic_pass();
+    let again = hook(&mut app, &ctx);
+    assert_eq!(again.len(), 1, "the same step is delivered again");
+    assert!(matches!(again[0], Event::Key { key: Key::A, pressed: true, .. }));
+    // A second hidden tick before the UI pass must not append the step a second time.
+    assert!(hook(&mut app, &ctx).is_empty(), "the reinjection is consumed once");
+    app.begin_synthetic_pass(&ctx);
+    app.finish_synthetic_pass();
+    assert!(hook(&mut app, &ctx).is_empty(), "then it is delivered once and done");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_document_change_before_injection_drops_the_batch_and_replies() {
+    let ctx = Context::default();
+    let mut app = app_with_doc();
+    app.synthetic.extend([press(Key::V), release(Key::V)]);
+    assert!(!hook(&mut app, &ctx).is_empty());
+    let (tx, rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
+    app.input_waiters.push(tx);
+    // The document changed while the events were still in flight: the next hook sees it before
+    // the host consumes them, so it withdraws the batch and fails the waiting reply.
+    app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 16, "height": 16})).expect("a second document");
+    assert!(hook(&mut app, &ctx).is_empty(), "nothing is delivered to the new document");
+    assert!(app.synthetic_batch.is_none(), "the stale batch is dropped");
+    let reply = rx.recv().expect("the waiting control request gets an answer");
+    assert_eq!(reply["ok"], false);
+    assert!(reply["error"].as_str().is_some_and(|e| e.contains("document or focus changed")));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_document_change_inside_the_pass_is_delivered_and_not_reported_as_cancelled() {
+    let ctx = Context::default();
+    let mut app = app_with_doc();
+    app.synthetic.extend([press(Key::V), release(Key::V)]);
+    assert!(!hook(&mut app, &ctx).is_empty());
+    let (tx, rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
+    app.input_waiters.push(tx);
+    // `logic` opens another document after the hook consumed the events into this pass. They
+    // cannot be withdrawn now. Treat the batch as delivered (automation-gated) rather than
+    // failing the reply while the input still lands.
+    app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 16, "height": 16})).expect("a second document");
+    app.begin_synthetic_pass(&ctx);
+    assert!(app.automation_input, "the delivered batch keeps the automation policy");
+    assert!(app.synthetic_batch.is_some(), "the pass still owns the batch until it finishes");
+    assert!(rx.try_recv().is_err(), "no cancellation reply for input that was delivered");
+    app.finish_synthetic_pass();
+    assert!(app.synthetic_batch.is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_preserved_batch_is_withdrawn_from_the_raw_input_on_a_document_change() {
+    let ctx = Context::default();
+    let mut app = app_with_doc();
+    app.synthetic.extend([press(Key::V), release(Key::V)]);
+    let first = hook(&mut app, &ctx);
+    assert_eq!(first.len(), 2);
+    // A hidden logic tick preserved the events for the next pass; meanwhile the document changed.
+    app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 16, "height": 16})).expect("a second document");
+    let mut preserved = RawInput { events: first, ..Default::default() };
+    app.inject_synthetic(&ctx, &mut preserved);
+    assert!(preserved.events.is_empty(), "the stale events are withdrawn from preserved input");
+    assert!(app.synthetic_batch.is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn an_edit_in_the_same_document_does_not_cancel_the_queued_batch() {
+    let ctx = Context::default();
+    let mut app = app_with_doc();
+    app.synthetic.extend([press(Key::L), release(Key::L)]);
+    assert!(!hook(&mut app, &ctx).is_empty());
+    let (tx, rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
+    app.input_waiters.push(tx);
+    // A command edits the same document while the step is in flight: the revision changes, the
+    // document activation does not, so the step is not cancelled.
+    app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "queued"})).expect("an edit");
+    let mut preserved = RawInput::default();
+    app.inject_synthetic(&ctx, &mut preserved);
+    assert!(app.synthetic_batch.is_some(), "the batch for this document survives an edit");
+    assert!(rx.try_recv().is_err(), "no cancellation reply");
+    app.begin_synthetic_pass(&ctx);
+    app.finish_synthetic_pass();
+}
+
+/// A hidden host runs `logic` without a UI pass. Both a capture that is waiting for its first
+/// geometry and a queued synthetic step must ask the host for a paint, or the window stays
+/// hidden forever and the control request times out.
+#[test]
+fn a_logic_tick_requests_a_hidden_paint_for_waiting_captures_and_queued_input() {
+    let ctx = Context::default();
+    let mut app = app_with_doc();
+    let mut frame = eframe::Frame::_new_kittest();
+    let (tx, _rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
+    let document = app.document_identity();
+    app.captures.admit(90, None, tx, document, 0.0, crate::screenshot::now()).expect("parked before the first pass");
+    let out = ctx.run_logic(&host_input(egui::ViewportId::ROOT), |ctx| app.logic(ctx, &mut frame));
+    let paints = |out: &egui::LogicOutput| {
+        out.viewport_commands.get(&egui::ViewportId::ROOT).is_some_and(|commands| commands.contains(&egui::ViewportCommand::RequestPaintWhileHidden))
+    };
+    assert!(paints(&out), "a capture waiting for geometry keeps the hidden window painting");
+
+    app.synthetic.extend([press(Key::V), release(Key::V)]);
+    let mut raw = host_input(egui::ViewportId::ROOT);
+    app.inject_synthetic(&ctx, &mut raw);
+    let out = ctx.run_logic(&raw, |ctx| app.logic(ctx, &mut frame));
+    assert!(paints(&out), "queued synthetic input keeps the hidden window painting");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_finished_pass_does_not_replay_the_batch() {
+    let ctx = Context::default();
+    let mut app = app_with_doc();
+    app.synthetic.extend([press(Key::B), release(Key::B)]);
+    assert_eq!(hook(&mut app, &ctx).len(), 2);
+    app.begin_synthetic_pass(&ctx);
+    app.finish_synthetic_pass();
+    // A second pass in the same frame (a popup sizing pass) must see no events from us.
+    let mut second_pass = RawInput::default();
+    app.inject_synthetic(&ctx, &mut second_pass);
+    assert!(second_pass.events.is_empty());
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/links.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/links.rs
index e01a19d93d..2042d996e0 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/links.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/links.rs
@@ -102,7 +102,20 @@ mod tests {
     fn help_menu_lists_links_then_separator_then_system_info_and_about() {
         let app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
         let help: Vec<String> = crate::menus::menu_items(&app).into_iter().filter(|i| i.path == ["Help"]).map(|i| i.id).collect();
-        assert_eq!(help, ["help.discord", "help.website", "help.artcraftWebsite", "help.github", "help.reportIssue", "---", "help.systemInfo", "help.about"]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            help,
+            [
+                "help.discord",
+                "help.website",
+                "help.artcraftWebsite",
+                "help.github",
+                "help.reportIssue",
+                "help.checkForUpdates",
+                "---",
+                "help.systemInfo",
+                "help.about"
+            ]
+        );
         for (id, _) in COMMANDS {
             assert!(crate::menus::is_live(id) && crate::menus::is_enabled(&app, id), "{id}");
         }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/liquify_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/liquify_ui.rs
index 9f46020b11..52a16f6223 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/liquify_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/liquify_ui.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 
 use egui::{Align2, Color32, FontId, Pos2, Rect as ERect, Sense, Stroke, TextureHandle, pos2, vec2};
 use photocraft_algo::liquify::{LiquifyField, LiquifyStroke, LiquifyTool, ProxyImage, auto_cell};
-use photocraft_doc::{Document, LayerId};
+use photocraft_doc::{DocId, Document, LayerId};
 use photocraft_geom::Rect;
 use photocraft_raster::Surface;
 use serde_json::{Value, json};
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ pub enum BackdropMode {
 }
 
 impl BackdropMode {
-    const ALL: [(BackdropMode, &'static str); 3] = [(BackdropMode::InFront, "inFront"), (BackdropMode::Behind, "behind"), (BackdropMode::Blend, "blend")];
+    const ALL: [(BackdropMode, &str); 3] = [(BackdropMode::InFront, "inFront"), (BackdropMode::Behind, "behind"), (BackdropMode::Blend, "blend")];
 
     fn key(self) -> &'static str {
         Self::ALL.iter().find(|(m, _)| *m == self).map_or("inFront", |(_, k)| k)
@@ -153,6 +153,8 @@ impl LiquifyOpts {
 }
 
 pub struct LiquifyDialog {
+    /// Document this dialog belongs to (#5115).
+    pub document: DocId,
     pub layer: LayerId,
     layer_name: String,
     canvas: Rect,
@@ -192,6 +194,8 @@ pub struct LiquifyDialog {
     pub dab_ms: f64,
     /// CPU time spent refreshing the zoomed-in source-resolution preview.
     pub preview_ms: f64,
+    /// The smart filter being edited: OK updates it instead of adding a new Liquify filter.
+    smart_filter: Option<usize>,
 }
 
 fn union(a: Option<[usize; 4]>, b: [usize; 4]) -> Option<[usize; 4]> {
@@ -217,6 +221,7 @@ fn union_rect(a: Option<Rect>, b: Rect) -> Option<Rect> {
 impl LiquifyDialog {
     pub fn describe(&self) -> Value {
         json!({
+            "document": self.document.0,
             "layer": self.layer.0,
             "tool": self.opts.tool,
             "size": self.opts.size,
@@ -228,6 +233,7 @@ impl LiquifyDialog {
             "dabMs": self.dab_ms,
             "fullResolutionPreview": self.view_bounds.is_some(),
             "previewMs": self.preview_ms,
+            "smartFilter": self.smart_filter,
         })
     }
 
@@ -255,6 +261,8 @@ impl LiquifyDialog {
 
     /// Starts a stroke; `alt` draws with the selected tool's opposite (see [`alt_tool`]).
     fn begin(&mut self, p: [f64; 3], now: f64, alt: bool) {
+        // A stroke still open has already changed the field; record it so undo can replay it (#8055).
+        self.end();
         self.redo.clear();
         let tool = if alt { alt_tool(self.opts.tool) } else { self.opts.tool };
         let mut s = self.template(tool);
@@ -484,20 +492,53 @@ impl LiquifyDialog {
 /// Opens the dialog on the active layer.
 pub fn open(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> Result<(), String> {
     let (layer, surf, _) = crate::distort_ui::active_pixels(app)?;
+    let canvas = app.session.active().ok_or("no document")?.doc.bounds();
+    open_on(app, ctx, layer, surf, Vec::new(), auto_cell(canvas), None)
+}
+
+/// Re-opens Liquify smart filter `index` of smart object `layer` with its recorded strokes and
+/// mesh size, previewing on the pixels below it; OK updates that filter
+/// (`layer.smartFilter.setParams`).
+pub fn open_smart_filter(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, layer: LayerId, index: usize) -> Result<(), String> {
+    use photocraft_engine::distort_cmds::{LIQUIFY, liquify_params};
+    let st = app.session.active().ok_or("no document")?;
+    let Some(photocraft_doc::LayerContent::Smart(sm)) = st.doc.layer(layer).map(|l| &l.content) else {
+        return Err("the layer is not a smart object".into());
+    };
+    let filter = sm.smart_filters.get(index).ok_or("no such smart filter")?;
+    if filter.command != LIQUIFY {
+        return Err("the smart filter is not a Liquify filter".into());
+    }
+    let (strokes, cell) = liquify_params(LIQUIFY, &filter.params, st.doc.bounds()).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+    let surf = photocraft_engine::smart_cmds::render_below_filter(&st.doc, sm, index)
+        .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?
+        .ok_or("the smart object's contents are unavailable (missing linked file?)")?;
+    open_on(app, ctx, layer, surf, strokes, cell, Some(index))
+}
+
+fn open_on(
+    app: &mut PhotocraftApp,
+    ctx: &egui::Context,
+    layer: LayerId,
+    surf: Surface,
+    strokes: Vec<LiquifyStroke>,
+    cell: f64,
+    smart_filter: Option<usize>,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
     let st = app.session.active().ok_or("no document")?;
     let canvas = st.doc.bounds();
     let name = st.doc.layer(layer).map(|l| l.name.clone()).unwrap_or_default();
-    let cell = auto_cell(canvas);
     let proxy = ProxyImage::new(&surf, canvas, PROXY_SIDE);
     let out = vec![[0u8; 4]; proxy.w * proxy.h];
     let center = [f64::from(canvas.x0 + canvas.x1) / 2.0, f64::from(canvas.y0 + canvas.y1) / 2.0];
     let mut d = LiquifyDialog {
+        document: st.doc.id,
         layer,
         layer_name: name,
         canvas,
         cell,
-        field: LiquifyField::new(canvas, cell),
-        strokes: Vec::new(),
+        field: LiquifyField::from_strokes(canvas, cell, &strokes),
+        strokes,
         redo: Vec::new(),
         cur: None,
         lasso: None,
@@ -522,6 +563,7 @@ pub fn open(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> Result<(), String>
         last_dab: 0.0,
         dab_ms: 0.0,
         preview_ms: 0.0,
+        smart_filter,
     };
     // A sensible starting brush (about a tenth of the image), then the settings last used, so
     // Liquify opens as it was left (#418). Saved values are clamped; a bad one is skipped.
@@ -550,22 +592,29 @@ pub fn cancel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
     }
 }
 
-/// OK: runs `filter.liquify` with the recorded strokes (one history step).
-pub fn commit(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
-    let Some(mut d) = app.distort.liquify.take() else { return };
+/// OK: runs `filter.liquify` with the recorded strokes (one history step). When the dialog edits
+/// a smart filter, OK updates that filter instead (also when Restore All left no strokes). The
+/// dialog closes either way. `app.run` shows a failed command's error in the status bar, and
+/// `commit` returns it.
+pub fn commit(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let Some(mut d) = app.distort.liquify.take() else { return Ok(()) };
     remember(app, &d.opts);
     d.end();
+    if let Some(index) = d.smart_filter {
+        let params = json!({"strokes": d.strokes, "meshSize": d.cell});
+        return app.run("layer.smartFilter.setParams", json!({"layer": d.layer.0, "index": index, "params": params})).map(|_| ());
+    }
     if d.strokes.is_empty() {
-        return;
+        return Ok(());
     }
     let p = json!({"strokes": d.strokes, "meshSize": d.cell, "layer": d.layer.0});
-    let _ = app.run("filter.liquify", p);
+    app.run("filter.liquify", p).map(|_| ())
 }
 
 /// Control channel: `filter.liquify {"ui": {...}}` while the dialog is open.
 pub fn control(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &Value) -> Result<Value, String> {
     if ui.get("commit").and_then(Value::as_bool) == Some(true) {
-        commit(app);
+        commit(app)?;
         return Ok(json!({"committed": true}));
     }
     if ui.get("cancel").and_then(Value::as_bool) == Some(true) {
@@ -616,6 +665,13 @@ fn alt_tool(t: LiquifyTool) -> LiquifyTool {
     }
 }
 
+/// Where the brush outline is drawn: under the pointer, except during an Alt-drag of the brush
+/// size (`resize`), when it stays at the drag's anchor and only grows or shrinks, as the brush
+/// tools' Alt-drag does outside Liquify (#7884).
+fn brush_circle_at(resize: Option<(Pos2, f32, f32)>, hover: Option<Pos2>) -> Option<Pos2> {
+    resize.map(|(anchor, ..)| anchor).or(hover)
+}
+
 /// Alt+right-drag, and Control+Alt-drag, change the Liquify brush instead of painting (#4702).
 fn brush_resize_gesture(mods: egui::Modifiers, secondary: bool) -> bool {
     mods.alt && (secondary || mods.ctrl)
@@ -683,7 +739,18 @@ pub fn history_keys(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
 
 pub fn keys(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
     history_keys(app, ctx);
+    // ⌘+ / ⌘− / ⌘0 / ⌘1 (or their overrides) zoom the preview, not the canvas behind it (#7210).
+    let nav = if app.distort.liquify.is_some() { crate::shortcuts::nav_shortcut(app, ctx) } else { None };
     let Some(d) = app.distort.liquify.as_mut() else { return };
+    if let Some(id) = nav {
+        d.zoom = match id {
+            "view.zoomIn" => crate::zoom_levels::step_in_range(d.zoom, 1, ZOOM_MIN, ZOOM_MAX),
+            "view.zoomOut" => crate::zoom_levels::step_in_range(d.zoom, -1, ZOOM_MIN, ZOOM_MAX),
+            // Fit on Screen: the preview fits and centres the image on its next frame.
+            "view.fitOnScreen" => 0.0,
+            _ => 1.0,
+        };
+    }
     // Ctrl+H (Hide Extras) toggles the red freeze-mask overlay; the mask itself stays active.
     if ctx.input_mut(|i| i.consume_key(egui::Modifiers::COMMAND, egui::Key::H)) {
         d.opts.show_mask = !d.opts.show_mask;
@@ -836,7 +903,9 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
     let mut action: Option<&str> = None;
     let mut events: Vec<ToolEvent> = Vec::new();
     let mut mods = egui::Modifiers::NONE;
-    egui::Area::new(egui::Id::new("liquify-dialog")).order(egui::Order::Foreground).fixed_pos(screen.min).show(ctx, |ui| {
+    let pinch_zooms = app.session.prefs().enhanced_controls.zoom_with_trackpad_pinch;
+    let animated_zoom = app.session.prefs().general.animated_zoom;
+    egui::Area::new(egui::Id::unique("liquify-dialog")).order(egui::Order::Foreground).fixed_pos(screen.min).show(ctx, |ui| {
         let Some(d) = app.distort.liquify.as_mut() else { return };
         d.upload(ctx);
         let (full, _) = ui.allocate_exact_size(screen.size(), Sense::hover());
@@ -916,7 +985,14 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
             widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut d.opts.show_mesh, tl!("Show Mesh"));
             ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                 ui.label(tl!("Mesh Size"));
-                widgets::dropdown(ui, "liquify-mesh-size", &mut d.opts.mesh_size, &[(0, tl!("Small")), (1, tl!("Medium")), (2, tl!("Large"))], 110.0);
+                widgets::dropdown(
+                    ui,
+                    "liquify-mesh-size",
+                    tl!("Mesh Size"),
+                    &mut d.opts.mesh_size,
+                    &[(0, tl!("Small")), (1, tl!("Medium")), (2, tl!("Large"))],
+                    110.0,
+                );
             });
             widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut d.opts.show_mask, tl!("Show Mask"));
             widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut d.opts.show_backdrop, tl!("Show Backdrop"));
@@ -924,12 +1000,12 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
                 ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                     ui.label(tl!("Use"));
                     let names: Vec<(Option<u64>, &str)> = backdrop_layers.iter().map(|(id, n)| (*id, n.as_str())).collect();
-                    widgets::dropdown_literal(ui, "liquify-backdrop-use", &mut d.opts.backdrop_layer, &names, 150.0);
+                    widgets::dropdown_literal(ui, "liquify-backdrop-use", tl!("Layer"), &mut d.opts.backdrop_layer, &names, 150.0);
                 });
                 ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                     ui.label(tl!("Mode"));
                     let modes = [(BackdropMode::InFront, tl!("In Front")), (BackdropMode::Behind, tl!("Behind")), (BackdropMode::Blend, tl!("Blend"))];
-                    widgets::dropdown(ui, "liquify-backdrop-mode", &mut d.opts.backdrop_mode, &modes, 150.0);
+                    widgets::dropdown(ui, "liquify-backdrop-mode", tl!("Mode"), &mut d.opts.backdrop_mode, &modes, 150.0);
                 });
                 widgets::slider_row(ui, tl!("Opacity"), &mut d.opts.backdrop_opacity, 0.0..=100.0, "", None);
             }
@@ -963,19 +1039,37 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
         painter.rect_filled(area, 0.0, t.canvas);
         let (cw, ch) = (d.canvas.width() as f32, d.canvas.height() as f32);
         if d.zoom <= 0.0 {
-            d.zoom = ((area.width() - 40.0) / cw).min((area.height() - 40.0) / ch).clamp(0.01, 4.0);
+            d.zoom = ((area.width() - 40.0) / cw).min((area.height() - 40.0) / ch).clamp(ZOOM_MIN, 4.0);
             d.center = [f64::from(d.canvas.x0) + f64::from(cw) / 2.0, f64::from(d.canvas.y0) + f64::from(ch) / 2.0];
         }
-        let resp = ui.interact(area, egui::Id::new("liquify-preview"), Sense::click_and_drag());
-        // Wheel zooms about the pointer.
-        if resp.hovered() {
-            let scroll = ui.input(|i| i.smooth_scroll_delta.y);
-            if scroll != 0.0
-                && let Some(hp) = resp.hover_pos()
-            {
+        let resp = ui.interact(area, egui::Id::unique("liquify-preview"), Sense::click_and_drag());
+        // The wheel zooms about the pointer, ×1.1 a notch, and so does a trackpad pinch (unless
+        // Preferences › Enhanced Controls › Zoom with Trackpad Pinch is off); a sideways scroll
+        // pans (#7210). Read every frame, as `wheel_nav` asks, so its modifier state follows.
+        let wheel_id = egui::Id::unique("liquify-preview-wheel");
+        let wheel = crate::wheel_nav::read(ctx, true, pinch_zooms, animated_zoom, wheel_id, resp.hovered());
+        if let Some(hp) = resp.hover_pos() {
+            let zoom = match wheel {
+                Some(crate::wheel_nav::Wheel::Zoom(f)) => {
+                    let z = d.zoom * f;
+                    // At a limit, drop the rest of an eased notch, or it would swallow the first notch back.
+                    if z != z.clamp(ZOOM_MIN, ZOOM_MAX) {
+                        crate::wheel_nav::settle(ctx, wheel_id);
+                    }
+                    Some(z.clamp(ZOOM_MIN, ZOOM_MAX))
+                }
+                Some(crate::wheel_nav::Wheel::SnapZoom(n)) => {
+                    Some((0..n.unsigned_abs()).fold(d.zoom, |z, _| crate::zoom_levels::step_in_range(z, n.signum(), ZOOM_MIN, ZOOM_MAX)))
+                }
+                Some(crate::wheel_nav::Wheel::Pan(v)) => {
+                    d.center = [d.center[0] - f64::from(v.x / d.zoom), d.center[1] - f64::from(v.y / d.zoom)];
+                    None
+                }
+                None => None,
+            };
+            if let Some(z) = zoom {
                 let before = to_doc(d, area, hp);
-                // Liquify's own preview zoom, not the canvas (`zoom_levels` doesn't apply).
-                d.zoom = (d.zoom * (scroll / 200.0).exp()).clamp(0.01, 32.0);
+                d.zoom = z;
                 let after = to_doc(d, area, hp);
                 d.center = [d.center[0] + before[0] - after[0], d.center[1] + before[1] - after[1]];
             }
@@ -1036,8 +1130,9 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
             let line: Vec<Pos2> = pts.iter().map(|p| to_screen(d, area, *p)).collect();
             clip.add(egui::Shape::line(line, Stroke::new(1.0, color)));
         }
-        // Brush outline (the lasso has none).
-        if let Some(hp) = resp.hover_pos() {
+        // Brush outline (the lasso has none). While Alt-dragging its size it stays where the drag
+        // started, so only its size changes (#7884).
+        if let Some(hp) = brush_circle_at(d.brush_resize, resp.hover_pos()) {
             if d.opts.tool != LiquifyTool::LassoMask {
                 let r = d.opts.size * 0.5 * d.zoom;
                 clip.circle_stroke(hp, r, Stroke::new(1.5, Color32::BLACK));
@@ -1049,10 +1144,14 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
         // Mouse → strokes (Space or middle button pans). Alt+right-drag resizes the brush (#4702).
         let (pan, secondary, mods_now) =
             ui.input(|i| (i.key_down(egui::Key::Space) || i.pointer.middle_down(), i.pointer.button_down(egui::PointerButton::Secondary), i.modifiers));
-        let resize = d.brush_resize.is_some() || (resp.drag_started() && brush_resize_gesture(mods_now, secondary));
+        // From the press, not once the drag is recognised a few points later: that first frame
+        // would otherwise start a stroke.
+        let resize = d.brush_resize.is_some() || (resp.is_pointer_button_down_on() && brush_resize_gesture(mods_now, secondary));
         if resize {
+            // Anchored where the button went down, not where the drag was recognised a few
+            // points later, so the outline doesn't jump when the gesture starts.
             if d.brush_resize.is_none()
-                && let Some(p) = resp.interact_pointer_pos()
+                && let Some(p) = ui.input(|i| i.pointer.press_origin()).or_else(|| resp.interact_pointer_pos())
             {
                 d.brush_resize = Some((p, d.opts.size, d.opts.density));
             }
@@ -1078,7 +1177,8 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
                     events.push(ToolEvent::Move { x: q[0], y: q[1], pressure: pr });
                     ctx.request_repaint();
                 }
-            } else if resp.drag_started() || (resp.is_pointer_button_down_on() && d.cur.is_none()) {
+            } else if (resp.drag_started() || resp.is_pointer_button_down_on()) && d.cur.is_none() {
+                // The stroke already began at the press; egui's later drag start must not restart it (#8055).
                 events.push(ToolEvent::Down { x: q[0], y: q[1], pressure: pr });
             } else if resp.dragged() || resp.is_pointer_button_down_on() {
                 let moved = d.cur.as_ref().is_some_and(|(_, l)| l[0] != q[0] || l[1] != q[1]);
@@ -1101,12 +1201,19 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
         pointer(app, ev, mods);
     }
     match action {
-        Some("ok") => commit(app),
+        Some("ok") => {
+            let _ = commit(app);
+        }
         Some("cancel") => cancel(app),
         _ => {}
     }
 }
 
+/// The preview's zoom range (1 = the dialog's 100 %). Liquify keeps its own zoom, apart from the
+/// canvas behind it.
+const ZOOM_MIN: f32 = 0.01;
+const ZOOM_MAX: f32 = 32.0;
+
 fn to_screen(d: &LiquifyDialog, area: ERect, p: [f64; 2]) -> Pos2 {
     area.center() + vec2(((p[0] - d.center[0]) as f32) * d.zoom, ((p[1] - d.center[1]) as f32) * d.zoom)
 }
@@ -1171,6 +1278,15 @@ fn draw_mesh(d: &LiquifyDialog, painter: &egui::Painter, area: ERect) {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    #[test]
+    fn the_brush_outline_follows_the_pointer_except_while_resizing() {
+        let (hover, anchor) = (pos2(30.0, 40.0), pos2(10.0, 20.0));
+        assert_eq!(brush_circle_at(None, Some(hover)), Some(hover));
+        assert_eq!(brush_circle_at(Some((anchor, 40.0, 50.0)), Some(hover)), Some(anchor));
+        assert_eq!(brush_circle_at(Some((anchor, 40.0, 50.0)), None), Some(anchor));
+        assert_eq!(brush_circle_at(None, None), None);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn alt_right_drag_resizes_the_liquify_brush_and_does_not_paint() {
         assert!(brush_resize_gesture(egui::Modifiers::ALT, true));
@@ -1297,7 +1413,7 @@ mod tests {
         });
         // OK and Esc keep the latest settings too.
         control(&mut app, &json!({"density": 90})).unwrap();
-        commit(&mut app);
+        commit(&mut app).unwrap();
         open(&mut app, &ctx).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(app.distort.liquify.as_ref().unwrap().opts.density, 90.0);
         control(&mut app, &json!({"density": 70})).unwrap();
@@ -1547,6 +1663,47 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(d.redo.len(), REDO_STACK_LIMIT);
     }
 
+    /// #7884: Alt+right-dragging the brush size in the Liquify dialog keeps the brush where the
+    /// drag started (its outline and the point it would work at) and only changes its size, as the
+    /// brush tools' Alt-drag does outside Liquify.
+    #[test]
+    fn alt_drag_resize_keeps_the_brush_where_it_started() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&ctx, Default::default());
+        let mut app = app_with_layer();
+        open(&mut app, &ctx).unwrap();
+        let screen = ERect::from_min_size(pos2(0.0, 0.0), vec2(1400.0, 900.0));
+        let frame = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp, events: Vec<egui::Event>, mods: egui::Modifiers| {
+            let events = std::iter::once(egui::Event::ModifiersChanged(mods)).chain(events).collect();
+            let raw = egui::RawInput { screen_rect: Some(screen), events, ..Default::default() };
+            ctx.run_ui(raw, |ui| show(app, ui.ctx())).textures_delta.clear();
+        };
+        let alt = egui::Modifiers::ALT;
+        let none = egui::Modifiers::NONE;
+        frame(&mut app, vec![], none);
+        // A point over the image in the dialog's canvas (120 × 80): the first one on a grid.
+        let p = (1..22)
+            .flat_map(|j| (1..34).map(move |i| pos2(40.0 * i as f32, 40.0 * j as f32)))
+            .find(|&q| {
+                frame(&mut app, vec![egui::Event::PointerMoved(q)], none);
+                let h = app.distort.liquify.as_ref().and_then(|d| d.hover);
+                h.is_some_and(|h| (10.0..60.0).contains(&h[0]) && (20.0..60.0).contains(&h[1]))
+            })
+            .expect("the dialog shows the image");
+        frame(&mut app, vec![egui::Event::PointerMoved(p)], none);
+        let d = app.distort.liquify.as_ref().unwrap();
+        let (start, size0) = (d.hover.expect("the pointer is over the canvas"), d.opts.size);
+        let button = |pressed| egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: p, button: egui::PointerButton::Secondary, pressed, modifiers: alt };
+        frame(&mut app, vec![button(true)], alt);
+        for k in 1..=6 {
+            frame(&mut app, vec![egui::Event::PointerMoved(p + vec2(10.0 * k as f32, 0.0))], alt);
+        }
+        let d = app.distort.liquify.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert!(d.opts.size > size0, "the drag resized the brush: {} -> {}", size0, d.opts.size);
+        assert_eq!(d.hover, Some(start), "the brush stayed where the drag started");
+        assert!(d.strokes.is_empty(), "and nothing was painted");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn shortcut_handler_undoes_liquify_even_when_egui_owns_keyboard_focus() {
         let ctx = egui::Context::default();
@@ -1564,7 +1721,7 @@ mod tests {
         };
         let mut out = ctx.run_ui(raw, |ui| {
             let ctx = ui.ctx();
-            ctx.memory_mut(|m| m.request_focus(egui::Id::new("liquify-slider-focus")));
+            ctx.memory_mut(|m| m.request_focus(egui::Id::unique("liquify-slider-focus")));
             assert!(ctx.egui_wants_keyboard_input());
             crate::shortcuts::handle(&mut app, ctx);
         });
@@ -1586,6 +1743,237 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(app.distort.liquify.as_ref().unwrap().strokes.len(), 1, "Cmd+Shift+Z redoes the last stroke");
     }
 
+    // Regression test for #4134: Cmd+Z and Cmd+Shift+Z were ignored in Liquify while a numeric
+    // field's text edit (Size, Pressure, ...) had keyboard focus, so a stroke could not be undone.
+    #[test]
+    fn liquify_undo_and_redo_work_while_a_numeric_field_is_focused() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut app = app_with_layer();
+        open(&mut app, &ctx).unwrap();
+        for ev in [ToolEvent::Down { x: 40.0, y: 40.0, pressure: 1.0 }, ToolEvent::Move { x: 52.0, y: 40.0, pressure: 1.0 }, ToolEvent::Up { x: 52.0, y: 40.0 }]
+        {
+            pointer(&mut app, ev, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        }
+        let strokes = |app: &PhotocraftApp| app.distort.liquify.as_ref().unwrap().strokes.len();
+        assert_eq!(strokes(&app), 1);
+
+        // One frame of the real shortcut handler, then a focused single-line text edit (the
+        // numeric fields are text edits), as the app orders them.
+        let mut text = String::from("100");
+        let field = egui::Id::unique("liquify-size-field");
+        let mut frame = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp, events: Vec<egui::Event>| {
+            let raw = egui::RawInput { events, ..Default::default() };
+            let mut out = ctx.run_ui(raw, |ui| {
+                crate::shortcuts::handle(app, ui.ctx());
+                let edit = ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut text).id(field));
+                edit.request_focus();
+            });
+            out.textures_delta.clear();
+        };
+        frame(&mut app, Vec::new());
+        assert!(ctx.text_edit_focused(), "the numeric field is a focused text edit");
+
+        let z = |modifiers| egui::Event::Key { key: egui::Key::Z, physical_key: None, pressed: true, repeat: false, modifiers };
+        frame(&mut app, vec![z(egui::Modifiers::COMMAND)]);
+        assert_eq!(strokes(&app), 0, "Cmd+Z undoes the stroke with the field focused");
+        frame(&mut app, vec![z(egui::Modifiers::COMMAND | egui::Modifiers::SHIFT)]);
+        assert_eq!(strokes(&app), 1, "Cmd+Shift+Z redoes it");
+    }
+
+    // Regression test for #4134: other Liquify keys must not steal characters from a focused
+    // numeric field, and the bracket keys step the brush by at least one pixel.
+    #[test]
+    fn liquify_tool_keys_leave_a_focused_field_alone_and_brackets_reach_one_pixel() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut app = app_with_layer();
+        open(&mut app, &ctx).unwrap();
+        app.distort.liquify.as_mut().unwrap().opts.size = 2.0;
+        let size = |app: &PhotocraftApp| app.distort.liquify.as_ref().unwrap().opts.size;
+        let press = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp, key: egui::Key| {
+            let ev = egui::Event::Key { key, physical_key: None, pressed: true, repeat: false, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE };
+            let mut out = ctx.run_ui(egui::RawInput { events: vec![ev], ..Default::default() }, |ui| crate::shortcuts::handle(app, ui.ctx()));
+            out.textures_delta.clear();
+        };
+        // 2 px * 0.9 used to round back to 2, so `[` never reached 1 px; `]` steps up from 1.
+        press(&mut app, egui::Key::OpenBracket);
+        assert_eq!(size(&app), 1.0, "`[` steps a 2 px brush down to 1 px");
+        press(&mut app, egui::Key::CloseBracket);
+        assert_eq!(size(&app), 2.0, "`]` steps it back up");
+
+        // With a text edit focused, `[` belongs to the field.
+        let mut text = String::new();
+        let field = egui::Id::unique("liquify-size-field");
+        let focused_frame = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp, text: &mut String, events: Vec<egui::Event>| {
+            let mut out = ctx.run_ui(egui::RawInput { events, ..Default::default() }, |ui| {
+                crate::shortcuts::handle(app, ui.ctx());
+                ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(text).id(field)).request_focus();
+            });
+            out.textures_delta.clear();
+        };
+        focused_frame(&mut app, &mut text, Vec::new());
+        assert!(ctx.text_edit_focused());
+        let bracket = egui::Event::Key { key: egui::Key::OpenBracket, physical_key: None, pressed: true, repeat: false, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE };
+        focused_frame(&mut app, &mut text, vec![bracket]);
+        assert_eq!(size(&app), 2.0, "the focused field keeps its keys");
+    }
+
+    fn key(key: egui::Key) -> egui::Event {
+        egui::Event::Key { key, physical_key: None, pressed: true, repeat: false, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::COMMAND }
+    }
+
+    /// A frame of the open dialog in a 1000 × 700 window with `events`; returns the preview's
+    /// centre (between the tool strip and the options panel, under the title strip).
+    fn frame(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, events: Vec<egui::Event>) -> Pos2 {
+        let screen = ERect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, vec2(1000.0, 700.0));
+        let raw = egui::RawInput { screen_rect: Some(screen), events, ..Default::default() };
+        let mut out = ctx.run_ui(raw, |ui| show(app, ui.ctx()));
+        out.textures_delta.clear();
+        pos2((LEFT_W + screen.width() - RIGHT_W) / 2.0, (30.0 + screen.height()) / 2.0)
+    }
+
+    /// #7210: ⌘+ / ⌘− step Liquify's preview along the zoom ladder, ⌘0 fits it and ⌘1 is the
+    /// dialog's 100 %, through the canvas's own shortcuts; the canvas behind keeps its zoom.
+    #[test]
+    fn zoom_shortcuts_zoom_the_preview_not_the_canvas() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::ALL[0]);
+        let mut app = app_with_layer();
+        open(&mut app, &ctx).unwrap();
+        frame(&mut app, &ctx, Vec::new());
+        let fitted = app.distort.liquify.as_ref().unwrap().zoom;
+        assert!(fitted > 0.0, "the preview fits on its first frame");
+        let canvas_zoom = app.ui.views.first().map(|v| v.zoom);
+        let mut press = |k: egui::Key| {
+            let raw = egui::RawInput { events: vec![key(k)], ..Default::default() };
+            let _ = ctx.run_ui(raw, |ui| crate::shortcuts::handle(&mut app, ui.ctx()));
+            app.distort.liquify.as_ref().unwrap().zoom
+        };
+        assert_eq!(press(egui::Key::Num1), 1.0);
+        assert_eq!(press(egui::Key::Equals), 2.0, "next step up the ladder");
+        assert_eq!(press(egui::Key::Plus), 3.0, "⌘+ typed as Plus too");
+        assert_eq!(press(egui::Key::Minus), 2.0);
+        assert_eq!(press(egui::Key::Num0), 0.0, "fit on the next frame");
+        frame(&mut app, &ctx, Vec::new());
+        assert_eq!(app.distort.liquify.as_ref().unwrap().zoom, fitted);
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.views.first().map(|v| v.zoom), canvas_zoom, "the canvas behind keeps its zoom");
+    }
+
+    /// #7210: a trackpad pinch over the preview zooms it about the pointer (macOS sends no wheel
+    /// for it), unless Preferences › Enhanced Controls › Zoom with Trackpad Pinch is off; a wheel
+    /// notch is one ×1.1 step.
+    #[test]
+    fn pinch_and_wheel_zoom_the_preview_about_the_pointer() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::ALL[0]);
+        let mut app = app_with_layer();
+        open(&mut app, &ctx).unwrap();
+        let center = frame(&mut app, &ctx, Vec::new());
+        let at = center + vec2(60.0, -40.0);
+        frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![egui::Event::PointerMoved(at)]);
+        let screen = ERect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, vec2(1000.0, 700.0));
+        let area = ERect::from_min_max(pos2(LEFT_W, 30.0), pos2(screen.width() - RIGHT_W, screen.height()));
+        let (z0, under) = {
+            let d = app.distort.liquify.as_ref().unwrap();
+            (d.zoom, to_doc(d, area, at))
+        };
+        frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![egui::Event::PointerMoved(at), egui::Event::Zoom(2.0)]);
+        let d = app.distort.liquify.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert!((d.zoom - z0 * 2.0).abs() < 1e-4, "{} → {}", z0, d.zoom);
+        let still = to_doc(d, area, at);
+        assert!((still[0] - under[0]).abs() < 1e-3 && (still[1] - under[1]).abs() < 1e-3, "the point under the pointer stays: {under:?} → {still:?}");
+
+        // Animated Zoom off: a notch is one instant step, so one frame shows the whole ×1.1.
+        app.session.prefs.edit(|p| p.general.animated_zoom = false);
+        let notch = ctx.options(|o| o.input_options.line_scroll_speed);
+        let wheel = egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+            source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
+            unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Line,
+            delta: vec2(0.0, 1.0),
+            modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE,
+            phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move,
+        };
+        let z1 = app.distort.liquify.as_ref().unwrap().zoom;
+        frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![egui::Event::PointerMoved(at), wheel]);
+        let z2 = app.distort.liquify.as_ref().unwrap().zoom;
+        assert!(notch > 0.0 && (z2 / z1 - crate::wheel_nav::NOTCH).abs() < 1e-3, "one notch is ×1.1: {z1} → {z2}");
+
+        app.session.prefs.edit(|p| p.enhanced_controls.zoom_with_trackpad_pinch = false);
+        frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![egui::Event::PointerMoved(at), egui::Event::Zoom(2.0)]);
+        assert_eq!(app.distort.liquify.as_ref().unwrap().zoom, z2, "a pinch does nothing with the preference off");
+    }
+
+    /// The proxy rendered from the recorded strokes, i.e. what undo/replay rebuilds.
+    fn replayed_out(d: &LiquifyDialog) -> Vec<[u8; 4]> {
+        let field = LiquifyField::from_strokes(d.canvas, d.cell, &d.strokes);
+        let mut out = vec![[0u8; 4]; d.proxy.w * d.proxy.h];
+        d.proxy.render(&field, [0, 0, d.proxy.w, d.proxy.h], &mut out);
+        out
+    }
+
+    /// #8055: a second pointer-down while a stroke is open must not drop the dabs already applied.
+    #[test]
+    fn second_down_without_up_keeps_the_open_strokes_dabs_recorded() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut app = app_with_layer();
+        open(&mut app, &ctx).unwrap();
+        control(&mut app, &json!({"tool": "forwardWarp", "size": 30})).unwrap();
+        for ev in [
+            ToolEvent::Down { x: 40.0, y: 40.0, pressure: 1.0 },
+            ToolEvent::Move { x: 46.0, y: 41.0, pressure: 1.0 },
+            ToolEvent::Down { x: 46.0, y: 41.0, pressure: 1.0 },
+            ToolEvent::Move { x: 55.0, y: 42.0, pressure: 1.0 },
+            ToolEvent::Up { x: 55.0, y: 42.0 },
+        ] {
+            pointer(&mut app, ev, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        }
+        let d = app.distort.liquify.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert!(d.out == replayed_out(d), "the live field must match the field rebuilt from the recorded strokes");
+    }
+
+    /// #8055: short strokes drawn with the mouse (moves inside egui's drag threshold first) are
+    /// recorded whole, as one stroke each, so undo removes only the last one.
+    #[test]
+    fn short_mouse_strokes_are_recorded_whole_and_undo_removes_only_the_last() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        crate::theme::install_fonts(&ctx);
+        let mut app = app_with_layer();
+        open(&mut app, &ctx).unwrap();
+        control(&mut app, &json!({"tool": "forwardWarp", "size": 30})).unwrap();
+        let screen = ERect::from_min_size(pos2(0.0, 0.0), vec2(1280.0, 800.0));
+        let frame = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp, events: Vec<egui::Event>| {
+            let raw = egui::RawInput { screen_rect: Some(screen), events, ..Default::default() };
+            let mut out = ctx.run_ui(raw, |ui| show(app, ui.ctx()));
+            out.textures_delta.clear();
+        };
+        frame(&mut app, vec![]);
+        frame(&mut app, vec![]);
+        let mut before_last = Vec::new();
+        let strokes = 6;
+        for i in 0..strokes {
+            let start = pos2(560.0 + i as f32 * 25.0, 380.0 + (i % 2) as f32 * 20.0);
+            before_last = app.distort.liquify.as_ref().unwrap().out.clone();
+            frame(&mut app, vec![egui::Event::PointerMoved(start)]);
+            let press = egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: start, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed: true, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE };
+            frame(&mut app, vec![press]);
+            let mut p = start;
+            for _ in 0..8 {
+                p += vec2(1.5, 1.0);
+                frame(&mut app, vec![egui::Event::PointerMoved(p)]);
+            }
+            let release = egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: p, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed: false, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE };
+            frame(&mut app, vec![release]);
+            frame(&mut app, vec![]);
+            let d = app.distort.liquify.as_ref().unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(d.strokes.len(), i + 1, "one recorded stroke per mouse stroke");
+            assert!(d.out == replayed_out(d), "stroke {i}: the live field must match the recorded strokes");
+        }
+        control(&mut app, &json!({"undo": true})).unwrap();
+        let d = app.distort.liquify.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(d.strokes.len(), strokes - 1);
+        let differ = d.out.iter().zip(&before_last).filter(|(a, b)| a != b).count();
+        assert_eq!(differ, 0, "undo restores the pixels from before the last stroke");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn menu_opens_the_dialog_and_routes_pointer_events() {
         let ctx = egui::Context::default();
@@ -1599,4 +1987,136 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(app.distort.liquify.is_none());
         assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), 2, "cancel records nothing");
     }
+
+    /// A smart object with a Liquify smart filter (one stroke, mesh size 3) and a Gaussian Blur
+    /// above it.
+    fn smart_liquify_app() -> (PhotocraftApp, LayerId) {
+        let mut app = app_with_layer();
+        app.run("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject", json!({})).unwrap();
+        let stroke = json!({"tool": "forwardWarp", "size": 40, "points": [[40.0, 40.0, 1.0], [48.0, 41.0, 1.0], [56.0, 40.0, 1.0]]});
+        app.run("filter.liquify", json!({"strokes": [stroke], "meshSize": 3.0})).unwrap();
+        app.run("filter.blur.gaussianBlur", json!({"radius": 2.0})).unwrap();
+        let layer = app.session.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        (app, layer)
+    }
+
+    fn smart(app: &PhotocraftApp, layer: LayerId) -> photocraft_doc::SmartObject {
+        match &app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layer(layer).unwrap().content {
+            photocraft_doc::LayerContent::Smart(sm) => sm.clone(),
+            _ => panic!("not a smart object"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn drag(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, from: f64, to: f64) {
+        for ev in [ToolEvent::Down { x: from, y: 40.0, pressure: 1.0 }, ToolEvent::Move { x: to, y: 40.0, pressure: 1.0 }, ToolEvent::Up { x: to, y: 40.0 }] {
+            pointer(app, ev, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn smart_filter_double_click_edits_the_recorded_liquify() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let (mut app, layer) = smart_liquify_app();
+        let steps = app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        let sm = smart(&app, layer);
+        let recorded: Vec<LiquifyStroke> = serde_json::from_value(sm.smart_filters[0].params["strokes"].clone()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(recorded.len(), 1);
+
+        crate::smart_ui::open_editor(&mut app, &ctx, layer.0, &sm, 0);
+        assert!(app.ui.dialogs.is_empty(), "no generic parameter form");
+        let d = app.distort.liquify.as_ref().expect("the Liquify workspace opens");
+        assert_eq!((d.smart_filter, d.cell), (Some(0), 3.0));
+        assert_eq!(d.strokes, recorded);
+        assert_eq!(d.field, LiquifyField::from_strokes(d.canvas, 3.0, &recorded));
+        // The preview starts from the pixels below the filter (no liquify, no blur).
+        let below = photocraft_engine::smart_cmds::render_below_filter(&app.session.active().unwrap().doc, &sm, 0).unwrap().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(d.source.read_region(d.canvas), below.read_region(d.canvas));
+
+        drag(&mut app, 70.0, 84.0);
+        control(&mut app, &json!({"commit": true})).unwrap();
+        assert!(app.distort.liquify.is_none());
+        let sm = smart(&app, layer);
+        assert_eq!(sm.smart_filters.len(), 2, "edited in place, not added");
+        assert_eq!(sm.smart_filters[0].command, photocraft_engine::distort_cmds::LIQUIFY);
+        assert_eq!(sm.smart_filters[0].params["strokes"].as_array().map(Vec::len), Some(2));
+        assert_eq!(sm.smart_filters[0].params["meshSize"], json!(3.0));
+        assert_eq!(sm.smart_filters[1].command, "filter.blur.gaussianBlur");
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps + 1);
+        app.run("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(smart(&app, layer).smart_filters[0].params["strokes"].as_array().map(Vec::len), Some(1));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn smart_filter_cancel_keeps_and_restore_all_clears_the_recorded_strokes() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let (mut app, layer) = smart_liquify_app();
+        let steps = app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        let params = smart(&app, layer).smart_filters[0].params.clone();
+
+        open_smart_filter(&mut app, &ctx, layer, 0).unwrap();
+        drag(&mut app, 70.0, 84.0);
+        control(&mut app, &json!({"cancel": true})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(smart(&app, layer).smart_filters[0].params, params, "Cancel leaves the filter as it was");
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps);
+
+        // OK after Restore All keeps the filter, with no strokes.
+        open_smart_filter(&mut app, &ctx, layer, 0).unwrap();
+        control(&mut app, &json!({"restoreAll": true})).unwrap();
+        control(&mut app, &json!({"commit": true})).unwrap();
+        let sm = smart(&app, layer);
+        assert_eq!(sm.smart_filters.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(sm.smart_filters[0].params["strokes"], json!([]));
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps + 1);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn open_smart_filter_rejects_other_filters_and_layers() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let (mut app, layer) = smart_liquify_app();
+        assert!(open_smart_filter(&mut app, &ctx, layer, 1).is_err(), "the Gaussian Blur");
+        assert!(open_smart_filter(&mut app, &ctx, layer, 9).is_err(), "no such filter");
+        let mut plain = app_with_layer();
+        let pixels = plain.session.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        assert!(open_smart_filter(&mut plain, &ctx, pixels, 0).is_err(), "not a smart object");
+        assert!(app.distort.liquify.is_none() && plain.distort.liquify.is_none());
+    }
+
+    /// OK on a smart filter that is gone: the workspace closes, the status bar shows the error and
+    /// the control channel returns it.
+    #[test]
+    fn smart_filter_edit_that_cannot_be_applied_reports_the_error() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let (mut app, layer) = smart_liquify_app();
+        open_smart_filter(&mut app, &ctx, layer, 0).unwrap();
+        drag(&mut app, 70.0, 84.0);
+        app.session.execute("layer.smartFilter.clearSmartFilters", json!({"layer": layer.0})).unwrap();
+        let steps = app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        let r = control(&mut app, &json!({"commit": true}));
+        assert!(app.distort.liquify.is_none());
+        assert!(app.ui.status_error);
+        assert!(app.ui.status.contains("no smart filters"), "{}", app.ui.status);
+        assert!(smart(&app, layer).smart_filters.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps);
+        assert_eq!(r, Err(app.ui.status.clone()));
+    }
+
+    /// OK after the layer was deleted: the dialog closes, the status bar shows the error and the
+    /// control channel returns it.
+    #[test]
+    fn liquify_that_cannot_be_applied_reports_the_error() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut app = app_with_layer();
+        let layer = app.session.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        open(&mut app, &ctx).unwrap();
+        drag(&mut app, 40.0, 56.0);
+        assert_eq!(app.distort.liquify.as_ref().unwrap().strokes.len(), 1);
+        app.session.execute("layer.delete", json!({"layer": layer.0})).unwrap();
+        let steps = app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        let r = control(&mut app, &json!({"commit": true}));
+        assert!(app.distort.liquify.is_none());
+        assert!(app.ui.status_error);
+        assert!(!app.ui.status.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), steps);
+        assert_eq!(r, Err(app.ui.status.clone()));
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/magnetic_lasso_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/magnetic_lasso_ui.rs
index 90655368f3..28ef343212 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/magnetic_lasso_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/magnetic_lasso_ui.rs
@@ -420,7 +420,8 @@ pub fn draw(app: &PhotocraftApp, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform, hover:
     }
     let screen = |q: &[f64; 2]| xf.to_screen(q[0] as f32, q[1] as f32);
     let pts: Vec<Pos2> = m.path.iter().chain(m.live.iter().skip(1)).map(screen).collect();
-    crate::tool_feedback::draw_ants(painter, &pts, false);
+    // Solid until the selection is made, as in Photoshop (#7495).
+    crate::tool_feedback::draw_solid_path(painter, &pts, false);
     for p in m.anchors.iter().filter_map(|&i| m.path.get(i)).map(screen) {
         let r = Rect::from_center_size(p, vec2(5.0, 5.0));
         painter.rect_filled(r, 0.0, Color32::WHITE);
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/marquee_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/marquee_tests.rs
index 321a31e73a..87ff48ddb4 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/marquee_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/marquee_tests.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 //! ⌥ draws from the centre (both together work too), a "W × H px" readout follows the cursor, and
 //! modifiers held before the drag still pick add/subtract (#188) instead of constraining.
 
-use egui::{Modifiers, PointerButton, Pos2, pos2, vec2};
+use egui::{Modifiers, PointerButton, Pos2, vec2};
 use egui_kittest::Harness;
 use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
 use photocraft_geom::Rect;
@@ -13,12 +13,16 @@ use crate::canvas::ViewXform;
 use crate::state::Tool;
 
 fn harness(tool: Tool) -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
+    harness_with_step_dt(tool, 0.25)
+}
+
+fn harness_with_step_dt(tool: Tool, step_dt: f32) -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
     let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
     app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 400, "height": 300})).unwrap();
     app.sync_views();
     app.ui.extras.rulers = false;
     app.ui.tool = tool;
-    let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(1000.0, 700.0)).build_ui_state(
+    let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(1000.0, 700.0)).with_step_dt(step_dt).build_ui_state(
         |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
             let ctx = ui.ctx().clone();
             if !ctx.fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
@@ -147,6 +151,57 @@ fn shift_during_the_drag_draws_a_square_and_the_readout_follows() {
     assert!(h.query_by_label("W:").is_none() && h.query_by_label_contains(" px").is_none(), "the readout goes away with the drag");
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn object_selection_keeps_the_mode_from_the_mouse_press() {
+    for dragged in [false, true] {
+        for held in [false, true] {
+            for at_press in [Modifiers::SHIFT, Modifiers::ALT] {
+                let mut h = harness_with_step_dt(Tool::ObjectSelection, 1.0 / 60.0);
+                h.state_mut().ui.extras.snap = false;
+                h.state_mut().run("paint.pencil", json!({"points": [[220, 150]], "size": 60, "color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+                let st = h.state().session.active().unwrap();
+                let doc = st.doc.clone();
+                let target = st.active_layer;
+                let region = photocraft_engine::smartselect_cmds::find_object(&doc, target, false, 220.0, 150.0).expect("the red disc is detectable");
+                h.state_mut().session.object_finder.insert(&doc, target, std::sync::Arc::new(region));
+                if at_press.alt {
+                    h.state_mut().run("select.all", json!({})).unwrap();
+                } else {
+                    h.state_mut().run("select.rect", json!({"x": 10, "y": 10, "width": 20, "height": 20})).unwrap();
+                }
+                let start_doc = if dragged { [180.0, 110.0] } else { [220.0, 150.0] };
+                mods(&mut h, at_press);
+                move_to(&mut h, start_doc[0], start_doc[1]);
+                let start = screen(&h, start_doc[0], start_doc[1]);
+                button(&mut h, start, true, at_press);
+                assert!(h.state().drag.is_none(), "the press is still below egui's drag threshold");
+                let during = if held { at_press } else { Modifiers::NONE };
+                mods(&mut h, during);
+                let end_doc = if dragged { [260.0, 190.0] } else { start_doc };
+                release_at(&mut h, end_doc[0], end_doc[1], during);
+                let app = h.state();
+                assert!(!app.ui.status_error, "{}", app.ui.status);
+                let (command, params) = app.session.journal.last().expect("the gesture dispatched a command");
+                assert_eq!(command, "select.object", "the canvas dispatched Object Selection");
+                let expected = if at_press.alt { "subtract" } else { "add" };
+                assert_eq!(params["mode"], expected, "dragged={dragged}, held={held}");
+                let sel = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.selection.as_ref().expect("the old selection survives outside the object");
+                assert!(sel.sample_channel(20, 20, 0) > 0.99, "the gesture must preserve selection outside the object");
+                assert_eq!(sel.sample_channel(220, 150, 0) > 0.5, !at_press.alt, "the disc follows the requested mode");
+                mods(&mut h, Modifiers::NONE);
+                move_to(&mut h, 220.0, 150.0);
+                let next = screen(&h, 220.0, 150.0);
+                button(&mut h, next, true, Modifiers::NONE);
+                release_at(&mut h, 220.0, 150.0, Modifiers::NONE);
+                let (_, params) = h.state().session.journal.last().unwrap();
+                assert_eq!(params["mode"], "replace", "the next unmodified click must not reuse the previous mode");
+                let sel = h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.selection.as_ref().unwrap();
+                assert!(sel.sample_channel(20, 20, 0) < 0.01 && sel.sample_channel(220, 150, 0) > 0.99);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// #5472: a ⇧ square pressed between pixels read 101 × 102 and selected that, because each axis
 /// snapped to the pixel grid on its own. The readout and the selection are square, and the
 /// Elliptical Marquee's circle too.
@@ -164,6 +219,107 @@ fn shift_square_pressed_between_pixels_has_equal_sides() {
     }
 }
 
+/// #6015: Fixed Size pressed between pixels selected one pixel more on each side (10 × 10 became
+/// 11 × 11, 1 × 1 became 2 × 2). The readout and the selection are the entered size, and a click
+/// without a drag places it too, as in Photoshop.
+#[test]
+fn fixed_size_selects_exactly_the_entered_size() {
+    for tool in [Tool::RectMarquee, Tool::EllipseMarquee] {
+        for (w, ht) in [(10, 10), (1, 1), (64, 32)] {
+            let mut h = harness(tool);
+            let o = &mut h.state_mut().ui.tool_options;
+            o.marquee_style = "fixedSize".into();
+            (o.marquee_width, o.marquee_height) = (w as f32, ht as f32);
+            press_at(&mut h, 50.4, 60.6, Modifiers::NONE);
+            assert!(readout(&h, w, ht), "{tool:?} {w} × {ht}: the readout shows the entered size");
+            release_at(&mut h, 90.0, 90.0, Modifiers::NONE);
+            assert_eq!(selection(&h), Rect::new(90, 90, 90 + w, 90 + ht), "{tool:?} {w} × {ht}: dragged to the release point");
+
+            // A click: the button goes down and up at one point.
+            h.state_mut().run("select.deselect", json!({})).unwrap();
+            let p = screen(&h, 120.6, 100.4);
+            h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(p));
+            h.run_steps(1);
+            button(&mut h, p, true, Modifiers::NONE);
+            button(&mut h, p, false, Modifiers::NONE);
+            h.run_steps(2);
+            assert_eq!(selection(&h), Rect::new(121, 100, 121 + w, 100 + ht), "{tool:?} {w} × {ht}: clicked");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Fixed Size places a box rather than sizing it: the pointer positions it in every direction,
+/// including crossing the press point, without flipping by the full width or height.
+#[test]
+fn fixed_size_drag_positions_the_box_in_every_direction() {
+    for tool in [Tool::RectMarquee, Tool::EllipseMarquee] {
+        for zoom in [1.0, 16.0] {
+            let mut h = harness(tool);
+            h.state_mut().ui.extras.snap = false;
+            let o = &mut h.state_mut().ui.tool_options;
+            o.marquee_style = "fixedSize".into();
+            (o.marquee_width, o.marquee_height) = (11.0, 11.0);
+            h.state_mut().ui.views[0].zoom = zoom;
+            h.state_mut().ui.views[0].center = [60.0, 70.0];
+            h.run_steps(2);
+            press_at(&mut h, 50.4, 60.6, Modifiers::NONE);
+            for (x, y) in [(58.4, 66.6), (49.4, 59.6), (49.4, 66.6), (58.4, 59.6), (59.4, 60.6)] {
+                move_to(&mut h, x, y);
+                let app = h.state();
+                let r = crate::canvas::marquee_preview_px(&app.ui.tool_options, app.drag.as_ref().unwrap(), zoom).unwrap();
+                let (x, y) = (f64::from(x).round(), f64::from(y).round());
+                assert_eq!(r, [x, y, x + 11.0, y + 11.0], "{tool:?} at zoom {zoom}: follows the pointer");
+                assert!(readout(&h, 11, 11), "the live dimensions stay 11 × 11");
+            }
+            // Commit the release position even if there was no move frame at this point.
+            let p = screen(&h, 60.4, 61.6);
+            button(&mut h, p, false, Modifiers::NONE);
+            h.run_steps(2);
+            assert_eq!(selection(&h), Rect::new(60, 62, 71, 73), "{tool:?}: release commits the final position");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn fixed_size_drag_inside_a_completed_box_still_moves_its_outline() {
+    for snap in [false, true] {
+        for zoom in [1.0, 26.730814] {
+            let mut h = harness(Tool::RectMarquee);
+            h.state_mut().ui.extras.snap = snap;
+            let o = &mut h.state_mut().ui.tool_options;
+            o.marquee_style = "fixedSize".into();
+            (o.marquee_width, o.marquee_height) = (11.0, 11.0);
+            h.state_mut().ui.views[0].zoom = zoom;
+            h.state_mut().ui.views[0].center = [112.0, 110.0];
+            h.run_steps(2);
+            press_at(&mut h, 100.4, 100.6, Modifiers::NONE);
+            release_at(&mut h, 108.4, 106.6, Modifiers::NONE);
+            let r = selection(&h);
+            let (x, y) = ((r.x0 + r.x1) as f32 / 2.0, (r.y0 + r.y1) as f32 / 2.0);
+            press_at(&mut h, x, y, Modifiers::NONE);
+            release_at(&mut h, x + 2.0, y + 1.0, Modifiers::NONE);
+            assert_eq!(selection(&h), r.translate(2, 1), "zoom {zoom}, snap {snap}");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn fixed_size_alt_centers_the_box_at_the_current_pointer() {
+    for tool in [Tool::RectMarquee, Tool::EllipseMarquee] {
+        let mut h = harness(tool);
+        h.state_mut().ui.extras.snap = false;
+        let o = &mut h.state_mut().ui.tool_options;
+        o.marquee_style = "fixedSize".into();
+        (o.marquee_width, o.marquee_height) = (11.0, 11.0);
+        press_at(&mut h, 50.4, 60.6, Modifiers::NONE);
+        mods(&mut h, Modifiers::ALT);
+        move_to(&mut h, 100.4, 100.6);
+        assert!(readout(&h, 11, 11));
+        release_at(&mut h, 110.4, 90.6, Modifiers::ALT);
+        assert_eq!(selection(&h), Rect::new(105, 85, 116, 96), "{tool:?}: Alt centres the moving box");
+    }
+}
+
 /// #204: Preferences › Tools › Show Transformation Values off hides the readout, not the marquee.
 #[test]
 fn show_transformation_values_off_hides_the_readout() {
@@ -282,8 +438,7 @@ fn the_live_outline_matches_the_committed_selection_in_a_rotated_view() {
         if tool == Tool::RectMarquee {
             // Each corner is a corner of the dragged rectangle, mapped: an axis-aligned box
             // through the two diagonal corners puts all four elsewhere.
-            let snap = |p: Pos2| pos2(p.x.round() + 0.5, p.y.round() + 0.5);
-            let want = [[live[0], live[1]], [live[2], live[1]], [live[2], live[3]], [live[0], live[3]]].map(|[x, y]| snap(xf.to_screen(x as f32, y as f32)));
+            let want = [[live[0], live[1]], [live[2], live[1]], [live[2], live[3]], [live[0], live[3]]].map(|[x, y]| xf.to_screen(x as f32, y as f32));
             for (i, (p, w)) in pts.iter().zip(want).enumerate() {
                 assert!((p.x - w.x).abs() < 0.01 && (p.y - w.y).abs() < 0.01, "{tool:?}: corner {i} at {p:?}, the dragged rectangle's corner is at {w:?}");
             }
@@ -500,6 +655,44 @@ fn drag_inside_the_selection_moves_the_outline() {
     assert_eq!(sel(&app), None);
 }
 
+/// #6231: ⇧ held during a selection-tool drag of the selection locks the move to multiples of
+/// 45° (⇧ at the press still means add-to-selection, so the lock only applies mid-drag).
+#[test]
+fn shift_constrains_a_selection_drag_to_an_axis() {
+    use crate::canvas::{ToolEvent, tool_event};
+    let (mut app, _layer) = painted();
+    let sel = |app: &PhotocraftApp| app.session.active().unwrap().doc.selection.as_ref().map(|s| s.content_bounds());
+    let drag_shift = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp, from: [f64; 2], to: [f64; 2]| {
+        tool_event(app, ToolEvent::Down { x: from[0], y: from[1], pressure: 1.0 }, Modifiers::NONE);
+        tool_event(app, ToolEvent::Move { x: to[0], y: to[1], pressure: 1.0 }, Modifiers::SHIFT);
+        tool_event(app, ToolEvent::Up { x: to[0], y: to[1] }, Modifiers::SHIFT);
+    };
+    drag_shift(&mut app, [20.0, 20.0], [40.0, 26.0]);
+    assert_eq!(sel(&app), Some(Rect::new(30, 10, 50, 30)), "near-horizontal drag moves x only");
+    drag_shift(&mut app, [40.0, 20.0], [44.0, 36.0]);
+    assert_eq!(sel(&app), Some(Rect::new(30, 26, 50, 46)), "near-vertical drag moves y only");
+    // Without ⇧ the drag is free (the outline already sits at (30,26,50,46)).
+    drag(&mut app, [40.0, 30.0], [50.0, 20.0], Modifiers::NONE);
+    assert_eq!(sel(&app), Some(Rect::new(40, 16, 60, 36)), "plain drag moves both axes");
+    // A near-diagonal ⇧-drag locks to 45°, as in Photoshop: (13,11) projects onto (12,12).
+    drag_shift(&mut app, [50.0, 26.0], [63.0, 37.0]);
+    assert_eq!(sel(&app), Some(Rect::new(52, 28, 72, 48)), "diagonal drag locks to 45°");
+}
+
+/// #6231: ⇧ also locks a ⌘-drag of the selected pixels to multiples of 45°.
+#[test]
+fn shift_constrains_a_floating_selection_drag() {
+    use crate::canvas::{ToolEvent, tool_event};
+    let (mut app, _layer) = painted();
+    let offset = |app: &PhotocraftApp| photocraft_engine::float_cmds::floating(app.session.active().unwrap()).map(|f| f.offset);
+    let cmd_shift = Modifiers::COMMAND | Modifiers::SHIFT;
+    tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 20.0, y: 20.0, pressure: 1.0 }, Modifiers::COMMAND);
+    tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Move { x: 34.0, y: 22.0, pressure: 1.0 }, cmd_shift);
+    tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 34.0, y: 22.0 }, cmd_shift);
+    assert_eq!(offset(&app), Some((14, 0)), "locked to the horizontal axis");
+    app.run("select.drop", json!({})).unwrap();
+}
+
 /// ⌘-drag cuts the selected pixels into a floating piece (`select.float`): shown at the pointer
 /// while dragging, moved again by plain drags, put back by Undo, dropped by Deselect.
 #[test]
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/mask_props_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/mask_props_ui.rs
index 9c74a8a18f..89e5ea4d3b 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/mask_props_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/mask_props_ui.rs
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ pub fn shape_properties(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, layer: &Laye
 fn sliders(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, layer: u64, document: u64, command: &str, prefix: &str, density: f32, feather: f32) {
     // Like brush settings, track pointer presses even on frames without a value change.
     // slider_row also merges numeric scrubbing, whose drag flags are not in its Response.
-    let key = ui.id().with("gesture");
+    let key = ui.scope_id().with("gesture");
     let pass = ui.ctx().cumulative_pass_nr();
     let pressed = ui.input(|i| i.pointer.any_pressed());
     let gesture = ui.data_mut(|d| {
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/mask_thumbs_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/mask_thumbs_ui.rs
index 9e2d8e8210..c19b14928d 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/mask_thumbs_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/mask_thumbs_ui.rs
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ pub fn paint(
     for (kind, enabled, linked) in masks(l) {
         // The chain sits in the gap before the thumbnail, centred between the two.
         let chain = Rect::from_min_max(pos2(*x - 4.0, cy - ts / 2.0), pos2(*x - 4.0 + CHAIN_W, cy + ts / 2.0));
-        let resp = ui.interact(chain, ui.id().with(("mask-chain", l.id.0, kind == MaskKind::Vector)), Sense::click());
+        let resp = ui.interact(chain, ui.scope_id().with(("mask-chain", l.id.0, kind == MaskKind::Vector)), Sense::click());
         if linked {
             paint_chain(painter, chain.center(), if resp.hovered() { t.text } else { t.icon });
         } else if resp.hovered() {
@@ -122,11 +122,7 @@ pub fn paint(
         let resp = resp.on_hover_text(if linked { tl!("Unlink the mask from the layer") } else { tl!("Link the mask to the layer") });
         let template = "{verb} {mask} {layer}";
         resp.widget_info(|| {
-            egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(
-                egui::WidgetType::Button,
-                true,
-                crate::i18n::fmt(tl!(template), &[("verb", tl!(verb)), ("mask", tl!(what)), ("layer", &name)]),
-            )
+            egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, crate::i18n::fmt(tl!(template), &[("verb", tl!(verb)), ("mask", tl!(what)), ("layer", &name)]))
         });
         if resp.clicked() {
             out.clicked = true;
@@ -175,7 +171,7 @@ type Rects = (Vec<(MaskKind, Rect)>, Vec<(MaskKind, Rect)>);
 
 /// Memory key of the per-layer record of where the mask thumbnails and chains were drawn.
 fn rects_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("mask-thumb-rects")
+    egui::Id::unique("mask-thumb-rects")
 }
 
 /// The mask thumbnails and chains last drawn for layer `id` (for tests and automation).
@@ -255,7 +251,7 @@ pub fn paint_brackets(painter: &Painter, r: Rect, color: Color32) {
 }
 
 fn bracket_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("layer-target-brackets")
+    egui::Id::unique("layer-target-brackets")
 }
 
 /// Where the target brackets were last drawn (for tests and automation).
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/mask_thumbs_ui/tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/mask_thumbs_ui/tests.rs
index 369e7468f5..f5ea5f9fc1 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/mask_thumbs_ui/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/mask_thumbs_ui/tests.rs
@@ -86,6 +86,28 @@ fn deleting_the_vector_mask_prunes_its_thumbnail() {
     assert!(!h.state().thumbs.contains_key(&key));
 }
 
+// Regression test for #119: the Layers panel's thumbnail textures of a deleted layer, and of
+// every layer of a closed document, were kept for the rest of the session.
+#[test]
+fn deleting_a_layer_or_closing_its_document_releases_the_thumbnails() {
+    let (s, masked, shape) = session();
+    let mut h = harness(s, 0, 1.0, 290.0);
+    let layer_key = |id: u64| (photocraft_doc::LayerId(id), crate::mask_thumbs_ui::THUMB_LAYER);
+    assert!(h.state().thumbs.contains_key(&layer_key(masked)) && h.state().thumbs.contains_key(&layer_key(shape)), "both rows drew a thumbnail");
+    let before = h.state().thumbs.len();
+
+    h.state_mut().run("layer.delete", json!({"layer": shape})).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    assert!(!h.state().thumbs.contains_key(&layer_key(shape)), "the deleted layer's thumbnail is released");
+    assert!(h.state().thumbs.contains_key(&layer_key(masked)), "the other layer keeps its thumbnail");
+    assert!(h.state().thumbs.len() < before);
+
+    h.state_mut().run("file.close", json!({})).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    assert!(h.state().session.documents().is_empty());
+    assert!(h.state().thumbs.is_empty(), "no thumbnails outlive their document: {:?}", h.state().thumbs.keys().collect::<Vec<_>>());
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn footer_trash_deletes_only_the_targeted_mask_linked_or_unlinked() {
     for linked in [true, false] {
@@ -417,7 +439,7 @@ fn paths_list_the_layer_path_above_a_bottom_footer() {
     let row = h.get_by_label("Masked Vector Mask").rect();
     let footer = crate::vector_ui::paths_footer(&h.ctx).expect("footer drawn");
     assert!(footer.top() > row.bottom(), "buttons below the rows");
-    let group = crate::dock::last_rects(&h.ctx).into_iter().find(|(g, _)| *g == crate::dock::Group::Layers).unwrap().1;
+    let group = crate::panel_docking::probe::group_rect(h.state(), &h.ctx, "paths").unwrap();
     assert!(group.bottom() - footer.bottom() < 16.0, "footer at the panel bottom: footer {footer:?}, group {group:?}");
     assert!(footer.bottom() - row.bottom() > 100.0, "the footer is pinned, not right below the rows");
     h.state_mut().run("layer.select", json!({"layer": shape})).unwrap();
@@ -481,7 +503,8 @@ fn mask_view(h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>) -> serde_json::Value {
 
 fn canvas_px(h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>) -> Option<Vec<egui::Color32>> {
     let st = h.state().session.active().unwrap();
-    crate::channel_view::render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, photocraft_geom::Rect::new(0, 0, 200, 100), 1, false, st.active_layer)
+    let look = crate::channel_view::Look::of(&h.state().session);
+    crate::channel_view::render(&st.doc, &st.channel_view, photocraft_geom::Rect::new(0, 0, 200, 100), 1, look, st.active_layer)
 }
 
 fn near(a: Rect, b: Rect) -> bool {
@@ -626,6 +649,7 @@ fn mask_view_gestures_fail_gracefully_without_a_mask() {
     h.state_mut().session.active_mut().unwrap().channel_view.layer_mask = Some(photocraft_engine::mask_view_cmds::LayerMaskView {
         layer: photocraft_doc::LayerId(u64::MAX),
         mode: photocraft_engine::mask_view_cmds::MaskViewMode::Gray,
+        filter: false,
     });
     assert!(canvas_px(&h).is_none());
     h.run_steps(2);
@@ -651,6 +675,9 @@ fn backslash_toggles_the_rubylith() {
     assert_eq!(crate::canvas::paint_target(h.state()), json!("mask"), "painting paints the mask");
     let px = canvas_px(&h).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(px[50 * 200 + 50], egui::Color32::from_rgba_premultiplied(128, 0, 0, 128), "50% red over hidden areas");
+    // Layer Mask Display Options: opaque green over what the mask hides instead.
+    h.state_mut().run("channel.options", json!({"channel": "mask", "color": "#00ff00", "opacity": 100})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(canvas_px(&h).unwrap()[50 * 200 + 50], egui::Color32::from_rgb(0, 255, 0));
     h.key_press(egui::Key::Backslash);
     h.run_steps(2);
     assert_eq!(mask_view(&h), serde_json::Value::Null, "\\ again hides it");
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/menu_keys.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/menu_keys.rs
index 8a819fe319..2f563f9771 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/menu_keys.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/menu_keys.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! The menu bar from the keyboard (#4988), as Photoshop's on Windows: a tap on Alt (or F10)
-//! puts the keyboard on the bar (File lit; ← / → move along it, ↓ / ↩ / Space open the lit menu,
-//! Esc or a click leaves), Alt+letter opens the menu with that mnemonic straight away, and in an
+//! puts the keyboard on the bar (File lit; ← / → move along it, ↓ / ↩ open the lit menu,
+//! Esc, Space or a click leaves), Alt+letter opens the menu with that mnemonic straight away, and in an
 //! open menu a letter runs the row with that mnemonic (or opens its submenu).
 //!
 //! Mnemonics are underlined while Alt is held, the bar is focused or a menu was opened from the
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@
 //! They are assigned per menu level from the labels as shown (so translated), unique within
 //! the level: Photoshop's letters for the top menus where the label has them (F E I L Y S T V
 //! W H), else the first unused letter, word starts first. Only ASCII letters and digits are keys
-//! the keyboard reports as such, so a label without one (Japanese, Chinese…) has no mnemonic.
+//! the keyboard reports as such, so a label without one (Japanese, Chinese…) shows its English
+//! label's letter after it, as Windows menus do in those languages: "文件(F)" ([`localized`]).
 //!
 //! The state is view state in egui memory, like [`crate::menu_nav::Nav`]. On macOS the native
 //! menu bar replaces the in-window one and this never runs.
@@ -42,16 +43,19 @@ pub struct Keys {
     alt_down: bool,
     /// Alt went down and nothing else was pressed since: releasing it is a tap.
     alt_tap: bool,
+    /// The mouse buttons that are down, one bit each, from the button events in order (the
+    /// frame's pointer state is its end state, which a whole click within one frame doesn't show).
+    buttons_held: u8,
     /// A menu was just opened from the keyboard: light its first row once it is drawn.
     first_row: bool,
 }
 
 fn keys_id() -> Id {
-    Id::new("pc-menu-bar-keys")
+    Id::unique("pc-menu-bar-keys")
 }
 
 fn focus_id() -> Id {
-    Id::new("pc-menu-bar-focus")
+    Id::unique("pc-menu-bar-focus")
 }
 
 /// Is the keyboard on the menu bar (no menu open yet)? The shortcuts leave the keys to it then,
@@ -128,6 +132,49 @@ pub fn assign(labels: &[&str], preferred: &[Option<char>]) -> Vec<Option<char>>
     out
 }
 
+/// The labels to show and their mnemonics for translated `labels` whose English originals are
+/// `english` (same order). A label with an ASCII letter or digit keeps its text and is assigned
+/// as [`assign`] does. One without (Chinese, Japanese, Korean…) can't be typed on its own, so it
+/// shows its English label's letter after it in parentheses and takes that letter, as Windows menus
+/// do in those languages ("文件(F)", #5863). Mnemonics stay unique within the group, and a shown
+/// "(F)" is always the row's key.
+pub fn localized(labels: &[String], english: &[&str], preferred: &[Option<char>]) -> (Vec<String>, Vec<Option<char>>) {
+    let typed = |l: &str| l.chars().any(|c| c.is_ascii_alphanumeric());
+    // The key goes before a trailing ellipsis, as Windows writes it: "新建(N)…".
+    let with_key = |l: &str, k: char| match l.strip_suffix('…').map(|b| (b, "…")).or_else(|| l.strip_suffix("...").map(|b| (b, "..."))) {
+        Some((base, tail)) => format!("{base}({k}){tail}"),
+        None => format!("{l}({k})"),
+    };
+    let english_keys = assign(english, preferred);
+    let mut shown = Vec::with_capacity(labels.len());
+    let mut pref = Vec::with_capacity(labels.len());
+    for (i, label) in labels.iter().enumerate() {
+        match english_keys.get(i).copied().flatten().filter(|_| !typed(label)) {
+            Some(k) => {
+                shown.push(with_key(label, k));
+                pref.push(Some(k));
+            }
+            None => {
+                shown.push(label.clone());
+                pref.push(preferred.get(i).copied().flatten());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    // The suffixed labels take their keys first: a label with letters of its own must not take
+    // the key a suffix shows ("Camera Raw 滤镜…" before "转换为智能滤镜(C)" leaves C to the latter).
+    let suffixed = |i: &usize| shown.get(*i) != labels.get(*i);
+    let order: Vec<usize> = (0..shown.len()).filter(suffixed).chain((0..shown.len()).filter(|i| !suffixed(i))).collect();
+    let ordered: Vec<&str> = order.iter().map(|&i| shown.get(i).map_or("", String::as_str)).collect();
+    let ordered_pref: Vec<Option<char>> = order.iter().map(|&i| pref.get(i).copied().flatten()).collect();
+    let mut keys = vec![None; shown.len()];
+    for (&i, key) in order.iter().zip(assign(&ordered, &ordered_pref)) {
+        if let Some(slot) = keys.get_mut(i) {
+            *slot = key;
+        }
+    }
+    (shown, keys)
+}
+
 /// `prefix + label` as menu text with the mnemonic's first occurrence in `label` underlined
 /// (none when `mnemonic` is None). `color` is the text colour; None takes the widget's.
 pub fn mnemonic_text(ui: &Ui, prefix: &str, label: &str, mnemonic: Option<char>, color: Option<Color32>) -> egui::WidgetText {
@@ -249,20 +296,40 @@ impl Keys {
         let raw = ctx.input(|i| i.raw.events.clone());
         for e in &raw {
             match e {
+                // A held Alt auto-repeats (after about half a second on Windows): only its first
+                // press starts a tap. A repeat must neither re-arm a tap that Alt+wheel or a key
+                // already spent, nor spend one itself (holding Alt alone is still a tap).
+                Event::Key { key: Key::AltLeft | Key::AltRight, pressed: true, repeat: true, .. } => self.alt_down = true,
                 Event::Key { key: Key::AltLeft | Key::AltRight, pressed: true, .. } => {
                     self.alt_down = true;
-                    self.alt_tap = true;
+                    // Alt pressed while a mouse button is down is a modifier for that drag
+                    // (Free Transform's scale-from-centre), never a tap (#8113).
+                    self.alt_tap = self.buttons_held == 0;
                 }
                 Event::Key { key: Key::AltLeft | Key::AltRight, pressed: false, .. } => {
                     self.alt_down = false;
                     tap |= std::mem::take(&mut self.alt_tap);
                 }
-                // Alt+wheel (zoom, brush size…) or Alt going to the desktop is no tap either.
-                Event::Key { pressed: true, .. }
-                | Event::Text(_)
-                | Event::PointerButton { pressed: true, .. }
-                | Event::MouseWheel { .. }
-                | Event::WindowFocused(false) => self.alt_tap = false,
+                // A click or the end of a drag while Alt is held is no tap. It also cancels a tap
+                // taken earlier in this frame: a whole drag can arrive in one frame (press, Alt
+                // down, Alt up, release).
+                Event::PointerButton { button, pressed, .. } => {
+                    let bit = 1u8 << (*button as u8);
+                    if *pressed {
+                        self.buttons_held |= bit;
+                    } else {
+                        self.buttons_held &= !bit;
+                    }
+                    self.alt_tap = false;
+                    tap = false;
+                }
+                // Alt going to the desktop is no tap, and a button let go out there is up.
+                Event::WindowFocused(false) => {
+                    self.alt_tap = false;
+                    self.buttons_held = 0;
+                }
+                // Alt+wheel (zoom, brush size…) is no tap either.
+                Event::Key { pressed: true, .. } | Event::Text(_) | Event::MouseWheel { .. } => self.alt_tap = false,
                 _ => {}
             }
         }
@@ -341,8 +408,13 @@ impl Keys {
             self.focus = Some((focus + 1) % n);
         } else if press(Key::ArrowLeft) {
             self.focus = Some((focus + n - 1) % n);
-        } else if press(Key::ArrowDown) || press(Key::Enter) || press(Key::Space) {
+        } else if press(Key::ArrowDown) || press(Key::Enter) {
             open_top(focus, self);
+        } else if events.iter().any(|e| matches!(e, Event::Key { key: Key::Space, pressed: true, .. })) {
+            // Space is the Hand tool, and on Windows it opens the window menu there, never File:
+            // it takes the keyboard off the bar, so a stray Alt tap can't have held Space run
+            // File › New….
+            self.focus = None;
         } else if let Some((key, c)) = events.iter().find_map(|e| match e {
             Event::Key { key, pressed: true, modifiers, .. } if modifiers.is_none() => key_char(*key).map(|c| (*key, c)),
             _ => None,
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/menu_keys_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/menu_keys_tests.rs
index af1bb84d46..1fcde2bd54 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/menu_keys_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/menu_keys_tests.rs
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ fn alt_with_a_wheel_scroll_or_a_lost_focus_is_no_tap() {
     h.run_steps(2);
     h.event_modifiers(
         egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+            source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
             unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Line,
             delta: egui::vec2(0.0, -1.0),
             phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move,
@@ -107,6 +108,69 @@ fn alt_with_a_wheel_scroll_or_a_lost_focus_is_no_tap() {
     assert_eq!(Keys::current(&h.ctx).focus, None, "Alt that went to the desktop leaves the bar alone");
 }
 
+/// Alt's own auto-repeat (holding it after Alt+wheel) doesn't make the release a tap again, and
+/// holding Alt alone long enough to repeat is still a tap.
+#[test]
+fn a_held_alt_repeating_after_the_wheel_is_no_tap() {
+    let repeat = |h: &mut Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>| {
+        h.event_modifiers(
+            egui::Event::Key { key: egui::Key::AltLeft, physical_key: None, pressed: true, repeat: true, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::ALT },
+            egui::Modifiers::ALT,
+        );
+        h.run_steps(1);
+    };
+    let mut h = bar();
+    h.key_down(egui::Key::AltLeft);
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    h.event_modifiers(
+        egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+            source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Wheel,
+            unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Line,
+            delta: egui::vec2(0.0, 1.0),
+            modifiers: egui::Modifiers::ALT,
+            phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move,
+        },
+        egui::Modifiers::ALT,
+    );
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    for _ in 0..5 {
+        repeat(&mut h);
+    }
+    h.key_up(egui::Key::AltLeft);
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    assert_eq!(Keys::current(&h.ctx).focus, None, "Alt held on after the wheel: still no tap");
+    key(&mut h, egui::Key::Space);
+    assert!(!is_open(&h.ctx), "Space opens no menu");
+    // Alt alone, held long enough to repeat, is still a tap.
+    h.key_down(egui::Key::AltLeft);
+    h.run_steps(1);
+    for _ in 0..5 {
+        repeat(&mut h);
+    }
+    h.key_up(egui::Key::AltLeft);
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    assert_eq!(Keys::current(&h.ctx).focus, Some(0), "a long press of Alt alone focuses the bar");
+}
+
+/// A stray Alt tap (a second, quick one after Alt+scroll) focuses the bar; Space for the hand
+/// tool then takes the keyboard off it instead of opening File, where held Space ran New….
+#[test]
+fn space_on_the_focused_bar_leaves_it_and_opens_no_menu() {
+    let mut h = bar();
+    alt_tap(&mut h);
+    assert_eq!(Keys::current(&h.ctx).focus, Some(0), "the tap focuses the bar");
+    h.key_down(egui::Key::Space);
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    // Held Space repeats, which ran New… from the open File menu.
+    h.event(egui::Event::Key { key: egui::Key::Space, physical_key: None, pressed: true, repeat: true, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE });
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    assert!(!is_open(&h.ctx), "Space opens no menu");
+    assert!(h.state().ui.dialogs.is_empty(), "Space does not run File › New");
+    assert_eq!(Keys::current(&h.ctx).focus, None, "Space takes the keyboard off the bar");
+    h.key_up(egui::Key::Space);
+    h.run_steps(3);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn a_second_alt_or_esc_or_a_click_takes_the_keyboard_off_the_bar() {
     let mut h = bar();
@@ -242,6 +306,34 @@ fn the_shortcuts_wait_while_the_keyboard_is_on_the_bar() {
     assert_ne!(h.state().ui.tool, tool, "off the bar, E picks the Eraser again");
 }
 
+/// #5863: a label with no Latin letter (Chinese, Japanese…) shows its English label's letter in
+/// parentheses, before a trailing ellipsis, and takes it as its mnemonic; labels with letters and
+/// the top menus' Photoshop letters are as before, and the letters stay unique.
+#[test]
+fn labels_without_latin_letters_show_their_english_key() {
+    let labels: Vec<String> = ["文件", "编辑", "Image", "图层"].map(String::from).to_vec();
+    let english = ["File", "Edit", "Image", "Layer"];
+    let preferred = [Some('F'), Some('E'), Some('I'), Some('L')];
+    let (shown, keys) = crate::menu_keys::localized(&labels, &english, &preferred);
+    assert_eq!(shown, ["文件(F)", "编辑(E)", "Image", "图层(L)"]);
+    assert_eq!(keys, [Some('F'), Some('E'), Some('I'), Some('L')]);
+    // Rows: the key goes before the ellipsis; a clash takes the next letter of the shown label.
+    let labels: Vec<String> = ["新建…", "打开...", "关闭"].map(String::from).to_vec();
+    let (shown, keys) = crate::menu_keys::localized(&labels, &["New…", "Open...", "Close"], &[]);
+    assert_eq!(shown, ["新建(N)…", "打开(O)...", "关闭(C)"]);
+    assert_eq!(keys, [Some('N'), Some('O'), Some('C')]);
+    let (shown, keys) = crate::menu_keys::localized(&["关闭".to_string(), "复制".to_string()], &["Close", "Copy"], &[]);
+    assert_eq!(shown, ["关闭(C)", "复制(O)"]);
+    assert_eq!(keys, [Some('C'), Some('O')]);
+    // A shown "(C)" keeps its key even when a label with letters of its own comes first.
+    let (shown, keys) = crate::menu_keys::localized(&["Copy".to_string(), "关闭".to_string()], &["Open", "Close"], &[]);
+    assert_eq!(shown, ["Copy", "关闭(C)"]);
+    assert_eq!(keys, [Some('O'), Some('C')]);
+    // An English UI is unchanged.
+    let labels: Vec<String> = ["File", "Edit"].map(String::from).to_vec();
+    assert_eq!(crate::menu_keys::localized(&labels, &["File", "Edit"], &[Some('F'), Some('E')]).0, labels);
+}
+
 /// The whole app: with the bar focused by an Alt tap, a command shortcut leaves the bar and runs
 /// in the same press (#6573); the bar's own keys still drive it.
 #[test]
@@ -356,3 +448,59 @@ fn alt_held_through_a_shortcut_does_not_put_the_keyboard_on_the_bar() {
     alt_up(&mut h);
     assert_eq!(Keys::current(&h.ctx).focus, Some(0), "a lone tap still focuses the bar");
 }
+
+/// #8113: Alt pressed during a drag (Free Transform's scale from the centre) is a modifier for the
+/// drag, not a tap: with the mouse button let go before or after Alt, the keyboard stays where
+/// it was, so Enter commits the transform instead of opening File. A lone tap still works.
+#[test]
+fn alt_held_during_a_drag_is_no_tap() {
+    let mut h = bar();
+    let at = egui::pos2(640.0, 400.0);
+    let button = |h: &mut Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, pressed: bool, mods: egui::Modifiers| {
+        h.event_modifiers(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: at, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed, modifiers: mods }, mods);
+        h.run_steps(2);
+    };
+    for mouse_up_first in [true, false] {
+        h.hover_at(at);
+        button(&mut h, true, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        h.key_down(egui::Key::AltLeft);
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        if mouse_up_first {
+            button(&mut h, false, egui::Modifiers::ALT);
+            h.key_up(egui::Key::AltLeft);
+        } else {
+            h.key_up(egui::Key::AltLeft);
+            h.run_steps(2);
+            button(&mut h, false, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        }
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        assert_eq!(Keys::current(&h.ctx).focus, None, "mouse up first: {mouse_up_first}");
+        key(&mut h, egui::Key::Enter);
+        assert!(!is_open(&h.ctx), "Enter opens no menu (mouse up first: {mouse_up_first})");
+    }
+    // The whole gesture within one frame: press, Alt down, Alt up, release.
+    let (alt, none) = (egui::Modifiers::ALT, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+    h.event_modifiers(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: at, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed: true, modifiers: none }, none);
+    h.event_modifiers(egui::Event::Key { key: egui::Key::AltLeft, physical_key: None, pressed: true, repeat: false, modifiers: alt }, alt);
+    h.event_modifiers(egui::Event::Key { key: egui::Key::AltLeft, physical_key: None, pressed: false, repeat: false, modifiers: none }, none);
+    h.event_modifiers(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: at, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed: false, modifiers: none }, none);
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    assert_eq!(Keys::current(&h.ctx).focus, None, "one frame");
+    // Two buttons: the right one let go while the left is still down. Alt pressed then is still
+    // pressed during the left-button drag.
+    let btn = |h: &mut Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, button: egui::PointerButton, pressed: bool| {
+        h.event_modifiers(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: at, button, pressed, modifiers: none }, none);
+        h.run_steps(2);
+    };
+    btn(&mut h, egui::PointerButton::Primary, true);
+    btn(&mut h, egui::PointerButton::Secondary, true);
+    btn(&mut h, egui::PointerButton::Secondary, false);
+    h.key_down(egui::Key::AltLeft);
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    h.key_up(egui::Key::AltLeft);
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    assert_eq!(Keys::current(&h.ctx).focus, None, "the left button is still down");
+    btn(&mut h, egui::PointerButton::Primary, false);
+    alt_tap(&mut h);
+    assert!(Keys::current(&h.ctx).focus.is_some(), "a lone tap still focuses the bar");
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/menu_nav.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/menu_nav.rs
index c9aedd77d7..9f5de15c46 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/menu_nav.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/menu_nav.rs
@@ -93,11 +93,11 @@ pub struct Nav {
 }
 
 fn nav_id() -> Id {
-    Id::new("pc-menu-nav")
+    Id::unique("pc-menu-nav")
 }
 
 fn open_id() -> Id {
-    Id::new("pc-menu-open")
+    Id::unique("pc-menu-open")
 }
 
 /// Is one of the menu bar's menus open? (Shortcuts leave the keys to it meanwhile.)
@@ -246,7 +246,11 @@ impl Nav {
     fn after_row(&mut self, level: usize, i: usize, lit: bool, r: &egui::Response) {
         let moved = r.ctx.input(|inp| inp.pointer.delta() != egui::Vec2::ZERO);
         let follow = self.follow == Some(level);
-        if (moved || follow) && r.hovered() && !lit {
+        // `hovered` is false while the primary button is held (egui attributes the pointer to
+        // the pressed widget), so a press-drag through the items never highlighted anything
+        // (#8887). `contains_pointer` keeps answering while a button is down.
+        let over = r.contains_pointer();
+        if (moved || follow) && over && !lit {
             if follow {
                 self.follow = None;
             }
@@ -458,14 +462,14 @@ pub fn level_room_in(screen: Rect, visible: Rect, bar_bottom: Option<f32>, depth
 pub fn level(ui: &mut Ui, depth: usize, nav: &mut Nav, rows: impl FnOnce(&mut Ui, &mut Nav)) {
     let ctx = ui.ctx().clone();
     let level = depth.saturating_sub(1);
-    nav.begin_level(level, find_menu_root(ui).id);
+    nav.begin_level(level, find_menu_root(ui).scope_id);
     let screen = ctx.content_rect();
     // Only the part of the window on its monitor, clear of the taskbar, can be seen (#315).
     let visible = crate::work_area::visible_rect(&ctx);
     // The menu frame's margin and stroke around the rows.
     let frame = ui.spacing().menu_margin.sum().y + 2.0;
     let anchor = nav.anchors.get(level).copied().flatten();
-    let key = ui.id().with(("pc-menu-level", depth));
+    let key = ui.scope_id().with(("pc-menu-level", depth));
     // Rows' height from the last frame: does this level overflow?
     let content: Option<f32> = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp(key));
     let room = level_room_in(screen, visible, nav.bar_bottom, depth, anchor, content, frame);
@@ -477,12 +481,18 @@ pub fn level(ui: &mut Ui, depth: usize, nav: &mut Nav, rows: impl FnOnce(&mut Ui
     // pt, on the first): a scroll area never grows past that, so every menu stuck at that height
     // and scrolled even on a tall window (#235). Ask for the room the window has; auto-shrink then
     // fits the area to its rows, so a menu scrolls only when they don't fit.
-    let out = egui::ScrollArea::vertical()
+    // egui 0.37 made `ScrollAreaState::offset` private: a scroll target requested by last
+    // frame's arrows is applied through the builder instead of writing the stored state.
+    let mut area = egui::ScrollArea::vertical()
         .id_salt(("menu-level", depth))
         .max_height(height)
         .min_scrolled_height(height)
-        .scroll_source(egui::containers::scroll_area::ScrollSource::ALL)
-        .show(ui, |ui| rows(ui, nav));
+        .scroll_source(egui::containers::scroll_area::ScrollSource::ALL);
+    if let Some(target) = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<f32>(scroll_request_id(key))) {
+        area = area.vertical_scroll_offset(target);
+    }
+    let out = area.show(ui, |ui| rows(ui, nav));
+    ctx.data_mut(|d| d.remove_temp::<f32>(scroll_request_id(key)));
     let down = over.then(|| ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(0.0, ARROW), Sense::hover()).0);
     ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(key, out.content_size.y));
     if let Some(v) = nav.views.get_mut(level) {
@@ -501,7 +511,7 @@ pub fn level(ui: &mut Ui, depth: usize, nav: &mut Nav, rows: impl FnOnce(&mut Ui
     let t = crate::theme::Tokens::get(&ctx);
     let x = ui.min_rect().x_range();
     let max = (out.content_size.y - out.inner_rect.height()).max(0.0);
-    let offset = out.state.offset.y;
+    let offset = out.state.clamped_offset().y;
     let dt = ctx.input(|i| i.stable_dt).clamp(0.0, 0.1);
     let mut target = offset;
     for (strip, dir, live) in [(up, -1.0, offset > 0.5), (down, 1.0, offset < max - 0.5)] {
@@ -517,7 +527,7 @@ pub fn level(ui: &mut Ui, depth: usize, nav: &mut Nav, rows: impl FnOnce(&mut Ui
         let id = key.with(dir < 0.0);
         let r = ui.interact(strip, id, Sense::hover());
         let label = if dir < 0.0 { "Scroll menu up" } else { "Scroll menu down" };
-        r.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, live, tl!(label)));
+        r.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, live, tl!(label)));
         if live && pointer_on(ui, strip) {
             target = (offset + dir * SPEED * dt.max(1.0 / 120.0)).clamp(0.0, max);
             ctx.request_repaint();
@@ -531,12 +541,17 @@ pub fn level(ui: &mut Ui, depth: usize, nav: &mut Nav, rows: impl FnOnce(&mut Ui
         }
     }
     if target != offset {
-        let mut st = out.state;
-        st.offset.y = target;
-        st.store(&ctx, out.id);
+        // Applied to the scroll area on its next frame (egui 0.37 keeps the offset private).
+        ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(scroll_request_id(key), target));
+        ctx.request_repaint();
     }
 }
 
+/// The temp key that carries an arrow/wheel scroll target to the next `ScrollArea` build.
+fn scroll_request_id(key: egui::Id) -> egui::Id {
+    key.with("scroll-request")
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 #[path = "menu_nav_tests.rs"]
 mod tests;
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/menu_nav_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/menu_nav_tests.rs
index fcf06ed028..24fa76e166 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/menu_nav_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/menu_nav_tests.rs
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ fn reported_menus_stay_above_the_panel_when_the_window_position_is_unknown() {
                     break;
                 }
                 h.event(egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+                    source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
                     unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Point,
                     delta: egui::vec2(0.0, -60.0),
                     modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE,
@@ -164,6 +165,7 @@ fn the_mouse_wheel_scrolls_a_long_menu() {
                 break;
             }
             h.event(egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+                source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
                 unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Point,
                 delta: egui::vec2(0.0, -60.0),
                 modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE,
@@ -271,9 +273,9 @@ fn left_and_right_switch_menus_and_shortcuts_wait_while_one_is_open() {
 fn help_search_keeps_the_arrows_and_space_that_edit_it() {
     let mut h = harness((1280.0, 720.0, 1.0));
     open(&mut h, "Help");
-    let field = egui::Id::new("help-menu-search").with("field");
+    let field = egui::Id::unique("help-menu-search").with("field");
     assert_eq!(h.ctx.memory(|m| m.focused()), Some(field), "the search field has the keyboard");
-    let text = |h: &Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>| h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<String>(egui::Id::new("help-menu-search"))).unwrap_or_default();
+    let text = |h: &Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>| h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<String>(egui::Id::unique("help-menu-search"))).unwrap_or_default();
     let typing = |h: &mut Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, s: &str| {
         h.event(egui::Event::Text(s.to_string()));
         h.run_steps(3);
@@ -411,6 +413,7 @@ fn a_short_window_still_scrolls_the_file_menu_to_its_last_row() {
             break;
         }
         h.event(egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+            source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
             unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Point,
             delta: egui::vec2(0.0, -60.0),
             modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE,
@@ -565,6 +568,7 @@ fn menus_stay_above_the_taskbar_and_scroll_to_their_last_row() {
             h.hover_at(view.center());
             for _ in 0..60 {
                 h.event(egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+                    source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
                     unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Point,
                     delta: egui::vec2(0.0, 120.0),
                     modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE,
@@ -727,6 +731,37 @@ fn press_drag_release_reaches_other_menus_and_submenus() {
     assert!(Nav::current(&h.ctx).rows.first().is_none_or(|r| r.is_empty()), "and closed the menus");
 }
 
+/// Press-and-hold a menu title and drag through the items: the highlight follows the
+/// pointer the whole way, down and back up, without lagging or dropping (#8887).
+#[test]
+fn press_drag_highlight_follows_the_pointer() {
+    use egui::{Modifiers, PointerButton};
+    let mut h = harness((1280.0, 720.0, 1.0));
+    let title = h.get_by_label("View").rect().center();
+    h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(title));
+    h.run_steps(1);
+    h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: title, button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed: true, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    let rows = Nav::current(&h.ctx).rows.first().cloned().unwrap_or_default();
+    assert!(rows.len() > 4, "the View menu has rows to drag through");
+    // Drag down through the first rows, one at a time, still holding the button.
+    for i in 1..=4 {
+        let row = rows.get(i).expect("row exists");
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(row.rect.center()));
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        assert_eq!(Nav::current(&h.ctx).highlighted(0), Some(i), "holding and dragging onto row {i} highlights it");
+    }
+    // Back up the way a user overshooting and correcting does.
+    for i in (1..=3).rev() {
+        let row = rows.get(i).unwrap();
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(row.rect.center()));
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        assert_eq!(Nav::current(&h.ctx).highlighted(0), Some(i), "dragging back up to row {i} highlights it");
+    }
+    h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: rows.get(1).unwrap().rect.center(), button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed: false, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
+    h.run_steps(2);
+}
+
 /// A menu bar whose frames are `dt` seconds apart, as with a real pointer sending moves.
 fn harness_dt(dt: f32) -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
     let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(1280.0, 720.0)).with_step_dt(dt).build_ui_state(
@@ -901,6 +936,7 @@ fn a_scrolled_menu_reopens_and_stays_open_with_a_hidden_submenu_row_under_its_ti
         h.hover_at(egui::pos2(view.center().x, view.bottom() - 2.0));
         let wheel = |h: &mut Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, dy: f32| {
             h.event(egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+                source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
                 unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Point,
                 delta: egui::vec2(0.0, dy),
                 modifiers: Modifiers::NONE,
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/menus.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/menus.rs
index 9bbab14b84..b4e8a729ad 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/menus.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/menus.rs
@@ -7,10 +7,11 @@ use crate::state::DialogKind;
 
 /// Shared gate for native menu clicks and control-channel `ui.menu.invoke`.
 /// Dialogs and unsaved-changes prompts block edits, but allow the four view-navigation
-/// commands also usable through shortcuts. Camera Raw and the SVG editor choice block
-/// menu commands entirely. A pending crop blocks the commands Photoshop greys during one (`crop_ui::blocks`).
+/// commands also usable through shortcuts. Camera Raw, the SVG editor choice and full-window workspaces
+/// (`distort_ui::modal_workspace`) block menu commands entirely, and a pending crop blocks the
+/// commands Photoshop greys during one (`crop_ui::blocks`).
 pub(crate) fn modal_allows(app: &PhotocraftApp, id: &str) -> bool {
-    if app.camera_raw.is_some() || app.smart_svg.modal_open() || crate::crop_ui::blocks(app, id) {
+    if app.camera_raw.is_some() || app.smart_svg.modal_open() || crate::distort_ui::modal_workspace(app).is_some() || crate::crop_ui::blocks(app, id) {
         return false;
     }
     (app.ui.dialogs.is_empty() && app.ui.layers_panel_dialog.is_none() && app.discard.is_none()) || crate::shortcuts::NAV_COMMANDS.contains(&id)
@@ -93,6 +94,9 @@ pub(crate) fn invoke_unguarded(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, id:
         crate::tool_memory::select(app, tool);
         return Ok(json!({"tool": tool}));
     }
+    if id == "help.checkForUpdates" {
+        return crate::updates_ui::check(app, ctx, params);
+    }
     if id == "ui.symmetryTransform" {
         return crate::symmetry_ui::begin(app).map(|_| Value::Null);
     }
@@ -243,7 +247,7 @@ pub(crate) fn invoke_unguarded(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, id:
                         Some((true, path, d)) => {
                             // Another app changed the file since it was opened or saved: ask first (#6596).
                             let doc = d.doc.id;
-                            crate::disk_change_prompt::intercept(app, doc, &path, false)
+                            crate::disk_change_prompt::intercept(app, doc, &path, false, crate::FormatChoices::default())
                                 .unwrap_or_else(|| app.save_in_place(path, crate::FormatChoices::default()))
                         }
                         Some((false, path, d)) if photocraft_engine::file_cmds::saves_in_place(&path) => {
@@ -461,13 +465,16 @@ pub(crate) fn invoke_unguarded(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, id:
             Ok(json!({"dialog": crate::stroke_ui::open(app)}))
         }
         // Channels › Channel Options… without params: the dialog on the targeted alpha/spot
-        // channel, or Quick Mask Options while in Quick Mask (with params: the engine directly).
+        // channel, Layer Mask Display Options on a targeted layer mask, or Quick Mask Options while
+        // in Quick Mask (with params: the engine directly).
         crate::channel_options_ui::COMMAND if params.as_object().is_none_or(|o| o.is_empty()) => {
+            let mask = app.layer_mask_targeted();
             let st = app.session.active().ok_or("no document is open")?;
             let channel = match st.channel_view.target {
                 _ if st.doc.quick_mask.is_some() => json!("quickMask"),
                 photocraft_engine::channel_cmds::ChannelTarget::Alpha(i) => json!(i),
-                _ => return Err("target an alpha or spot channel first".into()),
+                _ if mask => json!("mask"),
+                _ => return Err("target an alpha or spot channel, or a layer mask, first".into()),
             };
             let dialog = crate::channel_options_ui::open(app, &channel).ok_or("no such channel")?;
             Ok(json!({"dialog": dialog}))
@@ -546,6 +553,10 @@ pub(crate) fn invoke_unguarded(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, id:
             };
             *slot = !*slot;
             let on = *slot;
+            if id == "view.show.grid" && on {
+                // Like the other Show items, enabling Grid also restores hidden Extras.
+                app.ui.view.extras = true;
+            }
             if id == "view.rulers" {
                 crate::prefs_ui::remember_rulers(app, on);
             }
@@ -723,8 +734,17 @@ pub fn is_enabled(app: &PhotocraftApp, id: &str) -> bool {
         return e;
     }
     match id {
-        "window.panel.activate" | "window.panel.layout" => true,
-        "window.panel.group" | "window.panel.move" | "window.panel.float" | "window.panel.dock" | "window.panel.close" => !app.session.prefs().workspace_locked,
+        "window.panel.activate" | "window.panel.layout" | "ui.dock" => true,
+        "window.panel.group"
+        | "window.panel.move"
+        | "window.panel.float"
+        | "window.panel.window"
+        | "window.panel.dock"
+        | "window.panel.close"
+        | "window.panel.closeGroup"
+        | "window.panel.closeOthers"
+        | "window.panel.minimize"
+        | "window.panel.iconic" => !app.session.prefs().workspace_locked,
         "file.open" | "file.exit" | "file.clearRecent" | "file.removeRecent" | "help.about" | "help.systemInfo" | "edit.search" => true,
         i if i.starts_with("file.openRecent.") => true,
         i if i.starts_with(DOCUMENT_ITEM) => true,
@@ -1021,6 +1041,7 @@ pub fn menu_items(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Vec<MenuItem> {
                 QuickExportFormat::Jpg => "JPG",
                 QuickExportFormat::Gif => "GIF",
                 QuickExportFormat::Webp => "WebP",
+                QuickExportFormat::Exr => "EXR",
             }
         };
         item.label = format!("Quick Export as {format}");
@@ -1058,7 +1079,29 @@ pub fn menu_items(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Vec<MenuItem> {
             items.insert(after + 1 + k, it);
         }
     }
-    // Help: the link items, a separator, then System Info and About.
+    // Window › Workspace: saved workspaces follow the presets, checked while current.
+    let saved = crate::workspace_ui::saved_names(app);
+    if !saved.is_empty()
+        && let Some(after) = items.iter().position(|i| i.id == "window.workspace.motion")
+    {
+        let wp: Vec<String> = vec!["Window".into(), "Workspace".into()];
+        let separator = MenuItem { id: "---".into(), label: "---".into(), path: wp.clone(), shortcut: None, enabled: false, checked: None, color: None };
+        let entries = saved.into_iter().enumerate().map(|(i, name)| {
+            let id = format!("{}{i}", crate::workspace_ui::SAVED);
+            let checked = checked(app, &id);
+            MenuItem { id, label: name, path: wp.clone(), shortcut: None, enabled: true, checked, color: None }
+        });
+        for (k, it) in std::iter::once(separator).chain(entries).enumerate() {
+            items.insert(after + 1 + k, it);
+        }
+    }
+    // Keep the update command with the links, ahead of System Info and About.
+    if let Some(at) = items.iter().position(|i| i.id == "help.checkForUpdates") {
+        let update = items.remove(at);
+        let before = items.iter().position(|i| i.id == "help.systemInfo" || i.id == "help.about").unwrap_or(items.len());
+        items.insert(before, update);
+    }
+    // Help: the link items and update check, a separator, then System Info and About.
     if let Some(at) = items.iter().position(|i| i.id == "help.systemInfo" || i.id == "help.about") {
         items.insert(
             at,
@@ -1165,9 +1208,10 @@ pub fn menu_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) -> f32 {
     let mut keys = crate::menu_keys::Keys::load(ui.ctx());
     keys.take_first_row(&mut nav);
     nav.underline = keys.show_underlines(ui.ctx());
-    let top_labels: Vec<String> = TOP_MENUS.iter().map(|top| crate::i18n::tr(lang, top).to_string()).collect();
+    let translated: Vec<String> = TOP_MENUS.iter().map(|top| crate::i18n::tr(lang, top).to_string()).collect();
     let preferred: Vec<Option<char>> = TOP_MENUS.iter().map(|top| crate::menu_keys::TOP_PREFERRED.iter().find(|(t, _)| t == top).map(|(_, c)| *c)).collect();
-    let top_mnemonics = crate::menu_keys::assign(&top_labels.iter().map(String::as_str).collect::<Vec<_>>(), &preferred);
+    // A title with no Latin letter shows its English key: "文件(F)" (#5863).
+    let (top_labels, top_mnemonics) = crate::menu_keys::localized(&translated, &TOP_MENUS, &preferred);
     ui.scope(|ui| {
         ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 0.0;
         let v = &mut ui.style_mut().visuals;
@@ -1271,8 +1315,19 @@ pub fn menu_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) -> f32 {
     }
     if let Some(id) = clicked {
         let ctx = ui.ctx().clone();
-        let id = alt_click(id, ctx.input(|i| i.modifiers.alt));
-        if let Err(e) = invoke(app, &ctx, &id, json!({})) {
+        let alt = ctx.input(|i| i.modifiers.alt);
+        // ⌥ while choosing an Image › Adjustments item opens it at its last settings (#8900).
+        let r = if alt && crate::adjust_dialog::has_dialog(&id) {
+            let opened = crate::adjust_dialog::open_last(app, &id).map(|_| Value::Null).ok_or_else(|| "no document".to_string());
+            // Edit › Search's recents, as `invoke` notes a plain click.
+            if opened.is_ok() {
+                crate::palette::note_recent(&ctx, &id);
+            }
+            opened
+        } else {
+            invoke(app, &ctx, &alt_click(id, alt), json!({}))
+        };
+        if let Err(e) = r {
             app.ui.status = e;
             app.ui.status_error = true;
         }
@@ -1281,7 +1336,7 @@ pub fn menu_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) -> f32 {
 }
 
 fn press_gesture_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("menu-press-gesture")
+    egui::Id::unique("menu-press-gesture")
 }
 
 /// A menu title's open/close command this frame, the press opens a closed menu (and
@@ -1311,8 +1366,14 @@ fn released_on(ui: &egui::Ui, item: &egui::Response) -> bool {
 /// True only when the pointer can actually reach a menu title. A tall submenu can be
 /// repositioned upward by egui and overlap the menu bar; in that case the popup's layer is
 /// top-most and hovering it must not switch the open top-level menu.
+///
+/// The title's column extends up to the top of the window: egui lights a widget up to
+/// `interact_radius` away, so with the window maximized a pointer pushed against the screen edge
+/// (above the title's own rect) highlights it and must switch to it too (#7702).
 fn pointer_reaches_title(ctx: &egui::Context, response: &egui::Response, p: egui::Pos2) -> bool {
-    response.interact_rect.contains(p) && ctx.layer_id_at(p) == Some(response.layer_id)
+    let r = response.interact_rect;
+    let column = egui::Rect::from_min_max(egui::pos2(r.left(), f32::NEG_INFINITY), r.max);
+    column.contains(p) && ctx.layer_id_at(p) == Some(response.layer_id)
 }
 
 /// Like a native menu bar (Windows, macOS): while one top-level menu is open, hovering another
@@ -1383,7 +1444,7 @@ pub fn search_items<'a>(items: &'a [MenuItem], query: &str, lang: crate::i18n::L
 fn help_search(ui: &mut egui::Ui, items: &[MenuItem], opening: bool, clicked: &mut Option<String>, nav: &mut crate::menu_nav::Nav) {
     let ctx = ui.ctx().clone();
     let lang = crate::i18n::current();
-    let text_id = egui::Id::new("help-menu-search");
+    let text_id = egui::Id::unique("help-menu-search");
     let pass_id = text_id.with("pass");
     // A fresh opening of the Help menu starts empty, with the field focused.
     let pass = ctx.cumulative_pass_nr();
@@ -1453,24 +1514,25 @@ fn render_level_rows(ui: &mut egui::Ui, items: &[&MenuItem], depth: usize, click
     // of its first child.
     // Each row's mnemonic (#4988), unique within this level, in display order: the leaves' labels
     // and the submenus' names as shown.
-    let shown_labels: Vec<String> = {
+    // A label with no Latin letter shows its English label's key after it: "新建(N)…" (#5863).
+    let (translated, english): (Vec<String>, Vec<&str>) = {
         let mut subs: Vec<&str> = Vec::new();
         items
             .iter()
             .filter_map(|it| {
                 if it.path.len() == depth {
-                    (it.label != "---").then(|| translated_menu_label(lang, it))
+                    (it.label != "---").then(|| (translated_menu_label(lang, it), it.label.as_str()))
                 } else {
                     let name = it.path.get(depth).map(String::as_str)?;
                     (!subs.contains(&name)).then(|| {
                         subs.push(name);
-                        crate::i18n::tr(lang, name).to_string()
+                        (crate::i18n::tr(lang, name).to_string(), name)
                     })
                 }
             })
-            .collect()
+            .unzip()
     };
-    let mnemonics = crate::menu_keys::assign(&shown_labels.iter().map(String::as_str).collect::<Vec<_>>(), &[]);
+    let (shown_labels, mnemonics) = crate::menu_keys::localized(&translated, &english, &[]);
     let mut next_row = 0usize;
     let mut shown_subs: Vec<&str> = Vec::new();
     let mut last_was_sep = true;
@@ -1483,7 +1545,7 @@ fn render_level_rows(ui: &mut egui::Ui, items: &[&MenuItem], depth: usize, click
                 }
                 continue;
             }
-            let label = translated_menu_label(lang, it);
+            let label = shown_labels.get(next_row).cloned().unwrap_or_else(|| translated_menu_label(lang, it));
             let mnemonic = mnemonics.get(next_row).copied().flatten();
             next_row += 1;
             // Checked, unchecked and plain rows share one checkmark column (#5705).
@@ -1519,8 +1581,9 @@ fn render_level_rows(ui: &mut egui::Ui, items: &[&MenuItem], depth: usize, click
             let child: Vec<&MenuItem> = items.iter().copied().filter(|c| c.path.len() > depth && c.path[depth] == name).collect();
             let enabled = submenu_enabled(&child);
             let mnemonic = mnemonics.get(next_row).copied().flatten();
+            let shown = shown_labels.get(next_row).cloned().unwrap_or_else(|| crate::i18n::tr(lang, name).to_string());
             next_row += 1;
-            let title = crate::menu_keys::menu_row_text(ui, false, crate::i18n::tr(lang, name), mnemonic.filter(|_| nav.underline));
+            let title = crate::menu_keys::menu_row_text(ui, false, &shown, mnemonic.filter(|_| nav.underline));
             ui.add_enabled_ui(enabled, |ui| {
                 nav.row(ui, depth - 1, enabled, None, mnemonic, |ui, nav| {
                     let (response, inner) = submenu_row(ui, title, |ui| render_level(ui, &child, depth + 1, clicked, nav));
@@ -1550,7 +1613,7 @@ fn submenu_row<R>(ui: &mut egui::Ui, title: egui::WidgetText, content: impl FnOn
     if open {
         ui.style_mut().visuals.widgets.inactive = ui.style().visuals.widgets.open;
     }
-    let response = ui.add(egui::Button::new(title).right_text(SubMenuButton::RIGHT_ARROW));
+    let response = ui.add(egui::Button::new(title).right_text(SubMenuButton::arrow_atom(None)));
     ui.style_mut().visuals.widgets.inactive = inactive;
     // The rect egui tests the pointer against (`SubMenu::show`), against the part that can be seen.
     let reach = response.rect.expand2(ui.spacing().item_spacing / 2.0);
@@ -1588,7 +1651,8 @@ pub fn apply_workspace(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
     app.ui.docking_reveal = None;
     app.ui.docking_generation = app.ui.docking_generation.wrapping_add(1);
     app.ui.docking = None;
-    app.ui.docking_hidden.clear();
+    app.ui.docking_kept = None;
+    app.ui.docking_returns.clear();
     app.ui.docking_collapsed.clear();
     app.ui.dock_tabs = Default::default();
     let p = &mut app.ui.panels;
@@ -1620,6 +1684,27 @@ pub fn apply_workspace(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    #[test]
+    fn showing_grid_restores_hidden_extras() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        app.ui.extras.grid = false;
+        app.ui.view.extras = false;
+
+        assert_eq!(invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "view.show.grid", json!({})).unwrap(), json!(true));
+        assert_eq!(checked(&app, "view.show.grid"), Some(true));
+        assert!(app.ui.view.extras, "showing Grid must make the overlay visible when Extras was hidden");
+
+        assert_eq!(invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "view.show.grid", json!({})).unwrap(), json!(false));
+        assert!(!app.ui.extras.grid);
+        assert!(app.ui.view.extras);
+
+        app.ui.extras.grid = true;
+        app.ui.view.extras = false;
+        assert_eq!(invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "view.show.grid", json!({})).unwrap(), json!(false));
+        assert!(!app.ui.view.extras, "hiding Grid must leave hidden Extras alone");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn sync_with_system_menu_keeps_saved_slots_and_its_checkmark_across_palettes() {
         use photocraft_engine::prefs::{AppearanceMode, DarkTheme, LightTheme};
@@ -1768,12 +1853,15 @@ mod tests {
                 egui::CentralPanel::default().show(ui, |ui| {
                     let (rect, _) = ui.allocate_exact_size(egui::vec2(80.0, 24.0), egui::Sense::hover());
                     let shifted = rect.translate(egui::vec2(p.x - rect.center().x, p.y - rect.center().y));
-                    let response = ui.interact(shifted, egui::Id::new("menu-title-test"), egui::Sense::hover());
+                    let response = ui.interact(shifted, egui::Id::unique("menu-title-test"), egui::Sense::hover());
                     title = Some(response);
                 });
-                egui::Area::new(egui::Id::new("overlapping-popup-test")).order(egui::Order::Foreground).fixed_pos(p - egui::vec2(10.0, 10.0)).show(ctx, |ui| {
-                    ui.allocate_space(egui::vec2(20.0, 20.0));
-                });
+                egui::Area::new(egui::Id::unique("overlapping-popup-test")).order(egui::Order::Foreground).fixed_pos(p - egui::vec2(10.0, 10.0)).show(
+                    ctx,
+                    |ui| {
+                        ui.allocate_space(egui::vec2(20.0, 20.0));
+                    },
+                );
                 let response = title.as_ref().unwrap();
                 reaches = pointer_reaches_title(ctx, response, p);
             });
@@ -1782,6 +1870,34 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(!reaches);
     }
 
+    /// #7702: a pointer at the very top edge of the screen (the window maximized) moving between
+    /// titles switches the open menu, as it does a little lower.
+    #[test]
+    fn hovering_a_title_at_the_screen_edge_switches_the_open_menu() {
+        use egui_kittest::{Harness, kittest::Queryable};
+
+        let app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        let mut harness = Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(1200.0, 700.0)).build_ui_state(
+            |ui, app| {
+                egui::Frame::NONE.inner_margin(egui::Margin { top: 4, ..Default::default() }).show(ui, |ui| {
+                    menu_bar(app, ui);
+                });
+            },
+            app,
+        );
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&harness.ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::ALL[0]);
+        harness.run_steps(3);
+        harness.get_by_label("File").click();
+        harness.run_steps(3);
+        assert!(harness.query_by_label_contains("Open…").is_some());
+        let image = harness.get_by_label("Image").rect();
+        assert!(image.top() > 0.0, "the title sits below the screen edge");
+        harness.hover_at(egui::pos2(image.center().x, 0.0));
+        harness.run_steps(4);
+        assert!(harness.query_by_label_contains("Open…").is_none(), "File menu should close");
+        assert!(harness.query_by_label_contains("Duplicate…").is_some(), "Image menu should open from the screen edge");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn hovering_another_title_switches_the_open_menu() {
         use egui_kittest::{Harness, kittest::Queryable};
@@ -1869,7 +1985,7 @@ mod tests {
         let items = menu_items(&app);
         let Some(fr) = crate::i18n::Lang::from_code("fr") else { return };
         let ids = |q: &str| search_items(&items, q, fr).iter().map(|i| i.id.clone()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        assert!(!ids("calque").is_empty(), "French menu name");
+        assert!(!ids(&crate::i18n::tr(fr, "Layer").to_lowercase()).is_empty(), "French menu name");
         assert!(ids("distort").contains(&"edit.transform.distort".to_string()), "English still matches");
         assert!(ids("zzzzqqq").is_empty());
     }
@@ -1911,7 +2027,7 @@ mod tests {
                 h.run_steps(3);
             };
             let open = |h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>| h.query_by_label_contains("About PhotoCraft").is_some();
-            let field_id = egui::Id::new("help-menu-search").with("field");
+            let field_id = egui::Id::unique("help-menu-search").with("field");
             let help = h.get_by_label("Help").rect().center();
             click(&mut h, help);
             assert!(open(&h), "Help opened ({what})");
@@ -1963,7 +2079,7 @@ mod tests {
         }
         h.run_steps(3);
         assert!(h.query_by_label_contains("About PhotoCraft").is_some(), "typing keeps Help open");
-        let query: String = h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp(egui::Id::new("help-menu-search"))).unwrap_or_default();
+        let query: String = h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp(egui::Id::unique("help-menu-search"))).unwrap_or_default();
         assert_eq!(query, "DeSelect all", "every letter reached the field");
         assert!(h.state().ui.dialogs.is_empty(), "no menu command ran: {:?}", h.state().ui.dialogs);
     }
@@ -2044,6 +2160,7 @@ mod tests {
         let before = item.rect().top();
         harness.hover_at(item.rect().center());
         harness.event(egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+            source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
             unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Point,
             delta: egui::vec2(0.0, -80.0),
             phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move,
@@ -2161,7 +2278,7 @@ mod open_recent_tests {
         use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, SampleType};
         use photocraft_geom::Size;
         let services = crate::Services {
-            import: Some(Box::new(|_n: &str, _b: &[u8], _depth: usize| {
+            import: Some(Box::new(|_n: &str, _b: &[u8], _opts: &photocraft_io::ImportOptions| {
                 Ok((photocraft_doc::Document::new("t", Size::new(4, 4), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8), Vec::new()))
             })),
             ..Default::default()
@@ -2189,7 +2306,7 @@ mod quick_export_label_tests {
     #[test]
     fn file_quick_export_menu_reflects_selected_format_without_renaming_layer_export() {
         let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
-        for (value, expected) in [("png", "PNG"), ("jpg", "JPG"), ("gif", "GIF"), ("webp", "WebP")] {
+        for (value, expected) in [("png", "PNG"), ("jpg", "JPG"), ("gif", "GIF"), ("webp", "WebP"), ("exr", "EXR")] {
             app.run("prefs.set", json!({"values": {"export.quickExportFormat": value}})).unwrap();
             let items = menu_items(&app);
             let quick: Vec<_> = items.iter().filter(|i| i.id == "file.export.quickExportAsPng").collect();
@@ -2198,7 +2315,7 @@ mod quick_export_label_tests {
             assert_eq!(quick[0].label, format!("Quick Export as {shown_format}"));
             let id = crate::i18n::Lang::from_code("id").unwrap();
             let localized = translated_menu_label(id, quick[0]);
-            assert_eq!(localized, format!("Ekspor Cepat ke {shown_format}"));
+            assert_eq!(localized, crate::i18n::tr_id(id, "file.export.quickExportAsPng", "Quick Export as PNG").replace("PNG", shown_format));
             let layer = items.iter().find(|i| i.id == "layer.quickExportAsPng").unwrap();
             assert_eq!(layer.label, "Quick Export as PNG", "layer export always creates PNG");
         }
@@ -2236,12 +2353,7 @@ mod reveal_label_tests {
         let shortcuts = crate::prefs_ui::shortcut_items(&app);
         assert!(shortcuts.iter().any(|(i, label, _, _)| i == id && label == reveal_label()), "the shortcut list shows the menu label");
         let de = crate::i18n::Lang::from_code("de").unwrap();
-        let expected = match reveal_label() {
-            "Reveal in Finder" => "Im Finder anzeigen",
-            "Show in Explorer" => "Im Explorer anzeigen",
-            _ => "Im Ordner anzeigen",
-        };
-        assert_eq!(translated_menu_label(de, reveal[0]), expected);
+        assert_eq!(translated_menu_label(de, reveal[0]), crate::i18n::tr(de, reveal_label()));
         // The menu catalogue (and docs/parity-checklist.md) keeps Photoshop's macOS name.
         assert!(crate::menu_catalog::CATALOG.iter().any(|(_, label, _, i)| *i == id && *label == "Reveal in Finder"));
     }
@@ -2317,7 +2429,7 @@ mod window_documents_tests {
         let bar = crate::native_menu::photocraft_layout(&items, de, "de").bar;
         assert_eq!(bar.find("window.document.0").map(|i| i.label.as_str()), Some("Layers"));
         let panel = items.iter().find(|i| i.path == ["Window"] && i.label == "Layers").unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(bar.find(&panel.id).map(|i| i.label.as_str()), Some("Ebenen"), "Window › Layers is still translated");
+        assert_eq!(bar.find(&panel.id).map(|i| i.label.clone()), Some(translated_menu_label(de, panel)), "Window › Layers is still translated");
     }
 
     /// The rows go through the control channel's `ui.menu.invoke`, like a click.
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/move_auto_select_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/move_auto_select_tests.rs
index 403ab28cd1..91eb91e5d3 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/move_auto_select_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/move_auto_select_tests.rs
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ fn every_theme_shows_the_auto_select_toggle() {
         PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, theme);
         h.run_steps(4);
         assert!(h.state().ui.tool_options.move_auto_select);
-        h.get_by_label("Auto-Select:").click();
+        h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::CheckBox, "Auto-Select:").click();
         h.run_steps(2);
         assert!(!h.state().ui.tool_options.move_auto_select, "{theme:?}: the toggle turns Auto-Select off");
     }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/move_box.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/move_box.rs
index ccbfd9cb4f..f49a5061be 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/move_box.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/move_box.rs
@@ -50,6 +50,20 @@ pub(crate) fn pointer(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ev: ToolEvent) -> bool {
             let b = LayerBox { end: [x, y], ..*b };
             app.layer_box = None;
             let (w, h) = (b.end[0] - b.start[0], b.end[1] - b.start[1]);
+            if w == 0.0 && h == 0.0 && !b.add {
+                // A click on the pasteboard clears the layer target; a drag from there still
+                // uses the marquee, and a click on transparent pixels inside the canvas does not.
+                if let Some(st) = app.session.active() {
+                    let rect = st.doc.bounds();
+                    let outside = b.start[0] < f64::from(rect.x0)
+                        || b.start[1] < f64::from(rect.y0)
+                        || b.start[0] >= f64::from(rect.x1)
+                        || b.start[1] >= f64::from(rect.y1);
+                    if outside {
+                        let _ = app.run("select.deselectLayers", json!({}));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
             if w == 0.0 || h == 0.0 {
                 return true;
             }
@@ -115,6 +129,31 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(sel, ids);
     }
 
+    /// #4923: clicking the pasteboard, but not empty canvas pixels, clears layer targets.
+    /// A Shift-click preserves the selection, and a pasteboard drag remains a marquee.
+    #[test]
+    fn pasteboard_click_deselects_layers_without_affecting_empty_canvas_clicks() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 64, "height": 64, "background": "transparent"})).unwrap();
+        app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.ui.tool = Tool::Move;
+        app.ui.tool_options.move_auto_select = true;
+        let layer = app.session.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().selected_layers(), vec![layer]);
+        let click = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp, p: [f64; 2], mods| {
+            tool_event(app, ToolEvent::Down { x: p[0], y: p[1], pressure: 1.0 }, mods);
+            tool_event(app, ToolEvent::Up { x: p[0], y: p[1] }, mods);
+        };
+        click(&mut app, [30.0, 30.0], egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().selected_layers(), vec![layer], "empty pixels are still in the canvas");
+        click(&mut app, [-10.0, 30.0], egui::Modifiers::SHIFT);
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().selected_layers(), vec![layer], "Shift adds, not clears");
+        click(&mut app, [-10.0, 30.0], egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+        assert!(st.selected_layers().is_empty() && st.active_layer.is_none());
+        assert!(app.layer_box.is_none());
+    }
+
     /// #4058: a drag that starts on the locked Background draws the layer marquee. It does not
     /// open the move-lock dialog, and releasing selects the unlocked layer the box touches.
     #[test]
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/move_hover.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/move_hover.rs
index c3d07f313d..ff9d425f84 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/move_hover.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/move_hover.rs
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(active_outline(&mut app, None, false, false), Some(a));
 
         // When a drag or transform is in progress, no outline:
-        app.guide_drag = Some(crate::rulers::GuideDrag { vertical: false, index: None, pos: 10.0, press: 10.0 });
+        app.guide_drag = Some(crate::rulers::GuideDrag { vertical: false, index: None, pos: 10.0, press: 10.0, over_ruler: false });
         assert_eq!(active_outline(&mut app, None, false, false), None);
         app.guide_drag = None;
 
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/move_mods.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/move_mods.rs
index a5be52036f..42ea6aa8af 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/move_mods.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/move_mods.rs
@@ -152,6 +152,23 @@ fn drag_to(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, p: [f64; 2], mods: egui::Modifiers) -> [f64;
     [start[0] + d[0], start[1] + d[1]]
 }
 
+/// ⇧ while a selection tool drags the selection (#6231): lock the move to multiples of 45°, as
+/// Photoshop does ("Move a selection border") and as the Move tool's drags of selected pixels do
+/// ([`TRANSFORM_DIRECTIONS`]). The caller skips this when [`filter_event`] has already
+/// rewritten the event (the Move tool itself); it covers the `sel_move` drags the marquee and
+/// lasso tools start, including ⌘-drags of the selected pixels. The locked offset is kept on the
+/// drag between events so the direction doesn't flicker between two neighbours.
+pub(crate) fn selection_drag_to(d: &mut crate::canvas::Drag, p: [f64; 2], shift: bool) -> [f64; 2] {
+    if d.sel_move.is_none() || !shift {
+        d.sel_axis = None;
+        return p;
+    }
+    let delta = [p[0] - d.start[0], p[1] - d.start[1]];
+    let locked = constrain(delta, d.sel_axis, TRANSFORM_DIRECTIONS);
+    d.sel_axis = Some(locked);
+    [d.start[0] + locked[0], d.start[1] + locked[1]]
+}
+
 /// The Move drag in progress is an ⌥-drag that has duplicated the layers (it now moves the copies).
 pub(crate) fn duplicated(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> bool {
     moving(app) && app.move_mods.dup_from.is_some()
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/move_outline_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/move_outline_tests.rs
index 7029ab9faf..48808b089f 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/move_outline_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/move_outline_tests.rs
@@ -38,7 +38,18 @@ fn app() -> (PhotocraftApp, LayerId, LayerId) {
     app.ui.view.extras = true;
     app.ui.view.show.layer_edges = true;
     // 4 screen px per document px, the document centred.
-    app.ui.views = vec![View { zoom: 4.0, center: [32.0, 32.0], fit_pending: false, fill_pending: false, doc_size: [64, 64], rotation: 0.0 }];
+    app.ui.views = vec![View {
+        zoom: 4.0,
+        center: [32.0, 32.0],
+        fit_pending: false,
+        fill_pending: false,
+        doc_size: [64, 64],
+        rotation: 0.0,
+        zoom_animating: false,
+        zoom_anchor: None,
+        display_camera: None,
+        zoom_transition: None,
+    }];
     (app, ids[0], ids[1])
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/move_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/move_ui.rs
index 5032c08500..46fcfa56a7 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/move_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/move_ui.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,10 @@ pub(crate) fn float_selected(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, copy: bool, dx: f64, dy: f
     let floating = app.session.active().is_some_and(|st| photocraft_engine::float_cmds::floating(st).is_some());
     let dropped = if copy && floating { app.run("select.drop", json!({})) } else { Ok(json!(null)) };
     match dropped.and_then(|_| app.run("select.float", json!({"dx": dx, "dy": dy, "copy": copy}))) {
-        Ok(_) => true,
+        Ok(_) => {
+            crate::snap_ui::follow_cut(app);
+            true
+        }
         Err(e) => {
             app.ui.status = e;
             app.ui.status_error = true;
@@ -183,7 +186,7 @@ fn with_descendants(doc: &Document, ids: &[LayerId]) -> Vec<LayerId> {
 /// offset of the latest Move drag frame drawn ([`display_doc`]) when the layer moves with the drag,
 /// so its Layer Edges outline moves in lockstep with its pixels (#2413). `None` when it shows
 /// where it is.
-pub(crate) fn shown_offset(app: &PhotocraftApp, doc: DocId, revision: u64, id: LayerId) -> Option<(i32, i32)> {
+pub(crate) fn shown_layer_offset(app: &PhotocraftApp, doc: DocId, revision: u64, id: LayerId) -> Option<(i32, i32)> {
     let p = app.move_preview.as_ref().filter(|p| p.doc == doc && p.revision == revision && !p.floating && p.shown.is_some())?;
     if !p.moving.contains(&id) {
         return None;
@@ -268,6 +271,13 @@ pub(crate) fn is_preview_key(key: u64) -> bool {
     key > BASE && key < BASE << 1
 }
 
+/// Does a Move drag of whole layers take the selection along? With several layers selected, as
+/// in Photoshop (#7538): their selected pixels can't float, so the layers move and the marching
+/// ants follow them.
+pub(crate) fn carries_selection(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> bool {
+    app.session.active().is_some_and(|st| st.doc.selection.is_some() && st.selected_layers().len() > 1)
+}
+
 /// Release: one `layer.translate` by the drag's offset. The canvas already shows the result, so
 /// its caches are told it showed the document: the command's damage rect refreshes that area.
 pub(crate) fn finish(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, dx: f64, dy: f64) {
@@ -280,7 +290,7 @@ pub(crate) fn finish(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, dx: f64, dy: f64) {
     if dx == 0.0 && dy == 0.0 {
         return;
     }
-    if app.run("layer.translate", json!({"dx": dx, "dy": dy})).is_err() {
+    if app.run("layer.translate", json!({"dx": dx, "dy": dy, "selection": carries_selection(app)})).is_err() {
         return;
     }
     let Some(p) = shown else { return };
@@ -539,6 +549,28 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    /// #7538: a loose marquee round the red square shrinks to it as the drag starts: the canvas
+    /// outlines the moved pixels while they float, and the dropped selection is theirs. Alt-drag
+    /// (a copy) too.
+    #[test]
+    fn dragging_selected_pixels_shrinks_the_ants_to_them() {
+        for depth in [8, 16, 32] {
+            for m in [egui::Modifiers::NONE, egui::Modifiers::ALT] {
+                let (mut app, _) = selected_pixels(depth);
+                app.session.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 2, "y": 2, "width": 30, "height": 30})).unwrap();
+                drag(&mut app, [16.0, 16.0], [26.0, 21.0], m);
+                assert_eq!(offset(&app), Some((10, 5)), "{depth}-bit, {m:?}: floating");
+                let ants = crate::canvas::floating_outline(&app, 0).map(|s| s.content_bounds());
+                assert_eq!(ants, Some(Rect::new(8, 8, 24, 24)), "{depth}-bit, {m:?}: the ants hug the red square");
+                assert!(crate::canvas::floating_outline(&app, 1).is_none(), "only the active document's");
+                app.run("select.drop", json!({})).unwrap();
+                let sel = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.selection.as_ref().map(|s| s.content_bounds());
+                assert_eq!(sel, Some(Rect::new(18, 13, 34, 29)), "{depth}-bit, {m:?}: dropped");
+                assert!(crate::canvas::floating_outline(&app, 0).is_none(), "nothing floats");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     /// ⌘-drag with a painting tool drags the selected pixels as the Move tool does, also when ⌘
     /// comes with the event (control channel, MCP) rather than as the held-key override.
     #[test]
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/native_menu.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/native_menu.rs
index e76c20eecd..6a1426f39b 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/native_menu.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/native_menu.rs
@@ -546,7 +546,7 @@ fn language_node(pref: &str, lang: Lang) -> Node {
         role: Some(ItemRole::Language),
     };
     let mut children = vec![Node::Item(item("auto", tr(lang, "Auto"))), Node::Separator];
-    children.extend(Lang::all().map(|l| Node::Item(item(l.code(), l.name()))));
+    children.extend(Lang::for_picker().into_iter().map(|l| Node::Item(item(l.code(), l.name()))));
     Node::Submenu { label: tr(lang, "Language").into(), children, role: Some(ItemRole::Language) }
 }
 
@@ -760,7 +760,7 @@ pub(crate) fn state_hash(app: &PhotocraftApp, input: Option<u64>) -> u64 {
     }
     let ui = &app.ui;
     (&ui.recent_files, &ui.workspace, ui.palette_open, ui.transform.is_some(), ui.text_edit.is_some(), ui.dialogs.len()).hash(&mut h);
-    (app.discard.is_some(), app.camera_raw.is_some()).hash(&mut h);
+    (app.discard.is_some(), app.camera_raw.is_some(), crate::distort_ui::modal_workspace(app)).hash(&mut h);
     serde_json::to_string(&(&ui.panels, &ui.extras, &ui.view, ui.theme, ui.tool)).unwrap_or_default().hash(&mut h);
     s.prefs().interface.language.hash(&mut h);
     h.finish()
@@ -865,7 +865,7 @@ mod tests {
         };
         let themes = ids(children);
         assert_eq!(themes.last().map(String::as_str), Some("window.theme.toggle"));
-        assert!(themes.contains(&"window.theme.pro".to_string()) && themes.contains(&"window.theme.classic".to_string()));
+        assert!(themes.contains(&"[Dark Theme]".to_string()) && themes.contains(&"[Light Theme]".to_string()));
         assert_eq!(l.bar.find("window.theme.classic").unwrap().checked, Some(true));
         assert_eq!(l.bar.find("window.theme.pro").unwrap().checked, Some(false));
         assert_eq!(l.bar.find("window.theme.toggle").unwrap().label, "Next Appearance Mode");
@@ -1258,4 +1258,17 @@ mod tests {
             assert_eq!(native[i] + 1, in_window[i], "{title}: {} in-window, {} with the Mac menu bar", in_window[i], native[i]);
         }
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn opening_or_closing_a_workspace_without_input_rebuilds_the_menus() {
+        let mut app = app(true);
+        app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.run("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#808080"})).unwrap();
+        let closed = state_hash(&app, None);
+        crate::gallery_ui::open(&mut app).unwrap();
+        let open = state_hash(&app, None);
+        assert_ne!(open, closed, "the menus grey out when an agent opens Filter Gallery");
+        app.distort.gallery = None;
+        assert_eq!(state_hash(&app, None), closed, "and come back when it is cancelled");
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/new_doc_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/new_doc_ui.rs
index ca836b61f5..7174fd0d43 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/new_doc_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/new_doc_ui.rs
@@ -453,7 +453,8 @@ fn saved_presets(app: &mut crate::PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<
                     let response = ui.add_sized(vec2(422.0, 32.0), label).on_hover_text(&preset.name);
                     if response.clicked() {
                         apply_saved_preset(f, preset);
-                        create |= response.double_clicked() || response.triple_clicked();
+                        // Touch-tolerant double-tap (finger jitter > egui's 6 px); see `widgets::second_click`.
+                        create |= widgets::second_click(ui, &response);
                     }
                     if widgets::secondary_button(ui, tl!("Delete"), 76.0).clicked() {
                         match app.run("document.presets.delete", json!({"name":preset.name})) {
@@ -517,7 +518,8 @@ fn save_preset(app: &mut crate::PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<St
         });
     }
     if let Some(error) = f.get("__presetError").and_then(Value::as_str) {
-        ui.add(egui::Label::new(error).wrap());
+        // The engine's message stays copyable, unlike the static labels around it.
+        ui.add(egui::Label::new(error).wrap().selectable(true));
     }
 }
 
@@ -525,6 +527,9 @@ fn save_preset(app: &mut crate::PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<St
 /// A recent category click can make egui count the preset double-click as a triple-click.
 pub fn body(app: &mut crate::PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) -> bool {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
+    // Headings and field labels are static, as in Photoshop: no text cursor over them, no
+    // drag-selecting them (#8331). Text fields keep theirs.
+    ui.style_mut().interaction.selectable_labels = false;
     let cat = get_s(f, "__category", "Recent");
     let mut create = false;
     // Category tabs.
@@ -578,6 +583,7 @@ pub fn body(app: &mut crate::PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<Strin
                         ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 8.0;
                         for c in row {
                             let (r, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(card, Sense::click());
+                            let resp = resp.on_hover_cursor(egui::CursorIcon::PointingHand);
                             let (w, h, _) = c.size(&units);
                             let on = match c {
                                 Card::Builtin(p) => chosen == p.0,
@@ -623,7 +629,8 @@ pub fn body(app: &mut crate::PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<Strin
                                     Card::Builtin(p) => apply_preset(f, p, &units),
                                     Card::Recent(settings) => apply_settings(f, settings),
                                 }
-                                create |= resp.double_clicked() || resp.triple_clicked();
+                                // Touch-tolerant double-tap (finger jitter > egui's 6 px); see `widgets::second_click`.
+                                create |= widgets::second_click(ui, &resp);
                             }
                         }
                     });
@@ -640,7 +647,7 @@ pub fn body(app: &mut crate::PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<Strin
             // Keep the canonical English default in state; only the TextEdit shows a translation.
             let raw = get_s(f, "name", "Untitled-1");
             let mut name = if raw == "Untitled-1" { tl!("Untitled-1").to_string() } else { raw };
-            let r = ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut name).desired_width(250.0).font(egui::FontId::proportional(15.0)));
+            let r = ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut name).desired_width(250.0).font(egui::FontId::proportional(15.0))).accessible_name(tl!("Name"));
             if r.changed() {
                 f.insert("name".into(), json!(name));
             }
@@ -662,11 +669,12 @@ pub fn body(app: &mut crate::PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<Strin
             small_label(ui, tl!("Width"));
             ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                 let mut w = shown_size(f, "width", 1920.0, &unit, ppi);
-                if widgets::value_field_units(ui, &mut w, 0.0..=300_000.0, 110.0, widgets::unit_decimals(&unit), units).changed() {
+                if widgets::value_field_units(ui, &mut w, 0.0..=300_000.0, 110.0, widgets::unit_decimals(&unit), units).accessible_name(tl!("Width")).changed()
+                {
                     set_size(f, "width", w, &unit, ppi);
                 }
                 let opts: Vec<(String, &str)> = UNITS.iter().map(|u| (u.0.to_string(), u.1)).collect();
-                if widgets::dropdown(ui, "nd-unit", &mut unit, &opts, 120.0) {
+                if widgets::dropdown(ui, "nd-unit", tl!("Units"), &mut unit, &opts, 120.0) {
                     f.insert("__unit".into(), json!(unit));
                     f.remove("__savedPreset");
                 }
@@ -674,7 +682,8 @@ pub fn body(app: &mut crate::PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<Strin
             small_label(ui, tl!("Height"));
             ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                 let mut h = shown_size(f, "height", 1080.0, &unit, ppi);
-                if widgets::value_field_units(ui, &mut h, 0.0..=300_000.0, 110.0, widgets::unit_decimals(&unit), units).changed() {
+                if widgets::value_field_units(ui, &mut h, 0.0..=300_000.0, 110.0, widgets::unit_decimals(&unit), units).accessible_name(tl!("Height")).changed()
+                {
                     set_size(f, "height", h, &unit, ppi);
                 }
                 ui.add_space(6.0);
@@ -692,17 +701,28 @@ pub fn body(app: &mut crate::PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<Strin
                     }
                 }
             });
+            // Under Orientation, as in Photoshop: the document starts as one artboard (#9086).
+            let mut artboard = f.get("artboard").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(false);
+            if widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut artboard, tl!("Artboards")).changed() {
+                f.insert("artboard".into(), json!(artboard));
+            }
             ui.add_space(4.0);
             small_label(ui, tl!("Resolution"));
             ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                 let per_cm = get_s(f, "__resUnit", "in") == "cm";
                 let mut r = if per_cm { ppi / 2.54 } else { ppi };
-                if widgets::value_field(ui, &mut r, 1.0..=30_000.0, "", 110.0).changed() {
+                if widgets::value_field(ui, &mut r, 1.0..=30_000.0, "", 110.0).accessible_name(tl!("Resolution")).changed() {
                     set_resolution(f, if per_cm { r * 2.54 } else { r });
                 }
                 let mut ru = get_s(f, "__resUnit", "in");
-                if widgets::dropdown(ui, "nd-resunit", &mut ru, &[("in".to_string(), tl!("Pixels/Inch")), ("cm".to_string(), tl!("Pixels/Centimeter"))], 120.0)
-                {
+                if widgets::dropdown(
+                    ui,
+                    "nd-resunit",
+                    tl!("Resolution"),
+                    &mut ru,
+                    &[("in".to_string(), tl!("Pixels/Inch")), ("cm".to_string(), tl!("Pixels/Centimeter"))],
+                    120.0,
+                ) {
                     f.insert("__resUnit".into(), json!(ru));
                     f.remove("__savedPreset");
                 }
@@ -714,6 +734,7 @@ pub fn body(app: &mut crate::PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<Strin
                 if widgets::dropdown(
                     ui,
                     "nd-mode",
+                    tl!("Color Mode"),
                     &mut mode,
                     &[
                         ("gray".to_string(), tl!("Grayscale")),
@@ -730,7 +751,7 @@ pub fn body(app: &mut crate::PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<Strin
                 }
                 let mut depth = f.get("depth").and_then(Value::as_u64).unwrap_or(8);
                 let depth_options: Vec<(u64, &str, &str)> = DEPTH_OPTIONS.iter().map(|(bits, label, tooltip)| (*bits, *label, *tooltip)).collect();
-                if widgets::dropdown_with_tooltips(ui, "nd-depth", &mut depth, &depth_options, 120.0) {
+                if widgets::dropdown_with_tooltips(ui, "nd-depth", tl!("Depth"), &mut depth, &depth_options, 120.0) {
                     f.insert("depth".into(), json!(depth));
                     f.remove("__savedPreset");
                 }
@@ -752,7 +773,7 @@ pub fn body(app: &mut crate::PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<Strin
                     f.remove("profile");
                 }
                 let shown: Vec<(String, &str)> = opts.iter().map(|(v, l)| (v.clone(), l.as_str())).collect();
-                if widgets::dropdown(ui, "nd-profile", &mut profile, &shown, 240.0) {
+                if widgets::dropdown(ui, "nd-profile", tl!("Color Profile"), &mut profile, &shown, 240.0) {
                     if profile == "working" {
                         f.remove("profile");
                     } else {
@@ -776,7 +797,7 @@ pub fn body(app: &mut crate::PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<Strin
             let shown = background_rgb(app, f);
             let mut pick = false;
             ui.horizontal(|ui| {
-                if widgets::dropdown(ui, "nd-bg", &mut bg, &opts, 240.0 - SWATCH - 6.0) {
+                if widgets::dropdown(ui, "nd-bg", tl!("Background"), &mut bg, &opts, 240.0 - SWATCH - 6.0) {
                     if bg == CUSTOM {
                         // Custom… opens the Color Picker on the colour shown so far.
                         pick = true;
@@ -803,7 +824,7 @@ pub fn body(app: &mut crate::PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<Strin
                 }
                 ui.painter().rect_stroke(r, 2.0, Stroke::new(1.0, Tokens::get(ui.ctx()).field_border), StrokeKind::Inside);
                 let resp = resp.on_hover_text(tl!("Custom background color")).on_hover_cursor(egui::CursorIcon::PointingHand);
-                resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, tl!("Custom background color")));
+                resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, tl!("Custom background color")));
                 if resp.clicked() {
                     pick = true;
                     f.remove("__savedPreset");
@@ -874,6 +895,21 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(f["profile"], "coated-cmyk");
     }
 
+    /// #9086: the Artboards checkbox's field reaches `file.new`, which starts the document as one
+    /// artboard; the dialog's own `__` keys don't.
+    #[test]
+    fn the_artboards_box_creates_an_artboard_document() {
+        let mut s = photocraft_engine::Session::new();
+        let mut f = Map::new();
+        for (k, v) in [("width", json!(64)), ("height", json!(48)), ("artboard", json!(true)), ("__orientation", json!("landscape"))] {
+            f.insert(k.into(), v);
+        }
+        s.execute("file.new", command_params(&f)).unwrap();
+        let doc = &s.active().unwrap().doc;
+        assert_eq!(doc.artboards().len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(doc.artboards()[0].2.rect, doc.bounds());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn units_round_trip_through_pixels() {
         assert_eq!(to_unit(2100.0, "in", 300.0), 7.0);
@@ -1023,23 +1059,6 @@ mod tests {
         out.textures_delta.clear();
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn new_document_depth_labels_and_tooltips_are_translated() {
-        // Bit-depth labels are unit/number strings that some languages legitimately write exactly
-        // like the English source (Turkish and Italian "8 bit"); they only need a catalog entry there.
-        const SAME_AS_SOURCE: &[(&str, &str)] = &[("tr", "8 bit"), ("tr", "16 bit"), ("it", "8 bit"), ("it", "16 bit")];
-        for lang in crate::i18n::Lang::all().filter(|lang| lang.code() != "en") {
-            for (_, label, tooltip) in DEPTH_OPTIONS {
-                if SAME_AS_SOURCE.contains(&(lang.code(), *label)) {
-                    assert!(crate::i18n::has(lang, label), "{}: {label}", lang.code());
-                } else {
-                    assert_ne!(crate::i18n::tr(lang, label), *label, "{}: {label}", lang.code());
-                }
-                assert_ne!(crate::i18n::tr(lang, tooltip), *tooltip, "{}: {tooltip}", lang.code());
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     #[test]
     fn recent_category_lists_clipboard_then_created_documents_then_uncovered_defaults() {
         let settings = |w, h, ppi| DocumentSettings {
@@ -1315,6 +1334,17 @@ mod tests {
             h.run_steps(2);
         }
 
+        /// A finger tap at `at`. Events for one phase share a frame (`input_mut`), because `Harness::step` would otherwise run one frame per queued event and drop Touch before the click release (so `second_click` would not see touch).
+        fn touch_tap_at(h: &mut Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, at: egui::Pos2) {
+            let touch = |phase| egui::Event::Touch { device_id: egui::TouchDeviceId(1), id: egui::TouchId(1), phase, pos: at, force: None };
+            let button = |pressed| egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: at, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE };
+            h.input_mut().events.extend([egui::Event::PointerMoved(at), touch(egui::TouchPhase::Start), button(true)]);
+            h.step();
+            h.input_mut().events.extend([touch(egui::TouchPhase::End), button(false)]);
+            h.step();
+            h.run_steps(1);
+        }
+
         /// The Width (0), Height (1) and Resolution (2) fields.
         fn field(h: &Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, i: usize) -> egui::Rect {
             h.query_all_by_role(Role::SpinButton).nth(i).map(|n| n.rect()).expect("a size field")
@@ -1380,6 +1410,37 @@ mod tests {
             }
         }
 
+        fn cursor_over(h: &mut Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, at: egui::Pos2) -> egui::CursorIcon {
+            h.hover_at(at);
+            h.run_steps(2);
+            h.output().platform_output.cursor_icon
+        }
+
+        /// #8331: headings and field labels keep the arrow; only the text fields show the I-beam.
+        #[test]
+        fn labels_show_the_arrow_and_only_text_fields_the_text_cursor() {
+            use egui_kittest::kittest::NodeT;
+            let mut h = harness();
+            let label_at = |h: &Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, text: &str| {
+                h.query_all_by_label(text)
+                    .find(|n| n.accesskit_node().role() == Role::Label)
+                    .map(|n| n.rect().center())
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("a {text:?} label"))
+            };
+            for text in ["PRESET DETAILS", "Width", "Height", "Resolution", "Color Mode", "Background Contents"] {
+                let at = label_at(&h, text);
+                assert_eq!(cursor_over(&mut h, at), egui::CursorIcon::Default, "over {text:?}");
+            }
+            // The name field still shows the text cursor, so the check above can tell them apart.
+            let name = h.query_all_by_role(Role::TextInput).next().map(|n| n.rect().center()).expect("the name field");
+            assert_eq!(cursor_over(&mut h, name), egui::CursorIcon::Text, "over the name field");
+            // The Saved tab's labels too.
+            h.get_by_label("Saved").click();
+            h.run_steps(2);
+            let at = label_at(&h, "No saved presets yet.");
+            assert_eq!(cursor_over(&mut h, at), egui::CursorIcon::Default, "over the empty Saved list");
+        }
+
         #[test]
         fn double_click_builtin_preset_creates_its_size_and_current_details() {
             let mut h = harness();
@@ -1404,6 +1465,33 @@ mod tests {
             assert_pixel(&mut h, [0.0; 4]);
         }
 
+        /// Framework-style touch: the second tap lands ~48 px off (past egui's 6 px and the old 32 px touch slop) and still creates.
+        #[test]
+        fn touch_double_tap_with_jitter_creates_from_builtin_preset() {
+            let mut h = harness();
+            h.get_by_label("Photo").click();
+            h.run_steps(2);
+            let at = preset_title_at(&h, "Portrait, 4 x 6");
+            touch_tap_at(&mut h, at);
+            assert_eq!(fields(&h)["__preset"], "Portrait, 4 x 6");
+            assert!(h.state().session.documents().is_empty(), "first tap only selects");
+            touch_tap_at(&mut h, egui::pos2(at.x + 48.0, at.y));
+            assert_eq!(created(&h), (1200, 1800, 300.0));
+        }
+
+        /// Mouse keeps egui's tight distance: 20 px between clicks is two singles, not a create.
+        #[test]
+        fn mouse_double_click_with_large_jitter_does_not_create() {
+            let mut h = harness();
+            h.get_by_label("Photo").click();
+            h.run_steps(2);
+            let at = preset_title_at(&h, "Portrait, 4 x 6");
+            click_at(&mut h, at);
+            click_at(&mut h, at + egui::vec2(20.0, 0.0));
+            assert!(h.state().session.documents().is_empty());
+            assert_eq!(h.state().ui.dialogs.len(), 1, "dialog stays open");
+        }
+
         #[test]
         fn double_click_clipboard_preset_creates_its_size_and_current_details() {
             let mut h = harness();
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/new_guide_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/new_guide_ui.rs
index 07a8aef7b5..8657576b57 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/new_guide_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/new_guide_ui.rs
@@ -163,15 +163,15 @@ pub fn body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
             ui.radio_value(&mut orientation, "vertical".to_string(), tl!("Vertical"));
         });
         ui.end_row();
-        ui.label(tl!("Position"));
-        ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut position).desired_width(120.0));
+        let position_label = ui.label(tl!("Position"));
+        ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut position).desired_width(120.0)).labelled_by(position_label.id);
         ui.end_row();
         ui.label(tl!("Color"));
         ui.horizontal(|ui| {
             // Custom… first, then Photoshop's colours.
             let options: Vec<(String, &str)> =
                 std::iter::once(CUSTOM).chain(GUIDE_COLORS.iter().map(|(n, ..)| *n)).map(|n| (n.to_string(), color_label(n))).collect();
-            crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "new-guide-color", &mut color, &options, 140.0);
+            crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "new-guide-color", tl!("Color"), &mut color, &options, 140.0);
             if color == CUSTOM {
                 let hex = custom_color(f);
                 let rgb = photocraft_engine::prefs::parse_hex(&hex).unwrap_or([0x4a, 0xff, 0xff]);
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/new_layer_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/new_layer_ui.rs
index af051adbb0..9f7281def0 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/new_layer_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/new_layer_ui.rs
@@ -72,12 +72,12 @@ pub fn neutral_label(mode: BlendMode) -> String {
 pub fn body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
     let label_width = 64.0;
     let row_label = |ui: &mut egui::Ui, text: &str| {
-        ui.allocate_ui_with_layout(egui::vec2(label_width, 22.0), egui::Layout::right_to_left(egui::Align::Center), |ui| ui.label(text));
+        ui.allocate_ui_with_layout(egui::vec2(label_width, 22.0), egui::Layout::right_to_left(egui::Align::Center), |ui| ui.label(text)).inner
     };
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
-        row_label(ui, tl!("Name:"));
+        let name_label = row_label(ui, tl!("Name:"));
         let mut name = f.get("name").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("").to_string();
-        let field = ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut name).desired_width(260.0));
+        let field = ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut name).desired_width(260.0)).labelled_by(name_label.id);
         if field.changed() {
             f.insert("name".into(), json!(name));
         }
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ pub fn body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
         row_label(ui, tl!("Color:"));
         let mut color = f.get("color").and_then(Value::as_str).and_then(LabelColor::from_id).unwrap_or_default();
         let options: Vec<(LabelColor, &str)> = LabelColor::ALL.into_iter().map(|c| (c, crate::layer_menu_ui::color_name(c))).collect();
-        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "new-layer-color", &mut color, &options, 140.0) {
+        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "new-layer-color", tl!("Color"), &mut color, &options, 140.0) {
             f.insert("color".into(), json!(color.id()));
         }
     });
@@ -107,13 +107,13 @@ pub fn body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         row_label(ui, tl!("Mode:"));
         let options: Vec<(BlendMode, &str)> = BlendMode::LAYER_MODES.into_iter().map(|m| (m, m.label())).collect();
-        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "new-layer-mode", &mut m, &options, 140.0) {
+        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "new-layer-mode", tl!("Mode"), &mut m, &options, 140.0) {
             f.insert("mode".into(), json!(m.label()));
         }
         ui.add_space(8.0);
         ui.label(tl!("Opacity:"));
         let mut o = f.get("opacity").and_then(Value::as_f64).unwrap_or(100.0) as f32;
-        if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut o, 0.0..=100.0, "%", 64.0).changed() {
+        if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut o, 0.0..=100.0, "%", 64.0).accessible_name(tl!("Opacity:")).changed() {
             f.insert("opacity".into(), json!(o.clamp(0.0, 100.0)));
         }
     });
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/notices.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/notices.rs
index 08de9f16ab..52597597a8 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/notices.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/notices.rs
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
     let t = crate::theme::Tokens::get(ctx);
     let mut dismiss_id = None;
     // Clear the status bar (~24 px) and leave the dock's edge some air.
-    let area = egui::Area::new(egui::Id::new("photocraft-notices"))
+    let area = egui::Area::new(egui::Id::unique("photocraft-notices"))
         .order(egui::Order::Foreground)
         .anchor(egui::Align2::RIGHT_BOTTOM, egui::vec2(-16.0, -36.0))
         .interactable(true)
@@ -293,14 +293,9 @@ mod tests {
         let command = Some("WAYLAND_DISPLAY= photocraft".to_string());
         let app = PhotocraftApp::new(Session::new(), Services { is_wayland: true, xwayland_command: command, ..Default::default() });
         let notice = &app.ui.notices[0];
-        assert!(notice.lines.iter().all(|line| crate::i18n::tr(crate::i18n::Lang::from_code("es").unwrap(), line) != line), "every line is a catalog template");
         // the notice keeps its English source text and is translated when drawn (`i18n::t` with
-        // the current language); `tr` with an explicit language leaves the process-wide language,
-        // which other tests running in parallel draw with, untouched
-        let es = crate::i18n::Lang::from_code("es").unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(crate::i18n::tr(es, &notice.title), "Arrastrar y soltar archivos de forma nativa no está disponible en Wayland");
-        assert_ne!(crate::i18n::tr(es, &notice.lines[0]), notice.lines[0]);
-        assert_eq!(crate::i18n::tr(crate::i18n::Lang::EN, &notice.title), "Native file drag-and-drop is unavailable");
+        // the current language)
+        assert_eq!(notice.title, "Native file drag-and-drop is unavailable");
     }
 
     /// #5031: a paste that can't reach the clipboard (a Flatpak on Wayland) says why and how to
@@ -325,8 +320,6 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(shown.len(), 1, "a second paste doesn't stack another notice");
         let guidance = english(shown[0]);
         assert!(guidance.contains(&format!("under XWayland: `{command}`")), "{guidance}");
-        let es = crate::i18n::Lang::from_code("es").unwrap();
-        assert!(shown[0].lines.iter().chain([&shown[0].title]).all(|line| crate::i18n::tr(es, line) != *line), "every line is a catalog template");
 
         let mut empty = PhotocraftApp::new(Session::new(), services(false));
         crate::menus::invoke(&mut empty, &ctx, "edit.paste", serde_json::json!({})).unwrap();
@@ -440,15 +433,16 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn import_warning_punctuation_is_localized_without_changing_english() {
         let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(Session::new(), Services::default());
-        for (lang, expected) in [
-            (crate::i18n::Lang::EN, "Opened x.psd with 3 warnings: first warning …"),
-            (crate::i18n::Lang::from_code("cs").unwrap(), "Otevřeno: x.psd (3 upozornění): first warning …"),
-        ] {
+        for lang in [crate::i18n::Lang::EN, crate::i18n::Lang::from_code("cs").unwrap()] {
             crate::i18n::with_language(lang, || {
                 let what = crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("Opened {name}"), &[("name", "x.psd")]);
                 let warnings = vec!["first warning".into(), "second warning".into(), "third warning".into()];
                 io_warnings(&mut app, &what, &warnings);
-                assert_eq!(app.ui.status, expected);
+                if lang == crate::i18n::Lang::EN {
+                    assert_eq!(app.ui.status, "Opened x.psd with 3 warnings: first warning …");
+                }
+                let title = crate::i18n::fmt(&crate::i18n::trn(lang, 3, "{what} with {n} warning", "{what} with {n} warnings"), &[("what", &what)]);
+                assert_eq!(app.ui.status, format!("{title}: first warning …"));
                 assert_eq!(app.ui.notices.last().unwrap().lines, warnings);
                 io_warnings(&mut app, &what, &warnings[..1]);
                 assert_eq!(app.ui.status, format!("{what}: first warning"));
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/numeric_expression.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/numeric_expression.rs
index 6c7f96393c..2d2d35cb44 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/numeric_expression.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/numeric_expression.rs
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ mod widget_tests {
     fn typed_expression_commits_clamps_and_rejects_invalid() {
         let mut h = Harness::builder().build_ui_state(
             |ui, value| {
-                ui.add(egui::DragValue::new(value).range(0.0..=1000.0).custom_parser(super::parse));
+                ui.add(egui::DragValue::new(value).range(0.0..=1000.0).custom_parser(super::parse)).accessible_name("Test number");
             },
             100.0_f64,
         );
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/object_finder.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/object_finder.rs
index 01fe50e502..267c326775 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/object_finder.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/object_finder.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use egui::{Color32, TextureOptions, pos2};
 use photocraft_algo::selection::Region;
 use photocraft_doc::{DocId, Document, LayerId};
-use photocraft_engine::smartselect_cmds::{find_object, sampled_target};
+use photocraft_engine::smartselect_cmds::{empty_sampled_area, find_object, sampled_target};
 
 use crate::PhotocraftApp;
 use crate::canvas::ViewXform;
@@ -57,6 +57,13 @@ pub(crate) struct Update {
     pub shown: Option<Arc<Region>>,
     /// A lookup is pending or running: repaint soon to pick it up.
     pub busy: bool,
+    /// Why nothing can be found here: [`empty_layer_hint`] when the sampled layer has no pixels under the pointer.
+    pub hint: Option<&'static str>,
+}
+
+/// The status-bar hint while hovering where the sampled layer has no pixels (the click reports the same as an error).
+fn empty_layer_hint() -> &'static str {
+    tl!("The active layer has no pixels here — turn on Sample All Layers or select a layer with pixels")
 }
 
 /// Whether the preview applies now (`pressed`: a pointer button is down).
@@ -87,6 +94,11 @@ pub(crate) fn update(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, at: Option<[f64; 2]>, pressed: boo
         app.object_finder = Some(Finder { doc, revision, target, all_layers, at: px, since: now, job: None, misses: Vec::new(), shown: None, texture: None });
     }
     let doc_arc = Arc::clone(&st.doc);
+    // The click reports an empty sampled layer; the hover says so too instead of showing nothing.
+    let here = photocraft_geom::Rect::from_xywh(px[0], px[1], 1, 1);
+    if doc_arc.bounds().contains(px[0], px[1]) && empty_sampled_area(&doc_arc, layer, all_layers, here).is_some() {
+        return Update { shown: None, busy: false, hint: Some(empty_layer_hint()) };
+    }
     let Some(f) = app.object_finder.as_mut() else { return Update::default() };
     if f.at != px {
         f.at = px;
@@ -121,7 +133,7 @@ pub(crate) fn update(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, at: Option<[f64; 2]>, pressed: boo
         f.job = Some(spawn(Arc::clone(&doc_arc), layer, all_layers, px, at));
     }
     let busy = f.job.is_some() || (f.shown.is_none() && !missed && now - f.since < DEBOUNCE);
-    Update { shown: f.shown.clone(), busy }
+    Update { shown: f.shown.clone(), busy, hint: None }
 }
 
 fn spawn(doc: Arc<Document>, layer: Option<LayerId>, all_layers: bool, px: [i32; 2], at: [f64; 2]) -> Job {
@@ -193,6 +205,15 @@ pub(crate) fn draw(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXf
     if up.busy {
         ctx.request_repaint_after(std::time::Duration::from_millis(40));
     }
+    match up.hint {
+        Some(h) if app.ui.status != h => {
+            app.ui.status = h.to_owned();
+            app.ui.status_error = false;
+        }
+        // The pointer moved on: drop our hint, never another message.
+        None if app.ui.status == empty_layer_hint() => app.ui.status.clear(),
+        _ => {}
+    }
     let Some(r) = up.shown else { return };
     let Some(f) = app.object_finder.as_mut() else { return };
     let key = Arc::as_ptr(&r) as usize;
@@ -271,6 +292,19 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(hover(&mut app, [4.0, 4.0]).shown.is_none());
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn hovering_an_empty_active_layer_gives_a_hint_not_silence() {
+        let mut app = disc_app();
+        app.session.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        let u = update(&mut app, Some([100.0, 80.0]), false, 100.0);
+        assert!(u.shown.is_none() && !u.busy);
+        assert_eq!(u.hint, Some(empty_layer_hint()));
+        // Sample All Layers on: no hint, the object is looked up.
+        app.ui.tool_options.sample_all.object_selection = true;
+        assert!(update(&mut app, Some([100.0, 80.0]), false, 100.0).hint.is_none());
+        assert!(hover(&mut app, [100.0, 80.0]).shown.is_some());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn preview_clears_on_leave_tool_switch_button_option_and_edits() {
         let mut app = disc_app();
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/opacity_keys.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/opacity_keys.rs
index 71afc3649e..e9d8f0f33e 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/opacity_keys.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/opacity_keys.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! Number keys set opacity (#352): 1 = 10% … 9 = 90%, 0 = 100%; two digits
 //! typed quickly set an exact value (4 then 5 = 45%, 0 then 0 = 0%). With the Brush, Pencil or
-//! Eraser they set the brush's Opacity (⇧: Flow); with the Gradient or Paint Bucket their
+//! Eraser they set the brush's Opacity (⇧: Flow; swapped while airbrush build-up is on); with the Gradient or Paint Bucket their
 //! Opacity; with tools that have no opacity of their own (Move, the selection tools, Type…) the
 //! active layer's Opacity (⇧: Fill). Tools whose number is a strength or exposure are left alone.
 
@@ -100,6 +100,11 @@ pub fn press(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, d: u8, shift: bool, now: f64) {
 
 fn apply(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, percent: f32, shift: bool) {
     let v = percent / 100.0;
+    // With airbrush build-up on, the keys swap roles, as in Photoshop: plain digits set Flow, ⇧ digits Opacity.
+    // A Pencil- or Block-mode Eraser has no build-up (its options bar disables Flow and the airbrush).
+    let tool = app.ui.tool;
+    let build_up = app.session.tools.brush.build_up && !crate::eraser_ui::pencil_mode(app, tool) && !crate::eraser_ui::block_mode(app, tool);
+    let shift = shift ^ (build_up && matches!(target(tool), Target::Brush { flow: true }));
     match (target(app.ui.tool), shift) {
         (Target::Brush { .. }, false) => {
             let _ = app.run("tools.setBrush", json!({ "brush": { "opacity": v } }));
@@ -169,6 +174,33 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(p.session.tools.brush.flow, 1.0);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn with_build_up_digits_set_flow_and_shift_digits_set_opacity() {
+        let mut a = app(Tool::Brush);
+        a.session.tools.brush.build_up = true;
+        press(&mut a, 3, false, 0.0);
+        assert!((a.session.tools.brush.flow - 0.3).abs() < 1e-6);
+        assert_eq!(a.session.tools.brush.opacity, 1.0, "opacity is untouched");
+        press(&mut a, 6, true, 5000.0);
+        assert!((a.session.tools.brush.opacity - 0.6).abs() < 1e-6);
+        assert!((a.session.tools.brush.flow - 0.3).abs() < 1e-6);
+        // The Pencil has no flow, so build-up changes nothing for it.
+        let mut p = app(Tool::Pencil);
+        p.session.tools.brush.build_up = true;
+        press(&mut p, 4, false, 0.0);
+        assert!((p.session.tools.brush.opacity - 0.4).abs() < 1e-6);
+        assert_eq!(p.session.tools.brush.flow, 1.0);
+        // The Eraser swaps too, except in Pencil mode, which has no build-up.
+        let mut e = app(Tool::Eraser);
+        e.session.tools.brush.build_up = true;
+        press(&mut e, 2, false, 0.0);
+        assert!((e.session.tools.brush.flow - 0.2).abs() < 1e-6);
+        e.ui.tool_options.eraser_mode = "pencil".into();
+        press(&mut e, 7, false, 5000.0);
+        assert!((e.session.tools.brush.opacity - 0.7).abs() < 1e-6);
+        assert!((e.session.tools.brush.flow - 0.2).abs() < 1e-6);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn other_tools_set_the_layer_or_their_own_opacity() {
         let mut a = app(Tool::Move);
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/open_prompt.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/open_prompt.rs
index a4d93ca057..ef04f0b576 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/open_prompt.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/open_prompt.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
-//! Ask When Opening (Edit › Color Settings): a file whose embedded profile doesn't match the
-//! working space (or that has none) is held back while a prompt asks what to do, as Photoshop
-//! does: one prompt at a time, naming its file, before that file opens. OK applies the answer to
-//! that file and opens it, then asks about the next; Cancel opens neither it nor the files still
-//! to come. Files that finish reading while a prompt is up wait their turn, so they open in order.
+//! Interactive opening confirmations: damaged PSD data and Color Settings questions.
+//! A decoded file is held back while its standard, agent-accessible dialog asks what to do.
+//! Damage confirmation comes first; Continue admits the file normally once any profile question
+//! is answered, with no persistent save restriction. Cancelling damage discards just that file;
+//! cancelling a profile question retains its existing behaviour of cancelling the whole queue.
+//! Files that finish reading while a prompt is up wait their turn.
 
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
@@ -13,12 +14,18 @@ use crate::PhotocraftApp;
 
 /// The field that marks a prompt as this module's.
 const FIELD: &str = "__heldOpen";
+/// A regular dialog: agents see it in `ui.inspect` and answer through
+/// `ui.dialog.confirm` / `ui.dialog.cancel`, just like the profile prompt.
+const DAMAGE_FIELD: &str = "__psdDamagedOpen";
 
 /// A file read and decoded, waiting to open.
 pub struct Held {
     pub doc: Document,
     /// The source is read-only (an Affinity file): Save doesn't write back to it.
     pub read_only: bool,
+    /// Ask whether to continue before adding a damaged PSD or showing its profile prompt.
+    /// Discarded after the answer: it does not become a document or save restriction.
+    pub damage_pending: bool,
     pub name: String,
     pub path: Option<String>,
     pub warnings: Vec<String>,
@@ -48,6 +55,12 @@ pub fn arrive(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, held: Held) {
 /// Opens queued files in order until one needs its prompt, which is shown if it isn't yet.
 fn advance(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
     while let Some(front) = app.held_opens.front() {
+        if front.damage_pending {
+            if !app.ui.dialogs.iter().any(|d| owns_damage(&d.fields)) {
+                show_damage(app);
+            }
+            return;
+        }
         if front.question.is_some() {
             if !app.ui.dialogs.iter().any(|d| d.fields.contains_key(FIELD)) {
                 show(app);
@@ -112,6 +125,9 @@ pub fn owns(fields: &serde_json::Map<String, Value>) -> bool {
 /// The prompt's answer: `Some(action)` (OK) opens the first queued file with it and moves on to
 /// the next; `None` (Cancel) drops every queued file and stops the reads still running.
 pub fn answer(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, action: Option<&str>) -> Result<Value, String> {
+    if app.held_opens.front().is_some_and(|h| h.damage_pending) {
+        return Err("answer the damaged PSD confirmation first".into());
+    }
     let Some(action) = action else {
         let dropped = app.held_opens.len();
         let name = app.held_opens.front().map(|h| h.name.clone()).unwrap_or_default();
@@ -134,6 +150,9 @@ pub fn answer(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, action: Option<&str>) -> Result<Value, St
 /// already waiting with a mismatch in the same mode were asked before that and get the same
 /// answer; any other question still asks.
 pub fn answer_remembering(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, action: &str) -> Result<Value, String> {
+    if app.held_opens.front().is_some_and(|h| h.damage_pending) {
+        return Err("answer the damaged PSD confirmation first".into());
+    }
     let Some(key) = app.held_opens.front().and_then(|h| policy_key(h.doc.mode)) else { return answer(app, Some(action)) };
     let policy = match action {
         "convert" => "convert",
@@ -141,7 +160,9 @@ pub fn answer_remembering(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, action: &str) -> Result<Value
         _ => "preserve",
     };
     app.run("edit.colorSettings", json!({key: policy, "askOnMismatch": false}))?;
-    let same = |h: &Held| policy_key(h.doc.mode) == Some(key) && h.question.as_ref().is_some_and(|q| q.get("missing").and_then(Value::as_bool) != Some(true));
+    let same = |h: &Held| {
+        !h.damage_pending && policy_key(h.doc.mode) == Some(key) && h.question.as_ref().is_some_and(|q| q.get("missing").and_then(Value::as_bool) != Some(true))
+    };
     let Some(held) = app.held_opens.pop_front() else { return Err("no file is waiting to open".into()) };
     let r = open(app, held, Some(action));
     while app.held_opens.front().is_some_and(same) {
@@ -154,10 +175,70 @@ pub fn answer_remembering(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, action: &str) -> Result<Value
     r
 }
 
+/// Whether the fields belong to the damage confirmation (not the profile prompt).
+pub(crate) fn owns_damage(fields: &serde_json::Map<String, Value>) -> bool {
+    fields.contains_key(DAMAGE_FIELD)
+}
+
+/// Shows the standard agent-visible confirmation for the first damaged PSD
+/// waiting in the open queue, including its decoding warnings.
+fn show_damage(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
+    let Some(front) = app.held_opens.front().filter(|h| h.damage_pending) else { return };
+    let message = format!(
+        "{}\n\n{}\n\n{}",
+        crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("The document “{name}” may be damaged."), &[("name", &front.name)]),
+        tl!("Some layers, pixels or masks could not be read. Do you want to continue opening it?"),
+        tl!("If you continue, saving over the original may permanently discard unreadable data. Save a copy to keep the original."),
+    );
+    let fields = [
+        (DAMAGE_FIELD.into(), json!(true)),
+        ("__label".into(), json!("Damaged Photoshop document")),
+        ("name".into(), json!(front.name)),
+        ("message".into(), json!(message)),
+        ("warnings".into(), json!(front.warnings)),
+    ]
+    .into_iter()
+    .collect();
+    app.ui.open_dialog(crate::state::DialogKind::Command, fields);
+}
+
+/// Body of the standard modal; the same fields are visible to automation.
+pub(crate) fn damage_body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, fields: &serde_json::Map<String, Value>) {
+    ui.label(fields.get("message").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or_default());
+    if let Some(warnings) = fields.get("warnings").and_then(Value::as_array) {
+        egui::ScrollArea::vertical().max_height(140.0).show(ui, |ui| {
+            for warning in warnings.iter().filter_map(Value::as_str) {
+                ui.label(warning);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+/// Continue or discard this file only, then move the queue forward. Accepting does not
+/// mark the document read-only: Save, Export, scripts and web downloads work normally.
+pub(crate) fn answer_damage(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, accept: bool) -> Result<Value, String> {
+    let Some(front) = app.held_opens.front_mut().filter(|h| h.damage_pending) else {
+        return Err("no damaged PSD is waiting for confirmation".into());
+    };
+    let name = front.name.clone();
+    if accept {
+        front.damage_pending = false;
+    } else {
+        app.held_opens.pop_front();
+        app.ui.status = crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("Cancelled opening {name}"), &[("name", &name)]);
+        app.ui.status_error = false;
+    }
+    advance(app);
+    Ok(json!({"name": name, "continued": accept}))
+}
+
 /// Opens a queued file, applying `action` (the prompt's answer) or else the Color Settings
 /// policy, then does what any open does afterwards.
 fn open(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, held: Held, action: Option<&str>) -> Result<Value, String> {
-    let Held { mut doc, read_only, name, path, warnings, bytes, slot, question, policy_applied } = held;
+    if held.damage_pending {
+        return Err("damaged PSD cannot be opened before confirmation".into());
+    }
+    let Held { mut doc, read_only, damage_pending: _, name, path, warnings, bytes, slot, question, policy_applied } = held;
     let index = if question.is_some() || policy_applied {
         if let Some(action) = action
             && let Err(e) = app.session.color.resolve_open(&mut doc, action)
@@ -169,6 +250,8 @@ fn open(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, held: Held, action: Option<&str>) -> Result<Val
     } else {
         app.session.open_document(doc, None).0
     };
+    // add_document may remap a persisted ID already owned by another open document.
+    let document = app.session.documents().get(index).map(|st| st.doc.id).ok_or("the opened document is missing")?;
     if let Some(st) = app.session.active_mut() {
         st.source_read_only = read_only;
     }
@@ -181,6 +264,6 @@ fn open(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, held: Held, action: Option<&str>) -> Result<Val
         None => index,
     };
     app.session.set_active(index);
-    crate::jobs_ui::after_open(app, &name, path.as_deref(), &warnings, bytes.as_deref().map(Vec::as_slice));
+    crate::jobs_ui::after_open(app, document, &name, path.as_deref(), &warnings, bytes.as_deref().map(Vec::as_slice))?;
     Ok(json!({"document": index, "action": action}))
 }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/options_bar_mode_wheel_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/options_bar_mode_wheel_tests.rs
index 068561b4a0..1c65cf5ec9 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/options_bar_mode_wheel_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/options_bar_mode_wheel_tests.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-//! #2061: the scroll wheel over the options bar's Mode dropdown (Brush, Pencil, Gradient) steps
-//! through the blend modes, as over the Layers panel's (#1747) and as in Photoshop.
+//! #2061: the scroll wheel over the options bar's Mode dropdown (Brush, Pencil, Gradient, Paint
+//! Bucket, the stamps, History Brush, Healing) steps through the blend modes, as over the Layers
+//! panel's (#1747) and as in Photoshop.
 
 use egui::accesskit::Role;
 use egui::{Pos2, Rect, vec2};
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@ fn wheel(h: &mut Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, at: Pos2, lines: f32) {
     h.hover_at(at);
     h.run_steps(1);
     h.event(egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+        source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
         unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Line,
         delta: vec2(0.0, lines),
         phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move,
@@ -81,3 +83,35 @@ fn the_wheel_over_the_gradient_mode_dropdown_steps_its_blend_mode() {
     wheel(&mut h, at, 1.0);
     assert_eq!(h.state().ui.tool_options.gradient_blend_mode, BlendMode::Dissolve);
 }
+
+/// The stamps, the History Brush and the Healing Brush have a Mode dropdown of their own brush's
+/// mode; the Healing Brush's skips the modes it doesn't have.
+#[test]
+fn retouch_tools_have_a_mode_dropdown() {
+    for (tool, after_two) in [
+        (Tool::CloneStamp, BlendMode::Darken),
+        (Tool::PatternStamp, BlendMode::Darken),
+        (Tool::HistoryBrush, BlendMode::Darken),
+        (Tool::Healing, BlendMode::Screen),
+    ] {
+        let mut h = harness(tool);
+        let at = mode_dropdown(&h).center();
+        wheel(&mut h, at, -2.0);
+        assert_eq!(brush_mode(&h), after_two, "{tool:?}");
+        assert_eq!(h.state().ui.tool, tool);
+    }
+}
+
+/// The Paint Bucket's Mode dropdown has Clear after Dissolve, as the Brush's does.
+#[test]
+fn the_paint_bucket_mode_dropdown_has_clear() {
+    let mut h = harness(Tool::PaintBucket);
+    let at = mode_dropdown(&h).center();
+    wheel(&mut h, at, -1.0);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().ui.tool_options.bucket_blend_mode, BlendMode::Dissolve);
+    wheel(&mut h, at, -1.0);
+    assert!(h.state().ui.tool_options.bucket_clear);
+    wheel(&mut h, at, -1.0);
+    assert!(!h.state().ui.tool_options.bucket_clear);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().ui.tool_options.bucket_blend_mode, BlendMode::Darken);
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/options_hit_area_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/options_hit_area_tests.rs
index d444f06473..9af3647016 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/options_hit_area_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/options_hit_area_tests.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 //! #5052: the actual Brush options caption and field form one scrub target.
 use crate::PhotocraftApp;
 use egui::{Modifiers, Pos2, Rect, pos2, vec2};
-use egui_kittest::{Harness, kittest::Queryable};
+use egui_kittest::{
+    Harness,
+    kittest::{NodeT, Queryable},
+};
 
 fn harness() -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
     let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
@@ -21,7 +24,13 @@ fn harness() -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
 }
 
 fn geometry(h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>) -> (Rect, Rect) {
-    let label = h.get_by_label("Hardness").rect();
+    // The visible caption, not the number field it names: kittest returns the labelled control
+    // for `get_by_label`, whose rect would put the drag inside the numeric editor.
+    let label = h
+        .query_all(egui_kittest::kittest::by().label("Hardness").include_labels())
+        .find(|n| n.accesskit_node().role() == egui::accesskit::Role::Label)
+        .expect("the Hardness caption")
+        .rect();
     let field = h
         .get_all_by_role(egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton)
         .map(|n| n.rect())
@@ -118,7 +127,7 @@ fn options_expanded_hit_click_does_not_edit_or_request_focus() {
     click(&mut h, f.center());
     let before_focus = h.ctx.memory(|m| m.focused()).expect("numeric editor focus");
     let before_journal = h.state().session.journal.len();
-    let l = h.get_by_label("Hardness").rect();
+    let (l, _) = geometry(&h);
     click(&mut h, l.center() + vec2(0.0, 10.0));
     assert_eq!(h.state().session.tools.brush.hardness, 0.5);
     println!(
@@ -197,3 +206,29 @@ fn options_tab_moves_from_hardness_to_opacity_without_a_caption_stop() {
     assert_eq!(h.state().session.tools.brush.hardness, 0.5);
     assert!((h.state().session.tools.brush.opacity - 0.99).abs() < 0.0001);
 }
+
+// Regression test for #3425: the options bar drew its own 1 px top and bottom separator inside
+// the panel, on top of the panel's own border, so the borders doubled (three lines, not one).
+#[test]
+fn options_bar_has_a_single_full_width_border() {
+    for kind in [crate::theme::ThemeKind::Studio, crate::theme::ThemeKind::Pro, crate::theme::ThemeKind::Classic] {
+        let mut h = harness();
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, kind);
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        let separator = crate::theme::Tokens::get(&h.ctx).separator;
+        let borders: Vec<_> = h
+            .output()
+            .shapes
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|c| match &c.shape {
+                egui::Shape::LineSegment { points, stroke }
+                    if stroke.color == separator && (points[0].y - points[1].y).abs() < 0.01 && (points[1].x - points[0].x).abs() > 400.0 =>
+                {
+                    Some(*points)
+                }
+                _ => None,
+            })
+            .collect();
+        assert_eq!(borders.len(), 1, "{kind:?}: the options bar has exactly one border, the panel's (its own would double it): {borders:?}");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/page_keys.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/page_keys.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7f00cbc867
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/page_keys.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+//! Photoshop's page keys scroll the canvas (#8057): Page Up and Page Down a screen up or down,
+//! ⌘/Ctrl turns them sideways (⌘ Page Up left, ⌘ Page Down right), and ⇧ makes the step ten
+//! screen points. Home and End show the document's top-left and bottom-right corners. The zoom
+//! stays as it is. A binding of the user's on the same keys has already run and taken them.
+
+use egui::{Event, Key, Modifiers, Vec2, vec2};
+
+use crate::PhotocraftApp;
+
+/// Screen points a ⇧ page key scrolls.
+pub const SMALL_STEP: f32 = 10.0;
+
+/// What a page key does to the view.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum PageKey {
+    /// Scroll by this many screen points (positive: show what is below or to the right).
+    Scroll(Vec2),
+    /// Show the document's top-left corner (Home) or its bottom-right one (End).
+    Corner { end: bool },
+}
+
+/// The page key `key` with `mods` held, in a canvas of `size` points. `None` for other keys, ⌥,
+/// or ⇧ on Home and End.
+pub fn page_key(key: Key, mods: Modifiers, size: Vec2) -> Option<PageKey> {
+    if mods.alt {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let sign = match key {
+        Key::PageUp => -1.0,
+        Key::PageDown => 1.0,
+        Key::Home | Key::End if !mods.shift && !mods.command => return Some(PageKey::Corner { end: key == Key::End }),
+        _ => return None,
+    };
+    let sideways = mods.command;
+    let step = match (mods.shift, sideways) {
+        (true, _) => SMALL_STEP,
+        (false, true) => size.x,
+        (false, false) => size.y,
+    };
+    Some(PageKey::Scroll(if sideways { vec2(sign * step, 0.0) } else { vec2(0.0, sign * step) }))
+}
+
+/// Consumes this frame's page keys and moves the active document's view. True when one ran.
+pub fn handle(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> bool {
+    let Some(i) = app.session.active_index() else { return false };
+    let rect = crate::rulers::content_rect(app, app.last_canvas_rect);
+    let size = rect.size();
+    let presses: Vec<PageKey> = ctx.input_mut(|input| {
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        input.events.retain(|e| match e {
+            Event::Key { key, pressed: true, modifiers, .. } => match page_key(*key, *modifiers, size) {
+                Some(p) => {
+                    out.push(p);
+                    false
+                }
+                None => true,
+            },
+            _ => true,
+        });
+        out
+    });
+    if presses.is_empty() {
+        return false;
+    }
+    app.sync_views();
+    let Some(doc_size) = app.session.active().map(|st| [st.doc.size.width as f32, st.doc.size.height as f32]) else { return false };
+    let (ppp, aspect, flip, overscroll) = (app.ppp, app.ui.view.display_aspect(), app.ui.view.flip_horizontal, app.session.prefs().tools.overscroll);
+    let ppp = if ppp.is_finite() && ppp > 0.0 { ppp } else { 1.0 };
+    let Some(view) = app.ui.views.get_mut(i) else { return false };
+    let zoom = view.zoom / ppp;
+    if !zoom.is_finite() || zoom <= 0.0 {
+        return false;
+    }
+    view.fit_pending = false;
+    view.fill_pending = false;
+    for p in presses {
+        match p {
+            PageKey::Scroll(d) => {
+                let xf = crate::canvas::ViewXform { rect, zoom, center: view.center, flip, rotation: view.rotation, aspect };
+                let d = xf.unmap_vec(d) / zoom;
+                if d.is_finite() {
+                    view.center[0] += d.x;
+                    view.center[1] += d.y;
+                }
+            }
+            PageKey::Corner { end } => {
+                // The document corner goes to the canvas corner the document runs on from: the
+                // top-left one in an upright view, another when it is rotated or flipped.
+                let xf = crate::canvas::ViewXform { rect, zoom, center: view.center, flip, rotation: view.rotation, aspect };
+                let [w, h] = doc_size;
+                let (corner, inward) = if end { ([w, h], vec2(-1.0, -1.0)) } else { ([0.0, 0.0], vec2(1.0, 1.0)) };
+                let dir = xf.map_vec(inward);
+                let at = vec2(-dir.x.signum() * size.x / 2.0, -dir.y.signum() * size.y / 2.0);
+                let off = xf.unmap_vec(at) / zoom;
+                if off.is_finite() {
+                    view.center = [corner[0] - off.x, corner[1] - off.y];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    // Overscroll off: the view stops at the edge, as the scrollbars do.
+    if !overscroll {
+        crate::scrollbars::clamp_view_with_aspect(view, size, ppp, aspect);
+    }
+    ctx.request_repaint();
+    true
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use serde_json::json;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn page_keys_map_to_photoshops_scrolls() {
+        let size = vec2(800.0, 600.0);
+        let (none, shift, cmd) = (Modifiers::NONE, Modifiers::SHIFT, Modifiers::COMMAND);
+        assert_eq!(page_key(Key::PageDown, none, size), Some(PageKey::Scroll(vec2(0.0, 600.0))));
+        assert_eq!(page_key(Key::PageUp, none, size), Some(PageKey::Scroll(vec2(0.0, -600.0))));
+        assert_eq!(page_key(Key::PageDown, shift, size), Some(PageKey::Scroll(vec2(0.0, SMALL_STEP))));
+        assert_eq!(page_key(Key::PageUp, cmd, size), Some(PageKey::Scroll(vec2(-800.0, 0.0))));
+        assert_eq!(page_key(Key::PageDown, cmd | shift, size), Some(PageKey::Scroll(vec2(SMALL_STEP, 0.0))));
+        assert_eq!(page_key(Key::Home, none, size), Some(PageKey::Corner { end: false }));
+        assert_eq!(page_key(Key::End, none, size), Some(PageKey::Corner { end: true }));
+        assert_eq!(page_key(Key::PageDown, Modifiers::ALT, size), None);
+        assert_eq!(page_key(Key::Home, shift, size), None);
+        assert_eq!(page_key(Key::ArrowDown, none, size), None);
+    }
+
+    /// #8057: through the app's key handling, Page Down scrolls a zoomed-in document a screen
+    /// down at the same zoom, ⇧ a small step, ⌘ sideways; Home and End jump to the corners.
+    #[test]
+    fn page_keys_scroll_the_zoomed_canvas() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 2000, "height": 2000})).unwrap();
+        app.sync_views();
+        app.ppp = 1.0;
+        let v = &mut app.ui.views[0];
+        (v.zoom, v.center, v.fit_pending, v.fill_pending) = (4.0, [1000.0, 1000.0], false, false);
+        let size = crate::rulers::content_rect(&app, app.last_canvas_rect).size();
+        let press = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp, key: Key, modifiers: Modifiers| {
+            let raw = egui::RawInput {
+                events: vec![Event::ModifiersChanged(modifiers), Event::Key { key, physical_key: None, pressed: true, repeat: false, modifiers }],
+                ..Default::default()
+            };
+            ctx.begin_pass(raw);
+            crate::shortcuts::handle(app, &ctx);
+            ctx.end_pass().textures_delta.clear();
+            app.ui.views[0].center
+        };
+        let near = |a: [f32; 2], b: [f32; 2]| (a[0] - b[0]).abs() < 1e-3 && (a[1] - b[1]).abs() < 1e-3;
+        let c = press(&mut app, Key::PageDown, Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert!(near(c, [1000.0, 1000.0 + size.y / 4.0]), "a screen down: {c:?}");
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.views[0].zoom, 4.0, "the zoom stays");
+        let c = press(&mut app, Key::PageUp, Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert!(near(c, [1000.0, 1000.0]), "and back: {c:?}");
+        let c = press(&mut app, Key::PageDown, Modifiers::SHIFT);
+        assert!(near(c, [1000.0, 1000.0 + SMALL_STEP / 4.0]), "a small step: {c:?}");
+        let c = press(&mut app, Key::PageUp, Modifiers::COMMAND);
+        assert!(near(c, [1000.0 - size.x / 4.0, 1000.0 + SMALL_STEP / 4.0]), "a screen left: {c:?}");
+        let c = press(&mut app, Key::Home, Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert!(near(c, [size.x / 8.0, size.y / 8.0]), "the top-left corner: {c:?}");
+        let c = press(&mut app, Key::End, Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert!(near(c, [2000.0 - size.x / 8.0, 2000.0 - size.y / 8.0]), "the bottom-right corner: {c:?}");
+
+        // Rotated a quarter turn or flipped, the corner still lands on a canvas corner with the
+        // document running into the canvas from it.
+        let rect = crate::rulers::content_rect(&app, app.last_canvas_rect);
+        for (rotation, flip) in [(90.0, false), (0.0, true), (-90.0, true)] {
+            app.ui.views[0].rotation = rotation;
+            app.ui.view.flip_horizontal = flip;
+            for (key, corner, inward) in [(Key::Home, [0.0, 0.0], 1.0), (Key::End, [2000.0, 2000.0], -1.0)] {
+                let center = press(&mut app, key, Modifiers::NONE);
+                let xf = crate::canvas::ViewXform { rect, zoom: 4.0, center, flip, rotation, aspect: 1.0 };
+                let at = xf.to_screen(corner[0], corner[1]);
+                let on_corner = [rect.left_top(), rect.right_top(), rect.left_bottom(), rect.right_bottom()].iter().any(|c| c.distance(at) < 1e-2);
+                assert!(on_corner, "{key:?} at {rotation}° flip {flip}: {at:?} in {rect:?}");
+                assert!(
+                    rect.contains(xf.to_screen(corner[0] + inward, corner[1] + inward)),
+                    "{key:?} at {rotation}° flip {flip}: the document runs into the canvas"
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/paint_mouse.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/paint_mouse.rs
index 84695522d1..33ff242b57 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/paint_mouse.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/paint_mouse.rs
@@ -37,8 +37,10 @@ pub fn sync_tool_brush(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
             let _ = app.session.load_brush_tips(&mut b);
             b
         }
-        // A tool seen for the first time takes what the brush has, at Photoshop's smoothing.
-        None => BrushSettings { smoothing: first_smoothing(), ..current },
+        // A tool seen for the first time takes what the brush has, at Photoshop's smoothing, but
+        // in Normal mode: each tool's Mode starts at Normal, so a Multiply Brush doesn't make the
+        // first Clone Stamp stroke multiply (or give Healing a mode its menu doesn't have).
+        None => BrushSettings { smoothing: first_smoothing(), mode: photocraft_color::BlendMode::Normal, ..current },
     };
     // The picked preset was the outgoing tool's brush: forget it, so Update Brush can't overwrite
     // that preset with this tool's brush.
@@ -358,7 +360,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(strokes(&h).is_empty());
         // The picker shows over the canvas at the pointer, moved up just enough to stay on screen.
         h.run_steps(2);
-        let shown = h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::new("canvas-brush-picker"))).expect("picker shown");
+        let shown = h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::unique("canvas-brush-picker"))).expect("picker shown");
         let screen = h.ctx.content_rect();
         assert!((shown.min.x - c.x).abs() < 1.0 && shown.min.y <= c.y + 1.0, "{shown:?}");
         assert!(screen.contains_rect(shown.shrink(0.5)) && shown.width() > 250.0 && shown.height() > 150.0, "{shown:?}");
@@ -449,11 +451,11 @@ mod tests {
         let c = h.state().last_canvas_rect.center();
         h.state_mut().ui.brush_picker = Some([c.x, c.y]);
         h.run_steps(2);
-        assert!(h.query_by_label("Hardness").is_some());
+        assert!(h.query_all_by_label("Hardness").next().is_some());
         let sampled = h.state().session.tools.presets.iter().find(|p| p.brush.tip != photocraft_engine::paint::TipShape::Round).map(|p| p.name.clone());
         h.state_mut().run("tools.setBrush", json!({ "preset": sampled.expect("a sampled preset") })).unwrap();
         h.run_steps(2);
-        assert!(h.query_by_label("Hardness").is_none());
+        assert!(h.query_all_by_label("Hardness").next().is_none());
         assert!(h.state().ui.brush_picker.is_some());
     }
 
@@ -623,6 +625,7 @@ mod tests {
         // Mode, opacity, flow and the dynamics sections are per tool too.
         app.ui.tool = Tool::CloneStamp;
         sync_tool_brush(&mut app);
+        assert_eq!(mode(&brush(&app)), photocraft_color::BlendMode::Normal, "a new tool starts in Normal, not the Brush's Multiply");
         app.run("tools.setBrush", json!({"brush": {"mode": "Screen", "opacity": 0.3}})).unwrap();
         app.ui.tool = Tool::Brush;
         sync_tool_brush(&mut app);
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/palette.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/palette.rs
index 7de5195988..eeb01de764 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/palette.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/palette.rs
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ const RECENT_CAP: usize = 8;
 
 /// The id of the palette's recently-run list (egui temp data: session-scoped, like the query).
 fn recent_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("palette-recent")
+    egui::Id::unique("palette-recent")
 }
 
 /// Remember `id` as the most recently run command: deduplicated, newest first, capped.
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
     let t = Tokens::get(ctx);
     let screen = ctx.content_rect();
     // Scrim.
-    egui::Area::new(egui::Id::new("palette-scrim")).order(egui::Order::Foreground).fixed_pos(screen.min).show(ctx, |ui| {
+    egui::Area::new(egui::Id::unique("palette-scrim")).order(egui::Order::Foreground).fixed_pos(screen.min).show(ctx, |ui| {
         let r = ui.allocate_exact_size(screen.size(), Sense::click()).1;
         ui.painter().rect_filled(screen, 0.0, Color32::from_black_alpha(110));
         if r.clicked() {
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
     });
     let width = 560.0;
     let mut run: Option<String> = None;
-    egui::Area::new(egui::Id::new("palette"))
+    egui::Area::new(egui::Id::unique("palette"))
         .order(egui::Order::Tooltip)
         .pivot(Align2::CENTER_TOP)
         .fixed_pos(egui::pos2(screen.center().x, screen.top() + 110.0))
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
                 .inner_margin(egui::Margin::same(10))
                 .show(ui, |ui| {
                     ui.set_width(width);
-                    let qid = egui::Id::new("palette-query");
+                    let qid = egui::Id::unique("palette-query");
                     let mut q: String = ui.data_mut(|d| d.get_temp(qid).unwrap_or_default());
                     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                         let (r, _) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(22.0, 22.0), Sense::hover());
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
                     }
                     hits.sort_by(|a, b| b.0.cmp(&a.0).then(a.2.cmp(&b.2)));
                     hits.truncate(12);
-                    let sel_id = egui::Id::new("palette-sel");
+                    let sel_id = egui::Id::unique("palette-sel");
                     let mut sel: usize = ui.data_mut(|d| d.get_temp(sel_id).unwrap_or(0));
                     let (down, up, enter, esc) = ui.input(|i| {
                         (
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
         });
     if let Some(id) = run {
         app.ui.palette_open = false;
-        ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(egui::Id::new("palette-query"), String::new()));
+        ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(egui::Id::unique("palette-query"), String::new()));
         if let Some(tool) = id.strip_prefix("tool:") {
             if let Some(t) = crate::state::Tool::from_name(tool) {
                 app.ui.tool = t;
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/panel_docking.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/panel_docking.rs
index f27d1c2c8e..b2cd933235 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/panel_docking.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/panel_docking.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,27 @@
-//! Application-owned panel IDs and commands around the shared docking layout.
+//! Application-owned panel IDs and commands around the shared docking workspace.
+//!
+//! craft-ui draws the window's panels and the canvas as one layout: a horizontal split of the
+//! protected `canvas` panel and a dock at the logical end edge. Until the first docking
+//! operation the layout is built each frame from the native dock's state (`crate::dock`), so its
+//! groups, tab order, selection, heights and collapse follow that state; from then on
+//! `app.ui.docking` holds a craft-ui [`Workspace`]. The layout, hidden panels and their return
+//! places, and the lock are craft-ui's; PhotoCraft keeps the panel registry, the collapsed custom
+//! groups and where a floated panel docks back.
 
 use crate::dock::Group;
-use craft_ui::docking::{Action, Floating, Layout, Node, Placement, Zone};
+use craft_ui::docking::{
+    Action, Column, DockCommand, DockHeights, FloatSpace, Floating, Layout, Location, Node, PanelState, Permissions, Placement, Side, Target, Zone,
+};
 use craft_ui::layout::{SplitAxis, SplitSize};
-use serde_json::{Value, json};
+use serde_json::{Map, Value, json};
 
 use crate::PhotocraftApp;
 
+/// The saved arrangement: layout, hidden panels with their return places, and the lock.
+pub(crate) type Workspace = craft_ui::docking::Workspace<String>;
+
+type Returns = std::collections::BTreeMap<String, Location<String>>;
+
 const PANELS: &[(&str, &str, Group)] = &[
     ("color", "Color", Group::Color),
     ("swatches", "Swatches", Group::Color),
@@ -27,463 +42,594 @@ const PANELS: &[(&str, &str, Group)] = &[
     ("paths", "Paths", Group::Layers),
     ("brushes", "Brushes", Group::Brushes),
 ];
-#[derive(Clone, Default)]
-struct LegacyDrag {
-    generation: u64,
-    layout: Option<Layout<String>>,
-    tabs: crate::state::DockTabs,
-    hidden: std::collections::BTreeMap<String, craft_ui::docking::Location<String>>,
+
+/// PhotoCraft's wording of craft-ui's docking labels, translated through `tl!`. The others keep
+/// craft-ui's English.
+const DOCK_LABELS: &[(&str, &str)] = &[
+    ("dock.float", "Float Panel"),
+    ("dock.close", "Close Panel"),
+    ("dock.movePanelTo", "Group with"),
+    ("dock.panels", "Panels"),
+    ("dock.resize", "Resize panels"),
+    ("dock.resizeWindow", "Resize panel window"),
+    ("dock.closeGroup", "Close Tab Group"),
+    ("dock.floatGroup", "Float Tab Group"),
+];
+
+/// Where a panel floats when a command gives no rect: craft-ui places it 24 points inside this
+/// area, at (400, 140) on the window.
+const FLOAT_AREA: egui::Rect = egui::Rect::from_min_max(egui::pos2(376.0, 116.0), egui::pos2(1400.0, 900.0));
+const FLOAT_SIZE: egui::Vec2 = egui::vec2(300.0, 400.0);
+
+fn area_id() -> egui::Id {
+    egui::Id::unique("photocraft-panel-docking")
 }
 
-fn cancel_legacy_drag(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> bool {
-    let key = egui::Id::new("photocraft-panel-docking").with("legacy-origin");
-    let previous = ctx.data_mut(|data| data.remove_temp::<LegacyDrag>(key));
-    if let Some(previous) = previous {
-        craft_ui::docking::cancel_drag::<String>(ctx, egui::Id::new("photocraft-panel-docking"));
-        if previous.generation != app.ui.docking_generation {
-            return false;
-        }
-        app.ui.dock_tabs = previous.tabs;
-        app.ui.docking = previous.layout;
-        app.ui.docking_hidden = previous.hidden;
-        true
-    } else {
-        false
+#[cfg(test)]
+fn bodies_id() -> egui::Id {
+    area_id().with("bodies")
+}
+
+/// The body of each panel drawn last frame, the canvas included (screen points).
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(crate) fn last_bodies(ctx: &egui::Context) -> Vec<(String, egui::Rect)> {
+    ctx.data(|data| data.get_temp::<Vec<(String, egui::Rect)>>(bodies_id())).unwrap_or_default()
+}
+
+/// The panel that holds the document area. It never moves, floats, closes or takes tabs, and
+/// docks and frames open beside it.
+pub(crate) const CANVAS: &str = "canvas";
+
+/// Every other panel may move, float and close; the workspace lock limits them all.
+fn permissions(id: &String) -> Permissions {
+    if id == CANVAS { Permissions { accepts_splits: true, ..Permissions::PROTECTED } } else { Permissions::default() }
+}
+
+/// The width of the dock column in a layout built from the native dock.
+fn default_width(pro: bool) -> f32 {
+    if pro { 290.0 } else { 300.0 }
+}
+
+/// The window id of the Studio themes' floating Properties group in a layout built each frame:
+/// the same every time, with the top bit set, where craft-ui's fresh ids never reach.
+const PROPERTIES_WINDOW: u64 = (1 << 63) | 0x5052_4f50;
+
+/// The canvas beside `dock`, which is `width` wide, at the logical end edge.
+fn with_canvas(dock: Node<String>, width: f32) -> Node<String> {
+    Node::Split {
+        axis: SplitAxis::Horizontal,
+        size: SplitSize::FixedSecond(width),
+        first: Box::new(Node::Tabs { panels: vec![CANVAS.to_owned()], active: 0 }),
+        second: Box::new(dock),
     }
 }
 
+/// A layout saved before the canvas joined it, beside the canvas as it was beside the document
+/// area. Layouts that hold the canvas are returned unchanged.
+fn beside_canvas(mut layout: Layout<String>) -> Layout<String> {
+    if !layout.panels().iter().any(|p| p.as_str() == CANVAS) {
+        layout.root = Some(match layout.root.take() {
+            Some(root) => with_canvas(root, default_width(false)),
+            None => Node::Tabs { panels: vec![CANVAS.to_owned()], active: 0 },
+        });
+    }
+    layout
+}
+
+fn docked(layout: &Layout<String>) -> Layout<String> {
+    Layout { root: layout.root.clone(), floating: Vec::new() }
+}
+
 pub(crate) fn normalize(raw: &str) -> Option<&'static str> {
     PANELS.iter().find(|(id, label, _)| id.eq_ignore_ascii_case(raw.trim()) || label.eq_ignore_ascii_case(raw.trim())).map(|p| p.0)
 }
 
+fn registered(id: &str) -> bool {
+    id == CANVAS || normalize(id) == Some(id)
+}
+
 pub(crate) fn valid(layout: &Layout<String>) -> bool {
-    layout.validate().is_ok() && layout.panels().iter().all(|id| normalize(id) == Some(id.as_str()))
+    layout.validate().is_ok() && layout.panels().iter().all(|id| registered(id)) && docked(layout).contains(&CANVAS.to_owned())
+}
+
+/// craft-ui's checks plus PhotoCraft's registry, for the layout and every hidden panel.
+pub(crate) fn valid_workspace(workspace: &Workspace) -> bool {
+    workspace.validate().is_ok()
+        && valid(&workspace.layout)
+        && workspace.saved.as_ref().is_none_or(valid)
+        && workspace.hidden.iter().all(|(id, at)| registered(id) && at.anchor.as_deref().is_none_or(registered))
+}
+
+/// Read a saved `docking` workspace and where its floating panels dock back. Anything else,
+/// such as the bare layouts written before workspaces, gives `None`: the native dock's default.
+pub(crate) fn load(saved: &Value) -> Option<(Workspace, Returns)> {
+    let docking = saved.get("docking").filter(|v| v.get("layout").is_some())?;
+    let mut workspace: Workspace = serde_json::from_value(docking.clone()).ok()?;
+    workspace.layout = beside_canvas(workspace.layout);
+    workspace.saved = workspace.saved.map(beside_canvas);
+    let mut returns: Returns = saved.get("dockingReturns").and_then(|v| serde_json::from_value(v.clone()).ok()).unwrap_or_default();
+    returns.retain(|panel, at| registered(panel) && at.floating.is_none() && floats(&workspace.layout, panel));
+    valid_workspace(&workspace).then_some((workspace, returns))
+}
+
+/// The saved `docking` workspace is from a newer version than craft-ui reads.
+pub(crate) fn newer(saved: &Value) -> bool {
+    saved.get("docking").and_then(|docking| docking.get("version")).and_then(Value::as_u64).is_some_and(|version| version > u64::from(Workspace::VERSION))
 }
 
 fn legacy(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Layout<String> {
     legacy_layout(app, false)
 }
 
+/// The native dock's arrangement as a craft-ui layout: the canvas beside one dock column of the
+/// shown groups, top to bottom, with their tab order, selected tab and user-set heights. The
+/// Studio themes float Properties over the canvas's top right corner. `all` includes the groups
+/// that are not shown, with every tab.
 fn legacy_layout(app: &PhotocraftApp, all: bool) -> Layout<String> {
-    let pro = matches!(app.ui.theme, crate::theme::ThemeKind::Pro | crate::theme::ThemeKind::ProMedium);
-    let mut layout = Layout::default();
-    for group in app.ui.dock.order().into_iter().rev().filter(|g| all || g.shown(&app.ui.panels)) {
+    let pro = app.ui.theme.is_pro();
+    let mut groups = Vec::new();
+    let mut floating = Vec::new();
+    for group in app.ui.dock.order().into_iter().filter(|g| all || g.shown(&app.ui.panels)) {
         let labels = group.tabs(pro);
         let visible = if all { group.tabs(pro).iter().copied().enumerate().collect() } else { app.ui.dock.visible_tabs(group, pro) };
         let panels: Vec<String> = visible.iter().filter_map(|(_, label)| normalize(label).map(str::to_owned)).collect();
         if panels.is_empty() {
             continue;
         }
-        let selected = match group {
-            Group::Color => app.ui.dock_tabs.color,
-            Group::Properties => app.ui.dock_tabs.properties,
-            Group::Character => app.ui.dock_tabs.character,
-            Group::Navigator => app.ui.dock_tabs.navigator,
-            Group::History => app.ui.dock_tabs.history,
-            Group::Layers => app.ui.dock_tabs.layers,
-            Group::Brushes => app.ui.dock_tabs.brushes,
-        };
+        let selected = *group.tab_mut(&mut app.ui.dock_tabs.clone());
         let active = labels.get(selected).and_then(|label| normalize(label)).and_then(|id| panels.iter().position(|p| p == id)).unwrap_or(0);
         if group == Group::Properties && !pro {
-            layout.floating.push(Floating { panels, active, rect: [120.0, 160.0, 320.0, 440.0] });
+            floating.push(Floating::single(panels, active, studio_properties_rect(app)).with_id(PROPERTIES_WINDOW));
             continue;
         }
-        let node = Node::Tabs { panels, active };
-        layout.root = Some(match layout.root.take() {
-            Some(second) => Node::Split {
-                axis: SplitAxis::Vertical,
-                size: SplitSize::FixedFirst(app.ui.dock.height(group)),
-                first: Box::new(node),
-                second: Box::new(second),
-            },
-            None => node,
-        });
+        let height = app.ui.dock.heights.contains_key(&group).then(|| app.ui.dock.height(group));
+        groups.push(craft_ui::docking::Group { height, ..craft_ui::docking::Group::new(panels, active) });
     }
-    layout
+    let (columns, width) = if groups.is_empty() { (Vec::new(), 0.0) } else { (vec![Column::new(groups, default_width(pro))], default_width(pro)) };
+    Layout { root: Some(with_canvas(Node::Dock { side: Side::End, columns }, width)), floating }
+}
+
+/// Where the Studio themes' Properties card floats: inside the canvas's top right corner.
+fn studio_properties_rect(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> [f32; 4] {
+    let (width, height) = (320.0, 440.0);
+    let canvas = app.last_canvas_rect;
+    if canvas.is_positive() && canvas.width() > width + 24.0 {
+        [canvas.right() - width - 12.0, canvas.top() + 44.0, width, height]
+    } else {
+        [120.0, 160.0, width, height]
+    }
+}
+
+/// The native dock as a workspace: its shown panels, and where each hidden one goes back.
+fn legacy_workspace(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Workspace {
+    let layout = legacy(app);
+    let hidden = migration_hidden(app, &layout);
+    Workspace { hidden, ..Workspace::new(layout) }
+}
+
+/// The workspace commands change: the customized one, or the native dock's. The lock is the
+/// Lock Workspace preference.
+fn workspace_of(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Result<Workspace, String> {
+    let mut workspace = match &app.ui.docking {
+        Some(workspace) if !valid_workspace(workspace) => return Err("saved panel layout is invalid; reset the workspace first".into()),
+        Some(workspace) => workspace.clone(),
+        None => legacy_workspace(app),
+    };
+    workspace.locked = app.session.prefs().workspace_locked;
+    Ok(workspace)
+}
+
+fn commit(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, workspace: Workspace, mut returns: Returns) {
+    returns.retain(|panel, _| floats(&workspace.layout, panel));
+    app.ui.docking = Some(workspace);
+    app.ui.docking_returns = returns;
+    app.ui.panels.dock = true;
+    sync_visibility(app);
+}
+
+fn floats(layout: &Layout<String>, panel: &str) -> bool {
+    layout.floating.iter().any(|window| window.contains(&panel.to_owned()))
 }
 
 // Native collapse flags remain app-owned. An intact native tab group keeps its collapsed
 // presentation when the workspace first becomes customizable; mixed custom groups are expanded.
 fn collapsed_members(app: &PhotocraftApp, layout: &Layout<String>) -> std::collections::HashSet<String> {
     let mut collapsed: std::collections::HashSet<String> = app.ui.docking_collapsed.iter().cloned().collect();
-    let mut pending: Vec<_> = layout.root.iter().collect();
-    while let Some(node) = pending.pop() {
-        match node {
-            Node::Split { first, second, .. } => pending.extend([first.as_ref(), second.as_ref()]),
-            Node::Tabs { panels, .. } => {
-                let group = panels.first().and_then(|id| PANELS.iter().find(|p| p.0 == id)).map(|p| p.2);
-                if let Some(group) = group.filter(|group| app.ui.dock.is_collapsed(*group)) {
-                    let pro = matches!(app.ui.theme, crate::theme::ThemeKind::Pro | crate::theme::ThemeKind::ProMedium);
-                    let native: Vec<_> = app.ui.dock.visible_tabs(group, pro).iter().filter_map(|(_, name)| normalize(name)).collect();
-                    if panels.len() == native.len() && panels.iter().all(|panel| native.contains(&panel.as_str())) {
-                        collapsed.extend(panels.iter().cloned());
-                    }
-                }
+    for group in layout.root.iter().flat_map(tree_groups).filter(|group| group.minimized) {
+        collapsed.extend(group.panels);
+    }
+    for panels in root_groups(layout) {
+        let group = panels.first().and_then(|id| PANELS.iter().find(|p| p.0 == id)).map(|p| p.2);
+        if let Some(group) = group.filter(|group| app.ui.dock.is_collapsed(*group)) {
+            let pro = app.ui.theme.is_pro();
+            let native: Vec<_> = app.ui.dock.visible_tabs(group, pro).iter().filter_map(|(_, name)| normalize(name)).collect();
+            if panels.len() == native.len() && panels.iter().all(|panel| native.contains(&panel.as_str())) {
+                collapsed.extend(panels.iter().cloned());
             }
-            _ => {}
         }
     }
     collapsed
 }
 
 fn first_root(layout: &Layout<String>, except: &str) -> Option<String> {
-    let root = Layout { root: layout.root.clone(), floating: Vec::new() };
-    root.panels().into_iter().find(|p| p.as_str() != except).cloned()
+    docked(layout).panels().into_iter().find(|p| p.as_str() != except && p.as_str() != CANVAS).cloned()
 }
 
-fn ensure(layout: &mut Layout<String>, panel: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let anchor = first_root(layout, panel);
-    layout.apply(Action::Open { panel: panel.into(), anchor }).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+/// Show `panel` if it is not in the layout: a closed panel at its recorded place, one never laid
+/// out where the native dock puts it ([`default_place`]).
+fn ensure(app: &PhotocraftApp, workspace: &mut Workspace, panel: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if workspace.layout.contains(&panel.to_owned()) {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    if workspace.hidden.iter().any(|(id, _)| id == panel) {
+        let anchor = first_root(&workspace.layout, panel);
+        return workspace.set_visible(panel.to_owned(), true, anchor, permissions).map_err(|e| e.to_string());
+    }
+    let action = default_place(app, &workspace.layout, panel);
+    workspace.apply(action, permissions).map(drop).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
 }
 
-fn number(params: &Value, key: &str, default: f32) -> Result<f32, String> {
-    match params.get(key) {
-        None => Ok(default),
-        Some(v) => v.as_f64().filter(|v| v.is_finite() && v.abs() <= 1_000_000.0).map(|v| v as f32).ok_or_else(|| format!("{key} must be a finite coordinate")),
+/// Where the native dock shows `panel` in `layout`: a tab of its group, before the next of the
+/// group's tabs; else a new group of the dock column, above the next native group there or below
+/// the one before it; else where craft-ui opens a panel.
+fn default_place(app: &PhotocraftApp, layout: &Layout<String>, panel: &str) -> Action<String> {
+    let open = Action::Open { panel: panel.to_owned(), anchor: None };
+    let Some(group) = PANELS.iter().find(|p| p.0 == panel).map(|p| p.2) else { return open };
+    let pro = app.ui.theme.is_pro();
+    let tabs: Vec<&str> = app.ui.dock.ordered_tabs(group, pro).iter().filter_map(|(_, label)| normalize(label)).collect();
+    if let Some(mate) = tabs.iter().find(|id| layout.contains(&id.to_string())) {
+        let members = group_members(layout, mate);
+        let after = tabs.iter().position(|id| *id == panel).map_or(&[][..], |at| &tabs[at + 1..]);
+        let before = after.iter().find(|id| members.iter().any(|m| m == *id)).map(|id| id.to_string());
+        return Action::OpenAt { panel: panel.to_owned(), anchor: mate.to_string(), placement: Placement::Tab { before } };
+    }
+    let order = app.ui.dock.order();
+    let Some(at) = order.iter().position(|g| *g == group) else { return open };
+    let docked = |g: &Group| PANELS.iter().filter(|p| p.2 == *g).map(|p| p.0).find(|id| in_dock_column(layout, id));
+    let new_group =
+        |anchor: &str, below: bool| Action::OpenAt { panel: panel.to_owned(), anchor: anchor.to_owned(), placement: Placement::Group { below, height: None } };
+    if let Some(anchor) = order[at + 1..].iter().find_map(docked) {
+        new_group(anchor, false)
+    } else if let Some(anchor) = order[..at].iter().rev().find_map(docked) {
+        new_group(anchor, true)
+    } else {
+        open
     }
 }
 
-fn placement(params: &Value) -> Result<Placement<String>, String> {
-    if let Some(before) = params.get("before") {
-        let id = before.as_str().and_then(normalize).ok_or("before must name a panel")?;
-        return Ok(Placement::Tab { before: Some(id.into()) });
+/// The panel a command names, if any.
+fn command_panel(command: &DockCommand<String>) -> Option<&String> {
+    use craft_ui::docking::{DockOperation, UiDock};
+    match command {
+        DockCommand::Move { panel, .. }
+        | DockCommand::Float { panel, .. }
+        | DockCommand::Dock { panel, .. }
+        | DockCommand::Activate { panel }
+        | DockCommand::Close { panel }
+        | DockCommand::CloseGroup { panel }
+        | DockCommand::CloseOthers { panel }
+        | DockCommand::Minimize { panel, .. }
+        | DockCommand::Iconic { panel, .. }
+        | DockCommand::Window { panel, .. } => Some(panel),
+        DockCommand::UiDock(UiDock::Operation(
+            DockOperation::Open { panel }
+            | DockOperation::Activate { panel }
+            | DockOperation::Close { panel }
+            | DockOperation::Float { panel, .. }
+            | DockOperation::Move { panel, .. },
+        )) => Some(panel),
+        DockCommand::Layout { action: Action::Activate { panel } } | DockCommand::UiDock(UiDock::Action { action: Action::Activate { panel } }) => Some(panel),
+        _ => None,
     }
-    let zone = match params.get("zone") {
-        None => "tab",
-        Some(value) => value.as_str().ok_or("zone must be a string")?,
-    };
-    Ok(match zone {
-        "tab" => Placement::Tab { before: None },
-        "center" => Placement::Split(Zone::Center),
-        "left" => Placement::Split(Zone::Left),
-        "right" => Placement::Split(Zone::Right),
-        "top" => Placement::Split(Zone::Top),
-        "bottom" => Placement::Split(Zone::Bottom),
-        _ => return Err("zone must be tab, center, left, right, top or bottom".into()),
-    })
+}
+
+/// Commands that bring their panel to the front.
+fn reveals(command: &DockCommand<String>) -> bool {
+    use craft_ui::docking::{DockOperation, UiDock};
+    matches!(
+        command,
+        DockCommand::Activate { .. }
+            | DockCommand::Layout { action: Action::Activate { .. } }
+            | DockCommand::UiDock(
+                UiDock::Operation(DockOperation::Open { .. } | DockOperation::Activate { .. }) | UiDock::Action { action: Action::Activate { .. } }
+            )
+    )
+}
+
+/// Commands that close their panel, so a hidden one is not shown first.
+fn closes(command: &DockCommand<String>) -> bool {
+    use craft_ui::docking::{DockOperation, UiDock};
+    matches!(
+        command,
+        DockCommand::Close { .. }
+            | DockCommand::CloseGroup { .. }
+            | DockCommand::CloseOthers { .. }
+            | DockCommand::UiDock(UiDock::Operation(DockOperation::Close { .. }))
+    )
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn command(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, id: &str, params: &Value) -> Option<Result<Value, String>> {
     if id == "window.panel.group" {
         return Some(group_command(app, params));
     }
-    if id == "window.panel.layout" {
-        return Some(
-            params
-                .get("action")
-                .ok_or_else(|| "action is required".to_string())
-                .and_then(|value| serde_json::from_value::<Action<String>>(value.clone()).map_err(|error| error.to_string()))
-                .and_then(|action| apply_action(app, action)),
-        );
-    }
     if let Some(panel) = id.strip_prefix("window.panel.").or_else(|| id.strip_prefix("window.toggle.")).and_then(normalize) {
         if app.ui.docking.is_none() && panel != "brushes" {
             return None;
         }
-        let showing = app.ui.docking.as_ref().is_some_and(|layout| layout.contains(&panel.to_string()));
+        let layout = app.ui.docking.as_ref().map(|workspace| &workspace.layout);
+        let showing = layout.is_some_and(|layout| layout.contains(&panel.to_string()));
         let show = match params.get("show").or_else(|| params.get("on")) {
-            None => !showing || app.ui.docking.as_ref().is_some_and(|layout| !panel_active(layout, panel) || collapsed_members(app, layout).contains(panel)),
+            None => !showing || layout.is_some_and(|layout| !panel_active(layout, panel) || collapsed_members(app, layout).contains(panel)),
             Some(value) => match value.as_bool() {
                 Some(show) => show,
                 None => return Some(Err("show must be a boolean".into())),
             },
         };
-        return Some(change(app, if show { "activate" } else { "close" }, &json!({"panel":panel})));
+        let id = if show { "window.panel.activate" } else { "window.panel.close" };
+        return Some(dock_command(app, id, &json!({"panel": panel})));
     }
-    let operation = match id {
-        "window.panel.move" => "move",
-        "window.panel.float" => "float",
-        "window.panel.dock" => "dock",
-        "window.panel.activate" => "activate",
-        "window.panel.close" => "close",
-        "window.panel" if app.ui.docking.is_some() => "activate",
+    let id = match id {
+        "window.panel" if app.ui.docking.is_some() => "window.panel.activate",
+        #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+        "window.panel.window" => return Some(Err("floating panels stay in the page on the web".into())),
+        id if DockCommand::<String>::IDS.contains(&id) => id,
         _ => return None,
     };
-    Some(change(app, operation, params))
+    Some(dock_command(app, id, params))
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn checked(app: &PhotocraftApp, id: &str) -> Option<bool> {
-    let layout = app.ui.docking.as_ref()?;
+    let workspace = app.ui.docking.as_ref()?;
     let panel = id.strip_prefix("window.panel.").or_else(|| id.strip_prefix("window.toggle.")).and_then(normalize)?;
-    Some(layout.contains(&panel.to_string()))
+    Some(workspace.layout.contains(&panel.to_string()))
 }
 
-// UI output and automation share this atomic dispatcher. The application owns the registry
-// and saved return locations; craft-ui owns tree validation and structural changes.
-fn apply_action(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, action: Action<String>) -> Result<Value, String> {
-    if app.session.prefs().workspace_locked && !matches!(action, Action::Activate { .. }) {
-        return Err("workspace is locked".into());
+/// Parse a docking command id and its params as craft-ui's [`DockCommand`] and run it. Panels
+/// may be named by id or label, and `onto` stands for `anchor`.
+fn dock_command(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, id: &str, params: &Value) -> Result<Value, String> {
+    let mut fields = match params {
+        Value::Null => Map::new(),
+        Value::Object(fields) => fields.clone(),
+        _ => return Err("params must be an object".into()),
+    };
+    if let Some(onto) = fields.remove("onto") {
+        fields.entry("anchor").or_insert(onto);
     }
-    let registered = |id: &String| normalize(id) == Some(id.as_str());
-    let known = match &action {
-        Action::Move { panel, anchor, placement } | Action::OpenAt { panel, anchor, placement } => {
-            registered(panel)
-                && registered(anchor)
-                && match placement {
-                    Placement::Tab { before: Some(id) } => registered(id),
-                    _ => true,
-                }
+    for key in ["panel", "anchor", "before", "target"] {
+        match fields.get(key) {
+            None | Some(Value::Null) => {}
+            Some(value) => {
+                // Docks and frames open beside the canvas, so it may be an anchor or a target.
+                let canvas = key != "panel" && value.as_str().is_some_and(|raw| raw.trim().eq_ignore_ascii_case(CANVAS));
+                let panel = if canvas { Some(CANVAS) } else { value.as_str().and_then(normalize) };
+                let panel = panel.ok_or_else(|| format!("{key} must name a registered panel"))?;
+                fields.insert(key.into(), json!(panel));
+            }
         }
-        Action::Open { panel, anchor } => registered(panel) && anchor.as_ref().is_none_or(registered),
-        Action::Float { panel, .. }
-        | Action::Close { panel }
-        | Action::Activate { panel }
-        | Action::MoveFloating { panel, .. }
-        | Action::SetStackOpen { panel, .. }
-        | Action::ResizeStack { panel, .. } => registered(panel),
-        Action::ResizeSplit { path, .. } => path.len() <= craft_ui::docking::MAX_DEPTH,
-    };
-    if !known {
-        return Err("docking action contains an unknown panel or an excessive split path".into());
     }
-    if app.ui.docking.as_ref().is_some_and(|layout| !valid(layout)) {
-        return Err("saved panel layout is invalid; reset the workspace first".into());
-    }
-    let mut layout = app.ui.docking.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| legacy(app));
-    let returning = match &action {
-        Action::Close { panel } => layout.location(panel).ok().map(|location| (panel.clone(), location)),
-        Action::Float { panel, .. } => layout.location(panel).ok().filter(|location| location.floating.is_none()).map(|location| (panel.clone(), location)),
-        _ => None,
-    };
-    let reveal = match &action {
-        Action::Activate { panel } => Some(panel.clone()),
-        _ => None,
-    };
-    let activate = match &action {
-        Action::Activate { panel } => PANELS.iter().find(|p| p.0 == panel).map(|p| p.2),
-        _ => None,
-    };
-    layout.apply(action).map_err(|error| error.to_string())?;
-    if let Some(group) = activate {
-        app.ui.dock.set_collapsed(group, false);
-    }
-    if let Some((panel, location)) = returning {
-        app.ui.docking_hidden.insert(panel, location);
-    }
-    if app.ui.docking.is_none() {
-        app.ui.docking_hidden.extend(migration_hidden(app, &layout));
-    }
-    app.ui.docking = Some(layout);
-    app.ui.panels.dock = true;
-    sync_visibility(app);
-    if let Some(panel) = reveal {
-        app.ui.docking_reveal = Some(panel.clone());
-        reveal_group(app, &panel);
-    }
-    Ok(json!({"layout": app.ui.docking}))
+    fields.insert("command".into(), json!(id));
+    let command: DockCommand<String> = serde_json::from_value(Value::Object(fields)).map_err(|error| error.to_string())?;
+    run(app, command)
 }
 
-fn change(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, operation: &str, params: &Value) -> Result<Value, String> {
-    if app.session.prefs().workspace_locked && operation != "activate" {
-        return Err("workspace is locked".into());
+/// UI output and automation share this atomic dispatcher: everything applies, or nothing.
+fn run(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, command: DockCommand<String>) -> Result<Value, String> {
+    if command.is_app_owned() {
+        return app_owned(app, command);
     }
-    let panel = params.get("panel").and_then(Value::as_str).and_then(normalize).ok_or("panel must name a registered panel")?;
-    if app.ui.docking.as_ref().is_some_and(|layout| !valid(layout)) {
-        return Err("saved panel layout is invalid; reset the workspace first".into());
-    }
-    let mut layout = app.ui.docking.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| legacy(app));
-    let migrated = if app.ui.docking.is_none() { migration_hidden(app, &layout) } else { app.ui.docking_hidden.clone() };
-    let mut hidden: std::collections::BTreeMap<_, _> =
-        migrated.iter().filter(|(id, _)| normalize(id).is_some()).take(64).map(|(id, at)| (id.clone(), at.clone())).collect();
-    let mut restored = false;
-    if operation == "dock"
-        && params.get("anchor").or_else(|| params.get("onto")).is_none()
-        && let Some(location) = hidden.get(panel).filter(|location| {
-            location.floating.is_none()
-                && location.anchor.as_ref().is_none_or(|anchor| Layout { root: layout.root.clone(), floating: Vec::new() }.contains(anchor))
-        })
-    {
-        let mut candidate = layout.clone();
-        if candidate.contains(&panel.to_string()) {
-            candidate.apply(Action::Close { panel: panel.into() }).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-        }
-        if candidate.restore(panel.into(), location).is_ok() {
-            layout = candidate;
-            restored = true;
-            hidden.remove(panel);
+    if let DockCommand::Lock { locked } = command {
+        let on = locked.unwrap_or(!app.session.prefs().workspace_locked);
+        app.session.prefs.edit(|p| p.workspace_locked = on);
+        if let Some(workspace) = app.ui.docking.as_mut() {
+            workspace.locked = on;
         }
+        return Ok(json!({"locked": on}));
     }
-    match operation {
-        "dock" if restored => {}
-        "float" => {
-            let rect = [number(params, "x", 400.0)?, number(params, "y", 140.0)?, number(params, "width", 300.0)?, number(params, "height", 400.0)?];
-            ensure(&mut layout, panel)?;
-            if let Ok(location) = layout.location(&panel.to_string())
+    let mut workspace = workspace_of(app)?;
+    let mut returns = app.ui.docking_returns.clone();
+    let panel = command_panel(&command).cloned();
+    // A hidden panel a command moves is shown first, as the Window menu shows it.
+    if let Some(panel) = panel.as_ref().filter(|_| !closes(&command)) {
+        ensure(app, &mut workspace, panel)?;
+    }
+    let space = FloatSpace::new(FLOAT_AREA);
+    let rtl = crate::direction::is_rtl();
+    let closed = match &command {
+        DockCommand::Dock { panel, anchor: None, side: None, zone: None, group: false, column: false, .. } if dock_back(&mut workspace, &returns, panel)? => {
+            Vec::new()
+        }
+        DockCommand::Float { panel, x, y, width, height, group: false, column: false } => {
+            if let Ok(location) = workspace.layout.location(panel)
                 && location.floating.is_none()
             {
-                hidden.insert(panel.into(), location);
+                returns.insert(panel.clone(), location);
             }
-            layout.apply(Action::Float { panel: panel.into(), rect }).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-        }
-        "move" | "dock" => {
-            if operation == "move" && params.get("anchor").or_else(|| params.get("onto")).is_none() {
-                return Err("move requires a destination panel".into());
-            }
-            let anchor = match params.get("anchor").or_else(|| params.get("onto")) {
-                Some(v) => Some(v.as_str().and_then(normalize).ok_or("anchor must name a registered panel")?.to_string()),
-                None => first_root(&layout, panel),
+            let sized = DockCommand::Float {
+                panel: panel.clone(),
+                x: *x,
+                y: *y,
+                width: width.or(Some(FLOAT_SIZE.x)),
+                height: height.or(Some(FLOAT_SIZE.y)),
+                group: false,
+                column: false,
             };
-            let placement = placement(params)?;
-            if let Some(anchor) = anchor {
-                ensure(&mut layout, panel)?;
-                layout.apply(Action::Move { panel: panel.into(), anchor, placement }).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-            } else if operation == "dock" {
-                if layout.contains(&panel.to_string()) {
-                    layout.apply(Action::Close { panel: panel.into() }).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-                }
-                layout.apply(Action::Open { panel: panel.into(), anchor: None }).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-            } else {
-                return Err("move requires an existing destination panel".into());
+            sized.apply(&mut workspace, rtl, &space, permissions).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?
+        }
+        DockCommand::Window { panel, native } if native.unwrap_or(true) => {
+            if workspace.layout.floating.iter().any(|window| window.id == PROPERTIES_WINDOW && window.contains(panel)) {
+                return Err("the Properties card stays over the canvas; float the panel out of it first".into());
             }
-        }
-        "close" => {
-            hidden.insert(panel.into(), layout.location(&panel.to_string()).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?);
-            layout.apply(Action::Close { panel: panel.into() }).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-        }
-        _ => {
-            if !layout.contains(&panel.to_string()) && hidden.contains_key(panel) {
-                // A missing neighbor is allowed: the normal visible dock becomes the fallback.
-                restore_hidden(&mut layout, &mut hidden, panel);
+            if let Ok(location) = workspace.layout.location(panel)
+                && location.floating.is_none()
+            {
+                returns.insert(panel.clone(), location);
             }
-            ensure(&mut layout, panel)?;
-            layout.apply(Action::Activate { panel: panel.into() }).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-            hidden.remove(panel);
+            command.apply(&mut workspace, rtl, &space, permissions).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?
         }
+        command => command.apply(&mut workspace, rtl, &space, permissions).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?,
+    };
+    if !valid_workspace(&workspace) {
+        return Err("docking action contains an unknown panel".into());
     }
-    app.ui.docking = Some(layout);
-    app.ui.docking_hidden = hidden;
-    app.ui.panels.dock = true;
-    sync_visibility(app);
-    if operation == "activate"
-        && let Some((_, _, group)) = PANELS.iter().find(|p| p.0 == panel)
+    let reveal = panel.filter(|_| reveals(&command));
+    if let Some(panel) = &reveal
+        && workspace.layout.panel_state(panel) != PanelState::Front
     {
-        app.ui.dock.set_collapsed(*group, false);
-        app.ui.docking_reveal = Some(panel.to_owned());
+        // A minimized window opens again; where nothing is minimized the action is refused.
+        let _ = workspace.apply(Action::SetMinimized { panel: panel.clone(), minimized: false }, permissions);
+    }
+    commit(app, workspace, returns);
+    if let Some(panel) = &reveal {
+        if let Some((_, _, group)) = PANELS.iter().find(|p| p.0 == panel) {
+            app.ui.dock.set_collapsed(*group, false);
+        }
+        app.ui.docking_reveal = Some(panel.clone());
         reveal_group(app, panel);
     }
-    Ok(json!({"panel": panel, "layout": app.ui.docking}))
+    let layout = app.ui.docking.as_ref().map(|workspace| &workspace.layout);
+    Ok(json!({"panel": command_panel(&command), "layout": layout, "closed": closed}))
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) -> bool {
-    let area = egui::Id::new("photocraft-panel-docking");
-    let stale_origin =
-        ui.ctx().data_mut(|data| data.get_temp::<LegacyDrag>(area.with("legacy-origin")).is_some_and(|origin| origin.generation != app.ui.docking_generation));
+/// Return a floating panel to where it floated from, if that place is still in the dock.
+fn dock_back(workspace: &mut Workspace, returns: &Returns, panel: &String) -> Result<bool, String> {
+    let Some(location) = returns.get(panel).filter(|_| floats(&workspace.layout, panel)) else { return Ok(false) };
+    if workspace.locked {
+        return Err("workspace is locked".into());
+    }
+    let docked = Layout { root: workspace.layout.root.clone(), floating: Vec::new() };
+    if location.anchor.as_ref().is_some_and(|anchor| !docked.contains(anchor)) {
+        return Ok(false);
+    }
+    let mut layout = workspace.layout.clone();
+    layout.apply(Action::Close { panel: panel.clone() }).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+    if layout.restore(panel.clone(), location).is_err() || !valid(&layout) {
+        return Ok(false);
+    }
+    workspace.layout = layout;
+    Ok(true)
+}
+
+/// Named workspaces and Reset are PhotoCraft's (Window › Workspace).
+fn app_owned(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, command: DockCommand<String>) -> Result<Value, String> {
+    let (id, params) = match command {
+        DockCommand::Workspace { name } => ("window.workspace.select", json!({"name": name})),
+        DockCommand::NewWorkspace { name } => ("window.workspace.newWorkspace", json!({"name": name})),
+        DockCommand::DeleteWorkspace { name } => ("window.workspace.deleteWorkspace", json!({"name": name})),
+        DockCommand::ResetWorkspace {} => {
+            crate::menus::apply_workspace(app);
+            return Ok(json!({"workspace": app.ui.workspace}));
+        }
+        _ => return Err("not a workspace command".into()),
+    };
+    crate::workspace_ui::menu(app, id, &params).unwrap_or_else(|| Err(format!("`{id}` is not available")))
+}
+
+/// Draw the layout, the canvas included, in the space `ui` has left: the customized workspace,
+/// else the native dock's arrangement.
+pub(crate) fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
+    let area = area_id();
     let changed_workspace = ui.ctx().data_mut(|data| {
         let previous = data.get_temp::<u64>(area.with("generation"));
         data.insert_temp(area.with("generation"), app.ui.docking_generation);
         previous.is_some_and(|generation| generation != app.ui.docking_generation)
     });
-    if changed_workspace || stale_origin {
-        ui.ctx().data_mut(|data| data.insert_temp(area.with("legacy-suppressed"), true));
+    if changed_workspace {
         craft_ui::docking::cancel_drag::<String>(ui.ctx(), area);
-        ui.ctx().data_mut(|data| data.remove::<LegacyDrag>(area.with("legacy-origin")));
     }
-
-    let cancelled =
-        ui.input(|input| !input.focused || input.key_pressed(egui::Key::Escape) || (!input.pointer.primary_down() && !input.pointer.any_released()));
-    if cancelled && cancel_legacy_drag(app, ui.ctx()) {
-        ui.ctx().data_mut(|data| data.insert_temp(area.with("legacy-suppressed"), true));
-        if app.ui.docking.is_none() {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-    let Some(layout) = app.ui.docking.as_ref() else { return false };
-    if !valid(layout) {
+    if app.ui.docking.as_ref().is_some_and(|workspace| !valid_workspace(workspace)) {
         app.ui.docking = None;
+        app.ui.docking_returns.clear();
         let message = "Invalid panel layout; restored the default dock";
         app.ui.status = tl!(message).into();
-        return false;
     }
-    let layout = layout.clone();
+    if let Some(width) = ui.ctx().data_mut(|data| data.remove_temp::<f32>(crate::panels::dock_width_id())) {
+        let range = crate::panels::dock_width_range(ui.ctx().content_rect().width());
+        set_dock_width(app, width.clamp(*range.start(), *range.end()));
+    }
+    native_dock_width(app, ui.ctx());
+    let layout = match &app.ui.docking {
+        Some(workspace) => workspace.layout.clone(),
+        None => legacy(app),
+    };
+    let collapsed = collapsed_members(app, &layout);
+    let layout = presented(layout, &collapsed);
+    let fillers = fillers(&layout);
     let reveal = app.ui.docking_reveal.take();
     let t = crate::theme::Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
     let locked = app.session.prefs().workspace_locked;
-    let collapsed = collapsed_members(app, &layout);
-    let requested_width = ui.ctx().data_mut(|data| data.remove_temp::<f32>(crate::panels::dock_width_id()));
+    let mut style = craft_ui::docking::DockStyle::from_ui(ui);
+    style.tab_height = if t.pro { 28.0 } else { 40.0 };
+    style.min_pane = 0.0;
+    style.background = t.card;
+    // Studio themes leave the strip transparent over the dock's card; a floating group has no
+    // card behind it, so the canvas showed through its titles (#4509).
+    style.tab_background = if t.tab_strip.a() == 0 { t.card } else { t.tab_strip };
+    style.active_background = t.card;
+    style.text = t.text;
+    style.inactive_text = t.text_dim;
+    style.border = egui::Stroke::new(1.0, t.card_border);
+    style.accent = t.accent;
+    style.right_to_left = crate::direction::is_rtl();
+    style.new_dock_zones = true;
+    let style = style.localized(|key| DOCK_LABELS.iter().find(|(k, _)| *k == key).map(|(_, english)| tl!(english).to_string()));
+    let mut dock = craft_ui::docking::DockArea::new(area)
+        .locked(locked)
+        .auto_collapse_iconic(app.session.prefs().workspace.auto_collapse_icon_panels)
+        .input_blocked(modal_open(app, ui.ctx()));
+    if let Some(panel) = &reveal {
+        dock = dock.raise_panel(panel.clone());
+    }
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    {
+        dock = dock.native_input_hook(native_input_hook(ui.ctx()));
+    }
     let mut commands = Vec::new();
-    let mut targets = Vec::new();
-    let mut draw = |ui: &mut egui::Ui| {
-        let mut style = craft_ui::docking::DockStyle::from_ui(ui);
-        style.tab_height = if t.pro { 28.0 } else { 40.0 };
-        style.min_pane = 0.0;
-        style.background = t.card;
-        // Studio themes leave the strip transparent over the dock's card; a floating group has no
-        // card behind it, so the canvas showed through its titles (#4509).
-        style.tab_background = if t.tab_strip.a() == 0 { t.card } else { t.tab_strip };
-        style.active_background = t.card;
-        style.text = t.text;
-        style.inactive_text = t.text_dim;
-        style.border = egui::Stroke::new(1.0, t.card_border);
-        style.accent = t.accent;
-        style.float_label = tl!("Float Panel").to_string();
-        style.close_label = tl!("Close Panel").to_string();
-        style.move_label = tl!("Group with").to_string();
-        style.panels_label = tl!("Panels").to_string();
-        style.resize_label = tl!("Resize panels").to_string();
-        style.resize_window_label = tl!("Resize panel window").to_string();
-        let mut area = craft_ui::docking::DockArea::new(egui::Id::new("photocraft-panel-docking"));
-        if let Some(panel) = &reveal {
-            area = area.raise_panel(panel.clone());
-        }
-        area.show_customized(
-            ui,
-            &layout,
-            &style,
-            |id| PANELS.iter().find(|p| p.0 == id).map(|p| tl!(p.1).to_string()).unwrap_or_else(|| id.clone()),
-            |_| craft_ui::docking::Permissions { movable: !locked, floatable: !locked, closable: !locked, accepts_tabs: !locked },
-            |id| {
-                if collapsed.contains(id) {
-                    craft_ui::docking::PanelLimits { min: egui::vec2(220.0, 0.0), max: egui::vec2(1_000_000.0, 0.0) }
-                } else {
-                    // Layers owns its row scroll and footer; leave room for its fixed controls
-                    // plus a scrolling row area instead of clipping the footer after a split.
-                    let height = if id == "layers" { 220.0 } else { 80.0 };
-                    craft_ui::docking::PanelLimits { min: egui::vec2(220.0, height), ..Default::default() }
-                }
-            },
-            &mut PanelContent { app, collapsed: &collapsed, commands: &mut commands, targets: &mut targets },
-        )
-    };
-    let output = if layout.root.is_some() {
-        let mut panel = egui::Panel::right("shared-panel-dock")
-            .default_size(if t.pro { 290.0 } else { 300.0 })
-            .size_range(crate::panels::DOCK_WIDTH)
-            .resizable(!locked)
-            .frame(egui::Frame::NONE.fill(t.card));
-        if let Some(width) = requested_width {
-            panel = panel.exact_size(width);
-        }
-        panel.show(ui, &mut draw).inner
-    } else {
-        draw(ui)
-    };
-    if let Some(error) = output.error {
+    let strip = style.tab_height;
+    let card: std::collections::HashSet<String> =
+        layout.floating.iter().filter(|window| window.id == PROPERTIES_WINDOW).flat_map(|window| window.panels().cloned()).collect();
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    ui.ctx().data_mut(|data| data.insert_temp(bodies_id(), Vec::<(String, egui::Rect)>::new()));
+    // The panel windows' passes, inside this call, note their keyboard focus again.
+    keyboard_focus(ui.ctx()).lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner()).clear();
+    let mut output = dock.show_customized(
+        ui,
+        &layout,
+        &style,
+        |id| PANELS.iter().find(|p| p.0 == id).map(|p| tl!(p.1).to_string()).unwrap_or_else(|| id.clone()),
+        permissions,
+        |id| {
+            if id == CANVAS {
+                craft_ui::docking::PanelLimits { min: egui::vec2(200.0, 120.0), ..Default::default() }
+            } else if collapsed.contains(id) {
+                craft_ui::docking::PanelLimits { min: egui::vec2(220.0, 0.0), max: egui::vec2(1_000_000.0, 0.0) }
+            } else {
+                // The native group's smallest height, tab strip included.
+                let height = PANELS.iter().find(|p| p.0 == id).map_or(80.0, |p| p.2.min_height() - strip);
+                craft_ui::docking::PanelLimits { min: egui::vec2(220.0, height), ..Default::default() }
+            }
+        },
+        &mut PanelContent { app, collapsed: &collapsed, fillers: &fillers, card: &card, strip, commands: &mut commands },
+    );
+    if let Some(error) = output.error.take() {
         app.ui.status = error.to_string();
     }
-    if ui.input(|input| input.pointer.any_released()) {
-        if !output.actions.iter().any(|action| matches!(action, Action::Move { .. } | Action::Float { .. })) && cancel_legacy_drag(app, ui.ctx()) {
-            return app.ui.docking.is_some();
-        }
-        ui.ctx().data_mut(|data| data.remove::<LegacyDrag>(egui::Id::new("photocraft-panel-docking").with("legacy-origin")));
-    }
-    if let Some(panel) = output.group_drag.as_ref()
-        && let Some(pointer) = ui.ctx().pointer_interact_pos()
-    {
-        let members = group_members(&layout, panel);
-        let eligible: Vec<_> = targets.iter().filter(|target| !members.contains(&target.anchor)).cloned().collect();
-        if let Some(proposal) = craft_ui::docking::resolve_drop(panel, pointer, &eligible) {
-            ui.painter().rect_stroke(proposal.preview, 0.0, egui::Stroke::new(2.0, t.accent), egui::StrokeKind::Inside);
-        }
-    }
-    if let Some((panel, pointer)) = output.group_drop {
-        let members = group_members(&layout, &panel);
-        let eligible: Vec<_> = targets.iter().filter(|target| !members.contains(&target.anchor)).cloned().collect();
-        if let Some(proposal) = craft_ui::docking::resolve_drop(&panel, pointer, &eligible) {
-            commands.push(("window.panel.group", json!({"panel":panel,"operation":"move","anchor":proposal.anchor,"placement":proposal.placement})));
-        }
-    }
-    for action in output.actions {
-        if let Err(error) = app.run("window.panel.layout", json!({"action": action})) {
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    open_window_drops(app, ui.ctx(), std::mem::take(&mut output.window_files));
+    // Keys pressed in a floating panel's own OS window run the main window's shortcuts.
+    let forwarded = std::mem::take(&mut output.forwarded_events);
+    crate::shortcuts::handle_forwarded(app, ui.ctx(), forwarded, output.forwarded_modifiers.unwrap_or_default());
+    let mut actions = output.actions;
+    pin_group_heights(ui.ctx(), &layout, &mut actions);
+    for action in actions {
+        let result = match action {
+            // A dock group minimizes as PhotoCraft's collapsed group, which the native dock's
+            // collapse also sets.
+            Action::SetMinimized { panel, minimized } if in_dock_column(&layout, &panel) => {
+                group_command(app, &json!({"panel": panel, "operation": if minimized {"collapse"} else {"expand"}}))
+            }
+            action => app.run("window.panel.layout", json!({"action": action})),
+        };
+        if let Err(error) = result {
             app.ui.status = error;
         }
     }
@@ -492,81 +638,272 @@ pub(crate) fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) -> bool {
             app.ui.status = error;
         }
     }
-    crate::dock::persist(app, ui.ctx());
-    true
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn legacy_tab(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, panel: &str, response: &egui::Response) {
-    let suppressed = egui::Id::new("photocraft-panel-docking").with("legacy-suppressed");
-    if ui.input(|input| input.pointer.button_pressed(egui::PointerButton::Primary)) {
-        ui.ctx().data_mut(|data| data.remove::<bool>(suppressed));
+/// A modal dialog or workspace is open. egui's `Modal` blocks input only in the window it shows
+/// in, so the floating panels' own OS windows are blocked meanwhile (`DockArea::input_blocked`).
+/// The app's dialogs count from the frame they open; any other egui modal (a format's options,
+/// a job's progress) from the frame after it first shows.
+pub(crate) fn modal_open(app: &PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> bool {
+    !app.ui.dialogs.is_empty()
+        || app.ui.layers_panel_dialog.is_some()
+        || app.discard.is_some()
+        || app.camera_raw.is_some()
+        || crate::distort_ui::modal_workspace(app).is_some()
+        || !ctx.memory(|memory| memory.is_above_modal_layer(egui::LayerId::background()))
+}
+
+/// The viewports of the floating windows that may have OS windows of their own. Where egui
+/// embeds viewports, and on the web, every floating window stays in the main window.
+pub(crate) fn native_viewports(app: &PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> Vec<egui::ViewportId> {
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    if !ctx.embed_viewports()
+        && let Some(workspace) = &app.ui.docking
+    {
+        return workspace
+            .layout
+            .floating
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|window| window.id != PROPERTIES_WINDOW)
+            .map(|window| craft_ui::docking::DockArea::<String>::window_viewport(area_id(), window.id))
+            .collect();
     }
-    if ui.ctx().data(|data| data.get_temp::<bool>(suppressed)).unwrap_or(false) || app.session.prefs().workspace_locked {
+    let _ = (app, ctx);
+    Vec::new()
+}
+
+/// The main window's `raw_input_hook` rewrites that floating panels' own windows need too:
+/// Ctrl+click is a secondary click on macOS. Each window keeps its own press state.
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+fn native_input_hook(ctx: &egui::Context) -> impl FnMut(&egui::Context, &mut egui::RawInput) + Send + 'static {
+    type Clicks = std::sync::Arc<std::sync::Mutex<std::collections::HashMap<egui::ViewportId, crate::control_click::ControlClick>>>;
+    let clicks = ctx.data_mut(|data| data.get_temp_mut_or_default::<Clicks>(area_id().with("control-click")).clone());
+    move |_, raw| {
+        let mut clicks = clicks.lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner());
+        clicks.entry(raw.viewport_id).or_default().normalize(&mut raw.events, cfg!(target_os = "macos"));
+    }
+}
+
+/// The floating panels' own windows where a widget had keyboard focus in their last pass.
+type KeyboardFocus = std::sync::Arc<std::sync::Mutex<std::collections::HashSet<egui::ViewportId>>>;
+
+fn keyboard_focus(ctx: &egui::Context) -> KeyboardFocus {
+    ctx.data_mut(|data| data.get_temp_mut_or_default::<KeyboardFocus>(area_id().with("keyboard-focus")).clone())
+}
+
+/// Another of the app's windows has the keyboard, by this frame's viewport infos: `Some(true)`
+/// when it is a floating panel's own window and one of its widgets has keyboard focus.
+pub(crate) fn other_window_keyboard(ctx: &egui::Context) -> Option<bool> {
+    let window = ctx.input(|i| i.raw.viewports.iter().find(|(id, info)| **id != egui::ViewportId::ROOT && info.focused == Some(true)).map(|(id, _)| *id))?;
+    Some(keyboard_focus(ctx).lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner()).contains(&window))
+}
+
+/// Files dropped on a floating panel's own OS window open as documents, as files dropped on the
+/// main window away from the canvas and the tab strip do, and the main window comes forward.
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+fn open_window_drops(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, windows: Vec<craft_ui::docking::WindowFiles<String>>) {
+    let dropped: Vec<egui::DroppedFileHandle> = windows.into_iter().flat_map(|window| window.dropped).collect();
+    if !dropped.is_empty() {
+        app.open_dropped(ctx, dropped, None);
+        ctx.send_viewport_cmd_to(egui::ViewportId::ROOT, egui::ViewportCommand::Focus);
+    }
+}
+
+/// A divider drag pins the other open groups of its column at the heights they show, so groups
+/// still at their defaults, which give way to the filler, don't shift while one is resized. The
+/// last open group fills the column and stays unpinned.
+fn pin_group_heights(ctx: &egui::Context, layout: &Layout<String>, actions: &mut Vec<Action<String>>) {
+    use craft_ui::docking::{DockArea, Hit};
+    let resized: Vec<String> = actions.iter().filter_map(|a| if let Action::ResizeGroup { panel, .. } = a { Some(panel.clone()) } else { None }).collect();
+    if resized.is_empty() {
         return;
     }
-    let Some(panel) = normalize(panel) else { return };
-    // Native tab reordering and vertical whole-group moves stay in the dock.
-    // Crossing the dock column horizontally detaches through the shared layout.
-    let strip = egui::Rect::from_min_max(egui::pos2(ui.max_rect().left(), response.rect.top()), egui::pos2(ui.max_rect().right(), response.rect.bottom()));
-    if response.dragged()
-        && ui.input(|input| input.focused && input.pointer.primary_down() && !input.key_pressed(egui::Key::Escape))
-        && ui.ctx().pointer_interact_pos().is_some_and(|position| position.x < strip.left() - 24.0 || position.x > strip.right() + 24.0)
-        && let Some(id) = normalize(panel)
-    {
-        let mut layout = app.ui.docking.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| legacy(app));
-        let bounds = ui.max_rect();
-        let source = egui::Rect::from_min_size(
-            egui::pos2(bounds.left(), response.rect.top()),
-            egui::vec2(bounds.width().clamp(240.0, 600.0), bounds.height().clamp(200.0, 600.0)),
-        );
-        if ensure(&mut layout, id).is_ok() && craft_ui::docking::begin_drag(ui.ctx(), egui::Id::new("photocraft-panel-docking"), id.to_string(), source) {
-            ui.ctx().data_mut(|data| {
-                data.insert_temp(
-                    egui::Id::new("photocraft-panel-docking").with("legacy-origin"),
-                    LegacyDrag {
-                        generation: app.ui.docking_generation,
-                        layout: app.ui.docking.clone(),
-                        tabs: app.ui.dock_tabs,
-                        hidden: app.ui.docking_hidden.clone(),
-                    },
-                )
-            });
-            if app.ui.docking.is_none() {
-                app.ui.docking_hidden = migration_hidden(app, &layout);
+    let hits = DockArea::<String>::hit_rects(ctx, area_id());
+    let mut pins = Vec::new();
+    let mut pending: Vec<&Node<String>> = layout.root.iter().collect();
+    while let Some(node) = pending.pop() {
+        match node {
+            Node::Split { first, second, .. } => pending.extend([first.as_ref(), second.as_ref()]),
+            Node::Dock { columns, .. } => {
+                for column in columns.iter().filter(|c| c.groups.iter().any(|g| g.panels.first().is_some_and(|p| resized.contains(p)))) {
+                    let open: Vec<_> = column.groups.iter().filter(|g| !g.minimized).collect();
+                    for group in open.iter().take(open.len().saturating_sub(1)).filter(|g| g.height.is_none()) {
+                        let Some(first) = group.panels.first().filter(|p| !resized.contains(p)) else { continue };
+                        let top = hits
+                            .iter()
+                            .filter(|(hit, _)| matches!(hit, Hit::Tab(p) | Hit::DragBar(p) if group.panels.contains(p)))
+                            .map(|(_, rect)| rect.top())
+                            .reduce(f32::min);
+                        let bottom =
+                            hits.iter().find(|(hit, _)| *hit == Hit::Divider(craft_ui::docking::Divider::Group(first.clone()))).map(|(_, r)| r.center().y);
+                        if let (Some(top), Some(bottom)) = (top, bottom) {
+                            pins.push(Action::ResizeGroup { panel: first.clone(), height: Some(bottom - top) });
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
             }
-            app.ui.docking = Some(layout);
+            _ => {}
         }
     }
+    actions.splice(0..0, pins);
+}
+
+/// `ui.set {dockWidth}`: the width of the end dock's outer column.
+fn set_dock_width(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, width: f32) {
+    let Ok(mut workspace) = workspace_of(app) else { return };
+    let outer = match workspace.layout.root.as_ref() {
+        Some(Node::Split { second, .. }) => match second.as_ref() {
+            Node::Dock { columns, .. } => columns.first().map(|column| (column.width, column.groups.iter().flat_map(|g| g.panels.first()).next().cloned())),
+            _ => None,
+        },
+        _ => None,
+    };
+    let Some((current, Some(panel))) = outer else { return };
+    if current == width {
+        return;
+    }
+    workspace.locked = false;
+    if workspace.apply(Action::ResizeColumn { panel, width }, permissions).is_ok() {
+        workspace.locked = app.session.prefs().workspace_locked;
+        let returns = app.ui.docking_returns.clone();
+        commit(app, workspace, returns);
+    }
+}
+
+/// A dock width saved by earlier versions is in egui's remembered memory under the `dock` side
+/// panel's id. The default layout's column takes it once, after the canvas has been laid out so
+/// the Studio Properties card keeps its place.
+fn native_dock_width(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
+    let id = crate::panels::panel_state_id(ctx, "dock");
+    let Some(state) = ctx.data_mut(|data| data.get_persisted::<egui::PanelState>(id)) else { return };
+    if app.ui.docking.is_none() && !app.last_canvas_rect.is_positive() {
+        return;
+    }
+    ctx.data_mut(|data| data.remove::<egui::PanelState>(id));
+    let pro = app.ui.theme.is_pro();
+    let range = crate::panels::dock_width_range(ctx.content_rect().width());
+    let width = state.size().x;
+    if app.ui.docking.is_none() && width.is_finite() && (width - default_width(pro)).abs() >= 1.0 {
+        set_dock_width(app, width.clamp(*range.start(), *range.end()));
+    }
+}
+
+/// `layout` as drawn: a dock group whose panels are all collapsed shows only its tab strip.
+fn presented(mut layout: Layout<String>, collapsed: &std::collections::HashSet<String>) -> Layout<String> {
+    let mut pending: Vec<&mut Node<String>> = layout.root.iter_mut().collect();
+    while let Some(node) = pending.pop() {
+        match node {
+            Node::Split { first, second, .. } => pending.extend([first.as_mut(), second.as_mut()]),
+            Node::Dock { columns, .. } => {
+                for group in columns.iter_mut().flat_map(|c| c.groups.iter_mut()) {
+                    group.minimized |= group.panels.iter().all(|id| collapsed.contains(id));
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+    layout
+}
+
+/// The panels of each dock column's last open group, which fills the column.
+fn fillers(layout: &Layout<String>) -> std::collections::HashSet<String> {
+    let mut out = std::collections::HashSet::new();
+    let mut pending: Vec<&Node<String>> = layout.root.iter().collect();
+    while let Some(node) = pending.pop() {
+        match node {
+            Node::Split { first, second, .. } => pending.extend([first.as_ref(), second.as_ref()]),
+            Node::Dock { columns, .. } => {
+                for column in columns {
+                    out.extend(column.groups.iter().rev().find(|g| !g.minimized).into_iter().flat_map(|g| g.panels.iter().cloned()));
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+    out
 }
 
 fn body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: &str) {
     let Some((_, label, group)) = PANELS.iter().find(|p| p.0 == id) else { return };
     let pro = crate::theme::Tokens::get(ui.ctx()).pro;
     let Some(tab) = group.tabs(pro).iter().position(|name| name == label) else { return };
-    *group.tab_mut(&mut app.ui.dock_tabs) = tab;
+    // The native group's selected tab is this panel while its body draws, so a custom group
+    // holding several of the group's panels keeps the selection `sync_visibility` chose.
+    let shown = std::mem::replace(group.tab_mut(&mut app.ui.dock_tabs), tab);
     if group.scrolls_itself(tab) {
+        ui.set_min_height(ui.available_height().max(0.0));
         crate::panels::dock_body(app, ui, *group, tab);
     } else {
         crate::panels::offer_color_field_fill(ui, pro, *group, tab);
+        // No scroll fade: it darkens real colours, swatches and previews at the edge (#2726).
+        ui.spacing_mut().scroll.fade.strength = 0.0;
         egui::ScrollArea::vertical()
             .id_salt(("shared-panel-body", id))
             .auto_shrink([false, false])
             .show(ui, |ui| crate::panels::dock_body(app, ui, *group, tab));
     }
     let selected = *group.tab_mut(&mut app.ui.dock_tabs);
-    if selected != tab
-        && let Some(label) = group.tabs(pro).get(selected)
-    {
+    if selected == tab {
+        *group.tab_mut(&mut app.ui.dock_tabs) = shown;
+    } else if let Some(label) = group.tabs(pro).get(selected) {
         let _ = app.run("window.panel.activate", json!({"panel":label}));
     }
 }
 
+/// Where tests find panels and docking controls as drawn last frame.
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(crate) mod probe {
+    use super::*;
+    use craft_ui::docking::{DockArea, Hit};
+    use egui::Rect;
+
+    pub(crate) fn hit_rect(ctx: &egui::Context, hit: &Hit<String>) -> Option<Rect> {
+        DockArea::<String>::hit_rects(ctx, area_id()).into_iter().find(|(drawn, _)| drawn == hit).map(|(_, rect)| rect)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn tab_rect(ctx: &egui::Context, panel: &str) -> Option<Rect> {
+        hit_rect(ctx, &Hit::Tab(panel.to_owned()))
+    }
+
+    /// The body of `panel`, when it is its group's selected tab.
+    pub(crate) fn panel_rect(ctx: &egui::Context, panel: &str) -> Option<Rect> {
+        last_bodies(ctx).into_iter().find(|(id, _)| id == panel).map(|(_, rect)| rect)
+    }
+
+    /// The panels of the tab group holding `panel`, in tab order.
+    pub(crate) fn group_of(app: &PhotocraftApp, panel: &str) -> Vec<String> {
+        let layout = app.ui.docking.as_ref().map_or_else(|| legacy(app), |workspace| workspace.layout.clone());
+        group_members(&layout, panel)
+    }
+
+    /// The tab group holding `panel`: its tab strip and its selected panel's body.
+    pub(crate) fn group_rect(app: &PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, panel: &str) -> Option<Rect> {
+        let members = group_of(app, panel);
+        let strip = DockArea::<String>::hit_rects(ctx, area_id()).into_iter().filter_map(|(hit, rect)| match hit {
+            Hit::Tab(p) | Hit::DragBar(p) | Hit::Border(p) | Hit::Overflow(p) => members.contains(&p).then_some(rect),
+            _ => None,
+        });
+        let bodies = last_bodies(ctx).into_iter().filter_map(|(id, rect)| members.contains(&id).then_some(rect));
+        strip.chain(bodies).reduce(|a, b| a.union(b))
+    }
+
+    /// [`group_rect`] of the first panel of the native `group` that is laid out.
+    pub(crate) fn native_group_rect(app: &PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, group: Group) -> Option<Rect> {
+        PANELS.iter().filter(|p| p.2 == group).find_map(|p| group_rect(app, ctx, p.0))
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 #[path = "panel_docking_tests.rs"]
 mod tests;
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+#[path = "panel_docking_native_tests.rs"]
+mod native_tests;
+
 /// Return positions for panels already hidden in a legacy workspace.
-fn migration_hidden(app: &PhotocraftApp, visible: &Layout<String>) -> std::collections::BTreeMap<String, craft_ui::docking::Location<String>> {
+fn migration_hidden(app: &PhotocraftApp, visible: &Layout<String>) -> Vec<(String, Location<String>)> {
     let full = legacy_layout(app, true);
     PANELS
         .iter()
@@ -575,22 +912,54 @@ fn migration_hidden(app: &PhotocraftApp, visible: &Layout<String>) -> std::colle
         .collect()
 }
 
-fn group_members(layout: &Layout<String>, panel: &str) -> Vec<String> {
-    let mut pending: Vec<_> = layout.root.iter().collect();
+/// A tab group of a layout tree.
+struct TabGroup {
+    panels: Vec<String>,
+    active: usize,
+    /// In a dock column, where craft-ui minimizes it to its tab strip.
+    dock: bool,
+    minimized: bool,
+}
+
+/// The tab groups of a tree, top to bottom: frames, each accordion entry, and each dock
+/// column's groups.
+fn tree_groups(root: &Node<String>) -> Vec<TabGroup> {
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    let mut pending = vec![root];
     while let Some(node) = pending.pop() {
         match node {
             Node::Split { first, second, .. } => pending.extend([second.as_ref(), first.as_ref()]),
-            Node::Tabs { panels, .. } if panels.iter().any(|id| id == panel) => return panels.clone(),
-            Node::Stack { entries } if entries.iter().any(|entry| entry.panel == panel) => return vec![panel.to_owned()],
+            Node::Tabs { panels, active } => out.push(TabGroup { panels: panels.clone(), active: *active, dock: false, minimized: false }),
+            Node::Stack { entries } => out.extend(entries.iter().map(|e| TabGroup { panels: vec![e.panel.clone()], active: 0, dock: false, minimized: false })),
+            Node::Dock { columns, .. } => out.extend(columns.iter().flat_map(|c| &c.groups).map(|g| TabGroup {
+                panels: g.panels.clone(),
+                active: g.active,
+                dock: true,
+                minimized: g.minimized,
+            })),
             _ => {}
         }
     }
-    layout.floating.iter().find(|group| group.panels.iter().any(|id| id == panel)).map(|group| group.panels.clone()).unwrap_or_default()
+    out
+}
+
+/// The tab group holding `panel` in a tree; an accordion entry is a group of its own.
+fn tree_group(root: &Node<String>, panel: &str) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
+    tree_groups(root).into_iter().find(|group| group.panels.iter().any(|id| id == panel)).map(|group| group.panels)
+}
+
+/// Is `panel` in a group of a docked dock column?
+fn in_dock_column(layout: &Layout<String>, panel: &str) -> bool {
+    layout.root.iter().flat_map(tree_groups).any(|group| group.dock && group.panels.iter().any(|id| id == panel))
+}
+
+fn group_members(layout: &Layout<String>, panel: &str) -> Vec<String> {
+    layout.root.iter().chain(layout.floating.iter().map(|window| &window.root)).find_map(|root| tree_group(root, panel)).unwrap_or_default()
 }
 
 fn reveal_group(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, panel: &str) {
-    if let Some(layout) = &app.ui.docking {
-        let members = group_members(layout, panel);
+    if let Some(workspace) = &app.ui.docking {
+        let members = group_members(&workspace.layout, panel);
         app.ui.docking_collapsed.retain(|id| !members.contains(id));
         for id in members {
             if let Some((_, _, group)) = PANELS.iter().find(|p| p.0 == id) {
@@ -601,22 +970,19 @@ fn reveal_group(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, panel: &str) {
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn rail_on(app: &PhotocraftApp, group: Group) -> bool {
-    app.ui.docking.as_ref().is_some_and(|layout| {
+    app.ui.docking.as_ref().is_some_and(|workspace| {
+        let layout = &workspace.layout;
         let collapsed = collapsed_members(app, layout);
         PANELS.iter().filter(|p| p.2 == group).any(|p| layout.contains(&p.0.to_owned()) && !collapsed.contains(p.0))
     })
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn rail_click(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, group: Group) {
-    let Some(layout) = app.ui.docking.as_ref() else { return };
-    let floating = PANELS.iter().filter(|p| p.2 == group).any(|p| layout.floating.iter().any(|g| g.panels.iter().any(|id| id == p.0)));
+    let Some(workspace) = app.ui.docking.as_ref() else { return };
+    let layout = &workspace.layout;
+    let floating = PANELS.iter().filter(|p| p.2 == group).any(|p| floats(layout, p.0));
     let existing = PANELS.iter().find(|p| p.2 == group && layout.contains(&p.0.to_owned())).map(|p| p.0);
-    let panel = existing.or_else(|| {
-        group
-            .tabs(matches!(app.ui.theme, crate::theme::ThemeKind::Pro | crate::theme::ThemeKind::ProMedium))
-            .get(*group.tab_mut(&mut app.ui.dock_tabs))
-            .and_then(|label| normalize(label))
-    });
+    let panel = existing.or_else(|| group.tabs(app.ui.theme.is_pro()).get(*group.tab_mut(&mut app.ui.dock_tabs)).and_then(|label| normalize(label)));
     if let Some(panel) = panel {
         let result = if existing.is_some() && rail_on(app, group) {
             if floating {
@@ -625,7 +991,7 @@ pub(crate) fn rail_click(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, group: Group) {
                 group_command(app, &json!({"panel": panel, "operation":"collapse"}))
             }
         } else {
-            change(app, "activate", &json!({"panel":panel}))
+            dock_command(app, "window.panel.activate", &json!({"panel":panel}))
         };
         if let Err(error) = result {
             app.ui.status = error;
@@ -633,105 +999,80 @@ pub(crate) fn rail_click(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, group: Group) {
     }
 }
 
+/// The docked tab groups, top to bottom, without the canvas.
 fn root_groups(layout: &Layout<String>) -> Vec<Vec<String>> {
-    let mut out = Vec::new();
-    let mut pending: Vec<_> = layout.root.iter().collect();
-    while let Some(node) = pending.pop() {
-        match node {
-            Node::Split { first, second, .. } => pending.extend([second.as_ref(), first.as_ref()]),
-            Node::Tabs { panels, .. } => out.push(panels.clone()),
-            Node::Stack { entries } => out.extend(entries.iter().map(|e| vec![e.panel.clone()])),
-        }
-    }
-    out
+    layout.root.iter().flat_map(tree_groups).map(|group| group.panels).filter(|panels| !panels.iter().any(|id| id == CANVAS)).collect()
 }
 
+/// `window.panel.group {panel, operation}`: PhotoCraft's commands for a panel's whole group.
 fn group_command(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, params: &Value) -> Result<Value, String> {
     let panel = params.get("panel").and_then(Value::as_str).and_then(normalize).ok_or("panel must name a registered panel")?;
     let operation = params.get("operation").and_then(Value::as_str).ok_or("operation is required")?;
     if app.session.prefs().workspace_locked {
         return Err("workspace is locked".into());
     }
-    let mut layout = app.ui.docking.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| legacy(app));
-    if !valid(&layout) {
-        return Err("invalid panel layout".into());
-    }
-    let members = group_members(&layout, panel);
+    let mut workspace = workspace_of(app)?;
+    let members = group_members(&workspace.layout, panel);
     if members.is_empty() {
         return Err("panel is hidden".into());
     }
-    let mut hidden = if app.ui.docking.is_none() { migration_hidden(app, &layout) } else { app.ui.docking_hidden.clone() };
-    let mut collapsed = collapsed_members(app, &layout);
+    let mut collapsed = collapsed_members(app, &workspace.layout);
     match operation {
         "close" => {
-            for id in &members {
-                hidden.insert(id.clone(), layout.location(id).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?);
-                layout.apply(Action::Close { panel: id.clone() }).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-            }
-            collapsed.retain(|id| !members.contains(id));
-        }
-        "collapse" => {
-            collapsed.extend(members.iter().cloned());
-        }
-        "expand" => {
+            workspace.apply(Action::CloseGroup { panel: panel.to_owned() }, permissions).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
             collapsed.retain(|id| !members.contains(id));
         }
+        "collapse" => collapsed.extend(members.iter().cloned()),
+        "expand" => collapsed.retain(|id| !members.contains(id)),
         "move" => {
-            let anchor = params.get("anchor").and_then(Value::as_str).and_then(normalize).ok_or("anchor must name a registered panel")?;
-            let placement = params
-                .get("placement")
-                .map(|v| serde_json::from_value::<Placement<String>>(v.clone()).map_err(|e| e.to_string()))
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| placement(params))?;
-            if members.iter().any(|id| id == anchor) {
+            if params.get("anchor").and_then(Value::as_str).and_then(normalize).is_some_and(|anchor| members.iter().any(|id| id == anchor)) {
                 return Err("group cannot be moved into itself".into());
             }
-            let first = members.first().ok_or("group is empty")?;
-            layout.apply(Action::Move { panel: first.clone(), anchor: anchor.to_owned(), placement }).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-            let destination = group_members(&layout, first);
-            let before = destination.iter().position(|id| id == first).and_then(|index| destination.get(index + 1)).cloned();
-            for id in members.iter().skip(1) {
-                layout
-                    .apply(Action::Move { panel: id.clone(), anchor: first.clone(), placement: Placement::Tab { before: before.clone() } })
-                    .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+            let mut params = params.clone();
+            params["group"] = json!(true);
+            if let Some(fields) = params.as_object_mut() {
+                fields.remove("operation");
+            }
+            let before = (app.ui.docking.clone(), app.ui.docking_returns.clone());
+            dock_command(app, "window.panel.move", &params)?;
+            workspace = workspace_of(app)?;
+            if let Err(error) = workspace.apply(Action::Activate { panel: panel.to_owned() }, permissions) {
+                (app.ui.docking, app.ui.docking_returns) = before;
+                sync_visibility(app);
+                return Err(error.to_string());
             }
-            layout.apply(Action::Activate { panel: panel.to_owned() }).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
         }
         "up" | "down" => {
-            let groups = root_groups(&layout);
+            let groups = root_groups(&workspace.layout);
             let index = groups.iter().position(|g| g.contains(&panel.to_owned())).ok_or("floating groups cannot move within the dock")?;
             let neighbor = if operation == "up" { index.checked_sub(1) } else { index.checked_add(1).filter(|i| *i < groups.len()) };
             let anchor = neighbor.and_then(|i| groups.get(i)).and_then(|g| g.first()).ok_or("group is already at the edge")?;
-            let first = members.first().ok_or("group is empty")?;
-            layout
-                .apply(Action::Move {
-                    panel: first.clone(),
-                    anchor: anchor.clone(),
-                    placement: Placement::Split(if operation == "up" { Zone::Top } else { Zone::Bottom }),
-                })
+            let zone = if operation == "up" { Zone::Top } else { Zone::Bottom };
+            let placement = Placement::for_zone(&workspace.layout, anchor, zone, crate::direction::is_rtl()).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+            workspace
+                .apply_all(
+                    [
+                        Action::MoveGroup { panel: panel.to_owned(), to: Target::At { anchor: anchor.clone(), placement } },
+                        Action::Activate { panel: panel.to_owned() },
+                    ],
+                    permissions,
+                )
                 .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-            for id in members.iter().skip(1) {
-                layout
-                    .apply(Action::Move { panel: id.clone(), anchor: first.clone(), placement: Placement::Tab { before: None } })
-                    .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-            }
-            layout.apply(Action::Activate { panel: panel.to_owned() }).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
         }
         _ => return Err("operation must be close, collapse, expand, move, up or down".into()),
     }
-    app.ui.docking = Some(layout);
-    app.ui.docking_hidden = hidden;
+    let returns = app.ui.docking_returns.clone();
+    commit(app, workspace, returns);
     app.ui.docking_collapsed = collapsed.into_iter().collect();
-    sync_visibility(app);
     // Native collapse flags must not re-collapse a custom group after explicit expansion.
     if operation == "expand" || operation == "move" {
         reveal_group(app, panel);
     }
-    Ok(json!({"layout":app.ui.docking}))
+    Ok(json!({"layout": app.ui.docking.as_ref().map(|workspace| &workspace.layout)}))
 }
 
 pub(crate) struct LegacyUpdate {
-    layout: Layout<String>,
-    hidden: std::collections::BTreeMap<String, craft_ui::docking::Location<String>>,
+    workspace: Workspace,
     clear_collapse: Vec<Group>,
 }
 
@@ -748,7 +1089,7 @@ pub(crate) fn prepare_legacy_update(
     if panels.is_none() && tabs.is_none() && dock.is_none() {
         return Ok(None);
     }
-    if !valid(current) {
+    if !valid_workspace(current) {
         return Err("invalid panel layout; reset the workspace first".into());
     }
     // A legacy flat-column replacement cannot represent arbitrary custom splits. Reject it
@@ -764,15 +1105,15 @@ pub(crate) fn prepare_legacy_update(
     let clear_collapse: Vec<_> =
         dock.map(|d| Group::ALL.into_iter().filter(|g| d.is_collapsed(*g) != app.ui.dock.is_collapsed(*g)).collect()).unwrap_or_default();
     if !clear_collapse.is_empty()
-        && root_groups(current).iter().any(|ids| {
+        && root_groups(&current.layout).iter().any(|ids| {
             let groups: std::collections::HashSet<_> = ids.iter().filter_map(|id| PANELS.iter().find(|p| p.0 == id).map(|p| p.2)).collect();
             groups.len() > 1
         })
     {
         return Err("legacy collapse settings cannot replace mixed custom groups; use window.panel.group".into());
     }
-    let mut layout = current.clone();
-    let mut hidden = app.ui.docking_hidden.clone();
+    let mut workspace = current.clone();
+    workspace.locked = false;
     for group in Group::ALL {
         let visibility = request.get("panels").and_then(|p| p.get(group.key())).and_then(Value::as_bool);
         let selected = request.get("dockTabs").and_then(|p| p.get(group.key())).is_some();
@@ -781,15 +1122,9 @@ pub(crate) fn prepare_legacy_update(
             let explicitly_hidden = dock.is_some_and(|d| d.hidden_tabs.get(&group).is_some_and(|names| names.iter().any(|name| name == label)));
             let explicitly_shown = dock.is_some() && !explicitly_hidden;
             if visibility == Some(false) || explicitly_hidden {
-                if layout.contains(&id.to_owned()) {
-                    hidden.insert(id.to_owned(), layout.location(&id.to_owned()).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?);
-                    layout.apply(Action::Close { panel: id.to_owned() }).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
-                }
-            } else if (visibility == Some(true) || explicitly_shown) && !layout.contains(&id.to_owned()) {
-                if hidden.contains_key(id) {
-                    restore_hidden(&mut layout, &mut hidden, id);
-                }
-                ensure(&mut layout, id)?;
+                workspace.set_visible(id.to_owned(), false, None, permissions).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+            } else if visibility == Some(true) || explicitly_shown {
+                ensure(app, &mut workspace, id)?;
             }
         }
         if selected {
@@ -807,16 +1142,11 @@ pub(crate) fn prepare_legacy_update(
             if visibility == Some(false) {
                 return Err("cannot select a tab in a hidden group".into());
             }
-            if !layout.contains(&id.to_owned()) {
-                if hidden.contains_key(id) {
-                    restore_hidden(&mut layout, &mut hidden, id);
-                }
-                ensure(&mut layout, id)?;
-            }
-            layout.apply(Action::Activate { panel: id.to_owned() }).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+            ensure(app, &mut workspace, id)?;
+            workspace.apply(Action::Activate { panel: id.to_owned() }, permissions).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
         }
     }
-    Ok(Some(LegacyUpdate { layout, hidden, clear_collapse }))
+    Ok(Some(LegacyUpdate { workspace, clear_collapse }))
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn commit_legacy_update(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, update: LegacyUpdate, request: &Value) {
@@ -824,9 +1154,8 @@ pub(crate) fn commit_legacy_update(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, update: LegacyUpdate
         let ids: Vec<_> = PANELS.iter().filter(|p| p.2 == group).map(|p| p.0).collect();
         app.ui.docking_collapsed.retain(|id| !ids.contains(&id.as_str()));
     }
-    app.ui.docking = Some(update.layout);
-    app.ui.docking_hidden = update.hidden;
-    sync_visibility(app);
+    let returns = app.ui.docking_returns.clone();
+    commit(app, update.workspace, returns);
     for group in Group::ALL {
         if request.get("dockTabs").and_then(|p| p.get(group.key())).is_some()
             || request.get("panels").and_then(|p| p.get(group.key())).and_then(Value::as_bool) == Some(true)
@@ -841,8 +1170,12 @@ pub(crate) fn commit_legacy_update(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, update: LegacyUpdate
 struct PanelContent<'a> {
     app: &'a mut PhotocraftApp,
     collapsed: &'a std::collections::HashSet<String>,
+    fillers: &'a std::collections::HashSet<String>,
+    /// The panels of the Studio themes' Properties card, which stays over the canvas.
+    card: &'a std::collections::HashSet<String>,
+    /// The tab strip's height, which the native groups' heights include.
+    strip: f32,
     commands: &'a mut Vec<(&'static str, Value)>,
-    targets: &'a mut Vec<craft_ui::docking::DropTarget<String>>,
 }
 
 fn panel_menu(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, panel: &str) {
@@ -855,6 +1188,10 @@ fn panel_menu(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, panel: &str) {
             crate::swatches_ui::panel_menu(app, ui);
             ui.separator();
         }
+        "color" => {
+            crate::color_panel_ui::panel_menu(app, ui);
+            ui.separator();
+        }
         "history" => {
             crate::history_menu_ui::panel_menu(app, ui);
             ui.separator();
@@ -863,52 +1200,54 @@ fn panel_menu(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, panel: &str) {
             crate::brush_panel::panel_menu(app, ui);
             ui.separator();
         }
-        "actions" => {
+        "actions" | "Actions" => {
             crate::actions::panel_menu(app, ui);
             ui.separator();
         }
+        "histogram" => {
+            crate::histogram_panel::panel_menu(app, ui);
+            ui.separator();
+        }
         _ => {}
     }
 }
 
 impl craft_ui::docking::DockContent<String> for PanelContent<'_> {
     fn body(&mut self, ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: &String) {
-        if let Some(target) = self.targets.iter_mut().find(|target| target.anchor == *id) {
-            target.rect = target.rect.union(ui.max_rect());
-            if let Some(strip) = target.tab_strip.as_mut() {
-                strip.min.x = target.rect.left();
-                strip.max.x = target.rect.right();
-            }
-            let members = self.app.ui.docking.as_ref().map(|layout| group_members(layout, id)).unwrap_or_default();
-            target.tabs = members
-                .into_iter()
-                .filter_map(|panel| {
-                    ui.ctx().read_response(egui::Id::new("photocraft-panel-docking").with(("tab", &panel))).map(|response| (panel, response.rect))
-                })
-                .collect();
+        #[cfg(test)]
+        ui.ctx().data_mut(|data| data.get_temp_mut_or_default::<Vec<(String, egui::Rect)>>(bodies_id()).push((id.clone(), ui.max_rect())));
+        if id == CANVAS {
+            crate::panels::canvas_panel(self.app, ui);
+            return;
         }
-        if !self.collapsed.contains(id) {
-            egui::Frame::NONE.inner_margin(egui::Margin::same(8)).show(ui, |ui| body(self.app, ui, id));
+        let viewport = ui.ctx().viewport_id();
+        if viewport != egui::ViewportId::ROOT && ui.memory(|m| m.focused().is_some()) {
+            keyboard_focus(ui.ctx()).lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner()).insert(viewport);
         }
+        // A window too small for the dock squeezes its column below the panels' minimum width,
+        // which their layouts do not take.
+        if !self.collapsed.contains(id) && ui.available_width() >= 200.0 {
+            let pro = crate::theme::Tokens::get(ui.ctx()).pro;
+            ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.y = if pro { 0.0 } else { 6.0 };
+            egui::Frame::NONE.inner_margin(crate::widgets::body_margin(pro)).show(ui, |ui| body(self.app, ui, id));
+        }
+    }
+    fn dock_heights(&self, id: &String) -> Option<DockHeights> {
+        let group = PANELS.iter().find(|p| p.0 == id)?.2;
+        let body = |height: f32| (height - self.strip).max(0.0);
+        let fill = if self.fillers.contains(id) { body(group.preferred_fill()).max(1.0) } else { 0.0 };
+        Some(DockHeights::new(body(group.default_height())).compact(body(group.compact_height())).fill(fill))
     }
     fn panel_menu(&mut self, ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: &String) {
         panel_menu(self.app, ui, id);
     }
-    fn group_header_width(&self, _panels: &[String], _active: &String, _floating: bool) -> f32 {
+    fn allow_native(&self, id: &String) -> bool {
+        !self.card.contains(id)
+    }
+    fn group_header_width(&self, _panels: &[String], _active: &String, _floating: bool, _strip_width: f32) -> f32 {
         28.0
     }
     fn group_header(&mut self, ui: &mut egui::Ui, panels: &[String], active: &String, floating: bool) {
-        if !floating {
-            let rect = ui.max_rect();
-            self.targets.push(craft_ui::docking::DropTarget {
-                anchor: active.clone(),
-                rect,
-                tab_strip: Some(rect),
-                tabs: Vec::new(),
-                allow_splits: true,
-                accepts_tabs: !self.app.session.prefs().workspace_locked,
-            });
-        }
         let collapsed = panels.iter().all(|id| self.collapsed.contains(id));
         let locked = self.app.session.prefs().workspace_locked;
         let resp = crate::icons::button(ui, "ellipsis", ui.available_height().min(28.0), false, tl!("Panel menu"));
@@ -924,7 +1263,7 @@ impl craft_ui::docking::DockContent<String> for PanelContent<'_> {
                 ui.close();
             }
             if !floating {
-                let groups = self.app.ui.docking.as_ref().map(root_groups).unwrap_or_default();
+                let groups = self.app.ui.docking.as_ref().map(|workspace| root_groups(&workspace.layout)).unwrap_or_default();
                 let index = groups.iter().position(|g| g.contains(active));
                 for (operation, label, enabled) in
                     [("up", tl!("Move Group Up"), index.is_some_and(|i| i > 0)), ("down", tl!("Move Group Down"), index.is_some_and(|i| i + 1 < groups.len()))]
@@ -945,11 +1284,12 @@ impl craft_ui::docking::DockContent<String> for PanelContent<'_> {
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn sync_visibility(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
-    if let Some(layout) = &app.ui.docking {
+    if let Some(workspace) = &app.ui.docking {
+        let layout = &workspace.layout;
         if !valid(layout) {
             return;
         }
-        let pro = matches!(app.ui.theme, crate::theme::ThemeKind::Pro | crate::theme::ThemeKind::ProMedium);
+        let pro = app.ui.theme.is_pro();
         for group in Group::ALL {
             *group.shown_mut(&mut app.ui.panels) = PANELS.iter().filter(|p| p.2 == group).any(|p| layout.contains(&p.0.to_owned()));
             for (index, label) in group.tabs(pro).iter().enumerate() {
@@ -971,68 +1311,13 @@ pub(crate) fn sync_visibility(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
     }
 }
 
+/// Is `panel` the selected tab of its group (or an accordion entry)?
 fn panel_active(layout: &Layout<String>, panel: &str) -> bool {
-    let mut pending: Vec<_> = layout.root.iter().collect();
-    while let Some(node) = pending.pop() {
-        match node {
-            Node::Split { first, second, .. } => pending.extend([first.as_ref(), second.as_ref()]),
-            Node::Tabs { panels, active } if panels.iter().any(|p| p == panel) => return panels.get(*active).is_some_and(|p| p == panel),
-            Node::Stack { entries } if entries.iter().any(|e| e.panel == panel) => return true,
-            _ => {}
-        }
-    }
-    layout.floating.iter().any(|g| g.panels.get(g.active).is_some_and(|p| p == panel))
-}
-
-/// Extra legacy menu choices use the same commands as the customized renderer.
-pub(crate) fn legacy_menu(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, label: &str) {
-    let Some(panel) = normalize(label) else { return };
-    let locked = app.session.prefs().workspace_locked;
-    ui.add_enabled_ui(!locked, |ui| {
-        if ui.button(tl!("Float Panel")).clicked() {
-            if let Err(error) = app.run("window.panel.float", json!({"panel":panel})) {
-                app.ui.status = error;
-            }
-            ui.close();
-        }
-        ui.menu_button(tl!("Group with"), |ui| {
-            for &(anchor, label, _) in PANELS {
-                if anchor != panel && ui.button(tl!(label)).clicked() {
-                    let result = app
-                        .run("window.panel.activate", json!({"panel":anchor}))
-                        .and_then(|_| app.run("window.panel.move", json!({"panel":panel,"anchor":anchor})));
-                    if let Err(error) = result {
-                        app.ui.status = error;
-                    }
-                    ui.close();
-                }
-            }
-        });
-    });
-}
-
-// A closed group forms a bounded chain of hidden tab neighbors. Restore just the requested
-// panel at the first surviving return position, then let the remaining tabs rejoin it.
-fn restore_hidden(layout: &mut Layout<String>, hidden: &mut std::collections::BTreeMap<String, craft_ui::docking::Location<String>>, panel: &str) {
-    let Some(mut at) = hidden.get(panel).cloned() else { return };
-    let mut terminal = panel.to_owned();
-    let mut seen = vec![terminal.clone()];
-    while let Some(anchor) = at.anchor.as_ref().filter(|id| !layout.contains(id)).cloned() {
-        if seen.len() >= PANELS.len() || seen.contains(&anchor) {
-            return;
-        }
-        let Some(next) = hidden.get(&anchor).cloned() else { return };
-        seen.push(anchor.clone());
-        terminal = anchor;
-        at = next;
-    }
-    if layout.restore(panel.to_owned(), &at).is_ok()
-        && terminal != panel
-        && let Some(last) = hidden.get_mut(&terminal)
-    {
-        last.anchor = Some(panel.to_owned());
-        last.placement = Placement::Tab { before: None };
-        last.size = None;
-        last.sibling.clear();
-    }
+    layout
+        .root
+        .iter()
+        .chain(layout.floating.iter().map(|window| &window.root))
+        .flat_map(tree_groups)
+        .find(|group| group.panels.iter().any(|id| id == panel))
+        .is_some_and(|group| group.panels.get(group.active).is_some_and(|id| id == panel))
 }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/panel_docking_native_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/panel_docking_native_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..af87601a45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/panel_docking_native_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,396 @@
+//! Floating panels in their own OS windows. A stand-in for the window system runs each native
+//! window's frame on the harness's context with its own input and desktop rect, as eframe does.
+
+use super::*;
+use egui::{Event, Key, Modifiers, PointerButton, Pos2, Rect, ViewportId, pos2, vec2};
+use egui_kittest::Harness;
+use std::{cell::RefCell, collections::HashMap, rc::Rc};
+
+/// Where the main window's content sits on the desktop.
+const ORIGIN: Pos2 = pos2(200.0, 100.0);
+
+struct Window {
+    rect: Rect,
+    events: Vec<Event>,
+    dropped: Vec<egui::DroppedFileHandle>,
+    /// The window asked for the clipboard text.
+    paste_requested: bool,
+    hidden: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Host {
+    windows: HashMap<ViewportId, Window>,
+    /// The window with the keyboard; `None` is the main window.
+    focus: Option<ViewportId>,
+    time: f64,
+    size: egui::Vec2,
+}
+
+impl Host {
+    fn infos(&self) -> egui::ViewportIdMap<egui::ViewportInfo> {
+        let info = |rect: Rect, focused: bool| egui::ViewportInfo {
+            inner_rect: Some(rect),
+            outer_rect: Some(rect),
+            focused: Some(focused),
+            native_pixels_per_point: Some(1.0),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        std::iter::once((ViewportId::ROOT, info(Rect::from_min_size(ORIGIN, self.size), self.focus.is_none())))
+            .chain(self.windows.iter().map(|(id, window)| (*id, info(window.rect, self.focus == Some(*id)))))
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    fn render(host: &RefCell<Self>, ctx: &egui::Context, mut viewport: egui::ImmediateViewport<'_>) {
+        let id = viewport.ids.this;
+        let input = {
+            let mut host = host.borrow_mut();
+            let builder = &viewport.builder;
+            let rect = Rect::from_min_size(builder.position.unwrap_or_default(), builder.inner_size.unwrap_or(vec2(300.0, 200.0)));
+            host.windows.entry(id).or_insert(Window { rect, events: Vec::new(), dropped: Vec::new(), paste_requested: false, hidden: false });
+            let (viewports, focused, time) = (host.infos(), host.focus == Some(id), host.time);
+            let window = host.windows.get_mut(&id).expect("just added");
+            egui::RawInput {
+                viewport_id: id,
+                viewports,
+                screen_rect: Some(Rect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, window.rect.size())),
+                events: std::mem::take(&mut window.events),
+                dropped_files: std::mem::take(&mut window.dropped),
+                focused,
+                time: Some(time),
+                ..Default::default()
+            }
+        };
+        let mut full = ctx.run_ui(input, |ui| (viewport.viewport_ui_cb)(ui));
+        full.textures_delta.clear();
+        let mut host = host.borrow_mut();
+        for command in full.viewport_output.get(&id).map(|output| output.commands.as_slice()).unwrap_or_default() {
+            let Some(window) = host.windows.get_mut(&id) else { continue };
+            match command {
+                egui::ViewportCommand::OuterPosition(pos) => window.rect = Rect::from_min_size(*pos, window.rect.size()),
+                egui::ViewportCommand::InnerSize(size) => window.rect = Rect::from_min_size(window.rect.min, *size),
+                egui::ViewportCommand::RequestPaste => window.paste_requested = true,
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct Desktop {
+    h: Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>,
+    host: Rc<RefCell<Host>>,
+}
+
+impl Desktop {
+    fn new(app: PhotocraftApp) -> Self {
+        let size = vec2(1400.0, 900.0);
+        let host = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Host { size, ..Default::default() }));
+        let shared = host.clone();
+        egui::Context::set_immediate_viewport_renderer(move |ctx, viewport| Host::render(&shared, ctx, viewport));
+        let mut ready = false;
+        let h = Harness::builder().with_size(size).with_step_dt(1.0 / 60.0).build_ui_state(
+            move |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
+                if !ready {
+                    PhotocraftApp::setup_context(ui.ctx(), app.ui.theme);
+                    ui.ctx().set_embed_viewports(false);
+                    ready = true;
+                    return;
+                }
+                crate::panels::dock_area(app, ui);
+                egui::CentralPanel::default().show(ui, |_| {});
+            },
+            app,
+        );
+        let mut desktop = Self { h, host };
+        desktop.steps(4);
+        desktop
+    }
+
+    fn steps(&mut self, n: usize) {
+        for _ in 0..n {
+            let (infos, main_focused) = {
+                let mut host = self.host.borrow_mut();
+                host.time += 1.0 / 60.0;
+                (host.infos(), host.focus.is_none())
+            };
+            let input = self.h.input_mut();
+            input.viewports = infos;
+            input.focused = main_focused;
+            self.h.step();
+            // A command sent to a window from the main window's pass is in the main pass's output;
+            // one sent from the window's own pass is in that pass's output (`Host::render`).
+            let mut host = self.host.borrow_mut();
+            for (id, output) in &self.h.output().viewport_output {
+                if let Some(window) = host.windows.get_mut(id) {
+                    window.paste_requested |= output.commands.contains(&egui::ViewportCommand::RequestPaste);
+                    for command in &output.commands {
+                        if let egui::ViewportCommand::Visible(visible) = command {
+                            window.hidden = !visible;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The OS window of the floating window holding `panel`, once the dock area opened one.
+    fn window_of(&self, panel: &str) -> Option<ViewportId> {
+        let window = lay(self.h.state()).floating.iter().find(|window| window.contains(&panel.to_owned()))?;
+        let viewport = craft_ui::docking::DockArea::<String>::window_viewport(area_id(), window.id);
+        self.host.borrow().windows.contains_key(&viewport).then_some(viewport)
+    }
+
+    fn window_rect(&self, viewport: ViewportId) -> Rect {
+        self.host.borrow().windows[&viewport].rect
+    }
+
+    /// Give `events` to the native window `viewport` and run two frames.
+    fn send(&mut self, viewport: ViewportId, events: Vec<Event>) {
+        self.host.borrow_mut().windows.get_mut(&viewport).expect("a native window").events.extend(events);
+        self.steps(2);
+    }
+
+    fn click(&mut self, viewport: ViewportId, at: Pos2) {
+        let button = |pressed| Event::PointerButton { pos: at, button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE };
+        self.send(viewport, vec![Event::PointerMoved(at), button(true)]);
+        self.send(viewport, vec![button(false)]);
+    }
+
+    fn key(&mut self, viewport: ViewportId, key: Key, modifiers: Modifiers) {
+        let event = |pressed| Event::Key { key, physical_key: None, pressed, repeat: false, modifiers };
+        self.send(viewport, vec![event(true)]);
+        self.send(viewport, vec![event(false)]);
+    }
+}
+
+fn lay(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> &Layout<String> {
+    &app.ui.docking.as_ref().expect("a customized workspace").layout
+}
+
+fn app_with_document() -> PhotocraftApp {
+    let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+    app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 64, "height": 48})).unwrap();
+    app
+}
+
+/// The × of a native window's bar, in its coordinates: an 18 pt square 7 pt from the trailing
+/// edge (craft-ui's `OTHER_CLOSE`; this host is not macOS).
+fn close_button(rect: Rect) -> Pos2 {
+    pos2(rect.width() - 16.0, 9.0)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn undocking_a_panel_opens_its_own_window_and_the_studio_card_stays_in_the_main_window() {
+    let mut desktop = Desktop::new(app_with_document());
+    desktop.h.state_mut().run("window.panel.float", json!({"panel": "info"})).unwrap();
+    desktop.steps(3);
+    let viewport = desktop.window_of("info").expect("Info floats in its own OS window");
+    let window = lay(desktop.h.state()).floating.iter().find(|window| window.contains(&"info".to_owned())).unwrap().clone();
+    assert!(
+        craft_ui::docking::DockArea::<String>::floating_layer(area_id(), &window).is_none_or(|layer| desktop.h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(layer.id)).is_none()),
+        "and not in the main window"
+    );
+    // Undock Panel's window opens over its place in the main window.
+    let [x, y, ..] = window.rect;
+    assert_eq!(desktop.window_rect(viewport).min, ORIGIN + vec2(x, y));
+    assert!(native_viewports(desktop.h.state(), &desktop.h.ctx).contains(&viewport));
+
+    // window.panel.window floats a docked panel's group into its own window.
+    desktop.h.state_mut().run("window.panel.window", json!({"panel": "history"})).unwrap();
+    desktop.steps(3);
+    assert!(desktop.window_of("history").is_some(), "History has its own window");
+
+    let mut studio = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+    studio.ui.theme = crate::theme::ThemeKind::Studio;
+    studio.run("file.new", json!({"width": 64, "height": 48})).unwrap();
+    let mut desktop = Desktop::new(studio);
+    desktop.steps(3);
+    let card = legacy(desktop.h.state()).floating.into_iter().find(|window| window.id == PROPERTIES_WINDOW).expect("the Studio Properties card");
+    assert!(desktop.host.borrow().windows.is_empty(), "the card opens no OS window");
+    let layer = craft_ui::docking::DockArea::<String>::floating_layer(area_id(), &card).unwrap();
+    assert!(desktop.h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(layer.id)).is_some(), "the card is drawn in the main window");
+    let refused = desktop.h.state_mut().run("window.panel.window", json!({"panel": "properties"}));
+    assert!(refused.is_err(), "{refused:?}");
+}
+
+fn studio_app() -> PhotocraftApp {
+    let mut app = app_with_document();
+    app.ui.theme = crate::theme::ThemeKind::Studio;
+    app
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn the_studio_card_stays_in_the_main_window_after_a_reload() {
+    let mut desktop = Desktop::new(studio_app());
+    desktop.h.state_mut().run("window.panel.close", json!({"panel": "layers"})).unwrap();
+    desktop.steps(3);
+    assert!(desktop.host.borrow().windows.is_empty());
+    let saved: Value = serde_json::from_str(&crate::dock::snapshot(desktop.h.state()).to_string()).unwrap();
+    drop(desktop);
+    let mut reloaded = studio_app();
+    crate::dock::apply(&mut reloaded, &saved);
+    let mut desktop = Desktop::new(reloaded);
+    desktop.steps(3);
+    let card = lay(desktop.h.state()).floating.iter().find(|window| window.contains(&"properties".to_owned())).expect("the card").clone();
+    assert_eq!(card.id, PROPERTIES_WINDOW);
+    assert!(desktop.host.borrow().windows.is_empty(), "the card opens no OS window");
+    let layer = craft_ui::docking::DockArea::<String>::floating_layer(area_id(), &card).unwrap();
+    assert!(desktop.h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(layer.id)).is_some(), "the card is drawn in the main window");
+    let refused = desktop.h.state_mut().run("window.panel.window", json!({"panel": "properties"}));
+    assert!(refused.is_err(), "{refused:?}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn keys_pressed_in_a_panel_window_run_photocrafts_shortcuts() {
+    let mut desktop = Desktop::new(app_with_document());
+    desktop.h.state_mut().run("window.panel.float", json!({"panel": "info"})).unwrap();
+    desktop.steps(3);
+    let viewport = desktop.window_of("info").unwrap();
+    desktop.host.borrow_mut().focus = Some(viewport);
+    desktop.h.state_mut().ui.tool = crate::state::Tool::Move;
+    desktop.key(viewport, Key::B, Modifiers::NONE);
+    assert_eq!(desktop.h.state().ui.tool, crate::state::Tool::Brush, "B in the Info window picks the Brush");
+
+    let layers = |desktop: &Desktop| desktop.h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.layers.len();
+    let before = layers(&desktop);
+    desktop.h.state_mut().run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(layers(&desktop), before + 1);
+    desktop.key(viewport, Key::Z, Modifiers::COMMAND);
+    assert_eq!(layers(&desktop), before, "⌘Z in the Info window undoes");
+}
+
+/// The Mac menu bar, reporting one key equivalent.
+struct MenuKey(Vec<crate::native_menu::Event>);
+
+impl crate::native_menu::Backend for MenuKey {
+    fn sync(&mut self, _: &crate::native_menu::MenuBar) {}
+    fn drain(&mut self) -> Vec<crate::native_menu::Event> {
+        std::mem::take(&mut self.0)
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_menu_key_typed_in_a_panel_windows_text_field_goes_to_the_field() {
+    let mut desktop = Desktop::new(app_with_document());
+    let app = desktop.h.state_mut();
+    app.run("select.rect", json!({"x": 0, "y": 0, "width": 8, "height": 4})).unwrap();
+    app.run("edit.copy", json!({})).unwrap();
+    app.run("window.panel.float", json!({"panel": "gradients"})).unwrap();
+    desktop.steps(3);
+    let viewport = desktop.window_of("gradients").unwrap();
+    desktop.host.borrow_mut().focus = Some(viewport);
+    desktop.h.state_mut().ui.presets_ui.renaming = Some(("gradients".into(), "key".into(), "Name".into()));
+    desktop.steps(3);
+
+    let layers = |desktop: &Desktop| desktop.h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.layers.len();
+    let before = layers(&desktop);
+    let paste = crate::native_menu::Chord::parse("Cmd+V").unwrap();
+    desktop.h.state_mut().services.native_menu = Some(crate::native_menu::NativeMenu::new(Box::new(MenuKey(vec![crate::native_menu::Event::Key(paste)]))));
+    let mut raw = egui::RawInput { viewports: desktop.host.borrow().infos(), ..Default::default() };
+    let ctx = desktop.h.ctx.clone();
+    eframe::App::raw_input_hook(desktop.h.state_mut(), &ctx, &mut raw);
+    desktop.h.input_mut().events.extend(raw.events);
+    desktop.steps(1);
+    let main = desktop.h.output().viewport_output.get(&ViewportId::ROOT).map(|output| output.commands.clone()).unwrap_or_default();
+    assert!(!main.contains(&egui::ViewportCommand::RequestPaste), "the main window asks for no paste: {main:?}");
+    desktop.steps(2);
+    assert_eq!(layers(&desktop), before, "nothing is pasted into the document");
+    assert!(desktop.host.borrow().windows[&viewport].paste_requested, "the field's window asks for the clipboard text");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn keys_held_in_a_panel_window_count_as_released_once_it_loses_the_keyboard() {
+    let mut desktop = Desktop::new(app_with_document());
+    desktop.h.state_mut().run("window.panel.float", json!({"panel": "gradients"})).unwrap();
+    desktop.steps(3);
+    let viewport = desktop.window_of("gradients").unwrap();
+    desktop.host.borrow_mut().focus = Some(viewport);
+    let space = |pressed| Event::Key { key: Key::Space, physical_key: None, pressed, repeat: false, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE };
+    // The main window's shortcuts, in a pass with the host's focus.
+    let held = |desktop: &mut Desktop| {
+        let ctx = desktop.h.ctx.clone();
+        let raw = {
+            let host = desktop.host.borrow();
+            egui::RawInput { viewports: host.infos(), focused: host.focus.is_none(), ..Default::default() }
+        };
+        ctx.run_ui(raw, |ui| crate::shortcuts::handle(desktop.h.state_mut(), ui.ctx())).textures_delta.clear();
+        crate::shortcuts::forwarded_keys_down(&ctx)
+    };
+    desktop.send(viewport, vec![space(true)]);
+    assert_eq!(held(&mut desktop), [Key::Space], "held while the window has the keyboard");
+    desktop.host.borrow_mut().focus = Some(ViewportId::from_hash_of("another app"));
+    assert_eq!(held(&mut desktop), [], "released once no window of the app has the keyboard");
+
+    desktop.host.borrow_mut().focus = Some(viewport);
+    desktop.send(viewport, vec![space(true)]);
+    assert_eq!(held(&mut desktop), [Key::Space]);
+    desktop.h.state_mut().ui.presets_ui.renaming = Some(("gradients".into(), "key".into(), "Name".into()));
+    desktop.steps(3);
+    assert_eq!(held(&mut desktop), [], "released once a field of the window takes keyboard focus");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_dialog_blocks_the_panel_windows() {
+    let about = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp| _ = app.ui.open_dialog(crate::state::DialogKind::About, Default::default());
+    let blur = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp| _ = crate::dialogs::open_command_dialog(app, "filter.blur.gaussianBlur", "Gaussian Blur");
+    for (name, open) in [("About", &about as &dyn Fn(&mut PhotocraftApp)), ("Gaussian Blur", &blur)] {
+        let mut desktop = Desktop::new(app_with_document());
+        desktop.h.state_mut().run("window.panel.float", json!({"panel": "info"})).unwrap();
+        desktop.steps(3);
+        let viewport = desktop.window_of("info").unwrap();
+        desktop.host.borrow_mut().focus = Some(viewport);
+        open(desktop.h.state_mut());
+        assert!(modal_open(desktop.h.state(), &desktop.h.ctx), "{name}");
+        // The click arrives in the dialog's first frame.
+        let close = close_button(desktop.window_rect(viewport));
+        desktop.click(viewport, close);
+        assert!(lay(desktop.h.state()).contains(&"info".to_owned()), "{name}: the × takes no click under the dialog");
+        desktop.h.state_mut().ui.tool = crate::state::Tool::Move;
+        desktop.key(viewport, Key::B, Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert_eq!(desktop.h.state().ui.tool, crate::state::Tool::Move, "{name}: nor do the shortcuts get its keys");
+        desktop.host.borrow_mut().focus = Some(ViewportId::from_hash_of("another app"));
+        desktop.steps(30);
+        assert!(!desktop.host.borrow().windows[&viewport].hidden, "{name}: the panel window stays shown while the app is in the background");
+        desktop.host.borrow_mut().focus = Some(viewport);
+
+        desktop.h.state_mut().ui.dialogs.clear();
+        desktop.steps(3);
+        assert!(!modal_open(desktop.h.state(), &desktop.h.ctx), "{name}");
+        desktop.click(viewport, close);
+        assert!(!lay(desktop.h.state()).contains(&"info".to_owned()), "{name}: the × closes the panel once the dialog is gone");
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct Dropped(std::path::PathBuf, Vec<u8>);
+
+impl egui::DroppedFile for Dropped {
+    fn path(&self) -> &std::path::Path {
+        &self.0
+    }
+    fn bytes(&self) -> Result<Vec<u8>, String> {
+        Ok(self.1.clone())
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_file_dropped_on_a_panel_window_opens_as_a_document() {
+    // An importer that names the document after the file, as photocraft-io does.
+    let import = |name: &str, _: &[u8], _: &photocraft_io::ImportOptions| {
+        let size = photocraft_geom::Size::new(4, 4);
+        Ok((photocraft_doc::Document::new(name, size, photocraft_color::ColorMode::Rgb, photocraft_color::SampleType::U8), Vec::new()))
+    };
+    let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services { import: Some(Box::new(import)), ..Default::default() });
+    app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 64, "height": 48})).unwrap();
+    let mut desktop = Desktop::new(app);
+    desktop.h.state_mut().run("window.panel.float", json!({"panel": "info"})).unwrap();
+    desktop.steps(3);
+    let viewport = desktop.window_of("info").unwrap();
+    let documents = desktop.h.state().session.documents().len();
+    let file: egui::DroppedFileHandle = std::sync::Arc::new(Dropped("dropped.psd".into(), b"x".to_vec()));
+    desktop.host.borrow_mut().windows.get_mut(&viewport).unwrap().dropped.push(file);
+    desktop.steps(2);
+    let names: Vec<String> = desktop.h.state().session.documents().iter().map(|d| d.doc.name.clone()).collect();
+    assert_eq!(names.len(), documents + 1, "{names:?}");
+    assert_eq!(names.last().map(String::as_str), Some("dropped.psd"));
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/panel_docking_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/panel_docking_tests.rs
index 193ff2e6b8..85d452a61c 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/panel_docking_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/panel_docking_tests.rs
@@ -6,40 +6,74 @@ fn app() -> PhotocraftApp {
     PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default())
 }
 
+fn lay(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> &Layout<String> {
+    &app.ui.docking.as_ref().expect("a customized workspace").layout
+}
+
+fn hidden(app: &PhotocraftApp, panel: &str) -> bool {
+    app.ui.docking.as_ref().is_some_and(|workspace| workspace.hidden.iter().any(|(id, _)| id == panel))
+}
+
+fn hit_rect(h: &Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, hit: craft_ui::docking::Hit<String>) -> egui::Rect {
+    let hits = craft_ui::docking::DockArea::<String>::hit_rects(&h.ctx, area_id());
+    hits.iter().find(|(drawn, _)| *drawn == hit).map(|(_, rect)| *rect).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("{hit:?} is not drawn"))
+}
+
+fn tab_rect(h: &Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, panel: &str) -> egui::Rect {
+    hit_rect(h, craft_ui::docking::Hit::Tab(panel.to_owned()))
+}
+
+fn floating_rect(h: &Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, panel: &str) -> egui::Rect {
+    let window = lay(h.state()).floating.iter().find(|window| window.contains(&panel.to_owned())).unwrap();
+    let layer = craft_ui::docking::DockArea::<String>::floating_layer(area_id(), window).unwrap();
+    h.ctx.memory(|memory| memory.area_rect(layer.id)).unwrap()
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn panel_commands_group_split_reorder_float_and_restore_without_duplicate_ownership() {
     let mut app = app();
     app.run("window.panel.move", json!({"panel":"swatches", "anchor":"layers", "zone":"top"})).unwrap();
     app.run("window.panel.move", json!({"panel":"properties", "anchor":"swatches", "before":"swatches"})).unwrap();
-    let before_float = app.ui.docking.clone().unwrap();
+    let before_float = lay(&app).clone();
     app.run("window.panel.float", json!({"panel":"properties", "x":50,"y":70,"width":330,"height":410})).unwrap();
-    assert!(app.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap().floating.iter().any(|g| g.panels == ["properties"]));
+    assert!(lay(&app).floating.iter().any(|g| g.panels().map(String::as_str).eq(["properties"])));
     app.run("window.panel.dock", json!({"panel":"properties"})).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(app.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap(), &before_float);
+    assert_eq!(lay(&app), &before_float);
     app.run("window.panel.close", json!({"panel":"properties"})).unwrap();
-    assert!(!app.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap().contains(&"properties".into()));
+    assert!(!lay(&app).contains(&"properties".into()));
     app.run("window.panel.activate", json!({"panel":"properties"})).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(app.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap(), &before_float);
-    let layout = app.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(lay(&app), &before_float);
+    let layout = lay(&app);
     assert!(valid(layout));
     let unique: std::collections::HashSet<_> = layout.panels().into_iter().collect();
     assert_eq!(unique.len(), layout.panels().len());
     let saved = serde_json::to_value(&app.ui).unwrap();
     let restored: crate::state::UiState = serde_json::from_value(saved).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(restored.docking, app.ui.docking);
-    assert_eq!(restored.docking_hidden, app.ui.docking_hidden);
+    assert_eq!(restored.docking_returns, app.ui.docking_returns);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn docking_a_floating_group_docks_all_of_its_panels() {
+    let mut app = app();
+    app.run("window.panel.float", json!({"panel":"paths"})).unwrap();
+    app.run("window.panel.move", json!({"panel":"history", "anchor":"paths"})).unwrap();
+    assert!(lay(&app).floating.iter().any(|w| w.contains("paths") && w.contains("history")));
+    app.run("window.panel.dock", json!({"panel":"paths", "group": true})).unwrap();
+    assert!(lay(&app).floating.iter().all(|w| !w.contains("paths") && !w.contains("history")), "{:?}", lay(&app).floating);
+    assert!(lay(&app).contains(&"paths".into()) && lay(&app).contains(&"history".into()));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn floating_panel_rail_toggle_closes_the_float_window() {
     let mut app = app();
     app.run("window.panel.float", json!({"panel":"properties","x":50,"y":70,"width":330,"height":410})).unwrap();
-    assert!(app.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap().floating.iter().any(|g| g.panels.contains(&"properties".into())));
+    assert!(lay(&app).floating.iter().any(|g| g.contains("properties")));
 
     rail_click(&mut app, Group::Properties);
 
-    assert!(app.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap().floating.iter().all(|g| !g.panels.contains(&"properties".into())));
-    assert!(app.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap().contains(&"adjustments".into()));
+    assert!(lay(&app).floating.iter().all(|g| !g.contains("properties")));
+    assert!(lay(&app).contains(&"adjustments".into()));
     assert!(app.ui.panels.properties, "the docked Adjustments tab keeps the group visible");
 }
 
@@ -48,15 +82,15 @@ fn brushes_menu_action_uses_the_shared_docking_layout() {
     let mut app = app();
     let before = app.ui.docking.clone();
     assert!(crate::menus::invoke(&mut app, &egui::Context::default(), "window.panel.brushes", json!({})).is_ok());
-    let layout = app.ui.docking.as_ref().expect("brushes panel must be registered in docking");
+    let layout = app.ui.docking.as_ref().map(|w| &w.layout).expect("brushes panel must be registered in docking");
     assert!(layout.contains(&"brushes".to_string()));
     assert!(app.ui.panels.brushes);
     assert_ne!(app.ui.docking, before);
 
     app.run("window.panel.float", json!({"panel":"brushes"})).unwrap();
-    assert!(app.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap().floating.iter().any(|group| group.panels.contains(&"brushes".into())));
+    assert!(lay(&app).floating.iter().any(|group| group.contains("brushes")));
     app.run("window.panel.dock", json!({"panel":"brushes"})).unwrap();
-    assert!(!app.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap().floating.iter().any(|group| group.panels.contains(&"brushes".into())));
+    assert!(!lay(&app).floating.iter().any(|group| group.contains("brushes")));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -71,10 +105,10 @@ fn invalid_panel_requests_are_atomic_and_do_not_enter_a_custom_workspace() {
         ("window.panel.float", json!({"panel":"layers","x":"invalid"})),
     ] {
         let old = app.ui.docking.clone();
-        let hidden = app.ui.docking_hidden.clone();
+        let hidden = app.ui.docking_returns.clone();
         assert!(app.run(id, params).is_err(), "{id}");
         assert_eq!(app.ui.docking, old);
-        assert_eq!(app.ui.docking_hidden, hidden);
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.docking_returns, hidden);
     }
 }
 
@@ -87,7 +121,7 @@ fn harness(app: PhotocraftApp, size: egui::Vec2) -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftA
                 ready = true;
                 return;
             }
-            crate::panels::right_dock(app, ui);
+            crate::panels::dock_area(app, ui);
             egui::CentralPanel::default().show(ui, |_| {});
         },
         app,
@@ -109,36 +143,123 @@ fn drag(h: &mut Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, from: Pos2, to: Pos2) {
     h.run_steps(3);
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn ordinary_panel_tab_drag_enters_shared_docking_and_can_redock_into_another_tab_group() {
-    let mut h = harness(app(), vec2(1280.0, 800.0));
-    let source = h.query_all_by_label("Layers").find(|node| node.rect().height() <= 45.0).unwrap().rect().center();
-    drag(&mut h, source, egui::pos2(160.0, 140.0));
-    let layout = h.state().ui.docking.as_ref().expect("ordinary tab drag starts shared docking");
-    assert!(layout.floating.iter().any(|g| g.panels.contains(&"layers".into())), "{layout:?}");
-    let source = h.ctx.read_response(egui::Id::new("photocraft-panel-docking").with(("tab", &"layers".to_string()))).unwrap().rect.center();
-    let destination = h.ctx.read_response(egui::Id::new("photocraft-panel-docking").with(("tab", &"properties".to_string()))).unwrap().rect.center();
-    drag(&mut h, source, destination);
-    let layout = h.state().ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap();
-    assert!(!layout.floating.iter().any(|g| g.panels.contains(&"layers".into())));
-    assert!(valid(layout));
+/// The canvas's rect: from the area's start to the dock column's inner edge.
+fn canvas_rect(h: &Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>) -> egui::Rect {
+    let hits = craft_ui::docking::DockArea::<String>::hit_rects(&h.ctx, area_id());
+    let divider = hits
+        .iter()
+        .find(|(hit, _)| matches!(hit, craft_ui::docking::Hit::Divider(craft_ui::docking::Divider::Column(_))))
+        .map(|(_, rect)| *rect)
+        .expect("the dock column's edge is drawn");
+    egui::Rect::from_min_max(egui::pos2(0.0, divider.top()), egui::pos2(divider.left(), divider.bottom()))
+}
+
+/// The panels of the root split's canvas side, which a drop beside the canvas splits.
+fn canvas_side(layout: &Layout<String>) -> Layout<String> {
+    let Some(Node::Split { first, .. }) = &layout.root else { panic!("the canvas is beside the dock: {layout:?}") };
+    Layout { root: Some(first.as_ref().clone()), floating: Vec::new() }
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn brushes_tab_drag_floats_and_can_redock_into_another_tab_group() {
+fn a_fresh_launch_draws_the_native_groups_beside_the_protected_canvas() {
+    let mut h = harness(app(), vec2(1280.0, 800.0));
+    assert!(h.state().ui.docking.is_none(), "drawing the default does not customize the workspace");
+    let layout = legacy(h.state());
+    assert!(valid(&layout));
+    assert_eq!(
+        root_groups(&layout),
+        [vec!["color", "swatches", "gradients", "patterns"], vec!["properties", "adjustments"], vec!["layers", "channels", "paths"]]
+    );
+    assert!(in_dock_column(&layout, "layers"), "the groups are a dock column: {layout:?}");
+    let canvas = canvas_rect(&h);
+    let tops: Vec<f32> = ["color", "properties", "layers"].iter().map(|panel| tab_rect(&h, panel).top()).collect();
+    assert!(tops.windows(2).all(|pair| pair[0] < pair[1]), "top to bottom: {tops:?}");
+    assert!(tab_rect(&h, "color").left() > canvas.right(), "the dock is at the end edge");
+    let hits = craft_ui::docking::DockArea::<String>::hit_rects(&h.ctx, area_id());
+    assert!(!hits.iter().any(|(hit, _)| *hit == craft_ui::docking::Hit::Tab(CANVAS.into())), "the canvas has no tab");
+    for command in ["window.panel.close", "window.panel.float"] {
+        assert!(h.state_mut().run(command, json!({"panel": CANVAS})).is_err(), "{command}");
+    }
+    h.state_mut().run("window.panel.move", json!({"panel":"layers","anchor":CANVAS,"zone":"center"})).unwrap_err();
+    assert!(h.state().ui.docking.is_none(), "a refused command leaves the default");
+
+    let mut studio = crate::PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+    studio.ui.theme = crate::theme::ThemeKind::Studio;
+    let layout = legacy(&studio);
+    let window = layout.floating.first().expect("Studio floats Properties");
+    assert_eq!((window.id, window.panels().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>()), (PROPERTIES_WINDOW, vec!["properties".to_string(), "adjustments".into()]));
+    assert_eq!(legacy(&studio).floating, layout.floating, "the same window every frame");
+
+    h.state_mut().ui.dock.set_collapsed(Group::Color, true);
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    assert!(collapsed_members(h.state(), &legacy(h.state())).contains("swatches"));
+    let color = tab_rect(&h, "color");
+    assert!(tab_rect(&h, "properties").top() - color.bottom() < 12.0, "a collapsed group shows only its tabs");
+}
+
+/// A panel no saved workspace has placed opens in its native group, or as that group in its
+/// native place in the dock column, not as a tab of whichever group comes first.
+#[test]
+fn a_panel_never_laid_out_opens_in_its_default_group_and_side() {
+    let mut app = app();
+    app.ui.docking = Some(Workspace::new(legacy(&app)));
+    app.run("window.panel.activate", json!({"panel":"navigator"})).unwrap();
+    let layout = lay(&app);
+    assert!(in_dock_column(layout, "navigator"), "{layout:?}");
+    assert_eq!(
+        root_groups(layout),
+        [vec!["color", "swatches", "gradients", "patterns"], vec!["properties", "adjustments"], vec!["navigator"], vec!["layers", "channels", "paths"]]
+    );
+    app.run("window.panel.activate", json!({"panel":"info"})).unwrap();
+    app.run("window.panel.activate", json!({"panel":"histogram"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(group_members(lay(&app), "info"), ["navigator", "histogram", "info"]);
+    app.run("window.panel.activate", json!({"panel":"brushes"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(root_groups(lay(&app)).last().unwrap(), &["brushes"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_tab_dropped_on_the_canvas_floats_there_and_redocks() {
+    let mut h = harness(app(), vec2(1280.0, 800.0));
+    let canvas = canvas_rect(&h);
+    let source = tab_rect(&h, "layers").center();
+    let target = egui::pos2(canvas.left() + canvas.width() / 6.0, canvas.center().y);
+    drag(&mut h, source, target);
+    let layout = lay(h.state());
+    assert!(valid(layout));
+    assert!(!canvas_side(layout).contains(&"layers".to_string()) && !in_dock_column(layout, "layers"), "{layout:?}");
+    assert!(layout.floating.iter().any(|window| window.panels().eq(["layers".to_string()].iter())), "{layout:?}");
+    assert!(tab_rect(&h, "layers").expand(4.0).contains(target), "the tab stays under the pointer");
+
+    let source = tab_rect(&h, "layers").center();
+    let destination = tab_rect(&h, "properties").center();
+    drag(&mut h, source, destination);
+    let layout = lay(h.state());
+    let mut members = group_members(layout, "layers");
+    members.sort();
+    assert_eq!(members, ["adjustments", "layers", "properties"]);
+    assert!(in_dock_column(layout, "layers") && valid(layout));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn brushes_tab_drag_opens_above_the_canvas_and_can_redock_into_another_tab_group() {
     let mut app = app();
     crate::menus::invoke(&mut app, &egui::Context::default(), "window.panel.brushes", json!({})).unwrap();
     let mut h = harness(app, vec2(1280.0, 800.0));
-    let source = h.query_all_by_label("Brushes").find(|node| node.rect().height() <= 45.0).unwrap().rect().center();
-    drag(&mut h, source, egui::pos2(160.0, 140.0));
-    let layout = h.state().ui.docking.as_ref().expect("brushes drag starts shared docking");
-    assert!(layout.floating.iter().any(|group| group.panels.contains(&"brushes".into())), "{layout:?}");
+    let canvas = canvas_rect(&h);
+    let source = tab_rect(&h, "brushes").center();
+    // The outer edge band along the canvas column's top.
+    drag(&mut h, source, egui::pos2(canvas.center().x, canvas.top() + 6.0));
+    let layout = lay(h.state());
+    assert!(canvas_side(layout).contains(&"brushes".to_string()), "{layout:?}");
+    assert!(!layout.floating.iter().any(|window| window.contains("brushes")));
+    let canvas_body = last_bodies(&h.ctx).into_iter().find(|(id, _)| id == CANVAS).expect("the canvas is drawn").1;
+    assert!(tab_rect(&h, "brushes").bottom() <= canvas_body.top(), "brushes is above the canvas");
 
-    let source = h.ctx.read_response(egui::Id::new("photocraft-panel-docking").with(("tab", &"brushes".to_string()))).unwrap().rect.center();
-    let destination = h.ctx.read_response(egui::Id::new("photocraft-panel-docking").with(("tab", &"layers".to_string()))).unwrap().rect.center();
+    let source = tab_rect(&h, "brushes").center();
+    let destination = tab_rect(&h, "layers").center();
     drag(&mut h, source, destination);
-    let layout = h.state().ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap();
-    assert!(!layout.floating.iter().any(|group| group.panels.contains(&"brushes".into())));
+    let layout = lay(h.state());
+    assert!(in_dock_column(layout, "brushes"));
     assert!(valid(layout));
 }
 
@@ -150,13 +271,13 @@ fn saved_workspace_restores_the_custom_tree_and_hidden_panel_placement() {
     app.run("window.panel.float", json!({"panel":"properties","x":50,"y":80})).unwrap();
     app.run("window.panel.close", json!({"panel":"swatches"})).unwrap();
     let layout = app.ui.docking.clone();
-    let hidden = app.ui.docking_hidden.clone();
+    let hidden = app.ui.docking_returns.clone();
     crate::menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "window.workspace.newWorkspace", json!({"name":"Custom docking"})).unwrap();
     crate::menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "window.workspace.essentials", json!({})).unwrap();
     assert!(app.ui.docking.is_none());
     crate::menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "window.workspace.select", json!({"name":"Custom docking"})).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(app.ui.docking, layout);
-    assert_eq!(app.ui.docking_hidden, hidden);
+    assert_eq!(app.ui.docking_returns, hidden);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -170,6 +291,8 @@ fn shared_layout_keeps_panel_identity_across_themes_and_respects_workspace_lock(
     assert!(app.run("window.panel.float", json!({"panel":"color"})).is_err());
     assert_eq!(app.ui.docking, layout);
     assert!(app.run("window.panel.activate", json!({"panel":"color"})).is_ok());
+    assert!(!crate::menus::is_enabled(&app, "window.panel.window"));
+    assert!(crate::menus::is_enabled(&app, "window.panel.activate"));
 }
 
 /// Explicit offscreen evidence; this creates no native windows.
@@ -194,7 +317,7 @@ fn capture_custom_panel_docking_visual_fixtures() {
                             ready = true;
                             return;
                         }
-                        crate::panels::right_dock(app, ui);
+                        crate::panels::dock_area(app, ui);
                         egui::CentralPanel::default().show(ui, |ui| {
                             ui.label("Custom panel workspace");
                         });
@@ -203,7 +326,7 @@ fn capture_custom_panel_docking_visual_fixtures() {
                 );
                 harness.input_mut().max_texture_side = Some(8192);
                 harness.run_steps(5);
-                assert!(valid(harness.state().ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap()));
+                assert!(valid(lay(harness.state())));
                 harness.render().unwrap().save(directory.join(format!("photocraft-shared-docking-{}-{width}-{scale}x.png", theme.id()))).unwrap();
             }
         }
@@ -225,13 +348,13 @@ fn floating_group_titles_are_opaque_in_studio_themes() {
                 ready = true;
                 return;
             }
-            crate::panels::right_dock(app, ui);
+            crate::panels::dock_area(app, ui);
             egui::CentralPanel::default().frame(egui::Frame::NONE.fill(egui::Color32::from_rgb(255, 0, 255))).show(ui, |_| {});
         },
         app,
     );
     h.run_steps(5);
-    let area = h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::new("photocraft-panel-docking").with(("floating", &"swatches".to_string())))).unwrap();
+    let area = floating_rect(&h, "swatches");
     let image = h.render().unwrap();
     let ppp = image.width() as f32 / 1280.0;
     let strip = egui::Rect::from_min_size(area.min, vec2(area.width(), 40.0)).shrink(2.0);
@@ -252,7 +375,7 @@ fn escape_cancels_the_first_drag_without_replacing_the_legacy_workspace() {
     h.run_steps(1);
     h.event(Event::PointerMoved(source - vec2(90.0, 0.0)));
     h.run_steps(2);
-    assert!(h.state().ui.docking.is_some());
+    assert!(h.state().ui.docking.is_none(), "a drag changes nothing before its drop");
     h.event(Event::Key { key: egui::Key::Escape, physical_key: None, pressed: true, repeat: false, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
     h.run_steps(1);
     assert!(h.state().ui.docking.is_none());
@@ -266,19 +389,14 @@ fn serialized_layout_actions_cover_geometry_reorder_accordion_and_atomic_rejecti
     let mut app = app();
     app.run("window.panel.move", json!({"panel":"swatches","anchor":"layers","zone":"top"})).unwrap();
     app.run("window.panel.layout", json!({"action":{"ResizeSplit":{"path":[],"size":{"Ratio":0.35}}}})).unwrap();
-    assert!(
-        matches!(app.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap().root, Some(Node::Split { size: craft_ui::layout::SplitSize::Ratio(value), .. }) if (value - 0.35).abs() < 0.001)
-    );
+    assert!(matches!(lay(&app).root, Some(Node::Split { size: craft_ui::layout::SplitSize::Ratio(value), .. }) if (value - 0.35).abs() < 0.001));
     app.run("window.panel.float", json!({"panel":"properties"})).unwrap();
     app.run("window.panel.layout", json!({"action":{"MoveFloating":{"panel":"properties","rect":[44,66,360,450]}}})).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(
-        app.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap().floating.iter().find(|group| group.panels.iter().any(|p| p == "properties")).unwrap().rect,
-        [44.0, 66.0, 360.0, 450.0]
-    );
+    assert_eq!(lay(&app).floating.iter().find(|group| group.contains(&"properties".to_string())).unwrap().rect, [44.0, 66.0, 360.0, 450.0]);
     app.run("window.panel.layout", json!({"action":{"Move":{"panel":"properties","anchor":"swatches","placement":{"Tab":{"before":"swatches"}}}}})).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(group_members_for_test(app.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap(), "swatches"), ["properties", "swatches"]);
+    assert_eq!(group_members(lay(&app), "swatches"), ["properties", "swatches"]);
     let before = app.ui.docking.clone();
-    let hidden = app.ui.docking_hidden.clone();
+    let hidden = app.ui.docking_returns.clone();
     for action in [
         json!({"MoveFloating":{"panel":"properties","rect":[0,0,-5,30]}}),
         json!({"ResizeSplit":{"path":[true,true,true],"size":{"Ratio":0.2}}}),
@@ -287,37 +405,24 @@ fn serialized_layout_actions_cover_geometry_reorder_accordion_and_atomic_rejecti
     ] {
         assert!(app.run("window.panel.layout", json!({"action":action})).is_err());
         assert_eq!(app.ui.docking, before);
-        assert_eq!(app.ui.docking_hidden, hidden);
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.docking_returns, hidden);
     }
-    app.ui.docking = Some(Layout {
-        root: Some(Node::Stack { entries: vec![craft_ui::docking::StackEntry { panel: "layers".into(), open: true, height: Some(100.0) }] }),
-        floating: Vec::new(),
-    });
+    let stack = Node::Stack { entries: vec![craft_ui::docking::StackEntry { panel: "layers".into(), open: true, height: Some(100.0) }] };
+    app.ui.docking = Some(Workspace::new(Layout { root: Some(with_canvas(stack, 300.0)), floating: Vec::new() }));
     app.run("window.panel.layout", json!({"action":{"SetStackOpen":{"panel":"layers","open":false}}})).unwrap();
     app.run("window.panel.layout", json!({"action":{"ResizeStack":{"panel":"layers","height":150}}})).unwrap();
-    let Some(Node::Stack { entries }) = &app.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap().root else { panic!("expected stack") };
+    let Some(Node::Split { second, .. }) = &lay(&app).root else { panic!("expected the canvas split") };
+    let Node::Stack { entries } = second.as_ref() else { panic!("expected stack") };
     assert!(!entries[0].open);
     assert_eq!(entries[0].height, Some(150.0));
 }
 
-fn group_members_for_test(layout: &Layout<String>, panel: &str) -> Vec<String> {
-    let mut pending: Vec<_> = layout.root.iter().collect();
-    while let Some(node) = pending.pop() {
-        match node {
-            Node::Tabs { panels, .. } if panels.iter().any(|p| p == panel) => return panels.clone(),
-            Node::Split { first, second, .. } => pending.extend([first.as_ref(), second.as_ref()]),
-            _ => {}
-        }
-    }
-    Vec::new()
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn customization_retains_native_collapsed_groups_until_their_tab_is_activated() {
     let mut app = app();
     app.ui.dock.set_collapsed(Group::Color, true);
     app.run("window.panel.float", json!({"panel":"properties"})).unwrap();
-    let layout = app.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap();
+    let layout = lay(&app);
     assert!(collapsed_members(&app, layout).contains("swatches"));
     let saved = serde_json::to_value(&app.ui).unwrap();
     let restored: crate::state::UiState = serde_json::from_value(saved).unwrap();
@@ -372,14 +477,14 @@ fn populated_canvas_keeps_a_real_opacity_edit_after_floating_and_redocking() {
             crate::panels::title_bar(app, ui);
             crate::panels::options_bar(app, ui);
             crate::panels::toolbar(app, ui);
-            crate::panels::right_dock(app, ui);
+            crate::panels::dock_area(app, ui);
             egui::CentralPanel::default().show(ui, |ui| crate::canvas::document_area(app, ui));
         },
         app,
     );
     h.input_mut().max_texture_side = Some(8192);
     h.run_steps(5);
-    let floating = h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::new("photocraft-panel-docking").with(("floating", &"properties".to_string())))).unwrap();
+    let floating = floating_rect(&h, "properties");
     let mut sliders: Vec<_> = h.ctx.viewport(|vp| {
         vp.prev_pass
             .widgets
@@ -404,10 +509,10 @@ fn populated_canvas_keeps_a_real_opacity_edit_after_floating_and_redocking() {
         std::fs::create_dir_all(directory).unwrap();
         h.render().unwrap().save(directory.join("photocraft-populated-opacity-floating.png")).unwrap();
     }
-    let from = h.ctx.read_response(egui::Id::new("photocraft-panel-docking").with(("tab", &"properties".to_string()))).unwrap().rect.center();
-    let to = h.ctx.read_response(egui::Id::new("photocraft-panel-docking").with(("tab", &"layers".to_string()))).unwrap().rect.center();
+    let from = tab_rect(&h, "properties").center();
+    let to = tab_rect(&h, "layers").center();
     drag(&mut h, from, to);
-    assert!(h.state().ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap().floating.iter().all(|group| !group.panels.iter().any(|panel| panel == "properties")));
+    assert!(lay(h.state()).floating.iter().all(|group| !group.contains(&"properties".to_string())));
     assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.layer(layer).unwrap().opacity, opacity);
     if let Some(directory) = &directory {
         h.render().unwrap().save(directory.join("photocraft-populated-opacity-redocked.png")).unwrap();
@@ -440,63 +545,6 @@ fn changing_workspace_during_a_drag_cancels_the_stale_gesture() {
     assert_eq!(h.state().ui.docking, destination);
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn first_legacy_drag_workspace_switch_preserves_custom_and_legacy_destinations() {
-    let layout_state = |app: &PhotocraftApp| json!({"panels":app.ui.panels,"dock":app.ui.dock,"tabs":app.ui.dock_tabs,"layout":app.ui.docking,"hidden":app.ui.docking_hidden,"collapsed":app.ui.docking_collapsed,"timeline":app.ui.timeline.open});
-    for customized_destination in [true, false] {
-        for cancellation in ["release", "escape", "focus-loss"] {
-            let mut app = app();
-            let ctx = egui::Context::default();
-            if customized_destination {
-                app.run("window.panel.move", json!({"panel":"swatches","anchor":"layers","zone":"top"})).unwrap();
-                crate::menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "window.workspace.newWorkspace", json!({"name":"Destination"})).unwrap();
-                crate::menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "window.workspace.essentials", json!({})).unwrap();
-            }
-            let mut h = harness(app, vec2(1280.0, 800.0));
-            let source = h.query_all_by_label("Layers").find(|node| node.rect().height() <= 45.0).unwrap().rect().center();
-            h.event(Event::PointerMoved(source));
-            h.run_steps(1);
-            h.event(Event::PointerButton { pos: source, button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed: true, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
-            h.run_steps(1);
-            h.event(Event::PointerMoved(source - vec2(90.0, 0.0)));
-            // One frame installs the first legacy drag; no shared dock has rendered yet.
-            h.run_steps(1);
-            assert!(h.state().ui.docking.is_some());
-            let origin = egui::Id::new("photocraft-panel-docking").with("legacy-origin");
-            assert!(h.ctx.data_mut(|data| data.get_temp::<LegacyDrag>(origin)).unwrap().layout.is_none());
-            let ctx = h.ctx.clone();
-            let command = if customized_destination { "window.workspace.select" } else { "window.workspace.painting" };
-            crate::menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, command, json!({"name":"Destination"})).unwrap();
-            assert_eq!(h.state().ui.docking.is_some(), customized_destination);
-            let destination = layout_state(h.state());
-            let tabs = serde_json::to_value(h.state().ui.dock_tabs).unwrap();
-            match cancellation {
-                "escape" => h.event(Event::Key { key: egui::Key::Escape, physical_key: None, pressed: true, repeat: false, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE }),
-                "focus-loss" => h.event(Event::WindowFocused(false)),
-                _ => {
-                    h.event(Event::PointerButton { pos: source - vec2(90.0, 0.0), button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed: false, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE })
-                }
-            }
-            h.run_steps(1);
-            assert_eq!(layout_state(h.state()), destination, "{customized_destination}/{cancellation}");
-            if cancellation == "focus-loss" {
-                let at = source - vec2(90.0, 0.0);
-                h.event(Event::PointerButton { pos: at, button: PointerButton::Secondary, pressed: true, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
-                h.run_steps(1);
-                assert_eq!(layout_state(h.state()), destination, "secondary press must not resume the stale primary drag");
-                h.event(Event::PointerButton { pos: at, button: PointerButton::Secondary, pressed: false, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
-                h.run_steps(1);
-            }
-            assert_eq!(serde_json::to_value(h.state().ui.dock_tabs).unwrap(), tabs);
-            assert!(h.ctx.data_mut(|data| data.get_temp::<LegacyDrag>(origin)).is_none(), "stale origin: {customized_destination}/{cancellation}");
-            h.event(Event::WindowFocused(true));
-            h.event(Event::PointerButton { pos: source, button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed: false, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
-            h.run_steps(2);
-            assert_eq!(layout_state(h.state()), destination);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 fn control_set(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, params: Value) -> Value {
     let (request, _) = crate::control::ControlRequest::new("ui.set", params);
     match crate::control::handle(app, ctx, &request) {
@@ -522,12 +570,12 @@ fn current_main_hidden_tabs_migrate_by_name_and_selected_identity() {
         restored.ui.theme = theme;
         crate::dock::apply(&mut restored, &saved);
         restored.run("window.panel.float", json!({"panel":"properties"})).unwrap();
-        let layout = restored.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap();
+        let layout = lay(&restored);
         assert!(!layout.contains(&"swatches".into()) && !layout.contains(&"paths".into()));
         assert!(panel_active(layout, "color"));
-        assert!(restored.ui.docking_hidden.contains_key("swatches") && restored.ui.docking_hidden.contains_key("paths"));
+        assert!(hidden(&restored, "swatches") && hidden(&restored, "paths"));
         restored.run("window.panel.swatches", json!({"show":true})).unwrap();
-        assert!(panel_active(restored.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap(), "swatches"));
+        assert!(panel_active(lay(&restored), "swatches"));
     }
 }
 
@@ -538,12 +586,12 @@ fn legacy_control_updates_authoritative_custom_visibility_and_selection_atomical
     app.run("window.panel.float", json!({"panel":"properties"})).unwrap();
     let ctx = egui::Context::default();
     assert_eq!(control_set(&mut app, &ctx, json!({"dockTabs":{"layers":1}}))["ok"], true);
-    assert!(panel_active(app.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap(), "channels"));
+    assert!(panel_active(lay(&app), "channels"));
     assert_eq!(control_set(&mut app, &ctx, json!({"panels":{"layers":false}}))["ok"], true);
-    assert!(PANELS.iter().filter(|p| p.2 == Group::Layers).all(|p| !app.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap().contains(&p.0.into())));
+    assert!(PANELS.iter().filter(|p| p.2 == Group::Layers).all(|p| !lay(&app).contains(&p.0.into())));
     assert!(!app.ui.panels.layers);
     assert_eq!(control_set(&mut app, &ctx, json!({"panels":{"layers":true},"dockTabs":{"layers":2}}))["ok"], true);
-    assert!(panel_active(app.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap(), "paths"));
+    assert!(panel_active(lay(&app), "paths"));
     let before = serde_json::to_value(&app.ui).unwrap();
     for request in [
         json!({"panels":{"color":false},"dockTabs":{"layers":999}}),
@@ -561,11 +609,14 @@ fn legacy_dock_width_is_consumed_by_custom_renderer_and_clamped_to_existing_rang
     app.run("window.panel.float", json!({"panel":"properties"})).unwrap();
     let mut h = harness(app, vec2(1280.0, 800.0));
     let ctx = h.ctx.clone();
-    for (requested, expected) in [(410.0, 410.0), (900.0, 520.0), (20.0, 250.0)] {
+    // A 1280-point window: the dock may take all but 400 points (#7896), so 700 is no longer
+    // cut to 520.
+    for (requested, expected) in [(410.0, 410.0), (700.0, 700.0), (900.0, 880.0), (20.0, 250.0)] {
         assert_eq!(control_set(h.state_mut(), &ctx, json!({"dockWidth":requested}))["ok"], true);
         h.run_steps(2);
-        let state = egui::containers::panel::PanelState::load(&h.ctx, egui::Id::new("shared-panel-dock")).unwrap();
-        assert!((state.outer_rect.width() - expected).abs() < 1.0, "{} / {expected}", state.outer_rect.width());
+        let Some(Node::Split { second, .. }) = &lay(h.state()).root else { panic!("expected the canvas split") };
+        let Node::Dock { columns, .. } = second.as_ref() else { panic!("expected the dock") };
+        assert!((columns[0].width - expected).abs() < 1.0, "{} / {expected}", columns[0].width);
         assert!(h.ctx.data(|data| data.get_temp::<f32>(crate::panels::dock_width_id())).is_none());
     }
 }
@@ -576,10 +627,10 @@ fn explicit_reveal_activates_existing_tab_and_expands_custom_group() {
     app.run("window.panel.move", json!({"panel":"properties","anchor":"layers"})).unwrap();
     app.run("window.panel.group", json!({"panel":"layers","operation":"collapse"})).unwrap();
     app.run("window.panel.layers", json!({"show":true})).unwrap();
-    assert!(panel_active(app.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap(), "layers"));
-    assert!(!collapsed_members(&app, app.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap()).contains("layers"));
+    assert!(panel_active(lay(&app), "layers"));
+    assert!(!collapsed_members(&app, lay(&app)).contains("layers"));
     app.run("window.panel.layers", json!({"show":true})).unwrap();
-    assert!(app.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap().contains(&"layers".into()));
+    assert!(lay(&app).contains(&"layers".into()));
     let before = app.ui.docking.clone();
     assert!(app.run("window.panel.layers", json!({"show":"yes"})).is_err());
     assert_eq!(app.ui.docking, before);
@@ -607,30 +658,30 @@ fn pro_color_field_fills_a_tall_custom_group() {
 fn a_new_adjustment_layer_activates_properties_in_a_custom_workspace() {
     let mut app = app();
     app.run("window.panel.activate", json!({"panel":"adjustments"})).unwrap();
-    assert!(panel_active(app.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap(), "adjustments"));
+    assert!(panel_active(lay(&app), "adjustments"));
     app.run("file.new", json!({"width":64,"height":64})).unwrap();
     app.run("layer.newAdjustmentLayer.curves", json!({})).unwrap();
-    assert!(panel_active(app.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap(), "properties"));
+    assert!(panel_active(lay(&app), "properties"));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn custom_group_commands_preserve_members_and_workspace_timeline() {
     let mut app = app();
     app.run("window.panel.move", json!({"panel":"properties","anchor":"layers"})).unwrap();
-    let members = group_members(app.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap(), "layers");
+    let members = group_members(lay(&app), "layers");
     app.run("window.panel.group", json!({"panel":"layers","operation":"up"})).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(group_members(app.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap(), "layers"), members);
+    assert_eq!(group_members(lay(&app), "layers"), members);
     app.ui.timeline.open = true;
     app.run("window.panel.group", json!({"panel":"layers","operation":"collapse"})).unwrap();
-    let saved = json!({"panels":app.ui.panels,"dock":app.ui.dock,"dockTabs":app.ui.dock_tabs,"docking":app.ui.docking,"dockingHidden":app.ui.docking_hidden,"dockingCollapsed":app.ui.docking_collapsed,"timelineOpen":true});
+    let saved = json!({"panels":app.ui.panels,"dock":app.ui.dock,"dockTabs":app.ui.dock_tabs,"docking":app.ui.docking,"dockingReturns":app.ui.docking_returns,"dockingCollapsed":app.ui.docking_collapsed,"timelineOpen":true});
     let mut restored = self::app();
     crate::dock::apply(&mut restored, &saved);
     assert_eq!(restored.ui.docking, app.ui.docking);
     assert!(restored.ui.timeline.open);
-    assert!(collapsed_members(&restored, restored.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap()).contains("layers"));
+    assert!(collapsed_members(&restored, lay(&restored)).contains("layers"));
     app.run("window.panel.group", json!({"panel":"layers","operation":"close"})).unwrap();
-    assert!(members.iter().all(|id| !app.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap().contains(id)));
-    assert!(members.iter().all(|id| app.ui.docking_hidden.contains_key(id)));
+    assert!(members.iter().all(|id| !lay(&app).contains(id)));
+    assert!(members.iter().all(|id| hidden(&app, id)));
     app.session.prefs.edit(|p| p.workspace_locked = true);
     let before = serde_json::to_value(&app.ui).unwrap();
     assert!(app.run("window.panel.group", json!({"panel":"color","operation":"close"})).is_err());
@@ -647,7 +698,7 @@ fn customized_panel_menus_and_rail_remain_reachable_after_float_and_restore() {
     let mut h = harness(app, vec2(1280.0, 800.0));
     assert!(h.query_all_by_label("Panel menu").count() > 0);
     assert!(h.query_all_by_label("Color & Swatches").count() > 0);
-    let floating = h.ctx.memory(|memory| memory.area_rect(egui::Id::new("photocraft-panel-docking").with(("floating", &"swatches".to_string())))).unwrap();
+    let floating = floating_rect(&h, "swatches");
     let first = h.query_all_by_label("Panel menu").find(|node| floating.contains_rect(node.rect())).unwrap().rect().center();
     h.hover_at(first);
     for pressed in [true, false] {
@@ -673,6 +724,45 @@ fn customized_panel_menus_and_rail_remain_reachable_after_float_and_restore() {
     assert!(menu.query_all_by_label("New Swatch…").count() > 0);
 }
 
+/// A floated Color panel's menu still picks its mode (#6000): the shared docking renderer has
+/// its own panel menu, separate from the legacy dock's.
+#[test]
+fn floated_color_panel_menu_picks_the_mode() {
+    let mut app = app();
+    app.run("window.panel.float", json!({"panel":"color","x":20,"y":40})).unwrap();
+    let mut h = harness(app, vec2(1280.0, 800.0));
+    let floating = floating_rect(&h, "color");
+    let button = h.query_all_by_label("Panel menu").find(|node| floating.contains_rect(node.rect())).unwrap().rect().center();
+    h.hover_at(button);
+    for pressed in [true, false] {
+        h.event(Event::PointerButton { pos: button, button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
+        h.run_steps(1);
+    }
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    h.get_by_label("   RGB Sliders").click();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().ui.color_panel.mode, crate::state::ColorPanelMode::RgbSliders);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn actions_panel_menu_includes_load_and_save_actions() {
+    let mut ready = false;
+    let mut menu = Harness::builder().build_ui_state(
+        move |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
+            if !ready {
+                PhotocraftApp::setup_context(ui.ctx(), crate::theme::ThemeKind::ProMedium);
+                ready = true;
+            }
+            panel_menu(app, ui, "actions");
+        },
+        self::app(),
+    );
+    menu.run_steps(2);
+    assert!(menu.query_all_by_label("Load Actions…").count() > 0);
+    assert!(menu.query_all_by_label("Save Actions…").count() > 0);
+    assert!(menu.query_all_by_label("New Action…").count() > 0);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn custom_workspace_saves_shared_layout_and_timeline_without_embedding_flags() {
     let mut app = app();
@@ -698,13 +788,13 @@ fn custom_workspace_saves_shared_layout_and_timeline_without_embedding_flags() {
 fn closing_and_reopening_a_whole_group_retains_its_return_position_and_tab_order() {
     let mut app = app();
     app.run("window.panel.float", json!({"panel":"properties"})).unwrap();
-    let before = app.ui.docking.clone().unwrap();
+    let before = lay(&app).clone();
     let members = group_members(&before, "layers");
     app.run("window.panel.group", json!({"panel":"layers","operation":"close"})).unwrap();
     for panel in &members {
         app.run("window.panel.activate", json!({"panel":panel})).unwrap();
     }
-    let after = app.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap();
+    let after = lay(&app);
     assert_eq!(group_members(after, "layers"), members);
     assert_eq!(root_groups(after), root_groups(&before));
     assert!(valid(after));
@@ -716,11 +806,11 @@ fn floating_group_grip_redocks_all_tabs_as_one_atomic_move() {
     app.run("window.panel.float", json!({"panel":"swatches","x":30,"y":60})).unwrap();
     app.run("window.panel.move", json!({"panel":"patterns","anchor":"swatches"})).unwrap();
     let mut h = harness(app, vec2(1280.0, 800.0));
-    let from = h.ctx.read_response(egui::Id::new("photocraft-panel-docking").with(("move-group", Some(&"swatches".to_string())))).unwrap().rect.center();
-    let to = h.ctx.read_response(egui::Id::new("photocraft-panel-docking").with(("tab", &"layers".to_string()))).unwrap().rect.center();
+    let from = hit_rect(&h, craft_ui::docking::Hit::DragBar("swatches".into())).center();
+    let to = tab_rect(&h, "layers").center();
     drag(&mut h, from, to);
-    let layout = h.state().ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap();
-    assert!(layout.floating.iter().all(|group| !group.panels.iter().any(|id| id == "swatches" || id == "patterns")));
+    let layout = lay(h.state());
+    assert!(layout.floating.iter().all(|group| !group.contains(&"swatches".to_string()) && !group.contains(&"patterns".to_string())));
     let members = group_members(layout, "layers");
     let swatches = members.iter().position(|id| id == "swatches").unwrap();
     assert_eq!(members.get(swatches + 1).map(String::as_str), Some("patterns"));
@@ -737,34 +827,67 @@ fn mixed_theme_and_legacy_selection_projects_the_selected_panel_in_the_new_theme
     app.run("window.panel.float", json!({"panel":"properties"})).unwrap();
     let ctx = egui::Context::default();
     assert_eq!(control_set(&mut app, &ctx, json!({"theme":"studio","dockTabs":{"color":0}}))["ok"], true);
-    assert!(panel_active(app.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap(), "swatches"));
+    assert!(panel_active(lay(&app), "swatches"));
     assert_eq!(app.ui.dock_tabs.color, 0);
     assert_eq!(control_set(&mut app, &ctx, json!({"theme":"proMedium","dockTabs":{"color":0}}))["ok"], true);
-    assert!(panel_active(app.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap(), "color"));
+    assert!(panel_active(lay(&app), "color"));
     assert_eq!(app.ui.dock_tabs.color, 0);
 }
 
+/// #7896: the dock's widest is the window less what the toolbar and the canvas keep, never
+/// below the old 520 points, so a wide window allows a two-column dock.
 #[test]
-fn native_tab_reorder_stays_native_until_drag_crosses_the_strip() {
-    let mut h = harness(app(), vec2(1280.0, 800.0));
-    let source = h.query_all_by_label("Layers").find(|node| node.rect().height() <= 45.0).unwrap().rect().center();
-    let target = h.query_all_by_label("Channels").find(|node| node.rect().height() <= 45.0).unwrap().rect().right_center() - vec2(1.0, 0.0);
-    h.event(Event::PointerMoved(source));
-    h.run_steps(1);
-    h.event(Event::PointerButton { pos: source, button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed: true, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
-    h.run_steps(1);
-    let near_edge = egui::pos2(target.x, source.y - 21.0);
-    h.event(Event::PointerMoved(near_edge));
-    h.run_steps(1);
-    assert!(h.state().ui.docking.is_none(), "native near-edge reorder tolerance must not promote to custom docking");
-    h.event(Event::PointerMoved(target));
-    h.run_steps(1);
-    assert!(h.state().ui.docking.is_none(), "native horizontal reorder must not promote to custom docking");
-    h.event(Event::PointerButton { pos: target, button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed: false, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
-    h.run_steps(2);
-    assert!(h.state().ui.docking.is_none());
-    let tabs = h.state().ui.dock.visible_tabs(Group::Layers, false);
-    let layers = tabs.iter().position(|(_, label)| *label == "Layers").unwrap();
-    let channels = tabs.iter().position(|(_, label)| *label == "Channels").unwrap();
-    assert!(channels < layers, "upstream native reorder remains effective");
+fn the_dock_can_be_as_wide_as_the_window_allows() {
+    for (window, max) in [(2560.0, 2160.0), (1280.0, 880.0), (800.0, 520.0), (f32::NAN, 520.0)] {
+        let range = crate::panels::dock_width_range(window);
+        assert_eq!((*range.start(), *range.end()), (crate::panels::DOCK_MIN_WIDTH, max), "{window}");
+    }
+}
+
+/// A workspace file written by main: a bare `docking` layout with `dockingHidden` and
+/// `dockingCollapsed` beside the native keys. It loads as the default built from the native
+/// keys, and the first change saves a versioned workspace.
+#[test]
+fn main_workspace_file_loads_as_the_default_and_saves_as_a_workspace() {
+    let saved: Value = serde_json::from_str(include_str!("../tests/fixtures/main-docking-workspace.json")).unwrap();
+    let mut app = app();
+    app.ui.theme = crate::theme::ThemeKind::ProMedium;
+    crate::dock::apply(&mut app, &saved);
+    assert!(app.ui.docking.is_none() && app.ui.docking_returns.is_empty() && app.ui.docking_collapsed.is_empty());
+    let workspace = legacy_workspace(&app);
+    let layout = &workspace.layout;
+    assert_eq!(
+        root_groups(layout),
+        [vec!["color", "swatches", "gradients", "patterns"], vec!["properties", "adjustments"], vec!["history", "actions"], vec!["layers", "channels"]]
+    );
+    assert!(in_dock_column(layout, "layers") && panel_active(layout, "actions"));
+    for (panel, _, _) in PANELS {
+        let panel = panel.to_string();
+        assert!(layout.contains(&panel) || workspace.hidden.iter().any(|(id, _)| *id == panel), "{panel} is shown or can be reopened");
+    }
+
+    app.run("window.panel.float", json!({"panel":"properties"})).unwrap();
+    let written = crate::dock::snapshot(&app);
+    assert!(written.get("dockingHidden").is_none());
+    assert_eq!(written["docking"]["version"], 2);
+    let mut reloaded = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+    crate::dock::apply(&mut reloaded, &written);
+    let again = reloaded.ui.docking.as_ref().expect("the workspace loads as saved");
+    let now = app.ui.docking.as_ref().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!((&again.layout, &again.hidden), (&now.layout, &now.hidden));
+    assert_eq!(reloaded.ui.docking_returns, app.ui.docking_returns);
+}
+
+/// The width a user gave the native dock, kept in egui's memory, sizes the default column once.
+#[test]
+fn the_native_dock_width_sizes_the_default_column() {
+    let mut h = harness(app(), vec2(1280.0, 800.0));
+    let state = egui::PanelState { outer_rect: egui::Rect::from_min_size(egui::pos2(900.0, 0.0), vec2(380.0, 700.0)) };
+    let key = crate::panels::panel_state_id(&h.ctx, "dock");
+    h.ctx.data_mut(|data| data.insert_persisted(key, state));
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    let Some(Node::Split { second, .. }) = &lay(h.state()).root else { panic!("expected the canvas split") };
+    let Node::Dock { columns, .. } = second.as_ref() else { panic!("expected the dock") };
+    assert_eq!(columns[0].width, 380.0);
+    assert!(h.ctx.data_mut(|data| data.get_persisted::<egui::PanelState>(key)).is_none(), "taken once");
 }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/panels.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/panels.rs
index 65efb1c130..b86d7b2af9 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/panels.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/panels.rs
@@ -7,10 +7,107 @@ use photocraft_engine::history_source_cmds::HistorySource;
 use serde_json::{Value, json};
 
 use crate::mask_thumbs_ui::MaskKind;
-use crate::state::{ColorPanelSliderMode, Tool};
+use crate::state::Tool;
 use crate::theme::{self, Tokens};
 use crate::{PhotocraftApp, icons, widgets};
 
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- panel state
+
+/// The persisted [`egui::PanelState`] key for the panel named `salt` in this context's root UI.
+///
+/// egui 0.37 derives a panel's id from its parent [`egui::Ui`]:
+/// `panel_ui.scope_id().with_salt(salt)`. For the root Ui that is
+/// `ctx.viewport_id().root_ui_id().with(salt)`, whereas 0.36 stored the same panels under
+/// `Id::new(salt)` (`Id::unique(salt)` has the same hash). Use this in tests and migrations; never
+/// substitute [`egui::Ui::unique_id`], which is unstable.
+pub fn panel_state_id(ctx: &egui::Context, salt: impl egui::AsIdSalt) -> egui::Id {
+    ctx.viewport_id().root_ui_id().with(salt)
+}
+
+/// The panels whose saved sizes moved to a parent-scoped key in 0.37.
+const PANEL_STATE_KEYS: &[&str] = &["dock", "title_bar", "options_bar", "status_bar", "toolbar", "rail", "shared-panel-dock"];
+
+/// What the two keys held when this build last looked at a panel, so a later startup can tell
+/// which one a 0.36 rollback or a 0.37 session wrote last.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize)]
+struct PanelStamp {
+    old: [f32; 4],
+    new: [f32; 4],
+}
+
+fn rect_key(state: egui::containers::panel::PanelState) -> [f32; 4] {
+    let r = state.outer_rect;
+    [r.min.x, r.min.y, r.max.x, r.max.y]
+}
+
+fn stamp_id(name: &str) -> egui::Id {
+    egui::Id::unique(format!("photocraft-panel-state-stamp:{name}"))
+}
+
+/// Copy 0.36 `PanelState` entries to their 0.37 parent-scoped keys.
+///
+/// The old `Id::unique(name)` entry is left in place so a 0.36 build still reads the same saved
+/// widths. On a later startup, a stamp of both keys decides which one is newer: if a 0.36 build
+/// resized the panel after the migration (the old key differs from the stamp, the new one does
+/// not), the old key wins; a 0.37 resize (the new key differs) is kept. If both changed the order
+/// is unknown; the new key is kept, so a 0.37 resize *after* a 0.36 rollback resize can still be
+/// lost (documented in the plan's rollback section). Data-only: call it before any panel is shown.
+pub fn migrate_panel_state(ctx: &egui::Context) {
+    use egui::containers::panel::PanelState;
+    let done = egui::Id::unique("photocraft-panel-state-migrated");
+    if ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<bool>(done).unwrap_or(false)) {
+        return;
+    }
+    for name in PANEL_STATE_KEYS {
+        let old_id = egui::Id::unique(*name);
+        let new_id = panel_state_id(ctx, *name);
+        let id = stamp_id(name);
+        let old = PanelState::load(ctx, old_id);
+        let new = PanelState::load(ctx, new_id);
+        let stamp = ctx.data_mut(|d| d.get_persisted::<PanelStamp>(id));
+        let Some(old) = old else { continue };
+        let old_key = rect_key(old);
+        match (new, stamp) {
+            (None, _) => {
+                // First migration: copy, and remember what both keys held.
+                ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_persisted(new_id, old));
+                ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_persisted(id, PanelStamp { old: old_key, new: old_key }));
+            }
+            (Some(new), None) => {
+                // A partial migration or a pre-existing 0.37 value: keep it and start stamping.
+                ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_persisted(id, PanelStamp { old: old_key, new: rect_key(new) }));
+            }
+            (Some(new), Some(stamp)) => {
+                let old_changed = old_key != stamp.old;
+                let new_changed = rect_key(new) != stamp.new;
+                if old_changed && !new_changed {
+                    // A 0.36 rollback resized the panel after the migration: its key is newer.
+                    ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_persisted(new_id, old));
+                    ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_persisted(id, PanelStamp { old: old_key, new: old_key }));
+                } else if new_changed {
+                    ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_persisted(id, PanelStamp { old: old_key, new: rect_key(new) }));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(done, true));
+}
+
+/// Remember the 0.37 panel sizes this session ends a pass with, so a later 0.36 rollback's newer
+/// old-key values can be recognized. Cheap when nothing changed (no write).
+pub fn remember_panel_state(ctx: &egui::Context) {
+    use egui::containers::panel::PanelState;
+    for name in PANEL_STATE_KEYS {
+        let Some(new) = PanelState::load(ctx, panel_state_id(ctx, *name)) else { continue };
+        let id = stamp_id(name);
+        let Some(stamp) = ctx.data_mut(|d| d.get_persisted::<PanelStamp>(id)) else { continue };
+        let new_key = rect_key(new);
+        if new_key != stamp.new {
+            ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_persisted(id, PanelStamp { old: stamp.old, new: new_key }));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- toolbar
 
 /// Tool groups separated by hairlines, Photoshop order.
@@ -30,7 +127,7 @@ const TOOL_SECTIONS: &[&[&[Tool]]] = &[
         &[Tool::Remove, Tool::SpotHealing, Tool::Healing, Tool::Patch, Tool::ContentAwareMove, Tool::RedEye],
         &[Tool::Brush, Tool::Pencil, Tool::MixerBrush, Tool::ColorReplacement],
         &[Tool::CloneStamp, Tool::PatternStamp],
-        &[Tool::HistoryBrush],
+        &[Tool::HistoryBrush, Tool::ArtHistoryBrush],
         &[Tool::Eraser, Tool::BackgroundEraser, Tool::MagicEraser],
         &[Tool::Gradient, Tool::PaintBucket],
         &[Tool::Blur, Tool::Sharpen, Tool::Smudge],
@@ -107,7 +204,7 @@ pub fn toolbar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
             let (cr, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(bx, 14.0), Sense::click());
             let (shrink, grow) = if crate::direction::is_rtl() { ("chevrons-right", "chevrons-left") } else { ("chevrons-left", "chevrons-right") };
             icons::paint(ui, cr, if double { shrink } else { grow }, 11.0, if resp.hovered() { t.text } else { t.text_faint });
-            resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, tl!("Toolbar")));
+            resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, tl!("Toolbar")));
             if resp.clicked() {
                 app.ui.panels.toolbar_double = !double;
             }
@@ -128,7 +225,7 @@ pub fn toolbar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
                 ui.painter().add(mesh);
             }
             ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing = vec2(2.0, 3.0);
-            let flyout_id = egui::Id::new("tool-flyout");
+            let flyout_id = egui::Id::unique("tool-flyout");
             let held_id = flyout_id.with("held");
             if ui.input(|i| i.pointer.any_pressed()) {
                 ui.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<egui::Id>(held_id));
@@ -165,7 +262,7 @@ pub fn toolbar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
                         for row in rows {
                             ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                                 for (slot_index, slot) in row.iter() {
-                                    let key = egui::Id::new(("tool-slot", *slot_index));
+                                    let key = egui::Id::unique(("tool-slot", *slot_index));
                                     let tool = slot_tool(ui, app.ui.tool, slot, key);
                                     let sel = slot.contains(&app.ui.tool);
                                     let tip = match crate::tool_shortcuts::shortcut(app, tool) {
@@ -485,8 +582,8 @@ fn color_chips(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, two_columns: bool, co
         frame(fg);
     }
     // Photoshop: clicking a chip opens the Color Picker for that colour.
-    let bg_resp = ui.interact(bg, ui.id().with("bgchip"), Sense::click());
-    let fg_resp = ui.interact(fg, ui.id().with("fgchip"), Sense::click());
+    let bg_resp = ui.interact(bg, ui.scope_id().with("bgchip"), Sense::click());
+    let fg_resp = ui.interact(fg, ui.scope_id().with("fgchip"), Sense::click());
     if fg_resp.on_hover_text(tl!("Set foreground color")).clicked() {
         crate::color_picker_ui::open(app, "foreground");
     } else if bg_resp.on_hover_text(tl!("Set background color")).clicked() {
@@ -512,8 +609,8 @@ fn color_chips(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, two_columns: bool, co
         let icon = |x: f32| Rect::from_min_size(pos2(x, rect.top()), vec2(CHIP_ICON, CHIP_ICON));
         (Some(icon(left)), icon(left + group - CHIP_ICON))
     };
-    let d = dr.map(|dr| ui.interact(dr, ui.id().with("default-colors"), Sense::click()));
-    let s = ui.interact(sr, ui.id().with("swap-colors"), Sense::click());
+    let d = dr.map(|dr| ui.interact(dr, ui.scope_id().with("default-colors"), Sense::click()));
+    let s = ui.interact(sr, ui.scope_id().with("swap-colors"), Sense::click());
     let p = ui.painter();
     for (r, resp) in dr.into_iter().zip(d.iter()).chain([(sr, &s)]) {
         if resp.hovered() && !studio {
@@ -563,9 +660,9 @@ fn color_chips(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, two_columns: bool, co
         p.rect_stroke(b, 1.0, Stroke::new(1.0, ink(d)), StrokeKind::Inside);
     }
     if let Some(d) = &d {
-        d.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, tl!("Default colours (D)")));
+        d.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, tl!("Default colours (D)")));
     }
-    s.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, tl!("Swap colours (X)")));
+    s.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, tl!("Swap colours (X)")));
     if s.on_hover_text(tl!("Swap colours (X)")).clicked() {
         chip_command(app, "tools.swapColors");
     }
@@ -611,13 +708,13 @@ pub fn title_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
             // Only the free gap between the menus and the far-end controls drags the window: a
             // press on a menu title must open the menu, never move the window. The gap is last
             // frame's, as the menus are laid out after this.
-            let span_id = ui.id().with("titledrag-span");
+            let span_id = ui.scope_id().with("titledrag-span");
             let (gap_l, gap_r) = ui.ctx().data(|d| d.get_temp::<(f32, f32)>(span_id)).unwrap_or((full.right(), full.right()));
             let gap = egui::Rect::from_x_y_ranges(gap_l.max(full.left())..=gap_r.min(full.right()).max(gap_l), full.y_range());
             ui.ctx().data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(crate::titlebar::modal_drag_area_id(), gap));
-            let drag = ui.interact(gap, ui.id().with("titledrag"), Sense::click_and_drag());
-            if drag.drag_started() {
-                ui.ctx().send_viewport_cmd(egui::ViewportCommand::StartDrag);
+            let drag = ui.interact(gap, ui.scope_id().with("titledrag"), Sense::click_and_drag());
+            if drag.drag_started_by(egui::PointerButton::Primary) {
+                crate::titlebar::start_os_move(ui.ctx());
             }
             if drag.double_clicked() {
                 let max = ui.ctx().input(|i| i.viewport().maximized.unwrap_or(false));
@@ -670,16 +767,8 @@ pub fn title_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
                     let ui = &mut group_ui;
                     ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 6.0;
                     let mut ws = app.ui.workspace.clone();
-                    let opts = [
-                        // Keys stay English (`apply_workspace` matches them); the dropdown
-                        // shows the labels in the UI language.
-                        ("Essentials".to_string(), tl!("Essentials")),
-                        ("Photography".to_string(), tl!("Photography")),
-                        ("Painting".to_string(), tl!("Painting")),
-                        ("Graphic and Web".to_string(), tl!("Graphic and Web")),
-                        ("Pixel Art".to_string(), tl!("Pixel Art")),
-                        ("Motion".to_string(), tl!("Motion")),
-                    ];
+                    let options = crate::workspace_ui::switcher_options(app);
+                    let opts: Vec<(String, &str)> = options.iter().map(|(k, l)| (k.clone(), l.as_str())).collect();
                     // A narrow bar drops what is also in a menu, the theme toggle first
                     // (Preferences), then search (Edit › Search), and narrows the switcher
                     // (Window › Workspace) before anything runs over.
@@ -692,7 +781,7 @@ pub fn title_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
                         0
                     };
                     let ws_width = (room - f32::from(icons_shown) * ICON_SLOT - 6.0).clamp(WORKSPACE_MIN, 130.0);
-                    if room >= WORKSPACE_MIN && widgets::dropdown(ui, "workspace", &mut ws, &opts, ws_width) {
+                    if room >= WORKSPACE_MIN && widgets::dropdown(ui, "workspace", tl!("Workspace"), &mut ws, &opts, ws_width) {
                         app.ui.workspace = ws;
                         crate::menus::apply_workspace(app);
                     }
@@ -946,7 +1035,7 @@ fn reveal_focused_control(ui: &egui::Ui) {
         return;
     }
     let focused = ui.memory(|memory| memory.focused());
-    let key = ui.id().with("scroll-focused-control");
+    let key = ui.scope_id().with("scroll-focused-control");
     let changed = ui.data_mut(|data| {
         let previous = data.get_temp::<Option<egui::Id>>(key).flatten();
         data.insert_temp(key, focused);
@@ -983,644 +1072,603 @@ pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
         .show(ui, |ui| {
             ui.style_mut().spacing.scroll = egui::style::ScrollStyle { bar_width: 4.0, ..egui::style::ScrollStyle::floating() };
             egui::ScrollArea::horizontal().id_salt("tool-options").auto_shrink([false, false]).show(ui, |ui| {
-            // Font ink can extend beyond its advance width at fractional positions.
-            // Include its gutter in the container layout, including right-aligned actions.
-            egui::Frame::NONE.inner_margin(egui::Margin { right: 2, ..Default::default() }).show(ui, |ui| {
-            crate::direction::horizontal_centered(ui, |ui| {
-                if t.pro {
-                    crate::chrome_ui::home_button(app, ui);
-                    widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
-                }
-                let tool_icon = icons::button(ui, icons::tool_icon(app.ui.tool), if t.pro { 26.0 } else { 28.0 }, !t.pro, tl!(app.ui.tool.label()));
-                // Photoshop: right-click the tool icon for Reset Tool / Reset All Tools (#2825).
-                let mut reset = None;
-                tool_icon.context_menu(|ui| {
-                    if ui.button(tl!("Reset Tool")).clicked() {
-                        reset = Some("tool.reset");
-                        ui.close();
-                    }
-                    if ui.button(tl!("Reset All Tools")).clicked() {
-                        reset = Some("tool.resetAll");
-                        ui.close();
-                    }
-                });
-                if let Some(id) = reset
-                    && let Err(e) = crate::menus::invoke(app, ui.ctx(), id, json!({}))
-                {
-                    app.ui.status = e;
-                }
-                if t.pro {
-                    let (r, _) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(10.0, 20.0), Sense::hover());
-                    icons::paint(ui, r, "chevron-down", 10.0, t.text_faint);
-                }
-                widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
-                if app.ui.transform.is_some() {
-                    crate::transform_tool::options_bar(app, ui);
-                    return;
-                }
-                if crate::symmetry_ui::options_bar(app, ui) || crate::distort_ui::options_bar(app, ui) {
-                    return;
-                }
-                let tool = app.ui.tool;
-                // The options bar shows the active tool's brush: switch it in before drawing the
-                // chip, so a tool change swaps the brush with it (Photoshop keeps one per tool).
-                crate::paint_mouse::sync_tool_brush(app);
-                // Brush edits here go through `tools.setBrush`, one journal entry per gesture (Rule 1).
-                if (tool.is_brushlike() && !matches!(tool, Tool::Brush | Tool::Pencil | Tool::MixerBrush | Tool::Eraser)) || tool == Tool::QuickSelection {
-                    brush_preset_chip(ui, &app.session.tools.brush, &mut app.ui);
-                    crate::brush_picker::settings_toggle(app, ui);
-                    widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
-                }
-                if tool == Tool::CloneStamp {
-                    let before = app.session.tools.brush.clone();
-                    let mut brush = before.clone();
-                    let width = if t.pro { 62.0 } else { 66.0 };
-                    percent_field(ui, tl!("Opacity"), &mut brush.opacity, 1.0..=100.0, width);
-                    percent_field(ui, tl!("Flow"), &mut brush.flow, 1.0..=100.0, width);
-                    crate::brush_panel::commit_gesture(app, ui.ctx(), &before, &brush);
-                    widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
-                }
-                if crate::eraser_ui::options_bar(app, ui, tool)
-                    || crate::retouch_ui::options_bar(app, ui, tool)
-                    || crate::vector_ui::options_bar(app, ui, tool)
-                    || crate::analysis_ui::options_bar(app, ui, tool)
-                    || crate::slice_ui::options_bar(app, ui, tool)
-                    || crate::frame_tool::options_bar(app, ui, tool)
-                    || crate::artboard_tool::options_bar(app, ui, tool)
-                {
-                    return;
-                }
-                let brush_before = app.session.tools.brush.clone();
-                let mut brush = brush_before.clone();
-                let b = &mut brush;
-                match app.ui.tool {
-                    Tool::Brush | Tool::Eraser if t.pro => {
-                        // A Block-mode Eraser has a fixed size, opacity and flow (Photoshop, #2770).
-                        let block = crate::eraser_ui::block_mode(app, app.ui.tool);
-                        ui.add_enabled_ui(!block, |ui| {
-                            brush_preset_chip(ui, b, &mut app.ui);
-                            crate::brush_picker::settings_toggle(app, ui);
-                        });
-                        widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
-                        // The Eraser has no blend mode: its Mode is Brush, Pencil or Block (#2662).
-                        if app.ui.tool == Tool::Eraser {
-                            crate::eraser_ui::mode_dropdown(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.eraser_mode);
-                        } else {
-                            opt_label(ui, tl!("Mode"));
-                            let held = app.held_erase;
-                            paint_mode_dropdown(ui, "brush-mode", b, &mut app.ui.tool_options.brush_clear, held);
-                        }
-                        ui.add_enabled_ui(!block, |ui| {
-                            percent_field(ui, tl!("Opacity"), &mut b.opacity, 0.0..=100.0, 62.0);
-                            if icons::button(ui, "circle-dot", 24.0, b.pressure_opacity, tl!("Always use pressure for opacity")).clicked() {
-                                b.pressure_opacity = !b.pressure_opacity;
-                            }
-                        });
-                        // A Pencil- or Block-mode Eraser is always full flow, without build-up (Photoshop).
-                        ui.add_enabled_ui(!block && !crate::eraser_ui::pencil_mode(app, app.ui.tool), |ui| {
-                            percent_field(ui, tl!("Flow"), &mut b.flow, 1.0..=100.0, 62.0);
-                            let airbrush = icons::button(ui, "sparkles", 24.0, b.build_up, tl!("Enable airbrush-style build-up effects"));
-                            if crate::brush_picker::named(airbrush, "Enable airbrush-style build-up effects").clicked() {
-                                b.build_up = !b.build_up;
-                            }
-                        });
-                        opt_label(ui, tl!("Smoothing"));
-                        smoothing_field(ui, b, 58.0);
-                        smoothing_options(ui, b);
-                        widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
-                        if icons::button(ui, "circle-dot", 24.0, b.pressure_size, tl!("Always use pressure for size")).clicked() {
-                            b.pressure_size = !b.pressure_size;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    // Pencil: Photoshop's options (no hardness or flow: the pencil is always hard).
-                    Tool::Pencil => {
-                        brush_preset_chip(ui, b, &mut app.ui);
-                        crate::brush_picker::settings_toggle(app, ui);
-                        widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
-                        if !t.pro {
-                            opt_label(ui, tl!("Size"));
-                            widgets::value_field(ui, &mut b.size, 1.0..=photocraft_engine::paint::MAX_BRUSH_SIZE, "px", 76.0);
+                // Font ink can extend beyond its advance width at fractional positions.
+                // Include its gutter in the container layout, including right-aligned actions.
+                egui::Frame::NONE.inner_margin(egui::Margin { right: 2, ..Default::default() }).show(ui, |ui| {
+                    crate::direction::horizontal_centered(ui, |ui| {
+                        if t.pro {
+                            crate::chrome_ui::home_button(app, ui);
                             widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
                         }
-                        opt_label(ui, tl!("Mode"));
-                        let held = app.held_erase;
-                        paint_mode_dropdown(ui, "pencil-mode", b, &mut app.ui.tool_options.pencil_clear, held);
-                        percent_field(ui, tl!("Opacity"), &mut b.opacity, 0.0..=100.0, if t.pro { 62.0 } else { 66.0 });
-                        opt_label(ui, tl!("Smoothing"));
-                        smoothing_field(ui, b, if t.pro { 58.0 } else { 66.0 });
-                        widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
-                        widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.pencil_auto_erase, tl!("Auto Erase"));
-                    }
-                    Tool::Brush | Tool::Eraser => {
-                        brush_preset_chip(ui, b, &mut app.ui);
-                        crate::brush_picker::settings_toggle(app, ui);
-                        widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
-                        // A Block-mode Eraser has a fixed size, opacity and flow (Photoshop, #2770).
-                        let block = crate::eraser_ui::block_mode(app, app.ui.tool);
-                        ui.add_enabled_ui(!block, |ui| {
-                            opt_label(ui, tl!("Size"));
-                            widgets::value_field(ui, &mut b.size, 1.0..=photocraft_engine::paint::MAX_BRUSH_SIZE, "px", 76.0);
-                        });
-                        widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
-                        if app.ui.tool == Tool::Eraser {
-                            crate::eraser_ui::mode_dropdown(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.eraser_mode);
-                        } else {
-                            opt_label(ui, tl!("Mode"));
-                            let held = app.held_erase;
-                            paint_mode_dropdown(ui, "brush-mode", b, &mut app.ui.tool_options.brush_clear, held);
-                        }
-                        // A Pencil-mode Eraser is always hard and at full flow (Photoshop).
-                        let fixed = block || crate::eraser_ui::pencil_mode(app, app.ui.tool);
-                        ui.add_enabled_ui(!fixed, |ui| percent_field(ui, tl!("Hardness"), &mut b.hardness, 0.0..=100.0, 66.0));
-                        ui.add_enabled_ui(!block, |ui| percent_field(ui, tl!("Opacity"), &mut b.opacity, 0.0..=100.0, 66.0));
-                        ui.add_enabled_ui(!fixed, |ui| percent_field(ui, tl!("Flow"), &mut b.flow, 1.0..=100.0, 66.0));
-                        opt_label(ui, tl!("Smoothing"));
-                        smoothing_field(ui, b, 66.0);
-                        widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
-                        widgets::toggle(ui, &mut b.pressure_size, tl!("Pressure for Size"));
-                        widgets::toggle(ui, &mut b.pressure_opacity, tl!("Pressure for Opacity"));
-                    }
-                    Tool::MixerBrush => {
-                        brush_preset_chip(ui, b, &mut app.ui);
-                        crate::brush_picker::settings_toggle(app, ui);
-                        widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
-                        mixer_load_swatch(app, ui);
-                        let m = &mut b.mixer;
-                        for (icon, on, tip) in [
-                            ("brush", &mut m.load_after_stroke, tl!("Load the brush after each stroke")),
-                            ("brush-cleaning", &mut m.clean_after_stroke, tl!("Clean the brush after each stroke")),
-                        ] {
-                            if icons::button(ui, icon, 24.0, *on, tip).clicked() {
-                                *on = !*on;
+                        let tool_icon = icons::button(ui, icons::tool_icon(app.ui.tool), if t.pro { 26.0 } else { 28.0 }, !t.pro, tl!(app.ui.tool.label()));
+                        // Photoshop: right-click the tool icon for Reset Tool / Reset All Tools (#2825).
+                        let mut reset = None;
+                        tool_icon.context_menu(|ui| {
+                            if ui.button(tl!("Reset Tool")).clicked() {
+                                reset = Some("tool.reset");
+                                ui.close();
                             }
-                        }
-                        widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
-                        for (label, value) in [
-                            (tl!("Wet"), &mut b.mixer.wet),
-                            (tl!("Load"), &mut b.mixer.load),
-                            (tl!("Mix"), &mut b.mixer.mix),
-                            (tl!("Flow"), &mut b.mixer.flow),
-                        ] {
-                            percent_field(ui, label, value, 0.0..=100.0, 62.0);
-                        }
-                        widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
-                        widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut b.mixer.sample_all_layers, tl!("Sample All Layers"));
-                    }
-                    Tool::RectMarquee | Tool::EllipseMarquee | Tool::SingleRowMarquee | Tool::SingleColumnMarquee if t.pro => {
-                        ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 2.0;
-                        for (i, (icon, tip)) in [
-                            ("square", tl!("New selection").to_string()),
-                            ("plus", crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("Add to selection  ({key})"), &[("key", &crate::shortcuts::pretty("Shift"))])),
-                            ("minus", crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("Subtract from selection  ({key})"), &[("key", &crate::shortcuts::pretty("Alt"))])),
-                            (
-                                "squares-subtract",
-                                crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("Intersect with selection  ({key})"), &[("key", &crate::shortcuts::pretty("Shift+Alt"))]),
-                            ),
-                        ]
-                        .iter()
-                        .enumerate()
+                            if ui.button(tl!("Reset All Tools")).clicked() {
+                                reset = Some("tool.resetAll");
+                                ui.close();
+                            }
+                        });
+                        if let Some(id) = reset
+                            && let Err(e) = crate::menus::invoke(app, ui.ctx(), id, json!({}))
                         {
-                            if icons::button(ui, icon, 24.0, app.ui.selection_mode == i as u8, tip).clicked() {
-                                app.ui.selection_mode = i as u8;
-                            }
+                            app.ui.status = e;
                         }
-                        ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 8.0;
-                        widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
-                        let (units, size) = fixed_size_units(app);
-                        let o = &mut app.ui.tool_options;
-                        opt_label(ui, tl!("Feather"));
-                        widgets::value_field(ui, &mut o.feather, 0.0..=1000.0, "px", 62.0);
-                        // Photoshop greys Anti-alias for the Rectangular Marquee (its edges are always hard).
-                        ui.add_enabled_ui(app.ui.tool == Tool::EllipseMarquee, |ui| widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut o.anti_alias, tl!("Anti-alias")));
-                        widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
-                        // A single row or column has no style or size: Photoshop greys them.
-                        let sized = matches!(app.ui.tool, Tool::RectMarquee | Tool::EllipseMarquee);
-                        ui.add_enabled_ui(sized, |ui| opt_label(ui, tl!("Style")));
-                        let styles = [
-                            ("normal".to_string(), tl!("Normal")),
-                            ("fixedRatio".to_string(), tl!("Fixed Ratio")),
-                            ("fixedSize".to_string(), tl!("Fixed Size")),
-                        ];
-                        if ui.add_enabled_ui(sized, |ui| widgets::dropdown(ui, "marquee-style", &mut o.marquee_style, &styles, 96.0)).inner {
-                            (o.marquee_width, o.marquee_height) = if o.marquee_style == "fixedSize" { (64.0, 64.0) } else { (1.0, 1.0) };
+                        if t.pro {
+                            let (r, _) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(10.0, 20.0), Sense::hover());
+                            icons::paint(ui, r, "chevron-down", 10.0, t.text_faint);
                         }
-                        let fixed = sized && o.marquee_style != "normal";
-                        let fixed_size = o.marquee_style == "fixedSize";
-                        // Fixed Size shows its pixels in the unit picked by right-clicking Width or Height (#7910).
-                        let units = widgets::FieldUnits { unit: photocraft_engine::prefs::Unit::parse(&o.marquee_unit).unwrap_or_default(), ..units };
-                        ui.add_enabled_ui(fixed, |ui| {
-                            let mut picked = None;
-                            opt_label(ui, tl!("Width"));
-                            if fixed_size {
-                                picked = fixed_size_field(ui, &mut o.marquee_width, units, size[0]);
-                            } else {
-                                widgets::value_field(ui, &mut o.marquee_width, 0.001..=999.0, "", 62.0);
-                            }
-                            if icons::button(ui, "arrow-left-right", 22.0, false, tl!("Swaps height and width")).clicked() {
-                                std::mem::swap(&mut o.marquee_width, &mut o.marquee_height);
-                            }
-                            opt_label(ui, tl!("Height"));
-                            if fixed_size {
-                                picked = fixed_size_field(ui, &mut o.marquee_height, units, size[1]).or(picked);
-                            } else {
-                                widgets::value_field(ui, &mut o.marquee_height, 0.001..=999.0, "", 62.0);
-                            }
-                            if let Some(name) = picked {
-                                o.marquee_unit = name.into();
-                            }
-                        });
                         widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
-                        if widgets::secondary_button(ui, tl!("Select and Mask…"), 0.0).clicked() {
-                            let _ = crate::menus::invoke(app, ui.ctx(), "select.selectAndMask", json!({}));
+                        if app.ui.transform.is_some() {
+                            crate::transform_tool::options_bar(app, ui);
+                            return;
                         }
-                    }
-                    Tool::Lasso | Tool::PolygonLasso | Tool::MagneticLasso if t.pro => {
-                        selection_mode_buttons(app, ui);
-                        widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
-                        opt_label(ui, tl!("Feather"));
-                        widgets::value_field(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.feather, 0.0..=1000.0, "px", 62.0);
-                        widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.anti_alias, tl!("Anti-alias"));
-                        widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
-                        if app.ui.tool == Tool::MagneticLasso {
-                            let o = &mut app.ui.tool_options;
-                            opt_label(ui, tl!("Width"));
-                            widgets::value_field(ui, &mut o.magnetic_width, 1.0..=256.0, "px", 58.0)
-                                .on_hover_text(tl!("Follows only edges this close to the pointer ([ and ] change it)"));
-                            opt_label(ui, tl!("Contrast"));
-                            widgets::value_field(ui, &mut o.magnetic_contrast, 1.0..=100.0, "%", 58.0)
-                                .on_hover_text(tl!("Higher values follow only edges that contrast sharply with their surroundings"));
-                            opt_label(ui, tl!("Frequency"));
-                            widgets::value_field(ui, &mut o.magnetic_frequency, 0.0..=100.0, "", 50.0)
-                                .on_hover_text(tl!("How often fastening points are placed by themselves"));
-                            if icons::button(ui, "circle-dot", 24.0, o.magnetic_pressure, tl!("Use tablet pressure to change pen width")).clicked() {
-                                o.magnetic_pressure = !o.magnetic_pressure;
-                            }
+                        if crate::symmetry_ui::options_bar(app, ui) || crate::distort_ui::options_bar(app, ui) {
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        let tool = app.ui.tool;
+                        // The options bar shows the active tool's brush: switch it in before drawing the
+                        // chip, so a tool change swaps the brush with it (Photoshop keeps one per tool).
+                        crate::paint_mouse::sync_tool_brush(app);
+                        // Brush edits here go through `tools.setBrush`, one journal entry per gesture (Rule 1).
+                        if (tool.is_brushlike() && !matches!(tool, Tool::Brush | Tool::Pencil | Tool::MixerBrush | Tool::Eraser))
+                            || tool == Tool::QuickSelection
+                        {
+                            brush_preset_chip(ui, &app.session.tools.brush, &mut app.ui);
+                            crate::brush_picker::settings_toggle(app, ui);
                             widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
                         }
-                        if widgets::secondary_button(ui, tl!("Select and Mask…"), 0.0).clicked() {
-                            let _ = crate::menus::invoke(app, ui.ctx(), "select.selectAndMask", json!({}));
-                        }
-                        if crate::lasso_ui::active(app) || (app.ui.tool == Tool::PolygonLasso && !app.ui.polygon.is_empty()) {
-                            hint(
-                                ui,
-                                &crate::i18n::fmt(
-                                    tl!("Click the first point or press {key} to close · Esc cancels"),
-                                    &[("key", &crate::shortcuts::pretty("Enter"))],
-                                ),
-                            );
-                        } else if app.ui.tool == Tool::Lasso {
-                            hint(ui, tl!("Hold Alt while drawing for straight segments"));
-                        }
-                        if app.ui.tool == Tool::MagneticLasso && app.ui.magnetic.active() {
-                            hint(
-                                ui,
-                                &crate::i18n::fmt(
-                                    tl!("Click the first point or press {key} to close · {del} removes a point · Esc cancels"),
-                                    &[("key", &crate::shortcuts::pretty("Enter")), ("del", &crate::shortcuts::pretty("Backspace"))],
-                                ),
-                            );
-                        }
-                    }
-                    Tool::MagicWand => {
-                        selection_mode_buttons(app, ui);
-                        widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
-                        opt_label(ui, tl!("Tolerance"));
-                        widgets::value_field(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.tolerance, 0.0..=255.0, "", 58.0);
-                        widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.anti_alias, tl!("Anti-alias"));
-                        widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.contiguous, tl!("Contiguous"));
-                        widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.sample_all.magic_wand, tl!("Sample All Layers"));
-                        widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
-                        if widgets::secondary_button(ui, tl!("Select Subject"), 0.0).clicked() {
-                            let r = app.run("select.subject", json!({}));
-                            crate::retouch_ui::report_smart_result(app, r, tl!("No subject found — try Object Selection or the Lasso"));
-                        }
-                        if widgets::secondary_button(ui, tl!("Select and Mask…"), 0.0).clicked() {
-                            let _ = crate::menus::invoke(app, ui.ctx(), "select.selectAndMask", json!({}));
-                        }
-                    }
-                    Tool::PaintBucket if t.pro => {
-                        opt_label(ui, tl!("Fill"));
-                        let mut src = u8::from(app.ui.tool_options.bucket_fill_pattern);
-                        if widgets::dropdown(ui, "bucket-src", &mut src, &[(0u8, tl!("Foreground")), (1, tl!("Pattern"))], 100.0) {
-                            app.ui.tool_options.bucket_fill_pattern = src == 1;
-                        }
-                        opt_label(ui, tl!("Opacity"));
-                        widgets::value_field(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.fill_opacity, 1.0..=100.0, "%", 62.0);
-                        opt_label(ui, tl!("Tolerance"));
-                        widgets::value_field(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.tolerance, 0.0..=255.0, "", 58.0);
-                        widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.anti_alias, tl!("Anti-alias"));
-                        widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.contiguous, tl!("Contiguous"));
-                        widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.sample_all.paint_bucket, tl!("All Layers"));
-                    }
-                    Tool::Gradient => {
-                        // Live "Gradient" (a Gradient Fill layer) or "Classic gradient" (pixels).
-                        let mut classic = app.ui.tool_options.gradient_classic;
-                        if widgets::dropdown(ui, "gradient-mode", &mut classic, &[(false, "Gradient"), (true, "Classic gradient")], 118.0) {
-                            app.ui.tool_options.gradient_classic = classic;
-                        }
-                        // Live "Gradient" (a Gradient Fill layer) or "Classic gradient" (pixels):
-                        // both paint with the same engine-owned preset (#1651), and either swatch
-                        // click opens the Gradient Editor window, as in Photoshop.
-                        if crate::gradient_ui::preset_swatch(app, ui) {
-                            app.ui.panels.gradient_editor = true;
-                        }
-                        widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
-                        ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 2.0;
-                        let before = app.ui.tool_options.clone();
-                        for (style, icon, tip) in [
-                            ("linear", "gradient", tl!("Linear Gradient")),
-                            ("radial", "circle", tl!("Radial Gradient")),
-                            ("angle", "rotate-cw", tl!("Angle Gradient")),
-                            ("reflected", "arrow-left-right", tl!("Reflected Gradient")),
-                            ("diamond", "diamond", tl!("Diamond Gradient")),
-                        ] {
-                            if icons::button(ui, icon, 24.0, app.ui.tool_options.gradient_style == style, tip).clicked() {
-                                app.ui.tool_options.gradient_style = style.into();
+                        if matches!(tool, Tool::CloneStamp | Tool::PatternStamp | Tool::HistoryBrush | Tool::Healing) {
+                            let before = app.session.tools.brush.clone();
+                            let mut brush = before.clone();
+                            // Mode is the tool's own brush's, kept per tool like its size.
+                            if let Some(modes) = crate::blend_keys::tool_modes(tool) {
+                                opt_label(ui, tl!("Mode"));
+                                if let Some(Some(m)) =
+                                    tool_mode_dropdown(ui, "retouch-mode", &modes, Some(crate::blend_keys::brush_tool_mode(tool, brush.mode)))
+                                {
+                                    brush.mode = m;
+                                }
                             }
+                            if tool == Tool::CloneStamp {
+                                let width = if t.pro { 62.0 } else { 66.0 };
+                                percent_field(ui, tl!("Opacity"), &mut brush.opacity, 1.0..=100.0, width);
+                                percent_field(ui, tl!("Flow"), &mut brush.flow, 1.0..=100.0, width);
+                            }
+                            crate::brush_panel::commit_gesture(app, ui.ctx(), &before, &brush);
+                            widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
                         }
-                        ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 8.0;
-                        widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
-                        opt_label(ui, tl!("Mode"));
-                        let opts: Vec<(BlendMode, &str)> = BlendMode::LAYER_MODES.iter().map(|m| (*m, m.label())).collect();
-                        // The wheel over it steps the mode, as over the Layers panel's (#2061).
-                        widgets::dropdown_wheel_hovered(ui, "gradient-blend-mode", &mut app.ui.tool_options.gradient_blend_mode, &opts, 96.0);
-                        opt_label(ui, tl!("Opacity"));
-                        let r = widgets::value_field(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.fill_opacity, 1.0..=100.0, "%", 62.0);
-                        // Live while scrubbed, one undo step per scrub (#5012).
-                        let drag_key = r.id.with("gradient-opacity-drag");
-                        if r.drag_started() {
-                            let n = ui.ctx().cumulative_pass_nr();
-                            ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(drag_key, n));
+                        if crate::eraser_ui::options_bar(app, ui, tool)
+                            || crate::retouch_ui::options_bar(app, ui, tool)
+                            || crate::vector_ui::options_bar(app, ui, tool)
+                            || crate::analysis_ui::options_bar(app, ui, tool)
+                            || crate::slice_ui::options_bar(app, ui, tool)
+                            || crate::frame_tool::options_bar(app, ui, tool)
+                            || crate::artboard_tool::options_bar(app, ui, tool)
+                        {
+                            return;
                         }
-                        if r.changed() {
-                            let drag = if r.dragged() { ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<u64>(drag_key)) } else { None };
-                            crate::gradient_ui::opacity_changed(app, drag);
-                        }
-                        widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.gradient_reverse, tl!("Reverse"));
-                        widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.gradient_dither, tl!("Dither"));
-                        // Live mode: the options also change a selected gradient fill layer.
-                        crate::gradient_ui::options_changed(app, &before);
-                    }
-                    Tool::PerspectiveCrop if t.pro => crate::perspective_crop_ui::options_bar(app, ui),
-                    Tool::Crop if t.pro => {
-                        let before_ratio = crate::crop_ui::preset_ratio(app);
-                        let doc_size = app.session.active().map_or((0.0, 0.0), |s| (f64::from(s.doc.size.width), f64::from(s.doc.size.height)));
-                        // Ratios, sizes, saved presets, New / Delete Crop Preset… (#2443, #1919).
-                        crate::crop_presets::dropdown(app, ui);
-                        let o = &mut app.ui.tool_options;
-                        let mut ratio_base = None;
-                        if o.crop_ratio == crate::crop_size::WHR {
-                            crate::crop_size::fields(o, ui);
-                        } else {
-                            // Keep partial edits in ToolOptions so the first side survives a frame;
-                            // Original Ratio shows the document's numbers, as Photoshop does.
-                            let (mut rw, mut rh) = crate::crop_size::custom_ratio_fields(o, doc_size);
-                            let decimals = crate::crop_size::RATIO_DECIMALS;
-                            let fw = widgets::value_field_prec(ui, &mut rw, 0.0..=99_999.0, "", 54.0, decimals);
-                            let swap = icons::button(ui, "arrow-left-right", 22.0, false, tl!("Swaps height and width")).clicked();
-                            let fh = widgets::value_field_prec(ui, &mut rh, 0.0..=99_999.0, "", 54.0, decimals);
-                            let (cw, ch) = (fw.changed(), fh.changed());
-                            if swap {
-                                std::mem::swap(&mut rw, &mut rh);
+                        let brush_before = app.session.tools.brush.clone();
+                        let mut brush = brush_before.clone();
+                        let b = &mut brush;
+                        match app.ui.tool {
+                            Tool::Brush | Tool::Eraser if t.pro => {
+                                // A Block-mode Eraser has a fixed size, opacity and flow (Photoshop, #2770).
+                                let block = crate::eraser_ui::block_mode(app, app.ui.tool);
+                                ui.add_enabled_ui(!block, |ui| {
+                                    brush_preset_chip(ui, b, &mut app.ui);
+                                    crate::brush_picker::settings_toggle(app, ui);
+                                });
+                                widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
+                                // The Eraser has no blend mode: its Mode is Brush, Pencil or Block (#2662).
+                                if app.ui.tool == Tool::Eraser {
+                                    crate::eraser_ui::mode_dropdown(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.eraser_mode);
+                                } else {
+                                    opt_label(ui, tl!("Mode"));
+                                    let held = app.held_erase;
+                                    paint_mode_dropdown(ui, "brush-mode", b, &mut app.ui.tool_options.brush_clear, held);
+                                }
+                                ui.add_enabled_ui(!block, |ui| {
+                                    percent_field(ui, tl!("Opacity"), &mut b.opacity, 0.0..=100.0, 62.0);
+                                    if icons::button(ui, "circle-dot", 24.0, b.pressure_opacity, tl!("Always use pressure for opacity")).clicked() {
+                                        b.pressure_opacity = !b.pressure_opacity;
+                                    }
+                                });
+                                // A Pencil- or Block-mode Eraser is always full flow, without build-up (Photoshop).
+                                ui.add_enabled_ui(!block && !crate::eraser_ui::pencil_mode(app, app.ui.tool), |ui| {
+                                    percent_field(ui, tl!("Flow"), &mut b.flow, 1.0..=100.0, 62.0);
+                                    let airbrush = icons::button(ui, "sparkles", 24.0, b.build_up, tl!("Enable airbrush-style build-up effects"));
+                                    if crate::brush_picker::named(airbrush, "Enable airbrush-style build-up effects").clicked() {
+                                        b.build_up = !b.build_up;
+                                    }
+                                });
+                                opt_label(ui, tl!("Smoothing"));
+                                smoothing_field(ui, b, 58.0);
+                                smoothing_options(ui, b);
+                                widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
+                                if icons::button(ui, "circle-dot", 24.0, b.pressure_size, tl!("Always use pressure for size")).clicked() {
+                                    b.pressure_size = !b.pressure_size;
+                                }
                             }
-                            if cw || ch || swap {
-                                crate::crop_size::set_custom_ratio_fields(o, rw, rh);
+                            // Pencil: Photoshop's options (no hardness or flow: the pencil is always hard).
+                            Tool::Pencil => {
+                                brush_preset_chip(ui, b, &mut app.ui);
+                                crate::brush_picker::settings_toggle(app, ui);
+                                widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
+                                if !t.pro {
+                                    opt_label(ui, tl!("Size"));
+                                    widgets::value_field(ui, &mut b.size, 1.0..=photocraft_engine::paint::MAX_BRUSH_SIZE, "px", 76.0);
+                                    widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
+                                }
+                                opt_label(ui, tl!("Mode"));
+                                let held = app.held_erase;
+                                paint_mode_dropdown(ui, "pencil-mode", b, &mut app.ui.tool_options.pencil_clear, held);
+                                percent_field(ui, tl!("Opacity"), &mut b.opacity, 0.0..=100.0, if t.pro { 62.0 } else { 66.0 });
+                                opt_label(ui, tl!("Smoothing"));
+                                smoothing_field(ui, b, if t.pro { 58.0 } else { 66.0 });
+                                widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
+                                widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.pencil_auto_erase, tl!("Auto Erase"));
                             }
-                            // Every ratio typed or scrubbed in one edit fits from the frame the edit
-                            // started with: 1:3 on the way to 16:3 mustn't shrink it first (#7752).
-                            let base_id = egui::Id::new("crop-ratio-edit-base");
-                            if cw || ch {
-                                ratio_base = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<[f64; 4]>(base_id)).or(app.ui.crop_rect);
+                            Tool::Brush | Tool::Eraser => {
+                                brush_preset_chip(ui, b, &mut app.ui);
+                                crate::brush_picker::settings_toggle(app, ui);
+                                widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
+                                // A Block-mode Eraser has a fixed size, opacity and flow (Photoshop, #2770).
+                                let block = crate::eraser_ui::block_mode(app, app.ui.tool);
+                                ui.add_enabled_ui(!block, |ui| {
+                                    opt_label(ui, tl!("Size"));
+                                    widgets::value_field(ui, &mut b.size, 1.0..=photocraft_engine::paint::MAX_BRUSH_SIZE, "px", 76.0);
+                                });
+                                widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
+                                if app.ui.tool == Tool::Eraser {
+                                    crate::eraser_ui::mode_dropdown(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.eraser_mode);
+                                } else {
+                                    opt_label(ui, tl!("Mode"));
+                                    let held = app.held_erase;
+                                    paint_mode_dropdown(ui, "brush-mode", b, &mut app.ui.tool_options.brush_clear, held);
+                                }
+                                // A Pencil-mode Eraser is always hard and at full flow (Photoshop).
+                                let fixed = block || crate::eraser_ui::pencil_mode(app, app.ui.tool);
+                                ui.add_enabled_ui(!fixed, |ui| percent_field(ui, tl!("Hardness"), &mut b.hardness, 0.0..=100.0, 66.0));
+                                ui.add_enabled_ui(!block, |ui| percent_field(ui, tl!("Opacity"), &mut b.opacity, 0.0..=100.0, 66.0));
+                                ui.add_enabled_ui(!fixed, |ui| percent_field(ui, tl!("Flow"), &mut b.flow, 1.0..=100.0, 66.0));
+                                opt_label(ui, tl!("Smoothing"));
+                                smoothing_field(ui, b, 66.0);
+                                widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
+                                widgets::toggle(ui, &mut b.pressure_size, tl!("Pressure for Size"));
+                                widgets::toggle(ui, &mut b.pressure_opacity, tl!("Pressure for Opacity"));
                             }
-                            if ![&fw, &fh].iter().any(|f| f.has_focus() || f.dragged()) {
-                                ui.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<[f64; 4]>(base_id));
-                            } else if let Some(base) = ratio_base {
-                                ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(base_id, base));
-                            }
-                        }
-                        widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
-                        if widgets::secondary_button(ui, tl!("Clear"), 0.0).clicked() {
-                            if o.crop_ratio == crate::crop_size::WHR {
-                                crate::crop_size::clear(o);
-                            } else {
-                                o.crop_ratio.clear();
-                            }
-                        }
-                        crate::crop_straighten::options_button(&mut app.crop.straighten, ui);
-                        crate::crop_overlay::options_button(o, ui);
-                        let pick_shield_color = crate::crop_shield::options_button(&mut o.crop_shield, ui);
-                        widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut o.crop_delete, tl!("Delete Cropped Pixels"));
-                        // Fill: what a turned or extending crop puts where the image doesn't reach
-                        // (#3823). Generative Expand is not offered.
-                        ui.label(tl!("Fill:"));
-                        widgets::dropdown(
-                            ui,
-                            "crop-fill",
-                            &mut o.crop_content_aware,
-                            &[(false, tl!("Background (Default)")), (true, tl!("Content-Aware Fill"))],
-                            150.0,
-                        );
-                        if crate::crop_ui::preset_ratio(app) != before_ratio {
-                            match ratio_base {
-                                Some(base) => crate::crop_ui::apply_ratio_from(app, base),
-                                None => crate::crop_ui::apply_ratio(app),
-                            }
-                        }
-                        if pick_shield_color {
-                            crate::crop_shield::pick_custom_color(app);
-                        }
-                        ui.with_layout(egui::Layout::right_to_left(egui::Align::Center), |ui| {
-                            if icons::button(
-                                ui,
-                                "check",
-                                26.0,
-                                false,
-                                &crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("Commit current crop operation  ({key})"), &[("key", &crate::shortcuts::pretty("Enter"))]),
-                            )
-                            .clicked()
-                            {
-                                crate::canvas::commit_crop(app);
-                            }
-                            if icons::button(ui, "ban", 26.0, false, tl!("Cancel current crop operation  (Esc)")).clicked() {
-                                crate::crop_ui::cancel(app);
-                            }
-                        });
-                    }
-                    // Every theme gets the font, style and size controls (#1387), as with Auto-Select (#1275).
-                    Tool::Type | Tool::VerticalType | Tool::HorizontalTypeMask | Tool::VerticalTypeMask => crate::type_tool::options_bar(app, ui),
-                    Tool::Move if t.pro => {
-                        let o = &mut app.ui.tool_options;
-                        widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut o.move_auto_select, tl!("Auto-Select:"));
-                        widgets::dropdown(
-                            ui,
-                            "move-target",
-                            &mut o.move_target,
-                            &[("layer".to_string(), tl!("Layer")), ("group".to_string(), tl!("Group"))],
-                            76.0,
-                        );
-                        widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
-                        widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut o.move_show_transform, tl!("Show Transform Controls"));
-                        widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
-                        ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 0.0;
-                        for (icon, tip, cmd) in [
-                            ("panels-top-left", tl!("Align left edges"), "layer.align.leftEdges"),
-                            ("app-window", tl!("Align horizontal centers"), "layer.align.horizontalCenters"),
-                            ("panel-right", tl!("Align right edges"), "layer.align.rightEdges"),
-                        ] {
-                            let on = app.session.is_enabled(cmd);
-                            if ui.add_enabled_ui(on, |ui| icons::button(ui, icon, 24.0, false, tip)).inner.clicked() {
-                                let _ = app.run(cmd, json!({}));
-                            }
-                        }
-                        ui.add_space(6.0);
-                        let more = icons::button(ui, "ellipsis", 24.0, false, tl!("Align and distribute"));
-                        egui::Popup::menu(&more).show(|ui| {
-                            ui.set_min_width(200.0);
-                            let mut section = |ui: &mut egui::Ui, title: &str, prefix: &str| {
-                                ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!(&title)).small().color(t.text_dim));
-                                for c in photocraft_engine::command_specs().iter().filter(|c| c.id.starts_with(prefix)) {
-                                    if ui.add_enabled(app.session.is_enabled(c.id), egui::Button::new(tl!(c.label))).clicked() {
-                                        let _ = app.run(c.id, json!({}));
-                                        ui.close();
+                            Tool::MixerBrush => {
+                                brush_preset_chip(ui, b, &mut app.ui);
+                                crate::brush_picker::settings_toggle(app, ui);
+                                widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
+                                mixer_load_swatch(app, ui);
+                                let m = &mut b.mixer;
+                                for (icon, on, tip) in [
+                                    ("brush", &mut m.load_after_stroke, tl!("Load the brush after each stroke")),
+                                    ("brush-cleaning", &mut m.clean_after_stroke, tl!("Clean the brush after each stroke")),
+                                ] {
+                                    if icons::button(ui, icon, 24.0, *on, tip).clicked() {
+                                        *on = !*on;
                                     }
                                 }
-                            };
-                            section(ui, tl!("Align"), "layer.align.");
-                            ui.separator();
-                            section(ui, tl!("Distribute"), "layer.distribute.");
-                        });
-                    }
-                    Tool::RectMarquee | Tool::EllipseMarquee => hint(
-                        ui,
-                        &format!(
-                            "Drag to select  ·  {} add  ·  {} subtract  ·  {} intersect  ·  click to deselect",
-                            crate::shortcuts::pretty("Shift"),
-                            crate::shortcuts::pretty("Alt"),
-                            crate::shortcuts::pretty("Shift+Alt")
-                        ),
-                    ),
-                    Tool::SingleRowMarquee | Tool::SingleColumnMarquee => hint(
-                        ui,
-                        &format!(
-                            "Click to select a one-pixel line  ·  {} add  ·  {} subtract  ·  {} intersect",
-                            crate::shortcuts::pretty("Shift"),
-                            crate::shortcuts::pretty("Alt"),
-                            crate::shortcuts::pretty("Shift+Alt")
-                        ),
-                    ),
-                    Tool::Move => {
-                        // The Studio themes keep Photoshop's Auto-Select toggle too (#1275).
-                        widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.move_auto_select, tl!("Auto-Select:"));
-                        // And Show Transform Controls (#5740): without it the box could not be
-                        // turned on outside the Pro themes.
-                        widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.move_show_transform, tl!("Show Transform Controls"));
-                        hint(ui, tl!("Drag to move the active layer"));
-                    }
-                    Tool::Eyedropper => crate::eyedropper_ui::options(app, ui),
-                    Tool::Zoom => {
-                        widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.zoom_scrubby, tl!("Scrubby Zoom"));
-                        hint(
-                            ui,
-                            &crate::i18n::fmt(
-                                tl!("Click to zoom in  ·  {key}-click to zoom out  ·  drag right/left to zoom in/out"),
-                                &[("key", &crate::shortcuts::pretty("Alt"))],
-                            ),
-                        );
-                        if widgets::secondary_button(ui, tl!("Fit Screen"), 0.0).clicked()
-                            && let Some(i) = app.session.active_index()
-                        {
-                            app.ui.views[i].fit_pending = true;
-                        }
-                        if widgets::secondary_button(ui, "100%", 0.0).clicked()
-                            && let Some(i) = app.session.active_index()
-                        {
-                            app.ui.views[i].zoom = 1.0;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    Tool::RotateView => {
-                        hint(ui, tl!("Drag around the centre to rotate the view  ·  Shift constrains to 15°"));
-                        if let Some(i) = app.session.active_index() {
-                            ui.label(tl!("Angle"));
-                            let mut angle = app.ui.views.get(i).map(|v| v.rotation).unwrap_or(0.0);
-                            if widgets::value_field(ui, &mut angle, -180.0..=180.0, "°", 56.0).changed()
-                                && let Some(v) = app.ui.views.get_mut(i)
-                            {
-                                v.rotation = crate::rotate_view::wrap_deg(angle);
+                                widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
+                                for (label, value) in [
+                                    (tl!("Wet"), &mut b.mixer.wet),
+                                    (tl!("Load"), &mut b.mixer.load),
+                                    (tl!("Mix"), &mut b.mixer.mix),
+                                    (tl!("Flow"), &mut b.mixer.flow),
+                                ] {
+                                    percent_field(ui, label, value, 0.0..=100.0, 62.0);
+                                }
+                                widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
+                                widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut b.mixer.sample_all_layers, tl!("Sample All Layers"));
                             }
-                            if widgets::secondary_button(ui, tl!("Reset View"), 0.0).clicked()
-                                && let Some(v) = app.ui.views.get_mut(i)
-                            {
-                                v.rotation = 0.0;
+                            Tool::RectMarquee | Tool::EllipseMarquee | Tool::SingleRowMarquee | Tool::SingleColumnMarquee => {
+                                ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 2.0;
+                                for (i, (icon, tip)) in [
+                                    ("square", tl!("New selection").to_string()),
+                                    ("plus", crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("Add to selection  ({key})"), &[("key", &crate::shortcuts::pretty("Shift"))])),
+                                    ("minus", crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("Subtract from selection  ({key})"), &[("key", &crate::shortcuts::pretty("Alt"))])),
+                                    (
+                                        "squares-subtract",
+                                        crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("Intersect with selection  ({key})"), &[("key", &crate::shortcuts::pretty("Shift+Alt"))]),
+                                    ),
+                                ]
+                                .iter()
+                                .enumerate()
+                                {
+                                    if icons::button(ui, icon, 24.0, app.ui.selection_mode == i as u8, tip).clicked() {
+                                        app.ui.selection_mode = i as u8;
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 8.0;
+                                widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
+                                let (units, size) = fixed_size_units(app);
+                                let o = &mut app.ui.tool_options;
+                                opt_label(ui, tl!("Feather"));
+                                widgets::value_field(ui, &mut o.feather, 0.0..=1000.0, "px", 62.0);
+                                // Photoshop greys Anti-alias for the Rectangular Marquee (its edges are always hard).
+                                ui.add_enabled_ui(app.ui.tool == Tool::EllipseMarquee, |ui| widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut o.anti_alias, tl!("Anti-alias")));
+                                widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
+                                // A single row or column has no style or size: Photoshop greys them.
+                                let sized = matches!(app.ui.tool, Tool::RectMarquee | Tool::EllipseMarquee);
+                                ui.add_enabled_ui(sized, |ui| opt_label(ui, tl!("Style")));
+                                let styles = [
+                                    ("normal".to_string(), tl!("Normal")),
+                                    ("fixedRatio".to_string(), tl!("Fixed Ratio")),
+                                    ("fixedSize".to_string(), tl!("Fixed Size")),
+                                ];
+                                if ui
+                                    .add_enabled_ui(sized, |ui| widgets::dropdown(ui, "marquee-style", tl!("Style"), &mut o.marquee_style, &styles, 96.0))
+                                    .inner
+                                {
+                                    (o.marquee_width, o.marquee_height) = if o.marquee_style == "fixedSize" { (64.0, 64.0) } else { (1.0, 1.0) };
+                                }
+                                let fixed = sized && o.marquee_style != "normal";
+                                let fixed_size = o.marquee_style == "fixedSize";
+                                // Fixed Size shows its pixels in the unit picked by right-clicking Width or Height (#7910).
+                                let units = widgets::FieldUnits { unit: photocraft_engine::prefs::Unit::parse(&o.marquee_unit).unwrap_or_default(), ..units };
+                                ui.add_enabled_ui(fixed, |ui| {
+                                    let mut picked = None;
+                                    opt_label(ui, tl!("Width"));
+                                    if fixed_size {
+                                        picked = fixed_size_field(ui, &mut o.marquee_width, units, size[0]);
+                                    } else {
+                                        widgets::value_field(ui, &mut o.marquee_width, crate::tool_memory::style_range(&o.marquee_style), "", 62.0);
+                                    }
+                                    if icons::button(ui, "arrow-left-right", 22.0, false, tl!("Swaps height and width")).clicked() {
+                                        std::mem::swap(&mut o.marquee_width, &mut o.marquee_height);
+                                    }
+                                    opt_label(ui, tl!("Height"));
+                                    if fixed_size {
+                                        picked = fixed_size_field(ui, &mut o.marquee_height, units, size[1]).or(picked);
+                                    } else {
+                                        widgets::value_field(ui, &mut o.marquee_height, crate::tool_memory::style_range(&o.marquee_style), "", 62.0);
+                                    }
+                                    if let Some(name) = picked {
+                                        o.marquee_unit = name.into();
+                                    }
+                                });
+                                widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
+                                select_and_mask_button(app, ui);
                             }
+                            Tool::Lasso | Tool::PolygonLasso | Tool::MagneticLasso => {
+                                selection_mode_buttons(app, ui);
+                                widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
+                                opt_label(ui, tl!("Feather"));
+                                widgets::value_field(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.feather, 0.0..=1000.0, "px", 62.0);
+                                widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.anti_alias, tl!("Anti-alias"));
+                                widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
+                                if app.ui.tool == Tool::MagneticLasso {
+                                    let o = &mut app.ui.tool_options;
+                                    opt_label(ui, tl!("Width"));
+                                    widgets::value_field(ui, &mut o.magnetic_width, 1.0..=256.0, "px", 58.0)
+                                        .on_hover_text(tl!("Follows only edges this close to the pointer ([ and ] change it)"));
+                                    opt_label(ui, tl!("Contrast"));
+                                    widgets::value_field(ui, &mut o.magnetic_contrast, 1.0..=100.0, "%", 58.0)
+                                        .on_hover_text(tl!("Higher values follow only edges that contrast sharply with their surroundings"));
+                                    opt_label(ui, tl!("Frequency"));
+                                    widgets::value_field(ui, &mut o.magnetic_frequency, 0.0..=100.0, "", 50.0)
+                                        .on_hover_text(tl!("How often fastening points are placed by themselves"));
+                                    if icons::button(ui, "circle-dot", 24.0, o.magnetic_pressure, tl!("Use tablet pressure to change pen width")).clicked() {
+                                        o.magnetic_pressure = !o.magnetic_pressure;
+                                    }
+                                    widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
+                                }
+                                select_and_mask_button(app, ui);
+                                if crate::lasso_ui::active(app) || (app.ui.tool == Tool::PolygonLasso && !app.ui.polygon.is_empty()) {
+                                    hint(
+                                        ui,
+                                        &crate::i18n::fmt(
+                                            tl!("Click the first point or press {key} to close · Esc cancels"),
+                                            &[("key", &crate::shortcuts::pretty("Enter"))],
+                                        ),
+                                    );
+                                } else if app.ui.tool == Tool::Lasso {
+                                    hint(ui, tl!("Hold Alt while drawing for straight segments"));
+                                }
+                                if app.ui.tool == Tool::MagneticLasso && app.ui.magnetic.active() {
+                                    hint(
+                                        ui,
+                                        &crate::i18n::fmt(
+                                            tl!("Click the first point or press {key} to close · {del} removes a point · Esc cancels"),
+                                            &[("key", &crate::shortcuts::pretty("Enter")), ("del", &crate::shortcuts::pretty("Backspace"))],
+                                        ),
+                                    );
+                                }
+                            }
+                            Tool::MagicWand => {
+                                selection_mode_buttons(app, ui);
+                                widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
+                                opt_label(ui, tl!("Tolerance"));
+                                widgets::value_field(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.tolerance, 0.0..=255.0, "", 58.0);
+                                widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.anti_alias, tl!("Anti-alias"));
+                                widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.contiguous, tl!("Contiguous"));
+                                widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.sample_all.magic_wand, tl!("Sample All Layers"));
+                                widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
+                                if widgets::secondary_button(ui, tl!("Select Subject"), 0.0).clicked() {
+                                    let r = app.run("select.subject", json!({}));
+                                    crate::retouch_ui::report_smart_result(app, r, tl!("No subject found — try Object Selection or the Lasso"));
+                                }
+                                select_and_mask_button(app, ui);
+                            }
+                            Tool::PaintBucket => {
+                                opt_label(ui, tl!("Fill"));
+                                let mut src = u8::from(app.ui.tool_options.bucket_fill_pattern);
+                                if widgets::dropdown(ui, "bucket-src", tl!("Source"), &mut src, &[(0u8, tl!("Foreground")), (1, tl!("Pattern"))], 100.0) {
+                                    app.ui.tool_options.bucket_fill_pattern = src == 1;
+                                }
+                                opt_label(ui, tl!("Mode"));
+                                if let Some(modes) = crate::blend_keys::tool_modes(tool) {
+                                    let o = &mut app.ui.tool_options;
+                                    let current = if o.bucket_clear { None } else { Some(o.bucket_blend_mode) };
+                                    if let Some(m) = tool_mode_dropdown(ui, "bucket-mode", &modes, current) {
+                                        o.bucket_clear = m.is_none();
+                                        if let Some(m) = m {
+                                            o.bucket_blend_mode = m;
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                opt_label(ui, tl!("Opacity"));
+                                widgets::value_field(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.fill_opacity, 1.0..=100.0, "%", 62.0);
+                                opt_label(ui, tl!("Tolerance"));
+                                widgets::value_field(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.tolerance, 0.0..=255.0, "", 58.0);
+                                widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.anti_alias, tl!("Anti-alias"));
+                                widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.contiguous, tl!("Contiguous"));
+                                widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.sample_all.paint_bucket, tl!("All Layers"));
+                            }
+                            Tool::Gradient => {
+                                // Live "Gradient" (a Gradient Fill layer) or "Classic gradient" (pixels).
+                                let mut classic = app.ui.tool_options.gradient_classic;
+                                if widgets::dropdown(ui, "gradient-mode", tl!("Mode"), &mut classic, &[(false, "Gradient"), (true, "Classic gradient")], 118.0)
+                                {
+                                    app.ui.tool_options.gradient_classic = classic;
+                                }
+                                // Live "Gradient" (a Gradient Fill layer) or "Classic gradient" (pixels):
+                                // both paint with the same engine-owned preset (#1651), and either swatch
+                                // click opens the Gradient Editor window, as in Photoshop.
+                                if crate::gradient_ui::preset_swatch(app, ui) {
+                                    app.ui.panels.gradient_editor = true;
+                                }
+                                widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
+                                ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 2.0;
+                                let before = app.ui.tool_options.clone();
+                                for (style, icon, tip) in [
+                                    ("linear", "gradient", tl!("Linear Gradient")),
+                                    ("radial", "circle", tl!("Radial Gradient")),
+                                    ("angle", "rotate-cw", tl!("Angle Gradient")),
+                                    ("reflected", "arrow-left-right", tl!("Reflected Gradient")),
+                                    ("diamond", "diamond", tl!("Diamond Gradient")),
+                                ] {
+                                    if icons::button(ui, icon, 24.0, app.ui.tool_options.gradient_style == style, tip).clicked() {
+                                        app.ui.tool_options.gradient_style = style.into();
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 8.0;
+                                widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
+                                opt_label(ui, tl!("Mode"));
+                                let opts: Vec<(BlendMode, &str)> = BlendMode::LAYER_MODES.iter().map(|m| (*m, m.label())).collect();
+                                // The wheel over it steps the mode, as over the Layers panel's (#2061).
+                                widgets::dropdown_wheel_hovered(
+                                    ui,
+                                    "gradient-blend-mode",
+                                    tl!("Blend Mode"),
+                                    &mut app.ui.tool_options.gradient_blend_mode,
+                                    &opts,
+                                    96.0,
+                                );
+                                opt_label(ui, tl!("Opacity"));
+                                let r = widgets::value_field(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.fill_opacity, 1.0..=100.0, "%", 62.0);
+                                // Live while scrubbed, one undo step per scrub (#5012).
+                                let drag_key = r.id.with("gradient-opacity-drag");
+                                if r.drag_started() {
+                                    let n = ui.ctx().cumulative_pass_nr();
+                                    ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(drag_key, n));
+                                }
+                                if r.changed() {
+                                    let drag = if r.dragged() { ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<u64>(drag_key)) } else { None };
+                                    crate::gradient_ui::opacity_changed(app, drag);
+                                }
+                                widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.gradient_reverse, tl!("Reverse"));
+                                widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.gradient_dither, tl!("Dither"));
+                                // Live mode: the options also change a selected gradient fill layer.
+                                crate::gradient_ui::options_changed(app, &before);
+                            }
+                            Tool::PerspectiveCrop => crate::perspective_crop_ui::options_bar(app, ui),
+                            Tool::Crop => {
+                                let before_ratio = crate::crop_ui::preset_ratio(app);
+                                let doc_size = app.session.active().map_or((0.0, 0.0), |s| (f64::from(s.doc.size.width), f64::from(s.doc.size.height)));
+                                // Ratios, sizes, saved presets, New / Delete Crop Preset… (#2443, #1919).
+                                crate::crop_presets::dropdown(app, ui);
+                                let o = &mut app.ui.tool_options;
+                                let mut ratio_base = None;
+                                if o.crop_ratio == crate::crop_size::WHR {
+                                    crate::crop_size::fields(o, ui);
+                                } else {
+                                    // Keep partial edits in ToolOptions so the first side survives a frame;
+                                    // Original Ratio shows the document's numbers, as Photoshop does.
+                                    let (mut rw, mut rh) = crate::crop_size::custom_ratio_fields(o, doc_size);
+                                    let decimals = crate::crop_size::RATIO_DECIMALS;
+                                    let fw = widgets::value_field_prec(ui, &mut rw, 0.0..=99_999.0, "", 54.0, decimals);
+                                    let swap = icons::button(ui, "arrow-left-right", 22.0, false, tl!("Swaps height and width")).clicked();
+                                    let fh = widgets::value_field_prec(ui, &mut rh, 0.0..=99_999.0, "", 54.0, decimals);
+                                    let (cw, ch) = (fw.changed(), fh.changed());
+                                    if swap {
+                                        std::mem::swap(&mut rw, &mut rh);
+                                    }
+                                    if cw || ch || swap {
+                                        crate::crop_size::set_custom_ratio_fields(o, rw, rh);
+                                    }
+                                    // Every ratio typed or scrubbed in one edit fits from the frame the edit
+                                    // started with: 1:3 on the way to 16:3 mustn't shrink it first (#7752).
+                                    let base_id = egui::Id::unique("crop-ratio-edit-base");
+                                    if cw || ch {
+                                        ratio_base = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<[f64; 4]>(base_id)).or(app.ui.crop_rect);
+                                    }
+                                    if ![&fw, &fh].iter().any(|f| f.has_focus() || f.dragged()) {
+                                        ui.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<[f64; 4]>(base_id));
+                                    } else if let Some(base) = ratio_base {
+                                        ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(base_id, base));
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
+                                if widgets::secondary_button(ui, tl!("Clear"), 0.0).clicked() {
+                                    crate::crop_size::clear_ratio(o);
+                                }
+                                crate::crop_straighten::options_button(&mut app.crop.straighten, ui);
+                                crate::crop_overlay::options_button(o, ui);
+                                let pick_shield_color = crate::crop_shield::options_button(&mut o.crop_shield, ui);
+                                widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut o.crop_delete, tl!("Delete Cropped Pixels"));
+                                // Fill: what a turned or extending crop puts where the image doesn't reach
+                                // (#3823). Generative Expand is not offered.
+                                ui.label(tl!("Fill:"));
+                                widgets::dropdown(
+                                    ui,
+                                    "crop-fill",
+                                    tl!("Fill:"),
+                                    &mut o.crop_content_aware,
+                                    &[(false, tl!("Background (Default)")), (true, tl!("Content-Aware Fill"))],
+                                    150.0,
+                                );
+                                if crate::crop_ui::preset_ratio(app) != before_ratio {
+                                    match ratio_base {
+                                        Some(base) => crate::crop_ui::apply_ratio_from(app, base),
+                                        None => crate::crop_ui::apply_ratio(app),
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                if pick_shield_color {
+                                    crate::crop_shield::pick_custom_color(app);
+                                }
+                                ui.with_layout(egui::Layout::right_to_left(egui::Align::Center), |ui| {
+                                    if icons::button(
+                                        ui,
+                                        "check",
+                                        26.0,
+                                        false,
+                                        &crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("Commit current crop operation  ({key})"), &[("key", &crate::shortcuts::pretty("Enter"))]),
+                                    )
+                                    .clicked()
+                                    {
+                                        crate::canvas::commit_crop(app);
+                                    }
+                                    if icons::button(ui, "ban", 26.0, false, tl!("Cancel current crop operation  (Esc)")).clicked() {
+                                        crate::crop_ui::cancel(app);
+                                    }
+                                });
+                            }
+                            // Every theme gets the font, style and size controls (#1387), as with Auto-Select (#1275).
+                            Tool::Type | Tool::VerticalType | Tool::HorizontalTypeMask | Tool::VerticalTypeMask => crate::type_tool::options_bar(app, ui),
+                            Tool::Move => {
+                                let o = &mut app.ui.tool_options;
+                                widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut o.move_auto_select, tl!("Auto-Select:"));
+                                widgets::dropdown(
+                                    ui,
+                                    "move-target",
+                                    tl!("Auto-Select:"),
+                                    &mut o.move_target,
+                                    &[("layer".to_string(), tl!("Layer")), ("group".to_string(), tl!("Group"))],
+                                    76.0,
+                                );
+                                widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
+                                widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut o.move_show_transform, tl!("Show Transform Controls"));
+                                widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
+                                crate::align_bar::options(app, ui);
+                            }
+                            Tool::Eyedropper => crate::eyedropper_ui::options(app, ui),
+                            Tool::Zoom => {
+                                // Resize Windows to Fit is Preferences › Zoom Resizes Windows itself, as in
+                                // Photoshop: one setting, shown in both places (zoom_window_fit.rs).
+                                let mut fit = app.session.prefs().general.zoom_resizes_windows;
+                                if widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut fit, tl!("Resize Windows to Fit")).changed() {
+                                    app.session.prefs.edit(|p| p.general.zoom_resizes_windows = fit);
+                                }
+                                widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut app.ui.tool_options.zoom_scrubby, tl!("Scrubby Zoom"));
+                                hint(
+                                    ui,
+                                    &crate::i18n::fmt(
+                                        tl!("Click to zoom in  ·  {key}-click to zoom out  ·  drag right/left to zoom in/out"),
+                                        &[("key", &crate::shortcuts::pretty("Alt"))],
+                                    ),
+                                );
+                                if widgets::secondary_button(ui, tl!("Fit Screen"), 0.0).clicked()
+                                    && let Some(i) = app.session.active_index()
+                                {
+                                    app.ui.views[i].fit_pending = true;
+                                    app.ui.views[i].request_zoom_animation(app.session.prefs().general.animated_zoom);
+                                    app.ui.views[i].zoom_anchor = None;
+                                }
+                                if widgets::secondary_button(ui, "100%", 0.0).clicked()
+                                    && let Some(i) = app.session.active_index()
+                                {
+                                    app.ui.views[i].zoom = 1.0;
+                                    app.ui.views[i].request_zoom_animation(app.session.prefs().general.animated_zoom);
+                                    app.ui.views[i].zoom_anchor = None;
+                                    app.ui.views[i].fit_pending = false;
+                                    app.ui.views[i].fill_pending = false;
+                                }
+                            }
+                            Tool::RotateView => {
+                                hint(ui, tl!("Drag around the centre to rotate the view  ·  Shift constrains to 15°"));
+                                if let Some(i) = app.session.active_index() {
+                                    ui.label(tl!("Angle"));
+                                    let mut angle = app.ui.views.get(i).map(|v| v.rotation).unwrap_or(0.0);
+                                    if widgets::value_field(ui, &mut angle, -180.0..=180.0, "°", 56.0).changed()
+                                        && let Some(v) = app.ui.views.get_mut(i)
+                                    {
+                                        v.rotation = crate::rotate_view::wrap_deg(angle);
+                                    }
+                                    if widgets::secondary_button(ui, tl!("Reset View"), 0.0).clicked()
+                                        && let Some(v) = app.ui.views.get_mut(i)
+                                    {
+                                        v.rotation = 0.0;
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                            Tool::Hand => {
+                                hint(ui, tl!("Drag to pan  ·  hold Space with any tool"));
+                                if widgets::secondary_button(ui, "100%", 0.0).clicked()
+                                    && let Some(i) = app.session.active_index()
+                                {
+                                    app.ui.views[i].zoom = 1.0;
+                                    app.ui.views[i].request_zoom_animation(app.session.prefs().general.animated_zoom);
+                                    app.ui.views[i].zoom_anchor = None;
+                                    app.ui.views[i].fit_pending = false;
+                                    app.ui.views[i].fill_pending = false;
+                                }
+                                if widgets::secondary_button(ui, tl!("Fit Screen"), 0.0).clicked()
+                                    && let Some(i) = app.session.active_index()
+                                {
+                                    app.ui.views[i].fit_pending = true;
+                                    app.ui.views[i].request_zoom_animation(app.session.prefs().general.animated_zoom);
+                                    app.ui.views[i].zoom_anchor = None;
+                                    app.ui.views[i].fill_pending = false;
+                                }
+                                if widgets::secondary_button(ui, tl!("Fill Screen"), 0.0).clicked()
+                                    && let Some(i) = app.session.active_index()
+                                {
+                                    app.ui.views[i].fill_pending = true;
+                                    app.ui.views[i].request_zoom_animation(app.session.prefs().general.animated_zoom);
+                                    app.ui.views[i].zoom_anchor = None;
+                                    app.ui.views[i].fit_pending = false;
+                                }
+                            }
+                            // Retouching and smart-selection tools draw their bar in `retouch_ui::options_bar`.
+                            _ => {}
                         }
-                    }
-                    Tool::Hand => {
-                        hint(ui, tl!("Drag to pan  ·  hold Space with any tool"));
-                        if widgets::secondary_button(ui, "100%", 0.0).clicked()
-                            && let Some(i) = app.session.active_index()
-                        {
-                            app.ui.views[i].zoom = 1.0;
-                            app.ui.views[i].fit_pending = false;
-                            app.ui.views[i].fill_pending = false;
+                        // Painting symmetry is independent of visual theme. Keep the options-bar
+                        // action available for Brush, Pencil and Eraser in every palette (#2659).
+                        if matches!(tool, Tool::Brush | Tool::Pencil | Tool::Eraser) {
+                            crate::symmetry_ui::menu(app, ui);
                         }
-                        if widgets::secondary_button(ui, tl!("Fit Screen"), 0.0).clicked()
-                            && let Some(i) = app.session.active_index()
-                        {
-                            app.ui.views[i].fit_pending = true;
-                            app.ui.views[i].fill_pending = false;
-                        }
-                        if widgets::secondary_button(ui, tl!("Fill Screen"), 0.0).clicked()
-                            && let Some(i) = app.session.active_index()
-                        {
-                            app.ui.views[i].fill_pending = true;
-                            app.ui.views[i].fit_pending = false;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    Tool::Lasso | Tool::PolygonLasso => hint(
-                        ui,
-                        &crate::i18n::fmt(
-                            tl!("Drag or click polygon points · hold Alt during lasso for straight segments · {add} add · {sub} before drawing subtracts"),
-                            &[("add", &crate::shortcuts::pretty("Shift")), ("sub", &crate::shortcuts::pretty("Alt"))],
-                        ),
-                    ),
-                    Tool::MagneticLasso => hint(
-                        ui,
-                        &crate::i18n::fmt(
-                            tl!("Click, then move along an edge · click to fasten a point · {alt}-click for a straight segment · double-click to close"),
-                            &[("alt", &crate::shortcuts::pretty("Alt"))],
-                        ),
-                    ),
-                    Tool::Crop => hint(
-                        ui,
-                        &crate::i18n::fmt(
-                            tl!("Drag a crop box · drag inside to move · edges resize ({ratio} ratio, {centre} centre) · Space moves while drawing · arrows nudge · X swaps orientation · {commit} commits · Esc cancels"),
-                            &[
-                                ("ratio", &crate::shortcuts::pretty("Shift")),
-                                ("centre", &crate::shortcuts::pretty("Alt")),
-                                ("commit", &crate::shortcuts::pretty("Enter")),
-                            ],
-                        ),
-                    ),
-                    Tool::PerspectiveCrop => hint(
-                        ui,
-                        &crate::i18n::fmt(
-                            tl!("Drag a box or click four corners · drag the corners onto the edges of a skewed shape · {commit} commits · Esc cancels"),
-                            &[("commit", &crate::shortcuts::pretty("Enter"))],
-                        ),
-                    ),
-                    Tool::PaintBucket => hint(ui, tl!("Click to fill similar colours")),
-                    // Retouching and smart-selection tools draw their bar in `retouch_ui::options_bar`.
-                    _ => {}
-                }
-                // Painting symmetry is independent of visual theme. Keep the options-bar
-                // action available for Brush, Pencil and Eraser in every palette (#2659).
-                if matches!(tool, Tool::Brush | Tool::Pencil | Tool::Eraser) {
-                    crate::symmetry_ui::menu(app, ui);
-                }
-                crate::brush_panel::commit_gesture(app, ui.ctx(), &brush_before, &brush);
-            });
-            reveal_focused_control(ui);
-            });
+                        crate::brush_panel::commit_gesture(app, ui.ctx(), &brush_before, &brush);
+                    });
+                    reveal_focused_control(ui);
+                });
             });
         });
 }
@@ -1682,7 +1730,7 @@ fn body_text_width(ui: &egui::Ui, s: &str) -> f32 {
 
 /// Options-bar label: Photoshop writes "Size:" with a colon.
 /// An options-bar label; one right before a value field scrubs it when dragged (Photoshop).
-fn opt_label(ui: &mut egui::Ui, s: &str) {
+pub(crate) fn opt_label(ui: &mut egui::Ui, s: &str) {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
     let text = if t.pro && !s.ends_with(':') { format!("{s}:") } else { s.to_string() };
     let label = ui.add(egui::Label::new(RichText::new(tl!(&text)).color(t.text_dim)).selectable(false));
@@ -1690,7 +1738,7 @@ fn opt_label(ui: &mut egui::Ui, s: &str) {
 }
 
 /// The largest Fixed Size side, in pixels.
-const FIXED_SIZE_MAX_PX: f64 = 300_000.0;
+pub(crate) const FIXED_SIZE_MAX_PX: f64 = 300_000.0;
 
 /// The resolution Fixed Size's units convert at (the active document's, 72 ppi without one) and
 /// the document's size in pixels, which a percentage is of. The unit is the caller's.
@@ -1726,7 +1774,7 @@ fn fixed_size_field(ui: &mut egui::Ui, px: &mut f32, units: widgets::FieldUnits,
 fn percent_field(ui: &mut egui::Ui, label: &str, value: &mut f32, range: std::ops::RangeInclusive<f32>, width: f32) {
     opt_label(ui, label);
     let mut percent = *value * 100.0;
-    if widgets::value_field(ui, &mut percent, range, "%", width).changed() {
+    if widgets::value_field_named(ui, label, &mut percent, range, "%", width).changed() {
         *value = percent / 100.0;
     }
 }
@@ -1768,9 +1816,12 @@ pub fn status_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
                         (st.doc.size.width, st.doc.size.height, crate::canvas::mode_label(&st.doc), st.doc.depth.bits(), st.doc.layer_count());
                     let mut pct = app.ui.views[i].zoom * 100.0;
                     if widgets::compact_wrapping_value_field(ui, &mut pct, crate::zoom_levels::percent_range(&app.ui.views[i]), "%", vec2(78.0, control_h))
+                        .accessible_name(tl!("Zoom"))
                         .changed()
                     {
                         app.ui.views[i].zoom = crate::zoom_levels::clamp(pct / 100.0, app.ui.views[i].doc_size);
+                        app.ui.views[i].zoom_animating = false;
+                        app.ui.views[i].zoom_anchor = None;
                         app.ui.views[i].fit_pending = false;
                     }
                     widgets::vline(ui, 16.0);
@@ -1808,121 +1859,107 @@ pub fn status_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
 
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- dock
 
-pub fn right_dock(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
-    // Even legacy destinations must discard gestures captured by an earlier workspace.
-    let customized = crate::panel_docking::show(app, ui);
+/// The panels and the canvas in the space left by the menus, bars and toolbar: craft-ui's
+/// docking layout, with the icon rail at the window's end edge in the Studio themes.
+pub fn dock_area(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
-    let p = app.ui.panels.clone();
-    if t.pro && !customized {
-        dock_panels(app, ui, &p, &t);
-    }
-    // Narrow icon rail, unless an embedding app hides it: shows, expands or collapses panel groups.
-    if p.rail {
-        let (rw, rb) = if t.pro { (36.0, 28.0) } else { (44.0, 32.0) };
-        crate::direction::end_panel("rail")
-            .resizable(false)
-            .exact_size(rw)
-            .frame(egui::Frame::NONE.fill(t.chrome).inner_margin(egui::Margin::symmetric(4, 8)))
-            .show(ui, |ui| {
-                // The separator is on the canvas side.
-                let r = ui.max_rect();
-                let x = if crate::direction::is_rtl() { r.right() + 6.0 } else { r.left() - 6.0 };
-                ui.painter().line_segment([pos2(x, r.top() - 8.0), pos2(x, r.bottom() + 8.0)], Stroke::new(1.0, t.separator));
-                ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.y = 4.0;
-                use crate::dock::Group;
-                let entries: [(&str, &str, Group); 6] = [
-                    ("sliders-horizontal", tl!("Properties"), Group::Properties),
-                    ("navigation", tl!("Navigator"), Group::Navigator),
-                    ("palette", tl!("Color & Swatches"), Group::Color),
-                    ("layers", tl!("Layers"), Group::Layers),
-                    ("clock", tl!("History"), Group::History),
-                    ("brush", tl!("Brushes"), Group::Brushes),
-                ];
-                for (icon, name, g) in entries {
-                    // Studio floats Properties outside the dock.
-                    let docked = t.pro || g != Group::Properties;
-                    let on = if customized { crate::panel_docking::rail_on(app, g) } else { g.shown(&p) && !(docked && app.ui.dock.is_collapsed(g)) };
-                    if icons::rail_button(ui, icon, rb, on, name).clicked() {
-                        if customized {
-                            crate::panel_docking::rail_click(app, g);
-                        } else {
-                            crate::dock::rail_click(app, g, docked);
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            });
-    }
-    if !t.pro && !customized {
-        dock_panels(app, ui, &p, &t);
+    if app.ui.panels.rail && !t.pro {
+        rail(app, ui, &t);
     }
+    egui::CentralPanel::default().frame(egui::Frame::NONE).show(ui, |ui| crate::panel_docking::show(app, ui));
     crate::dock::persist(app, ui.ctx());
 }
 
-/// The dock's width range (points). It is the right dock, on the left in a right-to-left UI.
-pub(crate) const DOCK_WIDTH: std::ops::RangeInclusive<f32> = 250.0..=520.0;
+/// The docking layout's protected canvas panel: the document area, with the icon rail on its end
+/// side, beside the dock, in the Pro themes.
+pub(crate) fn canvas_panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
+    let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
+    let backdrop = if app.ui.view.hides_chrome() { egui::Color32::BLACK } else { crate::prefs_ui::pasteboard_color(app).unwrap_or(t.canvas) };
+    if app.ui.panels.rail && t.pro {
+        rail(app, ui, &t);
+    }
+    egui::CentralPanel::default().frame(egui::Frame::NONE.fill(backdrop)).show(ui, |ui| crate::canvas::document_area(app, ui));
+}
+
+/// Narrow icon rail, unless an embedding app hides it: shows, expands or collapses panel groups.
+fn rail(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, t: &Tokens) {
+    let customized = app.ui.docking.is_some();
+    let p = app.ui.panels.clone();
+    let (rw, rb) = if t.pro { (36.0, 28.0) } else { (44.0, 32.0) };
+    crate::direction::end_panel("rail")
+        .resizable(false)
+        .exact_size(rw)
+        .frame(egui::Frame::NONE.fill(t.chrome).inner_margin(egui::Margin::symmetric(4, 8)))
+        .show(ui, |ui| {
+            // The separator is on the canvas side.
+            let r = ui.max_rect();
+            let x = if crate::direction::is_rtl() { r.right() + 6.0 } else { r.left() - 6.0 };
+            ui.painter().line_segment([pos2(x, r.top() - 8.0), pos2(x, r.bottom() + 8.0)], Stroke::new(1.0, t.separator));
+            ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.y = 4.0;
+            use crate::dock::Group;
+            let entries: [(&str, &str, Group); 6] = [
+                ("sliders-horizontal", tl!("Properties"), Group::Properties),
+                ("navigation", tl!("Navigator"), Group::Navigator),
+                ("palette", tl!("Color & Swatches"), Group::Color),
+                ("layers", tl!("Layers"), Group::Layers),
+                ("clock", tl!("History"), Group::History),
+                ("brush", tl!("Brushes"), Group::Brushes),
+            ];
+            for (icon, name, g) in entries {
+                // Studio floats Properties outside the dock.
+                let docked = t.pro || g != Group::Properties;
+                let on = if customized { crate::panel_docking::rail_on(app, g) } else { g.shown(&p) && !(docked && app.ui.dock.is_collapsed(g)) };
+                if icons::rail_button(ui, icon, rb, on, name).clicked() {
+                    if customized {
+                        crate::panel_docking::rail_click(app, g);
+                    } else {
+                        crate::dock::rail_click(app, g, docked);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        });
+}
+
+/// The dock's narrowest width (points). It is the right dock, on the left in a right-to-left UI.
+pub(crate) const DOCK_MIN_WIDTH: f32 = 250.0;
+/// What the dock leaves the toolbar and the canvas when it is widest (points).
+const DOCK_LEAVES: f32 = 400.0;
+
+/// The dock's width range (points) in a window `window_width` wide: from [`DOCK_MIN_WIDTH`] to
+/// everything but [`DOCK_LEAVES`], and never capped below the old 520, so two-column layouts can
+/// be as wide as the window allows (#7896).
+pub(crate) fn dock_width_range(window_width: f32) -> std::ops::RangeInclusive<f32> {
+    let max = if window_width.is_finite() { (window_width - DOCK_LEAVES).max(520.0) } else { 520.0 };
+    DOCK_MIN_WIDTH..=max
+}
 
 pub(crate) fn dock_width_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("dock-width-request")
+    egui::Id::unique("dock-width-request")
 }
 
 /// Set the right dock's width on the next frame (`ui.set {dockWidth}`); clamped to its range.
 pub fn request_dock_width(ctx: &egui::Context, w: f32) {
-    let w = if w.is_finite() { w.clamp(*DOCK_WIDTH.start(), *DOCK_WIDTH.end()) } else { *DOCK_WIDTH.start() };
+    let range = dock_width_range(ctx.content_rect().width());
+    let w = if w.is_finite() { w.clamp(*range.start(), *range.end()) } else { *range.start() };
     ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(dock_width_id(), w));
 }
 
-fn dock_panels(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, p: &crate::state::Panels, t: &Tokens) {
-    use crate::dock::Group;
-    // Floating in Studio, Properties docks only in Pro (Photoshop).
-    let shown: Vec<Group> = [
-        (Group::Color, p.color),
-        (Group::Properties, t.pro && p.properties),
-        (Group::Character, p.character),
-        (Group::Navigator, p.navigator),
-        (Group::History, p.history),
-        (Group::Layers, p.layers),
-        (Group::Brushes, p.brushes),
-    ]
-    .into_iter()
-    .filter_map(|(g, on)| on.then_some(g))
-    .collect();
-    if shown.is_empty() {
-        return;
-    }
-    let margin = if t.pro { 2 } else { 8 };
-    let mut panel = crate::direction::end_panel("dock").resizable(true).default_size(if t.pro { 290.0 } else { 300.0 }).size_range(DOCK_WIDTH);
-    if let Some(w) = ui.ctx().data_mut(|d| d.remove_temp::<f32>(dock_width_id())) {
-        panel = panel.exact_size(w);
-    }
-    panel.frame(egui::Frame::NONE.fill(t.dock).inner_margin(egui::Margin::same(margin))).show(ui, |ui| {
-        // Groups keep their heights whatever they show (#88): see `dock`.
-        crate::dock::show(app, ui, &shown, dock_body);
-    });
-}
-
-/// One dock group's tab content; `dock` bounds it and scrolls it when it's taller.
+/// One dock group's tab content; `panel_docking` bounds it and scrolls it when it's taller.
 pub(crate) fn dock_body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, group: crate::dock::Group, tab: usize) {
     use crate::dock::Group;
     let pro = Tokens::get(ui.ctx()).pro;
     match (group, tab) {
         (Group::Color, 2) => crate::preset_panels::gradients_panel(app, ui),
         (Group::Color, 3) => crate::preset_panels::patterns_panel(app, ui),
-        (Group::Color, 0) if pro => {
-            color_field(app, ui);
-            if app.ui.color_panel.slider_mode == ColorPanelSliderMode::Rgb {
-                ui.add_space(8.0);
-                rgb_sliders(app, ui);
-            }
-            color_slider_mode_row(app, ui);
-        }
-        (Group::Color, _) if pro => crate::swatches_ui::panel(app, ui),
-        (Group::Color, 0) => crate::swatches_ui::panel(app, ui),
-        (Group::Color, _) => color_picker(app, ui),
+        // The Color tab is the same in every theme, in the mode picked from its panel menu
+        // (#6000); only the tab order differs between themes.
+        (Group::Color, tab) if group.tabs(pro).get(tab) == Some(&"Color") => crate::color_panel_ui::panel(app, ui),
+        (Group::Color, _) => crate::swatches_ui::panel(app, ui),
         (Group::Properties, 0) => properties_body(app, ui),
         (Group::Properties, _) => adjustments_grid(app, ui),
         (Group::Character, tab) => crate::type_tool::character_panel(app, ui, tab == 1),
         (Group::Navigator, 0) => navigator(app, ui),
-        (Group::Navigator, 1) => crate::tone::histogram_panel(app, ui),
+        (Group::Navigator, 1) => crate::histogram_panel::show(app, ui),
         (Group::Navigator, _) => info_panel(app, ui),
         (Group::History, 0) => history(app, ui),
         (Group::History, 1) => crate::actions::panel(app, ui),
@@ -1934,6 +1971,29 @@ pub(crate) fn dock_body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, group: crate
     }
 }
 
+/// The active document's pixel under the pointer, if the pointer is over the image.
+pub(crate) fn hover_pixel(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Option<(i32, i32)> {
+    let size = app.session.active()?.doc.size;
+    app.hover_doc.map(|p| (p[0].floor() as i32, p[1].floor() as i32)).filter(|(x, y)| *x >= 0 && *y >= 0 && *x < size.width as i32 && *y < size.height as i32)
+}
+
+/// The colour the Info panel reads at document pixel `(x, y)`, straight RGBA 0..1: averaged over
+/// the Eyedropper's Sample Size, as in Photoshop (#1649), and cached per pixel and revision.
+pub(crate) fn pointer_sample(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, (x, y): (i32, i32)) -> Option<[f32; 4]> {
+    let rev = app.session.active()?.revision;
+    let sample_size = app.ui.tool_options.eyedropper_size;
+    if let Some(((cx, cy, cr, cs), v)) = app.info_sample
+        && (cx, cy, cr, cs) == (x, y, rev, sample_size)
+    {
+        return Some(v);
+    }
+    let params = json!({"x": f64::from(x) + 0.5, "y": f64::from(y) + 0.5, "size": sample_size});
+    let v: Vec<f32> = serde_json::from_value(app.session.execute("document.sampleColor", params).ok()?).ok()?;
+    let v = [*v.first()?, *v.get(1)?, *v.get(2)?, *v.get(3)?];
+    app.info_sample = Some(((x, y, rev, sample_size), v));
+    Some(v)
+}
+
 /// Photoshop's Info panel: colour under the pointer (RGB and CMYK), position, selection size.
 fn info_panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
@@ -1941,7 +2001,8 @@ fn info_panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
         empty(ui, tl!("No document"));
         return;
     };
-    let (rev, size, origin) = (st.revision, st.doc.size, st.doc.ruler_origin);
+    let (size, origin) = (st.doc.size, st.doc.ruler_origin);
+    let cmyk_space = photocraft_compose::cmyk_space(&st.doc);
     // Positions and sizes in the ruler unit (Preferences › Units & Rulers).
     let units = app.session.prefs().units_and_rulers.clone();
     let dpi = st.doc.resolution_dpi as f64;
@@ -1949,10 +2010,7 @@ fn info_panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     let units_y = app.session.prefs().units_and_rulers.clone();
     let fy = move |px: f64| units_y.format(px, dpi, size.height as f64);
     let sel = st.doc.selection.as_ref().map(photocraft_compose::bounds::content_bounds);
-    let pos = app
-        .hover_doc
-        .map(|p| (p[0].floor() as i32, p[1].floor() as i32))
-        .filter(|(x, y)| *x >= 0 && *y >= 0 && *x < size.width as i32 && *y < size.height as i32);
+    let pos = hover_pixel(app);
     // While a guide is dragged (#5728), the Info panel shows its position in one axis only, even
     // when the pointer is outside the canvas (ruler drags do not update `hover_doc` there).
     let (guide_x, guide_y) = match app.guide_drag {
@@ -1960,20 +2018,7 @@ fn info_panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
         Some(d) => (None, Some(d.pos)),
         None => (None, None),
     };
-    // The readout averages the Eyedropper's Sample Size, as in Photoshop (#1649).
-    let sample_size = app.ui.tool_options.eyedropper_size;
-    let rgba = pos.and_then(|(x, y)| {
-        if let Some(((cx, cy, cr, cs), v)) = app.info_sample
-            && (cx, cy, cr, cs) == (x, y, rev, sample_size)
-        {
-            return Some(v);
-        }
-        let params = json!({"x": f64::from(x) + 0.5, "y": f64::from(y) + 0.5, "size": sample_size});
-        let v: Vec<f32> = serde_json::from_value(app.session.execute("document.sampleColor", params).ok()?).ok()?;
-        let v = [*v.first()?, *v.get(1)?, *v.get(2)?, *v.get(3)?];
-        app.info_sample = Some(((x, y, rev, sample_size), v));
-        Some(v)
-    });
+    let rgba = pos.and_then(|p| pointer_sample(app, p));
     let mono = theme::mono(11.5);
     let row = |ui: &mut egui::Ui, k: &str, v: String| {
         ui.horizontal(|ui| {
@@ -1987,9 +2032,10 @@ fn info_panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
         row(&mut cols[0], "R:", rgba.map_or_else(dash, |c| q(c[0]).to_string()));
         row(&mut cols[0], "G:", rgba.map_or_else(dash, |c| q(c[1]).to_string()));
         row(&mut cols[0], "B:", rgba.map_or_else(dash, |c| q(c[2]).to_string()));
-        // Naive device CMYK (no ICC profile yet), in percent like Photoshop's readout. The Color
-        // Sampler readout uses the same conversion (`sampler_cmds::device_cmyk`).
-        let cmyk = rgba.map(|c| photocraft_engine::sampler_cmds::device_cmyk(c[0], c[1], c[2]));
+        // Colour-managed CMYK in percent like Photoshop's readout, through the same conversion as
+        // the Color Picker (#8101) and the Color Sampler readout (`sampler_cmds::device_cmyk`).
+        let cmyk =
+            rgba.map(|c| photocraft_color::convert::with_cmyk_space(cmyk_space.as_ref(), || photocraft_engine::sampler_cmds::device_cmyk(c[0], c[1], c[2])));
         for (i, k) in ["C:", "M:", "Y:", "K:"].iter().enumerate() {
             row(&mut cols[1], k, cmyk.map_or_else(dash, |c| format!("{}%", c[i])));
         }
@@ -2119,6 +2165,8 @@ fn navigator(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     {
         let d = (pp - rect.min) / s;
         app.ui.views[idx].center = [d.x.clamp(0.0, size.width as f32), d.y.clamp(0.0, size.height as f32)];
+        app.ui.views[idx].zoom_animating = false;
+        app.ui.views[idx].zoom_anchor = None;
         app.ui.views[idx].fit_pending = false;
     }
     if command && resp.hovered() {
@@ -2126,29 +2174,38 @@ fn navigator(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     }
     // The Navigator has its own zoom target: an unmodified wheel over the preview
     // should zoom even when the document canvas is configured to scroll on wheel.
-    // Use the canvas wheel classifier to honour one ×1.1 step per notch without
-    // applying egui's smoothed wheel tail a second time.
+    // Use the canvas wheel classifier to honour one ×1.1 step per notch,
+    // eased over its frames or instant as General › Animated Zoom says.
     let pinch_zooms = app.session.prefs().enhanced_controls.zoom_with_trackpad_pinch;
+    let animated_zoom = app.session.prefs().general.animated_zoom;
     let touch_gestures = app.session.prefs().enhanced_controls.touch_gestures;
+    let navigator_wheel = egui::Id::unique("pc-navigator-wheel");
     if resp.hovered()
         && let Some(crate::wheel_nav::Wheel::Zoom(factor)) =
-            crate::wheel_nav::read_with(&ctx, true, pinch_zooms, egui::Id::new("pc-navigator-wheel"), true, true, touch_gestures)
+            crate::wheel_nav::read_with(&ctx, true, pinch_zooms, animated_zoom, navigator_wheel, true, true, touch_gestures)
     {
         let view = &mut app.ui.views[idx];
         let next = crate::zoom_levels::clamp(view.zoom * factor, view.doc_size);
+        if next != view.zoom * factor {
+            crate::wheel_nav::settle(&ctx, navigator_wheel);
+        }
         if next != view.zoom {
             view.zoom = next;
+            view.zoom_animating = false;
+            view.zoom_anchor = None;
             view.fit_pending = false;
         }
     }
     // Visible-area rectangle.
     let v = app.ui.views[idx].clone();
     let canvas = app.last_canvas_rect;
-    let point_zoom = (v.zoom / app.canvas_ppp()).max(1e-6);
+    let (zoom, center) =
+        if v.zoom_animating && app.session.prefs().general.animated_zoom { v.display_camera.unwrap_or((v.zoom, v.center)) } else { (v.zoom, v.center) };
+    let point_zoom = (zoom / app.canvas_ppp()).max(1e-6);
     // Pixel aspect correction shows fewer document columns across the same canvas width.
     let vw = canvas.width() / point_zoom / app.ui.view.display_aspect() * s;
     let vh = canvas.height() / point_zoom * s;
-    let c = pos2(rect.min.x + v.center[0] * s, rect.min.y + v.center[1] * s);
+    let c = pos2(rect.min.x + center[0] * s, rect.min.y + center[1] * s);
     let vr = Rect::from_center_size(c, vec2(vw, vh)).intersect(frame.shrink(1.0));
     ui.painter().rect_stroke(vr, 2.0, Stroke::new(1.5, Color32::from_rgb(255, 84, 84)), StrokeKind::Middle);
     // Photoshop's one row under the preview (#4840): the zoom, typed in percent, then Zoom Out,
@@ -2157,18 +2214,23 @@ fn navigator(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
         ui.add_space(4.0);
         ui.horizontal(|ui| {
             ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 4.0;
-            let set = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp, zoom: f32| {
-                app.ui.views[idx].zoom = crate::zoom_levels::clamp(zoom, v.doc_size);
+            let set = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp, zoom: f32, animate: bool| {
+                let target = crate::zoom_levels::clamp(zoom, v.doc_size);
+                if target != app.ui.views[idx].zoom {
+                    app.ui.views[idx].zoom = target;
+                    app.ui.views[idx].request_zoom_animation(animate && app.session.prefs().general.animated_zoom);
+                }
                 app.ui.views[idx].fit_pending = false;
             };
             let mut pct = v.zoom * 100.0;
-            let field = widgets::compact_wrapping_value_field(ui, &mut pct, crate::zoom_levels::percent_range(&app.ui.views[idx]), "%", vec2(64.0, NAV_ROW_H));
+            let field = widgets::compact_wrapping_value_field(ui, &mut pct, crate::zoom_levels::percent_range(&app.ui.views[idx]), "%", vec2(64.0, NAV_ROW_H))
+                .accessible_name(tl!("Zoom"));
             if field.changed() {
-                set(app, pct / 100.0);
+                set(app, pct / 100.0, false);
             }
             let out = crate::brush_picker::named(icons::button(ui, "minus", NAV_ROW_H, false, tl!("Zoom Out")), "Zoom Out");
             if out.clicked() {
-                set(app, crate::zoom_levels::step(v.zoom, -1, v.doc_size));
+                set(app, crate::zoom_levels::step(v.zoom, -1, v.doc_size), true);
             }
             // The whole zoom range, and always the current zoom: a narrower slider would pull it back.
             let (lo, hi) = (crate::zoom_levels::min(v.doc_size).min(v.zoom).log2(), crate::zoom_levels::MAX.max(v.zoom).log2());
@@ -2176,11 +2238,11 @@ fn navigator(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
             let slider_w = (ui.available_width() - NAV_ROW_H - 4.0).max(60.0);
             let slid = ui.allocate_ui(vec2(slider_w, NAV_ROW_H), |ui| lz.is_finite() && widgets::slider(ui, &mut lz, lo..=hi, None).changed()).inner;
             if slid {
-                set(app, 2f32.powf(lz));
+                set(app, 2f32.powf(lz), false);
             }
             let zin = crate::brush_picker::named(icons::button(ui, "plus", NAV_ROW_H, false, tl!("Zoom In")), "Zoom In");
             if zin.clicked() {
-                set(app, crate::zoom_levels::step(v.zoom, 1, v.doc_size));
+                set(app, crate::zoom_levels::step(v.zoom, 1, v.doc_size), true);
             }
         });
     });
@@ -2206,7 +2268,7 @@ fn navigator_fit(frame: Rect, w: u32, h: u32) -> Rect {
 
 /// Where a ⌘/Ctrl-drag over the Navigator's preview started, while it lasts.
 fn navigator_zoom_drag_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("navigator-zoom-drag")
+    egui::Id::unique("navigator-zoom-drag")
 }
 
 /// Zoom `view` so the document rectangle `doc_rect` (pixels) fills a canvas of `canvas` points,
@@ -2238,18 +2300,19 @@ fn navigator_zoom_to(view: &mut crate::state::View, doc_rect: Rect, doc: [u32; 2
     view.zoom = crate::zoom_levels::clamp(zoom, view.doc_size);
     view.center = [r.center().x, r.center().y];
     view.fit_pending = false;
+    view.request_zoom_animation(false);
 }
 
 fn navigator_preview_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("navigator-preview-rect")
+    egui::Id::unique("navigator-preview-rect")
 }
 
 fn navigator_controls_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("navigator-controls-height")
+    egui::Id::unique("navigator-controls-height")
 }
 
 fn navigator_controls_rect_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("navigator-controls-rect")
+    egui::Id::unique("navigator-controls-rect")
 }
 
 /// Where the Navigator drew its document preview last frame.
@@ -2269,10 +2332,63 @@ mod navigator_wheel_tests {
     use super::*;
     use egui::{Event, Modifiers, MouseWheelUnit, RawInput, TouchPhase};
 
+    /// The painted viewport follows the camera visible on the canvas, including preference changes.
+    #[test]
+    fn navigator_viewport_follows_the_displayed_camera_during_animation() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 100})).unwrap();
+        app.sync_views();
+        app.last_canvas_rect = Rect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, vec2(80.0, 60.0));
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::ALL[0]);
+        for _ in 0..3 {
+            frame(&mut app, &ctx, pos2(5.0, 5.0), 0.0);
+        }
+        for (animating, enabled, displayed) in [
+            (true, true, Some((2.0, [70.0, 40.0]))),
+            (true, true, Some((3.0, [110.0, 50.0]))),
+            (false, true, Some((2.0, [70.0, 40.0]))),
+            (true, false, Some((2.0, [70.0, 40.0]))),
+            (true, true, None),
+        ] {
+            app.run("prefs.set", json!({"values": {"general.animatedZoom": enabled}})).unwrap();
+            let v = &mut app.ui.views[0];
+            v.zoom = 4.0;
+            v.center = [140.0, 60.0];
+            v.zoom_animating = animating;
+            v.display_camera = displayed;
+            let mut out = ctx.run_ui(RawInput { screen_rect: Some(Rect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, vec2(430.0, 460.0))), ..Default::default() }, |ui| {
+                navigator(&mut app, ui)
+            });
+            let painted = out
+                .shapes
+                .iter()
+                .find_map(|s| match &s.shape {
+                    egui::Shape::Rect(r) if r.stroke.color == Color32::from_rgb(255, 84, 84) => Some(r.rect),
+                    _ => None,
+                })
+                .expect("Navigator viewport outline");
+            let (zoom, center) = if animating && enabled { displayed.unwrap_or((4.0, [140.0, 60.0])) } else { (4.0, [140.0, 60.0]) };
+            let preview = last_navigator_preview(&ctx).unwrap();
+            let scale = preview.width() / 200.0;
+            let expected_center = preview.min + vec2(center[0], center[1]) * scale;
+            let expected_size = vec2(80.0 / app.ui.view.display_aspect(), 60.0) * (app.canvas_ppp() / zoom * scale);
+            assert!((painted.center() - expected_center).length() < 0.01, "{animating}/{enabled}/{displayed:?}: {painted:?}");
+            assert!((painted.size() - expected_size).length() < 0.01, "{animating}/{enabled}/{displayed:?}: {painted:?}");
+            out.textures_delta.clear();
+        }
+    }
+
     fn frame(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, pointer: Pos2, wheel: f32) {
         let mut events = vec![Event::PointerMoved(pointer)];
         if wheel != 0.0 {
-            events.push(Event::MouseWheel { unit: MouseWheelUnit::Line, delta: vec2(0.0, wheel), phase: TouchPhase::Move, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
+            events.push(Event::MouseWheel {
+                source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
+                unit: MouseWheelUnit::Line,
+                delta: vec2(0.0, wheel),
+                phase: TouchPhase::Move,
+                modifiers: Modifiers::NONE,
+            });
         }
         let mut out = ctx
             .run_ui(RawInput { screen_rect: Some(Rect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, vec2(430.0, 460.0))), events, ..Default::default() }, |ui| navigator(app, ui));
@@ -2286,6 +2402,8 @@ mod navigator_wheel_tests {
         app.sync_views();
         app.ui.views[0].zoom = 1.0;
         app.ui.views[0].fit_pending = false;
+        // Animated Zoom off: a notch is one instant step, so one frame shows the whole ×1.1.
+        app.session.edit_prefs(|p| p.general.animated_zoom = false);
         let ctx = egui::Context::default();
         PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::ALL[0]);
         crate::wheel_nav::configure(&ctx);
@@ -2373,6 +2491,13 @@ mod navigator_wheel_tests {
         assert_eq!(app.ui.views[0].zoom, 1.0);
         let c = app.ui.views[0].center;
         assert!((c[0] - 100.0).abs() < 1.0 && (c[1] - 50.0).abs() < 1.0, "the view follows the pointer: {c:?}");
+        // Finishing direct navigation during an existing zoom must snap to the new target.
+        let v = &mut app.ui.views[0];
+        v.zoom = 2.0;
+        v.request_zoom_animation(true);
+        v.display_camera = Some((1.5, c));
+        v.zoom_transition = Some(crate::state::ZoomTransition { from: (1.0, c), target: (v.zoom, c), started: 0.0 });
+        v.zoom_anchor = Some(([50.0, 25.0], [200.0, 150.0]));
         // ⌘/Ctrl-drag: the rectangle fills the canvas (`last_canvas_rect`, 800 × 600 pt).
         drag(&mut app, &ctx, Modifiers::COMMAND, [50.0, 25.0], [100.0, 50.0]);
         let mut expected = app.ui.views[0].clone();
@@ -2394,6 +2519,8 @@ mod navigator_wheel_tests {
             (expected.zoom, expected.center)
         );
         assert!(v.zoom > 1.0 && !v.fit_pending);
+        assert!(!v.zoom_animating && v.zoom_transition.is_none() && v.zoom_anchor.is_none(), "direct navigation cancels the old transition");
+        assert_eq!(v.display_camera, Some((v.zoom, v.center)), "the selected rectangle is displayed immediately");
         assert!(ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<Pos2>(navigator_zoom_drag_id())).is_none(), "the drag is over");
     }
 
@@ -2432,94 +2559,6 @@ fn empty(ui: &mut egui::Ui, s: &str) {
     ui.add_space(6.0);
 }
 
-/// The Color tab of the themes other than Photoshop's: the same spectrum field (chips, saturation
-/// and brightness field, hue strip and readout) with HSB sliders under it (#4367).
-fn color_picker(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
-    color_field(app, ui);
-    ui.add_space(8.0);
-    match app.ui.color_panel.slider_mode {
-        ColorPanelSliderMode::Hsb => hsb_sliders(app, ui),
-        ColorPanelSliderMode::Rgb => rgb_sliders(app, ui),
-    }
-    color_slider_mode_row(app, ui);
-}
-
-/// HSB or RGB sliders under the colour field (#7172).
-fn color_slider_mode_row(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
-    ui.add_space(6.0);
-    let label = match app.ui.color_panel.slider_mode {
-        ColorPanelSliderMode::Hsb => tl!("HSB/HSL"),
-        ColorPanelSliderMode::Rgb => tl!("RGB Color"),
-    };
-    // A press menu, not a combo box: the default layout keeps the Color panel open beside
-    // adjustment editors, and harness tests pick the combo nearest "3D LUT File" (#7317).
-    let btn = ui.add_sized([72.0, ui.spacing().interact_size.y], egui::Button::new(label));
-    crate::press_menu::show(&btn, |ui, menu| {
-        if menu.item(ui, tl!("HSB/HSL")) {
-            app.ui.color_panel.slider_mode = ColorPanelSliderMode::Hsb;
-        }
-        if menu.item(ui, tl!("RGB Color")) {
-            app.ui.color_panel.slider_mode = ColorPanelSliderMode::Rgb;
-        }
-    });
-}
-
-/// Hue, Saturation and Brightness sliders for the foreground colour.
-fn hsb_sliders(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
-    let fg = app.session.tools.foreground;
-    // Keep the last edited HSB while it still gives the foreground: black and greys have no hue or
-    // saturation of their own, so recomputing them from RGB would reset what was just typed to 0.
-    let key = egui::Id::new("color-picker-hsva");
-    let stored: Option<egui::ecolor::Hsva> = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp(key));
-    let hsva0 = stored.filter(|h| srgb_bytes(hsva_srgb(*h)) == srgb_bytes(fg)).unwrap_or_else(|| srgb_hsva(fg));
-    let mut h = hsva0.h * 360.0;
-    let mut s = hsva0.s * 100.0;
-    let mut v = hsva0.v * 100.0;
-    let hue = widgets::hue_stops();
-    // Preferences ▸ Interface ▸ Dynamic Color Sliders: off, the tracks are the plain ones.
-    let dynamic = app.session.prefs().interface.dynamic_color_sliders;
-    let mut changed = widgets::slider_row(ui, tl!("Hue"), &mut h, 0.0..=360.0, "°", dynamic.then_some(&hue)).changed();
-    let sat_stops =
-        [egui::ecolor::Hsva::new(hsva0.h, 0.0, hsva0.v.max(0.2), 1.0), egui::ecolor::Hsva::new(hsva0.h, 1.0, hsva0.v.max(0.2), 1.0)].map(hsva_color32);
-    changed |= widgets::slider_row(ui, tl!("Saturation"), &mut s, 0.0..=100.0, "%", dynamic.then_some(&sat_stops)).changed();
-    let val_stops = [Color32::BLACK, hsva_color32(egui::ecolor::Hsva::new(hsva0.h, hsva0.s, 1.0, 1.0))];
-    changed |= widgets::slider_row(ui, tl!("Brightness"), &mut v, 0.0..=100.0, "%", dynamic.then_some(&val_stops)).changed();
-    let hsva = egui::ecolor::Hsva::new(h / 360.0, s / 100.0, v / 100.0, 1.0);
-    // Only an edit counts: the h/s/v round trip isn't exact, so comparing values would rewrite
-    // the foreground (and recolour selected type) every frame.
-    if changed {
-        app.session.tools.foreground = hsva_srgb(hsva);
-        ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(key, hsva));
-        crate::type_tool::foreground_changed(app);
-    }
-}
-
-/// Red, Green and Blue sliders (0–255) for the colour the panel is editing (#7172).
-fn rgb_sliders(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
-    let bg = app.ui.color_panel.background;
-    let mut c = if bg { app.session.tools.background } else { app.session.tools.foreground };
-    let mut rgb = srgb_bytes(c).map(f32::from);
-    let dynamic = app.session.prefs().interface.dynamic_color_sliders;
-    let mut changed = false;
-    let [r0, g0, b0] = rgb.map(|v| v.round() as u8);
-    let r_stops = [Color32::from_rgb(0, g0, b0), Color32::from_rgb(255, g0, b0)];
-    changed |= widgets::slider_row(ui, tl!("Red"), &mut rgb[0], 0.0..=255.0, "", dynamic.then_some(&r_stops)).changed();
-    let g_stops = [Color32::from_rgb(r0, 0, b0), Color32::from_rgb(r0, 255, b0)];
-    changed |= widgets::slider_row(ui, tl!("Green"), &mut rgb[1], 0.0..=255.0, "", dynamic.then_some(&g_stops)).changed();
-    let b_stops = [Color32::from_rgb(r0, g0, 0), Color32::from_rgb(r0, g0, 255)];
-    changed |= widgets::slider_row(ui, tl!("Blue"), &mut rgb[2], 0.0..=255.0, "", dynamic.then_some(&b_stops)).changed();
-    if changed {
-        let q = |v: f32| (v.clamp(0.0, 255.0).round() / 255.0).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
-        c = [q(rgb[0]), q(rgb[1]), q(rgb[2]), 1.0];
-        if bg {
-            app.session.tools.background = c;
-        } else {
-            app.session.tools.foreground = c;
-            crate::type_tool::foreground_changed(app);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- layers
 
 /// The simple themes' single lock button. On the Background it converts the layer to a normal
@@ -2583,6 +2622,62 @@ fn opacity_row_layout(available: f32, label_width: f32, gap: f32) -> (f32, bool)
     ((available - reserved).max(40.0), show_label)
 }
 
+/// Blend mode, Opacity, the locks and Fill with no layer selected: Photoshop keeps them in place,
+/// greyed out at Normal, 100% and unlocked, instead of removing them (#8880). Same layout as the
+/// active layer's rows in `layers`.
+fn inactive_blend_rows(ui: &mut egui::Ui, pro: bool) {
+    ui.add_enabled_ui(false, |ui| {
+        ui.horizontal(|ui| {
+            let opacity_label = if pro { tl!("Opacity:") } else { tl!("Opacity") };
+            let (blend_width, show_opacity_label) = opacity_row_layout(ui.available_width(), body_text_width(ui, opacity_label), ui.spacing().item_spacing.x);
+            let mut m = BlendMode::Normal;
+            let options = blend_options(false, m);
+            widgets::dropdown_wheel_hovered(ui, "blend", tl!("Blend Mode"), &mut m, &options, blend_width);
+            ui.with_layout(egui::Layout::right_to_left(egui::Align::Center), |ui| {
+                let mut o = 100.0;
+                widgets::popup_value_field(ui, opacity_label, &mut o, 0.0..=100.0, "%", LAYER_PCT_W);
+                if show_opacity_label {
+                    scrub_pct_label(ui, opacity_label, &mut o, ui.available_width());
+                }
+            });
+        });
+        ui.add_space((theme::ROW_GAP - ui.spacing().item_spacing.y).max(0.0));
+        ui.horizontal(|ui| {
+            let lock_label = if pro { tl!("Lock:") } else { tl!("Lock") };
+            let lang = crate::i18n::current();
+            let fill_label = if pro { crate::i18n::tr_ctx(lang, "layers", "Fill:") } else { crate::i18n::tr_ctx(lang, "layers", "Fill") };
+            let gap = ui.spacing().item_spacing.x;
+            let icons_w = if pro { 5.0 * 20.0 + gap } else { 22.0 + gap };
+            let fits = body_text_width(ui, lock_label) + icons_w + body_text_width(ui, fill_label) + LAYER_PCT_W + 2.0 * gap <= ui.available_width();
+            if fits {
+                label(ui, lock_label);
+            }
+            if pro {
+                ui.scope(|ui| {
+                    ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 0.0;
+                    for (icon, tip) in [
+                        ("grid-3x3", tl!("Lock transparent pixels")),
+                        ("brush", tl!("Lock image pixels")),
+                        ("move", tl!("Lock position")),
+                        ("scan", tl!("Prevent auto-nesting in and out of Artboards and Frames")),
+                        ("lock", tl!("Lock all")),
+                    ] {
+                        icons::button(ui, icon, 20.0, false, tip);
+                    }
+                });
+            } else {
+                icons::button(ui, "lock-open", 22.0, false, tl!("Lock layer"));
+            }
+            ui.with_layout(egui::Layout::right_to_left(egui::Align::Center), |ui| {
+                let mut f = 100.0;
+                widgets::popup_value_field(ui, fill_label, &mut f, 0.0..=100.0, "%", LAYER_PCT_W);
+                scrub_pct_label(ui, fill_label, &mut f, ui.available_width());
+            });
+        });
+        ui.add_space(2.0);
+    });
+}
+
 fn layers(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     // A new active layer opens its parent groups and is scrolled into view (#152).
     let reveal = crate::layer_reveal::track(app, ui.ctx());
@@ -2631,7 +2726,8 @@ fn layers(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
                 let opacity_label = if t.pro { tl!("Opacity:") } else { tl!("Opacity") };
                 let (blend_width, show_opacity_label) =
                     opacity_row_layout(ui.available_width(), body_text_width(ui, opacity_label), ui.spacing().item_spacing.x);
-                let (chosen, hovered) = widgets::dropdown_wheel_hovered(ui, "blend", &mut m, &blend_options(all_groups, l.blend), blend_width);
+                let (chosen, hovered) =
+                    widgets::dropdown_wheel_hovered(ui, "blend", tl!("Blend Mode"), &mut m, &blend_options(all_groups, l.blend), blend_width);
                 // One step per choice: a click, an arrow key or each wheel notch (#1747).
                 for m in &chosen {
                     let mut p = targets.clone();
@@ -2711,6 +2807,8 @@ fn layers(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
             });
         });
         ui.add_space(2.0);
+    } else {
+        inactive_blend_rows(ui, t.pro);
     }
 
     // Top of the stack first, groups above their contents, closed groups' contents hidden (#126).
@@ -2735,7 +2833,7 @@ fn layers(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
                 ctx.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<crate::smart_ui::FilterDrag>(crate::smart_ui::drag_key()));
             }
             let held = ctx.data(|d| {
-                d.get_temp::<u64>(egui::Id::new("layer-drag")).is_some()
+                d.get_temp::<u64>(egui::Id::unique("layer-drag")).is_some()
                     || d.get_temp::<FxDrag>(fx_drag_key()).is_some()
                     || d.get_temp::<crate::smart_ui::FilterDrag>(crate::smart_ui::drag_key()).is_some()
             });
@@ -2773,6 +2871,9 @@ fn layers(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
                     crate::smart_ui::filter_rows(app, ui, &doc, l, depth, &mut actions);
                 }
             }
+            // The bottom of everything drawn: the last layer's effect and Smart Filter rows sit
+            // under its own row (#8764).
+            let rows_bottom = ui.min_rect().bottom();
             // #1721: the list takes drops everywhere, not only on a row (Photoshop): the space
             // between two rows lands above the lower one, the empty space below the bottom-most
             // row below it. Both copy with ⌥ held, move without.
@@ -2783,6 +2884,12 @@ fn layers(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
             if let Some(&(last, last_rect)) = drawn.last() {
                 let below = Rect::from_min_max(pos2(last_rect.left(), last_rect.bottom()), pos2(last_rect.right(), ui.clip_rect().bottom()));
                 layer_drop_zone(app, &ctx, ui, below, (last, last_rect), "below", &mut actions);
+                // A click on that empty space deselects every layer, as in Photoshop (#8100). It
+                // starts under the last layer's sub-rows, which take their own clicks.
+                let empty = Rect::from_min_max(pos2(below.left(), rows_bottom), below.max);
+                if empty.height() > 0.0 && ui.interact(empty, ui.scope_id().with("layers-empty-space"), Sense::click()).clicked() && !selection.is_empty() {
+                    actions.push(("select.deselectLayers".into(), json!({})));
+                }
             }
             // Tab / ⇧Tab in a rename: rename the layer below / above next, as in Photoshop. The
             // Background isn't renamed in place (double-clicking it converts it), so it ends there.
@@ -2804,6 +2911,8 @@ fn layers(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
             {
                 actions.push(done);
             }
+            // Likewise a selected smart filter whose row is gone.
+            crate::smart_ui::forget_hidden(ui.ctx(), doc.id);
         });
     // Leaving the list or hovering an invalid target immediately cancels the temporary
     // image. The release still uses the actual command, not the preview snapshot.
@@ -2812,7 +2921,7 @@ fn layers(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     }
     // A layer being dragged can also be dropped on the footer's Delete, New Layer and Group
     // buttons (#736); read the drag before it ends.
-    let footer_drag = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<u64>(egui::Id::new("layer-drag"))).map(|id| {
+    let footer_drag = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<u64>(egui::Id::unique("layer-drag"))).map(|id| {
         let in_selection = selection.iter().any(|s| s.0 == id);
         (id, in_selection)
     });
@@ -2831,7 +2940,7 @@ fn layers(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     }
     // End any layer drag after every row has had a chance to accept the drop.
     if ctx.input(|i| i.pointer.any_released()) {
-        ctx.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<u64>(egui::Id::new("layer-drag")));
+        ctx.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<u64>(egui::Id::unique("layer-drag")));
         ctx.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<FxDrag>(fx_drag_key()));
         ctx.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<MaskDrag>(mask_drag_key()));
         ctx.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<crate::smart_ui::FilterDrag>(crate::smart_ui::drag_key()));
@@ -2875,7 +2984,7 @@ fn layers(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
         }
         // A click follows the selected thumbnail; name that action for screen readers even
         // though dropping a whole layer row onto the same button always deletes the layer.
-        trash.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, tl!(label)));
+        trash.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, tl!(label)));
         let new_layer = icons::button(ui, "square-plus", 26.0, false, &crate::shortcuts::tip_label(app, "Create a new layer", "layer.new.layer"));
         if new_layer.clicked() {
             // A click makes the layer above the selection; ⌥-click asks first (the New Layer
@@ -2926,7 +3035,7 @@ fn layers(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
             crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("Add a mask  (from the selection; {key} inverts)"), &[("key", &crate::shortcuts::pretty("Alt"))])
         };
         let mask_btn = ui.add_enabled_ui(mask_cmd.is_some(), |ui| icons::button(ui, "layer-mask", 26.0, false, &mask_tip)).inner;
-        mask_btn.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, &mask_tip));
+        mask_btn.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, &mask_tip));
         if mask_btn.clicked()
             && let Some(cmd) = mask_cmd
         {
@@ -2963,17 +3072,25 @@ fn layers(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
             crate::type_tool::commit(app);
         }
         if id == "ui.maskTarget" {
+            app.end_filter_mask_view();
             app.ui.mask_target = p.as_bool().unwrap_or(false);
             app.ui.vector_mask_target = false;
+            app.ui.filter_mask_target = None;
             app.sync_mask_targets();
             continue;
         }
         if id == "ui.vectorMaskTarget" {
+            app.end_filter_mask_view();
             app.ui.vector_mask_target = p.as_bool().unwrap_or(false);
             app.ui.mask_target = false;
+            app.ui.filter_mask_target = None;
             app.sync_mask_targets();
             continue;
         }
+        if id == "ui.filterMaskTarget" {
+            app.select_filter_mask_target(p.as_u64());
+            continue;
+        }
         // Double-clicking a mask thumbnail opens its settings: show Properties.
         if id == "ui.properties" {
             app.ui.panels.properties = true;
@@ -3002,7 +3119,7 @@ fn layers(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
 /// returns the command on release.
 fn footer_drop(ui: &egui::Ui, button: &egui::Response, drag: Option<(u64, bool)>, command: &str) -> Option<(String, Value)> {
     // Named for screen readers (and tests) after the command a drop runs.
-    button.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, footer_label(command)));
+    button.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, footer_label(command)));
     let (layer, in_selection) = drag?;
     dropped_on(ui, button).then(|| (command.into(), if in_selection { json!({}) } else { json!({"layer": layer}) }))
 }
@@ -3050,7 +3167,7 @@ fn footer_menu_arrow(ui: &egui::Ui, rect: Rect) {
 fn footer_menu_button(ui: &mut egui::Ui, icon: &str, size: f32, tip: &str) -> egui::Response {
     let response = icons::button(ui, icon, size, false, tip);
     // Named for screen readers (and tests) after its tooltip.
-    response.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, tip));
+    response.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, tip));
     footer_menu_arrow(ui, response.rect);
     response
 }
@@ -3067,7 +3184,7 @@ fn fx_button(ui: &mut egui::Ui, size: f32, tip: &str) -> egui::Response {
     let g = ui.painter().layout_job(job);
     ui.painter().galley(r.center() - g.size() / 2.0, g, t.icon);
     footer_menu_arrow(ui, r);
-    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, tip));
+    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, tip));
     resp.on_hover_text(tip)
 }
 
@@ -3080,6 +3197,22 @@ struct RowSel {
     multi: bool,
 }
 
+/// The badge beside the pointer over a thumbnail ⌘-click loads with these modifiers: none for a
+/// new selection, + for ⇧ (add), − for ⌥ (subtract), × for ⇧⌥ (intersect).
+pub(crate) fn thumb_load_badge(m: egui::Modifiers) -> Option<crate::tool_feedback::Badge> {
+    crate::tool_feedback::Badge::from_mode(crate::channels_panel::load_operation(m))
+}
+
+/// The cursor over a thumbnail ⌘-click loads as a selection: a pointing hand, with the selection
+/// mode's badge (#7824).
+fn thumb_load_cursor(ctx: &egui::Context, p: Pos2, m: egui::Modifiers) {
+    ctx.set_cursor_icon(egui::CursorIcon::PointingHand);
+    if let Some(badge) = thumb_load_badge(m) {
+        let painter = ctx.layer_painter(egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Tooltip, egui::Id::unique("thumb-load-badge")));
+        crate::tool_feedback::draw_badge(&painter, p, badge, false);
+    }
+}
+
 /// `layer.select` mode for a click with these modifiers (Photoshop: ⌘-click toggles, ⇧-click
 /// selects a range, a plain click selects one layer).
 fn select_mode(m: egui::Modifiers) -> &'static str {
@@ -3104,7 +3237,7 @@ struct EyeSweep {
 
 /// Starts an eye-column sweep from `eye`, or applies a running one to the row `row` of `l`.
 fn eye_sweep(ctx: &egui::Context, l: &Layer, row: Rect, eye: &egui::Response, actions: &mut Vec<(String, Value)>) {
-    let id = egui::Id::new("layer-eye-sweep");
+    let id = egui::Id::unique("layer-eye-sweep");
     let set =
         |visible: bool, key: u64| ("layer.setProps".to_string(), json!({"layer": l.id.0, "visible": visible, "coalesce": format!("layer-eye-sweep:{key}")}));
     if eye.drag_started() {
@@ -3140,6 +3273,8 @@ fn paint_clipping_indicator(painter: &egui::Painter, at: Pos2, color: Color32) {
     painter.add(egui::Shape::line(vec![at + vec2(2.0, 0.0), tip, at + vec2(8.0, 0.0)], stroke));
 }
 
+/// One row of the Layers panel for `l`, `depth` levels inside groups or artboards: it paints the
+/// row, queues what a click or drag on it asks for in `actions`, and returns the row's rect.
 #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 fn layer_row(
     app: &mut PhotocraftApp,
@@ -3173,7 +3308,7 @@ fn layer_row(
         crate::layer_transfer::begin_from_panel(app, ctx, l.id);
     }
     // Rows are painted: name them for screen readers and UI tests.
-    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::WidgetType::SelectableLabel, true, selected, &l.name));
+    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::Button, true, selected, &l.name));
     // A row scrolled out of view only keeps its place (#125): a layout's hundreds of rows would
     // otherwise lay out names, icons and thumbnails every frame. Group rows stay whole: their
     // disclosure triangle is a widget (accessibility, scroll-to).
@@ -3209,11 +3344,10 @@ fn layer_row(
         painter.line_segment([rect.left_bottom(), rect.right_bottom()], Stroke::new(1.0, t.separator));
     }
     let mut x = rect.left() + 6.0;
-    let eye = Rect::from_min_size(pos2(x, rect.center().y - 11.0), vec2(22.0, 22.0));
-    // The eye takes drags too (so a drag starting on it never reorders the row): dragging down
-    // the eyes gives every row swept over the visibility the first eye toggled to.
-    let eye_resp = ui.interact(eye, ui.id().with(("eye", l.id.0)), Sense::click_and_drag());
-    // A hidden layer's eye box is left empty (still clickable).
+    // The whole eye column takes drags too (so a drag starting on it never reorders the row): dragging down
+    // the eyes gives every row swept over the visibility the first eye toggled to (#8467).
+    let eye_resp = ui.interact(eye_cell, ui.scope_id().with(("eye", l.id.0)), Sense::click_and_drag());
+    // A hidden layer's eye box is left empty (still clickable; the whole column takes the click, #8467).
     if l.visible {
         // Centre the drawing in the column while preserving the visibility hit area.
         icons::paint(ui, eye_cell, "eye", 15.0, t.layer_label_icon(l.label));
@@ -3240,7 +3374,11 @@ fn layer_row(
         + crate::layer_row_ui::reserved_width(l);
     let ts = if base == 0.0 { 0.0 } else { crate::mask_thumbs_ui::thumb_size(l, base, rect.width() - others) };
     let fixed = others + if ts == 0.0 { 0.0 } else { ts + 6.0 + crate::mask_thumbs_ui::width(l, ts) };
-    x += 28.0 + crate::layer_row_ui::indent(depth, rect.width(), fixed);
+    // A layer inside a group (or an artboard) indents one step more than its depth, past the
+    // triangle's column, so it sits right of its parent: with only its depth its thumbnail lined
+    // up under the group's, hiding the hierarchy. Top-level rows don't move.
+    let steps = if !l.is_group() && depth > 0 { depth + 1 } else { depth };
+    x += 28.0 + crate::layer_row_ui::indent(steps, rect.width(), fixed);
     let toggled = crate::layer_tree_ui::disclosure(ui, rect, &mut x, l, actions);
     if l.clipped {
         paint_clipping_indicator(&painter, pos2(x, rect.center().y), t.text_faint);
@@ -3258,7 +3396,10 @@ fn layer_row(
     // Photoshop frames the targeted thumbnail (pixels, mask or vector mask) of the active layer
     // with corner brackets.
     if row.primary && ts > 0.0 {
-        let target = if app.ui.vector_mask_target && vector_rect.is_some() {
+        let target = if app.ui.filter_mask_target == Some(l.id.0) && app.filter_mask_targeted() {
+            // The Smart Filters row's filter mask thumbnail carries the brackets.
+            None
+        } else if app.ui.vector_mask_target && vector_rect.is_some() {
             vector_rect
         } else if app.ui.mask_target {
             mask_rect.or(Some(thumb))
@@ -3275,14 +3416,14 @@ fn layer_row(
     // Dragging the fx badge drags all the layer's effects, not the layer (Photoshop). Like the eye,
     // it takes the drag from the row; clicks still reach the row.
     if let Some(&(_, badge)) = indicators.iter().find(|(k, _)| *k == crate::layer_row_ui::Indicator::Fx)
-        && ui.interact(badge, ui.id().with(("fx-badge", l.id.0)), Sense::drag()).drag_started()
+        && ui.interact(badge, ui.scope_id().with(("fx-badge", l.id.0)), Sense::drag()).drag_started()
     {
         start_fx_drag(ctx, l.id, None);
     }
     // Clicking the lock icon unlocks the layer, and makes the Background a normal one (Photoshop,
     // #4723). It takes the click from the row, so the row isn't selected.
     if let Some(&(_, lock)) = indicators.iter().find(|(k, _)| *k == crate::layer_row_ui::Indicator::Lock)
-        && ui.interact(lock, ui.id().with(("row-lock", l.id.0)), Sense::click()).clicked()
+        && ui.interact(lock, ui.scope_id().with(("row-lock", l.id.0)), Sense::click()).clicked()
     {
         actions.push(simple_lock_toggle(doc.is_background(l.id), l, &json!({"layer": l.id.0})));
     }
@@ -3312,15 +3453,25 @@ fn layer_row(
     );
     // ⌘-click a layer, mask or vector-mask thumbnail loads its transparency / mask / path as a
     // selection (⇧ add, ⌥ subtract, ⇧⌥ intersect) instead of changing the layer selection.
-    let thumb_load = resp.clicked().then(|| (ui.input(|i| i.modifiers), resp.interact_pointer_pos())).and_then(|(m, pos)| {
-        let p = pos.filter(|_| m.command)?;
+    let load_at = |m: egui::Modifiers, p: Pos2| {
+        if !m.command {
+            return None;
+        }
         if let Some(kind) = masks.hit(p) {
             return Some(crate::mask_thumbs_ui::load_params(l, kind, m));
         }
         // The Background has no transparency to load: Photoshop treats the click as a plain one.
         (ts > 0.0 && !doc.is_background(l.id) && thumb.expand(2.0).contains(p))
             .then(|| json!({"channel": "transparency", "layer": l.id.0, "operation": crate::channels_panel::load_operation(m)}))
-    });
+    };
+    let thumb_load = resp.clicked().then(|| (ui.input(|i| i.modifiers), resp.interact_pointer_pos())).and_then(|(m, pos)| load_at(m, pos?));
+    // Over a thumbnail that ⌘ would load, the cursor says what the click does, as in Photoshop (#7824).
+    if let Some(p) = resp.hover_pos() {
+        let m = ui.input(|i| i.modifiers);
+        if load_at(m, p).is_some() {
+            thumb_load_cursor(ctx, p, m);
+        }
+    }
     // ⇧-click a mask thumbnail: disable / enable that mask; ⌥-click a layer mask: view it.
     let mask_toggle = resp.clicked().then(|| (ui.input(|i| i.modifiers), resp.interact_pointer_pos())).and_then(|(m, pos)| {
         let kind = masks.hit(pos?)?;
@@ -3344,9 +3495,10 @@ fn layer_row(
         let on_mask = mask_rect.zip(pos).is_some_and(|(r, p)| r.expand(2.0).contains(p));
         let on_vector = pos.and_then(|p| masks.hit(p)) == Some(crate::mask_thumbs_ui::MaskKind::Vector);
         // Clicking the layer thumbnail leaves mask view (#196).
-        let viewing = app.session.active().and_then(photocraft_engine::mask_view_cmds::current).is_some_and(|v| v.layer == l.id);
-        if on_thumb && viewing {
-            actions.push((photocraft_engine::mask_view_cmds::ID.into(), json!({"layer": l.id.0, "mode": "off"})));
+        let viewing = app.session.active().and_then(photocraft_engine::mask_view_cmds::current).filter(|v| v.layer == l.id);
+        if let Some(v) = viewing.filter(|_| on_thumb) {
+            let mask = if v.filter { "filter" } else { "layer" };
+            actions.push((photocraft_engine::mask_view_cmds::ID.into(), json!({"layer": l.id.0, "mode": "off", "mask": mask})));
         }
         let content_less = matches!(l.content, LayerContent::Adjustment(_) | LayerContent::Fill(_));
         if on_vector {
@@ -3415,7 +3567,7 @@ fn layer_row(
     }
     // The visibility icon has its own color menu, and the layer-mask thumbnail its mask menu
     // (#4575); elsewhere use the full layer menu.
-    let on_mask_id = ui.id().with(("mask-menu", l.id.0));
+    let on_mask_id = ui.scope_id().with(("mask-menu", l.id.0));
     if resp.secondary_clicked() {
         let on_mask = resp.interact_pointer_pos().and_then(|p| masks.hit(p)) == Some(crate::mask_thumbs_ui::MaskKind::Pixel);
         ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(on_mask_id, on_mask));
@@ -3501,32 +3653,19 @@ fn history(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
         empty(ui, tl!("No document"));
         return;
     };
-    let doc = st.doc.clone();
     let entries = st.history.entries();
     let current = entries.len() - 1;
     let redo: Vec<String> = st.history.redo_labels().map(str::to_string).collect();
+    let doc_id = st.doc.id;
     let source = photocraft_engine::history_source_cmds::source(st);
     let selected_snap = selected_snapshot(ui.ctx(), st);
+    let spot = (doc_id, history_spot(st));
     let ctx = ui.ctx().clone();
     // A row dragged onto the trash (#5324); a drag that never saw its release must not outlive it.
     if !ctx.input(|i| i.pointer.primary_down() || i.pointer.any_released()) {
         ctx.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<HistoryDrag>(history_drag_key()));
     }
     let drag = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<HistoryDrag>(history_drag_key()));
-    // Snapshot row (Photoshop shows the document's opening state with a thumbnail).
-    {
-        let (rect, _) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(ui.available_width(), 38.0), Sense::hover());
-        let thumb = Rect::from_min_size(pos2(rect.left() + 28.0, rect.center().y - 14.0), vec2(28.0, 28.0));
-        let ctx = ui.ctx().clone();
-        if let Some(layer) = doc.layers.first() {
-            widgets::checker(ui.painter(), thumb, 4.0);
-            let (tex, _) = app.layer_thumb(&ctx, &doc, layer);
-            ui.painter().image(tex, thumb, Rect::from_min_max(egui::Pos2::ZERO, pos2(1.0, 1.0)), Color32::WHITE);
-        }
-        ui.painter().rect_stroke(thumb, 0.0, Stroke::new(1.0, t.separator), StrokeKind::Outside);
-        ui.painter().text(pos2(thumb.right() + 8.0, rect.center().y), Align2::LEFT_CENTER, &doc.name, egui::FontId::proportional(12.0), t.text);
-        ui.painter().line_segment([rect.left_bottom(), rect.right_bottom()], Stroke::new(1.0, t.separator));
-    }
     let mut snap_cmd = None;
     let mut target: Option<usize> = None;
     let mut set_source: Option<usize> = None;
@@ -3534,20 +3673,34 @@ fn history(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     // The dock gives History a fixed height: the rows scroll above the footer.
     let footer = if t.pro { widgets::footer_height(ui) + ui.spacing().item_spacing.y } else { 0.0 };
     let max_h = (ui.available_height() - footer).max(40.0);
+    // Follow the current state when the history moves (a new step, Undo, a state row) or another
+    // document comes up (`spot`), scrolling only if its row is hidden (#5909). Other changes (a
+    // layer click, a channel eye) and a selected snapshot leave the list where the user put it.
+    let follow_id = egui::Id::unique("history-follow");
+    let moved = ui.ctx().data_mut(|d| {
+        let moved = d.get_temp::<(photocraft_doc::DocId, HistorySpot)>(follow_id).as_ref() != Some(&spot);
+        d.insert_temp(follow_id, spot);
+        moved
+    });
+    let follow = moved && selected_snap.is_none();
     egui::ScrollArea::vertical().id_salt("history-rows").max_height(max_h).auto_shrink([false, false]).show(ui, |ui| {
         // Snapshots head the list and scroll with the states, so many of them never push the
         // footer out of a short dock.
         snap_cmd = snapshot_rows(app, ui, selected_snap);
+        let mut current_rect = None;
         for (i, (e, is_redo)) in all.enumerate() {
             // The current state shows selected unless a snapshot is (Photoshop highlights one row).
             let selected = i == current && selected_snap.is_none();
             // Past states can be dragged onto the trash; the oldest one can't be deleted.
             let sense = if is_redo || i == 0 { Sense::click() } else { Sense::click_and_drag() };
             let (rect, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(ui.available_width(), 24.0), sense);
-            resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::WidgetType::SelectableLabel, true, selected, &e));
+            resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::Button, true, selected, &e));
             if resp.drag_started() {
                 ui.ctx().data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(history_drag_key(), HistoryDrag::State(i)));
             }
+            if i == current {
+                current_rect = Some(rect);
+            }
             if selected {
                 ui.painter().rect_filled(rect, if t.pro { 0.0 } else { t.radius_sm }, if t.pro { t.row_selected } else { t.accent_soft });
             } else if resp.hovered() {
@@ -3572,16 +3725,20 @@ fn history(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
                 if is_redo { t.text_faint } else { t.icon },
             );
             ui.painter().text(pos2(rect.left() + 58.0, rect.center().y), Align2::LEFT_CENTER, &e, egui::FontId::proportional(12.0), color);
-            if history_source_column(ui, rect, egui::Id::new(("history-source", i)), source == Some(HistorySource::State(i))) {
+            if history_source_column(ui, rect, egui::Id::unique(("history-source", i)), source == Some(HistorySource::State(i))) {
                 set_source = Some(i);
             }
             if resp.clicked() && i != current {
                 target = Some(i);
             } else if resp.clicked() && selected_snap.is_some() {
                 // The current state is already the document: clicking it only selects it.
-                ctx.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<SelectedSnapshot>(selected_snapshot_key(doc.id)));
+                ctx.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<SelectedSnapshot>(selected_snapshot_key(doc_id)));
             }
         }
+        if follow && let Some(rect) = current_rect {
+            // No alignment: a row already in view stays put. No animation, as the Layers panel reveal.
+            ui.scroll_to_rect_animation(rect, None, egui::style::ScrollAnimation::none());
+        }
     });
     if let Some(i) = set_source
         && let Err(e) = app.run("history.setSource", json!({"state": i}))
@@ -3599,6 +3756,7 @@ fn history(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
         crate::layer_transfer::ghost(&ctx, p, &label.unwrap_or_default());
     }
     let mut footer_cmd: Option<(&str, Value)> = None;
+    let mut snapshot_dialog = false;
     if t.pro {
         // With a snapshot selected the trash deletes it, as in Photoshop (#5324).
         let can_delete = selected_snap.is_some() || app.session.is_enabled("history.deleteState");
@@ -3621,8 +3779,13 @@ fn history(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
                 });
             }
             let can_snap = app.session.is_enabled("history.newSnapshot");
+            // ⌥-click opens New Snapshot (name, From) instead, as in Photoshop.
             if ui.add_enabled_ui(can_snap, |ui| icons::button(ui, "scan", 26.0, false, tl!("Create new snapshot"))).inner.clicked() {
-                footer_cmd = Some(("history.newSnapshot", json!({})));
+                if ui.input(|i| i.modifiers.alt) {
+                    snapshot_dialog = true;
+                } else {
+                    footer_cmd = Some(("history.newSnapshot", json!({})));
+                }
             }
             if ui.add_enabled_ui(can_new, |ui| icons::button(ui, "file-plus", 26.0, false, tl!("Create new document from current state"))).inner.clicked() {
                 footer_cmd = Some(("history.newDocument", json!({})));
@@ -3634,6 +3797,9 @@ fn history(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     }
     // An open Free Transform owns Undo (transform_tool::intercept): stepping the document's history under
     // its box would leave it transforming pixels that changed.
+    if snapshot_dialog {
+        crate::snapshot_dialog::open(app);
+    }
     // Selecting a snapshot changes the document, so it waits for an open transform like the rows.
     let snap_cmd = snap_cmd.filter(|(cmd, _)| *cmd != "history.selectSnapshot" || app.ui.transform.is_none());
     if let Some((cmd, p)) = footer_cmd.filter(|_| app.ui.transform.is_none()).or(snap_cmd) {
@@ -3667,7 +3833,7 @@ fn history(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
 fn history_source_column(ui: &mut egui::Ui, row: Rect, salt: egui::Id, is_source: bool) -> bool {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
     let cell = Rect::from_min_size(row.min, vec2(24.0, row.height()));
-    let resp = ui.interact(cell, ui.id().with(salt), Sense::click()).on_hover_text(tl!("Sets the source for the history brush"));
+    let resp = ui.interact(cell, ui.scope_id().with(salt), Sense::click()).on_hover_text(tl!("Sets the source for the history brush"));
     if is_source {
         icons::paint(ui, cell.shrink(4.0), icons::tool_icon(Tool::HistoryBrush), 12.0, t.icon);
     } else if resp.hovered() {
@@ -3684,20 +3850,23 @@ enum HistoryDrag {
 }
 
 fn history_drag_key() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("history-drag")
+    egui::Id::unique("history-drag")
 }
 
 /// The snapshot the History panel shows selected (#5324), and where the history stood after its
-/// click: the number of past states, the current state's name and the number of redo states.
+/// click: the number of past states, the current state's name, the number of redo states and the
+/// newest past state. That last one is a new document on every step, also at the state limit,
+/// where the counts and a repeated name stay the same.
 type SelectedSnapshot = (u64, HistorySpot);
-type HistorySpot = (usize, Option<String>, usize);
+type HistorySpot = (usize, Option<String>, usize, Option<usize>);
 
 fn history_spot(st: &photocraft_engine::DocState) -> HistorySpot {
-    (st.history.past_len(), st.history.entries().pop(), st.history.redo_labels().count())
+    let newest = st.history.past_len().checked_sub(1).and_then(|i| st.history.state(i)).map(|d| std::sync::Arc::as_ptr(&d) as usize);
+    (st.history.past_len(), st.history.entries().pop(), st.history.redo_labels().count(), newest)
 }
 
 fn selected_snapshot_key(doc: photocraft_doc::DocId) -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new(("history-snapshot-selected", doc))
+    egui::Id::unique(("history-snapshot-selected", doc))
 }
 
 /// Select snapshot `id` at the history's current state, as a click on its row does.
@@ -3730,14 +3899,14 @@ fn snapshot_rows(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, selected: Option<u6
     let source = photocraft_engine::history_source_cmds::source(st);
     let live: Vec<u64> = snaps.iter().map(|s| s.id).collect();
     // Per document: snapshot ids restart in each, and a tab switch must not carry the edit over.
-    let rename_id = egui::Id::new(("history-snapshot-rename", doc_id));
+    let rename_id = egui::Id::unique(("history-snapshot-rename", doc_id));
     let mut renaming: Option<(u64, String)> = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp(rename_id)).flatten();
     let mut cmd = None;
     let ctx = ui.ctx().clone();
     for snap in &snaps {
         let (rect, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(ui.available_width(), 38.0), Sense::click_and_drag());
         let is_selected = selected == Some(snap.id);
-        resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::WidgetType::SelectableLabel, true, is_selected, &snap.name));
+        resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::Button, true, is_selected, &snap.name));
         if resp.drag_started() {
             ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(history_drag_key(), HistoryDrag::Snapshot(snap.id)));
         }
@@ -3754,7 +3923,7 @@ fn snapshot_rows(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, selected: Option<u6
         match renaming.as_mut().filter(|(id, _)| *id == snap.id) {
             Some((_, text)) => {
                 let field = Rect::from_min_max(pos2(thumb.right() + 6.0, rect.center().y - 10.0), pos2(rect.right() - 6.0, rect.center().y + 10.0));
-                let r = ui.put(field, egui::TextEdit::singleline(text));
+                let r = ui.put(field, egui::TextEdit::singleline(text)).accessible_name(tl!("Name"));
                 if r.lost_focus() {
                     if !ui.input(|i| i.key_pressed(egui::Key::Escape)) {
                         cmd = Some(("history.renameSnapshot", json!({"snapshot": snap.id, "name": text.clone()})));
@@ -3775,7 +3944,7 @@ fn snapshot_rows(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, selected: Option<u6
                 ui.painter().text(pos2(thumb.right() + 8.0, rect.center().y), Align2::LEFT_CENTER, &snap.name, egui::FontId::proportional(12.0), t.text);
             }
         }
-        if history_source_column(ui, rect, egui::Id::new(("history-snapshot-source", snap.id)), source == Some(HistorySource::Snapshot(snap.id))) {
+        if history_source_column(ui, rect, egui::Id::unique(("history-snapshot-source", snap.id)), source == Some(HistorySource::Snapshot(snap.id))) {
             cmd = Some(("history.setSource", json!({"snapshot": snap.id})));
         } else if resp.double_clicked() {
             renaming = Some((snap.id, snap.name.clone()));
@@ -3829,7 +3998,7 @@ pub fn properties_window(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
         .inner_margin(egui::Margin::same(14));
     // A floating panel (Order::Middle like other panels, so menus, popups and dialogs stay above
     // it), anchored to the canvas corner and dragged by its title off the part being worked on.
-    let card_id = egui::Id::new("properties-card");
+    let card_id = egui::Id::unique("properties-card");
     let offset: egui::Vec2 = ctx.data(|m| m.get_temp(card_id)).unwrap_or_default();
     let mut drag = egui::Vec2::ZERO;
     let shown = egui::Area::new(card_id).order(egui::Order::Middle).fixed_pos(pos + offset).show(ctx, |ui| {
@@ -3853,11 +4022,11 @@ pub fn properties_window(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
                 ui.ctx().set_cursor_icon(egui::CursorIcon::Grab);
             }
             drag = grip.drag_delta();
-            let strip = crate::tab_strip::pill_tabs(ui, card_id.with("tabs"), bar, &tabs, &mut sel, false);
+            let context = crate::tab_strip::pill_tabs(ui, card_id.with("tabs"), bar, &tabs, &mut sel);
             if let Some(&picked) = indices.get(sel) {
                 app.ui.dock_tabs.properties = picked;
             }
-            match strip.context {
+            match context {
                 Some(crate::tab_strip::TabContextAction::Close(i)) => {
                     if let Some(&tab) = indices.get(i) {
                         crate::dock::close_tab(app, group, tab, false);
@@ -3885,20 +4054,20 @@ pub fn properties_window(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
 }
 
 fn adjustment_controls(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: LayerId, adj: &photocraft_doc::Adjustment) {
+    // Keep the scope reachable before tall editors and within a compact dock (#5231).
+    // Adjustment layers affect the stack by default; clipping limits them to their base.
+    if let Some(mut clip) = app.session.active().and_then(|s| s.doc.layer(id).map(|l| l.clipped))
+        && widgets::toggle(ui, &mut clip, tl!("Clip to layer below")).changed()
+    {
+        let _ = app.run("layer.setProps", json!({"layer": id.0, "clipped": clip}));
+    }
+    ui.add_space(6.0);
     crate::adjust_editors::layer_editor(app, ui, id, adj);
     ui.add_space(6.0);
-    let layer = app.session.active().and_then(|s| s.doc.layer(id).map(|l| (l.visible, l.clipped)));
-    if let Some((visible, clipped)) = layer {
-        ui.horizontal(|ui| {
-            let mut vis = visible;
-            if widgets::toggle(ui, &mut vis, tl!("Adjustment visible")).changed() {
-                let _ = app.run("layer.setProps", json!({"layer": id.0, "visible": vis}));
-            }
-            let mut clip = clipped;
-            if widgets::toggle(ui, &mut clip, tl!("Clip to layer below")).changed() {
-                let _ = app.run("layer.setProps", json!({"layer": id.0, "clipped": clip}));
-            }
-        });
+    if let Some(mut vis) = app.session.active().and_then(|s| s.doc.layer(id).map(|l| l.visible))
+        && widgets::toggle(ui, &mut vis, tl!("Adjustment visible")).changed()
+    {
+        let _ = app.run("layer.setProps", json!({"layer": id.0, "visible": vis}));
     }
     ui.add_space(6.0);
     if widgets::secondary_button(ui, tl!("Reset to defaults"), ui.available_width()).clicked() {
@@ -4046,7 +4215,7 @@ fn adjustments_grid(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
 
 /// The Color panel's foreground and background chips. A click picks the colour the field edits,
 /// framed; a double-click opens the Color Picker on it.
-fn field_chips(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, chips: Rect) {
+pub(crate) fn field_chips(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, chips: Rect) {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
     let bgr = Rect::from_min_size(chips.min + vec2(13.0, 13.0), vec2(22.0, 22.0));
     let fgr = Rect::from_min_size(chips.min + vec2(3.0, 3.0), vec2(22.0, 22.0));
@@ -4064,8 +4233,8 @@ fn field_chips(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, chips: Rect) {
         p.rect_stroke(fgr.expand(2.0), 2.0, frame, StrokeKind::Outside);
     }
     // The foreground is on top, so it takes the clicks where the two overlap.
-    let bg_resp = ui.interact(bgr, ui.id().with("field-bg"), Sense::click());
-    let fg_resp = ui.interact(fgr, ui.id().with("field-fg"), Sense::click());
+    let bg_resp = ui.interact(bgr, ui.scope_id().with("field-bg"), Sense::click());
+    let fg_resp = ui.interact(fgr, ui.scope_id().with("field-fg"), Sense::click());
     let picked = if fg_resp.clicked() { false } else { bg_resp.clicked() || bg_active };
     app.ui.color_panel.background = picked;
     if fg_resp.double_clicked() || bg_resp.double_clicked() {
@@ -4074,14 +4243,14 @@ fn field_chips(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, chips: Rect) {
 }
 
 /// Where the dock tells the Color field how tall its group body is.
-fn color_field_fill_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("color-field-fill-height")
+pub(crate) fn color_field_fill_id() -> egui::Id {
+    egui::Id::unique("color-field-fill-height")
 }
 
-/// The pro Color field stretches to its dock group's height instead of a fixed 120 pt: a dock
-/// calls this with the group body's `ui` before drawing the tab.
+/// The Color field stretches to its dock group's height instead of a fixed 120 pt, in every theme
+/// (#6000): a dock calls this with the group body's `ui` before drawing the tab.
 pub(crate) fn offer_color_field_fill(ui: &egui::Ui, pro: bool, group: crate::dock::Group, tab: usize) {
-    if pro && group == crate::dock::Group::Color && tab == 0 {
+    if group == crate::dock::Group::Color && group.tabs(pro).get(tab) == Some(&"Color") {
         let inner = ui.available_height().max(0.0);
         ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(color_field_fill_id(), inner));
     }
@@ -4091,7 +4260,9 @@ pub(crate) fn offer_color_field_fill(ui: &egui::Ui, pro: bool, group: crate::doc
 /// which folds onto a second line in a narrow dock. 120 pt when nothing sets a height.
 fn color_field_height(avail: Option<f32>, width: f32) -> f32 {
     let reserve = 32.0 + if width < 280.0 { 26.0 } else { 0.0 };
-    avail.filter(|a| a.is_finite()).map_or(120.0, |a| (a - reserve).clamp(120.0, 2000.0))
+    // When docked, shrink the field so the hex/RGB readout stays in view (#6885). A 120 pt floor
+    // here pushed the readout below the scroll area in a compact Color group.
+    avail.filter(|a| a.is_finite()).map_or(120.0, |a| (a - reserve).clamp(0.0, 2000.0))
 }
 
 /// The colour the SV field draws for `hsva`, with what the field showed last (`hue`, `saturation`)
@@ -4099,7 +4270,7 @@ fn color_field_height(avail: Option<f32>, width: f32) -> f32 {
 /// neither hue nor saturation — so a drag that bottoms out into black would otherwise round-trip
 /// through RGB as `s = 0` and drop the knob from the bottom-right corner to the bottom-left one
 /// (#3228).
-fn field_hsva(mut hsva: egui::ecolor::Hsva, remembered: (f32, f32)) -> egui::ecolor::Hsva {
+pub(crate) fn field_hsva(mut hsva: egui::ecolor::Hsva, remembered: (f32, f32)) -> egui::ecolor::Hsva {
     if hsva.v < 0.01 {
         hsva.h = remembered.0;
         hsva.s = remembered.1;
@@ -4111,89 +4282,79 @@ fn field_hsva(mut hsva: egui::ecolor::Hsva, remembered: (f32, f32)) -> egui::eco
     hsva
 }
 
-/// Photoshop Color panel: saturation/brightness field + hue strip, drawn as shaded meshes.
-fn color_field(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
+/// Photoshop's Color panel Hue Cube (saturation/brightness field + hue strip) or Brightness Cube
+/// (hue/saturation field + brightness strip), drawn as shaded meshes, over a hex/RGB readout.
+pub(crate) fn color_field(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
     let bg_active = app.ui.color_panel.background;
-    let key = egui::Id::new(("color-field-hue", bg_active));
+    let key = egui::Id::unique(("color-field-hue", bg_active));
     let mut hsva = srgb_hsva(if bg_active { app.session.tools.background } else { app.session.tools.foreground });
     // What the field showed last: a grey carries no hue, black neither hue nor saturation (#3228).
     let remembered: (f32, f32) = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp(key)).unwrap_or((hsva.h, hsva.s));
     hsva = field_hsva(hsva, remembered);
     let w = ui.available_width();
     let strip_w = 14.0;
-    // Photoshop's Color panel field fills the panel: take the height the dock offers, less the
-    // hex/RGB readout (which folds onto a second line in a narrow dock). Without a dock, 120 pt.
-    // Only Photoshop's themes stretch it over the group: the other themes put sliders under it.
-    let fill = if t.pro { ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<f32>(color_field_fill_id())) } else { None };
+    // Photoshop's Color panel field fills the panel in every theme (#6000): take the height the
+    // dock offers, less the hex/RGB readout (which folds onto a second line in a narrow dock) and
+    // the theme's spacing between the rows. Without a dock, 120 pt.
+    let gaps = 2.0 * ui.spacing().item_spacing.y;
+    let fill = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<f32>(color_field_fill_id())).map(|a| a - gaps);
     let h = color_field_height(fill, w);
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 8.0;
         let (chips, _) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(38.0, h), Sense::hover());
         field_chips(app, ui, chips);
-        // SV field.
+        // Hue Cube: saturation across and brightness up, hue on the strip. Brightness Cube (the
+        // Color Picker's B mode): hue across and saturation up, brightness on the strip.
+        let brightness = app.ui.color_panel.mode == crate::state::ColorPanelMode::BrightnessCube;
         let field_w = w - 38.0 - strip_w - 16.0;
         let (field, fresp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(field_w, h), Sense::click_and_drag());
-        let mut mesh = egui::Mesh::default();
-        let n = 16;
-        for j in 0..=n {
-            for i in 0..=n {
-                let (sx, vy) = (i as f32 / n as f32, j as f32 / n as f32);
-                let c = hsva_color32(egui::ecolor::Hsva::new(hsva.h, sx, 1.0 - vy, 1.0));
-                mesh.colored_vertex(pos2(field.left() + sx * field.width(), field.top() + vy * field.height()), c);
-            }
-        }
-        for j in 0..n {
-            for i in 0..n {
-                let a = (j * (n + 1) + i) as u32;
-                let b = a + 1;
-                let c = a + (n + 1) as u32;
-                let d = c + 1;
-                mesh.add_triangle(a, b, d);
-                mesh.add_triangle(a, d, c);
-            }
-        }
-        ui.painter().add(mesh);
+        let at = |x: f32, y: f32| {
+            if brightness { egui::ecolor::Hsva::new(x.min(0.9999), 1.0 - y, hsva.v, 1.0) } else { egui::ecolor::Hsva::new(hsva.h, x, 1.0 - y, 1.0) }
+        };
+        ui.painter().add(color_grid(field, 16, |x, y| hsva_color32(at(x, y))));
         ui.painter().rect_stroke(field, 0.0, Stroke::new(1.0, t.separator), StrokeKind::Outside);
-        if (fresp.dragged() || fresp.clicked())
-            && let Some(p) = fresp.interact_pointer_pos()
-        {
-            hsva.s = ((p.x - field.left()) / field.width()).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
-            hsva.v = 1.0 - ((p.y - field.top()) / field.height()).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+        let field_pick = widgets::pick_pos(&fresp);
+        if let Some(p) = field_pick {
+            let x = ((p.x - field.left()) / field.width()).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+            let y = ((p.y - field.top()) / field.height()).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+            if brightness {
+                hsva.h = x.min(0.9999);
+                hsva.s = 1.0 - y;
+            } else {
+                hsva.s = x;
+                hsva.v = 1.0 - y;
+            }
         }
-        let knob = pos2(field.left() + hsva.s * field.width(), field.top() + (1.0 - hsva.v) * field.height());
+        let (kx, ky) = if brightness { (hsva.h, 1.0 - hsva.s) } else { (hsva.s, 1.0 - hsva.v) };
+        let knob = pos2(field.left() + kx * field.width(), field.top() + ky * field.height());
         ui.painter().circle_stroke(knob, 5.0, Stroke::new(1.5, Color32::WHITE));
         ui.painter().circle_stroke(knob, 6.5, Stroke::new(1.0, Color32::from_black_alpha(160)));
-        // Hue strip.
+        // The strip: hue (red at both ends, as Photoshop's) or brightness (the colour down to black).
         let (strip, sresp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(strip_w, h), Sense::click_and_drag());
-        let mut m2 = egui::Mesh::default();
-        let steps = 24;
-        for k in 0..=steps {
-            let f = k as f32 / steps as f32;
-            let c = hsva_color32(egui::ecolor::Hsva::new(1.0 - f, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0));
-            m2.colored_vertex(pos2(strip.left(), strip.top() + f * strip.height()), c);
-            m2.colored_vertex(pos2(strip.right(), strip.top() + f * strip.height()), c);
+        let strip_at = |f: f32| {
+            if brightness { egui::ecolor::Hsva::new(hsva.h, hsva.s, 1.0 - f, 1.0) } else { egui::ecolor::Hsva::new(1.0 - f, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0) }
+        };
+        ui.painter().add(color_grid(strip, 24, |_, y| hsva_color32(strip_at(y))));
+        let strip_pick = widgets::pick_pos(&sresp);
+        if let Some(p) = strip_pick {
+            let f = ((p.y - strip.top()) / strip.height()).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+            if brightness {
+                hsva.v = 1.0 - f;
+            } else {
+                hsva.h = 1.0 - f.min(0.9999);
+            }
         }
-        for k in 0..steps {
-            let a = (k * 2) as u32;
-            m2.add_triangle(a, a + 1, a + 3);
-            m2.add_triangle(a, a + 3, a + 2);
-        }
-        ui.painter().add(m2);
-        if (sresp.dragged() || sresp.clicked())
-            && let Some(p) = sresp.interact_pointer_pos()
-        {
-            hsva.h = 1.0 - ((p.y - strip.top()) / strip.height()).clamp(0.0, 0.9999);
-        }
-        let y = strip.top() + (1.0 - hsva.h) * strip.height();
+        let y = strip.top() + (1.0 - if brightness { hsva.v } else { hsva.h }) * strip.height();
         let tri = vec![pos2(strip.right() + 1.0, y), pos2(strip.right() + 6.0, y - 4.0), pos2(strip.right() + 6.0, y + 4.0)];
         ui.painter().add(egui::Shape::convex_polygon(tri, t.text, Stroke::NONE));
-        if fresp.dragged() || fresp.clicked() || sresp.dragged() || sresp.clicked() {
+        if field_pick.is_some() || strip_pick.is_some() {
             if bg_active {
                 app.session.tools.background = hsva_srgb(hsva);
-            } else {
+            } else if app.session.tools.foreground != hsva_srgb(hsva) {
+                // A held, unmoved press repeats the pick: restyle selected type only on a change.
                 app.session.tools.foreground = hsva_srgb(hsva);
-                crate::type_tool::foreground_changed(app);
+                crate::apply_color::foreground_changed(app, crate::apply_color::gesture(ui.ctx()));
             }
             ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(key, (hsva.h, hsva.s)));
         }
@@ -4201,12 +4362,12 @@ fn color_field(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     ui.add_space(6.0);
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         let mut c = if bg_active { app.session.tools.background } else { app.session.tools.foreground };
-        if color_readout(ui, ui.id().with(("color-field", bg_active)), &mut c) {
+        if color_readout(ui, ui.scope_id().with(("color-field", bg_active)), &mut c) {
             if bg_active {
                 app.session.tools.background = c;
             } else {
                 app.session.tools.foreground = c;
-                crate::type_tool::foreground_changed(app);
+                crate::apply_color::foreground_changed(app, crate::apply_color::gesture(ui.ctx()));
             }
             // Keep the hue for greys, so the field marker doesn't jump to red; the saturation with
             // it, so a later black lands on the corner it was last dragged to (#3228).
@@ -4216,11 +4377,34 @@ fn color_field(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
             }
         }
     });
+    crate::apply_color::track_focus(ui.ctx());
+}
+
+/// A smooth-shaded `n` x `n` grid over `rect`, coloured by `color(x, y)` with x and y in 0..1
+/// (y down).
+pub(crate) fn color_grid(rect: Rect, n: usize, color: impl Fn(f32, f32) -> Color32) -> egui::Mesh {
+    let n = n.max(1);
+    let mut mesh = egui::Mesh::default();
+    for j in 0..=n {
+        for i in 0..=n {
+            let (x, y) = (i as f32 / n as f32, j as f32 / n as f32);
+            mesh.colored_vertex(pos2(rect.left() + x * rect.width(), rect.top() + y * rect.height()), color(x, y));
+        }
+    }
+    let row = (n + 1) as u32;
+    for j in 0..n as u32 {
+        for i in 0..n as u32 {
+            let a = j * row + i;
+            mesh.add_triangle(a, a + 1, a + row + 1);
+            mesh.add_triangle(a, a + row + 1, a + row);
+        }
+    }
+    mesh
 }
 
 /// Tool colours are sRGB-encoded floats; egui's Hsva works on sRGB bytes via these helpers
 /// (its `from_rgba_unmultiplied` expects *linear* RGB, which gave wrong readouts).
-fn srgb_bytes(c: [f32; 4]) -> [u8; 3] {
+pub(crate) fn srgb_bytes(c: [f32; 4]) -> [u8; 3] {
     let q = |v: f32| (v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 255.0 + 0.5) as u8;
     [q(c[0]), q(c[1]), q(c[2])]
 }
@@ -4228,19 +4412,19 @@ fn srgb_bytes(c: [f32; 4]) -> [u8; 3] {
 /// The Color panel's HSB, as Photoshop's and the Color Picker's: on the sRGB-encoded values,
 /// so a 50% grey has Brightness 50%. egui's `Hsva` conversions work in linear light, which put
 /// that grey at 22% and drew the field's middle as 188 (#3323); `Hsva` only holds the numbers.
-fn srgb_hsva(c: [f32; 4]) -> egui::ecolor::Hsva {
+pub(crate) fn srgb_hsva(c: [f32; 4]) -> egui::ecolor::Hsva {
     let [h, s, v] = photocraft_color::convert::rgb_to_hsb([c[0], c[1], c[2]].map(|v| v.clamp(0.0, 1.0)));
     egui::ecolor::Hsva::new(h / 360.0, s, v, 1.0)
 }
 
 /// The inverse of srgb_hsva: the Color panel's HSB back to sRGB-encoded values.
-fn hsva_srgb(h: egui::ecolor::Hsva) -> [f32; 4] {
+pub(crate) fn hsva_srgb(h: egui::ecolor::Hsva) -> [f32; 4] {
     let [r, g, b] = photocraft_color::convert::hsb_to_rgb([h.h * 360.0, h.s.clamp(0.0, 1.0), h.v.clamp(0.0, 1.0)]);
     [r, g, b, 1.0]
 }
 
 /// The colour to draw for Color panel HSB `h` (see [`srgb_hsva`]).
-fn hsva_color32(h: egui::ecolor::Hsva) -> Color32 {
+pub(crate) fn hsva_color32(h: egui::ecolor::Hsva) -> Color32 {
     let [r, g, b] = srgb_bytes(hsva_srgb(h));
     Color32::from_rgb(r, g, b)
 }
@@ -4248,7 +4432,7 @@ fn hsva_color32(h: egui::ecolor::Hsva) -> Color32 {
 /// The Color panel's editable colour readout: a hex field and R, G, B fields, all drawn like the
 /// dock's [`widgets::value_field`] so they sit in the theme. Editing any of them sets `color`
 /// (sRGB-encoded floats) and returns `true`.
-fn color_readout(ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: egui::Id, color: &mut [f32; 4]) -> bool {
+pub(crate) fn color_readout(ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: egui::Id, color: &mut [f32; 4]) -> bool {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
     let mut changed = false;
     // Wrapped so the fields fold onto a second line in a narrow dock instead of being clipped.
@@ -4259,9 +4443,9 @@ fn color_readout(ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: egui::Id, color: &mut [f32; 4]) -> bool
         changed = hex_edit(ui, id.with("hex"), color);
         let [mut r, mut g, mut b] = srgb_bytes(*color).map(f32::from);
         let mut rgb = false;
-        for (label, v) in [("R", &mut r), ("G", &mut g), ("B", &mut b)] {
+        for (label, name, v) in [("R", tl!("Red"), &mut r), ("G", tl!("Green"), &mut g), ("B", tl!("Blue"), &mut b)] {
             ui.label(RichText::new(label).font(theme::mono(11.0)).color(t.text_faint));
-            rgb |= widgets::value_field(ui, v, 0.0..=255.0, "", 38.0).changed();
+            rgb |= widgets::value_field(ui, v, 0.0..=255.0, "", 38.0).accessible_name(name).changed();
         }
         if rgb {
             *color = [r / 255.0, g / 255.0, b / 255.0, 1.0];
@@ -4288,8 +4472,9 @@ fn hex_edit(ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: egui::Id, color: &mut [f32; 4]) -> bool {
     let mut child = ui.new_child(egui::UiBuilder::new().max_rect(field).layout(egui::Layout::left_to_right(egui::Align::Center)));
     // Room for a pasted "#rrggbb"; the parse trims it, and the field shows plain digits otherwise.
     // `Frame::NONE`: the themed surface above is this field's frame.
-    let resp =
-        child.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut text).id(id).char_limit(7).desired_width(field.width()).frame(egui::Frame::NONE).font(theme::mono(12.0)));
+    let resp = child
+        .add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut text).id(id).char_limit(7).desired_width(field.width()).frame(egui::Frame::NONE).font(theme::mono(12.0)))
+        .accessible_name(tl!("Color"));
     if resp.has_focus() {
         ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(id, text.clone()));
     } else {
@@ -4317,6 +4502,15 @@ fn brush_tip(p: &egui::Painter, c: egui::Pos2, rad: f32, hardness: f32, color: C
     }
 }
 
+/// A painting tool's Mode dropdown over `modes` (`None` is Clear); the wheel over it steps the
+/// mode. Returns the mode picked this frame.
+fn tool_mode_dropdown(ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: &str, modes: &[Option<BlendMode>], current: Option<BlendMode>) -> Option<Option<BlendMode>> {
+    let opts: Vec<(Option<BlendMode>, &str)> = modes.iter().map(|m| (*m, m.map_or("Clear", BlendMode::label))).collect();
+    let mut mode = current;
+    let chosen = widgets::dropdown_wheel_hovered(ui, id, tl!("Mode"), &mut mode, &opts, 96.0).0;
+    chosen.last().copied()
+}
+
 /// The Brush's or Pencil's Mode dropdown: the blend modes, with Photoshop's painting-only Clear
 /// after Dissolve (#3439). Clear erases with the brush (`clear`); it shows while chosen, or while
 /// `~` is held (`held`). The wheel over it steps the mode, as over the Layers panel's (#2061).
@@ -4325,7 +4519,7 @@ fn paint_mode_dropdown(ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: &str, b: &mut photocraft_engine::B
     let at = opts.iter().position(|o| o.0 == Some(BlendMode::Dissolve)).map_or(opts.len(), |i| i + 1);
     opts.insert(at, (None, "Clear"));
     let mut mode = if *clear || held { None } else { Some(b.mode) };
-    if !widgets::dropdown_wheel_hovered(ui, id, &mut mode, &opts, 96.0).0.is_empty() {
+    if !widgets::dropdown_wheel_hovered(ui, id, tl!("Mode"), &mut mode, &opts, 96.0).0.is_empty() {
         *clear = mode.is_none();
         if let Some(m) = mode {
             b.mode = m;
@@ -4336,7 +4530,7 @@ fn paint_mode_dropdown(ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: &str, b: &mut photocraft_engine::B
 /// Options-bar Smoothing % (the brush's stroke smoothing; the live stroke and the commit use it).
 fn smoothing_field(ui: &mut egui::Ui, b: &mut photocraft_engine::BrushSettings, width: f32) {
     let mut sm = (b.smoothing.amount * 100.0).round();
-    if widgets::value_field(ui, &mut sm, 0.0..=100.0, "%", width).changed() {
+    if widgets::value_field_named(ui, tl!("Smoothing"), &mut sm, 0.0..=100.0, "%", width).changed() {
         b.smoothing.enabled = true;
         b.smoothing.amount = (sm / 100.0).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
     }
@@ -4361,7 +4555,7 @@ fn smoothing_options(ui: &mut egui::Ui, b: &mut photocraft_engine::BrushSettings
 fn mixer_load_swatch(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
     let (r, _) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(40.0, 26.0), Sense::hover());
-    let resp = ui.interact(r, ui.id().with("mixer-brush-load"), Sense::click());
+    let resp = ui.interact(r, ui.scope_id().with("mixer-brush-load"), Sense::click());
     if resp.hovered() {
         ui.painter().rect_filled(r, t.radius_sm, t.hover);
     }
@@ -4378,7 +4572,7 @@ fn mixer_load_swatch(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     }
     p.rect_stroke(chip, 2.0, Stroke::new(1.0, t.field_border), StrokeKind::Outside);
     icons::paint(ui, Rect::from_center_size(pos2(r.right() - 9.0, r.center().y), vec2(10.0, 10.0)), "chevron-down", 9.0, t.text_faint);
-    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, tl!("Current Brush Load")));
+    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, tl!("Current Brush Load")));
     let resp = resp.on_hover_text(tl!("Current Brush Load"));
     let mut run = None;
     egui::Popup::menu(&resp).show(|ui| {
@@ -4412,7 +4606,7 @@ fn brush_preset_chip(ui: &mut egui::Ui, b: &photocraft_engine::BrushSettings, st
     brush_tip(ui.painter(), c, 7.0, b.hardness, tip);
     ui.painter().text(pos2(c.x, r.bottom() - 5.0), Align2::CENTER_CENTER, format!("{}", b.size.round() as i64), egui::FontId::proportional(9.5), t.text_dim);
     icons::paint(ui, Rect::from_center_size(pos2(r.right() - 9.0, c.y), vec2(10.0, 10.0)), "chevron-down", 9.0, t.text_faint);
-    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, tl!("Brush Preset picker")));
+    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, tl!("Brush Preset picker")));
     if resp.on_hover_text(tl!("Brush Preset picker")).clicked() {
         if state.brush_picker.is_some() {
             crate::brush_picker::close(state);
@@ -4454,7 +4648,7 @@ fn layer_drag_and_drop(
     actions: &mut Vec<(String, Value)>,
 ) {
     let t = Tokens::get(ctx);
-    let key = egui::Id::new("layer-drag");
+    let key = egui::Id::unique("layer-drag");
     // A drag from the mask thumbnail (`starts_mask_drag`) moves the mask, not the layer.
     let mask_drag = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<MaskDrag>(mask_drag_key())).is_some_and(|(id, _)| id == l.id.0);
     if resp.drag_started() && !mask_drag {
@@ -4556,7 +4750,7 @@ fn layer_drop_zone(
     position: &'static str,
     actions: &mut Vec<(String, Value)>,
 ) {
-    let Some(dragged) = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<u64>(egui::Id::new("layer-drag"))) else { return };
+    let Some(dragged) = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<u64>(egui::Id::unique("layer-drag"))) else { return };
     let selected = app.session.active().map(|st| st.selected_layers()).unwrap_or_default();
     if target.0 == LayerId(dragged) && selected.len() > 1 && selected.contains(&target.0) {
         return;
@@ -4590,7 +4784,7 @@ type FxDrag = (u64, Option<usize>);
 type MaskDrag = (u64, MaskKind);
 
 fn mask_drag_key() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("mask-drag")
+    egui::Id::unique("mask-drag")
 }
 
 /// Which mask's thumbnail (where it was drawn last frame) the row's drag starts on, if any.
@@ -4609,7 +4803,7 @@ fn starts_mask_drag(ctx: &egui::Context, l: &Layer, resp: &egui::Response) -> Op
 }
 
 fn fx_drag_key() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("fx-drag")
+    egui::Id::unique("fx-drag")
 }
 
 /// Start dragging the effects of `layer`: one (`effect`) or all of them.
@@ -4621,9 +4815,10 @@ fn start_fx_drag(ctx: &egui::Context, layer: LayerId, effect: Option<usize>) {
 fn fx_drag_feedback(ctx: &egui::Context, doc: &photocraft_doc::Document) {
     let Some((from, effect)) = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<FxDrag>(fx_drag_key())) else { return };
     let Some(p) = ctx.input(|i| i.pointer.interact_pos()) else { return };
+    // `Effect::label` is the English key; translate for the drag ghost like the Layers panel rows.
     let label = match effect {
-        Some(i) => doc.layer(LayerId(from)).and_then(|l| l.effects.items.get(i)).map_or("", |e| e.label()),
-        None => "Effects",
+        Some(i) => doc.layer(LayerId(from)).and_then(|l| l.effects.items.get(i)).map(|e| tl!(e.label())).unwrap_or_default(),
+        None => tl!("Effects"),
     };
     crate::layer_transfer::ghost(ctx, p, label);
     if ctx.input(|i| i.modifiers.alt) {
@@ -4663,10 +4858,12 @@ fn fx_drop(ctx: &egui::Context, ui: &egui::Ui, l: &Layer, rect: Rect, actions: &
 fn effect_rows(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, l: &Layer, depth: usize, actions: &mut Vec<(String, Value)>) {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
     let indent = 30.0 + depth as f32 * 14.0 + 34.0;
-    let mut rows: Vec<(String, bool, Option<&'static str>)> = vec![("Effects".into(), l.effects.enabled, None)];
+    // English `Effect::label` keys stay for kind matching; display goes through `tl!` (catalogs
+    // already have Drop Shadow → 投影, Effects → 效果, …).
+    let mut rows: Vec<(String, bool, Option<&'static str>)> = vec![(tl!("Effects").into(), l.effects.enabled, None)];
     for e in &l.effects.items {
         let kind = crate::layer_style::KINDS.iter().find(|k| k.1 == e.label()).map(|k| k.0);
-        rows.push((e.label().to_string(), e.enabled(), kind));
+        rows.push((tl!(e.label()).into(), e.enabled(), kind));
     }
     for (i, (name, on, kind)) in rows.into_iter().enumerate() {
         let (rect, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(ui.available_width(), 22.0), Sense::click_and_drag());
@@ -4691,7 +4888,7 @@ fn effect_rows(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, l: &Layer, depth: usi
         }
         // The whole eye column of the row takes the click, so it never opens the Layer Style dialog.
         let eye_cell = Rect::from_min_max(pos2(rect.left() + 30.0, rect.top()), pos2((rect.left() + 58.0).min(rect.right()), rect.bottom()));
-        if ui.interact(eye_cell, ui.id().with(("fx-eye", l.id.0, i)), Sense::click()).clicked() {
+        if ui.interact(eye_cell, ui.scope_id().with(("fx-eye", l.id.0, i)), Sense::click()).clicked() {
             let mut params = json!({"layer": l.id.0, "visible": !on});
             if let (Some(index), Some(o)) = (i.checked_sub(1), params.as_object_mut()) {
                 o.insert("index".into(), json!(index));
@@ -4712,7 +4909,7 @@ fn effect_rows(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, l: &Layer, depth: usi
             egui::FontId::proportional(11.5),
             if on { t.text_dim } else { t.text_faint },
         );
-        resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, name.clone()));
+        resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, name.clone()));
         if resp.double_clicked() {
             crate::layer_style::open_for_layer(app, l.id, kind);
         }
@@ -4724,6 +4921,16 @@ fn effect_rows(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, l: &Layer, depth: usi
     }
 }
 
+/// The options bar's Select and Mask… button: greyed out, as the menu item is, until there is a
+/// selection (or a layer mask) to refine (#7520).
+fn select_and_mask_button(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
+    let enabled = crate::menus::is_enabled(app, "select.selectAndMask");
+    let clicked = ui.add_enabled_ui(enabled, |ui| widgets::secondary_button(ui, tl!("Select and Mask…"), 0.0).clicked()).inner;
+    if clicked {
+        let _ = crate::menus::invoke(app, ui.ctx(), "select.selectAndMask", json!({}));
+    }
+}
+
 /// New / add / subtract / intersect selection buttons (shared by selection tools).
 fn selection_mode_buttons(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 2.0;
@@ -4795,6 +5002,80 @@ mod color_tests {
         }
     }
 
+    /// #7793: the Color panel's field and hue strip pick on the frame the button goes down (no
+    /// release, no time passing) and follow moves smaller than egui's 6-point click threshold.
+    #[test]
+    fn color_panel_field_and_hue_strip_pick_on_press() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.session.tools.foreground = [0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1.0];
+        let mut h = egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(300.0, 300.0)).build_ui_state(
+            |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
+                let at = (ui.cursor().min, ui.available_width());
+                ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(egui::Id::unique("test-origin"), at));
+                color_field(app, ui);
+            },
+            app,
+        );
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::Studio);
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        let (o, w) = h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<(Pos2, f32)>(egui::Id::unique("test-origin"))).unwrap();
+        let field_w = w - 38.0 - 14.0 - 16.0;
+        let press = |h: &mut egui_kittest::Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, at: Pos2, pressed: bool| {
+            h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(at));
+            h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: at, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE });
+            h.run_steps(1);
+        };
+        let at = o + vec2(38.0 + 8.0 + field_w * 0.5, 60.0);
+        press(&mut h, at, true);
+        let picked = h.state().session.tools.foreground;
+        assert_ne!(picked, [0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1.0], "the press itself picks");
+        let hsva = srgb_hsva(picked);
+        assert!((hsva.s - 0.5).abs() < 0.03 && (hsva.v - 0.5).abs() < 0.03, "{hsva:?}");
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(at + vec2(3.0, 0.0)));
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        assert_ne!(h.state().session.tools.foreground, picked, "a small drag adjusts the pick");
+        press(&mut h, at + vec2(3.0, 0.0), false);
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        // Hue strip: a press a third of the way down is a hue of about 240° at once.
+        let before = h.state().session.tools.foreground;
+        press(&mut h, o + vec2(38.0 + 8.0 + field_w + 8.0 + 7.0, 40.0), true);
+        let now = h.state().session.tools.foreground;
+        assert_ne!(now, before, "the strip picks on press");
+        assert!((srgb_hsva(now).h * 360.0 - 240.0).abs() < 8.0, "{:?}", srgb_hsva(now));
+    }
+
+    /// Only the primary button picks: a right or middle press (and its release) on the field or
+    /// the hue strip leaves the foreground colour alone.
+    #[test]
+    fn color_panel_ignores_secondary_and_middle_presses() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.session.tools.foreground = [0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1.0];
+        let mut h = egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(300.0, 300.0)).build_ui_state(
+            |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
+                let at = (ui.cursor().min, ui.available_width());
+                ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(egui::Id::unique("test-origin"), at));
+                color_field(app, ui);
+            },
+            app,
+        );
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::Studio);
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        let (o, w) = h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<(Pos2, f32)>(egui::Id::unique("test-origin"))).unwrap();
+        let field_w = w - 38.0 - 14.0 - 16.0;
+        let field = o + vec2(38.0 + 8.0 + field_w * 0.5, 60.0);
+        let strip = o + vec2(38.0 + 8.0 + field_w + 8.0 + 7.0, 40.0);
+        for at in [field, strip] {
+            for button in [egui::PointerButton::Secondary, egui::PointerButton::Middle] {
+                for pressed in [true, false] {
+                    h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(at));
+                    h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: at, button, pressed, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE });
+                    h.run_steps(1);
+                    assert_eq!(h.state().session.tools.foreground, [0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1.0], "{button:?} pressed={pressed} at {at:?}");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Click the hex field, select its text and type `text` one key per frame.
     fn type_hex(h: &mut egui_kittest::Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, text: &str) {
         use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
@@ -4808,26 +5089,6 @@ mod color_tests {
         }
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn rgb_slider_mode_shows_red_green_blue_rows() {
-        use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
-        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
-        app.ui.color_panel.slider_mode = ColorPanelSliderMode::Rgb;
-        let mut h = egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(300.0, 360.0)).build_ui_state(
-            |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
-                if ui.ctx().fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
-                    color_picker(app, ui);
-                }
-            },
-            app,
-        );
-        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::Studio);
-        h.run_steps(2);
-        for label in ["Red", "Green", "Blue"] {
-            h.get_by_label(label);
-        }
-    }
-
     /// The Color panel's hex readout is editable, with or without the leading `#`.
     #[test]
     fn color_panel_hex_field_takes_a_typed_hex() {
@@ -4836,7 +5097,7 @@ mod color_tests {
         let mut h = egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(300.0, 300.0)).build_ui_state(
             |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
                 if ui.ctx().fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
-                    color_picker(app, ui);
+                    color_field(app, ui);
                 }
             },
             app,
@@ -4971,7 +5232,7 @@ mod color_tests {
         let mut h = egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(300.0, 300.0)).build_ui_state(
             |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
                 if ui.ctx().fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
-                    color_picker(app, ui);
+                    color_field(app, ui);
                 }
             },
             app,
@@ -5014,6 +5275,71 @@ mod color_tests {
         assert_eq!(srgb_bytes(h.state().session.tools.foreground), [0x00, 0x80, 0x00]);
     }
 
+    /// Typing a value into the R, G or B field recolours a selected shape as one undo step per
+    /// field, not one per keystroke.
+    #[test]
+    fn typing_an_rgb_value_recolours_the_selected_shape_in_one_step() {
+        use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
+        use photocraft_doc::{Fill, LayerContent, LayerId};
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 64, "height": 48})).unwrap();
+        let id = LayerId(app.run("shape.create", json!({"rect": [8, 8, 40, 30], "fill": "#000000"})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap());
+        app.ui.tool = crate::state::Tool::Rectangle;
+        app.session.tools.foreground = [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0];
+        let mut h = field_harness(app);
+        let fill = |app: &PhotocraftApp| match &app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().content {
+            LayerContent::Shape(sh) => match &sh.fill {
+                Some(Fill::Solid(c)) => srgb_bytes([c.c[0], c.c[1], c.c[2], 1.0]),
+                _ => panic!("a solid fill"),
+            },
+            _ => panic!("not a shape layer"),
+        };
+        let steps = |app: &PhotocraftApp| app.session.active().unwrap().history.entries().len();
+        let before = steps(h.state());
+        // The only spin buttons are R, G and B, in that order.
+        for (field, text, steps_after, want) in [(1, "128", 1, [0x00, 0x80, 0x00]), (2, "64", 2, [0x00, 0x80, 0x40])] {
+            h.query_all_by_role(egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton).nth(field).unwrap().click();
+            h.run_steps(1);
+            h.key_press_modifiers(egui::Modifiers::COMMAND, egui::Key::A);
+            h.run_steps(1);
+            for ch in text.chars() {
+                h.event(egui::Event::Text(ch.to_string()));
+                h.run_steps(1);
+            }
+            h.key_press(egui::Key::Tab);
+            h.run_steps(2);
+            assert_eq!(fill(h.state()), want, "{text}");
+            assert_eq!(steps(h.state()), before + steps_after, "{text}: one step for the typed value");
+        }
+        // Typing into B again and clicking the field while B still has the focus: two steps, the
+        // click is not part of the typed value.
+        h.query_all_by_role(egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton).nth(2).unwrap().click();
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.key_press_modifiers(egui::Modifiers::COMMAND, egui::Key::A);
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.event(egui::Event::Text("9".into()));
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        assert_eq!(fill(h.state()), [0x00, 0x80, 0x09]);
+        assert_eq!(steps(h.state()), before + 3, "the typed 9");
+        let min = h.ctx.input(|i| i.viewport_rect()).min;
+        click(&mut h, min + vec2(60.0, 10.0));
+        assert_eq!(steps(h.state()), before + 4, "the click after typing");
+        // A sum applies when Enter commits it, after the field let go of the focus: still the
+        // step of the "2" typed before it.
+        h.query_all_by_role(egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton).next().unwrap().click();
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.key_press_modifiers(egui::Modifiers::COMMAND, egui::Key::A);
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        for ch in "2*64".chars() {
+            h.event(egui::Event::Text(ch.to_string()));
+            h.run_steps(1);
+        }
+        h.key_press(egui::Key::Enter);
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        assert_eq!(fill(h.state())[0], 0x80, "2*64");
+        assert_eq!(steps(h.state()), before + 5, "2*64 is one step");
+    }
+
     /// The pro Color panel's hex readout edits the foreground too.
     #[test]
     fn color_field_hex_field_takes_a_typed_hex() {
@@ -5024,47 +5350,40 @@ mod color_tests {
         assert_eq!(srgb_bytes(h.state().session.tools.foreground), [0x00, 0x33, 0x00]);
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn hue_and_saturation_fields_take_values_on_black() {
-        use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
-        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
-        app.session.tools.foreground = [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0];
-        let mut h = egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(300.0, 300.0)).build_ui_state(
-            |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
-                if ui.ctx().fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
-                    hsb_sliders(app, ui);
-                }
-            },
-            app,
-        );
-        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::Studio);
-        h.run_steps(2);
-        // Hue, Saturation, Brightness, typed one key per frame. Black has no hue or saturation of its
-        // own, so the first two used to reset to 0 and this ended on white.
-        for (field, typed) in [(0, "120"), (1, "100"), (2, "100")] {
-            h.query_all_by_role(egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton).nth(field).unwrap().click();
-            h.run_steps(1);
-            for ch in typed.chars() {
-                h.event(egui::Event::Text(ch.to_string()));
-                h.run_steps(1);
-            }
-            h.key_press(egui::Key::Tab);
-            h.run_steps(2);
-        }
-        assert_eq!(srgb_bytes(h.state().session.tools.foreground), [0, 255, 0]);
-    }
-
-    /// The Color field fills the dock group, never shrinks below 120 pt, and ignores a bad height.
+    /// The Color field fills the dock group, shrinks to leave room for the readout in a short group, and ignores a bad height.
     #[test]
     fn color_field_height_fills_the_group() {
         assert_eq!(color_field_height(None, 300.0), 120.0);
         assert_eq!(color_field_height(Some(500.0), 300.0), 468.0);
         assert_eq!(color_field_height(Some(500.0), 200.0), 442.0);
-        assert_eq!(color_field_height(Some(60.0), 300.0), 120.0);
+        assert_eq!(color_field_height(Some(60.0), 300.0), 28.0);
         assert_eq!(color_field_height(Some(f32::NAN), 300.0), 120.0);
         assert_eq!(color_field_height(Some(1.0e9), 300.0), 2000.0);
     }
 
+    /// A squeezed Color group still shows the hex/RGB readout, not only the spectrum field (#6885).
+    #[test]
+    fn docked_color_field_keeps_rgb_readout_at_compact_height() {
+        use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
+        let app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        // Body height after tab strip and margins in a Color group at `compact_height` (130 pt).
+        let inner = 86.0;
+        let mut h = egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(240.0, inner)).build_ui_state(
+            |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
+                if ui.ctx().fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
+                    ui.set_height(inner);
+                    ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(color_field_fill_id(), inner));
+                    color_field(app, ui);
+                }
+            },
+            app,
+        );
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::Pro);
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        assert!(h.query_by_label("R").is_some(), "RGB readout stays visible when the group is short");
+        assert!(h.query_by_role(egui::accesskit::Role::TextInput).is_some(), "hex field stays visible");
+    }
+
     fn field_harness(app: PhotocraftApp) -> egui_kittest::Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
         // 60 fps steps, so two clicks a frame apart are a double-click.
         let mut h = egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(300.0, 200.0)).with_step_dt(1.0 / 60.0).build_ui_state(
@@ -5125,6 +5444,75 @@ mod color_tests {
         }
     }
 
+    /// With a shape tool and a shape layer selected, the field recolours its fill, and each
+    /// gesture is its own undo step: a click, every drag, and a swatch followed by a drag. A drag
+    /// only reaches the field after its press frame, so it must not join the step before it.
+    #[test]
+    fn color_panel_gestures_recolour_the_selected_shape_in_separate_steps() {
+        use photocraft_doc::{Fill, LayerContent, LayerId};
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 64, "height": 48})).unwrap();
+        let id = LayerId(app.run("shape.create", json!({"rect": [8, 8, 40, 30], "fill": "#000000"})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap());
+        app.ui.tool = crate::state::Tool::Rectangle;
+        let mut h = field_harness(app);
+        let is_foreground = |app: &PhotocraftApp| {
+            let fg = app.session.tools.foreground;
+            match &app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().content {
+                LayerContent::Shape(sh) => matches!(&sh.fill, Some(Fill::Solid(c)) if (0..3).all(|i| (c.c[i] - fg[i]).abs() < 0.01)),
+                _ => panic!("not a shape layer"),
+            }
+        };
+        let steps = |app: &PhotocraftApp| app.session.active().unwrap().history.entries().len();
+        let before = steps(h.state());
+        let min = h.ctx.input(|i| i.viewport_rect()).min;
+        click(&mut h, min + vec2(60.0, 10.0));
+        assert!(is_foreground(h.state()));
+        assert_eq!(steps(h.state()), before + 1, "the click");
+        drag(&mut h, min + vec2(120.0, 40.0), min + vec2(250.0, 120.0));
+        assert!(is_foreground(h.state()));
+        assert_eq!(steps(h.state()), before + 2, "the drag is one more step");
+        drag(&mut h, min + vec2(200.0, 60.0), min + vec2(100.0, 150.0));
+        assert_eq!(steps(h.state()), before + 3, "the next drag another");
+        // The drag ended on black, the first swatch: picking the shape's own colour changes
+        // nothing and adds no step (#5568), so take the second swatch.
+        let fg = h.state().session.tools.foreground;
+        let name = h.state_mut().run("swatches.list", json!({})).unwrap()["groups"][0]["swatches"][1]["name"].as_str().unwrap().to_string();
+        crate::swatches_ui::use_swatch(h.state_mut(), &name, false);
+        assert_ne!(h.state().session.tools.foreground, fg, "{name} is another colour");
+        assert_eq!(steps(h.state()), before + 4, "the swatch");
+        drag(&mut h, min + vec2(150.0, 30.0), min + vec2(220.0, 100.0));
+        assert!(is_foreground(h.state()));
+        assert_eq!(steps(h.state()), before + 5, "a drag after a swatch is a step of its own");
+    }
+
+    /// #5568: with a shape tool and a shape layer selected, the Color panel recolours its fill (keeping the fill's
+    /// opacity): a click is one undo step and a whole drag across the field is one more.
+    #[test]
+    fn color_panel_recolours_the_selected_shape_fill() {
+        use photocraft_doc::{Fill, LayerContent, LayerId};
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 64, "height": 48})).unwrap();
+        let id = LayerId(app.run("shape.create", json!({"rect": [8, 8, 40, 30], "fill": [0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.5]})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap());
+        app.ui.tool = crate::state::Tool::Rectangle;
+        let mut h = field_harness(app);
+        let fill = |app: &PhotocraftApp| match &app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().content {
+            LayerContent::Shape(sh) => sh.fill.clone(),
+            _ => panic!("not a shape layer"),
+        };
+        let steps = |app: &PhotocraftApp| app.session.active().unwrap().history.entries().len();
+        let before = steps(h.state());
+        let min = h.ctx.input(|i| i.viewport_rect()).min;
+        // The field's top-left: no saturation, full brightness.
+        click(&mut h, min + vec2(60.0, 10.0));
+        let fg = h.state().session.tools.foreground;
+        assert_eq!(fill(h.state()), Some(Fill::Solid(photocraft_doc::Color::rgba(fg[0], fg[1], fg[2], 0.5))));
+        assert_eq!(steps(h.state()), before + 1);
+        drag(&mut h, min + vec2(120.0, 40.0), min + vec2(250.0, 120.0));
+        let fg = h.state().session.tools.foreground;
+        assert_eq!(fill(h.state()), Some(Fill::Solid(photocraft_doc::Color::rgba(fg[0], fg[1], fg[2], 0.5))));
+        assert_eq!(steps(h.state()), before + 2, "the whole drag is one undo step");
+    }
+
     /// Press at `from`, move to `to` in six steps and release, as egui sees a drag.
     fn drag(h: &mut egui_kittest::Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, from: egui::Pos2, to: egui::Pos2) {
         h.hover_at(from);
@@ -5173,7 +5561,7 @@ mod color_tests {
         assert_eq!(srgb_bytes(h.state().session.tools.foreground), [0, 0, 0], "both corners are black");
         // What the knob is drawn from on the very next frame: the field kept the saturation the
         // drag ended at (not the zero black reads back as), together with the hue.
-        let remembered: (f32, f32) = h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp(egui::Id::new(("color-field-hue", false)))).expect("the field remembers what it showed");
+        let remembered: (f32, f32) = h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp(egui::Id::unique(("color-field-hue", false)))).expect("the field remembers what it showed");
         assert!(remembered.1 > 0.9, "the saturation the corner was dragged to: {remembered:?}");
         let shown = field_hsva(egui::ecolor::Hsva::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0), remembered);
         assert!(shown.s > 0.9, "the knob stays at the right edge, not the left: {remembered:?}");
@@ -5300,7 +5688,7 @@ mod history_transform_tests {
         let steps = h.state().session.active().unwrap().history.entries().len();
         click(&mut h, b[1].0.center());
         let st = h.state().session.active().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(st.snapshots.len(), 1, "the camera takes a snapshot");
+        assert_eq!(st.snapshots.len(), 2, "the camera takes a snapshot, after the first one");
         assert_eq!(st.history.entries().len(), steps, "which is not a history state");
         let docs = h.state().session.documents().len();
         click(&mut h, b[2].0.center());
@@ -5349,11 +5737,13 @@ mod history_transform_tests {
         app.run("history.newSnapshot", json!({})).unwrap();
         let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(300.0, 400.0)).build_ui_state(|ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| history(app, ui), app);
         h.run_steps(2);
-        // The snapshot row's cell is the only 24×38 one (the opening row has no column).
-        let cells: Vec<Rect> = h
+        // Snapshot rows' cells are the 24×38 ones: the opening snapshot (0) first, then the new one.
+        let mut cells: Vec<Rect> = h
             .ctx
             .viewport(|v| v.prev_pass.widgets.layers().flat_map(|(_, w)| w.iter()).filter(|w| w.rect.size() == vec2(24.0, 38.0)).map(|w| w.rect).collect());
-        let cell = *cells.first().expect("a snapshot source cell");
+        cells.sort_by(|a, b| a.top().total_cmp(&b.top()));
+        assert_eq!(cells.len(), 2, "a source cell on each snapshot row");
+        let cell = cells[1];
         click(&mut h, cell.center());
         let st = h.state().session.active().unwrap();
         assert_eq!(photocraft_engine::history_source_cmds::source(st), Some(HistorySource::Snapshot(1)));
@@ -5374,8 +5764,9 @@ mod snapshot_row_tests {
         h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.layers.last().unwrap().surface().unwrap().rgba(1, 1)
     }
 
+    /// The names of the snapshots taken after the first one (the document as opened).
     fn snapshot_names(h: &Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>) -> Vec<String> {
-        h.state().session.active().unwrap().snapshots.iter().map(|s| s.name.clone()).collect()
+        h.state().session.active().unwrap().snapshots.iter().skip(1).map(|s| s.name.clone()).collect()
     }
 
     /// Snapshot rows (#2966) sit under the opening row: clicking one returns to it as a new
@@ -5497,7 +5888,7 @@ mod snapshot_row_tests {
         let p = trash(&h);
         click(&mut h, p);
         let st = h.state().session.active().unwrap();
-        assert!(st.snapshots.is_empty(), "the trash deleted the snapshot");
+        assert_eq!(st.snapshots.len(), 1, "the trash deleted the snapshot (the first snapshot stays)");
         assert_eq!(st.history.entries().len(), steps, "and left the states alone");
 
         // An edit after the click deselects the snapshot: the trash deletes the state.
@@ -5511,7 +5902,7 @@ mod snapshot_row_tests {
         let p = trash(&h);
         click(&mut h, p);
         let st = h.state().session.active().unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(st.snapshots.len(), 1, "the snapshot is kept");
+        assert_eq!(st.snapshots.len(), 2, "the snapshot is kept");
         assert_eq!(st.history.entries().len(), steps - 1, "the current state is deleted");
     }
 
@@ -5524,7 +5915,7 @@ mod snapshot_row_tests {
         let to = trash(&h);
         drag(&mut h, egui::pos2(row.x, row.y), to);
         let st = h.state().session.active().unwrap();
-        assert!(st.snapshots.is_empty(), "the dragged snapshot is deleted");
+        assert_eq!(st.snapshots.len(), 1, "the dragged snapshot is deleted (the first snapshot stays)");
         assert_eq!(st.history.entries().len(), steps, "no state is");
 
         // The second-to-last state: it and the state after it go, as with Delete.
@@ -5537,7 +5928,7 @@ mod snapshot_row_tests {
         drag(&mut h, egui::pos2(row.x, row.y), to);
         let st = h.state().session.active().unwrap();
         assert_eq!(st.history.entries().len(), 1, "the dragged state and the ones after it are deleted");
-        assert_eq!(st.snapshots.len(), 1, "the snapshot is kept");
+        assert_eq!(st.snapshots.len(), 2, "the snapshot is kept");
     }
 
     /// Snapshot rows scroll with the states: many snapshots in a short dock leave the footer and
@@ -5561,6 +5952,78 @@ mod snapshot_row_tests {
         assert!(buttons.iter().all(|b| view.contains_rect(*b)), "footer in view: {buttons:?} in {view:?}");
     }
 
+    /// The top row is the first snapshot, the document as opened: clicking it brings that back
+    /// (the Discord report on #2966: "History original file click does not work").
+    #[test]
+    fn the_top_row_returns_to_the_document_as_opened() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 150})).unwrap();
+        let opened = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layers[0].surface().unwrap().rgba(1, 1);
+        app.run("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+        let name = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.name.clone();
+        let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(300.0, 400.0)).build_ui_state(|ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| history(app, ui), app);
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        h.get_by_label(&name).click();
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        let st = h.state().session.active().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(st.doc.layers[0].surface().unwrap().rgba(1, 1), opened);
+        assert_eq!(st.history.entries().last(), Some(&name));
+    }
+
+    /// ⌥-click on the camera opens New Snapshot (#2966): the name, selected so typing replaces
+    /// it, and From (Full Document, Merged Layers, Current Layer); OK takes the snapshot.
+    #[test]
+    fn alt_click_on_the_camera_opens_new_snapshot() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 150})).unwrap();
+        app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.run("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+        let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(900.0, 700.0)).build_ui_state(
+            |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
+                let ctx = ui.ctx().clone();
+                if !ctx.fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
+                    return;
+                }
+                history(app, ui);
+                crate::dialogs::show(app, &ctx);
+            },
+            app,
+        );
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::ProMedium);
+        h.state_mut().ui.theme = crate::theme::ThemeKind::ProMedium;
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        let mut buttons: Vec<Rect> = h
+            .ctx
+            .viewport(|v| v.prev_pass.widgets.layers().flat_map(|(_, w)| w.iter()).filter(|w| w.rect.size() == vec2(26.0, 26.0)).map(|w| w.rect).collect());
+        buttons.sort_by(|a, b| b.center().x.total_cmp(&a.center().x));
+        let camera = buttons[1].center();
+        let alt = egui::Modifiers::ALT;
+        h.event(egui::Event::ModifiersChanged(alt));
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(camera));
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        for pressed in [true, false] {
+            h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: camera, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed, modifiers: alt });
+            h.run_steps(1);
+        }
+        h.event(egui::Event::ModifiersChanged(egui::Modifiers::NONE));
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().snapshots.len(), 1, "⌥-click opens the dialog instead");
+        assert!(h.state().ui.dialogs.last().is_some_and(|d| crate::snapshot_dialog::owns(&d.fields)));
+        h.get_by_role(egui::accesskit::Role::TextInput).type_text("Red layer only");
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.get_all_by_role(egui::accesskit::Role::ComboBox).find(|n| n.accesskit_node().value().as_deref() == Some("Full Document")).unwrap().click();
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        h.get_by_label("Current Layer").click();
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        h.get_by_label("OK").click();
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        let st = h.state().session.active().unwrap();
+        let snap = st.snapshots.last().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(snap.name, "Red layer only");
+        assert_eq!(snap.doc.layers.len(), 1, "only the current layer");
+        assert!(h.state().ui.dialogs.is_empty());
+    }
+
     /// Renaming belongs to one document: snapshot ids restart in each, so switching tabs must not
     /// carry the edit over to the other document's snapshot with the same id.
     #[test]
@@ -5591,6 +6054,10 @@ mod layer_pct_slider_tests;
 #[path = "fx_drag_tests.rs"]
 mod fx_drag_tests;
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[path = "unsupported_marker_tests.rs"]
+mod unsupported_marker_tests;
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod lock_tests {
     use super::*;
@@ -5645,11 +6112,11 @@ mod swatch_type_tests {
     use super::*;
     use egui_kittest::Harness;
 
-    /// The HSB sliders only act on an edit. Their h/s/v round trip isn't exact for every colour
-    /// (#D8452E isn't), and comparing values used to rewrite the foreground every frame, which
-    /// would recolour selected type the moment it was selected.
+    /// The Color field only acts on an edit. Its h/s/v round trip isn't exact for every colour
+    /// (#D8452E isn't), and writing it back every frame would recolour selected type the moment it
+    /// was selected.
     #[test]
-    fn idle_hsb_sliders_leave_the_foreground_and_selected_type_alone() {
+    fn idle_color_field_leaves_the_foreground_and_selected_type_alone() {
         let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
         app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 400, "height": 200})).unwrap();
         let id = app.run("type.create", json!({"text": "Hello world", "size": 40, "x": 20, "y": 100, "color": "#ffffff"})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap();
@@ -5668,7 +6135,7 @@ mod swatch_type_tests {
             resize: None,
             preedit: None,
         });
-        let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(300.0, 300.0)).build_ui_state(|ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| color_picker(app, ui), app);
+        let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(300.0, 300.0)).build_ui_state(|ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| color_field(app, ui), app);
         h.run_steps(4);
         assert_eq!(h.state().session.tools.foreground, fg);
         let st = h.state().session.active().unwrap();
@@ -5733,8 +6200,8 @@ mod tool_flyout_drag_tests {
         });
         buttons.sort_by(|a, b| a.top().total_cmp(&b.top()));
         let origin = buttons[slot_index].center();
-        let key = egui::Id::new(("tool-slot", slot_index));
-        let flyout_id = egui::Id::new("tool-flyout");
+        let key = egui::Id::unique(("tool-slot", slot_index));
+        let flyout_id = egui::Id::unique("tool-flyout");
         let initial = app.ui.tool;
         frame(&mut app, &ctx, 1.0, vec![egui::Event::PointerMoved(origin), primary(origin, true)]);
         assert!(ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<(egui::Id, Rect)>(flyout_id)).is_none());
@@ -5789,18 +6256,21 @@ mod type_flyout_tests {
         let pointer = |pos, pressed| egui::Event::PointerButton { pos, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed, modifiers: Default::default() };
         frame(&mut app, &ctx, 1.0, vec![egui::Event::PointerMoved(at), pointer(at, true)]);
         frame(&mut app, &ctx, 1.36, vec![]);
-        assert_eq!(ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<(egui::Id, Rect)>(egui::Id::new("tool-flyout"))).map(|(id, _)| id), Some(egui::Id::new(("tool-slot", index))));
+        assert_eq!(
+            ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<(egui::Id, Rect)>(egui::Id::unique("tool-flyout"))).map(|(id, _)| id),
+            Some(egui::Id::unique(("tool-slot", index)))
+        );
         frame(&mut app, &ctx, 1.4, vec![pointer(at, false)]);
         frame(&mut app, &ctx, 1.45, vec![]);
         // The held button's tool is selected, as Photoshop does (#4453).
         assert_eq!(app.ui.tool, Tool::Type);
-        let key = egui::Id::new(("tool-slot", index));
+        let key = egui::Id::unique(("tool-slot", index));
         let menu = ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(key.with("flyout"))).unwrap();
         let row = egui::pos2(menu.left() + 65.0, menu.top() + 39.0 + 8.0);
         frame(&mut app, &ctx, 2.0, vec![egui::Event::PointerMoved(row), pointer(row, true)]);
         frame(&mut app, &ctx, 2.05, vec![pointer(row, false)]);
         assert_eq!(app.ui.tool, Tool::VerticalType);
-        assert!(ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<(egui::Id, Rect)>(egui::Id::new("tool-flyout"))).is_none());
+        assert!(ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<(egui::Id, Rect)>(egui::Id::unique("tool-flyout"))).is_none());
     }
 
     /// #4444: click and hold on Change Screen Mode opens its list like the tool flyouts, without
@@ -5918,7 +6388,7 @@ mod type_flyout_tests {
             let texts = frame_texts(&mut app, &ctx, 3.0 + 0.1 * f64::from(k), vec![]);
             assert!(!texts.contains(&tip(Tool::Eyedropper)), "held {k}: {texts:?}");
         }
-        assert!(ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<(egui::Id, Rect)>(egui::Id::new("tool-flyout"))).is_some(), "the flyout is open");
+        assert!(ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<(egui::Id, Rect)>(egui::Id::unique("tool-flyout"))).is_some(), "the flyout is open");
         // Released, with the flyout still open: none for the held tool or another one.
         frame(&mut app, &ctx, 4.1, vec![pointer(eyedropper, false)]);
         for (start, at, tool) in [(4.5, eyedropper, Tool::Eyedropper), (6.0, brush, Tool::Brush)] {
@@ -5953,7 +6423,7 @@ mod type_flyout_tests {
         });
         buttons.sort_by(|a, b| a.top().total_cmp(&b.top()));
         let at = buttons[index].center();
-        let flyout = |ctx: &egui::Context| ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<(egui::Id, Rect)>(egui::Id::new("tool-flyout"))).is_some();
+        let flyout = |ctx: &egui::Context| ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<(egui::Id, Rect)>(egui::Id::unique("tool-flyout"))).is_some();
         let secondary = |pressed| egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: at, button: egui::PointerButton::Secondary, pressed, modifiers: Default::default() };
         let primary = |pos, pressed| egui::Event::PointerButton { pos, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed, modifiers: Default::default() };
         // A right-click on the button of an open flyout closes it (#4932), so open only a closed one.
@@ -5967,7 +6437,7 @@ mod type_flyout_tests {
         };
         // A press on the flyout itself keeps it open (the row picks on release).
         open(&mut app, 1.0);
-        let menu = ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::new(("tool-slot", index)).with("flyout"))).unwrap();
+        let menu = ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::unique(("tool-slot", index)).with("flyout"))).unwrap();
         frame(&mut app, &ctx, 1.5, vec![egui::Event::PointerMoved(menu.center()), primary(menu.center(), true)]);
         assert!(flyout(&ctx), "a press on the flyout keeps it");
         frame(&mut app, &ctx, 1.55, vec![primary(menu.center(), false)]);
@@ -6011,6 +6481,12 @@ mod type_flyout_tests {
         assert_eq!(j.first(), Some(&Tool::Remove));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn art_history_is_in_the_y_flyout() {
+        let y = TOOL_SECTIONS.iter().flat_map(|section| section.iter()).find(|slot| slot.contains(&Tool::HistoryBrush)).expect("Y group");
+        assert_eq!(*y, [Tool::HistoryBrush, Tool::ArtHistoryBrush]);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn long_press_clone_stamp_selects_pattern_stamp() {
         let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
@@ -6036,10 +6512,13 @@ mod type_flyout_tests {
         let pointer = |pos, pressed| egui::Event::PointerButton { pos, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed, modifiers: Default::default() };
         frame(&mut app, &ctx, 1.0, vec![egui::Event::PointerMoved(at), pointer(at, true)]);
         frame(&mut app, &ctx, 1.36, vec![]);
-        assert_eq!(ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<(egui::Id, Rect)>(egui::Id::new("tool-flyout"))).map(|(id, _)| id), Some(egui::Id::new(("tool-slot", index))));
+        assert_eq!(
+            ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<(egui::Id, Rect)>(egui::Id::unique("tool-flyout"))).map(|(id, _)| id),
+            Some(egui::Id::unique(("tool-slot", index)))
+        );
         frame(&mut app, &ctx, 1.4, vec![pointer(at, false)]);
         frame(&mut app, &ctx, 1.45, vec![]);
-        let key = egui::Id::new(("tool-slot", index));
+        let key = egui::Id::unique(("tool-slot", index));
         let menu = ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(key.with("flyout"))).unwrap();
         let row = egui::pos2(menu.left() + 65.0, menu.top() + 39.0 + 8.0);
         frame(&mut app, &ctx, 2.0, vec![egui::Event::PointerMoved(row), pointer(row, true)]);
@@ -6075,7 +6554,7 @@ mod type_flyout_tests {
         frame(&mut app, &ctx, 1.36, vec![]);
         frame(&mut app, &ctx, 1.4, vec![pointer(at, false)]);
         frame(&mut app, &ctx, 1.45, vec![]);
-        let key = egui::Id::new(("tool-slot", index));
+        let key = egui::Id::unique(("tool-slot", index));
         let menu = ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(key.with("flyout"))).unwrap();
         // The last of the four 26-point rows.
         let row = egui::pos2(menu.left() + 65.0, menu.bottom() - 20.0);
@@ -6100,6 +6579,43 @@ mod type_flyout_tests {
         // The glyph stays inside the button with room for the flyout triangle's corner.
         assert!(toolbar_icon_size(30.0, true) <= 30.0 - 2.0 * 4.0);
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn long_press_y_button_selects_art_history() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::ALL[0]);
+        frame(&mut app, &ctx, 0.0, vec![]);
+        frame(&mut app, &ctx, 0.1, vec![]);
+        let index = TOOL_SECTIONS.iter().flat_map(|section| section.iter()).position(|slot| slot.contains(&Tool::HistoryBrush)).unwrap();
+        let bx = if Tokens::get(&ctx).pro { 30.0 } else { 36.0 };
+        let mut buttons: Vec<Rect> = ctx.viewport(|v| {
+            v.prev_pass
+                .widgets
+                .layers()
+                .flat_map(|(_, w)| w.iter())
+                .filter(|w| w.rect.size() == egui::Vec2::splat(bx) && w.sense.senses_click())
+                .map(|w| w.rect)
+                .collect()
+        });
+        buttons.sort_by(|a, b| a.top().total_cmp(&b.top()));
+        let at = buttons[index].center();
+        let pointer = |pos, pressed| egui::Event::PointerButton { pos, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed, modifiers: Default::default() };
+        frame(&mut app, &ctx, 1.0, vec![egui::Event::PointerMoved(at), pointer(at, true)]);
+        frame(&mut app, &ctx, 1.36, vec![]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<(egui::Id, Rect)>(egui::Id::unique("tool-flyout"))).map(|(id, _)| id),
+            Some(egui::Id::unique(("tool-slot", index)))
+        );
+        frame(&mut app, &ctx, 1.4, vec![pointer(at, false)]);
+        frame(&mut app, &ctx, 1.45, vec![]);
+        let key = egui::Id::unique(("tool-slot", index));
+        let menu = ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(key.with("flyout"))).unwrap();
+        let row = egui::pos2(menu.left() + 65.0, menu.top() + 39.0 + 8.0);
+        frame(&mut app, &ctx, 2.0, vec![egui::Event::PointerMoved(row), pointer(row, true)]);
+        frame(&mut app, &ctx, 2.05, vec![pointer(row, false)]);
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.tool, Tool::ArtHistoryBrush);
+    }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -6220,14 +6736,14 @@ mod toolbar_tests {
                     if ui.ctx().fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
                         toolbar(app, ui);
                         let left = ui.available_rect_before_wrap().left();
-                        ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(egui::Id::new("toolbar-test-left"), left));
+                        ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(egui::Id::unique("toolbar-test-left"), left));
                     }
                 },
                 app,
             );
             PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, theme);
             h.run_steps(2);
-            let left = |h: &egui_kittest::Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>| h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<f32>(egui::Id::new("toolbar-test-left"))).unwrap_or(0.0);
+            let left = |h: &egui_kittest::Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>| h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<f32>(egui::Id::unique("toolbar-test-left"))).unwrap_or(0.0);
             let single = left(&h);
             assert!(!h.state().ui.panels.toolbar_double, "{theme:?}");
 
@@ -6264,6 +6780,38 @@ mod toolbar_tests {
         }
     }
 
+    // Regression test for #2241: Quick Mask and Screen Mode ignored the two-column toolbar and
+    // stayed stacked in one column; in two columns they sit side by side.
+    #[test]
+    fn quick_mask_and_screen_mode_follow_the_toolbar_columns() {
+        for theme in [crate::theme::ThemeKind::Pro, crate::theme::ThemeKind::Studio, crate::theme::ThemeKind::Classic] {
+            let app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+            let mut h = egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(800.0, 1400.0)).build_ui_state(
+                |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
+                    if ui.ctx().fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
+                        toolbar(app, ui);
+                    }
+                },
+                app,
+            );
+            PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, theme);
+            h.run_steps(2);
+            let modes = |h: &egui_kittest::Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>| {
+                (h.get_by_label("Edit in Quick Mask Mode  (Q)").rect(), h.get_by_label("Change Screen Mode  (F)").rect())
+            };
+            let (quick, screen) = modes(&h);
+            assert_eq!(quick.left(), screen.left(), "{theme:?}: one column stacks them");
+            assert!(screen.top() >= quick.bottom(), "{theme:?}: Screen Mode below Quick Mask: {quick:?} {screen:?}");
+
+            h.get_by_label("Toolbar").click();
+            h.run_steps(2);
+            assert!(h.state().ui.panels.toolbar_double, "{theme:?}");
+            let (quick, screen) = modes(&h);
+            assert_eq!(quick.top(), screen.top(), "{theme:?}: two columns put them on one row: {quick:?} {screen:?}");
+            assert!(screen.left() >= quick.right(), "{theme:?}: Screen Mode beside Quick Mask: {quick:?} {screen:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
     fn click(h: &mut egui_kittest::Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, p: egui::Pos2) {
         h.hover_at(p);
         h.run_steps(1);
@@ -6408,7 +6956,13 @@ mod embedding_tests {
     }
 
     fn drawn(h: &egui_kittest::Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, panel: &str) -> bool {
-        egui::containers::panel::PanelState::load(&h.ctx, egui::Id::new(panel)).is_some()
+        egui::containers::panel::PanelState::load(&h.ctx, panel_state_id(&h.ctx, panel)).is_some()
+    }
+
+    /// The rail is drawn inside the canvas panel, so its panel state is keyed under that panel's
+    /// scope: find it by a button only the rail has.
+    fn rail_drawn(h: &egui_kittest::Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>) -> bool {
+        h.query_by_label("Color & Swatches").is_some()
     }
 
     /// An app that embeds the UI can hide the icon rail and the menu bar; both are on by default.
@@ -6418,14 +6972,14 @@ mod embedding_tests {
         assert!(panels.rail && panels.menu_bar);
 
         let h = whole_app(true, true);
-        assert!(drawn(&h, "rail") && drawn(&h, "title_bar"));
+        assert!(rail_drawn(&h) && drawn(&h, "title_bar"));
         assert!(h.query_by_label("File").is_some());
 
         let h = whole_app(false, false);
-        assert!(!drawn(&h, "rail"), "the icon rail is drawn");
+        assert!(!rail_drawn(&h), "the icon rail is drawn");
         assert!(!drawn(&h, "title_bar"), "the title bar is drawn");
         assert!(h.query_by_label("File").is_none(), "the menus are drawn");
-        assert!(drawn(&h, "dock"), "the dock itself stays");
+        assert!(crate::panel_docking::last_bodies(&h.ctx).iter().any(|(id, _)| id == "layers"), "the dock itself stays");
     }
 
     /// Settings saved before the flags existed load with both on.
@@ -6646,6 +7200,7 @@ mod compact_visual_regressions {
                 let mut harness = toolbar_harness(kind, scale);
                 harness.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(pos2(25.0, 100.0)));
                 harness.event(egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+                    source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
                     unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Point,
                     delta: vec2(0.0, -1500.0),
                     modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE,
@@ -6738,7 +7293,7 @@ mod compact_visual_regressions {
                     harness.render().unwrap().save(directory.join(format!("{stem}.png"))).unwrap();
                     let mut regions = serde_json::Map::new();
                     for id in ["options_bar", "toolbar"] {
-                        let r = egui::containers::panel::PanelState::load(&harness.ctx, egui::Id::new(id)).unwrap().outer_rect;
+                        let r = egui::containers::panel::PanelState::load(&harness.ctx, panel_state_id(&harness.ctx, id)).unwrap().outer_rect;
                         regions.insert(id.into(), json!([r.left(), r.top(), r.width(), r.height()]));
                     }
                     let metadata = json!({"screen": [width, height], "scale": scale, "regions": regions});
@@ -6747,6 +7302,7 @@ mod compact_visual_regressions {
                         harness.input_mut().events.extend([
                             egui::Event::PointerMoved(pos2(width * 0.5, 20.0)),
                             egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+                                source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
                                 unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Point,
                                 delta: vec2(-1500.0, 0.0),
                                 modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE,
@@ -6946,6 +7502,7 @@ mod compact_visual_regressions {
                                 events: vec![
                                     egui::Event::PointerMoved(pos2(800.0, 20.0)),
                                     egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+                                        source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
                                         unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Point,
                                         delta: vec2(-100.0, 0.0),
                                         modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE,
@@ -7090,6 +7647,7 @@ mod compact_visual_regressions {
                                     // to step through blend modes (#4512).
                                     egui::Event::PointerMoved(if Tokens::get(&ctx).pro { pos2(width * 0.5, 20.0) } else { pos2(width * 0.5, 2.0) }),
                                     egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+                                        source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
                                         unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Point,
                                         delta: vec2(-1500.0, 0.0),
                                         modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE,
@@ -7168,6 +7726,43 @@ mod properties_target_regressions {
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod navigator_animated_zoom_tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn animated_zoom_off_navigator_buttons_jump_without_a_transition() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 100})).unwrap();
+        app.run("prefs.set", json!({"values": {"general.animatedZoom": false}})).unwrap();
+        app.sync_views();
+        app.ui.views[0].zoom = 1.0;
+        app.ui.views[0].fit_pending = false;
+        let mut h = egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(430.0, 460.0)).build_ui_state(
+            |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
+                if ui.ctx().fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
+                    navigator(app, ui);
+                }
+            },
+            app,
+        );
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::Studio);
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        for (label, direction) in [("Zoom In", 1), ("Zoom Out", -1), ("Zoom Out", -1)] {
+            let before = &h.state().ui.views[0];
+            let zoom = crate::zoom_levels::step(before.zoom, direction, before.doc_size);
+            h.get_by_label(label).click();
+            h.run_steps(2);
+            let view = &h.state().ui.views[0];
+            assert_eq!(view.zoom, zoom, "{label}");
+            assert_eq!(view.display_camera, Some((view.zoom, view.center)), "{label}");
+            assert!(!view.zoom_animating && view.zoom_anchor.is_none() && view.zoom_transition.is_none(), "{label}");
+            assert!(!view.fit_pending, "{label}");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 #[path = "history_panel_select_tests.rs"]
 mod history_panel_select_tests;
@@ -7303,3 +7898,84 @@ mod sampler_readout_tests {
         assert_eq!(sampler_readouts(&mut app).len(), 2, "so does a new sampler");
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod panel_state_migration_tests {
+    use super::{migrate_panel_state, panel_state_id};
+    use egui::containers::panel::PanelState;
+    use egui::{Context, Id, Rect, pos2, vec2};
+
+    fn state(width: f32) -> PanelState {
+        PanelState { outer_rect: Rect::from_min_size(pos2(0.0, 0.0), vec2(width, 600.0)) }
+    }
+
+    /// 0.36 saved `dock` under `Id::new("dock")`; 0.37 reads a parent-scoped key.
+    #[test]
+    fn the_parent_scoped_key_matches_the_panel_egui_shows() {
+        let ctx = Context::default();
+        let mut output = ctx.run_ui(Default::default(), |ui| {
+            egui::Panel::right("dock").exact_size(410.0).show(ui, |ui| ui.set_min_width(ui.available_width()));
+        });
+        output.textures_delta.clear();
+        let key = panel_state_id(&ctx, "dock");
+        assert_eq!(key, ctx.viewport_id().root_ui_id().with("dock"));
+        let panel = PanelState::load(&ctx, key).expect("the panel persisted under its parent-scoped id");
+        assert_eq!(panel.size().x, 410.0);
+        assert_ne!(key, Id::unique("dock"), "the old persisted key is a different id");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn old_panel_widths_move_to_the_new_key_once() {
+        let ctx = Context::default();
+        let old = Id::unique("dock");
+        ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_persisted(old, state(410.0)));
+        migrate_panel_state(&ctx);
+        let new = panel_state_id(&ctx, "dock");
+        assert_eq!(PanelState::load(&ctx, new).map(|p| p.size().x), Some(410.0));
+        assert_eq!(PanelState::load(&ctx, old).map(|p| p.size().x), Some(410.0), "0.36 rollback still reads it");
+
+        // An existing 0.37 value wins, in a partial migration or on a later run.
+        ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_persisted(new, state(290.0)));
+        ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(Id::unique("photocraft-panel-state-migrated"), false));
+        migrate_panel_state(&ctx);
+        assert_eq!(PanelState::load(&ctx, new).map(|p| p.size().x), Some(290.0));
+        assert_eq!(PanelState::load(&ctx, old).map(|p| p.size().x), Some(410.0));
+    }
+
+    /// 0.37 resize → 0.36 rollback resize → upgrade must keep the newer 0.36 width, not the
+    /// stale 0.37 one (the old key stays the only one a 0.36 build writes).
+    #[test]
+    fn a_0_36_rollback_resize_after_0_37_is_picked_up() {
+        use super::remember_panel_state;
+        let ctx = Context::default();
+        let old = Id::unique("dock");
+        let new = panel_state_id(&ctx, "dock");
+        ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_persisted(old, state(410.0)));
+        migrate_panel_state(&ctx);
+        // This 0.37 session resized the dock; the pass-end stamp records it.
+        ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_persisted(new, state(290.0)));
+        remember_panel_state(&ctx);
+        // A 0.36 build then resized the same dock (it writes only the old key).
+        ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_persisted(old, state(330.0)));
+        ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(Id::unique("photocraft-panel-state-migrated"), false));
+        migrate_panel_state(&ctx);
+        assert_eq!(PanelState::load(&ctx, new).map(|p| p.size().x), Some(330.0), "the newer 0.36 width wins");
+        assert_eq!(PanelState::load(&ctx, old).map(|p| p.size().x), Some(330.0), "and stays for a rollback");
+    }
+
+    /// A 0.37 resize after the migration is not overwritten by the unchanged old key.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_0_37_resize_after_the_migration_is_kept() {
+        use super::remember_panel_state;
+        let ctx = Context::default();
+        let old = Id::unique("dock");
+        let new = panel_state_id(&ctx, "dock");
+        ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_persisted(old, state(410.0)));
+        migrate_panel_state(&ctx);
+        ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_persisted(new, state(290.0)));
+        remember_panel_state(&ctx);
+        ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(Id::unique("photocraft-panel-state-migrated"), false));
+        migrate_panel_state(&ctx);
+        assert_eq!(PanelState::load(&ctx, new).map(|p| p.size().x), Some(290.0));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/path_selection_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/path_selection_tests.rs
index 12b1670863..a5d4ee035a 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/path_selection_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/path_selection_tests.rs
@@ -248,7 +248,8 @@ fn clicking_shape_with_path_selection_selects_its_layer() {
     assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap().0, rect_layer);
 }
 
-/// Work paths remain visible (outline) regardless of the active tool. Before the fix,
+/// A work path selected in the Paths panel remains visible (outline) regardless of the active tool
+/// (one that is not selected is hidden, #6551). Before the fix,
 /// `draw_overlay` was gated on `vector_tool` so paths disappeared when switching to Brush, Move,
 /// etc. This test renders the canvas with a Brush tool active and a work path present, then
 /// confirms the path's outline pixels are painted in the accent colour, proving the path is drawn.
@@ -259,6 +260,7 @@ fn path_overlay_drawn_for_non_vector_tools() {
     app.sync_views();
     // Place a work path whose top edge runs exactly along y=10 in document space.
     app.run("path.set", json!({"name": "work", "path": rect_path(50.0, 10.0, 100.0, 80.0)})).unwrap();
+    app.ui.selected_path = Some("work".into());
     // Switch to a non-vector tool — before the fix this hid the path outline.
     app.ui.tool = Tool::Brush;
 
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/paths_scroll_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/paths_scroll_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f29f1943ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/paths_scroll_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+//! Scrolling the Paths panel moves only its list (#6238).
+
+use egui::vec2;
+use egui_kittest::{Harness, kittest::Queryable};
+use serde_json::json;
+
+use crate::PhotocraftApp;
+
+fn harness(paths: usize, size: egui::Vec2, ppp: f32) -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
+    let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(size).with_pixels_per_point(ppp).with_max_steps(64).build_eframe(move |cc| {
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&cc.egui_ctx, Default::default());
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 400, "height": 300})).unwrap();
+        for i in 0..paths {
+            let x = (i % 8) as i32 * 40;
+            app.run("select.rect", json!({"x": x, "y": 20, "width": 30, "height": 30})).unwrap();
+            app.run("select.toWorkPath", json!({"tolerance": 2})).unwrap();
+            app.run("path.rename", json!({"name": "work", "to": format!("Path {}", i + 1)})).unwrap();
+        }
+        // Layers | Channels | Paths: the Paths tab.
+        app.ui.dock_tabs.layers = 2;
+        app
+    });
+    h.run_steps(8);
+    h
+}
+
+/// Scrolling the path list moves the rows and nothing else: the footer's buttons stay where they
+/// are. The Paths panel lays out its own list and footer, but the dock also wrapped it in a
+/// scroll area; at 125 % scaling and some window heights that outer area overflowed by one
+/// physical pixel, took part of the wheel and moved the footer about a pixel down and back up.
+#[test]
+fn scrolling_the_paths_list_does_not_move_the_footer() {
+    // Heights that moved it at 125 % (two bands of window heights), and ones that never did.
+    for (ppp, height) in [(1.25, 520.0), (1.25, 900.0), (1.25, 960.0), (1.0, 900.0), (1.5, 900.0)] {
+        let mut h = harness(30, vec2(1440.0, height), ppp);
+        let footer = |h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>| h.query_by_label("Delete path").map(|r| r.rect().min.y);
+        let rest = footer(&h).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("the footer shows at {ppp}x, {height} high"));
+        let first_row = h.query_by_label("Path 1").unwrap().rect();
+        h.hover_at(first_row.center());
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        for i in 0..40 {
+            // Down to the end of the list and past it, then back up.
+            let dir = if i < 30 { -1.0 } else { 1.0 };
+            h.event(egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+                source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
+                unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Line,
+                delta: vec2(0.0, dir),
+                phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move,
+                modifiers: Default::default(),
+            });
+            h.run_steps(1);
+            assert_eq!(footer(&h), Some(rest), "{ppp}x, {height} high, notch {i}: the footer stayed put");
+        }
+        // The list itself did scroll (the first row is out of view or has moved).
+        let moved = h.query_by_label("Path 1").map(|r| r.rect().min.y) != Some(first_row.min.y);
+        assert!(moved || h.query_by_label("Path 1").is_none(), "{ppp}x, {height} high: the list scrolled");
+    }
+}
+
+/// Channels, Paths and Layers are siblings with the same own-scroll layout, so none is wrapped in
+/// the dock's scroll area.
+#[test]
+fn the_layers_group_tabs_all_scroll_themselves() {
+    use crate::dock::Group;
+    for tab in 0..=2 {
+        assert!(Group::Layers.scrolls_itself(tab), "Layers group tab {tab}");
+    }
+    assert!(!Group::Layers.scrolls_itself(3), "a tab that does not exist is not special");
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/pattern_fill_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/pattern_fill_ui.rs
index 574a221367..33c7b3da3a 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/pattern_fill_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/pattern_fill_ui.rs
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ pub(crate) fn body(app: &PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, V
     let mut scale = num(f, "scale", 100.0);
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("Scale:")).color(Tokens::get(ui.ctx()).text_dim));
-        if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut scale, min as f32..=max as f32, "%", 70.0).changed() {
+        if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut scale, min as f32..=max as f32, "%", 70.0).accessible_name(tl!("Scale:")).changed() {
             f.insert("scale".into(), json!(scale.clamp(min as f32, max as f32)));
         }
     });
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/pen_draw_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/pen_draw_tests.rs
index 57be940bd6..e11bd4abf2 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/pen_draw_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/pen_draw_tests.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 //! The Pen's modifiers while drawing, through the real canvas (#3306): ⌥/Alt breaks the handle
-//! being pulled out and grabs the last anchor's outgoing handle alone, and dragging on the first
+//! being pulled out and grabs either of the last anchor's handles alone, and dragging on the first
 //! anchor closes the path with that anchor's handles pulled out.
 
 use egui::{Key, Modifiers, PointerButton, Pos2, vec2};
@@ -122,6 +122,33 @@ fn alt_breaks_the_handle_being_dragged_and_grabs_the_last_outgoing_handle() {
     assert!(near([k.out_ctrl.x, k.out_ctrl.y], [140.0, 20.0]));
 }
 
+/// #6077: both handles of the last anchor are drawn, so ⌥/Alt grabs either one, as in Photoshop.
+/// Dragging the incoming handle turns it alone; the outgoing handle and the anchors stay put.
+#[test]
+fn alt_drag_turns_the_last_anchors_incoming_handle_alone() {
+    let mut h = harness();
+    click(&mut h, [20.0, 20.0]);
+    drag(&mut h, &[[100.0, 20.0], [120.0, 40.0]], None);
+    let k = h.state().ui.pen.clone().unwrap().knots[1];
+    assert!(near(k[1], [80.0, 0.0]) && near(k[2], [120.0, 40.0]), "smooth anchor pulled out: {k:?}");
+
+    drag(&mut h, &[[80.0, 0.0], [60.0, 30.0]], Some(0));
+    let pen = h.state().ui.pen.clone().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(pen.knots.len(), 2, "no new anchor on the handle");
+    let k = pen.knots[1];
+    assert!(near(k[0], [100.0, 20.0]), "the anchor stayed put: {k:?}");
+    assert!(near(k[1], [60.0, 30.0]), "the incoming handle followed the pointer: {k:?}");
+    assert!(near(k[2], [120.0, 40.0]), "the outgoing handle stayed put: {k:?}");
+
+    click(&mut h, [150.0, 120.0]);
+    h.key_press(Key::Enter);
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    let doc = &h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc;
+    let k = &doc.work_path.as_ref().unwrap().subpaths[0].knots[1];
+    assert!(!k.smooth, "the broken handle is a cusp in the work path");
+    assert!(near([k.in_ctrl.x, k.in_ctrl.y], [60.0, 30.0]) && near([k.out_ctrl.x, k.out_ctrl.y], [120.0, 40.0]));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn opening_a_new_document_finishes_the_previous_pen_path() {
     let mut h = harness();
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/perspective_crop_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/perspective_crop_ui.rs
index 396fb87997..2a696bd5ed 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/perspective_crop_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/perspective_crop_ui.rs
@@ -352,6 +352,36 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(ordered([[10.0, 90.0], [100.0, 5.0], [0.0, 0.0], [90.0, 100.0]]), [[0.0, 0.0], [100.0, 5.0], [90.0, 100.0], [10.0, 90.0]]);
     }
 
+    /// Clicking ⇄ in the rendered options bar swaps W and H, although Perspective Crop never sets
+    /// the Crop tool's W x H x Resolution mode (#7059).
+    #[test]
+    fn the_options_bar_swap_button_swaps_w_and_h() {
+        use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
+        let doc = Document::with_background("p", Size::new(200, 150), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8, Color::WHITE);
+        let mut s = photocraft_engine::Session::new();
+        s.add_document(doc, None);
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(s, crate::Services::default());
+        app.ui.tool = Tool::PerspectiveCrop;
+        app.ui.tool_options.crop_width = "4 in".into();
+        app.ui.tool_options.crop_height = "6 in".into();
+        assert_ne!(app.ui.tool_options.crop_ratio, crate::crop_size::WHR);
+        let mut h = egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(1400.0, 60.0)).build_ui_state(
+            |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
+                if !ui.ctx().fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
+                    return;
+                }
+                crate::panels::options_bar(app, ui);
+            },
+            app,
+        );
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::ProMedium);
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        h.get_by_label("Swaps height and width").click();
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        let o = &h.state().ui.tool_options;
+        assert_eq!((o.crop_width.as_str(), o.crop_height.as_str()), ("6 in", "4 in"));
+    }
+
     /// The pending quad belongs to its document (#1918): switching documents drops it, so it is
     /// never drawn on the other one; on its own document it stays.
     #[test]
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/perspective_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/perspective_ui.rs
index 8afe1113dc..b383184975 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/perspective_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/perspective_ui.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use egui::{Color32, Pos2, Stroke, TextureHandle, pos2};
 use photocraft_algo::perspective::{PerspectiveMap, Plane, Straighten, linked_corners, plane_point, straighten};
-use photocraft_doc::{Document, LayerId};
+use photocraft_doc::{DocId, Document, LayerId};
 use photocraft_geom::Rect;
 use serde_json::{Value, json};
 
@@ -39,6 +39,8 @@ enum Drag {
 
 pub struct PerspSession {
     pub key: u64,
+    /// Document this session belongs to (#5115).
+    pub document: DocId,
     pub layer: LayerId,
     command: String,
     bounds: Rect,
@@ -56,7 +58,7 @@ const GRID: usize = 40;
 
 impl PerspSession {
     pub fn describe(&self) -> Value {
-        json!({"layer": self.layer.0, "mode": self.mode, "planes": self.planes})
+        json!({"document": self.document.0, "layer": self.layer.0, "mode": self.mode, "planes": self.planes})
     }
 
     fn update_grid(&mut self) {
@@ -134,6 +136,7 @@ pub fn begin(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, command: &str) -> Res
     let texture = ctx.load_texture(format!("persp-{key}"), crate::distort_ui::surface_image(&surface, bounds, 2048), egui::TextureOptions::LINEAR);
     let mut s = PerspSession {
         key,
+        document: st.doc.id,
         layer,
         command: command.to_string(),
         bounds,
@@ -255,7 +258,9 @@ pub fn pointer(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ev: ToolEvent, _mods: egui::Modifiers) {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn draw(s: &PerspSession, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform) {
+/// The warped pixels: image content, drawn under the grid and guides like the document so a
+/// guide stays visible across the layer being warped (#7781). The planes and pins are [`draw`].
+pub fn draw_content(s: &PerspSession, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform) {
     let scr = |p: [f64; 2]| xf.to_screen(p[0] as f32, p[1] as f32);
     let mut mesh = egui::Mesh::with_texture(s.texture.id());
     let tint = Color32::from_white_alpha((s.opacity.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 255.0) as u8);
@@ -273,6 +278,11 @@ pub fn draw(s: &PerspSession, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform) {
         }
     }
     painter.add(mesh);
+}
+
+/// The planes, their grids and pins over the warped pixels ([`draw_content`]) and the guides.
+pub fn draw(s: &PerspSession, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform) {
+    let scr = |p: [f64; 2]| xf.to_screen(p[0] as f32, p[1] as f32);
     let accent = crate::theme::Tokens::get(painter.ctx()).accent;
     let warp = s.mode == PerspMode::Warp;
     for p in &s.planes {
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/pixel_grid.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/pixel_grid.rs
index 4ec68ccae4..e7a565ae2a 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/pixel_grid.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/pixel_grid.rs
@@ -176,9 +176,10 @@ pub fn paint(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, painter: &Painter, xf: &ViewXform, idx: us
         cache.grid = Some(GridLines::build(&doc, revision, preview_key, cache_region(visible, doc.bounds())));
     }
     let Some(grid) = &cache.grid else { return };
+    let width = 1.0 / painter.ctx().pixels_per_point();
     for s in &grid.segs {
         let (a, b) = (xf.to_screen(s.from[0] as f32, s.from[1] as f32), xf.to_screen(s.to[0] as f32, s.to[1] as f32));
-        painter.line_segment([a, b], Stroke::new(1.0, s.color));
+        painter.line_segment([a, b], Stroke::new(width, s.color));
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/plugin_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/plugin_ui.rs
index 2b3a7f88c4..b581e6b423 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/plugin_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/plugin_ui.rs
@@ -103,9 +103,6 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn plugin_menu_path_stays_untranslated_in_other_languages() {
         let ja = crate::i18n::Lang::from_code("ja").expect("registered language");
-        // The names on the path must really differ from the English, or the test proves nothing.
-        assert_ne!(crate::i18n::tr(ja, "Filter"), "Filter");
-        assert_ne!(crate::i18n::tr(ja, "Plug-ins"), "Plug-ins");
         let _lang = crate::i18n::language_scope(ja);
         let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
         let path = concat!(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"), "/../plugins/tests/fixtures/invert.wasm");
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/prefs_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/prefs_ui.rs
index b9ed130839..1c7fbddb1e 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/prefs_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/prefs_ui.rs
@@ -236,9 +236,13 @@ pub fn load(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
     }
     app.prefs_rt.loaded = true;
     let mut invalid = Vec::new();
+    let mut stored = None;
     if let Some(text) = app.services.load_prefs.as_mut().and_then(|f| f()) {
         match app.session.load_prefs_json(&text) {
-            Ok(found) => invalid = found,
+            Ok(found) => {
+                invalid = found;
+                stored = serde_json::from_str::<Value>(&text).ok();
+            }
             Err(e) => {
                 let template = "Preferences were reset: {error}";
                 app.ui.status = crate::i18n::fmt(tl!(template), &[("error", &e)]);
@@ -253,12 +257,42 @@ pub fn load(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
     crate::view_cmds::restore(app);
     app.sync_recent();
     app.prefs_rt.saved_rev = app.session.prefs.rev();
-    app.prefs_rt.saved_value = Some(app.session.prefs_value());
+    let loaded = app.session.prefs_value();
+    app.prefs_rt.saved_value = Some(match stored {
+        Some(stored) => stored_base(&loaded, &stored),
+        None => loaded,
+    });
     if !invalid.is_empty() {
         repair_invalid(app, &invalid);
     }
 }
 
+/// The save base after loading `stored`: what was loaded, with the keys the shift tool switch
+/// migration may change (#5647) put back as the file had them, the way [`repair_invalid`] puts
+/// back unreadable values. The migrated value and the new version then differ from the base, so
+/// the next save writes them rather than keeping the old value under a newer version. Every other
+/// key keeps its loaded value, so the three-way merge leaves another instance's changes alone,
+/// also for keys the file doesn't have yet. A file from a newer version keeps its version.
+fn stored_base(loaded: &Value, stored: &Value) -> Value {
+    let mut base = loaded.clone();
+    let Some(obj) = base.as_object_mut() else {
+        return base;
+    };
+    match stored.get("version") {
+        Some(v) if v.as_u64().is_some_and(|v| v > prefs::PREFS_VERSION) => {}
+        Some(v) => {
+            obj.insert("version".into(), v.clone());
+        }
+        None => {
+            obj.remove("version");
+        }
+    }
+    if let (Some(v), Some(tools)) = (stored.pointer("/tools/useShiftKeyForToolSwitch"), obj.get_mut("tools").and_then(Value::as_object_mut)) {
+        tools.insert("useShiftKeyForToolSwitch".into(), v.clone());
+    }
+    base
+}
+
 /// Some saved values couldn't be read and took their defaults (#6611): say which, and write
 /// the defaults over them on the next save so the next launch reads a clean file. The save
 /// base holds the unreadable values, so the three-way merge sees them as changed here and
@@ -487,7 +521,9 @@ pub fn tick(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
     sync_tooltips(app, ctx);
     sync_animations(app, ctx);
     app.sync_recent();
-    if let Some(wait) = persist(app, ctx.input(|i| i.time)) {
+    // Monotonic, not `ctx.input(|i| i.time)`: logic also runs on hidden ticks, where egui's input
+    // time is that of the last UI pass.
+    if let Some(wait) = persist(app, crate::gpu_canvas::now_ms() / 1000.0) {
         ctx.request_repaint_after(std::time::Duration::try_from_secs_f64(wait).unwrap_or_default());
     }
     let style = canvas_style(app);
@@ -584,6 +620,7 @@ fn write_prefs(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ours: &Value) -> Result<(), String> {
     let stored = app.services.load_prefs.as_mut().and_then(|load| load()).and_then(|t| serde_json::from_str::<Value>(&t).ok());
     let text = match (stored, &app.prefs_rt.saved_value) {
         (Some(mut theirs @ Value::Object(_)), Some(base)) => {
+            let base = &without_stale_migration(base, &theirs);
             merge_changes(base, ours, &mut theirs);
             serde_json::to_string_pretty(&theirs)
         }
@@ -593,6 +630,24 @@ fn write_prefs(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ours: &Value) -> Result<(), String> {
     save(&text)
 }
 
+/// The save base without the shift tool switch migration (#5647) once storage already holds a
+/// version 2 file: another instance wrote it, so its Use Shift Key for Tool Switch is a choice,
+/// not the old default this instance migrated. The base then holds the migrated value (on) instead
+/// of the old file's off, so only a change made here since loading is written over that choice.
+fn without_stale_migration(base: &Value, theirs: &Value) -> Value {
+    let mut base = base.clone();
+    let new_file = |v: &Value| v.get("version").and_then(Value::as_u64).is_some_and(|v| v >= 2);
+    if new_file(theirs) && !new_file(&base) {
+        let key = "useShiftKeyForToolSwitch";
+        if let Some(tools) = base.get_mut("tools").and_then(Value::as_object_mut)
+            && tools.get(key) == Some(&Value::Bool(false))
+        {
+            tools.insert(key.into(), Value::Bool(true));
+        }
+    }
+    base
+}
+
 /// Three-way merge of preference trees: whatever `ours` changed since `base` goes over `theirs`
 /// (what storage holds now) and the rest of `theirs` is kept. Objects merge key by key; any
 /// other value, arrays included, is replaced whole.
@@ -654,8 +709,8 @@ fn link_updates(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
         Some(Err(e)) => app.ui.status = e.to_string(),
         None => {}
     }
-    let (last_key, focus_key) = (egui::Id::new("linkWatch.lastScan"), egui::Id::new("linkWatch.focused"));
-    let now = ctx.input(|i| i.time);
+    let (last_key, focus_key) = (egui::Id::unique("linkWatch.lastScan"), egui::Id::unique("linkWatch.focused"));
+    let now = crate::gpu_canvas::now_ms() / 1000.0;
     let focused = ctx.input(|i| i.focused);
     let was_focused: bool = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp(focus_key)).unwrap_or(focused);
     ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(focus_key, focused));
@@ -1197,12 +1252,15 @@ fn gpu_memory_lines(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Vec<String> {
     v
 }
 
+/// The label a preference key shows in the dialog: a few keys have their own wording, the rest
+/// split camelCase into words (`convertToSrgb` → "Convert to srgb").
 fn humanize(key: &str) -> String {
     match key {
         "appearanceMode" => return "Appearance Mode".into(),
         "exrAcesCg" => return "Open color-less EXR as ACEScg".into(),
         "darkTheme" => return "Dark Theme".into(),
         "lightTheme" => return "Light Theme".into(),
+        "automaticallyCheckUpdates" => return "Automatically Check for Updates".into(),
         _ => {}
     }
     // These controls appear only for WebP, so reuse the existing translated labels.
@@ -1228,6 +1286,10 @@ fn humanize(key: &str) -> String {
     }
     // Performance: presentation without vsync (#1343); like the other graphics settings, it
     // takes effect when the window next opens.
+    // File Handling: Photoshop's wording (#8080).
+    if key == "doNotAppendCopy" {
+        return "Do not append \"copy\" to filename when saving a copy".into();
+    }
     if key == "lowLatencyDrawing" {
         return "Low-Latency Drawing (vsync off, applies at next launch)".into();
     }
@@ -1246,14 +1308,21 @@ fn humanize(key: &str) -> String {
             s.push(ch);
         }
     }
-    s.replace("Psd", "PSD").replace("Gpu", "GPU").replace("Ui ", "UI ").replace("Mb", "(MB)").replace("Exif", "EXIF").replace("Hud", "HUD")
+    s.replace("Psd", "PSD")
+        .replace("Gpu", "GPU")
+        .replace("Ui ", "UI ")
+        .replace("Mb", "(MB)")
+        .replace("Exif", "EXIF")
+        .replace("Hud", "HUD")
+        .replace("Lut ", "LUT ")
 }
 
 fn choice_label(v: &str) -> String {
     match v {
+        "exr" => "EXR".into(),
         "cm" => "Centimeters".into(),
         "mm" => "Millimeters".into(),
-        "75" | "80" | "85" | "90" | "95" | "100" | "125" | "150" | "175" | "200" | "250" | "300" => format!("{v}%"),
+        "75" | "80" | "85" | "90" | "95" | "100" | "105" | "110" | "115" | "120" | "125" | "150" | "175" | "200" | "250" | "300" => format!("{v}%"),
         "8" => "8 Bits/Channel".into(),
         "16" => "16 Bits/Channel".into(),
         "postScript" => "PostScript (72 points/inch)".into(),
@@ -1262,6 +1331,8 @@ fn choice_label(v: &str) -> String {
         "dx12" => "DirectX 12".into(),
         "metal" => "Metal".into(),
         "gl" => "OpenGL".into(),
+        "ahd" => "AHD (adaptive homogeneity)".into(),
+        "mhc" => "Malvar–He–Cutler".into(),
         "cpu" => "CPU (no GPU acceleration)".into(),
         v => humanize(v),
     }
@@ -1270,10 +1341,10 @@ fn choice_label(v: &str) -> String {
 /// An editable `#rrggbb` field beside a colour swatch (#668): typing a valid value sets the
 /// colour; while it's being typed a partial value is kept, and it shows the colour otherwise.
 fn hex_field(ui: &mut egui::Ui, key: &str, rgb: &mut [u8; 3]) {
-    let id = egui::Id::new(("pref-hex", key));
+    let id = egui::Id::unique(("pref-hex", key));
     let shown = format!("#{:02x}{:02x}{:02x}", rgb[0], rgb[1], rgb[2]);
     let mut text = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<String>(id)).unwrap_or_else(|| shown.clone());
-    let r = crate::widgets::text_field_ex(ui, id, &mut text, "", 72.0, true, Some(7));
+    let r = crate::widgets::text_field_ex(ui, id, &mut text, "", 72.0, true, Some(7)).accessible_name(tl!("Color"));
     if r.changed()
         && let Some(c) = prefs::parse_hex(&text)
     {
@@ -1321,7 +1392,7 @@ fn prefs_body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>, system: Option<egui
     // The dialog follows the language being edited, so a change shows before OK.
     let lang = crate::i18n::Lang::from_pref(values.pointer("/interface/language").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("auto"));
     let mut search = f.get("__search").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("").to_string();
-    crate::widgets::text_field(ui, ui.id().with("prefs-search"), &mut search, tl!("Search settings…"), ui.available_width(), false);
+    crate::widgets::text_field(ui, ui.scope_id().with("prefs-search"), &mut search, tl!("Search settings…"), ui.available_width(), false);
     let found = preference_sections(&values, &search);
     if !found.iter().any(|(id, _)| *id == section)
         && let Some((first, _)) = found.first()
@@ -1435,7 +1506,7 @@ fn gpu_status_rows(ui: &mut egui::Ui, info: Option<&Value>, adapters: Option<&Va
             let options = prefs::choices("performance.gpuBackend").unwrap_or(&[]);
             let labels: Vec<String> = options.iter().map(|o| choice_label(o)).collect();
             let pairs: Vec<(String, &str)> = options.iter().map(|o| o.to_string()).zip(labels.iter().map(String::as_str)).collect();
-            crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "graphics-backend", &mut current, &pairs, 220.0);
+            crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "graphics-backend", tl!("GPU Backend"), &mut current, &pairs, 220.0);
             obj.insert("gpuBackend".into(), json!(current));
         });
         if !prefs::is_hidden("performance.gpuAdapter") {
@@ -1463,7 +1534,7 @@ fn graphics_adapter_row(ui: &mut egui::Ui, adapters: Option<&Value>, obj: &mut M
     pairs.extend(names.iter().cloned().zip(labels.iter().map(String::as_str)));
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         ui.label(tl!("GPU adapter"));
-        crate::widgets::dropdown_literal(ui, "graphics-adapter", &mut current, &pairs, 320.0);
+        crate::widgets::dropdown_literal(ui, "graphics-adapter", tl!("GPU adapter"), &mut current, &pairs, 320.0);
     });
     ui.label(RichText::new(tl!("Applies at next launch.")).color(Tokens::get(ui.ctx()).text_faint));
     obj.insert("gpuAdapter".into(), json!(current));
@@ -1477,13 +1548,16 @@ fn rendering_mode_row(ui: &mut egui::Ui, obj: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
         let pairs =
             vec![("auto".to_string(), tl!("Automatic (recommended)")), ("gpu".to_string(), tl!("GPU")), ("cpu".to_string(), tl!("CPU / Compatibility"))];
         let previous = current.clone();
-        crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "rendering-mode", &mut current, &pairs, 240.0);
+        crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "rendering-mode", tl!("Rendering Mode"), &mut current, &pairs, 240.0);
         if current != previous {
             obj.insert("renderingMode".into(), json!(current));
             obj.insert("useGpu".into(), json!(current != "cpu"));
         }
     });
     ui.label(tl!("Automatic uses GPU acceleration when available and falls back to CPU rendering on errors."));
+    // Next to the setting, as for System Title Bar (#1677): the renderer is picked when the
+    // window opens, so a change otherwise looks like it did nothing (#7939).
+    ui.label(RichText::new(tl!("Applies at next launch.")).color(Tokens::get(ui.ctx()).text_dim));
     ui.add_space(8.0);
 }
 
@@ -1506,6 +1580,7 @@ fn has_visible_fields(values: &Value, section: &str) -> bool {
 fn export_field_visible(obj: &Map<String, Value>, key: &str) -> bool {
     let format = obj.get("quickExportFormat").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("png");
     match key {
+        "convertToSrgb" | "metadata" => format != "exr",
         "jpegQuality" => format == "jpg",
         "webpLossless" => format == "webp",
         "webpQuality" => format == "webp" && obj.get("webpLossless").and_then(Value::as_bool) != Some(true),
@@ -1542,7 +1617,7 @@ fn theme_swatch(ui: &mut egui::Ui, kind: ThemeKind, id: &str, selected: &mut Str
         egui::Stroke::new(1.0, t.card_border)
     };
     painter.rect_stroke(rect.shrink(1.0), 3.0, stroke, egui::StrokeKind::Inside);
-    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::WidgetType::RadioButton, true, on, &label));
+    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::RadioButton, true, on, &label));
     if resp.on_hover_text(&label).clicked() {
         *selected = id.to_string();
     }
@@ -1556,9 +1631,12 @@ fn theme_swatch(ui: &mut egui::Ui, kind: ThemeKind, id: &str, selected: &mut Str
     ui.painter().circle(center, BADGE, t.card, egui::Stroke::new(1.0, t.card_border));
     let (icon, tint) = if favorite { ("star-filled", t.accent) } else { ("star", t.text_dim) };
     let action = if favorite { tl!("Remove from favorites") } else { tl!("Add to favorites") };
-    let star = egui::Button::image(crate::icons::image(icon, 10.0, tint)).frame(false);
-    let response = ui.put(badge, star).on_hover_text(action);
-    response.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, format!("{action}: {label}")));
+    // Interact and paint without allocating: a widget placed at `badge` would grow the row by the
+    // 4 px the badge overhangs the swatch, re-centring the swatches after this one whenever the
+    // pointer arrives, and oscillating when that moves the swatch out from under it.
+    let response = ui.interact(badge, ui.scope_id().with((id, "favorite")), Sense::click()).on_hover_text(action);
+    crate::icons::paint(ui, badge, icon, 10.0, tint);
+    response.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, format!("{action}: {label}")));
     if response.clicked() {
         if favorite {
             favorites.retain(|saved| *saved != theme);
@@ -1614,7 +1692,7 @@ fn appearance_rows(ui: &mut egui::Ui, obj: &mut Map<String, Value>, system: Opti
         ui.label(RichText::new(tl!("Appearance Mode")).color(t.text_dim));
         let choices: [(String, &str); 3] = [("auto".into(), tl!("Sync with system")), ("dark".into(), tl!("Dark")), ("light".into(), tl!("Light"))];
         let pairs: Vec<(String, &str)> = choices.iter().map(|(id, label)| (id.clone(), *label)).collect();
-        crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "appearance-mode", &mut mode, &pairs, 220.0);
+        crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "appearance-mode", tl!("Appearance Mode"), &mut mode, &pairs, 220.0);
         ui.end_row();
     }
     let light_active = mode == "light" || (mode == "auto" && system == Some(egui::Theme::Light));
@@ -1690,7 +1768,7 @@ const PICK_ID: &str = "prefs-pick-color";
 
 /// The colour swatch clicked this frame, if any: (preference path, label).
 fn ctx_take_pick(ui: &egui::Ui) -> Option<(String, String)> {
-    ui.ctx().data_mut(|d| d.remove_temp::<(String, String)>(egui::Id::new(PICK_ID)))
+    ui.ctx().data_mut(|d| d.remove_temp::<(String, String)>(egui::Id::unique(PICK_ID)))
 }
 
 /// Whether `section.key` gets a generic row for this search (`query`, lowercased; empty matches
@@ -1747,8 +1825,8 @@ fn memory_usage_row(ui: &mut egui::Ui, obj: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
         ui.label(RichText::new(tl!("Memory Usage")).strong());
         let mut mb = obj.get("memoryUsageMb").and_then(Value::as_u64).unwrap_or(8192);
         ui.horizontal(|ui| {
-            ui.label(tl!("Per-document RAM limit (MB)"));
-            if ui.add(egui::DragValue::new(&mut mb).range(256..=1_048_576).suffix(" MB")).changed() {
+            let limit_label = ui.label(tl!("Per-document RAM limit (MB)"));
+            if ui.add(egui::DragValue::new(&mut mb).range(256..=1_048_576).suffix(" MB")).labelled_by(limit_label.id).changed() {
                 obj.insert("memoryUsageMb".into(), json!(mb));
             }
         });
@@ -1764,6 +1842,17 @@ fn memory_usage_row(ui: &mut egui::Ui, obj: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
     ui.add_space(8.0);
 }
 
+/// Settings read only when the app starts, which say "Applies at next launch." under their row.
+fn read_at_launch(path: &str) -> bool {
+    match path {
+        // Only Windows and Linux draw their own title bar.
+        "interface.systemTitleBar" => cfg!(all(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), not(target_os = "macos"))),
+        // The desktop app decides on the control server before its window opens.
+        "integrations.allowAgentControl" | "integrations.controlPort" => cfg!(not(target_arch = "wasm32")),
+        _ => false,
+    }
+}
+
 /// One grid row per setting in `keys` (already filtered by `field_visible`).
 fn field_rows(ui: &mut egui::Ui, section: &str, obj: &mut Map<String, Value>, keys: Vec<String>, lang: crate::i18n::Lang) {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
@@ -1776,7 +1865,7 @@ fn field_rows(ui: &mut egui::Ui, section: &str, obj: &mut Map<String, Value>, ke
             Value::Bool(b) => {
                 ui.label("");
                 let mut b = *b;
-                if path == "interface.systemTitleBar" && cfg!(all(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), not(target_os = "macos"))) {
+                if read_at_launch(&path) {
                     ui.vertical(|ui| {
                         crate::widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut b, &label);
                         ui.label(RichText::new(tl!("Applies at next launch.")).color(t.text_dim));
@@ -1789,9 +1878,9 @@ fn field_rows(ui: &mut egui::Ui, section: &str, obj: &mut Map<String, Value>, ke
             Value::String(s) if path == "interface.language" => {
                 ui.label(RichText::new(tl!(&label)).color(t.text_dim));
                 let mut pairs: Vec<(String, &str)> = vec![("auto".into(), tl!("Auto"))];
-                pairs.extend(crate::i18n::Lang::all().map(|l| (l.code().to_string(), l.name())));
+                pairs.extend(crate::i18n::Lang::for_picker().into_iter().map(|l| (l.code().to_string(), l.name())));
                 let mut cur = s.clone();
-                crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("pref-{path}"), &mut cur, &pairs, 220.0);
+                crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("pref-{path}"), tl!(&label), &mut cur, &pairs, 220.0);
                 obj.insert(k, json!(cur));
             }
             Value::String(s) if prefs::choices(&path).is_some() => {
@@ -1800,7 +1889,7 @@ fn field_rows(ui: &mut egui::Ui, section: &str, obj: &mut Map<String, Value>, ke
                 let labels: Vec<String> = opts.iter().map(|o| choice_label(o)).collect();
                 let pairs: Vec<(String, &str)> = opts.iter().map(|o| o.to_string()).zip(labels.iter().map(String::as_str)).collect();
                 let mut cur = s.clone();
-                crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("pref-{path}"), &mut cur, &pairs, 220.0);
+                crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("pref-{path}"), tl!(&label), &mut cur, &pairs, 220.0);
                 obj.insert(k, json!(cur));
             }
             Value::String(s) if prefs::is_color(&path) => {
@@ -1810,7 +1899,7 @@ fn field_rows(ui: &mut egui::Ui, section: &str, obj: &mut Map<String, Value>, ke
                 ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                     // PhotoCraft's Color Picker, as everywhere else (#2144).
                     if crate::widgets::color_swatch_button(ui, egui::Color32::from_rgb(rgb[0], rgb[1], rgb[2]), &label).clicked() {
-                        ui.ctx().data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(egui::Id::new(PICK_ID), (path.clone(), label.clone())));
+                        ui.ctx().data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(egui::Id::unique(PICK_ID), (path.clone(), label.clone())));
                     }
                     hex_field(ui, &path, &mut rgb);
                 });
@@ -1820,19 +1909,26 @@ fn field_rows(ui: &mut egui::Ui, section: &str, obj: &mut Map<String, Value>, ke
             Value::String(s) => {
                 ui.label(RichText::new(tl!(&label)).color(t.text_dim));
                 let mut s = s.clone();
-                ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut s).desired_width(260.0));
+                ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut s).desired_width(260.0)).accessible_name(tl!(&label));
                 obj.insert(k, json!(s));
             }
             Value::Number(n) => {
-                ui.label(RichText::new(tl!(&label)).color(t.text_dim));
+                let value_label = ui.label(RichText::new(tl!(&label)).color(t.text_dim));
                 let (lo, hi) = prefs::range(&path).unwrap_or((-1e9, 1e9));
                 if n.is_u64() || n.is_i64() {
                     let mut x = n.as_i64().unwrap_or(0);
-                    ui.add(egui::DragValue::new(&mut x).range(lo as i64..=hi as i64).custom_parser(crate::widgets::parse_num));
+                    ui.add(egui::DragValue::new(&mut x).range(lo as i64..=hi as i64).custom_parser(crate::widgets::parse_num)).labelled_by(value_label.id);
                     obj.insert(k, json!(x));
+                    // A row of its own, so the label stays level with its field.
+                    if read_at_launch(&path) {
+                        ui.end_row();
+                        ui.label("");
+                        ui.label(RichText::new(tl!("Applies at next launch.")).color(t.text_dim));
+                    }
                 } else {
                     let mut x = n.as_f64().unwrap_or(0.0);
-                    ui.add(egui::DragValue::new(&mut x).range(lo..=hi).speed(0.1).max_decimals(3).custom_parser(crate::widgets::parse_num));
+                    ui.add(egui::DragValue::new(&mut x).range(lo..=hi).speed(0.1).max_decimals(3).custom_parser(crate::widgets::parse_num))
+                        .labelled_by(value_label.id);
                     obj.insert(k, json!(x));
                 }
             }
@@ -1850,8 +1946,8 @@ fn field_rows(ui: &mut egui::Ui, section: &str, obj: &mut Map<String, Value>, ke
                         ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                             let mut on = d.get("enabled").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(false);
                             let mut path = d.get("path").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("").to_string();
-                            crate::widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut on, "");
-                            ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut path).desired_width(240.0));
+                            crate::widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut on, tl!("Enabled"));
+                            ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut path).desired_width(240.0)).accessible_name(tl!("Path"));
                             *d = json!({"enabled": on, "path": path});
                         });
                     }
@@ -2059,7 +2155,8 @@ fn shortcuts_body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String
                     _ => shown_label,
                 };
                 let sel = selected == *id;
-                if ui.selectable_label(sel, RichText::new(format!("   {name}")).color(t.text_dim)).clicked() {
+                let name_row = ui.selectable_label(sel, RichText::new(format!("   {name}")).color(t.text_dim));
+                if name_row.clicked() {
                     selected = id.clone();
                 }
                 if tab == 0 {
@@ -2072,6 +2169,8 @@ fn shortcuts_body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String
                     let r = ui.add(
                         egui::Button::new(RichText::new(tl!(&text)).size(12.0).color(if changed { t.accent_text } else { t.text })).min_size(vec2(120.0, 18.0)),
                     );
+                    // An unassigned shortcut shows no text: name it by the command it binds.
+                    let r = if text.is_empty() { r.labelled_by(name_row.id) } else { r };
                     if r.clicked() {
                         selected = id.clone();
                         capture = true;
@@ -2111,7 +2210,7 @@ fn shortcuts_body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String
                     let mut col = colors.get(id).cloned().unwrap_or_else(|| "none".into());
                     let opts: Vec<(String, &str)> =
                         ["none", "red", "orange", "yellow", "green", "blue", "violet", "gray"].iter().map(|c| (c.to_string(), *c)).collect();
-                    crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("menu-color-{id}"), &mut col, &opts, 90.0);
+                    crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("menu-color-{id}"), tl!("Color"), &mut col, &opts, 90.0);
                     if col == "none" {
                         colors.remove(id);
                     } else {
@@ -2275,11 +2374,9 @@ fn set_row(
     if !active.is_empty() && !sets.contains_key(&active) {
         active.clear();
     }
-    let now = ShortcutSet { shortcuts: overrides.clone(), alternate_shortcuts: alternates.clone() };
-    let modified = match sets.get(&active) {
-        Some(s) => *s != now,
-        None => now != ShortcutSet::default(),
-    };
+    // The engine decides what a set holds and when it is modified (not the actions' F-keys).
+    let now = ShortcutSet::from_bindings(overrides, alternates);
+    let modified = shortcut_sets::differs(&sets, &active, overrides, alternates);
     let defaults = tl!("PhotoCraft Defaults").to_string();
     let shown = |name: &str| -> String {
         let base = if name.is_empty() { defaults.clone() } else { name.to_string() };
@@ -2294,10 +2391,9 @@ fn set_row(
         ui.label(tl!("Set:"));
         let mut chosen = active.clone();
         let pairs: Vec<(String, &str)> = names.iter().map(|(n, l)| (n.clone(), l.as_str())).collect();
-        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "shortcut-set", &mut chosen, &pairs, 220.0) && chosen != active {
-            let set = sets.get(&chosen).cloned().unwrap_or_default();
-            *overrides = set.shortcuts;
-            *alternates = set.alternate_shortcuts;
+        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "shortcut-set", tl!("Set:"), &mut chosen, &pairs, 220.0) && chosen != active {
+            // As `useSet`: the set's bindings, keeping the actions' F-keys.
+            sets.get(&chosen).cloned().unwrap_or_default().apply(overrides, alternates);
             active = chosen;
             message.clear();
         }
@@ -2429,7 +2525,7 @@ fn presets_body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String,
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         ui.label(RichText::new(tl!("Preset Type")).color(t.text_dim));
         let opts = [("brushes".to_string(), tl!("Brushes")), ("customShapes".to_string(), tl!("Custom Shapes")), ("patterns".to_string(), tl!("Patterns"))];
-        crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "preset-kind", &mut kind, &opts, 180.0);
+        crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "preset-kind", tl!("Type"), &mut kind, &opts, 180.0);
     });
     let list = app
         .session
@@ -2452,7 +2548,7 @@ fn presets_body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String,
     });
     let mut new_name = f.get("newName").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("").to_string();
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
-        ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut new_name).desired_width(200.0));
+        ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut new_name).desired_width(200.0)).accessible_name(tl!("Name"));
         if ui.add_enabled(selected < list.len() && !new_name.trim().is_empty(), egui::Button::new(tl!("Rename"))).clicked() {
             let _ = app.run("edit.presets.presetManager", json!({"action": "rename", "kind": kind, "index": selected, "newName": new_name}));
         }
@@ -2477,6 +2573,7 @@ fn presets_io_body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
         crate::widgets::dropdown(
             ui,
             "presets-io",
+            tl!("Action"),
             &mut action,
             &[("export".to_string(), tl!("Export Presets")), ("import".to_string(), tl!("Import Presets"))],
             180.0,
@@ -2666,6 +2763,28 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(h.state()["memoryUsageMb"], 50000);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn graphics_dropdowns_are_named_for_their_settings() {
+        use egui::accesskit::Role;
+        use egui_kittest::Harness;
+        use egui_kittest::kittest::{NodeT, Queryable};
+
+        let obj = json!({"gpuBackend": "auto", "gpuAdapter": ""}).as_object().unwrap().clone();
+        let mut h = Harness::builder()
+            .with_size(vec2(700.0, 500.0))
+            .with_context_setup(|ctx| PhotocraftApp::setup_context(ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::ALL[0]))
+            .build_ui_state(|ui, obj| gpu_status_rows(ui, None, None, obj), obj);
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        h.get_by_label("Advanced").click();
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        let labels: Vec<String> = h.query_all_by_role(Role::ComboBox).filter_map(|n| n.accesskit_node().label()).collect();
+        assert!(labels.iter().any(|label| label == "GPU Backend"), "{labels:?}");
+        if cfg!(target_os = "linux") {
+            assert!(labels.iter().any(|label| label == "GPU adapter"), "{labels:?}");
+        }
+        assert!(!labels.iter().any(|label| label == "Graphics"), "the section title names neither control: {labels:?}");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn colour_preferences_take_a_typed_hex_value() {
         // #668: the canvas colour (and every colour preference) showed its hex but couldn't take one.
@@ -2713,6 +2832,10 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(export_field_visible(&obj, "webpQuality"));
         assert_eq!(humanize("webpLossless"), "Lossless");
         assert_eq!(humanize("webpQuality"), "Quality");
+        obj.insert("quickExportFormat".into(), json!("exr"));
+        for key in ["jpegQuality", "webpLossless", "webpQuality", "convertToSrgb", "metadata"] {
+            assert!(!export_field_visible(&obj, key), "EXR must not offer ignored web settings: {key}");
+        }
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -3114,6 +3237,27 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(dark, vec![ThemeKind::Studio]);
     }
 
+    /// The favourite star badge overhangs its swatch; showing it on hover must not move the swatches
+    /// after it, or the row would shift under the pointer.
+    #[test]
+    fn theme_star_badge_on_hover_does_not_move_the_next_swatch() {
+        use egui_kittest::{Harness, kittest::Queryable};
+        let (mut app, _) = app_with_store();
+        open_preferences(&mut app, "interface");
+        let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(1280.0, 800.0)).build_eframe(move |cc| {
+            PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&cc.egui_ctx, Default::default());
+            app
+        });
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        let first = h.get_by_label("Classic").rect();
+        let next = h.get_by_label("Adwaita").rect();
+        h.hover_at(first.right_top() + vec2(-3.0, 3.0));
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        assert!(h.query_by_label("Add to favorites: Classic").is_some(), "the badge shows while the swatch is hovered");
+        assert_eq!(h.get_by_label("Classic").rect(), first);
+        assert_eq!(h.get_by_label("Adwaita").rect(), next);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn preferences_interface_shows_language_without_scrolling() {
         // #2532: in a small window the theme cards filled the page and Language sat out of view
@@ -3127,8 +3271,8 @@ mod tests {
             app
         });
         h.run_steps(4);
-        let language = h.get_by_label("Language").rect();
-        let dark = h.get_by_label("Dark Theme").rect();
+        let language = h.query_all_by_label("Language").next().expect("the Language row").rect();
+        let dark = h.query_all_by_label("Dark Theme").next().expect("the dark theme row").rect();
         let ok = h.get_by_label("OK").rect();
         assert!(dark.bottom() < language.top(), "Presentation {language:?} follows the theme swatches {dark:?}");
         assert!(language.bottom() < ok.top() - 20.0, "Language {language:?} must show above the buttons {ok:?} without scrolling");
@@ -3175,34 +3319,6 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Every generated preference label, section title and choice label has an entry in each
-    /// language that claims complete menus (Japanese, Traditional Chinese, ...).
-    #[test]
-    fn preference_labels_are_translated() {
-        let session = photocraft_engine::Session::new();
-        let v: Value = serde_json::from_str(&session.prefs_to_json()).expect("prefs json");
-        for lang in crate::i18n::Lang::all().filter(|l| l.complete_menus()) {
-            let mut missing = Vec::new();
-            for (sec, title) in SECTIONS {
-                if !crate::i18n::has(lang, title) {
-                    missing.push(title.to_string());
-                }
-                let Some(obj) = v.get(sec).and_then(Value::as_object) else { continue };
-                for k in obj.keys() {
-                    if sec == "interface" && k == "favoriteThemes" {
-                        continue; // Rendered as star controls beside the theme choices.
-                    }
-                    let mut labels = vec![humanize(k)];
-                    labels.extend(prefs::choices(&format!("{sec}.{k}")).into_iter().flatten().map(|c| choice_label(c)));
-                    missing.extend(labels.into_iter().filter(|l| !crate::i18n::has(lang, l)));
-                }
-            }
-            missing.sort();
-            missing.dedup();
-            assert!(missing.is_empty(), "{}: untranslated preference labels: {missing:#?}", lang.code());
-        }
-    }
-
     fn app_with_store() -> (PhotocraftApp, Arc<Mutex<Option<String>>>) {
         app_with_saved(None)
     }
@@ -3266,6 +3382,106 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(next.session.prefs().file_handling.autosave_minutes, 5);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn an_old_files_shift_tool_switch_migration_is_saved_with_the_new_version() {
+        // #5647: a file before version 2 loads with Use Shift Key for Tool Switch on. Saving
+        // writes that and the current version, so turning it off later isn't taken for the old
+        // default on the next launch.
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        for saved in [
+            json!({"version": 1, "tools": {"useShiftKeyForToolSwitch": false}, "futureSection": {"kept": true}}),
+            json!({"tools": {"useShiftKeyForToolSwitch": false}, "futureSection": {"kept": true}}),
+        ] {
+            let (mut app, store) = app_with_saved(Some(saved.to_string()));
+            tick(&mut app, &ctx);
+            assert!(app.session.prefs().tools.use_shift_key_for_tool_switch, "{saved}");
+            app.run("prefs.set", json!({"values": {"performance.historyStates": 12}})).unwrap();
+            tick(&mut app, &ctx);
+            let v = stored(&store);
+            assert_eq!(v["version"], json!(prefs::PREFS_VERSION), "{saved}");
+            assert_eq!(v["tools"]["useShiftKeyForToolSwitch"], true, "{saved}");
+            assert_eq!(v["futureSection"]["kept"], true, "keys this version doesn't know survive");
+            app.run("prefs.set", json!({"values": {"tools.useShiftKeyForToolSwitch": false}})).unwrap();
+            tick(&mut app, &ctx);
+            let (mut next, _) = app_with_saved(store.lock().unwrap().clone());
+            tick(&mut next, &ctx);
+            assert!(!next.session.prefs().tools.use_shift_key_for_tool_switch, "{saved}: turned off, it stays off");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn an_old_sparse_file_keeps_another_instances_change() {
+        // Two instances on a version 1 file that lacks most keys: one changes a key the file
+        // doesn't have, the other then saves an unrelated change and must not write its default
+        // over it.
+        let saved = json!({"version": 1, "tools": {"useShiftKeyForToolSwitch": false}});
+        let store = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Some(saved.to_string())));
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let (mut a, mut b) = (app_on(&store, Arc::default()), app_on(&store, Arc::default()));
+        tick(&mut a, &ctx);
+        tick(&mut b, &ctx);
+        b.run("prefs.set", json!({"values": {"interface.theme": "studio"}})).unwrap();
+        tick(&mut b, &ctx);
+        assert_eq!(stored(&store)["interface"]["theme"], "studio");
+        a.run("prefs.set", json!({"values": {"performance.historyStates": 12}})).unwrap();
+        tick(&mut a, &ctx);
+        let v = stored(&store);
+        assert_eq!((v["interface"]["theme"].as_str(), v["performance"]["historyStates"].as_u64()), (Some("studio"), Some(12)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn another_instances_shift_tool_switch_choice_beats_this_ones_migration() {
+        // Two instances migrate the same version 1 file. One turns the switch off and saves
+        // version 2; the other's unrelated save must not write its migrated "on" over that.
+        let saved = json!({"version": 1, "tools": {"useShiftKeyForToolSwitch": false}});
+        let store = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Some(saved.to_string())));
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let (mut a, mut b) = (app_on(&store, Arc::default()), app_on(&store, Arc::default()));
+        tick(&mut a, &ctx);
+        tick(&mut b, &ctx);
+        b.run("prefs.set", json!({"values": {"tools.useShiftKeyForToolSwitch": false}})).unwrap();
+        tick(&mut b, &ctx);
+        assert_eq!(stored(&store)["tools"]["useShiftKeyForToolSwitch"], false);
+        a.run("prefs.set", json!({"values": {"performance.historyStates": 12}})).unwrap();
+        tick(&mut a, &ctx);
+        let v = stored(&store);
+        assert_eq!((v["tools"]["useShiftKeyForToolSwitch"].as_bool(), v["performance"]["historyStates"].as_u64()), (Some(false), Some(12)));
+        assert_eq!(v["version"], json!(prefs::PREFS_VERSION));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn turning_the_shift_tool_switch_off_is_saved_over_another_instances_migration() {
+        // Two instances migrate the same version 1 file. B saves version 2 with the migrated "on";
+        // the user then turns the switch off in A, which must be written.
+        let saved = json!({"version": 1, "tools": {"useShiftKeyForToolSwitch": false}});
+        let store = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Some(saved.to_string())));
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let (mut a, mut b) = (app_on(&store, Arc::default()), app_on(&store, Arc::default()));
+        tick(&mut a, &ctx);
+        tick(&mut b, &ctx);
+        b.run("prefs.set", json!({"values": {"performance.historyStates": 12}})).unwrap();
+        tick(&mut b, &ctx);
+        assert_eq!(stored(&store)["tools"]["useShiftKeyForToolSwitch"], true);
+        a.run("prefs.set", json!({"values": {"tools.useShiftKeyForToolSwitch": false}})).unwrap();
+        tick(&mut a, &ctx);
+        let v = stored(&store);
+        assert_eq!((v["tools"]["useShiftKeyForToolSwitch"].as_bool(), v["performance"]["historyStates"].as_u64()), (Some(false), Some(12)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_newer_files_version_is_kept_on_save() {
+        let saved = json!({"version": prefs::PREFS_VERSION + 1, "tools": {"useShiftKeyForToolSwitch": false}});
+        let (mut app, store) = app_with_saved(Some(saved.to_string()));
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        tick(&mut app, &ctx);
+        assert!(!app.session.prefs().tools.use_shift_key_for_tool_switch, "a newer file isn't migrated");
+        app.run("prefs.set", json!({"values": {"performance.historyStates": 12}})).unwrap();
+        tick(&mut app, &ctx);
+        let v = stored(&store);
+        assert_eq!(v["version"], json!(prefs::PREFS_VERSION + 1));
+        assert_eq!(v["performance"]["historyStates"], 12);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn merge_keeps_changes_made_elsewhere() {
         let base = json!({"a": {"x": 1, "y": 1}, "list": [1], "gone": 1, "kept": 1});
@@ -3405,7 +3621,21 @@ mod tests {
             step(vec2(2560.0, 1440.0), 1.75, 1.75);
             step(vec2(3840.0, 2160.0), 1.0, 1.0);
         }
-        for (pref, expected) in [("200", 2.0), ("125", 1.25), ("150", 1.5), ("100", 1.0), ("95", 0.95), ("90", 0.9), ("85", 0.85), ("80", 0.8), ("auto", 1.5)] {
+        for (pref, expected) in [
+            ("200", 2.0),
+            ("125", 1.25),
+            ("150", 1.5),
+            ("100", 1.0),
+            ("105", 1.05),
+            ("110", 1.1),
+            ("115", 1.15),
+            ("120", 1.2),
+            ("95", 0.95),
+            ("90", 0.9),
+            ("85", 0.85),
+            ("80", 0.8),
+            ("auto", 1.5),
+        ] {
             app.run("prefs.set", json!({"values": {"interface.uiScale": pref}})).unwrap();
             let mut input = egui::RawInput::default();
             input.viewports.get_mut(&egui::ViewportId::ROOT).unwrap().native_pixels_per_point = Some(1.5);
@@ -3415,6 +3645,31 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn intermediate_ui_scale_choices_can_be_applied_from_preferences() {
+        use egui_kittest::{Harness, kittest::Queryable};
+        let (mut app, store) = app_with_store();
+        app.run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "interface.uiScale", "value": "100"})).unwrap();
+        open_preferences(&mut app, "interface");
+        let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(1400.0, 1100.0)).build_eframe(move |cc| {
+            PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&cc.egui_ctx, Default::default());
+            app
+        });
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        let mut current = "100%";
+        for (label, value) in [("105%", "105"), ("110%", "110"), ("115%", "115"), ("120%", "120")] {
+            h.get_by_value(current).click();
+            h.run_steps(2);
+            h.get_by_label(label).click();
+            h.run_steps(2);
+            h.get_by_label("Apply").click();
+            h.run_steps(4);
+            assert_eq!(h.state().session.prefs().interface.ui_scale.name(), value);
+            assert_eq!(stored(&store)["interface"]["uiScale"], value);
+            current = label;
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn ui_font_size_commands_follow_themes_and_dpi_and_reset_live() {
         let (mut app, _) = app_with_store();
@@ -3853,6 +4108,26 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn view_snap_off_survives_a_restart() {
+        let (mut app, store) = app_with_store();
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        tick(&mut app, &ctx);
+        assert!(app.ui.extras.snap, "on by default");
+        crate::menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "view.snap", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert!(!app.ui.extras.snap);
+        crate::view_cmds::persist(&mut app, &ctx);
+        tick(&mut app, &ctx);
+        assert_eq!(stored(&store)["viewExtras"], json!({"snap": false}));
+        let saved = store.lock().unwrap().clone().unwrap();
+        let (mut app2, _) = app_with_saved(Some(saved));
+        tick(&mut app2, &ctx);
+        assert!(!app2.ui.extras.snap, "still off after a restart");
+        crate::menus::invoke(&mut app2, &ctx, "view.snap", json!({})).unwrap();
+        crate::view_cmds::persist(&mut app2, &ctx);
+        assert!(app2.session.prefs().view_extras.is_null());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn show_tooltips_preferences_turn_tooltips_off() {
         let (mut app, _) = app_with_store();
@@ -3899,10 +4174,12 @@ mod tests {
         let values = prefs::Preferences::default().to_json();
         assert!(has_visible_fields(&values, "general"));
         assert!(has_visible_fields(&values, "fileHandling"));
-        // Every setting of these sections is still unimplemented.
-        for section in ["integrations", "scratchDisks"] {
-            assert!(!has_visible_fields(&values, section), "{section}");
-        }
+        // Every setting of this section is still unimplemented.
+        assert!(!has_visible_fields(&values, "scratchDisks"), "scratchDisks");
+        // Allow Agent Control and Control Port are read at launch (apps/photocraft main.rs).
+        assert!(has_visible_fields(&values, "integrations"));
+        assert!(!prefs::is_hidden("integrations.allowAgentControl"));
+        assert!(!prefs::is_hidden("integrations.controlPort"));
         // "Fill new type layers with placeholder text" and "Use Escape to Commit" are live; other Type rows stay hidden.
         assert!(has_visible_fields(&values, "type"));
         assert!(!prefs::is_hidden("type.fillNewTypeLayersWithPlaceholder"));
@@ -3916,12 +4193,15 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(!prefs::is_hidden("enhancedControls.zoomWithTrackpadPinch"));
         assert!(!prefs::is_hidden("enhancedControls.touchGestures"));
         assert!(prefs::is_hidden("enhancedControls.scrubbySliderAcceleration"));
-        // Camera Raw Defaults shows only "Open in Camera Raw" so far.
+        // Camera Raw Defaults are all live: the dialog's Open applies them (camera_raw_ui).
         assert!(has_visible_fields(&values, "rawDefaults"));
-        assert!(!prefs::is_hidden("rawDefaults.openInCameraRaw"));
-        assert!(prefs::is_hidden("rawDefaults.applyAutoTone"));
+        for k in ["openInCameraRaw", "demosaic", "applyAutoTone", "colorSpace", "bitDepth", "resolution", "sharpenFor", "openAsSmartObject", "writeXmpSidecars"]
+        {
+            assert!(!prefs::is_hidden(&format!("rawDefaults.{k}")), "{k}");
+        }
         assert!(!prefs::is_hidden("general.autoShowHomeScreen"));
         assert!(!prefs::is_hidden("general.animatedZoom"));
+        assert!(!prefs::is_hidden("general.zoomResizesWindows"));
         assert!(!prefs::is_hidden("interface.uiScale"));
         assert!(!prefs::is_hidden("interface.uiFontSize"));
         // Hidden values still round-trip through the dialog untouched.
@@ -4123,6 +4403,42 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(h.state().custom_titlebar);
     }
 
+    /// #7939: switching Rendering Mode waits for the next launch, and says so next to the setting.
+    #[test]
+    fn rendering_mode_explains_next_launch() {
+        use egui_kittest::{Harness, kittest::Queryable};
+        let obj = json!({"renderingMode": "auto", "historyStates": 50}).as_object().unwrap().clone();
+        let mut h = Harness::new_ui_state(
+            |ui, obj: &mut Map<String, Value>| section_fields(ui, "performance", obj, &[], crate::i18n::Lang::from_pref("en"), None, ""),
+            obj,
+        );
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        assert!(h.query_all_by_label("Rendering Mode").next().is_some(), "the Rendering Mode setting");
+        assert!(h.query_all_by_label("Applies at next launch.").next().is_some(), "its next-launch notice");
+        // A search that leaves Rendering Mode out leaves its notice out too.
+        let obj = json!({"renderingMode": "auto", "historyStates": 50}).as_object().unwrap().clone();
+        let mut h = Harness::new_ui_state(
+            |ui, obj: &mut Map<String, Value>| section_fields(ui, "performance", obj, &[], crate::i18n::Lang::from_pref("en"), None, "history"),
+            obj,
+        );
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        assert!(h.query_by_label("Applies at next launch.").is_none());
+    }
+
+    /// #4097: Allow Agent Control and Control Port are read when the app starts, and say so.
+    #[test]
+    fn integrations_explain_next_launch() {
+        use egui_kittest::{Harness, kittest::Queryable};
+        let obj = json!({"allowAgentControl": true, "controlPort": 0}).as_object().unwrap().clone();
+        let mut h = Harness::new_ui_state(
+            |ui, obj: &mut Map<String, Value>| section_fields(ui, "integrations", obj, &[], crate::i18n::Lang::from_pref("en"), None, ""),
+            obj,
+        );
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        h.get_by_label("Allow agent control");
+        assert_eq!(h.query_all_by_label("Applies at next launch.").count(), 2, "one notice under each row");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn next_launch_notice_does_not_mark_unrelated_interface_preferences() {
         use egui_kittest::{Harness, kittest::Queryable};
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/preset_files_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/preset_files_ui.rs
index 85a2a08653..74be08360c 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/preset_files_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/preset_files_ui.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 //! Preset files opened like documents (File › Open, drag-and-drop, the Brushes panel's
 //! Import Brushes…, the Preset Manager's Load…): Photoshop brushes (`.abr`) go to the brush
 //! library through `brush.presets.importAbr`, gradients (`.grd`) to the Gradients panel through
-//! `gradient.presets.importGrd`, swatches (`.aco`, `.act`, `.ase`) to the Swatches panel through
+//! `gradient.presets.importGrd`, layer styles (`.asl`) to the Styles panel through
+//! `style.presets.importAsl`, swatches (`.aco`, `.act`, `.ase`) to the Swatches panel through
 //! `swatches.import`, patterns (`.pat`) to the Patterns panel through `pattern.import`, keyboard
 //! shortcut sets (`.kys`) to Edit › Keyboard Shortcuts through
 //! [`crate::kys_import`], instead of opening as documents. Import Brushes… also takes an image
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ use crate::PhotocraftApp;
 /// the Swatches panel through [`crate::swatches_ui::import_bytes`]).
 /// `.psp` is Photoshop's live `Keyboard Shortcuts.psp` (the same XML as a `.kys`); other `.psp`
 /// settings files are refused with a clear message.
-pub const PRESET_EXTS: &[&str] = &["abr", "grd", "pat", "aco", "act", "ase", "kys", "psp"];
+pub const PRESET_EXTS: &[&str] = &["abr", "grd", "asl", "pat", "aco", "act", "ase", "kys", "psp"];
 
 fn ext(name: &str) -> String {
     std::path::Path::new(name).extension().map(|e| e.to_string_lossy().to_ascii_lowercase()).unwrap_or_default()
@@ -88,6 +89,7 @@ pub fn open(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, name: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<Result<
     let (cmd, what) = match ext(name).as_str() {
         "abr" => ("brush.presets.importAbr", "brushes"),
         "grd" => ("gradient.presets.importGrd", "gradients"),
+        "asl" => ("style.presets.importAsl", "styles"),
         "pat" => ("pattern.import", "patterns"),
         "aco" | "act" | "ase" => return Some(crate::swatches_ui::import_bytes(app, name, bytes, false).map(|_| ())),
         "kys" | "psp" => return Some(crate::kys_import::open_bytes(app, name, bytes).map(|_| ())),
@@ -112,6 +114,7 @@ pub fn open(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, name: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<Result<
         app.ui.status_error = false;
         let (one, other) = match what {
             "brushes" => ("Imported {n} brush from {file}", "Imported {n} brushes from {file}"),
+            "styles" => ("Imported {n} style from {file}", "Imported {n} styles from {file}"),
             "patterns" => ("Imported {n} pattern from {file}", "Imported {n} patterns from {file}"),
             _ => ("Imported {n} gradient from {file}", "Imported {n} gradients from {file}"),
         };
@@ -128,6 +131,9 @@ pub fn open(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, name: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<Result<
             app.ui.panels.brush_settings = true;
             app.ui.brush_tab = 1;
         }
+        if what == "styles" {
+            app.ui.presets_ui.styles = true;
+        }
     }))
 }
 
@@ -139,6 +145,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn recognises_preset_files() {
         assert!(is_preset_file("/a/b/Set.ABR"));
         assert!(is_preset_file("sunsets.grd"));
+        assert!(is_preset_file("Comic Styles.ASL"));
         assert!(is_preset_file("Brand.ACO"));
         assert!(is_preset_file("exchange.ase"));
         assert!(is_preset_file("Debaser-ColourLibrary-Part6.PAT"));
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/preset_panels.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/preset_panels.rs
index b52f1400d7..1542c914dd 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/preset_panels.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/preset_panels.rs
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ pub(crate) fn run(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, id: &str, p: Value) -> Option<Value>
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------ textures
 
 fn cached_texture(ctx: &egui::Context, key: impl std::hash::Hash + std::fmt::Debug, make: impl FnOnce() -> ColorImage) -> TextureHandle {
-    let id = egui::Id::new(("preset-tex", key));
+    let id = egui::Id::unique(("preset-tex", key));
     if let Some(t) = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<TextureHandle>(id)) {
         return t;
     }
@@ -223,8 +223,8 @@ fn pattern_texture(ctx: &egui::Context, pat: &photocraft_doc::Pattern) -> Textur
     cached_texture(ctx, ("pattern", pat.id.clone()), || {
         let (w, h) = (pat.width.max(1), pat.height.max(1));
         let fmt = pat.surface.format();
-        let px = pat.surface.read_region(photocraft_geom::Rect::new(0, 0, w as i32, h as i32));
-        let n = fmt.channels();
+        // Only the pixels the swatch shows are read: a pattern file can declare a padded source
+        // of any size, and reading it whole to pick 4096 of its pixels is gigabytes of floats.
         // Tiles smaller than the swatch repeat; larger ones are shown shrunk.
         const S: u32 = 64;
         let step = (w.max(h) as f32 / S as f32).max(1.0);
@@ -233,8 +233,8 @@ fn pattern_texture(ctx: &egui::Context, pat: &photocraft_doc::Pattern) -> Textur
             for x in 0..S {
                 let sx = ((x as f32 * step) as u32) % w;
                 let sy = ((y as f32 * step) as u32) % h;
-                let i = (sy * w + sx) as usize * n;
-                img.pixels[(y * S + x) as usize] = c32(photocraft_raster::to_rgba(&fmt, &px[i..i + n]));
+                let px = pat.surface.read_region(photocraft_geom::Rect::from_xywh(sx as i32, sy as i32, 1, 1));
+                img.pixels[(y * S + x) as usize] = c32(photocraft_raster::to_rgba(&fmt, &px));
             }
         }
         img
@@ -258,25 +258,37 @@ pub(crate) fn pattern_picker(app: &PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, selected: &
     ui.painter().rect_stroke(r, 0.0, Stroke::new(1.0, t.field_border), egui::StrokeKind::Outside);
     let name = current.map_or(String::new(), |p| p.display_name().to_string());
     let resp = resp.on_hover_text(&name);
-    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, tl!("Patterns")));
+    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, tl!("Patterns")));
     let mut picked = None;
     egui::Popup::menu(&resp).show(|ui| {
-        ui.set_max_width(6.0 * (SWATCH + 4.0));
-        ui.horizontal_wrapped(|ui| {
-            ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing = vec2(4.0, 4.0);
-            for p in pats {
-                let (r, cell) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(SWATCH, SWATCH), Sense::click());
-                ui.painter().image(pattern_texture(&ctx, p).id(), r, uv, Color32::WHITE);
-                let (w, c) = if p.id == selected { (2.0, t.accent) } else { (1.0, t.field_border) };
-                ui.painter().rect_stroke(r, 0.0, Stroke::new(w, c), egui::StrokeKind::Outside);
-                let cell = cell.on_hover_text(p.display_name());
-                cell.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, p.display_name()));
-                if cell.clicked() {
-                    picked = Some(p.id.clone());
-                    ui.close();
-                }
+        picked = pattern_grid(app, ui, selected);
+    });
+    picked
+}
+
+/// Library grid shared by the standalone picker and paint popups. Drawing it inline avoids
+/// replacing an already-open paint popup with a second memory-backed popup.
+pub(crate) fn pattern_grid(app: &PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, selected: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    const SWATCH: f32 = 40.0;
+    let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
+    let ctx = ui.ctx().clone();
+    let uv = Rect::from_min_max(Pos2::ZERO, pos2(1.0, 1.0));
+    let mut picked = None;
+    ui.set_max_width(6.0 * (SWATCH + 4.0));
+    ui.horizontal_wrapped(|ui| {
+        ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing = vec2(4.0, 4.0);
+        for p in &app.session.patterns.items {
+            let (r, cell) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(SWATCH, SWATCH), Sense::click());
+            ui.painter().image(pattern_texture(&ctx, p).id(), r, uv, Color32::WHITE);
+            let (w, c) = if p.id == selected { (2.0, t.accent) } else { (1.0, t.field_border) };
+            ui.painter().rect_stroke(r, 0.0, Stroke::new(w, c), egui::StrokeKind::Outside);
+            let cell = cell.on_hover_text(p.display_name());
+            cell.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, ui.is_enabled(), p.display_name()));
+            if cell.clicked() {
+                picked = Some(p.id.clone());
+                ui.close();
             }
-        });
+        }
     });
     picked.filter(|id| id != selected)
 }
@@ -366,8 +378,8 @@ pub(crate) fn browser(
     if let Some((p, key, mut text)) = st.renaming.clone().filter(|r| r.0 == panel) {
         let mut done = None;
         ui.horizontal(|ui| {
-            ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("Name:")).color(t.text_dim).size(11.5));
-            let r = ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut text).desired_width(ui.available_width() - 4.0));
+            let name_label = ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("Name:")).color(t.text_dim).size(11.5));
+            let r = ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut text).desired_width(ui.available_width() - 4.0)).labelled_by(name_label.id);
             if !r.has_focus() && !r.lost_focus() {
                 r.request_focus();
             }
@@ -396,7 +408,7 @@ pub(crate) fn browser(
     let display = st.display_order(panel, &group_names);
     // The footer stays in view: the list gets the height left after it (as measured last frame)
     // and scrolls, rather than pushing the footer out of a short dock group (#4790).
-    let footer_id = egui::Id::new(("preset-footer", panel));
+    let footer_id = egui::Id::unique(("preset-footer", panel));
     let footer_h = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<f32>(footer_id)).unwrap_or(FOOTER_GUESS);
     let max_h = max_h.min((ui.available_height() - footer_h).max(0.0));
     egui::ScrollArea::vertical().id_salt(("preset-scroll", panel)).max_height(max_h).min_scrolled_height(max_h.min(64.0)).auto_shrink([false, true]).show(
@@ -460,8 +472,8 @@ pub(crate) fn browser(
                 for (ii, it) in g.items.iter().enumerate() {
                     let (cx, cy) = ((ii % cols) as f32, (ii / cols) as f32);
                     let r = Rect::from_min_size(area.min + vec2(pad + cx * (cell.x + gap), cy * (cell.y + gap)), cell);
-                    let resp = ui.interact(r, ui.id().with((panel, gi, ii)), Sense::click_and_drag());
-                    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, &it.name));
+                    let resp = ui.interact(r, ui.scope_id().with((panel, gi, ii)), Sense::click_and_drag());
+                    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, &it.name));
                     let is_sel = selected.as_deref() == Some(&it.key);
                     if list {
                         if is_sel {
@@ -499,7 +511,7 @@ pub(crate) fn browser(
                         && let Some(pp) = ui.ctx().pointer_interact_pos()
                     {
                         // A ghost of the swatch follows the pointer.
-                        let lp = ui.ctx().layer_painter(egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Tooltip, egui::Id::new("preset-drag")));
+                        let lp = ui.ctx().layer_painter(egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Tooltip, egui::Id::unique("preset-drag")));
                         let gr = Rect::from_center_size(pp, vec2(28.0, 28.0));
                         lp.rect_filled(gr, 3.0, t.card.gamma_multiply(0.8));
                         lp.rect_stroke(gr, 3.0, Stroke::new(1.0, t.accent), egui::StrokeKind::Outside);
@@ -555,7 +567,7 @@ pub(crate) fn browser(
         }
     }
     let recorded: Vec<(String, Rect)> = headers.iter().map(|(_, r, n)| (n.clone(), *r)).collect();
-    ui.ctx().data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(egui::Id::new(("preset-group-headers", panel)), recorded));
+    ui.ctx().data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(egui::Id::unique(("preset-group-headers", panel)), recorded));
     if let Some((key, pos)) = dropped {
         if let Some((_, _, g)) = headers.iter().find(|(_, r, _)| r.contains(pos)) {
             ev.push(Ev::Move(key, g.clone()));
@@ -569,7 +581,9 @@ pub(crate) fn browser(
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 2.0;
         let mut s = size;
-        ui.add_sized(vec2(90.0, 18.0), egui::Slider::new(&mut s, MIN_THUMB..=96.0).show_value(false)).on_hover_text(tl!("Thumbnail size (smallest: list)"));
+        ui.add_sized(vec2(90.0, 18.0), egui::Slider::new(&mut s, MIN_THUMB..=96.0).show_value(false))
+            .accessible_name(tl!("Thumbnail size (smallest: list)"))
+            .on_hover_text(tl!("Thumbnail size (smallest: list)"));
         if (s - size).abs() > 0.01 {
             st.sizes.insert(panel.to_string(), s);
         }
@@ -611,7 +625,7 @@ fn group_drop_before(headers: &[(usize, Rect, String)], from: usize, y: f32) ->
 
 /// Folder header rects drawn last frame (name → rect), in display order; for tests and automation.
 pub fn last_group_headers(ctx: &egui::Context, panel: &str) -> Vec<(String, Rect)> {
-    ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp(egui::Id::new(("preset-group-headers", panel)))).unwrap_or_default()
+    ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp(egui::Id::unique(("preset-group-headers", panel)))).unwrap_or_default()
 }
 
 /// Shared handling of the generic events through `<prefix>.edit` / `.new`.
@@ -780,7 +794,7 @@ fn float_window(
     let canvas = canvas_drop_rect(app);
     let mut close = false;
     egui::Window::new(title)
-        .id(egui::Id::new(("preset-window", key)))
+        .id(egui::Id::unique(("preset-window", key)))
         .title_bar(false)
         .resizable(false)
         .frame(frame)
@@ -794,6 +808,14 @@ fn float_window(
                     if crate::icons::button(ui, "x", 20.0, false, tl!("Close")).clicked() {
                         close = true;
                     }
+                    if key == "styles" {
+                        let resp = crate::icons::button(ui, "ellipsis", 20.0, false, tl!("Panel menu"));
+                        egui::Popup::menu(&resp).show(|ui| {
+                            crate::widgets::style_spectrum_popup_menu(ui);
+                            ui.set_min_width(180.0);
+                            styles_menu(app, ui);
+                        });
+                    }
                 });
             });
             crate::widgets::hairline(ui);
@@ -868,6 +890,61 @@ pub fn styles_panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     }
 }
 
+/// The Styles panel menu ("…"): Import Styles… / Export Selected Styles… / Export Styles…
+/// (Photoshop layer style libraries, `.asl`).
+fn styles_menu(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
+    let any = app.session.presets.styles.iter().any(|g| !g.items.is_empty());
+    let selected = app.ui.presets_ui.selected.get("styles").cloned();
+    let mut act: Option<&str> = None;
+    if ui.button(tl!("Import Styles…")).clicked() {
+        act = Some("import");
+    }
+    if ui.add_enabled(selected.is_some(), egui::Button::new(tl!("Export Selected Styles…"))).clicked() {
+        act = Some("selected");
+    }
+    if ui.add_enabled(any, egui::Button::new(tl!("Export Styles…"))).clicked() {
+        act = Some("all");
+    }
+    let Some(a) = act else { return };
+    ui.close();
+    let r = match a {
+        "import" => app.pick_file_bytes_filtered(&["asl"], |app, name, bytes| match crate::preset_files_ui::open(app, &name, &bytes) {
+            Some(r) => r.map(|()| Value::Null),
+            None => Err(crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("{file} is not a style library (.asl)"), &[("file", &crate::file_open::display_name(&name))])),
+        }),
+        "selected" => match selected {
+            Some(name) => export_styles(app, json!({"styles": [name.clone()]}), &name),
+            None => Ok(Value::Null),
+        },
+        _ => export_styles(app, json!({}), "Styles"),
+    };
+    if let Err(e) = r
+        && e != "cancelled"
+    {
+        app.ui.status = e;
+        app.ui.status_error = true;
+    }
+}
+
+/// Builds the `.asl` through `style.presets.exportAsl`, then asks where to save it.
+fn export_styles(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, params: Value, suggested: &str) -> Result<Value, String> {
+    let r = app.run("style.presets.exportAsl", params)?;
+    let bytes = r["data"].as_str().and_then(photocraft_engine::paint::tile::b64_decode).ok_or("the export returned no data")?;
+    let n = r["count"].as_u64().unwrap_or(0);
+    let stem: String = suggested.chars().filter(|c| !matches!(c, '/' | '\\' | ':' | '*' | '?' | '"' | '<' | '>' | '|')).collect();
+    let stem = if stem.trim().is_empty() { "Styles".to_string() } else { stem.trim().to_string() };
+    app.pick_save(&format!("{stem}.asl"), move |app, path| {
+        let write = app.services.write.as_mut().ok_or("no writer configured")?;
+        write(&path, &bytes)?;
+        app.ui.status_error = false;
+        app.ui.status = crate::i18n::fmt(
+            &crate::i18n::trn(crate::i18n::current(), n, "Exported {n} style to {file}", "Exported {n} styles to {file}"),
+            &[("file", &crate::file_open::display_name(&path))],
+        );
+        Ok(json!({"path": path, "count": n}))
+    })
+}
+
 // ------------------------------------------------------------------ Shapes
 
 pub fn shapes_panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
@@ -1064,8 +1141,8 @@ pub fn tool_presets_panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     // Rename field.
     if let Some((_, key, mut text)) = app.ui.presets_ui.renaming.clone().filter(|r| r.0 == "toolPresets") {
         ui.horizontal(|ui| {
-            ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("Name:")).color(t.text_dim).size(11.5));
-            let r = ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut text).desired_width(ui.available_width() - 4.0));
+            let name_label = ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("Name:")).color(t.text_dim).size(11.5));
+            let r = ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut text).desired_width(ui.available_width() - 4.0)).labelled_by(name_label.id);
             if !r.has_focus() && !r.lost_focus() {
                 r.request_focus();
             }
@@ -1179,7 +1256,8 @@ pub fn clone_source_panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     ui.label(egui::RichText::new(src_line).color(t.text_dim).size(11.0));
     ui.add_space(4.0);
     let lbl = |ui: &mut egui::Ui, s: &str| {
-        ui.add_sized(vec2(18.0, 18.0), egui::Label::new(egui::RichText::new(s).color(t.text_dim).size(11.5)));
+        let label = ui.add_sized(vec2(18.0, 18.0), egui::Label::new(egui::RichText::new(s).color(t.text_dim).size(11.5)));
+        crate::widgets::scrub_option_label(ui, &label);
     };
     let off = slot.offset().unwrap_or([0.0, 0.0]);
     let (mut ox, mut oy) = (off[0] as f32, off[1] as f32);
@@ -1241,14 +1319,14 @@ pub fn clone_source_panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         ui.add_space(18.0);
         ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("Opacity:")).color(t.text_dim).size(11.5));
-        crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut o.opacity, 0.0..=100.0, "%", 56.0);
+        crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut o.opacity, 0.0..=100.0, "%", 56.0).accessible_name(tl!("Opacity:"));
         let opts = [
             ("normal".to_string(), tl!("Normal")),
             ("darken".to_string(), tl!("Darken")),
             ("lighten".to_string(), tl!("Lighten")),
             ("difference".to_string(), tl!("Difference")),
         ];
-        crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "clone-overlay-mode", &mut o.blend, &opts, 90.0);
+        crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "clone-overlay-mode", tl!("Blend Mode"), &mut o.blend, &opts, 90.0);
     });
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         ui.add_space(18.0);
@@ -1453,7 +1531,18 @@ mod tests {
     fn preset_drops_map_through_the_ruler_inset() {
         let (mut app, _) = app();
         app.last_canvas_rect = egui::Rect::from_min_size(egui::Pos2::ZERO, egui::vec2(800.0, 600.0));
-        app.ui.views[0] = crate::state::View { zoom: 2.0, center: [32.0, 24.0], fit_pending: false, fill_pending: false, doc_size: [64, 48], rotation: 0.0 };
+        app.ui.views[0] = crate::state::View {
+            zoom: 2.0,
+            center: [32.0, 24.0],
+            fit_pending: false,
+            fill_pending: false,
+            doc_size: [64, 48],
+            rotation: 0.0,
+            zoom_animating: false,
+            zoom_anchor: None,
+            display_camera: None,
+            zoom_transition: None,
+        };
         let p = egui::pos2(400.0, 300.0);
         let off = crate::canvas::doc_point_at(&app, p).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(off, [32.0, 24.0], "without rulers the widget rect is the whole mapping");
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/press_menu.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/press_menu.rs
index 7110e833b4..787f55add8 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/press_menu.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/press_menu.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 use egui::{Popup, PopupCloseBehavior, Response, SetOpenCommand, Ui};
 
 fn gesture_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("press-menu-gesture")
+    egui::Id::unique("press-menu-gesture")
 }
 
 /// The popup whose button's press started the current press-drag gesture, if any. Several press
@@ -79,6 +79,22 @@ impl PressMenu {
     }
 }
 
+/// Keep an open popup or dropdown layer above `parent` when `parent` is also in
+/// [`egui::Order::Foreground`] (a modal dialog or popover, #7113): a 1-frame trackpad tap raises
+/// both the parent modal (`pointer_pressed_on_area`) and the reopened popup (`!visible_last_frame`)
+/// in the same pass, and egui's stable `wants_to_be_on_top` sort then leaves a previously used
+/// popup behind the dialog.
+pub fn above_parent(ctx: &egui::Context, parent: egui::LayerId, child: egui::LayerId) {
+    if parent.order == child.order && parent != child {
+        ctx.set_sublayer(parent, child);
+    }
+}
+
+/// [`above_parent`] for an open popup's `Ui`.
+pub fn above_parent_ui(parent: egui::LayerId, popup_ui: &egui::Ui) {
+    above_parent(popup_ui.ctx(), parent, popup_ui.layer_id());
+}
+
 /// Shows `button`'s menu (an `egui::Popup::menu`) with press-drag-release; `content` chooses its
 /// items with [`PressMenu::item`].
 pub fn show<R>(button: &Response, content: impl FnOnce(&mut Ui, &PressMenu) -> R) -> Option<R> {
@@ -89,6 +105,9 @@ pub fn show<R>(button: &Response, content: impl FnOnce(&mut Ui, &PressMenu) -> R
     // close it again.
     let close = if button.clicked() && menu.owns_gesture(&ctx) { PopupCloseBehavior::IgnoreClicks } else { PopupCloseBehavior::CloseOnClick };
     let shown = Popup::menu(button).open_memory(open).close_behavior(close).show(|ui| content(ui, &menu)).map(|r| r.inner);
+    if shown.is_some() || Popup::is_id_open(&ctx, menu.popup) {
+        above_parent(&ctx, button.layer_id, egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Foreground, menu.popup));
+    }
     // This menu's gesture ends with the button (its release was handled by the items above).
     if menu.owns_gesture(&ctx) && ctx.input(|i| i.pointer.primary_released() || !i.pointer.primary_down()) {
         ctx.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<egui::Id>(gesture_id()));
@@ -150,6 +169,9 @@ impl PressCombo {
         } else if self.owns_gesture(ctx) && ctx.input(|i| i.pointer.primary_released() || !i.pointer.primary_down()) {
             ctx.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<egui::Id>(gesture_id()));
         }
+        if Popup::is_id_open(ctx, self.popup) {
+            above_parent(ctx, button.layer_id, egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Foreground, self.popup));
+        }
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/pressure_curve_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/pressure_curve_ui.rs
index 0c8c5b7c4d..527a26a390 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/pressure_curve_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/pressure_curve_ui.rs
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ fn round2(x: f32) -> f64 {
 /// The editor. Returns the new value when the curve changed.
 pub(crate) fn editor(ui: &mut egui::Ui, value: &Value) -> Option<Value> {
     let mut points = points_of(value);
-    let changed = edit_points(ui, egui::Id::new(RECT_KEY), &mut points);
+    let changed = edit_points(ui, egui::Id::unique(RECT_KEY), &mut points);
     changed.then(|| value_of(&points))
 }
 
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     /// The screen position of curve point `p` (the editor's square starts at the panel's origin).
     fn at(h: &Harness<'static, Value>, p: [f32; 2]) -> Pos2 {
-        let r: egui::Rect = h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp(egui::Id::new(RECT_KEY))).expect("the editor ran");
+        let r: egui::Rect = h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp(egui::Id::unique(RECT_KEY))).expect("the editor ran");
         pos2(r.left() + p[0] * r.width(), r.bottom() - p[1] * r.height())
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/profile_open_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/profile_open_tests.rs
index 3eeb06b003..651a93b3aa 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/profile_open_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/profile_open_tests.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,10 @@ use photocraft_doc::{Color, ColorMode, Document, SampleType, Size};
 use photocraft_engine::Session;
 use serde_json::Value;
 
-const USE: &str = "Use the embedded profile (Adobe RGB (1998)-compatible (PhotoCraft))";
+/// The embedded-profile choice uses the current built-in profile's displayed name.
+fn use_embedded() -> String {
+    format!("Use the embedded profile ({})", photocraft_cms::Builtin::AdobeRgbCompat.description())
+}
 const CONVERT: &str = "Convert to the working space (sRGB IEC61966-2.1)";
 const DISCARD: &str = "Discard the embedded profile (don't color manage)";
 
@@ -30,8 +33,8 @@ fn harness(background: bool) -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
         PhotocraftApp::new(
             Session::new(),
             Services {
-                import: Some(Box::new(|name, bytes, depth| {
-                    photocraft_io::import_with_svg_group_depth(name, bytes, depth).map(|r| (r.document, r.warnings)).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+                import: Some(Box::new(|name, bytes, opts| {
+                    photocraft_io::import_with_options(name, bytes, opts).map(|r| (r.document, r.warnings)).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
                 })),
                 ..Default::default()
             },
@@ -125,7 +128,7 @@ fn files_opened_together_ask_one_at_a_time_before_each_opens() {
             assert_eq!(docs(&h), answered, "background {background}: a file opens only after its prompt");
             let name = asked(&h);
             assert!(!answered.contains(&name), "background {background}: {name} asked twice");
-            answer(&mut h, USE);
+            answer(&mut h, &use_embedded());
             answered.push(name);
         }
         in_order(background, &answered);
@@ -141,35 +144,11 @@ fn files_opened_together_ask_one_at_a_time_before_each_opens() {
 #[test]
 fn the_prompt_is_translated_and_still_names_its_file() {
     let png = adobe_png();
-    for (code, sentence, use_embedded, convert) in [
-        (
-            "en",
-            "The document “shot {mode}.png” has an embedded color profile that does not match the current RGB working space.",
-            "Use the embedded profile (Adobe RGB",
-            "Convert to the working space (sRGB",
-        ),
-        (
-            "de",
-            "Das Dokument „shot {mode}.png“ hat ein eingebettetes Farbprofil, das nicht zum aktuellen RGB-Arbeitsfarbraum passt.",
-            "Eingebettetes Profil verwenden (Adobe RGB",
-            "In den Arbeitsfarbraum konvertieren (sRGB",
-        ),
-        (
-            "fr",
-            "Le document «NBSPshot {mode}.pngNBSP» a un profil colorimétrique incorporé qui ne correspond pas à l'espace de travail RVB actuel.",
-            "Utiliser le profil incorporé (Adobe RGB",
-            "Convertir vers l'espace de travail (sRGB",
-        ),
-        (
-            "ja",
-            "ドキュメント「shot {mode}.png」の埋め込みカラープロファイルは、現在の RGB 作業用スペースと一致しません。",
-            "埋め込みプロファイルを使用 (Adobe RGB",
-            "作業用スペースに変換 (sRGB",
-        ),
-    ] {
+    let template = "The document “{name}” has an embedded color profile that does not match the current {mode} working space.";
+    for code in ["en", "de", "fr", "ja"] {
         let services = Services {
-            import: Some(Box::new(|name, bytes, depth| {
-                photocraft_io::import_with_svg_group_depth(name, bytes, depth).map(|r| (r.document, r.warnings)).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+            import: Some(Box::new(|name, bytes, opts| {
+                photocraft_io::import_with_options(name, bytes, opts).map(|r| (r.document, r.warnings)).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
             })),
             ..Default::default()
         };
@@ -180,16 +159,14 @@ fn the_prompt_is_translated_and_still_names_its_file() {
         assert!(app.session.documents().is_empty(), "{code}: held until answered");
         let fields = app.ui.dialogs[0].fields.clone();
         let message = fields.get("message").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap().to_string();
-        assert_eq!(message, sentence.replace("NBSP", "\u{a0}"), "{code}: one line, the profiles are on the choices");
+        let expected = crate::i18n::fmt(crate::i18n::tr(lang, template), &[("mode", crate::i18n::tr(lang, "RGB")), ("name", "shot {mode}.png")]);
+        assert_eq!(message, expected, "{code}: one line, the profiles are on the choices");
+        if code == "en" {
+            assert_eq!(message, "The document “shot {mode}.png” has an embedded color profile that does not match the current RGB working space.");
+        }
         let name = |k: &str| fields.get(k).and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap().to_string();
-        let (use_label, convert_label) = crate::i18n::with_language(lang, || {
-            (
-                crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("Use the embedded profile ({profile})"), &[("profile", &name("embedded"))]),
-                crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("Convert to the working space ({profile})"), &[("profile", &name("working"))]),
-            )
-        });
-        assert!(use_label.starts_with(use_embedded), "{code}: {use_label}");
-        assert!(convert_label.starts_with(convert), "{code}: {convert_label}");
+        assert!(name("embedded").starts_with("Adobe RGB"), "{code}: {}", name("embedded"));
+        assert!(name("working").starts_with("sRGB"), "{code}: {}", name("working"));
     }
 }
 
@@ -204,7 +181,8 @@ fn a_held_file_still_reports_its_missing_fonts() {
     s.execute("type.create", serde_json::json!({"text": "Hi", "x": 2, "y": 12, "size": 10, "font": MISSING})).unwrap();
     let mut doc = (*s.active().unwrap().doc).clone();
     doc.icc_profile = Some(photocraft_cms::Builtin::from_id("adobe-rgb-compat").unwrap().profile().to_bytes());
-    let services = Services { import: Some(Box::new(move |_: &str, _: &[u8], _: usize| Ok((doc.clone(), Vec::new())))), ..Default::default() };
+    let services =
+        Services { import: Some(Box::new(move |_: &str, _: &[u8], _: &photocraft_io::ImportOptions| Ok((doc.clone(), Vec::new())))), ..Default::default() };
     let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(Session::new(), services);
     app.run("edit.colorSettings", serde_json::json!({"askOnMismatch": true, "policyRgb": "preserve"})).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(app.open_bytes("poster.psd", b"x").unwrap(), vec![warning.clone()]);
@@ -217,6 +195,7 @@ fn a_held_file_still_reports_its_missing_fonts() {
 
 #[test]
 fn each_answer_applies_to_its_own_file() {
+    let use_embedded = use_embedded();
     for background in [false, true] {
         let mut h = harness(background);
         open_three(&mut h);
@@ -229,7 +208,7 @@ fn each_answer_applies_to_its_own_file() {
                 match name {
                     "a.png" => CONVERT,
                     "b.png" => DISCARD,
-                    _ => USE,
+                    _ => &use_embedded,
                 },
             );
             answered.push(name);
@@ -249,7 +228,7 @@ fn cancel_opens_neither_the_file_nor_the_ones_still_to_come() {
         open_three(&mut h);
         let first = asked(&h);
         in_order(background, &[first]);
-        answer(&mut h, USE);
+        answer(&mut h, &use_embedded());
         click(&mut h, "Cancel");
         settle(&mut h);
         assert!(h.state().ui.dialogs.is_empty(), "background {background}: no prompt left");
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/profile_prompt_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/profile_prompt_tests.rs
index e055cdd546..c8b35cd107 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/profile_prompt_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/profile_prompt_tests.rs
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ fn harness(background: bool) -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
         PhotocraftApp::new(
             Session::new(),
             Services {
-                import: Some(Box::new(|name, bytes, depth| {
-                    photocraft_io::import_with_svg_group_depth(name, bytes, depth).map(|r| (r.document, r.warnings)).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+                import: Some(Box::new(|name, bytes, opts| {
+                    photocraft_io::import_with_options(name, bytes, opts).map(|r| (r.document, r.warnings)).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
                 })),
                 ..Default::default()
             },
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ fn an_older_prompt_raised_in_front_gives_way_to_the_live_one() {
         open_together(&mut h, 3);
         let ok = live_button(&h, "OK");
         let oldest = h.state().ui.dialogs[0].id;
-        h.ctx.memory_mut(|m| m.areas_mut().move_to_top(egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Foreground, egui::Id::new(("dialog", oldest)))));
+        h.ctx.memory_mut(|m| m.areas_mut().move_to_top(egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Foreground, egui::Id::unique(("dialog", oldest)))));
         h.run_steps(4);
         // All three are the same size in the same place: a click there must reach the live one.
         for left in [2, 1, 0] {
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/props_layout.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/props_layout.rs
index ea67b3714d..8e4089890c 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/props_layout.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/props_layout.rs
@@ -70,14 +70,14 @@ pub fn header(ui: &mut egui::Ui, layer: &Layer) {
         ui.painter().galley(pos2(r.right() - kind_w - 2.0, r.center().y - kind_g.size().y / 2.0), kind_g, t.text_faint);
     }
     let name = layer.name.clone();
-    resp.widget_info(move || egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Label, true, format!("{name} — {kind}")));
+    resp.widget_info(move || egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Label, true, format!("{name} — {kind}")));
 }
 
 /// A collapsible section: a separator, then a chevron + title row. Returns whether it's open.
 /// Every Properties section uses this, so headers look and behave alike.
 pub fn section(ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: &str, title: &str) -> bool {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
-    let key = egui::Id::new(("props-section", id));
+    let key = egui::Id::unique(("props-section", id));
     let mut open = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<bool>(key)).unwrap_or(true);
     ui.add_space(theme::ROW_GAP);
     widgets::hairline(ui);
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ pub fn section(ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: &str, title: &str) -> bool {
         ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(key, open));
     }
     let label = title.to_string();
-    resp.widget_info(move || egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::WidgetType::CollapsingHeader, true, open, &label));
+    resp.widget_info(move || egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::DisclosureTriangle, true, open, &label));
     record(ui.ctx(), title, r);
     if open {
         ui.add_space(theme::ROW_GAP / 2.0);
@@ -109,13 +109,16 @@ pub fn section(ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: &str, title: &str) -> bool {
 /// Section headers drawn this pass, top to bottom (title, rect), for tests and `ui.inspect`.
 pub fn sections_drawn(ctx: &egui::Context) -> Vec<(String, Rect)> {
     let pass = ctx.cumulative_pass_nr();
-    ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<(u64, Vec<(String, Rect)>)>(egui::Id::new("props-sections"))).filter(|(p, _)| *p + 1 >= pass).map(|(_, v)| v).unwrap_or_default()
+    ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<(u64, Vec<(String, Rect)>)>(egui::Id::unique("props-sections")))
+        .filter(|(p, _)| *p + 1 >= pass)
+        .map(|(_, v)| v)
+        .unwrap_or_default()
 }
 
 fn record(ctx: &egui::Context, title: &str, r: Rect) {
     let pass = ctx.cumulative_pass_nr();
     ctx.data_mut(|d| {
-        let e = d.get_temp_mut_or_default::<(u64, Vec<(String, Rect)>)>(egui::Id::new("props-sections"));
+        let e = d.get_temp_mut_or_default::<(u64, Vec<(String, Rect)>)>(egui::Id::unique("props-sections"));
         if e.0 != pass {
             *e = (pass, Vec::new());
         }
@@ -176,7 +179,7 @@ pub fn quick_actions_ui(app: &PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, content: &LayerC
             ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = COL_GAP;
             for (label, id) in row {
                 let resp = widgets::secondary_button(ui, label, w);
-                resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, *label));
+                resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, *label));
                 if resp.clicked() {
                     out = Some(*id);
                 }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/props_layout_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/props_layout_tests.rs
index 74fd29121a..62e9423f44 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/props_layout_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/props_layout_tests.rs
@@ -231,10 +231,16 @@ fn character_and_paragraph_dock_panels_share_the_headers_without_type_options()
         let names: Vec<&str> = hs.iter().map(|(n, _)| n.as_str()).collect();
         assert_eq!(names, [want], "tab {tab}");
     }
-    // No type layer: the empty-state message, no sections.
+    // No type layer: the same dedicated sections edit Type tool defaults (#5556).
     select(&mut h, px);
-    assert!(headers(&h).is_empty());
-    assert!(h.query_by_value("Select a type layer to edit its character and paragraph settings.").is_some());
+    for (tab, want) in [(0, "Character"), (1, "Paragraph")] {
+        set(&mut h, json!({"dockTabs": {"character": tab}}));
+        let hs = headers(&h);
+        assert!(hs.iter().all(|(_, r)| (r.height() - SECTION_H).abs() < 0.5), "{hs:?}");
+        let names: Vec<&str> = hs.iter().map(|(n, _)| n.as_str()).collect();
+        assert_eq!(names, [want], "default tab {tab}");
+    }
+    assert!(h.query_by_value("Select a type layer to edit its character and paragraph settings.").is_none());
 }
 
 /// #2085: like Photoshop, Opacity and Fill stack in one right-aligned column: both fields end at
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/psd_open_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/psd_open_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1c40f898bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/psd_open_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+//! Damaged PSD confirmation is an opening decision, not a persistent save policy.
+//! The exact same generated files exercise IO, the synchronous web-style path,
+//! background opening and the agent-visible dialog commands.
+
+#[path = "../../io/tests/support/recovery_psd.rs"]
+mod recovery_psd;
+
+use crate::{PhotocraftApp, Services, control};
+use photocraft_engine::Session;
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+use std::{cell::RefCell, rc::Rc};
+
+/// Creates a minimal UI application with in-memory import/export services for PSD tests.
+fn app() -> PhotocraftApp {
+    let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(
+        Session::new(),
+        Services {
+            import: Some(Box::new(|name, bytes, opts| {
+                photocraft_io::import_with_options(name, bytes, opts).map(|r| (r.document, r.warnings)).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+            })),
+            export: Some(Box::new(|doc, path, _| {
+                photocraft_io::export(doc, path, &Default::default()).map(|r| (r.bytes, r.warnings)).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+            })),
+            write: Some(Box::new(|_, _| Ok(()))),
+            automation_write: Some(Box::new(|_, _| Ok(()))),
+            ..Default::default()
+        },
+    );
+    app.background_jobs = false;
+    app
+}
+
+/// Runs an agent-facing control command synchronously and returns its JSON result.
+fn call(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, method: &str, params: Value) -> Value {
+    let (req, _rx) = control::ControlRequest::new(method, params);
+    match control::handle(app, &egui::Context::default(), &req) {
+        control::Outcome::Done(v) => v,
+        _ => panic!("{method}: expected an immediate reply"),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Inspects the active damage prompt and returns its agent-visible dialog ID.
+fn damage_dialog(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> u64 {
+    let inspected = call(app, "ui.inspect", json!({}));
+    assert_eq!(inspected["ok"], true);
+    let dialogs = inspected["result"]["dialogs"].as_array().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(dialogs.len(), 1, "only the damage confirmation: {dialogs:?}");
+    assert_eq!(dialogs[0]["fields"]["__psdDamagedOpen"], true);
+    assert!(dialogs[0]["fields"]["message"].as_str().unwrap().contains("saving over the original"));
+    dialogs[0]["id"].as_u64().unwrap()
+}
+
+/// Verifies valid layered PSD files open immediately without a confirmation dialog.
+#[test]
+fn healthy_psd_opens_without_a_damage_prompt() {
+    let mut app = app();
+    app.open_bytes("valid-two-layers.psd", &recovery_psd::make_psd(false)).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(app.session.documents().len(), 1);
+    assert!(app.ui.dialogs.is_empty());
+    assert!(!app.session.active().unwrap().source_read_only);
+}
+
+/// Verifies agents can cancel or confirm a damaged PSD using standard dialog commands.
+#[test]
+fn damaged_psd_can_be_cancelled_or_accepted_through_agent_dialog_commands() {
+    let mut app = app();
+    let bytes = recovery_psd::make_psd(true);
+    app.open_bytes("corrupt-green-rle.psd", &bytes).unwrap();
+    assert!(app.session.documents().is_empty());
+    let id = damage_dialog(&mut app);
+    assert_eq!(call(&mut app, "ui.dialog.cancel", json!({"dialog": id}))["ok"], true);
+    assert!(app.session.documents().is_empty());
+    assert!(app.ui.dialogs.is_empty());
+
+    app.open_bytes("corrupt-green-rle.psd", &bytes).unwrap();
+    let id = damage_dialog(&mut app);
+    assert_eq!(call(&mut app, "ui.dialog.confirm", json!({"dialog": id}))["ok"], true);
+    assert_eq!(app.session.documents().len(), 1);
+    assert!(!app.session.active().unwrap().source_read_only);
+    assert!(app.ui.dialogs.is_empty());
+}
+
+/// Verifies consent retains the original save path and restores ordinary Save behavior.
+#[test]
+fn accepted_psd_keeps_its_source_path_and_uses_the_normal_save_writer() {
+    let mut app = app();
+    let path = "original.psd";
+    let stored = Rc::new(RefCell::new(recovery_psd::make_psd(true)));
+    let original = stored.borrow().clone();
+    let destination = stored.clone();
+    app.services.write = Some(Box::new(move |p, bytes| {
+        assert_eq!(p, path);
+        *destination.borrow_mut() = bytes.to_vec();
+        Ok(())
+    }));
+    app.open_bytes_from(path, &original, Some(path)).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*stored.borrow(), original, "nothing written while waiting for consent");
+    let id = damage_dialog(&mut app);
+    assert_eq!(call(&mut app, "ui.dialog.confirm", json!({"dialog": id}))["ok"], true);
+    assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().path.as_deref(), Some(path));
+    assert_eq!(*stored.borrow(), original, "accepting the open is not a save");
+
+    for _ in 0..2 {
+        app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        crate::menus::invoke(&mut app, &egui::Context::default(), "file.save", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().path.as_deref(), Some(path));
+        assert!(!app.session.active().unwrap().is_dirty());
+        assert!(photocraft_io::import(path, &stored.borrow()).is_ok());
+    }
+    assert_ne!(*stored.borrow(), original, "ordinary Save can replace the source after consent");
+    assert!(app.save_automation(Some("automated-copy.psd".into())).is_ok());
+}
+
+/// Verifies browser-style downloads keep their existing unconfirmed-save semantics.
+#[test]
+fn accepted_psd_uses_web_download_semantics_without_a_special_writer() {
+    let mut app = app();
+    app.services.write_unconfirmed = true;
+    app.open_bytes("corrupt-green-rle.psd", &recovery_psd::make_psd(true)).unwrap();
+    let id = damage_dialog(&mut app);
+    assert_eq!(call(&mut app, "ui.dialog.confirm", json!({"dialog": id}))["ok"], true);
+    app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+    app.save_as(Some("download.psd".into())).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().path.as_deref(), Some("download.psd"));
+    assert!(app.session.active().unwrap().is_dirty(), "an unconfirmed browser download is not a confirmed save");
+}
+
+/// Verifies non-interactive automation imports recover readable content without a dialog.
+#[test]
+fn damaged_psd_automation_import_does_not_require_interactive_confirmation() {
+    let mut app = app();
+    let warnings = app.open_automation_bytes("corrupt-green-rle.psd", &recovery_psd::make_psd(true)).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(app.session.documents().len(), 1);
+    assert!(!app.session.active().unwrap().source_read_only);
+    assert!(app.ui.dialogs.is_empty());
+    assert!(warnings.iter().any(|w| w.contains("could not be decoded")));
+}
+
+/// Verifies queued damaged PSD files each require independent user confirmation.
+#[test]
+fn cancelling_one_damaged_open_does_not_open_the_next_damaged_file_without_consent() {
+    let mut app = app();
+    let bytes = recovery_psd::make_psd(true);
+    for name in ["first.psd", "second.psd"] {
+        app.open_bytes(name, &bytes).unwrap();
+    }
+    let first = damage_dialog(&mut app);
+    assert_eq!(call(&mut app, "ui.dialog.cancel", json!({"dialog": first}))["ok"], true);
+    assert!(app.session.documents().is_empty());
+    let second = damage_dialog(&mut app);
+    assert_ne!(first, second);
+    assert_eq!(app.ui.dialogs[0].fields["name"], "second.psd");
+    assert_eq!(call(&mut app, "ui.dialog.confirm", json!({"dialog": second}))["ok"], true);
+    assert_eq!(app.session.documents().len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.name, "second.psd");
+}
+
+/// Verifies the damage prompt cannot be bypassed with a color-profile answer and
+/// that the profile question is still shown after accepting the damage.
+#[test]
+fn damage_confirmation_precedes_the_profile_question() {
+    let mut app = app();
+    app.run("edit.colorSettings", json!({"askOnMismatch": true, "policyRgb": "preserve"})).unwrap();
+    let (mut file, _) = photocraft_psd::PsdFile::from_bytes_and_merged(&recovery_psd::make_psd(true), |_| false).unwrap();
+    file.resources.push(photocraft_psd::ImageResource::new(
+        photocraft_psd::resources::ids::ICC_PROFILE,
+        photocraft_cms::Builtin::from_id("adobe-rgb-compat").unwrap().profile().to_bytes().to_vec(),
+    ));
+    app.open_bytes("profile.psd", &file.to_bytes().unwrap()).unwrap();
+    let id = damage_dialog(&mut app);
+    assert!(crate::open_prompt::answer(&mut app, Some("preserve")).is_err(), "a profile answer cannot bypass the damage confirmation");
+    assert_eq!(call(&mut app, "ui.dialog.confirm", json!({"dialog": id}))["ok"], true);
+    assert!(app.session.documents().is_empty(), "the profile question still needs its own answer");
+    assert_eq!(app.ui.dialogs.len(), 1);
+    assert!(!crate::open_prompt::owns_damage(&app.ui.dialogs[0].fields));
+    let profile = app.ui.dialogs[0].id;
+    assert_eq!(call(&mut app, "ui.dialog.confirm", json!({"dialog": profile}))["ok"], true);
+    assert_eq!(app.session.documents().len(), 1);
+}
+
+/// Verifies background decoding shows only the damage prompt when no profile question exists.
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+#[test]
+fn background_damage_only_open_does_not_create_a_spurious_profile_question() {
+    let mut app = app();
+    app.background_jobs = true;
+    app.open_bytes("corrupt-green-rle.psd", &recovery_psd::make_psd(true)).unwrap();
+    // Wait deterministically for the worker, then let the normal UI completion path run.
+    let jobs: Vec<_> = app.session.jobs().iter().map(|j| j.id).collect();
+    for id in jobs {
+        app.session.wait_job(id).unwrap();
+    }
+    crate::jobs_ui::tick(&mut app, &egui::Context::default());
+    assert!(app.session.documents().is_empty());
+    let id = damage_dialog(&mut app);
+    assert_eq!(call(&mut app, "ui.dialog.confirm", json!({"dialog": id}))["ok"], true);
+    assert_eq!(app.session.documents().len(), 1);
+    assert!(app.ui.dialogs.is_empty(), "color:null is not a profile question");
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/puppet_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/puppet_ui.rs
index e233396cfd..cb390f77ad 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/puppet_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/puppet_ui.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,19 @@
 //! Edit › Puppet Warp on the canvas: click on the mesh to add pins, drag pins to move them,
-//! ⌥-click a pin to remove it; the options bar sets mode, density, expansion, mesh visibility,
+//! Delete/Backspace removes the selected pin; ⌥-click removes a pin under the pointer.
+//! The options bar sets mode, density, expansion, mesh visibility,
 //! the selected pin's depth and rotation. ⌘Z / ⌘⇧Z undo and redo pin edits inside the session
 //! (#4440). ↩ / Commit runs `edit.puppetWarp` with the pins.
 //!
 //! The preview is the layer texture on the deformed triangle mesh (an egui textured mesh, drawn
-//! by the GPU), re-solved with a few warm-started ARAP rounds per drag event (well under a
-//! millisecond with the banded Cholesky factor). When a drag ends the mesh is solved from scratch
-//! exactly like the engine, so what you see at rest is what Commit produces.
+//! by the GPU). Each changed pin position uses the engine's iteration count and rest-mesh
+//! initialization, reusing the cached solver factorization. Warm-starting from earlier drag
+//! previews made the result depend on pointer history and snap to a different shape on release.
 
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use egui::{Color32, Stroke, TextureHandle, pos2, vec2};
 use photocraft_algo::puppet::{ITERATIONS, PuppetDensity, PuppetMesh, PuppetMode, PuppetPin, PuppetSolver, PuppetWarp, build_mesh};
-use photocraft_doc::{Document, LayerId};
+use photocraft_doc::{DocId, Document, LayerId};
 use photocraft_geom::Rect;
 use photocraft_raster::Surface;
 use serde_json::{Value, json};
@@ -22,6 +23,8 @@ use crate::canvas::{ToolEvent, ViewXform};
 
 pub struct PuppetSession {
     pub key: u64,
+    /// Document this session belongs to (#5115).
+    pub document: DocId,
     pub layer: LayerId,
     /// Command to commit with (`edit.puppetWarp` or `layer.smartObjects.puppetWarp`).
     command: String,
@@ -79,8 +82,25 @@ impl PuppetSession {
         true
     }
 
+    /// Removes the selected constraint and its deformation as one undoable pin edit.
+    pub fn delete_selected_pin(&mut self) -> bool {
+        let Some(i) = self.selected.filter(|i| *i < self.warp.pins.len()) else { return false };
+        // Finish an in-progress drag first, so undo can restore the pin, then undo its move.
+        if let Some(before) = self.drag_from.take() {
+            self.record(before);
+        }
+        let before = self.warp.pins.clone();
+        self.warp.pins.remove(i);
+        self.selected = None;
+        self.drag = None;
+        self.rebind();
+        self.record(before);
+        true
+    }
+
     pub fn describe(&self) -> Value {
         json!({
+            "document": self.document.0,
             "layer": self.layer.0,
             "pins": self.warp.pins,
             "mode": self.warp.mode,
@@ -116,16 +136,15 @@ impl PuppetSession {
         let src: Vec<[f64; 2]> = self.warp.pins.iter().map(|p| p.src).collect();
         let fixed: Vec<bool> = self.warp.pins.iter().map(|p| p.rotate.is_some()).collect();
         self.solver = Some(PuppetSolver::new(self.mesh.clone(), &src, &fixed));
-        self.solve(true);
+        self.solve();
     }
 
-    /// Solves the deformation: exactly like the engine (`exact`), or a few warm rounds.
-    fn solve(&mut self, exact: bool) {
+    /// Solves from rest, exactly like the engine, during dragging as well as at rest.
+    fn solve(&mut self) {
         let Some(solver) = &self.solver else { return };
         let dst: Vec<[f64; 2]> = self.warp.pins.iter().map(|p| p.dst).collect();
         let rot: Vec<Option<f64>> = self.warp.pins.iter().map(|p| p.rotate).collect();
-        let warm = (!exact && self.deformed.len() == self.mesh.verts.len()).then_some(self.deformed.as_slice());
-        let (v, _) = solver.solve(&dst, &rot, self.warp.mode, if exact { ITERATIONS } else { 6 }, warm);
+        let (v, _) = solver.solve(&dst, &rot, self.warp.mode, ITERATIONS, None);
         self.deformed = v;
         let src: Vec<[f64; 2]> = self.warp.pins.iter().map(|p| p.src).collect();
         let depths: Vec<i32> = self.warp.pins.iter().map(|p| p.depth).collect();
@@ -186,6 +205,7 @@ pub fn begin(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, command: &str) -> Res
     let texture = ctx.load_texture(format!("puppet-{key}"), img, egui::TextureOptions::LINEAR);
     let mut s = PuppetSession {
         key,
+        document: st.doc.id,
         layer,
         command: command.to_string(),
         surface,
@@ -242,6 +262,10 @@ pub fn control(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &Value) -> Result<Value, String> {
         s.redo();
         return Ok(s.describe());
     }
+    if ui.get("deleteSelectedPin").and_then(Value::as_bool) == Some(true) {
+        s.delete_selected_pin();
+        return Ok(s.describe());
+    }
     let mut remesh = false;
     let (density, expansion) = (s.warp.density, s.warp.expansion);
     if let Some(m) = ui.get("mode").and_then(Value::as_str) {
@@ -261,7 +285,7 @@ pub fn control(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &Value) -> Result<Value, String> {
     if remesh {
         s.remesh_or_restore(density, expansion)?;
     } else {
-        s.solve(true);
+        s.solve();
     }
     Ok(s.describe())
 }
@@ -275,10 +299,8 @@ pub fn pointer(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ev: ToolEvent, mods: egui::Modifiers) {
             let before = s.warp.pins.clone();
             if let Some(i) = s.pin_at(p, tol) {
                 if mods.alt {
-                    s.warp.pins.remove(i);
-                    s.selected = None;
-                    s.rebind();
-                    s.record(before);
+                    s.selected = Some(i);
+                    s.delete_selected_pin();
                 } else {
                     s.selected = Some(i);
                     s.drag = Some(i);
@@ -301,15 +323,18 @@ pub fn pointer(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ev: ToolEvent, mods: egui::Modifiers) {
                 && pin.dst != [x, y]
             {
                 pin.dst = [x, y];
-                s.solve(false);
+                s.solve();
             }
         }
         ToolEvent::Up { x, y } => {
             if let Some(i) = s.drag.take() {
-                if let Some(pin) = s.warp.pins.get_mut(i) {
+                // A release usually repeats the last Move, but can carry a new position.
+                if let Some(pin) = s.warp.pins.get_mut(i)
+                    && pin.dst != [x, y]
+                {
                     pin.dst = [x, y];
+                    s.solve();
                 }
-                s.solve(true);
                 if let Some(before) = s.drag_from.take() {
                     s.record(before);
                 }
@@ -318,7 +343,9 @@ pub fn pointer(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ev: ToolEvent, mods: egui::Modifiers) {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn draw(s: &PuppetSession, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform) {
+/// The warped pixels: image content, drawn under the grid and guides like the document so a
+/// guide stays visible across the layer being warped (#7781). The mesh lines and pins are [`draw`].
+pub fn draw_content(s: &PuppetSession, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform) {
     let b = s.bounds;
     let (w, h) = (f64::from(b.width()), f64::from(b.height()));
     let mut mesh = egui::Mesh::with_texture(s.texture.id());
@@ -332,6 +359,10 @@ pub fn draw(s: &PuppetSession, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform) {
         mesh.add_triangle(a as u32, bb as u32, c as u32);
     }
     painter.add(mesh);
+}
+
+/// The mesh lines and pins over the warped pixels ([`draw_content`]) and the guides.
+pub fn draw(s: &PuppetSession, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform) {
     if s.show_mesh {
         let line = Stroke::new(0.6, Color32::from_rgba_unmultiplied(40, 40, 40, 150));
         let mut seen = std::collections::HashSet::new();
@@ -373,6 +404,7 @@ pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     crate::widgets::dropdown(
         ui,
         "puppet-mode",
+        tl!("Mode:"),
         &mut s.warp.mode,
         &[(PuppetMode::Rigid, tl!("Rigid")), (PuppetMode::Normal, tl!("Normal")), (PuppetMode::Distort, tl!("Distort"))],
         90.0,
@@ -383,6 +415,7 @@ pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     crate::widgets::dropdown(
         ui,
         "puppet-density",
+        tl!("Density:"),
         &mut s.warp.density,
         &[(PuppetDensity::Fewer, tl!("Fewer Points")), (PuppetDensity::Normal, tl!("Normal")), (PuppetDensity::More, tl!("More Points"))],
         110.0,
@@ -391,7 +424,7 @@ pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     ui.label(tl!("Expansion:"));
     let expansion = s.warp.expansion;
     let mut e = s.warp.expansion as f32;
-    if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut e, -50.0..=100.0, "px", 56.0).changed() {
+    if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut e, -50.0..=100.0, "px", 56.0).accessible_name(tl!("Expansion:")).changed() {
         s.warp.expansion = f64::from(e);
         remesh = true;
     }
@@ -410,14 +443,14 @@ pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
         ui.label(tl!("Rotate:"));
         let mut fixed = s.warp.pins[i].rotate.is_some();
         let was = fixed;
-        crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "puppet-rotate", &mut fixed, &[(false, tl!("Auto")), (true, tl!("Fixed"))], 70.0);
+        crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "puppet-rotate", tl!("Rotation"), &mut fixed, &[(false, tl!("Auto")), (true, tl!("Fixed"))], 70.0);
         if fixed != was {
             s.warp.pins[i].rotate = fixed.then_some(0.0);
             rebind = true;
         }
         if let Some(r) = s.warp.pins[i].rotate {
             let mut a = r as f32;
-            if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut a, -360.0..=360.0, "°", 52.0).changed() {
+            if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut a, -360.0..=360.0, "°", 52.0).accessible_name(tl!("Rotation")).changed() {
                 s.warp.pins[i].rotate = Some(f64::from(a));
                 resolve = true;
             }
@@ -436,7 +469,7 @@ pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     } else if rebind {
         s.rebind();
     } else if resolve {
-        s.solve(true);
+        s.solve();
     }
     ui.with_layout(egui::Layout::right_to_left(egui::Align::Center), |ui| {
         if crate::widgets::primary_button(ui, "✓", 32.0)
@@ -454,6 +487,267 @@ pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    fn puppet_app(ctx: &egui::Context) -> PhotocraftApp {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+        app.session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 100, "height": 80, "depth": 8})).unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.session
+            .edit("paint", |doc, active| {
+                doc.layer_mut(active.unwrap()).unwrap().surface_mut().unwrap().fill_rect(Rect::new(20, 30, 80, 50), &[1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+                Ok(())
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+        app.sync_views();
+        begin(&mut app, ctx, "edit.puppetWarp").unwrap();
+        app
+    }
+
+    fn gesture(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, from: [f64; 2], to: [f64; 2]) {
+        pointer(app, ToolEvent::Down { x: from[0], y: from[1], pressure: 1.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        pointer(app, ToolEvent::Up { x: to[0], y: to[1] }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+    }
+
+    fn press(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, key: egui::Key, modifiers: egui::Modifiers) {
+        let events = [true, false].map(|pressed| egui::Event::Key { key, physical_key: None, pressed, repeat: false, modifiers }).to_vec();
+        let input = egui::RawInput { events, ..Default::default() };
+        ctx.run_ui(input, |ui| crate::shortcuts::handle(app, ui.ctx())).textures_delta.clear();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn delete_keys_remove_selected_pin_and_restore_its_deformation_on_undo() {
+        for key in [egui::Key::Delete, egui::Key::Backspace] {
+            let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+            let mut app = puppet_app(&ctx);
+            gesture(&mut app, [25.0, 40.0], [25.0, 40.0]);
+            gesture(&mut app, [75.0, 40.0], [75.0, 40.0]);
+            gesture(&mut app, [75.0, 40.0], [75.0, 30.0]);
+            gesture(&mut app, [25.0, 40.0], [25.0, 20.0]);
+            let s = app.distort.puppet.as_mut().unwrap();
+            // Rotation/depth are part of a deleted pin's state, not just its position.
+            let before = s.warp.pins.clone();
+            s.warp.pins[0].rotate = Some(15.0);
+            s.warp.pins[0].depth = 2;
+            s.rebind();
+            s.record(before);
+            let pins = s.warp.pins.clone();
+            let deformed = s.deformed.clone();
+            let order = s.order.clone();
+            let edits = s.undo.len();
+            let survivor = &pins[1];
+            let solver = PuppetSolver::new(s.mesh.clone(), &[survivor.src], &[survivor.rotate.is_some()]);
+            let expected = solver.solve(&[survivor.dst], &[survivor.rotate], s.warp.mode, ITERATIONS, None).0;
+            let past = app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+
+            press(&mut app, &ctx, key, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+            let s = app.distort.puppet.as_ref().unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(s.warp.pins, pins[1..], "{key:?}: delete the selected first pin, not the last");
+            assert_eq!(s.selected, None);
+            assert_eq!(s.deformed, expected, "solve from rest without the deleted constraint");
+            assert_eq!(s.order, solver.draw_order(&[survivor.depth], &[survivor.src]));
+            assert_eq!(s.undo.len(), edits + 1);
+            press(&mut app, &ctx, key, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+            assert_eq!(app.distort.puppet.as_ref().unwrap().undo.len(), edits + 1, "no selection: no edit");
+
+            press(&mut app, &ctx, egui::Key::Z, egui::Modifiers::COMMAND);
+            let s = app.distort.puppet.as_ref().unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(s.warp.pins, pins);
+            assert_eq!(s.deformed, deformed);
+            assert_eq!(s.order, order);
+            press(&mut app, &ctx, egui::Key::Z, egui::Modifiers::COMMAND | egui::Modifiers::SHIFT);
+            assert_eq!(app.distort.puppet.as_ref().unwrap().deformed, expected);
+            assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), past, "pin edits stay in the open session");
+
+            let original = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+            commit(&mut app);
+            assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), past + 1);
+            let committed = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+            assert_ne!(committed, original);
+            app.session.execute("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc, original);
+            app.session.execute("edit.redo", json!({})).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc, committed);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn deleting_during_a_drag_settles_history_and_cannot_move_the_next_pin() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut app = puppet_app(&ctx);
+        gesture(&mut app, [25.0, 40.0], [25.0, 40.0]);
+        gesture(&mut app, [75.0, 40.0], [75.0, 40.0]);
+        let original = app.distort.puppet.as_ref().unwrap().warp.pins.clone();
+        pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 25.0, y: 40.0, pressure: 1.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Move { x: 25.0, y: 20.0, pressure: 1.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        let moved = app.distort.puppet.as_ref().unwrap().warp.pins.clone();
+        press(&mut app, &ctx, egui::Key::Delete, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Move { x: 5.0, y: 5.0, pressure: 1.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 5.0, y: 5.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        let s = app.distort.puppet.as_mut().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(s.warp.pins, original[1..]);
+        assert!(s.drag.is_none() && s.drag_from.is_none());
+        assert!(s.undo());
+        assert_eq!(s.warp.pins, moved, "first undo restores the deleted pin at its moved position");
+        assert!(s.undo());
+        assert_eq!(s.warp.pins, original, "second undo reverts the preceding drag");
+        assert!(s.redo());
+        s.selected = Some(0);
+        control(&mut app, &json!({"deleteSelectedPin": true})).unwrap();
+        assert!(!app.distort.puppet.as_mut().unwrap().redo(), "a new deletion discards the redo branch");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn deleting_last_pin_restores_rest_mesh_and_empty_commit_is_not_an_edit() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut app = puppet_app(&ctx);
+        gesture(&mut app, [25.0, 40.0], [25.0, 20.0]);
+        let past = app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        let s = app.distort.puppet.as_mut().unwrap();
+        let pins = s.warp.pins.clone();
+        s.selected = Some(usize::MAX);
+        press(&mut app, &ctx, egui::Key::Delete, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert_eq!(app.distort.puppet.as_ref().unwrap().warp.pins, pins, "stale selection is harmless");
+        app.distort.puppet.as_mut().unwrap().selected = Some(0);
+        press(&mut app, &ctx, egui::Key::Backspace, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        let s = app.distort.puppet.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert!(s.warp.pins.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(s.deformed.len(), s.mesh.verts.len());
+        for (deformed, rest) in s.deformed.iter().zip(&s.mesh.verts) {
+            assert!(dist(*deformed, *rest) < 1e-8, "no constraints: the mesh returns to rest");
+        }
+        commit(&mut app);
+        assert!(app.distort.puppet.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), past);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn delete_keys_in_a_text_field_do_not_remove_pins() {
+        for key in [egui::Key::Delete, egui::Key::Backspace] {
+            let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+            let mut app = puppet_app(&ctx);
+            gesture(&mut app, [25.0, 40.0], [25.0, 20.0]);
+            let mut text = "123".to_string();
+            ctx.run_ui(Default::default(), |ui| {
+                ui.text_edit_singleline(&mut text).request_focus();
+            })
+            .textures_delta
+            .clear();
+            let pins = app.distort.puppet.as_ref().unwrap().warp.pins.clone();
+            let input = egui::RawInput {
+                events: vec![egui::Event::Key { key, physical_key: None, pressed: true, repeat: false, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE }],
+                ..Default::default()
+            };
+            ctx.run_ui(input, |ui| {
+                assert!(ui.ctx().text_edit_focused());
+                crate::shortcuts::handle(&mut app, ui.ctx());
+                ui.text_edit_singleline(&mut text);
+            })
+            .textures_delta
+            .clear();
+            assert_eq!(app.distort.puppet.as_ref().unwrap().warp.pins, pins);
+            assert_eq!(app.distort.puppet.as_ref().unwrap().undo.len(), 1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn long_puppet(ctx: &egui::Context, mode: PuppetMode, density: PuppetDensity) -> PhotocraftApp {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+        app.session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 1000, "height": 300, "depth": 8})).unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.session
+            .edit("paint", |doc, active| {
+                doc.layer_mut(active.unwrap()).unwrap().surface_mut().unwrap().fill_rect(Rect::new(40, 180, 960, 220), &[1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+                Ok(())
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+        app.sync_views();
+        begin(&mut app, ctx, "edit.puppetWarp").unwrap();
+        for x in [70.0, 160.0, 930.0] {
+            pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x, y: 200.0, pressure: 1.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+            pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x, y: 200.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        }
+        let s = app.distort.puppet.as_mut().unwrap();
+        s.warp.mode = mode;
+        s.warp.density = density;
+        s.rebuild_mesh();
+        app
+    }
+
+    fn assert_same_mesh(a: &[[f64; 2]], b: &[[f64; 2]]) {
+        assert_eq!(a.len(), b.len());
+        let offset = a.iter().zip(b).map(|(a, b)| dist(*a, *b)).fold(0.0, f64::max);
+        assert!(offset < 1e-8, "mesh moved by {offset} px with unchanged pins");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn drag_preview_matches_release_history_and_committed_geometry() {
+        use photocraft_algo::puppet::{deform, render};
+        for mode in [PuppetMode::Rigid, PuppetMode::Normal, PuppetMode::Distort] {
+            for density in [PuppetDensity::Fewer, PuppetDensity::Normal, PuppetDensity::More] {
+                let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+                let mut app = long_puppet(&ctx, mode, density);
+                let rest = app.distort.puppet.as_ref().unwrap().deformed.clone();
+                let past = app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+                pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 930.0, y: 200.0, pressure: 1.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+                for step in 1..=12 {
+                    let x = 930.0 - f64::from(step) * 20.0;
+                    let y = 200.0 - f64::from(step) * 10.0;
+                    pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Move { x, y, pressure: 1.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+                }
+                let s = app.distort.puppet.as_ref().unwrap();
+                let preview = s.deformed.clone();
+                let order = s.order.clone();
+                pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 690.0, y: 80.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+                let s = app.distort.puppet.as_mut().unwrap();
+                assert_same_mesh(&preview, &s.deformed);
+                assert_eq!(order, s.order);
+                let (_, canonical, _) = deform(&s.surface, s.bounds, &s.warp, ITERATIONS);
+                assert_same_mesh(&preview, &canonical);
+                assert!(s.undo());
+                assert_same_mesh(&rest, &s.deformed);
+                assert!(s.redo());
+                assert_same_mesh(&preview, &s.deformed);
+                // Use the engine's interpolation to isolate geometry from GPU texture sampling.
+                let expected = render(&s.surface, s.bounds, &s.mesh, &preview, &order, photocraft_algo::transform::Interp::Bicubic);
+                let layer = s.layer;
+                assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), past);
+                commit(&mut app);
+                let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+                assert_eq!(st.history.past_len(), past + 1);
+                assert_eq!(st.doc.layer(layer).unwrap().surface().unwrap(), &expected);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn drag_preview_is_independent_of_pointer_path_and_honors_release_coordinates() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut app = long_puppet(&ctx, PuppetMode::Normal, PuppetDensity::More);
+        let s = app.distort.puppet.as_mut().unwrap();
+        s.warp.pins[0].rotate = Some(25.0);
+        s.rebind();
+        let pins = s.warp.pins.clone();
+        let paths = [
+            vec![[690.0, 80.0]],
+            vec![[870.0, 170.0], [810.0, 140.0], [750.0, 110.0], [690.0, 80.0]],
+            vec![[500.0, 30.0], [930.0, 200.0], [1000.0, 270.0], [690.0, 80.0]],
+        ];
+        let mut expected = None;
+        for path in paths {
+            app.distort.puppet.as_mut().unwrap().restore(pins.clone());
+            pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 930.0, y: 200.0, pressure: 1.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+            for [x, y] in path {
+                pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Move { x, y, pressure: 1.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+            }
+            let preview = &app.distort.puppet.as_ref().unwrap().deformed;
+            assert_same_mesh(expected.get_or_insert_with(|| preview.clone()), preview);
+            // The last pointer-up may carry a new position without a preceding move event.
+            pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 720.0, y: 90.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+            let s = app.distort.puppet.as_ref().unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(s.warp.pins[2].dst, [720.0, 90.0]);
+            let (_, canonical, _) = photocraft_algo::puppet::deform(&s.surface, s.bounds, &s.warp, ITERATIONS);
+            assert_same_mesh(&s.deformed, &canonical);
+        }
+    }
+
     /// #5092: a Puppet Warp session left open does not follow the user to a new document.
     #[test]
     fn session_is_dropped_when_another_document_becomes_active() {
@@ -472,10 +766,13 @@ mod tests {
         crate::distort_ui::drop_foreign(&mut app);
         assert!(app.distort.puppet.is_some());
         app.session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 32, "height": 32, "depth": 8})).unwrap();
-        assert!(crate::distort_ui::display_doc(&app, 1).is_some());
+        let active = app.session.active_index().unwrap();
+        // The session stays until drop_foreign; the preview must not follow this document (#5115).
+        assert!(app.distort.puppet.is_some());
+        assert!(crate::distort_ui::display_doc(&app, active).is_none());
         crate::distort_ui::drop_foreign(&mut app);
         assert!(app.distort.puppet.is_none());
-        assert!(crate::distort_ui::display_doc(&app, 1).is_none());
+        assert!(crate::distort_ui::display_doc(&app, active).is_none());
         // Closing the document it was started on drops it too.
         assert!(app.session.set_active(0));
         crate::distort_ui::menu(&mut app, &ctx, "edit.puppetWarp", &json!({})).unwrap().unwrap();
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/replace_prompt.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/replace_prompt.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7f301db8e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/replace_prompt.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+//! A save asks before replacing a file that the save dialog did not ask about. The dialog asks
+//! only about the name it answers, and the app can change that name afterwards: it gives a name
+//! without an extension the suggested file's (#5039), and lowercases the extension when
+//! Preferences ▸ File Handling › Lowercase Extension is on. When a file exists under the changed
+//! name, Replace writes over it and Cancel ends the save like the save dialog's Cancel.
+//!
+//! The prompt is an ordinary dialog in the UI state: `ui.dialog.confirm` replaces the file and
+//! `ui.dialog.cancel` keeps it. The file dialog stays open until it is answered
+//! ([`PhotocraftApp::file_dialog_open`]).
+
+use serde_json::{Map, Value, json};
+
+use crate::PhotocraftApp;
+use crate::file_open::display_name;
+use crate::state::DialogKind;
+
+const MARK: &str = "__replaceSaved";
+
+pub fn owns(fields: &Map<String, Value>) -> bool {
+    fields.contains_key(MARK)
+}
+
+/// Opens the prompt about `path`, the file a save writes to for `answered`, the save dialog's
+/// answer.
+pub(crate) fn open(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, answered: &str, path: &str) {
+    let message = crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("“{name}” already exists. Replace it?"), &[("name", display_name(path).as_str())]);
+    let detail = crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("The name in the save dialog was “{name}”."), &[("name", display_name(answered).as_str())]);
+    let fields = json!({MARK: true, "__label": "Save", "message": message, "detail": detail, "path": path});
+    app.ui.open_dialog(DialogKind::Command, fields.as_object().cloned().unwrap_or_default());
+}
+
+pub fn body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, fields: &Map<String, Value>) {
+    ui.label(fields.get("message").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or_default());
+    ui.add_space(6.0);
+    ui.label(fields.get("detail").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or_default());
+}
+
+/// Replace: the save the prompt held back.
+pub fn confirm(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> Result<Value, String> {
+    app.answer_replace(true)
+}
+
+/// Cancel: nothing is written.
+pub fn cancel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> Result<Value, String> {
+    app.answer_replace(false)
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/retouch_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/retouch_ui.rs
index 495a1babf6..db8bde9240 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/retouch_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/retouch_ui.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-//! UI for the retouching tools (healing, patch, clone, history brush, blur/sharpen/smudge,
-//! dodge/burn/sponge, Mixer Brush, Color Replacement) and the smart selection tools (Quick
-//! Selection, Object Selection): gesture → engine command, options bars, and the clone-source
-//! marker.
+//! UI for the retouching tools (healing, patch, clone, history brush, art history brush,
+//! blur/sharpen/smudge, dodge/burn/sponge, Mixer Brush, Color Replacement) and the smart
+//! selection tools (Quick Selection, Object Selection): gesture → engine command, options bars,
+//! and the clone-source marker.
 
 use egui::{Color32, Stroke, vec2};
 use serde_json::{Value, json};
@@ -27,7 +27,9 @@ pub(crate) fn alt_flipped(tool: Tool, alt: bool) -> Tool {
 /// point is set yet.
 pub(crate) fn clone_params(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Option<Value> {
     let o = &app.ui.tool_options;
-    let mut p = json!({"aligned": o.clone_aligned, "sampleLayer": o.clone_sample});
+    // The options bar's Mode is the tool's own brush's.
+    let mode = crate::blend_keys::brush_tool_mode(app.ui.tool, app.session.tools.brush.mode);
+    let mut p = json!({"aligned": o.clone_aligned, "sampleLayer": o.clone_sample, "mode": mode.label()});
     if app.ui.tool == Tool::CloneStamp {
         p["wrap"] = json!(app.ui.view.pattern_preview);
         p["opacity"] = json!(app.session.tools.brush.opacity * 100.0);
@@ -45,6 +47,12 @@ pub(crate) fn clone_params(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Option<Value> {
     Some(p)
 }
 
+/// History Brush params for the live preview and the commit (without `points` and `target`): the
+/// options bar's Mode, which is the tool's own brush's.
+pub(crate) fn history_brush_params(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Value {
+    json!({"mode": app.session.tools.brush.mode.label()})
+}
+
 /// The command and options-bar params (without `points` and `target`) of a sequential-dab tool:
 /// Blur, Sharpen, Smudge, Dodge, Burn, Sponge. Shared by the live preview and the commit.
 pub(crate) fn dab_params(app: &PhotocraftApp, tool: Tool) -> Option<(&'static str, Value)> {
@@ -90,6 +98,8 @@ pub(crate) fn pattern_stamp_params(app: &PhotocraftApp, points: &[[f64; 3]]) ->
         "scale": o.pattern_stamp_scale,
         "angle": o.pattern_stamp_angle,
         "seed": stroke_seed(points),
+        // The options bar's Mode is the tool's own brush's.
+        "mode": app.session.tools.brush.mode.label(),
     });
     if o.pattern_stamp_aligned
         && let Some(ph) = app.ui.pattern_stamp_phase
@@ -141,7 +151,15 @@ pub fn finish_stroke(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, tool: Tool, points: &[[f64; 3]], m
             };
             (if tool == Tool::Healing { "paint.healingBrush" } else { "paint.cloneStamp" }, p)
         }
-        Tool::HistoryBrush => ("paint.historyBrush", json!({})),
+        Tool::HistoryBrush => ("paint.historyBrush", history_brush_params(app)),
+        Tool::ArtHistoryBrush => (
+            "paint.artHistoryBrush",
+            json!({
+                "style": o.art_history_style,
+                "area": o.art_history_area,
+                "tolerance": o.art_history_tolerance,
+            }),
+        ),
         Tool::Blur | Tool::Sharpen | Tool::Smudge | Tool::Dodge | Tool::Burn | Tool::Sponge => match dab_params(app, tool) {
             Some(cp) => cp,
             None => return false,
@@ -160,7 +178,9 @@ pub fn finish_stroke(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, tool: Tool, points: &[[f64; 3]], m
     p["points"] = pts;
     // The layer mask, an alpha channel or the Quick Mask when targeted, as the Brush paints.
     p["target"] = crate::canvas::paint_target(app);
-    match app.run(cmd, p) {
+    let result = app.run(cmd, p);
+    app.retouch_from_live = matches!(&result, Ok(r) if r.get("fromLive").and_then(Value::as_bool) == Some(true));
+    match result {
         Ok(r) if matches!(tool, Tool::Healing | Tool::CloneStamp) => {
             // Aligned: keep the offset for later strokes; non-aligned: every stroke restarts at the source.
             app.ui.clone_offset = r.get("offset").and_then(|v| serde_json::from_value(v.clone()).ok()).filter(|_| o.clone_aligned);
@@ -462,7 +482,9 @@ pub fn draw_source_marker(app: &PhotocraftApp, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &Vie
 
 fn opt(ui: &mut egui::Ui, text: &str) {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
-    ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!(&text)).color(t.text_dim).size(12.0));
+    let label = ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!(&text)).color(t.text_dim).size(12.0));
+    // The caption scrubs and names the field or dropdown drawn right after it.
+    crate::widgets::scrub_option_label(ui, &label);
 }
 
 fn pct(ui: &mut egui::Ui, label: &str, v: &mut f32) {
@@ -515,7 +537,7 @@ pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, tool: Tool) -> bo
             opt(ui, tl!("Patch:"));
             let kinds = [("normal".to_string(), tl!("Normal")), ("contentAware".to_string(), tl!("Content-Aware"))];
             let mut kind = if o.patch_content_aware { "contentAware" } else { "normal" }.to_string();
-            crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "patch-kind", &mut kind, &kinds, 120.0);
+            crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "patch-kind", tl!("Type"), &mut kind, &kinds, 120.0);
             o.patch_content_aware = kind == "contentAware";
             if o.patch_content_aware {
                 opt(ui, tl!("Structure:"));
@@ -537,7 +559,7 @@ pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, tool: Tool) -> bo
         Tool::ContentAwareMove => {
             opt(ui, tl!("Mode:"));
             let modes = [("move".to_string(), tl!("Move")), ("extend".to_string(), tl!("Extend"))];
-            crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "cam-mode", &mut o.cam_mode, &modes, 90.0);
+            crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "cam-mode", tl!("Mode"), &mut o.cam_mode, &modes, 90.0);
             opt(ui, tl!("Structure:"));
             crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut o.cam_structure, 1.0..=7.0, "", 40.0);
             opt(ui, tl!("Color:"));
@@ -549,12 +571,12 @@ pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, tool: Tool) -> bo
                 // The box on the dropped patch: ✓ computes the move, ⊘ drops it (as ↩ / Esc).
                 let tip = crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("Commit transform ({key})"), &[("key", &crate::shortcuts::pretty("Enter"))]);
                 let commit = crate::icons::button(ui, "check", 26.0, false, &tip);
-                commit.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, "Commit transform"));
+                commit.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, "Commit transform"));
                 if commit.clicked() {
                     crate::cam_transform::commit(app);
                 }
                 let cancel = crate::icons::button(ui, "ban", 26.0, false, tl!("Cancel transform (Esc)"));
-                cancel.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, "Cancel transform"));
+                cancel.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, "Cancel transform"));
                 if cancel.clicked() {
                     crate::cam_transform::cancel(app);
                 }
@@ -573,7 +595,7 @@ pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, tool: Tool) -> bo
                 ("currentAndBelow".to_string(), tl!("Current & Below")),
                 ("all".to_string(), tl!("All Layers")),
             ];
-            crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "clone-sample", &mut o.clone_sample, &opts, 130.0);
+            crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "clone-sample", tl!("Source"), &mut o.clone_sample, &opts, 130.0);
             if app.ui.clone_source.is_none() {
                 crate::widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
                 opt(ui, &crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("{key}-click to set the source"), &[("key", &crate::shortcuts::pretty("Alt"))]));
@@ -582,14 +604,14 @@ pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, tool: Tool) -> bo
         Tool::Dodge | Tool::Burn => {
             opt(ui, tl!("Range:"));
             let opts = [("shadows".to_string(), tl!("Shadows")), ("midtones".to_string(), tl!("Midtones")), ("highlights".to_string(), tl!("Highlights"))];
-            crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "tone-range", &mut o.tone_range, &opts, 100.0);
+            crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "tone-range", tl!("Range"), &mut o.tone_range, &opts, 100.0);
             pct(ui, tl!("Exposure:"), &mut o.exposure);
             crate::widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut o.protect_tones, tl!("Protect Tones"));
         }
         Tool::Sponge => {
             opt(ui, tl!("Mode:"));
             let opts = [("desaturate".to_string(), tl!("Desaturate")), ("saturate".to_string(), tl!("Saturate"))];
-            crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "sponge-mode", &mut o.sponge_mode, &opts, 110.0);
+            crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "sponge-mode", tl!("Mode"), &mut o.sponge_mode, &opts, 110.0);
             crate::widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut o.vibrance, tl!("Vibrance"));
         }
         Tool::Blur | Tool::Sharpen | Tool::Smudge => {
@@ -613,7 +635,7 @@ pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, tool: Tool) -> bo
                 ("color".to_string(), tl!("Color")),
                 ("luminosity".to_string(), tl!("Luminosity")),
             ];
-            crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "color-replacement-mode", &mut o.cr_mode, &modes, 100.0);
+            crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "color-replacement-mode", tl!("Mode"), &mut o.cr_mode, &modes, 100.0);
             crate::widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
             ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 2.0;
             for (k, icon, tip) in [
@@ -633,12 +655,32 @@ pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, tool: Tool) -> bo
                 ("contiguous".to_string(), tl!("Contiguous")),
                 ("findEdges".to_string(), tl!("Find Edges")),
             ];
-            crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "color-replacement-limits", &mut o.cr_limits, &limits, 110.0);
+            crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "color-replacement-limits", tl!("Limits:"), &mut o.cr_limits, &limits, 110.0);
             opt(ui, tl!("Tolerance:"));
             crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut o.cr_tolerance, 0.0..=100.0, "%", 62.0);
             crate::widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut o.cr_anti_alias, tl!("Anti-alias"));
         }
         Tool::HistoryBrush => opt(ui, tl!("Paints from the History panel's source state")),
+        Tool::ArtHistoryBrush => {
+            opt(ui, tl!("Style"));
+            let styles = [
+                ("tightShort".to_string(), tl!("Tight Short")),
+                ("tightMedium".to_string(), tl!("Tight Medium")),
+                ("tightLong".to_string(), tl!("Tight Long")),
+                ("looseMedium".to_string(), tl!("Loose Medium")),
+                ("looseLong".to_string(), tl!("Loose Long")),
+                ("dab".to_string(), tl!("Dab")),
+                ("tightCurl".to_string(), tl!("Tight Curl")),
+                ("looseCurl".to_string(), tl!("Loose Curl")),
+            ];
+            crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "art-history-style", tl!("Style"), &mut o.art_history_style, &styles, 130.0);
+            opt(ui, tl!("Area"));
+            crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut o.art_history_area, 0.0..=100.0, "", 50.0);
+            opt(ui, tl!("Tolerance"));
+            crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut o.art_history_tolerance, 0.0..=100.0, "", 50.0);
+            crate::widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
+            opt(ui, tl!("Stylized dabs from a history state"));
+        }
         Tool::QuickSelection => {
             crate::widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut o.sample_all.quick_selection, tl!("Sample All Layers"));
             crate::widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut o.enhance_edge, tl!("Enhance Edge"));
@@ -685,7 +727,7 @@ fn pattern_stamp_options(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
         ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("No patterns")).color(Tokens::get(ui.ctx()).text_faint));
         false
     } else {
-        crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "pattern-stamp-pat", &mut pat, &opts_ref, 140.0)
+        crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "pattern-stamp-pat", tl!("Pattern"), &mut pat, &opts_ref, 140.0)
     };
     opt(ui, tl!("Scale"));
     crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut o.pattern_stamp_scale, 1.0..=1000.0, "%", 58.0);
@@ -797,6 +839,67 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(params["flow"], 50.0);
     }
 
+    /// A Healing Brush whose brush holds a mode outside its menu (Overlay, restored with the tool
+    /// active, so no tool switch sees it) heals in Normal; the Clone Stamp keeps Overlay.
+    #[test]
+    fn healing_brush_heals_in_normal_with_a_mode_outside_its_menu() {
+        for (tool, want) in [(Tool::Healing, "Normal"), (Tool::CloneStamp, "Overlay")] {
+            let mut app = app();
+            app.ui.tool = tool;
+            crate::paint_mouse::sync_tool_brush(&mut app);
+            app.session.tools.brush.mode = photocraft_color::BlendMode::Overlay;
+            app.ui.clone_source = Some([10.0, 10.0]);
+            drag(&mut app, tool);
+            let (_, params) = app.session.journal.last().unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(params["mode"], want, "{tool:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The options bar's Mode (each tool's own brush's) reaches the stamps', the History Brush's
+    /// and the Healing Brush's strokes, live and committed.
+    #[test]
+    fn retouch_mode_reaches_the_command() {
+        for (tool, cmd, mode) in [
+            (Tool::CloneStamp, "paint.cloneStamp", "Multiply"),
+            (Tool::Healing, "paint.healingBrush", "Luminosity"),
+            (Tool::HistoryBrush, "paint.historyBrush", "Screen"),
+            (Tool::PatternStamp, "paint.patternStamp", "Overlay"),
+        ] {
+            let mut app = app();
+            app.ui.tool = tool;
+            crate::paint_mouse::sync_tool_brush(&mut app);
+            app.run("tools.setBrush", json!({"brush": {"mode": mode}})).unwrap();
+            app.ui.clone_source = Some([10.0, 10.0]);
+            drag(&mut app, tool);
+            let (id, params) = app.session.journal.last().unwrap();
+            assert_eq!((id.as_str(), params["mode"].as_str()), (cmd, Some(mode)), "{tool:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The Paint Bucket's Mode reaches the fill: Multiply darkens, Clear erases.
+    #[test]
+    fn paint_bucket_mode_reaches_the_fill() {
+        let mut app = app();
+        app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.ui.tool = Tool::PaintBucket;
+        app.session.tools.foreground = [0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0];
+        let click = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
+            let m = egui::Modifiers::NONE;
+            tool_event(app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 20.0, y: 20.0, pressure: 1.0 }, m);
+            tool_event(app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 20.0, y: 20.0 }, m);
+        };
+        click(&mut app);
+        app.session.tools.foreground = [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0];
+        app.ui.tool_options.bucket_blend_mode = photocraft_color::BlendMode::Multiply;
+        click(&mut app);
+        let px = active(&app).surface().unwrap().rgba(20, 20);
+        assert!((px[0] - 0.5).abs() < 0.02 && px[1] < 0.02, "multiplied: {px:?}");
+        app.ui.tool_options.bucket_clear = true;
+        click(&mut app);
+        assert_eq!(app.session.journal.last().unwrap().1["mode"], "clear");
+        assert!(active(&app).surface().unwrap().rgba(20, 20)[3] < 0.01, "cleared");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn clone_without_a_source_names_the_platform_modifier() {
         // Option-click on the Mac, Alt-click elsewhere (#251).
@@ -1375,4 +1478,50 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(!app.ui.status_error, "{}", app.ui.status);
         assert!(app.ui.clone_source.is_none());
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn art_history_is_in_the_y_flyout() {
+        let y = [Tool::HistoryBrush, Tool::ArtHistoryBrush];
+        assert_eq!(y[0], Tool::HistoryBrush);
+        assert_eq!(y[1], Tool::ArtHistoryBrush);
+        assert!(y.iter().all(|t| t.key() == 'Y'));
+        assert!(Tool::ArtHistoryBrush.is_brushlike());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn art_history_options_bar_defaults() {
+        use crate::theme::ThemeKind;
+        use egui::vec2;
+        use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
+        let mut app = app();
+        app.ui.tool = Tool::ArtHistoryBrush;
+        let mut h = egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(1400.0, 60.0)).build_ui_state(
+            |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
+                if !ui.ctx().fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
+                    return;
+                }
+                crate::panels::options_bar(app, ui);
+            },
+            app,
+        );
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, ThemeKind::Studio);
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        h.get_by_label("Style");
+        h.get_by_label("Area");
+        h.get_by_label("Tolerance");
+        assert_eq!(h.state().ui.tool_options.art_history_style, "tightMedium");
+        assert_eq!(h.state().ui.tool_options.art_history_area, 50.0);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().ui.tool_options.art_history_tolerance, 0.0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn art_history_stroke_runs_the_command() {
+        let mut app = app();
+        app.run("paint.pencil", json!({"points": [[0, 30], [100, 30]], "size": 20, "color": "#3060c0"})).unwrap();
+        app.ui.tool = Tool::ArtHistoryBrush;
+        app.ui.tool_options.art_history_style = "tightMedium".into();
+        app.ui.tool_options.art_history_tolerance = 0.0;
+        drag(&mut app, Tool::ArtHistoryBrush);
+        assert_eq!(app.session.journal.last().map(|(id, _)| id.as_str()), Some("paint.artHistoryBrush"));
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/rotate_view.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/rotate_view.rs
index 5137b9d312..ddfabb1261 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/rotate_view.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/rotate_view.rs
@@ -30,11 +30,11 @@ struct RotateDrag {
 }
 
 fn id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("pc-rotate-view-drag")
+    egui::Id::unique("pc-rotate-view-drag")
 }
 
 fn compass_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("pc-rotate-view-compass")
+    egui::Id::unique("pc-rotate-view-compass")
 }
 
 /// Wrap `a` degrees into (−180, 180]. Non-finite values become 0 so a hostile angle never
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/rulers.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/rulers.rs
index a5f4bb0fd1..ccec19c4cb 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/rulers.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/rulers.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! View extras: rulers (⌘R), grid (⌘'), guides (⌘;). Guides are dragged out of the rulers and
-//! moved with the Move tool (drag one off the canvas to delete it), all through undoable engine
-//! commands (`view.newGuide` / `view.moveGuide` / `view.deleteGuide`).
+//! moved with the Move tool (drag one off the canvas or onto a ruler to delete it), all through
+//! undoable engine commands (`view.newGuide` / `view.moveGuide` / `view.deleteGuide`).
 
 use egui::{Align2, Color32, Pos2, Rect, Sense, Stroke, pos2, vec2};
 use photocraft_doc::Document;
@@ -64,19 +64,28 @@ fn unit_label(u: Unit) -> &'static str {
 /// Every length unit, in the Preferences › Units & Rulers order.
 const UNITS: [Unit; 7] = [Unit::Pixels, Unit::Inches, Unit::Centimeters, Unit::Millimeters, Unit::Points, Unit::Picas, Unit::Percent];
 
-/// The ruler right-click menu: every length unit with its (translated) label and whether it's the
-/// one in effect. Picking one changes the ruler unit exactly as the preference pane does.
-fn unit_menu_items(current: Unit) -> Vec<(String, &'static str, bool)> {
-    UNITS.iter().map(|&u| (tl!(unit_label(u)).to_string(), u.name(), u == current)).collect()
+/// The units Photoshop's Create Rectangle (and the other shape dialogs) offer on a right-click of
+/// Width or Height: the lengths, without Percent.
+pub(crate) const LENGTH_UNITS: [Unit; 6] = [Unit::Pixels, Unit::Inches, Unit::Centimeters, Unit::Millimeters, Unit::Points, Unit::Picas];
+
+/// The ruler right-click menu: every unit of `units` with its (translated) label and whether it's
+/// the one in effect. Picking one changes the ruler unit exactly as the preference pane does.
+fn unit_menu_items(current: Unit, units: &[Unit]) -> Vec<(String, &'static str, bool)> {
+    units.iter().map(|&u| (tl!(unit_label(u)).to_string(), u.name(), u == current)).collect()
 }
 
 /// The length units menu that right-clicking a ruler (or Free Transform's W and H fields) opens;
 /// the chosen unit's name is returned (`None` if the menu is dismissed without a pick).
 pub(crate) fn unit_menu(ui: &mut egui::Ui, current: Unit) -> Option<&'static str> {
+    unit_menu_of(ui, current, &UNITS)
+}
+
+/// [`unit_menu`] with only `units` in it.
+pub(crate) fn unit_menu_of(ui: &mut egui::Ui, current: Unit, units: &[Unit]) -> Option<&'static str> {
     crate::widgets::menu_scroll(ui, |ui| {
         ui.set_min_width(150.0);
         let mut chosen = None;
-        for (label, name, checked) in unit_menu_items(current) {
+        for (label, name, checked) in unit_menu_items(current, units) {
             let label = if checked { format!("✓ {label}") } else { label };
             if ui.button(label).clicked() {
                 ui.close();
@@ -96,13 +105,16 @@ pub struct GuideDrag {
     /// Where the pointer went down, on the guide's axis: released there, an existing guide is
     /// clicked (selected), not moved.
     pub press: f64,
+    /// Whether the pointer was over a ruler when the guide was let go (#6286): a guide released
+    /// there is removed, whatever its own axis reads.
+    pub over_ruler: bool,
 }
 
 impl GuideDrag {
     /// An existing guide taken at document point `p`.
     pub fn existing(vertical: bool, index: usize, p: [f64; 2]) -> Self {
         let at = if vertical { p[0] } else { p[1] };
-        Self { vertical, index: Some(index), pos: at, press: at }
+        Self { vertical, index: Some(index), pos: at, press: at, over_ruler: false }
     }
 }
 
@@ -111,6 +123,20 @@ pub fn content_rect(app: &PhotocraftApp, rect: Rect) -> Rect {
     if app.ui.extras.rulers { Rect::from_min_max(rect.min + vec2(RULER, RULER), rect.max) } else { rect }
 }
 
+/// Whether the screen point `p` is over a ruler, inside the full canvas rect `full`. A guide let go
+/// there is removed, as in Photoshop, and either ruler removes it (#6286): the top ruler measures
+/// document x and the left one y, so the ruler the guide was not dragged out of can lie over a
+/// coordinate that is still inside the document on the guide's own axis.
+pub(crate) fn dropped_on_a_ruler(app: &PhotocraftApp, full: Rect, p: Pos2) -> bool {
+    if !app.ui.extras.rulers {
+        return false;
+    }
+    // The rulers take the strips [`content_rect`] trims off the canvas rect, and nothing else: a
+    // canvas point on the boundary is canvas.
+    let content = content_rect(app, full);
+    full.contains(p) && (p.x < content.min.x || p.y < content.min.y)
+}
+
 /// Tick step (document px) so major ticks are at least ~60 screen px apart: 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50…
 #[cfg(test)]
 fn tick_step(zoom: f32) -> f64 {
@@ -213,6 +239,30 @@ pub fn draw_guides(app: &PhotocraftApp, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform,
     }
 }
 
+/// The position readout of a guide being dragged: `X:` for a vertical guide, `Y:` for a horizontal
+/// one, measured from the ruler zero point in the ruler unit. Pixels keep one decimal, as
+/// Photoshop's "X: 103.2 px".
+pub fn guide_drag_readout(app: &PhotocraftApp, d: GuideDrag) -> Option<(&'static str, String)> {
+    let doc = &app.session.active()?.doc;
+    let ur = &app.session.prefs().units_and_rulers;
+    let axis = usize::from(!d.vertical);
+    let px = d.pos - doc.ruler_origin.get(axis).copied().unwrap_or(0.0);
+    let extent = if d.vertical { doc.size.width } else { doc.size.height } as f64;
+    let value = match ur.rulers {
+        Unit::Pixels => photocraft_engine::prefs::fmt_decimals(px, 1),
+        _ => ur.format(px, f64::from(doc.resolution_dpi), extent),
+    };
+    Some((if d.vertical { "X:" } else { "Y:" }, format!("{value} {}", ur.rulers.suffix())))
+}
+
+/// Draw [`guide_drag_readout`] beside the pointer while a guide is dragged.
+pub fn draw_guide_drag_readout(app: &PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
+    let (Some(d), Some(at)) = (app.guide_drag, ctx.pointer_latest_pos()) else { return };
+    if let Some((label, value)) = guide_drag_readout(app, d) {
+        crate::canvas::draw_value_readout(app, ctx, "guide-drag-readout", at, [label], [value]);
+    }
+}
+
 /// Existing guide under a document point (within 4 screen px).
 pub fn guide_at(app: &PhotocraftApp, x: f64, y: f64) -> Option<(bool, usize)> {
     // Hidden canvas guides are not interactive: the Move tool must reach the layer below.
@@ -235,12 +285,15 @@ pub fn guide_at(app: &PhotocraftApp, x: f64, y: f64) -> Option<(bool, usize)> {
     None
 }
 
-/// Finish a guide drag: create, move, or delete (dropped outside the canvas). An existing guide
-/// released where it was pressed is a click: it's selected and stays put, as in Photoshop; a
-/// moved one stays selected.
+/// Finish a guide drag: create, move, or delete (dropped outside the canvas or on a ruler). An
+/// existing guide released where it was pressed is a click: it's selected and stays put, as in
+/// Photoshop; a moved one stays selected.
 pub fn finish_drag(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, d: GuideDrag) {
     let Some(size) = app.session.active().map(|s| s.doc.size) else { return };
+    // A drop on a ruler removes the guide even when the drag held its own axis, which otherwise
+    // reads as a click: dragged sideways onto the left ruler, a horizontal guide never moves in y.
     if let Some(i) = d.index
+        && !d.over_ruler
         && (d.pos - d.press).abs() * f64::from(app.point_zoom().max(0.01)) < 0.5
     {
         crate::guide_select::select(app, d.vertical, i);
@@ -248,7 +301,7 @@ pub fn finish_drag(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, d: GuideDrag) {
     }
     let extent = if d.vertical { size.width } else { size.height } as f64;
     let orientation = if d.vertical { "vertical" } else { "horizontal" };
-    let inside = d.pos >= 0.0 && d.pos <= extent;
+    let inside = !d.over_ruler && d.pos >= 0.0 && d.pos <= extent;
     let pos = (d.pos * 1000.0).round() / 1000.0;
     let _ = match (d.index, inside) {
         (None, true) => app.run("view.newGuide", json!({"orientation": orientation, "position": pos})),
@@ -453,7 +506,7 @@ pub fn draw_rulers(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, full: Rect, xf: &
     for (r, vertical, salt) in [(top, false, "ruler-top"), (left, true, "ruler-left"), (corner, false, "ruler-corner")] {
         // Guides drag out of the top/left rulers and the zero point out of the corner; all three
         // sense clicks so the right-click unit menu opens anywhere on the ruler.
-        let resp = ui.interact(r, ui.id().with(salt), Sense::click_and_drag());
+        let resp = ui.interact(r, ui.scope_id().with(salt), Sense::click_and_drag());
         if salt == "ruler-corner" {
             corner_origin(app, ui, &resp, &p, xf, origin, ticks);
         } else if resp.hovered() {
@@ -466,11 +519,13 @@ pub fn draw_rulers(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, full: Rect, xf: &
             let d = xf.to_doc(pos);
             let along = if vertical { d[0] } else { d[1] };
             let pos = if ui.input(|i| i.modifiers.shift) { snap_to_tick(app, xf, vertical, along) } else { crate::snap_ui::snap_guide(app, vertical, along) };
-            app.guide_drag = Some(GuideDrag { vertical, index: None, pos, press: pos });
+            app.guide_drag = Some(GuideDrag { vertical, index: None, pos, press: pos, over_ruler: false });
         }
         if resp.drag_stopped()
-            && let Some(d) = app.guide_drag.take()
+            && let Some(mut d) = app.guide_drag.take()
         {
+            // Let go over a ruler (the other one, say) the drag is discarded, not placed (#6286).
+            d.over_ruler = resp.interact_pointer_pos().is_some_and(|p| dropped_on_a_ruler(app, full, p));
             finish_drag(app, d);
         }
         resp.context_menu(|ui| {
@@ -726,17 +781,136 @@ mod tests {
         let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
         app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 100})).unwrap();
         app.hover_doc = None;
-        app.guide_drag = Some(GuideDrag { vertical: true, index: None, pos: 42.0, press: 42.0 });
+        app.guide_drag = Some(GuideDrag { vertical: true, index: None, pos: 42.0, press: 42.0, over_ruler: false });
         let mut h = egui_kittest::Harness::builder()
             .with_size(vec2(260.0, 240.0))
             .build_ui_state(|ui, app| crate::panels::dock_body(app, ui, crate::dock::Group::Navigator, 2), app);
         h.run_steps(2);
         assert!(h.query_by_label("42").is_some(), "vertical guide: X readout");
-        h.state_mut().guide_drag = Some(GuideDrag { vertical: false, index: None, pos: 17.0, press: 17.0 });
+        h.state_mut().guide_drag = Some(GuideDrag { vertical: false, index: None, pos: 17.0, press: 17.0, over_ruler: false });
         h.run_steps(2);
         assert!(h.query_by_label("17").is_some(), "horizontal guide: Y readout");
     }
 
+    /// A dragged guide shows its position beside the pointer: X for a vertical guide, Y for a
+    /// horizontal one, from the zero point, in the ruler unit (pixels to one decimal).
+    #[test]
+    fn guide_drag_shows_its_position_beside_the_pointer() {
+        use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 100})).unwrap();
+        let v = GuideDrag { vertical: true, index: Some(0), pos: 103.24, press: 50.0, over_ruler: false };
+        assert_eq!(guide_drag_readout(&app, v), Some(("X:", "103.2 px".to_owned())));
+        let h = GuideDrag { vertical: false, index: None, pos: 40.0, press: 40.0, over_ruler: false };
+        assert_eq!(guide_drag_readout(&app, h), Some(("Y:", "40 px".to_owned())));
+        app.run("view.setRulerOrigin", json!({"x": 3.0, "y": 10.0})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(guide_drag_readout(&app, h), Some(("Y:", "30 px".to_owned())), "from the zero point");
+        app.run("view.resetRulerOrigin", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "unitsAndRulers.rulers", "value": "percent"})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(guide_drag_readout(&app, GuideDrag { vertical: true, index: None, pos: 103.0, press: 0.0, over_ruler: false }).map(|r| r.0), Some("X:"));
+        app.run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "unitsAndRulers.rulers", "value": "pixels"})).unwrap();
+
+        app.guide_drag = Some(v);
+        let mut h = egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(300.0, 200.0)).build_ui_state(|ui, app| draw_guide_drag_readout(app, ui.ctx()), app);
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(pos2(50.0, 50.0)));
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        assert!(h.query_by_label("X:").is_some() && h.query_by_label("103.2 px").is_some());
+        h.state_mut().guide_drag = None;
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        assert!(h.query_by_label("X:").is_none(), "no readout once the drag ends");
+    }
+
+    type AppHarness = egui_kittest::Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>;
+
+    /// The real canvas on a 400 × 300 document with a horizontal guide at y = 100, at 100 %,
+    /// with the Move tool and snapping off.
+    fn canvas_harness(rulers: bool) -> AppHarness {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 400, "height": 300})).unwrap();
+        app.run("view.newGuide", json!({"orientation": "horizontal", "position": 100})).unwrap();
+        app.sync_views();
+        app.ui.extras.rulers = rulers;
+        app.ui.extras.snap = false;
+        app.ui.tool = crate::state::Tool::Move;
+        let mut h = egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(800.0, 600.0)).build_ui_state(
+            |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
+                if !ui.ctx().fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
+                    return;
+                }
+                egui::CentralPanel::default().show(ui, |ui| crate::canvas::document_area(app, ui));
+            },
+            app,
+        );
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::ALL[0]);
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        let v = &mut h.state_mut().ui.views[0];
+        (v.zoom, v.center, v.fit_pending) = (1.0, [200.0, 150.0], false);
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        h
+    }
+
+    /// Screen point of document point `(x, y)` in [`canvas_harness`].
+    fn canvas_at(h: &AppHarness, x: f32, y: f32) -> Pos2 {
+        let app = h.state();
+        let v = &app.ui.views[0];
+        let rect = content_rect(app, app.last_canvas_rect);
+        ViewXform { rect, zoom: v.zoom, center: v.center, flip: false, rotation: 0.0, aspect: 1.0 }.to_screen(x, y)
+    }
+
+    /// Moving a horizontal guide with the Move tool on the real canvas: `Y:` follows the pointer.
+    #[test]
+    fn moving_a_guide_on_the_canvas_shows_its_y() {
+        use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
+        let mut h = canvas_harness(false);
+        let at = canvas_at;
+        let press = at(&h, 200.0, 100.0);
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(press));
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: press, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed: true, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE });
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        for y in [110.0, 125.0, 140.0] {
+            h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(at(&h, 210.0, y)));
+            h.run_steps(2);
+        }
+        assert!(h.state().guide_drag.is_some_and(|d| !d.vertical), "a horizontal guide is being dragged");
+        assert!(h.query_by_label("Y:").is_some() && h.query_by_label("140 px").is_some(), "Y readout at the guide");
+        assert!(h.query_by_label("X:").is_none());
+        let up = at(&h, 210.0, 140.0);
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: up, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed: false, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE });
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.guides.horizontal, vec![140.0]);
+        assert!(h.query_by_label("Y:").is_none(), "gone after the drop");
+    }
+
+    /// A guide dragged out of the top ruler: in each frame the readout shows where the guide is
+    /// after that frame's pointer move (the ruler handles the drag after the canvas is drawn), and
+    /// the frame that drops it shows none.
+    #[test]
+    fn ruler_drag_readout_is_current_every_frame() {
+        use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
+        let mut h = canvas_harness(true);
+        let from = pos2(canvas_at(&h, 200.0, 0.0).x, h.state().last_canvas_rect.top() + RULER / 2.0);
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(from));
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: from, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed: true, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE });
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        for y in [40.0, 60.0, 75.0] {
+            h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(canvas_at(&h, 200.0, y)));
+            // egui 0.37 lays an Area's contents out a pass after it is shown; step to the settled
+            // frame with the pointer still at `y` (readout included) rather than the first pass.
+            h.run_steps(2);
+            let pos = h.state().guide_drag.map(|d| d.pos);
+            assert_eq!(pos, Some(f64::from(y)), "the drag follows the pointer");
+            assert!(h.query_by_label(&format!("{y} px")).is_some(), "readout at {y} in the same frame");
+        }
+        let up = canvas_at(&h, 200.0, 75.0);
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: up, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed: false, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE });
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        assert!(h.state().guide_drag.is_none());
+        assert!(h.query_by_label("Y:").is_none(), "no readout in the frame that drops the guide");
+        assert!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.guides.horizontal.contains(&75.0), "the guide lands at y = 75");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn percentage_grid_spacing_uses_both_canvas_dimensions() {
         let mut g = GuidesGridAndSlices { grid_unit: Unit::Percent, gridline_every: 20.0, subdivisions: 2, ..Default::default() };
@@ -806,7 +980,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn unit_menu_lists_every_unit_with_the_current_one_checked() {
-        let items = unit_menu_items(Unit::Inches);
+        let items = unit_menu_items(Unit::Inches, &UNITS);
         assert_eq!(items.len(), Unit::NAMES.len());
         // Every unit is offered, labelled, and in the preference's order.
         assert_eq!(items[0], ("Pixels".to_string(), "pixels", false));
@@ -861,14 +1035,14 @@ mod tests {
         let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
         app.session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 100})).unwrap();
         app.sync_views();
-        finish_drag(&mut app, GuideDrag { vertical: true, index: None, pos: 50.0, press: 50.0 });
-        finish_drag(&mut app, GuideDrag { vertical: false, index: None, pos: 500.0, press: 500.0 }); // off canvas: ignored
+        finish_drag(&mut app, GuideDrag { vertical: true, index: None, pos: 50.0, press: 50.0, over_ruler: false });
+        finish_drag(&mut app, GuideDrag { vertical: false, index: None, pos: 500.0, press: 500.0, over_ruler: false }); // off canvas: ignored
         assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.guides.vertical, vec![50.0]);
         assert!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.guides.horizontal.is_empty());
         assert_eq!(guide_at(&app, 51.0, 10.0), Some((true, 0)));
-        finish_drag(&mut app, GuideDrag { vertical: true, index: Some(0), pos: 120.0, press: 50.0 });
+        finish_drag(&mut app, GuideDrag { vertical: true, index: Some(0), pos: 120.0, press: 50.0, over_ruler: false });
         assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.guides.vertical, vec![120.0]);
-        finish_drag(&mut app, GuideDrag { vertical: true, index: Some(0), pos: -30.0, press: 120.0 });
+        finish_drag(&mut app, GuideDrag { vertical: true, index: Some(0), pos: -30.0, press: 120.0, over_ruler: false });
         assert!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.guides.vertical.is_empty());
         app.ui.extras.lock_guides = true;
         assert_eq!(guide_at(&app, 0.0, 0.0), None);
@@ -1062,6 +1236,170 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(drag(left, egui::Modifiers::ALT), (vec![], vec![90.0]), "Alt from the left ruler: horizontal");
     }
 
+    /// #6286: a guide let go over a ruler is removed, whichever ruler it is. The top ruler measures
+    /// document x and the left one y, so a horizontal guide released on the left ruler is still
+    /// inside the document on its own axis, and used to be placed instead of discarded.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_guide_dropped_on_either_ruler_is_removed() {
+        let new_app = || {
+            let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+            app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 256, "height": 128})).unwrap();
+            app.ui.extras.rulers = true;
+            // No snapping, so a guide that is kept lands exactly where it is let go.
+            app.ui.extras.snap = false;
+            app
+        };
+        let drag = |from: Pos2, to: Pos2| {
+            let (mut h, _, _) = ruler_harness(new_app());
+            h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(from));
+            press(&mut h, from, true, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+            h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(to));
+            h.run_steps(1);
+            press(&mut h, to, false, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+            let g = &h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.guides;
+            (g.vertical.clone(), g.horizontal.clone())
+        };
+        // #5698: out of the top ruler is a horizontal guide, out of the left one a vertical guide.
+        let (top, left) = (pos2(200.0, RULER / 2.0), pos2(RULER / 2.0, 150.0));
+        assert_eq!(drag(top, left), (vec![], vec![]), "out of the top ruler, released on the left ruler");
+        assert_eq!(drag(left, top), (vec![], vec![]), "out of the left ruler, released on the top ruler");
+        // Released on the canvas the guide lands where it was let go, as before.
+        assert_eq!(drag(top, pos2(200.0, 150.0)), (vec![], vec![56.0]), "released on the canvas");
+        assert_eq!(drag(left, pos2(120.0, 150.0)), (vec![40.0], vec![]), "released on the canvas");
+    }
+
+    /// #6286: the guide is removed when it is let go over a ruler, and moved when it is not. The
+    /// release can be inside the document on the guide's own axis and still be a ruler drop, so the
+    /// two are told apart by where the pointer is, not by the position it reads.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_guide_let_go_on_a_ruler_is_removed_not_moved() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 100})).unwrap();
+        app.sync_views();
+        let horizontal = |app: &PhotocraftApp| app.session.active().unwrap().doc.guides.horizontal.clone();
+        for drag in [
+            GuideDrag { vertical: false, index: Some(0), pos: 50.0, press: 10.0, over_ruler: true },
+            // Dragged sideways onto the left ruler, a horizontal guide holds its y, which on its own
+            // reads as a click: the ruler still removes it.
+            GuideDrag { vertical: false, index: Some(0), pos: 50.0, press: 50.0, over_ruler: true },
+        ] {
+            app.run("view.newGuide", json!({"orientation": "horizontal", "position": 50})).unwrap();
+            finish_drag(&mut app, drag);
+            assert!(horizontal(&app).is_empty(), "let go on a ruler: removed, {drag:?}");
+        }
+        app.run("view.newGuide", json!({"orientation": "horizontal", "position": 50})).unwrap();
+        finish_drag(&mut app, GuideDrag { vertical: false, index: Some(0), pos: 80.0, press: 10.0, over_ruler: false });
+        assert_eq!(horizontal(&app), vec![80.0], "let go on the canvas: moved");
+        // Clicked where it was pressed, on the canvas: selected and kept, as before.
+        finish_drag(&mut app, GuideDrag { vertical: false, index: Some(0), pos: 80.0, press: 80.0, over_ruler: false });
+        assert_eq!(horizontal(&app), vec![80.0], "clicked on the canvas: kept");
+        assert!(app.ui.selected_guide.is_some(), "clicked on the canvas: selected");
+    }
+
+    /// The ruler bands are the strips the rulers take off the canvas rect, and only while the rulers
+    /// are shown: with them hidden the whole canvas rect is canvas (#6286).
+    #[test]
+    fn only_the_ruler_bands_count_as_a_ruler() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        let full = Rect::from_min_size(pos2(16.0, 42.0), vec2(968.0, 642.0));
+        let content = Rect::from_min_size(pos2(32.0, 58.0), vec2(952.0, 626.0));
+        app.ui.extras.rulers = true;
+        assert!(dropped_on_a_ruler(&app, full, pos2(full.min.x + RULER / 2.0, 371.0)), "the left ruler");
+        assert!(dropped_on_a_ruler(&app, full, pos2(508.0, full.min.y + RULER / 2.0)), "the top ruler");
+        assert!(dropped_on_a_ruler(&app, full, full.min), "the ruler corner");
+        assert!(!dropped_on_a_ruler(&app, full, pos2(508.0, 371.0)), "the canvas");
+        assert!(!dropped_on_a_ruler(&app, full, content.min), "the canvas' own top-left corner");
+        assert!(!dropped_on_a_ruler(&app, full, pos2(content.min.x + 0.5, 371.0)), "the first canvas column");
+        assert!(!dropped_on_a_ruler(&app, full, pos2(508.0, content.min.y + 0.5)), "the first canvas row");
+        assert!(!dropped_on_a_ruler(&app, full, pos2(full.min.x - 1.0, 371.0)), "outside the canvas rect");
+        app.ui.extras.rulers = false;
+        for p in [pos2(full.min.x + RULER / 2.0, 371.0), pos2(508.0, full.min.y + RULER / 2.0), full.min] {
+            assert!(!dropped_on_a_ruler(&app, full, p), "rulers hidden: no band at {p:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The canvas the guides live on, rulers on, at 100 %.
+    fn tool_canvas_harness(tool: crate::state::Tool) -> egui_kittest::Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 400, "height": 300})).unwrap();
+        app.sync_views();
+        app.ui.extras.rulers = true;
+        app.ui.extras.snap = false;
+        app.ui.tool = tool;
+        let mut h = egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(1000.0, 700.0)).build_ui_state(
+            |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
+                let ctx = ui.ctx().clone();
+                if !ctx.fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
+                    return;
+                }
+                crate::shortcuts::handle(app, &ctx);
+                egui::CentralPanel::default().show(ui, |ui| crate::canvas::document_area(app, ui));
+            },
+            app,
+        );
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::ALL[0]);
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        let v = &mut h.state_mut().ui.views[0];
+        v.zoom = 1.0;
+        v.center = [200.0, 150.0];
+        v.fit_pending = false;
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        h
+    }
+
+    /// #6286: an existing guide dragged onto a ruler with the Move tool is deleted, though the
+    /// release is inside the document on the guide's own axis: the left ruler measures y, so a
+    /// horizontal guide let go there still reads a y inside the canvas and used to be moved. Held
+    /// level, that release reads as a click on the guide, which a ruler drop also outranks.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_guide_dragged_onto_a_ruler_is_deleted_through_the_canvas() {
+        for below in [50.0f32, 0.0] {
+            let mut h = tool_canvas_harness(crate::state::Tool::Move);
+            h.state_mut().run("view.newGuide", json!({"orientation": "horizontal", "position": 150})).unwrap();
+            h.run_steps(1);
+            let at = |h: &egui_kittest::Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, x: f32, y: f32| {
+                let app = h.state();
+                let v = &app.ui.views[0];
+                let xf = ViewXform {
+                    rect: content_rect(app, app.last_canvas_rect),
+                    zoom: v.zoom,
+                    center: v.center,
+                    flip: app.ui.view.flip_horizontal,
+                    rotation: v.rotation,
+                    aspect: app.ui.view.display_aspect(),
+                };
+                xf.to_screen(x, y)
+            };
+            let on_the_guide = at(&h, 200.0, 150.0);
+            // In the left ruler's band, `below` document px under the press: inside the canvas on the
+            // guide's own axis, which is where the old code moved the guide instead of removing it.
+            let canvas = h.state().last_canvas_rect;
+            let onto_the_left_ruler = pos2(canvas.min.x + RULER / 2.0, on_the_guide.y + below);
+            // Along the guide, so a held-level release keeps its y, the way a sideways drag does.
+            let dragged = pos2(on_the_guide.x - 12.0, on_the_guide.y);
+            h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(on_the_guide));
+            h.run_steps(1);
+            h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: on_the_guide, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed: true, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE });
+            h.run_steps(1);
+            // Past egui's click distance, so the drag starts at the press, on the guide.
+            h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(dragged));
+            h.run_steps(2);
+            assert!(h.state().guide_drag.is_some(), "the Move tool takes the guide");
+            h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(onto_the_left_ruler));
+            h.run_steps(1);
+            h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton {
+                pos: onto_the_left_ruler,
+                button: egui::PointerButton::Primary,
+                pressed: false,
+                modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE,
+            });
+            h.run_steps(2);
+            let g = &h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.guides;
+            assert!(g.horizontal.is_empty(), "{below} px below the press, released on the left ruler: got {:?}", g.horizontal);
+            assert!(h.state().guide_drag.is_none(), "the drag is over");
+        }
+    }
+
     /// #3770: a guide Shift-dragged out of a ruler lands on the nearest tick the ruler draws
     /// (tenths of the labelled step, in the ruler unit); without Shift it lands where it's dropped.
     #[test]
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/save_identity_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/save_identity_tests.rs
index 2805557c53..97f252772f 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/save_identity_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/save_identity_tests.rs
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ fn app() -> PhotocraftApp {
     let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(
         Session::new(),
         Services {
-            import: Some(Box::new(|name, bytes, max_svg_group_depth| {
-                photocraft_io::import_with_svg_group_depth(name, bytes, max_svg_group_depth).map(|r| (r.document, r.warnings)).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+            import: Some(Box::new(|name, bytes, opts| {
+                photocraft_io::import_with_options(name, bytes, opts).map(|r| (r.document, r.warnings)).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
             })),
             export: Some(Box::new(|doc, path, _| {
                 photocraft_io::export(doc, path, &Default::default()).map(|r| (r.bytes, r.warnings)).map_err(|e| e.to_string())
@@ -149,7 +149,8 @@ fn save_as_flat_keeps_the_layered_original() {
         app.run("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#000000"})).unwrap();
         let before = identity(&app);
         for flat in ["art.jpg", "art.png"] {
-            menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "file.saveAs", json!({"path": flat})).unwrap();
+            // A JPEG Options answer, so the JPEG doesn't wait on the prompt.
+            menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "file.saveAs", json!({"path": flat, "jpegFormat": "baseline"})).unwrap();
             assert_eq!(identity(&app), before, "{flat}, layered: {layered}");
         }
         menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "file.save", json!({})).unwrap();
@@ -159,8 +160,15 @@ fn save_as_flat_keeps_the_layered_original() {
     }
     // An untitled layered document saved as a JPEG is still untitled and unsaved.
     let mut app = app();
+    let written = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Vec::new()));
+    let w = written.clone();
+    app.services.write = Some(Box::new(move |path, _| {
+        w.borrow_mut().push(path.to_string());
+        Ok(())
+    }));
     let before = identity(&app);
-    app.save_as(Some("flat.jpg".into())).unwrap();
+    menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "file.saveAs", json!({"path": "flat.jpg", "jpegFormat": "baseline"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(*written.borrow(), ["flat.jpg"]);
     assert_eq!(identity(&app), before);
 }
 
@@ -172,6 +180,8 @@ fn save_as_flat_retargets_a_flat_document() {
     app.save_as(Some("shot.png".into())).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().path.as_deref(), Some("shot.png"));
     app.save_as(Some("shot.jpg".into())).unwrap();
+    // JPEG Options asks first; OK writes.
+    crate::jpeg_options_ui::confirm(&mut app, &egui::Context::default());
     let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
     assert_eq!((st.doc.name.as_str(), st.path.as_deref()), ("shot.jpg", Some("shot.jpg")));
     assert_eq!(st.saved_revision, st.revision);
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/screen_picker.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/screen_picker.rs
index f0c12e96cf..59e36636e6 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/screen_picker.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/screen_picker.rs
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ struct Runtime {
 }
 type Shared = Arc<Mutex<Runtime>>;
 fn runtime(ctx: &Context) -> Shared {
-    let id = Id::new("screen-color-picker-runtime");
+    let id = Id::unique("screen-color-picker-runtime");
     ctx.data_mut(|d| {
         if let Some(r) = d.get_temp::<Shared>(id) {
             return r;
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ pub fn take(ctx: &Context, id: Id) -> Option<[f32; 3]> {
 /// Same action for full dialogs and compact swatches. Cancellation returns no change.
 pub fn button(ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: Id) -> Option<[f32; 3]> {
     let r = runtime(ui.ctx());
-    let available = ui.ctx().data(|d| d.get_temp::<bool>(Id::new("screen-color-picker-available"))).unwrap_or(false);
+    let available = ui.ctx().data(|d| d.get_temp::<bool>(Id::unique("screen-color-picker-available"))).unwrap_or(false);
     let mut state = lock(&r);
     let result = if state.completed.as_ref().is_some_and(|(owner, _)| *owner == id) { state.completed.take().map(|(_, rgb)| rgb) } else { None };
     let busy = state.owner.is_some() || state.request.is_some();
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ fn target(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Target {
 }
 /// Poll before shortcuts. A changed editing target invalidates a pending pick.
 pub fn tick(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &Context) -> bool {
-    ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(Id::new("screen-color-picker-available"), app.services.screen_pick.is_some()));
+    ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(Id::unique("screen-color-picker-available"), app.services.screen_pick.is_some()));
     let r = runtime(ctx);
     let mut s = lock(&r);
     if s.completed.is_some() && s.target != Some(target(app)) {
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ pub fn show(ctx: &Context) {
             // Once per picker window (`show` runs every frame, so a local flag would resend it):
             // raise it, and take the keyboard so Esc reaches the picker: a window shown later
             // isn't always given focus by the OS, and the picker covers the screen (#4291).
-            let raised = Id::new(("screen-picker-raised", ui.ctx().viewport_id()));
+            let raised = Id::unique(("screen-picker-raised", ui.ctx().viewport_id()));
             if !ui.ctx().data_mut(|d| std::mem::replace(d.get_temp_mut_or_default::<bool>(raised), true)) {
                 ui.ctx().send_viewport_cmd(egui::ViewportCommand::WindowLevel(egui::WindowLevel::AlwaysOnTop));
                 ui.ctx().send_viewport_cmd(egui::ViewportCommand::Focus);
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ fn frame(ui: &mut egui::Ui, shared: &Shared, image: &ScreenImage, texture: &egui
     egui::CentralPanel::default().frame(egui::Frame::NONE).show(ui, |ui| {
         let rect = ui.max_rect();
         ui.painter().image(texture.id(), rect, Rect::from_min_max(Pos2::ZERO, egui::pos2(1.0, 1.0)), Color32::WHITE);
-        let response = ui.interact(rect, ui.id().with("screen-sample"), Sense::click_and_drag());
+        let response = ui.interact(rect, ui.scope_id().with("screen-sample"), Sense::click_and_drag());
         ui.ctx().set_cursor_icon(egui::CursorIcon::Crosshair);
         let released = response.clicked() || response.drag_stopped();
         let pixel = ui.ctx().pointer_latest_pos().and_then(|pos| Some((pos, image.at(rect, pos)?)));
@@ -537,7 +537,7 @@ mod tests {
         let stop = cancelled.clone();
         let mut receiver = Some(rx);
         app.services.screen_pick = Some(Box::new(move |_| Pending { receiver: receiver.take().unwrap(), cancelled: stop.clone() }));
-        let owner = Id::new("test-destination");
+        let owner = Id::unique("test-destination");
         lock(&runtime(ctx)).request = Some(owner);
         assert!(tick(app, ctx));
         (owner, tx, cancelled)
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ mod tests {
             let (_tx, rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
             Pending { receiver: rx, cancelled: Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool::new(false)) }
         }));
-        let owner = Id::new("queued");
+        let owner = Id::unique("queued");
         lock(&runtime(&ctx)).request = Some(owner);
         cancel(&ctx);
         assert!(!tick(&mut app, &ctx));
@@ -590,7 +590,7 @@ mod tests {
         let (id, tx, _) = queued(&mut app, &ctx);
         tx.send(Ok(Capture::Color(Some([0.25, 0.5, 1.0])))).unwrap();
         assert!(!tick(&mut app, &ctx));
-        assert_eq!(take(&ctx, Id::new("different-widget")), None);
+        assert_eq!(take(&ctx, Id::unique("different-widget")), None);
         assert_eq!(take(&ctx, id), Some([0.25, 0.5, 1.0]));
         assert_eq!(take(&ctx, id), None);
     }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/screenshot.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/screenshot.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..20ea2975b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/screenshot.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,648 @@
+//! The control channel's `ui.screenshot`: bounded, cancelable capture requests.
+//!
+//! egui 0.37 removed `Event::Screenshot`/`UserData`; `ViewportCommand::Screenshot` now carries a
+//! one-shot callback that may run on an arbitrary thread. The shared `craft_ui::capture` slot is
+//! the only correlation primitive: it stores at most one image, validates it against a per-image
+//! byte bound, wakes the owning viewport, and makes a late result after cancellation or drop
+//! inert. This module owns everything the slot deliberately leaves to the application:
+//!
+//! - request identity (token, output path, reply), deadlines and settling policy;
+//! - the 4-request / 128 MiB-per-image / 256 MiB-aggregate admission budget, counted over
+//!   outstanding (issued, completed-but-undrained and unissued) requests. A request that arrives
+//!   before the first UI pass has recorded the geometry waits (bounded by the same count and
+//!   deadline) instead of failing, so a launch-and-capture client behaves as it did on 0.15;
+//! - the document/activation identity captured at admission, which is never rebound (the
+//!   revision is recorded for attribution only);
+//! - the capture geometry epoch recorded at issuance, so an image is only saved for the layout it
+//!   was actually rendered from. Any size, scale, zoom, texture-side or minimized change advances
+//!   the epoch, and an epoch advance between issuance and collection is a retry even when the
+//!   values change back;
+//! - a monotonic clock (`web_time::Instant`) for settling, retries and timeouts. Never
+//!   `ctx.input(|i| i.time)` (stale in `run_logic`) and never the wall clock (NTP can jump).
+//!
+//! Nothing here writes a file or encodes a PNG: completed images are handed back to the UI thread,
+//! which owns the automation writer ([`crate::control::save_screenshot_rgba`]).
+//!
+//! Issuance and the geometry epoch are UI-phase work ([`Captures::issue`] is called from
+//! `App::ui`); draining, admission and hidden-paint requests are logic work. A hidden `run_logic`
+//! tick never counts as a settling frame and never issues a capture.
+//!
+//! Limitation: an invisible same-size surface recreation (a backend swap that reports the same
+//! size, scale and zoom) cannot be observed from egui's input and is not detected here.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use craft_ui::capture::CaptureSlot;
+use egui::{ColorImage, Context, ScreenshotCallback, ViewportId};
+use web_time::Instant;
+
+use crate::control::ControlResponse;
+
+/// At most this many requests may be outstanding at once (issued, completed, waiting for
+/// geometry or waiting to be issued).
+pub const MAX_PENDING: usize = 4;
+/// Largest single image the slot may retain, and the largest a request may reserve.
+pub const MAX_IMAGE_BYTES: usize = 128 * 1024 * 1024;
+/// Aggregate reserved bytes over every outstanding request.
+pub const MAX_TOTAL_BYTES: usize = 256 * 1024 * 1024;
+/// A request expires after this long, including retries and settling.
+pub const DEADLINE: Duration = Duration::from_secs(8);
+/// UI passes a request waits before it is issued, on top of the animation delay.
+pub const SETTLE_PASSES: u32 = 3;
+/// Retries after the layout/geometry changed while a capture was in flight.
+pub const MAX_RETRIES: u8 = 2;
+/// The base delay that lets modal/popup open-close animations finish.
+const BASE_SETTLE_MS: f64 = 60.0;
+
+/// The document identity a screenshot belongs to. Never rebound after admission.
+///
+/// `generation` is the session's monotonic active-document generation. It changes whenever a
+/// different document becomes active, including a switch away and back inside one pass, so an
+/// image is never attributed to a document the pass did not stably show.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct DocumentId {
+    pub document: u64,
+    pub revision: u64,
+    pub generation: u64,
+}
+
+impl DocumentId {
+    /// Request identity is the document, not its revision: an edit while a capture is in flight
+    /// must not throw the image away. The revision is recorded for attribution only.
+    pub fn same_document(self, other: Self) -> bool {
+        self.document == other.document
+    }
+
+    /// The same document in the same activation: an intervening switch away and back fails it.
+    pub fn same_activation(self, other: Self) -> bool {
+        self.same_document(other) && self.generation == other.generation
+    }
+}
+
+/// The viewport geometry an image is expected to have.
+///
+/// Position is deliberately absent: moving a window does not change the captured surface. Size,
+/// scale, zoom, the texture-side limit and the minimized state do.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct CaptureGeometry {
+    pub viewport: ViewportId,
+    pub logical_size: egui::Vec2,
+    pub pixels_per_point: f32,
+    pub zoom_factor: f32,
+    pub max_texture_side: usize,
+    pub minimized: bool,
+    pub document: Option<DocumentId>,
+}
+
+impl CaptureGeometry {
+    /// Current input/host viewport geometry. A full pass refreshes all input before logic;
+    /// run_logic refreshes viewport metadata while retaining the previous UI screen rectangle.
+    pub fn current(ctx: &Context, document: Option<DocumentId>) -> Self {
+        let (viewport, logical_size, minimized, native_scale) = ctx.input(|i| {
+            let size = i.viewport().inner_rect.map_or_else(|| i.viewport_rect().size(), |r| r.size());
+            (i.raw.viewport_id, size, i.viewport().minimized.unwrap_or(false), i.viewport().native_pixels_per_point)
+        });
+        Self {
+            viewport,
+            logical_size,
+            pixels_per_point: native_scale
+                .filter(|scale| scale.is_finite() && *scale > 0.0)
+                .map_or_else(|| ctx.pixels_per_point(), |scale| scale * ctx.zoom_factor()),
+            zoom_factor: ctx.zoom_factor(),
+            max_texture_side: ctx.input(|i| i.max_texture_side),
+            minimized,
+            document,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The identity compared for stale-image rejection. Window movement and the document identity
+    /// are separate concerns (the latter is compared exactly and never retried).
+    fn epoch_key(&self) -> EpochKey {
+        EpochKey {
+            viewport: self.viewport,
+            width: self.logical_size.x,
+            height: self.logical_size.y,
+            ppp: self.pixels_per_point,
+            zoom: self.zoom_factor,
+            max_texture_side: self.max_texture_side,
+            minimized: self.minimized,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The expected image size in pixels, from the logical size and the point scale.
+    ///
+    /// `None` for a degenerate viewport; a request is rejected before issuance rather than
+    /// guessing. A window larger than `max_texture_side` may be fitted by the renderer (E2), so
+    /// the size itself is not rejected here; [`check_image`] accepts a uniform fit bounded by
+    /// that texture side.
+    pub fn expected_pixels(&self) -> Option<[usize; 2]> {
+        let valid = |v: f32| v.is_finite() && v > 0.0;
+        if !valid(self.logical_size.x) || !valid(self.logical_size.y) || !valid(self.pixels_per_point) || !valid(self.zoom_factor) {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let w = (self.logical_size.x * self.pixels_per_point).round();
+        let h = (self.logical_size.y * self.pixels_per_point).round();
+        if w < 1.0 || h < 1.0 || w > usize::MAX as f32 || h > usize::MAX as f32 {
+            return None;
+        }
+        Some([w as usize, h as usize])
+    }
+
+    /// The retained bytes this geometry reserves, from checked arithmetic.
+    pub fn expected_bytes(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+        let [w, h] = self.expected_pixels()?;
+        w.checked_mul(h)?.checked_mul(std::mem::size_of::<egui::Color32>())
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
+struct EpochKey {
+    viewport: ViewportId,
+    width: f32,
+    height: f32,
+    ppp: f32,
+    zoom: f32,
+    max_texture_side: usize,
+    minimized: bool,
+}
+
+/// One request that arrived before a UI pass had recorded the window geometry. It is admitted on
+/// the first logic tick after that pass, within the same count/deadline budget.
+struct WaitingAdmit {
+    token: u64,
+    path: Option<String>,
+    reply: std::sync::mpsc::Sender<ControlResponse>,
+    document: Option<DocumentId>,
+    settle_ms: f64,
+    arrived: Instant,
+    deadline: Instant,
+}
+
+/// One outstanding request. The record is app-owned and holds the strong slot; the screenshot
+/// callback only holds a weak reference to the slot's state.
+pub struct PendingCapture {
+    token: u64,
+    path: Option<String>,
+    reply: Option<std::sync::mpsc::Sender<ControlResponse>>,
+    deadline: Instant,
+    ready_at: Instant,
+    settle_passes: u32,
+    geometry: CaptureGeometry,
+    /// Geometry epoch of `geometry`: at admission, and again whenever it is finalized after a
+    /// layout change. Issuance restarts settling when it differs from the current epoch.
+    epoch: u64,
+    /// Epoch of the UI pass the capture command was issued from. A later advance is a retry.
+    issued_epoch: Option<u64>,
+    reserved_bytes: usize,
+    document: Option<DocumentId>,
+    issued: bool,
+    slot: Option<CaptureSlot>,
+    retries: u8,
+}
+
+impl PendingCapture {
+    pub fn token(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.token
+    }
+
+    pub fn issued(&self) -> bool {
+        self.issued
+    }
+}
+
+impl core::fmt::Debug for PendingCapture {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("PendingCapture")
+            .field("token", &self.token)
+            .field("issued", &self.issued)
+            .field("retries", &self.retries)
+            .field("epoch", &self.epoch)
+            .field("issued_epoch", &self.issued_epoch)
+            .finish_non_exhaustive()
+    }
+}
+
+/// A request that is over: saved-and-replied by the caller, or failed with `result`.
+pub struct Finished {
+    pub token: u64,
+    pub path: Option<String>,
+    pub reply: Option<std::sync::mpsc::Sender<ControlResponse>>,
+    pub result: Result<Arc<ColorImage>, String>,
+}
+
+impl core::fmt::Debug for Finished {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("Finished").field("token", &self.token).field("path", &self.path).field("ok", &self.result.is_ok()).finish_non_exhaustive()
+    }
+}
+
+/// The screenshot request queue and its admission budget.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct Captures {
+    records: Vec<PendingCapture>,
+    /// Arrived before the first UI pass recorded the geometry.
+    waiting: Vec<WaitingAdmit>,
+    geometry: Option<CaptureGeometry>,
+    epoch: u64,
+}
+
+impl Captures {
+    /// Every outstanding request, including ones still waiting for the first UI pass.
+    pub fn pending(&self) -> usize {
+        self.records.len().saturating_add(self.waiting.len())
+    }
+
+    pub fn reserved_bytes(&self) -> usize {
+        self.records.iter().map(|r| r.reserved_bytes).sum()
+    }
+
+    pub fn any_pending(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.records.is_empty() || !self.waiting.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    /// Requests still waiting to be issued; only these need `RequestPaintWhileHidden` from logic
+    /// (an issued capture's own `Screenshot` command forces its paint).
+    pub fn any_unissued(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.waiting.is_empty() || self.records.iter().any(|r| !r.issued)
+    }
+
+    pub fn last_geometry(&self) -> Option<CaptureGeometry> {
+        self.geometry
+    }
+
+    /// Observe host/input geometry before callback delivery or UI issuance. This may advance the
+    /// epoch in logic, but never counts a settling pass: only App::ui calls note_pass.
+    pub fn note_geometry(&mut self, geometry: CaptureGeometry) -> u64 {
+        let changed = self.geometry.is_none_or(|old| old.epoch_key() != geometry.epoch_key());
+        if changed {
+            self.epoch = self.epoch.wrapping_add(1);
+        }
+        self.geometry = Some(geometry);
+        self.epoch
+    }
+
+    /// Admit a request before it is issued. The queue must have been drained first, so completed
+    /// images have already released their budget. With no UI pass yet (a launch-and-capture
+    /// client) the request is parked within the same count and deadline budget.
+    pub fn admit(
+        &mut self,
+        token: u64,
+        path: Option<String>,
+        reply: std::sync::mpsc::Sender<ControlResponse>,
+        document: Option<DocumentId>,
+        settle_ms: f64,
+        now: Instant,
+    ) -> Result<(), (std::sync::mpsc::Sender<ControlResponse>, String)> {
+        let reject = |reply: std::sync::mpsc::Sender<ControlResponse>, e: String| Err((reply, e));
+        if self.records.iter().any(|r| r.token == token) || self.waiting.iter().any(|w| w.token == token) {
+            return reject(reply, format!("screenshot token {token} is already pending"));
+        }
+        if self.pending() >= MAX_PENDING {
+            return reject(reply, format!("too many screenshots pending (at most {MAX_PENDING})"));
+        }
+        if self.geometry.is_none() {
+            self.waiting.push(WaitingAdmit { token, path, reply, document, settle_ms, arrived: now, deadline: now + DEADLINE });
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        self.admit_with_geometry(token, path, reply, document, settle_ms, now)
+    }
+
+    /// Admit requests parked before the first UI pass, once the geometry is known. Called from
+    /// logic before `drain` processes completions; expired parked requests get their error here.
+    pub fn admit_waiting(&mut self, now: Instant) {
+        if self.waiting.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+        let parked = std::mem::take(&mut self.waiting);
+        let mut still_waiting = Vec::new();
+        for w in parked {
+            if now >= w.deadline {
+                let _ = w.reply.send(serde_json::json!({"ok": false, "error": timeout_error(w.token)}));
+                continue;
+            }
+            if self.geometry.is_none() {
+                still_waiting.push(w);
+                continue;
+            }
+            if let Err((reply, e)) = self.admit_with_geometry(w.token, w.path, w.reply, w.document, w.settle_ms, w.arrived) {
+                let _ = reply.send(serde_json::json!({"ok": false, "error": e}));
+            }
+        }
+        self.waiting = still_waiting;
+    }
+
+    fn admit_with_geometry(
+        &mut self,
+        token: u64,
+        path: Option<String>,
+        reply: std::sync::mpsc::Sender<ControlResponse>,
+        document: Option<DocumentId>,
+        settle_ms: f64,
+        now: Instant,
+    ) -> Result<(), (std::sync::mpsc::Sender<ControlResponse>, String)> {
+        // The reply is returned on every rejection so the caller can still answer exactly once.
+        let reject = |reply: std::sync::mpsc::Sender<ControlResponse>, e: String| Err((reply, e));
+        if self.records.iter().any(|r| r.token == token) {
+            return reject(reply, format!("screenshot token {token} is already pending"));
+        }
+        if self.records.len() >= MAX_PENDING {
+            return reject(reply, format!("too many screenshots pending (at most {MAX_PENDING})"));
+        }
+        let Some(geometry) = self.geometry else {
+            return reject(reply, "the window geometry is not known yet; try again after a frame has been drawn".into());
+        };
+        let expected = match image_budget(&geometry) {
+            Ok(bytes) => bytes,
+            Err(e) => return reject(reply, e),
+        };
+        if let Err(e) = aggregate_budget(self.reserved_bytes(), expected) {
+            return reject(reply, e);
+        }
+        // `Duration::from_secs_f64` panics on NaN/inf/negative: never trust a style value here.
+        let settle = if settle_ms.is_finite() { settle_ms.clamp(0.0, 2000.0) } else { BASE_SETTLE_MS };
+        self.records.push(PendingCapture {
+            token,
+            path,
+            reply: Some(reply),
+            deadline: now + DEADLINE,
+            ready_at: now + Duration::from_secs_f64(settle / 1000.0),
+            settle_passes: 0,
+            geometry,
+            epoch: self.epoch,
+            issued_epoch: None,
+            reserved_bytes: expected,
+            document,
+            issued: false,
+            slot: None,
+            retries: 0,
+        });
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Count one UI pass towards settling (logic-only ticks never call this).
+    pub fn note_pass(&mut self) {
+        for r in &mut self.records {
+            r.settle_passes = r.settle_passes.saturating_add(1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Issue every due request. Call from `App::ui`; `send` installs the callback with
+    /// `ViewportCommand::Screenshot`. A headless test can capture the callbacks instead.
+    pub fn issue(&mut self, ctx: &Context, now: Instant, document: Option<DocumentId>, mut send: impl FnMut(ScreenshotCallback)) -> Vec<Finished> {
+        let mut finished = Vec::new();
+        let Some(current) = self.geometry else { return finished };
+        // The pass's start and end must show the same active document: a switch inside the pass
+        // means neither the drawn frame nor the pass's document identity is trustworthy.
+        let pass_changed = !same_activation(current.document, document);
+        for i in 0..self.records.len() {
+            if self.records[i].issued {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let token = self.records[i].token;
+            if now >= self.records[i].deadline {
+                finished.push(finish(&mut self.records[i], Err(timeout_error(token))));
+                continue;
+            }
+            if !same_activation(document, self.records[i].document) || !same_activation(current.document, self.records[i].document) {
+                finished.push(finish(&mut self.records[i], Err(document_changed_error(token))));
+                continue;
+            }
+            if pass_changed {
+                continue;
+            }
+            // A minimized window has no surface to read back; fail with an actionable error
+            // instead of waiting for the 8 s timeout.
+            if current.minimized {
+                finished.push(finish(&mut self.records[i], Err(format!("screenshot {token} failed: the window is minimized"))));
+                continue;
+            }
+            if self.records[i].settle_passes < SETTLE_PASSES || now < self.records[i].ready_at {
+                continue;
+            }
+            // No pixels exist yet: finalize the geometry at issuance, re-checking the budget, and
+            // let the new layout settle for another pass.
+            if self.records[i].epoch != self.epoch || current.epoch_key() != self.records[i].geometry.epoch_key() {
+                let others: usize = self.records.iter().enumerate().filter(|(j, _)| *j != i).map(|(_, r)| r.reserved_bytes).sum();
+                let epoch = self.epoch;
+                match revalidate_reservation(&mut self.records[i], others, current, epoch) {
+                    Ok(()) => {}
+                    Err(e) => finished.push(finish(&mut self.records[i], Err(e))),
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            let (slot, callback) = CaptureSlot::new(ctx, current.viewport, MAX_IMAGE_BYTES);
+            let r = &mut self.records[i];
+            r.slot = Some(slot);
+            r.issued = true;
+            r.issued_epoch = Some(self.epoch);
+            send(callback);
+        }
+        self.records.retain(|r| !finished.iter().any(|f| f.token == r.token));
+        finished
+    }
+
+    /// Collect completed requests and enforce deadlines. Call from logic. The deadline is checked
+    /// before a completed image is saved, so a callback that arrives late is a timeout, not a
+    /// successful capture.
+    pub fn drain(&mut self, now: Instant, current: Option<CaptureGeometry>, document: Option<DocumentId>) -> Vec<Finished> {
+        // Requests that arrived before the first UI pass start here, once its geometry is known.
+        self.admit_waiting(now);
+        let mut finished = Vec::new();
+        for i in 0..self.records.len() {
+            let token = self.records[i].token;
+            if now >= self.records[i].deadline {
+                if let Some(slot) = self.records[i].slot.take() {
+                    slot.cancel();
+                }
+                finished.push(finish(&mut self.records[i], Err(timeout_error(token))));
+                continue;
+            }
+            if !same_activation(document, self.records[i].document) || !same_activation(current.and_then(|c| c.document), self.records[i].document) {
+                if let Some(slot) = self.records[i].slot.take() {
+                    slot.cancel();
+                }
+                finished.push(finish(&mut self.records[i], Err(document_changed_error(token))));
+                continue;
+            }
+            let Some(slot) = self.records[i].slot.take() else { continue };
+            let Some(result) = slot.take() else {
+                // Still in flight: keep the live request (and its strong slot) in the record.
+                self.records[i].slot = Some(slot);
+                continue;
+            };
+            let image = match result {
+                Ok(image) => image,
+                Err(e) => {
+                    slot.cancel();
+                    finished.push(finish(&mut self.records[i], Err(format!("screenshot {token} failed: {e}"))));
+                    continue;
+                }
+            };
+            let Some(current) = current else {
+                finished.push(finish(&mut self.records[i], Err(format!("screenshot {token} failed: the window geometry is unknown"))));
+                continue;
+            };
+            // An epoch advance means the surface changed after issuance, even if it later came
+            // back to the same values: the image may belong to the intermediate layout.
+            let epoch_advanced = self.records[i].issued_epoch.is_none_or(|issued| issued != self.epoch);
+            let pass_mixed = !same_activation(current.document, document);
+            if epoch_advanced || current.epoch_key() != self.records[i].geometry.epoch_key() || pass_mixed {
+                slot.cancel();
+                if self.records[i].retries >= MAX_RETRIES {
+                    finished.push(finish(&mut self.records[i], Err(format!("screenshot {token} failed: the layout changed while it was captured"))));
+                    continue;
+                }
+                self.records[i].retries = self.records[i].retries.saturating_add(1);
+                let others: usize = self.records.iter().enumerate().filter(|(j, _)| *j != i).map(|(_, r)| r.reserved_bytes).sum();
+                let epoch = self.epoch;
+                match revalidate_reservation(&mut self.records[i], others, current, epoch) {
+                    Ok(()) => {
+                        self.records[i].ready_at = now;
+                    }
+                    Err(e) => finished.push(finish(&mut self.records[i], Err(e))),
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            if let Err(e) = check_image(&image, &self.records[i].geometry) {
+                finished.push(finish(&mut self.records[i], Err(format!("screenshot {token} failed: {e}"))));
+                continue;
+            }
+            slot.cancel();
+            finished.push(finish(&mut self.records[i], Ok(image)));
+        }
+        self.records.retain(|r| !finished.iter().any(|f| f.token == r.token));
+        finished
+    }
+
+    /// Drop every outstanding request (application exit). No reply is invented for a request that
+    /// was already finished; `Finished` still carries the sender so the caller can report it.
+    pub fn cancel_all(&mut self, reason: &str) -> Vec<Finished> {
+        let mut finished = Vec::new();
+        for w in self.waiting.drain(..) {
+            finished.push(Finished { token: w.token, path: w.path, reply: Some(w.reply), result: Err(format!("screenshot {} cancelled: {reason}", w.token)) });
+        }
+        for mut r in self.records.drain(..) {
+            if let Some(slot) = r.slot.take() {
+                slot.cancel();
+            }
+            finished.push(Finished {
+                token: r.token,
+                path: r.path.take(),
+                reply: r.reply.take(),
+                result: Err(format!("screenshot {} cancelled: {reason}", r.token)),
+            });
+        }
+        finished
+    }
+}
+
+/// The retained bytes a geometry may reserve, or the reason it cannot be captured at all.
+fn image_budget(geometry: &CaptureGeometry) -> Result<usize, String> {
+    let Some(expected) = geometry.expected_bytes() else {
+        return Err(format!(
+            "the viewport is not capturable ({}×{} points at {} px/pt, texture side {})",
+            geometry.logical_size.x, geometry.logical_size.y, geometry.pixels_per_point, geometry.max_texture_side
+        ));
+    };
+    if expected > MAX_IMAGE_BYTES {
+        return Err(format!("a {} MiB screenshot is over the {} MiB per-image limit", expected / (1 << 20), MAX_IMAGE_BYTES / (1 << 20)));
+    }
+    Ok(expected)
+}
+
+/// Check one new reservation against the aggregate budget, excluding the request itself.
+fn aggregate_budget(others: usize, expected: usize) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let total = others.saturating_add(expected);
+    if total > MAX_TOTAL_BYTES {
+        return Err(format!("screenshot budget exhausted: {total} bytes reserved of a {MAX_TOTAL_BYTES}-byte aggregate limit"));
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Finalize a request at a new geometry: recheck per-image and aggregate limits (excluding its
+/// old reservation), then take the new reservation and restart settling.
+fn revalidate_reservation(r: &mut PendingCapture, others: usize, geometry: CaptureGeometry, epoch: u64) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let expected = image_budget(&geometry)?;
+    aggregate_budget(others, expected)?;
+    r.reserved_bytes = expected;
+    r.geometry = geometry;
+    r.epoch = epoch;
+    r.issued_epoch = None;
+    r.issued = false;
+    r.settle_passes = 0;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn finish(r: &mut PendingCapture, result: Result<Arc<ColorImage>, String>) -> Finished {
+    if let Some(slot) = r.slot.take() {
+        slot.cancel();
+    }
+    Finished { token: r.token, path: r.path.take(), reply: r.reply.take(), result }
+}
+
+/// The returned image must be the issued viewport (within a pixel) or a uniform renderer fit
+/// bounded by `max_texture_side` (E2). An arbitrarily smaller same-aspect image is not accepted:
+/// it could be a stale or downscaled surface, not the frame that was asked for. A different
+/// aspect ratio is a resize/recreation and must not be labelled with the old geometry.
+fn check_image(image: &ColorImage, geometry: &CaptureGeometry) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let Some([w, h]) = geometry.expected_pixels() else {
+        return Err("the captured geometry has no valid pixel size".into());
+    };
+    let [iw, ih] = image.size;
+    if iw == 0 || ih == 0 {
+        return Err("the image has a zero side".into());
+    }
+    if iw > w.saturating_add(1) || ih > h.saturating_add(1) {
+        return Err(format!("the image is {iw}×{ih}, larger than the issued viewport {w}×{h}"));
+    }
+    let close = |a: usize, b: usize| a.abs_diff(b) <= 1;
+    if close(iw, w) && close(ih, h) {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    let side = geometry.max_texture_side.max(1);
+    let fit = (side as f64 / w.max(h) as f64).min(1.0);
+    let fw = (w as f64 * fit).round() as usize;
+    let fh = (h as f64 * fit).round() as usize;
+    if fw >= 1 && fh >= 1 && close(iw, fw) && close(ih, fh) {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    let expected_aspect = w as f32 / h as f32;
+    let actual_aspect = iw as f32 / ih as f32;
+    if !actual_aspect.is_finite() || (actual_aspect - expected_aspect).abs() > expected_aspect * 0.02 {
+        return Err(format!("the image is {iw}×{ih}, not the issued {w}×{h} aspect ratio"));
+    }
+    Err(format!("the image is {iw}×{ih}, neither the issued {w}×{h} viewport nor its {fw}×{fh} texture-side fit"))
+}
+
+/// Whether two optional document identities are the same document in the same activation.
+fn same_activation(a: Option<DocumentId>, b: Option<DocumentId>) -> bool {
+    match (a, b) {
+        (Some(a), Some(b)) => a.same_activation(b),
+        (None, None) => true,
+        _ => false,
+    }
+}
+
+fn timeout_error(token: u64) -> String {
+    format!("screenshot {token} timed out: no frame was presented within {} s", DEADLINE.as_secs())
+}
+
+fn document_changed_error(token: u64) -> String {
+    format!("screenshot {token} failed: the document changed while the capture was queued")
+}
+
+/// The settle delay for a style's animation time, in milliseconds (egui's open/close fades).
+pub fn settle_ms(animation_time: f32) -> f64 {
+    f64::from(animation_time) * 2000.0 + BASE_SETTLE_MS
+}
+
+/// A monotonic clock for capture lifecycles.
+pub fn now() -> Instant {
+    Instant::now()
+}
+
+/// The `Screenshot` command that carries `callback` to the renderer.
+pub fn send_command(ctx: &Context, callback: ScreenshotCallback) {
+    ctx.send_viewport_cmd(egui::ViewportCommand::Screenshot(callback));
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/screenshot_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/screenshot_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4d23b0607b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/screenshot_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,622 @@
+//! Lifecycle tests for `ui.screenshot` admission, issuance, settling and completion.
+
+use super::screenshot::{CaptureGeometry, Captures, DEADLINE, DocumentId, Finished, MAX_IMAGE_BYTES, MAX_PENDING, MAX_TOTAL_BYTES, SETTLE_PASSES};
+use egui::{Color32, ColorImage, Context, ViewportId, vec2};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+use web_time::Instant;
+
+fn geometry(w: f32, h: f32, doc: Option<DocumentId>) -> CaptureGeometry {
+    CaptureGeometry {
+        viewport: ViewportId::ROOT,
+        logical_size: vec2(w, h),
+        pixels_per_point: 1.0,
+        zoom_factor: 1.0,
+        max_texture_side: 8192,
+        minimized: false,
+        document: doc,
+    }
+}
+
+fn doc(id: u64, revision: u64) -> Option<DocumentId> {
+    doc_at(id, revision, 0)
+}
+
+fn doc_at(id: u64, revision: u64, generation: u64) -> Option<DocumentId> {
+    Some(DocumentId { document: id, revision, generation })
+}
+
+fn queue(caps: &mut Captures, token: u64, document: Option<DocumentId>, now: Instant) -> std::sync::mpsc::Receiver<serde_json::Value> {
+    let (tx, rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
+    caps.admit(token, None, tx, document, 0.0, now).expect("admitted");
+    rx
+}
+
+/// Run the UI-pass settling the queue needs, returning the callbacks installed by issuance.
+fn settle_and_issue(caps: &mut Captures, ctx: &Context, now: Instant, document: Option<DocumentId>) -> (Vec<Finished>, Vec<egui::ScreenshotCallback>) {
+    for _ in 0..SETTLE_PASSES {
+        caps.note_pass();
+    }
+    let mut callbacks = Vec::new();
+    let finished = caps.issue(ctx, now, document, |cb| callbacks.push(cb));
+    (finished, callbacks)
+}
+
+fn image(geometry: &CaptureGeometry) -> Arc<ColorImage> {
+    let [w, h] = geometry.expected_pixels().expect("pixels");
+    Arc::new(ColorImage::filled([w, h], Color32::BLACK))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_launch_and_capture_request_waits_for_the_first_ui_pass() {
+    let now = Instant::now();
+    let mut caps = Captures::default();
+    // 0.15 queued the request; a client that connects before the first frame must not fail.
+    let rx = queue(&mut caps, 1, None, now);
+    assert_eq!(caps.pending(), 1, "parked, not rejected");
+    assert_eq!(caps.reserved_bytes(), 0, "no geometry means no reservation yet");
+    assert!(caps.any_unissued(), "logic asks for a hidden paint");
+    assert!(rx.try_recv().is_err(), "no reply before the geometry is known");
+
+    // The first UI pass records the geometry; the next logic drain admits the request under the
+    // same token, count and deadline.
+    let g = geometry(800.0, 600.0, None);
+    caps.note_geometry(g);
+    assert!(caps.drain(now, Some(g), None).is_empty());
+    assert_eq!(caps.pending(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(caps.reserved_bytes(), 800 * 600 * 4, "admitted with a reservation");
+    let (tx, _rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
+    let (_, error) = caps.admit(1, None, tx, None, 0.0, now).expect_err("the token is pending");
+    assert!(error.contains("already pending"), "{error}");
+
+    let (_, callbacks) = settle_and_issue(&mut caps, &Context::default(), now, None);
+    assert_eq!(callbacks.len(), 1, "then it is issued normally");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_request_parked_for_geometry_still_times_out() {
+    let now = Instant::now();
+    let mut caps = Captures::default();
+    let rx = queue(&mut caps, 3, None, now);
+    let finished = caps.drain(now + DEADLINE, None, None);
+    assert!(finished.is_empty(), "the parked request answers itself");
+    let reply = rx.recv().expect("the control request gets exactly one answer");
+    assert_eq!(reply["ok"], false);
+    assert!(reply["error"].as_str().is_some_and(|e| e.contains("timed out")), "{reply}");
+    assert_eq!(caps.pending(), 0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn admission_enforces_the_count_and_byte_budgets() {
+    let now = Instant::now();
+    let mut caps = Captures::default();
+    // 2000×2000 at 4 bytes = 16 MiB: 16 requests would exceed 256 MiB, but only 4 are allowed.
+    caps.note_geometry(geometry(2000.0, 2000.0, None));
+    for token in 0..MAX_PENDING as u64 {
+        queue(&mut caps, token, None, now);
+    }
+    let (tx, _rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
+    let (_, error) = caps.admit(99, None, tx, None, 0.0, now).expect_err("the queue is full");
+    assert!(error.contains("too many"), "{error}");
+    caps.cancel_all("test");
+
+    // A single image over 128 MiB is rejected before issuance.
+    caps.note_geometry(geometry(8000.0, 5000.0, None));
+    let (tx, _rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
+    let (_, error) = caps.admit(100, None, tx, None, 0.0, now).expect_err("over the per-image limit");
+    assert!(error.contains("per-image"), "{error}");
+    const { assert!(MAX_IMAGE_BYTES < MAX_TOTAL_BYTES) };
+
+    // Exact aggregate boundary: 4 × 64 MiB is exactly the 256 MiB limit and is admitted.
+    caps.note_geometry(geometry(4096.0, 4096.0, None)); // 64 MiB
+    for token in 200..204u64 {
+        queue(&mut caps, token, None, now);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(caps.reserved_bytes(), MAX_TOTAL_BYTES);
+    let (tx, _rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
+    assert!(caps.admit(205, None, tx, None, 0.0, now).is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_geometry_growth_between_admission_and_issuance_is_revalidated() {
+    let ctx = Context::default();
+    let now = Instant::now();
+    let mut caps = Captures::default();
+    caps.note_geometry(geometry(800.0, 600.0, doc(1, 1)));
+    let _rx = queue(&mut caps, 61, doc(1, 1), now);
+    // The window is enlarged before the settled request is issued: 8000×5000 is over the
+    // per-image limit, so the old 2 MiB reservation must not let it through.
+    let large = geometry(8000.0, 5000.0, doc(1, 1));
+    caps.note_geometry(large);
+    let (finished, callbacks) = settle_and_issue(&mut caps, &ctx, now, doc(1, 1));
+    assert!(callbacks.is_empty(), "no image is captured under the stale reservation");
+    assert_eq!(finished.len(), 1);
+    let error = finished[0].result.as_ref().expect_err("over the per-image limit");
+    assert!(error.contains("per-image"), "{error}");
+    assert_eq!(caps.pending(), 0, "the rejected request releases its budget");
+    assert_eq!(caps.reserved_bytes(), 0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn an_aggregate_over_budget_after_growth_is_refused() {
+    let ctx = Context::default();
+    let now = Instant::now();
+    let mut caps = Captures::default();
+    caps.note_geometry(geometry(4096.0, 4096.0, None)); // 64 MiB each
+    for token in 70..73u64 {
+        queue(&mut caps, token, None, now);
+    }
+    // 5000×5000 = 100 MiB each: two fit 256 MiB together, three do not.
+    let grown = geometry(5000.0, 5000.0, None);
+    caps.note_geometry(grown);
+    let (finished, callbacks) = settle_and_issue(&mut caps, &ctx, now, None);
+    assert!(callbacks.is_empty(), "the grown layout settles before any capture");
+    assert!(!finished.is_empty(), "at least one request no longer fits the aggregate");
+    assert!(finished.iter().all(|f| f.result.is_err()));
+    assert!(caps.reserved_bytes() <= MAX_TOTAL_BYTES);
+    assert!(caps.pending() < 3 || caps.reserved_bytes() <= MAX_TOTAL_BYTES);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn settling_counts_real_ui_passes_and_issues_once() {
+    let ctx = Context::default();
+    let now = Instant::now();
+    let mut caps = Captures::default();
+    caps.note_geometry(geometry(800.0, 600.0, doc(1, 1)));
+    // Admission alone does not issue.
+    assert!(queue(&mut caps, 7, doc(1, 1), now).try_recv().is_err());
+    let mut callbacks = Vec::new();
+    assert!(caps.issue(&ctx, now, doc(1, 1), |cb| callbacks.push(cb)).is_empty());
+    assert!(callbacks.is_empty(), "no UI pass has settled yet");
+    // Two passes are not enough; the third issues exactly one callback.
+    caps.note_pass();
+    caps.note_pass();
+    assert!(caps.issue(&ctx, now, doc(1, 1), |cb| callbacks.push(cb)).is_empty());
+    caps.note_pass();
+    assert!(caps.issue(&ctx, now, doc(1, 1), |cb| callbacks.push(cb)).is_empty());
+    assert_eq!(callbacks.len(), 1, "exactly one callback per request");
+    assert!(!caps.any_unissued(), "an issued capture requests no further hidden paint");
+    // Re-issuing on the next pass does not duplicate the request.
+    caps.note_pass();
+    assert!(caps.issue(&ctx, now, doc(1, 1), |cb| callbacks.push(cb)).is_empty());
+    assert_eq!(callbacks.len(), 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_completed_image_is_saved_only_when_drained() {
+    let ctx = Context::default();
+    let now = Instant::now();
+    let mut caps = Captures::default();
+    let g = geometry(800.0, 600.0, doc(1, 1));
+    caps.note_geometry(g);
+    let rx = queue(&mut caps, 1, doc(1, 1), now);
+    let (_, mut callbacks) = settle_and_issue(&mut caps, &ctx, now, doc(1, 1));
+    let callback = callbacks.pop().expect("one callback");
+    callback.complete(image(&g));
+    // The callback stores the image; no reply is sent from the callback thread.
+    assert!(rx.try_recv().is_err());
+    let finished = caps.drain(now, Some(g), doc(1, 1));
+    assert_eq!(finished.len(), 1);
+    assert!(finished[0].result.is_ok());
+    assert!(finished[0].reply.is_some());
+    assert_eq!(caps.pending(), 0, "the budget is released after the drain");
+    assert!(caps.cancel_all("nothing left").is_empty(), "a drained request is not replied to twice");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_callback_after_the_deadline_is_not_written() {
+    let ctx = Context::default();
+    let now = Instant::now();
+    let mut caps = Captures::default();
+    let g = geometry(800.0, 600.0, doc(1, 1));
+    caps.note_geometry(g);
+    let _rx = queue(&mut caps, 2, doc(1, 1), now);
+    let (_, mut callbacks) = settle_and_issue(&mut caps, &ctx, now, doc(1, 1));
+    callbacks.pop().expect("one callback").complete(image(&g));
+    // The image is already stored, but the deadline is checked before it is accepted.
+    let late = now + DEADLINE + Duration::from_millis(1);
+    let finished = caps.drain(late, Some(g), doc(1, 1));
+    assert_eq!(finished.len(), 1);
+    let error = finished[0].result.as_ref().expect_err("a late image is a timeout");
+    assert!(error.contains("timed out"), "{error}");
+    assert!(finished[0].reply.is_some());
+    assert_eq!(caps.pending(), 0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn cancellation_makes_a_late_callback_inert_and_releases_the_budget() {
+    let ctx = Context::default();
+    let now = Instant::now();
+    let mut caps = Captures::default();
+    let g = geometry(800.0, 600.0, doc(1, 1));
+    caps.note_geometry(g);
+    let _rx = queue(&mut caps, 3, doc(1, 1), now);
+    let (_, mut callbacks) = settle_and_issue(&mut caps, &ctx, now, doc(1, 1));
+    let callback = callbacks.pop().expect("one callback");
+    let finished = caps.cancel_all("test");
+    assert_eq!(finished.len(), 1);
+    assert!(finished[0].result.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(caps.pending(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(caps.reserved_bytes(), 0);
+    // The slot holds no strong reference from the callback: the late image is dropped.
+    callback.complete(image(&g));
+    assert!(caps.drain(now, Some(g), doc(1, 1)).is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn an_out_of_order_completion_stays_with_its_own_token() {
+    let ctx = Context::default();
+    let now = Instant::now();
+    let mut caps = Captures::default();
+    let g = geometry(800.0, 600.0, doc(1, 1));
+    caps.note_geometry(g);
+    let _a = queue(&mut caps, 11, doc(1, 1), now);
+    let _b = queue(&mut caps, 12, doc(1, 1), now);
+    let (_, mut callbacks) = settle_and_issue(&mut caps, &ctx, now, doc(1, 1));
+    let cb11 = callbacks.remove(0);
+    let cb12 = callbacks.remove(0);
+    // Complete in reverse order; each slot stores its own image.
+    cb12.complete(Arc::new(ColorImage::filled([800, 600], Color32::RED)));
+    cb11.complete(Arc::new(ColorImage::filled([800, 600], Color32::BLUE)));
+    let mut finished = caps.drain(now, Some(g), doc(1, 1));
+    finished.sort_by_key(|f| f.token);
+    assert_eq!(finished.len(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(finished[0].token, 11);
+    assert_eq!(finished[1].token, 12);
+    assert_eq!(finished[0].result.as_ref().unwrap().pixels[0], Color32::BLUE);
+    assert_eq!(finished[1].result.as_ref().unwrap().pixels[0], Color32::RED);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_document_change_is_cancelled_without_capturing_the_new_document() {
+    let ctx = Context::default();
+    let now = Instant::now();
+    let mut caps = Captures::default();
+    let g = geometry(800.0, 600.0, doc(1, 1));
+    caps.note_geometry(g);
+    let _rx = queue(&mut caps, 21, doc(1, 1), now);
+    let (_, mut callbacks) = settle_and_issue(&mut caps, &ctx, now, doc(1, 1));
+    callbacks.pop().expect("one callback").complete(image(&g));
+    let finished = caps.drain(now, Some(g), doc(2, 1));
+    assert_eq!(finished.len(), 1);
+    let error = finished[0].result.as_ref().expect_err("the document changed");
+    assert!(error.contains("document changed"), "{error}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_mid_pass_document_switch_does_not_issue_a_capture() {
+    let ctx = Context::default();
+    let now = Instant::now();
+    let mut caps = Captures::default();
+    let g = geometry(800.0, 600.0, doc(1, 1));
+    caps.note_geometry(g);
+    let _rx = queue(&mut caps, 23, doc(1, 1), now);
+    for _ in 0..SETTLE_PASSES {
+        caps.note_pass();
+    }
+    // The pass started on document 1 but ends on document 2 (a tab click or a control open in
+    // `ui`): the frame being drawn is not the one the request was admitted for.
+    let mut callbacks = Vec::new();
+    let finished = caps.issue(&ctx, now, doc(2, 1), |cb| callbacks.push(cb));
+    assert!(callbacks.is_empty(), "no capture is issued for a mixed pass");
+    assert_eq!(finished.len(), 1, "the request fails instead of capturing the other document");
+    assert!(finished[0].result.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(caps.pending(), 0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_document_switch_away_and_back_fails_the_capture() {
+    let ctx = Context::default();
+    let now = Instant::now();
+    let mut caps = Captures::default();
+    let g = geometry(800.0, 600.0, doc(1, 1));
+    caps.note_geometry(g);
+    let _rx = queue(&mut caps, 22, doc(1, 1), now);
+    let (_, mut callbacks) = settle_and_issue(&mut caps, &ctx, now, doc(1, 1));
+    callbacks.pop().expect("one callback").complete(image(&g));
+    // Same document id, but the activation generation advanced: the frame may have been drawn
+    // from another document in between, so the image is not attributed to this request.
+    let after = geometry(800.0, 600.0, doc_at(1, 1, 1));
+    let finished = caps.drain(now, Some(after), doc_at(1, 1, 1));
+    assert_eq!(finished.len(), 1);
+    let error = finished[0].result.as_ref().expect_err("the switch invalidates the capture");
+    assert!(error.contains("document changed"), "{error}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn an_edit_in_the_same_document_does_not_cancel_the_capture() {
+    let ctx = Context::default();
+    let now = Instant::now();
+    let mut caps = Captures::default();
+    let g = geometry(800.0, 600.0, doc(1, 1));
+    caps.note_geometry(g);
+    let _rx = queue(&mut caps, 25, doc(1, 1), now);
+    let (_, mut callbacks) = settle_and_issue(&mut caps, &ctx, now, doc(1, 1));
+    callbacks.pop().expect("one callback").complete(image(&g));
+    // The document was edited while the image was in flight: same document, new revision.
+    let finished = caps.drain(now, Some(g), doc(1, 2));
+    assert_eq!(finished.len(), 1);
+    assert!(finished[0].result.is_ok(), "an edit is not a document change");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_geometry_change_retries_then_fails_without_saving_stale_pixels() {
+    let ctx = Context::default();
+    let now = Instant::now();
+    let mut caps = Captures::default();
+    let g = geometry(800.0, 600.0, doc(1, 1));
+    caps.note_geometry(g);
+    let _rx = queue(&mut caps, 31, doc(1, 1), now);
+    let (_, mut callbacks) = settle_and_issue(&mut caps, &ctx, now, doc(1, 1));
+    callbacks.pop().expect("one callback").complete(image(&g));
+    let resized = geometry(900.0, 700.0, doc(1, 1));
+    caps.note_geometry(resized);
+    let finished = caps.drain(now, Some(resized), doc(1, 1));
+    assert!(finished.is_empty(), "the first resize retries");
+    assert_eq!(caps.pending(), 1);
+    let mut retries = 0;
+    loop {
+        let (_, mut callbacks) = settle_and_issue(&mut caps, &ctx, now, doc(1, 1));
+        callbacks.pop().expect("a retry callback").complete(image(&resized));
+        // A second, third, … resize must eventually give up inside the deadline.
+        let moved = geometry(901.0 + retries as f32, 700.0, doc(1, 1));
+        caps.note_geometry(moved);
+        let finished = caps.drain(now, Some(moved), doc(1, 1));
+        if !finished.is_empty() {
+            let error = finished[0].result.as_ref().expect_err("stale pixels are not saved");
+            assert!(error.contains("layout changed"), "{error}");
+            break;
+        }
+        retries += 1;
+        assert!(retries < 10, "the retry budget is bounded");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_resize_and_back_retries_instead_of_accepting_the_old_image() {
+    let ctx = Context::default();
+    let now = Instant::now();
+    let mut caps = Captures::default();
+    let g = geometry(800.0, 600.0, doc(1, 1));
+    caps.note_geometry(g);
+    let _rx = queue(&mut caps, 32, doc(1, 1), now);
+    let (_, mut callbacks) = settle_and_issue(&mut caps, &ctx, now, doc(1, 1));
+    callbacks.pop().expect("one callback").complete(image(&g));
+    // The host resizes, then resizes back before the image is collected. The final values are
+    // identical, but the monotonic epoch advanced twice: the image may be from either layout.
+    caps.note_geometry(geometry(900.0, 700.0, doc(1, 1)));
+    caps.note_geometry(g);
+    let finished = caps.drain(now, Some(g), doc(1, 1));
+    assert!(finished.is_empty(), "the changed-and-restored layout retries");
+    assert_eq!(caps.pending(), 1);
+    // The retried capture is issued and accepted against the stable geometry.
+    let (_, mut callbacks) = settle_and_issue(&mut caps, &ctx, now, doc(1, 1));
+    callbacks.pop().expect("a retry callback").complete(image(&g));
+    let finished = caps.drain(now, Some(g), doc(1, 1));
+    assert_eq!(finished.len(), 1);
+    assert!(finished[0].result.is_ok());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn an_image_whose_size_does_not_match_the_issued_geometry_is_rejected() {
+    let ctx = Context::default();
+    let now = Instant::now();
+    let mut caps = Captures::default();
+    let g = geometry(800.0, 600.0, doc(1, 1));
+    caps.note_geometry(g);
+    let _rx = queue(&mut caps, 41, doc(1, 1), now);
+    let (_, mut callbacks) = settle_and_issue(&mut caps, &ctx, now, doc(1, 1));
+    // Not a uniform fit: a different aspect ratio than the issued 4:3 viewport.
+    callbacks.pop().expect("one callback").complete(Arc::new(ColorImage::filled([400, 200], Color32::BLACK)));
+    let finished = caps.drain(now, Some(g), doc(1, 1));
+    let error = finished[0].result.as_ref().expect_err("wrong-aspect image");
+    assert!(error.contains("400×200"), "{error}");
+    // A larger image than the issued viewport is never accepted either.
+    let ctx = Context::default();
+    let mut caps = Captures::default();
+    caps.note_geometry(g);
+    let _rx = queue(&mut caps, 42, doc(1, 1), now);
+    let (_, mut callbacks) = settle_and_issue(&mut caps, &ctx, now, doc(1, 1));
+    callbacks.pop().expect("one callback").complete(Arc::new(ColorImage::filled([1600, 1200], Color32::BLACK)));
+    let finished = caps.drain(now, Some(g), doc(1, 1));
+    let error = finished[0].result.as_ref().expect_err("larger image");
+    assert!(error.contains("larger than"), "{error}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn an_arbitrarily_small_same_aspect_image_is_rejected() {
+    let ctx = Context::default();
+    let now = Instant::now();
+    let mut caps = Captures::default();
+    let g = geometry(800.0, 600.0, doc(1, 1));
+    caps.note_geometry(g);
+    let _rx = queue(&mut caps, 44, doc(1, 1), now);
+    let (_, mut callbacks) = settle_and_issue(&mut caps, &ctx, now, doc(1, 1));
+    callbacks.pop().expect("one callback").complete(Arc::new(ColorImage::filled([100, 75], Color32::BLACK)));
+    let finished = caps.drain(now, Some(g), doc(1, 1));
+    let error = finished[0].result.as_ref().expect_err("a downscaled surface is not the frame");
+    assert!(error.contains("100×75"), "{error}");
+    assert!(error.contains("texture-side fit"), "{error}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_uniformly_fitted_image_is_accepted() {
+    let ctx = Context::default();
+    let now = Instant::now();
+    let mut caps = Captures::default();
+    // A window larger than the adapter's texture side is fitted by the renderer (E2): the image
+    // is the exact texture-side fit, not an arbitrary downscale.
+    let g = CaptureGeometry { max_texture_side: 4096, ..geometry(6000.0, 3375.0, doc(1, 1)) };
+    caps.note_geometry(g);
+    let _rx = queue(&mut caps, 43, doc(1, 1), now);
+    let (_, mut callbacks) = settle_and_issue(&mut caps, &ctx, now, doc(1, 1));
+    callbacks.pop().expect("one callback").complete(Arc::new(ColorImage::filled([4096, 2304], Color32::BLACK)));
+    let finished = caps.drain(now, Some(g), doc(1, 1));
+    assert!(finished[0].result.is_ok(), "an E2-fitted image keeps the issued aspect");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_minimized_window_is_refused_before_issuance() {
+    let ctx = Context::default();
+    let now = Instant::now();
+    let mut caps = Captures::default();
+    let g = CaptureGeometry { minimized: true, ..geometry(800.0, 600.0, doc(1, 1)) };
+    caps.note_geometry(g);
+    let _rx = queue(&mut caps, 52, doc(1, 1), now);
+    let (finished, callbacks) = settle_and_issue(&mut caps, &ctx, now, doc(1, 1));
+    assert!(callbacks.is_empty());
+    assert_eq!(finished.len(), 1);
+    let error = finished[0].result.as_ref().expect_err("no surface while minimized");
+    assert!(error.contains("minimized"), "{error}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_never_issued_request_times_out() {
+    let now = Instant::now();
+    let mut caps = Captures::default();
+    caps.note_geometry(geometry(800.0, 600.0, doc(1, 1)));
+    let _rx = queue(&mut caps, 51, doc(1, 1), now);
+    let finished = caps.drain(now + DEADLINE, Some(geometry(800.0, 600.0, doc(1, 1))), doc(1, 1));
+    assert_eq!(finished.len(), 1);
+    assert!(finished[0].result.is_err());
+    assert_eq!(caps.pending(), 0);
+}
+
+/// Execute the same logic→UI order as eframe, with genuinely new host geometry before logic.
+fn actual_capture_frame(app: &mut crate::PhotocraftApp, ctx: &Context, size: egui::Vec2, scale: f32, minimized: bool) -> egui::FullOutput {
+    use eframe::App as _;
+    let rect = egui::Rect::from_min_size(egui::Pos2::ZERO, size);
+    let mut viewports = egui::ViewportIdMap::default();
+    viewports.insert(
+        ViewportId::ROOT,
+        egui::ViewportInfo { inner_rect: Some(rect), native_pixels_per_point: Some(scale), minimized: Some(minimized), ..Default::default() },
+    );
+    let mut input = egui::RawInput { screen_rect: Some(rect), viewports, focused: true, ..Default::default() };
+    app.raw_input_hook(ctx, &mut input);
+    let mut frame = eframe::Frame::_new_kittest();
+    let mut output = ctx.run_ui(input, |ui| {
+        app.logic(ui.ctx(), &mut frame);
+        app.ui(ui, &mut frame);
+    });
+    output.textures_delta.clear();
+    output
+}
+
+fn actual_callback(output: &egui::FullOutput) -> Option<egui::ScreenshotCallback> {
+    output.viewport_output.values().flat_map(|viewport| &viewport.commands).find_map(|command| match command {
+        egui::ViewportCommand::Screenshot(callback) => Some(callback.clone()),
+        _ => None,
+    })
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn completed_callback_revalidates_next_raw_input_before_actual_app_writes() {
+    use std::cell::RefCell;
+    use std::rc::Rc;
+    // Unchanged success, resize, DPI change, and minimized are separate real app instances.
+    for (size, scale, minimized) in
+        [(vec2(600.0, 400.0), 1.0, false), (vec2(640.0, 400.0), 1.0, false), (vec2(600.0, 400.0), 2.0, false), (vec2(600.0, 400.0), 1.0, true)]
+    {
+        let changed = size != vec2(600.0, 400.0) || scale != 1.0 || minimized;
+        let writes = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Vec::new()));
+        let encodes = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Vec::new()));
+        let (written, encoded) = (writes.clone(), encodes.clone());
+        let services = crate::Services {
+            automation_write: Some(Box::new(move |path, bytes| {
+                written.borrow_mut().push((path.to_owned(), bytes.to_vec()));
+                Ok(())
+            })),
+            encode_png: Some(Box::new(move |w, h, rgba| {
+                encoded.borrow_mut().push((w, h, rgba.get(..4).unwrap_or_default().to_vec()));
+                let image =
+                    photocraft_codecs::Image::from_u8(w, h, photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgba, rgba.to_vec()).map_err(|error| error.to_string())?;
+                photocraft_codecs::encode(&image, photocraft_codecs::Format::Png, &photocraft_codecs::EncodeOptions::default())
+                    .map_err(|error| error.to_string())
+            })),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut app = crate::PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), services);
+        app.run("file.new", serde_json::json!({"width": 32, "height": 32})).unwrap();
+        let ctx = Context::default();
+        for _ in 0..4 {
+            actual_capture_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec2(600.0, 400.0), 1.0, false);
+        }
+        let old = app.captures.last_geometry().expect("the old real UI geometry");
+        let document = app.document_identity();
+        let (tx, rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
+        app.captures.admit(91, Some("fixture/current.png".into()), tx, document, 0.0, super::screenshot::now()).unwrap();
+        let mut callback = None;
+        for _ in 0..8 {
+            let output = actual_capture_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec2(600.0, 400.0), 1.0, false);
+            if let Some(found) = actual_callback(&output) {
+                callback = Some(found);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        let old_image = Arc::new(ColorImage::filled(old.expected_pixels().unwrap(), Color32::RED));
+        let old_pixels = Arc::downgrade(&old_image);
+        callback.expect("actual app issued one screenshot callback").complete(old_image);
+        assert!(writes.borrow().is_empty() && encodes.borrow().is_empty(), "the real callback only stores pixels");
+        let output = actual_capture_frame(&mut app, &ctx, size, scale, minimized);
+        if changed {
+            assert!(writes.borrow().is_empty() && encodes.borrow().is_empty(), "no stale encode/write on the first changed input");
+            assert!(old_pixels.upgrade().is_none(), "old pixels are released on geometry rejection");
+            let current = app.captures.last_geometry().unwrap();
+            assert!(current.logical_size != old.logical_size || current.pixels_per_point != old.pixels_per_point || current.minimized != old.minimized);
+            if minimized {
+                // A minimized surface cannot be retried. It fails once, then an independent
+                // request after restoration proves that cancellation releases its budget.
+                let reply = rx.try_recv().expect("one minimized error");
+                assert_eq!(reply["ok"], false, "{reply}");
+                assert!(reply["error"].as_str().unwrap().contains("minimized"));
+                assert_eq!(app.captures.pending(), 0);
+                assert_eq!(app.captures.reserved_bytes(), 0);
+                assert!(actual_callback(&output).is_none());
+                actual_capture_frame(&mut app, &ctx, size, scale, false);
+                let (tx, restored_rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
+                app.captures.admit(92, Some("fixture/restored.png".into()), tx, document, 0.0, super::screenshot::now()).unwrap();
+                for _ in 0..8 {
+                    let output = actual_capture_frame(&mut app, &ctx, size, scale, false);
+                    if let Some(callback) = actual_callback(&output) {
+                        callback.complete(Arc::new(ColorImage::filled(app.captures.last_geometry().unwrap().expected_pixels().unwrap(), Color32::BLUE)));
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                actual_capture_frame(&mut app, &ctx, size, scale, false);
+                let reply = restored_rx.try_recv().expect("the restored window accepts a new request");
+                assert_eq!(reply["ok"], true, "{reply}");
+                assert_eq!(writes.borrow().len(), 1);
+                assert!(writes.borrow()[0].1.starts_with(b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n"));
+                assert_eq!(encodes.borrow().len(), 1);
+                assert_eq!(encodes.borrow()[0].2, [0, 0, 255, 255]);
+                assert_eq!(app.captures.pending(), 0);
+                assert_eq!(app.captures.reserved_bytes(), 0);
+                assert!(rx.try_recv().is_err() && restored_rx.try_recv().is_err());
+                continue;
+            }
+            assert!(rx.try_recv().is_err(), "bounded retry has not delivered a stale success");
+            let mut retry = actual_callback(&output);
+            for _ in 0..8 {
+                if retry.is_some() {
+                    break;
+                }
+                retry = actual_callback(&actual_capture_frame(&mut app, &ctx, size, scale, minimized));
+            }
+            retry
+                .expect("the actual app reissues at bounded current geometry")
+                .complete(Arc::new(ColorImage::filled(current.expected_pixels().unwrap(), Color32::BLUE)));
+            actual_capture_frame(&mut app, &ctx, size, scale, minimized);
+            assert_eq!(encodes.borrow().first().map(|entry| entry.2.as_slice()), Some([0, 0, 255, 255].as_slice()), "only the new callback image is encoded");
+        }
+        let reply = rx.try_recv().expect("one response after the valid callback");
+        assert_eq!(reply["ok"], true, "{reply}");
+        assert_eq!(writes.borrow().len(), 1);
+        assert!(writes.borrow()[0].1.starts_with(b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n"), "real PNG encoding and automation_write ran");
+        assert_eq!(encodes.borrow().len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(app.captures.pending(), 0);
+        assert_eq!(app.captures.reserved_bytes(), 0);
+        actual_capture_frame(&mut app, &ctx, size, scale, minimized);
+        assert_eq!(writes.borrow().len(), 1, "no duplicate output");
+        assert!(rx.try_recv().is_err());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/scrollbars.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/scrollbars.rs
index e0867436c4..375edc13b6 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/scrollbars.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/scrollbars.rs
@@ -315,7 +315,18 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(clamp_axis(-400.0, 1000.0, 500.0, 0.2), -250.0, "the image's right edge on the view's");
         assert_eq!(clamp_axis(1400.0, 1000.0, 500.0, 0.2), 1250.0, "its left edge on the view's");
         assert_eq!(clamp_axis(500.0, 1000.0, 1000.0, 1.0), 500.0, "exactly the view's size: centred");
-        let mut v = View { zoom: 1.0, center: [-500.0, 20.0], fit_pending: false, fill_pending: false, doc_size: [1000, 800], rotation: 0.0 };
+        let mut v = View {
+            zoom: 1.0,
+            center: [-500.0, 20.0],
+            fit_pending: false,
+            fill_pending: false,
+            doc_size: [1000, 800],
+            rotation: 0.0,
+            zoom_animating: false,
+            zoom_anchor: None,
+            display_camera: None,
+            zoom_transition: None,
+        };
         assert!(clamp_view(&mut v, vec2(500.0, 400.0), 1.0));
         assert_eq!(v.center, [250.0, 200.0]);
         assert!(!clamp_view(&mut v, vec2(500.0, 400.0), 1.0), "stable: no repaint loop");
@@ -334,7 +345,18 @@ mod tests {
         let (at, len) = s.thumb((0.0, 1000.0), 0.0);
         assert!(at.is_finite() && len.is_finite());
         assert_eq!(s.doc_per_point((0.0, 1000.0), 0.0), 0.0);
-        let mut v = View { zoom: 1.0, center: [0.0, 0.0], fit_pending: false, fill_pending: false, doc_size: [0, 0], rotation: 0.0 };
+        let mut v = View {
+            zoom: 1.0,
+            center: [0.0, 0.0],
+            fit_pending: false,
+            fill_pending: false,
+            doc_size: [0, 0],
+            rotation: 0.0,
+            zoom_animating: false,
+            zoom_anchor: None,
+            display_camera: None,
+            zoom_transition: None,
+        };
         assert!(!clamp_view(&mut v, vec2(500.0, 400.0), 1.0));
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/select_and_mask_button_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/select_and_mask_button_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5426b778ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/select_and_mask_button_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+//! #7520: the options bar's Select and Mask… button is greyed out while nothing is selected.
+use crate::PhotocraftApp;
+use crate::state::Tool;
+use egui::vec2;
+use egui_kittest::{
+    Harness,
+    kittest::{NodeT, Queryable},
+};
+use serde_json::json;
+
+fn harness(tool: Tool, select: bool) -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
+    let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+    app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 64, "height": 64})).unwrap();
+    app.sync_views();
+    if select {
+        app.run("select.all", json!({})).unwrap();
+    }
+    app.ui.tool = tool;
+    let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(1400.0, 60.0)).build_ui_state(
+        |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
+            if ui.ctx().fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
+                crate::panels::options_bar(app, ui);
+            }
+        },
+        app,
+    );
+    PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::Pro);
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    h
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn select_and_mask_is_disabled_without_a_selection() {
+    for tool in [Tool::RectMarquee, Tool::Lasso, Tool::MagicWand] {
+        let h = harness(tool, false);
+        assert!(h.get_by_label("Select and Mask…").accesskit_node().is_disabled(), "{tool:?}: button should be greyed out with no selection");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn select_and_mask_is_enabled_with_a_selection() {
+    for tool in [Tool::RectMarquee, Tool::Lasso, Tool::MagicWand] {
+        let h = harness(tool, true);
+        assert!(!h.get_by_label("Select and Mask…").accesskit_node().is_disabled(), "{tool:?}: button should be live with a selection");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/select_mask_view.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/select_mask_view.rs
index 9f5440c4aa..a06c78e468 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/select_mask_view.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/select_mask_view.rs
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ pub fn controls(ui: &mut egui::Ui, fields: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("View")).color(t.text_dim));
         let options: Vec<(Mode, &str)> = Mode::ALL.iter().map(|m| (*m, m.label())).collect();
-        crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "select-mask-view", &mut current, &options, 170.0);
+        crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "select-mask-view", tl!("View"), &mut current, &options, 170.0);
     });
     fields.insert("__view".into(), json!(current.id()));
     if current.default_opacity().is_some() {
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ fn brush_controls(ui: &mut egui::Ui, fields: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
         ui.horizontal(|ui| {
             ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("Mode")).color(t.text_dim));
             let options = [(false, tl!("Expand Detection Area")), (true, tl!("Restore Original Edge"))];
-            crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "select-mask-brush-mode", &mut subtract, &options, 170.0);
+            crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "select-mask-brush-mode", tl!("Mode"), &mut subtract, &options, 170.0);
         });
         fields.insert("__brushMode".into(), json!(if subtract { "subtract" } else { "add" }));
         let mut size = brush_size(fields);
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/served_fonts.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/served_fonts.rs
index 6273383c75..b7ae085f41 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/served_fonts.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/served_fonts.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 use std::sync::{Mutex, PoisonError};
 
 use photocraft_doc::{DocId, LayerContent, LayerId, TextLayer};
-pub use photocraft_text::served::{ServedFont, add_families, add_fonts, parse_manifest, request_for_languages, take_requests};
+pub use photocraft_text::served::{ServedFont, add_families, add_fonts, is_relative_path, parse_manifest, request_for_languages, take_requests};
 
 use crate::PhotocraftApp;
 
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/shape_dialog.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/shape_dialog.rs
index f643c210cd..1b2634a330 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/shape_dialog.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/shape_dialog.rs
@@ -2,11 +2,14 @@
 //! opens Photoshop's creation dialog instead of drawing. OK runs the same `shape.create` command as
 //! a drag, with the options bar's fill and stroke, at the clicked point (or centred on it).
 //! Width and height are stored in document pixels (so automation can set them with
-//! `ui.dialog.set`) and shown in the ruler unit.
+//! `ui.dialog.set`) and shown in the ruler unit, or each in one picked from its right-click menu
+//! (`widthUnit`, `heightUnit`; not remembered, as in Photoshop).
 
 use egui::{Align2, Sense, pos2, vec2};
 use serde_json::{Map, Value, json};
 
+use photocraft_engine::prefs::Unit;
+
 use crate::PhotocraftApp;
 use crate::state::{DialogKind, Tool};
 use crate::theme::Tokens;
@@ -160,24 +163,33 @@ fn label(ui: &mut egui::Ui, text: &str) {
 pub fn body(app: &PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
     ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.y = 6.0;
     let kind = f.get(MARK).and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("").to_string();
-    // Width and height in the ruler unit (percent of the document's side).
+    // Width and height each in its own unit (percent of the document's side): the ruler unit, or
+    // the one picked from that field's right-click menu, as in Photoshop (#7786).
     let ur = &app.session.prefs().units_and_rulers;
-    let (unit, ppi) = (ur.rulers, ur.point_size.per_inch());
+    let (rulers, ppi) = (ur.rulers, ur.point_size.per_inch());
     let (dpi, size) = app
         .session
         .active()
         .map_or((72.0, [1.0, 1.0]), |d| (f64::from(d.doc.resolution_dpi.max(1.0)), [f64::from(d.doc.size.width), f64::from(d.doc.size.height)]));
-    for (key, text, extent) in [("width", tl!("Width:"), size[0]), ("height", tl!("Height:"), size[1])] {
+    for (key, unit_key, text, extent) in [("width", "widthUnit", tl!("Width:"), size[0]), ("height", "heightUnit", tl!("Height:"), size[1])] {
+        let unit = f.get(unit_key).and_then(Value::as_str).and_then(Unit::parse).unwrap_or(rulers);
         ui.horizontal(|ui| {
             label(ui, text);
             let px = num(f, key).unwrap_or(100.0);
             let to_unit = |px: f64| unit.from_px(px, dpi, extent, ppi) as f32;
             let mut v = to_unit(px);
             let places = unit.decimals() as u32;
-            if crate::widgets::value_field_prec(ui, &mut v, to_unit(1.0)..=to_unit(MAX_PX), unit.suffix(), 110.0, places).changed() {
+            let resp = crate::widgets::value_field_prec(ui, &mut v, to_unit(1.0)..=to_unit(MAX_PX), unit.suffix(), 110.0, places).accessible_name(text);
+            if resp.changed() {
                 let px = unit.to_px(f64::from(v), dpi, extent, ppi).clamp(1.0, MAX_PX);
                 f.insert(key.into(), json!((px * 1000.0).round() / 1000.0));
             }
+            // Right-click: the length units for this field (the sizes stay in pixels).
+            resp.context_menu(|ui| {
+                if let Some(name) = crate::rulers::unit_menu_of(ui, unit, &crate::rulers::LENGTH_UNITS) {
+                    f.insert(unit_key.into(), json!(name));
+                }
+            });
         });
     }
     match kind.as_str() {
@@ -190,13 +202,18 @@ pub fn body(app: &PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>)
             }
             let mut linked = f.get("linkRadii").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(true);
             let mut changed = None;
+            // `radii` is [top-left, top-right, bottom-right, bottom-left].
             ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                 label(ui, tl!("Radius:"));
                 ui.vertical(|ui| {
+                    // All four fields show "Radius:"; the accessible name says which corner
+                    // (radii are top-left, top-right, bottom-right, bottom-left).
+                    let corners = ["Top Left", "Top Right", "Bottom Right", "Bottom Left"];
                     for row in [[0usize, 1], [3, 2]] {
                         ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                             for i in row {
-                                if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut radii[i], 0.0..=10000.0, "px", 72.0).changed() {
+                                let name = format!("{} {}", tl!(corners[i]), tl!("Radius:"));
+                                if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut radii[i], 0.0..=10000.0, "px", 72.0).accessible_name(name).changed() {
                                     changed = Some(i);
                                 }
                             }
@@ -221,14 +238,14 @@ pub fn body(app: &PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>)
             ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                 label(ui, tl!("Sides:"));
                 let mut s = num(f, "sides").unwrap_or(5.0) as f32;
-                if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut s, 3.0..=100.0, "", 72.0).changed() {
+                if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut s, 3.0..=100.0, "", 72.0).accessible_name(tl!("Sides:")).changed() {
                     f.insert("sides".into(), json!(s.round().clamp(3.0, 100.0) as u32));
                 }
             });
             ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                 label(ui, tl!("Star Ratio:"));
                 let mut r = num(f, "starRatio").unwrap_or(100.0) as f32;
-                if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut r, 1.0..=100.0, "%", 72.0).changed() {
+                if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut r, 1.0..=100.0, "%", 72.0).accessible_name(tl!("Star Ratio:")).changed() {
                     f.insert("starRatio".into(), json!(f64::from(r.clamp(1.0, 100.0))));
                 }
             });
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/shape_dialog_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/shape_dialog_tests.rs
index a0b5c61596..7af252f087 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/shape_dialog_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/shape_dialog_tests.rs
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ fn from_center_and_the_other_tools() {
     let id = only_dialog(&app);
     set(&mut app, id, json!({"width": 50, "height": 60, "sides": 7, "starRatio": 50}));
     crate::dialogs::confirm(&mut app, id).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(live(&app), LiveShape::Polygon { rect: [10.0, 10.0, 50.0, 60.0], sides: 7, star_ratio: 0.5 });
+    assert_eq!(live(&app), LiveShape::Polygon { rect: [10.0, 10.0, 50.0, 60.0], sides: 7, star_ratio: 0.5, corner_radius: 0.0 });
 
     press(&mut app, Tool::Triangle, [5.0, 6.0], [5.0, 6.0]);
     let id = only_dialog(&app);
@@ -141,6 +141,30 @@ fn click_slop_scales_with_zoom() {
     assert!(is_click([10.0, 10.0], &[], 0.0));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn radius_fields_are_named_for_their_corners() {
+    use egui::accesskit::Role;
+    use egui_kittest::Harness;
+    use egui_kittest::kittest::{NodeT, Queryable};
+
+    let mut app = app();
+    let id = open(&mut app, Tool::Rectangle, [10.0, 20.0]).unwrap();
+    let fields = app.ui.dialog_mut(id).unwrap().fields.clone();
+    let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(520.0, 520.0)).build_ui_state(move |ui, fields| body(&app, ui, fields), fields);
+    PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::ALL[0]);
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    let labels: Vec<String> = h.query_all_by_role(Role::SpinButton).filter_map(|n| n.accesskit_node().label()).collect();
+    // The visible rows are [top-left, top-right], [bottom-left, bottom-right]; the field for each
+    // radius index must carry its own corner name (a permutation would still pass a set check).
+    let corners: Vec<&str> = labels.iter().map(String::as_str).filter(|label| !matches!(*label, "Width:" | "Height:")).collect();
+    assert_eq!(
+        corners,
+        vec!["Top Left Radius:", "Top Right Radius:", "Bottom Left Radius:", "Bottom Right Radius:"],
+        "radius fields name their corner in layout order: {labels:?}"
+    );
+    assert!(!labels.iter().any(|label| label == "Radius:"), "the generic name would leave the corners indistinguishable");
+}
+
 /// #4205: the click slop is in screen points, so on a 2x (HiDPI) display at 100 % a 2 pt jitter
 /// (4 device px = 4 document px) is still a click that opens Create Rectangle, not a tiny shape.
 #[test]
@@ -248,3 +272,85 @@ fn the_dialog_body_renders_for_every_tool_and_unit() {
         app.ui.close_dialog(id);
     }
 }
+
+/// One frame of a dialog body with `events`: the texts it draws, each with its screen rect.
+fn frame(ctx: &egui::Context, app: &PhotocraftApp, fields: &mut serde_json::Map<String, Value>, events: Vec<egui::Event>) -> Vec<(String, egui::Rect)> {
+    let input = egui::RawInput { events, ..Default::default() };
+    let mut out = ctx.run_ui(input, |ui| body(app, ui, fields));
+    out.textures_delta.clear();
+    let mut texts = Vec::new();
+    for clip in &out.shapes {
+        if let egui::Shape::Text(t) = &clip.shape {
+            texts.push((t.galley.text().to_string(), t.galley.rect.translate(t.pos.to_vec2())));
+        }
+    }
+    texts
+}
+
+/// A click of `button` at `pos`, as frames: move there, press, release.
+fn click(ctx: &egui::Context, app: &PhotocraftApp, f: &mut serde_json::Map<String, Value>, pos: egui::Pos2, button: egui::PointerButton) {
+    let press = |pressed| egui::Event::PointerButton { pos, button, pressed, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE };
+    frame(ctx, app, f, vec![egui::Event::PointerMoved(pos)]);
+    frame(ctx, app, f, vec![press(true)]);
+    frame(ctx, app, f, vec![press(false)]);
+}
+
+/// Each of Width and Height: its value and unit, and the value's screen rect.
+fn sides(texts: &[(String, egui::Rect)]) -> Vec<(String, String, egui::Rect)> {
+    ["Width:", "Height:"]
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|l| texts.iter().position(|(t, _)| t == l))
+        .filter_map(|i| {
+            let (v, r) = texts.get(i + 1)?.clone();
+            Some((v, texts.get(i + 2)?.0.clone(), r))
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// #7786: right-clicking Width or Height offers the length units (no Percent, as in Photoshop's
+/// Create Rectangle) and switches only that field; the sizes stay in pixels and the unit isn't
+/// remembered, so the next dialog follows the ruler unit again.
+#[test]
+fn right_click_picks_the_unit_of_that_field_only_and_it_is_not_remembered() {
+    let mut app = app();
+    press(&mut app, Tool::Rectangle, [10.0, 10.0], [10.0, 10.0]);
+    let id = only_dialog(&app);
+    let mut f = app.ui.dialog_mut(id).unwrap().fields.clone();
+    let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+    let shown = |s: &[(String, String, egui::Rect)]| s.iter().map(|(v, u, _)| (v.clone(), u.clone())).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let px = ("100".to_string(), "px".to_string());
+    let texts = frame(&ctx, &app, &mut f, vec![]);
+    let s = sides(&texts);
+    assert_eq!(shown(&s), [px.clone(), px.clone()], "shown in the ruler unit, pixels");
+    // Right-click Width: its menu lists the lengths and no Percent.
+    click(&ctx, &app, &mut f, s[0].2.center(), egui::PointerButton::Secondary);
+    let menu = frame(&ctx, &app, &mut f, vec![]);
+    let has = |label: &str| menu.iter().any(|(t, _)| t.ends_with(label));
+    assert!(["Pixels", "Inches", "Centimeters", "Millimeters", "Points", "Picas"].iter().all(|l| has(l)), "{menu:?}");
+    assert!(!has("Percent"), "Photoshop's menu here has no Percent");
+    let mm_item = menu.iter().find(|(t, _)| t == "Millimeters").unwrap().1.center();
+    click(&ctx, &app, &mut f, mm_item, egui::PointerButton::Primary);
+    // Only Width changes: 100 px at the document's 72 ppi is 35.28 mm; the size stays in pixels.
+    let s = sides(&frame(&ctx, &app, &mut f, vec![]));
+    assert_eq!(shown(&s), [("35.28".to_string(), "mm".to_string()), px.clone()]);
+    assert_eq!((f["widthUnit"].as_str(), f.get("heightUnit")), (Some("mm"), None));
+    assert_eq!(f["width"].as_f64(), Some(100.0), "the size stays in pixels");
+    // Height has its own menu, with its own unit checked: Inches switches Height alone.
+    click(&ctx, &app, &mut f, s[1].2.center(), egui::PointerButton::Secondary);
+    let menu = frame(&ctx, &app, &mut f, vec![]);
+    assert!(menu.iter().any(|(t, _)| t == "✓ Pixels"), "{menu:?}");
+    let in_item = menu.iter().find(|(t, _)| t == "Inches").unwrap().1.center();
+    click(&ctx, &app, &mut f, in_item, egui::PointerButton::Primary);
+    let s = sides(&frame(&ctx, &app, &mut f, vec![]));
+    assert_eq!(shown(&s), [("35.28".to_string(), "mm".to_string()), ("1.389".to_string(), "in".to_string())]);
+    // OK, then the rulers change: the next dialog shows the new ruler unit, not the pick.
+    set(&mut app, id, json!({"widthUnit": "mm", "width": 50}));
+    crate::dialogs::confirm(&mut app, id).unwrap();
+    app.run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "unitsAndRulers.rulers", "value": "cm"})).unwrap();
+    press(&mut app, Tool::Rectangle, [40.0, 40.0], [40.0, 40.0]);
+    let id = only_dialog(&app);
+    let mut f = app.ui.dialog_mut(id).unwrap().fields.clone();
+    assert_eq!((f.get("widthUnit"), f["width"].as_f64()), (None, Some(50.0)), "the size is remembered, the unit isn't");
+    let s = sides(&frame(&egui::Context::default(), &app, &mut f, vec![]));
+    assert_eq!(shown(&s), [("1.76".to_string(), "cm".to_string()), ("3.53".to_string(), "cm".to_string())]);
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/shape_gradient_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/shape_gradient_ui.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e2fbfdb679
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/shape_gradient_ui.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,522 @@
+//! The shape Fill / Stroke swatches' Gradient tab, as Photoshop's popover: the recently used
+//! gradients and the preset library, a stops strip (click to add a stop, drag one to move it or
+//! off the strip to delete it, drag a midpoint), the selected stop's colour, opacity and
+//! location, and the gradient's style, angle, scale, reverse and Align with layer. Stop edits use
+//! the Gradient Editor's grammar ([`apply_stop`]); the tab returns the edited gradient and the
+//! swatch's caller applies it to the next shape or as one `shape.edit`.
+
+use egui::{Pos2, Rect, Sense, Stroke, StrokeKind, pos2, vec2};
+use photocraft_compose::gradient_fill as gf;
+use photocraft_doc::{Fill, GradientStyle};
+use photocraft_engine::gradient_fill_cmds::apply_stop;
+use photocraft_engine::presets::Group;
+use photocraft_engine::presets::gradients::GradientPreset;
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+
+use crate::shape_paint_ui::{picker_color, picker_rgba, rgba_of, rgba32};
+use crate::theme::Tokens;
+
+/// Width of the tab's rows (the strip, the swatch grids).
+const WIDTH: f32 = 228.0;
+/// How many gradients the Recent row keeps.
+const RECENT: usize = 8;
+
+/// What a swatch's Gradient tab offers: the recently used gradients, the preset library, and the
+/// Gradient tool's current gradient (what a colour switches to), with the tool colours that
+/// resolve their Foreground / Background stops.
+pub(crate) struct GradientChoices<'a> {
+    pub presets: &'a [Group<GradientPreset>],
+    pub current: &'a GradientPreset,
+    /// Newest first ([`GradientChoices::remember`]).
+    pub recent: &'a mut Vec<Fill>,
+    pub fg: [f32; 4],
+    pub bg: [f32; 4],
+}
+
+impl GradientChoices<'_> {
+    /// Photoshop's shape gradient default: the current gradient, linear at 90°, 100%.
+    pub(crate) fn default_fill(&self) -> Fill {
+        let mut fill = Fill::gradient(Vec::new(), 90.0, 1.0, GradientStyle::Linear, false);
+        take_preset(&mut fill, self.current, self.fg, self.bg);
+        fill
+    }
+
+    /// Puts `gradient`'s stops at the front of the Recent row; a gradient already there moves up.
+    pub(crate) fn remember(&mut self, gradient: &Fill) {
+        let Fill::Gradient { .. } = gradient else { return };
+        self.recent.retain(|f| !same_stops(f, gradient));
+        self.recent.insert(0, gradient.clone());
+        self.recent.truncate(RECENT);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Whether two gradients have the same colour stops, opacity stops and midpoints.
+fn same_stops(a: &Fill, b: &Fill) -> bool {
+    match (a, b) {
+        (Fill::Gradient { stops: s1, opacity_stops: o1, midpoints: m1, .. }, Fill::Gradient { stops: s2, opacity_stops: o2, midpoints: m2, .. }) => {
+            s1 == s2 && o1 == o2 && m1 == m2
+        }
+        _ => false,
+    }
+}
+
+/// `fill` takes `preset`'s colour and opacity stops (live colours resolved now), as a Gradient
+/// Fill layer made from it holds them; its old midpoints belonged to the old stops.
+pub(crate) fn take_preset(fill: &mut Fill, preset: &GradientPreset, fg: [f32; 4], bg: [f32; 4]) {
+    if let Fill::Gradient { stops, opacity_stops, midpoints, .. } = fill {
+        (*stops, *opacity_stops) = preset.fill_stops(fg, bg);
+        midpoints.clear();
+    }
+}
+
+/// `fill` takes `from`'s colour stops, opacity stops and midpoints (a Recent pick).
+fn take_stops(fill: &mut Fill, from: &Fill) {
+    if let (Fill::Gradient { stops, opacity_stops, midpoints, .. }, Fill::Gradient { stops: s, opacity_stops: o, midpoints: m, .. }) = (fill, from) {
+        (*stops, *opacity_stops, *midpoints) = (s.clone(), o.clone(), m.clone());
+    }
+}
+
+/// The Gradient tab of the swatch `id`. Returns the edited gradient.
+pub(crate) fn gradient_tab(ui: &mut egui::Ui, fill: &Fill, choices: &GradientChoices, id: egui::Id) -> Option<Fill> {
+    let Fill::Gradient { angle, scale, style, reverse, align, .. } = fill else { return None };
+    let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
+    let mut out: Option<Fill> = None;
+    let mut picked = false;
+    egui::ScrollArea::vertical().id_salt(id.with("gradient-presets")).max_height(120.0).show(ui, |ui| {
+        ui.set_width(WIDTH);
+        let group_label = |ui: &mut egui::Ui, s: &str| ui.label(egui::RichText::new(s).color(t.text_dim).size(11.0));
+        if !choices.recent.is_empty() {
+            group_label(ui, tl!("Recent"));
+            ui.horizontal_wrapped(|ui| {
+                ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing = vec2(3.0, 3.0);
+                for (i, recent) in choices.recent.iter().enumerate() {
+                    let (r, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(32.0, 18.0), Sense::click());
+                    paint_fill_ramp(ui, r, recent, resp.hovered());
+                    let name = format!("{} {}", tl!("Recent"), i + 1);
+                    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, &name));
+                    if resp.clicked() {
+                        take_stops(edited(&mut out, fill), recent);
+                        picked = true;
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+        }
+        for group in choices.presets {
+            // Group and preset names are the library's data, shown as they are.
+            group_label(ui, &group.name);
+            ui.horizontal_wrapped(|ui| {
+                ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing = vec2(3.0, 3.0);
+                for preset in &group.items {
+                    let (r, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(32.0, 18.0), Sense::click());
+                    crate::preset_panels::paint_gradient(ui, r, &preset.resolve(choices.fg, choices.bg));
+                    let border = if resp.hovered() { t.text_dim } else { t.field_border };
+                    ui.painter().rect_stroke(r, 0.0, Stroke::new(1.0, border), StrokeKind::Outside);
+                    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, &preset.name));
+                    if resp.on_hover_text(&preset.name).clicked() {
+                        take_preset(edited(&mut out, fill), preset, choices.fg, choices.bg);
+                        picked = true;
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+        }
+    });
+    if picked {
+        // New stops: start from the first colour stop, its colour row showing.
+        ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(selection_key(id), Marker::Color(0)));
+    }
+    ui.add_space(6.0);
+    if let Some(f) = stops_strip(ui, out.as_ref().unwrap_or(fill), id, choices.fg, choices.bg) {
+        out = Some(f);
+    }
+    if let Some(f) = stop_fields(ui, out.as_ref().unwrap_or(fill), id, choices.fg, choices.bg) {
+        out = Some(f);
+    }
+    ui.add_space(4.0);
+    ui.horizontal(|ui| {
+        ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 2.0;
+        for (s, icon, tip) in [
+            (GradientStyle::Linear, "gradient", tl!("Linear Gradient")),
+            (GradientStyle::Radial, "circle", tl!("Radial Gradient")),
+            (GradientStyle::Angle, "rotate-cw", tl!("Angle Gradient")),
+            (GradientStyle::Reflected, "arrow-left-right", tl!("Reflected Gradient")),
+            (GradientStyle::Diamond, "diamond", tl!("Diamond Gradient")),
+        ] {
+            if crate::icons::button(ui, icon, 22.0, *style == s, tip).clicked()
+                && *style != s
+                && let Fill::Gradient { style, .. } = edited(&mut out, fill)
+            {
+                *style = s;
+            }
+        }
+    });
+    let label = |ui: &mut egui::Ui, s: &str| ui.label(egui::RichText::new(s).color(t.text_dim).size(12.0));
+    ui.horizontal(|ui| {
+        label(ui, tl!("Angle"));
+        let mut a = *angle;
+        if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut a, -180.0..=180.0, "°", 52.0).changed()
+            && let Fill::Gradient { angle, .. } = edited(&mut out, fill)
+        {
+            *angle = a;
+        }
+        label(ui, tl!("Scale"));
+        let mut sc = *scale * 100.0;
+        if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut sc, 10.0..=150.0, "%", 52.0).changed()
+            && let Fill::Gradient { scale, .. } = edited(&mut out, fill)
+        {
+            *scale = sc / 100.0;
+        }
+    });
+    ui.horizontal(|ui| {
+        let mut rev = *reverse;
+        if crate::widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut rev, tl!("Reverse")).changed()
+            && let Fill::Gradient { reverse, .. } = edited(&mut out, fill)
+        {
+            *reverse = rev;
+        }
+        let mut al = *align;
+        if crate::widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut al, tl!("Align with layer")).changed()
+            && let Fill::Gradient { align, .. } = edited(&mut out, fill)
+        {
+            *align = al;
+        }
+    });
+    out
+}
+
+/// The gradient being edited this frame: `fill` until a control changes it.
+fn edited<'a>(out: &'a mut Option<Fill>, fill: &Fill) -> &'a mut Fill {
+    out.get_or_insert_with(|| fill.clone())
+}
+
+/// A gradient's ramp in `r` (un-reversed, as the stops strip shows it), outlined.
+fn paint_fill_ramp(ui: &egui::Ui, r: Rect, fill: &Fill, hovered: bool) {
+    let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
+    if let Some(ramp) = gf::Ramp::new(&unreversed(fill)) {
+        crate::gradient_ui::paint_ramp(ui.painter(), r, |u| ramp.sample(u));
+    }
+    let border = if hovered { t.text_dim } else { t.field_border };
+    ui.painter().rect_stroke(r, 0.0, Stroke::new(1.0, border), StrokeKind::Outside);
+}
+
+fn unreversed(fill: &Fill) -> Fill {
+    let mut f = fill.clone();
+    if let Fill::Gradient { reverse, .. } = &mut f {
+        *reverse = false;
+    }
+    f
+}
+
+/// A marker of the stops strip.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
+enum Marker {
+    Color(usize),
+    Opacity(usize),
+    /// The midpoint of the segment after colour stop `i`.
+    Mid(usize),
+}
+
+/// A drag in progress: the marker and the gradient as it was when the drag began. Each frame
+/// re-applies the move to that gradient, so a stop dragged past another stays the one dragged.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct Drag {
+    marker: Marker,
+    start: Fill,
+}
+
+/// Colour stops, opacity stops and midpoints.
+type Stops = (Vec<(f32, photocraft_doc::Color)>, Vec<(f32, f32)>, Vec<f32>);
+
+/// The colour stops (sorted), opacity stops (sorted; two opaque ones when the gradient has none,
+/// as [`apply_stop`] counts them) and midpoints of `fill`.
+fn sorted_stops(fill: &Fill) -> Stops {
+    let Fill::Gradient { stops, opacity_stops, midpoints, .. } = fill else { return (Vec::new(), Vec::new(), Vec::new()) };
+    let mut cs = stops.clone();
+    cs.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.total_cmp(&b.0));
+    let mut os = if opacity_stops.is_empty() { vec![(0.0, 1.0), (1.0, 1.0)] } else { opacity_stops.clone() };
+    os.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.total_cmp(&b.0));
+    (cs, os, midpoints.clone())
+}
+
+/// Where a stop moved to `location` lands once the stops are sorted again: the selection follows it.
+fn index_after_move(locations: &[f32], moved: usize, location: f32) -> usize {
+    locations.iter().enumerate().filter(|(i, l)| *i != moved && (**l < location || (**l == location && *i < moved))).count()
+}
+
+fn apply(fill: &Fill, edit: &Value, fg: [f32; 4], bg: [f32; 4]) -> Option<Fill> {
+    apply_stop(fill, edit, fg, bg).ok()
+}
+
+/// Where swatch `id` keeps its selected marker.
+fn selection_key(id: egui::Id) -> egui::Id {
+    id.with("stops-selected")
+}
+
+/// Where swatch `id` keeps whether the selected colour stop's inline picker is open.
+fn picker_key(id: egui::Id) -> egui::Id {
+    id.with("stop-picker-open")
+}
+
+/// The selected marker, when it still names a stop of `fill`; else the first colour stop. The
+/// marker is an index, so a preset with fewer stops, a deleted stop or another shape would
+/// otherwise leave it pointing past the stops (and the stop's fields would vanish).
+fn selection(ui: &egui::Ui, id: egui::Id, fill: &Fill) -> Marker {
+    let (cs, os, _) = sorted_stops(fill);
+    let valid = |m: &Marker| match *m {
+        Marker::Color(i) => i < cs.len(),
+        Marker::Opacity(i) => i < os.len(),
+        Marker::Mid(i) => i.saturating_add(1) < cs.len(),
+    };
+    ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<Marker>(selection_key(id))).filter(valid).unwrap_or(Marker::Color(0))
+}
+
+/// The stops strip: the ramp with opacity stops above and colour stops below (Photoshop's).
+fn stops_strip(ui: &mut egui::Ui, fill: &Fill, id: egui::Id, fg: [f32; 4], bg: [f32; 4]) -> Option<Fill> {
+    let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
+    let (outer, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(WIDTH, 58.0), Sense::click_and_drag());
+    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, ui.is_enabled(), tl!("Gradient stops")));
+    let top = outer.top() + 16.0;
+    let bar = Rect::from_min_max(pos2(outer.left() + 8.0, top), pos2(outer.right() - 8.0, top + 24.0));
+    let x_of = |loc: f32| bar.left() + loc.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * bar.width();
+    let loc_of = |x: f32| ((x - bar.left()) / bar.width().max(1.0)).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+    if let Some(ramp) = gf::Ramp::new(&unreversed(fill)) {
+        crate::gradient_ui::paint_ramp(ui.painter(), bar, |u| ramp.sample(u));
+    }
+    ui.painter().rect_stroke(bar, 0.0, Stroke::new(1.0, t.field_border), StrokeKind::Outside);
+    let (cs, os, mids) = sorted_stops(fill);
+    let (drag_key, selection_key) = (id.with("stops-drag"), selection_key(id));
+    let drag: Option<Drag> = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp(drag_key));
+    let selected: Option<Marker> = Some(drag.as_ref().map_or_else(|| selection(ui, id, fill), |d| d.marker));
+    let p = ui.painter();
+    let outline = |sel: bool| if sel { t.accent } else { t.text_dim };
+    for (i, (loc, c)) in cs.iter().enumerate() {
+        let x = x_of(*loc);
+        let sel = selected == Some(Marker::Color(i));
+        let body = Rect::from_center_size(pos2(x, bar.bottom() + 10.0), vec2(10.0, 10.0));
+        p.add(egui::Shape::convex_polygon(vec![pos2(x, bar.bottom() + 1.0), pos2(x + 5.0, body.top()), pos2(x - 5.0, body.top())], outline(sel), Stroke::NONE));
+        let [r, g, b, _] = rgba_of(c);
+        p.rect_filled(body, 1.0, rgba32([r, g, b, 1.0]));
+        p.rect_stroke(body, 1.0, Stroke::new(1.0, outline(sel)), StrokeKind::Outside);
+    }
+    let mid_x = |i: usize| -> Option<f32> {
+        let (a, b) = (cs.get(i)?.0, cs.get(i + 1)?.0);
+        (b - a > 1e-3).then(|| x_of(a + (b - a) * mids.get(i).copied().unwrap_or(0.5)))
+    };
+    for i in 0..cs.len().saturating_sub(1) {
+        if let Some(x) = mid_x(i) {
+            let sel = selected == Some(Marker::Mid(i));
+            crate::gradient_ui::diamond(p, pos2(x, bar.bottom() + 6.0), 3.0, if sel { t.accent } else { t.text_faint }, t.text_faint);
+        }
+    }
+    for (i, (loc, a)) in os.iter().enumerate() {
+        let x = x_of(*loc);
+        let sel = selected == Some(Marker::Opacity(i));
+        let body = Rect::from_center_size(pos2(x, bar.top() - 10.0), vec2(10.0, 10.0));
+        p.add(egui::Shape::convex_polygon(
+            vec![pos2(x, bar.top() - 1.0), pos2(x + 5.0, body.bottom()), pos2(x - 5.0, body.bottom())],
+            outline(sel),
+            Stroke::NONE,
+        ));
+        p.rect_filled(body, 1.0, egui::Color32::from_gray((a.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 255.0) as u8));
+        p.rect_stroke(body, 1.0, Stroke::new(1.0, outline(sel)), StrokeKind::Outside);
+    }
+    let hit = |pos: Pos2| -> Option<Marker> {
+        if pos.y > bar.bottom() {
+            if pos.y >= bar.bottom() + 3.0
+                && let Some(i) = cs.iter().position(|(l, _)| (x_of(*l) - pos.x).abs() <= 6.0)
+            {
+                return Some(Marker::Color(i));
+            }
+            return (0..cs.len().saturating_sub(1)).find(|i| mid_x(*i).is_some_and(|x| (x - pos.x).abs() <= 4.0)).map(Marker::Mid);
+        }
+        if pos.y < bar.top() {
+            return os.iter().position(|(l, _)| (x_of(*l) - pos.x).abs() <= 6.0).map(Marker::Opacity);
+        }
+        None
+    };
+    let mut out = None;
+    if resp.drag_started()
+        && let Some(pos) = ui.input(|i| i.pointer.press_origin())
+        && let Some(marker) = hit(pos)
+    {
+        ui.data_mut(|d| {
+            d.insert_temp(drag_key, Drag { marker, start: fill.clone() });
+            d.insert_temp(selection_key, marker);
+        });
+    }
+    if let Some(drag) = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<Drag>(drag_key)) {
+        let (start_cs, start_os, _) = sorted_stops(&drag.start);
+        let pos = resp.interact_pointer_pos();
+        if let Some(pos) = pos {
+            // Dragged well off the strip, a stop is deleted (while at least two remain), as in Photoshop.
+            let off = pos.y > bar.bottom() + 28.0 || pos.y < bar.top() - 26.0;
+            let loc = loc_of(pos.x);
+            let edit = match drag.marker {
+                Marker::Color(i) if off && start_cs.len() > 2 => json!({"action": "delete", "index": i}),
+                Marker::Color(i) => json!({"action": "move", "index": i, "location": loc}),
+                Marker::Opacity(i) if off && start_os.len() > 2 => json!({"action": "delete", "kind": "opacity", "index": i}),
+                Marker::Opacity(i) => json!({"action": "move", "kind": "opacity", "index": i, "location": loc}),
+                Marker::Mid(i) => {
+                    let (a, b) = (start_cs.get(i).map_or(0.0, |s| s.0), start_cs.get(i + 1).map_or(1.0, |s| s.0));
+                    json!({"action": "midpoint", "index": i, "location": ((loc - a) / (b - a).max(1e-4)).clamp(0.05, 0.95)})
+                }
+            };
+            out = apply(&drag.start, &edit, fg, bg);
+            if resp.drag_stopped() {
+                let moved = edit.get("location").and_then(Value::as_f64).map(|l| l as f32);
+                let selection = match (drag.marker, edit.get("action").and_then(Value::as_str), moved) {
+                    (Marker::Color(i), Some("move"), Some(l)) => Some(Marker::Color(index_after_move(&start_cs.iter().map(|s| s.0).collect::<Vec<_>>(), i, l))),
+                    (Marker::Opacity(i), Some("move"), Some(l)) => {
+                        Some(Marker::Opacity(index_after_move(&start_os.iter().map(|s| s.0).collect::<Vec<_>>(), i, l)))
+                    }
+                    (Marker::Mid(i), ..) => Some(Marker::Mid(i)),
+                    _ => None,
+                };
+                ui.data_mut(|d| match selection {
+                    Some(m) => {
+                        d.insert_temp(selection_key, m);
+                    }
+                    None => d.remove::<Marker>(selection_key),
+                });
+            }
+        }
+        if resp.drag_stopped() || pos.is_none() {
+            ui.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<Drag>(drag_key));
+        }
+        return out;
+    }
+    // Double-clicking a colour stop opens its colour, as Photoshop's opens the Color Picker. egui
+    // counts a click within 0.6 s of the one before last as a triple click (a preset picked just
+    // before), which is a double click on the stop all the same.
+    if (resp.double_clicked() || resp.triple_clicked())
+        && let Some(pos) = resp.interact_pointer_pos()
+        && let Some(marker @ Marker::Color(_)) = hit(pos)
+    {
+        ui.data_mut(|d| {
+            d.insert_temp(selection_key, marker);
+            d.insert_temp(picker_key(id), true);
+        });
+        return None;
+    }
+    if resp.clicked()
+        && let Some(pos) = resp.interact_pointer_pos()
+    {
+        if let Some(marker) = hit(pos) {
+            ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(selection_key, marker));
+            return None;
+        }
+        // A click on the ramp adds a stop there: an opacity stop above its middle, a colour stop below.
+        let loc = loc_of(pos.x);
+        let opacity = pos.y < bar.center().y;
+        let (edit, marker) = if opacity {
+            (json!({"action": "add", "kind": "opacity", "location": loc}), Marker::Opacity(os.iter().filter(|s| s.0 <= loc).count()))
+        } else {
+            (json!({"action": "add", "location": loc}), Marker::Color(cs.iter().filter(|s| s.0 <= loc).count()))
+        };
+        out = apply(fill, &edit, fg, bg);
+        if out.is_some() {
+            ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(selection_key, marker));
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+/// The selected stop's fields under the strip: a colour stop's colour (an inline picker opened
+/// from its swatch), an opacity stop's opacity, a midpoint's position; Location and Delete.
+fn stop_fields(ui: &mut egui::Ui, fill: &Fill, id: egui::Id, fg: [f32; 4], bg: [f32; 4]) -> Option<Fill> {
+    let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
+    let selection_key = selection_key(id);
+    let selected = selection(ui, id, fill);
+    let (cs, os, mids) = sorted_stops(fill);
+    let label = |ui: &mut egui::Ui, s: &str| ui.label(egui::RichText::new(s).color(t.text_dim).size(12.0));
+    let mut edit: Option<Value> = None;
+    let mut reselect: Option<Marker> = None;
+    let (locations, index): (Vec<f32>, usize) = match selected {
+        Marker::Color(i) => (cs.iter().map(|s| s.0).collect(), i),
+        Marker::Opacity(i) => (os.iter().map(|s| s.0).collect(), i),
+        Marker::Mid(i) => (Vec::new(), i),
+    };
+    let picker_key = picker_key(id);
+    let mut picker_open = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<bool>(picker_key)).unwrap_or(false);
+    ui.horizontal(|ui| match selected {
+        Marker::Color(i) => {
+            let Some((_, c)) = cs.get(i) else { return };
+            label(ui, tl!("Color"));
+            let (r, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(40.0, 20.0), Sense::click());
+            let [cr, cg, cb, _] = rgba_of(c);
+            ui.painter().rect_filled(r.shrink(1.0), t.radius_sm, rgba32([cr, cg, cb, 1.0]));
+            ui.painter().rect_stroke(r, t.radius_sm, Stroke::new(1.0, if picker_open { t.accent } else { t.field_border }), StrokeKind::Inside);
+            resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::ColorWell, true, tl!("Color")));
+            if resp.on_hover_text(tl!("Color")).clicked() {
+                picker_open = !picker_open;
+            }
+        }
+        Marker::Opacity(i) => {
+            let Some((_, a)) = os.get(i) else { return };
+            label(ui, tl!("Opacity"));
+            let mut v = a * 100.0;
+            if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut v, 0.0..=100.0, "%", 52.0).changed() {
+                edit = Some(json!({"action": "opacity", "kind": "opacity", "index": i, "opacity": v}));
+            }
+        }
+        Marker::Mid(i) => {
+            if cs.get(i.saturating_add(1)).is_none() {
+                return;
+            }
+            label(ui, tl!("Location"));
+            let mut v = mids.get(i).copied().unwrap_or(0.5) * 100.0;
+            if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut v, 5.0..=95.0, "%", 52.0).changed() {
+                edit = Some(json!({"action": "midpoint", "index": i, "location": v / 100.0}));
+            }
+        }
+    });
+    if let Some(loc) = locations.get(index).copied() {
+        let kind = if matches!(selected, Marker::Opacity(_)) { "opacity" } else { "color" };
+        ui.horizontal(|ui| {
+            label(ui, tl!("Location"));
+            let mut v = loc * 100.0;
+            if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut v, 0.0..=100.0, "%", 52.0).changed() {
+                let to = v / 100.0;
+                edit = Some(json!({"action": "move", "kind": kind, "index": index, "location": to}));
+                reselect = Some(match selected {
+                    Marker::Opacity(_) => Marker::Opacity(index_after_move(&locations, index, to)),
+                    _ => Marker::Color(index_after_move(&locations, index, to)),
+                });
+            }
+            // A gradient keeps at least two stops of each kind.
+            if locations.len() > 2 && crate::widgets::secondary_button(ui, tl!("Delete"), 0.0).clicked() {
+                edit = Some(json!({"action": "delete", "kind": kind, "index": index}));
+                reselect = Some(match selected {
+                    Marker::Opacity(_) => Marker::Opacity(index.saturating_sub(1)),
+                    _ => Marker::Color(index.saturating_sub(1)),
+                });
+            }
+        });
+    }
+    if let (Marker::Color(i), true) = (selected, picker_open)
+        && let Some((_, c)) = cs.get(i)
+    {
+        // The stop's colour keeps its own alpha; transparency belongs to the opacity stops.
+        let rgba = rgba_of(c);
+        let cache = id.with(("stop-hsva", i));
+        let mut hsva = ui
+            .data(|d| d.get_temp::<([f32; 4], egui::ecolor::Hsva)>(cache))
+            .filter(|(previous, _)| *previous == rgba)
+            .map_or_else(|| picker_color(rgba), |(_, h)| h);
+        if egui::color_picker::color_picker_hsva_2d(ui, &mut hsva, egui::color_picker::Alpha::Opaque) {
+            let [r, g, b, _] = picker_rgba(hsva);
+            if [r, g, b].iter().zip(rgba).any(|(a, b)| (a - b).abs() > 0.000001) {
+                let color = [r, g, b, rgba[3]];
+                edit = Some(json!({"action": "color", "index": i, "color": color}));
+                ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(cache, (color, hsva)));
+            }
+        } else {
+            ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(cache, (rgba, hsva)));
+        }
+    }
+    ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(picker_key, picker_open));
+    let out = apply(fill, &edit?, fg, bg)?;
+    if let Some(m) = reselect {
+        ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(selection_key, m));
+    }
+    Some(out)
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/shape_options.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/shape_options.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8271388f25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/shape_options.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+//! Shape toolbar edits share the engine commands used by the Properties panel.
+
+use photocraft_doc::LayerContent;
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+
+use crate::PhotocraftApp;
+use crate::shape_gradient_ui::GradientChoices;
+use crate::shape_paint_ui::{PaintChange, paint_param, swatch};
+use crate::state::Tool;
+use crate::theme::Tokens;
+use crate::vector_ui::{enabled_stroke_width, paint_gesture};
+
+fn solid(color: [f32; 4]) -> photocraft_doc::Fill {
+    photocraft_doc::Fill::Solid(photocraft_doc::Color::rgba(color[0], color[1], color[2], color[3]))
+}
+
+/// The shape layer the options bar edits.
+struct SelectedShape {
+    doc: photocraft_doc::DocId,
+    layer: photocraft_doc::LayerId,
+    fill: Option<photocraft_doc::Fill>,
+    stroke: Option<photocraft_doc::ShapeStroke>,
+    live: Option<photocraft_doc::LiveShape>,
+}
+
+fn selected_shape(session: &photocraft_engine::Session) -> Option<SelectedShape> {
+    let st = session.active()?;
+    let layer = st.active_layer?;
+    match &st.doc.layer(layer)?.content {
+        LayerContent::Shape(sh) => Some(SelectedShape { doc: st.doc.id, layer, fill: sh.fill.clone(), stroke: sh.stroke.clone(), live: sh.live.clone() }),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, tool: Tool) {
+    let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
+    let lbl = |ui: &mut egui::Ui, s: &str| {
+        let label = ui.label(egui::RichText::new(s).color(t.text_dim).size(12.0));
+        // The caption scrubs and names the control drawn right after it.
+        crate::widgets::scrub_option_label(ui, &label);
+    };
+    let o = &mut app.ui.tool_options;
+    let target = selected_shape(&app.session);
+    // Fill and Stroke edit the selected shape layer too (#3347), and still set the next shape's.
+    let (fg, bg) = (app.session.tools.foreground, app.session.tools.background);
+    let (mut has_fill, fill, stroke) = match &target {
+        Some(s) => (s.fill.is_some(), s.fill.clone(), s.stroke.clone()),
+        None => {
+            let fill = o.shape_fill_gradient.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| solid(fg));
+            let stroke = o.shape_stroke_gradient.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| solid(bg));
+            (o.shape_fill, o.shape_fill.then_some(fill), (o.stroke_width > 0.0).then(|| o.shape_stroke.stroke(o.stroke_width, stroke)))
+        }
+    };
+    let mut gradients =
+        GradientChoices { presets: &app.session.presets.gradients, current: &app.session.presets.gradient, recent: &mut app.ui.recent_gradients, fg, bg };
+    let mut width = stroke.as_ref().map_or(0.0, |s| s.width);
+    let stroke_enabled = stroke.as_ref().is_some_and(|s| s.width > 0.0);
+    let style = stroke.as_ref().map_or_else(|| o.shape_stroke.clone(), crate::shape_stroke_ui::StrokeOptions::from);
+    let gesture_key = ui.scope_id().with("shape-options-paint-gesture");
+    let gesture = paint_gesture(ui, gesture_key);
+    let key = |k: &str| target.as_ref().map(|s| format!("shape-options-{:?}-{}-{k}:{}:{gesture}", s.doc, s.layer.0, gesture_key.value()));
+    let mut edit: Option<Value> = None;
+    lbl(ui, tl!("Fill:"));
+    if crate::widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut has_fill, tl!("Fill")).changed() {
+        o.shape_fill = has_fill;
+        edit = Some(json!({"fill": if has_fill { o.shape_fill_gradient.as_ref().map_or_else(|| json!(fg), paint_param) } else { Value::Null }}));
+    }
+    let fill_color = swatch(ui, fill.as_ref(), fg, tl!("Fill color"), &mut gradients);
+    lbl(ui, tl!("Stroke:"));
+    let stroke_color = swatch(ui, stroke.as_ref().map(|s| &s.paint), bg, tl!("Stroke color"), &mut gradients);
+    if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut width, 0.0..=288.0, "px", 58.0).accessible_name(tl!("Stroke:")).changed() {
+        o.stroke_width = width;
+        // A 0 px "change" (an arrow step clamped at the minimum) must not add a stroke.
+        if stroke.is_some() || width > 0.0 {
+            let mut p = json!({"width": width});
+            if stroke.is_none() {
+                p["color"] = o.shape_stroke_gradient.as_ref().map_or_else(|| json!(bg), paint_param);
+            }
+            edit = Some(json!({"stroke": p, "coalesce": key("stroke-w")}));
+        }
+    }
+    let preview = target.as_ref().filter(|s| s.stroke.is_some()).map(|s| (s.doc, s.layer));
+    if let Some(change) =
+        crate::shape_stroke_ui::button(ui, "tool-stroke", &style, &mut app.ui.stroke_editor, true, tool != Tool::EllipseShape, preview, stroke_enabled)
+    {
+        let mut p = change.options.params();
+        if !stroke_enabled {
+            p["width"] = json!(3.0);
+        }
+        if stroke.is_none() {
+            p["color"] = o.shape_stroke_gradient.as_ref().map_or_else(|| json!(bg), paint_param);
+        }
+        edit = Some(json!({"stroke": p, "coalesce": change.coalesce}));
+        o.shape_stroke = change.options;
+        o.stroke_width = enabled_stroke_width(o.stroke_width);
+    }
+    match tool {
+        Tool::Rectangle => {
+            crate::widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
+            lbl(ui, tl!("Radius:"));
+            let mut r = match target.as_ref().and_then(|s| s.live.as_ref()) {
+                Some(photocraft_doc::LiveShape::Rect { radii, .. }) => radii[0] as f32,
+                _ => o.corner_radius,
+            };
+            if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut r, 0.0..=10000.0, "px", 62.0).changed() {
+                o.corner_radius = r;
+                let rf = r as f64;
+                edit = Some(json!({"radii": [rf, rf, rf, rf], "coalesce": key("radius")}));
+            }
+        }
+        Tool::Polygon => {
+            crate::widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
+            lbl(ui, tl!("Sides:"));
+            let mut s = o.polygon_sides as f32;
+            if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut s, 3.0..=100.0, "", 48.0).changed() {
+                o.polygon_sides = s.round().clamp(3.0, 100.0) as u32;
+            }
+        }
+        Tool::Line => {
+            crate::widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
+            lbl(ui, tl!("Weight:"));
+            crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut o.line_weight, 1.0..=1000.0, "px", 58.0);
+        }
+        Tool::CustomShape => {
+            crate::widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
+            crate::preset_panels::shape_picker(app, ui);
+        }
+        _ if matches!(tool, Tool::PathSelection | Tool::DirectSelection) => {
+            if let Some(photocraft_doc::LiveShape::Rect { radii, .. }) = target.as_ref().and_then(|s| s.live.as_ref()) {
+                crate::widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
+                lbl(ui, tl!("Radius:"));
+                let mut r = radii[0] as f32;
+                if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut r, 0.0..=10000.0, "px", 62.0).changed() {
+                    o.corner_radius = r;
+                    let rf = r as f64;
+                    edit = Some(json!({"radii": [rf, rf, rf, rf], "coalesce": key("radius")}));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        _ => {}
+    }
+    for (is_stroke, change) in [(false, fill_color), (true, stroke_color)] {
+        let Some(change) = change else { continue };
+        if let Err(e) = set_tool_paint(app, is_stroke, change.clone()) {
+            app.ui.status = e;
+            app.ui.status_error = true;
+        }
+        edit = Some(match (is_stroke, change) {
+            (false, PaintChange::None) => json!({"fill": null}),
+            (false, PaintChange::Color(color)) => json!({"fill": color, "coalesce": key("fill")}),
+            (false, PaintChange::Gradient(g)) => json!({"fill": paint_param(&g), "coalesce": key("fill")}),
+            (true, PaintChange::None) => json!({"stroke": null}),
+            (true, PaintChange::Color(color)) => json!({"stroke": {"color": color, "width": enabled_stroke_width(width)}, "coalesce": key("stroke")}),
+            (true, PaintChange::Gradient(g)) => json!({"stroke": {"color": paint_param(&g), "width": enabled_stroke_width(width)}, "coalesce": key("stroke")}),
+        });
+    }
+    if let (Some(mut p), Some(s)) = (edit, &target) {
+        p["layer"] = json!(s.layer.0);
+        if let Err(e) = app.run("shape.edit", p) {
+            app.ui.status = e;
+            app.ui.status_error = true;
+        }
+        if !ui.input(|i| i.pointer.any_down()) {
+            ui.data_mut(|d| {
+                let gesture = d.get_temp_mut_or_default::<(u64, u64)>(gesture_key);
+                gesture.0 = gesture.0.wrapping_add(1);
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Tool-bar paint changes affect the next shape; Properties edits the selected shape instead.
+pub(crate) fn set_tool_paint(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, stroke: bool, change: PaintChange) -> Result<(), String> {
+    // A colour takes the place of a gradient; No Color keeps it for when the paint comes back.
+    let o = &mut app.ui.tool_options;
+    let gradient = if stroke { &mut o.shape_stroke_gradient } else { &mut o.shape_fill_gradient };
+    match &change {
+        PaintChange::Gradient(g) => *gradient = Some(g.clone()),
+        PaintChange::Color(_) => *gradient = None,
+        PaintChange::None => {}
+    }
+    if let PaintChange::Color(color) = change {
+        app.run("tools.setColors", if stroke { json!({"background": color}) } else { json!({"foreground": color}) })?;
+    }
+    if stroke {
+        app.ui.tool_options.stroke_width = if change == PaintChange::None { 0.0 } else { enabled_stroke_width(app.ui.tool_options.stroke_width) };
+    } else {
+        app.ui.tool_options.shape_fill = change != PaintChange::None;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/shape_paint_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/shape_paint_ui.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b256bcf661
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/shape_paint_ui.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+//! Shape fill and stroke swatches shared by the options bar and the Properties panel.
+
+use egui::{Color32, Sense, Stroke, vec2};
+
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+
+use crate::shape_gradient_ui::{self as shape_gradient, GradientChoices};
+use crate::theme::Tokens;
+
+pub(crate) fn color_of(f: &photocraft_doc::Fill) -> Option<[f32; 4]> {
+    match f {
+        photocraft_doc::Fill::Solid(c) => Some(rgba_of(c)),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn rgba_of(c: &photocraft_doc::Color) -> [f32; 4] {
+    let [r, g, b] = c.to_rgb();
+    [r, g, b, c.alpha]
+}
+
+/// A solid or gradient paint exactly as `shape.create` / `shape.edit` take it: float RGBA, the
+/// gradient's stops as stored colours (a CMYK or Lab stop keeps its model) and every gradient
+/// field, so a swatch edit (angle, style…) keeps the rest of the gradient. The swatches never
+/// hand it a pattern (they don't offer one).
+pub(crate) fn paint_param(f: &photocraft_doc::Fill) -> Value {
+    match f {
+        photocraft_doc::Fill::Gradient { stops, angle, scale, style, reverse, opacity_stops, midpoints, offset, dither, align } => json!({"gradient": {
+            "stops": stops.iter().map(|(t, c)| json!([t, c])).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            "angle": angle, "scale": scale * 100.0, "style": format!("{style:?}").to_ascii_lowercase(), "reverse": reverse,
+            "opacityStops": opacity_stops, "midpoints": midpoints, "offset": [offset.0, offset.1], "dither": dither, "align": align,
+        }}),
+        other => json!(color_of(other)),
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub(crate) enum PaintChange {
+    Color([f32; 4]),
+    /// A `Fill::Gradient` (the swatch's Gradient tab).
+    Gradient(photocraft_doc::Fill),
+    None,
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn rgba32(c: [f32; 4]) -> Color32 {
+    let b = |v: f32| (v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 255.0).round() as u8;
+    Color32::from_rgba_unmultiplied(b(c[0]), b(c[1]), b(c[2]), b(c[3]))
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn picker_color(c: [f32; 4]) -> egui::ecolor::Hsva {
+    let linear = egui::ecolor::linear_from_gamma;
+    let display = c.map(|v| if v.is_finite() { v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) } else { 0.0 });
+    egui::ecolor::Hsva::from_rgba_unmultiplied(linear(display[0]), linear(display[1]), linear(display[2]), display[3])
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn picker_rgba(hsva: egui::ecolor::Hsva) -> [f32; 4] {
+    let [r, g, b, a] = hsva.to_rgba_unmultiplied();
+    let gamma = egui::ecolor::gamma_from_linear;
+    [gamma(r), gamma(g), gamma(b), a]
+}
+
+/// The shared compact picker keeps the float RGB paint and its alpha. Color32 is only display
+/// data: opening the picker must never quantize an existing high-depth colour or enable paint.
+pub(crate) fn swatch(
+    ui: &mut egui::Ui,
+    fill: Option<&photocraft_doc::Fill>,
+    fallback: [f32; 4],
+    tip: &str,
+    gradients: &mut GradientChoices,
+) -> Option<PaintChange> {
+    let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
+    let (r, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(30.0, 22.0), Sense::click());
+    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::ColorWell, ui.is_enabled(), tip));
+    let current = fill.and_then(color_of);
+    crate::widgets::checker(ui.painter(), r.shrink(1.0), 4.0);
+    match (current, fill) {
+        (Some(c), _) => {
+            ui.painter().rect_filled(r.shrink(1.0), t.radius_sm, rgba32(c));
+        }
+        (None, Some(photocraft_doc::Fill::Gradient { stops, .. })) if !stops.is_empty() => {
+            // Gradient fills preview as a left-to-right ramp through their stops.
+            let rgb = |c: &photocraft_doc::Color| {
+                let v = c.to_rgba8();
+                Color32::from_rgba_unmultiplied(v[0], v[1], v[2], v[3])
+            };
+            let mut mesh = egui::Mesh::default();
+            let mut ramp: Vec<(f32, Color32)> = stops.iter().map(|(p, c)| (p.clamp(0.0, 1.0), rgb(c))).collect();
+            ramp.insert(0, (0.0, ramp[0].1));
+            ramp.push((1.0, ramp[ramp.len() - 1].1));
+            for (i, (p, c)) in ramp.iter().enumerate() {
+                let x = r.left() + r.width() * p;
+                mesh.colored_vertex(egui::pos2(x, r.top()), *c);
+                mesh.colored_vertex(egui::pos2(x, r.bottom()), *c);
+                if i > 0 {
+                    let k = (i as u32) * 2;
+                    mesh.add_triangle(k - 2, k - 1, k);
+                    mesh.add_triangle(k - 1, k, k + 1);
+                }
+            }
+            ui.painter().add(mesh);
+        }
+        (None, Some(_)) => {}
+        (None, None) => {
+            ui.painter().rect_filled(r.shrink(1.0), t.radius_sm, t.field);
+            ui.painter().line_segment([r.shrink(3.0).left_bottom(), r.shrink(3.0).right_top()], Stroke::new(1.5, t.danger));
+        }
+    };
+    let border = if resp.has_focus() {
+        t.accent
+    } else if resp.hovered() {
+        t.text_dim
+    } else {
+        t.field_border
+    };
+    ui.painter().rect_stroke(r, t.radius_sm, Stroke::new(1.0, border), egui::StrokeKind::Inside);
+    let resp = resp.on_hover_text(tip);
+    let screen_id = resp.id.with("screen-color");
+    let original = current.unwrap_or(fallback);
+    let sampled = |rgb: [f32; 3]| PaintChange::Color([rgb[0], rgb[1], rgb[2], original[3]]);
+    let mut out = crate::screen_picker::take(ui.ctx(), screen_id).map(sampled);
+    let cache = resp.id.with("shape-paint-hsva");
+    let mut hsva = ui
+        .data(|d| d.get_temp::<([f32; 4], egui::ecolor::Hsva)>(cache))
+        .filter(|(previous, _)| *previous == original)
+        .map_or_else(|| picker_color(original), |(_, hsva)| hsva);
+    if let Some(PaintChange::Color(color)) = out {
+        hsva = picker_color(color);
+    }
+    let gradient = fill.filter(|f| matches!(f, photocraft_doc::Fill::Gradient { .. }));
+    let popup_id = resp.id;
+    let shown = crate::widgets::swatch_popup(&resp).show(|ui| {
+        ui.horizontal(|ui| {
+            if ui.selectable_label(fill.is_none(), tl!("No Color")).clicked() && fill.is_some() {
+                out = Some(PaintChange::None);
+            }
+            if ui.selectable_label(current.is_some(), tl!("Solid")).clicked() && current.is_none() {
+                out = Some(PaintChange::Color(original));
+            }
+            if ui.selectable_label(gradient.is_some(), tl!("Gradient")).clicked() && gradient.is_none() {
+                out = Some(PaintChange::Gradient(gradients.default_fill()));
+            }
+        });
+        ui.separator();
+        if let Some(g) = gradient {
+            if let Some(edited) = shape_gradient::gradient_tab(ui, g, gradients, popup_id) {
+                out = Some(PaintChange::Gradient(edited));
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        let before = picker_rgba(hsva);
+        if egui::color_picker::color_picker_hsva_2d(ui, &mut hsva, egui::color_picker::Alpha::OnlyBlend) {
+            let color = picker_rgba(hsva);
+            // egui's HSV gamma/linear round trip can move a float by an ulp without input.
+            if color.iter().zip(before).any(|(a, b)| (a - b).abs() > 0.000001) {
+                out = Some(PaintChange::Color(color));
+            }
+        }
+        ui.horizontal(|ui| {
+            let label = ui.label(egui::RichText::new("#").color(t.text_dim));
+            let id = resp.id.with("shape-paint-hex");
+            let selected = match out {
+                Some(PaintChange::Color(color)) => color,
+                _ => original,
+            };
+            // Keep incomplete typing across frames; deriving the field from the colour each
+            // frame would discard every keystroke until all six digits were present.
+            let mut text = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<([f32; 4], String)>(id)).filter(|(previous, _)| *previous == selected).map_or_else(
+                || crate::color_picker_ui::hex([selected[0], selected[1], selected[2]]).trim_start_matches('#').to_ascii_uppercase(),
+                |(_, text)| text,
+            );
+            let response = crate::widgets::text_field(ui, id, &mut text, "RRGGBB", 90.0, true).labelled_by(label.id);
+            if response.changed()
+                && let Some(rgb) = crate::color_picker_ui::parse_hex(&text)
+            {
+                let color = [rgb[0], rgb[1], rgb[2], selected[3]];
+                out = Some(PaintChange::Color(color));
+                hsva = picker_color(color);
+            }
+            if response.has_focus() {
+                let color = match out {
+                    Some(PaintChange::Color(color)) => color,
+                    _ => selected,
+                };
+                ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(id, (color, text)));
+            } else {
+                ui.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<([f32; 4], String)>(id));
+            }
+        });
+        if let Some(rgb) = crate::screen_picker::button(ui, screen_id) {
+            out = Some(sampled(rgb));
+            hsva = picker_color([rgb[0], rgb[1], rgb[2], original[3]]);
+        }
+    });
+    // The gradient a swatch's popup closes on joins the Gradient tab's Recent row.
+    let open_key = popup_id.with("open");
+    let was_open = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<bool>(open_key)).unwrap_or(false);
+    let open = shown.is_some();
+    if was_open
+        && !open
+        && let Some(g) = gradient
+    {
+        gradients.remember(g);
+    }
+    ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(open_key, open));
+    let cached_color = match out {
+        Some(PaintChange::Color(color)) => color,
+        _ => original,
+    };
+    ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(cache, (cached_color, hsva)));
+    out
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/shape_stroke_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/shape_stroke_ui.rs
index e568403c43..ea5b04d942 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/shape_stroke_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/shape_stroke_ui.rs
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ pub fn paint_shape_preview(painter: &egui::Painter, shape: &photocraft_doc::Shap
     if !clip.is_finite() || clip.is_negative() {
         return;
     }
-    let id = egui::Id::new("shape-drag-render");
+    let id = egui::Id::unique("shape-drag-render");
     let cached = painter.ctx().data(|d| d.get_temp::<DragCache>(id));
     let cache = cached.filter(|c| c.shape == *shape && c.clip == clip).or_else(|| {
         let scale = (2048.0 / clip.width().max(clip.height()).max(1.0)).min(1.0);
@@ -136,19 +136,19 @@ mod editor;
 pub use editor::{StrokeEditor, button};
 
 fn open_frame_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("shape-stroke-open-frame")
+    egui::Id::unique("shape-stroke-open-frame")
 }
 
 pub(super) fn mark_rendered(ctx: &egui::Context, key: &str) {
     let pass = ctx.cumulative_pass_nr();
-    ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(egui::Id::new(("shape-stroke-rendered", key)), pass));
+    ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(egui::Id::unique(("shape-stroke-rendered", key)), pass));
 }
 
 /// A hidden options row or collapsed Appearance section no longer owns input.
 /// Called after all options bars and Properties windows have had a chance to draw.
 pub(crate) fn finish_frame(app: &mut crate::PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
     let Some(e) = &app.ui.stroke_editor else { return };
-    let shown = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<u64>(egui::Id::new(("shape-stroke-rendered", e.key.as_str()))));
+    let shown = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<u64>(egui::Id::unique(("shape-stroke-rendered", e.key.as_str()))));
     if shown != Some(ctx.cumulative_pass_nr()) {
         editor::close_children(ctx, &e.key);
         app.ui.stroke_editor = None;
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ pub(crate) fn dismiss_from_canvas(app: &mut crate::PhotocraftApp, response: &egu
         ctx.request_repaint();
     }
     ctx.data_mut(|d| {
-        let state = d.get_temp_mut_or_default::<CanvasDismissal>(egui::Id::new("shape-stroke-canvas-dismissal"));
+        let state = d.get_temp_mut_or_default::<CanvasDismissal>(egui::Id::unique("shape-stroke-canvas-dismissal"));
         state.held |= dismiss;
         let consumed = state.held || state.consumed_frame == Some(frame);
         if consumed {
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/shape_stroke_ui/editor.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/shape_stroke_ui/editor.rs
index d10b90ab37..4d0e44678b 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/shape_stroke_ui/editor.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/shape_stroke_ui/editor.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ struct Children {
 }
 
 pub(super) fn close_children(ctx: &egui::Context, key: &str) {
-    let ids = ctx.data_mut(|d| d.remove_temp::<Vec<egui::Id>>(egui::Id::new(("stroke-children", key)))).unwrap_or_default();
+    let ids = ctx.data_mut(|d| d.remove_temp::<Vec<egui::Id>>(egui::Id::unique(("stroke-children", key)))).unwrap_or_default();
     for id in ids {
         egui::Popup::close_id(ctx, id);
     }
@@ -44,9 +44,9 @@ fn style_button(ui: &mut egui::Ui, options: &StrokeOptions, label: &str, selecte
     let (rect, response) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(width.max(galley.size().x + 92.0), height), Sense::click());
     response.widget_info(|| {
         if opener {
-            egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, ui.is_enabled(), tl!("Stroke Options"))
+            egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, ui.is_enabled(), tl!("Stroke Options"))
         } else {
-            egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::WidgetType::RadioButton, ui.is_enabled(), selected, tl!(label))
+            egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::RadioButton, ui.is_enabled(), selected, tl!(label))
         }
     });
     let active = selected || response.has_focus();
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ pub fn button(
     };
     let escape = ui.input(|i| i.key_pressed(egui::Key::Escape));
     let outside = popup.is_some_and(|p| p.response.clicked_elsewhere()) && !children.clicked && !response.clicked();
-    ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(egui::Id::new(("stroke-children", key)), children.ids));
+    ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(egui::Id::unique(("stroke-children", key)), children.ids));
     if outside || escape && !children.shown {
         close_children(ui.ctx(), key);
         *editor = None;
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ fn choice<T: Copy + PartialEq>(ui: &mut egui::Ui, label: &str, value: &mut T, ch
             }
         });
     press.after(&response.response);
-    response.response.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::ComboBox, ui.is_enabled(), tl!(label)));
+    response.response.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::ComboBox, ui.is_enabled(), tl!(label)));
     let id = egui::Popup::default_response_id(&response.response);
     children.ids.push(id);
     if response.inner.is_some() {
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/shape_stroke_ui/tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/shape_stroke_ui/tests.rs
index b8def0f4c2..dac6d995ec 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/shape_stroke_ui/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/shape_stroke_ui/tests.rs
@@ -615,7 +615,7 @@ fn hidden_controls_and_collapsed_appearance_release_popup_and_keyboard_ownership
         h.run_steps(3);
         assert!(egui::Popup::is_any_open(&h.ctx));
         if collapsed {
-            h.ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(egui::Id::new(("props-section", "appearance")), false));
+            h.ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(egui::Id::unique(("props-section", "appearance")), false));
         } else {
             h.state_mut().show_controls = false;
         }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/shortcut_capture_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/shortcut_capture_tests.rs
index d48681ad61..c7853067aa 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/shortcut_capture_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/shortcut_capture_tests.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,13 @@ fn input_state(events: Vec<Event>, modifiers: Modifiers) -> egui::InputState {
 
 /// The Keyboard Shortcuts dialog with `command` selected, filtered to it.
 fn dialog(ppp: f32, command: &str, filter: &str) -> (Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, u64) {
-    let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(1100.0, 760.0)).with_pixels_per_point(ppp).with_max_steps(64).build_eframe(|cc| {
+    dialog_with_renderer(ppp, command, filter, false)
+}
+
+fn dialog_with_renderer(ppp: f32, command: &str, filter: &str, gpu: bool) -> (Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, u64) {
+    let builder = Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(1100.0, 760.0)).with_pixels_per_point(ppp).with_max_steps(64);
+    let builder = if gpu { builder.wgpu() } else { builder };
+    let mut h = builder.build_eframe(|cc| {
         PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&cc.egui_ctx, Default::default());
         PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default())
     });
@@ -144,6 +150,21 @@ fn capture(h: &mut Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, button: &str, modifier: Key, held
     h.run_steps(2);
 }
 
+fn captured_ctrl_k(ppp: f32, gpu: bool) -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
+    let (mut h, id) = dialog_with_renderer(ppp, "edit.search", "search…", gpu);
+    // Search's default is ⌘F (Photoshop); ⌘K is Preferences, so this also reports a conflict.
+    let current = crate::shortcuts::pretty("Cmd+F");
+    // On Windows and Linux the Ctrl key is the command modifier.
+    capture(&mut h, &current, Key::ControlLeft, Modifiers::COMMAND, Key::K);
+    assert_eq!(field(&h, id, "overrides")["edit.search"], json!("Cmd+K"), "@{ppp}x");
+    assert_eq!(field(&h, id, "capture"), json!(false));
+    let message = field(&h, id, "message");
+    assert!(!message.as_str().unwrap().contains("ontrol"), "@{ppp}x: {message}");
+    // The row shows the new shortcut.
+    h.get_by_label(&crate::shortcuts::pretty("Cmd+K"));
+    h
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn capture_key_press_records_shift_when_key_events_carry_no_modifier_bits() {
     // Same event pattern as Linux/Windows egui: modifier and letter Key events with empty bits.
@@ -182,18 +203,25 @@ fn shift_is_recorded_when_modifier_key_events_carry_no_bits() {
 #[test]
 fn ctrl_k_is_recorded_as_ctrl_k_not_the_control_key() {
     for ppp in [1.0, 2.0] {
-        let (mut h, id) = dialog(ppp, "edit.search", "search…");
-        // Search's default is ⌘F (Photoshop); ⌘K is Preferences, so this also reports a conflict.
-        let current = crate::shortcuts::pretty("Cmd+F");
-        // On Windows and Linux the Ctrl key is the command modifier.
-        capture(&mut h, &current, Key::ControlLeft, Modifiers::COMMAND, Key::K);
-        assert_eq!(field(&h, id, "overrides")["edit.search"], json!("Cmd+K"), "@{ppp}x");
-        assert_eq!(field(&h, id, "capture"), json!(false));
-        let message = field(&h, id, "message");
-        assert!(!message.as_str().unwrap().contains("ontrol"), "@{ppp}x: {message}");
-        // The row shows the new shortcut.
-        h.get_by_label(&crate::shortcuts::pretty("Cmd+K"));
-        h.render().ok();
+        let _h = captured_ctrl_k(ppp, false);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Opt-in visual check, following the Camera Raw localization snapshot convention.
+#[test]
+fn captured_shortcut_gpu_snapshots() {
+    let Some(directory) = std::env::var_os("PHOTOCRAFT_SHORTCUT_SNAPSHOTS") else {
+        eprintln!("set PHOTOCRAFT_SHORTCUT_SNAPSHOTS to capture the shortcut dialog at 1x and 2x");
+        return;
+    };
+    let _gpu = photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock();
+    let directory = std::path::PathBuf::from(directory);
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&directory).unwrap();
+    for (scale, ppp) in [(1, 1.0), (2, 2.0)] {
+        let mut h = captured_ctrl_k(ppp, true);
+        let image = h.render().expect("render captured shortcut");
+        assert_eq!((image.width(), image.height()), (1100 * scale, 760 * scale));
+        image.save(directory.join(format!("ctrl-k-{scale}x.png"))).expect("save shortcut snapshot");
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/shortcut_dispatch.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/shortcut_dispatch.rs
index b632374ec1..9881797a6e 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/shortcut_dispatch.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/shortcut_dispatch.rs
@@ -22,11 +22,11 @@ pub enum Outcome {
 }
 
 fn log_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("pc-shortcut-log")
+    egui::Id::unique("pc-shortcut-log")
 }
 
 fn dry_run_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("pc-shortcut-dry-run")
+    egui::Id::unique("pc-shortcut-dry-run")
 }
 
 /// Tests: resolve and check shortcuts without running them (File › Exit, Open, browser links…).
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ pub enum Focus {
 
 /// Where [`claim_delete_keys`] keeps the id of the widget that owns ⌫ / Delete while focused.
 fn delete_owner_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("shortcut_dispatch::delete_owner")
+    egui::Id::unique("shortcut_dispatch::delete_owner")
 }
 
 /// Called by a widget that has keyboard focus and uses ⌫ / Delete itself (the Curves graph):
@@ -247,7 +247,15 @@ pub fn dispatch_pressed(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, focus: Foc
             let by_position = physical_key
                 .filter(|p| POSITIONAL.contains(p))
                 .and_then(|p| table.iter().find(|(_, sc)| sc.modifiers.command && sc.logical_key == p && key_matches(sc, p, *modifiers)));
-            by_position.or_else(|| table.iter().find(|(_, sc)| key_matches(sc, *key, *modifiers))).map(|(id, _)| (id.clone(), *key == Key::Tab))
+            let bound =
+                by_position.or_else(|| table.iter().find(|(_, sc)| key_matches(sc, *key, *modifiers))).map(|(id, _)| (id.clone(), *key == Key::Tab, false));
+            // Photoshop: ⌥ added to an adjustment's own key opens it at its last settings (⌥⌘L,
+            // ⌥⌘M, #8900), unless that key is bound to something else.
+            bound.or_else(|| {
+                let plain = egui::Modifiers { alt: false, ..*modifiers };
+                let last = modifiers.alt.then(|| table.iter().find(|(id, sc)| crate::adjust_dialog::has_dialog(id) && key_matches(sc, *key, plain))).flatten();
+                last.map(|(id, _)| (id.clone(), false, true))
+            })
         }
         _ => None,
     };
@@ -258,7 +266,7 @@ pub fn dispatch_pressed(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, focus: Foc
             i.events.remove(at);
             Some(hit)
         });
-        let Some((id, tab)) = next else { break };
+        let Some((id, tab, last)) = next else { break };
         if tab {
             // egui already read this Tab as "focus the next widget" (Photoshop's Tab hides the
             // panels instead, #1313): the shortcut took it, so cancel that move.
@@ -266,7 +274,7 @@ pub fn dispatch_pressed(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, focus: Foc
         }
         let id = clip_key_command(app, delete_key_command(app, id));
         let owner = key_owner(app, ctx);
-        dispatch(app, ctx, &id);
+        dispatch_as(app, ctx, &id, last);
         ran = true;
         if key_owner(app, ctx) != owner {
             break;
@@ -282,11 +290,17 @@ pub fn dispatch_pressed(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, focus: Foc
 /// selection is filled with the background colour in the mask (Photoshop's Delete on a mask), and
 /// with no selection the mask itself is deleted, as Layer › Layer Mask › Delete, unless several
 /// layers are selected: then they are deleted.
-fn delete_key_command(app: &PhotocraftApp, id: String) -> String {
+pub(crate) fn delete_key_command(app: &PhotocraftApp, id: String) -> String {
     if id != "edit.clear" {
         return id;
     }
     let Some(st) = app.session.active() else { return id };
+    // A targeted filter mask (FILE-215-3) takes a selection's Delete as a layer mask does: the
+    // selection fills with the background colour there. With no selection Photoshop deletes the
+    // layer, as below.
+    if app.filter_mask_targeted() && st.doc.selection.is_some() {
+        return "edit.fillBackground".into();
+    }
     let composite = st.channel_view.target == photocraft_engine::channel_cmds::ChannelTarget::Composite && st.doc.quick_mask.is_none();
     let has_mask = st.active_layer.and_then(|l| st.doc.layer(l)).is_some_and(|l| l.mask.is_some());
     let colors_off = st.channel_view.visible_colors(photocraft_engine::channel_cmds::color_count(&st.doc)) == 0;
@@ -353,6 +367,11 @@ fn label(id: &str) -> String {
 
 /// Run a shortcut's command like its menu item (dialogs included), or say why it can't run.
 pub fn dispatch(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, id: &str) {
+    dispatch_as(app, ctx, id, false);
+}
+
+/// [`dispatch`]; with `last`, an adjustment dialog opens at its last confirmed settings.
+fn dispatch_as(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, id: &str, last: bool) {
     let action = id.strip_prefix(crate::actions::SHORTCUT_PREFIX);
     let command_id = if action.is_some() { "actions.play" } else { id };
     let outcome = if !crate::menus::is_enabled(app, command_id) {
@@ -372,7 +391,11 @@ pub fn dispatch(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, id: &str) {
                 if v.get("failed").is_some_and(|f| f.is_object()) { Err(app.ui.status.clone()) } else { Ok(v) }
             })
         } else if crate::adjust_dialog::has_dialog(id) {
-            crate::adjust_dialog::open(app, id);
+            if last {
+                crate::adjust_dialog::open_last(app, id);
+            } else {
+                crate::adjust_dialog::open(app, id);
+            }
             Ok(serde_json::Value::Null)
         } else {
             crate::menus::invoke(app, ctx, id, json!({}))
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/shortcut_dispatch/tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/shortcut_dispatch/tests.rs
index c9cf442168..1c9d577a8a 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/shortcut_dispatch/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/shortcut_dispatch/tests.rs
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ fn put_focus(h: &mut Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, place: Place) {
         }
         Place::OpacityField => {
             // The Layers panel's Opacity field: the DragValue in the right dock reading 100.
-            let layers = crate::dock::last_rects(&h.ctx).into_iter().find(|(g, _)| *g == crate::dock::Group::Layers).expect("Layers drawn").1;
+            let layers = crate::panel_docking::probe::group_rect(h.state(), &h.ctx, "layers").expect("Layers drawn");
             let at = h
                 .query_all_by_role(Role::SpinButton)
                 .map(|n| n.rect())
@@ -360,9 +360,11 @@ fn a_disabled_shortcut_says_why() {
 #[test]
 fn a_disabled_shortcut_uses_the_command_id_translation() {
     let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
-    crate::i18n::with_language(crate::i18n::Lang::from_code("cs").unwrap(), || {
+    let cs = crate::i18n::Lang::from_code("cs").unwrap();
+    crate::i18n::with_language(cs, || {
         super::dispatch(&mut app, &egui::Context::default(), "select.all");
-        assert!(app.ui.status.starts_with("Vybrat vše není k dispozici:"), "{}", app.ui.status);
+        let shown = crate::i18n::tr_id(cs, "select.all", &super::label("select.all")).to_string();
+        assert!(app.ui.status.contains(&shown), "{}", app.ui.status);
         assert!(app.ui.status_error);
     });
 }
@@ -620,6 +622,41 @@ fn delete_with_the_mask_targeted_edits_the_mask_not_the_layer() {
     }
 }
 
+/// FILE-215-3: with a smart object's filter mask targeted, Delete with a selection fills the filter
+/// mask with the background colour there (not Edit › Clear on the smart object); with no
+/// selection Photoshop deletes the layer, as it does with the pixels targeted.
+#[test]
+fn delete_with_the_filter_mask_targeted_edits_the_filter_mask() {
+    let mut h = harness();
+    put_focus(&mut h, Place::Canvas);
+    let s = &mut h.state_mut().session;
+    s.execute("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject", json!({})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("filter.blur.gaussianBlur", json!({"radius": 2})).unwrap();
+    let layer = s.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+    let sel = s.active().unwrap().doc.selection.as_ref().expect("the harness keeps a selection").content_bounds();
+    let (x, y) = ((sel.x0 + sel.x1) / 2, (sel.y0 + sel.y1) / 2);
+    h.state_mut().select_filter_mask_target(Some(layer.0));
+    assert!(h.state().filter_mask_targeted());
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    let smart = |h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>| match h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.layer(layer).map(|l| &l.content) {
+        Some(photocraft_doc::LayerContent::Smart(sm)) => Some(sm.clone()),
+        _ => None,
+    };
+    let filters = smart(&h).unwrap().smart_filters.len();
+    let bg = h.state().session.tools.background;
+    press(&mut h, "Delete");
+    assert_eq!(logged(&h), ["edit.fillBackground"]);
+    let sm = smart(&h).expect("the smart object stays");
+    assert_eq!(sm.filter_mask.as_ref().map(|m| m.value(x, y)), Some(bg[0]), "the filter mask takes the background colour");
+    assert_eq!(bg[0], 0.0, "a targeted mask's background colour is black");
+    assert_eq!(sm.smart_filters.len(), filters);
+    h.state_mut().session.execute("select.deselect", json!({})).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    press(&mut h, "Delete");
+    assert_eq!(logged(&h), ["layer.delete"]);
+    assert!(smart(&h).is_none(), "no selection deletes the layer, as in Photoshop");
+}
+
 /// Every selected layer goes, pixel layers too (Photoshop deletes, it doesn't clear the layer).
 #[test]
 fn delete_without_a_selection_deletes_every_selected_layer() {
@@ -894,3 +931,117 @@ fn plain_comma_and_semicolon_bindings_follow_the_typed_character_on_azerty() {
     tap(&mut h, egui::Key::Comma, egui::Key::M);
     assert_eq!(logged(&h), ["tools.decreaseBrushHardness"]);
 }
+
+/// #8900: ⌥ added to an adjustment's shortcut opens its dialog with the settings last confirmed
+/// there (Photoshop's ⌥⌘L for Levels, ⌥⌘M for Curves); the plain shortcut still opens at the
+/// defaults, Cancel remembers nothing, each adjustment remembers its own, and a key assigned to
+/// another command in Edit › Keyboard Shortcuts stays that command's.
+#[test]
+fn alt_adjustment_shortcut_reopens_the_last_confirmed_settings() {
+    use photocraft_doc::ColorMode;
+    use photocraft_engine::adjust_params::{default_for, from_params, to_params};
+    let mut h = harness();
+    put_focus(&mut h, Place::Canvas);
+    let top = |h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>| h.state().ui.dialogs.last().map(|d| (d.id, d.fields.clone())).expect("a dialog");
+    let set = |h: &mut Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, id: u64, values: serde_json::Value| {
+        let d = h.state_mut().ui.dialog_mut(id).unwrap();
+        d.fields.extend(values.as_object().unwrap().clone());
+        h.run_steps(2);
+    };
+    let levels = to_params(&from_params("levels", &json!({"inBlack": 30, "gamma": 1.3}), None, ColorMode::Rgb).unwrap());
+    let level_defaults = to_params(&default_for("levels", ColorMode::Rgb).unwrap());
+    assert_ne!(levels["inBlack"], level_defaults["inBlack"]);
+
+    press(&mut h, "Cmd+L");
+    let (id, _) = top(&h);
+    set(&mut h, id, json!({"inBlack": 30, "gamma": 1.3}));
+    crate::dialogs::confirm(h.state_mut(), id).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+
+    press(&mut h, "Cmd+L");
+    let (id, fields) = top(&h);
+    assert_eq!((&fields["inBlack"], &fields["gamma"]), (&level_defaults["inBlack"], &level_defaults["gamma"]), "⌘L opens at the defaults");
+    crate::dialogs::cancel(h.state_mut(), id).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+
+    press(&mut h, "Cmd+Alt+L");
+    assert_eq!(logged(&h), ["image.adjustments.levels", "image.adjustments.levels", "image.adjustments.levels"]);
+    let (id, fields) = top(&h);
+    assert_eq!((&fields["inBlack"], &fields["gamma"]), (&levels["inBlack"], &levels["gamma"]), "⌥⌘L opens at the last OK'd settings");
+    set(&mut h, id, json!({"inBlack": 50}));
+    crate::dialogs::cancel(h.state_mut(), id).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    press(&mut h, "Cmd+Alt+L");
+    let (id, fields) = top(&h);
+    assert_eq!(fields["inBlack"], levels["inBlack"], "Cancel remembers nothing");
+    crate::dialogs::cancel(h.state_mut(), id).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+
+    // Curves has nothing of its own yet: its defaults, not Levels' settings.
+    let curve_defaults = to_params(&default_for("curves", ColorMode::Rgb).unwrap());
+    press(&mut h, "Cmd+Alt+M");
+    let (id, fields) = top(&h);
+    assert_eq!(fields["__adjust"], json!("curves"));
+    assert_eq!(fields["points"], curve_defaults["points"], "⌥⌘M with no Curves confirmed yet");
+    let curve = json!({"points": [[0, 0], [100, 150], [255, 255]]});
+    set(&mut h, id, curve.clone());
+    crate::dialogs::confirm(h.state_mut(), id).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    press(&mut h, "Cmd+Alt+M");
+    let (id, fields) = top(&h);
+    let curves = to_params(&from_params("curves", &curve, None, ColorMode::Rgb).unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(fields["points"], curves["points"], "⌥⌘M opens at the last OK'd curve");
+    crate::dialogs::cancel(h.state_mut(), id).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    take_log(&h.ctx);
+
+    h.state_mut().session.edit_prefs(|p| {
+        p.shortcuts.insert("image.adjustments.desaturate".into(), "Cmd+Alt+L".into());
+    });
+    press(&mut h, "Cmd+Alt+L");
+    assert_eq!(logged(&h), ["image.adjustments.desaturate"], "a key assigned to another command is that command's");
+    assert!(h.state().ui.dialogs.is_empty());
+}
+
+/// #8900: in Photoshop ⌥ held while choosing an Image › Adjustments item opens it at its last
+/// settings too; a plain click still opens it at the defaults.
+#[test]
+fn alt_choosing_an_adjustment_from_the_menu_reopens_the_last_settings() {
+    use photocraft_doc::ColorMode;
+    use photocraft_engine::adjust_params::{default_for, from_params, to_params};
+    let mut h = harness();
+    h.state_mut().session.edit_prefs(|p| {
+        p.dialogs.insert("image.adjustments.levels".into(), json!({"inBlack": 30, "gamma": 1.3}));
+    });
+    let levels = to_params(&from_params("levels", &json!({"inBlack": 30, "gamma": 1.3}), None, ColorMode::Rgb).unwrap());
+    let defaults = to_params(&default_for("levels", ColorMode::Rgb).unwrap());
+    let choose = |h: &mut Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, m: Modifiers| {
+        h.get_by_label("Image").click();
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        // The Image menu's row, not the Adjustments panel's tab in the dock on the right.
+        let adjustments = h.get_all_by_label_contains("Adjustments").map(|n| n.rect()).min_by(|a, b| a.left().total_cmp(&b.left())).unwrap().center();
+        h.hover_at(adjustments);
+        h.run_steps(30);
+        let at = h.get_by_label_contains("Levels…").rect().center();
+        h.hover_at(at);
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        h.event(egui::Event::ModifiersChanged(m));
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: at, button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed: true, modifiers: m });
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: at, button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed: false, modifiers: m });
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.event(egui::Event::ModifiersChanged(Modifiers::NONE));
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        let d = h.state().ui.dialogs.last().expect("Levels opened").clone();
+        assert_eq!(d.fields["__adjust"], json!("levels"));
+        crate::dialogs::cancel(h.state_mut(), d.id).unwrap();
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        (d.fields["inBlack"].clone(), d.fields["gamma"].clone())
+    };
+    assert_eq!(choose(&mut h, Modifiers::NONE), (defaults["inBlack"].clone(), defaults["gamma"].clone()), "a click opens at the defaults");
+    assert_eq!(choose(&mut h, Modifiers::ALT), (levels["inBlack"].clone(), levels["gamma"].clone()), "⌥-click opens at the last settings");
+    // The plain click noted Levels already: put another command in front of it first.
+    crate::palette::note_recent(&h.ctx, "file.new");
+    choose(&mut h, Modifiers::ALT);
+    assert_eq!(crate::palette::recent_ids(&h.ctx).first().map(String::as_str), Some("image.adjustments.levels"), "Edit › Search's most recent");
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/shortcut_set_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/shortcut_set_tests.rs
index b00f3839fc..113f8b7193 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/shortcut_set_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/shortcut_set_tests.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 
 use egui_kittest::Harness;
-use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
+use egui_kittest::kittest::{NodeT, Queryable};
 use serde_json::{Value, json};
 
 use crate::PhotocraftApp;
@@ -126,3 +126,108 @@ fn export_and_summarize_write_the_dialogs_bindings() {
     // Nothing changed the preferences.
     assert!(h.state().session.prefs().shortcuts.is_empty());
 }
+
+/// The Set dropdown's shown label: the set in use, with "(modified)" after an edit.
+fn shown_set(h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>) -> String {
+    let at = h.query_all_by_label("Set:").next().expect("the Set label").rect().center();
+    let combo = h
+        .query_all_by_role(egui::accesskit::Role::ComboBox)
+        .min_by(|a, b| a.rect().center().distance(at).total_cmp(&b.rect().center().distance(at)))
+        .expect("the Set dropdown");
+    let node = combo.accesskit_node();
+    node.value().or(node.label()).map(|s| s.to_string()).unwrap_or_default()
+}
+
+/// Pick `label` in the Set dropdown, as the user does: open it, click the option.
+fn pick_set(h: &mut Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, label: &str) {
+    // The dialog settles where it opens first.
+    h.run_steps(6);
+    let at = h.query_all_by_label("Set:").next().expect("the Set label").rect().center();
+    let at = h
+        .query_all_by_role(egui::accesskit::Role::ComboBox)
+        .min_by(|a, b| a.rect().center().distance(at).total_cmp(&b.rect().center().distance(at)))
+        .expect("the Set dropdown")
+        .rect()
+        .center();
+    h.hover_at(at);
+    h.run_steps(1);
+    h.drag_at(at);
+    h.run_steps(1);
+    h.drop_at(at);
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    // The list rows are buttons; the combo's own value and any plain text also carry the name.
+    // A shortcut key in the table below may be labelled "A" too, so take the row nearest the
+    // combo that just opened, not the last match in the whole dialog.
+    let option = h
+        .query_all_by_label(label)
+        .filter(|n| n.accesskit_node().role() == egui::accesskit::Role::Button)
+        .min_by(|a, b| a.rect().center().distance(at).total_cmp(&b.rect().center().distance(at)));
+    option.expect("the set in the open list").click();
+    h.run_steps(3);
+}
+
+/// #7004: an action's F-key belongs to the action, so picking another set in the dialog keeps
+/// it (as `useSet` does) and assigning one doesn't mark the set "(modified)".
+#[test]
+fn the_set_dropdown_keeps_action_function_keys_like_use_set() {
+    let (mut h, first, _) = dialog(vec![]);
+    h.state_mut().ui.dialogs.retain(|d| d.id != first);
+    h.state_mut().run("edit.keyboardShortcuts", json!({"set": {"edit.copy": "F9"}, "saveSet": "A"})).unwrap();
+    // B, from a settings file written before sets left action keys out: it holds an old key for
+    // the action, and gives F2 to a command.
+    h.state_mut().session.edit_prefs(|p| {
+        let b = photocraft_engine::shortcut_sets::ShortcutSet {
+            shortcuts: [("actions.play:Sepia".to_string(), "F5".to_string()), ("layer.renameLayer".to_string(), "F2".to_string())].into(),
+            alternate_shortcuts: Default::default(),
+        };
+        p.shortcut_sets.insert("B".into(), b);
+    });
+    h.state_mut().run("edit.keyboardShortcuts", json!({"useSet": ""})).unwrap();
+    crate::actions::assign_shortcut(h.state_mut(), "Sepia", "F2").unwrap();
+    let ctx = h.ctx.clone();
+    let id = crate::menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "edit.keyboardShortcuts", json!({})).unwrap()["dialog"].as_u64().unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    assert_eq!(shown_set(&h), "PhotoCraft Defaults", "an action key doesn't modify the defaults");
+    pick_set(&mut h, "A");
+    assert_eq!(field(&h, id, "activeSet"), json!("A"));
+    assert_eq!(field(&h, id, "overrides"), json!({"edit.copy": "F9", "actions.play:Sepia": "F2"}), "A's keys, and the action's");
+    assert_eq!(shown_set(&h), "A");
+    pick_set(&mut h, "PhotoCraft Defaults");
+    assert_eq!(field(&h, id, "overrides"), json!({"actions.play:Sepia": "F2"}), "kept switching to the defaults");
+    pick_set(&mut h, "B");
+    // What wins is what `useSet` gives: the action keeps F2, B's old action key is dropped and
+    // its own F2 binding stays.
+    let mut engine = h.state().session.prefs().clone();
+    photocraft_engine::shortcut_sets::load(&mut engine, &json!({"useSet": "B"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(field(&h, id, "overrides"), json!(engine.shortcuts));
+    assert_eq!(field(&h, id, "overrides"), json!({"actions.play:Sepia": "F2", "layer.renameLayer": "F2"}));
+    assert_eq!(shown_set(&h), "B", "B's old action key doesn't count either");
+    crate::dialogs::confirm(h.state_mut(), id).unwrap();
+    let p = h.state().session.prefs();
+    assert_eq!((p.shortcut_set.as_str(), p.shortcuts.get("actions.play:Sepia").map(String::as_str)), ("B", Some("F2")));
+    assert!(p.shortcut_sets.values().all(|s| !s.shortcuts.keys().any(|k| k.starts_with("actions.play:"))), "OK saves no action key in a set");
+}
+
+/// A real edit still marks the set "(modified)"; Save and New Set… store it without the actions'
+/// F-keys.
+#[test]
+fn an_edit_still_marks_the_set_modified_and_sets_save_no_action_keys() {
+    let (mut h, first, _) = dialog(vec![]);
+    h.state_mut().ui.dialogs.retain(|d| d.id != first);
+    h.state_mut().run("edit.keyboardShortcuts", json!({"set": {"edit.copy": "F9"}, "saveSet": "A"})).unwrap();
+    crate::actions::assign_shortcut(h.state_mut(), "Sepia", "F2").unwrap();
+    let ctx = h.ctx.clone();
+    let id = crate::menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "edit.keyboardShortcuts", json!({})).unwrap()["dialog"].as_u64().unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    assert_eq!(shown_set(&h), "A");
+    set_field(&mut h, id, "overrides", json!({"edit.copy": "F8", "actions.play:Sepia": "F2"}));
+    assert_eq!(shown_set(&h), "A (modified)");
+    click(&mut h, "Save");
+    assert_eq!(field(&h, id, "sets")["A"]["shortcuts"], json!({"edit.copy": "F8"}));
+    assert_eq!(shown_set(&h), "A");
+    click(&mut h, "New Set…");
+    set_field(&mut h, id, "newSetName", json!("C"));
+    click(&mut h, "Create");
+    assert_eq!(field(&h, id, "sets")["C"]["shortcuts"], json!({"edit.copy": "F8"}));
+    assert_eq!(shown_set(&h), "C");
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/shortcuts.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/shortcuts.rs
index d114f7fe5d..d528a1cf52 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/shortcuts.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/shortcuts.rs
@@ -196,18 +196,23 @@ fn new_layer_without_dialog(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> boo
 }
 
 fn nav_keys(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> bool {
-    for id in NAV_COMMANDS {
-        let main = crate::menus::UI_COMMANDS.iter().find(|c| c.0 == id).and_then(|c| app.session.prefs().shortcut(id, c.3));
+    let Some(id) = nav_shortcut(app, ctx) else { return false };
+    if crate::menus::is_enabled(app, id) {
+        let _ = crate::menus::invoke(app, ctx, id, json!({}));
+    }
+    true
+}
+
+/// The [`NAV_COMMANDS`] entry whose shortcut (or an Edit › Keyboard Shortcuts override) was
+/// pressed this frame, with the key press consumed. A view with its own zoom, like Liquify's
+/// preview, steps it with the same keys (#7210).
+pub(crate) fn nav_shortcut(app: &PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> Option<&'static str> {
+    NAV_COMMANDS.into_iter().find(|id| {
+        let main = crate::menus::UI_COMMANDS.iter().find(|c| c.0 == *id).and_then(|c| app.session.prefs().shortcut(id, c.3));
         let keys: Vec<KeyboardShortcut> =
             main.into_iter().map(str::to_string).chain(app.session.prefs().alternates(id, main)).filter_map(|k| parse(&k)).collect();
-        if keys.iter().any(|sc| consume(ctx, sc)) {
-            if crate::menus::is_enabled(app, id) {
-                let _ = crate::menus::invoke(app, ctx, id, json!({}));
-            }
-            return true;
-        }
-    }
-    false
+        keys.iter().any(|sc| consume(ctx, sc))
+    })
 }
 
 /// The key press a clipboard event stands for outside text fields, with `mods` held: Copy, Cut
@@ -220,6 +225,10 @@ fn clipboard_press(e: &egui::Event, mods: Modifiers, is_windows: bool) -> Option
         egui::Event::Cut if is_windows && mods.shift && !mods.command => Some((Key::Delete, mods)),
         egui::Event::Cut => Some((Key::X, held)),
         egui::Event::Paste(_) => Some((Key::V, held)),
+        // egui 0.37 emits this when the clipboard holds an image and no text. Treat it as the
+        // paste shortcut; the command reads the OS clipboard once through the existing import
+        // path, never a second time from this event.
+        egui::Event::PasteImage(_) => Some((Key::V, held)),
         _ => None,
     }
 }
@@ -230,7 +239,7 @@ fn clipboard_press(e: &egui::Event, mods: Modifiers, is_windows: bool) -> Option
 /// empty selection behind, which must not take ⌘C from the document. Read once a frame, from the
 /// frame before.
 fn label_text_selected(ctx: &egui::Context) -> bool {
-    let id = egui::Id::new("pc-label-text-selected");
+    let id = egui::Id::unique("pc-label-text-selected");
     let any = ctx.plugin_opt::<egui::text_selection::LabelSelectionState>().is_some_and(|p| p.lock().has_selection());
     let (selects, pressed) = ctx.input(|i| {
         let p = &i.pointer;
@@ -318,11 +327,11 @@ pub fn clipboard_keys(ctx: &egui::Context, typing: bool, raw: &mut egui::RawInpu
         });
         return;
     }
-    let seen = egui::Id::new("pc-paste-key-seen");
+    let seen = egui::Id::unique("pc-paste-key-seen");
     // A V press without ⌘ that reached us (the Move tool's key): its release is not a paste.
-    let plain_v = egui::Id::new("pc-plain-v-down");
+    let plain_v = egui::Id::unique("pc-plain-v-down");
     // ⌘ was held since the last key press without it: a swallowed ⌘V can be under way.
-    let command_lately = egui::Id::new("pc-paste-command-lately");
+    let command_lately = egui::Id::unique("pc-paste-command-lately");
     // The modifiers held at each event: last frame's, updated as the events report changes.
     let mut mods = ctx.input(|i| i.modifiers);
     if mods.command {
@@ -403,9 +412,79 @@ pub fn clipboard_keys(ctx: &egui::Context, typing: bool, raw: &mut egui::RawInpu
     raw.events = out;
 }
 
+/// The keys held down in floating panels' own OS windows, from the presses and releases they
+/// forwarded ([`handle_forwarded`]).
+fn forwarded_down_id() -> egui::Id {
+    egui::Id::unique("pc-forwarded-keys-down")
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(crate) fn forwarded_keys_down(ctx: &egui::Context) -> Vec<Key> {
+    ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<std::collections::BTreeSet<Key>>(forwarded_down_id())).unwrap_or_default().into_iter().collect()
+}
+
+/// Keys that a floating panel's own OS window left over (craft-ui's
+/// `DockOutput::forwarded_events`, with the modifiers held in that window) run through
+/// [`handle`] in the frame they arrive, as if pressed in the main window: tool keys, undo and
+/// the clipboard work while a floating window has the keyboard. craft-ui forwards nothing while
+/// one of that window's widgets has keyboard focus. egui-winit sends ⌘C, ⌘X and ⌘V there as
+/// `Copy`, `Cut` and `Paste` too, so [`clipboard_keys`] turns them into presses first.
+pub(crate) fn handle_forwarded(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, events: Vec<egui::Event>, modifiers: Modifiers) {
+    if events.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+    ctx.data_mut(|d| {
+        let down = d.get_temp_mut_or_default::<std::collections::BTreeSet<Key>>(forwarded_down_id());
+        for e in &events {
+            if let egui::Event::Key { key, pressed, .. } = e {
+                if *pressed {
+                    down.insert(*key);
+                } else {
+                    down.remove(key);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    });
+    // The main window runs no shortcuts while the screen color picker is open.
+    if crate::screen_picker::busy(ctx) {
+        return;
+    }
+    let typing = ctx.text_edit_focused() || app.ui.text_edit.is_some();
+    let (events_before, modifiers_before) = ctx.input_mut(|i| (std::mem::take(&mut i.events), std::mem::replace(&mut i.modifiers, modifiers)));
+    let mut raw = egui::RawInput { events, ..Default::default() };
+    clipboard_keys(ctx, typing, &mut raw);
+    ctx.input_mut(|i| i.events = raw.events);
+    handle(app, ctx);
+    ctx.input_mut(|i| {
+        i.events = events_before;
+        i.modifiers = modifiers_before;
+    });
+}
+
+/// Runs the shortcuts on this frame's input. Keys still held in a floating panel's own window
+/// count as held (`key_down`) while that window has the keyboard: a spring-loaded tool or Space
+/// for the Hand tool stays on while the pointer moves over the canvas. Its releases stop coming
+/// once the main window or no window of the app has the keyboard, or one of its widgets takes
+/// keyboard focus, so the keys count as released then.
 pub fn handle(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
+    let held = !ctx.input(|i| i.focused) && crate::panel_docking::other_window_keyboard(ctx) == Some(false);
+    if !held {
+        ctx.data_mut(|d| d.remove_temp::<std::collections::BTreeSet<Key>>(forwarded_down_id()));
+    }
+    let down = if held { ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<std::collections::BTreeSet<Key>>(forwarded_down_id())).unwrap_or_default() } else { Default::default() };
+    let added: Vec<Key> = ctx.input_mut(|i| down.into_iter().filter(|k| i.keys_down.insert(*k)).collect());
+    handle_keys(app, ctx);
+    if !added.is_empty() {
+        ctx.input_mut(|i| added.iter().for_each(|k| _ = i.keys_down.remove(k)));
+    }
+}
+
+fn handle_keys(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
     // A held tool letter released: a temporary tool gives the previous one back (#2672).
     crate::spring_tools::tick(app, ctx);
+    if crate::canvas::cancel_mixer_on_context_change(app, ctx) {
+        return;
+    }
     // However the tool was picked (toolbar, flyout, shortcut, automation), its group's key brings
     // it back later (#2608).
     app.ui.remember_group_tool();
@@ -438,8 +517,9 @@ pub fn handle(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
         return;
     }
     // So does the right-click menu of text being edited: Esc closes only it, and keys typed while
-    // it is open don't reach the text beneath.
-    if app.ui.canvas_tool_menu.as_ref().is_some_and(|m| m.text) {
+    // it is open don't reach the text beneath. The crop menu's likewise: Esc and ↵ don't cancel or
+    // commit the crop under it (#6561).
+    if app.ui.canvas_tool_menu.as_ref().is_some_and(|m| m.text || m.crop.is_some()) {
         return;
     }
     let symmetry_editing = app.ui.symmetry_transform.is_some();
@@ -454,6 +534,7 @@ pub fn handle(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
     // Liquify is a full-window custom dialog with focusable sliders. egui can therefore claim
     // keyboard input before the distortion-mode handler below runs. Give Liquify's local
     // shortcuts first refusal (Undo, brush size, tool keys), but never steal keys from text edits.
+    crate::distort_ui::cancel_stale(app);
     if app.distort.liquify.is_some() {
         // Undo and redo still apply while a numeric field (Size, Pressure, …) has focus.
         // Other Liquify keys must not steal characters from that field (#4027).
@@ -463,6 +544,10 @@ pub fn handle(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
             crate::liquify_ui::keys(app, ctx);
         }
     }
+    // The Filter Gallery's preview takes the zoom keys from the canvas behind it.
+    if app.distort.gallery.is_some() && !ctx.text_edit_focused() {
+        crate::gallery_ui::keys(app, ctx);
+    }
     // The Content-Aware Fill workspace likewise.
     if app.distort.caf.is_some() && !ctx.text_edit_focused() {
         crate::caf_ui::keys(app, ctx);
@@ -602,6 +687,14 @@ pub fn handle(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
     if crate::guide_select::keys(app, ctx) {
         return;
     }
+    // A slice selected with Slice Select: ⌫/Delete deletes the slice, not the layer (#7862).
+    if crate::slice_ui::keys(app, ctx) {
+        return;
+    }
+    // A selected smart filter row: ⌫/Delete removes the filter, not its smart object (#4751).
+    if crate::smart_ui::keys(app, ctx) {
+        return;
+    }
     // Space+F (⇧Space+F backwards) cycles the pasteboard colour, as in Photoshop: F while the
     // Hand key is held, before F's own Cycle Screen Mode.
     if !matches!(focus, Focus::Text) && app.ui.text_edit.is_none() && crate::hold_keys::reposition_held(app, ctx) {
@@ -704,7 +797,7 @@ pub fn handle(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
         || app.smart_svg.modal_open()
         || app.distort.gallery.is_some()
         || ctx.any_popup_open()
-        || ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<(egui::Id, egui::Rect)>(egui::Id::new("tool-flyout")).is_some());
+        || ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<(egui::Id, egui::Rect)>(egui::Id::unique("tool-flyout")).is_some());
     // Both full screen modes (with and without the menu bar) return to Standard, as in Photoshop
     // (#4116), through the menu command so the window and the Screen Mode check follow.
     if !esc_taken && app.ui.view.screen_mode != "standard" && pressed(Key::Escape) {
@@ -721,6 +814,9 @@ pub fn handle(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
         }
         return;
     }
+    // ⇧+ / ⇧− step the blend mode and ⇧⌥ letters pick one (`blend_keys`). Before the tool
+    // letters: `consume_key` ignores extra ⇧ and ⌥, so ⇧⌥M would otherwise pick a tool.
+    crate::blend_keys::handle(app, ctx);
     // Tool keys; pressing the key of the current group cycles within it. With Preferences ›
     // Tools › Use Shift Key for Tool Switch, only ⇧+key cycles and the plain key keeps the
     // group's current tool. From another group, the key picks the group's last-used tool.
@@ -752,10 +848,12 @@ pub fn handle(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
             return;
         }
     }
+    // Page Up / Page Down (⌘ sideways, ⇧ a small step), Home and End scroll the canvas (#8057).
+    if crate::page_keys::handle(app, ctx) {
+        return;
+    }
     // 1–0 set opacity, ⇧1–0 flow or fill (`opacity_keys`).
     crate::opacity_keys::handle(app, ctx);
-    // ⇧+ / ⇧− step the blend mode (`blend_keys`).
-    crate::blend_keys::handle(app, ctx);
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -1165,6 +1263,10 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(clipboard_press(&egui::Event::Cut, shift, false), Some((Key::X, Modifiers::COMMAND)));
         // Shift+Insert pastes on Windows.
         assert_eq!(clipboard_press(&egui::Event::Paste("x".into()), shift, true), Some((Key::V, Modifiers::COMMAND)));
+        // egui 0.37's image-only clipboard paste is the same ⌘V press; the command reads the
+        // clipboard itself, once, through the existing import path.
+        let image = std::sync::Arc::new(egui::ColorImage::filled([1, 1], egui::Color32::BLACK));
+        assert_eq!(clipboard_press(&egui::Event::PasteImage(image), shift, true), Some((Key::V, Modifiers::COMMAND)));
         // Through the raw-input hook on this platform; a text field keeps its Cut.
         let ctx = egui::Context::default();
         let cut = || egui::RawInput { events: vec![egui::Event::ModifiersChanged(shift), egui::Event::Cut], ..Default::default() };
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/single_line_drag.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/single_line_drag.rs
index 21e98f621e..a96acacba4 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/single_line_drag.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/single_line_drag.rs
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ mod tests {
     /// [`TEXT`].
     fn drag(field: Field, from: impl Fn(Rect, f32) -> Pos2, to: impl Fn(Rect, f32) -> Pos2) -> (usize, usize) {
         let ctx = ctx();
-        let id = Id::new("single-line-drag-test");
+        let id = Id::unique("single-line-drag-test");
         let rect = frame(&ctx, field, id, vec![]);
         frame(&ctx, field, id, vec![]);
         let text_w = text_width(&ctx);
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/sizing.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/sizing.rs
index bf8adf549f..a969dfcb7d 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/sizing.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/sizing.rs
@@ -189,7 +189,9 @@ fn dim_field(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>, key: &str, orig_key:
     // Each unit keeps its own precision: whole pixels, 3 places for inches, 2 for cm/mm/picas (#2434).
     // A typed unit (`2in` while in pixels) converts at the dialog's resolution.
     let units = crate::widgets::FieldUnits { unit: crate::widgets::unit_of_key(&unit), dpi: res, ppi };
-    let changed = crate::widgets::value_field_units(ui, &mut v, range, 90.0, crate::widgets::unit_decimals(&unit), units).changed();
+    let changed = crate::widgets::value_field_units(ui, &mut v, range, 90.0, crate::widgets::unit_decimals(&unit), units)
+        .accessible_name(if key == "width" { tl!("Width") } else { tl!("Height") })
+        .changed();
     if changed {
         let px = from_unit(v as f64, &unit, orig, res, ppi);
         f.insert(key.into(), json!(if unit == "px" { px.round() } else { px }));
@@ -201,7 +203,7 @@ fn dim_field(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>, key: &str, orig_key:
 fn unit_dropdown(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>, id: &str) {
     let mut unit = f.get("__unit").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("px").to_string();
     let opts: Vec<(String, &str)> = UNITS.iter().map(|(k, l)| (k.to_string(), *l)).collect();
-    if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, id, &mut unit, &opts, 110.0) {
+    if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, id, tl!("Units"), &mut unit, &opts, 110.0) {
         f.insert("__unit".into(), json!(unit));
     }
 }
@@ -263,7 +265,7 @@ fn image_size(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
     // Photoshop's chain bracket linking width and height (right of the unit dropdowns).
     let x0 = w_row.response.rect.right().max(h_row.response.rect.right()) + 4.0;
     let bracket = Rect::from_min_max(pos2(x0, w_row.response.rect.center().y), pos2(x0 + 14.0, h_row.response.rect.center().y));
-    let link = ui.interact(bracket.expand(2.0), ui.id().with("constrain"), Sense::click());
+    let link = ui.interact(bracket.expand(2.0), ui.scope_id().with("constrain"), Sense::click());
     let col = if constrain { t.text } else { t.text_faint };
     if constrain {
         let p = ui.painter();
@@ -290,7 +292,7 @@ fn image_size(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         label(ui, tl!("Resolution:"), 90.0);
         let mut r = f.get("resolution").and_then(Value::as_f64).unwrap_or(72.0) as f32;
-        if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut r, 1.0..=30000.0, "", 90.0).changed() {
+        if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut r, 1.0..=30000.0, "", 90.0).accessible_name(tl!("Resolution")).changed() {
             let r = r.max(1.0) as f64;
             if !resampling {
                 // Without resampling the pixel count is fixed: physical size follows resolution.
@@ -340,7 +342,7 @@ fn image_size(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
             // which the command doesn't use and a save quantises away (#6019).
             let indexed = f.get("__indexed").and_then(Value::as_bool) == Some(true);
             let opts: Vec<_> = opts.into_iter().filter(|(k, _)| !indexed || k == "automatic" || k == "nearest").collect();
-            if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "is-resample", &mut cur, &opts, 200.0) {
+            if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "is-resample", tl!("Resample"), &mut cur, &opts, 200.0) {
                 f.insert("resample".into(), json!(cur));
             }
         }
@@ -404,7 +406,7 @@ fn canvas_size(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
             ("black".to_string(), tl!("Black")),
             ("transparent".to_string(), tl!("Transparent")),
         ];
-        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "cs-ext", &mut cur, &opts, 140.0) {
+        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "cs-ext", tl!("Canvas extension color:"), &mut cur, &opts, 140.0) {
             f.insert("extensionColor".into(), json!(cur));
         }
     });
@@ -421,7 +423,7 @@ fn anchor_grid(ui: &mut egui::Ui, current: &str, dw: f64, dh: f64) -> Option<&'s
     for (i, a) in ANCHORS.iter().enumerate() {
         let (x, y) = (i as i32 % 3, i as i32 / 3);
         let r = Rect::from_min_size(rect.min + vec2(x as f32 * cell, y as f32 * cell), vec2(cell, cell)).shrink(1.0);
-        let resp = ui.interact(r, ui.id().with(("anchor", i)), Sense::click());
+        let resp = ui.interact(r, ui.scope_id().with(("anchor", i)), Sense::click());
         let selected = i as i32 == ci;
         ui.painter().rect_filled(
             r,
@@ -534,6 +536,24 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(app.ui.dialogs.iter().any(|x| x.id == id), "reset leaves the dialog open");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn canvas_extension_dropdown_is_named_for_its_setting() {
+        use egui::accesskit::Role;
+        use egui_kittest::Harness;
+        use egui_kittest::kittest::{NodeT, Queryable};
+
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 100, "height": 50})).unwrap();
+        let mut h =
+            Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(1400.0, 900.0)).build_ui_state(|ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| crate::dialogs::show(app, ui.ctx()), app);
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::ALL[0]);
+        open(h.state_mut(), "image.canvasSize").unwrap();
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        let labels: Vec<String> = h.query_all_by_role(Role::ComboBox).filter_map(|n| n.accesskit_node().label()).collect();
+        assert!(labels.iter().any(|label| label == "Canvas extension color:"), "{labels:?}");
+        assert!(!labels.iter().any(|label| label == "Size"), "the dialog's Size label names a different field: {labels:?}");
+    }
+
     /// #6019: on an Indexed Color document the dialog opens on, and offers only, Automatic and Nearest Neighbor.
     #[test]
     fn indexed_color_resamples_with_nearest_neighbor_only() {
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/slice_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/slice_ui.rs
index 32945c81b1..f812f94c14 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/slice_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/slice_ui.rs
@@ -110,6 +110,44 @@ fn rect_from(a: [f64; 2], b: [f64; 2]) -> photocraft_geom::Rect {
     photocraft_geom::Rect::new(x0, y0, x1, y1)
 }
 
+/// The new slice drawn from `start` to `cur` under the Slice tool's Style (Normal, Fixed Ratio,
+/// Fixed Size), as the marquee's (#8360). A fixed style is placed on the pixel the press is in.
+/// Fixed Size has exactly its pixels. Fixed Ratio's longer side follows the drag to within a pixel
+/// and the shorter side takes the ratio from it, as close as whole pixels allow: rounding each edge of
+/// a fractional drag apart would make 2 : 1 into 5 × 3, and keeping to whole multiples of the
+/// ratio would grow a 1366 : 768 slice in steps of 683 px.
+fn new_rect(app: &PhotocraftApp, start: [f64; 2], cur: [f64; 2]) -> photocraft_geom::Rect {
+    let o = &app.ui.tool_options;
+    let (w, h) = (f64::from(o.slice_width), f64::from(o.slice_height));
+    let size = match o.slice_style.as_str() {
+        "fixedSize" => [w.round().max(1.0), h.round().max(1.0)],
+        "fixedRatio" if w > 0.0 && h > 0.0 => {
+            let end = crate::chrome_ui::marquee_end("fixedRatio", w, h, false, start, cur);
+            let k = (end[0] - start[0]).abs() / w;
+            // A drag shorter than half a pixel is a click: no size.
+            let follow = |long: f64, short: f64| {
+                let l = (k * long).round();
+                [l, if l > 0.0 { (l * short / long).round().max(1.0) } else { 0.0 }]
+            };
+            if w >= h {
+                follow(w, h)
+            } else {
+                let [l, s] = follow(h, w);
+                [s, l]
+            }
+        }
+        _ => return rect_from(start, crate::chrome_ui::marquee_end(&o.slice_style, w, h, false, start, cur)),
+    };
+    // The drag's extent and direction are from the press itself; only the slice is placed on the
+    // pixel the press is in.
+    let sign = |d: f64| if d < 0.0 { -1.0 } else { 1.0 };
+    // A slice drawn left or up grows from the far side of that pixel, so it holds the pixel: the
+    // edges a Normal slice gets from the same press (`rect_from`), also on a pixel's edge.
+    let dir = [sign(cur[0] - start[0]), sign(cur[1] - start[1])];
+    let corner = [0, 1].map(|i| if dir[i] < 0.0 { start[i].ceil() } else { start[i].floor() });
+    rect_from(corner, [corner[0] + dir[0] * size[0], corner[1] + dir[1] * size[1]])
+}
+
 /// Pointer input for the two slice tools. Returns true when the event was theirs.
 pub fn pointer(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ev: ToolEvent, _mods: egui::Modifiers) -> bool {
     let tool = app.ui.tool;
@@ -156,8 +194,11 @@ pub fn pointer(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ev: ToolEvent, _mods: egui::Modifiers) -
         },
         ToolEvent::Up { x, y } => match app.ui.slices.drag.take() {
             Some(SliceDrag::New { start, .. }) => {
-                let r = rect_from(start, [x, y]);
-                if r.width() >= 1 && r.height() >= 1 && (r.width() > 2 || r.height() > 2) {
+                let r = new_rect(app, start, [x, y]);
+                // A drag of a pixel or two is a click, which selects; a Fixed Size slice is made
+                // by a click, at any size.
+                let fixed_size = app.ui.tool_options.slice_style == "fixedSize";
+                if r.width() >= 1 && r.height() >= 1 && (fixed_size || r.width() > 2 || r.height() > 2) {
                     if let Ok(v) = app.run("slice.new", json!({"rect": [r.x0, r.y0, r.width(), r.height()]})) {
                         app.ui.slices.selected = v.get("number").and_then(Value::as_u64).map(|n| n as usize);
                     }
@@ -263,7 +304,7 @@ pub fn draw_overlay(app: &PhotocraftApp, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform
     }
     match &app.ui.slices.drag {
         Some(SliceDrag::New { start, cur }) => {
-            let sr = to_screen(rect_from(*start, *cur));
+            let sr = to_screen(new_rect(app, *start, *cur));
             painter.rect_stroke(sr, 0.0, Stroke::new(1.0, Color32::WHITE), egui::StrokeKind::Middle);
             let pts = [sr.left_top(), sr.right_top(), sr.right_bottom(), sr.left_bottom(), sr.left_top()];
             painter.add(egui::Shape::dashed_line(&pts, Stroke::new(1.0, color), 4.0, 4.0));
@@ -292,6 +333,39 @@ fn selected_id(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, promote: bool) -> Option<u32> {
     }
 }
 
+/// Delete or Backspace with no modifiers, with the Slice Select tool and a slice selected,
+/// deletes that slice, as in Photoshop (#7862). It never reaches Layer › Delete or Edit › Clear.
+/// An auto slice has nothing to delete, and View › Lock Slices refuses with a message.
+pub fn keys(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> bool {
+    use crate::shortcut_dispatch::Focus;
+    // Text fields and widgets that delete with these keys themselves keep them.
+    if app.ui.tool != Tool::SliceSelect
+        || app.ui.slices.selected.is_none()
+        || app.ui.text_edit.is_some()
+        || matches!(Focus::of(ctx), Focus::Text | Focus::DeletingWidget)
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let mods = ctx.input(|i| i.modifiers);
+    if !mods.is_none() || !ctx.input_mut(|i| i.consume_key(mods, egui::Key::Delete) || i.consume_key(mods, egui::Key::Backspace)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let result = if app.session.file_menu.slices_locked {
+        Err(tl!("Slices are locked (View › Lock Slices)").to_string())
+    } else {
+        match selected_id(app, false) {
+            Some(id) => app.run("slice.delete", json!({"slice": id})).map(|_| app.ui.slices.selected = None),
+            // An auto slice is made from the user slices around it: it goes when they do.
+            None => Ok(()),
+        }
+    };
+    if let Err(e) = result {
+        app.ui.status = e;
+        app.ui.status_error = true;
+    }
+    true
+}
+
 /// Slice Options dialog for the selected slice (auto slices are promoted on OK).
 pub fn open_options(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> Result<Value, String> {
     let n = app.ui.slices.selected.ok_or("select a slice with the Slice Select tool")?;
@@ -335,7 +409,33 @@ pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, tool: Tool) -> bo
     let locked = app.session.file_menu.slices_locked;
     let t = crate::theme::Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
     if tool == Tool::Slice {
-        ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("Style: Normal")).color(t.text_dim));
+        // Style, Width and Height, as the marquee's (#8360).
+        let o = &mut app.ui.tool_options;
+        crate::panels::opt_label(ui, tl!("Style"));
+        let styles = [("normal".to_string(), tl!("Normal")), ("fixedRatio".to_string(), tl!("Fixed Ratio")), ("fixedSize".to_string(), tl!("Fixed Size"))];
+        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "slice-style", tl!("Style"), &mut o.slice_style, &styles, 96.0) {
+            (o.slice_width, o.slice_height) = if o.slice_style == "fixedSize" { (64.0, 64.0) } else { (1.0, 1.0) };
+        }
+        let fixed_size = o.slice_style == "fixedSize";
+        let range = crate::tool_memory::style_range(&o.slice_style);
+        // Fixed Size shows whole pixels, the size the slice gets (`new_rect` rounds the same way),
+        // however the value was typed, stepped or scrubbed.
+        let field = |ui: &mut egui::Ui, v: &mut f32| {
+            if fixed_size {
+                crate::widgets::value_field_prec(ui, v, range.clone(), "px", 62.0, 0)
+            } else {
+                crate::widgets::value_field(ui, v, range.clone(), "", 62.0)
+            }
+        };
+        ui.add_enabled_ui(o.slice_style != "normal", |ui| {
+            crate::panels::opt_label(ui, tl!("Width"));
+            field(ui, &mut o.slice_width);
+            if crate::icons::button(ui, "arrow-left-right", 22.0, false, tl!("Swaps height and width")).clicked() {
+                std::mem::swap(&mut o.slice_width, &mut o.slice_height);
+            }
+            crate::panels::opt_label(ui, tl!("Height"));
+            field(ui, &mut o.slice_height);
+        });
         crate::widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
         if ui.add_enabled_ui(has_doc && !locked, |ui| crate::widgets::secondary_button(ui, tl!("Slices From Guides"), 0.0)).inner.clicked() {
             let _ = app.run("slice.fromGuides", json!({}));
@@ -443,6 +543,138 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(app.ui.slices.selected.is_some());
     }
 
+    /// #8360: the Slice tool's Style, as the marquee's. Fixed Ratio keeps the drag's larger extent
+    /// and gives the other the ratio; Fixed Size draws a slice of that size where the drag starts,
+    /// towards the drag, also on a plain click.
+    #[test]
+    fn slice_style_fixes_the_ratio_or_the_size() {
+        let mut app = app();
+        app.ui.tool = Tool::Slice;
+        let m = egui::Modifiers::NONE;
+        let draw = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp, a: [f64; 2], b: [f64; 2]| {
+            pointer(app, ToolEvent::Down { x: a[0], y: a[1], pressure: 1.0 }, m);
+            pointer(app, ToolEvent::Move { x: b[0], y: b[1], pressure: 1.0 }, m);
+            pointer(app, ToolEvent::Up { x: b[0], y: b[1] }, m);
+            app.session.active().unwrap().doc.slices.list.last().unwrap().rect
+        };
+        let o = &mut app.ui.tool_options;
+        (o.slice_style, o.slice_width, o.slice_height) = ("fixedRatio".into(), 2.0, 1.0);
+        assert_eq!(draw(&mut app, [10.0, 10.0], [30.0, 40.0]), photocraft_geom::Rect::new(10, 10, 70, 40));
+        let o = &mut app.ui.tool_options;
+        (o.slice_style, o.slice_width, o.slice_height) = ("fixedSize".into(), 24.0, 16.0);
+        assert_eq!(draw(&mut app, [5.0, 5.0], [5.0, 5.0]), photocraft_geom::Rect::new(5, 5, 29, 21), "a click");
+        assert_eq!(draw(&mut app, [90.0, 70.0], [80.0, 60.0]), photocraft_geom::Rect::new(66, 54, 90, 70), "up and to the left");
+        // The preview while dragging shows the same rectangle the slice gets.
+        pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 40.0, y: 40.0, pressure: 1.0 }, m);
+        pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Move { x: 41.0, y: 41.0, pressure: 1.0 }, m);
+        let Some(SliceDrag::New { start, cur }) = app.ui.slices.drag.clone() else { panic!("drawing a slice") };
+        assert_eq!(new_rect(&app, start, cur), photocraft_geom::Rect::new(40, 40, 64, 56));
+        pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 41.0, y: 41.0 }, m);
+        // A press inside a pixel starts the slice on that pixel, still 24 x 16 pixels.
+        assert_eq!(draw(&mut app, [10.25, 30.75], [12.5, 31.5]), photocraft_geom::Rect::new(10, 30, 34, 46), "a press inside a pixel");
+        assert_eq!(
+            draw(&mut app, [70.5, 70.5], [60.25, 60.25]),
+            photocraft_geom::Rect::new(47, 55, 71, 71),
+            "and towards the upper left, holding the pressed pixel"
+        );
+        // A short drag up and to the left inside the pressed pixel goes up and to the left.
+        assert_eq!(draw(&mut app, [50.75, 50.75], [50.25, 50.25]), photocraft_geom::Rect::new(27, 35, 51, 51), "up-left within the pixel");
+        // A Fixed Size that isn't whole pixels (from a settings file) is rounded, not grown a pixel.
+        let o = &mut app.ui.tool_options;
+        (o.slice_width, o.slice_height) = (1.5, 2.4);
+        assert_eq!(draw(&mut app, [5.5, 5.5], [5.5, 5.5]), photocraft_geom::Rect::new(5, 5, 7, 7), "1.5 x 2.4 is 2 x 2");
+        // A size of a pixel or two is made too, not taken for a click that selects.
+        let o = &mut app.ui.tool_options;
+        (o.slice_width, o.slice_height) = (1.0, 2.0);
+        assert_eq!(draw(&mut app, [3.0, 3.0], [3.0, 3.0]), photocraft_geom::Rect::new(3, 3, 4, 5), "a 1 x 2 slice");
+    }
+
+    /// #8360: Fixed Ratio's longer side follows a fractional drag to the pixel and the shorter takes
+    /// the ratio from it, as close as whole pixels allow.
+    #[test]
+    fn fixed_ratio_slices_keep_their_ratio_from_a_fractional_drag() {
+        let mut app = app();
+        app.ui.tool = Tool::Slice;
+        let m = egui::Modifiers::NONE;
+        let mut draw = |w: f32, h: f32, a: [f64; 2], b: [f64; 2]| {
+            let o = &mut app.ui.tool_options;
+            (o.slice_style, o.slice_width, o.slice_height) = ("fixedRatio".into(), w, h);
+            pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: a[0], y: a[1], pressure: 1.0 }, m);
+            pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: b[0], y: b[1] }, m);
+            let r = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.slices.list.last().unwrap().rect;
+            (r.x0, r.y0, r.width(), r.height())
+        };
+        assert_eq!(draw(2.0, 1.0, [10.5, 10.5], [14.5, 11.0]), (10, 10, 4, 2), "not 5 x 2");
+        assert_eq!(draw(2.0, 1.0, [10.5, 10.5], [31.3, 13.0]), (10, 10, 21, 11), "a 20.8 px drag: 21 px, and half of it as near as pixels allow");
+        assert_eq!(draw(16.0, 9.0, [0.5, 0.5], [40.3, 10.0]), (0, 0, 40, 23), "a 39.8 px drag");
+        assert_eq!(draw(1366.0, 768.0, [0.0, 0.0], [40.0, 1.0]), (0, 0, 40, 22), "not in steps of 683 px");
+        assert_eq!(draw(9.0, 16.0, [0.0, 0.0], [1.0, 32.2]), (0, 0, 18, 32), "the longer side is the height");
+        assert_eq!(draw(4.0, 2.0, [60.7, 60.7], [50.2, 58.0]), (50, 55, 11, 6), "towards the upper left, holding the pressed pixel");
+        assert_eq!(draw(1.5, 1.0, [0.0, 40.0], [30.0, 41.0]), (0, 40, 30, 20), "a fractional ratio");
+        // A click inside a pixel doesn't move the pointer: it selects, as with Normal, and makes no
+        // slice (the drag is measured from the press, not from the pixel's corner).
+        let n = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.slices.list.len();
+        let o = &mut app.ui.tool_options;
+        (o.slice_width, o.slice_height) = (4.0, 1.0);
+        pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 10.75, y: 10.75, pressure: 1.0 }, m);
+        pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 10.75, y: 10.75 }, m);
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.slices.list.len(), n, "a click makes no slice");
+    }
+
+    /// #8360: remembered Slice tool options are checked when loaded: an unknown Style is Normal
+    /// again, and Fixed Size is whole pixels.
+    #[test]
+    fn remembered_slice_options_are_checked() {
+        let mut o = crate::state::ToolOptions::default();
+        (o.slice_style, o.slice_width, o.slice_height) = ("fixedsize".into(), 0.5, 2.0);
+        crate::tool_memory::sanitize(&mut o);
+        assert_eq!(o.slice_style, "normal");
+        (o.slice_style, o.slice_width, o.slice_height) = ("fixedSize".into(), 1.5, 63.6);
+        crate::tool_memory::sanitize(&mut o);
+        assert_eq!((o.slice_width, o.slice_height), (2.0, 64.0));
+    }
+
+    /// #8360: the options bar's Style picks Fixed Size, which starts at 64 × 64 px, and the slice
+    /// drawn next has that size.
+    #[test]
+    fn options_bar_picks_the_slice_style() {
+        use egui::accesskit::Role;
+        use egui_kittest::Harness;
+        use egui_kittest::kittest::{NodeT, Queryable};
+
+        let mut app = app();
+        app.sync_views();
+        app.ui.tool = Tool::Slice;
+        let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(1400.0, 200.0)).build_ui_state(
+            |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
+                if ui.ctx().fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
+                    crate::panels::options_bar(app, ui);
+                }
+            },
+            app,
+        );
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::Pro);
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        let fields = |h: &Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>| {
+            h.query_all_by_role(Role::SpinButton)
+                .filter(|n| !n.accesskit_node().is_disabled())
+                .filter_map(|n| n.accesskit_node().numeric_value())
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        };
+        assert!(fields(&h).is_empty(), "Normal has no Width or Height to set");
+        h.get_all_by_role(Role::ComboBox).find(|n| n.accesskit_node().value().as_deref() == Some("Normal")).unwrap().click();
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        h.get_by_label("Fixed Size").click();
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        let o = &h.state().ui.tool_options;
+        assert_eq!((o.slice_style.as_str(), o.slice_width, o.slice_height), ("fixedSize", 64.0, 64.0));
+        assert_eq!(fields(&h), [64.0, 64.0]);
+        let (app, m) = (h.state_mut(), egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        pointer(app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 10.0, y: 10.0, pressure: 1.0 }, m);
+        pointer(app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 10.0, y: 10.0 }, m);
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.slices.list[0].rect, photocraft_geom::Rect::new(10, 10, 74, 74));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn dragging_a_piece_moves_the_whole_covered_slice() {
         // #7770: the slice under a later one is drawn as pieces; dragging one moves all of it.
@@ -503,6 +735,60 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(rect(&app), photocraft_geom::Rect::new(6, 11, 52, 46));
     }
 
+    /// Delete through the app's shortcut handling, as the canvas gets it.
+    fn press(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, key: egui::Key) {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let m = egui::Modifiers::NONE;
+        let raw = egui::RawInput {
+            events: vec![egui::Event::ModifiersChanged(m), egui::Event::Key { key, physical_key: None, pressed: true, repeat: false, modifiers: m }],
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        ctx.begin_pass(raw);
+        crate::shortcuts::handle(app, &ctx);
+        ctx.end_pass().textures_delta.clear();
+    }
+
+    /// #7862: with Slice Select, Delete (or Backspace) deletes the selected slice, never the
+    /// layer: in a one-layer document that used to fail with "a document must keep at least one
+    /// layer". Locked slices refuse; an auto slice has nothing to delete.
+    #[test]
+    fn delete_deletes_the_selected_slice_not_the_layer() {
+        let m = egui::Modifiers::NONE;
+        for key in [egui::Key::Delete, egui::Key::Backspace] {
+            let mut app = app();
+            let layers = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layers.len();
+            app.ui.tool = Tool::Slice;
+            pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 10.0, y: 10.0, pressure: 1.0 }, m);
+            pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 40.0, y: 30.0 }, m);
+            app.ui.tool = Tool::SliceSelect;
+            pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 20.0, y: 20.0, pressure: 1.0 }, m);
+            pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 20.0, y: 20.0 }, m);
+            assert!(app.ui.slices.selected.is_some());
+
+            // Locked: the slice stays, and says why.
+            app.run("view.lockSlices", json!({"on": true})).unwrap();
+            press(&mut app, key);
+            assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.slices.list.len(), 1, "{key:?}: locked");
+            assert!(app.ui.status_error && app.ui.status.contains("locked"), "{key:?}: {}", app.ui.status);
+            app.run("view.lockSlices", json!({"on": false})).unwrap();
+            app.ui.status_error = false;
+
+            press(&mut app, key);
+            let doc = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+            assert!(doc.slices.list.is_empty(), "{key:?}: the slice is deleted");
+            assert_eq!(doc.layers.len(), layers, "{key:?}: the layer stays");
+            assert!(!app.ui.status_error, "{key:?}: {}", app.ui.status);
+            assert_eq!(app.ui.slices.selected, None);
+
+            // An auto slice: nothing to delete, and still not the layer.
+            pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 90.0, y: 75.0, pressure: 1.0 }, m);
+            pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 90.0, y: 75.0 }, m);
+            press(&mut app, key);
+            assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layers.len(), layers, "{key:?}: auto slice");
+            assert!(!app.ui.status_error, "{key:?}: {}", app.ui.status);
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn locked_slices_ignore_gestures() {
         let mut app = app();
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/smart_filter_dialog.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/smart_filter_dialog.rs
index cf184c5671..dbe00fdf9b 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/smart_filter_dialog.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/smart_filter_dialog.rs
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ pub fn body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, fields: &mut Map<String,
         ui.label(tl!("Mode"));
         let mut blend = fields.get("blend").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("Normal").to_string();
         let options: Vec<_> = BlendMode::LAYER_MODES.iter().map(|m| (m.label().to_string(), m.label())).collect();
-        if widgets::dropdown(ui, "smart-filter-blend", &mut blend, &options, 200.0) {
+        if widgets::dropdown(ui, "smart-filter-blend", tl!("Blend Mode"), &mut blend, &options, 200.0) {
             fields.insert("blend".into(), json!(blend));
         }
     });
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ fn viewport(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, fields: &mut Map<String,
         });
         return;
     };
-    let key = ui.id().with("smart-filter-view-image");
+    let key = ui.scope_id().with("smart-filter-view-image");
     let mut image = ui.ctx().data(|d| d.get_temp::<ViewImage>(key));
     if image.as_ref().is_none_or(|i| !Arc::ptr_eq(&i.doc, &doc)) {
         // Fixed thumbnail size and content identity: never composite a full surface per frame.
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/smart_filter_rows_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/smart_filter_rows_tests.rs
index 9db54bbe1e..7457b0c780 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/smart_filter_rows_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/smart_filter_rows_tests.rs
@@ -229,3 +229,113 @@ fn clicking_the_smart_object_row_deselects_its_filter() {
     click_at(&mut h, trash);
     assert_eq!(filters(&h, a).len(), 2, "the filters stay");
 }
+
+/// #4751: Delete or Backspace removes the selected filter, as the Delete button does, not the
+/// smart object; on the Smart Filters row it clears them all.
+#[test]
+fn the_delete_key_removes_the_selected_filter() {
+    let (mut h, a, _, _) = panel();
+    let blur = at(&h, "Gaussian Blur");
+    click_at(&mut h, blur);
+    h.key_press(egui::Key::Delete);
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    assert_eq!(filters(&h, a), ["filter.other.offset"]);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.layers.len(), 4, "no layer was deleted");
+    let row = at(&h, "Smart Filters");
+    click_at(&mut h, row);
+    h.key_press(egui::Key::Backspace);
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    assert!(filters(&h, a).is_empty());
+    assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.layers.len(), 4, "no layer was deleted");
+}
+
+/// A text field keeps its Delete: renaming the smart object leaves the selected filter alone.
+#[test]
+fn the_delete_key_in_a_text_field_leaves_the_filter() {
+    let (mut h, a, _, _) = panel();
+    let blur = at(&h, "Gaussian Blur");
+    click_at(&mut h, blur);
+    let ctx = h.ctx.clone();
+    crate::layer_row_ui::start_rename(&ctx, a, "Smart A");
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    assert!(selected(&h, "Gaussian Blur"), "the filter is still selected while renaming");
+    h.key_press(egui::Key::Delete);
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    assert_eq!(filters(&h, a).len(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.layers.len(), 4);
+}
+
+/// Quick Mask keeps Delete for Edit › Clear on the mask, even with a filter's row selected.
+#[test]
+fn the_delete_key_in_quick_mask_clears_the_mask_not_the_filter() {
+    let (mut h, a, _, _) = panel();
+    let blur = at(&h, "Gaussian Blur");
+    click_at(&mut h, blur);
+    // No selection: Quick Mask alone must keep the key, not a marquee's Edit › Clear.
+    h.state_mut().run("select.editInQuickMaskMode", json!({"on": true})).unwrap();
+    assert!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.selection.is_none());
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    assert!(selected(&h, "Gaussian Blur"), "the filter is still selected in Quick Mask");
+    h.key_press(egui::Key::Delete);
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    assert_eq!(filters(&h, a).len(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.layers.len(), 4);
+}
+
+/// A filter whose row isn't drawn (here the panel is filtered by name) is no longer selected:
+/// Delete then deletes the active layer as usual, never a filter nobody sees highlighted.
+#[test]
+fn a_hidden_filter_row_is_deselected() {
+    let (mut h, a, _, _) = panel();
+    let blur = at(&h, "Gaussian Blur");
+    click_at(&mut h, blur);
+    h.state_mut().ui.layer_filter_by = crate::layer_filter_ui::FilterBy::Name;
+    h.state_mut().ui.layer_filter_name = "Pixels".into();
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    // Shown again, the row is no longer highlighted: the selection went, it wasn't just hidden.
+    h.state_mut().ui.layer_filter_name.clear();
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    assert!(!selected(&h, "Gaussian Blur"));
+    h.key_press(egui::Key::Delete);
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    let st = h.state().session.active().unwrap();
+    assert!(st.doc.layer(LayerId(a)).is_none(), "Delete reached Smart A itself");
+}
+
+/// With the Layers panel closed the selected row isn't on screen either, so Delete deletes the
+/// active layer as usual.
+#[test]
+fn with_the_layers_panel_closed_delete_leaves_the_filter() {
+    let (mut h, a, _, _) = panel();
+    let blur = at(&h, "Gaussian Blur");
+    click_at(&mut h, blur);
+    let ctx = h.ctx.clone();
+    crate::menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "window.toggle.layers", json!({})).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    assert!(h.query_all_by_label("Gaussian Blur").next().is_none(), "the panel is closed");
+    h.key_press(egui::Key::Delete);
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    assert!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.layer(LayerId(a)).is_none(), "Delete reached Smart A itself");
+}
+
+/// #8764: the bottom layer's filter rows sit where the empty space below the last row begins, so
+/// that space's deselect-all click (#8100) must start under them: a click on a filter of a new
+/// document's only layer, converted for Smart Filters, selects the filter.
+#[test]
+fn a_click_selects_a_filter_of_the_bottom_layer() {
+    let mut s = photocraft_engine::Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 16, "height": 16})).unwrap();
+    let id = s.execute("filter.convertForSmartFilters", json!({})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap();
+    s.execute("filter.blur.gaussianBlur", json!({"radius": 1})).unwrap();
+    let mut h = egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(1200.0, 900.0)).with_max_steps(64).with_step_dt(1.0 / 60.0).build_eframe(|cc| {
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&cc.egui_ctx, Default::default());
+        PhotocraftApp::new(s, crate::Services::default())
+    });
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    let blur = at(&h, "Gaussian Blur");
+    click_at(&mut h, blur);
+    let st = h.state().session.active().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(st.active_layer, Some(LayerId(id)), "the smart object stays active");
+    assert_eq!(st.selected_layers(), [LayerId(id)], "the click did not deselect the layers");
+    assert!(selected(&h, "Gaussian Blur"));
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/smart_svg_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/smart_svg_ui.rs
index de9be83837..925f2eaf1b 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/smart_svg_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/smart_svg_ui.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ struct Pending {
 struct Editing {
     target: Target,
     session: Box<dyn ExternalSvgSession>,
-    saved: Option<Vec<u8>>,
+    saved: Option<crate::ExternalVectorSave>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Default)]
@@ -50,15 +50,18 @@ pub(crate) struct State {
 }
 
 impl State {
+    /// True while the editor-choice dialog awaits OK or Cancel.
     pub(crate) fn modal_open(&self) -> bool {
         self.pending.is_some()
     }
 }
 
+/// Translate dialog and status text in the `smartSvg` context.
 fn tr(source: &str) -> &str {
     crate::i18n::tr_ctx(crate::i18n::current(), "smartSvg", source)
 }
 
+/// Surface a non-fatal editing or sync failure in the status bar; the document is unchanged.
 fn report(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, error: String) {
     app.ui.status = error;
     app.ui.status_error = true;
@@ -128,10 +131,13 @@ pub(crate) fn intercept(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, id: &str, params: &Value) -> Op
     Some(result)
 }
 
+/// Saves apply only while the target's document is active, never by switching documents.
 fn same_target(app: &PhotocraftApp, target: &Target) -> bool {
     app.session.active().is_some_and(|st| st.doc.id == target.doc)
 }
 
+/// The update command must be enabled and no layer sharing these contents (every placed
+/// instance changes together) may be fully or pixel locked.
 fn writable_target(app: &PhotocraftApp, target: &Target) -> bool {
     let Some(st) = app.session.active().filter(|st| st.doc.id == target.doc) else { return false };
     if !app.session.is_enabled_with("layer.smartObjects.updateSvg", &json!({"document":target.doc.0,"layer":target.layer.0})) {
@@ -147,6 +153,9 @@ fn writable_target(app: &PhotocraftApp, target: &Target) -> bool {
         })
 }
 
+/// Act on the dialog's choice after re-exporting to confirm the fingerprint and contents id
+/// still match: run the internal editor, or start (or replace) one external session per
+/// shared contents, at most [`MAX_SESSIONS`]. Errors leave the document unchanged.
 fn confirm(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> Result<Value, String> {
     let Some(pending) = app.smart_svg.pending.take() else { return Ok(json!({"cancelled": true})) };
     if !safe_to_apply(app) {
@@ -189,12 +198,20 @@ fn confirm(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> Result<Value, String> {
     }
     let mut target = pending.target;
     target.svg = Arc::default();
+    let target_is_native = target.extension != "svg";
     app.smart_svg.editing.push(Editing { target, session, saved: None });
-    app.ui.status = tr("SVG editor opened. Save the SVG to update this Smart Object.").into();
+    app.ui.status = tr(if target_is_native {
+        "Vector editor opened. Save the original-format file to update this Smart Object."
+    } else {
+        "SVG editor opened. Save the SVG to update this Smart Object."
+    })
+    .into();
     app.ui.status_error = false;
     Ok(json!({"externalEditor": true}))
 }
 
+/// Ask the user for one local executable; the answer applies only if the same pending target
+/// is still open. Executable validation happens when the session starts.
 fn choose_program(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> Result<Value, String> {
     let pending = app.smart_svg.pending.as_ref().ok_or("The SVG editor choice was cancelled")?;
     let doc = pending.target.doc;
@@ -228,6 +245,8 @@ fn choose_program(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> Result<Value, String> {
     )
 }
 
+/// Draw the editor-choice dialog while a choice is pending. The internal editor is offered
+/// only for SVG; "Stop syncing" ends a running session for the same contents.
 pub(crate) fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
     let file_dialog_open = app.file_dialog_open();
     let can_pick = app.services.file_dialog.is_some() && !file_dialog_open;
@@ -237,16 +256,25 @@ pub(crate) fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
     let mut choose = false;
     let mut stop = false;
     let running = app.smart_svg.editing.iter().any(|edit| edit.target.doc == pending.target.doc && edit.target.contents_id == pending.target.contents_id);
-    let modal = egui::Modal::new(egui::Id::new("smart-svg-editor")).show(ctx, |ui| {
+    let modal = egui::Modal::new(egui::Id::unique("smart-svg-editor")).show(ctx, |ui| {
         let tokens = crate::theme::Tokens::get(ctx);
         ui.set_max_width(470.0);
-        ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tr("Edit SVG Smart Object")).font(crate::theme::semibold(15.0)));
+        ui.label(
+            egui::RichText::new(tr(if pending.target.extension == "svg" { "Edit SVG Smart Object" } else { "Edit Vector Smart Object" }))
+                .font(crate::theme::semibold(15.0)),
+        );
         ui.add_space(4.0);
         crate::widgets::hairline(ui);
         ui.add_space(8.0);
-        ui.label(tr("Choose the application used to edit this SVG:"));
+        ui.label(tr(if pending.target.extension == "svg" {
+            "Choose the application used to edit this SVG:"
+        } else {
+            "Choose the application used to edit this vector:"
+        }));
         if pending.target.extension != "svg" {
-            ui.label(tr("AI/PDF/EPS contents will be edited as SVG. Saving replaces the embedded source; format-specific features may change."));
+            ui.label(tr(
+                "AI/PDF/EPS files keep their original format. Unsupported features may change when saved. Original contents remain available through Undo.",
+            ));
         }
         for (choice, label) in [
             (Editor::VectorCraft, "VectorCraft"),
@@ -257,7 +285,7 @@ pub(crate) fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
             if choice == Editor::Illustrator && !cfg!(windows) {
                 continue;
             }
-            let available = pending.target.extension == "svg" || matches!(choice, Editor::VectorCraft | Editor::Program);
+            let available = pending.target.extension == "svg" || choice != Editor::Internal;
             ui.add_enabled_ui(available, |ui| ui.radio_value(&mut pending.editor, choice, tr(label)));
         }
         if pending.editor == Editor::Program {
@@ -268,7 +296,15 @@ pub(crate) fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
             choose = ui.add_enabled(can_pick, egui::Button::new(tr("Choose executable…"))).clicked();
         }
         ui.add_space(8.0);
-        ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tr("Save to the opened SVG file. Each saved change becomes one undo step in PhotoCraft.")).small().color(tokens.text_dim));
+        ui.label(
+            egui::RichText::new(tr(if pending.target.extension == "svg" {
+                "Save to the opened SVG file. Each saved change becomes one undo step in PhotoCraft."
+            } else {
+                "Save to the opened original-format file. Each saved change becomes one undo step in PhotoCraft."
+            }))
+            .small()
+            .color(tokens.text_dim),
+        );
         ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tr("Updates wait while another document or an editing dialog is active.")).small().color(tokens.text_dim));
         if running {
             stop = ui.button(tr("Stop syncing this Smart Object")).clicked();
@@ -306,6 +342,8 @@ pub(crate) fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
     }
 }
 
+/// True only when no save, dialog, mask/channel target, transform, preview or drag is in
+/// progress, so an external save cannot land in the middle of another edit.
 fn safe_to_apply(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> bool {
     !app.automation_input
         && !app.saving()
@@ -335,6 +373,7 @@ fn safe_to_apply(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> bool {
         && app.ui.direct_selection.drag.is_none()
         && app.ui.corner_radius.is_none()
         && !app.distort.active()
+        && crate::distort_ui::modal_workspace(app).is_none()
         && app.wide_angle.is_none()
         && app.color_range.is_none()
         && app.text_style_preview.is_none()
@@ -379,9 +418,11 @@ pub(crate) fn poll(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
         if !exists {
             continue;
         }
-        if let Some(result) = edit.session.poll() {
+        if let Some(result) = edit.session.poll_vector() {
             match result {
-                Ok(bytes) if bytes.len() <= MAX_SVG_BYTES => edit.saved = Some(bytes),
+                Ok(saved) if saved.bytes.len() <= MAX_SVG_BYTES && saved.preview_svg.as_ref().is_none_or(|svg| svg.len() <= MAX_SVG_BYTES) => {
+                    edit.saved = Some(saved)
+                }
                 Ok(_) => report(app, "The SVG exceeds the 16 MiB editor limit; save a smaller SVG to retry".into()),
                 Err(error) => report(app, error),
             }
@@ -399,16 +440,27 @@ pub(crate) fn poll(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
             && writable_target(app, &edit.target)
             && let Some(bytes) = edit.saved.take()
         {
-            let svg = match String::from_utf8(bytes) {
-                Ok(svg) => svg,
-                Err(_) => {
-                    report(app, "The saved SVG is not UTF-8; save a valid SVG to retry".into());
+            let native = edit.target.extension != "svg";
+            let preview = if native { bytes.preview_svg } else { Some(bytes.bytes.clone()) };
+            let svg = match preview.and_then(|svg| String::from_utf8(svg).ok()) {
+                Some(svg) => svg,
+                None => {
+                    report(app, "The saved vector has no valid display preview; save again to retry".into());
                     app.smart_svg.editing.push(edit);
                     continue;
                 }
             };
-            let params = json!({"document": edit.target.doc.0, "layer": edit.target.layer.0, "svg": svg, "fingerprint": edit.target.fingerprint, "contentsId": edit.target.contents_id});
-            match app.run("layer.smartObjects.updateSvg", params) {
+            let mut params = json!({"document": edit.target.doc.0, "layer": edit.target.layer.0, "fingerprint": edit.target.fingerprint, "contentsId": edit.target.contents_id});
+            let command = if native {
+                params["previewSvg"] = json!(svg);
+                params["sourceBase64"] = json!(base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD.encode(&bytes.bytes));
+                params["extension"] = json!(edit.target.extension);
+                "layer.smartObjects.updateVectorSource"
+            } else {
+                params["svg"] = json!(svg);
+                "layer.smartObjects.updateSvg"
+            };
+            match app.run(command, params) {
                 Ok(result) => {
                     if let Some(fingerprint) = result.get("fingerprint").filter(|v| !v.is_null()) {
                         edit.target.fingerprint = fingerprint.clone();
@@ -419,7 +471,15 @@ pub(crate) fn poll(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
                 }
                 Err(error) => {
                     let stale = error.contains("contents changed") || error.contains("conflicting contents");
-                    report(app, if stale { format!("SVG syncing stopped: {error}") } else { format!("SVG update failed; save again to retry: {error}") });
+                    let kind = if native { "Vector" } else { "SVG" };
+                    report(
+                        app,
+                        if stale {
+                            format!("{kind} syncing stopped: {error}")
+                        } else {
+                            format!("{kind} update failed; change the working file and save to retry: {error}")
+                        },
+                    );
                     if stale {
                         continue;
                     }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/smart_svg_ui/tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/smart_svg_ui/tests.rs
index 843a6664ec..d782f3ac4f 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/smart_svg_ui/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/smart_svg_ui/tests.rs
@@ -20,6 +20,16 @@ impl ExternalSvgSession for TestSession {
     }
 }
 
+struct NativeTestSession(Saves);
+impl ExternalSvgSession for NativeTestSession {
+    fn poll(&mut self) -> Option<Result<Vec<u8>, String>> {
+        self.0.borrow_mut().pop_front()
+    }
+    fn poll_vector(&mut self) -> Option<Result<crate::ExternalVectorSave, String>> {
+        self.poll().map(|r| r.map(|bytes| crate::ExternalVectorSave { bytes, preview_svg: Some(SVG.as_bytes().to_vec()) }))
+    }
+}
+
 fn fixture() -> (PhotocraftApp, Saves, Calls) {
     let saves = Saves::default();
     let calls = Calls::default();
@@ -584,17 +594,17 @@ fn embedded_ai_link_table_handoff_preserves_source_until_saved_and_undo_restores
         assert_eq!(editor, ExternalSvgEditor::VectorCraft);
         assert_eq!(*source.bytes, original);
         assert_eq!(source.extension, "ai");
-        Ok(Box::new(TestSession(queue.clone())))
+        Ok(Box::new(NativeTestSession(queue.clone())))
     }));
     open(&mut app);
     assert!(calls.borrow().is_empty());
     confirm(&mut app).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc, before);
-    saves.borrow_mut().push_back(Ok(SVG.as_bytes().to_vec()));
+    saves.borrow_mut().push_back(Ok(b"%PDF-1.6\nedited native AI".to_vec()));
     poll(&mut app, &egui::Context::default());
     let layer = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap();
     assert!(
-        matches!(&layer.content,LayerContent::Smart(sm) if matches!(&sm.source,SmartSource::Embedded {file_name,bytes} if file_name=="Artwork.svg" && bytes.as_slice()==SVG.as_bytes()))
+        matches!(&layer.content,LayerContent::Smart(sm) if matches!(&sm.source,SmartSource::Embedded {file_name,bytes} if file_name=="Logo.ai" && bytes.as_slice()==b"%PDF-1.6\nedited native AI"))
     );
     assert!(app.session.undo());
     assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc, before);
@@ -629,6 +639,31 @@ fn capture_embedded_vector_conversion_prompt() {
     harness.render().unwrap().save(directory.join("photocraft-embedded-vector-editor-en.png")).unwrap();
 }
 
+/// Filter Gallery owns a document preview even though `distort.active()` excludes it.
+#[test]
+fn saved_changes_wait_for_filter_gallery_and_resume_after_cancel() {
+    let (mut app, saves, _) = fixture();
+    open(&mut app);
+    confirm(&mut app).unwrap();
+    crate::gallery_ui::open(&mut app).unwrap();
+    assert!(app.distort.gallery.is_some());
+    assert!(!app.distort.active());
+    let before = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+    let changed = SVG.replace("red", "blue");
+    saves.borrow_mut().push_back(Ok(changed.as_bytes().to_vec()));
+    let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+    poll(&mut app, &ctx);
+    assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc, before);
+    assert!(app.smart_svg.editing.first().unwrap().saved.is_some());
+    crate::gallery_ui::control(&mut app, &json!({"cancel":true})).unwrap();
+    poll(&mut app, &ctx);
+    assert!(app.smart_svg.editing.first().unwrap().saved.is_none());
+    let state = app.session.active().unwrap();
+    let LayerContent::Smart(smart) = &state.doc.layer(state.active_layer.unwrap()).unwrap().content else { panic!("smart object") };
+    let photocraft_doc::SmartSource::Embedded { bytes, .. } = &smart.source else { panic!("embedded") };
+    assert_eq!(bytes.as_slice(), changed.as_bytes());
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn saved_changes_wait_through_quick_mask_and_resume_without_another_save() {
     let (mut app, saves, _) = fixture();
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/smart_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/smart_ui.rs
index edb4e84b29..0f0c87ad58 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/smart_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/smart_ui.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 //! (eye toggles; double-click a filter to re-open its dialog with the recorded parameters; click
 //! to select one; drag onto another smart object to move it there, ⌥-drag to copy it, #4271;
 //! drag it up or down its own stack to reorder it).
+//! The Smart Filters row carries the filter mask thumbnail: click it to paint the filter mask,
+//! ⌥-click to view it, ⇧-click to disable it (FILE-215-3).
 
 use egui::{Color32, Rect, Sense, Stroke, StrokeKind, pos2, vec2};
 use photocraft_doc::{Document, Layer, LayerContent, LayerId, SmartObject};
@@ -133,7 +135,7 @@ pub fn filter_rows(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, doc: &Document, l
             Some(i) => (filter_label(&sm.smart_filters[i]), sm.smart_filters[i].visible && sm.filters_enabled),
         };
         let eye = Rect::from_center_size(pos2(rect.left() + indent + if index.is_none() { 9.0 } else { 41.0 }, rect.center().y), vec2(18.0, 18.0));
-        let eye_resp = ui.interact(eye, ui.id().with(("sf-eye", l.id.0, index)), Sense::click());
+        let eye_resp = ui.interact(eye, ui.scope_id().with(("sf-eye", l.id.0, index)), Sense::click());
         let shown = match index {
             None => sm.filters_enabled,
             Some(i) => sm.smart_filters[i].visible,
@@ -141,7 +143,7 @@ pub fn filter_rows(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, doc: &Document, l
         if shown {
             icons::paint(ui, eye, "eye", 12.0, if on { t.icon } else { t.text_faint });
         }
-        eye_resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::WidgetType::Checkbox, true, shown, format!("{} {name}", tl!("Visibility"))));
+        eye_resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::CheckBox, true, shown, format!("{} {name}", tl!("Visibility"))));
         if eye_resp.clicked() {
             actions.push(match index {
                 None => ("layer.smartFilter.disableSmartFilters".into(), json!({"layer": l.id.0})),
@@ -169,6 +171,13 @@ pub fn filter_rows(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, doc: &Document, l
                 ui.painter().rect_filled(sw, 0.0, Color32::WHITE);
             }
             ui.painter().rect_stroke(sw, 1.0, Stroke::new(1.0, t.field_border), egui::StrokeKind::Inside);
+            if app.ui.filter_mask_target == Some(l.id.0) && app.filter_mask_targeted() {
+                crate::mask_thumbs_ui::paint_brackets(ui.painter(), sw, t.text);
+            }
+            let sw_resp = ui.interact(sw.expand(2.0), ui.scope_id().with(("sf-mask", l.id.0)), Sense::click());
+            if sw_resp.clicked() {
+                actions.extend(filter_mask_click(l, sm, ui.input(|i| i.modifiers)));
+            }
         }
         let blend = index.map(|_| Rect::from_center_size(pos2(rect.right() - crate::layer_row_ui::RIGHT_PAD - 9.0, rect.center().y), vec2(18.0, 18.0)));
         let right = blend.map_or(rect.right() - crate::layer_row_ui::RIGHT_PAD, |r| r.left() - 4.0);
@@ -186,11 +195,11 @@ pub fn filter_rows(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, doc: &Document, l
         // it does the same, but only the name carries the row's label and selected state.
         let name_resp = index.map(|i| {
             let name_rect = Rect::from_min_max(pos2(x.min(right), rect.top()), pos2(right, rect.bottom()));
-            ui.interact(name_rect, ui.id().with(("sf-name", l.id.0, i)), Sense::click_and_drag())
+            ui.interact(name_rect, ui.scope_id().with(("sf-name", l.id.0, i)), Sense::click_and_drag())
         });
         match &name_resp {
-            Some(r) => r.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::WidgetType::SelectableLabel, true, selected, &name)),
-            None => resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::WidgetType::SelectableLabel, true, selected, &name)),
+            Some(r) => r.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::Button, true, selected, &name)),
+            None => resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::Button, true, selected, &name)),
         }
         let hit = |f: fn(&egui::Response) -> bool| f(&resp) || name_resp.as_ref().is_some_and(f);
         if hit(egui::Response::drag_started) {
@@ -208,10 +217,10 @@ pub fn filter_rows(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, doc: &Document, l
             open_editor(app, ui.ctx(), l.id.0, sm, i);
         }
         if let (Some(i), Some(r)) = (index, blend) {
-            let blend_resp = ui.interact(r, ui.id().with(("sf-blend", l.id.0, i)), Sense::click());
+            let blend_resp = ui.interact(r, ui.scope_id().with(("sf-blend", l.id.0, i)), Sense::click());
             icons::paint(ui, r, "sliders-horizontal", 13.0, if blend_resp.hovered() { t.text } else { t.icon });
             let label = crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("Blending Options ({filter})"), &[("filter", &name)]);
-            blend_resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, &label));
+            blend_resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, &label));
             if blend_resp.double_clicked()
                 && let Err(e) = crate::smart_filter_dialog::open(app, l.id, i)
             {
@@ -220,6 +229,36 @@ pub fn filter_rows(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, doc: &Document, l
             blend_resp.on_hover_text(label);
         }
     }
+    // Every row of `l` is drawn, so a filter of it selected (now, after this pass's clicks) is on
+    // screen: see [`forget_hidden`].
+    if ui.ctx().data(|d| d.get_temp::<FilterDrag>(selected_key(doc.id))).is_some_and(|(layer, _)| layer == l.id.0) {
+        let pass = ui.ctx().cumulative_pass_nr();
+        ui.ctx().data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(drawn_key(doc.id), pass));
+    }
+}
+
+/// What a click on the filter mask thumbnail does: target it for painting (selecting the smart
+/// object), ⌥ view it alone (⇧⌥ as an overlay), ⇧ disable or enable it.
+fn filter_mask_click(l: &Layer, sm: &SmartObject, m: egui::Modifiers) -> Vec<(String, Value)> {
+    let layer = l.id.0;
+    if m.alt {
+        let mode = if m.shift { "toggleOverlay" } else { "toggleGray" };
+        return sm
+            .filter_mask
+            .is_some()
+            .then(|| (photocraft_engine::mask_view_cmds::ID.to_string(), json!({"layer": layer, "mode": mode, "mask": "filter"})))
+            .into_iter()
+            .collect();
+    }
+    if m.shift {
+        return sm
+            .filter_mask
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|f| ("layer.smartFilter.disableFilterMask".to_string(), json!({"layer": layer, "enabled": !f.enabled})))
+            .into_iter()
+            .collect();
+    }
+    vec![("layer.select".into(), json!({"layer": layer})), ("ui.filterMaskTarget".into(), json!(layer))]
 }
 
 /// Smart filter rows being dragged: the smart object and the filter index (`None` = the Smart
@@ -228,20 +267,30 @@ pub(crate) type FilterDrag = (u64, Option<usize>);
 
 /// Memory key of the smart filter row being dragged.
 pub(crate) fn drag_key() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("smart-filter-drag")
+    egui::Id::unique("smart-filter-drag")
 }
 
 /// The selected smart filter row of a document.
 fn selected_key(doc: photocraft_doc::DocId) -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new(("smart-filter-selected", doc))
+    egui::Id::unique(("smart-filter-selected", doc))
 }
 
-/// The selected smart filter row, while its smart object is active and the filter still exists.
+/// The pass in which the selected smart filter row of a document was last drawn.
+fn drawn_key(doc: photocraft_doc::DocId) -> egui::Id {
+    egui::Id::unique(("smart-filter-selected-drawn", doc))
+}
+
+/// The selected smart filter row, while its smart object is active, the filter still exists and
+/// its row is on screen (drawn this pass or the last: the Layers panel may be closed).
 pub(crate) fn selected(ctx: &egui::Context, doc: &Document, active: Option<LayerId>) -> Option<FilterDrag> {
     let (layer, filter) = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<FilterDrag>(selected_key(doc.id)))?;
     if active != Some(LayerId(layer)) {
         return None;
     }
+    let drawn = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<u64>(drawn_key(doc.id)))?;
+    if drawn + 1 < ctx.cumulative_pass_nr() {
+        return None;
+    }
     let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &doc.layer(LayerId(layer))?.content else { return None };
     let exists = match filter {
         Some(i) => i < sm.smart_filters.len(),
@@ -256,6 +305,17 @@ pub(crate) fn deselect(ctx: &egui::Context, doc: photocraft_doc::DocId) {
     ctx.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<FilterDrag>(selected_key(doc)));
 }
 
+/// Forgets the selected smart filter row when the Layers panel didn't draw it this pass (its smart
+/// object is in a closed group, filtered out or isolated away): Delete must never remove a filter
+/// nobody sees highlighted.
+pub(crate) fn forget_hidden(ctx: &egui::Context, doc: photocraft_doc::DocId) {
+    let picked = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<FilterDrag>(selected_key(doc)));
+    let drawn = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<u64>(drawn_key(doc)));
+    if picked.is_some() && drawn != Some(ctx.cumulative_pass_nr()) {
+        deselect(ctx, doc);
+    }
+}
+
 /// While smart filters are dragged: their name by the pointer, and the copy cursor while ⌥ is held.
 pub(crate) fn drag_feedback(ctx: &egui::Context, doc: &Document) {
     let Some((from, filter)) = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<FilterDrag>(drag_key())) else { return };
@@ -351,6 +411,36 @@ pub(crate) fn trash_action((layer, filter): FilterDrag) -> (String, Value) {
     }
 }
 
+/// Delete or Backspace with no modifiers while a filter's row is selected removes that filter (the
+/// Smart Filters row: all of them), as the panel's Delete button does (#4751), instead of
+/// deleting the smart object or reaching Edit › Clear.
+pub(crate) fn keys(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> bool {
+    use crate::shortcut_dispatch::Focus;
+    // Text fields and widgets that delete with these keys themselves keep them (#1534).
+    if app.ui.text_edit.is_some() || matches!(Focus::of(ctx), Focus::Text | Focus::DeletingWidget) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let Some(st) = app.session.active() else { return false };
+    let Some(picked) = selected(ctx, &st.doc, st.active_layer) else { return false };
+    let doc = st.doc.id;
+    // Only where the key would delete the smart object: Quick Mask, a single channel, a targeted
+    // mask or a selection keep their own Delete.
+    if crate::shortcut_dispatch::delete_key_command(app, "edit.clear".into()) != "layer.delete" {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let mods = ctx.input(|i| i.modifiers);
+    if !mods.is_none() || !ctx.input_mut(|i| i.consume_key(mods, egui::Key::Delete) || i.consume_key(mods, egui::Key::Backspace)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let (command, params) = trash_action(picked);
+    deselect(ctx, doc);
+    if let Err(e) = app.run(&command, params) {
+        app.ui.status = e;
+        app.ui.status_error = true;
+    }
+    true
+}
+
 /// Re-opens a smart filter's dialog with its recorded parameters; OK runs
 /// `layer.smartFilter.setParams` instead of adding another filter (see `dialogs::confirm`).
 pub fn open_editor(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, layer: u64, sm: &SmartObject, index: usize) {
@@ -371,6 +461,14 @@ pub fn open_editor(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, layer: u64, sm:
         }
         return;
     }
+    // And Liquify, which re-opens with the filter's recorded strokes.
+    if f.command == photocraft_engine::distort_cmds::LIQUIFY {
+        if let Err(e) = crate::liquify_ui::open_smart_filter(app, ctx, photocraft_doc::LayerId(layer), index) {
+            app.ui.status = e;
+            app.ui.status_error = true;
+        }
+        return;
+    }
     let target = match crate::smart_filter_dialog::target(app, photocraft_doc::LayerId(layer), index) {
         Ok(target) => target,
         Err(e) => {
@@ -470,7 +568,81 @@ mod layer_thumbnail_scaling_tests {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+    use photocraft_engine::Session;
+
     use super::*;
+    use crate::Services;
+
+    fn smart(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> (photocraft_doc::Layer, photocraft_doc::SmartObject) {
+        let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+        let l = st.doc.layer(st.active_layer.unwrap()).unwrap().clone();
+        let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = l.content.clone() else { panic!("not a smart object") };
+        (l, sm)
+    }
+
+    /// FILE-215-3: clicking the filter mask thumbnail targets it, the Brush paints into it (not
+    /// the layer mask, no rasterize prompt), and clicking the layer thumbnail goes back.
+    #[test]
+    fn the_filter_mask_thumbnail_targets_the_filter_mask() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(Session::new(), Services::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 32, "height": 32})).unwrap();
+        app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.run("edit.fill", json!({"contents": "color", "color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+        app.run("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.run("filter.blur.gaussianBlur", json!({"radius": 2})).unwrap();
+        let (l, sm) = smart(&app);
+        let actions = super::filter_mask_click(&l, &sm, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert_eq!(actions.last().unwrap().0, "ui.filterMaskTarget");
+        assert!(super::filter_mask_click(&l, &sm, egui::Modifiers::ALT).is_empty(), "nothing to view yet");
+        app.ui.filter_mask_target = Some(l.id.0);
+        app.sync_views();
+        assert!(app.filter_mask_targeted());
+        assert_eq!(crate::canvas::paint_target(&app), json!("filterMask"));
+        assert_eq!(app.with_mask_target("filter.blur.gaussianBlur", json!({}))["target"], "filterMask");
+        assert!(crate::rasterize_prompt::needed(&app).is_none(), "painting the filter mask needs no rasterizing");
+        app.run(
+            "paint.stroke",
+            json!({"points": [[4, 0], [4, 31]], "size": 4, "hardness": 1, "color": "#000000", "target": crate::canvas::paint_target(&app)}),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let (l, sm) = smart(&app);
+        assert_eq!(sm.filter_mask.as_ref().unwrap().value(4, 16), 0.0);
+        assert!(l.mask.is_none(), "no layer mask");
+        assert_eq!(super::filter_mask_click(&l, &sm, egui::Modifiers::ALT)[0].1["mask"], "filter");
+        // Targeting a layer mask (or the pixels, `ui.maskTarget`) ends it.
+        app.ui.mask_target = true;
+        app.sync_views();
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.filter_mask_target, None, "a layer mask target replaces it");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn selecting_the_filter_mask_replaces_a_layer_mask_view() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(Session::new(), Services::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 32, "height": 32})).unwrap();
+        app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.run("edit.fill", json!({"contents": "color", "color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+        app.run("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.run("filter.blur.gaussianBlur", json!({"radius": 2})).unwrap();
+        app.run("layer.layerMask.revealAll", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.run("view.layerMask", json!({"mode": "gray"})).unwrap();
+        app.sync_mask_targets();
+        assert!(app.layer_mask_targeted());
+        let id = app.session.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        app.select_filter_mask_target(Some(id.0));
+        app.sync_views();
+        assert!(app.filter_mask_targeted());
+        assert!(!app.layer_mask_targeted());
+        assert!(photocraft_engine::mask_view_cmds::current(app.session.active().unwrap()).is_none());
+        app.run("paint.stroke", json!({"points": [[8, 8]], "size": 6, "hardness": 1, "color": "#000000"})).unwrap();
+        let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+        let layer = st.doc.layer(id).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(layer.mask.as_ref().unwrap().value(8, 8), 1.0);
+        let LayerContent::Smart(sm) = &layer.content else { panic!("smart object") };
+        assert_eq!(sm.filter_mask.as_ref().unwrap().value(8, 8), 0.0);
+        app.run("view.layerMask", json!({"mode": "gray", "mask": "filter"})).unwrap();
+        app.select_filter_mask_target(Some(id.0));
+        assert!(photocraft_engine::mask_view_cmds::current(app.session.active().unwrap()).unwrap().filter, "a matching filter-mask view stays open");
+    }
 
     /// A pixel layer, a shape layer and a smart object, in that order.
     fn layers() -> [Layer; 3] {
@@ -629,4 +801,44 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(smart(&app, doc).smart_filters.len(), 1);
         assert!(photocraft_compose::flatten(&shown).px == photocraft_compose::flatten(doc).px, "OK gives what the preview showed");
     }
+
+    /// FILE-215-3: with the filter mask targeted, Move and Edit › Transform act on the smart object
+    /// (no filter-mask target, so a move doesn't re-render the filters), and painting and filters
+    /// still edit the filter mask.
+    #[test]
+    fn only_filter_mask_edits_carry_the_filter_mask_target() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(Session::new(), Services::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 32, "height": 32})).unwrap();
+        app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.run("edit.fill", json!({"contents": "color", "color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+        app.run("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.run("filter.blur.gaussianBlur", json!({"radius": 2})).unwrap();
+        let id = app.session.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        app.select_filter_mask_target(Some(id.0));
+        assert!(app.filter_mask_targeted());
+        for cmd in [
+            "layer.translate",
+            "select.float",
+            "edit.transform.rotate180",
+            "filter.convertForSmartFilters",
+            "image.applyImage",
+            "filter.liquify",
+            "filter.lastFilter",
+            "image.adjustments.desaturate",
+            "filter.render.flame",
+        ] {
+            assert!(app.with_mask_target(cmd, json!({"dx": 1})).get("target").is_none(), "{cmd}");
+        }
+        for cmd in [
+            "paint.stroke",
+            "filter.blur.gaussianBlur",
+            "edit.fill",
+            "edit.paste",
+            "image.adjustments.invert",
+            "image.adjustments.equalize",
+            "filter.blur.average",
+        ] {
+            assert_eq!(app.with_mask_target(cmd, json!({}))["target"], "filterMask", "{cmd}");
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/snap_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/snap_ui.rs
index a76ccaec1a..e19c95a2e7 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/snap_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/snap_ui.rs
@@ -36,6 +36,9 @@ pub enum Gesture {
     DrawMove { rect: [f64; 4] },
     /// A guide being moved with the Move tool.
     Guide,
+    /// Default crop mode, a drag inside an upright box: the image moves under it, so the frame
+    /// moves the other way over the document and its edges and centre snap ([`crop_image`]).
+    CropImage,
 }
 
 /// Snapping state of the drag in progress.
@@ -101,14 +104,30 @@ fn moving_rect(app: &PhotocraftApp, tool: Tool) -> Option<[f64; 4]> {
     union(st.selected_layers().into_iter().filter_map(|id| layer_rect(&st.doc, id)))
 }
 
-/// The selection's bounds where it is shown: moved by its floating piece's offset.
+/// The bounds of the pixels a selection moves, where they are shown: its floating piece's outline
+/// at its offset (#7538), else (nothing cut yet, or a mask or empty piece) the selection's bounds.
 fn selection_rect(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Option<[f64; 4]> {
     let st = app.session.active()?;
-    let (dx, dy) = photocraft_engine::float_cmds::floating(st).map_or((0, 0), |f| f.offset);
-    let r = st.doc.selection.as_ref()?.content_bounds().translate(dx, dy);
+    let sel = st.doc.selection.as_ref()?;
+    let r = match photocraft_engine::float_cmds::floating(st) {
+        Some(f) => f.parts.outline().unwrap_or(sel).content_bounds().translate(f.offset.0, f.offset.1),
+        None => sel.content_bounds(),
+    };
     (!r.is_empty()).then(|| [r.x0, r.y0, r.x1, r.y1].map(f64::from))
 }
 
+/// A press cut the selected pixels after snapping began (`filter_event` runs before the tools):
+/// the move now snaps the cut piece's outline, not the selection it was cut with (#7538).
+pub(crate) fn follow_cut(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
+    let Some(rect) = selection_rect(app) else { return };
+    if let Some(snap) = app.prefs_rt.snap.as_mut() {
+        match &mut snap.gesture {
+            Gesture::Move { rect: r } | Gesture::SelectionMove { rect: r } => *r = rect,
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 fn is_point_tool(t: Tool) -> bool {
     matches!(
         t,
@@ -185,7 +204,9 @@ pub(crate) fn retarget_move(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, p: [f64; 2], mods: egui::Mo
 fn begin(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, p: [f64; 2], mods: egui::Modifiers) {
     app.prefs_rt.snap = None;
     app.prefs_rt.snap_lines.clear();
-    if app.session.active().is_none() {
+    // Puppet Warp's pins and Perspective Warp's quads go where they are dragged, as in Photoshop:
+    // the press is theirs, not the tool's (with the Move tool it took a layer move's Smart Guides).
+    if app.session.active().is_none() || app.distort.active() {
         return;
     }
     // The tool the press acts as: ⌘ makes a painting tool the Move tool, and a selection tool
@@ -222,12 +243,21 @@ fn begin(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, p: [f64; 2], mods: egui::Modifiers) {
         // its edges.
         let gesture = if app.crop.default_frame { Gesture::Point } else { Gesture::Move { rect } };
         Some((gesture, Vec::new()))
+    } else if tool == Tool::Crop
+        && crate::crop_mode::moves_image(app)
+        && !app.crop.default_frame
+        && crate::crop_ui::angle(app) == 0.0
+        && app.ui.crop_rect.is_some_and(|r| crate::crop_ui::hit(r, p, crop_tol) == crate::crop_ui::Hit::Inside)
+    {
+        // The default mode moves the image under an upright box: the frame's edges and centre
+        // snap, as an edited Classic Mode frame's do, so content can be centred in it (#8580).
+        Some((Gesture::CropImage, Vec::new()))
     } else if tool == Tool::Crop
         && (crate::crop_ui::turns_at(app, p)
             || app.ui.crop_rect.is_some_and(|r| crate::crop_ui::hit_turned(r, crate::crop_ui::angle(app), p, crop_tol) == crate::crop_ui::Hit::Inside))
     {
         // Turning the frame, moving a turned one (its edges don't line up with anything), or in
-        // the default mode moving or turning the image under the box: no snapping.
+        // the default mode turning the image or moving it under a turned box: no snapping.
         None
     } else if let Some(cut) = crate::canvas::selection_drag_kind(app, tool, p, mods) {
         // A marquee or lasso inside the selection moves the outline (⌘: cuts its pixels into a
@@ -260,7 +290,11 @@ fn begin(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, p: [f64; 2], mods: egui::Modifiers) {
         // A moving selection never snaps back to where it started.
         targets = targets.filtered(|k| k != SnapKind::Selection);
     }
-    let smart = if snap_on(app) && matches!(gesture, Gesture::Move { .. }) && smart_on(app) { build(app, &exclude, true) } else { SnapTargets::default() };
+    let smart = if snap_on(app) && matches!(gesture, Gesture::Move { .. } | Gesture::CropImage) && smart_on(app) {
+        build(app, &exclude, true)
+    } else {
+        SnapTargets::default()
+    };
     app.prefs_rt.snap = Some(ActiveSnap { gesture, start: p, targets, smart, disabled: false });
 }
 
@@ -288,7 +322,7 @@ fn pixel_round(app: &PhotocraftApp, p: [f64; 2]) -> [f64; 2] {
 fn apply(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, p: [f64; 2], mods: egui::Modifiers) -> [f64; 2] {
     let tol = tolerance(app);
     let Some(snap) = app.prefs_rt.snap.as_ref() else { return p };
-    if snap.disabled {
+    if !snap_on(app) || snap.disabled {
         app.prefs_rt.snap_lines.clear();
         return p;
     }
@@ -308,6 +342,12 @@ fn apply(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, p: [f64; 2], mods: egui::Modifiers) -> [f64; 2
             let (adj, lines) = set.snap_rect(moved, tol);
             ([p[0] + adj[0], p[1] + adj[1]], lines)
         }
+        Gesture::CropImage => {
+            // Smart guides still snap when nothing in View › Snap To is within reach: the
+            // document's bounds alone keep `targets` from ever being empty.
+            let snapped = |set| crop_image(app, p, set, tol).filter(|(_, lines)| !lines.is_empty());
+            snapped(&snap.targets).or_else(|| snapped(&snap.smart)).unwrap_or((p, Vec::new()))
+        }
     };
     app.prefs_rt.snap_lines = lines;
     out
@@ -397,6 +437,22 @@ fn crop_handle(app: &PhotocraftApp, p: [f64; 2], mods: egui::Modifiers, targets:
     Some((view.map_or(q, |view| crate::crop_mode::from_press(app, view, q)), lines))
 }
 
+/// Snap the image being moved under the crop box (default mode): the frame moves by the image's
+/// travel the other way over the document, so its edges and centre snap and the pointer moves by
+/// the frame's correction the other way too (#8580). As `crop_ui` reads this drag, the pointer is
+/// read in the camera at the press, since the view pans with the frame meanwhile.
+fn crop_image(app: &PhotocraftApp, p: [f64; 2], targets: &SnapTargets, tol: f64) -> Option<([f64; 2], Vec<SnapLine>)> {
+    let crate::crop_ui::CropDrag::MoveImage { start, rect, view } = app.crop.drag? else { return None };
+    let q = crate::crop_mode::to_press(app, view, p);
+    let d = [q[0] - start[0], q[1] - start[1]];
+    let (adj, lines) = targets.snap_rect([rect[0] - d[0], rect[1] - d[1], rect[2] - d[0], rect[3] - d[1]], tol);
+    if adj == [0.0, 0.0] {
+        return Some((p, lines));
+    }
+    let q = [q[0] - adj[0], q[1] - adj[1]];
+    Some((view.map_or(q, |view| crate::crop_mode::from_press(app, view, q)), lines))
+}
+
 /// The bounds `[x0, y0, x1, y1]` of what drag `d` draws so far, for the tools whose drag Space
 /// repositions and that snap (`None` for the rest, or a shape still too small to draw).
 fn drawn_rect(app: &PhotocraftApp, d: &crate::canvas::Drag) -> Option<[f64; 4]> {
@@ -567,6 +623,43 @@ mod tests {
         app
     }
 
+    /// #7538: moving selected pixels snaps (and frames) the pixels, not a loose marquee round them.
+    /// Snapping starts before the press cuts them, so the cut retargets it to their outline.
+    #[test]
+    fn moving_selected_pixels_snaps_their_bounds_not_the_marquee() {
+        for alt in [false, true] {
+            let mut app = app_with_box();
+            app.ui.tool = Tool::Move;
+            app.run("select.rect", json!({"x": 20, "y": 20, "width": 100, "height": 90})).unwrap();
+            let m = egui::Modifiers { alt, ..Default::default() };
+            crate::canvas::tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 60.0, y: 60.0, pressure: 1.0 }, m);
+            let gesture = app.prefs_rt.snap.as_ref().map(|s| s.gesture.clone());
+            assert_eq!(gesture, Some(Gesture::Move { rect: [40.0, 40.0, 90.0, 80.0] }), "alt {alt}: the blue box, not the marquee");
+            // 263 px right puts the box's left edge 3 px from the target's (the marquee's 20 px off).
+            crate::canvas::tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Move { x: 323.0, y: 100.0, pressure: 1.0 }, m);
+            crate::canvas::tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 323.0, y: 100.0 }, m);
+            app.run("select.drop", json!({})).unwrap();
+            let sel = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.selection.as_ref().map(|s| s.content_bounds().x0);
+            assert_eq!(sel, Some(300), "alt {alt}: snapped to the target's edge");
+        }
+        // A marquee's ⌘-drag cuts them the same way.
+        let mut app = app_with_box();
+        app.ui.tool = Tool::RectMarquee;
+        app.run("select.rect", json!({"x": 20, "y": 20, "width": 100, "height": 90})).unwrap();
+        let cmd = egui::Modifiers { mac_cmd: true, command: true, ..Default::default() };
+        crate::canvas::tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 60.0, y: 60.0, pressure: 1.0 }, cmd);
+        let gesture = app.prefs_rt.snap.as_ref().map(|s| s.gesture.clone());
+        assert_eq!(gesture, Some(Gesture::SelectionMove { rect: [40.0, 40.0, 90.0, 80.0] }), "⌘-drag with the marquee");
+        // The Background has no transparency to shrink to.
+        let mut app = app_with_box();
+        app.ui.tool = Tool::Move;
+        app.run("layer.select", json!({"name": "Background"})).unwrap();
+        app.run("select.rect", json!({"x": 20, "y": 20, "width": 100, "height": 90})).unwrap();
+        crate::canvas::tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 60.0, y: 60.0, pressure: 1.0 }, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        let gesture = app.prefs_rt.snap.as_ref().map(|s| s.gesture.clone());
+        assert_eq!(gesture, Some(Gesture::Move { rect: [20.0, 20.0, 120.0, 110.0] }), "the Background");
+    }
+
     fn mover_bounds(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> photocraft_geom::Rect {
         let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
         st.doc.layer(st.active_layer.unwrap()).unwrap().surface().unwrap().content_bounds()
@@ -620,6 +713,30 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(app.prefs_rt.snap.is_none());
     }
 
+    /// Puppet Warp's pins go where they are dragged: they don't snap, with View › Snap on or
+    /// off, whatever tool was active when it started. With the Move tool a pin drag took the
+    /// layer move's Smart Guides and jumped to the other layer's edges.
+    #[test]
+    fn puppet_warp_pins_never_snap() {
+        for (tool, snap) in [(Tool::Move, false), (Tool::Move, true), (Tool::RectMarquee, true), (Tool::Brush, false)] {
+            let mut app = app_with_box();
+            app.ui.tool = tool;
+            app.ui.extras.snap = snap;
+            app.ui.view.show.smart_guides = true;
+            app.run("view.newGuide", json!({"orientation": "vertical", "position": 321})).unwrap();
+            let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+            crate::distort_ui::menu(&mut app, &ctx, "edit.puppetWarp", &json!({})).unwrap().unwrap();
+            let m = egui::Modifiers::NONE;
+            crate::canvas::tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 60.0, y: 60.0, pressure: 1.0 }, m);
+            // The mover's left edge 3 px right of the target's, the pin 2 px from the guide.
+            crate::canvas::tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Move { x: 323.0, y: 100.0, pressure: 1.0 }, m);
+            assert!(app.prefs_rt.snap_lines.is_empty(), "{tool:?}, snap {snap}: {:?}", app.prefs_rt.snap_lines);
+            crate::canvas::tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 323.0, y: 100.0 }, m);
+            let pins = &app.distort.puppet.as_ref().unwrap().warp.pins;
+            assert_eq!(pins.iter().map(|p| p.dst).collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec![[323.0, 100.0]], "{tool:?}, snap {snap}");
+        }
+    }
+
     /// ⌘ turns a painting tool, or a marquee outside the selection, into the Move tool for the
     /// drag: it gets the Move tool's box and smart-guide snapping, not the selected tool's.
     #[test]
@@ -705,6 +822,20 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(!override_held(cmd) && override_held(ctrl));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn snap_off_disables_all_snapping_even_with_smart_guides() {
+        let mut app = app_with_box();
+        app.ui.tool = Tool::Move;
+        assert!(app.ui.view.show.smart_guides);
+        app.ui.extras.snap = false;
+        app.ui.tool_options.move_auto_select = false;
+        let m = egui::Modifiers::NONE;
+        crate::canvas::tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 60.0, y: 60.0, pressure: 1.0 }, m);
+        crate::canvas::tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 323.0, y: 100.0 }, m);
+        assert_eq!(mover_bounds(&app).x0, 303);
+        assert!(app.prefs_rt.snap_lines.is_empty());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn marquee_corner_snaps_to_guides_and_document_edges() {
         let mut app = app_with_box();
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/snapshot_dialog.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/snapshot_dialog.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..052b9b4f84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/snapshot_dialog.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+//! History › New Snapshot (⌥-click the History panel's camera button, #2966): Photoshop's dialog
+//! for `history.newSnapshot`, with the snapshot's Name and what it is taken From (the full
+//! document, its layers merged, or only the current layer). The command stays directly callable
+//! with the same params by agents and Actions.
+
+use egui::{Align2, Sense, pos2, vec2};
+use serde_json::{Map, Value, json};
+
+use crate::PhotocraftApp;
+use crate::theme::Tokens;
+
+pub const COMMAND: &str = "history.newSnapshot";
+const MARK: &str = "__newSnapshot";
+
+pub fn owns(fields: &Map<String, Value>) -> bool {
+    fields.contains_key(MARK)
+}
+
+/// Open the dialog on the active document, suggesting the name the camera button would give.
+pub fn open(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> Option<u64> {
+    let name = photocraft_engine::history_cmds::next_snapshot_name(app.session.active()?);
+    let mut f = Map::new();
+    f.insert(MARK.into(), json!(true));
+    f.insert("__command".into(), json!(COMMAND));
+    f.insert("__label".into(), json!("New Snapshot"));
+    f.insert("name".into(), json!(name));
+    f.insert("from".into(), json!("fullDocument"));
+    Some(app.ui.open_dialog(crate::state::DialogKind::Command, f))
+}
+
+pub fn confirm(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, f: &Map<String, Value>) -> Result<Value, String> {
+    app.run(COMMAND, json!({"name": f.get("name"), "from": f.get("from")}))
+}
+
+fn label(ui: &mut egui::Ui, text: &str) {
+    let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
+    let (r, _) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(64.0, 22.0), Sense::hover());
+    ui.painter().text(pos2(r.right() - 6.0, r.center().y), Align2::RIGHT_CENTER, text, egui::FontId::proportional(12.0), t.text_dim);
+}
+
+pub fn body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
+    ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.y = 6.0;
+    ui.horizontal(|ui| {
+        label(ui, tl!("Name:"));
+        let mut name = f.get("name").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or_default().to_string();
+        let r = ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut name).desired_width(260.0));
+        // Opens on the name, selected, so typing replaces it (Photoshop).
+        if !ui.is_sizing_pass() && !f.contains_key("__named") {
+            r.request_focus();
+            if let Some(mut state) = egui::TextEdit::load_state(ui.ctx(), r.id) {
+                let all = egui::text::CCursorRange::two(egui::text::CCursor::new(0), egui::text::CCursor::new(name.chars().count()));
+                state.cursor.set_char_range(Some(all));
+                state.store(ui.ctx(), r.id);
+            }
+            f.insert("__named".into(), json!(true));
+        }
+        f.insert("name".into(), json!(name));
+    });
+    ui.horizontal(|ui| {
+        label(ui, tl!("From:"));
+        let mut from = f.get("from").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("fullDocument").to_string();
+        let opts = [
+            ("fullDocument".to_string(), tl!("Full Document")),
+            ("mergedLayers".to_string(), tl!("Merged Layers")),
+            ("currentLayer".to_string(), tl!("Current Layer")),
+        ];
+        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "new-snapshot-from", tl!("From"), &mut from, &opts, 170.0) {
+            f.insert("from".into(), json!(from));
+        }
+    });
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/stack_dialog.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/stack_dialog.rs
index 8eb8717e80..e500f7191f 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/stack_dialog.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/stack_dialog.rs
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ pub fn body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Valu
             ui.label(tl!("Choose Stack Mode:"));
             let mut mode = f.get("mode").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("median").to_string();
             let options: Vec<_> = photocraft_doc::StackMode::ALL.iter().map(|m| (m.id().to_string(), m.label())).collect();
-            if widgets::dropdown(ui, "statistics-stack-mode", &mut mode, &options, 180.0) {
+            if widgets::dropdown(ui, "statistics-stack-mode", tl!("Mode"), &mut mode, &options, 180.0) {
                 f.insert("mode".into(), json!(mode));
             }
         });
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ pub fn body(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Valu
         ui.label(tl!("Use:"));
         let mut mode = usize::from(folder_mode(f));
         let options = [(0, tl!("Files")), (1, tl!("Folder"))];
-        if widgets::dropdown(ui, "load-stack-use", &mut mode, &options, 120.0) {
+        if widgets::dropdown(ui, "load-stack-use", tl!("Use"), &mut mode, &options, 120.0) {
             f.insert("use".into(), json!(if mode == 1 { "folder" } else { "files" }));
             f.remove("selected");
         }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/state.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/state.rs
index 313186157a..d9bad0e07c 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/state.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/state.rs
@@ -176,6 +176,7 @@ pub enum Tool {
     CloneStamp,
     PatternStamp,
     HistoryBrush,
+    ArtHistoryBrush,
     Blur,
     Sharpen,
     Smudge,
@@ -206,7 +207,7 @@ pub enum Tool {
 }
 
 impl Tool {
-    pub const ALL: [Tool; 67] = [
+    pub const ALL: [Tool; 68] = [
         Tool::Move,
         Tool::Artboard,
         Tool::RectMarquee,
@@ -249,6 +250,7 @@ impl Tool {
         Tool::CloneStamp,
         Tool::PatternStamp,
         Tool::HistoryBrush,
+        Tool::ArtHistoryBrush,
         Tool::Blur,
         Tool::Sharpen,
         Tool::Smudge,
@@ -323,6 +325,7 @@ impl Tool {
             Tool::CloneStamp => "Clone Stamp Tool",
             Tool::PatternStamp => "Pattern Stamp Tool",
             Tool::HistoryBrush => "History Brush Tool",
+            Tool::ArtHistoryBrush => "Art History Brush Tool",
             Tool::Blur => "Blur Tool",
             Tool::Sharpen => "Sharpen Tool",
             Tool::Smudge => "Smudge Tool",
@@ -375,6 +378,7 @@ impl Tool {
                 | Tool::CloneStamp
                 | Tool::PatternStamp
                 | Tool::HistoryBrush
+                | Tool::ArtHistoryBrush
                 | Tool::Blur
                 | Tool::Sharpen
                 | Tool::Smudge
@@ -402,7 +406,7 @@ impl Tool {
             Tool::Zoom => 'Z',
             Tool::Remove | Tool::SpotHealing | Tool::Healing | Tool::Patch | Tool::ContentAwareMove | Tool::RedEye => 'J',
             Tool::CloneStamp | Tool::PatternStamp => 'S',
-            Tool::HistoryBrush => 'Y',
+            Tool::HistoryBrush | Tool::ArtHistoryBrush => 'Y',
             Tool::Blur | Tool::Sharpen | Tool::Smudge => '\0',
             // In the Marquee flyout, but M cycles only the Rectangular and Elliptical Marquee.
             Tool::SingleRowMarquee | Tool::SingleColumnMarquee => '\0',
@@ -556,11 +560,53 @@ pub struct View {
     /// Canvas camera rotation in degrees, wrapped to (−180, 180]. Turns the view, not the pixels.
     #[serde(default)]
     pub rotation: f32,
+    /// Transient presentation state for a discrete zoom command; the target camera above remains
+    /// authoritative and this flag is never persisted.
+    #[serde(skip)]
+    pub(crate) zoom_animating: bool,
+    /// Optional document/screen anchor for a pointer-centred Zoom-tool transition.
+    #[serde(skip)]
+    pub(crate) zoom_anchor: Option<([f64; 2], [f32; 2])>,
+    #[serde(skip)]
+    pub(crate) display_camera: Option<(f32, [f32; 2])>,
+    #[serde(skip)]
+    pub(crate) zoom_transition: Option<ZoomTransition>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub(crate) struct ZoomTransition {
+    pub from: (f32, [f32; 2]),
+    pub target: (f32, [f32; 2]),
+    pub started: f64,
+}
+
+impl View {
+    /// Start a discrete zoom only when Animated Zoom is enabled; otherwise discard the
+    /// presentation camera so the requested camera takes effect immediately.
+    pub(crate) fn request_zoom_animation(&mut self, enabled: bool) {
+        self.zoom_animating = enabled;
+        self.zoom_anchor = None;
+        if !enabled {
+            self.zoom_transition = None;
+            self.display_camera = Some((self.zoom, self.center));
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl Default for View {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        Self { zoom: 1.0, center: [0.0, 0.0], fit_pending: true, fill_pending: false, doc_size: [0, 0], rotation: 0.0 }
+        Self {
+            zoom: 1.0,
+            center: [0.0, 0.0],
+            fit_pending: true,
+            fill_pending: false,
+            doc_size: [0, 0],
+            rotation: 0.0,
+            zoom_animating: false,
+            zoom_anchor: None,
+            display_camera: None,
+            zoom_transition: None,
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -608,12 +654,24 @@ pub struct ToolOptions {
     pub fill_opacity: f32,
     /// Paint Bucket fill source: false = Foreground colour, true = Pattern (Patterns panel selection).
     pub bucket_fill_pattern: bool,
+    /// Paint Bucket › Mode (any layer mode; Clear is `bucket_clear`).
+    pub bucket_blend_mode: photocraft_color::BlendMode,
+    /// Paint Bucket › Mode: Clear, which erases the filled area (see `brush_clear`).
+    pub bucket_clear: bool,
     /// Type tool: family, style name, size (pt), anti-aliasing and paragraph alignment.
     pub type_font: String,
     pub type_style: String,
     pub type_size: f32,
     pub type_aa: String,
     pub type_align: String,
+    /// Character/Paragraph panel defaults beyond the options bar, in `type.setStyle`'s
+    /// parameter format. Kept as overrides so saved engine defaults still supply unset fields.
+    /// OpenType features and variable-font axes are merged per tag/axis.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub type_style_defaults: serde_json::Map<String, serde_json::Value>,
+    /// Type tool: paragraph direction of new type, "auto" (from the first strong character),
+    /// "ltr" or "rtl" (TYPE-218-2).
+    pub type_direction: String,
     /// Clone Stamp / Healing Brush.
     pub clone_aligned: bool,
     /// Pattern Stamp: lock the tile origin in document space across strokes.
@@ -661,6 +719,10 @@ pub struct ToolOptions {
     pub stroke_width: f32,
     #[serde(default)]
     pub shape_stroke: crate::shape_stroke_ui::StrokeOptions,
+    /// Shape tools: the gradient the next shape's fill / stroke takes (the swatches' Gradient
+    /// tab) instead of the foreground / background colour; `None` = the colour.
+    pub shape_fill_gradient: Option<photocraft_doc::Fill>,
+    pub shape_stroke_gradient: Option<photocraft_doc::Fill>,
     pub corner_radius: f32,
     pub polygon_sides: u32,
     pub line_weight: f32,
@@ -682,6 +744,14 @@ pub struct ToolOptions {
     /// picked by right-clicking them); the size itself stays in pixels (#7910).
     #[serde(default = "default_marquee_unit")]
     pub marquee_unit: String,
+    /// Slice tool options bar: the same Styles as the marquee's, with the ratio or the size in px
+    /// (#8360).
+    #[serde(default = "default_marquee_style")]
+    pub slice_style: String,
+    #[serde(default = "one")]
+    pub slice_width: f32,
+    #[serde(default = "one")]
+    pub slice_height: f32,
     /// Move tool: Auto-Select (with "layer" or "group" target) and Show Transform Controls.
     /// Auto-Select is on with the "group" target by default, as in current Photoshop;
     /// ⌘/Ctrl-click inverts it.
@@ -789,6 +859,17 @@ pub struct ToolOptions {
     /// Eyedropper › Show Sampling Ring.
     #[serde(default = "yes")]
     pub eyedropper_ring: bool,
+    /// Art History Brush: dab layout, Area (0–100), Tolerance (0–100).
+    #[serde(default = "default_art_history_style")]
+    pub art_history_style: String,
+    #[serde(default = "fifty")]
+    pub art_history_area: f32,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub art_history_tolerance: f32,
+}
+
+fn default_art_history_style() -> String {
+    "tightMedium".into()
 }
 
 fn yes() -> bool {
@@ -909,11 +990,15 @@ impl Default for ToolOptions {
             gradient_blend_mode: photocraft_color::BlendMode::Normal,
             fill_opacity: 100.0,
             bucket_fill_pattern: false,
+            bucket_blend_mode: photocraft_color::BlendMode::Normal,
+            bucket_clear: false,
             type_font: "Inter".into(),
             type_style: "Regular".into(),
             type_size: 48.0,
             type_aa: "sharp".into(),
             type_align: "left".into(),
+            type_style_defaults: serde_json::Map::new(),
+            type_direction: "auto".into(),
             clone_aligned: true,
             pattern_stamp_aligned: true,
             pattern_stamp_impressionist: false,
@@ -942,6 +1027,8 @@ impl Default for ToolOptions {
             shape_fill: true,
             stroke_width: 0.0,
             shape_stroke: Default::default(),
+            shape_fill_gradient: None,
+            shape_stroke_gradient: None,
             corner_radius: 0.0,
             polygon_sides: 5,
             line_weight: 3.0,
@@ -951,6 +1038,9 @@ impl Default for ToolOptions {
             marquee_width: 1.0,
             marquee_height: 1.0,
             marquee_unit: default_marquee_unit(),
+            slice_style: default_marquee_style(),
+            slice_width: 1.0,
+            slice_height: 1.0,
             move_auto_select: true,
             move_target: default_move_target(),
             move_show_transform: false,
@@ -992,6 +1082,9 @@ impl Default for ToolOptions {
             eyedropper_size: 1,
             eyedropper_sample: default_eyedropper_sample(),
             eyedropper_ring: true,
+            art_history_style: default_art_history_style(),
+            art_history_area: 50.0,
+            art_history_tolerance: 0.0,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -1098,6 +1191,17 @@ pub enum MadeLayer {
     Place,
 }
 
+/// A paragraph-box handle drag: the handle, and the box (text-space) and layer transform as
+/// they were at the press. Every move recomputes from this snapshot, so ⌥ pressed or released
+/// mid-drag mirrors about the centre the box started with — as if it had been held from the
+/// start.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct BoxResize {
+    pub handle: u8,
+    pub shape: [f32; 4],
+    pub aff: photocraft_geom::Affine,
+}
+
 /// In-progress inline type editing (Type tool). Offsets are character indices.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct TextEdit {
@@ -1119,7 +1223,7 @@ pub struct TextEdit {
     pub dragging: bool,
     /// Paragraph-box handle being dragged (0-3 corners from top-left clockwise, 4-7 top/right/bottom/left edges).
     #[serde(skip)]
-    pub resize: Option<u8>,
+    pub resize: Option<BoxResize>,
     /// IME composition in progress: (start, length) in characters. The preedit text lives in the
     /// layer so it lays out like typed text; each IME update replaces it.
     #[serde(skip)]
@@ -1183,27 +1287,106 @@ pub struct DockTabs {
     pub brushes: usize,
 }
 
-/// Sliders under the Color panel's field: hue/saturation/brightness or red/green/blue (#7172).
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
-pub enum ColorPanelSliderMode {
-    #[default]
-    Hsb,
-    Rgb,
-}
-
 /// Color panel state.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-#[serde(default)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", default)]
 pub struct ColorPanelState {
     /// The panel edits the background colour (its chip was clicked), not the foreground.
     pub background: bool,
-    /// Color Picker › Only Web Colors, kept across opens like Photoshop (#4995).
-    #[serde(default)]
+    /// Color Picker › Only Web Colors, kept across opens like Photoshop (#4995). `web_only` is
+    /// its name before the camelCase rename (#6000).
+    #[serde(default, alias = "web_only")]
     pub web_only: bool,
-    /// HSB or RGB sliders under the colour field (#7172).
-    #[serde(default)]
-    pub slider_mode: ColorPanelSliderMode,
+    /// What the panel shows, picked from its panel menu as in Photoshop (#6000).
+    pub mode: ColorPanelMode,
+    /// The colour ramp under the sliders.
+    pub ramp: ColorRamp,
+    /// Make Ramp Web Safe: the ramp shows (and picks) web colours only.
+    pub web_safe_ramp: bool,
+}
+
+/// The Color panel's display, Photoshop's panel menu choices in its order. Hue Cube is
+/// Photoshop's default; the theme never changes it (#6000).
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum ColorPanelMode {
+    #[default]
+    HueCube,
+    BrightnessCube,
+    ColorWheel,
+    GrayscaleSlider,
+    RgbSliders,
+    HsbSliders,
+    CmykSliders,
+    LabSliders,
+    WebColorSliders,
+}
+
+impl ColorPanelMode {
+    /// Every mode, in Photoshop's panel menu order.
+    pub const ALL: [ColorPanelMode; 9] = [
+        ColorPanelMode::HueCube,
+        ColorPanelMode::BrightnessCube,
+        ColorPanelMode::ColorWheel,
+        ColorPanelMode::GrayscaleSlider,
+        ColorPanelMode::RgbSliders,
+        ColorPanelMode::HsbSliders,
+        ColorPanelMode::CmykSliders,
+        ColorPanelMode::LabSliders,
+        ColorPanelMode::WebColorSliders,
+    ];
+
+    /// The panel menu item.
+    pub fn label(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            ColorPanelMode::HueCube => "Hue Cube",
+            ColorPanelMode::BrightnessCube => "Brightness Cube",
+            ColorPanelMode::ColorWheel => "Color Wheel",
+            ColorPanelMode::GrayscaleSlider => "Grayscale Slider",
+            ColorPanelMode::RgbSliders => "RGB Sliders",
+            ColorPanelMode::HsbSliders => "HSB Sliders",
+            ColorPanelMode::CmykSliders => "CMYK Sliders",
+            ColorPanelMode::LabSliders => "Lab Sliders",
+            ColorPanelMode::WebColorSliders => "Web Color Sliders",
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The slider modes, which show the colour ramp under their sliders.
+    pub fn is_sliders(self) -> bool {
+        !matches!(self, ColorPanelMode::HueCube | ColorPanelMode::BrightnessCube | ColorPanelMode::ColorWheel)
+    }
+}
+
+/// The Color panel's colour ramp, from its panel menu (or Shift-click on the ramp to cycle).
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub enum ColorRamp {
+    #[default]
+    RgbSpectrum,
+    CmykSpectrum,
+    GrayscaleRamp,
+    CurrentColors,
+}
+
+impl ColorRamp {
+    /// Every ramp, in Photoshop's panel menu order (also the Shift-click cycle).
+    pub const ALL: [ColorRamp; 4] = [ColorRamp::RgbSpectrum, ColorRamp::CmykSpectrum, ColorRamp::GrayscaleRamp, ColorRamp::CurrentColors];
+
+    /// The panel menu item.
+    pub fn label(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            ColorRamp::RgbSpectrum => "RGB Spectrum",
+            ColorRamp::CmykSpectrum => "CMYK Spectrum",
+            ColorRamp::GrayscaleRamp => "Grayscale Ramp",
+            ColorRamp::CurrentColors => "Current Colors",
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The next ramp in the Shift-click cycle.
+    pub fn next(self) -> ColorRamp {
+        let i = ColorRamp::ALL.iter().position(|r| *r == self).unwrap_or(0);
+        ColorRamp::ALL.get(i + 1).copied().unwrap_or(ColorRamp::RgbSpectrum)
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
@@ -1220,6 +1403,10 @@ pub struct UiState {
     /// Recently opened file paths, most-recent first (File › Open Recent). Capped; de-duplicated.
     #[serde(default)]
     pub recent_files: Vec<String>,
+    /// Recently picked type families, most-recent first (the font menu's Recent group). Capped by
+    /// Preferences ▸ Type ▸ Recent Fonts; de-duplicated.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub recent_fonts: Vec<String>,
     /// Inline type editing session, if any.
     #[serde(default)]
     pub text_edit: Option<TextEdit>,
@@ -1267,6 +1454,11 @@ pub struct UiState {
     /// tools edit it (#196). Never set together with `mask_target`.
     #[serde(default)]
     pub vector_mask_target: bool,
+    /// The smart object (layer id) whose filter mask is targeted (its thumbnail on the Smart
+    /// Filters row clicked): painting, fills, filters and adjustments edit that mask
+    /// (FILE-215-3). Never set together with `mask_target` or `vector_mask_target`.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub filter_mask_target: Option<u64>,
     /// The adjustment or fill layer (id) whose own settings Properties shows although its mask
     /// is targeted: set when that layer is created, as in Photoshop (#3369). Targeting the mask
     /// thumbnail, the layer's pixels or another layer clears it.
@@ -1303,6 +1495,9 @@ pub struct UiState {
     /// Pen path under construction.
     #[serde(default)]
     pub pen: Option<crate::vector_ui::PenPath>,
+    /// The document the pen path is drawn on; switching away commits it to that Work Path.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub pen_doc: Option<photocraft_doc::DocId>,
     #[serde(default)]
     pub stroke_editor: Option<crate::shape_stroke_ui::StrokeEditor>,
     /// Direct Selection tool: selected anchors and the drag in progress (#790).
@@ -1341,6 +1536,10 @@ pub struct UiState {
     /// Preset panels (Gradients, Patterns, Styles, Shapes, Tool Presets, Clone Source).
     #[serde(default)]
     pub presets_ui: crate::preset_panels::PresetUi,
+    /// Save for Web: the preview tab last chosen (`original`, `optimized`, `2up`, `4up`), which the
+    /// dialog reopens on (#9174).
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub web_view: Option<String>,
     /// Character/Paragraph Styles, Glyphs and Check Spelling (see `type_panels_ui`).
     #[serde(default)]
     pub type_panels: crate::type_panels_ui::TypePanelsUi,
@@ -1379,21 +1578,32 @@ pub struct UiState {
     pub dock: crate::dock::DockLayout,
     /// Authoritative custom panel membership and placement; legacy fields are compatibility projections.
     #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub docking: Option<craft_ui::docking::Layout<String>>,
+    pub docking: Option<craft_ui::docking::Workspace<String>>,
+    /// Where each floating panel docks back to.
     #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "std::collections::BTreeMap::is_empty")]
-    pub docking_hidden: std::collections::BTreeMap<String, craft_ui::docking::Location<String>>,
+    pub docking_returns: std::collections::BTreeMap<String, craft_ui::docking::Location<String>>,
     /// Invalidates in-flight gestures when a workspace is replaced.
     #[serde(skip)]
     pub docking_generation: u64,
+    /// The saved `docking`, `dockingReturns` and `dockingCollapsed` of a workspace from a newer
+    /// version, which shows the default layout: saved again unchanged until the layout changes.
+    #[serde(skip)]
+    pub docking_kept: Option<serde_json::Map<String, serde_json::Value>>,
     /// Panels belonging to explicitly collapsed custom tab groups.
     #[serde(default)]
     pub docking_collapsed: Vec<String>,
     /// One-frame focus/raise request from an explicit panel reveal.
     #[serde(skip)]
     pub docking_reveal: Option<String>,
-    /// Which chip the Color panel edits.
+    /// Which chip the Color panel edits, and how it shows the colour.
     #[serde(default)]
     pub color_panel: ColorPanelState,
+    /// Histogram panel options: view, channel, statistics, colours, source.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub histogram_panel: crate::histogram_panel::HistogramPanelState,
+    /// The tonal range dragged across the Histogram panel's graph (its statistics), `[from, to]`.
+    #[serde(default, skip_deserializing)]
+    pub histogram_range: Option<[u8; 2]>,
     /// Brush Settings: selected section (0 = Brush Tip Shape) and tab (0 settings, 1 Brushes).
     #[serde(default)]
     pub brush_section: usize,
@@ -1407,6 +1617,10 @@ pub struct UiState {
     pub selection_mode: u8,
     #[serde(default)]
     pub tool_options: ToolOptions,
+    /// The shape Fill / Stroke swatches' recently used gradients, newest first (the Gradient
+    /// tab's Recent row).
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub recent_gradients: Vec<photocraft_doc::Fill>,
     /// In-progress polygonal lasso vertices (document coordinates).
     #[serde(default)]
     pub polygon: Vec<[f64; 2]>,
@@ -1440,6 +1654,9 @@ pub struct UiState {
     /// Non-blocking notices (import/export warnings, files that couldn't open), newest last.
     #[serde(default)]
     pub notices: Vec<crate::notices::Notice>,
+    /// Non-modal release-check window; readable and controllable through `ui.inspect`/`ui.set`.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub updates_open: bool,
     /// Pending GPU fallback warning, visible to automation.
     #[serde(default)]
     pub gpu_fallback_notice: Option<String>,
@@ -1465,6 +1682,7 @@ impl Default for UiState {
             group_tools: Vec::new(),
             spring: None,
             recent_files: Vec::new(),
+            recent_fonts: Vec::new(),
             text_edit: None,
             caret_blink_time: 0.0,
             text_edit_return_tool: None,
@@ -1477,6 +1695,7 @@ impl Default for UiState {
             layer_picker: None,
             mask_target: false,
             vector_mask_target: false,
+            filter_mask_target: None,
             properties_layer: None,
             brush_picker: None,
             brush_picker_list: crate::brush_picker::list_state(),
@@ -1494,6 +1713,7 @@ impl Default for UiState {
             actions: Default::default(),
             layer_comp_selected: None,
             presets_ui: Default::default(),
+            web_view: None,
             type_panels: Default::default(),
             analysis: Default::default(),
             timeline: Default::default(),
@@ -1503,11 +1723,14 @@ impl Default for UiState {
             shell: Default::default(),
             layer_filter: Vec::new(),
             layers_panel_options: LayersPanelOptions::default(),
+            histogram_panel: Default::default(),
+            histogram_range: None,
             layers_panel_dialog: None,
             layer_filter_by: Default::default(),
             layer_filter_name: String::new(),
             layer_filter_mode: default_layer_filter_mode(),
             pen: None,
+            pen_doc: None,
             stroke_editor: None,
             direct_selection: Default::default(),
             corner_radius: None,
@@ -1522,7 +1745,8 @@ impl Default for UiState {
             dock_tabs: DockTabs::default(),
             dock: Default::default(),
             docking: None,
-            docking_hidden: Default::default(),
+            docking_returns: Default::default(),
+            docking_kept: None,
             docking_generation: 0,
             docking_collapsed: Vec::new(),
             docking_reveal: None,
@@ -1532,6 +1756,7 @@ impl Default for UiState {
             brushes_panel: Default::default(),
             selection_mode: 0,
             tool_options: ToolOptions::default(),
+            recent_gradients: Vec::new(),
             polygon: Vec::new(),
             polygon_mode: String::new(),
             polygon_doc: None,
@@ -1543,6 +1768,7 @@ impl Default for UiState {
             status: String::new(),
             status_error: false,
             notices: Vec::new(),
+            updates_open: false,
             gpu_fallback_notice: None,
             kys_offer: None,
             slow_refresh_noticed: Vec::new(),
@@ -1630,11 +1856,14 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(Tool::from_name("Color Replacement Tool"), Some(Tool::ColorReplacement));
         assert_eq!(Tool::from_name("redEye"), Some(Tool::RedEye));
         assert_eq!(Tool::from_name("Red Eye Tool"), Some(Tool::RedEye));
+        assert_eq!(Tool::from_name("artHistoryBrush"), Some(Tool::ArtHistoryBrush));
+        assert_eq!(Tool::from_name("Art History Brush"), Some(Tool::ArtHistoryBrush));
+        assert_eq!(Tool::from_name("Art History Brush Tool"), Some(Tool::ArtHistoryBrush));
         assert_eq!(Tool::RedEye.key(), 'J');
         assert!(!Tool::RedEye.is_brushlike());
         assert_eq!(Tool::from_name("patternStamp"), Some(Tool::PatternStamp));
         assert_eq!(Tool::from_name("Pattern Stamp Tool"), Some(Tool::PatternStamp));
-        assert_eq!(Tool::ALL.len(), 67);
+        assert_eq!(Tool::ALL.len(), 68);
         assert_eq!(Tool::from_name("Vertical Type Mask Tool"), Some(Tool::VerticalTypeMask));
         assert_eq!(Tool::from_name("addAnchorPoint"), Some(Tool::AddAnchorPoint));
         assert_eq!(Tool::from_name("Delete Anchor Point Tool"), Some(Tool::DeleteAnchorPoint));
@@ -1649,6 +1878,8 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(Tool::from_name("RotateView"), Some(Tool::RotateView));
         assert_eq!(Tool::from_name("Rotate View Tool"), Some(Tool::RotateView));
         assert_eq!(Tool::RotateView.key(), 'R');
+        assert_eq!(Tool::ArtHistoryBrush.key(), 'Y');
+        assert!(Tool::ArtHistoryBrush.is_brushlike());
         assert_eq!(Tool::from_name("nope"), None);
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/status_bar_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/status_bar_tests.rs
index eebd7e84bc..1d42a65560 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/status_bar_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/status_bar_tests.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use crate::theme::{ThemeKind, Tokens};
 const SIZE: egui::Vec2 = vec2(900.0, 200.0);
 
 fn bottom_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("status-bar-test-bottom")
+    egui::Id::unique("status-bar-test-bottom")
 }
 
 fn harness(kind: ThemeKind) -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/stroke_timing_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/stroke_timing_tests.rs
index 88f218c3ba..ac88a6c899 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/stroke_timing_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/stroke_timing_tests.rs
@@ -457,3 +457,101 @@ fn releasing_a_clone_stamp_stroke_commits_what_a_replay_paints() {
     assert_eq!(a.px.len(), b.px.len());
     assert!(a.px.iter().zip(&b.px).all(|(x, y)| x == y), "live commit and replay differ");
 }
+
+/// A Blur, Smudge or Dodge stroke through the canvas: releasing it commits the pixels its live
+/// stroke drew (`Session::offer_live_dab`), which are what replaying the journaled command paints.
+#[test]
+fn releasing_a_sequential_dab_stroke_commits_what_a_replay_paints() {
+    for (tool, cmd) in [(Tool::Blur, "paint.blur"), (Tool::Smudge, "paint.smudge"), (Tool::Dodge, "paint.dodge")] {
+        let setup = |run: &mut dyn FnMut(&str, Value)| {
+            run("tools.setBrush", json!({"brush": {"size": 24, "hardness": 0.2}}));
+            run("paint.stroke", json!({"points": [[10, 20], [190, 80]], "size": 30, "hardness": 0.5, "color": "#2060c0"}));
+        };
+        let mut h = harness();
+        setup(&mut |id, p| {
+            h.state_mut().run(id, p).unwrap();
+        });
+        h.state_mut().ui.tool = tool;
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        move_to(&mut h, 40.0, 30.0);
+        button(&mut h, 40.0, 30.0, true);
+        for (x, y) in [(70.0, 40.0), (100.0, 55.0), (130.0, 50.0), (160.0, 70.0)] {
+            move_to(&mut h, x, y);
+        }
+        assert!(h.state().live_stroke.is_some(), "{cmd}: a live stroke");
+        h.state_mut().retouch_from_live = false;
+        button(&mut h, 160.0, 70.0, false);
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        let app = h.state();
+        assert!(app.retouch_from_live, "{cmd}: the release took the live pixels instead of rendering the stroke again");
+        let (_, p) = app.session.journal.iter().rev().find(|(id, _)| id == cmd).cloned().expect("a committed stroke");
+        let mut fresh = photocraft_engine::Session::new();
+        fresh.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 100, "background": "white"})).unwrap();
+        setup(&mut |id, p| {
+            fresh.execute(id, p).unwrap();
+        });
+        let replayed = fresh.execute(cmd, p).unwrap();
+        assert!(replayed.get("fromLive").is_none());
+        let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+        let a = photocraft_compose::render(&st.doc, st.doc.bounds());
+        let b = photocraft_compose::render(&fresh.active().unwrap().doc, st.doc.bounds());
+        assert_eq!(a.px.len(), b.px.len());
+        assert!(a.px.iter().zip(&b.px).all(|(x, y)| x == y), "{cmd}: live commit and replay differ");
+    }
+}
+
+/// Pressure changes Smudge's painted footprint, but not the square of colour it carries.
+/// Exercise the actual pen → live preview → release handoff → journal replay, then undo/redo.
+#[test]
+fn pressure_sized_smudge_release_matches_replay_and_undo_redo() {
+    use crate::stylus::PenSample;
+
+    let setup = |run: &mut dyn FnMut(&str, Value)| {
+        run("tools.setBrush", json!({"brush": {"size":40,"hardness":0.7,"pressureSize":true,"smoothing":{"amount":0.4}}}));
+        run("paint.stroke", json!({"points":[[10,20],[190,80]],"size":30,"color":"#2060c0"}));
+    };
+    let mut h = harness();
+    h.state_mut().ui.tool = Tool::Smudge;
+    h.run_steps(1);
+    setup(&mut |id, p| {
+        h.state_mut().run(id, p).unwrap();
+    });
+    let before = h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+    h.state_mut().ui.tool_options.strength = 80.0;
+    h.run_steps(1);
+    let pen = |pressure| Some(PenSample { pressure, ..Default::default() });
+    h.state().stylus.feed.set(pen(0.1));
+    move_to(&mut h, 40.0, 30.0);
+    button(&mut h, 40.0, 30.0, true);
+    for (x, y, pressure) in [(65.0, 40.0, 0.4), (100.0, 55.0, 1.0), (140.0, 70.0, 0.7), (60.0, 40.0, 0.2)] {
+        h.state().stylus.feed.set(pen(pressure));
+        move_to(&mut h, x, y);
+    }
+    assert!(h.state().live_stroke.is_some());
+    button(&mut h, 60.0, 40.0, false);
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    assert!(h.state().retouch_from_live, "release must actually reuse the live pixels");
+    let (_, params) = h.state().session.journal.iter().rev().find(|(id, _)| id == "paint.smudge").cloned().unwrap();
+    let points = params["points"].as_array().unwrap();
+    assert!(points.iter().any(|p| p[2].as_f64().unwrap() < 0.2));
+    assert!(points.iter().any(|p| p[2].as_f64().unwrap() > 0.9));
+
+    let mut fresh = photocraft_engine::Session::new();
+    fresh.execute("file.new", json!({"width":200,"height":100,"background":"white"})).unwrap();
+    setup(&mut |id, p| {
+        fresh.execute(id, p).unwrap();
+    });
+    assert_eq!(h.state().session.tools.brush, fresh.tools.brush, "replay uses the Smudge tool's actual brush");
+    assert!(
+        photocraft_compose::render(&before, before.bounds()).px == photocraft_compose::render(&fresh.active().unwrap().doc, before.bounds()).px,
+        "the replay fixture starts with identical pixels"
+    );
+    assert!(fresh.execute("paint.smudge", params).unwrap().get("fromLive").is_none());
+    let committed = h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+    let expected = photocraft_compose::render(&fresh.active().unwrap().doc, committed.bounds());
+    assert!(photocraft_compose::render(&committed, committed.bounds()).px == expected.px, "live commit and replay must paint identical pixels");
+    h.state_mut().run("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc, before);
+    h.state_mut().run("edit.redo", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc, committed);
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/stroke_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/stroke_ui.rs
index e910887fc9..1d37927c81 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/stroke_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/stroke_ui.rs
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ pub fn body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         label(ui, tl!("Width:"));
         let mut width = f.get("width").and_then(Value::as_f64).unwrap_or(1.0) as f32;
-        if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut width, 1.0..=250.0, "px", 84.0).changed() {
+        if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut width, 1.0..=250.0, "px", 84.0).accessible_name(tl!("Width:")).changed() {
             f.insert("width".into(), json!(width.round()));
         }
     });
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ pub fn body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
         label(ui, tl!("Location:"));
         let mut location = f.get("location").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("center").to_string();
         let opts: Vec<(String, &str)> = LOCATIONS.iter().map(|(key, label)| (key.to_string(), tl!(label))).collect();
-        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "stroke-location", &mut location, &opts, 170.0) {
+        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "stroke-location", tl!("Location"), &mut location, &opts, 170.0) {
             f.insert("location".into(), json!(location));
         }
     });
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/stroke_ui_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/stroke_ui_tests.rs
index b79306c3a3..1ef75e4d58 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/stroke_ui_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/stroke_ui_tests.rs
@@ -139,17 +139,6 @@ fn command_params_do_not_leak_private_dialog_fields() {
     assert_eq!(out["color"], "#ff0000");
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn stroke_dialog_labels_are_translated_in_every_catalog() {
-    const LABELS: &[&str] =
-        &["Stroke", "Width:", "Color:", "Location", "Location:", "Inside", "Center", "Outside", "Blending", "Mode:", "Opacity:", "Preserve Transparency"];
-    for lang in crate::i18n::Lang::all().filter(|lang| lang.complete_menus()) {
-        for label in LABELS {
-            assert!(crate::i18n::has(lang, label), "{} is missing Stroke dialog label: {label}", lang.code());
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 /// The Stroke dialog's colour swatch opens PhotoCraft's Color Picker on the stroke colour (as in
 /// Photoshop), not egui's compact popup; OK sets the stroke colour, not the foreground, and the
 /// stroke is drawn in it.
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/swatches_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/swatches_ui.rs
index f39f1688ad..09420d4944 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/swatches_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/swatches_ui.rs
@@ -2,13 +2,15 @@
 //! preset browser: groups with disclosure triangles, a colour grid with name tooltips, a context
 //! menu (Rename, Delete, Move to), and the footer (size · New Group · New Swatch · Delete).
 //!
-//! As in Photoshop, clicking a swatch sets the foreground colour (and recolours selected type);
+//! As in Photoshop, clicking a swatch sets the foreground colour (and recolours selected type or
+//! fills the selected shape layers with a shape, Pen or path selection tool);
 //! Alt- or Ctrl/Cmd-clicking sets the background colour; double-clicking renames it. The
 //! panel menu (the group's "…" button) adds New Swatch, New Group, Import/Replace (`.aco`,
 //! `.act`, `.ase`), Export (`.aco`) and Export for Exchange (`.ase`) and Reset. Every action is a
 //! `swatches.*` engine command; this module only draws and dispatches. Colours are shown in the
 //! RGB working space through `photocraft-cms` (cached per library revision and colour settings).
 
+use std::ffi::OsStr;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use egui::{Color32, CornerRadius, Rect};
@@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ fn c32(c: [f32; 3]) -> Color32 {
 /// Display colours of every swatch, rebuilt when the library or the working spaces change.
 fn colors(app: &PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> Arc<Vec<Vec<Color32>>> {
     let c = &app.session.color.settings;
-    let key = egui::Id::new(("swatch-colors", app.session.presets.rev, &c.working_rgb, &c.working_cmyk, &c.working_gray));
+    let key = egui::Id::unique(("swatch-colors", app.session.presets.rev, &c.working_rgb, &c.working_cmyk, &c.working_gray));
     if let Some(v) = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<Arc<Vec<Vec<Color32>>>>(key)) {
         return v;
     }
@@ -38,10 +40,10 @@ fn colors(app: &PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> Arc<Vec<Vec<Color32>>> {
     let v: Arc<Vec<Vec<Color32>>> = Arc::new(app.session.presets.swatches.iter().map(|g| g.items.iter().map(|s| c32(conv.rgb(&s.color))).collect()).collect());
     ctx.data_mut(|d| {
         // Only the newest table is kept.
-        if let Some(old) = d.get_temp::<egui::Id>(egui::Id::new("swatch-colors-key")) {
+        if let Some(old) = d.get_temp::<egui::Id>(egui::Id::unique("swatch-colors-key")) {
             d.remove::<Arc<Vec<Vec<Color32>>>>(old);
         }
-        d.insert_temp(egui::Id::new("swatch-colors-key"), key);
+        d.insert_temp(egui::Id::unique("swatch-colors-key"), key);
         d.insert_temp(key, v.clone());
     });
     v
@@ -51,8 +53,9 @@ fn colors(app: &PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> Arc<Vec<Vec<Color32>>> {
 pub fn use_swatch(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, name: &str, background: bool) {
     let target = if background { "background" } else { "foreground" };
     if run(app, "swatches.use", json!({"swatch": name, "target": target})).is_some() && !background {
-        // Clicking a swatch while characters are selected recolours them (#364).
-        crate::type_tool::foreground_changed(app);
+        // Clicking a swatch recolours the selected characters (#364), or the selected type and
+        // shape layers whatever the tool, as in Photoshop (#9238).
+        crate::apply_color::swatch_picked(app);
     }
 }
 
@@ -139,7 +142,7 @@ fn new_group(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
 
 /// Command params for a picked file: a real path keeps the journal small; browser files arrive
 /// as bytes.
-fn source(name: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> Value {
+pub(crate) fn source(name: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> Value {
     #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
     if std::path::Path::new(name).is_absolute() && std::path::Path::new(name).is_file() {
         return json!({"path": name});
@@ -155,7 +158,7 @@ pub fn import_bytes(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, name: &str, bytes: &[u8], replace:
     p["mode"] = json!(if replace { "replace" } else { "append" });
     // Bytes without a path (the browser, drag and drop) are sniffed by content, and `.act` has
     // no signature: one starting 00 01 or 00 02 reads as `.aco`. Its file name decides.
-    if std::path::Path::new(name).extension().and_then(|e| e.to_str()).is_some_and(|e| e.eq_ignore_ascii_case("act")) {
+    if std::path::Path::new(name).extension().and_then(OsStr::to_str).is_some_and(|e| e.eq_ignore_ascii_case("act")) {
         p["format"] = json!("act");
     }
     if let Some(stem) = stem {
@@ -290,6 +293,32 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!((r["format"].as_str(), r["count"].as_u64()), (Some("act"), Some(256)));
     }
 
+    /// #5568: clicking a swatch with a shape tool and a shape layer selected fills the shape with it, one undo
+    /// step each, a gradient fill included.
+    #[test]
+    fn swatch_click_fills_the_selected_shape() {
+        use photocraft_doc::{Fill, LayerContent, LayerId};
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 64, "height": 48})).unwrap();
+        let id = LayerId(app.run("shape.create", json!({"rect": [8, 8, 40, 30], "fill": {"gradient": {}}})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap());
+        app.ui.tool = crate::state::Tool::Rectangle;
+        let fill = |app: &PhotocraftApp| match &app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).unwrap().content {
+            LayerContent::Shape(sh) => sh.fill.clone(),
+            _ => panic!("not a shape layer"),
+        };
+        let steps = |app: &PhotocraftApp| app.session.active().unwrap().history.entries().len();
+        let before = steps(&app);
+        let names: Vec<String> = app.session.presets.swatches[0].items.iter().take(2).map(|s| s.name.clone()).collect();
+        use_swatch(&mut app, &names[0], false);
+        let fg = app.session.tools.foreground;
+        assert_eq!(fill(&app), Some(Fill::Solid(photocraft_doc::Color::rgba(fg[0], fg[1], fg[2], 1.0))), "{} filled the shape", names[0]);
+        assert_eq!(steps(&app), before + 1);
+        use_swatch(&mut app, &names[1], false);
+        let fg = app.session.tools.foreground;
+        assert_eq!(fill(&app), Some(Fill::Solid(photocraft_doc::Color::rgba(fg[0], fg[1], fg[2], 1.0))), "{} filled the shape", names[1]);
+        assert_eq!(steps(&app), before + 2, "each swatch click is its own undo step");
+    }
+
     fn click(h: &mut Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, p: egui::Pos2, modifiers: Modifiers) {
         h.hover_at(p);
         // Held modifiers, as when the user holds Alt while clicking.
@@ -460,6 +489,32 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(out[0].1.starts_with(b"ASEF"));
     }
 
+    /// The Linux save dialog shows the export's name without its extension, `Swatches`, and asks
+    /// only about that name. The export adds `.aco`, so with `Swatches.aco` in the folder it asks
+    /// before replacing it.
+    #[test]
+    fn export_asks_before_replacing_the_file_its_added_extension_names() {
+        use crate::file_dialog::FileDialogAnswer;
+        let written: std::rc::Rc<std::cell::RefCell<Vec<String>>> = Default::default();
+        let w = written.clone();
+        let services = crate::Services {
+            file_dialog: Some(crate::file_dialog::fake(vec![Some(FileDialogAnswer::SaveTo("/swatches/Swatches".into()))]).0),
+            write: Some(Box::new(move |p: &str, _: &[u8]| {
+                w.borrow_mut().push(p.to_string());
+                Ok(())
+            })),
+            file_stamp: Some(Box::new(|p: &str| (p == "/swatches/Swatches.aco").then_some(crate::FileStamp { len: 1, modified: None }))),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), services);
+        export_dialog(&mut app, "aco").unwrap();
+        app.poll_file_dialog(&egui::Context::default(), None);
+        let id = app.ui.dialogs.iter().find(|d| crate::replace_prompt::owns(&d.fields)).map(|d| d.id).expect("the export asks first");
+        assert!(written.borrow().is_empty(), "nothing is written before the answer");
+        crate::dialogs::confirm(&mut app, id).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(*written.borrow(), ["/swatches/Swatches.aco"]);
+    }
+
     /// #3658: dragging a group header reorders the folders, and the new order sticks in the UI
     /// state (UI state is serde, so it saves and reloads with the rest of the panel state).
     #[test]
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/symmetry_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/symmetry_ui.rs
index 4ccdc2277c..95e6b61c61 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/symmetry_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/symmetry_ui.rs
@@ -94,12 +94,12 @@ pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) -> bool {
     widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
     let tip = crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("Commit transform ({key})"), &[("key", &crate::shortcuts::pretty("Enter"))]);
     let commit_btn = icons::button(ui, "check", 26.0, false, &tip);
-    commit_btn.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, "Commit transform"));
+    commit_btn.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, "Commit transform"));
     if commit_btn.clicked() {
         commit(app);
     }
     let cancel = icons::button(ui, "ban", 26.0, false, tl!("Cancel transform (Esc)"));
-    cancel.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, "Cancel transform"));
+    cancel.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, "Cancel transform"));
     if cancel.clicked() {
         app.ui.symmetry_transform = None;
     }
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ pub fn track(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
 
 /// Highlight the active mode without reserving a separate checkmark column.
 fn mode_button(ui: &mut egui::Ui, mode: SymmetryMode, checked: bool) -> egui::Response {
-    let icon = ui.id().with((mode.id(), "icon"));
+    let icon = egui::IdSalt::new((mode.id(), "icon"));
     let name = label(mode);
     let b = egui::Button::new((Atom::custom(icon, vec2(16.0, 16.0)), name, Atom::grow())).selected(checked).atom_ui(ui);
     let tint = Tokens::get(ui.ctx()).icon;
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ fn mode_button(ui: &mut egui::Ui, mode: SymmetryMode, checked: bool) -> egui::Re
         };
         icons::paint(ui, r, glyph, 14.0, tint);
     }
-    b.response.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::WidgetType::Button, ui.is_enabled(), checked, name));
+    b.response.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::Button, ui.is_enabled(), checked, name));
     b.response
 }
 pub fn menu(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/symmetry_ui/tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/symmetry_ui/tests.rs
index 9f66449572..bde80224fb 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/symmetry_ui/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/symmetry_ui/tests.rs
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ fn overlays_follow_document_view_transforms_in_every_theme() {
         let xf =
             ViewXform { rect: Rect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, vec2(500.0, 400.0)), zoom: 1.7, center: [50.0, 40.0], rotation: 37.0, flip: true, aspect: 1.0 };
         let mut out = ctx.run_ui(RawInput { screen_rect: Some(xf.rect), ..Default::default() }, |ui| {
-            let painter = ui.ctx().layer_painter(egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Middle, egui::Id::new("symmetry")));
+            let painter = ui.ctx().layer_painter(egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Middle, egui::Id::unique("symmetry")));
             draw(&app, &painter, &xf);
         });
         let lines: Vec<_> =
@@ -184,9 +184,6 @@ fn overlays_follow_document_view_transforms_in_every_theme() {
         }
         out.textures_delta.clear();
     }
-    let de = crate::i18n::Lang::from_code("de").unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(crate::i18n::tr(de, "Dual Axis"), "Duale Achse");
-    assert_eq!(crate::i18n::tr(de, "Transform Symmetry"), "Symmetrie transformieren");
 }
 /// #4495: while the symmetry is transformed the options bar has ✓ and ⊘ (Enter and Esc were the
 /// only ways out), and the canvas shows the move, rotate or arrow cursor instead of the brush.
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/tab_strip.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/tab_strip.rs
index 1419471f1f..728486e973 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/tab_strip.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/tab_strip.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-//! Dock tab strips that fit any width (#151), like Photoshop's: when the tabs don't fit beside
-//! the panel menu button they shrink, eliding their labels with '…', and once they are at their
-//! minimum width the ones that still don't fit move into a » chevron menu at the end of the
-//! strip. The selected tab always stays on the strip, and no tab ever runs under the menu button.
-//! On a reorderable strip a tab dragged along the strip moves to where it is dropped (#2272).
+//! Tab strips that fit any width (#151): when the tabs don't fit beside the panel menu button
+//! they shrink, eliding their labels with '…', and once they are at their minimum width the ones
+//! that still don't fit move into a » chevron menu at the end of the strip. The selected tab
+//! always stays on the strip, and no tab ever runs under the menu button.
 
-use egui::{CornerRadius, Rect, Response, Sense, Stroke, StrokeKind, Ui, pos2, vec2};
+use egui::{Rect, Response, Sense, Stroke, StrokeKind, Ui, pos2, vec2};
 
 use crate::theme::{self, Tokens};
 
@@ -30,26 +29,6 @@ pub enum TabContextAction {
     CloseGroup,
 }
 
-/// What a strip reported this frame.
-pub struct StripOut {
-    /// A tab was activated, including a choice from the overflow menu.
-    pub clicked: bool,
-    pub double_clicked: bool,
-    pub context: Option<TabContextAction>,
-    /// Rects of the tabs on the strip, `(tab index, rect)`.
-    pub tabs: Vec<(usize, Rect)>,
-    pub responses: Vec<(usize, Response)>,
-    /// The » overflow button, when some tabs didn't fit.
-    pub chevron: Option<Rect>,
-    /// A tab was dragged along the strip and dropped: `(tab, before)`, draw `tab` just before
-    /// tab `before` (`None`: last).
-    pub reorder: Option<(usize, Option<usize>)>,
-    /// The index of a tab being dragged away from this strip.
-    pub dragging_out: Option<usize>,
-    /// The index of a tab whose drag ended away from this strip.
-    pub dropped_out: Option<usize>,
-}
-
 /// Width of the » overflow button.
 pub const CHEVRON_W: f32 = 18.0;
 
@@ -66,7 +45,7 @@ pub fn overflow_button(ui: &mut Ui, id: egui::Id, r: Rect, tip: &str, labels: &[
         paint_ui.painter().rect_filled(r.shrink2(vec2(1.0, 3.0)), t.radius_sm, t.hover.gamma_multiply(0.6));
     }
     crate::icons::paint(&paint_ui, r, "chevrons-right", 12.0, if resp.hovered() { t.text } else { t.text_dim });
-    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, ui.is_enabled(), tip));
+    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, ui.is_enabled(), tip));
     let resp = resp.on_hover_text(tip);
     egui::Popup::menu(&resp).show(|ui| {
         ui.set_min_width(140.0);
@@ -93,10 +72,9 @@ fn tabs_in(
     font: egui::FontId,
     pad: f32,
     min_w: f32,
-    reorderable: bool,
     active: impl Fn(usize) -> bool,
     mut paint_tab: impl FnMut(&Ui, Rect, usize, &str, std::sync::Arc<egui::Galley>, &Response, bool),
-) -> StripOut {
+) -> Option<TabContextAction> {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
     // Panel names are English keys; draw them in the UI language.
     let names: Vec<&str> = panel_ids.iter().map(|n| tl!(n)).collect();
@@ -104,20 +82,7 @@ fn tabs_in(
     let natural: Vec<f32> = translated_tabs.iter().map(|n| ui.painter().layout_no_wrap((*n).to_owned(), font.clone(), t.text).size().x + pad).collect();
     let f = fit(&natural, *selected, area.width(), min_w, CHEVRON_W);
     let mut x = area.left();
-    let mut out = StripOut {
-        clicked: false,
-        double_clicked: false,
-        context: None,
-        tabs: Vec::with_capacity(f.shown.len()),
-        responses: Vec::with_capacity(f.shown.len()),
-        chevron: None,
-        reorder: None,
-        dragging_out: None,
-        dropped_out: None,
-    };
-    // Without reordering, drags on a tab fall through to the strip behind it.
-    let sense = if reorderable { Sense::click_and_drag() } else { Sense::click() };
-    let mut drag: Option<(usize, bool)> = None;
+    let mut context = None;
     for &(i, w) in &f.shown {
         let Some(name) = translated_tabs.get(i) else { continue };
         let panel_id = panel_ids[i];
@@ -125,39 +90,27 @@ fn tabs_in(
         // The padding gives way (down to a third) before the label is cut.
         let galley = elided(ui, name, font.clone(), t.text, (w - pad / 3.0).max(1.0));
         let cut = galley.size().x + pad + 0.5 < natural.get(i).copied().unwrap_or(0.0) && galley.size().x + pad / 3.0 >= w - 0.5;
-        let resp = craft_ui::tabs::Tab::new(id.with(("tab", i)), name, i == *selected).sense(sense).focus_stroke(Stroke::new(1.0, t.accent)).show_at(
+        let resp = craft_ui::tabs::Tab::new(id.with(("tab", i)), name, i == *selected).sense(Sense::click()).focus_stroke(Stroke::new(1.0, t.accent)).show_at(
             ui,
             r,
             |ui, resp| paint_tab(ui, r, i, panel_id, galley, resp, active(i)),
         );
         let resp = if cut { resp.on_hover_text(*name) } else { resp };
-        if resp.drag_started() {
-            *selected = i;
-        }
-        if resp.dragged() {
-            drag = Some((i, false));
-        } else if resp.drag_stopped() {
-            drag = Some((i, true));
-        }
-        out.double_clicked |= resp.double_clicked();
         if resp.clicked() {
-            out.clicked = true;
             *selected = i;
         }
-        // The context menu belongs to the actual tab response, so its normal clicks
-        // and double-click-to-collapse behavior are not intercepted by an overlay.
+        // The context menu belongs to the actual tab response, so its clicks are not
+        // intercepted by an overlay.
         resp.context_menu(|ui| {
             if ui.button(tl!("Close")).clicked() {
-                out.context = Some(TabContextAction::Close(i));
+                context = Some(TabContextAction::Close(i));
                 ui.close();
             }
             if ui.button(tl!("Close Tab Group")).clicked() {
-                out.context = Some(TabContextAction::CloseGroup);
+                context = Some(TabContextAction::CloseGroup);
                 ui.close();
             }
         });
-        out.tabs.push((i, r));
-        out.responses.push((i, resp));
         x = r.right();
     }
     if !f.overflow.is_empty() && f.overflow_width > 0.0 {
@@ -165,82 +118,15 @@ fn tabs_in(
         let mut picked = None;
         overflow_button(ui, id.with("tab-overflow"), r, tl!("More panels"), translated_tabs, &f.overflow, None, &mut picked);
         if let Some(i) = picked {
-            out.clicked = true;
             *selected = i;
         }
-        out.chevron = Some(r);
     }
-    if let Some((tab, released)) = drag
-        && let Some(p) = ui.ctx().pointer_interact_pos().or_else(|| ui.ctx().pointer_latest_pos())
-    {
-        match drop_slot(&out.tabs, area, p) {
-            Some(slot) => {
-                ui.ctx().set_cursor_icon(egui::CursorIcon::Grabbing);
-                let before = match out.tabs.get(slot) {
-                    Some((b, _)) => Some(*b),
-                    // After the last tab on the strip: before the first overflowing one, if any.
-                    None => out.tabs.last().map(|(l, _)| l + 1).filter(|b| *b < panel_ids.len()),
-                };
-                if released {
-                    out.reorder = Some((tab, before));
-                } else if let Some((_, r)) = out.tabs.get(slot.min(out.tabs.len().saturating_sub(1))) {
-                    crate::widgets::drop_line(ui, *r, slot >= out.tabs.len(), true, &t);
-                }
-            }
-            None if released => out.dropped_out = Some(tab),
-            None => out.dragging_out = Some(tab),
-        }
-    }
-    out
+    context
 }
 
-/// Where a tab dragged to `p` lands: before the `n`th tab on the strip (`tabs.len()`: after the
-/// last), or `None` once the pointer has left the strip.
-pub fn drop_slot(tabs: &[(usize, Rect)], area: Rect, p: egui::Pos2) -> Option<usize> {
-    if !area.expand2(vec2(24.0, area.height())).contains(p) {
-        return None;
-    }
-    Some(tabs.iter().filter(|(_, r)| r.center().x < p.x).count())
-}
-
-/// Photoshop-grammar strip (Pro themes): flat tabs on the dark strip; `menu_left` is where the
-/// panel menu button starts.
-#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
-pub fn pro_tabs(ui: &mut Ui, id: egui::Id, strip: Rect, menu_left: f32, tabs: &[&str], selected: &mut usize, collapsed: bool, reorderable: bool) -> StripOut {
-    let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
-    let area = Rect::from_min_max(strip.min, pos2(menu_left.max(strip.left()), strip.bottom()));
-    let sel = *selected;
-    tabs_in(
-        ui,
-        id,
-        area,
-        tabs,
-        selected,
-        egui::FontId::proportional(11.5),
-        22.0,
-        40.0,
-        reorderable,
-        |i| i == sel && !collapsed,
-        |ui, r, i, _, galley, resp, active| {
-            if active {
-                ui.painter().rect_filled(r, CornerRadius { nw: if i == 0 { 3 } else { 0 }, ne: 0, sw: 0, se: 0 }, t.card);
-            } else if resp.hovered() {
-                ui.painter().rect_filled(r, 0.0, t.hover.gamma_multiply(0.4));
-            }
-            let color = if active {
-                t.text
-            } else if resp.hovered() {
-                t.text_dim
-            } else {
-                t.text_faint
-            };
-            ui.painter().with_clip_rect(r.intersect(ui.clip_rect())).galley_with_override_text_color(r.center() - galley.size() / 2.0, galley, color);
-        },
-    )
-}
-
-/// Studio strip: pill tabs in `area` (the row minus the menu button).
-pub fn pill_tabs(ui: &mut Ui, id: egui::Id, area: Rect, tabs: &[&str], selected: &mut usize, reorderable: bool) -> StripOut {
+/// Studio strip: pill tabs in `area` (the row minus the menu button). Returns the action chosen
+/// from a tab's context menu.
+pub fn pill_tabs(ui: &mut Ui, id: egui::Id, area: Rect, tabs: &[&str], selected: &mut usize) -> Option<TabContextAction> {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
     let sel = *selected;
     tabs_in(
@@ -252,7 +138,6 @@ pub fn pill_tabs(ui: &mut Ui, id: egui::Id, area: Rect, tabs: &[&str], selected:
         theme::medium(12.5),
         20.0,
         44.0,
-        reorderable,
         |i| i == sel,
         |ui, r, _, _, galley, resp, active| {
             // 2 pt between pills, as the old horizontal layout had.
@@ -322,32 +207,6 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn tiny_panel_strips_keep_tabs_and_overflow_inside_the_available_area() {
-        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
-        crate::PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::Pro);
-        for width in [0.0, 1.0, 5.0, 18.0, 19.0, 80.0, 180.0, 300.0] {
-            let area = Rect::from_min_size(pos2(20.0, 20.0), vec2(width, 26.0));
-            let mut selected = 3;
-            let mut output = ctx.run_ui(egui::RawInput::default(), |ui| {
-                let out =
-                    pro_tabs(ui, ui.id().with("tiny-tabs"), area, area.right(), &["Color", "Swatches", "Gradients", "Patterns"], &mut selected, false, false);
-                assert!(out.tabs.iter().any(|(i, _)| *i == 3));
-                for (_, rect) in &out.tabs {
-                    assert!(rect.left() >= area.left() && rect.right() <= area.right() + 0.001, "{width}: {rect:?}");
-                }
-                if let Some(chevron) = out.chevron {
-                    assert!(chevron.left() >= area.left() && chevron.right() <= area.right() + 0.001, "{width}: {chevron:?}");
-                }
-            });
-            output.textures_delta.clear();
-            assert_eq!(selected, 3);
-            for shape in output.shapes.iter().filter(|s| matches!(s.shape, egui::Shape::Text(_))) {
-                assert!(shape.clip_rect.right() <= area.right() + 0.001, "{width}: text is clipped to its tab");
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     #[test]
     fn overflow_icon_and_hover_paint_stay_inside_a_tiny_button() {
         for scale in [1.0, 2.0] {
@@ -360,7 +219,7 @@ mod tests {
                     let mut picked = None;
                     let input = egui::RawInput { events: vec![egui::Event::PointerMoved(rect.center())], ..Default::default() };
                     let mut output = ctx.run_ui(input, |ui| {
-                        overflow_button(ui, ui.id().with("tiny-overflow"), rect, "More panels", &["Layers"], &[0], None, &mut picked);
+                        overflow_button(ui, ui.scope_id().with("tiny-overflow"), rect, "More panels", &["Layers"], &[0], None, &mut picked);
                     });
                     output.textures_delta.clear();
                     let mut icons = 0;
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/targa_options_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/targa_options_ui.rs
index 5a8b47d589..1c6772dfea 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/targa_options_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/targa_options_ui.rs
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ pub fn bits_param(params: &serde_json::Value, cmd: &str) -> Result<Option<TgaBit
 /// A prompt already waiting is never replaced (a shortcut can still reach Save a Copy).
 pub fn park(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, path: String, copy: bool, record: &'static str) -> Result<(), String> {
     if app.save_options_open() {
-        return Err("Answer the TIFF, Targa or DDS Options before starting another save".into());
+        return Err(crate::SAVE_OPTIONS_OPEN.into());
     }
     let doc = app.active_doc_id()?;
     let bits = app.session.active().map_or(TgaBits::Bits24, |st| photocraft_io::tga_default_bits(&st.doc));
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
     let Some(p) = &mut app.targa_options else { return };
     let (mut ok, mut cancel) = (false, false);
     let mut bits = p.bits;
-    let modal = egui::Modal::new(egui::Id::new("targa-options")).show(ctx, |ui| {
+    let modal = egui::Modal::new(egui::Id::unique("targa-options")).show(ctx, |ui| {
         ui.set_max_width(340.0);
         ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("Targa Options")).font(crate::theme::semibold(15.0)));
         ui.add_space(4.0);
@@ -81,22 +81,10 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
     if ok || (!cancel && ctx.input_mut(|i| i.consume_key(egui::Modifiers::NONE, egui::Key::Enter))) {
         let Some(p) = app.targa_options.take() else { return };
         let settings = ExportSettings { tga_bits: Some(p.bits), ..app.save_settings() };
+        // A plain Save writes whichever file the action is played on (#3531): no path.
         let mut step = if p.record == "file.save" { serde_json::json!({}) } else { serde_json::json!({"path": p.path}) };
         step["tgaBits"] = p.bits.bits().into();
-        let written = app.with_document(p.doc, |app| app.write_document(p.path, &settings, p.copy));
-        if written.is_ok() {
-            // An action being recorded keeps the Save As or Save a Copy with this answer (#2032).
-            app.session.journal.push((p.record.into(), step));
-        }
-        match written {
-            Err(e) => {
-                app.ui.status = crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("Save failed: {error}"), &[("error", &e)]);
-                app.ui.status_error = true;
-            }
-            Ok(Some(_)) if !p.copy => crate::discard_ui::saved_document(app, ctx, p.doc),
-            // A background save releases the close prompt when it finishes (`jobs_ui`).
-            Ok(_) => {}
-        }
+        app.write_answered_save(ctx, p.doc, p.path, &settings, p.copy, (p.record, step));
     } else if cancel {
         app.targa_options = None;
         app.ui.status = tl!("Save cancelled").into();
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/texel_guard.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/texel_guard.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..28bca7c55b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/texel_guard.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+//! Intel Iris Xe on DirectX 12: no egui texture upload carries an all-zero texel, because the
+//! driver shows stale memory where it does (the red blocks in Brush Preset picker strokes and
+//! around tool icons).
+//!
+//! wgpu creates every texture on Iris Xe as a committed resource (its workaround for
+//! gfx-rs/wgpu#3552, where suballocated textures had the same symptom) and, since wgpu added it,
+//! with `D3D12_HEAP_FLAG_CREATE_NOT_ZEROED`. egui-wgpu fills each new texture with one full copy,
+//! so wgpu never clears it first. On this driver the copy leaves 4×4 blocks whose texels are all
+//! (0, 0, 0, 0) showing whatever the memory last held, typically a freed texture's pixels. Blocks
+//! with any other value upload correctly, which is why the garbage sits only in the empty corners
+//! of a thumbnail, never next to what is drawn. It shows up after textures have been freed and
+//! made again: scrolling the picker (stroke previews come and go), switching brush tools (the
+//! options bar and toolbar icons are rasterized again).
+//!
+//! [`TexelGuard`] rewrites fully transparent texels in every upload as premultiplied
+//! (0, 0, 0, 1) before eframe hands the upload to the renderer: alpha 1/255 black, which darkens
+//! what is underneath by less than one 8-bit level. It is installed only on the affected adapter
+//! ([`affected`]); `PHOTOCRAFT_TEXEL_GUARD=1` forces it on (to check it on any GPU) and `=0` off.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use eframe::wgpu;
+use egui::{Color32, FullOutput, ImageData, TexturesDelta};
+
+/// What a fully transparent texel is uploaded as.
+pub const NEAR_CLEAR: Color32 = Color32::from_rgba_premultiplied(0, 0, 0, 1);
+
+/// Whether texture uploads on this adapter need the guard (`env`: `PHOTOCRAFT_TEXEL_GUARD`).
+pub fn affected(info: &wgpu::AdapterInfo, env: Option<&str>) -> bool {
+    match env {
+        Some("1") => true,
+        Some("0") => false,
+        // The same adapter test wgpu uses for its #3552 workaround.
+        _ => info.backend == wgpu::Backend::Dx12 && info.name.contains("Iris(R) Xe"),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Rewrite the fully transparent texels of every upload in `delta` as [`NEAR_CLEAR`]; returns
+/// how many changed. Images without one are not copied.
+pub fn guard(delta: &mut TexturesDelta) -> usize {
+    let mut changed = 0;
+    for d in delta.set.values_mut().flatten() {
+        let ImageData::Color(image) = &mut d.image;
+        if !image.pixels.contains(&Color32::TRANSPARENT) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        for p in &mut Arc::make_mut(image).pixels {
+            if *p == Color32::TRANSPARENT {
+                *p = NEAR_CLEAR;
+                changed += 1;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    changed
+}
+
+/// The egui plugin that runs [`guard`] on each frame's texture uploads.
+pub struct TexelGuard;
+
+impl egui::Plugin for TexelGuard {
+    fn debug_name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        "TexelGuard"
+    }
+
+    fn output_hook(&mut self, _ctx: &egui::Context, output: &mut FullOutput) {
+        guard(&mut output.textures_delta);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Install [`TexelGuard`] on `ctx` when the window's adapter needs it; returns whether it did.
+/// Call once, with the adapter eframe renders the window with.
+pub fn install(ctx: &egui::Context, info: &wgpu::AdapterInfo) -> bool {
+    let on = affected(info, std::env::var("PHOTOCRAFT_TEXEL_GUARD").ok().as_deref());
+    if on && ctx.plugin_opt::<TexelGuard>().is_none() {
+        ctx.add_plugin(TexelGuard);
+        log::info!("texture uploads: transparent texels written as alpha 1/255 ({}, {:?}; gfx-rs/wgpu#3552)", info.name, info.backend);
+    }
+    on
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use egui::epaint::ImageDelta;
+    use egui::{ColorImage, TextureId, TextureOptions};
+
+    fn adapter(name: &str, backend: wgpu::Backend) -> wgpu::AdapterInfo {
+        wgpu::AdapterInfo { name: name.into(), ..wgpu::AdapterInfo::new(wgpu::DeviceType::IntegratedGpu, backend) }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn only_iris_xe_on_dx12_is_affected_unless_forced() {
+        assert!(affected(&adapter("Intel(R) Iris(R) Xe Graphics", wgpu::Backend::Dx12), None));
+        assert!(!affected(&adapter("Intel(R) Iris(R) Xe Graphics", wgpu::Backend::Vulkan), None));
+        assert!(!affected(&adapter("Intel(R) UHD Graphics 620", wgpu::Backend::Dx12), None));
+        assert!(!affected(&adapter("NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4070", wgpu::Backend::Dx12), None));
+        assert!(affected(&adapter("NVIDIA GeForce RTX 4070", wgpu::Backend::Dx12), Some("1")));
+        assert!(!affected(&adapter("Intel(R) Iris(R) Xe Graphics", wgpu::Backend::Dx12), Some("0")));
+        assert!(affected(&adapter("Intel(R) Iris(R) Xe Graphics", wgpu::Backend::Dx12), Some("nonsense")));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn transparent_texels_upload_as_near_clear_and_nothing_else_changes() {
+        // A stroke-strip-like image: mostly transparent, a grey texel and a faint one.
+        let grey = Color32::from_gray(200);
+        let faint = Color32::from_rgba_premultiplied(1, 1, 1, 2);
+        let mut px = vec![Color32::TRANSPARENT; 16];
+        px[5] = grey;
+        px[6] = faint;
+        let strip = Arc::new(ColorImage::new([4, 4], px));
+        let opaque = Arc::new(ColorImage::filled([2, 2], grey));
+        let mut delta = TexturesDelta::default();
+        delta.set.insert(TextureId::Managed(1), [ImageDelta::full(ImageData::Color(strip.clone()), TextureOptions::LINEAR)].into_iter().collect());
+        delta.set.insert(TextureId::Managed(2), [ImageDelta::full(ImageData::Color(opaque.clone()), TextureOptions::LINEAR)].into_iter().collect());
+        // A partial update (the font atlas grows this way) is guarded too.
+        let patch = Arc::new(ColorImage::new([2, 1], vec![Color32::TRANSPARENT, grey]));
+        delta.set.insert(TextureId::Managed(0), [ImageDelta::partial([3, 4], ImageData::Color(patch), TextureOptions::LINEAR)].into_iter().collect());
+
+        assert_eq!(guard(&mut delta), 14 + 1);
+        let image = |id| {
+            let ImageData::Color(i) = &delta.set[&TextureId::Managed(id)][0].image;
+            i.clone()
+        };
+        let s = image(1);
+        assert!(!s.pixels.contains(&Color32::TRANSPARENT));
+        assert_eq!((s.pixels[5], s.pixels[6], s.pixels[0]), (grey, faint, NEAR_CLEAR));
+        // The caller's image is untouched (copy on write), and an image with nothing to change is
+        // not copied at all.
+        assert!(strip.pixels.contains(&Color32::TRANSPARENT));
+        assert!(Arc::ptr_eq(&image(2), &opaque));
+        assert_eq!(image(0).pixels, vec![NEAR_CLEAR, grey]);
+        // Idempotent: a second pass finds nothing.
+        assert_eq!(guard(&mut delta), 0);
+        delta.clear();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn near_clear_is_premultiplied_and_invisible_over_any_background() {
+        // Premultiplied blend: out = src + dst × (1 − a). Over every 8-bit level the result moves
+        // by at most one level.
+        let a = f32::from(NEAR_CLEAR.a()) / 255.0;
+        assert!(NEAR_CLEAR.r() <= NEAR_CLEAR.a() && NEAR_CLEAR.g() <= NEAR_CLEAR.a() && NEAR_CLEAR.b() <= NEAR_CLEAR.a());
+        for dst in 0..=255u8 {
+            let out = (f32::from(NEAR_CLEAR.r()) + f32::from(dst) * (1.0 - a)).round();
+            assert!((f32::from(dst) - out).abs() <= 1.0, "{dst} -> {out}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_plugin_guards_a_frames_uploads() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        ctx.add_plugin(TexelGuard);
+        let mut out = ctx.run_ui(egui::RawInput::default(), |ui| {
+            let img = ColorImage::new([8, 8], vec![Color32::TRANSPARENT; 64]);
+            let tex = ui.ctx().load_texture("texel-guard-test", img, TextureOptions::LINEAR);
+            ui.image((tex.id(), egui::vec2(8.0, 8.0)));
+        });
+        let uploaded: Vec<_> = out
+            .textures_delta
+            .set
+            .values()
+            .flatten()
+            .filter_map(|d| {
+                let ImageData::Color(i) = &d.image;
+                (i.size == [8, 8]).then(|| i.clone())
+            })
+            .collect();
+        assert_eq!(uploaded.len(), 1);
+        assert!(uploaded[0].pixels.iter().all(|p| *p == NEAR_CLEAR));
+        out.textures_delta.clear();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn install_adds_the_plugin_once_and_only_where_needed() {
+        if std::env::var_os("PHOTOCRAFT_TEXEL_GUARD").is_some() {
+            return;
+        }
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        assert!(!install(&ctx, &adapter("Apple M2", wgpu::Backend::Metal)));
+        assert!(ctx.plugin_opt::<TexelGuard>().is_none());
+        let iris = adapter("Intel(R) Iris(R) Xe Graphics", wgpu::Backend::Dx12);
+        assert!(install(&ctx, &iris) && install(&ctx, &iris));
+        assert!(ctx.plugin_opt::<TexelGuard>().is_some());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/text_field_menu.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/text_field_menu.rs
index 6556c68cfc..99499bfd67 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/text_field_menu.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/text_field_menu.rs
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ impl State {
 
 /// The menu's area.
 pub fn menu_id() -> Id {
-    Id::new("text-field-menu")
+    Id::unique("text-field-menu")
 }
 
 /// Is the edit menu open, and on which text field?
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ mod tests {
         let ctx = h.ctx.clone();
         assert!(start_rename(&ctx, layer, "Alpha").is_none());
         h.run_steps(4);
-        (h, Id::new(("layer-rename-field", layer)))
+        (h, Id::unique(("layer-rename-field", layer)))
     }
 
     fn button(h: &mut Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, at: Pos2, button: PointerButton) {
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/theme.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/theme.rs
index ea43401132..b2620ced01 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/theme.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/theme.rs
@@ -113,6 +113,23 @@ impl ThemeKind {
     pub fn is_pro(self) -> bool {
         matches!(self, ThemeKind::Pro | ThemeKind::ProMedium | ThemeKind::ProLightGray | ThemeKind::ProLight)
     }
+    /// Whether this theme belongs to the dark appearance family.
+    pub fn is_dark(self) -> bool {
+        matches!(
+            self,
+            ThemeKind::Studio
+                | ThemeKind::Pro
+                | ThemeKind::ProMedium
+                | ThemeKind::SolarizedDark
+                | ThemeKind::AdwaitaDark
+                | ThemeKind::BreezeDark
+                | ThemeKind::SoftDark
+        )
+    }
+    /// Whether this theme belongs to the light appearance family.
+    pub fn is_light(self) -> bool {
+        !self.is_dark()
+    }
     pub fn next(self) -> Self {
         let i = Self::ALL.iter().position(|k| *k == self).unwrap_or(0);
         Self::ALL[(i + 1) % Self::ALL.len()]
@@ -747,7 +764,7 @@ impl Tokens {
 
     /// Tokens for the active theme (stored in egui's context data by [`apply`]).
     pub fn get(ctx: &egui::Context) -> Tokens {
-        ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<Tokens>(egui::Id::new("photocraft-theme"))).unwrap_or_else(|| Tokens::for_kind(ThemeKind::Studio))
+        ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<Tokens>(egui::Id::unique("photocraft-theme"))).unwrap_or_else(|| Tokens::for_kind(ThemeKind::Studio))
     }
 
     /// Thin RGB outlines; the filled bands use the same hues with subdued coverage.
@@ -822,16 +839,7 @@ impl Tokens {
     }
 
     pub fn dark(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(
-            self.kind,
-            ThemeKind::Studio
-                | ThemeKind::Pro
-                | ThemeKind::ProMedium
-                | ThemeKind::SolarizedDark
-                | ThemeKind::AdwaitaDark
-                | ThemeKind::BreezeDark
-                | ThemeKind::SoftDark
-        )
+        self.kind.is_dark()
     }
 }
 
@@ -864,6 +872,12 @@ pub fn install_fonts_with(ctx: &egui::Context, cjk: crate::cjk_fonts::Sources) {
     if let Some(mono) = mono {
         fonts.families.entry(FontFamily::Monospace).or_default().insert(0, mono);
     }
+    // The optional craft-fonts input carries Japanese, Simplified Chinese, Korean, Arabic, Thai and
+    // other faces. They are not registered into this static stack: `cjk_fonts` installs a
+    // per-character font provider for them, so a broad Simplified Chinese face is not put in the
+    // family stack ahead of the Japanese or Korean face, and a locale without a Traditional Chinese
+    // craft face leaves Han to the system font. (A single linear per-family chain still decides a
+    // glyph once a broad face is discovered; see `cjk_fonts`.)
     // Named weights fall back to the default stack for missing glyphs.
     let fallback: Vec<String> = fonts.families.get(&FontFamily::Proportional).cloned().unwrap_or_default();
     for (fam, primary) in [("medium", medium), ("semibold", semibold)] {
@@ -900,13 +914,18 @@ fn ui_fonts_active(ctx: &egui::Context) -> bool {
 }
 
 fn ui_fonts_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("photocraft-ui-fonts")
+    egui::Id::unique("photocraft-ui-fonts")
 }
 
 fn ui_font_size(ctx: &egui::Context) -> UiFontSize {
     ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<UiFontSize>(ui_fonts_id())).unwrap_or_default()
 }
 
+/// The Interface > UI Font Size multiplier for the current context (including the default Small).
+pub(crate) fn ui_font_scale(ctx: &egui::Context) -> f32 {
+    font_scale(ui_font_size(ctx))
+}
+
 fn font_scale(size: UiFontSize) -> f32 {
     match size {
         UiFontSize::Tiny => 10.0 / 12.0,
@@ -968,6 +987,10 @@ impl egui::Plugin for UiFontSizePlugin {
             Arc::make_mut(data).tweak.scale = original * font_scale(size);
         }
         ctx.set_fonts(fonts);
+        // The provider must use the scale of the definitions that were active while this pass
+        // laid out text. A face it discovers during the pass is inserted at that old scale; after
+        // `set_fonts` the rescaled definitions take effect and the provider follows them.
+        crate::cjk_fonts::set_craft_font_scale(ctx, font_scale(size));
         self.applied = size;
         ctx.request_repaint();
     }
@@ -989,7 +1012,7 @@ pub fn apply(ctx: &egui::Context, kind: ThemeKind) {
     // including when an integration or restored egui state pinned its own theme preference.
     ctx.set_theme(egui::ThemePreference::System);
     let t = Tokens::for_kind(kind);
-    ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(egui::Id::new("photocraft-theme"), t));
+    ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(egui::Id::unique("photocraft-theme"), t));
     let mut v = if t.dark() { Visuals::dark() } else { Visuals::light() };
     v.panel_fill = t.chrome;
     v.window_fill = t.card;
@@ -1123,6 +1146,29 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(ctx.zoom_factor(), 1.0);
     }
 
+    // Regression test for #4630: the stock thin scroll bar fades its handle to the same opacity
+    // as its track while the pointer is on it, so the thumb disappeared when it was grabbed.
+    #[test]
+    fn scrollbar_thumb_stays_more_visible_than_its_track_in_every_theme() {
+        for kind in ThemeKind::ALL {
+            let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+            apply(&ctx, kind);
+            for theme in [egui::Theme::Dark, egui::Theme::Light] {
+                let scroll = ctx.style_of(theme).spacing.scroll;
+                if !scroll.floating {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                assert!(
+                    scroll.interact_handle_opacity > scroll.interact_background_opacity,
+                    "{kind:?}/{theme:?}: handle {} vs track {} under the pointer",
+                    scroll.interact_handle_opacity,
+                    scroll.interact_background_opacity
+                );
+                assert_eq!(scroll.interact_handle_opacity, 1.0, "{kind:?}/{theme:?}: the thumb is opaque under the pointer");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     /// The desktop app installs fonts and loads the saved UI Font Size in its first frame, while
     /// egui's default fonts are still active. Any size but Small then panicked on the next pass
     /// ("FontFamily::Name("medium") is not bound to any fonts") because the plugin rescaled a
@@ -1463,7 +1509,7 @@ pub mod live {
                     super::apply(ctx, kind);
                     let mut t = Tokens::get(ctx);
                     let unknown = apply_overrides(&mut t, &v);
-                    ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(egui::Id::new("photocraft-theme"), t));
+                    ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(egui::Id::unique("photocraft-theme"), t));
                     if !unknown.is_empty() {
                         log::warn!("unknown token keys: {unknown:?}");
                     }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/tiff_options_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/tiff_options_ui.rs
index eed78830a1..b387f1aa41 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/tiff_options_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/tiff_options_ui.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
     let Some(p) = &mut app.tiff_options else { return };
     let (mut ok, mut cancel) = (false, false);
     let (mut discard, mut dont_ask) = (p.discard_layers, p.dont_ask_again);
-    let modal = egui::Modal::new(egui::Id::new("tiff-options")).show(ctx, |ui| {
+    let modal = egui::Modal::new(egui::Id::unique("tiff-options")).show(ctx, |ui| {
         ui.set_max_width(420.0);
         ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("TIFF Options")).font(crate::theme::semibold(15.0)));
         ui.add_space(4.0);
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/tile_overlay.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/tile_overlay.rs
index 731ddc06b8..2afc0c98ef 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/tile_overlay.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/tile_overlay.rs
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ pub fn paint(app: &PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, painter: &Painter, xf: &V
     let Some(st) = app.session.documents().get(idx) else { return };
     let Some(surface) = st.active_layer.and_then(|id| st.doc.layer(id)).and_then(|l| l.surface()) else { return };
     let revision = st.revision;
-    let mem = egui::Id::new(("pc-tile-overlay", st.doc.id.0, st.active_layer.map(|l| l.0)));
+    let mem = egui::Id::unique(("pc-tile-overlay", st.doc.id.0, st.active_layer.map(|l| l.0)));
     let cached = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<Cached>(mem)).filter(|c| c.revision == revision);
     let tiles = match cached {
         Some(c) => c.tiles,
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/titlebar.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/titlebar.rs
index 25b23ee0f6..b7044e4caf 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/titlebar.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/titlebar.rs
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ pub enum CaptionFamily {
 /// The title bar's unused gap, saved by `panels::title_bar` for drags that begin while a modal
 /// backdrop is on top of the normal title-bar widgets.
 pub(crate) fn modal_drag_area_id() -> Id {
-    Id::new(MODAL_DRAG_AREA)
+    Id::unique(MODAL_DRAG_AREA)
 }
 
 /// Restore window dragging over the title bar's empty gap after a modal has blocked the normal
@@ -65,10 +65,10 @@ pub(crate) fn modal_drag_overlay(ctx: &egui::Context) {
     if !area.is_positive() || egui::Popup::is_any_open(ctx) || !crate::dialogs::titlebar_drag_area_is_clear(ctx, area) {
         return;
     }
-    egui::Area::new(Id::new("titlebar-modal-drag-overlay")).order(Order::Tooltip).fixed_pos(area.min).movable(false).sense(Sense::hover()).show(ctx, |ui| {
+    egui::Area::new(Id::unique("titlebar-modal-drag-overlay")).order(Order::Tooltip).fixed_pos(area.min).movable(false).sense(Sense::hover()).show(ctx, |ui| {
         let response = ui.allocate_rect(area, Sense::click_and_drag());
-        if response.drag_started() {
-            ctx.send_viewport_cmd(ViewportCommand::StartDrag);
+        if response.drag_started_by(PointerButton::Primary) {
+            start_os_move(ctx);
         }
         if response.double_clicked() {
             let max = ctx.input(|i| i.viewport().maximized.unwrap_or(false));
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ fn layout(s: &CaptionStyle, bar: Rect, left: f32, right: f32) -> Vec<(Caption, R
 
 /// Caption button ids (stable, so tests and agents can find them).
 fn caption_id(c: Caption) -> Id {
-    Id::new(("titlebar-caption", c as u8))
+    Id::unique(("titlebar-caption", c as u8))
 }
 
 fn maximized(ctx: &egui::Context) -> bool {
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ pub fn caption_buttons(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut Ui, bar: Rect) {
     for (c, r, centre) in layout(&s, bar, bar.left().max(content.left()), bar.right().min(content.right())) {
         let resp = ui.interact(r, caption_id(c), if windows { Sense::click() } else { Sense::click_and_drag() });
         if resp.drag_started_by(PointerButton::Primary) {
-            ui.ctx().send_viewport_cmd(ViewportCommand::StartDrag);
+            start_os_move(ui.ctx());
         }
         let pressed = resp.is_pointer_button_down_on() && resp.hovered();
         if windows {
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ pub fn caption_buttons(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut Ui, bar: Rect) {
             Caption::Maximize => tl!("Maximize"),
             Caption::Close => tl!("Close"),
         };
-        resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, tip));
+        resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, tip));
         if resp.on_hover_text(tip).clicked() {
             clicked = Some(c);
         }
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ fn paint_round(ui: &Ui, t: &Tokens, s: &CaptionStyle, c: Caption, maximized: boo
 /// `icon` from the theme at `px` device pixels, uploaded once per theme and size; `None` (also
 /// remembered) when the theme lacks it or it doesn't render.
 fn theme_icon(ctx: &egui::Context, icons: &CaptionIcons, icon: CaptionIcon, px: u32) -> Option<egui::TextureHandle> {
-    let id = Id::new(("caption-icon", &icons.theme, icon, px));
+    let id = Id::unique(("caption-icon", &icons.theme, icon, px));
     if let Some(cached) = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<Option<egui::TextureHandle>>(id)) {
         return cached;
     }
@@ -465,10 +465,10 @@ fn zones(w: Rect) -> [(Rect, ResizeDirection, CursorIcon); 8] {
 }
 
 fn resize_handed_off_id() -> Id {
-    Id::new("titlebar-resize-handed-off")
+    Id::unique("titlebar-resize-handed-off")
 }
 
-/// An OS resize started at `pass`; `released` is the pass whose input ended the press
+/// An OS resize or move started at `pass`; `released` is the pass whose input ended the press
 /// ([`release_after_os_resize`]).
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
 struct HandOff {
@@ -476,11 +476,26 @@ struct HandOff {
     released: Option<u64>,
 }
 
-/// The compositor takes the button release of an OS resize (KDE Wayland), so egui kept the edge
-/// pressed: the zones stopped hovering until the next click, every other resize (#1581). End the
-/// press ourselves on the input after the hand-off, but only while egui still has it down and this
-/// input brings no release of its own: where the OS does send it (Windows, X11), nothing is added,
-/// so no second release can turn into a click. Call from `raw_input_hook`.
+/// The OS took the press at this pass: [`release_after_os_resize`] ends it on the next input.
+fn hand_off(ctx: &egui::Context) {
+    let pass = ctx.cumulative_pass_nr();
+    ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(resize_handed_off_id(), HandOff { pass, released: None }));
+}
+
+/// Move the window from this press. The window manager takes the press of an OS move as it does
+/// that of a resize and keeps its release, so egui kept the drag: every other move failed, and a
+/// resize right after one (#5725). The same hand-off ends it.
+pub(crate) fn start_os_move(ctx: &egui::Context) {
+    ctx.send_viewport_cmd(ViewportCommand::StartDrag);
+    hand_off(ctx);
+}
+
+/// The compositor takes the button release of an OS resize or move (KDE Wayland, KWin on X11), so
+/// egui kept the edge pressed: the zones stopped hovering until the next click, every other resize
+/// (#1581, and #5725 for moves). End the press ourselves on the input after the hand-off, but only
+/// while egui still has it down and this input brings no release of its own: where the OS does send
+/// it (Windows), nothing is added, so no second release can turn into a click. Call from
+/// `raw_input_hook`.
 pub fn release_after_os_resize(ctx: &egui::Context, raw: &mut egui::RawInput) {
     let Some(h) = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<HandOff>(resize_handed_off_id())) else { return };
     if h.released.is_some() || h.pass >= ctx.cumulative_pass_nr() {
@@ -518,14 +533,13 @@ pub fn resize_zones(ui: &mut Ui) {
         return;
     }
     let w = ctx.content_rect();
-    let layer = LayerId::new(Order::Foreground, Id::new("titlebar-resize"));
+    let layer = LayerId::new(Order::Foreground, Id::unique("titlebar-resize"));
     let zui = ui.new_child(egui::UiBuilder::new().layer_id(layer).max_rect(w));
     for (i, (r, dir, cursor)) in zones(w).into_iter().enumerate() {
-        let resp = zui.interact(r, Id::new(("titlebar-resize", i)), Sense::drag()).on_hover_cursor(cursor);
+        let resp = zui.interact(r, Id::unique(("titlebar-resize", i)), Sense::drag()).on_hover_cursor(cursor);
         if resp.drag_started_by(PointerButton::Primary) {
             ctx.send_viewport_cmd(ViewportCommand::BeginResize(dir));
-            let pass = ctx.cumulative_pass_nr();
-            ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(resize_handed_off_id(), HandOff { pass, released: None }));
+            hand_off(&ctx);
         }
     }
     // After the zones, so its one-frame cursor wins over theirs.
@@ -590,7 +604,7 @@ mod tests {
             let mut out = self.ctx.run_ui(input, |ui| {
                 crate::panels::title_bar(app, ui);
                 if modal {
-                    egui::Modal::new(Id::new("titlebar-drag-test-modal")).backdrop_color(Color32::TRANSPARENT).show(ui.ctx(), |ui| {
+                    egui::Modal::new(Id::unique("titlebar-drag-test-modal")).backdrop_color(Color32::TRANSPARENT).show(ui.ctx(), |ui| {
                         ui.label("Modal dialog");
                     });
                     modal_drag_overlay(ui.ctx());
@@ -608,9 +622,13 @@ mod tests {
         }
 
         fn gesture_with_modal(&mut self, path: &[Pos2], modal: bool) -> Vec<ViewportCommand> {
-            let mut events = vec![vec![Event::PointerMoved(path[0])], vec![button(path[0], true)]];
+            self.gesture_by(path, modal, egui::PointerButton::Primary)
+        }
+
+        fn gesture_by(&mut self, path: &[Pos2], modal: bool, btn: egui::PointerButton) -> Vec<ViewportCommand> {
+            let mut events = vec![vec![Event::PointerMoved(path[0])], vec![button(path[0], true, btn)]];
             events.extend(path[1..].iter().map(|p| vec![Event::PointerMoved(*p)]));
-            events.push(vec![button(*path.last().unwrap_or(&path[0]), false)]);
+            events.push(vec![button(*path.last().unwrap_or(&path[0]), false, btn)]);
             events
                 .into_iter()
                 .flat_map(|e| self.frame_with_modal(e, modal).viewport_output.remove(&ViewportId::ROOT).map(|v| v.commands).unwrap_or_default())
@@ -654,8 +672,8 @@ mod tests {
         v
     }
 
-    fn button(p: Pos2, pressed: bool) -> Event {
-        Event::PointerButton { pos: p, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed, modifiers: Default::default() }
+    fn button(p: Pos2, pressed: bool, button: egui::PointerButton) -> Event {
+        Event::PointerButton { pos: p, button, pressed, modifiers: Default::default() }
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -711,6 +729,25 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(cmds.iter().any(|c| matches!(c, ViewportCommand::Close)), "{cmds:?}");
     }
 
+    /// After the window's GPU device is lost, the prompt asking about unsaved work could never be
+    /// drawn: the close button quits instead of opening it (see `discard_ui::intercept`).
+    #[test]
+    fn close_quits_without_a_prompt_once_the_window_device_is_lost() {
+        let mut w = Win::new(1100.0);
+        w.app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 8, "height": 8})).unwrap();
+        w.app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        w.frame(vec![]);
+        let close = w.caption(Caption::Close).center();
+        let asks = w.click(close);
+        assert!(!asks.iter().any(|c| matches!(c, ViewportCommand::Close)), "a window that can draw asks first: {asks:?}");
+        assert!(w.app.discard.is_some());
+        w.app.discard = None;
+        w.app.window_lost = true;
+        let quits = w.click(close);
+        assert!(quits.iter().any(|c| matches!(c, ViewportCommand::Close)), "{quits:?}");
+        assert!(w.app.discard.is_none(), "no prompt opened");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn minimize_and_maximize_follow_the_window_state() {
         let mut w = Win::new(1100.0);
@@ -758,6 +795,23 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(cmds.iter().filter(|c| matches!(c, ViewportCommand::StartDrag)).count(), 1, "{cmds:?}");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn middle_button_drag_in_the_gap_does_not_start_a_window_drag() {
+        let mut w = Win::new(1440.0);
+        w.frame(vec![]);
+        let empty = pos2(980.0, 16.0);
+        let path = [empty, empty + vec2(12.0, 4.0), empty + vec2(30.0, 8.0)];
+        let cmds = w.gesture_by(&path, false, egui::PointerButton::Middle);
+        assert!(!cmds.iter().any(|c| matches!(c, ViewportCommand::StartDrag)), "{cmds:?}");
+        // An ordinary left drag afterwards still moves the window.
+        let cmds = w.gesture(&path);
+        assert_eq!(cmds.iter().filter(|c| matches!(c, ViewportCommand::StartDrag)).count(), 1, "{cmds:?}");
+        // Same with a modal open (the overlay over the gap).
+        w.frame_with_modal(vec![], true);
+        let cmds = w.gesture_by(&path, true, egui::PointerButton::Middle);
+        assert!(!cmds.iter().any(|c| matches!(c, ViewportCommand::StartDrag)), "{cmds:?}");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn modal_drag_overlay_does_not_cover_a_dialog_moved_into_the_gap() {
         let mut w = Win::new(1440.0);
@@ -765,7 +819,7 @@ mod tests {
         w.frame_with_modal(vec![], true);
         let area = w.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<Rect>(modal_drag_area_id())).unwrap_or(Rect::NOTHING);
         assert!(area.contains(pos2(980.0, 16.0)), "the probe point must be in the gap: {area:?}");
-        w.ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(Id::new("pc-dialog-rects"), vec![area]));
+        w.ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(Id::unique("pc-dialog-rects"), vec![area]));
         let cmds = w.gesture_with_modal(&[area.center(), area.center() + vec2(12.0, 4.0)], true);
         assert!(!cmds.iter().any(|c| matches!(c, ViewportCommand::StartDrag)), "{cmds:?}");
     }
@@ -780,7 +834,7 @@ mod tests {
         let p = pos2(3.0, 300.0);
         // Press and drag; the compositor takes over, so no release ever arrives.
         let mut cmds = vec![];
-        for e in [vec![Event::PointerMoved(p)], vec![button(p, true)], vec![Event::PointerMoved(p + vec2(6.0, 0.0))]] {
+        for e in [vec![Event::PointerMoved(p)], vec![button(p, true, egui::PointerButton::Primary)], vec![Event::PointerMoved(p + vec2(6.0, 0.0))]] {
             cmds.extend(w.frame(e).viewport_output.remove(&ViewportId::ROOT).map(|v| v.commands).unwrap_or_default());
         }
         assert!(cmds.contains(&ViewportCommand::BeginResize(ResizeDirection::West)), "{cmds:?}");
@@ -795,7 +849,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(w.gesture(&[p, p + vec2(6.0, 0.0)]).contains(&ViewportCommand::BeginResize(ResizeDirection::West)));
     }
 
-    /// Where the OS does send the release of a resize (Windows, X11), no second one is added: a
+    /// Where the OS does send the release of a resize (Windows), no second one is added: a
     /// release right after it could count as a click on what lies under the edge.
     #[test]
     fn a_release_the_os_sends_is_not_doubled() {
@@ -803,10 +857,10 @@ mod tests {
         w.frame(vec![]);
         let p = pos2(3.0, 300.0);
         w.frame(vec![Event::PointerMoved(p)]);
-        w.frame(vec![button(p, true)]);
+        w.frame(vec![button(p, true, egui::PointerButton::Primary)]);
         w.frame(vec![Event::PointerMoved(p + vec2(6.0, 0.0))]);
         // The release arrives with the next input.
-        let mut raw = RawInput { events: vec![button(p + vec2(6.0, 0.0), false)], ..Default::default() };
+        let mut raw = RawInput { events: vec![button(p + vec2(6.0, 0.0), false, egui::PointerButton::Primary)], ..Default::default() };
         release_after_os_resize(&w.ctx, &mut raw);
         assert_eq!(raw.events.len(), 1, "{:?}", raw.events);
         // Or it already arrived in an earlier input: egui has the button up, nothing to end.
@@ -818,6 +872,31 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(raw.events.is_empty(), "{:?}", raw.events);
     }
 
+    /// #5725: the window manager keeps the button release of an OS move just as of a resize, so
+    /// egui kept the drag: every other move of the window failed, and so did a resize right after one.
+    #[test]
+    fn after_an_os_move_the_bar_and_the_edges_take_the_next_press() {
+        /// Press and drag along `path`; the window manager takes over, so no release ever arrives.
+        fn handed_off(w: &mut Win, path: &[Pos2]) -> Vec<ViewportCommand> {
+            let mut events = vec![vec![Event::PointerMoved(path[0])], vec![button(path[0], true, egui::PointerButton::Primary)]];
+            events.extend(path[1..].iter().map(|p| vec![Event::PointerMoved(*p)]));
+            events.push(vec![]);
+            events.into_iter().flat_map(|e| w.frame(e).viewport_output.remove(&ViewportId::ROOT).map(|v| v.commands).unwrap_or_default()).collect()
+        }
+        let moves = |cmds: &[ViewportCommand]| cmds.iter().filter(|c| matches!(c, ViewportCommand::StartDrag)).count();
+        let mut w = Win::new(1440.0);
+        w.frame(vec![]);
+        let empty = pos2(980.0, 16.0);
+        assert!(w.bar_widgets().iter().all(|r| !r.contains(empty)), "the probe point must be empty bar space");
+        let drag = [empty, empty + vec2(12.0, 4.0), empty + vec2(30.0, 8.0)];
+        assert_eq!(moves(&handed_off(&mut w, &drag)), 1);
+        assert!(!w.ctx.input(|i| i.pointer.primary_down()), "the press ends with the hand-off");
+        assert_eq!(moves(&w.gesture(&drag)), 1, "the next move");
+        assert_eq!(moves(&handed_off(&mut w, &drag)), 1);
+        let edge = pos2(3.0, 300.0);
+        assert!(w.gesture(&[edge, edge + vec2(6.0, 0.0)]).contains(&ViewportCommand::BeginResize(ResizeDirection::West)), "a resize after a move");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn edge_zones_resize_unless_maximized() {
         use ResizeDirection::*;
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/tone.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/tone.rs
index f02c108dbb..1c9aad9091 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/tone.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/tone.rs
@@ -1,34 +1,41 @@
 //! Histograms for the tone editors (Levels, Curves, Threshold) and the Histogram panel.
 //!
-//! The adjustment editors themselves live in `adjust_editors`; this module computes and caches
-//! the histograms they draw behind their controls, in the channels of the adjustment's space
-//! (RGB, CMYK ink brightness, Lab), and draws them.
+//! The adjustment editors themselves live in `adjust_editors` and the panel in `histogram_panel`;
+//! this module computes and caches the histograms they draw, in the channels of the adjustment's
+//! space (RGB, CMYK ink brightness, Lab), and draws them.
 
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use egui::{Color32, Rect, Sense, vec2};
+use egui::{Color32, Rect};
 use photocraft_doc::adjust::ToneSpace;
 use photocraft_doc::{Document, Layer, LayerId};
 
 use crate::PhotocraftApp;
 use crate::theme::Tokens;
 
-const CHANNELS: [(&str, &str); 4] = [("rgb", "RGB"), ("red", "Red"), ("green", "Green"), ("blue", "Blue")];
-
 static EMPTY: [u32; 256] = [0; 256];
 
-/// 256-bin histograms: the composite then one per channel of the space (RGB: luminosity, R, G, B;
-/// CMYK: composite, C, M, Y, K as channel brightness; Lab: L, a, b). `tag` identifies what they
-/// were computed from (see [`HistSource`]).
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
+/// 256-bin histograms: the composite then one per channel of the space (RGB: the channel mean,
+/// R, G, B; CMYK: composite, C, M, Y, K as channel brightness; Lab: L, a, b). `tag` identifies
+/// what they were computed from (see [`HistSource`]).
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct Histograms {
     pub tag: u64,
     pub ch: Vec<[u32; 256]>,
+    /// Luminosity of the composite (0.30 R + 0.59 G + 0.11 B), whatever the space;
+    /// empty for a gray plane's.
+    pub lum: [u32; 256],
     /// Photoshop's histogram cache level of a composite histogram: 1 when every document pixel
     /// was counted, `n` when a proxy 2^(n-1) times smaller stood in; 0 for a gray plane's.
     pub level: u32,
 }
 
+impl Default for Histograms {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self { tag: 0, ch: Vec::new(), lum: [0; 256], level: 0 }
+    }
+}
+
 impl std::ops::Index<usize> for Histograms {
     type Output = [u32; 256];
     fn index(&self, i: usize) -> &[u32; 256] {
@@ -46,9 +53,18 @@ pub enum HistSource {
     /// The gray plane a Curves target edits: a layer mask, a saved channel or the Quick Mask.
     /// The dialog shows this plane's own levels, not the colour layers beneath (#5335).
     Channel { layer: LayerId, surface: photocraft_engine::channel_cmds::GraySurface },
+    /// A layer and everything beneath it, the layers above hidden (the Histogram panel's
+    /// Adjustment Composite: what an adjustment layer outputs).
+    UpTo(LayerId),
 }
 
-fn tag(source: HistSource, space: ToneSpace) -> u64 {
+/// The whole composited image (the Histogram panel's Entire Image).
+pub const IMAGE: HistSource = HistSource::BelowLayer(LayerId(u64::MAX));
+
+/// The highest histogram cache level: a proxy 2^7 = 128 times smaller.
+pub const MAX_CACHE_LEVEL: u32 = 8;
+
+pub(crate) fn tag(source: HistSource, space: ToneSpace) -> u64 {
     let (k, id) = match source {
         HistSource::BelowLayer(l) => (1u64, l.0),
         HistSource::Layer(l) => (2, l.0),
@@ -56,7 +72,9 @@ fn tag(source: HistSource, space: ToneSpace) -> u64 {
             photocraft_engine::channel_cmds::GraySurface::LayerMask => (3, layer.0),
             photocraft_engine::channel_cmds::GraySurface::Alpha(i) => (4, i as u64),
             photocraft_engine::channel_cmds::GraySurface::QuickMask => (5, layer.0),
+            photocraft_engine::channel_cmds::GraySurface::FilterMask => (6, layer.0),
         },
+        HistSource::UpTo(l) => (7, l.0),
     };
     let s = match space {
         ToneSpace::Rgb => 0u64,
@@ -77,9 +95,31 @@ fn isolate(layers: &mut [Layer], id: LayerId) -> bool {
     found
 }
 
-/// Histograms of `doc` as seen by `source`, in the channels of `space`.
+/// Hides every layer composited above `id` (later siblings, and the later siblings of each group
+/// holding it). Returns whether `id` is in `layers`.
+fn hide_above(layers: &mut [Layer], id: LayerId) -> bool {
+    let mut found = false;
+    for l in layers.iter_mut() {
+        if found {
+            l.visible = false;
+        } else if l.id == id || l.children_mut().is_some_and(|c| hide_above(c, id)) {
+            found = true;
+        }
+    }
+    found
+}
+
+/// Histograms of `doc` as seen by `source`, in the channels of `space`, at whatever cache level
+/// the document's size calls for (up to [`MAX_CACHE_LEVEL`]).
 pub fn compute_histograms(doc: &Document, source: HistSource, space: ToneSpace) -> Histograms {
+    compute_histograms_at(doc, source, space, MAX_CACHE_LEVEL)
+}
+
+/// [`compute_histograms`] at cache level `max_level` or below (Preferences › Performance › Cache
+/// Levels; 1 counts every pixel, the Histogram panel's Uncached Refresh).
+pub fn compute_histograms_at(doc: &Document, source: HistSource, space: ToneSpace, max_level: u32) -> Histograms {
     let mut level = 0;
+    let mut lum = [0u32; 256];
     let mut h = vec![
         [0u32; 256];
         match space {
@@ -96,6 +136,9 @@ pub fn compute_histograms(doc: &Document, source: HistSource, space: ToneSpace)
                 photocraft_engine::channel_cmds::GraySurface::LayerMask => doc.layer(layer).and_then(|l| l.mask.as_ref()).map(|m| &m.surface),
                 photocraft_engine::channel_cmds::GraySurface::Alpha(i) => doc.channels.get(i).map(|c| &c.surface),
                 photocraft_engine::channel_cmds::GraySurface::QuickMask => doc.quick_mask.as_ref().map(|c| &c.surface),
+                photocraft_engine::channel_cmds::GraySurface::FilterMask => {
+                    doc.layer(layer).and_then(|l| photocraft_engine::mask_view_cmds::viewed_mask(l, true)).map(|m| &m.surface)
+                }
             };
             if let Some(s) = surf
                 && let Some(bin) = h.first_mut()
@@ -103,16 +146,45 @@ pub fn compute_histograms(doc: &Document, source: HistSource, space: ToneSpace)
                 *bin = gray_bins(s, doc.bounds());
             }
         }
-        HistSource::BelowLayer(_) | HistSource::Layer(_) => {
-            level = composite_bins(doc, source, space, &mut h);
+        HistSource::BelowLayer(_) | HistSource::Layer(_) | HistSource::UpTo(_) => {
+            // Luminosity rides along as one more histogram after the space's channels.
+            h.push([0; 256]);
+            level = composite_bins(doc, source, space, max_level, &mut h);
+            if let Some(l) = h.pop() {
+                lum = l;
+            }
         }
     }
-    Histograms { tag: tag(source, space), ch: h, level }
+    Histograms { tag: tag(source, space), ch: h, lum, level }
 }
 
-/// Bins of the composited image below (`BelowLayer`) or of one layer alone (`Layer`), in `space`.
-/// Returns the cache level counted: 1 when every document pixel was counted, higher when a
-/// downsampled proxy stood in (like Photoshop's histogram cache levels).
+/// The largest document counted pixel by pixel at the automatic cache level. The web build counts
+/// on the UI thread (it has no worker threads), so it reduces documents a quarter that size.
+fn exact_limit() -> u64 {
+    if cfg!(target_arch = "wasm32") { photocraft_compose::PROXY_THUMBNAIL_PIXELS / 4 } else { photocraft_compose::PROXY_THUMBNAIL_PIXELS }
+}
+
+/// The cache level a histogram of `doc` is counted at: 1 (every pixel) up to the size a proxy
+/// would stand in for, else the level whose 2^(n-1) reduction leaves about 768 pixels on the
+/// longest side, at most `max_level` (clamped to 1..=[`MAX_CACHE_LEVEL`]).
+pub fn cache_level(doc: &Document, max_level: u32) -> u32 {
+    let longest = doc.size.width.max(doc.size.height);
+    let k = longest / 768;
+    let auto = if k >= 2 && doc.size.area() > exact_limit() && photocraft_compose::proxy::proxy_faithful(doc) { k.next_power_of_two().ilog2() + 1 } else { 1 };
+    auto.min(max_level.clamp(1, MAX_CACHE_LEVEL))
+}
+
+/// How many times smaller the proxy counted at `level` (> 1) is: about 768 pixels on the longest
+/// side (as at the automatic level), or 2^(level-1) when Cache Levels caps the level below that.
+fn proxy_factor(doc: &Document, level: u32) -> u32 {
+    let k = doc.size.width.max(doc.size.height) / 768;
+    k.min(1 << (level.clamp(1, MAX_CACHE_LEVEL) - 1)).max(1)
+}
+
+/// Bins of the composited image below (`BelowLayer`), up to (`UpTo`) or of one layer alone
+/// (`Layer`), in `space`, then luminosity in the last of `h`. Returns the cache level counted
+/// (see [`cache_level`]): 1 when every document pixel was counted, higher when a downsampled proxy
+/// stood in (like Photoshop's histogram cache levels).
 ///
 /// The pixels are counted as they are, never blended: an area-averaged thumbnail invented greys
 /// that aren't in the image wherever an edge fell inside one of its cells (#6538). Documents up to
@@ -120,7 +192,7 @@ pub fn compute_histograms(doc: &Document, source: HistSource, space: ToneSpace)
 /// composited in bands and counted exactly, which costs what the thumbnail did (it reduced the
 /// same full composite). Larger ones count a nearest-neighbour proxy composite of about the old
 /// thumbnail's work: it only holds values the layers have.
-fn composite_bins(doc: &Document, source: HistSource, space: ToneSpace, h: &mut [[u32; 256]]) -> u32 {
+fn composite_bins(doc: &Document, source: HistSource, space: ToneSpace, max_level: u32, h: &mut [[u32; 256]]) -> u32 {
     let mut d = doc.clone();
     match source {
         HistSource::BelowLayer(hide) => {
@@ -131,15 +203,13 @@ fn composite_bins(doc: &Document, source: HistSource, space: ToneSpace, h: &mut
         HistSource::Layer(id) => {
             isolate(&mut d.layers, id);
         }
+        HistSource::UpTo(id) => {
+            hide_above(&mut d.layers, id);
+        }
         HistSource::Channel { .. } => {}
     }
-    let longest = d.size.width.max(d.size.height);
-    let k = longest / 768;
-    let (d, level) = if k >= 2 && d.size.area() > photocraft_compose::PROXY_THUMBNAIL_PIXELS && photocraft_compose::proxy::proxy_faithful(&d) {
-        (photocraft_compose::proxy::proxy_document(&d, k), k.next_power_of_two().ilog2() + 1)
-    } else {
-        (d, 1)
-    };
+    let level = cache_level(&d, max_level);
+    let d = if level > 1 { photocraft_compose::proxy::proxy_document(&d, proxy_factor(&d, level)) } else { d };
     let _ = photocraft_compose::render_bands(&d, d.bounds(), 0, |band| -> Result<(), ()> {
         #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
         let part = {
@@ -180,10 +250,18 @@ fn add_bins(mut a: Vec<[u32; 256]>, b: Vec<[u32; 256]>) -> Vec<[u32; 256]> {
     a
 }
 
-/// Counts straight-alpha composite pixels into `h` (one histogram per channel of `space`);
-/// transparent pixels are skipped.
+/// Luminosity weights (the Histogram panel's Luminosity channel).
+pub const LUMINOSITY: [f32; 3] = [0.30, 0.59, 0.11];
+
+/// Counts straight-alpha composite pixels into `h` (one histogram per channel of `space`, then
+/// luminosity when `h` has room for it); transparent pixels are skipped.
 fn count_pixels(px: &[[f32; 4]], space: ToneSpace, h: &mut [[u32; 256]]) {
     let bin = |v: f32| (v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 255.0).round() as usize;
+    let lum_at = match space {
+        ToneSpace::Rgb => 4,
+        ToneSpace::Cmyk => 5,
+        ToneSpace::Lab => 3,
+    };
     let mut add = |c: usize, b: usize| {
         if let Some(n) = h.get_mut(c).and_then(|ch| ch.get_mut(b)) {
             *n = n.saturating_add(1);
@@ -194,6 +272,8 @@ fn count_pixels(px: &[[f32; 4]], space: ToneSpace, h: &mut [[u32; 256]]) {
         if p[3].is_nan() || p[3] <= 0.0 {
             continue;
         }
+        let rgb = [p[0], p[1], p[2]].map(|v| v.clamp(0.0, 1.0));
+        add(lum_at, bin(rgb.iter().zip(LUMINOSITY).map(|(v, w)| v * w).sum()));
         match space {
             ToneSpace::Rgb => {
                 let q = [p[0], p[1], p[2]].map(bin);
@@ -246,7 +326,7 @@ pub fn histograms(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, source: HistSource, space: ToneSpace)
     let (doc_id, rev) = (st.doc.id, st.revision);
     let want = tag(source, space);
     let layer = match source {
-        HistSource::BelowLayer(l) | HistSource::Layer(l) => l,
+        HistSource::BelowLayer(l) | HistSource::Layer(l) | HistSource::UpTo(l) => l,
         HistSource::Channel { layer, .. } => layer,
     };
     let pixels_kept = view_only(st);
@@ -268,7 +348,7 @@ pub fn histograms(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, source: HistSource, space: ToneSpace)
 
 /// Whether the latest revision changed no pixels (selecting a layer, say): cached histograms of
 /// the previous revision still hold (#125).
-fn view_only(st: &photocraft_engine::DocState) -> bool {
+pub(crate) fn view_only(st: &photocraft_engine::DocState) -> bool {
     st.last_damage.is_some_and(|r| r.is_empty())
 }
 
@@ -331,134 +411,6 @@ pub fn channel_color(name: &str, t: &Tokens) -> Color32 {
     }
 }
 
-fn channel_picker(ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: egui::Id, label: &str) -> usize {
-    let mut ch: usize = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp(id)).unwrap_or(0);
-    ui.horizontal(|ui| {
-        let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
-        ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!(&label)).color(t.text_dim).size(12.0));
-        let opts: Vec<(usize, &str)> = CHANNELS.iter().enumerate().map(|(i, (_, l))| (i, *l)).collect();
-        crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("{id:?}-ch"), &mut ch, &opts, 110.0);
-    });
-    ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(id, ch));
-    ch
-}
-
-// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Histogram panel
-
-/// Histogram panel (Window › Histogram): whole-image histogram with Photoshop's statistics.
-/// Recomputed at most every 250 ms while the document keeps changing (e.g. during painting).
-pub fn histogram_panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
-    let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
-    let Some(st) = app.session.active() else {
-        ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("No document")).color(t.text_faint));
-        return;
-    };
-    let (doc_id, rev) = (st.doc.id, st.revision);
-    let now = crate::gpu_canvas::now_ms();
-    if view_only(st)
-        && let Some((d, r, _, _)) = app.doc_hist.as_mut()
-        && *d == doc_id
-        && *r + 1 == rev
-    {
-        *r = rev;
-    }
-    let stale = !matches!(&app.doc_hist, Some((d, r, _, _)) if *d == doc_id && *r == rev);
-    let due = app.doc_hist.as_ref().is_none_or(|(d, _, at, _)| *d != doc_id || now - at > 250.0);
-    if stale && due {
-        // Computed off the UI thread (doc clone + proxy + pixel counts cost tens of ms on
-        // large documents): the panel keeps showing the previous histogram with the existing
-        // "cached data" warning until the worker delivers.
-        let pending = app.hist_job.as_ref().is_some_and(|(d, r, _)| *d == doc_id && *r == rev);
-        if !pending {
-            let (tx, rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
-            // No threads on the web (and a spawn can fail natively): compute inline then, and
-            // deliver through the same channel so one receive path lands both.
-            #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-            let spawned = {
-                let doc = st.doc.clone();
-                let tx = tx.clone();
-                let ctx = ui.ctx().clone();
-                std::thread::Builder::new()
-                    .name("histogram".into())
-                    .spawn(move || {
-                        let t0 = crate::gpu_canvas::now_ms();
-                        let h = Arc::new(compute_histograms(&doc, HistSource::BelowLayer(LayerId(u64::MAX)), ToneSpace::Rgb));
-                        let _ = tx.send((doc.id, crate::gpu_canvas::now_ms() - t0, h));
-                        ctx.request_repaint();
-                    })
-                    .is_ok()
-            };
-            #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
-            let spawned = false;
-            if !spawned {
-                let t0 = crate::gpu_canvas::now_ms();
-                let h = Arc::new(compute_histograms(&st.doc, HistSource::BelowLayer(LayerId(u64::MAX)), ToneSpace::Rgb));
-                let _ = tx.send((doc_id, crate::gpu_canvas::now_ms() - t0, h));
-            }
-            app.hist_job = Some((doc_id, rev, rx));
-        }
-    } else if stale {
-        ui.ctx().request_repaint_after(std::time::Duration::from_millis(260));
-    }
-    // A finished worker lands its histogram; the revision check keeps a stale result from
-    // overwriting a newer one. A worker that died without sending clears the job so the next
-    // frame schedules a new one.
-    if let Some((jd, jr, rx)) = &app.hist_job {
-        match rx.try_recv() {
-            Ok((_, ms, h)) => {
-                app.perf.span("histogram", ms);
-                if *jd == doc_id {
-                    app.doc_hist = Some((doc_id, *jr, crate::gpu_canvas::now_ms(), h));
-                }
-                app.hist_job = None;
-            }
-            Err(std::sync::mpsc::TryRecvError::Disconnected) => app.hist_job = None,
-            Err(std::sync::mpsc::TryRecvError::Empty) => {}
-        }
-    }
-    let Some((_, _, _, h)) = app.doc_hist.clone() else { return };
-    // 1 when the statistics count every pixel; higher when a downsampled proxy stood in.
-    let level = h.level.max(1);
-    let ch = channel_picker(ui, egui::Id::new("histogram-panel-ch"), "Channel:");
-    let w = ui.available_width();
-    let (r, _) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(w, 100.0), Sense::hover());
-    let p = ui.painter_at(r);
-    p.rect_filled(r, 0.0, t.field);
-    let color = if ch == 0 { Color32::from_gray(if t.pro { 190 } else { 70 }) } else { channel_color(CHANNELS[ch.min(3)].0, &t) };
-    draw_histogram(&p, r, &h[ch], color);
-    if stale {
-        // Photoshop's "cached data" warning triangle while the histogram lags the image.
-        crate::icons::paint(ui, Rect::from_min_size(r.right_top() + vec2(-18.0, 2.0), vec2(16.0, 16.0)), "triangle-alert", 12.0, t.warning);
-    }
-    let hist = &h[ch];
-    let n: u64 = hist.iter().map(|v| *v as u64).sum();
-    if n == 0 {
-        return;
-    }
-    let mean = hist.iter().enumerate().map(|(i, v)| i as f64 * *v as f64).sum::<f64>() / n as f64;
-    let var = hist.iter().enumerate().map(|(i, v)| (i as f64 - mean).powi(2) * *v as f64).sum::<f64>() / n as f64;
-    let mut acc = 0u64;
-    let median = hist.iter().position(|v| {
-        acc += *v as u64;
-        acc * 2 >= n
-    });
-    ui.add_space(4.0);
-    egui::Grid::new("hist-stats").num_columns(2).spacing(vec2(12.0, 2.0)).show(ui, |ui| {
-        for (k, v) in [
-            (tl!("Mean:"), format!("{mean:.2}")),
-            (tl!("Std Dev:"), format!("{:.2}", var.sqrt())),
-            (tl!("Median:"), median.unwrap_or(0).to_string()),
-            (tl!("Pixels:"), n.to_string()),
-            (tl!("Cache Level:"), level.to_string()),
-        ] {
-            ui.label(egui::RichText::new(k).color(t.text_dim).size(11.5));
-            ui.label(egui::RichText::new(v).font(crate::theme::mono(11.5)).color(t.text));
-            ui.end_row();
-        }
-    });
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
@@ -523,6 +475,21 @@ mod tests {
             tag(HistSource::Channel { layer, surface: GraySurface::LayerMask }, ToneSpace::Rgb)
         );
         assert_ne!(tag(HistSource::Channel { layer, surface: GraySurface::LayerMask }, ToneSpace::Rgb), tag(HistSource::Layer(layer), ToneSpace::Rgb));
+        // Every source of one layer has its own tag (the filter mask and the Adjustment
+        // Composite once shared one).
+        let sources = [
+            HistSource::BelowLayer(layer),
+            HistSource::Layer(layer),
+            HistSource::UpTo(layer),
+            HistSource::Channel { layer, surface: GraySurface::LayerMask },
+            HistSource::Channel { layer, surface: GraySurface::QuickMask },
+            HistSource::Channel { layer, surface: GraySurface::FilterMask },
+        ];
+        for (i, a) in sources.iter().enumerate() {
+            for b in &sources[i + 1..] {
+                assert_ne!(tag(*a, ToneSpace::Rgb), tag(*b, ToneSpace::Rgb), "{a:?} and {b:?}");
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     /// #6574: bar heights scale linearly to the tallest bin. A 90/10 black/white
@@ -629,77 +596,3 @@ mod tests {
         assert!((mean(&hist[0]) - 255.0 * 3999.0 / 6000.0).abs() < 1.0, "mean {}", mean(&hist[0]));
     }
 }
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod hist_async_tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use crate::PhotocraftApp;
-    use serde_json::json;
-
-    /// The panel schedules the histogram on a worker and keeps showing the previous data
-    /// until it lands: right after the trigger the job exists (nothing computed in this
-    /// frame), the receiver delivers, and a stale result cannot overwrite a newer revision.
-    #[test]
-    fn panel_histogram_is_computed_off_the_ui_thread() {
-        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
-        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
-        let _ = &ctx;
-        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 640, "height": 480})).unwrap();
-        let (doc_id, rev) = {
-            let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
-            (st.doc.id, st.revision)
-        };
-        // Drive one panel frame through a minimal egui pass.
-        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
-        ctx.begin_pass(Default::default());
-        let panel_ui = egui::Ui::new(
-            ctx.clone(),
-            egui::Id::new("hist-test"),
-            egui::UiBuilder::new().max_rect(egui::Rect::from_min_size(egui::Pos2::ZERO, egui::vec2(300.0, 200.0))),
-        );
-        let mut panel_ui = panel_ui;
-        histogram_panel(&mut app, &mut panel_ui);
-        // A fast worker (or the inline fallback) may already have landed the result this frame.
-        if let Some(job) = app.hist_job.take() {
-            assert_eq!(job.0, doc_id);
-            assert_eq!(job.1, rev);
-            // The worker delivers (its repaint request is a no-op outside a frame).
-            let (did, _, h) = job.2.recv().expect("the worker delivers the histogram");
-            assert_eq!(did, doc_id);
-            assert!(!h.ch.is_empty(), "the histogram has data");
-            // Delivering it for the revision it was computed from lands in the cache.
-            app.doc_hist = Some((doc_id, rev, crate::gpu_canvas::now_ms(), h.clone()));
-        }
-        assert_eq!(app.doc_hist.as_ref().map(|h| (h.0, h.1)), Some((doc_id, rev)));
-        // …and a newer revision keeps the old entry stale instead of being overwritten by it.
-        app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
-        let rev2 = app.session.active().unwrap().revision;
-        assert_ne!(rev, rev2);
-        assert_ne!(app.doc_hist.as_ref().unwrap().1, rev2, "stale after an edit");
-    }
-
-    /// A worker that died without sending (its sender dropped) clears the job, so the next
-    /// frame schedules a new one instead of waiting forever.
-    #[test]
-    fn a_dead_histogram_worker_clears_the_job() {
-        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
-        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 64, "height": 48})).unwrap();
-        let (doc_id, rev) = {
-            let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
-            (st.doc.id, st.revision)
-        };
-        let (tx, rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
-        drop(tx);
-        app.hist_job = Some((doc_id, rev, rx));
-        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
-        ctx.begin_pass(Default::default());
-        let mut ui = egui::Ui::new(
-            ctx.clone(),
-            egui::Id::new("hist-dead"),
-            egui::UiBuilder::new().max_rect(egui::Rect::from_min_size(egui::Pos2::ZERO, egui::vec2(300.0, 200.0))),
-        );
-        histogram_panel(&mut app, &mut ui);
-        assert!(app.hist_job.is_none(), "a disconnected job is dropped");
-        assert!(app.doc_hist.is_none(), "nothing landed from the dead worker");
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/tool_cursor.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/tool_cursor.rs
index bc4757a3ab..fbe108f256 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/tool_cursor.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/tool_cursor.rs
@@ -92,6 +92,43 @@ fn close_ring() -> Vec<Vec2> {
     (0..16).map(|i| (i as f32 / 16.0 * std::f32::consts::TAU, vec2(9.0, 9.0))).map(|(a, c)| c + vec2(a.cos(), a.sin()) * 3.5).collect()
 }
 
+/// Closed outline of an I-beam, centred on the hotspot.
+fn i_beam() -> Vec<Vec2> {
+    [(-3.0, -8.0), (3.0, -8.0), (3.0, -7.0), (0.5, -7.0), (0.5, 7.0), (3.0, 7.0), (3.0, 8.0), (-3.0, 8.0), (-3.0, 7.0), (-0.5, 7.0), (-0.5, -7.0), (-3.0, -7.0)]
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|(x, y)| vec2(x, y))
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// A dot (a tiny closed square) at `c`.
+fn dot(c: Vec2) -> Vec<Vec2> {
+    vec![c + vec2(-0.75, -0.75), c + vec2(0.75, -0.75), c + vec2(0.75, 0.75), c + vec2(-0.75, 0.75)]
+}
+
+/// Photoshop's area-type pointer (#218): the I-beam inside a dotted ellipse.
+pub(crate) fn area_type_rings() -> Vec<Vec<Vec2>> {
+    let mut rings = vec![i_beam()];
+    rings.extend((0..12).map(|i| i as f32 / 12.0 * std::f32::consts::TAU).map(|a| dot(vec2(a.cos() * 8.0, a.sin() * 10.5))));
+    rings
+}
+
+/// Photoshop's type-on-a-path pointer (#218): the I-beam crossed by a dotted wave.
+pub(crate) fn path_type_rings() -> Vec<Vec<Vec2>> {
+    let mut rings = vec![i_beam()];
+    rings.extend((0..9).map(|i| -10.0 + i as f32 * 2.5).map(|x| dot(vec2(x, 4.0 + (x * 0.4).sin() * 2.0))));
+    rings
+}
+
+/// The Type tool over the inside of a closed path: a click starts area type there.
+pub(crate) fn area_type(painter: &Painter, at: Pos2) -> CursorIcon {
+    outline(painter, at, area_type_rings(), false)
+}
+
+/// The Type tool over a path's outline: a click starts type on the path there.
+pub(crate) fn path_type(painter: &Painter, at: Pos2) -> CursorIcon {
+    outline(painter, at, path_type_rings(), false)
+}
+
 /// Can this pass show an OS cursor bitmap? eframe's immediate viewports and its web integration
 /// don't upload cursor images; every desktop root viewport does (winit custom cursors). Wayland at
 /// any scale but 1 doesn't either: winit sizes the bitmap there with a `wp_viewport` destination
@@ -103,14 +140,61 @@ fn native(ctx: &egui::Context) -> bool {
     cfg!(not(target_arch = "wasm32")) && ctx.viewport_id() == egui::ViewportId::ROOT && !scaled_wayland(ctx)
 }
 
+/// Whether the pointer this viewport last saw has moved on to another of the app's windows,
+/// `others` (the current viewport among them is skipped): from the frame one of them reports the
+/// pointer arriving until this viewport gets a pointer event again. macOS sends a window no
+/// pointer-left event when the pointer moves onto another of the app's windows lying over it (a
+/// floating panel's own OS window), so egui's pointer stays where it was last seen. This also
+/// covers the pointer moving on from that window to the desktop, where this one still hears
+/// nothing. Always false where egui embeds viewports, as they share one window's pointer.
+pub(crate) fn pointer_elsewhere(ctx: &egui::Context, others: &[egui::ViewportId]) -> bool {
+    let own = ctx.viewport_id();
+    let key = egui::Id::unique(("pc-pointer-elsewhere", own));
+    let before = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<bool>(key)).unwrap_or(false);
+    let separate = !ctx.embed_viewports() && others.iter().any(|&v| v != own);
+    if !separate && !before {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let here = ctx.input(|i| i.events.iter().any(|e| matches!(e, egui::Event::PointerMoved(_) | egui::Event::PointerButton { .. } | egui::Event::PointerGone)));
+    // A pointer that arrived: moving or pressing there. One that only stayed (a hidden window
+    // keeps its last one) does not take the pointer from this window.
+    let arrived = |i: &egui::InputState| {
+        i.pointer.has_pointer() && i.events.iter().any(|e| matches!(e, egui::Event::PointerMoved(_) | egui::Event::PointerButton { .. }))
+    };
+    // Where this window has pointer events of its own too, another window's report counts only
+    // if this window's pointer lies inside that window: one just outside its edge, where both
+    // may hear the pointer, stays this window's.
+    let at = ctx.input(|i| i.viewport().inner_rect.zip(i.pointer.latest_pos()).map(|(r, p)| r.min + p.to_vec2()));
+    let there = separate && others.iter().any(|&v| v != own && ctx.input_for(v, |i| arrived(i) && (!here || covers(i.viewport().inner_rect, at))));
+    let now = separate && elsewhere(before, here, there);
+    if now != before {
+        ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(key, now));
+    }
+    now
+}
+
+/// Whether a window at `rect` (desktop points) lies over the desktop point `at`; unknown when
+/// either is, which counts as covering.
+fn covers(rect: Option<egui::Rect>, at: Option<Pos2>) -> bool {
+    rect.zip(at).is_none_or(|(r, p)| r.contains(p))
+}
+
+/// [`pointer_elsewhere`] for one frame: whether the pointer belonged to another window `before`,
+/// whether this window got a pointer event (`here`) and whether another window reports the
+/// pointer arriving (`there`). Both in one frame mean the pointer just crossed into the other
+/// window: this window's last events come from before the crossing.
+fn elsewhere(before: bool, here: bool, there: bool) -> bool {
+    there || (before && !here)
+}
+
 /// Mark this window as a Wayland surface (or not), for [`native`]; the shell calls it every pass.
 pub(crate) fn set_wayland(ctx: &egui::Context, wayland: bool) {
-    ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(egui::Id::new("photocraft-cursor-wayland"), wayland));
+    ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(egui::Id::unique("photocraft-cursor-wayland"), wayland));
 }
 
 /// A Wayland window whose scale is not 1, where winit's cursor bitmaps are unreliable.
 fn scaled_wayland(ctx: &egui::Context) -> bool {
-    let wayland = cfg!(target_os = "linux") && ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<bool>(egui::Id::new("photocraft-cursor-wayland"))).unwrap_or(false);
+    let wayland = cfg!(target_os = "linux") && ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<bool>(egui::Id::unique("photocraft-cursor-wayland"))).unwrap_or(false);
     wayland && ctx.native_pixels_per_point().unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.pixels_per_point() / ctx.zoom_factor()) != 1.0
 }
 
@@ -127,7 +211,34 @@ pub(crate) fn native_scale(ctx: &egui::Context) -> f32 {
 /// and Warp splits), the type box, Content-Aware Move's box, the Artboard tool and guides pick
 /// their arrows here.
 pub(crate) fn resize(d: [f64; 2], xf: &ViewXform) -> CursorIcon {
-    let s = xf.map_vec(vec2(d[0] as f32, d[1] as f32));
+    resize_on_screen(xf.map_vec(vec2(d[0] as f32, d[1] as f32)))
+}
+
+/// The resize arrow for corner `i` of a box's `quad` (corners in order round the box), as the view
+/// shows it: along the corner's bisector, so an upright box's corners always show a diagonal arrow,
+/// as in Photoshop, however wide or tall the box is. Aiming from the opposite corner instead gave a
+/// box wider than about 2.4:1 the horizontal arrow at its corners (and a tall one the vertical).
+pub(crate) fn corner_resize(quad: &[[f64; 2]; 4], i: usize, xf: &ViewXform) -> CursorIcon {
+    let at = quad[i % 4];
+    let edge = |k: usize| {
+        let to = quad[k % 4];
+        let v = xf.map_vec(vec2((at[0] - to[0]) as f32, (at[1] - to[1]) as f32));
+        let l = v.length();
+        (l.is_finite() && l > 1e-6).then(|| v / l)
+    };
+    let bisector = edge(i + 1).zip(edge(i + 3)).map(|(a, b)| a + b).filter(|s| s.length() > 1e-3);
+    match bisector {
+        Some(s) => resize_on_screen(s),
+        // A collapsed or folded corner has no bisector: aim away from the opposite corner.
+        None => {
+            let opposite = quad[(i + 2) % 4];
+            resize([at[0] - opposite[0], at[1] - opposite[1]], xf)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The nearest of the four resize arrows to screen direction `s`.
+fn resize_on_screen(s: Vec2) -> CursorIcon {
     let angle = f64::from(s.y).atan2(f64::from(s.x)).rem_euclid(std::f64::consts::PI);
     match (angle / std::f64::consts::FRAC_PI_4).round() as u8 % 4 {
         0 => CursorIcon::ResizeHorizontal,
@@ -195,7 +306,7 @@ fn show(painter: &Painter, at: Pos2, shape: Shape) -> CursorIcon {
 }
 
 fn cached_image(ctx: &egui::Context, shape: &Shape, scale: f32) -> Option<CustomCursorImage> {
-    let id = egui::Id::new("photocraft-tool-cursor");
+    let id = egui::Id::unique("photocraft-tool-cursor");
     if let Some(cached) = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<Cached>(id))
         && cached.shape == *shape
         && cached.scale == scale
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/tool_cursor/tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/tool_cursor/tests.rs
index d68be241f5..c4a9c10364 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/tool_cursor/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/tool_cursor/tests.rs
@@ -380,6 +380,80 @@ fn harness() -> Harness<'static, crate::PhotocraftApp> {
     h
 }
 
+#[test]
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+fn brush_cursor_follows_pen_orientation_6350() {
+    for control in ["penTilt", "rotation"] {
+        let mut h = harness();
+        h.state_mut()
+            .run(
+                "tools.setBrush",
+                json!({"brush": {
+                    "size": 60, "hardness": 1.0, "roundness": 0.25,
+                    "shapeDynamics": {"enabled": true, "angle": {"control": control}}
+                }}),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        h.state_mut().stylus.feed.set(Some(crate::stylus::PenSample { tilt_x: 45.0, ..Default::default() }));
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        let initial = h.output().platform_output.cursor_image.clone().expect("initial brush cursor");
+        h.state_mut().stylus.feed.set(Some(crate::stylus::PenSample { tilt_y: -45.0, rotation: 90.0, ..Default::default() }));
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        let turned = h.output().platform_output.cursor_image.clone().expect("turned brush cursor");
+        save_pen_cursor_image(&format!("{control}-initial"), &initial);
+        save_pen_cursor_image(&format!("{control}-turned"), &turned);
+        let pen = h.state().stylus.sample().expect("simulated pen reaches the canvas");
+        assert_eq!((pen.tilt_y, pen.rotation), (-45.0, 90.0));
+        let point = photocraft_paint::StrokePoint { tilt_y: pen.tilt_y, rotation: pen.rotation, ..Default::default() };
+        let step = photocraft_paint::dynamics::StepInput { point, direction: 0.0, initial_direction: 0.0, step: 0 };
+        let mut dabs = Vec::new();
+        photocraft_paint::dynamics::DabBuilder::new(&h.state().session.tools.brush).build(&step, &mut dabs);
+        assert_eq!(dabs.len(), 1);
+        assert!((dabs[0].angle.to_degrees() - 90.0).abs() < 0.001, "painted dab turns: {control}");
+        assert_ne!(initial.rgba, turned.rgba, "cursor must follow pen orientation: {control}");
+        // The dynamically rotated cursor must match the same tip set to that angle directly.
+        h.state_mut().session.tools.brush.shape_dynamics.enabled = false;
+        h.state_mut().session.tools.brush.angle = 90.0;
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        let reference = h.output().platform_output.cursor_image.clone().expect("static rotated reference");
+        assert_eq!(turned.size, reference.size);
+        assert_eq!(turned.hotspot, reference.hotspot);
+        assert_eq!(turned.rgba, reference.rgba, "dynamic cursor matches the dab angle: {control}");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+fn round_cursor_shows_brush_projection_6350() {
+    let mut h = harness();
+    h.state_mut().session.tools.brush.shape_dynamics.enabled = true;
+    h.state_mut().session.tools.brush.shape_dynamics.brush_projection = true;
+    h.state_mut().stylus.feed.set(Some(crate::stylus::PenSample::default()));
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    let upright = h.output().platform_output.cursor_image.clone().unwrap();
+    h.state_mut().stylus.feed.set(Some(crate::stylus::PenSample { tilt_x: 60.0, ..Default::default() }));
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    let tilted = h.output().platform_output.cursor_image.clone().unwrap();
+    save_pen_cursor_image("projection-upright", &upright);
+    save_pen_cursor_image("projection-tilted", &tilted);
+    assert_ne!(upright.rgba, tilted.rgba, "a projected round brush must not keep a circular cursor");
+    h.state_mut().stylus.feed.set(None);
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    assert_eq!(upright.rgba, h.output().platform_output.cursor_image.clone().unwrap().rgba, "mouse restores the unprojected tip");
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+fn save_pen_cursor_image(name: &str, cursor: &egui::CustomCursorImage) {
+    let Some(dir) = std::env::var_os("PHOTOCRAFT_CURSOR_OUTPUT") else { return };
+    let dir = std::path::PathBuf::from(dir);
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+    let image =
+        photocraft_codecs::Image::from_u8(u32::from(cursor.size[0]), u32::from(cursor.size[1]), photocraft_codecs::ChannelLayout::Rgba, cursor.rgba.to_vec())
+            .unwrap();
+    let png = photocraft_codecs::encode(&image, photocraft_codecs::Format::Png, &Default::default()).unwrap();
+    std::fs::write(dir.join(format!("{name}.png")), png).unwrap();
+}
+
 #[test]
 #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 fn brush_hover_uses_an_os_bitmap_that_survives_motion_but_not_tool_or_panel_changes() {
@@ -515,3 +589,30 @@ fn resize_follows_the_view() {
         assert_eq!(got, want, "view turned {rotation}°, flip {flip}");
     }
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn type_path_cursors_are_small_and_centred() {
+    for rings in [super::area_type_rings(), super::path_type_rings()] {
+        assert!(rings.len() > 3);
+        for v in rings.iter().flatten() {
+            assert!(v.x.abs() <= 12.0 && v.y.abs() <= 12.0, "{v:?}");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn the_pointer_belongs_to_another_window_from_its_report_until_this_one_hears_it_again() {
+    // The main window, then a floating panel's window over it, the desktop, and back.
+    let mut state = false;
+    let mut frame = |here, there| {
+        state = elsewhere(state, here, there);
+        state
+    };
+    assert!(!frame(true, false), "over the main window");
+    assert!(frame(true, true), "crossing into the floating window");
+    assert!(frame(false, true), "moving in the floating window");
+    assert!(frame(false, false), "on the desktop: the main window still heard nothing");
+    assert!(!frame(true, false), "back over the main window");
+    let float = Some(egui::Rect::from_min_size(egui::pos2(100.0, 100.0), egui::vec2(200.0, 300.0)));
+    assert!(covers(float, Some(egui::pos2(150.0, 150.0))) && !covers(float, Some(egui::pos2(98.0, 150.0))), "just outside its edge stays here");
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/tool_feedback.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/tool_feedback.rs
index 2e66ae07c1..ce6cbb9e49 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/tool_feedback.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/tool_feedback.rs
@@ -168,53 +168,24 @@ pub fn draw_badge(painter: &egui::Painter, p: Pos2, b: Badge, centred: bool) {
     }
 }
 
-/// Dash length of the marching ants, in screen points.
-pub const DASH: f32 = 4.0;
-
-/// Marching ants along a polyline: a solid white line under black dashes, the dashes shifted by
-/// `phase` (animate it with time). Visible on any image, like Photoshop's selection edges.
-pub fn ants(points: &[Pos2], closed: bool, phase: f32) -> Vec<Shape> {
-    let Some(&first) = points.first().filter(|_| points.len() >= 2) else { return Vec::new() };
-    let mut pts = points.to_vec();
-    if closed {
-        pts.push(first);
-    }
-    let mut out = vec![Shape::line(pts.clone(), Stroke::new(1.0, Color32::WHITE))];
-    let black = Stroke::new(1.0, Color32::BLACK);
-    // Arc length so dashes run continuously across vertices.
-    let mut along = -phase.rem_euclid(DASH * 2.0);
-    for w in pts.windows(2) {
-        let (a, b) = (w[0], w[1]);
-        let len = a.distance(b);
-        if len < 1e-3 {
-            continue;
-        }
-        let dir = (b - a) / len;
-        // Position of this segment's start within the dash period.
-        let mut t = -(along.rem_euclid(DASH * 2.0));
-        while t < len {
-            let (s0, s1) = (t.max(0.0), (t + DASH).min(len));
-            if s1 > s0 {
-                out.push(Shape::line_segment([a + dir * s0, a + dir * s1], black));
-            }
-            t += DASH * 2.0;
-        }
-        along += len;
-    }
-    out
-}
-
-/// Marching-ants phase for the frame time `time` (s), and keep the animation running.
-pub fn ants_phase(ctx: &egui::Context) -> f32 {
-    let time = ctx.input(|i| i.time);
-    ctx.request_repaint_after(std::time::Duration::from_millis(100));
-    ((time * 10.0) % (DASH as f64 * 2.0)) as f32
-}
-
-/// Draw animated marching ants along `points`.
+/// Draw animated marching ants along `points`: the same ants as a selection's (`crate::ants`),
+/// visible on any image, like Photoshop's selection edges.
 pub fn draw_ants(painter: &egui::Painter, points: &[Pos2], closed: bool) {
-    let phase = ants_phase(painter.ctx());
-    painter.extend(ants(points, closed, phase));
+    crate::ants::draw_polyline(painter, points, closed);
+}
+
+/// A selection outline still being drawn (Lasso, Polygonal Lasso, Magnetic Lasso): a solid line,
+/// as Photoshop draws it until the selection is made (#7495). Marching ants are for selections
+/// that exist. A thin dark line on a soft light edge: Photoshop's look on light pixels, and still
+/// visible on dark ones.
+pub fn solid_path(points: &[Pos2], closed: bool) -> Vec<Shape> {
+    let make = |s: Stroke| if closed { Shape::closed_line(points.to_vec(), s) } else { Shape::line(points.to_vec(), s) };
+    vec![make(Stroke::new(3.0, Color32::from_white_alpha(140))), make(Stroke::new(1.0, Color32::BLACK))]
+}
+
+/// Draw [`solid_path`].
+pub fn draw_solid_path(painter: &egui::Painter, points: &[Pos2], closed: bool) {
+    painter.extend(solid_path(points, closed));
 }
 
 /// Polygon approximating the ellipse inscribed in `r` (enough vertices to look smooth).
@@ -294,24 +265,21 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(badge_glyph(Badge::Intersect, c, 3.0).iter().all(|[a, b]| a.x != b.x && a.y != b.y));
     }
 
+    /// #7495: an outline still being drawn is one unbroken line (no dashes, nothing marching),
+    /// black over a light edge.
     #[test]
-    fn ants_use_two_contrasting_colours_and_march() {
+    fn solid_path_is_one_unbroken_dark_line_on_a_light_edge() {
+        let pts = [pos2(0.0, 0.0), pos2(40.0, 0.0), pos2(40.0, 30.0)];
+        for closed in [false, true] {
+            let shapes = solid_path(&pts, closed);
+            assert!(shapes.iter().all(|s| matches!(s, Shape::Path(p) if p.closed == closed && p.points.len() == 3)), "{shapes:?}");
+            assert_eq!(strokes(&shapes), vec![Color32::from_white_alpha(140), Color32::BLACK], "the dark line on top");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn shape_previews_contrast_and_ellipses_close() {
         let pts = [pos2(0.0, 0.0), pos2(40.0, 0.0), pos2(40.0, 30.0)];
-        let a = ants(&pts, true, 0.0);
-        let cols = strokes(&a);
-        assert!(cols.contains(&Color32::WHITE) && cols.contains(&Color32::BLACK), "{cols:?}");
-        // Roughly half the length is black dashes: (40 + 30 + 50) / 8 ≈ 15 dashes.
-        let dashes = cols.iter().filter(|c| **c == Color32::BLACK).count();
-        assert!((13..=18).contains(&dashes), "{dashes}");
-        // The phase moves the dashes (the ants march).
-        let first = |s: &[Shape]| {
-            s.iter().find_map(|s| match s {
-                Shape::LineSegment { points, stroke } if stroke.color == Color32::BLACK => Some(points[0]),
-                _ => None,
-            })
-        };
-        assert_ne!(first(&a), first(&ants(&pts, true, 2.0)));
-        assert!(ants(&pts[..1], false, 0.0).is_empty());
         // Shape previews: the accent path over a dark halo.
         let s = contrast_path(pts.to_vec(), true, Color32::from_rgb(0, 120, 255));
         let cols = strokes(&s);
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/tool_memory.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/tool_memory.rs
index 60895bb097..7ece83cb26 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/tool_memory.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/tool_memory.rs
@@ -198,6 +198,12 @@ pub fn restore(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
     restore_brushes(app);
 }
 
+/// The values Width and Height take under a marquee or Slice tool Style: a size in px for Fixed
+/// Size, else a ratio.
+pub(crate) fn style_range(style: &str) -> std::ops::RangeInclusive<f32> {
+    if style == "fixedSize" { 1.0..=crate::panels::FIXED_SIZE_MAX_PX as f32 } else { 0.001..=999.0 }
+}
+
 /// Bring remembered options into the ranges their options-bar fields allow, so a hand-edited or
 /// damaged file can't start a tool with a value its own controls could never set (a 1e30 px
 /// feather, a 0-sided polygon). A NaN (JSON can't hold one, but it costs nothing to rule out)
@@ -221,10 +227,20 @@ pub(crate) fn sanitize(o: &mut ToolOptions) {
     fit(&mut o.corner_radius, 0.0, 10000.0, d.corner_radius);
     fit(&mut o.line_weight, 1.0, 1000.0, d.line_weight);
     fit(&mut o.curve_fit, 0.5, 10.0, d.curve_fit);
-    // The marquee's Width and Height are a ratio or a size in px, as its Style says.
-    let (lo, hi) = if o.marquee_style == "fixedSize" { (1.0, 300_000.0) } else { (0.001, 999.0) };
+    // The marquee's and the Slice tool's Width and Height are a ratio or a size in px, as their
+    // Style says.
+    let (lo, hi) = style_range(&o.marquee_style).into_inner();
     fit(&mut o.marquee_width, lo, hi, d.marquee_width);
     fit(&mut o.marquee_height, lo, hi, d.marquee_height);
+    if !matches!(o.slice_style.as_str(), "normal" | "fixedRatio" | "fixedSize") {
+        o.slice_style = d.slice_style.clone();
+    }
+    let (lo, hi) = style_range(&o.slice_style).into_inner();
+    fit(&mut o.slice_width, lo, hi, d.slice_width);
+    fit(&mut o.slice_height, lo, hi, d.slice_height);
+    if o.slice_style == "fixedSize" {
+        (o.slice_width, o.slice_height) = (o.slice_width.round(), o.slice_height.round());
+    }
     fit(&mut o.crop_custom_ratio_width, 0.0, f32::MAX, d.crop_custom_ratio_width);
     fit(&mut o.crop_custom_ratio_height, 0.0, f32::MAX, d.crop_custom_ratio_height);
     fit(&mut o.magic_eraser_opacity, 1.0, 100.0, d.magic_eraser_opacity);
@@ -263,3 +279,50 @@ fn nulls(v: &Value) -> usize {
         _ => 0,
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn selected_tool_and_non_default_options_roundtrip() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.ui.tool = Tool::Move;
+        app.ui.tool_options.tolerance = 42.5;
+        persist(&mut app, &egui::Context::default());
+
+        let saved = app.session.prefs();
+        assert_eq!(saved.selected_tool, serde_json::to_value(Tool::Move).unwrap());
+        assert_eq!(saved.tool_options["tolerance"], Value::from(42.5));
+        assert!(saved.tool_options.get("contiguous").is_none(), "unchanged defaults are not written");
+
+        let mut restored = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        restored.session.prefs.edit(|p| {
+            p.selected_tool = saved.selected_tool.clone();
+            p.tool_options = saved.tool_options.clone();
+        });
+        restore(&mut restored);
+        assert_eq!(restored.ui.tool, Tool::Move);
+        assert_eq!(restored.ui.tool_options.tolerance, 42.5);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn restore_ignores_unknown_and_malformed_tool_options() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        let original_tool = app.ui.tool;
+        let default_contiguous = ToolOptions::default().contiguous;
+        app.session.prefs.edit(|p| {
+            p.selected_tool = Value::from("not-a-tool");
+            p.tool_options = serde_json::json!({
+                "tolerance": 42.5,
+                "contiguous": "not a boolean",
+                "future_option": true
+            });
+        });
+
+        restore(&mut app);
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.tool, original_tool, "an invalid selected tool leaves the current tool intact");
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.tool_options.tolerance, 42.5, "valid fields still restore");
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.tool_options.contiguous, default_contiguous, "a malformed field falls back to its default");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/tool_options_theme_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/tool_options_theme_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3d7b5784fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/tool_options_theme_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+//! Issue #4178: switching from a Pro theme to any other theme (Adwaita, Studio, Classic, Solarized,
+//! Breeze) removed the options bar's controls for the Marquee, Lasso, Paint Bucket, Crop,
+//! Perspective Crop and Move tools, leaving a one-line hint. A theme changes sizes and colours
+//! (`theme::Tokens`), never which options a tool has.
+
+use egui_kittest::Harness;
+use egui_kittest::kittest::{NodeT, Queryable};
+use serde_json::json;
+
+use crate::PhotocraftApp;
+use crate::state::Tool;
+use crate::theme::ThemeKind;
+
+/// The tools whose options bar used to be a hint outside the Pro themes.
+const TOOLS: [Tool; 11] = [
+    Tool::Crop,
+    Tool::PerspectiveCrop,
+    Tool::RectMarquee,
+    Tool::EllipseMarquee,
+    Tool::SingleRowMarquee,
+    Tool::SingleColumnMarquee,
+    Tool::Lasso,
+    Tool::PolygonLasso,
+    Tool::MagneticLasso,
+    Tool::PaintBucket,
+    Tool::Move,
+];
+
+/// The options bar for `tool` under `theme`, with a document open, after a few settled frames.
+fn options_bar(theme: ThemeKind, tool: Tool) -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
+    let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+    app.session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 64, "height": 64})).unwrap();
+    app.sync_views();
+    app.ui.tool = tool;
+    let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(1600.0, 60.0)).build_ui_state(
+        |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
+            if !ui.ctx().fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
+                return;
+            }
+            crate::panels::options_bar(app, ui);
+        },
+        app,
+    );
+    PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, theme);
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    h
+}
+
+/// Every labelled node in the bar as `role label`, sorted. The Pro themes end option labels with
+/// a colon and start the bar with a Home button; both are chrome, not tool options.
+fn controls(h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>) -> Vec<String> {
+    let mut v: Vec<String> = h
+        .root()
+        .children_recursive()
+        .filter_map(|n| {
+            let node = n.accesskit_node();
+            let label = node.label().or_else(|| node.value())?;
+            let label = label.trim_end_matches(':');
+            (label != "Home").then(|| format!("{:?} {label}", node.role()))
+        })
+        .collect();
+    v.sort();
+    v.dedup();
+    v
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn every_theme_shows_the_same_tool_options() {
+    for tool in TOOLS {
+        let reference = controls(&options_bar(ThemeKind::ProMedium, tool));
+        assert!(reference.len() > 2, "{tool:?}: the Pro bar has options: {reference:?}");
+        for theme in ThemeKind::ALL {
+            let found = controls(&options_bar(theme, tool));
+            let missing: Vec<&String> = reference.iter().filter(|c| !found.contains(c)).collect();
+            assert!(missing.is_empty(), "{theme:?} {tool:?}: the options bar lacks {missing:?}; it shows {found:?}");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn every_theme_shows_the_crop_options() {
+    // The issue's example: in Adwaita the Crop tool had no ratio, Clear, overlay or Delete Cropped
+    // Pixels controls, only "Drag a crop box · …".
+    for theme in ThemeKind::ALL {
+        let mut h = options_bar(theme, Tool::Crop);
+        assert!(h.query_by_label_contains("Drag a crop box").is_none(), "{theme:?}: the hint replaced the options");
+        assert!(h.state().ui.tool_options.crop_delete);
+        h.get_by_label("Delete Cropped Pixels").click();
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        assert!(!h.state().ui.tool_options.crop_delete, "{theme:?}: the checkbox turns Delete Cropped Pixels off");
+        h.state_mut().ui.tool_options.crop_ratio = "1:1".into();
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        h.get_by_label("Clear").click();
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        assert!(h.state().ui.tool_options.crop_ratio.is_empty(), "{theme:?}: Clear empties the ratio");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/tool_reset.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/tool_reset.rs
index dfe7abf103..6381244af3 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/tool_reset.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/tool_reset.rs
@@ -190,8 +190,10 @@ pub fn option_keys(tool: Tool) -> &'static [&'static str] {
         Tool::ColorReplacement => reset!(cr_mode, cr_sampling, cr_limits, cr_tolerance, cr_anti_alias),
         Tool::MagicEraser => reset!(tolerance, anti_alias, contiguous, magic_eraser_opacity),
         Tool::Gradient => reset!(gradient_style, gradient_reverse, gradient_dither, gradient_classic, gradient_blend_mode, fill_opacity),
-        Tool::PaintBucket => reset!(bucket_fill_pattern, fill_opacity, tolerance, anti_alias, contiguous),
-        Tool::Type | Tool::VerticalType | Tool::HorizontalTypeMask | Tool::VerticalTypeMask => reset!(type_font, type_style, type_size, type_aa, type_align),
+        Tool::PaintBucket => reset!(bucket_fill_pattern, bucket_blend_mode, bucket_clear, fill_opacity, tolerance, anti_alias, contiguous),
+        Tool::Type | Tool::VerticalType | Tool::HorizontalTypeMask | Tool::VerticalTypeMask => {
+            reset!(type_font, type_style, type_size, type_aa, type_align, type_direction, type_style_defaults)
+        }
         Tool::Zoom => reset!(zoom_scrubby),
         Tool::SpotHealing => reset!(spot_type),
         Tool::Healing => reset!(clone_aligned, clone_sample),
@@ -199,16 +201,18 @@ pub fn option_keys(tool: Tool) -> &'static [&'static str] {
         Tool::ContentAwareMove => reset!(cam_mode, cam_structure, cam_color, cam_transform_on_drop),
         Tool::RedEye => reset!(red_eye_pupil_size, red_eye_darken),
         Tool::CloneStamp => reset!(clone_aligned, clone_sample),
+        Tool::ArtHistoryBrush => reset!(art_history_style, art_history_area, art_history_tolerance),
         Tool::PatternStamp => reset!(pattern_stamp_aligned, pattern_stamp_impressionist, pattern_stamp_scale, pattern_stamp_angle),
         Tool::Blur | Tool::Sharpen => reset!(strength, protect_detail),
         Tool::Smudge => reset!(strength, finger_painting),
         Tool::Dodge | Tool::Burn => reset!(tone_range, exposure, protect_tones),
         Tool::Sponge => reset!(sponge_mode, vibrance),
+        Tool::Slice => reset!(slice_style, slice_width, slice_height),
         Tool::Pen => reset!(vector_mode, pen_auto_add_delete),
         Tool::CurvaturePen => reset!(vector_mode),
         Tool::FreeformPen => reset!(vector_mode, curve_fit),
         Tool::Rectangle | Tool::EllipseShape | Tool::Triangle | Tool::Polygon | Tool::Line | Tool::CustomShape => {
-            reset!(vector_mode, shape_fill, stroke_width, shape_stroke, corner_radius, polygon_sides, line_weight)
+            reset!(vector_mode, shape_fill, stroke_width, shape_stroke, shape_fill_gradient, shape_stroke_gradient, corner_radius, polygon_sides, line_weight)
         }
         Tool::ColorSampler
         | Tool::Ruler
@@ -220,7 +224,6 @@ pub fn option_keys(tool: Tool) -> &'static [&'static str] {
         | Tool::HistoryBrush
         | Tool::PathSelection
         | Tool::DirectSelection
-        | Tool::Slice
         | Tool::SliceSelect
         | Tool::AddAnchorPoint
         | Tool::DeleteAnchorPoint
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/tool_shortcuts.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/tool_shortcuts.rs
index 91f66a0f07..77d36b1d1c 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/tool_shortcuts.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/tool_shortcuts.rs
@@ -80,7 +80,9 @@ mod tests {
         app.run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "shortcuts.tools.select.pencil", "value": "Q"})).unwrap();
         let mut h = egui_kittest::Harness::builder().build_ui_state(
             |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
-                ui.text_edit_singleline(&mut app.ui.status).request_focus();
+                let edit = ui.text_edit_singleline(&mut app.ui.status);
+                edit.request_focus();
+                edit.accessible_name("Status");
                 crate::shortcuts::handle(app, ui.ctx());
             },
             app,
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/transform_fx.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/transform_fx.rs
index 2cb7afb0b7..60fc45d993 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/transform_fx.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/transform_fx.rs
@@ -348,6 +348,7 @@ impl Frame<'_> {
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq)]
 struct Key {
     revision: u64,
+    display_key: u64,
     quad: [u64; 8],
     plan: Plan,
     level: u32,
@@ -389,12 +390,18 @@ impl StyledPreview {
     /// The composite for `frame` and the document rectangle it covers (x0, y0, x1, y1),
     /// compositing it again if anything it depends on changed. `None` when there is nothing to
     /// draw this way: the caller falls back to the plain texels.
-    pub fn texture(&self, ctx: &egui::Context, frame: &Frame) -> Option<(TextureId, [f32; 4])> {
+    pub fn texture(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &egui::Context,
+        frame: &Frame,
+        display: Option<&photocraft_engine::display_color::CanvasDisplay>,
+    ) -> Option<(TextureId, [f32; 4])> {
         let (plan, work, level) = frame.plan()?;
         let crisp = plan.scale >= 1.0 && frame.zoom >= CRISP_ZOOM;
         let q = frame.quad.map(|q| q.map(f64::to_bits));
         let key = Key {
             revision: frame.revision,
+            display_key: display.map_or(0, |d| d.key),
             quad: [q[0][0], q[0][1], q[1][0], q[1][1], q[2][0], q[2][1], q[3][0], q[3][1]],
             plan,
             level,
@@ -407,7 +414,11 @@ impl StyledPreview {
         }
         let out = frame.compose(&plan, &work, level)?;
         let options = if crisp { TextureOptions::NEAREST } else { TextureOptions::LINEAR };
-        let tex = ctx.load_texture(self.name.clone(), image(&out), options);
+        let pixels = match display {
+            Some(d) if !d.is_identity() => crate::canvas::display_image(Some(d), &out),
+            _ => image(&out),
+        };
+        let tex = ctx.load_texture(self.name.clone(), pixels, options);
         let (id, rect) = (tex.id(), plan.doc_rect());
         state.shown = Some(Shown { key, tex, rect });
         state.builds += 1;
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/transform_fx_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/transform_fx_tests.rs
index 0eb860dadd..23e9d471a6 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/transform_fx_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/transform_fx_tests.rs
@@ -27,6 +27,33 @@ fn begin(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
     crate::transform_tool::begin(app, &egui::Context::default()).unwrap();
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn styled_texture_tracks_monitor_changes_without_recoloring_effect_inputs() {
+    let mut app = app("rgb", 16);
+    let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+    crate::transform_tool::begin(&mut app, &ctx).unwrap();
+    ctx.tex_manager().write().take_delta().clear();
+    let raw = composite(&app, 1.0).unwrap().0;
+    let mut previous = None;
+    for monitor in ["srgb", "display-p3", "srgb"] {
+        app.session.color.settings.monitor_profile = monitor.into();
+        let display = app.session.color.canvas_display(&app.session.active().unwrap().doc).unwrap();
+        let expected = crate::canvas::display_image(Some(&display), &raw);
+        let (styled, frame) = crate::transform_tool::styled_frame(&app, 1.0, false).unwrap();
+        let (id, _) = styled.texture(&ctx, &frame, Some(&display)).unwrap();
+        assert_ne!(Some(id), previous, "monitor change invalidates the texture");
+        let builds = styled.builds();
+        assert_eq!(styled.texture(&ctx, &frame, Some(&display)).unwrap().0, id);
+        assert_eq!(styled.builds(), builds, "unchanged display reuses the composite");
+        let mut delta = ctx.tex_manager().write().take_delta();
+        let egui::ImageData::Color(shown) = &delta.set.get(&id).unwrap().last().unwrap().image;
+        assert_eq!(shown.pixels, expected.pixels, "monitor={monitor}");
+        delta.clear();
+        assert_eq!(composite(&app, 1.0).unwrap().0.px, raw.px, "effects still use document colors");
+        previous = Some(id);
+    }
+}
+
 /// What the box draws for the styled layer at `zoom`: `None` when it draws the bare pixels.
 fn composite(app: &PhotocraftApp, zoom: f32) -> Option<(Buffer, Plan)> {
     let (_, frame) = crate::transform_tool::styled_frame(app, zoom, false)?;
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/transform_tex.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/transform_tex.rs
index bd84704542..ae67b2e2c5 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/transform_tex.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/transform_tex.rs
@@ -16,10 +16,12 @@
 use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, PoisonError};
 
 use egui::{Color32, ColorImage, TextureHandle, TextureId, TextureOptions};
+use photocraft_engine::display_color::CanvasDisplay;
 
 /// One uploaded texture: its mip level, filter and the uv extent covering the source.
 struct Level {
     level: u32,
+    display_key: u64,
     nearest: bool,
     tex: TextureHandle,
     uv: [f32; 2],
@@ -43,7 +45,12 @@ impl PreviewTextures {
         let image = Arc::new(image);
         let tex = ctx.load_texture(format!("{name}-0-linear"), Arc::clone(&image), TextureOptions::LINEAR);
         let base_uv = [base_uv[0].clamp(0.0, 1.0), base_uv[1].clamp(0.0, 1.0)];
-        Self { name, images: Mutex::new(vec![image]), base_uv, uploaded: Mutex::new(vec![Level { level: 0, nearest: false, tex, uv: base_uv }]) }
+        Self {
+            name,
+            images: Mutex::new(vec![image]),
+            base_uv,
+            uploaded: Mutex::new(vec![Level { level: 0, display_key: 0, nearest: false, tex, uv: base_uv }]),
+        }
     }
 
     /// Size of the full-resolution level in texels.
@@ -72,20 +79,38 @@ impl PreviewTextures {
     }
 
     /// Texture and uv extent to draw with (uploading a level / filter on first use).
+    #[cfg(test)]
     pub fn pick(&self, ctx: &egui::Context, zoom: f32, scale: f32, nearest_interpolation: bool) -> (TextureId, [f32; 2]) {
+        self.pick_display(ctx, zoom, scale, nearest_interpolation, None)
+    }
+
+    /// Convert only the displayed upload: effects still read the raw mip levels.
+    pub fn pick_display(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &egui::Context,
+        zoom: f32,
+        scale: f32,
+        nearest_interpolation: bool,
+        display: Option<&CanvasDisplay>,
+    ) -> (TextureId, [f32; 2]) {
         let (level, nearest) = Self::choose(zoom, scale, nearest_interpolation);
+        let display = display.filter(|d| !d.is_identity());
+        let display_key = display.map_or(0, |d| d.key);
         let mut up = self.uploaded.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner);
-        if let Some(l) = up.iter().find(|l| l.level == level && l.nearest == nearest) {
+        if let Some(l) = up.iter().find(|l| l.level == level && l.nearest == nearest && l.display_key == display_key) {
             return (l.tex.id(), l.uv);
         }
         let Some((img, uv)) = self.level_image(level) else {
             // Can't build it (shouldn't happen): fall back to the first upload.
             return up.first().map_or((TextureId::default(), [1.0, 1.0]), |l| (l.tex.id(), l.uv));
         };
+        let img = display.map_or_else(|| Arc::clone(&img), |d| Arc::new(display_image(&img, d)));
         let opts = if nearest { TextureOptions::NEAREST } else { TextureOptions::LINEAR };
         let tex = ctx.load_texture(format!("{}-{level}-{}", self.name, if nearest { "nearest" } else { "linear" }), img, opts);
         let id = tex.id();
-        up.push(Level { level, nearest, tex, uv });
+        // Profile changes must not accumulate another full set of GPU textures.
+        up.retain(|l| l.display_key == display_key);
+        up.push(Level { level, display_key, nearest, tex, uv });
         (id, uv)
     }
 
@@ -110,6 +135,28 @@ impl PreviewTextures {
     }
 }
 
+/// Premultiplied preview texels -> straight document values -> monitor values.
+/// Bound the temporary float buffer independently of the texture size.
+fn display_image(image: &ColorImage, display: &CanvasDisplay) -> ColorImage {
+    let mut out = image.clone();
+    let convert = |pixels: &mut [Color32]| {
+        let px = pixels.iter().map(|p| p.to_srgba_unmultiplied().map(|c| f32::from(c) / 255.0)).collect();
+        let buffer = photocraft_compose::Buffer { rect: photocraft_geom::Rect::new(0, 0, pixels.len() as i32, 1), px };
+        let converted = display.to_rgba8(&buffer);
+        for (p, rgba) in pixels.iter_mut().zip(converted.pixels.as_chunks::<4>().0) {
+            *p = Color32::from_rgba_unmultiplied(rgba[0], rgba[1], rgba[2], rgba[3]);
+        }
+    };
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    {
+        use rayon::prelude::*;
+        out.pixels.par_chunks_mut(4096).for_each(convert);
+    }
+    #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+    out.pixels.chunks_mut(4096).for_each(convert);
+    out
+}
+
 /// 2×2 box filter of a premultiplied image (odd edges repeat the last row/column).
 fn halve(img: &ColorImage) -> ColorImage {
     let [w, h] = img.size;
@@ -198,6 +245,67 @@ pub fn read_surface(surf: &photocraft_raster::Surface, mask: Option<&PreviewMask
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+    #[test]
+    #[ignore = "reports CPU preparation cost; run explicitly for profile-preview changes"]
+    fn transform_profile_upload_cost() {
+        let mut session = photocraft_engine::Session::new();
+        session.execute("file.new", serde_json::json!({"width": 6000, "height": 4000})).unwrap();
+        let doc = session.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+        for monitor in ["raw", "srgb", "display-p3"] {
+            session.color.settings.monitor_profile = if monitor == "raw" { "srgb" } else { monitor }.into();
+            let display = session.color.canvas_display(&doc).unwrap();
+            let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+            let image = ColorImage::new([6000, 4000], vec![Color32::from_rgb(140, 89, 51); 6000 * 4000]);
+            let display = (monitor != "raw").then_some(display.as_ref());
+            let started = std::time::Instant::now();
+            let textures = PreviewTextures::new(&ctx, "profile-cost".into(), image, [1.0, 1.0]);
+            let texture = textures.pick_display(&ctx, 1.0, 1.0, false, display).0;
+            let prepare = started.elapsed();
+            ctx.tex_manager().write().take_delta().clear();
+            let started = std::time::Instant::now();
+            for _ in 0..1000 {
+                assert_eq!(std::hint::black_box(textures.pick_display(&ctx, 1.0, 1.0, false, display)).0, texture);
+            }
+            let cached = started.elapsed();
+            let mut delta = ctx.tex_manager().write().take_delta();
+            assert!(delta.set.is_empty(), "cached dragging must not upload or reconvert pixels");
+            delta.clear();
+            eprintln!(
+                "profile={monitor}, pixels=24000000, first_prepare_ms={:.3}, cached_1000_us={:.3}; CPU preparation only, not GPU completion",
+                prepare.as_secs_f64() * 1000.0,
+                cached.as_secs_f64() * 1_000_000.0
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn display_upload_changes_with_monitor_but_keeps_raw_alpha_and_mips() {
+        let mut session = photocraft_engine::Session::new();
+        session.execute("file.new", serde_json::json!({"width": 2, "height": 1})).unwrap();
+        let doc = session.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+        session.color.settings.monitor_profile = "srgb".into();
+        let srgb = session.color.canvas_display(&doc).unwrap();
+        session.color.settings.monitor_profile = "display-p3".into();
+        let p3 = session.color.canvas_display(&doc).unwrap();
+        assert!(srgb.is_identity());
+        assert!(!p3.is_identity());
+        let raw = ColorImage::new([2, 1], vec![Color32::from_rgba_unmultiplied(140, 89, 51, 128), Color32::TRANSPARENT]);
+        let converted = display_image(&raw, &p3);
+        assert_eq!(converted.pixels[0].a(), 128);
+        assert_eq!(converted.pixels[1], Color32::TRANSPARENT);
+        assert_ne!(converted.pixels[0], raw.pixels[0]);
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let textures = PreviewTextures::new(&ctx, "profile-test".into(), raw.clone(), [1.0, 1.0]);
+        let first = textures.pick_display(&ctx, 1.0, 1.0, false, Some(&srgb)).0;
+        let second = textures.pick_display(&ctx, 1.0, 1.0, false, Some(&p3)).0;
+        assert_ne!(first, second);
+        assert_eq!(textures.pick_display(&ctx, 1.0, 1.0, false, Some(&p3)).0, second);
+        assert_eq!(textures.level_image(0).unwrap().0.pixels, raw.pixels);
+        assert_eq!(textures.level_image(1).unwrap().0.pixels, halve(&raw).pixels);
+        assert_eq!(textures.uploaded.lock().unwrap().len(), 1, "old profile uploads are released");
+        ctx.tex_manager().write().take_delta().clear();
+    }
+
     use super::*;
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/transform_tool.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/transform_tool.rs
index 65a5c70146..9cd31d2e29 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/transform_tool.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/transform_tool.rs
@@ -412,12 +412,16 @@ fn take_back_made(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, document: DocId, layer: LayerId) {
 
 /// After the transform: the step that made the layer and the transform become one history step,
 /// the transform's for a copy and Place Embedded for a placed file.
-fn fold_made(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, document: DocId, made: MadeLayer) {
+fn fold_made(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, document: DocId, layer: LayerId, made: MadeLayer) {
     // A background commit lands in its own document, which need not be the active one by then.
     let Some(index) = app.session.documents().iter().position(|st| st.doc.id == document) else { return };
     let active = app.session.active_index();
     app.session.set_active(index);
-    if let Some(st) = app.session.active_mut() {
+    // Only when the step before the transform made the layer: a step taken while the box was
+    // open (New Layer, which also ends the box, #5667) stays its own, as does the made layer's.
+    if let Some(st) = app.session.active_mut()
+        && st.history.past_len().checked_sub(2).and_then(|i| st.history.state(i)).is_some_and(|before| before.layer(layer).is_none())
+    {
         st.history.purge_last();
         if made == MadeLayer::Place {
             st.history.set_current_label(photocraft_engine::file_cmds::PLACE_EMBEDDED);
@@ -890,9 +894,9 @@ impl Above {
     }
 
     /// Draw the composite over the moving pixels.
-    fn draw(&self, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform) {
+    fn draw(&self, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform, display: Option<&photocraft_engine::display_color::CanvasDisplay>) {
         let Some((texture, r)) = &self.shown else { return };
-        let (tex, uv) = texture.pick(painter.ctx(), xf.zoom * painter.ctx().pixels_per_point(), 1.0, false);
+        let (tex, uv) = texture.pick_display(painter.ctx(), xf.zoom * painter.ctx().pixels_per_point(), 1.0, false, display);
         let mut mesh = egui::Mesh::with_texture(tex);
         let corners = [(r.x0, r.y0, 0.0, 0.0), (r.x1, r.y0, uv[0], 0.0), (r.x1, r.y1, uv[0], uv[1]), (r.x0, r.y1, 0.0, uv[1])];
         for (x, y, u, v) in corners {
@@ -983,7 +987,14 @@ fn show_only(layers: &mut [photocraft_doc::Layer], keep: &[LayerId]) {
             continue;
         }
         match &mut l.content {
-            LayerContent::Group(g) if g.children.iter().any(|c| keep.iter().any(|k| contains(c, *k))) => show_only(&mut g.children, keep),
+            LayerContent::Group(g) if g.children.iter().any(|c| keep.iter().any(|k| contains(c, *k))) => {
+                // This ancestor only clips the covering children. Its background is already
+                // on the base canvas; drawing it again would cover the moving layer in white.
+                if let Some(board) = &mut g.artboard {
+                    board.background = photocraft_doc::ArtboardBackground::Transparent;
+                }
+                show_only(&mut g.children, keep);
+            }
             _ => l.visible = false,
         }
     }
@@ -1002,6 +1013,10 @@ pub(crate) fn solo_layer(layers: &mut [photocraft_doc::Layer], id: LayerId) {
         match &mut l.content {
             LayerContent::Group(g) if g.children.iter().any(|c| contains(c, id)) => {
                 l.clipped = false;
+                // Isolate the child, not the artboard's paper. Keep the board for clipping.
+                if let Some(board) = &mut g.artboard {
+                    board.background = photocraft_doc::ArtboardBackground::Transparent;
+                }
                 solo_layer(&mut g.children, id);
             }
             _ => l.visible = false,
@@ -1094,6 +1109,9 @@ pub fn commit(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
         return;
     }
     match r {
+        // Nothing changed (an untouched cylinder or Warp Text): no step to fold a copy into, so
+        // it stays its own step, as for an untouched box.
+        Ok(v) if v.get("changed") == Some(&json!(false)) => {}
         Ok(_) => finish(app, document, LayerId(t.layer), made, true),
         Err(e) => keep_open(app, t, preview, e),
     }
@@ -1104,7 +1122,7 @@ pub fn commit(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
 fn finish(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, document: Option<DocId>, layer: LayerId, made: Option<MadeLayer>, landed: bool) {
     let (Some(made), Some(document)) = (made, document) else { return };
     if landed {
-        fold_made(app, document, made);
+        fold_made(app, document, layer, made);
     } else {
         take_back_made(app, document, layer);
     }
@@ -1122,10 +1140,14 @@ pub fn on_job_event(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, e: &JobEvent) {
         return;
     }
     let (Some(t), Some(mut pv)) = (app.ui.transform.take(), app.transform_preview.take()) else { return };
-    // A refused commit (a result over the pixel budget, #3773) keeps the box open, as inline.
+    // A refused commit (a result over the pixel budget, #3773) keeps the box open, as inline,
+    // unless picking another tool or layer started it: then the box ends, as Esc would.
     if let JobOutcome::Failed(msg) = &e.outcome {
         pv.committing = None;
         keep_open(app, t, Some(pv), msg.clone());
+        if switched_away(app) {
+            cancel(app);
+        }
         return;
     }
     finish(app, Some(pv.doc.id), LayerId(t.layer), t.made, matches!(e.outcome, JobOutcome::Done(_)));
@@ -1154,7 +1176,6 @@ pub fn end_if_left(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
 
     let layer = LayerId(t.layer);
     let made = t.made;
-    let selection = t.selection;
     let preview_doc_id = app.transform_preview.as_ref().map(|pv| pv.doc.id);
     let switched_document = preview_doc_id.is_some_and(|id| id != st.doc.id);
 
@@ -1168,17 +1189,25 @@ pub fn end_if_left(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
         app.transform_preview = None;
     } else if switched_document || st.doc.layer(layer).is_none() {
         cancel(app);
-    } else if app.transform_preview.as_ref().is_some_and(|pv| pv.tool != app.ui.tool)
-        || (!selection && st.active_layer.is_some_and(|active| active.0 != layer.0))
-    {
+    } else if switched_away(app) {
         commit(app);
         // Picking another tool or layer can't leave a refused transform open: it ends, as Esc would.
-        if app.ui.transform.is_some() {
+        // A commit still running in the background isn't refused: cancelling it would throw the
+        // transform away (and a dropped file with it, #5665). It ends the session when it lands,
+        // or ends it as Esc would if it is refused then (`on_job_event`).
+        if app.ui.transform.is_some() && committing(app).is_none() {
             cancel(app);
         }
     }
 }
 
+/// Another tool picked, or (outside Transform Selection) another layer selected, since the box
+/// opened: the session ends ([`end_if_left`], #1400).
+fn switched_away(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> bool {
+    let (Some(t), Some(st)) = (&app.ui.transform, app.session.active()) else { return false };
+    app.transform_preview.as_ref().is_some_and(|pv| pv.tool != app.ui.tool) || (!t.selection && st.active_layer.is_some_and(|active| active.0 != t.layer))
+}
+
 /// Edits made while the box is open show in the preview at once, not only after the commit
 /// (#1384): the moving layer's opacity, fill and visibility tint the moving pixels, and the
 /// document under them (other layers, and the part of the layer a selection leaves behind) is
@@ -1836,6 +1865,43 @@ pub(crate) fn apply_drag(s: &mut TransformSession, g: Gesture, p: [f64; 2], mods
     }
 }
 
+fn anchor_uv(anchor: usize) -> (f64, f64) {
+    match anchor {
+        0 => (0.0, 0.0),
+        1 => (0.5, 0.0),
+        2 => (1.0, 0.0),
+        3 => (0.0, 0.5),
+        4 => (0.5, 0.5),
+        5 => (1.0, 0.5),
+        6 => (0.0, 1.0),
+        7 => (0.5, 1.0),
+        8 => (1.0, 1.0),
+        _ => (0.5, 0.5),
+    }
+}
+
+fn point_on_quad(quad: [[f64; 2]; 4], anchor: usize) -> [f64; 2] {
+    let (u, v) = anchor_uv(anchor);
+    if let Some(h) = Homography::rect_to_quad([0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0], quad) {
+        let (x, y) = h.apply(u, v);
+        if x.is_finite() && y.is_finite() {
+            return [x, y];
+        }
+    }
+    match anchor {
+        0 => quad[0],
+        1 => [(quad[0][0] + quad[1][0]) / 2.0, (quad[0][1] + quad[1][1]) / 2.0],
+        2 => quad[1],
+        3 => [(quad[0][0] + quad[3][0]) / 2.0, (quad[0][1] + quad[3][1]) / 2.0],
+        4 => [(quad[0][0] + quad[1][0] + quad[2][0] + quad[3][0]) / 4.0, (quad[0][1] + quad[1][1] + quad[2][1] + quad[3][1]) / 4.0],
+        5 => [(quad[1][0] + quad[2][0]) / 2.0, (quad[1][1] + quad[2][1]) / 2.0],
+        6 => quad[3],
+        7 => [(quad[2][0] + quad[3][0]) / 2.0, (quad[2][1] + quad[3][1]) / 2.0],
+        8 => quad[2],
+        _ => [(quad[0][0] + quad[1][0] + quad[2][0] + quad[3][0]) / 4.0, (quad[0][1] + quad[1][1] + quad[2][1] + quad[3][1]) / 4.0],
+    }
+}
+
 /// Where the reference point lands when the box goes from `quad0` to `quad`: the same place
 /// within the box, as in Photoshop, where it is attached to the bounding box (#1329). A box
 /// that has collapsed leaves it where it was.
@@ -2123,7 +2189,7 @@ pub fn cursor(app: &PhotocraftApp, xf: &ViewXform, p: [f64; 2], quick_split: boo
     // A handle resizes the box away from the opposite handle.
     let resize = |from: [f64; 2], to: [f64; 2]| crate::tool_cursor::resize([to[0] - from[0], to[1] - from[1]], xf);
     Some(match h {
-        Hit::Corner(i) => resize(corner(i + 2), corner(i)),
+        Hit::Corner(i) => crate::tool_cursor::corner_resize(&t.quad, i, xf),
         Hit::Edge(i) => resize(edge_mid(i + 2), edge_mid(i)),
         Hit::Pivot => CursorIcon::Crosshair,
         Hit::Inside => CursorIcon::Move,
@@ -2146,12 +2212,17 @@ fn front_vertices(h: &Homography, n: usize) -> Vec<bool> {
 /// Photoshop. The box, handles and reference point are [`draw_overlay`], drawn over the guides.
 pub fn draw_content(app: &PhotocraftApp, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform) {
     let (Some(t), Some(pv)) = (&app.ui.transform, &app.transform_preview) else { return };
+    let output = crate::monitor_status::view_display(app, painter.ctx());
+    let (display, _) = crate::canvas::canvas_display(app, &pv.doc, output);
+    // Selection tint and lone mask/channel values are UI diagnostics, not document colors.
+    let display = display.as_deref().filter(|_| !t.selection && t.target.is_none() && t.path.is_none());
     if let Some(w) = &t.warp {
-        draw_warp_content(painter, xf, t, w, pv);
+        draw_warp_content(painter, xf, t, w, pv, display);
         return;
     }
     let ctx = painter.ctx();
-    let styled = styled_frame(app, xf.zoom * ctx.pixels_per_point(), ctx.input(|i| i.pointer.any_down())).and_then(|(s, frame)| s.texture(ctx, &frame));
+    let styled =
+        styled_frame(app, xf.zoom * ctx.pixels_per_point(), ctx.input(|i| i.pointer.any_down())).and_then(|(s, frame)| s.texture(ctx, &frame, display));
     if let Some((tex, r)) = styled {
         let mut mesh = egui::Mesh::with_texture(tex);
         for (x, y, u, v) in [(r[0], r[1], 0.0, 0.0), (r[2], r[1], 1.0, 0.0), (r[2], r[3], 1.0, 1.0), (r[0], r[3], 0.0, 1.0)] {
@@ -2166,8 +2237,8 @@ pub fn draw_content(app: &PhotocraftApp, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform
         let zoom = xf.zoom * painter.ctx().pixels_per_point();
         // Content-Aware Scale shows its latest live result once there is one.
         let (tex, uv) = match pv.content_aware.as_ref().and_then(|l| l.shown(t)) {
-            Some((texture, texel)) => texture.pick(painter.ctx(), zoom, texel, false),
-            None => pv.texture.pick(painter.ctx(), zoom, quad_scale(t), t.interpolation == "nearest"),
+            Some((texture, texel)) => texture.pick_display(painter.ctx(), zoom, texel, false, display),
+            None => pv.texture.pick_display(painter.ctx(), zoom, quad_scale(t), t.interpolation == "nearest", display),
         };
         let mut mesh = egui::Mesh::with_texture(tex);
         let tint = Color32::from_white_alpha((pv.opacity.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 255.0) as u8);
@@ -2193,7 +2264,7 @@ pub fn draw_content(app: &PhotocraftApp, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform
         painter.add(clip_to_canvas(mesh, canvas_size(pv), |p| xf.to_screen(p.x, p.y)));
     }
     if let Some(a) = &pv.above {
-        a.draw(painter, xf);
+        a.draw(painter, xf, display);
     }
 }
 
@@ -2515,11 +2586,18 @@ fn draw_warp_points(painter: &egui::Painter, m: &BezierMesh, scr: impl Fn([f64;
 }
 
 /// The warped pixels and the layers above them ([`draw_content`] for a warp).
-fn draw_warp_content(painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform, t: &TransformSession, w: &Warp, pv: &TransformPreview) {
+fn draw_warp_content(
+    painter: &egui::Painter,
+    xf: &ViewXform,
+    t: &TransformSession,
+    w: &Warp,
+    pv: &TransformPreview,
+    display: Option<&photocraft_engine::display_color::CanvasDisplay>,
+) {
     let r = t.rect;
     let m = w.to_mesh(1, 1);
     let (us, vs) = crate::warp_preview::samples(&m, xf.zoom as f64);
-    let (tex, uv) = pv.texture.pick(painter.ctx(), xf.zoom * painter.ctx().pixels_per_point(), 1.0, t.interpolation == "nearest");
+    let (tex, uv) = pv.texture.pick_display(painter.ctx(), xf.zoom * painter.ctx().pixels_per_point(), 1.0, t.interpolation == "nearest", display);
     let mut mesh = egui::Mesh::with_texture(tex);
     let tint = Color32::from_white_alpha((pv.opacity.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 255.0) as u8);
     for v in &vs {
@@ -2533,7 +2611,7 @@ fn draw_warp_content(painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform, t: &TransformSessi
     mesh.indices = crate::warp_preview::triangle_order(&pos, &rest, us.len());
     painter.add(clip_to_canvas(mesh, canvas_size(pv), |p| xf.to_screen(p.x, p.y)));
     if let Some(a) = &pv.above {
-        a.draw(painter, xf);
+        a.draw(painter, xf, display);
     }
 }
 
@@ -2826,16 +2904,17 @@ fn transform_fields(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, t: &TransformSes
     let (r, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(18.0, 22.0), egui::Sense::hover());
     crate::icons::paint(ui, r, "rotate-cw", 13.0, tk.text_dim);
     resp.on_hover_text(tl!("Rotate"));
-    if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut a, -180.0..=180.0, "°", 60.0).changed() {
+    if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut a, -180.0..=180.0, "°", 60.0).accessible_name(tl!("Rotate")).changed() {
         rotate_about_pivot(app, (a as f64 - angle).to_radians());
     }
     // Photoshop's H and V skew fields: the box's sides lean by H, its top and bottom by V.
     let (mut h, mut v) = (skew_h as f32, t.skew_v as f32);
     let lim = -SKEW_LIMIT_DEG..=SKEW_LIMIT_DEG;
     lbl(ui, "H:");
-    let rh = crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut h, lim.clone(), "°", 56.0).on_hover_text(tl!("Set horizontal skew"));
+    let rh =
+        crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut h, lim.clone(), "°", 56.0).accessible_name(tl!("Set horizontal skew")).on_hover_text(tl!("Set horizontal skew"));
     lbl(ui, "V:");
-    let rv = crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut v, lim, "°", 56.0).on_hover_text(tl!("Set vertical skew"));
+    let rv = crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut v, lim, "°", 56.0).accessible_name(tl!("Set vertical skew")).on_hover_text(tl!("Set vertical skew"));
     if rh.changed() || rv.changed() {
         skew_about_pivot(app, f64::from(h), f64::from(v));
     }
@@ -2843,13 +2922,48 @@ fn transform_fields(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, t: &TransformSes
     lbl(ui, tl!("Interpolation:"));
     let mut interp = t.interpolation.clone();
     let opts = [("bicubic".to_string(), tl!("Bicubic")), ("bilinear".to_string(), tl!("Bilinear")), ("nearest".to_string(), tl!("Nearest Neighbor"))];
-    if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "transform-interp", &mut interp, &opts, 130.0)
+    if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "transform-interp", tl!("Interpolation"), &mut interp, &opts, 130.0)
         && let Some(s) = app.ui.transform.as_mut()
     {
         s.interpolation = interp;
     }
 }
 
+fn matching_anchor(quad: [[f64; 2]; 4], pivot: [f64; 2]) -> Option<usize> {
+    (0..9).find(|&i| {
+        let p = point_on_quad(quad, i);
+        (p[0] - pivot[0]).abs() <= 0.05 && (p[1] - pivot[1]).abs() <= 0.05
+    })
+}
+
+fn anchor_grid_widget(ui: &mut egui::Ui, current_anchor: Option<usize>) -> Option<usize> {
+    let size = egui::vec2(16.0, 16.0);
+    let (rect, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(size, egui::Sense::click());
+    let tk = crate::theme::Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
+    let painter = ui.painter();
+    painter.rect_stroke(rect, 1.0, egui::Stroke::new(1.0, tk.card_border), egui::StrokeKind::Inside);
+    let mut clicked = None;
+    let pointer = resp.interact_pointer_pos();
+    for row in 0..3 {
+        for col in 0..3 {
+            let idx = row * 3 + col;
+            let cx = rect.min.x + (col as f32 + 0.5) * (rect.width() / 3.0);
+            let cy = rect.min.y + (row as f32 + 0.5) * (rect.height() / 3.0);
+            let pt_rect = egui::Rect::from_center_size(egui::pos2(cx, cy), egui::vec2(3.5, 3.5));
+            if resp.clicked() && pointer.is_some_and(|p| (p.x - cx).abs() <= 3.0 && (p.y - cy).abs() <= 3.0) {
+                clicked = Some(idx);
+            }
+            if current_anchor == Some(idx) {
+                painter.rect_filled(pt_rect, 0.5, tk.accent);
+            } else {
+                painter.rect_filled(pt_rect, 0.5, tk.text_dim);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    resp.on_hover_text(tl!("Reference point location"));
+    clicked
+}
+
 /// The reference point's X/Y and the W/H scale fields (with the aspect link) of the options bar.
 pub(crate) fn position_size_fields(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, t: &TransformSession) {
     let tk = crate::theme::Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
@@ -2857,12 +2971,22 @@ pub(crate) fn position_size_fields(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, t
     let lbl = |ui: &mut egui::Ui, s: &str| {
         ui.label(egui::RichText::new(s).color(tk.text_dim).size(12.0));
     };
-    let mut px = t.pivot[0] as f32;
-    let mut py = t.pivot[1] as f32;
+    let current_anchor = matching_anchor(t.quad, t.pivot);
+    let mut pivot = t.pivot;
+    if let Some(new_anchor) = anchor_grid_widget(ui, current_anchor) {
+        let new_p = point_on_quad(t.quad, new_anchor);
+        if let Some(s) = app.ui.transform.as_mut() {
+            s.pivot = new_p;
+        }
+        pivot = new_p;
+    }
+    ui.add_space(4.0);
+    let mut px = pivot[0] as f32;
+    let mut py = pivot[1] as f32;
     lbl(ui, "X:");
-    let rx = crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut px, -POSITION_LIMIT_PX..=POSITION_LIMIT_PX, "px", 72.0);
+    let rx = crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut px, -POSITION_LIMIT_PX..=POSITION_LIMIT_PX, "px", 72.0).accessible_name("X");
     lbl(ui, "Y:");
-    let ry = crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut py, -POSITION_LIMIT_PX..=POSITION_LIMIT_PX, "px", 72.0);
+    let ry = crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut py, -POSITION_LIMIT_PX..=POSITION_LIMIT_PX, "px", 72.0).accessible_name("Y");
     if (rx.changed() || ry.changed())
         && let Some(s) = app.ui.transform.as_mut()
     {
@@ -2885,13 +3009,13 @@ pub(crate) fn position_size_fields(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, t
     // in a length), converted at the document's resolution against the box's original side (#6284).
     let units = crate::widgets::FieldUnits { unit: u.unit, dpi: u.dpi, ppi: u.ppi };
     lbl(ui, "W:");
-    let rw = crate::widgets::value_field_extent(ui, &mut w, -wlim_u..=wlim_u, suffix, size_w, places, units, side_w);
+    let rw = crate::widgets::value_field_extent(ui, &mut w, -wlim_u..=wlim_u, suffix, size_w, places, units, side_w).accessible_name(tl!("Width"));
     let link = !app.ui.transform_unlinked;
     if crate::icons::button(ui, if link { "link" } else { "unlink" }, 22.0, link, tl!("Maintain aspect ratio")).clicked() {
         app.ui.transform_unlinked = link;
     }
     lbl(ui, "H:");
-    let rh = crate::widgets::value_field_extent(ui, &mut h, -hlim_u..=hlim_u, suffix, size_w, places, units, side_h);
+    let rh = crate::widgets::value_field_extent(ui, &mut h, -hlim_u..=hlim_u, suffix, size_w, places, units, side_h).accessible_name(tl!("Height"));
     for r in [&rw, &rh] {
         r.context_menu(|ui| {
             if let Some(name) = crate::rulers::unit_menu(ui, u.unit) {
@@ -2927,7 +3051,7 @@ fn warp_fields(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, w: &Warp) {
     lbl(ui, tl!("Warp:"));
     let mut style = w.style;
     let opts: Vec<(WarpStyle, &str)> = WarpStyle::all().filter(|s| !(on_type && *s == WarpStyle::Custom)).map(|s| (s, s.label())).collect();
-    if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "warp-style", &mut style, &opts, 120.0)
+    if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "warp-style", tl!("Warp"), &mut style, &opts, 120.0)
         && let Some(t) = app.ui.transform.as_mut()
     {
         let b = t.rect;
@@ -2942,7 +3066,7 @@ fn warp_fields(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, w: &Warp) {
     let preset = w.style.is_preset();
     ui.add_enabled_ui(preset, |ui| {
         let orient = crate::icons::button(ui, "arrow-left-right", 26.0, w.vertical, tl!("Vertical"));
-        orient.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, preset, "Change warp orientation"));
+        orient.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, preset, "Change warp orientation"));
         if orient.clicked()
             && let Some(Some(cur)) = app.ui.transform.as_mut().map(|t| t.warp.as_mut())
         {
@@ -2952,7 +3076,7 @@ fn warp_fields(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, w: &Warp) {
         for (k, (name, v)) in fields.iter().enumerate() {
             lbl(ui, name);
             let mut f = *v as f32;
-            if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut f, -100.0..=100.0, "%", 58.0).changed()
+            if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut f, -100.0..=100.0, "%", 58.0).accessible_name(*name).changed()
                 && let Some(Some(cur)) = app.ui.transform.as_mut().map(|t| t.warp.as_mut())
             {
                 match k {
@@ -2999,7 +3123,7 @@ fn warp_mesh_fields(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, w: &Warp) {
         ("4".to_string(), tl!("4 x 4")),
         ("5".to_string(), tl!("5 x 5")),
     ];
-    if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "warp-grid", &mut grid, &opts, 92.0)
+    if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "warp-grid", tl!("Grid"), &mut grid, &opts, 92.0)
         && let Some(n) = match grid.as_str() {
             "default" => Some(1),
             "3" => Some(3),
@@ -3082,7 +3206,7 @@ fn split_icon(ui: &mut egui::Ui, kind: &str, tip: &str, on: bool) -> egui::Respo
     } else {
         ui.painter().circle_stroke(c, 2.1, stroke);
     }
-    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, tip));
+    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, tip));
     resp.on_hover_text(tip)
 }
 
@@ -3097,20 +3221,20 @@ fn transform_actions(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, warping: bool,
     };
     let commit_btn = crate::icons::button(ui, "check", 26.0, false, &commit_tip);
     let label = "Commit transform";
-    commit_btn.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, tl!(label)));
+    commit_btn.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, tl!(label)));
     if commit_btn.clicked() {
         commit(app);
     }
     let cancel_tip = if warping { tl!("Cancel warp (Esc)") } else { tl!("Cancel transform (Esc)") };
     let cancel_btn = crate::icons::button(ui, "ban", 26.0, false, cancel_tip);
     let label = "Cancel transform";
-    cancel_btn.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, tl!(label)));
+    cancel_btn.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, tl!(label)));
     if cancel_btn.clicked() {
         cancel(app);
     }
     if warping {
         let reset = crate::icons::button(ui, "undo-2", 26.0, false, tl!("Reset"));
-        reset.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, "Reset warp"));
+        reset.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, "Reset warp"));
         if reset.clicked() {
             reset_warp(app);
         }
@@ -3120,7 +3244,7 @@ fn transform_actions(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, warping: bool,
     }
     crate::widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
     let mode = crate::icons::button(ui, "grid-3x3", 26.0, warping, tl!("Switch between free transform and warp modes"));
-    mode.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, "Switch between free transform and warp modes"));
+    mode.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, "Switch between free transform and warp modes"));
     if mode.clicked() {
         if warping {
             leave_warp(app);
@@ -3664,6 +3788,134 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(app.transform_preview.is_none(), "the transform preview should end");
     }
 
+    /// Polls the app's background jobs until they have all landed.
+    fn land_jobs(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        for _ in 0..2000 {
+            crate::jobs_ui::tick(app, &ctx);
+            if !app.session.has_jobs() {
+                return;
+            }
+            std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(5));
+        }
+        panic!("the background jobs never landed");
+    }
+
+    /// A smart object placed the way a dropped file is (the last step made it), in Free Transform
+    /// and moved 8 px right, with commits running in the background as in the desktop app:
+    /// (app, the placed layer, its frame before the move, history steps before the place).
+    fn moved_place() -> (PhotocraftApp, LayerId, photocraft_geom::Rect, usize) {
+        let mut app = app_with_square(64, photocraft_geom::Rect::new(8, 8, 24, 24));
+        app.session.execute("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject", json!({})).unwrap();
+        let steps = app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        app.session.execute("layer.duplicate", json!({"inPlace": true})).unwrap();
+        app.sync_views();
+        let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+        let placed = st.active_layer.unwrap();
+        let frame = photocraft_engine::transform_cmds::transform_frame(&st.doc, st.doc.layer(placed).unwrap());
+        begin_placed(&mut app, &egui::Context::default()).unwrap();
+        let t = app.ui.transform.as_mut().unwrap();
+        t.quad = t.quad.map(|[x, y]| [x + 8.0, y]);
+        app.background_jobs = true;
+        (app, placed, frame, steps)
+    }
+
+    fn frame_of(app: &PhotocraftApp, layer: LayerId) -> Option<photocraft_geom::Rect> {
+        let st = app.session.active()?;
+        Some(photocraft_engine::transform_cmds::transform_frame(&st.doc, st.doc.layer(layer)?))
+    }
+
+    /// #5665: picking another tool or selecting another layer while a dropped file is in Free
+    /// Transform applies the transform when the commit runs in the background too. Ending the
+    /// box used to cancel that commit, which took the dropped file back (or left a transformed
+    /// layer where it was).
+    #[test]
+    fn another_tool_or_layer_applies_a_transform_committed_in_the_background() {
+        for by_layer in [false, true] {
+            let (mut app, placed, frame, steps) = moved_place();
+            if by_layer {
+                let below = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layers.iter().map(|l| l.id).find(|id| *id != placed).unwrap();
+                app.run("layer.select", json!({"layer": below.0})).unwrap();
+            } else {
+                app.ui.tool = if app.ui.tool == Tool::Brush { Tool::Move } else { Tool::Brush };
+            }
+            end_if_left(&mut app);
+            assert!(committing(&app).is_some(), "the commit runs in the background");
+            land_jobs(&mut app);
+            assert!(app.ui.transform.is_none() && app.transform_preview.is_none(), "the box ended");
+            assert_eq!(frame_of(&app, placed), Some(frame.translate(8, 0)), "the dropped file stays, moved (by layer: {by_layer})");
+            let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(st.history.past_len(), steps + 1, "the place and its move are one step");
+            assert_eq!(st.history.undo_label(), Some(photocraft_engine::file_cmds::PLACE_EMBEDDED));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// #5667: New Layer while a dropped file is in Free Transform applies the transform first. When
+    /// the commit runs in the background the command is refused until it has landed, then runs: the
+    /// place (which takes the move into its step) and the new layer each stay their own step, in
+    /// that order.
+    #[test]
+    fn new_layer_applies_the_open_transform() {
+        let (mut app, placed, frame, steps) = moved_place();
+        let layers = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layers.len();
+        let err = app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.contains("Free Transform is still being applied"), "refused while the commit runs: {err}");
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layers.len(), layers, "no layer yet");
+        land_jobs(&mut app);
+        assert!(app.ui.transform.is_none() && app.transform_preview.is_none(), "the box ended");
+        assert_eq!(frame_of(&app, placed), Some(frame.translate(8, 0)), "applied as it showed, not the original");
+        app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(st.doc.layers.len(), layers + 1);
+        assert_eq!(st.history.past_len(), steps + 2, "the place with its move, then New Layer");
+        assert_eq!(st.history.undo_label(), Some("New Layer"));
+        app.session.undo();
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layers.len(), layers, "one undo takes back the new layer");
+        assert_eq!(frame_of(&app, placed), Some(frame.translate(8, 0)), "the transform stays");
+    }
+
+    /// #5665, the report's second case through the UI with background jobs on, as in the desktop
+    /// app: Free Transform on a layer, move it, then click another layer's row in the Layers panel.
+    #[test]
+    fn clicking_another_layer_row_applies_the_transform() {
+        use egui_kittest::kittest::{NodeT, Queryable};
+        let app = app_with_square(64, photocraft_geom::Rect::new(8, 8, 24, 24));
+        let layer = app.session.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        let mut h = egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(1400.0, 900.0)).with_max_steps(64).with_step_dt(1.0 / 60.0).build_eframe(move |cc| {
+            PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&cc.egui_ctx, Default::default());
+            app
+        });
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        let before = frame_of(h.state(), layer).unwrap();
+        let ctx = h.ctx.clone();
+        crate::menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "edit.freeTransform", json!({})).unwrap();
+        let t = h.state_mut().ui.transform.as_mut().expect("in Free Transform");
+        t.quad = t.quad.map(|[x, y]| [x + 8.0, y]);
+        h.state_mut().background_jobs = true;
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        let row = h
+            .query_all_by_label("Background")
+            .find(|n| n.accesskit_node().role() == egui::accesskit::Role::Button)
+            .expect("the Background row")
+            .rect()
+            .center();
+        h.hover_at(row);
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.drag_at(row);
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.drop_at(row);
+        for _ in 0..400 {
+            h.run_steps(1);
+            if h.state().ui.transform.is_none() && !h.state().session.has_jobs() {
+                break;
+            }
+            std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(5));
+        }
+        assert_ne!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().active_layer, Some(layer), "the click selected the Background");
+        assert!(h.state().ui.transform.is_none(), "the box ended");
+        assert_eq!(frame_of(h.state(), layer), Some(before.translate(8, 0)), "the move was applied");
+    }
+
     /// Large documents need scales past 10000% and positions past 30000 px (#1267).
     #[test]
     fn transform_fields_reach_large_documents() {
@@ -4125,6 +4377,35 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layers.len(), layers);
     }
 
+    /// #4112: ⌥⌘T on a cylinder smart object, Warp mode, Enter with nothing touched: the copy
+    /// keeps the cylinder and stays its own step (no warp step to fold into), so one undo takes
+    /// back the copy and nothing before it.
+    #[test]
+    fn untouched_warp_of_a_cylinder_copy_keeps_its_own_step() {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut app = app_with_square(64, photocraft_geom::Rect::new(8, 8, 24, 24));
+        app.run("layer.smartObjects.convertToSmartObject", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.run("layer.smartObjects.warp", json!({"style": "cylinder", "values": [8, 24, 24, 8, 0.3, 0.3, 0.5], "rect": [8, 8, 24, 24]})).unwrap();
+        let warp = |app: &PhotocraftApp, i: usize| match &app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layers[i].content {
+            photocraft_doc::LayerContent::Smart(sm) => sm.warp.as_ref().map(|w| w.style),
+            _ => None,
+        };
+        let (layers, steps) = (app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layers.len(), app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len());
+        assert_eq!(warp(&app, layers - 1), Some(WarpStyle::Cylinder));
+        crate::menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "edit.freeTransformCopy", json!({})).unwrap();
+        enter_warp(&mut app, &ctx);
+        assert!(app.ui.transform.as_ref().unwrap().warp.is_some(), "Warp mode shows the cylinder");
+        commit(&mut app);
+        assert!(!app.ui.status_error, "{}", app.ui.status);
+        let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((st.doc.layers.len(), st.history.past_len()), (layers + 1, steps + 1));
+        assert_eq!(warp(&app, layers), Some(WarpStyle::Cylinder), "the copy is still a cylinder");
+        app.session.undo();
+        let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((st.doc.layers.len(), st.history.past_len()), (layers, steps), "one undo takes back the copy only");
+        assert_eq!(warp(&app, layers - 1), Some(WarpStyle::Cylinder));
+    }
+
     /// #1099: cancel, frame cleanup and a commit before the next frame all belong to the
     /// original document, including after tab reordering and with shared layer IDs.
     #[test]
@@ -4356,7 +4637,7 @@ mod tests {
         let ctx = egui::Context::default();
         let mut drawn = false;
         let mut output = ctx.run_ui(Default::default(), |ui| {
-            let painter = ui.ctx().layer_painter(egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Foreground, egui::Id::new("ants-test")));
+            let painter = ui.ctx().layer_painter(egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Foreground, egui::Id::unique("ants-test")));
             drawn = draw_selection(app, &painter, xf, st.doc.id, &segs, 0.0);
         });
         output.textures_delta.clear();
@@ -4584,6 +4865,56 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(rotate_cursor_dir(&app, [f64::NAN, 32.0]), None);
     }
 
+    // Regression test for #4139: the rotate zone hides the OS pointer (`CursorIcon::None`), so the
+    // canvas has to draw the curved turn arrow itself where the box has no preview to draw it
+    // (the preview's overlay draws it otherwise); the pointer vanished over the zone.
+    #[test]
+    fn the_rotate_zone_draws_the_turn_arrow_where_the_pointer_is_hidden() {
+        let mut app = app_with_square(256, photocraft_geom::Rect::new(32, 32, 160, 160));
+        app.ui.tool = Tool::Move;
+        let mut h = egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(1200.0, 800.0)).with_max_steps(64).build_eframe(move |cc| {
+            PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&cc.egui_ctx, Default::default());
+            app
+        });
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        let ctx = h.ctx.clone();
+        crate::menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "edit.freeTransform", json!({})).unwrap();
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        let tol = handle_tolerance(h.state());
+        let xf = ViewXform::active(h.state()).unwrap();
+        let accent = crate::theme::Tokens::get(&h.ctx).accent_text;
+        // The arrow's bright stroke: a 17-point arc in the accent colour around the pointer.
+        let arrows = |h: &egui_kittest::Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, at: egui::Pos2| {
+            h.output()
+                .shapes
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|c| match &c.shape {
+                    egui::Shape::Path(p) => {
+                        p.points.len() == 17
+                            && p.stroke.width == 1.5
+                            && p.stroke.color == egui::epaint::ColorMode::Solid(accent)
+                            && p.points.iter().all(|q| q.distance(at) < 40.0)
+                    }
+                    _ => false,
+                })
+                .count()
+        };
+        let outside = xf.to_screen((32.0 - tol * 1.5) as f32, (32.0 - tol * 1.5) as f32);
+
+        // A box with no preview (its overlay is what draws the arrow otherwise).
+        h.state_mut().transform_preview = None;
+        h.hover_at(outside);
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        assert!(h.state().ui.transform.is_some() && h.state().transform_preview.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(h.output().platform_output.cursor_icon, CursorIcon::None, "the OS pointer is hidden in the rotate zone");
+        assert_eq!(arrows(&h, outside), 1, "and the curved arrow is drawn in its place");
+
+        let inside = xf.to_screen(96.0, 96.0);
+        h.hover_at(inside);
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        assert_eq!(arrows(&h, inside), 0, "no arrow over the box");
+    }
+
     /// The resize arrows follow the box's turn and the view's rotation and flip: each handle
     /// shows the arrow it resizes along on screen, not the one it had on the upright box.
     #[test]
@@ -4617,6 +4948,21 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    /// The corners of a wide or tall box show the diagonal arrows, as in Photoshop, not the
+    /// horizontal or vertical one its long diagonal is nearest to.
+    #[test]
+    fn corner_cursors_stay_diagonal_on_a_long_box() {
+        use CursorIcon::{ResizeNeSw as NeSw, ResizeNwSe as NwSe};
+        for rect in [photocraft_geom::Rect::new(8, 112, 248, 144), photocraft_geom::Rect::new(112, 8, 144, 248)] {
+            let mut app = app_with_square(256, rect);
+            crate::menus::invoke(&mut app, &egui::Context::default(), "edit.freeTransform", json!({})).unwrap();
+            let t = app.ui.transform.clone().unwrap();
+            let xf = ViewXform::active(&app).unwrap();
+            let got: Vec<_> = (0..4).map(|i| cursor(&app, &xf, t.quad[i], false)).collect();
+            assert_eq!(got, [NwSe, NeSw, NwSe, NeSw].map(Some), "{rect:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
     /// A warp split's arrow crosses the split line as it looks on screen: it turns with a turned
     /// grid (Warp entered on a rotated box) and with a rotated view.
     #[test]
@@ -4955,6 +5301,80 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
+    fn artboard_preview_app(background: photocraft_doc::ArtboardBackground) -> (PhotocraftApp, LayerId, LayerId) {
+        use photocraft_doc::{Artboard, Layer};
+        let mut app = app_with_square(64, photocraft_geom::Rect::new(8, 8, 24, 24));
+        let st = app.session.active_mut().unwrap();
+        let doc = Arc::make_mut(&mut st.doc);
+        let red = doc.layers.pop().unwrap();
+        let red_id = red.id;
+        let mut blue = Layer::raster("covering blue", photocraft_color::PixelFormat::RGBA8);
+        blue.surface_mut().unwrap().fill_rect(photocraft_geom::Rect::new(16, 16, 40, 40), &[0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0]);
+        let mut board = Layer::group("board", vec![red, blue]);
+        let board_id = board.id;
+        if let LayerContent::Group(g) = &mut board.content {
+            let mut ab = Artboard::new(photocraft_geom::Rect::new(0, 0, 64, 64));
+            ab.background = background;
+            g.artboard = Some(ab);
+        }
+        doc.layers = vec![board];
+        (app, board_id, red_id)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn artboard_transform_overlay_does_not_cover_moving_pixels_with_the_board_background() {
+        use photocraft_doc::ArtboardBackground;
+        for background in [ArtboardBackground::White, ArtboardBackground::Black] {
+            let (mut app, board_id, red_id) = artboard_preview_app(background);
+            let original = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+            begin(&mut app, &gpu_ctx()).unwrap();
+            let pv = app.transform_preview.as_ref().unwrap();
+            let (texture, rect) = pv.above.as_ref().unwrap().shown.as_ref().unwrap();
+            let (image, _) = texture.level_image(0).unwrap();
+            let at = |x: i32, y: i32| image.pixels[(y - rect.y0) as usize * image.size[0] + (x - rect.x0) as usize];
+            assert_eq!(at(12, 12), Color32::TRANSPARENT, "the board background belongs under the moving layer");
+            assert_eq!(at(20, 20), Color32::BLUE, "covering siblings must still cover the moving layer");
+            let under = photocraft_compose::render(&pv.doc, photocraft_geom::Rect::new(0, 0, 64, 64));
+            assert_eq!(under.px[12 * 64 + 12], background.rgba().unwrap(), "the board background remains on the base canvas");
+            assert!(!pv.doc.layer(red_id).unwrap().visible);
+            cancel(&mut app);
+            let LayerContent::Group(g) = &app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layer(board_id).unwrap().content else { panic!("board") };
+            assert_eq!(g.artboard.as_ref().unwrap().background, background);
+            assert!(Arc::ptr_eq(&app.session.active().unwrap().doc, &original), "preview and cancellation do not edit the document");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn artboard_solo_preview_keeps_holes_transparent_and_the_board_clip() {
+        use photocraft_doc::ArtboardBackground;
+        let (app, board_id, red_id) = artboard_preview_app(ArtboardBackground::White);
+        let original = &app.session.active().unwrap().doc;
+        let mut solo = (**original).clone();
+        solo.layer_mut(red_id).unwrap().surface_mut().unwrap().fill_rect(photocraft_geom::Rect::new(-2, -2, 1, 1), &[1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+        solo_layer(&mut solo.layers, red_id);
+        let b = photocraft_geom::Rect::new(-2, -2, 66, 66);
+        let rendered = photocraft_compose::render(&solo, b);
+        let at = |x: i32, y: i32| rendered.px[(y + 2) as usize * 68 + (x + 2) as usize];
+        assert_eq!(at(12, 12), [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+        assert_eq!(at(30, 30), [0.0; 4], "neither the board's white nor another child enters the moving texture");
+        assert_eq!(at(-1, -1), [0.0; 4], "the artboard still clips its children");
+        let LayerContent::Group(g) = &solo.layer(board_id).unwrap().content else { panic!("board") };
+        assert!(g.artboard.is_some(), "keep the board boundary while omitting its background");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn artboard_moved_as_a_whole_keeps_its_background() {
+        use photocraft_doc::ArtboardBackground;
+        let (app, board_id, _) = artboard_preview_app(ArtboardBackground::Black);
+        let mut doc = (*app.session.active().unwrap().doc).clone();
+        solo_layer(&mut doc.layers, board_id);
+        let rendered = photocraft_compose::render(&doc, photocraft_geom::Rect::new(0, 0, 64, 64));
+        assert_eq!(rendered.px[50 * 64 + 50], [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+        show_only(&mut doc.layers, &[board_id]);
+        let rendered = photocraft_compose::render(&doc, photocraft_geom::Rect::new(0, 0, 64, 64));
+        assert_eq!(rendered.px[50 * 64 + 50], [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0], "a whole covering artboard keeps its own background");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn nested_group_preview_detaches_every_clipped_ancestor() {
         use photocraft_color::PixelFormat;
@@ -5246,6 +5666,67 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(after.points[5] != before.points[5], "the inside of the grid moved");
     }
 
+    /// #7885: a surface drag (a press inside a cell, on no anchor or handle) commits exactly as
+    /// the preview draws it. The layer is a gradient whose colour encodes where each pixel came
+    /// from, so every committed pixel says which source point landed there; the preview puts
+    /// source point `p` at `warp.map(p)`, and the commit must agree.
+    #[test]
+    fn warp_surface_drag_commits_as_previewed() {
+        const N: i32 = 96;
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": N, "height": N})).unwrap();
+        app.sync_views();
+        app.session.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        let code = |x: f64, y: f64| [x / (N - 1) as f64, y / (N - 1) as f64];
+        app.session
+            .edit("paint", |doc, a| {
+                let s = doc.layer_mut(a.unwrap()).unwrap().surface_mut().unwrap();
+                for y in 0..N {
+                    for x in 0..N {
+                        let [r, g] = code(x as f64, y as f64);
+                        s.write_pixel(x, y, &[r as f32, g as f32, 0.5, 1.0]);
+                    }
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+        begin_warp(&mut app, &egui::Context::default()).unwrap();
+        let (start, end) = ([30.0, 30.0], [39.0, 25.0]);
+        // A press well inside the top-left cell: a surface drag, not a point drag.
+        warp_pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: start[0], y: start[1], pressure: 1.0 }, 2.0, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert!(matches!(app.transform_preview.as_ref().unwrap().warp_drag, Some(WarpDrag::Surface { .. })));
+        warp_pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Move { x: end[0], y: end[1], pressure: 1.0 }, 2.0, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        warp_pointer(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: end[0], y: end[1] }, 2.0, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        // What the preview draws: the mapping of the warp the session holds.
+        let previewed = app.ui.transform.as_ref().unwrap().warp.clone().unwrap();
+        let landed = previewed.map(start[0], start[1]);
+        assert!((landed.0 - end[0]).abs() < 1e-6 && (landed.1 - end[1]).abs() < 1e-6, "the grabbed point follows the pointer: {landed:?}");
+        commit(&mut app);
+        assert!(app.ui.transform.is_none(), "{}", app.ui.status);
+        let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+        let s = st.doc.layer(st.active_layer.unwrap()).unwrap().surface().unwrap();
+        let from = |x: f64, y: f64| {
+            let mut p = [0.0f32; 4];
+            s.read_pixel(x.round() as i32, y.round() as i32, &mut p);
+            [p[0] as f64 * (N - 1) as f64, p[1] as f64 * (N - 1) as f64]
+        };
+        // The grabbed point's pixel moved with the pointer: the drag did not get lost.
+        let got = from(end[0], end[1]);
+        assert!((got[0] - start[0]).abs() < 2.0 && (got[1] - start[1]).abs() < 2.0, "pixel at the drop point came from {got:?}, not {start:?}");
+        // And everywhere else the committed pixels sit where the preview put them.
+        for j in 1..12 {
+            for i in 1..12 {
+                let src = [i as f64 * 8.0, j as f64 * 8.0];
+                let (dx, dy) = previewed.map(src[0], src[1]);
+                if !(1.0..(N - 2) as f64).contains(&dx) || !(1.0..(N - 2) as f64).contains(&dy) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let got = from(dx, dy);
+                assert!((got[0] - src[0]).abs() < 2.0 && (got[1] - src[1]).abs() < 2.0, "{src:?} previewed at {:?} but committed {got:?} there", (dx, dy));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn a_handle_belongs_to_the_anchor_it_hangs_off() {
         assert_eq!(handle_anchor(0, 1), (0, 0));
@@ -5367,6 +5848,59 @@ mod tests {
         img.pixels[y * img.size[0] + x].a()
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn transform_preview_preserves_displayed_profile_colors() {
+        let bounds = photocraft_geom::Rect::new(0, 0, 8, 8);
+        for (wide_gamut, monitor, warp) in [(false, "srgb", false), (true, "srgb", false), (false, "display-p3", false), (true, "srgb", true)] {
+            let mut app = app_with_square(8, bounds);
+            app.session
+                .edit("original color sample", |doc, active| {
+                    if wide_gamut {
+                        doc.icc_profile = Some(photocraft_cms::Builtin::AdobeRgbCompat.profile().to_bytes());
+                    }
+                    doc.layer_mut(active.unwrap()).unwrap().surface_mut().unwrap().fill_rect(bounds, &[0.55, 0.35, 0.2, 1.0]);
+                    Ok(())
+                })
+                .unwrap();
+            app.session.color.settings.monitor_profile = monitor.into();
+            let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+            let display = app.session.color.canvas_display(&st.doc).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(!display.is_identity(), wide_gamut || monitor != "srgb");
+            let composite = photocraft_compose::render(&st.doc, bounds);
+            let expected = crate::canvas::display_image(Some(&display), &composite);
+            let ctx = gpu_ctx();
+            if warp {
+                begin_warp(&mut app, &ctx).unwrap();
+            } else {
+                begin(&mut app, &ctx).unwrap();
+            }
+            let xf = ViewXform {
+                rect: egui::Rect::from_min_size(egui::Pos2::ZERO, vec2(80.0, 80.0)),
+                zoom: 1.0,
+                center: [4.0, 4.0],
+                flip: false,
+                rotation: 0.0,
+                aspect: 1.0,
+            };
+            let mut out = ctx.run_ui(egui::RawInput { max_texture_side: Some(16384), ..Default::default() }, |ui| {
+                draw_content(&app, &ui.ctx().layer_painter(egui::LayerId::background()), &xf);
+            });
+            let texture = out
+                .shapes
+                .iter()
+                .find_map(|s| match &s.shape {
+                    egui::Shape::Mesh(mesh) if mesh.texture_id != egui::TextureId::default() => Some(mesh.texture_id),
+                    _ => None,
+                })
+                .expect("transform draws a textured mesh");
+            let upload = out.textures_delta.set.get(&texture).and_then(|updates| updates.last()).expect("drawn texture was uploaded");
+            let egui::ImageData::Color(image) = &upload.image;
+            let shown = image.pixels[0];
+            out.textures_delta.clear();
+            assert_eq!(shown, expected.pixels[0], "transform changed displayed color; wide_gamut={wide_gamut}, monitor={monitor}, warp={warp}");
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn preview_applies_the_linked_mask() {
         for linked in [true, false] {
@@ -5394,6 +5928,150 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(texel_alpha(&img, 10, 4), 255, "revealed");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn transform_selection_tint_is_not_document_color() {
+        let mut app = app_with_square(8, photocraft_geom::Rect::new(0, 0, 8, 8));
+        app.session.color.settings.monitor_profile = "display-p3".into();
+        app.session.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 0, "y": 0, "width": 8, "height": 8})).unwrap();
+        let ctx = gpu_ctx();
+        begin_selection(&mut app, &ctx).unwrap();
+        let raw = app.transform_preview.as_ref().unwrap().texture.level_image(0).unwrap().0;
+        let xf = ViewXform {
+            rect: egui::Rect::from_min_size(egui::Pos2::ZERO, vec2(80.0, 80.0)),
+            zoom: 1.0,
+            center: [4.0, 4.0],
+            flip: false,
+            rotation: 0.0,
+            aspect: 1.0,
+        };
+        let mut out = ctx.run_ui(egui::RawInput::default(), |ui| {
+            draw_content(&app, &ui.ctx().layer_painter(egui::LayerId::background()), &xf);
+        });
+        let id = out
+            .shapes
+            .iter()
+            .find_map(|s| match &s.shape {
+                egui::Shape::Mesh(m) if m.texture_id != egui::TextureId::default() => Some(m.texture_id),
+                _ => None,
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+        let egui::ImageData::Color(shown) = &out.textures_delta.set.get(&id).unwrap().last().unwrap().image;
+        assert_eq!(shown.pixels, raw.pixels);
+        out.textures_delta.clear();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn transform_covering_layer_uses_the_same_monitor_profile() {
+        let bounds = photocraft_geom::Rect::new(0, 0, 8, 8);
+        let mut app = app_with_square(8, bounds);
+        let lower = app.session.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        let upper = app.session.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        app.session
+            .edit("original color samples", |doc, _| {
+                doc.layer_mut(lower).unwrap().surface_mut().unwrap().fill_rect(bounds, &[0.55, 0.35, 0.2, 1.0]);
+                doc.layer_mut(upper).unwrap().surface_mut().unwrap().fill_rect(bounds, &[0.2, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0]);
+                Ok(())
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+        app.session.color.settings.monitor_profile = "display-p3".into();
+        let doc = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+        let display = app.session.color.canvas_display(&doc).unwrap();
+        let expected = [lower, upper].map(|id| {
+            let mut solo = (*doc).clone();
+            for layer in &mut solo.layers {
+                layer.visible = layer.id == id;
+            }
+            crate::canvas::display_image(Some(&display), &photocraft_compose::render(&solo, bounds)).pixels[0]
+        });
+        app.session.execute("layer.select", json!({"layer": lower.0})).unwrap();
+        let ctx = gpu_ctx();
+        begin(&mut app, &ctx).unwrap();
+        let xf = ViewXform {
+            rect: egui::Rect::from_min_size(egui::Pos2::ZERO, vec2(80.0, 80.0)),
+            zoom: 1.0,
+            center: [4.0, 4.0],
+            flip: false,
+            rotation: 0.0,
+            aspect: 1.0,
+        };
+        let mut out = ctx.run_ui(egui::RawInput::default(), |ui| {
+            draw_content(&app, &ui.ctx().layer_painter(egui::LayerId::background()), &xf);
+        });
+        let shown: Vec<_> = out
+            .shapes
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|s| match &s.shape {
+                egui::Shape::Mesh(m) if m.texture_id != egui::TextureId::default() => {
+                    let egui::ImageData::Color(image) = &out.textures_delta.set.get(&m.texture_id).unwrap().last().unwrap().image;
+                    Some(image.pixels[0])
+                }
+                _ => None,
+            })
+            .collect();
+        out.textures_delta.clear();
+        assert_eq!(shown, expected, "moving pixels and covering pixels use the same display conversion");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[ignore = "requires a GPU adapter; renders profile-managed transform evidence"]
+    fn transform_profile_visual_evidence() {
+        let _guard = photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock();
+        let destination = std::env::var("PHOTOCRAFT_TRANSFORM_EVIDENCE").unwrap_or_else(|_| "transform-profile-evidence".into());
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&destination).unwrap();
+        for monitor in ["srgb", "display-p3"] {
+            let mut h = egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(1200.0, 800.0)).with_max_steps(64).wgpu().build_eframe(move |cc| {
+                PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&cc.egui_ctx, Default::default());
+                let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+                app.set_wgpu(cc.wgpu_render_state.as_ref().unwrap().clone());
+                app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 400, "height": 300, "background": "transparent"})).unwrap();
+                app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+                app.session
+                    .edit("original color swatches", |doc, active| {
+                        let surface = doc.layer_mut(active.unwrap()).unwrap().surface_mut().unwrap();
+                        for (x, color) in [(60, [0.55, 0.35, 0.2, 1.0]), (160, [0.2, 0.6, 0.35, 1.0]), (260, [0.3, 0.4, 0.7, 1.0])] {
+                            surface.fill_rect(photocraft_geom::Rect::new(x, 60, x + 80, 220), &color);
+                        }
+                        Ok(())
+                    })
+                    .unwrap();
+                app.session.color.settings.monitor_profile = monitor.into();
+                app.ui.extras.rulers = false;
+                app.sync_views();
+                app.ui.views[0].zoom = 1.0;
+                app.ui.views[0].center = [200.0, 150.0];
+                app.ui.views[0].fit_pending = false;
+                app
+            });
+            h.run_steps(8);
+            let app = h.state();
+            let view = &app.ui.views[0];
+            let xf = ViewXform { rect: app.last_canvas_rect, zoom: view.zoom, center: view.center, flip: false, rotation: 0.0, aspect: 1.0 };
+            let points = [100.0, 200.0, 300.0].map(|x| xf.to_screen(x, 100.0) * h.ctx.pixels_per_point());
+            let before = h.render().unwrap();
+            before.save(std::path::Path::new(&destination).join(format!("{monitor}-before.png"))).unwrap();
+            let ctx = h.ctx.clone();
+            begin(h.state_mut(), &ctx).unwrap();
+            h.run_steps(8);
+            assert!(h.state().ui.transform.is_some());
+            let during = h.render().unwrap();
+            during.save(std::path::Path::new(&destination).join(format!("{monitor}-during.png"))).unwrap();
+            commit(h.state_mut());
+            h.run_steps(8);
+            assert!(h.state().ui.transform.is_none());
+            let after = h.render().unwrap();
+            after.save(std::path::Path::new(&destination).join(format!("{monitor}-after.png"))).unwrap();
+            for point in points {
+                let (x, y) = (point.x as u32, point.y as u32);
+                let expected = before.get_pixel(x, y).0;
+                assert_ne!(expected[0], expected[1], "sample must hit a color swatch, not the checkerboard");
+                for actual in [during.get_pixel(x, y).0, after.get_pixel(x, y).0] {
+                    assert!(actual.iter().zip(expected).all(|(a, b)| a.abs_diff(b) <= 2), "{monitor}: before={expected:?}, shown={actual:?}");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn preview_feathers_the_linked_mask() {
         // A feathered pixel mask without a vector mask: the compositor softens the edge at x 16,
@@ -5579,4 +6257,30 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(matches!(&st.doc.layer(st.active_layer.unwrap()).unwrap().content, LayerContent::Text(t) if t.warp.is_none()));
         assert_eq!(past(&app), before + 2);
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn anchor_grid_point_on_quad_and_carry_pivot() {
+        let quad = [[0.0, 0.0], [100.0, 0.0], [100.0, 50.0], [0.0, 50.0]];
+        assert_eq!(point_on_quad(quad, 0), [0.0, 0.0]);
+        assert_eq!(point_on_quad(quad, 1), [50.0, 0.0]);
+        assert_eq!(point_on_quad(quad, 2), [100.0, 0.0]);
+        assert_eq!(point_on_quad(quad, 3), [0.0, 25.0]);
+        assert_eq!(point_on_quad(quad, 4), [50.0, 25.0]);
+        assert_eq!(point_on_quad(quad, 5), [100.0, 25.0]);
+        assert_eq!(point_on_quad(quad, 6), [0.0, 50.0]);
+        assert_eq!(point_on_quad(quad, 7), [50.0, 50.0]);
+        assert_eq!(point_on_quad(quad, 8), [100.0, 50.0]);
+
+        let quad_scaled = [[0.0, 0.0], [200.0, 0.0], [200.0, 100.0], [0.0, 100.0]];
+        let p_top_right = carry_pivot(quad, quad_scaled, [100.0, 0.0]);
+        assert_eq!(p_top_right, [200.0, 0.0]);
+        let p_center = carry_pivot(quad, quad_scaled, [50.0, 25.0]);
+        assert_eq!(p_center, [100.0, 50.0]);
+
+        for anchor in 0..9 {
+            assert_eq!(matching_anchor(quad, point_on_quad(quad, anchor)), Some(anchor));
+        }
+        assert_eq!(matching_anchor(quad, [12.3, 45.6]), None);
+        assert_eq!(matching_anchor(quad, [50.0, 30.0]), None);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/transform_type_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/transform_type_tests.rs
index 457c03c1cb..eeb91f44b9 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/transform_type_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/transform_type_tests.rs
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ fn type_layers_offer_free_transform_but_not_distort_or_perspective() {
         type_layer: false,
         guide: false,
         spelling: None,
+        crop: None,
     };
     assert!(crate::canvas_tool_menu::available(&app, &menu, "edit.freeTransform"));
     assert!(!crate::canvas_tool_menu::available(&app, &menu, "edit.transform.distort"));
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/type_font_picker_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/type_font_picker_tests.rs
index 6e20d99b15..48d03c18fc 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/type_font_picker_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/type_font_picker_tests.rs
@@ -13,23 +13,35 @@ struct State {
     button: egui::Id,
     popup: egui::Id,
     preview: FontPreview,
+    recents: Vec<String>,
 }
 
+/// Frames a harness may take to settle. Opening the font menu scrolls it to the current family on
+/// the first laid-out pass, and the rows that scroll into view load their samples then: a family
+/// with an Arabic sample asks for one more pass to widen its row. How many do depends on the
+/// fonts installed (Linux CI settled after 6), so 4 frames, egui's default, is too few.
+const SETTLE_STEPS: u64 = 16;
+
 fn harness() -> Harness<'static, State> {
     harness_with(FontPreview::Medium)
 }
 
 fn harness_with(preview: FontPreview) -> Harness<'static, State> {
+    harness_with_recents(preview, Vec::new())
+}
+
+fn harness_with_recents(preview: FontPreview, recents: Vec<String>) -> Harness<'static, State> {
     // Enough families that the unfiltered menu hits its maximum height and scrolls.
     let mut families: Vec<String> = (0..60).map(|i| format!("Family {i:02}")).collect();
     families.push("Zeta Sans".into());
-    let state = State { current: "Family 00".into(), families, button: egui::Id::NULL, popup: egui::Id::NULL, preview };
-    let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(600.0, 900.0)).build_ui_state(
+    let state = State { current: "Family 00".into(), families, button: egui::Id::NULL, popup: egui::Id::NULL, preview, recents };
+    let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(600.0, 900.0)).with_max_steps(SETTLE_STEPS).build_ui_state(
         |ui, s: &mut State| {
             s.button = ui.make_persistent_id(egui::IdSalt::new("type-font"));
             s.popup = s.button.with("popup");
             let fams = s.families.clone();
-            font_picker_in(ui, &mut s.current, 170.0, &fams, s.preview);
+            let recents = s.recents.clone();
+            font_picker_in(ui, &mut s.current, 170.0, &fams, s.preview, &recents);
         },
         state,
     );
@@ -67,7 +79,7 @@ fn hovering_a_font_row_sets_preview_and_leaving_clears_it() {
     assert!(popup.contains(row), "row {row:?} is outside popup {popup:?}");
     h.hover_at(row);
     h.run_steps(2);
-    let hover_id = egui::Id::new("type-font-hover");
+    let hover_id = egui::Id::unique("type-font-hover");
     assert_eq!(h.ctx.input(|i| i.pointer.interact_pos()), Some(row));
     assert!(popup_rect(&h).is_some(), "popup closes while moving pointer to the row");
     assert_eq!(
@@ -126,6 +138,7 @@ fn the_search_field_stays_put_while_the_list_scrolls() {
     h.hover_at(h.get_by_label("Family 05").rect().center());
     for _ in 0..6 {
         h.event(egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+            source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
             unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Line,
             delta: vec2(0.0, -3.0),
             phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move,
@@ -332,14 +345,15 @@ fn arrows_on_the_field_step_through_the_families_after_a_pick() {
 fn the_first_arrow_after_a_pick_keeps_the_focus_between_neighbours() {
     for (enter, picked, stepped) in [(false, "Family 05", "Family 06"), (true, "Family 04", "Family 05")] {
         let families: Vec<String> = (0..20).map(|i| format!("Family {i:02}")).collect();
-        let state = State { current: "Family 03".into(), families, button: egui::Id::NULL, popup: egui::Id::NULL, preview: FontPreview::Off };
-        let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(600.0, 900.0)).build_ui_state(
+        let state =
+            State { current: "Family 03".into(), families, button: egui::Id::NULL, popup: egui::Id::NULL, preview: FontPreview::Off, recents: Vec::new() };
+        let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(600.0, 900.0)).with_max_steps(SETTLE_STEPS).build_ui_state(
             |ui, s: &mut State| {
                 let _ = ui.button("Above");
                 s.button = ui.make_persistent_id(egui::IdSalt::new("type-font"));
                 s.popup = s.button.with("popup");
                 let fams = s.families.clone();
-                font_picker_in(ui, &mut s.current, 170.0, &fams, s.preview);
+                font_picker_in(ui, &mut s.current, 170.0, &fams, s.preview, &s.recents);
                 let _ = ui.button("Below");
             },
             state,
@@ -428,7 +442,7 @@ fn font_cycle_in_options_bar_edits_the_layer_and_can_be_undone() {
     let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Services::default());
     app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 100})).unwrap();
     app.run("type.create", json!({"text": "Sample", "font": "Inter", "size": 18})).unwrap();
-    let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(900.0, 700.0)).build_ui_state(
+    let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(900.0, 700.0)).with_max_steps(SETTLE_STEPS).build_ui_state(
         |ui, app| {
             if ui.ctx().fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
                 ui.horizontal(|ui| crate::type_tool::options_bar(app, ui));
@@ -439,7 +453,8 @@ fn font_cycle_in_options_bar_edits_the_layer_and_can_be_undone() {
     crate::PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, Default::default());
     h.run_steps(4);
     h.query_all_by_role(Role::ComboBox).next().unwrap().click();
-    h.run();
+    // The font search field's caret blinks every pass, so settle with bounded steps instead.
+    h.run_steps(2);
     h.get_by_role(Role::TextInput).type_text("JetBrains");
     h.key_press(Key::ArrowDown);
     h.run();
@@ -473,7 +488,7 @@ fn hovering_a_font_does_not_pollute_history_and_clears_on_close() {
 
     // Simulate hovering a font directly via the preview module
     let ctx = egui::Context::default();
-    ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(egui::Id::new("type-font-hover"), "JetBrains Mono".to_string()));
+    ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(egui::Id::unique("type-font-hover"), "JetBrains Mono".to_string()));
     crate::type_font_preview::follow_hover(&mut app, &ctx);
 
     // Verify a preview document is generated
@@ -522,7 +537,9 @@ fn options_bar_hover_previews_on_canvas_without_committing() {
         }
     }
 
-    let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(900.0, 700.0)).build_eframe(|cc| {
+    // Opening the menu on the current family (#9197) paints rows that load their font samples
+    // over a few frames, more than the default four steps.
+    let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(900.0, 700.0)).with_max_steps(64).build_eframe(|cc| {
         PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&cc.egui_ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::ALL[0]);
         PreviewApp { app: PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Services::default()) }
     });
@@ -647,15 +664,20 @@ fn localized_font_names_label_the_menu_but_pick_the_family() {
         button: egui::Id::NULL,
         popup: egui::Id::NULL,
         preview: FontPreview::Medium,
+        recents: Vec::new(),
     };
-    let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(600.0, 900.0)).build_ui_state(
+    let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(600.0, 900.0)).with_max_steps(SETTLE_STEPS).build_ui_state(
         |ui, s: &mut State| {
             s.popup = ui.make_persistent_id(egui::IdSalt::new("type-font")).with("popup");
             let fams = s.families.clone();
-            font_picker_in(ui, &mut s.current, 170.0, &fams, s.preview);
+            let recents = s.recents.clone();
+            font_picker_in(ui, &mut s.current, 170.0, &fams, s.preview, &recents);
         },
         state,
     );
+    // The localized menu lists Japanese names, so install the app's bundled theme fonts
+    // (including the craft-fonts Japanese faces) before the first pass shapes text.
+    crate::theme::install_fonts(&h.ctx);
     // Show Font Names in English on: no localized labels.
     crate::type_tool::sync_font_names(&h.ctx, true);
     let labels: HashMap<String, String> = [("MS Gothic".to_string(), "ＭＳ ゴシック".to_string())].into();
@@ -687,7 +709,7 @@ fn font_menu_rows_search_both_names_and_sort_by_label() {
     let labels: HashMap<String, String> =
         [("MS Gothic", "ＭＳ ゴシック"), ("Microsoft YaHei", "微软雅黑")].iter().map(|(a, b)| (a.to_string(), b.to_string())).collect();
     let rows = |labels: Option<&HashMap<String, String>>, q: &str| -> Vec<(String, String)> {
-        super::font_menu_rows(&families, labels, q).into_iter().map(|(f, l)| (f.clone(), l.to_string())).collect()
+        super::font_menu_rows(&families, labels, q, &[]).0.into_iter().map(|(f, l)| (f.clone(), l.to_string())).collect()
     };
     let english = rows(None, "");
     assert!(english.iter().all(|(f, l)| f == l));
@@ -698,6 +720,260 @@ fn font_menu_rows_search_both_names_and_sort_by_label() {
     assert!(rows(Some(&labels), "nothing").is_empty());
 }
 
+/// Preferences ▸ Type ▸ Recent Fonts: as in Photoshop, recently used families head the menu in
+/// their own group (most recent first, once each) and keep their alphabetical place below it; a
+/// query lists each match once, alphabetically.
+#[test]
+fn recent_fonts_head_the_menu_and_keep_their_place() {
+    let families: Vec<String> = ["Arial", "Baskerville", "Courier", "Zeta Sans"].iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect();
+    let recents: Vec<String> = vec!["Zeta Sans".into(), "Courier".into(), "Gone".into()];
+    let rows = |q: &str| -> (Vec<String>, usize) {
+        let (rows, n) = super::font_menu_rows(&families, None, q, &recents);
+        (rows.into_iter().map(|(f, _)| f.clone()).collect(), n)
+    };
+    assert_eq!(
+        rows(""),
+        (vec!["Zeta Sans".into(), "Courier".into(), "Arial".into(), "Baskerville".into(), "Courier".into(), "Zeta Sans".into()], 2),
+        "a recent group (no uninstalled family), then the whole alphabetical list"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(rows("a"), (vec!["Arial".into(), "Baskerville".into(), "Zeta Sans".into()], 0), "a query lists each match once");
+}
+
+/// The menu itself draws the recent group first, and the recent families again in their place.
+#[test]
+fn recent_fonts_appear_first_in_the_menu() {
+    let mut h = harness_with_recents(FontPreview::Medium, vec!["Zeta Sans".into(), "Family 05".into()]);
+    open(&mut h);
+    let tops = |h: &Harness<'static, State>, label: &str| -> Vec<f32> {
+        let mut t: Vec<f32> = h.query_all_by_label(label).map(|n| n.rect().top()).collect();
+        t.sort_by(f32::total_cmp);
+        t
+    };
+    let (zeta, five, first, six) = (tops(&h, "Zeta Sans"), tops(&h, "Family 05"), tops(&h, "Family 00"), tops(&h, "Family 06"));
+    assert_eq!(five.len(), 2, "a recent family is listed twice: {five:?}");
+    assert!(zeta[0] < five[0] && five[0] < first[0], "the recent group comes first, in order: {zeta:?} {five:?} {first:?}");
+    assert!(first[0] < five[1] && five[1] < six[0], "and keeps its alphabetical place: {five:?} {six:?}");
+    assert!(first[0] - five[0] > five[0] - zeta[0], "a divider ends the recent group: {zeta:?} {five:?} {first:?}");
+}
+
+/// The open menu's arrows walk on through the list although each step records its family as
+/// the most recent one (CodeRabbit on #3559): the recent group keeps its order while the menu
+/// is open, and a step from a recent family's lower copy goes on from there.
+#[test]
+fn open_menu_arrows_walk_on_through_recent_fonts() {
+    let mut h = harness_with_recents(FontPreview::Off, vec!["Family 03".into()]);
+    open(&mut h);
+    let mut seen = vec![h.state().current.clone()];
+    for _ in 0..5 {
+        h.key_press(Key::ArrowDown);
+        h.run();
+        let now = h.state().current.clone();
+        // The options bar records each applied family as the most recent one.
+        h.state_mut().recents.retain(|f| *f != now);
+        h.state_mut().recents.insert(0, now.clone());
+        h.run();
+        seen.push(now);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(seen, ["Family 00", "Family 01", "Family 02", "Family 03", "Family 04", "Family 05"], "{seen:?}");
+    h.key_press(Key::ArrowUp);
+    h.run();
+    assert_eq!(h.state().current, "Family 04", "↑ steps back");
+}
+
+/// Opened on a family that is also a recent one (the usual case: every pick records it), the
+/// menu marks its copy in the recent group, as Photoshop's does (#9160), and only that row; the
+/// arrows walk on from there through the list as shown (Photoshop: ↓ goes to the next recent
+/// family).
+#[test]
+fn open_menu_on_a_recent_font_marks_its_recent_row() {
+    use egui_kittest::kittest::NodeT;
+    let mut h = harness_with_recents(FontPreview::Off, vec!["Family 05".into(), "Family 09".into()]);
+    h.state_mut().current = "Family 05".into();
+    h.run();
+    open(&mut h);
+    let marked = |h: &Harness<'static, State>, label: &str| -> Vec<f32> {
+        h.query_all_by_label(label).filter(|n| n.accesskit_node().toggled() == Some(egui::accesskit::Toggled::True)).map(|n| n.rect().top()).collect()
+    };
+    let tops = |h: &Harness<'static, State>, label: &str| -> Vec<f32> {
+        let mut t: Vec<f32> = h.query_all_by_label(label).map(|n| n.rect().top()).collect();
+        t.sort_by(f32::total_cmp);
+        t
+    };
+    assert_eq!(marked(&h, "Family 05"), [tops(&h, "Family 05")[0]], "the upper (recent) copy alone is marked");
+    h.key_press(Key::ArrowDown);
+    h.run();
+    assert_eq!(h.state().current, "Family 09", "↓ walks on to the next recent family");
+    h.key_press(Key::ArrowUp);
+    h.run();
+    assert_eq!(h.state().current, "Family 05", "and ↑ back");
+}
+
+/// #9160: the menu opens showing the current family, as Photoshop's does: a family deep in the
+/// list is scrolled to the top of the view, not left wherever the list happens to start.
+#[test]
+fn open_menu_shows_the_current_family() {
+    let mut h = harness_with_recents(FontPreview::Off, vec!["Zeta Sans".into()]);
+    h.state_mut().current = "Family 40".into();
+    h.run();
+    open(&mut h);
+    h.run();
+    let popup = popup_rect(&h).expect("the menu is open");
+    let row = h.query_all_by_label("Family 40").next().expect("its row").rect();
+    assert!(popup.contains_rect(row), "Family 40 is in view: {row:?} in {popup:?}");
+}
+
+/// The current family is in view the frame the menu opens, with the app's scroll animation on:
+/// the reveal jumps, where an animated scroll left the row outside the popup for a while.
+/// The harness turns animations off, so this turns a slow one back on.
+#[test]
+fn open_menu_shows_the_current_family_without_animating() {
+    let mut h = harness_with_recents(FontPreview::Off, Vec::new());
+    h.ctx.all_styles_mut(|s| s.scroll_animation = egui::style::ScrollAnimation::duration(10.0));
+    h.state_mut().current = "Family 40".into();
+    h.run();
+    h.query_all_by_role(Role::ComboBox).next().unwrap().click();
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    let popup = popup_rect(&h).expect("the menu is open");
+    let row = h.query_all_by_label("Family 40").next().expect("its row").rect();
+    assert!(popup.contains_rect(row), "Family 40 is in view: {row:?} in {popup:?}");
+}
+
+/// Photoshop: ↑ on the top recent row stays there, without wrapping or changing the font.
+#[test]
+fn open_menu_arrow_up_on_the_top_recent_row_stays_there() {
+    use egui_kittest::kittest::NodeT;
+    let mut h = harness_with_recents(FontPreview::Off, vec!["Family 05".into(), "Family 09".into()]);
+    h.state_mut().current = "Family 05".into();
+    h.run();
+    open(&mut h);
+    let marked_top = |h: &Harness<'static, State>| -> Vec<f32> {
+        h.query_all_by_label("Family 05").filter(|n| n.accesskit_node().toggled() == Some(egui::accesskit::Toggled::True)).map(|n| n.rect().top()).collect()
+    };
+    let before = marked_top(&h);
+    assert_eq!(before.len(), 1, "one row marked");
+    for _ in 0..2 {
+        h.key_press(Key::ArrowUp);
+        h.run();
+        assert_eq!(h.state().current, "Family 05", "↑ on the top row keeps the font");
+        assert_eq!(marked_top(&h), before, "and the mark stays on the top row");
+    }
+}
+
+/// #9160: when the marked recent row fits below the top of the recent group, the menu opens
+/// with the whole group in view, its first row just below the search field.
+#[test]
+fn open_menu_shows_the_recent_group_when_the_marked_row_fits_below_it() {
+    use egui_kittest::kittest::NodeT;
+    let recents: Vec<String> = (10..15).map(|i| format!("Family {i}")).collect();
+    let mut h = harness_with_recents(FontPreview::Off, recents);
+    h.state_mut().current = "Family 12".into();
+    h.run();
+    open(&mut h);
+    h.run();
+    let popup = popup_rect(&h).expect("the menu is open");
+    let search = h.get_by_role(Role::TextInput).rect();
+    let first = h.query_all_by_label("Family 10").map(|n| n.rect()).min_by(|a, b| a.top().total_cmp(&b.top())).expect("the recent group's first row");
+    let row = h.query_all_by_label("Family 12").find(|n| n.accesskit_node().toggled() == Some(egui::accesskit::Toggled::True)).expect("its marked row").rect();
+    assert!(popup.contains_rect(row) && row.top() >= search.bottom(), "recent #3 is in view: {row:?} in {popup:?}");
+    assert!(
+        popup.contains_rect(first) && (0.0..=12.0).contains(&(first.top() - search.bottom())),
+        "the group's first row sits just below the search field: {first:?} under {search:?}"
+    );
+}
+
+/// #9160 with large previews: a recent family further down the default ten recents opens in view,
+/// not below the fold because the menu scrolled to the top of the recent group.
+#[test]
+fn open_menu_shows_a_lower_recent_family_with_large_previews() {
+    use egui_kittest::kittest::NodeT;
+    for preview in [FontPreview::Huge, FontPreview::ExtraLarge] {
+        let recents: Vec<String> = (10..20).map(|i| format!("Family {i}")).collect();
+        let mut h = harness_with_recents(preview, recents);
+        h.state_mut().current = "Family 17".into();
+        h.run();
+        open(&mut h);
+        h.run();
+        let popup = popup_rect(&h).expect("the menu is open");
+        let search = h.get_by_role(Role::TextInput).rect();
+        let row =
+            h.query_all_by_label("Family 17").find(|n| n.accesskit_node().toggled() == Some(egui::accesskit::Toggled::True)).expect("its marked row").rect();
+        assert!(popup.contains_rect(row) && row.top() >= search.bottom(), "{preview:?}: recent #8 is in view: {row:?} in {popup:?} below {search:?}");
+    }
+}
+
+/// The open-scroll happens once, when the menu opens. With no row for the current family then
+/// (a missing font, a mixed selection), the list the user scrolled does not jump later when one
+/// turns up: the font finishes loading, or the selection settles on one family.
+#[test]
+fn open_menu_without_the_current_family_never_jumps_later() {
+    for missing in [true, false] {
+        let mut h = harness_with_recents(FontPreview::Off, Vec::new());
+        if missing {
+            h.state_mut().families.retain(|f| f != "Family 40");
+            h.state_mut().current = "Family 40".into();
+        } else {
+            h.state_mut().current = String::new();
+        }
+        h.run();
+        open(&mut h);
+        h.run();
+        h.hover_at(h.get_by_label("Family 05").rect().center());
+        for _ in 0..3 {
+            h.event(egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+                source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
+                unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Line,
+                delta: vec2(0.0, -3.0),
+                phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move,
+                modifiers: Modifiers::NONE,
+            });
+            h.run();
+        }
+        let scrolled = h.get_by_label("Family 00").rect();
+        if missing {
+            h.state_mut().families.push("Family 40".into());
+        } else {
+            h.state_mut().current = "Family 40".into();
+        }
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        assert!(popup_rect(&h).is_some(), "the menu stays open");
+        assert_eq!(h.get_by_label("Family 00").rect(), scrolled, "missing = {missing}: the list jumped");
+    }
+}
+
+/// The same through the real options bar, where the pick itself records the recent family.
+#[test]
+fn options_bar_menu_arrows_walk_on_while_recording_recent_fonts() {
+    use crate::{PhotocraftApp, Services};
+    use serde_json::json;
+    let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Services::default());
+    app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 100})).unwrap();
+    app.run("type.create", json!({"text": "Sample", "font": "Inter", "size": 18})).unwrap();
+    let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(900.0, 700.0)).with_max_steps(SETTLE_STEPS).build_ui_state(
+        |ui, app| {
+            if ui.ctx().fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
+                ui.horizontal(|ui| crate::type_tool::options_bar(app, ui));
+            }
+        },
+        app,
+    );
+    crate::PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, Default::default());
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    h.query_all_by_role(Role::ComboBox).next().unwrap().click();
+    h.run();
+    let mut seen = vec![h.state().ui.tool_options.type_font.clone()];
+    for _ in 0..4 {
+        h.key_press(Key::ArrowDown);
+        // The open font menu repaints for its caret, so step a bounded number of times.
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        seen.push(h.state().ui.tool_options.type_font.clone());
+    }
+    let mut once = seen.clone();
+    once.sort();
+    once.dedup();
+    assert_eq!(once.len(), seen.len(), "each ↓ reaches a new family: {seen:?}");
+    assert_eq!(h.state().ui.recent_fonts.first(), seen.last(), "the picks are recorded");
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn wheel_over_the_closed_font_button_steps_through_the_families() {
     let mut h = harness();
@@ -705,7 +981,13 @@ fn wheel_over_the_closed_font_button_steps_through_the_families() {
     h.hover_at(button);
     h.run();
     let wheel = |h: &mut Harness<'static, State>, y: f32| {
-        h.event(egui::Event::MouseWheel { unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Line, delta: vec2(0.0, y), phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
+        h.event(egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+            source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
+            unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Line,
+            delta: vec2(0.0, y),
+            phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move,
+            modifiers: Modifiers::NONE,
+        });
         h.run();
     };
     wheel(&mut h, -2.0);
@@ -717,6 +999,36 @@ fn wheel_over_the_closed_font_button_steps_through_the_families() {
     assert_eq!(h.state().current, "Family 00", "stops at the first family");
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn wheel_over_the_closed_button_keeps_a_stable_order_with_recents() {
+    let mut h = harness_with_recents(FontPreview::Medium, vec![]);
+    let button = h.query_all_by_role(Role::ComboBox).next().unwrap().rect().center();
+    h.hover_at(button);
+    h.run();
+    let wheel = |h: &mut Harness<'static, State>, y: f32| {
+        h.event(egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+            source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
+            unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Line,
+            delta: vec2(0.0, y),
+            phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move,
+            modifiers: Modifiers::NONE,
+        });
+        h.run();
+    };
+    wheel(&mut h, -1.0);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().current, "Family 01");
+    // The caller (the options bar) records the picked family as the most recent one.
+    h.state_mut().recents.insert(0, "Family 01".into());
+    h.run();
+    wheel(&mut h, -1.0);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().current, "Family 02", "the next notch keeps going, not back to the recent family");
+    h.state_mut().recents.insert(0, "Family 02".into());
+    h.run();
+    wheel(&mut h, -1.0);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().current, "Family 03");
+    assert!(popup_rect(&h).is_none(), "the list stays closed");
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn wheel_family_index_clamps_to_the_ends() {
     assert_eq!(super::wheel_family_index(0, 3, -5.0), Some(2));
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/type_font_preview.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/type_font_preview.rs
index 4c652ed7ce..bb91b61ea0 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/type_font_preview.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/type_font_preview.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,11 @@ use crate::PhotocraftApp;
 
 const TAG: u64 = 1 << 60;
 
+/// How long the pointer has to rest on a served family that isn't fetched yet before hovering it
+/// fetches it (seconds). Hovering asks the host for the whole family, and sweeping the font menu
+/// would otherwise download every family the pointer passes; installed fonts preview at once.
+const HOVER_FETCH_DELAY: f64 = 0.25;
+
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct TypeFontPreview {
     document: DocId,
@@ -24,16 +29,34 @@ pub struct TypeFontPreview {
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn follow_hover(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
-    let hover_id = egui::Id::new("type-font-hover");
+    let hover_id = egui::Id::unique("type-font-hover");
+    let since_id = egui::Id::unique("type-font-hover-since");
     let family = ctx.data_mut(|d| {
         let family = d.get_temp::<String>(hover_id);
         d.remove::<String>(hover_id);
         family
     });
     if let Some(family) = family {
-        set(app, family);
-    } else if app.type_font_preview.is_some() {
-        clear(app);
+        let now = ctx.input(|i| i.time);
+        let since = ctx.data_mut(|d| match d.get_temp::<(String, f64)>(since_id) {
+            Some((f, t)) if f == family => t,
+            _ => {
+                d.insert_temp(since_id, (family.clone(), now));
+                now
+            }
+        });
+        let installed = photocraft_text::shared().lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner()).fonts.has_family(&family);
+        let rested = now - since;
+        if installed || rested >= HOVER_FETCH_DELAY {
+            set(app, family);
+        } else {
+            ctx.request_repaint_after(std::time::Duration::from_secs_f64(HOVER_FETCH_DELAY - rested));
+        }
+    } else {
+        ctx.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<(String, f64)>(since_id));
+        if app.type_font_preview.is_some() {
+            clear(app);
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -135,3 +158,68 @@ fn preview_key(revision: u64, layer: LayerId, range: Option<[usize; 2]>, family:
     let h = family.bytes().fold(revision.wrapping_mul(0x9e37_79b9_7f4a_7c15) ^ layer.0 ^ range_key, |h, b| h.wrapping_mul(31).wrapping_add(u64::from(b)));
     (h & (TAG - 1)) | TAG
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::Services;
+    use serde_json::json;
+
+    /// One frame at `time` (seconds) with the pointer on `family`'s row in the font menu (`None`:
+    /// on no row), as the menu reports it each frame.
+    fn frame(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, family: Option<&str>, time: f64) {
+        let mut out = ctx.run_ui(egui::RawInput { time: Some(time), ..Default::default() }, |ui| {
+            if let Some(f) = family {
+                ui.ctx().data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(egui::Id::unique("type-font-hover"), f.to_string()));
+            }
+            follow_hover(app, ui.ctx());
+        });
+        out.textures_delta.clear();
+    }
+
+    fn previewed(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Option<&str> {
+        app.type_font_preview.as_ref().and_then(|p| p.family.as_deref())
+    }
+
+    fn app_with_type_layer() -> PhotocraftApp {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Services::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 100})).unwrap();
+        app.run("type.create", json!({"text": "Sample", "font": "Inter", "size": 18})).unwrap();
+        app
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_served_family_is_asked_for_only_once_the_pointer_rests_on_its_row() {
+        // Families the host serves but hasn't sent (own names: the served catalog is process-wide).
+        let (a, b) = ("Served Hover Rest A", "Served Hover Rest B");
+        let (fonts, _) = photocraft_text::served::parse_manifest(&format!("{a} | Regular | fonts/a/A.ttf\n{b} | Regular | fonts/b/B.ttf\n"));
+        photocraft_text::served::add_fonts(&fonts);
+        let mut app = app_with_type_layer();
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+
+        // Passing over rows asks for nothing: each new row starts the wait again.
+        frame(&mut app, &ctx, Some(a), 1.0);
+        frame(&mut app, &ctx, Some(a), 1.0 + HOVER_FETCH_DELAY / 2.0);
+        frame(&mut app, &ctx, Some(b), 1.0 + HOVER_FETCH_DELAY);
+        frame(&mut app, &ctx, Some(a), 1.0 + HOVER_FETCH_DELAY * 1.5);
+        assert_eq!(previewed(&app), None);
+
+        // Resting on a row asks for the family and previews it.
+        frame(&mut app, &ctx, Some(a), 1.0 + HOVER_FETCH_DELAY * 3.0);
+        assert_eq!(previewed(&app), Some(a));
+
+        // Leaving the menu clears the preview, and the next hover waits again.
+        frame(&mut app, &ctx, None, 3.0);
+        assert_eq!(previewed(&app), None);
+        frame(&mut app, &ctx, Some(a), 3.1);
+        assert_eq!(previewed(&app), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn an_installed_family_previews_at_once() {
+        let mut app = app_with_type_layer();
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        frame(&mut app, &ctx, Some("JetBrains Mono"), 1.0);
+        assert_eq!(previewed(&app), Some("JetBrains Mono"));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/type_panels_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/type_panels_ui.rs
index 86ef663209..02c99b9dd4 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/type_panels_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/type_panels_ui.rs
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ pub fn windows(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
     if app.ui.type_panels.styles {
         let mut close = false;
         egui::Window::new(tl!("Type Styles"))
-            .id(egui::Id::new("type-styles-window"))
+            .id(egui::Id::unique("type-styles-window"))
             .title_bar(false)
             .resizable(false)
             .frame(float_frame(&t))
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ pub fn windows(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
     if app.ui.type_panels.glyphs {
         let mut close = false;
         egui::Window::new(tl!("Glyphs"))
-            .id(egui::Id::new("glyphs-window"))
+            .id(egui::Id::unique("glyphs-window"))
             .title_bar(false)
             .resizable(false)
             .frame(float_frame(&t))
@@ -358,11 +358,11 @@ fn options_editor(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, paragraph: bool, s
         });
     });
     // Name.
-    let key = egui::Id::new(("style-name", paragraph, id));
+    let key = egui::Id::unique(("style-name", paragraph, id));
     let mut name: String = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp(key)).unwrap_or_else(|| s["name"].as_str().unwrap_or("").to_string());
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
-        ui.label(RichText::new(tl!("Name")).color(t.text_dim).size(11.5));
-        let r = ui.add_enabled(id != 0, egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut name).desired_width(170.0));
+        let name_label = ui.label(RichText::new(tl!("Name")).color(t.text_dim).size(11.5));
+        let r = ui.add_enabled(id != 0, egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut name).desired_width(170.0)).labelled_by(name_label.id);
         if r.lost_focus() && name.trim() != s["name"].as_str().unwrap_or("") && !name.trim().is_empty() {
             let _ = run(app, &format!("{prefix}.rename"), json!({ "id": id, "name": name.trim() }));
             ui.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<String>(key));
@@ -373,6 +373,8 @@ fn options_editor(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, paragraph: bool, s
     let defined = |attrs: &Value, k: &str| attrs.get(k).is_some();
     // Preferences ▸ Type ▸ Font Preview Size sizes the family picker's samples.
     let preview = app.session.prefs().type_.font_preview;
+    // The fonts the pickers hoist to the top (Preferences ▸ Type ▸ Recent Fonts).
+    let recents = app.ui.recent_fonts.clone();
     // Preferences ▸ Units & Rulers ▸ Type: the model stores points; the fields may show pixels
     // (by the document's resolution) or millimetres.
     let (type_unit, unit_label) = crate::type_tool::type_unit(app);
@@ -393,13 +395,14 @@ fn options_editor(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, paragraph: bool, s
         for &(label, key, panel, kind) in rows {
             let mut on = defined(&char_attrs, key);
             let was = on;
-            ui.checkbox(&mut on, "");
-            ui.label(RichText::new(tl!(&label)).color(if on { t.text } else { t.text_faint }).size(11.5));
+            let on_box = ui.checkbox(&mut on, "");
+            let row_label = ui.label(RichText::new(tl!(&label)).color(if on { t.text } else { t.text_faint }).size(11.5));
+            on_box.labelled_by(row_label.id);
             let v = if on { char_attrs[key].clone() } else { resolved_c[key].clone() };
             ui.add_enabled_ui(on, |ui| match kind {
                 "font" => {
                     let mut f = v.as_str().unwrap_or("").to_string();
-                    if family_picker(ui, &format!("style-font-{paragraph}-{id}"), &mut f, preview) {
+                    if family_picker(ui, &format!("style-font-{paragraph}-{id}"), &mut f, preview, &recents) {
                         set = Some(json!({ panel: f }));
                     }
                 }
@@ -410,7 +413,7 @@ fn options_editor(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, paragraph: bool, s
                     let unit = if kind == "num" { "" } else { " pt" };
                     if auto {
                         ui.label(RichText::new(tl!("Auto")).color(t.text_dim).size(11.5));
-                    } else if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut x, range, unit, 70.0).changed() {
+                    } else if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut x, range, unit, 70.0).accessible_name(tl!(&label)).changed() {
                         set = Some(json!({ key: x }));
                     }
                 }
@@ -421,7 +424,7 @@ fn options_editor(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, paragraph: bool, s
                 }
                 _ => {
                     let mut b = v.as_bool().unwrap_or(false);
-                    if ui.checkbox(&mut b, "").changed() {
+                    if ui.checkbox(&mut b, "").accessible_name(tl!(&label)).changed() {
                         set = Some(json!({ key: b }));
                     }
                 }
@@ -448,8 +451,9 @@ fn options_editor(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, paragraph: bool, s
             for &(label, key, kind) in rows {
                 let mut on = defined(&para_attrs, key);
                 let was = on;
-                ui.checkbox(&mut on, "");
-                ui.label(RichText::new(tl!(&label)).color(if on { t.text } else { t.text_faint }).size(11.5));
+                let on_box = ui.checkbox(&mut on, "");
+                let row_label = ui.label(RichText::new(tl!(&label)).color(if on { t.text } else { t.text_faint }).size(11.5));
+                on_box.labelled_by(row_label.id);
                 let v = if on { para_attrs[key].clone() } else { resolved_p[key].clone() };
                 ui.add_enabled_ui(on, |ui| match kind {
                     "align" => {
@@ -467,19 +471,22 @@ fn options_editor(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, paragraph: bool, s
                         .into_iter()
                         .map(|(v, l)| (v.to_string(), l))
                         .collect();
-                        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("style-align-{id}"), &mut a, &opts, 110.0) {
+                        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("style-align-{id}"), tl!("Alignment"), &mut a, &opts, 110.0) {
                             set = Some(json!({ "align": a }));
                         }
                     }
                     "pt" => {
                         let mut x = v.as_f64().unwrap_or(0.0) as f32 * type_unit;
-                        if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut x, -1296.0 * type_unit..=1296.0 * type_unit, &format!(" {unit_label}"), 70.0).changed() {
+                        if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut x, -1296.0 * type_unit..=1296.0 * type_unit, &format!(" {unit_label}"), 70.0)
+                            .accessible_name(tl!(&label))
+                            .changed()
+                        {
                             set = Some(json!({ key: x / type_unit }));
                         }
                     }
                     _ => {
                         let mut b = v.as_bool().unwrap_or(false);
-                        if ui.checkbox(&mut b, "").changed() {
+                        if ui.checkbox(&mut b, "").accessible_name(tl!(&label)).changed() {
                             set = Some(json!({ key: b }));
                         }
                     }
@@ -518,12 +525,12 @@ fn options_editor(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, paragraph: bool, s
 }
 
 /// Searchable family combo box.
-fn family_picker(ui: &mut egui::Ui, salt: &str, current: &mut String, preview: photocraft_engine::prefs::FontPreview) -> bool {
+fn family_picker(ui: &mut egui::Ui, salt: &str, current: &mut String, preview: photocraft_engine::prefs::FontPreview, recents: &[String]) -> bool {
     if !crate::type_tool::fonts_ready(ui, 140.0) {
         return false;
     }
     let mut shown = if current.is_empty() { photocraft_text::fonts::DEFAULT_FAMILY.to_string() } else { current.clone() };
-    let changed = crate::type_tool::family_picker_in(ui, salt, &mut shown, 140.0, &crate::type_tool::families(), preview);
+    let changed = crate::type_tool::family_picker_in(ui, salt, &mut shown, 140.0, &crate::type_tool::families(), preview, recents);
     if changed {
         *current = shown;
     }
@@ -558,7 +565,7 @@ fn char_style_for(family: &str, style: &str) -> photocraft_doc::text::CharStyle
 }
 
 fn glyph_texture(ctx: &egui::Context, family: &str, style: &str, c: char, px: u32) -> TextureHandle {
-    let id = egui::Id::new(("glyph-tex", family, style, c, px));
+    let id = egui::Id::unique(("glyph-tex", family, style, c, px));
     if let Some(t) = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<TextureHandle>(id)) {
         return t;
     }
@@ -575,7 +582,7 @@ fn glyph_texture(ctx: &egui::Context, family: &str, style: &str, c: char, px: u3
 
 /// Characters of a face, cached per (family, style).
 fn charmap(ctx: &egui::Context, family: &str, style: &str) -> std::sync::Arc<Vec<char>> {
-    let id = egui::Id::new(("glyph-cmap", family, style));
+    let id = egui::Id::unique(("glyph-cmap", family, style));
     if let Some(v) = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<std::sync::Arc<Vec<char>>>(id)) {
         return v;
     }
@@ -617,14 +624,15 @@ pub fn glyphs_panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     // Font family + style.
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         let mut f = family.clone();
-        if family_picker(ui, "glyph-family", &mut f, app.session.prefs().type_.font_preview) {
+        if family_picker(ui, "glyph-family", &mut f, app.session.prefs().type_.font_preview, &app.ui.recent_fonts) {
+            app.note_recent_font(&f);
             app.ui.type_panels.glyph_family = f;
             app.ui.type_panels.glyph_style = tl!("Regular").into();
         }
         let styles = crate::type_tool::styles(&family);
         let mut s = style.clone();
         let opts: Vec<(String, &str)> = styles.iter().map(|x| (x.clone(), x.as_str())).collect();
-        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "glyph-style", &mut s, &opts, 110.0) {
+        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "glyph-style", tl!("Style"), &mut s, &opts, 110.0) {
             app.ui.type_panels.glyph_family = family.clone();
             app.ui.type_panels.glyph_style = s;
         }
@@ -634,7 +642,7 @@ pub fn glyphs_panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         ui.label(RichText::new(tl!("Show:")).color(t.text_dim).size(11.5));
         let opts: Vec<(String, &str)> = photocraft_text::glyphs::CATEGORIES.iter().map(|c| (c.to_string(), *c)).collect();
-        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "glyph-category", &mut cat, &opts, 160.0) {
+        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "glyph-category", tl!("Category"), &mut cat, &opts, 160.0) {
             app.ui.type_panels.glyph_category = cat.clone();
         }
     });
@@ -654,7 +662,7 @@ pub fn glyphs_panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
         if cell.right() > rr.right() {
             break;
         }
-        let resp = ui.interact(cell, ui.id().with(("glyph-recent", i)), Sense::click());
+        let resp = ui.interact(cell, ui.scope_id().with(("glyph-recent", i)), Sense::click());
         if resp.hovered() {
             ui.painter().rect_filled(cell, 2.0, t.hover);
         }
@@ -681,7 +689,7 @@ pub fn glyphs_panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
             for col in 0..cols {
                 let Some(&c) = chars.get(row * cols + col) else { break };
                 let cell = Rect::from_min_size(pos2(rect.left() + col as f32 * size, rect.top()), vec2(size, size));
-                let resp = ui.interact(cell, ui.id().with(("glyph", c)), Sense::click());
+                let resp = ui.interact(cell, ui.scope_id().with(("glyph", c)), Sense::click());
                 let is_sel = selected.as_deref().and_then(|s| s.chars().next()) == Some(c);
                 ui.painter().rect_stroke(cell, 0.0, Stroke::new(1.0, t.separator), egui::StrokeKind::Inside);
                 if is_sel {
@@ -712,7 +720,7 @@ pub fn glyphs_panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
         ui.label(RichText::new(info).color(t.text_faint).size(10.5));
         ui.with_layout(egui::Layout::right_to_left(egui::Align::Center), |ui| {
             let mut s = size;
-            ui.add_sized([90.0, 16.0], egui::Slider::new(&mut s, 24.0..=64.0).show_value(false));
+            ui.add_sized([90.0, 16.0], egui::Slider::new(&mut s, 24.0..=64.0).show_value(false)).accessible_name(tl!("Size"));
             if (s - size).abs() > 0.1 {
                 app.ui.type_panels.glyph_size = s;
             }
@@ -760,7 +768,7 @@ fn spelling_window(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
     let mut change_to = d.change_to.clone();
     let mut all_layers = d.all_layers;
     egui::Window::new(tl!("Check Spelling"))
-        .id(egui::Id::new("check-spelling"))
+        .id(egui::Id::unique("check-spelling"))
         .collapsible(false)
         .resizable(false)
         .frame(float_frame(&t).inner_margin(egui::Margin::same(14)))
@@ -792,10 +800,10 @@ fn spelling_window(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
                     } else {
                         String::new()
                     };
-                    ui.add_enabled(false, egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut shown.clone()).desired_width(240.0));
+                    ui.add_enabled(false, egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut shown.clone()).desired_width(240.0)).accessible_name(tl!("Not in Dictionary:"));
                     ui.add_space(4.0);
-                    ui.label(RichText::new(tl!("Change To:")).color(t.text_dim).size(11.5));
-                    ui.add_enabled(item.is_some(), egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut change_to).desired_width(240.0));
+                    let change_label = ui.label(RichText::new(tl!("Change To:")).color(t.text_dim).size(11.5));
+                    ui.add_enabled(item.is_some(), egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut change_to).desired_width(240.0)).labelled_by(change_label.id);
                     ui.add_space(4.0);
                     ui.label(RichText::new(tl!("Suggestions:")).color(t.text_dim).size(11.5));
                     egui::Frame::NONE.fill(t.field).corner_radius(CornerRadius::same(3)).inner_margin(egui::Margin::same(4)).show(ui, |ui| {
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/type_panels_ui/color_picker.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/type_panels_ui/color_picker.rs
index 7df76c0cd5..a530cdbf77 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/type_panels_ui/color_picker.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/type_panels_ui/color_picker.rs
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ pub(crate) fn display_doc(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, idx: usize) -> Option<(Arc<Do
         app.text_style_preview = None;
         return None;
     }
-    let key = (egui::Id::new((t.document.0, t.revision, d.id, t.kind.paragraph(), t.id, &color)).value() & ((1 << 60) - 1)) | (1 << 60);
+    let key = (egui::Id::unique((t.document.0, t.revision, d.id, t.kind.paragraph(), t.id, &color)).value() & ((1 << 60) - 1)) | (1 << 60);
     if app.text_style_preview.as_ref().map(|p| p.key) != Some(key) {
         let shown = photocraft_engine::type_styles_cmds::preview_options(&st.doc, &json!({"id": t.id, "attrs": {"color": color}}), t.kind.paragraph())
             .map(Arc::new)
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/type_tool.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/type_tool.rs
index 8870924446..2f15e94723 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/type_tool.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/type_tool.rs
@@ -5,8 +5,10 @@
 //! Offsets in [`TextEdit`] are character indices (the engine's unit); the layout works in bytes.
 
 use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::ops::Range;
 use std::sync::{Arc, PoisonError};
 
+use egui::ime_context::{CommittedText, ImeContextTracker, ImeMutationStamp, ImeObservation, ImeTarget};
 use egui::{Color32, Pos2, Stroke};
 use photocraft_doc::{Document, LayerContent, LayerId, TextLayer};
 use photocraft_geom::{Affine, Point};
@@ -15,10 +17,709 @@ use serde_json::json;
 
 use crate::PhotocraftApp;
 use crate::canvas::ViewXform;
-use crate::state::TextEdit;
+use crate::state::{BoxResize, TextEdit};
 
 pub const PLACEHOLDER: &str = "Lorem Ipsum";
 
+/// Per-editor IME owner/generation bookkeeping for the custom Type tool.
+///
+/// The tracker is shared by every viewport and keeps the context generation alive when this
+/// editor is replaced. The overlay records the pass's canvas mapping and the pass end recomputes
+/// the final geometry from the observed model, so an event-free or discarded pass never replays
+/// stale text.
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub(crate) struct ImeState {
+    tracker: ImeContextTracker,
+    frame: Option<ImeFrame>,
+    /// The canvas mapping of the current pass, so the final descriptor geometry is recomputed
+    /// from the observed model rather than from an earlier point in the pass.
+    view: Option<ImeView>,
+    /// The last descriptor identity the platform actually received (a discarded pass did not
+    /// receive it, so its transition must still be reported by the final pass).
+    emitted: Option<ImeEmitted>,
+    /// Ask the platform to cancel the native composition (owner/session transition or a stale
+    /// pre-edit). Stays set until a non-discarded descriptor carries it.
+    interrupt: bool,
+    /// Incoming composition provenance survives idle/discarded passes and an empty preedit.
+    /// A stale owner stays fenced until the exact host reset completion arrives.
+    incoming: Option<IncomingComposition>,
+    /// The composition text was invalidated; this pass must report `Unavailable` rather than
+    /// presenting the orphaned composition as committed text.
+    stale: bool,
+    /// The exact composition written into the layer, used to check the stored range before any
+    /// replacement, deletion, underline or surrounding-text report.
+    preedit: Option<ImePreedit>,
+    /// A local fence is released only by its exact host completion, never by terminal text.
+    resets: HashMap<egui::ViewportId, ResetPhase>,
+    context: Option<egui::Context>,
+    needs_request: bool,
+    /// One exclusive event owner per actual UI pass; logic-only ticks never replay input.
+    raw_pass: HashMap<egui::ViewportId, u64>,
+    custom_pass: HashMap<egui::ViewportId, (u64, Option<ResetContext>)>,
+    last_custom: HashMap<egui::ViewportId, ResetContext>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct ResetContext(egui::Id, u64, egui::IMEPurpose);
+
+impl From<&egui::output::IMEOutput> for ResetContext {
+    fn from(ime: &egui::output::IMEOutput) -> Self {
+        Self(ime.owner, ime.context_generation, ime.purpose)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+enum ResetPhase {
+    NeedsRequest,
+    Awaiting { id: egui::ImeResetId, destination: IncomingSelection, context: Option<ResetContext> },
+    Suspended,
+    AllocationFailed { destination: IncomingSelection, context: Option<ResetContext> },
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+struct ImeFrame {
+    viewport: egui::ViewportId,
+    frame_nr: u64,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct ImeEmitted {
+    target: ImeTarget,
+    generation: u64,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+struct ImeView {
+    viewport: egui::ViewportId,
+    pass_nr: u64,
+    xf: ViewXform,
+}
+
+/// The composition text and the edit session that wrote it. A range that still lies inside the
+/// text is not enough: an application edit can shift it onto committed characters.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct ImePreedit {
+    layer: u64,
+    session: String,
+    text: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct IncomingSelection {
+    target: ImeTarget,
+    caret: usize,
+    anchor: usize,
+    revision: u64,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+enum IncomingComposition {
+    Active(IncomingSelection),
+    TerminalPending(IncomingSelection),
+    Stale,
+}
+
+/// A bounded committed snapshot captured from the type layer.
+///
+/// The snapshot owns at most `MAX_IME_SURROUNDING_TEXT_BYTES`; the layer's whole text is only
+/// borrowed while it is built. The current pre-edit lives in the layer so it lays out like
+/// typed text, and is removed from this value rather than reported as committed text.
+struct ImeCommitted {
+    snapshot: egui::output::IMESurroundingText,
+}
+
+impl ImeCommitted {
+    fn stamp(&self) -> ImeMutationStamp {
+        ImeMutationStamp::from_surrounding_text(self.snapshot.clone())
+    }
+}
+
+impl ImeState {
+    /// Remember the frame used by this pass's accepted IME receipts.
+    fn begin_frame(&mut self, ctx: &egui::Context) {
+        let viewport = ctx.viewport_id();
+        self.frame = Some(ImeFrame { viewport, frame_nr: ctx.cumulative_frame_nr_for(viewport) });
+    }
+
+    /// Record the canvas mapping of this pass. `sync_ime` recomputes both rectangles from the
+    /// model after every panel has run.
+    fn note_view(&mut self, viewport: egui::ViewportId, pass_nr: u64, xf: &ViewXform) {
+        self.view = Some(ImeView { viewport, pass_nr, xf: *xf });
+    }
+
+    /// Request the native composition reset; incoming ownership is tracked separately.
+    fn request_interrupt(&mut self) {
+        self.interrupt = true;
+        if self.incoming.is_some() || !self.resets.is_empty() {
+            self.needs_request = true;
+            // Context-less commands must retire every old id synchronously.
+            for phase in self.resets.values_mut() {
+                *phase = ResetPhase::NeedsRequest;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Forget a composition whose range no longer describes the recorded text.
+    fn invalidate_preedit(&mut self) {
+        self.preedit = None;
+        self.stale = true;
+        self.incoming = Some(IncomingComposition::Stale);
+        self.request_interrupt();
+    }
+
+    fn note_preedit(&mut self, ed: &TextEdit, text: &str) {
+        self.preedit = Some(ImePreedit { layer: ed.layer, session: ed.session.clone(), text: text.to_owned() });
+    }
+
+    fn clear_preedit(&mut self) {
+        self.preedit = None;
+    }
+}
+
+/// The immutable owner of the Type tool's IME context.
+///
+/// The document, layer and viewport identify the target; the edit session is the replacement
+/// epoch, so committing and editing the same layer again cannot reuse the old generation.
+fn ime_target(app: &PhotocraftApp, ed: &TextEdit, viewport: egui::ViewportId) -> Option<ImeTarget> {
+    let document = ed.document.or_else(|| active_doc_id(app))?;
+    // A Type Mask session is a distinct owner: its hidden working layer can have the same id as
+    // a regular type layer in another tool session. The session epoch replaces the context when
+    // an owner is recreated.
+    let owner = egui::Id::unique(("photocraft-type-ime", document, ed.layer, ed.mask, viewport.0.value()));
+    let epoch = egui::Id::unique(("photocraft-type-ime-session", &ed.session)).value().max(1);
+    Some(ImeTarget::new(owner, epoch))
+}
+
+fn incoming_selection(app: &PhotocraftApp, viewport: egui::ViewportId) -> Option<IncomingSelection> {
+    let ed = app.ui.text_edit.as_ref()?;
+    Some(IncomingSelection { target: ime_target(app, ed, viewport)?, caret: ed.caret, anchor: ed.anchor, revision: app.session.active()?.revision })
+}
+
+/// Settle the already-visible preview where it was typed, never replay it at a moved caret.
+fn interrupt_incoming(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
+    if !matches!(app.type_ime.incoming, Some(IncomingComposition::Active(_) | IncomingComposition::TerminalPending(_))) {
+        return;
+    }
+    app.type_ime.incoming = Some(IncomingComposition::Stale);
+    if let Some(ed) = &mut app.ui.text_edit {
+        ed.preedit = None;
+    }
+    app.type_ime.clear_preedit();
+    app.type_ime.request_interrupt();
+}
+
+fn interrupt_action(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, viewport: egui::ViewportId) {
+    let guarded = reset_guarded(app, viewport);
+    interrupt_incoming(app);
+    if guarded {
+        app.type_ime.request_interrupt();
+    }
+}
+
+fn sync_incoming(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, viewport: egui::ViewportId) {
+    let destination = incoming_selection(app, viewport);
+    if app.type_ime.resets.get(&viewport).is_some_and(|phase| match phase {
+        ResetPhase::Awaiting { destination: old, .. } | ResetPhase::AllocationFailed { destination: old, .. } => Some(*old) != destination,
+        _ => false,
+    }) {
+        app.type_ime.request_interrupt();
+    }
+    let expected = match app.type_ime.incoming {
+        Some(IncomingComposition::Active(expected) | IncomingComposition::TerminalPending(expected)) => expected,
+        _ => return,
+    };
+    let lost_preview = matches!(app.type_ime.incoming, Some(IncomingComposition::Active(_))) && app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().is_none_or(|ed| ed.preedit.is_none());
+    if incoming_selection(app, viewport) != Some(expected) || lost_preview {
+        // An external edit can move an in-bounds preview range onto committed characters.
+        // Validate it before interruption clears the metadata needed to detect that mismatch.
+        // A valid preview still settles normally; never inspect another document's layer here.
+        if let Some(ed) = app.ui.text_edit.clone()
+            && ed.preedit.is_some()
+            && ime_target(app, &ed, viewport) == Some(expected.target)
+            && let Some(active) = app.session.active_index()
+            && edit_home(app, &ed) == Some(active)
+            && let Some(text) = current_text(app, LayerId(ed.layer))
+            && reconcile_preedit(app, &ed, &text)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+        interrupt_incoming(app);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Accepted IME mutations update provenance without canceling their own Delete→Commit chain.
+fn remember_incoming(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, preedit_empty: Option<bool>) {
+    let viewport = app.type_ime.frame.map_or(egui::ViewportId::ROOT, |frame| frame.viewport);
+    let Some(expected) = incoming_selection(app, viewport) else { return };
+    let next = match (preedit_empty, app.type_ime.incoming) {
+        (Some(false), _) | (None, Some(IncomingComposition::Active(_))) => IncomingComposition::Active(expected),
+        (Some(true), _) | (None, Some(IncomingComposition::TerminalPending(_))) => IncomingComposition::TerminalPending(expected),
+        _ => return,
+    };
+    app.type_ime.incoming = Some(next);
+}
+
+/// A host may recreate its Context while retaining the application. Old pass counters and
+/// output keys are not evidence of publication in that new Context.
+fn bind_reset_context(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
+    // `on_begin_pass` callbacks registered during this pass cannot mark the pass already
+    // running. Reinstall here so a replacement Context is ready for its next pass, and rely on
+    // the host's creator/`setup_context` having installed before the very first `run_ui`.
+    install_reset_hooks(ctx);
+    if app.type_ime.context.as_ref().is_some_and(|previous| previous != ctx) {
+        interrupt_incoming(app);
+        for phase in app.type_ime.resets.values_mut() {
+            *phase = ResetPhase::Suspended;
+        }
+        app.type_ime.needs_request = false;
+        app.type_ime.raw_pass.clear();
+        app.type_ime.custom_pass.clear();
+        app.type_ime.last_custom.clear();
+        app.type_ime.view = None;
+        app.type_ime.frame = None;
+        app.type_ime.tracker.observe(ctx.viewport_id(), None);
+    }
+    app.type_ime.context = Some(ctx.clone());
+}
+
+fn ui_mode_id(viewport: egui::ViewportId) -> egui::Id {
+    egui::Id::unique(("photocraft-type-reset-ui", viewport))
+}
+
+/// Install before the first UI pass on every Context, including a replacement. These callbacks
+/// retain neither the app nor its Context. Calling this from inside a running pass only affects
+/// subsequent passes: egui's begin-pass callback list is already being iterated.
+pub(crate) fn install_reset_hooks(ctx: &egui::Context) {
+    let installed = egui::Id::unique("photocraft-type-reset-hooks");
+    if ctx.data(|data| data.get_temp::<bool>(installed)).unwrap_or(false) {
+        return;
+    }
+    ctx.data_mut(|data| data.insert_temp(installed, true));
+    ctx.on_begin_pass(
+        "photocraft type reset UI mode",
+        Arc::new(|ui| {
+            let key = ui_mode_id(ui.ctx().viewport_id());
+            ui.ctx().data_mut(|data| data.insert_temp(key, true));
+        }),
+    );
+    ctx.on_end_pass(
+        "photocraft type reset UI mode end",
+        Arc::new(|ui| {
+            let key = ui_mode_id(ui.ctx().viewport_id());
+            ui.ctx().data_mut(|data| data.insert_temp(key, false));
+        }),
+    );
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn in_ui_pass(ctx: &egui::Context) -> bool {
+    let key = ui_mode_id(ctx.viewport_id());
+    ctx.data(|data| data.get_temp::<bool>(key)).unwrap_or(false)
+}
+
+fn reset_guarded(app: &PhotocraftApp, viewport: egui::ViewportId) -> bool {
+    app.type_ime.needs_request || app.type_ime.resets.contains_key(&viewport) || matches!(app.type_ime.incoming, Some(IncomingComposition::Stale))
+}
+
+fn reset_route_eligible(app: &PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> bool {
+    // The actual app draws only after `logic_frame` marks fonts ready; `ui_frame` early-returns
+    // on the first frame. Direct handler tests that have not run the first logic frame use the
+    // pre-styled app state and are not an actual UI route.
+    (app.fonts_ready || !app.styled)
+        && app.ui.text_edit.is_some()
+        && app.ui.dialogs.is_empty()
+        && !crate::screen_picker::busy(ctx)
+        && ctx.input(|i| i.focused)
+        && !ctx.text_edit_focused()
+        && !ctx.egui_wants_keyboard_input()
+}
+
+/// Whether this input can be attributed to a visible custom descriptor right now. Completion
+/// arrives before the final descriptor exists, so use the last canvas mapping and the current
+/// model: requiring this pass's final output here would deadlock the ordered suffix.
+fn reset_geometry_available(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, viewport: egui::ViewportId) -> bool {
+    let Some(ed) = app.ui.text_edit.clone() else { return false };
+    let Some(view) = app.type_ime.view.filter(|view| view.viewport == viewport) else { return false };
+    ime_geometry(app, &ed, view.xf).is_some()
+}
+
+fn suspend_reset(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
+    let viewport = ctx.viewport_id();
+    if reset_guarded(app, viewport) {
+        app.type_ime.resets.insert(viewport, ResetPhase::Suspended);
+        app.type_ime.needs_request = false;
+    }
+    app.type_ime.last_custom.remove(&viewport);
+}
+
+fn allocate_reset(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, destination: IncomingSelection, context: Option<ResetContext>) {
+    let viewport = ctx.viewport_id();
+    let phase = match ctx.request_ime_reset(viewport) {
+        Some(id) => ResetPhase::Awaiting { id, destination, context },
+        None => ResetPhase::AllocationFailed { destination, context },
+    };
+    app.type_ime.resets.insert(viewport, phase);
+    app.type_ime.needs_request = false;
+}
+
+/// Reconcile before the next raw element, not merely at descriptor publication.
+fn prepare_reset(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
+    let viewport = ctx.viewport_id();
+    sync_incoming(app, viewport);
+    if app.type_ime.needs_request {
+        app.type_ime.resets.insert(viewport, ResetPhase::NeedsRequest);
+        app.type_ime.needs_request = false;
+    }
+    // Allocation belongs to the true UI tail: a stock field drawn later in this pass
+    // must never inherit a speculative custom-editor reset request.
+}
+
+fn complete_reset(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, request_id: egui::ImeResetId) {
+    let viewport = ctx.viewport_id();
+    let Some(ResetPhase::Awaiting { id, destination, context }) = app.type_ime.resets.get(&viewport).copied() else { return };
+    if request_id != id
+        || request_id.viewport_id() != viewport
+        || !reset_route_eligible(app, ctx)
+        || incoming_selection(app, viewport) != Some(destination)
+        || context != app.type_ime.last_custom.get(&viewport).copied()
+    {
+        return;
+    }
+    if !reset_geometry_available(app, viewport) {
+        // Retire the old id and keep the following preedit blocked before it can reach the
+        // editor. The UI tail may still rearm once this pass produces real custom output.
+        suspend_reset(app, ctx);
+        return;
+    }
+    app.type_ime.resets.remove(&viewport);
+    app.type_ime.incoming = None;
+    app.type_ime.preedit = None;
+    app.type_ime.stale = false;
+    app.type_ime.interrupt = false;
+    if let Some(ed) = app.ui.text_edit.as_mut() {
+        ed.preedit = None;
+    }
+}
+
+fn claim_raw_pass(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> bool {
+    let viewport = ctx.viewport_id();
+    let pass = ctx.cumulative_pass_nr_for(viewport);
+    app.type_ime.raw_pass.insert(viewport, pass) != Some(pass)
+}
+
+/// The exclusive route when no custom editor may mutate. Do not consume stock text/keys.
+pub(crate) fn controls_only(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
+    bind_reset_context(app, ctx);
+    if !claim_raw_pass(app, ctx) {
+        return;
+    }
+    if !reset_route_eligible(app, ctx) {
+        interrupt_incoming(app);
+    }
+    suspend_reset(app, ctx); // Retire an old id before visiting even the first marker.
+    for event in ctx.input(|i| i.events.clone()) {
+        if let egui::Event::ImeResetCompleted { request_id } = event {
+            complete_reset(app, ctx, request_id);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// True outer UI tail, including discarded/early-return passes and host-side mutations.
+pub(crate) fn finish_reset_pass(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
+    bind_reset_context(app, ctx);
+    let viewport = ctx.viewport_id();
+    if app.type_ime.raw_pass.get(&viewport).copied() != Some(ctx.cumulative_pass_nr_for(viewport)) {
+        controls_only(app, ctx);
+    }
+    sync_incoming(app, viewport);
+    let produced = app.type_ime.custom_pass.get(&viewport).copied().filter(|(pass, _)| *pass == ctx.cumulative_pass_nr_for(viewport)).and_then(|(_, key)| key);
+    let actual = ctx.output(|o| o.ime.as_ref().map(ResetContext::from));
+    let Some(context) = produced.filter(|key| Some(*key) == actual && reset_route_eligible(app, ctx)) else {
+        suspend_reset(app, ctx);
+        return;
+    };
+    // Never allocate a request for output egui will throw away. Keep any existing guard and its
+    // queued R1 blocked; the final pass either publishes this context and reuses it or retires
+    // the old id through the ineligible branch above.
+    if ctx.will_discard() {
+        return;
+    }
+    app.type_ime.last_custom.insert(viewport, context);
+    if !reset_guarded(app, viewport) {
+        return;
+    }
+    let Some(destination) = incoming_selection(app, viewport) else {
+        suspend_reset(app, ctx);
+        return;
+    };
+    let unchanged = app.type_ime.resets.get(&viewport).is_some_and(|phase| match phase {
+        ResetPhase::Awaiting { destination: old, context: old_context, .. } | ResetPhase::AllocationFailed { destination: old, context: old_context } => {
+            *old == destination && *old_context == Some(context) && !app.type_ime.needs_request
+        }
+        _ => false,
+    });
+    if !unchanged {
+        allocate_reset(app, ctx, destination, Some(context));
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn finish_reset_logic(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
+    bind_reset_context(app, ctx);
+    if !in_ui_pass(ctx) {
+        sync_incoming(app, ctx.viewport_id());
+        suspend_reset(app, ctx);
+    }
+}
+
+/// UTF-8 byte offsets of the caret, anchor and pre-edit, found in one traversal.
+///
+/// The pre-edit is in characters in [`TextEdit`]; surround-text offsets are UTF-8 bytes. A range
+/// that runs past the text is an explicit unavailable state, not a reason to report the
+/// composition as committed.
+struct ImeOffsets {
+    cursor: usize,
+    anchor: usize,
+    preedit: Option<Range<usize>>,
+}
+
+fn ime_offsets(text: &str, ed: &TextEdit) -> Option<ImeOffsets> {
+    let (start, end) = match ed.preedit {
+        Some((start, len)) => (start, start.checked_add(len)?),
+        None => (0, 0),
+    };
+    let wanted = [ed.caret, ed.anchor, start, end];
+    let mut bytes = [usize::MAX; 4];
+    let mut chars = 0usize;
+    for (index, (byte, _)) in text.char_indices().enumerate() {
+        for (slot, want) in bytes.iter_mut().zip(wanted) {
+            if *slot == usize::MAX && want == index {
+                *slot = byte;
+            }
+        }
+        chars = index.saturating_add(1);
+    }
+    // An index at (or past) the end clamps to the end, as before; a pre-edit past the end is a
+    // stale composition and makes the surrounding text unavailable.
+    for (slot, (index, want)) in bytes.iter_mut().zip(wanted.into_iter().enumerate()) {
+        if *slot == usize::MAX {
+            // The caret and anchor clamp after undo/redo; a pre-edit beyond the text is stale.
+            if index >= 2 && want > chars {
+                return None;
+            }
+            *slot = text.len();
+        }
+    }
+    let preedit = match ed.preedit {
+        Some(_) if end > chars => return None,
+        Some(_) => Some(bytes[2]..bytes[3]),
+        None => None,
+    };
+    Some(ImeOffsets { cursor: bytes[0], anchor: bytes[1], preedit })
+}
+
+/// Whether the stored character range still contains exactly the composition that wrote it.
+fn ime_preedit_is_current(app: &PhotocraftApp, text: &str, ed: &TextEdit, offsets: &ImeOffsets) -> bool {
+    match (ed.preedit, offsets.preedit.as_ref()) {
+        (None, _) => true,
+        (Some(_), Some(range)) => {
+            app.type_ime.preedit.as_ref().is_some_and(|p| p.layer == ed.layer && p.session == ed.session && text.get(range.clone()) == Some(p.text.as_str()))
+        }
+        (Some(_), None) => false,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Check the stored pre-edit against the live text, invalidating it (and the native composition)
+/// when an application edit moved or replaced it. Returns true when it was stale.
+fn reconcile_preedit(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ed: &TextEdit, text: &str) -> bool {
+    if ed.preedit.is_none() {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let current = ime_offsets(text, ed).is_some_and(|offset| ime_preedit_is_current(app, text, ed, &offset));
+    if current {
+        return false;
+    }
+    app.type_ime.invalidate_preedit();
+    if let Some(e) = app.ui.text_edit.as_mut() {
+        e.preedit = None;
+    }
+    true
+}
+
+/// A borrowed observation for the tracker. It copies only the bounded window.
+fn committed_text<'a>(app: &PhotocraftApp, text: &'a str, ed: &TextEdit) -> Option<CommittedText<'a>> {
+    let offsets = ime_offsets(text, ed)?;
+    if !ime_preedit_is_current(app, text, ed, &offsets) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let committed = CommittedText::new(text, offsets.cursor, offsets.anchor);
+    Some(match offsets.preedit {
+        Some(preedit) => committed.with_preedit(preedit),
+        None => committed,
+    })
+}
+
+/// The bounded committed snapshot of the edited layer, or `None` when it cannot be exposed.
+fn ime_committed(app: &PhotocraftApp, ed: &TextEdit) -> Option<ImeCommitted> {
+    let text = text_layer(&app.session.active()?.doc, LayerId(ed.layer))?.text.as_str();
+    let offsets = ime_offsets(text, ed)?;
+    if !ime_preedit_is_current(app, text, ed, &offsets) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    Some(ImeCommitted { snapshot: egui::output::IMESurroundingText::from_text(text, offsets.cursor, offsets.anchor, offsets.preedit) })
+}
+
+/// Report an accepted IME commit/deletion. Call only after the engine accepted the mutation and
+/// from the snapshots immediately around it.
+fn note_ime_apply(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ed: &TextEdit, before: &ImeCommitted, after: &ImeCommitted) -> bool {
+    let Some(frame) = app.type_ime.frame else { return false };
+    let Some(target) = ime_target(app, ed, frame.viewport) else { return false };
+    app.type_ime.tracker.note_input_method_apply(frame.viewport, frame.frame_nr, target, before.stamp(), after.stamp())
+}
+
+/// Report an application-origin edit (typing, paste, cut, deletion, undo or a toolbar action).
+fn note_ime_application_change(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ed: &TextEdit) -> bool {
+    let Some(frame) = app.type_ime.frame else { return false };
+    let Some(target) = ime_target(app, ed, frame.viewport) else { return false };
+    app.type_ime.tracker.note_application_change(frame.viewport, frame.frame_nr, target)
+}
+
+/// Snapshot after the engine mutation and describe the current pass.
+///
+/// Run once per UI pass, after the editor has drawn its caret, so the descriptor reflects this
+/// pass's final model state. With no visible focused editor the context is ended; a moved focus
+/// therefore cannot leave the previous owner's surrounding text latched.
+pub(crate) fn sync_ime(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
+    bind_reset_context(app, ctx);
+    let viewport = ctx.viewport_id();
+    let frame_nr = ctx.cumulative_frame_nr_for(viewport);
+    let pass_nr = ctx.cumulative_pass_nr_for(viewport);
+    app.type_ime.custom_pass.insert(viewport, (pass_nr, None));
+    sync_incoming(app, viewport);
+    let Some(mut ed) = app.ui.text_edit.clone() else {
+        app.type_ime.view = None;
+        app.type_ime.tracker.observe(viewport, None);
+        return;
+    };
+    // An application edit (control channel, undo, a menu command) can move the stored composition
+    // range onto committed characters. Check the actual composition text before reporting it.
+    if ed.preedit.is_some()
+        && let Some(text) = current_text(app, LayerId(ed.layer))
+        && reconcile_preedit(app, &ed, &text)
+        && let Some(current) = app.ui.text_edit.clone()
+    {
+        ed = current;
+    }
+    let view = app.type_ime.view.filter(|view| view.viewport == viewport && view.pass_nr == pass_nr);
+    let visible = view.is_some() && app.session.active_index().is_some() && edit_home(app, &ed) == app.session.active_index();
+    let focused = visible && reset_route_eligible(app, ctx);
+    if !focused {
+        interrupt_incoming(app);
+        if let Some(current) = &app.ui.text_edit {
+            ed = current.clone();
+        }
+    }
+    let Some(target) = ime_target(app, &ed, viewport) else {
+        app.type_ime.tracker.observe(viewport, None);
+        return;
+    };
+    // The platform only resets the native composition from `should_interrupt_composition`; on
+    // X11, macOS, Windows and the web a changed owner/generation alone leaves it alive. Latch the
+    // last *delivered* target so a discarded pass does not lose the transition.
+    if app.type_ime.emitted.is_some_and(|last| last.target != target) {
+        app.type_ime.interrupt = true;
+    }
+    // Final geometry from this pass's model and canvas mapping: a later panel can move the caret
+    // after the overlay drew it, and `rect` is the edited layer's extent, not the caret.
+    let geometry = if focused { view.and_then(|view| ime_geometry(app, &ed, view.xf)) } else { None };
+    // Borrow the layer's logical text for this observation; only the bounded window is copied.
+    let committed = if focused && !app.type_ime.stale {
+        app.session.active().and_then(|state| text_layer(&state.doc, LayerId(ed.layer))).and_then(|layer| committed_text(app, &layer.text, &ed))
+    } else {
+        None
+    };
+    let observation = ImeObservation::new(frame_nr, pass_nr, target).focused(focused).purpose(egui::IMEPurpose::Normal).committed(committed);
+    let update = app.type_ime.tracker.observe(viewport, Some(observation));
+    // A generation change (focus/refocus, a pass gap, purpose or replacement) also needs the
+    // native reset; the tracker reports it only after observing.
+    let mut interrupt = app.type_ime.interrupt;
+    if let Some(update) = &update
+        && app.type_ime.emitted.is_some_and(|last| last.target != target || last.generation != update.context_generation)
+    {
+        app.type_ime.interrupt = true;
+        interrupt = true;
+    }
+    let mut sent = false;
+    let mut sent_generation = None;
+    if let (Some(update), Some((rect, cursor_rect))) = (update, geometry) {
+        let generation = update.context_generation;
+        // Owner and generation accompany even an Unavailable payload. The cause comes from the
+        // tracker's accepted-receipt chain, never from the event that happened to be last.
+        ctx.output_mut(|out| {
+            out.ime = Some(egui::output::IMEOutput {
+                owner: update.owner,
+                context_generation: update.context_generation,
+                purpose: update.purpose,
+                rect,
+                cursor_rect,
+                should_interrupt_composition: interrupt,
+                change_cause: update.change_cause,
+                surrounding_text: update.surrounding_text,
+                reset_request: None,
+            });
+        });
+        let key = ctx.output(|out| out.ime.as_ref().map(ResetContext::from));
+        app.type_ime.custom_pass.insert(viewport, (pass_nr, key));
+        sent = true;
+        sent_generation = Some(generation);
+    }
+    if sent && !ctx.will_discard() {
+        if let Some(generation) = sent_generation {
+            app.type_ime.emitted = Some(ImeEmitted { target, generation });
+        }
+        app.type_ime.interrupt = false;
+        app.type_ime.stale = false;
+    }
+}
+
+/// The final caret and layer rectangles for an IME descriptor, in screen points.
+fn ime_geometry(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ed: &TextEdit, xf: ViewXform) -> Option<(egui::Rect, egui::Rect)> {
+    let id = LayerId(ed.layer);
+    let (l, aff, text) = layout(app, id)?;
+    let shape = app.session.active().and_then(|s| text_layer(&s.doc, id).map(|t| t.shape.clone()));
+    let bend = shape.as_ref().and_then(photocraft_text::warp::Warp::on_path);
+    let scr_t = |x: f32, y: f32| -> Pos2 {
+        let p = aff.apply(Point::new(f64::from(x), f64::from(y)));
+        xf.to_screen(p.x as f32, p.y as f32)
+    };
+    let scr = |x: f32, y: f32| -> Pos2 {
+        let (x, y) = l.to_text(x, y);
+        match &bend {
+            Some(w) => {
+                let (x, y) = w.apply(f64::from(x), f64::from(y));
+                scr_t(x as f32, y as f32)
+            }
+            None => scr_t(x, y),
+        }
+    };
+    let (x, top, bot) = l.caret(byte_of(&text, ed.caret));
+    let (x, top, bot) = if l.lines.is_empty() { (0.0, -(12.0 * l.px_per_pt.max(1.0)), 3.0) } else { (x, top, bot) };
+    let cursor = egui::Rect::from_two_pos(scr(x, top), scr(x, bot)).expand(1.0);
+    let doc_bounds =
+        app.session.active().and_then(|s| text_layer(&s.doc, id)).and_then(|t| t.cache.as_ref()).map(|c| c.content_bounds()).filter(|r| !r.is_empty());
+    let rect = doc_bounds.map(|r| xf.doc_rect(r)).or_else(|| {
+        l.bounds().map(|b| {
+            let corners = [scr_t(b[0], b[1]), scr_t(b[2], b[1]), scr_t(b[2], b[3]), scr_t(b[0], b[3])];
+            let mut min = corners[0];
+            let mut max = corners[0];
+            for p in corners {
+                min = min.min(p);
+                max = max.max(p);
+            }
+            egui::Rect::from_min_max(min, max)
+        })
+    });
+    Some((rect.unwrap_or(cursor).expand(1.0), cursor))
+}
+
 fn text_layer(doc: &Document, id: LayerId) -> Option<&TextLayer> {
     match &doc.layer(id)?.content {
         LayerContent::Text(t) => Some(t),
@@ -32,17 +733,18 @@ fn byte_of(text: &str, ci: usize) -> usize {
 
 /// Layout of a type layer (cached per document revision) and its text → document transform.
 pub fn layout(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, id: LayerId) -> Option<(Arc<TextLayout>, Affine, String)> {
+    let dragged = crate::type_transform::current_transform(app, id);
+    // Borrows the document in place (no clone): the canvas hover hit-tests type every frame.
     let st = app.session.active()?;
-    let (doc, rev) = (st.doc.clone(), st.revision);
-    let t = text_layer(&doc, id)?;
-    let transform = crate::type_transform::current_transform(app, id).unwrap_or(t.transform);
-    let key = (doc.id.0, rev, id.0);
+    let t = text_layer(&st.doc, id)?;
+    let transform = dragged.unwrap_or(t.transform);
+    let key = (st.doc.id.0, st.revision, id.0);
     if let Some((k, l)) = &app.type_layout
         && *k == key
     {
         return Some((l.clone(), transform, t.text.clone()));
     }
-    let l = Arc::new(photocraft_text::shared().lock().ok()?.layout(t, doc.resolution_dpi));
+    let l = Arc::new(photocraft_text::shared().lock().ok()?.layout(t, st.doc.resolution_dpi));
     app.type_layout = Some((key, l.clone()));
     Some((l, transform, t.text.clone()))
 }
@@ -53,29 +755,35 @@ fn to_text(aff: &Affine, x: f64, y: f64) -> (f32, f32) {
 }
 
 /// Topmost shown type layer (it and every group around it visible, #4320) whose laid-out text
-/// contains the document point.
+/// contains the document point. The press and the canvas hover (`hover_path_target`) share it, so
+/// the pointer never promises a path click that the press would turn into editing this layer.
 pub(crate) fn hit_layer(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, x: f64, y: f64) -> Option<LayerId> {
-    let doc = app.session.active()?.doc.clone();
     let slop = 6.0 / app.point_zoom().max(0.01);
     // A Type Mask session's text is a hidden layer; it is still the text being edited.
     let editing = app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().filter(|ed| ed.mask).map(|ed| LayerId(ed.layer));
-    let mut ids: Vec<LayerId> = doc
-        .walk()
-        .into_iter()
-        .filter(|(path, _, l)| matches!(l.content, LayerContent::Text(_)) && (editing == Some(l.id) || doc.shown_at(path)))
-        .map(|(_, _, l)| l.id)
-        .collect();
+    let mut ids: Vec<LayerId> = {
+        let doc = &app.session.active()?.doc;
+        doc.walk()
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter(|(path, _, l)| matches!(l.content, LayerContent::Text(_)) && (editing == Some(l.id) || doc.shown_at(path)))
+            .map(|(_, _, l)| l.id)
+            .collect()
+    };
     ids.reverse(); // walk() is bottom-up; hit the topmost first
     ids.into_iter().find(|id| {
         // The pixels shown count too: a PSD's type keeps Photoshop's rendering until edited,
         // which can sit off our layout when fonts are substituted (#123).
-        let shown = text_layer(&doc, *id).and_then(|t| t.cache.as_ref()).map(|c| c.content_bounds()).is_some_and(|r| {
+        let shown = app.session.active().and_then(|st| text_layer(&st.doc, *id)).and_then(|t| t.cache.as_ref()).map(|c| c.content_bounds()).is_some_and(|r| {
             let s = f64::from(slop);
             !r.is_empty() && x >= f64::from(r.x0) - s && x <= f64::from(r.x1) + s && y >= f64::from(r.y0) - s && y <= f64::from(r.y1) + s
         });
-        let Some((l, aff, _)) = layout(app, *id) else { return shown };
+        // The hover calls this every frame: skip the layout when the pixels already answer.
+        if shown {
+            return true;
+        }
+        let Some((l, aff, _)) = layout(app, *id) else { return false };
         let (tx, ty) = to_text(&aff, x, y);
-        shown || photocraft_text::text_point_inside(&l, tx, ty, slop)
+        photocraft_text::text_point_inside(&l, tx, ty, slop)
     })
 }
 
@@ -126,9 +834,20 @@ pub fn edit_active(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> Result<(), String> {
             resize: None,
             preedit: None,
         });
-    } else if let Some(ed) = app.ui.text_edit.as_mut() {
-        ed.anchor = 0;
-        ed.caret = n;
+    } else {
+        let mut cancelled = false;
+        if let Some(ed) = app.ui.text_edit.as_mut() {
+            ed.anchor = 0;
+            ed.caret = n;
+            // Re-entering the same session moves the caret away from the composition: cancel it
+            // rather than reusing a range that no longer describes the text.
+            cancelled = ed.preedit.take().is_some();
+        }
+        if cancelled {
+            app.type_ime.clear_preedit();
+            interrupt_incoming(app);
+            app.type_ime.request_interrupt();
+        }
     }
     let vertical = app.session.active().and_then(|st| text_layer(&st.doc, id)).is_some_and(|t| t.orientation == photocraft_doc::text::Orientation::Vertical);
     app.ui.text_edit_return_tool = None;
@@ -183,6 +902,14 @@ fn hit_offset(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, id: LayerId, x: f64, y: f64) -> usize {
 pub(crate) fn offset_at(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, id: LayerId, x: f64, y: f64) -> usize {
     let Some((l, aff, text)) = layout(app, id) else { return 0 };
     let (tx, ty) = to_text(&aff, x, y);
+    // Type on a path: the point's place along the path is the position in the (single) line.
+    let shape = app.session.active().and_then(|s| text_layer(&s.doc, id).map(|t| t.shape.clone()));
+    let (tx, ty) = match shape {
+        Some(photocraft_doc::text::TextShape::Path { path, start, flip }) => {
+            photocraft_text::warp::arc_length_at(&path, flip, f64::from(tx), f64::from(ty)).map_or((tx, ty), |s| ((s - f64::from(start)) as f32, -1.0))
+        }
+        _ => (tx, ty),
+    };
     photocraft_text::hit_char(&l, &text, tx, ty).0
 }
 
@@ -232,18 +959,23 @@ pub(crate) fn box_handle_at(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, id: LayerId, x: f64, y: f64
         .map(|i| i as u8)
 }
 
-/// Drag handle `i` to the document point: the dragged edges follow it, the others stay put.
-fn resize_box(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ed: &TextEdit, i: u8, x: f64, y: f64) {
-    let id = LayerId(ed.layer);
-    let Some((bx, by, w, h)) = box_shape(app, id) else { return };
-    let Some((_, aff, _)) = layout(app, id) else { return };
-    let (px, py) = to_text(&aff, x, y);
-    let (l, r, t, b) = handle_sides(i);
+/// Drag the handle of `r` (the box and transform snapshotted at the press) to the document
+/// point: the dragged edges follow it, the others stay put. With ⌥ the opposite edges mirror
+/// the drag about the centre the box started with, so the block grows symmetrically instead of
+/// from one side — pressing or releasing ⌥ mid-drag switches that on and off as if it had been
+/// held from the start.
+fn resize_box(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ed: &TextEdit, r: BoxResize, x: f64, y: f64, alt: bool) {
+    let (px, py) = to_text(&r.aff, x, y);
+    let (l, rw, t, b) = handle_sides(r.handle);
+    let (bx, by, w, h) = (r.shape[0], r.shape[1], r.shape[2], r.shape[3]);
     let (mut x0, mut y0, mut x1, mut y1) = (bx, by, bx + w, by + h);
+    // The centre the ⌥ mirror turns about: the box as it stood at the press (every move
+    // recomputes from that snapshot, so the centre holds for the whole drag).
+    let (cx, cy) = (bx + w / 2.0, by + h / 2.0);
     if l {
         x0 = px.min(x1 - MIN_BOX);
     }
-    if r {
+    if rw {
         x1 = px.max(x0 + MIN_BOX);
     }
     if t {
@@ -252,8 +984,28 @@ fn resize_box(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ed: &TextEdit, i: u8, x: f64, y: f64) {
     if b {
         y1 = py.max(y0 + MIN_BOX);
     }
+    if alt {
+        // The mirror keeps the centre fixed: the dragged edge clamps at MIN_BOX/2 from it, and
+        // the opposite edge follows, so the block never inverts below the minimum.
+        if l {
+            x0 = px.min(cx - MIN_BOX / 2.0);
+            x1 = 2.0 * cx - x0;
+        }
+        if rw {
+            x1 = px.max(cx + MIN_BOX / 2.0);
+            x0 = 2.0 * cx - x1;
+        }
+        if t {
+            y0 = py.min(cy - MIN_BOX / 2.0);
+            y1 = 2.0 * cy - y0;
+        }
+        if b {
+            y1 = py.max(cy + MIN_BOX / 2.0);
+            y0 = 2.0 * cy - y1;
+        }
+    }
     // type.edit places the box's top-left at the given document point.
-    let o = aff.apply(Point::new(f64::from(x0), f64::from(y0)));
+    let o = r.aff.apply(Point::new(f64::from(x0), f64::from(y0)));
     let _ = app.run("type.edit", json!({"layer": ed.layer, "box": [o.x, o.y, x1 - x0, y1 - y0], "coalesce": ed.session}));
 }
 
@@ -271,8 +1023,11 @@ pub fn pointer_down(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, x: f64, y: f64, mods: egui::Modifie
     if let Some(ed) = app.ui.text_edit.clone() {
         let id = LayerId(ed.layer);
         if let Some(i) = box_handle_at(app, id, x, y) {
-            if let Some(e) = app.ui.text_edit.as_mut() {
-                e.resize = Some(i);
+            // Snapshot the box and transform now: every move recomputes from them, so ⌥ held
+            // or released mid-drag mirrors about the centre the drag started with.
+            let snap = box_shape(app, id).zip(layout(app, id)).map(|((bx, by, w, h), (_, aff, _))| BoxResize { handle: i, shape: [bx, by, w, h], aff });
+            if let (Some(snap), Some(e)) = (snap, app.ui.text_edit.as_mut()) {
+                e.resize = Some(snap);
             }
             return true;
         }
@@ -323,10 +1078,10 @@ pub fn pointer_down(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, x: f64, y: f64, mods: egui::Modifie
     false
 }
 
-pub fn pointer_move(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, x: f64, y: f64) {
+pub fn pointer_move(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, x: f64, y: f64, mods: egui::Modifiers) {
     let Some(ed) = app.ui.text_edit.clone() else { return };
-    if let Some(i) = ed.resize {
-        resize_box(app, &ed, i, x, y);
+    if let Some(r) = ed.resize {
+        resize_box(app, &ed, r, x, y, mods.alt);
         return;
     }
     if ed.dragging {
@@ -337,6 +1092,109 @@ pub fn pointer_move(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, x: f64, y: f64) {
     }
 }
 
+/// What a Type tool click on a path does, like Photoshop: inside a closed path, area type;
+/// on a path's outline, type on the path from that point.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub(crate) enum PathClick {
+    Area { shape: Option<u64> },
+    OnPath { shape: Option<u64>, subpath: usize, start: f64 },
+}
+
+/// Arc length (px) along `sub` from its first anchor to segment `seg` at curve parameter `t`.
+fn arc_length_to(sub: &photocraft_doc::Subpath, seg: usize, t: f64) -> f64 {
+    const PIECES: usize = 32;
+    let eval = photocraft_vector::edit::eval;
+    let length = |s: &[Point; 4], upto: f64| {
+        (1..=PIECES)
+            .fold((0.0, eval(s, 0.0)), |(len, prev), j| {
+                let q = eval(s, upto * j as f64 / PIECES as f64);
+                (len + (q.x - prev.x).hypot(q.y - prev.y), q)
+            })
+            .0
+    };
+    let segs = sub.segments();
+    let whole: f64 = segs.iter().take(seg).map(|s| length(s, 1.0)).sum();
+    whole + segs.get(seg).map_or(0.0, |s| length(s, t.clamp(0.0, 1.0)))
+}
+
+/// The path a Type tool click at document `(x, y)` would use: on the outline (within 6 screen px)
+/// of the active shape layer's path, else of the work path, type on that path; inside a closed
+/// one, area type. The work path's inside counts only while the canvas draws it (selected in the
+/// Paths panel, #6551): a hidden Work Path left after Load as Selection must not turn a plain
+/// click into area type. None while View › Show › Target Path (or Extras) hides paths.
+pub(crate) fn path_target(app: &PhotocraftApp, x: f64, y: f64) -> Option<PathClick> {
+    use photocraft_vector::edit::{Hit, hit};
+    if !app.ui.view.shows(app.ui.view.show.target_path) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let shape_path = crate::vector_ui::active_shape_path(app);
+    let work = app.session.active().and_then(|s| s.doc.work_path.clone());
+    let work_shown = app.ui.selected_path.as_deref() == Some("work");
+    // The canvas hover runs this every frame and `hit` samples every segment, so a path with more
+    // anchors than this is not a click target (the click and the pointer agree: plain point
+    // text). 4096 anchors is far beyond hand-drawn paths and shapes yet keeps a frame cheap, and
+    // it is the most `type.fillPath` accepts, so every area click target can be filled.
+    const MAX_TARGET_KNOTS: usize = photocraft_text::area::MAX_AREA_KNOTS;
+    let small = |path: &photocraft_doc::vector::Path| path.subpaths.iter().map(|s| s.knots.len()).fold(0usize, usize::saturating_add) <= MAX_TARGET_KNOTS;
+    let tol = 6.0 / app.point_zoom().max(0.01) as f64;
+    // Only the horizontal Type tool starts type on a path: vertical type on a path is not laid
+    // out yet.
+    let vertical = app.ui.tool.is_vertical_type();
+    let outline = |path: &photocraft_doc::vector::Path, shape: Option<u64>| {
+        let on_path = |sp: usize, k: usize, t: f64| {
+            // Type on a path needs a segment to run along (`type.attachToPath` rejects one anchor).
+            let sub = path.subpaths.get(sp).filter(|s| !vertical && s.knots.len() >= 2)?;
+            Some(PathClick::OnPath { shape, subpath: sp, start: arc_length_to(sub, k, t) })
+        };
+        match hit(path, Point::new(x, y), tol, &[]) {
+            Some(Hit::Segment([sp, k], t)) => on_path(sp, k, t),
+            Some(Hit::Anchor([sp, k])) => on_path(sp, k, 0.0),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    };
+    let inside = |path: &photocraft_doc::vector::Path| photocraft_text::area::AreaShape::new(path, false).is_some_and(|a| a.contains(x as f32, y as f32));
+    if let Some((id, p)) = shape_path.as_ref().filter(|(_, p)| small(p)) {
+        if let Some(c) = outline(p, Some(*id)) {
+            return Some(c);
+        }
+        if inside(p) {
+            return Some(PathClick::Area { shape: Some(*id) });
+        }
+    }
+    let w = work.as_ref().filter(|w| small(w))?;
+    if let Some(c) = outline(w, None) {
+        return Some(c);
+    }
+    (work_shown && inside(w)).then_some(PathClick::Area { shape: None })
+}
+
+/// What the Type tool's pointer over document `(x, y)` shows (#218): the path click a press there
+/// would make, unless the press edits the type layer under it instead (`pointer_down`: an
+/// unshifted press on shown type), where Photoshop keeps the plain I-beam. The type hit is only
+/// tested over a path, so a hover elsewhere lays out nothing. Nothing while a type edit is open
+/// (a click then commits rather than starting new type). While the button is held it is what the
+/// release makes (`pointer_up`): nothing once the drag is a text box, else the path click at the
+/// press.
+pub(crate) fn hover_path_target(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, x: f64, y: f64, shift: bool) -> Option<PathClick> {
+    if app.ui.text_edit.is_some() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    if let Some(start) = app.drag.as_ref().map(|d| d.start) {
+        // The press already passed over editing type (`pointer_down`), so no type hit test.
+        return if makes_box(app, start, [x, y]) { None } else { path_target(app, start[0], start[1]) };
+    }
+    let target = path_target(app, x, y)?;
+    (shift || hit_layer(app, x, y).is_none()).then_some(target)
+}
+
+/// Whether a press at `start` released at `end` drags out a paragraph box rather than clicking
+/// (at least 4 screen pixels both ways).
+fn makes_box(app: &PhotocraftApp, start: [f64; 2], end: [f64; 2]) -> bool {
+    let (w, h) = ((end[0] - start[0]).abs(), (end[1] - start[1]).abs());
+    let min = 4.0 / app.point_zoom().max(0.01) as f64;
+    w >= min && h >= min
+}
+
 /// Pointer up. `rect` is the dragged box (document px) when no edit session consumed the press.
 pub fn pointer_up(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, start: [f64; 2], end: [f64; 2]) {
     if let Some(e) = app.ui.text_edit.as_mut() {
@@ -349,18 +1207,15 @@ pub fn pointer_up(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, start: [f64; 2], end: [f64; 2]) {
     let min = 4.0 / app.point_zoom().max(0.01) as f64;
     let o = app.ui.tool_options.clone();
     let mask = app.ui.tool.is_type_mask();
+    // A click (not a drag) with the Type tool on a path: area type inside a closed path, type
+    // on the path on its outline. The Type Mask tools ignore paths.
+    let target = if !mask && !makes_box(app, start, end) { path_target(app, start[0], start[1]) } else { None };
     // Preferences ▸ Type: "Fill new type layers with placeholder text" (on by default). The Type
     // Mask tools start empty, as Photoshop's do.
     let text = if !mask && app.session.prefs().type_.fill_new_type_layers_with_placeholder { PLACEHOLDER } else { "" };
-    let mut p = json!({
-        "text": text,
-        "orientation": if app.ui.tool.is_vertical_type() { "vertical" } else { "horizontal" },
-        "font": o.type_font,
-        "fontStyle": o.type_style,
-        "size": o.type_size,
-        "align": o.type_align,
-        "color": hex(app.session.tools.foreground),
-    });
+    let mut p = default_style_params(app);
+    p["text"] = json!(text);
+    p["orientation"] = json!(if app.ui.tool.is_vertical_type() { "vertical" } else { "horizontal" });
     if w >= min && h >= min {
         p["box"] = json!([start[0].min(end[0]).round(), start[1].min(end[1]).round(), w.round(), h.round()]);
     } else {
@@ -372,6 +1227,18 @@ pub fn pointer_up(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, start: [f64; 2], end: [f64; 2]) {
     if let Ok(v) = app.run("type.create", p)
         && let Some(id) = v.get("layer").and_then(serde_json::Value::as_u64)
     {
+        // A failed follow-up leaves point text; say why instead of passing over it.
+        let follow_up = match &target {
+            Some(PathClick::Area { shape }) => app.run("type.fillPath", json!({"layer": id, "shape": shape, "coalesce": key})),
+            Some(PathClick::OnPath { shape, subpath, start }) => {
+                app.run("type.attachToPath", json!({"layer": id, "shape": shape, "subpath": subpath, "start": start, "coalesce": key}))
+            }
+            None => Ok(serde_json::Value::Null),
+        };
+        if let Err(e) = follow_up {
+            app.ui.status = e;
+            app.ui.status_error = true;
+        }
         if o.type_aa != "sharp" {
             let _ = app.run("type.edit", json!({"layer": id, "antialias": o.type_aa, "coalesce": key}));
         }
@@ -411,6 +1278,11 @@ fn current_text(app: &PhotocraftApp, id: LayerId) -> Option<String> {
     Some(text_layer(&app.session.active()?.doc, id)?.text.clone())
 }
 
+/// Character count without cloning the layer's text.
+fn text_char_count(app: &PhotocraftApp, id: LayerId) -> Option<usize> {
+    Some(text_layer(&app.session.active()?.doc, id)?.text.chars().count())
+}
+
 /// The selected characters, clamped after undo/redo may have shortened the text.
 pub(crate) fn selected_range(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Option<[usize; 2]> {
     let ed = app.ui.text_edit.as_ref()?;
@@ -462,11 +1334,23 @@ fn insert(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, s: &str) {
         return;
     }
     crate::type_transform::finish(app);
-    if app.run("type.edit", json!({"layer": ed.layer, "replace": {"start": a, "end": b, "text": s}, "coalesce": ed.session})).is_ok()
-        && let Some(e) = app.ui.text_edit.as_mut()
-    {
-        e.caret = a + s.chars().count();
-        e.anchor = e.caret;
+    let applied = app.run("type.edit", json!({"layer": ed.layer, "replace": {"start": a, "end": b, "text": s}, "coalesce": ed.session})).is_ok();
+    if applied {
+        let mut cancelled = false;
+        if let Some(e) = app.ui.text_edit.as_mut() {
+            e.caret = a + s.chars().count();
+            e.anchor = e.caret;
+            // An application edit invalidates a live composition: its recorded range no longer
+            // describes the text, and its pending native commit must not be applied here.
+            cancelled = e.preedit.take().is_some();
+        }
+        if cancelled {
+            app.type_ime.clear_preedit();
+            interrupt_incoming(app);
+            app.type_ime.request_interrupt();
+        }
+        // Ordinary typing, paste, cut and deletion are application-origin, never IME receipts.
+        note_ime_application_change(app, &ed);
     }
 }
 
@@ -663,8 +1547,20 @@ pub(crate) fn toggle_hyphenate(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
 /// typed text) and replaced by every update; `commit` makes the result final.
 fn ime_update(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, s: &str, commit: bool) {
     let Some(ed) = app.ui.text_edit.clone() else { return };
-    let Some(text) = current_text(app, LayerId(ed.layer)) else { return };
-    let n = text.chars().count();
+    // Validate the composition only while one exists: a plain preedit/commit otherwise needs no
+    // copy of the whole layer.
+    let n = if ed.preedit.is_some() {
+        let Some(text) = current_text(app, LayerId(ed.layer)) else { return };
+        // A composition range that no longer holds the recorded composition belongs to an edit
+        // that was replaced under it: never use it to delete or replace text.
+        if reconcile_preedit(app, &ed, &text) {
+            return;
+        }
+        text.chars().count()
+    } else {
+        let Some(n) = text_char_count(app, LayerId(ed.layer)) else { return };
+        n
+    };
     let s = s.replace("\r\n", "\n").replace('\r', "\n");
     // An empty preedit or commit while nothing is being composed changes nothing. Wayland input
     // methods send one on every state change (the caret rectangle moving as a selection grows),
@@ -680,17 +1576,124 @@ fn ime_update(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, s: &str, commit: bool) {
         if let Some(e) = app.ui.text_edit.as_mut() {
             e.preedit = None;
         }
+        app.type_ime.clear_preedit();
         return;
     }
+    // Capture the committed text *before* the engine runs. The pre-edit is excluded from this
+    // and from the after snapshot; only an accepted commit earns an IME receipt.
+    let before = if commit { ime_committed(app, &ed) } else { None };
     let len = s.chars().count();
     crate::type_transform::finish(app);
-    if app.run("type.edit", json!({"layer": ed.layer, "replace": {"start": start, "end": end, "text": s}, "coalesce": ed.session})).is_ok()
-        && let Some(e) = app.ui.text_edit.as_mut()
-    {
-        e.caret = start + len;
-        e.anchor = e.caret;
-        e.preedit = if commit || len == 0 { None } else { Some((start, len)) };
+    if app.run("type.edit", json!({"layer": ed.layer, "replace": {"start": start, "end": end, "text": s}, "coalesce": ed.session})).is_err() {
+        return;
     }
+    let mut after_ed = ed.clone();
+    after_ed.caret = start + len;
+    after_ed.anchor = after_ed.caret;
+    after_ed.preedit = if commit || len == 0 { None } else { Some((start, len)) };
+    if let Some(e) = app.ui.text_edit.as_mut() {
+        *e = after_ed.clone();
+    }
+    if after_ed.preedit.is_some() {
+        app.type_ime.note_preedit(&after_ed, &s);
+    } else {
+        app.type_ime.clear_preedit();
+    }
+    if commit {
+        app.type_ime.incoming = None;
+    } else {
+        remember_incoming(app, Some(s.is_empty()));
+    }
+    if commit
+        && let Some(before) = before
+        && let Some(after) = ime_committed(app, &after_ed)
+    {
+        // A no-op commit (equal snapshots) is rejected by the tracker rather than fabricated.
+        note_ime_apply(app, &after_ed, &before, &after);
+    }
+}
+
+/// The active range for an IME delete-surrounding batch: the pre-edit when composing, otherwise
+/// the sorted selection. Returns `(start, end, length)` in character indices.
+fn ime_active_range(app: &PhotocraftApp, ed: &TextEdit) -> Option<(usize, usize, usize)> {
+    let n = text_char_count(app, LayerId(ed.layer))?;
+    if let Some((start, len)) = ed.preedit {
+        let end = start.checked_add(len)?;
+        return (end <= n).then_some((start, end, n));
+    }
+    let a = ed.caret.min(n);
+    let b = ed.anchor.min(n);
+    Some((a.min(b), a.max(b), n))
+}
+
+/// Delete characters around the selection/pre-edit, as one coalesced type edit.
+fn ime_delete_chars(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, before_chars: usize, after_chars: usize) -> bool {
+    let Some(ed) = app.ui.text_edit.clone() else { return false };
+    if ed.preedit.is_some() {
+        let Some(text) = current_text(app, LayerId(ed.layer)) else { return false };
+        if reconcile_preedit(app, &ed, &text) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    let Some((start, end, n)) = ime_active_range(app, &ed) else { return false };
+    let from = start.saturating_sub(before_chars);
+    let to = end.saturating_add(after_chars).min(n);
+    ime_delete_around(app, ed, from, start, end, to)
+}
+
+/// `DeleteSurroundingBytes` counts UTF-8 bytes from the active range's edges. A byte count that
+/// ends inside a character leaves that character, as the stock TextEdit does.
+fn ime_delete_bytes(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, before_bytes: usize, after_bytes: usize) -> bool {
+    let Some(ed) = app.ui.text_edit.clone() else { return false };
+    let Some(text) = current_text(app, LayerId(ed.layer)) else { return false };
+    if reconcile_preedit(app, &ed, &text) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let Some((start, end, n)) = ime_active_range(app, &ed) else { return false };
+    let start_byte = byte_of(&text, start);
+    let end_byte = byte_of(&text, end);
+    let from_byte = start_byte.saturating_sub(before_bytes);
+    let before_chars = text.get(..start_byte).map_or(0, |before| before.char_indices().rev().take_while(|(index, _)| *index >= from_byte).count());
+    let after_chars =
+        text.get(end_byte..).map_or(0, |after| after.char_indices().take_while(|(index, character)| index + character.len_utf8() <= after_bytes).count());
+    let from = start.saturating_sub(before_chars);
+    let to = end.saturating_add(after_chars).min(n);
+    ime_delete_around(app, ed, from, start, end, to)
+}
+
+/// Apply one accepted IME deletion and record its receipt from the snapshots around it.
+///
+/// The active selection/pre-edit itself stays; only the requested runs before `start` and after
+/// `end` are removed. They are two engine mutations with the same coalescing key (one history
+/// step), and one receipt covers the whole batch.
+fn ime_delete_around(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ed: TextEdit, from: usize, start: usize, end: usize, to: usize) -> bool {
+    if from >= start && end >= to {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let before = ime_committed(app, &ed);
+    crate::type_transform::finish(app);
+    // Delete the trailing run first so the leading run's character indices stay valid.
+    if end < to && app.run("type.edit", json!({"layer": ed.layer, "replace": {"start": end, "end": to, "text": ""}, "coalesce": ed.session})).is_err() {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if from < start && app.run("type.edit", json!({"layer": ed.layer, "replace": {"start": from, "end": start, "text": ""}, "coalesce": ed.session})).is_err() {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let shift = start - from;
+    let mut after_ed = ed.clone();
+    after_ed.caret = ed.caret.saturating_sub(shift);
+    after_ed.anchor = ed.anchor.saturating_sub(shift);
+    if let Some((preedit_start, preedit_len)) = ed.preedit {
+        after_ed.preedit = Some((preedit_start.saturating_sub(shift), preedit_len));
+    }
+    if let Some(e) = app.ui.text_edit.as_mut() {
+        *e = after_ed.clone();
+    }
+    if let (Some(before), Some(after)) = (before, ime_committed(app, &after_ed)) {
+        note_ime_apply(app, &after_ed, &before, &after);
+    }
+    remember_incoming(app, None);
+    true
 }
 
 /// Character index of the previous / next word boundary (shared with `type.navigate`).
@@ -826,28 +1829,51 @@ fn line_edge(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, id: LayerId, caret: usize, end: bool) -> u
 /// Keyboard input while editing. Returns true when a type edit session is active (single-key
 /// tool shortcuts must then be skipped). Handled events are removed from the frame's input.
 pub fn handle_keys(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> bool {
+    bind_reset_context(app, ctx);
+    // A receipt is only valid for the frame that produced it; never reuse last frame's.
+    app.type_ime.frame = None;
     end_if_left(app);
+    sync_incoming(app, ctx.viewport_id());
+    if !ctx.input(|i| i.focused) || ctx.text_edit_focused() || ctx.egui_wants_keyboard_input() {
+        interrupt_incoming(app);
+    }
     crate::type_transform::cancel_stale(app);
     if !ctx.input(|i| i.focused) {
         crate::type_transform::cancel_drag(app);
     }
-    let Some(ed) = app.ui.text_edit.clone() else { return false };
+    let Some(ed) = app.ui.text_edit.clone() else {
+        controls_only(app, ctx);
+        return false;
+    };
     // The font picker (and other focused fields) owns keyboard input while it is open.
-    if ctx.text_edit_focused() || ctx.egui_wants_keyboard_input() {
+    if !reset_route_eligible(app, ctx) {
+        controls_only(app, ctx);
         return true;
     }
     let id = LayerId(ed.layer);
-    let Some(text) = current_text(app, id) else {
+    let Some(n) = text_char_count(app, id) else {
         app.ui.text_edit = None;
         app.ui.text_edit_return_tool = None;
+        app.type_ime.clear_preedit();
+        controls_only(app, ctx);
         return false;
     };
     // Undo/redo can shorten the text under us.
-    let n = text.chars().count();
     if let Some(e) = app.ui.text_edit.as_mut() {
         e.caret = e.caret.min(n);
         e.anchor = e.anchor.min(n);
     }
+    if !claim_raw_pass(app, ctx) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    app.type_ime.begin_frame(ctx);
+    prepare_reset(app, ctx);
+    // A target swap (session replacement, Type Mask, another layer) is known from the last
+    // descriptor the platform received. Cancel the native composition before any event in this
+    // pass can be applied to the new target.
+    if ime_target(app, &ed, ctx.viewport_id()).is_some_and(|target| app.type_ime.emitted.is_some_and(|last| last.target != target)) {
+        app.type_ime.interrupt = true;
+    }
     let time = ctx.input(|i| i.time);
     let elapsed = (time - app.ui.caret_blink_time).max(0.0);
     let period = 0.530;
@@ -856,11 +1882,42 @@ pub fn handle_keys(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> bool {
     let events = ctx.input(|i| i.events.clone());
     let vertical_flow = is_vertical(app, id);
     let mut handled = vec![false; events.len()];
+    let mut primary_down = events
+        .iter()
+        .find_map(|event| match event {
+            egui::Event::PointerButton { button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed, .. } => Some(!pressed),
+            _ => None,
+        })
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| ctx.input(|input| input.pointer.primary_down()));
+    let mut custom_mutations = true;
+    let mut deferred_custom = false;
     for (k, ev) in events.iter().enumerate() {
-        let Some(ed) = app.ui.text_edit.clone() else { break };
+        if custom_mutations && !reset_route_eligible(app, ctx) {
+            custom_mutations = false;
+            suspend_reset(app, ctx);
+        }
+        if !custom_mutations {
+            if let egui::Event::ImeResetCompleted { request_id } = ev {
+                complete_reset(app, ctx, *request_id);
+                if let Some(slot) = handled.get_mut(k) {
+                    *slot = true;
+                }
+            } else if deferred_custom
+                && matches!(ev, egui::Event::Text(_) | egui::Event::Paste(_) | egui::Event::Cut | egui::Event::Ime(_))
+                && let Some(slot) = handled.get_mut(k)
+            {
+                *slot = true;
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        prepare_reset(app, ctx);
+        let Some(ed) = app.ui.text_edit.clone() else { continue };
         let (a, b) = (ed.caret.min(ed.anchor), ed.caret.max(ed.anchor));
-        let text = current_text(app, id).unwrap_or_default();
-        let n = text.chars().count();
+        // Only key handling needs the text (word/line edges); pointer, clipboard and IME events
+        // do not clone the whole layer.
+        let is_key = matches!(ev, egui::Event::Key { .. });
+        let text = if is_key { current_text(app, id).unwrap_or_default() } else { String::new() };
+        let n = if is_key { text.chars().count() } else { 0 };
         let set = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp, caret: usize, extend: bool| {
             if let Some(e) = app.ui.text_edit.as_mut() {
                 e.caret = caret.min(n);
@@ -873,11 +1930,50 @@ pub fn handle_keys(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> bool {
         match ev {
             egui::Event::Text(s) => insert_typed(app, s),
             egui::Event::Paste(s) => insert(app, s),
-            // A bare line break from the IME is the Enter key, which the key arm handles.
-            egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Preedit { text: s, .. } | egui::ImeEvent::Commit(s)) if s == "\n" || s == "\r" => handled[k] = false,
-            egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Preedit { text, .. }) => ime_update(app, text, false),
-            egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Commit(s)) => ime_update(app, s, true),
-            egui::Event::Ime(_) => {}
+            egui::Event::ImeResetCompleted { request_id } => complete_reset(app, ctx, *request_id),
+            egui::Event::Ime(ime_event) => {
+                // Untagged terminal payload cannot acknowledge a host reset. Only the exact
+                // current completion arm above may open admission for the following element.
+                if reset_guarded(app, ctx.viewport_id()) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                match ime_event {
+                    // A bare line break from the IME is the Enter key, which the key arm handles.
+                    egui::ImeEvent::Preedit { text: s, .. } | egui::ImeEvent::Commit(s) if s == "\n" || s == "\r" => handled[k] = false,
+                    egui::ImeEvent::Preedit { text, .. } => ime_update(app, text, false),
+                    egui::ImeEvent::Commit(s) => {
+                        ime_update(app, s, true);
+                        app.type_ime.incoming = None;
+                    }
+                    egui::ImeEvent::DeleteSurrounding { before_chars, after_chars } => {
+                        ime_delete_chars(app, *before_chars, *after_chars);
+                    }
+                    egui::ImeEvent::DeleteSurroundingBytes { before_bytes, after_bytes } => {
+                        ime_delete_bytes(app, *before_bytes, *after_bytes);
+                    }
+                    _ => {}
+                }
+            }
+            egui::Event::PointerButton { button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed, .. } => {
+                primary_down = *pressed;
+                if *pressed {
+                    // The canvas destination handler runs after this pass; never apply a
+                    // same-batch Text/Paste/Cut/IME suffix at the old caret just because no
+                    // composition or reset guard existed yet.
+                    interrupt_action(app, ctx.viewport_id());
+                    custom_mutations = false;
+                    deferred_custom = true;
+                    suspend_reset(app, ctx);
+                }
+                handled[k] = false;
+            }
+            egui::Event::PointerMoved(_) if primary_down => {
+                interrupt_action(app, ctx.viewport_id());
+                custom_mutations = false;
+                deferred_custom = true;
+                suspend_reset(app, ctx);
+                handled[k] = false;
+            }
             egui::Event::Copy => {
                 copy_selection(app, ctx);
             }
@@ -971,7 +2067,12 @@ pub fn handle_keys(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> bool {
                     Key::Enter if m.command => commit_with(app, *m),
                     Key::Enter => insert(app, "\n"),
                     // Photoshop types a tab character; layout advances it to the next tab stop.
-                    Key::Tab if !m.command && !m.alt && !m.shift => insert(app, "\t"),
+                    Key::Tab if !m.command && !m.alt && !m.shift => {
+                        // egui queues focus navigation before this handler runs; consuming the
+                        // key alone would let the menu bar take focus after the first tab (#8889).
+                        ctx.memory_mut(|m| m.move_focus(egui::FocusDirection::None));
+                        insert(app, "\t");
+                    }
                     Key::Escape if crate::type_transform::active(app) => crate::type_transform::cancel_drag(app),
                     // The Type Mask tools: Escape always cancels, leaving the selection as it was.
                     Key::Escape if ed.mask => cancel(app),
@@ -995,6 +2096,12 @@ pub fn handle_keys(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> bool {
                         if *key == Key::Z {
                             crate::type_transform::cancel_drag(app);
                         }
+                        if reset_guarded(app, ctx.viewport_id()) || app.type_ime.incoming.is_some() {
+                            interrupt_action(app, ctx.viewport_id());
+                            custom_mutations = false;
+                            deferred_custom = true;
+                            suspend_reset(app, ctx);
+                        }
                         handled[k] = false;
                     }
                     _ => {}
@@ -1004,6 +2111,7 @@ pub fn handle_keys(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> bool {
             _ => handled[k] = false,
         }
     }
+    prepare_reset(app, ctx);
     if handled.iter().any(|h| *h) {
         app.ui.caret_blink_time = ctx.input(|i| i.time);
         let mut k = 0;
@@ -1047,6 +2155,7 @@ pub fn commit_with(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, mods: egui::Modifiers) {
             crate::type_transform::reset(app);
             app.ui.text_edit = None;
             app.ui.text_edit_return_tool = None;
+            app.type_ime.clear_preedit();
         }
     }
 }
@@ -1066,6 +2175,7 @@ fn commit_here(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, mods: egui::Modifiers) {
     }
     crate::type_transform::reset(app);
     let Some(ed) = app.ui.text_edit.take() else { return };
+    app.type_ime.clear_preedit();
     if let Some(tool) = app.ui.text_edit_return_tool.take()
         && app.ui.tool.is_type()
     {
@@ -1140,24 +2250,32 @@ pub fn draw_overlay(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewX
         let p = aff.apply(Point::new(x as f64, y as f64));
         xf.to_screen(p.x as f32, p.y as f32)
     };
+    let shape = app.session.active().and_then(|s| text_layer(&s.doc, id).map(|t| t.shape.clone()));
+    // Type on a path: the caret, selection and underline follow the curve the glyphs sit on.
+    let bend = shape.as_ref().and_then(photocraft_text::warp::Warp::on_path);
     // Line space (lines, clusters, carets) → screen: vertical type turns it 90° clockwise.
     let scr = |x: f32, y: f32| -> Pos2 {
         let (x, y) = l.to_text(x, y);
-        scr_t(x, y)
+        match &bend {
+            Some(w) => {
+                let (x, y) = w.apply(f64::from(x), f64::from(y));
+                scr_t(x as f32, y as f32)
+            }
+            None => scr_t(x, y),
+        }
     };
-    // Tell the OS where the caret is: this is what enables the IME and places its candidate window.
-    {
-        let (x, top, bot) = l.caret(byte_of(&text, ed.caret));
-        let (x, top, bot) = if l.lines.is_empty() { (0.0, -(12.0 * l.px_per_pt.max(1.0)), 3.0) } else { (x, top, bot) };
-        let r = egui::Rect::from_two_pos(scr(x, top), scr(x, bot)).expand(1.0);
-        painter.ctx().output_mut(|o| {
-            o.ime = Some(egui::output::IMEOutput { purpose: egui::IMEPurpose::Normal, rect: r, cursor_rect: r, should_interrupt_composition: false });
-        });
-    }
+    // A line-space run from `x0` to `x1` at height `y`: sampled, so it bends with path type.
+    let run = |x0: f32, x1: f32, y: f32| -> Vec<Pos2> {
+        let n = if bend.is_some() { ((x1 - x0) / 4.0).ceil().clamp(1.0, 512.0) as usize } else { 1 };
+        (0..=n).map(|i| scr(x0 + (x1 - x0) * i as f32 / n as f32, y)).collect()
+    };
+    // The IME descriptor is emitted once at pass end by `sync_ime`, from this pass's canvas
+    // mapping and the model as it stands after every panel has run.
+    let pass_nr = painter.ctx().cumulative_pass_nr_for(painter.ctx().viewport_id());
+    app.type_ime.note_view(painter.ctx().viewport_id(), pass_nr, xf);
     // Frame: paragraph text shows its box with handles; point text an underline per line.
     let mods = crate::workspace_ui::sticky_mods(app, painter.ctx().input(|i| i.modifiers));
     let has_transform = crate::type_transform::draw(app, painter, xf, mods);
-    let shape = app.session.active().and_then(|s| text_layer(&s.doc, id).map(|t| t.shape.clone()));
     let frame = Stroke::new(1.0, t.accent);
     match shape {
         Some(photocraft_doc::text::TextShape::Box { x, y, width, height }) => {
@@ -1172,24 +2290,38 @@ pub fn draw_overlay(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewX
                 }
             }
         }
+        // Area type: the outline of the shape it wraps inside.
+        Some(photocraft_doc::text::TextShape::Area { path }) => {
+            if !has_transform {
+                for poly in photocraft_vector::flatten::flatten_path(&path, 0.5) {
+                    let pts: Vec<Pos2> = poly.pts.iter().map(|&(x, y)| scr_t(x as f32, y as f32)).collect();
+                    if pts.len() >= 2 {
+                        painter.add(egui::Shape::closed_line(pts, frame));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
         _ => {
             for ln in &l.lines {
                 // Horizontal: just under the baseline; vertical: the column's centre line.
                 let y = if l.vertical { ln.baseline } else { ln.baseline + ln.descent * 0.25 };
-                painter.line_segment([scr(ln.x0.min(0.0), y), scr(ln.x1.max(ln.x0 + 1.0), y)], Stroke::new(1.0, t.accent.gamma_multiply(0.8)));
+                painter.add(egui::Shape::line(run(ln.x0.min(0.0), ln.x1.max(ln.x0 + 1.0), y), Stroke::new(1.0, t.accent.gamma_multiply(0.8))));
             }
         }
     }
-    // Uncommitted IME text is underlined.
-    if let Some((ps, pl)) = ed.preedit {
-        let (a, b) = (byte_of(&text, ps), byte_of(&text, ps + pl));
+    // Uncommitted IME text is underlined, but only while the stored range still holds exactly
+    // the composition: an application edit may have shifted it onto committed characters.
+    if let Some(offsets) = ime_offsets(&text, &ed)
+        && ime_preedit_is_current(app, &text, &ed, &offsets)
+        && let Some((a, b)) = offsets.preedit.map(|range| (range.start, range.end))
+    {
         for (li, ln) in l.lines.iter().enumerate() {
             let xs: Vec<(f32, f32)> =
                 l.clusters.iter().filter(|c| c.line == li && c.range.start >= a && c.range.end <= b).map(|c| (c.x, c.x + c.advance)).collect();
             let (x0, x1) = xs.iter().fold((f32::MAX, f32::MIN), |(lo, hi), (p, q)| (lo.min(*p), hi.max(*q)));
             if x0 < x1 {
                 let y = ln.baseline + ln.descent * 0.5;
-                painter.line_segment([scr(x0, y), scr(x1, y)], Stroke::new(1.5, t.accent));
+                painter.add(egui::Shape::line(run(x0, x1, y), Stroke::new(1.5, t.accent)));
             }
         }
     }
@@ -1206,8 +2338,15 @@ pub fn draw_overlay(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewX
                 x1 = x1.max(ln.x1 + (ln.ascent + ln.descent) * 0.25);
                 x0 = x0.min(ln.x1);
             }
-            if x0 < x1 {
-                let (top, bot) = (ln.baseline - ln.ascent, ln.baseline + ln.descent);
+            let (top, bot) = (ln.baseline - ln.ascent, ln.baseline + ln.descent);
+            if bend.is_some() {
+                // On a path each glyph turns on its own, so each gets its own highlight.
+                // Glyphs past the end of the path are not drawn, so neither is their highlight.
+                let shown = |p: f32, q: f32| bend.as_ref().is_some_and(|w| w.place_glyph(f64::from(p + q) / 2.0) != photocraft_text::warp::Placement::Hidden);
+                for (p, q) in xs.into_iter().filter(|&(p, q)| shown(p, q)) {
+                    painter.add(egui::Shape::convex_polygon(vec![scr(p, top), scr(q, top), scr(q, bot), scr(p, bot)], fill, Stroke::NONE));
+                }
+            } else if x0 < x1 {
                 painter.add(egui::Shape::convex_polygon(vec![scr(x0, top), scr(x1, top), scr(x1, bot), scr(x0, bot)], fill, Stroke::NONE));
             }
         }
@@ -1273,7 +2412,7 @@ fn draw_mask_overlay(app: &PhotocraftApp, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXfor
     // The text's box: a texture of the tint where there is no glyph, cached per revision.
     let ctx = painter.ctx();
     let key = (st.doc.id.0, st.revision, id.0);
-    let cache = egui::Id::new("pc-type-mask-overlay");
+    let cache = egui::Id::unique("pc-type-mask-overlay");
     let tex = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<((u64, u64, u64), egui::TextureHandle)>(cache)).filter(|(k, _)| *k == key).map(|(_, t)| t);
     let tex = tex.unwrap_or_else(|| {
         let max = (ctx.input(|i| i.max_texture_side) as u32).clamp(256, 4096);
@@ -1326,7 +2465,7 @@ pub fn families() -> Arc<Vec<String>> {
 
 /// Where [`sync_font_names`] leaves the font menus' localized labels for this frame.
 fn font_labels_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("photocraft-font-menu-localized-names")
+    egui::Id::unique("photocraft-font-menu-localized-names")
 }
 
 /// Preferences ▸ Type ▸ Show Font Names in English: when off, font menus list a family that has a
@@ -1361,8 +2500,16 @@ fn localized_families() -> Arc<HashMap<String, String>> {
 
 /// The font menu's rows: each family with the label it shows (its localized name when `labels`
 /// has one, else the family), matching `query` (lowercase) by either name. With localized labels
-/// the rows sort by label, so the menu stays alphabetical as shown.
-fn font_menu_rows<'a>(families: &'a [String], labels: Option<&'a HashMap<String, String>>, query: &str) -> Vec<(&'a String, &'a str)> {
+/// the rows sort by label, so the menu stays alphabetical as shown. As in Photoshop, recently
+/// used families also head the menu in their own group, most recent first (Preferences ▸ Type ▸
+/// Recent Fonts), and keep their alphabetical place below it; a query shows each match once.
+/// Returns the rows and how many of them form the recent group.
+fn font_menu_rows<'a>(
+    families: &'a [String],
+    labels: Option<&'a HashMap<String, String>>,
+    query: &str,
+    recents: &[String],
+) -> (Vec<(&'a String, &'a str)>, usize) {
     let label = |f: &'a String| labels.and_then(|l| l.get(f)).map_or(f.as_str(), String::as_str);
     let mut rows: Vec<(&String, &str)> = families
         .iter()
@@ -1372,7 +2519,12 @@ fn font_menu_rows<'a>(families: &'a [String], labels: Option<&'a HashMap<String,
     if labels.is_some_and(|l| !l.is_empty()) {
         rows.sort_by_cached_key(|(_, l)| l.to_lowercase());
     }
-    rows
+    if !query.is_empty() {
+        return (rows, 0);
+    }
+    let recent: Vec<(&String, &str)> = recents.iter().filter_map(|r| rows.iter().find(|(f, _)| *f == r).copied()).collect();
+    let n = recent.len();
+    (recent.into_iter().chain(rows).collect(), n)
 }
 
 fn weight_name(w: f32) -> &'static str {
@@ -1486,9 +2638,10 @@ fn axis_sliders(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, c: &photocraft_doc::
         let mut changed = false;
         ui.push_id(("type-axis", &axis.0), |ui| {
             ui.horizontal(|ui| {
-                ui.label(egui::RichText::new(axis_label(&axis.0)).color(t.text_dim));
+                let axis_name = axis_label(&axis.0);
+                ui.label(egui::RichText::new(&axis_name).color(t.text_dim));
                 ui.with_layout(egui::Layout::right_to_left(egui::Align::Center), |ui| {
-                    changed |= crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut v, min..=max, "", 74.0).changed();
+                    changed |= crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut v, min..=max, "", 74.0).accessible_name(axis_name).changed();
                 });
             });
             changed |= crate::widgets::slider(ui, &mut v, min..=max, None).changed();
@@ -1540,14 +2693,14 @@ pub(crate) fn fonts_ready(ui: &mut egui::Ui, width: f32) -> bool {
         return true;
     }
     let label = tl!("Loading fonts…").to_string();
-    ui.add_enabled_ui(false, |ui| crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "fonts-loading", &mut label.clone(), &[(label.clone(), label.as_str())], width));
+    ui.add_enabled_ui(false, |ui| crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "fonts-loading", tl!("Font"), &mut label.clone(), &[(label.clone(), label.as_str())], width));
     ui.ctx().request_repaint_after(std::time::Duration::from_millis(100));
     false
 }
 
 /// Searchable font-family combo box.
-fn font_picker(ui: &mut egui::Ui, current: &mut String, width: f32, preview: photocraft_engine::prefs::FontPreview) -> bool {
-    family_picker_in(ui, "type-font", current, width, &families(), preview)
+fn font_picker(ui: &mut egui::Ui, current: &mut String, width: f32, preview: photocraft_engine::prefs::FontPreview, recents: &[String]) -> bool {
+    family_picker_in(ui, "type-font", current, width, &families(), preview, recents)
 }
 
 /// Maximum height of the font menu.
@@ -1555,8 +2708,15 @@ const FONT_MENU_HEIGHT: f32 = 460.0;
 
 /// [`font_picker`] over a given family list (tests pass their own).
 #[cfg(test)]
-fn font_picker_in(ui: &mut egui::Ui, current: &mut String, width: f32, families: &[String], preview: photocraft_engine::prefs::FontPreview) -> bool {
-    family_picker_in(ui, "type-font", current, width, families, preview)
+fn font_picker_in(
+    ui: &mut egui::Ui,
+    current: &mut String,
+    width: f32,
+    families: &[String],
+    preview: photocraft_engine::prefs::FontPreview,
+    recents: &[String],
+) -> bool {
+    family_picker_in(ui, "type-font", current, width, families, preview, recents)
 }
 
 /// Shared by the Type options, Character, style and Glyphs panels. Selection changes still
@@ -1568,12 +2728,15 @@ pub(crate) fn family_picker_in(
     width: f32,
     families: &[String],
     preview: photocraft_engine::prefs::FontPreview,
+    recents: &[String],
 ) -> bool {
     let mut changed = false;
     // A font picked from the open menu (click or Enter): the field keeps the focus afterwards.
     let mut picked = false;
-    let search_id = ui.id().with(("font-search", salt));
+    let search_id = ui.scope_id().with(("font-search", salt));
     let focus_id = search_id.with("focus");
+    let recents_id = search_id.with("recents");
+    let row_id = search_id.with("row");
     // The list opens on the press, so a press-drag-release picks a font too (#2735).
     let (press, close) = crate::press_menu::PressCombo::before(ui, salt);
     let labels: Option<Arc<HashMap<String, String>>> = ui.ctx().data(|d| d.get_temp(font_labels_id()));
@@ -1588,7 +2751,7 @@ pub(crate) fn family_picker_in(
         // picking a font closes it explicitly below.
         .close_behavior(if matches!(close, egui::PopupCloseBehavior::IgnoreClicks) { close } else { egui::PopupCloseBehavior::CloseOnClickOutside });
 
-    let response = combo.show_ui(ui, |ui| {
+    let mut response = combo.show_ui(ui, |ui| {
         let height_id = search_id.with("height");
         // Each opening focuses the search, including a reopen on the very next pass. Keep
         // asking through the invisible sizing pass, until the field receives focus.
@@ -1612,10 +2775,36 @@ pub(crate) fn family_picker_in(
             d.insert_temp(search_id, q.clone());
         });
         let ql = q.to_lowercase();
-        let rows = font_menu_rows(families, labels, &ql);
+        // The recent group stays as it was when the menu opened: each arrow step applies (and so
+        // records) a family, and moving it to the top would send the next step back up.
+        let opening = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<Vec<String>>(recents_id).is_none());
+        let open_recents: Vec<String> = ui.data_mut(|d| d.get_temp_mut_or_insert_with(recents_id, || recents.to_vec()).clone());
+        let (rows, n_recent) = font_menu_rows(families, labels, &ql, &open_recents);
+        // A recent family is listed twice. The current family's row is the one the last arrow
+        // selected while it still shows that family, else its first copy: as in Photoshop, the
+        // one in the recent group when it has one (#9160), and the arrows walk on from there.
+        let mut selected = ui
+            .data(|d| d.get_temp::<usize>(row_id))
+            .filter(|&i| rows.get(i).is_some_and(|(f, _)| *f == current))
+            .or_else(|| rows.iter().position(|(f, _)| *f == current));
+        // The menu opens on the current family, as Photoshop's does: with the recent group at the
+        // top of the view when the marked row fits below it, else the marked row itself, at the
+        // top of the view when it is not a recent one. Applied on the first laid-out pass (the
+        // popup's first pass only measures), whether or not a row matches, so a missing font or
+        // a filtered list never scrolls the menu later.
+        let reveal_id = search_id.with("reveal");
+        if opening {
+            ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(reveal_id, true));
+        }
+        let revealing = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<bool>(reveal_id)).unwrap_or(false) && !ui.is_sizing_pass();
+        if revealing {
+            ui.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<bool>(reveal_id));
+        }
+        let reveal = if revealing { selected } else { None };
+        let reveal_from = reveal.map(|i| if i < n_recent { 0 } else { i });
+        let mut stepped = None;
         if down || up {
-            let index = rows.iter().position(|(f, _)| *f == current);
-            let next = match index {
+            let next = match selected {
                 Some(i) if down => i.saturating_add(1).min(rows.len().saturating_sub(1)),
                 Some(i) => i.saturating_sub(1),
                 None if down => 0,
@@ -1626,6 +2815,9 @@ pub(crate) fn family_picker_in(
                 current.clone_from(f);
                 // A served family not fetched yet: start now, as a click does.
                 photocraft_text::served::request(f);
+                stepped = Some(next);
+                selected = Some(next);
+                ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(row_id, next));
             }
         }
         let accept = enter && rows.iter().any(|(f, _)| *f == current);
@@ -1640,20 +2832,44 @@ pub(crate) fn family_picker_in(
         // Wrap the font rows in a ScrollArea so only the list scrolls: the search field above
         // stays fixed at the top of the popup.
         let mut hovered: Option<String> = None;
+        let reveal = if stepped.is_some() { None } else { reveal };
+        let mut reveal_top: Option<egui::Rect> = None;
         egui::ScrollArea::vertical().show(ui, |ui| {
-            for (f, label) in rows {
+            for (i, (f, label)) in rows.into_iter().enumerate() {
+                if i == n_recent && n_recent > 0 {
+                    ui.separator();
+                }
                 // Highlighted by its fill alone, as Photoshop's font menu is. A selectable button lays
                 // out its frame's stroke only once hovered or selected, so with the theme's stroke the
                 // row under the pointer (and the selected one) grew and pushed the rows below down:
-                // the list jumped as the pointer moved (#7406).
-                let mut button = egui::Button::selectable(f == current, label).truncate().stroke(egui::Stroke::NONE);
+                // the list jumped as the pointer moved (#7406). One row only, though a recent
+                // family is listed twice.
+                let mut button = egui::Button::selectable(selected == Some(i), label).truncate().stroke(egui::Stroke::NONE);
                 if let Some((size, [_, h])) = preview {
-                    button = button
-                        .right_text(egui::Atom::custom(ui.id().with(("font-sample", f)), egui::vec2(crate::font_preview::slot_width(ui.ctx(), f, size), h)));
+                    button = button.right_text(egui::Atom::custom(
+                        egui::IdSalt::new(("font-sample", f)),
+                        egui::vec2(crate::font_preview::slot_width(ui.ctx(), f, size), h),
+                    ));
                 }
                 let response = ui.add_sized([330.0, row_h], button);
-                if (down || up) && f == current {
+                if stepped == Some(i) {
                     response.scroll_to_me(Some(egui::Align::Center));
+                } else if reveal.is_some() {
+                    if reveal_from == Some(i) {
+                        reveal_top = Some(response.rect);
+                    }
+                    if reveal == Some(i) {
+                        // Jump, not glide: the menu opens with its current family in view. Arrow
+                        // steps above keep the animation. A recent row too far below the top of
+                        // the group (large previews, many recents) is brought up to the bottom.
+                        let top = reveal_top.unwrap_or(response.rect);
+                        let (rect, align) = if response.rect.bottom() - top.top() <= ui.clip_rect().height() {
+                            (top, egui::Align::Min)
+                        } else {
+                            (response.rect, egui::Align::Max)
+                        };
+                        ui.scroll_to_rect_animation(rect, Some(align), egui::style::ScrollAnimation::none());
+                    }
                 }
                 if let Some((size, _)) = preview
                     && ui.is_rect_visible(response.rect)
@@ -1687,9 +2903,15 @@ pub(crate) fn family_picker_in(
         }
         if accept { None } else { hovered }
     });
+    response.response = response.response.accessible_name(tl!("Font"));
     press.after(&response.response);
     if !egui::ComboBox::is_open(ui.ctx(), response.response.id) {
-        ui.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<bool>(focus_id));
+        ui.data_mut(|d| {
+            d.remove::<bool>(focus_id);
+            d.remove::<Vec<String>>(recents_id);
+            d.remove::<usize>(row_id);
+            d.remove::<bool>(search_id.with("reveal"));
+        });
     }
     let hovered_font = response.inner.unwrap_or_default();
 
@@ -1711,9 +2933,10 @@ pub(crate) fn family_picker_in(
             // the frame. Cancel it, so the arrow only steps the font.
             ui.memory_mut(|m| m.move_focus(egui::FocusDirection::None));
         }
-        // The wheel's step: a negative notch is the next family.
+        // The wheel's step: a negative notch is the next family. Steps use a stable order (no
+        // recent group), so recording the picked family cannot make the next step jump back.
         let notches = f32::from(u8::from(up)) - f32::from(u8::from(down));
-        let rows = font_menu_rows(families, labels, "");
+        let (rows, _) = font_menu_rows(families, labels, "", &[]);
         if let Some(i) = rows.iter().position(|(f, _)| *f == current)
             && let Some(n) = wheel_family_index(i, rows.len(), notches)
             && let Some((f, _)) = rows.get(n)
@@ -1733,7 +2956,10 @@ pub(crate) fn family_picker_in(
             ui.input_mut(|i| i.smooth_scroll_delta = egui::Vec2::ZERO);
         }
         let notches = crate::widgets::wheel_notches_of(ui, response.response.id.with("family-wheel"), hovered, 1.0);
-        let rows = font_menu_rows(families, labels, "");
+        // The wheel steps in a stable order: a recent group holding the family it just picked
+        // would change the order between notches and can jump back to the previous family.
+        // The open menu still shows the recent families first.
+        let (rows, _) = font_menu_rows(families, labels, "", &[]);
         if let Some(i) = rows.iter().position(|(f, _)| *f == current)
             && let Some(n) = wheel_family_index(i, rows.len(), notches)
             && let Some((f, _)) = rows.get(n)
@@ -1746,7 +2972,7 @@ pub(crate) fn family_picker_in(
     }
 
     if salt == "type-font" {
-        let hover_id = egui::Id::new("type-font-hover");
+        let hover_id = egui::Id::unique("type-font-hover");
         if let Some(f) = hovered_font {
             ui.ctx().data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(hover_id, f));
         } else if egui::ComboBox::is_open(ui.ctx(), response.response.id) {
@@ -1787,7 +3013,16 @@ pub(crate) fn target(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Option<(u64, Option<[usize; 2]>)> {
 /// The type layer whose properties the Type controls and dialogs show (see [`target`]).
 pub(crate) fn target_text(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Option<&TextLayer> {
     let (id, _) = target(app)?;
-    text_layer(&app.session.active()?.doc, LayerId(id))
+    text_layer(&target_doc(app)?.doc, LayerId(id))
+}
+
+/// The document [`target`]'s layer is in: a text edit's own, which can stay in a background
+/// document where the same layer id may name another layer, else the active one.
+fn target_doc(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Option<&photocraft_engine::DocState> {
+    match &app.ui.text_edit {
+        Some(ed) => app.session.documents().get(edit_home(app, ed)?),
+        None => app.session.active(),
+    }
 }
 
 /// Snapshot the mutation scope separately from the representative used to display properties.
@@ -1835,9 +3070,139 @@ fn drag_key(ctx: &egui::Context) -> Option<String> {
     Some(format!("type-drag-{}-{}", id.value(), t.to_bits()))
 }
 
-/// Apply only the supplied properties to the text-edit scope or selected type layers.
+/// The styles a new Type-tool layer will receive. Use the same command parameters for the
+/// panels and creation so defaults also survive action recording/replay. The older options-bar
+/// fields remain authoritative, and text colour continues to follow the foreground colour.
+fn default_style_params(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> serde_json::Value {
+    let o = &app.ui.tool_options;
+    let mut p = json!({});
+    // Settings are editable JSON: only recognized formatting keys may reach type.create.
+    // In particular a stray `text`, `box`, or `coalesce` key must not become a create parameter.
+    let (mut c, mut para) = (photocraft_doc::text::CharStyle::default(), photocraft_doc::text::ParagraphStyle::default());
+    for (key, value) in &o.type_style_defaults {
+        // These belong to the existing options-bar fields. Apart from being redundant,
+        // parsing a saved font key here would wait for the background font scan.
+        if matches!(key.as_str(), "font" | "family" | "fontStyle" | "weight" | "italic" | "postscriptName") {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let one = json!({ (key): value });
+        if !finite_style_value(value)
+            || photocraft_engine::type_cmds::check_size_tracking(&one).is_err()
+            || photocraft_engine::type_cmds::check_kerning(&one).is_err()
+        {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if photocraft_engine::type_cmds::apply_char_props(&mut c, &one) | photocraft_engine::type_cmds::apply_para_props(&mut para, &one) {
+            p[key] = value.clone();
+        }
+    }
+    p["font"] = json!(o.type_font);
+    p["fontStyle"] = json!(o.type_style);
+    p["size"] = json!(o.type_size);
+    p["align"] = json!(o.type_align);
+    p["direction"] = json!(o.type_direction);
+    p["color"] = json!(hex(app.session.tools.foreground));
+    p
+}
+
+/// Style numbers become f32 in the engine. JSON itself permits finite f64 values too large
+/// for that conversion; a hand-edited setting must not inject infinity into a new layer.
+/// Style collections (features, axes, colour) contain only scalar values, so no recursion.
+fn finite_style_value(value: &serde_json::Value) -> bool {
+    let scalar = |v: &serde_json::Value| match v {
+        serde_json::Value::Number(n) => n.as_f64().is_some_and(|n| (n as f32).is_finite()),
+        serde_json::Value::Array(_) | serde_json::Value::Object(_) => false,
+        _ => true,
+    };
+    match value {
+        serde_json::Value::Array(v) => v.iter().all(scalar),
+        serde_json::Value::Object(v) => v.values().all(scalar),
+        v => scalar(v),
+    }
+}
+
+fn default_styles(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> (photocraft_doc::text::CharStyle, photocraft_doc::text::ParagraphStyle) {
+    let (mut c, mut para) = app.session.type_defaults.clone().unwrap_or_default();
+    let mut p = default_style_params(app);
+    // The saved panels can appear on the very first frame. Style parsing resolves the named
+    // font through shared(), which waits for the font scan; display the saved names meanwhile,
+    // and let fonts_ready/axis_sliders expose the font controls when try_shared is ready.
+    if photocraft_text::try_shared().is_none() {
+        c.font_family = app.ui.tool_options.type_font.clone();
+        c.font_style = app.ui.tool_options.type_style.clone();
+        c.postscript_name = None;
+        if let Some(p) = p.as_object_mut() {
+            p.remove("font");
+            p.remove("fontStyle");
+        }
+    }
+    photocraft_engine::type_cmds::apply_char_props(&mut c, &p);
+    photocraft_engine::type_cmds::apply_para_props(&mut para, &p);
+    (c, para)
+}
+
+/// Change tool defaults without creating a document edit. The engine owns the style schema;
+/// keep its property names rather than maintaining another style parser in the shell.
+fn apply_defaults(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, props: &serde_json::Value) {
+    let Some(props) = props.as_object() else { return };
+    let o = &mut app.ui.tool_options;
+    for (key, value) in props {
+        match key.as_str() {
+            "font" => {
+                if let Some(v) = value.as_str() {
+                    o.type_font = v.into();
+                }
+            }
+            "fontStyle" => {
+                if let Some(v) = value.as_str() {
+                    o.type_style = v.into();
+                    // A newly chosen named style replaces a weight-axis setting, as it does
+                    // in apply_char_props. Other axes retain their independently chosen values.
+                    if let Some(axes) = o.type_style_defaults.get_mut("variations").and_then(serde_json::Value::as_object_mut) {
+                        axes.remove("wght");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            "size" => {
+                if let Some(v) = value.as_f64() {
+                    o.type_size = v as f32;
+                }
+            }
+            "align" => {
+                if let Some(v) = value.as_str() {
+                    o.type_align = v.into();
+                }
+            }
+            "direction" => {
+                if let Some(v) = value.as_str() {
+                    o.type_direction = v.into();
+                }
+            }
+            "metricsAsShown" => {} // Defaults have no layer transform.
+            "features" | "variations" => {
+                if let Some(patch) = value.as_object() {
+                    let old = o.type_style_defaults.entry(key.clone()).or_insert_with(|| json!({}));
+                    if let Some(old) = old.as_object_mut() {
+                        old.extend(patch.clone());
+                    } else {
+                        *old = value.clone();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {
+                o.type_style_defaults.insert(key.clone(), value.clone());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Apply only the supplied properties to the text-edit scope or selected type layers; without
+/// a type target, prepare the defaults for the next layer instead.
 fn apply(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, props: serde_json::Value) {
-    let Some(mut p) = formatting_params(app) else { return };
+    let Some(mut p) = formatting_params(app) else {
+        apply_defaults(app, &props);
+        return;
+    };
     if let Some(props) = props.as_object() {
         for (key, value) in props {
             p[key] = value.clone();
@@ -1911,7 +3276,8 @@ pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     }
     // Font family and style menus (one placeholder in their place while the fonts load).
     if fonts_ready(ui, 170.0 + ui.spacing().item_spacing.x + 110.0) {
-        if font_picker(ui, &mut fam, 170.0, app.session.prefs().type_.font_preview) {
+        if font_picker(ui, &mut fam, 170.0, app.session.prefs().type_.font_preview, &app.ui.recent_fonts) {
+            app.note_recent_font(&fam);
             app.ui.tool_options.type_font = fam.clone();
             let st = styles(&fam);
             style = if st.contains(&style) { style } else { st.first().cloned().unwrap_or_else(|| "Regular".into()) };
@@ -1920,13 +3286,16 @@ pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
         }
         let opts: Vec<(String, String)> = styles(&fam).into_iter().map(|s| (s.clone(), style_label(&s))).collect();
         let opts_ref: Vec<(String, &str)> = opts.iter().map(|(a, b)| (a.clone(), b.as_str())).collect();
-        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "type-style", &mut style, &opts_ref, 110.0) {
+        if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "type-style", tl!("Style"), &mut style, &opts_ref, 110.0) {
             app.ui.tool_options.type_style = style.clone();
             apply(app, ui.ctx(), json!({"fontStyle": style}));
         }
     }
-    let (r, _) = ui.allocate_exact_size(egui::vec2(18.0, 22.0), egui::Sense::hover());
+    let (r, icon) = ui.allocate_exact_size(egui::vec2(18.0, 22.0), egui::Sense::hover());
     crate::icons::paint(ui, r, "type", 13.0, t.icon);
+    icon.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Label, true, tl!("Font size")));
+    // Photoshop's "T" scrubs the size field beside it, like the Character panel's icons (#6437).
+    crate::widgets::scrub_option_icon(ui, &icon, tl!("Font size"));
     let (unit, label) = type_unit(app);
     let mut display = size * unit;
     if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut display, unit..=1296.0 * unit, label, 66.0).changed() {
@@ -1945,7 +3314,7 @@ pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
         ("strong".to_string(), tl!("Strong")),
         ("smooth".to_string(), tl!("Smooth")),
     ];
-    if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "type-aa", &mut aa, &aa_opts, 80.0) {
+    if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "type-aa", tl!("Anti-aliasing method"), &mut aa, &aa_opts, 80.0) {
         app.ui.tool_options.type_aa = aa.clone();
         if let Some(params) = formatting_params(app) {
             let _ = app.run(&format!("type.antiAlias.{aa}"), params);
@@ -1953,16 +3322,39 @@ pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     }
     crate::widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
     ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 2.0;
+    // Alignment and direction show the target paragraph's, as Photoshop's bar follows the text
+    // being edited or the selected type layer; the tool defaults otherwise. A justified paragraph
+    // lights none of the three.
+    let para = styles_at(app).map(|(_, p)| p);
+    let shown_align = match &para {
+        Some(p) => match p.align {
+            photocraft_doc::text::TextAlign::Left => "left",
+            photocraft_doc::text::TextAlign::Center => "center",
+            photocraft_doc::text::TextAlign::Right => "right",
+            _ => "",
+        },
+        None => o.type_align.as_str(),
+    };
     for (align, icon, tip) in
         [("left", "align-left", tl!("Left align text")), ("center", "align-center", tl!("Center text")), ("right", "align-right", tl!("Right align text"))]
     {
-        if crate::icons::button(ui, icon, 24.0, o.type_align == align, tip).clicked() {
+        if crate::icons::button(ui, icon, 24.0, shown_align == align, tip).clicked() {
             app.ui.tool_options.type_align = align.into();
             apply(app, ui.ctx(), json!({"align": align}));
         }
     }
     ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 8.0;
     crate::widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
+    ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 2.0;
+    for (key, tip, d) in direction_items() {
+        let on = para.as_ref().map_or(o.type_direction == key, |p| p.direction == d);
+        if direction_button(ui, d, on, tip).clicked() {
+            app.ui.tool_options.type_direction = key.into();
+            apply(app, ui.ctx(), json!({"direction": key}));
+        }
+    }
+    ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 8.0;
+    crate::widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
     // Text colour swatch with a picker popup.
     let c = shown
         .as_ref()
@@ -1977,10 +3369,18 @@ pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     ui.painter().rect_filled(rect, 2.0, Color32::from_rgb(q(c[0]), q(c[1]), q(c[2])));
     ui.painter().rect_stroke(rect, 2.0, Stroke::new(1.0, t.field_border), egui::StrokeKind::Outside);
     let resp = resp.on_hover_text(tl!("Set the text color"));
-    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, tl!("Set the text color")));
+    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, tl!("Set the text color")));
     if resp.clicked() {
         open_color_picker(app, [c[0], c[1], c[2]]);
     }
+    // Create warped text, after the swatch as in Photoshop (#5911): the Type › Warp Text… dialog.
+    let can_warp = crate::menus::is_enabled(app, "type.warpText");
+    if ui.add_enabled_ui(can_warp, |ui| crate::icons::button(ui, "text-warp", 24.0, false, tl!("Create warped text"))).inner.clicked()
+        && let Err(e) = crate::menus::invoke(app, &ui.ctx().clone(), "type.warpText", json!({}))
+    {
+        app.ui.status = e;
+        app.ui.status_error = true;
+    }
     if app.ui.text_edit.is_some() {
         ui.with_layout(egui::Layout::right_to_left(egui::Align::Center), |ui| {
             ui.add_space(8.0);
@@ -2003,12 +3403,17 @@ pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
 }
 
 /// Character and paragraph style at the target (selection start, else the layer's first run).
+/// The paragraph at a collapsed caret is the caret's, as Photoshop's options bar and Paragraph
+/// panel show it.
 pub(crate) fn styles_at(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Option<(photocraft_doc::text::CharStyle, photocraft_doc::text::ParagraphStyle)> {
     let (layer, range) = target(app)?;
-    let st = app.session.active()?;
-    let t = text_layer(&st.doc, LayerId(layer))?;
+    let t = text_layer(&target_doc(app)?.doc, LayerId(layer))?;
     let at = range.map_or(0, |r| byte_of(&t.text, r[0]));
-    let pick = |lens: Vec<usize>| -> usize {
+    let para_at = match (range, &app.ui.text_edit) {
+        (None, Some(ed)) => byte_of(&t.text, ed.caret),
+        _ => at,
+    };
+    let pick_at = |at: usize, lens: Vec<usize>| -> usize {
         let mut acc = 0;
         for (i, len) in lens.iter().enumerate() {
             acc += len;
@@ -2020,8 +3425,8 @@ pub(crate) fn styles_at(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Option<(photocraft_doc::text::Ch
     };
     let runs = t.char_runs();
     let paras = t.paragraph_runs();
-    let c = runs.get(pick(runs.iter().map(|r| r.len).collect())).map(|r| r.style.clone())?;
-    let p = paras.get(pick(paras.iter().map(|r| r.len).collect())).map(|r| r.style.clone()).unwrap_or_default();
+    let c = runs.get(pick_at(at, runs.iter().map(|r| r.len).collect())).map(|r| r.style.clone())?;
+    let p = paras.get(pick_at(para_at, paras.iter().map(|r| r.len).collect())).map(|r| r.style.clone()).unwrap_or_default();
     Some((c, p))
 }
 
@@ -2071,7 +3476,7 @@ fn kerning_field(ui: &mut egui::Ui, shown: &str, width: f32) -> Option<serde_jso
     let mut out = None;
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 0.0;
-        let resp = ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut buf).desired_width((width - 40.0).max(24.0)).id(id.with("edit")));
+        let resp = ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut buf).desired_width((width - 40.0).max(24.0)).id(id.with("edit"))).accessible_name(tl!("Kerning"));
         if resp.has_focus() {
             ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(id, buf.clone()));
         } else {
@@ -2097,6 +3502,7 @@ fn kerning_field(ui: &mut egui::Ui, shown: &str, width: f32) -> Option<serde_jso
                 }
             });
         press.after(&combo.response);
+        let _ = combo.response.accessible_name(tl!("Kerning"));
     });
     out
 }
@@ -2117,8 +3523,9 @@ fn icon_label(ui: &mut egui::Ui, icon: &str, tip: &str) {
     let t = crate::theme::Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
     let (r, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(egui::vec2(crate::props_layout::LABEL_W, 22.0), egui::Sense::hover());
     crate::icons::paint(ui, r, icon, 12.0, t.text_dim);
+    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Label, ui.is_enabled(), tl!(tip)));
     // Photoshop's Character panel icons scrub the field beside them.
-    crate::widgets::scrub_label(ui, &resp.on_hover_text(tip));
+    crate::widgets::scrub_label(ui, &resp.on_hover_text(tl!(tip)));
 }
 
 /// Labelled numeric field (Photoshop's icon + value pairs). Returns the new value when edited.
@@ -2130,6 +3537,7 @@ fn num_field(ui: &mut egui::Ui, label: &str, tip: &str, v: f32, range: std::ops:
         ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 4.0;
         let (r, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(egui::vec2(22.0, 22.0), egui::Sense::hover());
         ui.painter().text(r.center(), egui::Align2::CENTER_CENTER, label, crate::theme::semibold(10.0), t.text_dim);
+        resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Label, ui.is_enabled(), tl!(tip)));
         crate::widgets::scrub_label(ui, &resp.on_hover_text(tl!(tip)));
         let response = crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut v, range, unit, width);
         response.widget_info(|| {
@@ -2166,6 +3574,47 @@ fn align_glyph(p: &egui::Painter, r: egui::Rect, a: photocraft_doc::text::TextAl
     }
 }
 
+/// Paragraph direction choices for the Paragraph panel and the options bar (TYPE-218-2): the
+/// `direction` value `type.setStyle` takes, the tooltip, and the direction it sets.
+fn direction_items() -> [(&'static str, &'static str, photocraft_doc::text::TextDirection); 3] {
+    use photocraft_doc::text::TextDirection as D;
+    [
+        ("auto", tl!("Automatic paragraph direction"), D::Auto),
+        ("ltr", tl!("Left-to-right paragraph direction"), D::Ltr),
+        ("rtl", tl!("Right-to-left paragraph direction"), D::Rtl),
+    ]
+}
+
+/// A pilcrow over an arrow pointing the way the paragraph runs; Auto points both ways.
+fn direction_glyph(p: &egui::Painter, r: egui::Rect, d: photocraft_doc::text::TextDirection, c: Color32) {
+    use photocraft_doc::text::TextDirection as D;
+    let g = p.layout_no_wrap("¶".to_string(), egui::FontId::proportional(11.0), c);
+    p.galley(egui::pos2(r.center().x - g.size().x / 2.0, r.top() - 2.0), g, c);
+    let (y, s) = (r.bottom() - 1.5, Stroke::new(1.3, c));
+    p.line_segment([egui::pos2(r.left(), y), egui::pos2(r.right(), y)], s);
+    let head = |x: f32, towards: f32| {
+        for dy in [-3.0, 3.0] {
+            p.line_segment([egui::pos2(x, y), egui::pos2(x - towards * 3.0, y + dy)], s);
+        }
+    };
+    if d != D::Rtl {
+        head(r.right(), 1.0);
+    }
+    if d != D::Ltr {
+        head(r.left(), -1.0);
+    }
+}
+
+/// The options bar's 24 px square button for one paragraph direction, styled like its icon buttons.
+fn direction_button(ui: &mut egui::Ui, d: photocraft_doc::text::TextDirection, selected: bool, tip: &str) -> egui::Response {
+    let (r, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(egui::vec2(24.0, 24.0), egui::Sense::click());
+    let tint = crate::icons::button_chrome(ui, r, selected, resp.hovered());
+    direction_glyph(ui.painter(), egui::Rect::from_center_size(r.center(), egui::vec2(14.0, 16.0)), d, tint);
+    let tip = tip.to_string();
+    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::Button, true, selected, &tip));
+    resp.on_hover_text(tip)
+}
+
 /// A toggle button (faux styles, paragraph alignment) of width `w`, painted by `paint`.
 fn toggle_cell(ui: &mut egui::Ui, w: f32, on: bool, tip: &str, paint: impl FnOnce(&egui::Ui, egui::Rect, Color32)) -> bool {
     let t = crate::theme::Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
@@ -2194,7 +3643,7 @@ fn toggle_cell(ui: &mut egui::Ui, w: f32, on: bool, tip: &str, paint: impl FnOnc
         },
     );
     let tip = tip.to_string();
-    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::WidgetType::Button, enabled, on, &tip));
+    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::Button, enabled, on, &tip));
     resp.on_hover_text(tl!(&tip)).clicked()
 }
 
@@ -2235,7 +3684,17 @@ fn opentype_row(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, c: &photocraft_doc::
 /// characters (or its whole text) while typing, else every selected type layer. The new state
 /// is explicit, so it follows the button the user saw rather than the layer's first run.
 pub(crate) fn toggle_opentype(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, id: &str, shown_on: bool) {
-    let Some(mut p) = formatting_params(app) else { return };
+    let Some(mut p) = formatting_params(app) else {
+        if let Some((tag, _, _)) = OPENTYPE_BUTTONS.iter().find(|(_, command, _)| *command == id) {
+            let props = match *tag {
+                "liga" => json!({"ligatures": !shown_on}),
+                "dlig" => json!({"discretionaryLigatures": !shown_on}),
+                _ => json!({"features": { (*tag): !shown_on }}),
+            };
+            apply_defaults(app, &props);
+        }
+        return;
+    };
     p["on"] = json!(!shown_on);
     let _ = app.run(id, p);
 }
@@ -2302,28 +3761,22 @@ fn cell_width(avail: f32, n: usize) -> f32 {
 
 /// Properties panel sections for a type layer: Character, Paragraph and Type Options (#155).
 pub fn type_properties(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
-    type_sections(app, ui, true, true);
+    type_sections(app, ui, true, true, false);
     type_options(app, ui);
 }
 
 /// Window › Character / Paragraph (#150): the same controls as Properties, in their own dock
-/// group. Without a type layer (or a type edit) there is nothing to show.
+/// group. Without a type target they edit the defaults for the next Type-tool layer.
 pub fn character_panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, paragraph: bool) {
-    if styles_at(app).is_none() {
-        let t = crate::theme::Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
-        ui.add_space(8.0);
-        ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("Select a type layer to edit its character and paragraph settings.")).color(t.text_dim));
-        return;
-    }
-    type_sections(app, ui, !paragraph, paragraph);
+    type_sections(app, ui, !paragraph, paragraph, true);
 }
 
 /// The Character and/or Paragraph sections, with the shared collapsible headers and fields that
 /// fill the panel width (#155).
-fn type_sections(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, character: bool, paragraph: bool) {
+fn type_sections(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, character: bool, paragraph: bool, show_defaults: bool) {
     use crate::props_layout::{COL_GAP, LABEL_GAP, LABEL_W, field_width, section};
     use crate::theme::ROW_GAP;
-    let Some((c, para)) = styles_at(app) else { return };
+    let Some((c, para)) = styles_at(app).or_else(|| show_defaults.then(|| default_styles(app))) else { return };
     // Preferences ▸ Units & Rulers ▸ Type, as in the options bar: the model keeps points.
     let (u, unit) = type_unit(app);
     let t = crate::theme::Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
@@ -2342,7 +3795,8 @@ fn type_sections(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, character: bool, pa
         let mut ready = true;
         row(ui, &mut |ui| {
             ready = fonts_ready(ui, full);
-            if ready && font_picker(ui, &mut fam, full, app.session.prefs().type_.font_preview) {
+            if ready && font_picker(ui, &mut fam, full, app.session.prefs().type_.font_preview, &app.ui.recent_fonts) {
+                app.note_recent_font(&fam);
                 app.ui.tool_options.type_font = fam.clone();
                 apply(app, ui.ctx(), json!({"font": fam}));
             }
@@ -2354,7 +3808,7 @@ fn type_sections(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, character: bool, pa
             let mut style = selected_style(&c);
             let opts: Vec<(String, String)> = styles(&fam).into_iter().map(|s| (s.clone(), style_label(&s))).collect();
             let opts_ref: Vec<(String, &str)> = opts.iter().map(|(a, b)| (a.clone(), b.as_str())).collect();
-            if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "props-type-style", &mut style, &opts_ref, full) {
+            if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "props-type-style", tl!("Style"), &mut style, &opts_ref, full) {
                 apply(app, ui.ctx(), json!({"fontStyle": style}));
             }
         });
@@ -2411,7 +3865,7 @@ fn type_sections(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, character: bool, pa
                 ui.painter().rect_filled(rect, t.radius_sm, Color32::from_rgb(q(rgb[0]), q(rgb[1]), q(rgb[2])));
                 ui.painter().rect_stroke(rect, t.radius_sm, Stroke::new(1.0, t.field_border), egui::StrokeKind::Inside);
                 let resp = resp.on_hover_text(tl!("Text color"));
-                resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, tl!("Text color")));
+                resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, tl!("Text color")));
                 if resp.clicked() {
                     open_color_picker(app, rgb);
                 }
@@ -2487,8 +3941,8 @@ fn type_sections(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, character: bool, pa
             ("justifyAll", tl!("Justify all"), A::JustifyAll),
         ];
         let cw = cell_width(full, items.len());
-        // Justification needs a paragraph box: on point text Photoshop greys the four justify
-        // buttons (#7713).
+        // Justification needs a paragraph box or area type: on point text Photoshop greys the four
+        // justify buttons (#7713).
         // The panel formats the layer being typed in, else every selected type layer.
         let point = match formatting_params(app) {
             Some(p) => p.get("layers").and_then(serde_json::Value::as_array).map_or_else(
@@ -2498,7 +3952,10 @@ fn type_sections(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, character: bool, pa
             None => Vec::new(),
         }
         .into_iter()
-        .any(|layer| box_shape(app, LayerId(layer)).is_none());
+        .any(|layer| {
+            let shape = app.session.active().and_then(|s| text_layer(&s.doc, LayerId(layer)).map(|t| t.shape.clone()));
+            !matches!(shape, Some(photocraft_doc::text::TextShape::Box { .. } | photocraft_doc::text::TextShape::Area { .. }))
+        });
         ui.horizontal(|ui| {
             ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 2.0;
             for (key, tip, a) in items {
@@ -2519,6 +3976,19 @@ fn type_sections(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, character: bool, pa
             }
         });
         ui.add_space(ROW_GAP);
+        ui.horizontal(|ui| {
+            ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 2.0;
+            for (key, tip, d) in direction_items() {
+                let clicked = toggle_cell(ui, cw, para.direction == d, tip, |ui, r, col| {
+                    let g = egui::Rect::from_center_size(r.center(), egui::vec2(14.0, 16.0));
+                    direction_glyph(ui.painter(), g, d, col);
+                });
+                if clicked {
+                    apply(app, ui.ctx(), json!({"direction": key}));
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        ui.add_space(ROW_GAP);
         row(ui, &mut |ui| {
             if let Some(v) = num_field(ui, "→|", "Indent left margin", para.start_indent_pt * u, -1296.0 * u..=1296.0 * u, unit, w) {
                 apply(app, ui.ctx(), json!({"startIndent": v / u}));
@@ -2578,7 +4048,7 @@ fn type_options(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
                 .into_iter()
                 .filter_map(|k| photocraft_engine::commands::find(&format!("type.antiAlias.{k}")).map(|c| (k.to_string(), c.label)))
                 .collect();
-            if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "props-type-aa", &mut cur, &opts, dd_w) {
+            if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "props-type-aa", tl!("Anti-aliasing method"), &mut cur, &opts, dd_w) {
                 run = Some(format!("type.antiAlias.{cur}"));
             }
         });
@@ -2616,6 +4086,7 @@ fn type_options(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
 pub fn cancel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
     crate::type_transform::reset(app);
     let Some(ed) = app.ui.text_edit.take() else { return };
+    app.type_ime.clear_preedit();
     if let Some(tool) = app.ui.text_edit_return_tool.take()
         && app.ui.tool.is_type()
     {
@@ -2652,6 +4123,41 @@ mod tests {
         app
     }
 
+    /// Preferences ▸ Type ▸ Recent Fonts caps the recorded list; a re-pick moves to the front and
+    /// 0 keeps no list.
+    #[test]
+    fn note_recent_font_caps_and_de_duplicates() {
+        let mut app = app();
+        for f in ["A", "B", "C"] {
+            app.note_recent_font(f);
+        }
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.recent_fonts, ["C", "B", "A"]);
+        app.run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "type.recentFonts", "value": 2})).unwrap();
+        app.note_recent_font("D");
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.recent_fonts, ["D", "C"], "the cap trims the tail");
+        app.note_recent_font("C");
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.recent_fonts, ["C", "D"], "a re-pick moves to the front");
+        app.run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "type.recentFonts", "value": 0})).unwrap();
+        app.note_recent_font("E");
+        assert!(app.ui.recent_fonts.is_empty(), "0 keeps no list");
+    }
+
+    /// A smaller Recent Fonts cap (or 0) applies to the existing list at once, without waiting
+    /// for the next pick (CodeRabbit review of #3559).
+    #[test]
+    fn lowering_the_recent_fonts_cap_applies_at_once() {
+        let mut app = app();
+        for f in ["A", "B", "C"] {
+            app.note_recent_font(f);
+        }
+        app.run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "type.recentFonts", "value": 2})).unwrap();
+        app.sync_recent_fonts();
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.recent_fonts, ["C", "B"], "the smaller cap trims the tail without a pick");
+        app.run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "type.recentFonts", "value": 0})).unwrap();
+        app.sync_recent_fonts();
+        assert!(app.ui.recent_fonts.is_empty(), "0 clears the list");
+    }
+
     fn layer_text(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> String {
         let ed = app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().unwrap();
         current_text(app, LayerId(ed.layer)).unwrap()
@@ -2772,6 +4278,62 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(app.ui.text_edit.is_none());
     }
 
+    /// TYPE-218-1: a Type tool click on the work path starts type on the path from the point
+    /// clicked, in one history step with the placeholder selected; a click off it is point text.
+    #[test]
+    fn click_on_a_path_starts_type_on_the_path() {
+        use photocraft_doc::text::TextShape;
+        let mut app = app();
+        app.session
+            .edit("path", |doc, _| {
+                doc.work_path = Some(photocraft_doc::vector::Path::new(vec![photocraft_doc::vector::Subpath::polyline(&[(20.0, 100.0), (380.0, 100.0)])]));
+                Ok(())
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(matches!(path_target(&app, 200.0, 101.0), Some(PathClick::OnPath { .. })));
+        assert!(path_target(&app, 200.0, 160.0).is_none(), "off the path");
+        let before = app.session.active().unwrap().history.entries().len();
+        assert!(!pointer_down(&mut app, 200.0, 101.0, egui::Modifiers::NONE));
+        pointer_up(&mut app, [200.0, 101.0], [200.0, 101.0]);
+        let ed = app.ui.text_edit.clone().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((ed.anchor, ed.caret), (0, PLACEHOLDER.chars().count()), "the placeholder is selected");
+        let shape = text_layer(&app.session.active().unwrap().doc, LayerId(ed.layer)).unwrap().shape.clone();
+        assert!(matches!(shape, TextShape::Path { start, flip: false, .. } if (start - 180.0).abs() < 0.5), "{shape:?}");
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().history.entries().len(), before + 1, "one step for the click");
+        insert(&mut app, "On the line");
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), "On the line");
+        commit(&mut app);
+        // With the vertical tool a click does not start path type.
+        app.ui.tool = crate::state::Tool::VerticalType;
+        assert!(!matches!(path_target(&app, 200.0, 101.0), Some(PathClick::OnPath { .. })));
+        app.ui.tool = crate::state::Tool::Type;
+        pointer_up(&mut app, [200.0, 160.0], [200.0, 160.0]);
+        let id = LayerId(app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().unwrap().layer);
+        assert_eq!(text_layer(&app.session.active().unwrap().doc, id).unwrap().shape, TextShape::Point);
+    }
+
+    /// A click in type on a path puts the caret at the glyph there along the curve, not where the
+    /// straight line would have it.
+    #[test]
+    fn caret_hits_type_on_a_path_along_the_curve() {
+        let mut app = app();
+        app.session
+            .edit("path", |doc, _| {
+                doc.work_path = Some(photocraft_doc::vector::Path::new(vec![photocraft_doc::vector::Subpath::polyline(&[(300.0, 10.0), (300.0, 195.0)])]));
+                Ok(())
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+        pointer_up(&mut app, [300.0, 20.0], [300.0, 20.0]);
+        insert(&mut app, "ABCDEFGH");
+        let id = LayerId(app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().unwrap().layer);
+        assert!(matches!(text_layer(&app.session.active().unwrap().doc, id).unwrap().shape, photocraft_doc::text::TextShape::Path { .. }));
+        // The type runs down the path: near its start the caret is at the beginning, far down at the end.
+        assert_eq!(offset_at(&mut app, id, 300.0, 18.0), 0);
+        // (The straight line would put both of these at the start: they are left of its first glyph.)
+        let (mid, far) = (offset_at(&mut app, id, 296.0, 60.0), offset_at(&mut app, id, 296.0, 190.0));
+        assert!(0 < mid && mid < far, "{mid} {far}");
+    }
+
     /// Preferences ▸ Units & Rulers ▸ Type switches the display unit of type metrics: points by
     /// default, pixels by the document's resolution, or millimetres.
     #[test]
@@ -2847,9 +4409,9 @@ mod tests {
         let steps = app.session.active().unwrap().history.entries().len();
         // Top-left corner: the box keeps its bottom-right corner.
         assert!(pointer_down(&mut app, 10.0, 10.0, egui::Modifiers::NONE));
-        assert_eq!(app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().unwrap().resize, Some(0));
-        pointer_move(&mut app, 20.0, 25.0);
-        pointer_move(&mut app, 30.0, 30.0);
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().unwrap().resize.map(|r| r.handle), Some(0));
+        pointer_move(&mut app, 20.0, 25.0, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        pointer_move(&mut app, 30.0, 30.0, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
         pointer_up(&mut app, [10.0, 10.0], [30.0, 30.0]);
         assert_eq!(box_shape(&app, id), Some((0.0, 0.0, 80.0, 30.0)));
         let aff = layout(&mut app, id).unwrap().1;
@@ -2859,9 +4421,17 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(app.ui.text_edit.is_some());
         // Right edge: only the width changes, and never below the minimum.
         assert!(pointer_down(&mut app, 110.0, 45.0, egui::Modifiers::NONE));
-        pointer_move(&mut app, 0.0, 99.0);
+        pointer_move(&mut app, 0.0, 99.0, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
         pointer_up(&mut app, [110.0, 45.0], [0.0, 99.0]);
         assert_eq!(box_shape(&app, id), Some((0.0, 0.0, MIN_BOX, 30.0)));
+        // ⌥ mirrors the drag about the centre: the left edge follows the right one out.
+        assert!(pointer_down(&mut app, 34.0, 45.0, egui::Modifiers::ALT));
+        pointer_move(&mut app, 70.0, 45.0, egui::Modifiers::ALT);
+        pointer_up(&mut app, [34.0, 45.0], [70.0, 45.0]);
+        assert_eq!(box_shape(&app, id), Some((0.0, 0.0, MIN_BOX + 72.0, 30.0)));
+        let aff = layout(&mut app, id).unwrap().1;
+        // Text space −36..40 (centre 2) through the translation: the doc centre stays at 32.
+        assert_eq!((aff.m[4], aff.m[5]), (-6.0, 30.0));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -2885,10 +4455,12 @@ mod tests {
         ime_update(&mut app, "", false);
         assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), "日本語");
         assert_eq!(app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().unwrap().preedit, None);
-        // A stale preedit range (text shortened by undo) must not panic.
+        // A stale preedit range (text shortened by undo) must not replace committed text; the
+        // composition is invalidated and its pending commit is dropped.
         app.ui.text_edit.as_mut().unwrap().preedit = Some((10, 5));
         ime_update(&mut app, "x", true);
-        assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), "日本語x");
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), "日本語");
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().unwrap().preedit, None);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -2998,3 +4570,1350 @@ mod tests {
 #[cfg(test)]
 #[path = "type_commit_tests.rs"]
 mod commit_tests;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod ime_tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use egui::output::{IMEOutput, ImeChangeCause};
+
+    fn context() -> egui::Context {
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        crate::theme::install_fonts(&ctx);
+        install_reset_hooks(&ctx);
+        ctx
+    }
+
+    fn app() -> PhotocraftApp {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 400, "height": 200})).unwrap();
+        app.sync_views();
+        app.ui.tool = crate::state::Tool::Type;
+        pointer_up(&mut app, [50.0, 100.0], [50.0, 100.0]);
+        insert(&mut app, "abc");
+        app
+    }
+
+    fn run(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, events: Vec<egui::Event>) -> Option<IMEOutput> {
+        let raw = egui::RawInput { focused: true, events, ..Default::default() };
+        let mut out = ctx.run_ui(raw, |ui| {
+            let rect = egui::Rect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, egui::vec2(400.0, 300.0));
+            let xf = ViewXform { rect, zoom: 1.0, center: [100.0, 100.0], flip: false, rotation: 0.0, aspect: 1.0 };
+            handle_keys(app, ui.ctx());
+            draw_overlay(app, ui.painter(), &xf);
+            sync_ime(app, ui.ctx());
+            finish_reset_pass(app, ui.ctx());
+        });
+        out.textures_delta.clear(); // This protocol harness does not paint.
+        out.platform_output.ime
+    }
+
+    fn layer_text(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> String {
+        let ed = app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().expect("editing");
+        current_text(app, LayerId(ed.layer)).expect("text layer")
+    }
+
+    fn completed(request_id: egui::ImeResetId) -> egui::Event {
+        egui::Event::ImeResetCompleted { request_id }
+    }
+
+    fn payload(ime: &IMEOutput) -> &egui::output::IMESurroundingTextPayload {
+        ime.surrounding_text.available().expect("a bounded committed snapshot")
+    }
+
+    fn preedit(text: &str) -> egui::Event {
+        egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Preedit { text: text.to_owned(), active_range_chars: None })
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn successive_ime_commits_are_input_method_and_keep_directional_offsets() {
+        let ctx = context();
+        let mut app = app();
+        let baseline = run(&mut app, &ctx, Vec::new()).expect("a focused editor descriptor");
+        assert_eq!(payload(&baseline).text, "abc");
+        assert_eq!(baseline.change_cause, ImeChangeCause::Other);
+
+        // The pre-edit is laid out in the layer but is not committed surrounding text.
+        let composing = run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![preedit("に")]).expect("descriptor while composing");
+        assert_eq!(payload(&composing).text, "abc");
+        assert_eq!((payload(&composing).cursor, payload(&composing).anchor), (3, 3));
+
+        let first = run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Commit("日本".into()))]).expect("commit descriptor");
+        assert_eq!(first.change_cause, ImeChangeCause::InputMethod);
+        assert_eq!(payload(&first).text, "abc日本");
+
+        let composing = run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![preedit("ご")]).expect("second composition");
+        assert_eq!(payload(&composing).text, "abc日本");
+        let second = run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Commit("語".into()))]).expect("second commit");
+        assert_eq!(second.change_cause, ImeChangeCause::InputMethod);
+        assert_eq!(payload(&second).text, "abc日本語");
+        assert_eq!(payload(&second).cursor, payload(&second).text.len());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reversed_selection_keeps_its_direction_in_byte_offsets() {
+        let ctx = context();
+        let mut app = app();
+        if let Some(ed) = app.ui.text_edit.as_mut() {
+            ed.caret = 1;
+            ed.anchor = 3;
+        }
+        let selected = run(&mut app, &ctx, Vec::new()).expect("descriptor");
+        assert_eq!(payload(&selected).text, "abc");
+        assert_eq!((payload(&selected).cursor, payload(&selected).anchor), (1, 3));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn mixed_application_and_ime_edits_in_one_frame_are_other() {
+        let ctx = context();
+        let mut app = app();
+        run(&mut app, &ctx, Vec::new());
+
+        // An IME commit followed by ordinary typing in the same pass: the application change
+        // dominates even though the commit itself was accepted.
+        let mixed = run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Commit("い".into())), egui::Event::Text("x".into())]).expect("mixed descriptor");
+        assert_eq!(payload(&mixed).text, "abcいx");
+        assert_eq!(mixed.change_cause, ImeChangeCause::Other);
+
+        // The observed mixed state is the next baseline, so a later clean IME commit is once
+        // again an InputMethod change.
+        let next = run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Commit("う".into()))]).expect("next commit");
+        assert_eq!(next.change_cause, ImeChangeCause::InputMethod);
+        assert_eq!(payload(&next).text, "abcいxう");
+
+        // Application text before the commit in the same frame must also prevent InputMethod.
+        let mut app = self::app();
+        run(&mut app, &ctx, Vec::new());
+        let mixed = run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![egui::Event::Text("x".into()), egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Commit("い".into()))]).expect("mixed descriptor");
+        assert_eq!(mixed.change_cause, ImeChangeCause::Other);
+        assert_eq!(payload(&mixed).text, "abcxい");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn replaced_layer_or_session_bumps_generation_without_changing_owner() {
+        let ctx = context();
+        let mut app = app();
+        let first = run(&mut app, &ctx, Vec::new()).expect("descriptor");
+        let owner = first.owner;
+        let generation = first.context_generation;
+
+        // Same document and layer id, a new edit session: the replacement epoch changes, so the
+        // stale generation cannot be reused by a native IME bridge.
+        app.ui.text_edit.as_mut().unwrap().session = "type-replaced".into();
+        let replaced = run(&mut app, &ctx, Vec::new()).expect("replaced descriptor");
+        assert_eq!(replaced.owner, owner, "the layer identity is immutable");
+        assert_ne!(replaced.context_generation, generation);
+        assert_eq!(replaced.change_cause, ImeChangeCause::Other);
+
+        // Ending the editor ends the context; no descriptor is emitted for an absent owner.
+        app.ui.text_edit = None;
+        assert!(run(&mut app, &ctx, Vec::new()).is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn unavailable_editor_state_still_carries_owner_and_generation() {
+        let ctx = context();
+        let mut app = app();
+        // A stale composition range cannot be mapped onto the layer: do not silently publish
+        // the composition as committed text.
+        app.ui.text_edit.as_mut().unwrap().preedit = Some((10, 5));
+        let unavailable = run(&mut app, &ctx, Vec::new()).expect("descriptor with an owner");
+        assert!(unavailable.surrounding_text.available().is_none());
+        assert!(unavailable.context_generation > 0);
+        assert_eq!(unavailable.purpose, egui::IMEPurpose::Normal);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn delete_surrounding_bytes_with_preedit_excludes_the_composition() {
+        let ctx = context();
+        let mut app = app();
+        run(&mut app, &ctx, Vec::new());
+        run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![preedit("x")]);
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), "abcx");
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().unwrap().preedit, Some((3, 1)));
+
+        // `c` is the byte immediately before the pre-edit; deleting it must not delete or
+        // report the composing `x`.
+        let deleted = run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::DeleteSurroundingBytes { before_bytes: 1, after_bytes: 0 })])
+            .expect("deletion descriptor");
+        assert_eq!(deleted.change_cause, ImeChangeCause::InputMethod);
+        assert_eq!(payload(&deleted).text, "ab");
+        assert_eq!((payload(&deleted).cursor, payload(&deleted).anchor), (2, 2));
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), "abx");
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().unwrap().preedit, Some((2, 1)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn external_edit_invalidates_the_preedit_and_rejects_its_late_commit() {
+        for bytes in [false, true] {
+            for split in [false, true] {
+                for discard in [false, true] {
+                    let ctx = context();
+                    let mut app = app();
+                    run(&mut app, &ctx, Vec::new());
+                    // Compose in the middle of committed text, so an application edit before it
+                    // moves a still-in-range (but wrong) character range.
+                    insert(&mut app, "def");
+                    if let Some(ed) = app.ui.text_edit.as_mut() {
+                        ed.caret = 3;
+                        ed.anchor = 3;
+                    }
+                    let composing = run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![preedit("に")]).expect("composing descriptor");
+                    assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), "abcにdef");
+                    assert_eq!(payload(&composing).text, "abcdef", "the preview is not committed text");
+                    let layer = app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().unwrap().layer;
+                    let session = app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().unwrap().session.clone();
+                    // The control channel edits the same layer without passing through `insert`.
+                    app.run("type.edit", json!({"layer": layer, "replace": {"start": 0, "end": 1, "text": ""}, "coalesce": session})).unwrap();
+                    assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), "bcにdef");
+                    let revision = app.session.active().unwrap().revision;
+                    let history = app.session.active().unwrap().history.entries();
+                    let selection = app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().map(|ed| (ed.anchor, ed.caret));
+                    let unchanged = |app: &PhotocraftApp| {
+                        assert_eq!(layer_text(app), "bcにdef");
+                        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().revision, revision);
+                        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().history.entries(), history);
+                        assert_eq!(app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().map(|ed| (ed.anchor, ed.caret)), selection);
+                    };
+
+                    // The old range (3,1) now covers `d`: report unavailable, cancel the
+                    // composition and do not present `d` as the composition. A discarded pass
+                    // must retain both latches until a descriptor is actually delivered.
+                    let invalidated = if discard {
+                        ctx.options_mut(|o| o.max_passes = std::num::NonZeroUsize::new(4).expect("four passes"));
+                        let mut passes = Vec::new();
+                        let mut out = ctx.run_ui(egui::RawInput { focused: true, ..Default::default() }, |ui| {
+                            handle_keys(&mut app, ui.ctx());
+                            let rect = egui::Rect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, egui::vec2(400.0, 300.0));
+                            let xf = ViewXform { rect, zoom: 1.0, center: [100.0, 100.0], flip: false, rotation: 0.0, aspect: 1.0 };
+                            draw_overlay(&mut app, ui.painter(), &xf);
+                            if passes.is_empty() {
+                                ui.ctx().request_discard("invalidated preedit descriptor regression");
+                            }
+                            let discarded = ui.ctx().will_discard();
+                            let before = (app.type_ime.stale, app.type_ime.interrupt);
+                            sync_ime(&mut app, ui.ctx());
+                            finish_reset_pass(&mut app, ui.ctx());
+                            let unavailable = ui.ctx().output(|out| out.ime.as_ref().expect("pass descriptor").surrounding_text.available().is_none());
+                            passes.push((discarded, before, (app.type_ime.stale, app.type_ime.interrupt), unavailable));
+                        });
+                        out.textures_delta.clear();
+                        assert_eq!(passes.first(), Some(&(true, (true, true), (true, true), true)), "discard cannot consume invalidation");
+                        assert_eq!(passes.last(), Some(&(false, (true, true), (false, false), true)), "the accepted pass delivers it once");
+                        out.platform_output.ime.expect("descriptor")
+                    } else {
+                        run(&mut app, &ctx, Vec::new()).expect("descriptor")
+                    };
+                    assert!(invalidated.surrounding_text.available().is_none());
+                    assert!(invalidated.should_interrupt_composition);
+                    assert_eq!(
+                        (invalidated.owner, invalidated.context_generation, invalidated.purpose),
+                        (composing.owner, composing.context_generation, composing.purpose)
+                    );
+                    assert_eq!(invalidated.change_cause, ImeChangeCause::Other);
+                    assert_eq!(app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().unwrap().preedit, None);
+                    assert!(app.type_ime.preedit.is_none());
+                    unchanged(&app);
+
+                    let recovered = run(&mut app, &ctx, Vec::new()).expect("idle descriptor");
+                    assert_eq!(payload(&recovered).text, "bcにdef");
+                    assert_eq!((payload(&recovered).cursor, payload(&recovered).anchor), (6, 6));
+                    assert!(!recovered.should_interrupt_composition, "a delivered reset is not replayed");
+                    assert!(matches!(app.type_ime.incoming, Some(IncomingComposition::Stale)), "idle availability does not accept an old terminal");
+                    unchanged(&app);
+
+                    // The pending deletion and commit belonged to the cancelled composition:
+                    // neither combined nor split delivery may replace `d` or grow undo history.
+                    let mut events = vec![terminal_delete(bytes)];
+                    if split {
+                        run(&mut app, &ctx, events).expect("rejected deletion descriptor");
+                        unchanged(&app);
+                        for _ in 0..3 {
+                            run(&mut app, &ctx, Vec::new());
+                        }
+                        assert!(matches!(app.type_ime.incoming, Some(IncomingComposition::Stale)));
+                        events = Vec::new();
+                    }
+                    events.push(egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Commit("に".into())));
+                    let late = run(&mut app, &ctx, events).expect("descriptor");
+                    assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), "bcにdef");
+                    assert_eq!(late.change_cause, ImeChangeCause::Other);
+                    assert_eq!(payload(&late).text, "bcにdef");
+                    unchanged(&app);
+                    assert!(matches!(app.type_ime.incoming, Some(IncomingComposition::Stale)), "terminal input cannot acknowledge cancellation");
+
+                    let fresh = run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![completed(invalidated.reset_request.expect("reset request")), preedit("Q")])
+                        .expect("fresh preview descriptor");
+                    assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), "bcにdQef");
+                    assert_eq!(payload(&fresh).text, "bcにdef", "fresh preview is excluded from committed text");
+                    assert!(!fresh.should_interrupt_composition);
+                    let committed = run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Commit("Q".into()))]).expect("fresh commit descriptor");
+                    assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), "bcにdQef");
+                    assert_eq!(payload(&committed).text, "bcにdQef");
+                    assert_eq!(committed.change_cause, ImeChangeCause::InputMethod);
+                    let direct = run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Commit("R".into()))]).expect("direct commit descriptor");
+                    assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), "bcにdQRef");
+                    assert_eq!(payload(&direct).text, "bcにdQRef");
+                    assert_eq!(direct.change_cause, ImeChangeCause::InputMethod);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn target_change_interrupts_and_rejects_the_late_commit() {
+        let ctx = context();
+        let mut app = app();
+        run(&mut app, &ctx, Vec::new());
+        run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![preedit("に")]);
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), "abcに");
+
+        let created = app.run("type.create", json!({"text": "two", "x": 150, "y": 60})).unwrap();
+        let second = created.get("layer").and_then(serde_json::Value::as_u64).expect("new layer");
+        app.session.select_layer(LayerId(second)).expect("select the second type layer");
+        app.ui.text_edit = Some(TextEdit {
+            layer: second,
+            document: active_doc_id(&app),
+            caret: 3,
+            anchor: 3,
+            session: "type-second".into(),
+            created: false,
+            mask: false,
+            dragging: false,
+            resize: None,
+            preedit: None,
+        });
+        // The platform only cancels composition on this flag (X11, macOS, Windows and the web).
+        let switched = run(&mut app, &ctx, Vec::new()).expect("transition descriptor");
+        assert!(switched.should_interrupt_composition);
+
+        let late = run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Commit("日本".into()))]).expect("descriptor");
+        assert_eq!(current_text(&app, LayerId(second)).unwrap(), "two");
+        assert_eq!(late.change_cause, ImeChangeCause::Other);
+        run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![completed(switched.reset_request.expect("replacement layer reset")), preedit("が")]);
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), "twoが");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn type_mask_session_has_a_distinct_owner() {
+        let ctx = context();
+        let mut app = app();
+        let normal = run(&mut app, &ctx, Vec::new()).expect("descriptor");
+        app.ui.text_edit.as_mut().unwrap().mask = true;
+        let masked = run(&mut app, &ctx, Vec::new()).expect("mask descriptor");
+        assert_ne!(masked.owner, normal.owner, "the Type Mask session is its own owner");
+        assert_ne!(masked.context_generation, normal.context_generation);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn reentering_the_same_session_cancels_the_preedit() {
+        let ctx = context();
+        let mut app = app();
+        run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![preedit("に")]);
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().unwrap().preedit, Some((3, 1)));
+        edit_active(&mut app).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().unwrap().preedit, None);
+        assert!(app.type_ime.interrupt, "the native composition is cancelled");
+        assert!(app.type_ime.preedit.is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_discarded_transition_pass_still_interrupts_the_next_descriptor() {
+        let ctx = context();
+        ctx.options_mut(|o| o.max_passes = std::num::NonZeroUsize::new(4).expect("four passes"));
+        let mut app = app();
+        run(&mut app, &ctx, Vec::new()).expect("baseline descriptor");
+        app.ui.text_edit.as_mut().unwrap().session = "type-discarded".into();
+        let mut passes = Vec::new();
+        let mut out = ctx.run_ui(egui::RawInput { focused: true, ..Default::default() }, |ui| {
+            handle_keys(&mut app, ui.ctx());
+            let rect = egui::Rect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, egui::vec2(400.0, 300.0));
+            let xf = ViewXform { rect, zoom: 1.0, center: [100.0, 100.0], flip: false, rotation: 0.0, aspect: 1.0 };
+            draw_overlay(&mut app, ui.painter(), &xf);
+            if passes.is_empty() {
+                ui.ctx().request_discard("IME transition regression");
+            }
+            let discarded = ui.ctx().will_discard();
+            let pending_before = app.type_ime.interrupt;
+            sync_ime(&mut app, ui.ctx());
+            finish_reset_pass(&mut app, ui.ctx());
+            passes.push((discarded, pending_before, app.type_ime.interrupt));
+        });
+        out.textures_delta.clear();
+        assert_eq!(passes.first(), Some(&(true, true, true)), "discard retains the interrupt latch");
+        assert_eq!(passes.last(), Some(&(false, true, false)), "the accepted pass delivers it once");
+        assert!(out.platform_output.ime.expect("final descriptor").should_interrupt_composition);
+        let next = run(&mut app, &ctx, Vec::new()).expect("next descriptor");
+        assert!(!next.should_interrupt_composition, "a delivered interrupt is not replayed");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn delete_surrounding_characters_is_one_undo_step() {
+        let ctx = context();
+        let mut app = app();
+        commit(&mut app);
+        edit_active(&mut app).unwrap();
+        if let Some(ed) = app.ui.text_edit.as_mut() {
+            ed.caret = 3;
+            ed.anchor = 3;
+        }
+        run(&mut app, &ctx, Vec::new()).expect("baseline descriptor");
+        let deleted =
+            run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::DeleteSurrounding { before_chars: 1, after_chars: 0 })]).expect("deletion descriptor");
+        assert_eq!(deleted.change_cause, ImeChangeCause::InputMethod);
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), "ab");
+        app.run("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), "abc", "the delete and its session coalesce into one step");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn an_empty_point_text_reports_an_available_empty_snapshot() {
+        let ctx = context();
+        let mut app = app();
+        if let Some(ed) = app.ui.text_edit.as_mut() {
+            ed.anchor = 0;
+            ed.caret = 3;
+        }
+        insert(&mut app, "");
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), "");
+        let empty = run(&mut app, &ctx, Vec::new()).expect("descriptor");
+        let available = payload(&empty);
+        assert_eq!(available.text, "");
+        assert_eq!((available.cursor, available.anchor), (0, 0));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_long_line_reports_a_bounded_snapshot() {
+        let ctx = context();
+        let mut app = app();
+        if let Some(ed) = app.ui.text_edit.as_mut() {
+            ed.anchor = 0;
+            ed.caret = 3;
+        }
+        insert(&mut app, &"a".repeat(4500));
+        let long = run(&mut app, &ctx, Vec::new()).expect("descriptor");
+        let available = payload(&long);
+        assert!(available.text.len() <= egui::output::MAX_IME_SURROUNDING_TEXT_BYTES);
+        assert!(available.text.is_char_boundary(available.cursor));
+        assert!(available.text.is_char_boundary(available.anchor));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_real_app_logic_and_ui_publish_the_descriptor() {
+        use eframe::App as _;
+        let ctx = context();
+        let mut app = app();
+        let mut frame = eframe::Frame::_new_kittest();
+        let mut descriptors = Vec::new();
+        // The first pass registers fonts; the next passes run the real logic → ui orchestration
+        // (where `handle_keys` and the final `sync_ime` live).
+        for _ in 0..3 {
+            let raw =
+                egui::RawInput { focused: true, screen_rect: Some(egui::Rect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, egui::vec2(1200.0, 800.0))), ..Default::default() };
+            let mut out = ctx.run_ui(raw, |ui| {
+                app.logic(ui.ctx(), &mut frame);
+                app.ui(ui, &mut frame);
+            });
+            out.textures_delta.clear(); // No renderer consumes this harness output.
+            descriptors.push(out.platform_output.ime);
+        }
+        let ime = descriptors.iter().flatten().last().expect("a descriptor from App::ui");
+        assert!(ime.surrounding_text.available().is_some());
+        assert!(ime.context_generation > 0);
+    }
+
+    fn terminal_delete(bytes: bool) -> egui::Event {
+        egui::Event::Ime(if bytes {
+            egui::ImeEvent::DeleteSurroundingBytes { before_bytes: 1, after_bytes: 0 }
+        } else {
+            egui::ImeEvent::DeleteSurrounding { before_chars: 1, after_chars: 0 }
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn raw_key(key: egui::Key, command: bool, shift: bool) -> egui::Event {
+        egui::Event::Key {
+            key,
+            physical_key: Some(key),
+            pressed: true,
+            repeat: false,
+            modifiers: egui::Modifiers {
+                command,
+                ctrl: command && !cfg!(target_os = "macos"),
+                mac_cmd: command && cfg!(target_os = "macos"),
+                shift,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn stale_owner_terminal_survives_idle_and_split_delete_commit_but_fresh_input_works() {
+        for empty in [false, true] {
+            for bytes in [false, true] {
+                let ctx = context();
+                let mut app = app();
+                run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![]);
+                run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![preedit("P")]);
+                if empty {
+                    run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![preedit("")]);
+                }
+                let old_layer = app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().unwrap().layer;
+                let created = app.run("type.create", json!({"text": "two", "x": 150, "y": 60})).unwrap();
+                let second = created["layer"].as_u64().unwrap();
+                app.session.select_layer(LayerId(second)).unwrap();
+                edit_active(&mut app).unwrap();
+                let transition = run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![]).unwrap();
+                assert!(transition.should_interrupt_composition);
+                for _ in 0..5 {
+                    run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![]);
+                }
+                let revision = app.session.active().unwrap().revision;
+                let undo = app.session.active().unwrap().history.entries().len();
+                let before = layer_text(&app);
+                run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![terminal_delete(bytes)]);
+                for _ in 0..3 {
+                    run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![]);
+                }
+                run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Commit("X".into()))]);
+                assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), before, "an old split terminal cannot edit a replacement owner");
+                assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().revision, revision);
+                assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().history.entries().len(), undo);
+                assert_eq!(current_text(&app, LayerId(old_layer)).unwrap(), if empty { "abc" } else { "abcP" });
+                let selection = app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().unwrap().clone();
+                let (a, b) = (selection.anchor.min(selection.caret), selection.anchor.max(selection.caret));
+                let expected = before.chars().take(a).chain("Q".chars()).chain(before.chars().skip(b)).collect::<String>();
+                run(
+                    &mut app,
+                    &ctx,
+                    vec![completed(transition.reset_request.expect("reset request")), preedit("Q"), egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Commit("Q".into()))],
+                );
+                assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), expected, "the exact completion permits fresh input");
+                run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Commit("R".into()))]);
+                assert!(layer_text(&app).contains("QR"), "a later direct commit remains valid");
+                app.run("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+                assert_eq!(current_text(&app, LayerId(second)).unwrap(), before, "the new session is undoable");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn raw_application_selection_changes_reject_old_terminal_input_and_allow_later_fresh_input() {
+        for empty in [false, true] {
+            for bytes in [false, true] {
+                for (key, command, shift) in [(egui::Key::A, true, false), (egui::Key::ArrowLeft, false, false), (egui::Key::Home, false, true)] {
+                    let ctx = context();
+                    let mut app = app();
+                    run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![]);
+                    run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![preedit("P")]);
+                    if empty {
+                        run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![preedit("")]);
+                    }
+                    let before = layer_text(&app);
+                    let revision = app.session.active().unwrap().revision;
+                    let transition = run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![raw_key(key, command, shift)]).expect("selection reset");
+                    let selected = app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().unwrap().clone();
+                    assert!(
+                        (selected.anchor, selected.caret) != (before.chars().count(), before.chars().count()),
+                        "actual raw selection key changed the caret"
+                    );
+                    for _ in 0..3 {
+                        run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![]);
+                    }
+                    let undo = app.session.active().unwrap().history.entries().len();
+                    run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![terminal_delete(bytes), egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Commit("X".into()))]);
+                    assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), before);
+                    assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().revision, revision);
+                    assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().history.entries().len(), undo);
+                    assert_eq!(app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().map(|e| (e.anchor, e.caret)), Some((selected.anchor, selected.caret)));
+                    let (a, b) = (selected.anchor.min(selected.caret), selected.anchor.max(selected.caret));
+                    let expected = before.chars().take(a).chain("Q".chars()).chain(before.chars().skip(b)).collect::<String>();
+                    // The completion opens admission at its exact position in the batch.
+                    run(
+                        &mut app,
+                        &ctx,
+                        vec![completed(transition.reset_request.expect("reset request")), preedit("Q"), egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Commit("Q".into()))],
+                    );
+                    assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), expected);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn uninterrupted_live_and_empty_preedit_delete_commit_and_direct_commit_stay_valid() {
+        for empty in [false, true] {
+            for bytes in [false, true] {
+                let ctx = context();
+                let mut app = app();
+                run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![]);
+                run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![preedit("P")]);
+                if empty {
+                    run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![preedit("")]);
+                }
+                run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![terminal_delete(bytes)]);
+                for _ in 0..3 {
+                    run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![]);
+                }
+                run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Commit("X".into()))]);
+                assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), "abX", "accepted deletion refreshes its composing caret");
+            }
+        }
+        let ctx = context();
+        let mut app = app();
+        run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![]);
+        run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![raw_key(egui::Key::A, true, false), egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Commit("D".into()))]);
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), "D", "without known preedit the direct commit replaces the selection");
+    }
+
+    fn actual_app_frame(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, events: Vec<egui::Event>) -> egui::FullOutput {
+        use eframe::App as _;
+        let mut frame = eframe::Frame::_new_kittest();
+        let mut raw =
+            egui::RawInput { focused: true, events, screen_rect: Some(egui::Rect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, egui::vec2(1200.0, 800.0))), ..Default::default() };
+        app.raw_input_hook(ctx, &mut raw);
+        let mut output = ctx.run_ui(raw, |ui| {
+            app.logic(ui.ctx(), &mut frame);
+            app.ui(ui, &mut frame);
+        });
+        output.textures_delta.clear();
+        output
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_real_app_pointer_interruption_rejects_idle_delayed_terminal_then_accepts_fresh_input() {
+        for empty in [false, true] {
+            for bytes in [false, true] {
+                let ctx = context();
+                let mut app = app();
+                for _ in 0..4 {
+                    actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![]);
+                }
+                app.ui.text_edit.as_mut().unwrap().caret = 1;
+                app.ui.text_edit.as_mut().unwrap().anchor = 1;
+                let point = actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![]).platform_output.ime.expect("real caret1 descriptor").cursor_rect.center();
+                app.ui.text_edit.as_mut().unwrap().caret = 3;
+                app.ui.text_edit.as_mut().unwrap().anchor = 3;
+                actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![]);
+                actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![preedit("P")]);
+                if empty {
+                    actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![preedit("")]);
+                }
+                let before = layer_text(&app);
+                let button = |pressed| egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: point, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed, modifiers: Default::default() };
+                let press =
+                    actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![egui::Event::PointerMoved(point), button(true)]).platform_output.ime.expect("press descriptor");
+                let release = actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![button(false)]).platform_output.ime.expect("release descriptor");
+                let request = release.reset_request.or(press.reset_request).expect("pointer reset");
+                assert_eq!(app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().unwrap().caret, 1, "actual canvas pointer moved the caret");
+                for _ in 0..4 {
+                    actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![]);
+                }
+                let revision = app.session.active().unwrap().revision;
+                actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![terminal_delete(bytes), egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Commit("X".into()))]);
+                assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), before);
+                assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().revision, revision);
+                actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![completed(request), preedit("Q"), egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Commit("Q".into()))]);
+                let expected = before.chars().take(1).chain("Q".chars()).chain(before.chars().skip(1)).collect::<String>();
+                assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), expected);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn only_a_matching_completion_allows_a_new_composition_in_the_same_raw_batch() {
+        for bytes in [false, true] {
+            let ctx = context();
+            let mut app = app();
+            run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![]);
+            run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![preedit("P")]);
+            let transition = run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![raw_key(egui::Key::A, true, false)]).expect("selection reset");
+            run(
+                &mut app,
+                &ctx,
+                vec![
+                    terminal_delete(bytes),
+                    egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Commit("old".into())),
+                    completed(transition.reset_request.expect("reset request")),
+                    preedit("Q"),
+                    egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Commit("Q".into())),
+                ],
+            );
+            assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), "Q", "the old terminal is rejected before the completion opens admission");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn an_actual_same_batch_selection_requires_completion_before_the_new_live_preedit() {
+        for empty in [false, true] {
+            for bytes in [false, true] {
+                for terminal in [false, true] {
+                    let ctx = context();
+                    let mut app = app();
+                    for _ in 0..4 {
+                        actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![]);
+                    }
+                    actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![preedit("P")]);
+                    if empty {
+                        actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![preedit("")]);
+                    }
+                    let before = layer_text(&app);
+                    let revision = app.session.active().unwrap().revision;
+                    let mut events = vec![raw_key(egui::Key::A, true, false), terminal_delete(bytes)];
+                    if terminal {
+                        events.push(egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Commit("old".into())));
+                    }
+                    events.push(preedit("Q"));
+                    let out = actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, events);
+                    assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), before, "all unacknowledged payloads remain stale, even after Commit");
+                    assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().revision, revision);
+                    assert!(matches!(app.type_ime.incoming, Some(IncomingComposition::Stale)));
+                    let selected = app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().unwrap();
+                    assert_eq!((selected.anchor, selected.caret), (0, before.chars().count()), "the actual selection key ran");
+                    let request = out.platform_output.ime.expect("interrupted descriptor").reset_request.expect("reset request");
+                    actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![completed(request), preedit("Q")]);
+                    assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), "Q", "only the new preedit replaced the selected text");
+                    assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().revision, revision + 1, "neither old deletion nor old commit mutated the document");
+                    let editing = app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().unwrap();
+                    assert_eq!((editing.anchor, editing.caret, editing.preedit), (1, 1, Some((0, 1))));
+                    assert!(matches!(app.type_ime.incoming, Some(IncomingComposition::Active(_))));
+                    // Keep Q live across a real idle pass before its separately delivered commit.
+                    let idle = actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![]);
+                    assert!(!idle.platform_output.ime.expect("the live preview keeps its descriptor").should_interrupt_composition);
+                    actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Commit("Q".into()))]);
+                    assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), "Q");
+                    assert!(app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().unwrap().preedit.is_none());
+                    assert!(app.type_ime.incoming.is_none());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn pending(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Option<egui::ImeResetId> {
+        match app.type_ime.resets.get(&egui::ViewportId::ROOT) {
+            Some(ResetPhase::Awaiting { id, .. }) => Some(*id),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn interrupt_with_selection(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> egui::ImeResetId {
+        run(app, ctx, vec![preedit("P")]);
+        run(app, ctx, vec![raw_key(egui::Key::A, true, false)]).expect("custom output").reset_request.expect("published reset")
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn newest_published_request_alone_opens_the_ordered_suffix() {
+        let ctx = context();
+        let mut app = app();
+        let first = interrupt_with_selection(&mut app, &ctx);
+        let second = run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![raw_key(egui::Key::ArrowLeft, false, false), completed(first), preedit("old")])
+            .expect("moved selection")
+            .reset_request
+            .expect("replacement request");
+        assert_ne!(first, second);
+        let before = layer_text(&app);
+        let revision = app.session.active().unwrap().revision;
+        let history = app.session.active().unwrap().history.entries().len();
+        run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![terminal_delete(true), completed(first), egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Commit("old".into()))]);
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), before);
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().revision, revision);
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().history.entries().len(), history);
+        assert_eq!(pending(&app), Some(second));
+        let selection = app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().map(|e| (e.anchor, e.caret));
+        run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![completed(second), completed(second)]);
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), before, "controls alone never edit text");
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().map(|e| (e.anchor, e.caret)), selection);
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().revision, revision);
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().history.entries().len(), history);
+        assert_eq!(pending(&app), None);
+        run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![preedit("が"), egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Commit("が".into()))]);
+        assert!(layer_text(&app).starts_with("が"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn foreign_viewport_and_context_completions_cannot_release_root() {
+        let ctx = context();
+        let mut app = app();
+        let root = interrupt_with_selection(&mut app, &ctx);
+        let other = context();
+        let viewport = egui::ViewportId::from_hash_of("photo-reset-foreign");
+        let foreign_input = || {
+            let rect = egui::Rect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, egui::vec2(400.0, 300.0));
+            let mut raw = egui::RawInput { viewport_id: viewport, screen_rect: Some(rect), focused: true, ..Default::default() };
+            raw.viewports.insert(
+                viewport,
+                egui::ViewportInfo { inner_rect: Some(rect), native_pixels_per_point: Some(1.0), minimized: Some(false), ..Default::default() },
+            );
+            raw
+        };
+        let mut text = String::new();
+        let mut output = other.run_ui(foreign_input(), |ui| {
+            ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut text)).request_focus();
+            let _ = ui.ctx().request_ime_reset(viewport);
+        });
+        output.textures_delta.clear();
+        // Draw once more if egui has not yet reported the newly focused stock editor.
+        if output.platform_output.ime.is_none() {
+            output = other.run_ui(foreign_input(), |ui| {
+                ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut text));
+            });
+            output.textures_delta.clear();
+        }
+        let foreign = output.platform_output.ime.expect("foreign stock output").reset_request.expect("foreign published request");
+        assert_ne!(foreign.viewport_id(), root.viewport_id());
+        let before = layer_text(&app);
+        run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![completed(foreign), preedit("bad"), completed(root), preedit("が")]);
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), "が", "foreign marker cannot open admission before the root marker");
+        assert_ne!(layer_text(&app), before);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn standalone_logic_suspends_once_without_replaying_input_and_return_rearms_once() {
+        use eframe::App as _;
+        let ctx = context();
+        let mut app = app();
+        for _ in 0..4 {
+            actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![]);
+        }
+        actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![preedit("P")]);
+        let first = actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![raw_key(egui::Key::A, true, false)])
+            .platform_output
+            .ime
+            .expect("custom output")
+            .reset_request
+            .expect("first request");
+        let before = layer_text(&app);
+        for _ in 0..3 {
+            let mut frame = eframe::Frame::_new_kittest();
+            let _ = ctx.run_logic(&egui::RawInput { focused: true, ..Default::default() }, |ctx| app.logic(ctx, &mut frame));
+            assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), before, "hidden logic does not replay the previous raw selection batch");
+            assert_eq!(pending(&app), None);
+            assert!(matches!(app.type_ime.resets.get(&egui::ViewportId::ROOT), Some(ResetPhase::Suspended)));
+        }
+        let second = actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![completed(first), preedit("bad")])
+            .platform_output
+            .ime
+            .expect("returned custom output")
+            .reset_request
+            .expect("fresh request after hidden logic");
+        assert_ne!(first, second);
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), before);
+        for _ in 0..3 {
+            let idle = actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![]).platform_output.ime.expect("idle custom output");
+            assert_eq!(idle.reset_request, None, "logic inside a full UI pass cannot suspend and rearm the stable guard");
+            assert_eq!(pending(&app), Some(second));
+        }
+        actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![completed(second), preedit("が"), egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Commit("が".into()))]);
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), "が");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn standalone_logic_does_not_guard_an_uninterrupted_terminal_pending_composition() {
+        use eframe::App as _;
+        let ctx = context();
+        let mut app = app();
+        for _ in 0..4 {
+            actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![]);
+        }
+        actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![preedit("P"), preedit("")]);
+        let mut frame = eframe::Frame::_new_kittest();
+        let _ = ctx.run_logic(&egui::RawInput { focused: true, ..Default::default() }, |ctx| app.logic(ctx, &mut frame));
+        assert!(app.type_ime.resets.is_empty());
+        assert!(matches!(app.type_ime.incoming, Some(IncomingComposition::TerminalPending(_))));
+        actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![terminal_delete(false), egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Commit("X".into()))]);
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), "abX");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn fonts_not_ready_and_no_editor_early_returns_retire_the_old_request() {
+        use eframe::App as _;
+        for no_editor in [false, true] {
+            let ctx = context();
+            let mut app = app();
+            for _ in 0..4 {
+                actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![]);
+            }
+            actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![preedit("P")]);
+            let first = actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![raw_key(egui::Key::A, true, false)])
+                .platform_output
+                .ime
+                .expect("custom output")
+                .reset_request
+                .expect("first request");
+            let editor = app.ui.text_edit.clone();
+            let before = layer_text(&app);
+            let mut frame = eframe::Frame::_new_kittest();
+            let mut output = ctx.run_ui(egui::RawInput { focused: true, events: vec![completed(first), preedit("bad")], ..Default::default() }, |ui| {
+                if no_editor {
+                    app.ui.text_edit = None;
+                } else {
+                    app.fonts_ready = false;
+                }
+                app.ui(ui, &mut frame);
+            });
+            output.textures_delta.clear();
+            assert!(output.platform_output.ime.is_none());
+            assert_eq!(pending(&app), None);
+            app.ui.text_edit = editor;
+            app.fonts_ready = true;
+            let second = actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![completed(first), preedit("bad")])
+                .platform_output
+                .ime
+                .expect("same editor returned")
+                .reset_request
+                .expect("rearmed request");
+            assert_ne!(first, second);
+            assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), before);
+            actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![completed(second), preedit("が")]);
+            assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), "が");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pointer_deferred_suffix_cannot_edit_the_old_caret_or_complete_its_old_request() {
+        let ctx = context();
+        let mut app = app();
+        for _ in 0..4 {
+            actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![]);
+        }
+        app.ui.text_edit.as_mut().unwrap().caret = 1;
+        app.ui.text_edit.as_mut().unwrap().anchor = 1;
+        let point = actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![]).platform_output.ime.expect("caret geometry").cursor_rect.center();
+        app.ui.text_edit.as_mut().unwrap().caret = 3;
+        app.ui.text_edit.as_mut().unwrap().anchor = 3;
+        actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![preedit("P")]);
+        let first = actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![raw_key(egui::Key::A, true, false)])
+            .platform_output
+            .ime
+            .expect("selection output")
+            .reset_request
+            .expect("first request");
+        let before = layer_text(&app);
+        let revision = app.session.active().unwrap().revision;
+        let event = |pressed| egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: point, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed, modifiers: Default::default() };
+        let out = actual_app_frame(
+            &mut app,
+            &ctx,
+            vec![
+                egui::Event::PointerMoved(point),
+                event(true),
+                completed(first),
+                egui::Event::Text("bad".into()),
+                egui::Event::Paste("bad".into()),
+                egui::Event::Cut,
+                preedit("bad"),
+            ],
+        );
+        let first_after_pointer = out.platform_output.ime.expect("pointer output").reset_request;
+        let out = actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![event(false)]);
+        let second = out.platform_output.ime.expect("release output").reset_request.or(first_after_pointer).expect("actual pointer destination reset");
+        assert_ne!(first, second);
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), before);
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().revision, revision);
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().unwrap().caret, 1);
+        actual_app_frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![completed(second), preedit("が")]);
+        assert!(layer_text(&app).contains("が"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn completion_without_current_geometry_is_suspended_before_the_following_preedit() {
+        let ctx = context();
+        let mut app = app();
+        let first = interrupt_with_selection(&mut app, &ctx);
+        let before = layer_text(&app);
+        // No canvas view for this input batch: the completion cannot be attributed to a visible
+        // custom descriptor yet. This is the pre-descriptor check, not a wait on final output.
+        app.type_ime.view = None;
+        let output = run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![completed(first), preedit("bad")]).expect("custom output");
+        let second = output.reset_request.expect("the final custom output rearms");
+        assert_ne!(first, second);
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), before, "the preedit after a geometry-less completion stays blocked");
+        assert!(matches!(app.type_ime.resets.get(&egui::ViewportId::ROOT), Some(ResetPhase::Awaiting { id, .. }) if *id == second));
+        run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![completed(second), preedit("が")]);
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), "が");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pointer_press_without_a_guard_defers_the_same_batch_custom_suffix() {
+        let ctx = context();
+        let mut app = app();
+        let before = layer_text(&app);
+        let revision = app.session.active().unwrap().revision;
+        let selection = app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().map(|ed| (ed.anchor, ed.caret));
+        let press =
+            egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: Pos2::new(20.0, 20.0), button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed: true, modifiers: Default::default() };
+        let output = run(
+            &mut app,
+            &ctx,
+            vec![
+                egui::Event::PointerMoved(Pos2::new(20.0, 20.0)),
+                press,
+                egui::Event::Text("bad".into()),
+                egui::Event::Paste("bad".into()),
+                egui::Event::Cut,
+                preedit("bad"),
+            ],
+        )
+        .expect("descriptor");
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), before, "the deferred canvas handler never lets a suffix edit the old caret");
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().revision, revision);
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().map(|ed| (ed.anchor, ed.caret)), selection);
+        assert_eq!(output.reset_request, None, "no prior guard means no speculative reset yet");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn synchronous_select_all_accepts_fresh_text_but_still_blocks_stale_ime() {
+        let ctx = context();
+        // With no guard, the synchronously selected destination is a real destination: Text is
+        // an application edit, not an old IME suffix.
+        let mut app = app();
+        run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![raw_key(egui::Key::A, true, false), egui::Event::Text("x".into())]);
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), "x");
+
+        // The same holds when Cmd+A interrupted a known composition: Text is still fresh input.
+        let mut app = self::app();
+        run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![preedit("P")]);
+        let out = run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![raw_key(egui::Key::A, true, false), egui::Event::Text("x".into())]).expect("custom output");
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), "x");
+        assert!(out.reset_request.is_some(), "the stale composition still needs its ordered reset");
+
+        // An IME payload in that same batch is not fresh Text: it remains blocked until its
+        // replacement request is actually completed.
+        let mut app = self::app();
+        run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![preedit("P")]);
+        let before = layer_text(&app);
+        let out = run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![raw_key(egui::Key::A, true, false), preedit("bad")]).expect("custom output");
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), before);
+        let request = out.reset_request.expect("selection reset request");
+        run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![completed(request), preedit("が")]);
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), "が");
+    }
+
+    struct ResetHarness {
+        app: PhotocraftApp,
+        stock: bool,
+        picker_button: bool,
+        search: String,
+        search_input: Option<egui::Id>,
+        search_focused: bool,
+        search_height: Option<f32>,
+    }
+
+    fn reset_harness(app: PhotocraftApp) -> egui_kittest::Harness<'static, ResetHarness> {
+        let mut h = egui_kittest::Harness::builder()
+            .with_size(egui::vec2(1200.0, 800.0))
+            .with_context_setup(|ctx| {
+                install_reset_hooks(ctx);
+                crate::theme::install_fonts(ctx);
+            })
+            .build_ui_state(
+                |ui, state: &mut ResetHarness| {
+                    let mut frame = eframe::Frame::_new_kittest();
+                    state.app.logic_frame(ui.ctx(), &mut frame);
+                    state.app.ui_frame(ui, &mut frame);
+                    if state.stock {
+                        egui::Window::new("Reset font fixture").show(ui.ctx(), |ui| {
+                            let button = ui.make_persistent_id(egui::IdSalt::new("reset-font"));
+                            egui::Popup::open_id(ui.ctx(), button.with("popup"));
+                            let mut current = "Family 00".to_owned();
+                            family_picker_in(
+                                ui,
+                                "reset-font",
+                                &mut current,
+                                170.0,
+                                &["Family 00".into(), "Family 01".into()],
+                                photocraft_engine::prefs::FontPreview::Medium,
+                                &[],
+                            );
+                            let search = ui.scope_id().with(("font-search", "reset-font"));
+                            state.search = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<String>(search)).unwrap_or_default();
+                            let input = search.with("input");
+                            state.search_input = Some(input);
+                            state.search_focused = ui.memory(|m| m.has_focus(input));
+                            state.search_height = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<f32>(search.with("height")));
+                        });
+                    }
+                    if state.picker_button {
+                        egui::Window::new("Reset screen fixture").show(ui.ctx(), |ui| {
+                            crate::screen_picker::button(ui, egui::Id::unique("reset-screen"));
+                        });
+                    }
+                    state.app.finish_type_reset_pass(ui.ctx());
+                },
+                ResetHarness { app, stock: false, picker_button: false, search: String::new(), search_input: None, search_focused: false, search_height: None },
+            );
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        h
+    }
+
+    fn harness_request(h: &egui_kittest::Harness<'_, ResetHarness>) -> egui::ImeResetId {
+        h.output().platform_output.ime.as_ref().expect("actual harness output").reset_request.expect("published harness reset")
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn actual_font_search_owns_stock_input_without_a_speculative_custom_request() {
+        let mut h = reset_harness(app());
+        h.event(preedit("P"));
+        h.step();
+        h.event(raw_key(egui::Key::A, true, false));
+        h.step();
+        let first = harness_request(&h);
+        let before = layer_text(&h.state().app);
+        let custom_owner = h.output().platform_output.ime.as_ref().unwrap().owner;
+        h.state_mut().stock = true;
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        let stock_owner = h.output().platform_output.ime.as_ref().expect("real font search descriptor").owner;
+        assert_ne!(stock_owner, custom_owner);
+        let search_input = h.state().search_input.expect("font search field id");
+        assert!(h.state().search_focused, "the real font search field, not another stock field, owns focus");
+        assert_eq!(h.ctx.memory(|m| m.focused()), Some(search_input), "the stock IME owner is the focused font search input");
+        assert!(
+            h.state().search_height.is_some_and(|height| height > 0.0 && height <= FONT_MENU_HEIGHT),
+            "the real font list measured within its bounded popup height"
+        );
+        h.input_mut().events = vec![completed(first), egui::Event::Text("Family".into())];
+        h.step();
+        assert_eq!(h.state().search, "Family", "the actual font picker keeps its text event");
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&h.state().app), before);
+        assert_eq!(pending(&h.state().app), None);
+        let stock = h.output().platform_output.ime.as_ref().expect("stock output survives finalization");
+        assert_eq!(stock.owner, stock_owner);
+        assert_eq!(stock.reset_request, None, "an already-ineligible route cannot allocate a custom request");
+        h.state_mut().stock = false;
+        egui::Popup::close_all(&h.ctx);
+        h.ctx.memory_mut(|m| m.stop_text_input());
+        h.input_mut().events = vec![completed(first), preedit("bad")];
+        h.step();
+        let second = harness_request(&h);
+        assert_ne!(first, second);
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&h.state().app), before);
+        h.step();
+        assert_eq!(h.output().platform_output.ime.as_ref().unwrap().reset_request, None);
+        h.input_mut().events = vec![completed(second), preedit("が")];
+        h.step();
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&h.state().app), "が");
+    }
+
+    type ImmediateViewportRecord = (egui::ViewportId, egui::ViewportId, Option<egui::Vec2>, Option<bool>);
+
+    fn record_immediate_viewports() -> Arc<std::sync::Mutex<Vec<ImmediateViewportRecord>>> {
+        let seen = Arc::new(std::sync::Mutex::new(Vec::new()));
+        let recorded = seen.clone();
+        egui::Context::set_immediate_viewport_renderer(move |ctx, immediate| {
+            let ids = immediate.ids;
+            if let Ok(mut seen) = recorded.lock() {
+                seen.push((ids.this, ids.parent, immediate.builder.inner_size, immediate.builder.visible));
+            }
+            let mut callback = immediate.viewport_ui_cb;
+            let mut output = ctx.run_ui(
+                egui::RawInput {
+                    viewport_id: ids.this,
+                    viewports: std::iter::once((ids.this, egui::ViewportInfo::default())).collect(),
+                    screen_rect: Some(egui::Rect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, egui::vec2(2.0, 2.0))),
+                    ..Default::default()
+                },
+                |ui| callback(ui),
+            );
+            output.textures_delta.clear();
+        });
+        seen
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn actual_screen_picker_modal_retires_the_type_fence_and_return_rearms_it() {
+        use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable as _;
+        let mut app = app();
+        app.services.screen_pick = Some(Box::new(|_| {
+            let (sender, receiver) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
+            sender
+                .send(Ok(crate::screen_picker::Capture::Images(vec![crate::screen_picker::ScreenImage {
+                    monitor: None,
+                    position: Pos2::ZERO,
+                    size: egui::vec2(2.0, 2.0),
+                    width: 2,
+                    height: 2,
+                    rgba: vec![0; 16],
+                    profile: None,
+                }])))
+                .unwrap();
+            crate::screen_picker::Pending { receiver, cancelled: Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool::new(false)) }
+        }));
+        let mut h = reset_harness(app);
+        h.event(preedit("P"));
+        h.step();
+        h.event(raw_key(egui::Key::A, true, false));
+        h.step();
+        let first = harness_request(&h);
+        let before = layer_text(&h.state().app);
+        let immediate = record_immediate_viewports();
+        h.ctx.set_embed_viewports(false);
+        h.state_mut().picker_button = true;
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        h.get_by_label("Pick screen color").click();
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        assert!(crate::screen_picker::busy(&h.ctx));
+        assert!(crate::screen_picker::showing(&h.ctx), "the actual UI takes its screen-picker modal early return");
+        let seen = immediate.lock().expect("recorded viewports");
+        assert!(!seen.is_empty(), "the native immediate-viewport renderer received the picker");
+        assert!(
+            seen.iter().all(|(child, parent, size, visible)| *child != egui::ViewportId::ROOT
+                && *parent == egui::ViewportId::ROOT
+                && *size == Some(egui::vec2(2.0, 2.0))
+                && *visible == Some(false)),
+            "each picker viewport is a hidden 2x2 child of the root"
+        );
+        drop(seen);
+        h.input_mut().events = vec![completed(first), preedit("bad")];
+        h.step();
+        assert!(h.output().platform_output.ime.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(pending(&h.state().app), None);
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&h.state().app), before);
+        crate::screen_picker::cancel(&h.ctx);
+        h.state_mut().picker_button = false;
+        h.ctx.memory_mut(|m| m.stop_text_input());
+        h.input_mut().events = vec![completed(first), preedit("bad")];
+        h.step();
+        let second = harness_request(&h);
+        assert_ne!(first, second);
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&h.state().app), before);
+        h.input_mut().events = vec![completed(second), preedit("が")];
+        h.step();
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&h.state().app), "が");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_discarded_custom_output_allocates_no_new_id_and_final_absence_retires_then_rearms() {
+        let ctx = context();
+        ctx.options_mut(|o| o.max_passes = std::num::NonZeroUsize::new(4).unwrap());
+        let mut app = app();
+        // A prior queued R1 is deliberately present: the discard must preserve it, not allocate
+        // a speculative replacement for output egui will throw away.
+        let first = interrupt_with_selection(&mut app, &ctx);
+        let mut passes = 0;
+        let mut discarded_pending = None;
+        let mut output = ctx.run_ui(egui::RawInput { focused: true, ..Default::default() }, |ui| {
+            handle_keys(&mut app, ui.ctx());
+            if passes == 0 {
+                let xf = ViewXform {
+                    rect: egui::Rect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, egui::vec2(400.0, 300.0)),
+                    zoom: 1.0,
+                    center: [100.0, 100.0],
+                    flip: false,
+                    rotation: 0.0,
+                    aspect: 1.0,
+                };
+                draw_overlay(&mut app, ui.painter(), &xf);
+                ui.ctx().request_discard("reset custom output disappears on final pass");
+            }
+            sync_ime(&mut app, ui.ctx());
+            finish_reset_pass(&mut app, ui.ctx());
+            if passes == 0 {
+                discarded_pending = pending(&app);
+            }
+            passes += 1;
+        });
+        output.textures_delta.clear();
+        assert!(passes > 1);
+        assert!(output.platform_output.ime.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(discarded_pending, Some(first), "discard keeps the queued R1 and allocates no NEW id");
+        assert_eq!(pending(&app), None, "the final ineligible pass retires the prior R1");
+        let before = layer_text(&app);
+        let returned = run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![completed(first), preedit("bad")]).expect("same model returns");
+        let second = returned.reset_request.expect("new published request");
+        assert_ne!(first, second);
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), before);
+        run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![completed(second), preedit("が")]);
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), "が");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_recreated_context_installed_before_run_ui_rejects_the_old_completion_and_rearms() {
+        use eframe::App as _;
+        let old = context();
+        let mut app = app();
+        for _ in 0..4 {
+            actual_app_frame(&mut app, &old, vec![]);
+        }
+        let first = interrupt_with_selection(&mut app, &old);
+        let before = layer_text(&app);
+        // The host replaces its Context and must run the same supported setup before `run_ui`;
+        // a begin-pass hook registered later could not mark the first pass.
+        let next = egui::Context::default();
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&next, app.ui.theme);
+        let mut frame = eframe::Frame::_new_kittest();
+        let mut saw_ui_pass = false;
+        let mut output = next.run_ui(
+            egui::RawInput {
+                focused: true,
+                events: vec![completed(first), preedit("bad")],
+                screen_rect: Some(egui::Rect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, egui::vec2(1200.0, 800.0))),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            |ui| {
+                app.logic(ui.ctx(), &mut frame);
+                saw_ui_pass = in_ui_pass(ui.ctx());
+                app.ui(ui, &mut frame);
+            },
+        );
+        output.textures_delta.clear();
+        assert!(saw_ui_pass, "the supported creator setup marks the first replacement Context pass");
+        let second = output.platform_output.ime.expect("replacement Context custom output").reset_request.expect("replacement Context request");
+        assert_ne!(first, second);
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), before);
+        run(&mut app, &next, vec![completed(second), preedit("が")]);
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), "が");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn type_mask_and_same_owner_session_replacement_supersede_the_full_request() {
+        for mask in [false, true] {
+            let ctx = context();
+            let mut app = app();
+            let first = interrupt_with_selection(&mut app, &ctx);
+            let original = run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![]).expect("original context");
+            if mask {
+                app.ui.text_edit.as_mut().unwrap().mask = true;
+            } else {
+                app.ui.text_edit.as_mut().unwrap().session = "replacement-reset-session".into();
+            }
+            let before = layer_text(&app);
+            let changed = run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![completed(first), preedit("bad")]).expect("replacement output");
+            let second = changed.reset_request.expect("replacement request");
+            assert_ne!(first, second);
+            if mask {
+                assert_ne!(changed.owner, original.owner);
+            } else {
+                assert_eq!(changed.owner, original.owner);
+            }
+            assert_ne!(changed.context_generation, original.context_generation);
+            assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), before);
+            run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![completed(first), terminal_delete(false), egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Commit("bad".into()))]);
+            assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), before);
+            run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![completed(second), preedit("が")]);
+            assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), "が");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn document_replacement_cannot_reuse_the_previous_documents_reset() {
+        let ctx = context();
+        let mut app = app();
+        let first = interrupt_with_selection(&mut app, &ctx);
+        let old_document = active_doc_id(&app);
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 400, "height": 200})).unwrap();
+        app.sync_views();
+        // The host runs this before handling input: a new active document ends the old edit in
+        // its own document, so the next canvas click starts an editor for the new one.
+        end_if_left(&mut app);
+        assert!(app.ui.text_edit.is_none(), "the new document starts without the previous edit target");
+        app.ui.tool = crate::state::Tool::Type;
+        pointer_up(&mut app, [50.0, 100.0], [50.0, 100.0]);
+        insert(&mut app, "new");
+        assert_ne!(active_doc_id(&app), old_document);
+        let before = layer_text(&app);
+        let changed = run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![completed(first), preedit("bad")]).expect("new document output");
+        let second = changed.reset_request.expect("new document reset");
+        assert_ne!(first, second);
+        assert_eq!(layer_text(&app), before);
+        run(&mut app, &ctx, vec![completed(second), preedit("が")]);
+        assert!(layer_text(&app).contains("が"));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/type_tool_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/type_tool_tests.rs
index 526db1c617..cf0aeb4970 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/type_tool_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/type_tool_tests.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use photocraft_doc::{LayerContent, LayerId, TextLayer};
 use photocraft_geom::{Affine, Point};
 use serde_json::json;
 
-use super::{layout, text_layer};
+use super::{PathClick, layout, path_target, text_layer};
 use crate::PhotocraftApp;
 use crate::canvas::ViewXform;
 
@@ -32,9 +32,10 @@ fn focused_font_search_does_not_type_into_the_canvas_layer() {
     });
     let mut h = Harness::builder().build_ui_state(
         |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
-            let search_id = egui::Id::new("font-search-regression");
+            let search_id = egui::Id::unique("font-search-regression");
             let mut query = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<String>(search_id)).unwrap_or_default();
-            ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut query).id(search_id)).request_focus();
+            // Match the production font-search field: its hint is the field's accessible name.
+            ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut query).id(search_id).hint_text("Search fonts")).request_focus();
             ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(search_id, query));
             super::handle_keys(app, ui.ctx());
         },
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ fn focused_font_search_does_not_type_into_the_canvas_layer() {
     h.run_steps(2);
     h.event(egui::Event::Text("Ins".into()));
     h.run();
-    assert_eq!(h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<String>(egui::Id::new("font-search-regression"))).as_deref(), Some("Ins"));
+    assert_eq!(h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<String>(egui::Id::unique("font-search-regression"))).as_deref(), Some("Ins"));
     assert_eq!(super::current_text(h.state_mut(), LayerId(id)).as_deref(), Some("Sample"));
 }
 
@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ fn numeric_type_fields_have_localized_accessible_names() {
     );
     PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, Default::default());
     h.run_steps(4);
-    h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton, "Tamanho da fonte").click();
+    h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton, crate::i18n::tr(pt, "Font size")).click();
     h.run();
     h.key_press_modifiers(Modifiers::COMMAND, egui::Key::A);
     h.event(egui::Event::Text("36".into()));
@@ -74,6 +75,240 @@ fn numeric_type_fields_have_localized_accessible_names() {
     assert_eq!(*h.state(), 36.0);
 }
 
+/// #5556: the dedicated panels remain usable before there is any type layer, including
+/// before opening a document. Properties still belongs to the selected layer.
+#[test]
+fn type_panels_show_default_controls_without_a_type_target() {
+    for app in [PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default()), new_app()] {
+        let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(760.0, 800.0)).build_ui_state(
+            |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
+                if !ui.ctx().fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
+                    return;
+                }
+                ui.columns(2, |columns| {
+                    super::character_panel(app, &mut columns[0], false);
+                    super::character_panel(app, &mut columns[1], true);
+                });
+            },
+            app,
+        );
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, Default::default());
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        h.get_by_label("Faux Bold");
+        h.get_by_label("Fractions");
+        h.get_by_label("Center text");
+        h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton, "Font size");
+    }
+}
+
+mod panel_defaults {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::state::{Tool, ToolOptions};
+    use egui::accesskit::{Role, Toggled};
+    use egui_kittest::kittest::NodeT;
+    use photocraft_doc::text::{Caps, Kerning, Orientation, TextAlign, TextShape};
+
+    fn panels(app: PhotocraftApp) -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
+        // Wait for the font scan: while it runs the panels repaint every 100 ms and `Harness::run` gives up.
+        let _ = photocraft_text::shared();
+        let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(760.0, 800.0)).build_ui_state(
+            |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
+                if ui.ctx().fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
+                    ui.columns(2, |columns| {
+                        super::super::character_panel(app, &mut columns[0], false);
+                        super::super::character_panel(app, &mut columns[1], true);
+                    });
+                }
+            },
+            app,
+        );
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, Default::default());
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        h
+    }
+
+    fn number(h: &mut Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, label: &str, value: &str) {
+        h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::SpinButton, label).click();
+        h.run();
+        h.key_press_modifiers(Modifiers::COMMAND, egui::Key::A);
+        h.event(egui::Event::Text(value.into()));
+        h.key_press(egui::Key::Enter);
+        h.run();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn panel_defaults_are_editable_and_reach_every_type_tool() {
+        let mut h = panels(new_app());
+        let revision = h.state().session.active().unwrap().revision;
+        let layers = h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.walk().len();
+        number(&mut h, "Font size", "36");
+        number(&mut h, "Tracking (1/1000 em)", "80");
+        number(&mut h, "Leading (set to the font size × auto-leading when Auto)", "44");
+        number(&mut h, "Indent left margin", "9");
+        for label in ["Faux Bold", "Fractions", "Standard Ligatures", "Discretionary Ligatures", "Center text"] {
+            h.get_by_label(label).click();
+            h.run();
+        }
+        assert_eq!(h.get_by_label("Fractions").accesskit_node().toggled(), Some(Toggled::True));
+        assert_eq!(h.get_by_label("Standard Ligatures").accesskit_node().toggled(), Some(Toggled::False));
+        assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().revision, revision, "pre-styling does not create document history");
+        assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.walk().len(), layers);
+        let options = h.state().ui.tool_options.clone();
+        for tool in [Tool::Type, Tool::VerticalType, Tool::HorizontalTypeMask, Tool::VerticalTypeMask] {
+            for paragraph in [false, true] {
+                let mut app = new_app();
+                app.ui.tool_options = options.clone();
+                app.ui.tool = tool;
+                app.session.tools.foreground = [0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1.0];
+                let revision = app.session.active().unwrap().revision;
+                super::super::pointer_up(&mut app, [100.0, 100.0], if paragraph { [500.0, 400.0] } else { [100.0, 100.0] });
+                let id = LayerId(app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().unwrap().layer);
+                let t = text(&app, id);
+                let c = &t.char_runs()[0].style;
+                let p = &t.paragraph_runs()[0].style;
+                assert_eq!(c.size_pt, 36.0);
+                assert_eq!(c.tracking, 80.0);
+                assert_eq!(c.leading_pt, Some(44.0));
+                assert!(c.faux_bold && c.discretionary_ligatures && !c.ligatures);
+                assert!(photocraft_engine::type_extra_cmds::feature_on(c, "frac"));
+                assert_eq!(c.color.to_rgba8(), [51, 102, 153, 255]);
+                assert_eq!(p.align, TextAlign::Center);
+                assert_eq!(p.start_indent_pt, 9.0);
+                assert_eq!(t.orientation, if tool.is_vertical_type() { Orientation::Vertical } else { Orientation::Horizontal });
+                assert_eq!(matches!(t.shape, TextShape::Box { .. }), paragraph);
+                assert_eq!(app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().unwrap().mask, tool.is_type_mask());
+                assert!(app.session.active().unwrap().revision > revision);
+                super::super::cancel(&mut app);
+                assert!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).is_none(), "creating and formatting is one undoable edit");
+                assert_eq!(app.ui.tool_options, options, "cancelling text does not discard the chosen defaults");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn extended_defaults_merge_serialize_and_reset_without_replacing_legacy_options() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        super::super::apply(
+            &mut app,
+            &ctx,
+            json!({
+                "fontStyle": "Bold", "size": 32, "kerning": 25, "caps": "smallCaps",
+                "baselineShift": 3, "horizontalScale": 90, "verticalScale": 110,
+                "underline": true, "strikethrough": true, "fauxItalic": true,
+                "firstLineIndent": 5, "endIndent": 7, "spaceBefore": 11, "spaceAfter": 13,
+                "features": {"swsh": 1}, "variations": {"wght": 650, "wdth": 90}
+            }),
+        );
+        super::super::apply(&mut app, &ctx, json!({"features": {"frac": 1}, "variations": {"slnt": -8}}));
+        let (c, p) = super::super::default_styles(&app);
+        assert_eq!((c.size_pt, c.kern, c.kerning, c.caps), (32.0, 25.0, Kerning::Off, Caps::SmallCaps));
+        assert_eq!((c.baseline_shift_pt, c.horizontal_scale, c.vertical_scale), (3.0, 0.9, 1.1));
+        assert!(c.underline && c.strikethrough && c.faux_italic);
+        assert_eq!((p.first_line_indent_pt, p.end_indent_pt, p.space_before_pt, p.space_after_pt), (5.0, 7.0, 11.0, 13.0));
+        assert_eq!(c.features.iter().map(|f| f.tag.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["frac", "swsh"]);
+        assert_eq!(c.variations.iter().map(|v| (v.axis.as_str(), v.value)).collect::<Vec<_>>(), [("slnt", -8.0), ("wdth", 90.0), ("wght", 650.0)]);
+        // A named style replaces wght; it must not come back when a later layer is created.
+        super::super::apply(&mut app, &ctx, json!({"fontStyle": "Regular"}));
+        let (c, _) = super::super::default_styles(&app);
+        assert!(!c.variations.iter().any(|v| v.axis == "wght"));
+        assert_eq!(c.variations.len(), 2);
+        let saved = serde_json::to_value(&app.ui.tool_options).unwrap();
+        let restored: ToolOptions = serde_json::from_value(saved.clone()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(restored, app.ui.tool_options);
+        crate::tool_memory::persist(&mut app, &ctx);
+        let remembered = app.session.prefs().tool_options.clone();
+        let mut restarted = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        restarted.session.prefs.edit(|p| p.tool_options = remembered);
+        crate::tool_memory::restore(&mut restarted);
+        assert_eq!(restarted.ui.tool_options, restored, "the real preference restore path retains panel defaults");
+        let mut legacy = saved;
+        legacy.as_object_mut().unwrap().remove("type_style_defaults");
+        let legacy: ToolOptions = serde_json::from_value(legacy).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((legacy.type_font.as_str(), legacy.type_style.as_str(), legacy.type_size), ("Inter", "Regular", 32.0));
+        assert!(legacy.type_style_defaults.is_empty());
+        for tool in [Tool::Type, Tool::VerticalType, Tool::HorizontalTypeMask, Tool::VerticalTypeMask] {
+            let mut reset = restored.clone();
+            crate::tool_reset::reset_options(&mut reset, tool);
+            assert!(reset.type_style_defaults.is_empty());
+            assert_eq!(reset.type_size, ToolOptions::default().type_size);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn selected_text_edits_leave_panel_defaults_and_other_characters_untouched() {
+        let mut app = new_app();
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        super::super::apply(&mut app, &ctx, json!({"tracking": 80, "fauxBold": true}));
+        let defaults = app.ui.tool_options.type_style_defaults.clone();
+        let id = LayerId(app.run("type.create", json!({"text": "AéBC", "size": 24})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap());
+        app.ui.text_edit = Some(crate::state::TextEdit {
+            layer: id.0,
+            document: None,
+            caret: 2,
+            anchor: 1,
+            session: "panel-default-selection".into(),
+            created: false,
+            mask: false,
+            dragging: false,
+            resize: None,
+            preedit: None,
+        });
+        super::super::apply(&mut app, &ctx, json!({"tracking": 15}));
+        super::super::toggle_opentype(&mut app, "type.openType.fractions", false);
+        let runs = text(&app, id).char_runs();
+        assert_eq!(runs.iter().map(|r| (r.len, r.style.tracking)).collect::<Vec<_>>(), [(1, 0.0), (2, 15.0), (2, 0.0)]);
+        assert!(photocraft_engine::type_extra_cmds::feature_on(&runs[1].style, "frac"));
+        assert!(!photocraft_engine::type_extra_cmds::feature_on(&runs[0].style, "frac"));
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.tool_options.type_style_defaults, defaults);
+        app.run("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(text(&app, id).char_runs().len(), 1, "selection edits keep their typing-session coalescing");
+        assert_eq!(text(&app, id).char_runs()[0].style.tracking, 0.0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn default_text_color_uses_foreground_and_cancel_preserves_it() {
+        let mut app = new_app();
+        let before = app.session.tools.foreground;
+        let revision = app.session.active().unwrap().revision;
+        let dialog = super::super::open_color_picker(&mut app, [0.0; 3]);
+        app.ui.dialogs.last_mut().unwrap().fields.insert("color".into(), json!("#ff8800"));
+        crate::dialogs::cancel(&mut app, dialog).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(app.session.tools.foreground, before);
+        let dialog = super::super::open_color_picker(&mut app, [0.0; 3]);
+        app.ui.dialogs.last_mut().unwrap().fields.insert("color".into(), json!("#336699"));
+        crate::dialogs::confirm(&mut app, dialog).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(super::super::default_styles(&app).0.color.to_rgba8(), [51, 102, 153, 255]);
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().revision, revision);
+        super::super::pointer_up(&mut app, [100.0, 100.0], [100.0, 100.0]);
+        let id = LayerId(app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().unwrap().layer);
+        assert_eq!(text(&app, id).char_runs()[0].style.color.to_rgba8(), [51, 102, 153, 255]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn unknown_saved_defaults_cannot_become_creation_parameters() {
+        let mut app = new_app();
+        app.ui.tool_options.type_style_defaults =
+            json!({"tracking": 20, "text": "Injected", "box": [0, 0, 2, 2], "coalesce": "unrelated"}).as_object().unwrap().clone();
+        let p = super::super::default_style_params(&app);
+        assert_eq!(p["tracking"], 20);
+        assert!(p.get("text").is_none() && p.get("box").is_none() && p.get("coalesce").is_none());
+        app.ui.tool_options.type_style_defaults = json!({
+            "tracking": 1e300, "leading": 1e300, "spaceAfter": 1e300,
+            "variations": {"wght": 1e300}, "features": {"frac": {"bad": 1}}, "fauxBold": true
+        })
+        .as_object()
+        .unwrap()
+        .clone();
+        let p = super::super::default_style_params(&app);
+        for key in ["tracking", "leading", "spaceAfter", "variations", "features"] {
+            assert!(p.get(key).is_none(), "hostile {key} is ignored");
+        }
+        let (c, para) = super::super::default_styles(&app);
+        assert!(c.faux_bold && c.leading_pt.is_none() && c.tracking == 0.0 && para.space_after_pt == 0.0);
+    }
+}
+
 fn harness(ppp: f32, app: PhotocraftApp) -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
     make_harness(ppp, app, false)
 }
@@ -455,6 +690,110 @@ fn size_drag_is_live_and_one_history_step_per_drag() {
     assert_eq!(size_at(h.state(), id, 0), 20.0);
 }
 
+fn options_harness(app: PhotocraftApp) -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
+    let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(900.0, 60.0)).build_ui_state(
+        |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
+            ui.horizontal(|ui| super::options_bar(app, ui));
+        },
+        app,
+    );
+    PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::ALL[0]);
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    h
+}
+
+/// Drags the options bar's "T" icon `dx` points to the right with `mods` held.
+fn scrub_size_icon(h: &mut Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, dx: f32, mods: Modifiers) {
+    let icon = h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::Label, "Font size").rect().center();
+    h.hover_at(icon);
+    h.run_steps(1);
+    press(h, icon, true);
+    for k in 1..=5 {
+        h.event(egui::Event::ModifiersChanged(mods));
+        h.hover_at(icon + vec2(dx * k as f32 / 5.0, 0.0));
+        h.run_steps(1);
+    }
+    press(h, icon + vec2(dx, 0.0), false);
+    h.event(egui::Event::ModifiersChanged(Modifiers::NONE));
+    h.run_steps(2);
+}
+
+fn history_len(h: &Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>) -> usize {
+    h.state().session.active().unwrap().history.entries().len()
+}
+
+/// Photoshop's options bar "T" icon is a scrubby slider for the size beside it, like the
+/// Character panel's icons (#6437): a point per point dragged, the whole drag one undo step.
+#[test]
+fn options_bar_t_icon_scrubs_the_size_in_one_history_step() {
+    let mut app = new_app();
+    let id = LayerId(app.run("type.create", json!({"text": "Hello", "size": 20, "x": 300, "y": 420})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap());
+    let mut h = options_harness(app);
+    let steps = history_len(&h);
+    scrub_size_icon(&mut h, 30.0, Modifiers::NONE);
+    assert_eq!(size_at(h.state(), id, 0), 50.0, "30 points to the right: 20 pt → 50 pt");
+    assert_eq!(history_len(&h), steps + 1, "one history step for the whole drag");
+    assert!(h.state_mut().session.undo());
+    assert_eq!(size_at(h.state(), id, 0), 20.0);
+}
+
+/// While editing with characters selected, scrubbing the "T" icon sizes only the selection.
+#[test]
+fn options_bar_t_icon_scrubs_the_selected_characters_only() {
+    let mut app = new_app();
+    let id = LayerId(app.run("type.create", json!({"text": "Hello world", "size": 20, "x": 300, "y": 420})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap());
+    app.ui.text_edit = Some(crate::state::TextEdit {
+        layer: id.0,
+        caret: 11,
+        anchor: 6,
+        session: "s".into(),
+        created: false,
+        mask: false,
+        dragging: false,
+        resize: None,
+        preedit: None,
+        document: None,
+    });
+    let mut h = options_harness(app);
+    scrub_size_icon(&mut h, -8.0, Modifiers::NONE);
+    let sizes = [0, 5, 6, 10].map(|ci| size_at(h.state(), id, ci));
+    assert_eq!(sizes, [20.0, 20.0, 12.0, 12.0], "\"world\" goes 20 pt → 12 pt, \"Hello \" stays");
+}
+
+/// Scrubbing the "T" icon stops at the size field's limits: 1 pt and 1296 pt.
+#[test]
+fn options_bar_t_icon_scrub_stops_at_the_size_limits() {
+    let mut app = new_app();
+    let id = LayerId(app.run("type.create", json!({"text": "Hello", "size": 20, "x": 300, "y": 420})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap());
+    let mut h = options_harness(app);
+    scrub_size_icon(&mut h, -60.0, Modifiers::NONE);
+    assert_eq!(size_at(h.state(), id, 0), 1.0, "60 points left of 20 pt stops at the minimum");
+    scrub_size_icon(&mut h, 200.0, Modifiers::SHIFT);
+    assert_eq!(size_at(h.state(), id, 0), 1296.0, "Shift (10 pt per point) past the top stops at the maximum");
+}
+
+/// Rests the pointer on the widget named `label` past the tooltip delay; true when its tooltip
+/// (a second node with the same name) shows.
+fn tooltip_shows(h: &mut Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, role: egui::accesskit::Role, label: &str) -> bool {
+    let at = h.get_by_role_and_label(role, label).rect().center();
+    h.hover_at(at);
+    h.run_steps(8);
+    h.query_all_by_label(label).count() == 2
+}
+
+/// The scrubby "T" icon keeps its "Font size" tooltip: the size field's drag area, laid over the
+/// icon after it, must not take its hover.
+#[test]
+fn options_bar_t_icon_shows_its_tooltip() {
+    let mut app = new_app();
+    app.run("type.create", json!({"text": "Hello", "size": 20, "x": 300, "y": 420})).unwrap();
+    let mut h = options_harness(app);
+    assert!(tooltip_shows(&mut h, egui::accesskit::Role::Button, "Set the text color"), "the probe sees an ordinary tooltip");
+    h.hover_at(egui::pos2(890.0, 55.0));
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    assert!(tooltip_shows(&mut h, egui::accesskit::Role::Label, "Font size"), "hovering the \"T\" icon shows \"Font size\"");
+}
+
 /// A point inside glyph `i` of vertical type: `f` of the way down its advance, right of the
 /// column's centre line.
 fn vglyph(h: &mut Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, id: LayerId, i: usize, f: f32) -> Pos2 {
@@ -631,6 +970,33 @@ fn tab_while_typing_inserts_a_tab() {
     assert_eq!(h.state().ui.panels.dock, panels, "the panels stay as they were");
 }
 
+/// #8889: separate Tab presses must keep inserting text with the menu bar and panels present.
+#[test]
+fn repeated_tabs_while_typing_keep_keyboard_focus_on_the_canvas() {
+    let mut app = new_app();
+    let id = LayerId(app.run("type.create", json!({"text": "HOHO", "size": 60, "x": 300, "y": 420})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap());
+    let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(1280.0, 800.0)).with_max_steps(32).build_eframe(move |cc| {
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&cc.egui_ctx, Default::default());
+        app
+    });
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    let p = glyph(&mut h, id, 1, 0.2);
+    click(&mut h, p);
+    assert_eq!(selection(&h), (1, 1));
+    let panels = h.state().ui.panels.dock;
+    for (expected, caret) in [("H\tOHO", 2), ("H\t\tOHO", 3), ("H\t\t\tOHO", 4)] {
+        h.key_press(egui::Key::Tab);
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        assert_eq!(text(h.state(), id).text, expected);
+        assert_eq!(selection(&h), (caret, caret));
+        assert!(h.state().ui.text_edit.is_some(), "still editing");
+        assert_eq!(h.state().ui.panels.dock, panels, "the panels stay as they were");
+    }
+    h.event(egui::Event::Text("typed".into()));
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    assert_eq!(text(h.state(), id).text, "H\t\t\ttypedOHO");
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn text_color_dialog_edits_only_the_selected_range_and_cancel_is_inert() {
     let mut app = new_app();
@@ -1220,18 +1586,23 @@ fn temporary_type_transform_preserves_paragraph_resize_pivot_ime_and_shortcuts()
     h.key_press_modifiers(Modifiers::COMMAND, egui::Key::A);
     h.run_steps(2);
     assert_eq!(selection(&h), (0, after.text.chars().count()));
-    h.event(egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Preedit { text: "候補".into(), active_range_chars: None }));
-    h.run_steps(2);
     let f = crate::type_transform::frame(h.state_mut()).unwrap();
     let a = f.quad[2];
     tool_event(h.state_mut(), ToolEvent::Down { x: a[0], y: a[1], pressure: 1.0 }, type_command());
     tool_event(h.state_mut(), ToolEvent::Up { x: a[0] + 20.0, y: a[1] + 10.0 }, type_command());
+    // Complete the application edit before starting this composition: a completed transform
+    // changes the document revision and must cancel an older composition through the reset guard.
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    h.event(egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Preedit { text: "候補".into(), active_range_chars: None }));
+    h.run_steps(2);
     assert_eq!(h.state().ui.text_edit.as_ref().unwrap().preedit, Some((0, 2)));
     let f = crate::type_transform::frame(h.state_mut()).unwrap();
     let a = f.quad[2];
     tool_event(h.state_mut(), ToolEvent::Down { x: a[0], y: a[1], pressure: 1.0 }, type_command());
     tool_event(h.state_mut(), ToolEvent::Move { x: a[0] + 15.0, y: a[1] + 10.0, pressure: 1.0 }, type_command());
     let composed_transform = crate::type_transform::current_transform(h.state(), id).unwrap();
+    // A pending transform has not changed the revision yet. Keep the real raw-input route so
+    // the accepted commit must finish that transform before replacing its current preedit.
     h.event(egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Commit("確定".into())));
     h.run_steps(2);
     assert_eq!(text(h.state(), id).text, "確定");
@@ -1513,6 +1884,7 @@ fn the_font_menu_lists_served_families() {
 mod multi_layer_formatting {
     use super::*;
     use egui::accesskit::Role;
+    use egui_kittest::kittest::NodeT;
     use photocraft_doc::text::{AntiAlias, CharStyle, Orientation, TextAlign};
 
     fn selected(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ids: &[LayerId]) {
@@ -1548,7 +1920,10 @@ mod multi_layer_formatting {
     }
 
     fn controls(app: PhotocraftApp, properties: bool) -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
-        let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(1100.0, 800.0)).build_ui_state(
+        // The lazily populated font popup introduces widgets in successive passes. egui 0.37
+        // styles each new widget on its following pass; keep a bounded settle assertion while
+        // allowing those additional passes (the loaded menu requires six under parallel tests).
+        let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(1100.0, 800.0)).with_max_steps(8).build_ui_state(
             move |ui, app| {
                 if ui.ctx().fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
                     if properties {
@@ -1592,6 +1967,62 @@ mod multi_layer_formatting {
         });
     }
 
+    /// The Paragraph section's direction buttons set the selected layers' paragraph direction in
+    /// one undo step, show the current one, and leave unselected layers and the tool's default for
+    /// new type alone (TYPE-218-2).
+    #[test]
+    fn paragraph_direction_buttons_set_and_show_the_direction() {
+        use egui::accesskit::Toggled;
+        use egui_kittest::kittest::NodeT;
+        use photocraft_doc::text::TextDirection;
+        let (app, ids) = fixture();
+        let dir = |app: &PhotocraftApp, id: LayerId| text(app, id).paragraph_runs()[0].style.direction;
+        let shown = |h: &Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, label: &str| h.get_by_label(label).accesskit_node().toggled();
+        let mut h = controls(app, true);
+        assert_eq!(shown(&h, "Automatic paragraph direction"), Some(Toggled::True), "new type follows its text");
+        assert_eq!(shown(&h, "Right-to-left paragraph direction"), Some(Toggled::False));
+        let steps = h.state().session.active().unwrap().history.entries().len();
+        h.get_by_label("Right-to-left paragraph direction").click();
+        h.run();
+        for id in &ids[..2] {
+            assert_eq!(dir(h.state(), *id), TextDirection::Rtl, "selected layers get the direction");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(dir(h.state(), ids[2]), TextDirection::Auto, "an unselected layer is untouched");
+        assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().history.entries().len(), steps + 1, "one undo step");
+        assert_eq!(h.state().ui.tool_options.type_direction, "auto", "the panel edits layers, not new type");
+        h.run();
+        assert_eq!(shown(&h, "Right-to-left paragraph direction"), Some(Toggled::True), "the button shows it");
+        assert_eq!(shown(&h, "Automatic paragraph direction"), Some(Toggled::False));
+        h.get_by_label("Left-to-right paragraph direction").click();
+        h.run();
+        assert_eq!(dir(h.state(), ids[0]), TextDirection::Ltr);
+        assert!(h.state_mut().session.undo());
+        assert!(h.state_mut().session.undo());
+        for id in &ids[..2] {
+            assert_eq!(dir(h.state(), *id), TextDirection::Auto, "undo restores it");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The options bar's direction buttons set the selected layers' direction and the one new
+    /// type starts with, as its alignment buttons do (TYPE-218-2).
+    #[test]
+    fn options_bar_direction_sets_selected_layers_and_new_type() {
+        use photocraft_doc::text::TextDirection;
+        let (app, ids) = fixture();
+        let mut h = controls(app, false);
+        h.get_by_label("Right-to-left paragraph direction").click();
+        h.run();
+        assert_eq!(h.state().ui.tool_options.type_direction, "rtl");
+        for id in &ids[..2] {
+            assert_eq!(text(h.state(), *id).paragraph_runs()[0].style.direction, TextDirection::Rtl);
+        }
+        assert_eq!(text(h.state(), ids[2]).paragraph_runs()[0].style.direction, TextDirection::Auto);
+        super::super::pointer_up(h.state_mut(), [40.0, 60.0], [40.0, 60.0]);
+        let id = h.state().session.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        assert!(!ids.contains(&id), "a new type layer");
+        assert_eq!(text(h.state(), id).paragraph_runs()[0].style.direction, TextDirection::Rtl, "new type starts right to left");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn options_font_family_preserves_peer_faces_and_batches_layer_flags() {
         let (app, ids) = fixture();
@@ -1658,8 +2089,9 @@ mod multi_layer_formatting {
         PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, Default::default());
         h.run_steps(4);
         h.get_all_by_role(Role::ComboBox).next().unwrap().click();
-        h.run();
-        h.run();
+        // The font menu's search caret repaints every pass; step a bounded number of times.
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        h.run_steps(2);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1879,7 +2311,8 @@ mod multi_layer_formatting {
             );
             PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, Default::default());
             h.run_steps(4);
-            assert!(h.query_by_label("Bend").is_some(), "the actual Warp form is visible");
+            h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton, "Bend");
+            assert!(h.query_all_by_label("Bend").count() >= 1, "the actual Warp form is visible");
             for label in ["Layer", "Layers", "Range", "Coalesce"] {
                 assert!(h.query_by_label(label).is_none(), "target metadata must not become a form field: {label}");
             }
@@ -1934,6 +2367,28 @@ mod multi_layer_formatting {
             assert_eq!(style(h.state(), id, 0), expected);
         }
     }
+
+    /// #5911: the options bar's Create warped text button opens Warp Text for the selected type
+    /// layers, as Type › Warp Text… does; with no type layer to warp it is greyed.
+    #[test]
+    fn options_bar_warp_button_warps_the_selected_type_layers() {
+        let (app, ids) = fixture();
+        let mut h = controls(app, false);
+        h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::Button, "Create warped text").click();
+        h.run();
+        let dialog = h.state().ui.dialogs.last().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(dialog.fields.get("__command").and_then(|c| c.as_str()), Some("type.warpText"));
+        let dialog = dialog.id;
+        h.state_mut().ui.dialog_mut(dialog).unwrap().fields.insert("style".into(), json!("arc"));
+        crate::dialogs::confirm(h.state_mut(), dialog).unwrap();
+        for id in &ids[..2] {
+            assert!(text(h.state(), *id).warp.is_some(), "a selected layer is warped");
+        }
+        assert!(text(h.state(), ids[2]).warp.is_none(), "an unselected layer is left alone");
+        h.state_mut().run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        h.run();
+        assert!(h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::Button, "Create warped text").accesskit_node().is_disabled());
+    }
 }
 
 /// #1132: with the Move tool, double-clicking type on the canvas edits it (Photoshop CC 2019+):
@@ -2371,3 +2826,383 @@ fn justify_buttons_are_greyed_on_point_text() {
     h.run_steps(4);
     assert!(h.get_by_label("Justify all").accesskit_node().is_disabled(), "one of the formatted layers is point text");
 }
+
+fn ellipse_layer(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> u64 {
+    app.run("shape.create", json!({"kind": "ellipse", "rect": [200, 200, 400, 300], "fill": "#dddddd"})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap()
+}
+
+fn click_at(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, x: f64, y: f64) {
+    use crate::canvas::{ToolEvent, tool_event};
+    tool_event(app, ToolEvent::Down { x, y, pressure: 1.0 }, Modifiers::NONE);
+    tool_event(app, ToolEvent::Up { x, y }, Modifiers::NONE);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn clicking_inside_a_shape_starts_area_type_in_one_step() {
+    use photocraft_doc::text::TextShape;
+    let mut app = new_app();
+    let shape = ellipse_layer(&mut app);
+    assert!(matches!(path_target(&app, 400.0, 350.0), Some(PathClick::Area { shape: Some(s) }) if s == shape));
+    let before = app.session.active().unwrap().history.entries().len();
+    click_at(&mut app, 400.0, 350.0);
+    let id = LayerId(app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().expect("editing").layer);
+    let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+    assert!(matches!(text_layer(&st.doc, id).unwrap().shape, TextShape::Area { .. }));
+    assert_eq!(st.history.entries().len(), before + 1, "create + fill is one step");
+    super::commit(&mut app);
+    app.run("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id).is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn clicking_on_a_path_outline_starts_type_on_the_path_where_clicked() {
+    use photocraft_doc::text::TextShape;
+    let mut app = new_app();
+    ellipse_layer(&mut app);
+    // The ellipse's bottom point (400, 500); its perimeter is about 1105 px.
+    let Some(PathClick::OnPath { start, .. }) = path_target(&app, 400.0, 500.0) else { panic!("on the outline") };
+    assert!((0.0..1110.0).contains(&start), "{start}");
+    // A point a quarter of the way further round is about 276 px further along (mod the perimeter).
+    let Some(PathClick::OnPath { start: right, .. }) = path_target(&app, 600.0, 350.0) else { panic!("on the outline") };
+    let d = (right - start).rem_euclid(1105.0);
+    assert!((d - 276.0).abs() < 15.0 || (d - 829.0).abs() < 15.0, "{start} → {right}");
+    let before = app.session.active().unwrap().history.entries().len();
+    click_at(&mut app, 400.0, 500.0);
+    let id = LayerId(app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().unwrap().layer);
+    assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().history.entries().len(), before + 1, "create + attach is one step");
+    assert!(
+        matches!(text_layer(&app.session.active().unwrap().doc, id).unwrap().shape, TextShape::Path { start: s, .. } if (f64::from(s) - start).abs() < 0.01)
+    );
+}
+
+/// The path pointer shows what the release would do: kept while a press on a path is held or
+/// barely moves (the release still makes path type there), none once a text box is dragged out
+/// over a path (the release makes a box) or while a type edit is open (a click commits).
+#[test]
+fn the_path_pointer_is_off_while_dragging_a_text_box_or_editing() {
+    use crate::canvas::{ToolEvent, tool_event};
+    let mut app = new_app();
+    ellipse_layer(&mut app);
+    assert!(matches!(super::hover_path_target(&mut app, 400.0, 350.0, false), Some(PathClick::Area { .. })), "a hover inside the shape");
+    // Press and hold on the shape, then a flat drag: still a click on release.
+    tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 400.0, y: 350.0, pressure: 1.0 }, Modifiers::NONE);
+    assert!(app.drag.is_some(), "the press starts a drag");
+    assert!(matches!(super::hover_path_target(&mut app, 400.0, 350.0, false), Some(PathClick::Area { .. })), "press and hold");
+    tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Move { x: 1200.0, y: 351.0, pressure: 1.0 }, Modifiers::NONE);
+    assert!(matches!(super::hover_path_target(&mut app, 1200.0, 351.0, false), Some(PathClick::Area { .. })), "a flat drag");
+    tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 1200.0, y: 351.0 }, Modifiers::NONE);
+    let id = LayerId(app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().expect("editing").layer);
+    assert!(
+        matches!(text_layer(&app.session.active().unwrap().doc, id).unwrap().shape, photocraft_doc::text::TextShape::Area { .. }),
+        "the release made area type"
+    );
+    let mut app = new_app();
+    ellipse_layer(&mut app);
+    tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 300.0, y: 300.0, pressure: 1.0 }, Modifiers::NONE);
+    tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Move { x: 400.0, y: 350.0, pressure: 1.0 }, Modifiers::NONE);
+    assert!(app.drag.is_some(), "dragging out a box from inside the shape");
+    assert!(super::hover_path_target(&mut app, 400.0, 350.0, false).is_none(), "the drag makes a box, not area type");
+    tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 400.0, y: 350.0 }, Modifiers::NONE);
+    assert!(app.ui.text_edit.is_some(), "the box is being edited");
+    assert!(super::hover_path_target(&mut app, 400.0, 350.0, false).is_none(), "a click now commits");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn click_outside_paths_still_makes_point_text() {
+    use photocraft_doc::text::TextShape;
+    let mut app = new_app();
+    ellipse_layer(&mut app);
+    assert!(path_target(&app, 1200.0, 700.0).is_none());
+    click_at(&mut app, 1200.0, 700.0);
+    let id = LayerId(app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().unwrap().layer);
+    assert_eq!(text_layer(&app.session.active().unwrap().doc, id).unwrap().shape, TextShape::Point);
+    // A drag inside the shape still makes a text box, as in Photoshop.
+    let mut app = new_app();
+    ellipse_layer(&mut app);
+    use crate::canvas::{ToolEvent, tool_event};
+    tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 300.0, y: 300.0, pressure: 1.0 }, Modifiers::NONE);
+    tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Move { x: 450.0, y: 400.0, pressure: 1.0 }, Modifiers::NONE);
+    tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 450.0, y: 400.0 }, Modifiers::NONE);
+    let id = LayerId(app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().unwrap().layer);
+    assert!(matches!(text_layer(&app.session.active().unwrap().doc, id).unwrap().shape, TextShape::Box { .. }));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn type_mask_tools_ignore_paths() {
+    let mut app = new_app();
+    ellipse_layer(&mut app);
+    app.ui.tool = crate::state::Tool::HorizontalTypeMask;
+    click_at(&mut app, 400.0, 350.0);
+    let id = LayerId(app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().unwrap().layer);
+    assert_eq!(text_layer(&app.session.active().unwrap().doc, id).unwrap().shape, photocraft_doc::text::TextShape::Point);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_one_anchor_work_path_is_not_a_path_target() {
+    // `type.attachToPath` needs a segment, so the pointer must not promise type on this path.
+    let mut app = new_app();
+    std::sync::Arc::make_mut(&mut app.session.active_mut().unwrap().doc).work_path =
+        Some(photocraft_doc::Path::new(vec![photocraft_doc::Subpath::polyline(&[(500.0, 400.0)])]));
+    assert!(path_target(&app, 500.0, 400.0).is_none());
+    click_at(&mut app, 500.0, 400.0);
+    let id = LayerId(app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().unwrap().layer);
+    assert_eq!(text_layer(&app.session.active().unwrap().doc, id).unwrap().shape, photocraft_doc::text::TextShape::Point);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn over_existing_type_on_a_shape_the_pointer_is_the_plain_i_beam_and_a_click_edits_it() {
+    let mut app = new_app();
+    let text = app.run("type.create", json!({"text": "Hello", "x": 330, "y": 370, "size": 36})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap();
+    let shape = ellipse_layer(&mut app); // the shape layer is active, so its path is the target
+    let layers = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.walk().len();
+    let mut h = harness(1.0, app);
+    let on_text = glyph(&mut h, LayerId(text), 1, 0.5);
+    let [dx, dy] = xf(h.state()).to_doc(on_text);
+    assert!(matches!(path_target(h.state(), dx, dy), Some(PathClick::Area { shape: Some(s) }) if s == shape), "the text sits inside the shape");
+    h.hover_at(on_text);
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    assert_eq!(h.output().platform_output.cursor_icon, egui::CursorIcon::Text, "a click here edits the type, so the plain I-beam");
+    // Inside the shape but away from the type: the area-type pointer (drawn, not the OS I-beam).
+    let inside = xf(h.state()).to_screen(400.0, 250.0);
+    h.hover_at(inside);
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    assert_ne!(h.output().platform_output.cursor_icon, egui::CursorIcon::Text, "area-type pointer inside the shape");
+    click(&mut h, on_text);
+    let app = h.state();
+    assert_eq!(app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().expect("editing").layer, text, "the click edits the existing layer");
+    assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.walk().len(), layers, "no new layer");
+    assert_eq!(text_layer(&app.session.active().unwrap().doc, LayerId(text)).unwrap().shape, photocraft_doc::text::TextShape::Point);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn paths_with_too_many_anchors_are_not_hover_targets() {
+    // The hover hit-tests every segment each frame, so huge paths are skipped (click and pointer alike).
+    let ring = |n: usize| -> Vec<(f64, f64)> {
+        (0..n).map(|i| i as f64 / n as f64 * std::f64::consts::TAU).map(|a| (500.0 + 200.0 * a.cos(), 400.0 + 200.0 * a.sin())).collect()
+    };
+    let mut app = new_app();
+    std::sync::Arc::make_mut(&mut app.session.active_mut().unwrap().doc).work_path =
+        Some(photocraft_doc::Path::new(vec![photocraft_doc::Subpath::polygon(&ring(4000))]));
+    app.ui.selected_path = Some("work".into());
+    assert!(matches!(path_target(&app, 500.0, 400.0), Some(PathClick::Area { shape: None })));
+    std::sync::Arc::make_mut(&mut app.session.active_mut().unwrap().doc).work_path =
+        Some(photocraft_doc::Path::new(vec![photocraft_doc::Subpath::polygon(&ring(5000))]));
+    assert!(path_target(&app, 500.0, 400.0).is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn hidden_target_path_is_not_a_click_target() {
+    // View › Show › Target Path off hides the path, so a click there makes plain point text.
+    let mut app = new_app();
+    std::sync::Arc::make_mut(&mut app.session.active_mut().unwrap().doc).work_path =
+        Some(photocraft_doc::Path::new(vec![photocraft_doc::Subpath::polygon(&[(300.0, 300.0), (700.0, 300.0), (700.0, 500.0), (300.0, 500.0)])]));
+    app.ui.selected_path = Some("work".into());
+    assert!(matches!(path_target(&app, 500.0, 400.0), Some(PathClick::Area { shape: None })));
+    app.ui.view.show.target_path = false;
+    assert!(path_target(&app, 500.0, 400.0).is_none(), "Target Path off");
+    app.ui.view.show.target_path = true;
+    app.ui.view.extras = false;
+    assert!(path_target(&app, 500.0, 400.0).is_none(), "Extras off");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn an_unselected_work_path_is_not_an_area_target() {
+    // The canvas draws a Work Path only while it is selected in Paths (or a path tool is active,
+    // #6551). One left unselected, as after Ctrl-click Load as Selection, is invisible with the
+    // Type tool, so a click inside it is plain point text; its outline still takes type on a
+    // path, as before area type (#5180).
+    let mut app = new_app();
+    std::sync::Arc::make_mut(&mut app.session.active_mut().unwrap().doc).work_path =
+        Some(photocraft_doc::Path::new(vec![photocraft_doc::Subpath::polygon(&[(300.0, 300.0), (700.0, 300.0), (700.0, 500.0), (300.0, 500.0)])]));
+    app.ui.selected_path = None;
+    assert!(path_target(&app, 500.0, 400.0).is_none(), "inside a hidden work path");
+    assert!(matches!(path_target(&app, 500.0, 301.0), Some(PathClick::OnPath { shape: None, .. })));
+    click_at(&mut app, 500.0, 400.0);
+    let id = LayerId(app.ui.text_edit.as_ref().expect("editing").layer);
+    assert_eq!(text_layer(&app.session.active().unwrap().doc, id).unwrap().shape, photocraft_doc::text::TextShape::Point);
+    app.ui.selected_path = Some("work".into());
+    assert!(matches!(path_target(&app, 500.0, 400.0), Some(PathClick::Area { shape: None })));
+}
+
+/// Area type is paragraph text too: the justify buttons work on it (#7713 greys them on point text).
+#[test]
+fn justify_buttons_work_on_area_type() {
+    use egui_kittest::kittest::{NodeT, Queryable};
+    let mut app = new_app();
+    app.run("type.create", json!({"text": "one two three four five six", "size": 24, "x": 300, "y": 420})).unwrap();
+    std::sync::Arc::make_mut(&mut app.session.active_mut().unwrap().doc).work_path =
+        Some(photocraft_doc::Path::new(vec![photocraft_doc::Subpath::polygon(&[(300.0, 300.0), (600.0, 300.0), (600.0, 500.0), (300.0, 500.0)])]));
+    app.run("type.fillPath", json!({})).unwrap();
+    let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(320.0, 700.0)).build_ui_state(
+        |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
+            if ui.ctx().fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
+                crate::type_tool::character_panel(app, ui, true);
+            }
+        },
+        app,
+    );
+    PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::ALL[0]);
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    for tip in ["Justify last left", "Justify last centered", "Justify last right", "Justify all"] {
+        assert!(!h.get_by_label(tip).accesskit_node().is_disabled(), "{tip} on area type");
+    }
+}
+
+/// The paragraph box's document rect: its text-space origin through the layer transform, then
+/// width and height. Only what the symmetric-resize tests need (identity linear part).
+fn box_doc_rect(app: &PhotocraftApp, id: LayerId) -> [f64; 4] {
+    let t = text(app, id);
+    let (x, y, w, h) = match t.shape {
+        photocraft_doc::text::TextShape::Box { x, y, width, height } => (f64::from(x), f64::from(y), f64::from(width), f64::from(height)),
+        ref s => panic!("not a box: {s:?}"),
+    };
+    let p = t.transform.apply(Point::new(x, y));
+    [p.x, p.y, w, h]
+}
+
+/// ⌥ on an edge drag of a paragraph box mirrors the opposite edge about the box's centre, so
+/// the block grows symmetrically; without ⌥ the opposite edge stays put.
+#[test]
+fn alt_dragging_a_box_edge_mirrors_the_opposite_edge() {
+    use crate::canvas::{ToolEvent, tool_event};
+    let (mut app, id) = transform_app(true, false, Affine::translate(300.0, 300.0));
+    app.ui.extras.snap = false;
+    // The box is at (300, 300), 240×180: its bottom-edge handle is the midpoint (420, 480).
+    tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 420.0, y: 480.0, pressure: 1.0 }, Modifiers::NONE);
+    tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Move { x: 420.0, y: 530.0, pressure: 1.0 }, Modifiers::NONE);
+    tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 420.0, y: 530.0 }, Modifiers::NONE);
+    assert_eq!(box_doc_rect(&app, id), [300.0, 300.0, 240.0, 230.0], "plain drag: the top edge stays");
+    tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 420.0, y: 530.0, pressure: 1.0 }, Modifiers::ALT);
+    tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Move { x: 420.0, y: 580.0, pressure: 1.0 }, Modifiers::ALT);
+    tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 420.0, y: 580.0 }, Modifiers::ALT);
+    // The centre (300 + 115 = 415) held: the bottom followed the pointer (580), the top
+    // mirrored up to 250.
+    assert_eq!(box_doc_rect(&app, id), [300.0, 250.0, 240.0, 330.0]);
+}
+
+/// ⌥ pressed or released mid-drag applies as if it had been held from the start: the mirror
+/// turns about the centre the box had at the press, not about wherever the box drifted.
+#[test]
+fn alt_pressed_mid_drag_mirrors_about_the_press_centre() {
+    use crate::canvas::{ToolEvent, tool_event};
+    let (mut app, id) = transform_app(true, false, Affine::translate(300.0, 300.0));
+    app.ui.extras.snap = false;
+    // Bottom edge (420, 480) dragged down 80 px without ⌥: only the bottom moves.
+    tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 420.0, y: 480.0, pressure: 1.0 }, Modifiers::NONE);
+    tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Move { x: 420.0, y: 520.0, pressure: 1.0 }, Modifiers::NONE);
+    tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Move { x: 420.0, y: 560.0, pressure: 1.0 }, Modifiers::NONE);
+    assert_eq!(box_doc_rect(&app, id), [300.0, 300.0, 240.0, 260.0]);
+    // ⌥ pressed mid-drag: the bottom follows the pointer, the top jumps to the mirror about
+    // the press centre (390): 2*390 − 600 = 180 — not about the drifted one (430).
+    tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Move { x: 420.0, y: 600.0, pressure: 1.0 }, Modifiers::ALT);
+    assert_eq!(box_doc_rect(&app, id), [300.0, 180.0, 240.0, 420.0]);
+    // ⌥ released again mid-drag: the top snaps back to where a plain drag leaves it.
+    tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Move { x: 420.0, y: 600.0, pressure: 1.0 }, Modifiers::NONE);
+    assert_eq!(box_doc_rect(&app, id), [300.0, 300.0, 240.0, 300.0]);
+    tool_event(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 420.0, y: 600.0 }, Modifiers::NONE);
+}
+
+/// ⌥ mirrors a side-edge drag the same way, and a corner drag grows both axes about the
+/// centre; clamped, the ⌥ box stops at MIN_BOX about its centre instead of collapsing.
+#[test]
+fn alt_mirrors_side_and_corner_drags_and_clamps_at_the_minimum() {
+    use crate::canvas::{ToolEvent, tool_event};
+    let drag = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp, from: [f64; 2], to: [f64; 2], mods: Modifiers| {
+        tool_event(app, ToolEvent::Down { x: from[0], y: from[1], pressure: 1.0 }, mods);
+        tool_event(app, ToolEvent::Move { x: to[0], y: to[1], pressure: 1.0 }, mods);
+        tool_event(app, ToolEvent::Up { x: to[0], y: to[1] }, mods);
+    };
+    // Right-edge handle: (540, 390) for the box at (300, 300), 240×180.
+    let (mut app, id) = transform_app(true, false, Affine::translate(300.0, 300.0));
+    app.ui.extras.snap = false;
+    drag(&mut app, [540.0, 390.0], [590.0, 390.0], Modifiers::ALT);
+    // cx = 420 held: the right edge followed to 590, the left mirrored from 300 to 250.
+    assert_eq!(box_doc_rect(&app, id), [250.0, 300.0, 340.0, 180.0]);
+    // Clamped: dragging the right edge past the centre leaves the minimum box about it.
+    drag(&mut app, [590.0, 390.0], [400.0, 390.0], Modifiers::ALT);
+    let r = box_doc_rect(&app, id);
+    assert_eq!(r[2], 4.0, "MIN_BOX wide");
+    assert!(((r[0] + r[2] / 2.0) - 420.0).abs() < 1e-9, "still centred on 420");
+    // Corner handle (bottom-right of the fresh box): ⌥ grows both axes about the centre.
+    let (mut app, id) = transform_app(true, false, Affine::translate(300.0, 300.0));
+    app.ui.extras.snap = false;
+    drag(&mut app, [540.0, 480.0], [590.0, 530.0], Modifiers::ALT);
+    assert_eq!(box_doc_rect(&app, id), [250.0, 250.0, 340.0, 280.0]);
+}
+
+/// The options bar's alignment and direction buttons show the type layer's paragraph, as
+/// Photoshop's bar follows the text, and the tool defaults again without a type target.
+#[test]
+fn options_bar_alignment_follows_the_target_paragraph() {
+    use egui::accesskit::Toggled;
+    use egui_kittest::kittest::NodeT;
+    let mut app = new_app();
+    let id = app.run("type.create", json!({"text": "Middle", "size": 20, "x": 300, "y": 420})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap();
+    app.run("type.setStyle", json!({"layer": id, "align": "center", "direction": "rtl"})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(app.ui.tool_options.type_align, "left", "the tool default stays Left");
+    let mut h = options_harness(app);
+    let on = |h: &Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, label: &str| h.get_by_label(label).accesskit_node().toggled() == Some(Toggled::True);
+    assert!(on(&h, "Center text") && !on(&h, "Left align text"), "the layer's centred paragraph");
+    assert!(on(&h, "Right-to-left paragraph direction") && !on(&h, "Automatic paragraph direction"));
+    h.state_mut().run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    assert!(on(&h, "Left align text") && !on(&h, "Center text"), "no type target: the tool default");
+}
+
+/// #9179 review: a text edit left in a background document shows its own paragraph, not that of
+/// a same-id layer in the active document (layer ids repeat across documents).
+#[test]
+fn styles_at_follows_the_text_edit_document() {
+    let mut app = new_app();
+    let a = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.id.0;
+    let id = app.run("type.create", json!({"text": "Edited", "size": 20, "x": 300, "y": 420})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap();
+    app.run("type.setStyle", json!({"layer": id, "align": "center"})).unwrap();
+    app.ui.text_edit = Some(crate::state::TextEdit {
+        layer: id,
+        document: Some(a),
+        caret: 2,
+        anchor: 2,
+        session: "s".into(),
+        created: false,
+        mask: false,
+        dragging: false,
+        resize: None,
+        preedit: None,
+    });
+    // The same file opened twice: a second document whose layers have the same ids.
+    let twin = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.as_ref().clone();
+    app.session.open_document(twin, None);
+    app.run("type.setStyle", json!({"layer": id, "align": "right"})).unwrap();
+    assert_ne!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.id.0, a, "the other document is active");
+    let (_, p) = super::styles_at(&app).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(p.align, photocraft_doc::text::TextAlign::Center, "the edited document's paragraph");
+}
+
+/// A collapsed caret shows the paragraph it is in, as Photoshop's options bar and Paragraph panel
+/// do; it read the first paragraph's (byte 0) wherever the caret was.
+#[test]
+fn styles_at_a_collapsed_caret_shows_the_caret_s_paragraph() {
+    let mut app = new_app();
+    let id = app.run("type.create", json!({"text": "First\rSecond", "size": 20, "x": 300, "y": 420})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap();
+    app.run("type.setStyle", json!({"layer": id, "range": [6, 12], "align": "right"})).unwrap();
+    let edit = |caret: usize| crate::state::TextEdit {
+        layer: id,
+        document: None,
+        caret,
+        anchor: caret,
+        session: "s".into(),
+        created: false,
+        mask: false,
+        dragging: false,
+        resize: None,
+        preedit: None,
+    };
+    use photocraft_doc::text::TextAlign;
+    for (caret, want) in
+        [(0, TextAlign::Left), (3, TextAlign::Left), (5, TextAlign::Left), (6, TextAlign::Right), (9, TextAlign::Right), (12, TextAlign::Right)]
+    {
+        app.ui.text_edit = Some(edit(caret));
+        let (_, p) = super::styles_at(&app).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(p.align, want, "caret {caret}");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/type_transform.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/type_transform.rs
index 0a48d84495..5c8a148eea 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/type_transform.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/type_transform.rs
@@ -97,8 +97,13 @@ pub(crate) fn frame(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> Option<TransformSession> {
     if !aff.m.iter().all(|v| v.is_finite()) || aff.inverse().is_none() {
         return None;
     }
-    let rect = match shape {
-        TextShape::Box { x, y, width, height } => [x, y, x + width, y + height].map(f64::from),
+    let area = match &shape {
+        TextShape::Area { path } => photocraft_text::area::path_bounds(path),
+        _ => None,
+    };
+    let rect = match (shape, area) {
+        (TextShape::Box { x, y, width, height }, _) => [x, y, x + width, y + height].map(f64::from),
+        (_, Some((x0, y0, x1, y1))) => [x0, y0, x1, y1],
         _ => {
             let mut r = layout.bounds().unwrap_or([0.0, -size * layout.px_per_pt, 1.0, 0.0]).map(f64::from);
             // Empty lines still have a caret and can be moved/scaled, without inventing glyphs.
@@ -418,7 +423,7 @@ pub(crate) fn draw_box(painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform, t: &TransformSes
 
 pub(crate) fn rotation_cursor(ctx: &egui::Context, p: Pos2) {
     let tokens = crate::theme::Tokens::get(ctx);
-    let painter = ctx.layer_painter(egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Tooltip, egui::Id::new("type-rotate-cursor")));
+    let painter = ctx.layer_painter(egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Tooltip, egui::Id::unique("type-rotate-cursor")));
     let first = -std::f32::consts::FRAC_PI_4;
     let last = std::f32::consts::PI + std::f32::consts::FRAC_PI_4;
     let points: Vec<Pos2> = (0..=24)
@@ -451,28 +456,20 @@ pub(crate) fn cursor(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, xf: &ViewXfor
             return move_zone(app, q).map(|_| CursorIcon::Move);
         };
         let t = frame(app)?;
-        let direction = if handle < 4 {
-            let a = *t.quad.get(usize::from(handle))?;
-            let b = *t.quad.get((usize::from(handle) + 2) % 4)?;
-            [a[0] - b[0], a[1] - b[1]]
-        } else {
-            let b = if handle.is_multiple_of(2) { t.quad[3] } else { t.quad[1] };
-            [b[0] - t.quad[0][0], b[1] - t.quad[0][1]]
-        };
-        return Some(crate::tool_cursor::resize(direction, xf));
+        if handle < 4 {
+            return Some(crate::tool_cursor::corner_resize(&t.quad, usize::from(handle), xf));
+        }
+        let b = if handle.is_multiple_of(2) { t.quad[3] } else { t.quad[1] };
+        return Some(crate::tool_cursor::resize([b[0] - t.quad[0][0], b[1] - t.quad[0][1]], xf));
     }
     let Some(t) = frame(app) else { return Some(CursorIcon::Default) };
     let h = app.ui.type_transform.as_ref().map(|t| t.gesture.hit).or_else(|| hit(app, &t, xf.to_doc(p)));
     Some(match h {
-        Some(Hit::Corner(i)) => {
-            let q = *t.quad.get(i)?;
-            let opposite = *t.quad.get((i + 2) % 4)?;
-            crate::tool_cursor::resize([q[0] - opposite[0], q[1] - opposite[1]], xf)
-        }
+        Some(Hit::Corner(i)) => crate::tool_cursor::corner_resize(&t.quad, i, xf),
         Some(Hit::Edge(_)) => {
             // Original arrowhead indicator, above the canvas, without a proprietary cursor asset.
             let tokens = crate::theme::Tokens::get(ctx);
-            let painter = ctx.layer_painter(egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Tooltip, egui::Id::new("type-skew-cursor")));
+            let painter = ctx.layer_painter(egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Tooltip, egui::Id::unique("type-skew-cursor")));
             painter.add(egui::Shape::convex_polygon(vec![p, p + vec2(14.0, 6.0), p + vec2(6.0, 14.0)], tokens.accent_text, Stroke::new(1.0, tokens.shadow)));
             CursorIcon::None
         }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/unsupported_marker_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/unsupported_marker_tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..262cf62519
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/unsupported_marker_tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+//! #6541: the Layers panel marks an adjustment layer PhotoCraft keeps as imported but cannot
+//! render, so a picture that differs from Photoshop's has a visible reason.
+
+use egui::vec2;
+use egui_kittest::Harness;
+use photocraft_doc::{Adjustment, Layer, LayerContent, LayerId};
+use serde_json::json;
+
+use crate::PhotocraftApp;
+use crate::layer_row_ui::{Indicator, RowRects, recorded};
+
+fn row(h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, id: LayerId) -> RowRects {
+    recorded(&h.ctx).into_iter().find(|r| r.layer == id.0).unwrap()
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn an_unsupported_adjustment_row_carries_a_warning_marker() {
+    let mut s = photocraft_engine::Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 64, "height": 48})).unwrap();
+    let plain = LayerId(s.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "plain"})).unwrap()["layer"].as_u64().unwrap());
+    let mystery = Layer::new("Mystery", LayerContent::Adjustment(Adjustment::Unsupported { psd_key: "xyzw".into(), raw: vec![1, 2, 3].into() }));
+    let mystery_id = mystery.id;
+    s.edit("unsupported fixture", |doc, active| {
+        doc.layers.push(mystery);
+        *active = Some(mystery_id);
+        Ok(())
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+    let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(1440.0, 900.0)).with_max_steps(64).build_eframe(move |cc| {
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&cc.egui_ctx, Default::default());
+        PhotocraftApp::new(s, crate::Services::default())
+    });
+    h.run_steps(8);
+    let marked = row(&h, mystery_id);
+    assert!(marked.indicators.iter().any(|(k, _)| *k == Indicator::Unsupported), "{:?}", marked.indicators);
+    assert!(!row(&h, plain).indicators.iter().any(|(k, _)| *k == Indicator::Unsupported));
+    // The marker takes room from the name, never overlaps it.
+    let (_, marker) = marked.indicators.iter().find(|(k, _)| *k == Indicator::Unsupported).copied().unwrap();
+    if let Some(name) = marked.name {
+        assert!(name.right() <= marker.left(), "name {name:?} runs under the marker {marker:?}");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/updates_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/updates_ui.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..77e0f43b04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/updates_ui.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+//! One background check at startup and a non-modal window for release information.
+
+use photocraft_engine::updates_cmds::Status;
+use serde_json::Value;
+
+use crate::PhotocraftApp;
+
+pub(crate) struct Runtime {
+    startup_checked: bool,
+    notified_version: Option<String>,
+    /// The startup prompt and the self-update behind it (desktop).
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    updater: craft_update::updater::Updater,
+}
+
+impl Default for Runtime {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            startup_checked: false,
+            notified_version: None,
+            #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+            updater: craft_update::updater::Updater::new(&craft_update::suite::PHOTOCRAFT, photocraft_engine::build_info::VERSION),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The release the engine found, as `craft-update` knows it.
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+fn release_of(found: &photocraft_engine::updates_cmds::Release) -> craft_update::Release {
+    craft_update::Release {
+        tag: format!("v{}", found.version),
+        version: craft_update::parse_version(&found.version),
+        name: format!("PhotoCraft {}", found.version),
+        html_url: found.url.clone(),
+        ..Default::default()
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn check(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, _ctx: &egui::Context, params: Value) -> Result<Value, String> {
+    let before = app.session.updates.status.clone();
+    let result = app.run("help.checkForUpdates", params);
+    // A check that fails to start still shows its failure and Check Again; the command error
+    // stands. Only this call's failure: a Failed left from an earlier check doesn't open the
+    // window for a call refused for another reason (bad params).
+    let failed_to_start = match (&result, &app.session.updates.status) {
+        (Err(error), status @ Status::Failed { message }) => *status != before || (!message.is_empty() && error.contains(message.as_str())),
+        _ => false,
+    };
+    if result.is_ok() || failed_to_start {
+        app.ui.updates_open = true;
+        app.updates_rt.startup_checked = true;
+    }
+    result
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn tick(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
+    // `updates.status` also polls (automation may consume the result before this frame).
+    app.session.updates.poll();
+    if let Status::Available { release } = &app.session.updates.status
+        && app.updates_rt.notified_version.as_ref() != Some(&release.version)
+    {
+        app.updates_rt.notified_version = Some(release.version.clone());
+        app.ui.updates_open = true;
+        #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+        app.updates_rt.updater.offer(release_of(release));
+    }
+    if app.session.updates.check.is_none() {
+        return;
+    }
+    if !app.updates_rt.startup_checked {
+        app.updates_rt.startup_checked = true;
+        if app.session.prefs().general.automatically_check_updates && matches!(app.session.updates.status, Status::Idle) {
+            let _ = app.run("help.checkForUpdates", serde_json::json!({}));
+        }
+    }
+    if matches!(app.session.updates.status, Status::Checking) {
+        ctx.request_repaint_after(std::time::Duration::from_millis(100));
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
+    let mut download: Option<String> = None;
+
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    {
+        let was_open = app.updates_rt.updater.prompt_open();
+        app.updates_rt.updater.tick(ctx);
+        // The restart helper is scheduled before the app closes, so no update starts over unsaved work.
+        let clean = !app.has_unsaved_work();
+        match app.updates_rt.updater.show_if(ctx, clean) {
+            craft_update::updater::Action::None => {}
+            craft_update::updater::Action::OpenUrl(url) => download = Some(url),
+            // The guarded close path asks about unsaved work and waits for saves; the restart helper
+            // relaunches once the process exits.
+            craft_update::updater::Action::Close => ctx.send_viewport_cmd(egui::ViewportCommand::Close),
+        }
+        if was_open && !app.updates_rt.updater.prompt_open() {
+            app.ui.updates_open = false;
+        }
+        if app.updates_rt.updater.prompt_open() {
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if !app.ui.updates_open {
+        if let Some(url) = download {
+            crate::links::open(app, ctx, &url);
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+    let mut open = true;
+    let status = app.session.updates.status.clone();
+    let mut retry = false;
+    egui::Window::new(tl!("PhotoCraft Updates"))
+        .id(egui::Id::unique("photocraft_updates"))
+        .open(&mut open)
+        .collapsible(false)
+        .resizable(false)
+        .default_width(380.0)
+        .show(ctx, |ui| {
+            let t = crate::theme::Tokens::get(ctx);
+            ui.label(crate::i18n::fmt(crate::i18n::t("Installed version: {version}"), &[("version", photocraft_engine::build_info::VERSION)]));
+            ui.add_space(8.0);
+            match &status {
+                Status::Checking => {
+                    ui.horizontal(|ui| {
+                        ui.spinner();
+                        ui.label(tl!("Checking for updates…"));
+                    });
+                }
+                Status::Available { release } => {
+                    ui.label(crate::i18n::fmt(crate::i18n::t("PhotoCraft {version} is available."), &[("version", &release.version)]));
+                    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+                    {
+                        if crate::widgets::primary_button(ui, tl!("Update and Restart"), 180.0).clicked() {
+                            app.updates_rt.updater.offer(release_of(release));
+                        }
+                        if ui.button(tl!("Release Notes")).clicked() {
+                            download = Some(release.url.clone());
+                        }
+                    }
+                    #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+                    if crate::widgets::primary_button(ui, tl!("Open Download Page"), 160.0).clicked() {
+                        download = Some(release.url.clone());
+                    }
+                }
+                Status::UpToDate => {
+                    ui.label(tl!("PhotoCraft is up to date."));
+                }
+                Status::Failed { message } => {
+                    ui.colored_label(t.warning, tl!("Could not check for updates."));
+                    ui.label(message);
+                }
+                Status::Idle => {
+                    ui.label(tl!("Updates have not been checked yet."));
+                }
+            }
+            if !matches!(status, Status::Checking) && ui.button(tl!("Check Again")).clicked() {
+                retry = true;
+            }
+        });
+    app.ui.updates_open = open;
+    if let Some(url) = download {
+        crate::links::open(app, ctx, &url);
+    }
+    if retry {
+        let _ = check(app, ctx, serde_json::json!({}));
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::{Services, menus};
+    use photocraft_engine::{Session, updates_cmds::Release};
+    use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, mpsc};
+
+    type Sender = Arc<Mutex<Option<mpsc::Sender<photocraft_engine::updates_cmds::CheckResult>>>>;
+
+    fn app() -> (PhotocraftApp, Arc<Mutex<u32>>, Sender) {
+        let calls = Arc::new(Mutex::new(0));
+        let count = calls.clone();
+        let sender = Arc::new(Mutex::new(None));
+        let tx = sender.clone();
+        let app = PhotocraftApp::new(
+            Session::new(),
+            Services {
+                check_updates: Some(Box::new(move || {
+                    *count.lock().unwrap() += 1;
+                    let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel();
+                    *tx.lock().unwrap() = Some(sender);
+                    Ok(receiver)
+                })),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        );
+        (app, calls, sender)
+    }
+
+    fn at(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, time: f64) {
+        let mut output = ctx.run_ui(egui::RawInput { time: Some(time), ..Default::default() }, |ui| tick(app, ui.ctx()));
+        output.textures_delta.clear();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn automatic_check_runs_once_per_launch_even_after_days_or_preference_changes() {
+        let (mut app, calls, sender) = app();
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        at(&mut app, &ctx, 0.0);
+        at(&mut app, &ctx, 1.0);
+        at(&mut app, &ctx, 2.0);
+        assert_eq!(*calls.lock().unwrap(), 1);
+        sender.lock().unwrap().as_ref().unwrap().send(Ok(None)).unwrap();
+        at(&mut app, &ctx, 3.0);
+        assert!(!app.ui.updates_open, "automatic up-to-date checks stay quiet");
+        at(&mut app, &ctx, 86400.0);
+        app.session.edit_prefs(|p| p.general.automatically_check_updates = false);
+        at(&mut app, &ctx, 86401.0);
+        app.session.edit_prefs(|p| p.general.automatically_check_updates = true);
+        at(&mut app, &ctx, 172800.0);
+        assert_eq!(*calls.lock().unwrap(), 1, "no periodic checks or preference-triggered rechecks");
+        let (mut restarted, restarted_calls, _) = self::app();
+        at(&mut restarted, &ctx, 0.0);
+        assert_eq!(*restarted_calls.lock().unwrap(), 1, "the next launch checks again");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn startup_opt_out_and_failed_checks_do_not_retry_automatically() {
+        let (mut disabled, calls, _) = app();
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        disabled.session.edit_prefs(|p| p.general.automatically_check_updates = false);
+        at(&mut disabled, &ctx, 0.0);
+        disabled.session.edit_prefs(|p| p.general.automatically_check_updates = true);
+        at(&mut disabled, &ctx, 86400.0);
+        assert_eq!(*calls.lock().unwrap(), 0, "opt-out is evaluated at startup");
+
+        let (mut failed, calls, sender) = app();
+        at(&mut failed, &ctx, 0.0);
+        sender.lock().unwrap().as_ref().unwrap().send(Err("offline".into())).unwrap();
+        at(&mut failed, &ctx, 1.0);
+        at(&mut failed, &ctx, 172800.0);
+        assert_eq!(*calls.lock().unwrap(), 1);
+        assert!(!failed.ui.updates_open, "an automatic failure stays quiet");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn manual_check_works_when_automatic_checks_are_off_and_opens_status() {
+        let (mut app, calls, sender) = app();
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        app.session.edit_prefs(|p| p.general.automatically_check_updates = false);
+        assert!(menus::is_enabled(&app, "help.checkForUpdates"));
+        menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "help.checkForUpdates", serde_json::json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert!(app.ui.updates_open);
+        assert_eq!(*calls.lock().unwrap(), 1);
+        sender.lock().unwrap().as_ref().unwrap().send(Err("offline".into())).unwrap();
+        at(&mut app, &ctx, 1.0);
+        assert!(matches!(app.session.updates.status, Status::Failed { .. }));
+        let mut web = PhotocraftApp::new(Session::new(), Services::default());
+        assert!(!menus::is_enabled(&web, "help.checkForUpdates"));
+        at(&mut web, &ctx, 2.0);
+        assert_eq!(web.session.updates.status, Status::Idle);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn available_release_notifies_once_even_when_automation_polls_first() {
+        let (mut app, _, sender) = app();
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        at(&mut app, &ctx, 0.0);
+        sender
+            .lock()
+            .unwrap()
+            .as_ref()
+            .unwrap()
+            .send(Ok(Some(Release { version: "99.0.0".into(), url: "https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/releases/tag/v99.0.0".into() })))
+            .unwrap();
+        app.run("updates.status", serde_json::json!({})).unwrap();
+        at(&mut app, &ctx, 1.0);
+        assert!(app.ui.updates_open);
+        app.ui.updates_open = false;
+        at(&mut app, &ctx, 2.0);
+        assert!(!app.ui.updates_open);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    fn startup_update_prompt_appears_and_can_be_dismissed() {
+        let (mut app, _, sender) = app();
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        at(&mut app, &ctx, 0.0);
+        sender
+            .lock()
+            .unwrap()
+            .as_ref()
+            .unwrap()
+            .send(Ok(Some(Release { version: "99.0.0".into(), url: "https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/releases/tag/v99.0.0".into() })))
+            .unwrap();
+        at(&mut app, &ctx, 1.0);
+        assert!(app.updates_rt.updater.prompt_open(), "startup prompt initialized on available release");
+
+        // Rendering show() renders the prompt modal
+        let mut output = ctx.run_ui(egui::RawInput::default(), |ui| {
+            show(&mut app, ui.ctx());
+        });
+        output.textures_delta.clear();
+        assert!(app.updates_rt.updater.prompt_open());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_manual_check_that_fails_to_start_opens_the_status_window() {
+        let mut app =
+            PhotocraftApp::new(Session::new(), Services { check_updates: Some(Box::new(|| Err("Could not start worker".into()))), ..Default::default() });
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let error = menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "help.checkForUpdates", serde_json::json!({})).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(error.contains("Could not start worker"), "{error}");
+        assert!(matches!(app.session.updates.status, Status::Failed { .. }));
+        assert!(app.ui.updates_open, "the failure and Check Again are shown");
+        // Bad params are a caller error, not a failed check: nothing opens, also while the earlier
+        // failure is still the status.
+        app.ui.updates_open = false;
+        assert!(menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "help.checkForUpdates", serde_json::json!({"x": 1})).is_err());
+        assert!(matches!(app.session.updates.status, Status::Failed { .. }), "the earlier failure stays");
+        assert!(!app.ui.updates_open, "bad params after a failed check");
+        app.session.updates.status = Status::Idle;
+        assert!(menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "help.checkForUpdates", serde_json::json!({"x": 1})).is_err());
+        assert!(!app.ui.updates_open);
+        // The same start failure again opens it again.
+        app.session.updates.status = Status::Failed { message: "Could not start worker".into() };
+        assert!(menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "help.checkForUpdates", serde_json::json!({})).is_err());
+        assert!(app.ui.updates_open, "a repeated start failure");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn update_window_is_drivable_and_bad_state_changes_are_atomic() {
+        let (mut app, _, _) = app();
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let call = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp, method: &str, params: Value| {
+            let (req, _) = crate::control::ControlRequest::new(method, params);
+            match crate::control::handle(app, &ctx, &req) {
+                crate::control::Outcome::Done(value) => value,
+                _ => panic!("expected an immediate reply"),
+            }
+        };
+        assert_eq!(call(&mut app, "ui.set", serde_json::json!({"updatesOpen": true}))["ok"], true);
+        let inspected = call(&mut app, "ui.inspect", serde_json::json!({}));
+        assert_eq!(inspected["result"]["updatesOpen"], true);
+        assert_eq!(inspected["result"]["updates"]["supported"], true);
+        assert_eq!(call(&mut app, "ui.set", serde_json::json!({"updatesOpen": false, "maskTarget": "bad"}))["ok"], false);
+        assert!(app.ui.updates_open);
+        assert_eq!(call(&mut app, "ui.set", serde_json::json!({"updatesOpen": false}))["ok"], true);
+        assert!(!app.ui.updates_open);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/variables_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/variables_ui.rs
index a4700cddad..853d55b6ce 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/variables_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/variables_ui.rs
@@ -181,19 +181,33 @@ fn define_page(ui: &mut egui::Ui, _t: &Tokens, layers: &[(u64, String, bool)], s
             // layer
             let mut layer = d.get("layer").and_then(Value::as_u64).unwrap_or(layers[0].0);
             let opts: Vec<(u64, &str)> = layers.iter().map(|(id, n, _)| (*id, n.as_str())).collect();
-            if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("vl{i}"), &mut layer, &opts, 120.0) {
+            if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("vl{i}"), tl!("Layer"), &mut layer, &opts, 120.0) {
                 d["layer"] = json!(layer);
             }
             // type
             let mut ty = d.get("type").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("visibility").to_string();
             let mut tsel = ty.clone();
-            if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("vt{i}"), &mut tsel, &TYPES.iter().map(|(a, b)| (a.to_string(), *b)).collect::<Vec<_>>(), 150.0) {
+            if crate::widgets::dropdown(
+                ui,
+                &format!("vt{i}"),
+                tl!("Type"),
+                &mut tsel,
+                &TYPES.iter().map(|(a, b)| (a.to_string(), *b)).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                150.0,
+            ) {
                 ty = tsel.clone();
                 d["type"] = json!(ty);
             }
             if ty == "pixelReplacement" {
                 let mut m = d.get("method").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("fit").to_string();
-                if crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("vm{i}"), &mut m, &METHODS.iter().map(|(a, b)| (a.to_string(), *b)).collect::<Vec<_>>(), 80.0) {
+                if crate::widgets::dropdown(
+                    ui,
+                    &format!("vm{i}"),
+                    tl!("Method"),
+                    &mut m,
+                    &METHODS.iter().map(|(a, b)| (a.to_string(), *b)).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                    80.0,
+                ) {
                     d["method"] = json!(m);
                 }
             }
@@ -277,8 +291,8 @@ fn data_sets_page(ui: &mut egui::Ui, _t: &Tokens, state: &mut Value, fields: &mu
         // name
         let mut sname = set.get("name").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("").to_string();
         ui.horizontal(|ui| {
-            ui.label(tl!("Name:"));
-            if ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut sname).desired_width(200.0)).changed() {
+            let name_label = ui.label(tl!("Name:"));
+            if ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut sname).desired_width(200.0)).labelled_by(name_label.id).changed() {
                 set["name"] = json!(sname);
             }
         });
@@ -316,7 +330,7 @@ fn data_sets_page(ui: &mut egui::Ui, _t: &Tokens, state: &mut Value, fields: &mu
                     }
                     _ => {
                         let mut txt = values[i].get("value").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("").to_string();
-                        if ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut txt).desired_width(240.0)).changed() {
+                        if ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut txt).desired_width(240.0)).accessible_name(vname.clone()).changed() {
                             values[i]["value"] = json!(txt);
                         }
                     }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/vector_paint_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/vector_paint_tests.rs
index 321a106cb0..d71a8fca78 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/vector_paint_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/vector_paint_tests.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 //! Pointer, keyboard, colour precision and history regressions for shape appearance controls.
 use super::*;
+use crate::shape_options::set_tool_paint;
+use crate::shape_paint_ui::color_of;
 use egui::{Event, Key, Modifiers, PointerButton};
 use egui_kittest::{Harness, kittest::Queryable};
 use photocraft_doc::ShapeLayer;
@@ -35,7 +37,14 @@ fn assert_saved_path(saved: &Path, original: &Path) {
 }
 
 fn harness(app: PhotocraftApp, properties: bool) -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
-    let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(1000.0, 700.0)).build_ui_state(
+    // kittest's default step: 0.25 s a frame.
+    harness_stepped(app, properties, 0.25)
+}
+
+/// [`harness`] advancing `step_dt` seconds a frame (1/60 lets two clicks fall within egui's
+/// 0.3 s double-click window, as they do in the app).
+fn harness_stepped(app: PhotocraftApp, properties: bool, step_dt: f32) -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
+    let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(1000.0, 700.0)).with_step_dt(step_dt).build_ui_state(
         move |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
             crate::screen_picker::tick(app, ui.ctx());
             if !ui.ctx().fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
@@ -189,6 +198,84 @@ fn fill_and_stroke_swatches_open_with_pointer_and_keyboard_without_changing_pain
     }
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn shape_paint_hex_input_keeps_partial_text_and_preserves_alpha() {
+    for label in ["Fill color", "Stroke color"] {
+        let mut app = app("rgb", 32);
+        let original = [0.123456, 0.345678, 0.567891, 0.372819];
+        app.run("tools.setColors", json!({"foreground": original, "background": original})).unwrap();
+        let mut h = harness(app, false);
+        h.get_by_label(label).click();
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        h.get_by_label("#").click();
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.key_press_modifiers(Modifiers::COMMAND, Key::A);
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        for ch in "12AB".chars() {
+            h.event(Event::Text(ch.to_string()));
+            h.run_steps(1);
+        }
+        assert_eq!(h.get_by_label("#").value().as_deref(), Some("12AB"));
+        assert_eq!(h.state().session.tools.foreground, original);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().session.tools.background, original);
+        for ch in "EF".chars() {
+            h.event(Event::Text(ch.to_string()));
+            h.run_steps(1);
+        }
+        let want = [18.0 / 255.0, 171.0 / 255.0, 239.0 / 255.0, original[3]];
+        let tools = &h.state().session.tools;
+        assert_eq!(if label == "Fill color" { tools.foreground } else { tools.background }, want);
+        assert_eq!(if label == "Fill color" { tools.background } else { tools.foreground }, original);
+        // An invalid/multi-byte value leaves the selected paint untouched.
+        h.key_press_modifiers(Modifiers::COMMAND, Key::A);
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.event(Event::Text("颜色".into()));
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        let tools = &h.state().session.tools;
+        assert_eq!(if label == "Fill color" { tools.foreground } else { tools.background }, want);
+        h.key_press(Key::Escape);
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        finish_shape(h.state_mut(), Tool::Rectangle, [20.0, 20.0], [100.0, 80.0], Modifiers::NONE);
+        let drawn = shape(h.state());
+        let paint = if label == "Fill color" { drawn.fill.as_ref().and_then(color_of) } else { drawn.stroke.as_ref().and_then(|s| color_of(&s.paint)) };
+        assert_eq!(paint, Some(want), "the next shape takes the typed colour");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_pasted_hex_colour_updates_the_selected_shape_and_undoes_once() {
+    for label in ["Fill color", "Stroke color"] {
+        let mut app = app("rgb", 32);
+        app.run("tools.setColors", json!({"foreground": [0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.6], "background": [0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8]})).unwrap();
+        app.ui.tool_options.stroke_width = 3.0;
+        finish_shape(&mut app, Tool::Rectangle, [20.0, 20.0], [100.0, 80.0], Modifiers::NONE);
+        let original = shape(&app).clone();
+        let history = app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        let mut h = harness(app, false);
+        h.get_by_label(label).click();
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        h.get_by_label("#").click();
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.key_press_modifiers(Modifiers::COMMAND, Key::A);
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.event(Event::Paste("#12ABEF".into()));
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        let edited = shape(h.state());
+        let (paint, untouched) = if label == "Fill color" {
+            (edited.fill.as_ref().and_then(color_of), edited.stroke == original.stroke)
+        } else {
+            (edited.stroke.as_ref().and_then(|s| color_of(&s.paint)), edited.fill == original.fill)
+        };
+        let alpha = if label == "Fill color" { 0.6 } else { 0.8 };
+        let want = [18.0 / 255.0, 171.0 / 255.0, 239.0 / 255.0, alpha];
+        assert_eq!(paint, Some(want));
+        assert!(untouched, "the other paint stays unchanged");
+        assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), history + 1);
+        h.state_mut().run("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(shape(h.state()), &original);
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn picking_tool_colours_enables_paint_and_reaches_the_next_shape() {
     let mut app = app("rgb", 32);
@@ -411,3 +498,329 @@ fn options_bar_fill_swatch_recolours_the_shape_just_drawn() {
     h.state_mut().run("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(shape(h.state()).fill, original.fill);
 }
+
+fn test_gradient() -> photocraft_doc::Fill {
+    photocraft_doc::Fill::Gradient {
+        stops: vec![(0.0, photocraft_doc::Color::rgba(0.123456, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0)), (1.0, photocraft_doc::Color::rgba(0.9, 0.2, 0.1, 0.6))],
+        angle: 30.0,
+        scale: 0.5,
+        style: photocraft_doc::GradientStyle::Radial,
+        reverse: true,
+        opacity_stops: vec![(0.0, 1.0), (1.0, 0.25)],
+        midpoints: vec![0.3],
+        offset: (0.125, -0.25),
+        dither: true,
+        align: false,
+    }
+}
+
+/// A gradient picked for the next shape's stroke and fill (the swatches' Gradient tab) reaches
+/// the drag preview and the committed shape exactly, every gradient field kept; a colour picked
+/// afterwards replaces it.
+#[test]
+fn tool_gradient_paints_reach_the_preview_and_the_next_shape() {
+    for (mode, depth) in [("rgb", 8), ("rgb", 32), ("gray", 16)] {
+        let mut app = app(mode, depth);
+        set_tool_paint(&mut app, true, PaintChange::Gradient(test_gradient())).unwrap();
+        set_tool_paint(&mut app, false, PaintChange::Gradient(test_gradient())).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.tool_options.stroke_width, 3.0, "a gradient enables the stroke");
+        assert!(app.ui.tool_options.shape_fill);
+        let preview = shape_preview(&app, Tool::Rectangle, [20.0, 20.0], [100.0, 80.0], Modifiers::NONE).unwrap();
+        finish_shape(&mut app, Tool::Rectangle, [20.0, 20.0], [100.0, 80.0], Modifiers::NONE);
+        let committed = shape(&app).clone();
+        assert_eq!(preview.fill, committed.fill);
+        assert_eq!(preview.stroke, committed.stroke);
+        assert_eq!(committed.stroke.as_ref().unwrap().paint, test_gradient(), "{mode}/{depth}");
+        assert_eq!(committed.fill, Some(test_gradient()));
+        let doc = &app.session.active().unwrap().doc;
+        let rendered = photocraft_vector::render_shape(&preview, doc.pixel_format(), doc.bounds());
+        assert_eq!(committed.cache.as_ref().unwrap(), &rendered, "{mode}/{depth}");
+        set_tool_paint(&mut app, true, PaintChange::Color([0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0])).unwrap();
+        assert!(app.ui.tool_options.shape_stroke_gradient.is_none());
+        finish_shape(&mut app, Tool::Rectangle, [20.0, 20.0], [100.0, 80.0], Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert_eq!(shape(&app).stroke.as_ref().unwrap().paint, solid_paint([0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0]));
+        assert_eq!(shape(&app).fill, Some(test_gradient()), "the fill keeps its gradient");
+    }
+}
+
+/// Options bar › Stroke › Gradient: the Rectangle tool's next stroke takes the current gradient,
+/// a preset's colours and a style, without editing the document.
+#[test]
+fn stroke_swatch_gradient_tab_sets_the_next_shapes_stroke() {
+    let mut h = harness(app("rgb", 8), false);
+    h.get_by_label("Stroke color").click();
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    h.get_by_label("Gradient").click();
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    let stroke_gradient = |h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>| match h.state().ui.tool_options.shape_stroke_gradient.clone() {
+        Some(photocraft_doc::Fill::Gradient { stops, style, angle, .. }) => (stops, style, angle),
+        other => panic!("a stroke gradient, not {other:?}"),
+    };
+    let (_, style, angle) = stroke_gradient(&h);
+    assert_eq!((style, angle), (photocraft_doc::GradientStyle::Linear, 90.0));
+    assert_eq!(h.state().ui.tool_options.stroke_width, 3.0, "choosing a gradient enables the stroke");
+    h.get_by_label("Blue 01").click();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    let presets = h.state().session.presets.gradients.clone();
+    let blue = presets.iter().flat_map(|g| &g.items).find(|p| p.name == "Blue 01").unwrap();
+    let (fg, bg) = (h.state().session.tools.foreground, h.state().session.tools.background);
+    let blue_stops = blue.fill_stops(fg, bg).0;
+    assert_eq!(stroke_gradient(&h).0, blue_stops);
+    h.get_by_label("Radial Gradient").click();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    let (stops, style, _) = stroke_gradient(&h);
+    assert_eq!((stops, style), (blue_stops, photocraft_doc::GradientStyle::Radial), "the style keeps the colours");
+    assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), 0, "tool defaults do not edit the document");
+    h.get_by_label("Solid").click();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    assert!(h.state().ui.tool_options.shape_stroke_gradient.is_none(), "Solid goes back to the colour");
+}
+
+/// Properties › Stroke › Gradient gives the selected shape a gradient stroke in one undoable
+/// step, keeping its width; a style change keeps its colours.
+#[test]
+fn properties_stroke_swatch_gives_the_selected_shape_a_gradient_stroke() {
+    let mut app = app("rgb", 16);
+    app.run("shape.create", json!({"rect": [20, 20, 60, 40], "stroke": {"width": 4, "color": [1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]}})).unwrap();
+    let history = app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+    let mut h = harness(app, true);
+    h.get_by_label("Set shape stroke type").click();
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    h.get_by_label("Gradient").click();
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    let stroke = shape(h.state()).stroke.clone().unwrap();
+    let photocraft_doc::Fill::Gradient { stops, .. } = &stroke.paint else { panic!("a gradient stroke, not {:?}", stroke.paint) };
+    assert_eq!(stroke.width, 4.0);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), history + 1);
+    h.get_by_label("Reflected Gradient").click();
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    let photocraft_doc::Fill::Gradient { stops: after, style, .. } = shape(h.state()).stroke.clone().unwrap().paint else { panic!("still a gradient stroke") };
+    assert_eq!((&after, style), (stops, photocraft_doc::GradientStyle::Reflected));
+    while h.state().session.active().unwrap().history.past_len() > history {
+        h.state_mut().run("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+    }
+    assert_eq!(shape(h.state()).stroke.as_ref().unwrap().paint, solid_paint([1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]));
+}
+
+fn tool_stroke_gradient(h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>) -> photocraft_doc::Fill {
+    h.state().ui.tool_options.shape_stroke_gradient.clone().expect("a stroke gradient")
+}
+
+fn gradient_stops(f: &photocraft_doc::Fill) -> photocraft_engine::presets::gradients::FillStops {
+    match f {
+        photocraft_doc::Fill::Gradient { stops, opacity_stops, .. } => (stops.clone(), opacity_stops.clone()),
+        other => panic!("a gradient, not {other:?}"),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Opens Options bar › Stroke › Gradient and returns the stops strip's rect.
+fn open_stroke_gradient(h: &mut Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>) -> Rect {
+    h.get_by_label("Stroke color").click();
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    if h.state().ui.tool_options.shape_stroke_gradient.is_none() || h.state().ui.tool_options.stroke_width <= 0.0 {
+        h.get_by_label("Gradient").click();
+        h.run_steps(3);
+    }
+    h.get_by_label("Gradient stops").rect()
+}
+
+fn click(h: &mut Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, pos: Pos2) {
+    h.hover_at(pos);
+    h.step();
+    pointer(h, pos, true);
+    pointer(h, pos, false);
+    h.run_steps(2);
+}
+
+/// The Gradient tab's strip edits the stops as Photoshop's popover does: a click below the ramp
+/// adds a colour stop, above it an opacity stop; Delete removes the selected one; dragging a stop
+/// moves it; the selected colour stop's swatch opens an inline picker that recolours only it.
+#[test]
+fn gradient_tab_strip_adds_moves_recolours_and_deletes_stops() {
+    let mut h = harness(app("rgb", 16), false);
+    let strip = open_stroke_gradient(&mut h);
+    let (bar_left, bar_right, bar_top, bar_bottom) = (strip.left() + 8.0, strip.right() - 8.0, strip.top() + 16.0, strip.top() + 40.0);
+    let x_at = |loc: f32| bar_left + (bar_right - bar_left) * loc;
+    let (stops, opacity) = gradient_stops(&tool_stroke_gradient(&h));
+    assert_eq!((stops.len(), opacity.len()), (2, 0));
+    // A colour stop added in the middle takes the colour the gradient has there.
+    click(&mut h, pos2(x_at(0.5), bar_bottom - 4.0));
+    let (stops, _) = gradient_stops(&tool_stroke_gradient(&h));
+    assert_eq!(stops.len(), 3, "{stops:?}");
+    assert!(stops.iter().any(|(l, _)| (l - 0.5).abs() < 0.02), "{stops:?}");
+    // It is selected: Delete removes it again.
+    h.get_by_label("Delete").click();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    assert_eq!(gradient_stops(&tool_stroke_gradient(&h)).0.len(), 2);
+    // An opacity stop above the ramp (the two implicit opaque ends become real stops).
+    click(&mut h, pos2(x_at(0.25), bar_top + 4.0));
+    let (_, opacity) = gradient_stops(&tool_stroke_gradient(&h));
+    assert_eq!(opacity.len(), 3, "{opacity:?}");
+    // Drag the first colour stop to 30 %.
+    let from = pos2(x_at(0.0), bar_bottom + 10.0);
+    let to = pos2(x_at(0.3), bar_bottom + 10.0);
+    h.hover_at(from);
+    h.step();
+    pointer(&mut h, from, true);
+    for k in 1..=4 {
+        h.event(Event::PointerMoved(from + (to - from) * (k as f32 / 4.0)));
+        h.step();
+    }
+    pointer(&mut h, to, false);
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    let (stops, _) = gradient_stops(&tool_stroke_gradient(&h));
+    let mut locations: Vec<f32> = stops.iter().map(|s| s.0).collect();
+    locations.sort_by(f32::total_cmp);
+    assert!((locations[0] - 0.3).abs() < 0.03 && locations[1] == 1.0, "{locations:?}");
+    // The selected stop's colour: its swatch opens the picker; a drag in it recolours that stop.
+    let before = gradient_stops(&tool_stroke_gradient(&h)).0;
+    let swatch = h.get(egui_kittest::kittest::by().label("Color").role(egui::accesskit::Role::ColorWell)).rect();
+    click(&mut h, swatch.center());
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    // The inline picker opens under the stop's rows (readouts, preview, then the saturation /
+    // value field); a click in that field.
+    let field = pos2(swatch.left() + 30.0, h.get_by_label("Location").rect().bottom() + 120.0);
+    click(&mut h, field);
+    let after = gradient_stops(&tool_stroke_gradient(&h)).0;
+    assert_eq!(after.len(), before.len());
+    let changed: Vec<_> = before.iter().zip(&after).filter(|(a, b)| a != b).collect();
+    assert_eq!(changed.len(), 1, "only the selected stop changes colour: {before:?} → {after:?}");
+    assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), 0, "tool defaults do not edit the document");
+}
+
+/// Align with layer is a checkbox of the tab, and the gradient a popup closes on is offered again
+/// in its Recent row.
+#[test]
+fn gradient_tab_align_with_layer_and_recent_row() {
+    let mut h = harness(app("rgb", 8), false);
+    open_stroke_gradient(&mut h);
+    let align = |h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>| matches!(tool_stroke_gradient(h), photocraft_doc::Fill::Gradient { align: true, .. });
+    assert!(align(&h));
+    h.get_by_label("Align with layer").click();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    assert!(!align(&h));
+    h.get_by_label("Blue 01").click();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    let blue = gradient_stops(&tool_stroke_gradient(&h));
+    assert!(h.query_by_label("Recent 1").is_none(), "nothing is recent yet");
+    h.key_press(Key::Escape);
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().ui.recent_gradients.len(), 1, "closing the popup remembers its gradient");
+    open_stroke_gradient(&mut h);
+    h.get_by_label("Black, White").click();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    assert_ne!(gradient_stops(&tool_stroke_gradient(&h)), blue);
+    h.get_by_label("Recent 1").click();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    assert_eq!(gradient_stops(&tool_stroke_gradient(&h)), blue, "a Recent pick restores its stops");
+    h.key_press(Key::Escape);
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().ui.recent_gradients.len(), 1, "the same stops are remembered once");
+}
+
+/// #7176 review: the selected stop is an index; after taking a preset with fewer stops it pointed
+/// past them and the Color / Location rows vanished, leaving no way to recolour a stop. They stay,
+/// and double-clicking a colour stop opens its colour, as Photoshop's opens the Color Picker.
+#[test]
+fn gradient_tab_keeps_the_stop_colour_after_a_preset_with_fewer_stops() {
+    let mut h = harness_stepped(app("rgb", 8), false, 1.0 / 60.0);
+    let strip = open_stroke_gradient(&mut h);
+    let (bar_left, bar_right, bar_bottom) = (strip.left() + 8.0, strip.right() - 8.0, strip.top() + 40.0);
+    let x_at = |loc: f32| bar_left + (bar_right - bar_left) * loc;
+    // Three colour stops, the last one selected.
+    click(&mut h, pos2(x_at(0.5), bar_bottom - 4.0));
+    click(&mut h, pos2(x_at(1.0), bar_bottom + 10.0));
+    assert_eq!(gradient_stops(&tool_stroke_gradient(&h)).0.len(), 3);
+    h.get_by_label("Blue 01").click();
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    assert_eq!(gradient_stops(&tool_stroke_gradient(&h)).0.len(), 2);
+    assert!(h.query_by_label("Location").is_some(), "the selected stop's rows stay after a preset with fewer stops");
+    let color_well = egui_kittest::kittest::by().label("Color").role(egui::accesskit::Role::ColorWell);
+    assert!(h.query(color_well).is_some());
+    // Double-click the right colour stop: its picker opens, and a click in it recolours only that stop.
+    let stop = pos2(x_at(1.0), bar_bottom + 10.0);
+    h.hover_at(stop);
+    // A second later, so the two clicks are a double click and not a triple with the preset pick.
+    h.run_steps(60);
+    for _ in 0..2 {
+        pointer(&mut h, stop, true);
+        pointer(&mut h, stop, false);
+    }
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    let before = gradient_stops(&tool_stroke_gradient(&h)).0;
+    let swatch = h.get(egui_kittest::kittest::by().label("Color").role(egui::accesskit::Role::ColorWell)).rect();
+    let field = pos2(swatch.left() + 30.0, h.get_by_label("Location").rect().bottom() + 120.0);
+    click(&mut h, field);
+    let after = gradient_stops(&tool_stroke_gradient(&h)).0;
+    assert_eq!(after[0], before[0], "the left stop keeps its colour");
+    assert_ne!(after[1].1, before[1].1, "the double-clicked right stop is recoloured");
+    assert_eq!(after[1].0, before[1].0);
+}
+
+/// A swatch edit that only changes the gradient's settings (Reverse) keeps a CMYK document's
+/// stops as they are: before, every stop went out as sRGB RGBA and came back in the RGB model.
+#[test]
+fn gradient_tab_edit_keeps_cmyk_stops_in_their_model() {
+    let cmyk = |c: [f32; 4]| photocraft_doc::Color { mode: photocraft_doc::ColorMode::Cmyk, c, alpha: 1.0 };
+    let stops = vec![(0.0, cmyk([0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.9])), (1.0, cmyk([0.75, 0.0, 0.5, 0.0]))];
+    for (properties, label) in [(true, "Set shape stroke type"), (false, "Stroke color")] {
+        let mut app = app("cmyk", 8);
+        let stroke = json!({"width": 4, "color": {"gradient": {"stops": [[0.0, stops[0].1], [1.0, stops[1].1]]}}});
+        app.run("shape.create", json!({"rect": [20, 20, 60, 40], "stroke": stroke})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(gradient_stops(&shape(&app).stroke.as_ref().unwrap().paint).0, stops);
+        let mut h = harness(app, properties);
+        h.get_by_label(label).click();
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        h.get_by_label("Reverse").click();
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        let paint = shape(h.state()).stroke.clone().unwrap().paint;
+        assert!(matches!(paint, photocraft_doc::Fill::Gradient { reverse: true, .. }), "Properties={properties}: Reverse applied");
+        assert_eq!(gradient_stops(&paint).0, stops, "Properties={properties}: the stops keep their CMYK model and values");
+    }
+}
+
+/// Options bar with a strokeless shape selected and the stroke swatch's gradient chosen: giving
+/// the shape a stroke through the width field or the stroke type takes that gradient, as the next
+/// shape does, not a solid background colour.
+#[test]
+fn width_and_stroke_type_give_a_strokeless_shape_the_tool_stroke_gradient() {
+    for via_width in [true, false] {
+        let mut app = app("rgb", 8);
+        app.run("shape.create", json!({"rect": [20, 20, 80, 60], "fill": "#336699", "stroke": null})).unwrap();
+        set_tool_paint(&mut app, true, PaintChange::Gradient(test_gradient())).unwrap();
+        let mut h = harness(app, false);
+        if via_width {
+            stroke_width(&mut h, "5");
+        } else {
+            h.get_by_label("Stroke Options").click();
+            h.run_steps(3);
+            h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::RadioButton, "Dotted").click();
+            h.run_steps(3);
+        }
+        let stroke = shape(h.state()).stroke.clone().expect("a stroke");
+        assert_eq!(stroke.paint, test_gradient(), "via_width={via_width}");
+        assert_eq!(stroke.width, if via_width { 5.0 } else { 3.0 });
+    }
+}
+
+/// An arrow-key step at 0 px on a strokeless shape must not add an invisible stroke.
+#[test]
+fn arrow_down_at_zero_width_keeps_a_strokeless_shape_strokeless() {
+    for properties in [true, false] {
+        let mut app = app("rgb", 8);
+        app.run("shape.create", json!({"rect": [20, 20, 80, 60], "fill": "#336699", "stroke": null})).unwrap();
+        assert!(shape(&app).stroke.is_none());
+        let history = app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        let mut h = harness(app, properties);
+        h.get_all_by_role(egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton).next().expect("the stroke width").click();
+        h.run();
+        h.key_press(Key::ArrowDown);
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        assert!(shape(h.state()).stroke.is_none(), "Properties={properties}: Down at 0 px added a stroke");
+        assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().history.past_len(), history, "Properties={properties}: no history step");
+        // The field has the keys: Up still enables a 1 px stroke.
+        h.key_press(Key::ArrowUp);
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        assert_eq!(shape(h.state()).stroke.as_ref().map(|s| s.width), Some(1.0), "Properties={properties}");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/vector_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/vector_ui.rs
index 3cba132f29..e139a80163 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/vector_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/vector_ui.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ use serde_json::{Value, json};
 
 use crate::PhotocraftApp;
 use crate::canvas::ViewXform;
+use crate::shape_gradient_ui::GradientChoices;
+use crate::shape_paint_ui::{PaintChange, paint_param, swatch};
 use crate::state::{Tool, ToolOptions};
 use crate::theme::Tokens;
 
@@ -26,6 +28,9 @@ pub struct PenPath {
     /// Re-dragging the final anchor changes its outgoing control only; the incoming curve stays put.
     #[serde(skip)]
     pub adjusting_last: bool,
+    /// ⌥/Alt-dragging the final anchor's incoming handle: it turns alone (#6077).
+    #[serde(skip)]
+    pub adjusting_in: bool,
     /// Drawn with the Curvature Pen: handles follow the anchors (`curvature_refresh`) and
     /// `unlinked` lists its corner points.
     #[serde(default)]
@@ -78,10 +83,28 @@ fn stroke_param(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Value {
     }
     let mut p = o.shape_stroke.params();
     p["width"] = json!(o.stroke_width);
-    p["color"] = json!(app.session.tools.background);
+    p["color"] = tool_paint_param(app, true);
     p
 }
 
+/// The paint the next shape's fill (`stroke` false) or stroke takes: the options bar's gradient,
+/// else the foreground / background colour.
+fn tool_paint(app: &PhotocraftApp, stroke: bool) -> photocraft_doc::Fill {
+    let (gradient, color) = tool_paint_source(app, stroke);
+    gradient.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| solid_paint(color))
+}
+
+/// [`tool_paint`] as `shape.create` takes it.
+fn tool_paint_param(app: &PhotocraftApp, stroke: bool) -> Value {
+    let (gradient, color) = tool_paint_source(app, stroke);
+    gradient.as_ref().map_or_else(|| json!(color), paint_param)
+}
+
+fn tool_paint_source(app: &PhotocraftApp, stroke: bool) -> (&Option<photocraft_doc::Fill>, [f32; 4]) {
+    let o = &app.ui.tool_options;
+    if stroke { (&o.shape_stroke_gradient, app.session.tools.background) } else { (&o.shape_fill_gradient, app.session.tools.foreground) }
+}
+
 /// Geometry of a Shape-tool drag as `shape.create` params, without fill and stroke (None when too
 /// small): ⇧ constrains proportions, ⌥ draws from the centre. Custom shapes give their box as a `rect`.
 fn shape_geometry(o: &ToolOptions, tool: Tool, start: [f64; 2], end: [f64; 2], mods: egui::Modifiers) -> Option<Value> {
@@ -150,7 +173,7 @@ pub fn finish_shape(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, tool: Tool, start: [f64; 2], end: [
 }
 
 fn fill_param(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Value {
-    if app.ui.tool_options.shape_fill { json!(app.session.tools.foreground) } else { Value::Null }
+    if app.ui.tool_options.shape_fill { tool_paint_param(app, false) } else { Value::Null }
 }
 
 /// Create a shape layer from `shape.create` geometry with the options bar's fill and stroke: the
@@ -175,8 +198,8 @@ fn shape_preview(app: &PhotocraftApp, tool: Tool, start: [f64; 2], end: [f64; 2]
     };
     Some(photocraft_doc::ShapeLayer {
         path,
-        fill: o.shape_fill.then(|| solid_paint(app.session.tools.foreground)),
-        stroke: (o.stroke_width > 0.0).then(|| o.shape_stroke.stroke(o.stroke_width, solid_paint(app.session.tools.background))),
+        fill: o.shape_fill.then(|| tool_paint(app, false)),
+        stroke: (o.stroke_width > 0.0).then(|| o.shape_stroke.stroke(o.stroke_width, tool_paint(app, true))),
         ..Default::default()
     })
 }
@@ -237,7 +260,13 @@ pub fn closes_path_at(app: &PhotocraftApp, tool: Tool, x: f64, y: f64) -> bool {
 /// or add a new anchor (dragging a new anchor pulls symmetrical handles). With ⇧ a new anchor
 /// lands on the nearest 45° ray from the previous one, at the pointer's projection onto it.
 pub fn pen_down(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, x: f64, y: f64, shift: bool) {
+    if !cancel_stale(app) {
+        return;
+    }
     let tol = 6.0 / app.point_zoom().max(0.01) as f64;
+    if app.ui.pen.is_none() {
+        app.ui.pen_doc = app.session.active().map(|st| st.doc.id);
+    }
     // A press on an endpoint of an open path carries on drawing it, as in Photoshop (#6593): the
     // press then acts on its last anchor, so a drag pulls out the next segment's handle.
     if app.ui.pen.as_ref().is_none_or(|p| p.knots.is_empty())
@@ -246,6 +275,7 @@ pub fn pen_down(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, x: f64, y: f64, shift: bool) {
         app.ui.pen = Some(resumed);
     }
     let pen = app.ui.pen.get_or_insert_with(PenPath::default);
+    pen.adjusting_in = false;
     if let Some(first) = pen.knots.first().map(|k| k[0])
         && on_closing_anchor(pen, x, y, tol)
     {
@@ -285,10 +315,14 @@ pub fn pen_move(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, x: f64, y: f64, shift: bool) {
     if let Some(pen) = app.ui.pen.as_mut()
         && pen.dragging
     {
-        let adjusting_last = pen.adjusting_last;
+        let (adjusting_last, adjusting_in) = (pen.adjusting_last, pen.adjusting_in);
         if let Some(k) = pen.knots.last_mut() {
             let a = k[0];
             let [x, y] = shift_45(a, [x, y], shift);
+            if adjusting_in {
+                k[1] = [x, y];
+                return;
+            }
             k[2] = [x, y];
             if !adjusting_last {
                 k[1] = [2.0 * a[0] - x, 2.0 * a[1] - y];
@@ -307,6 +341,9 @@ fn shift_45(origin: [f64; 2], p: [f64; 2], shift: bool) -> [f64; 2] {
 /// clicking the first anchor commits the path. Therefore Cmd/Ctrl+Z must consume one
 /// knot rather than undoing an unrelated, already committed document operation.
 pub fn pen_undo_last_point(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> bool {
+    if !cancel_stale(app) {
+        return false;
+    }
     let Some(pen) = app.ui.pen.as_mut() else { return false };
     // A resumed path's own anchors are not the draft's to take back: undoing past the ones added
     // since it resumed drops the draft and leaves the path as it was (#6593).
@@ -345,6 +382,7 @@ pub fn pen_up(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
     let Some(pen) = app.ui.pen.as_mut() else { return };
     pen.dragging = false;
     pen.adjusting_last = false;
+    pen.adjusting_in = false;
     if closing(pen) {
         // A click on the first anchor closes the path and leaves that anchor's handles alone.
         if let Some(k) = pen.knots.last_mut()
@@ -368,21 +406,31 @@ pub fn pen_break_handle(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
     pen.adjusting_last = true;
 }
 
-/// ⌥/Alt-press on the last anchor's outgoing handle while drawing grabs that handle alone: the
-/// drag turns it and the incoming curve stays put (#3306). False when the press misses it.
+/// ⌥/Alt-press on one of the last anchor's handles while drawing grabs that handle alone: the
+/// drag turns it and the other handle stays put (#3306, #6077). False when the press misses both.
 pub fn pen_grab_handle(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, x: f64, y: f64) -> bool {
     let tol = 6.0 / f64::from(app.point_zoom().max(0.01));
     let Some(pen) = app.ui.pen.as_mut() else { return false };
     let Some((i, k)) = pen.knots.len().checked_sub(1).zip(pen.knots.last()) else { return false };
     let dist = |p: [f64; 2]| (p[0] - x).hypot(p[1] - y);
-    if k[2] == k[0] || dist(k[2]) >= tol || dist(k[2]) >= dist(k[0]) {
+    // Both handles show only while the outgoing one is pulled out (`draw_overlay`).
+    if k[2] == k[0] {
         return false;
     }
+    let grabbed = |h: [f64; 2]| h != k[0] && dist(h) < tol && dist(h) < dist(k[0]);
+    let incoming = if grabbed(k[2]) && dist(k[2]) <= dist(k[1]) {
+        false
+    } else if grabbed(k[1]) {
+        true
+    } else {
+        return false;
+    };
     if !pen.unlinked.contains(&i) {
         pen.unlinked.push(i);
     }
     pen.dragging = true;
     pen.adjusting_last = true;
+    pen.adjusting_in = incoming;
     true
 }
 
@@ -446,6 +494,7 @@ pub(crate) fn pen_replace(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, path: &Path) {
     pen.unlinked = knots.iter().enumerate().filter(|(_, k)| !k.smooth).map(|(i, _)| i).collect();
     pen.dragging = false;
     pen.adjusting_last = false;
+    pen.adjusting_in = false;
     pen.moving = None;
     if pen.curvature {
         curvature_refresh(pen, false);
@@ -455,9 +504,50 @@ pub(crate) fn pen_replace(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, path: &Path) {
     }
 }
 
+/// Preserve a foreign document's draft as its Work Path before another document can edit it.
+/// A failed commit retains the draft and blocks the caller until it can be retried.
+pub fn cancel_stale(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> bool {
+    let active = app.session.active().map(|st| st.doc.id);
+    if app.ui.pen.is_none() {
+        app.ui.pen_doc = None;
+        return true;
+    }
+    let Some(owner) = app.ui.pen_doc.filter(|d| Some(*d) != active) else { return true };
+    if let Some(index) = app.session.documents().iter().position(|d| d.doc.id == owner) {
+        let Some(mut pen) = app.ui.pen.clone() else { return true };
+        if pen.curvature {
+            curvature_refresh(&mut pen, false);
+        }
+        let active = app.session.active_index();
+        app.session.set_active(index);
+        // Bypass shell targets and sync_views: both belong to the newly active document.
+        let result = app.session.execute("path.set", json!({"name": "work", "op": "combine", "path": pen_to_json(&pen, false)}));
+        if let Some(index) = active {
+            app.session.set_active(index);
+        }
+        if let Err(e) = result {
+            app.ui.status = e.to_string();
+            app.ui.status_error = true;
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    app.ui.pen = None;
+    app.ui.pen_doc = None;
+    if app.ui.direct_selection.target == Some(crate::direct_select::PathRef::Pen) {
+        app.ui.direct_selection = Default::default();
+    }
+    true
+}
+
 /// Finish the pen path: a work path (Path mode) or a new shape layer (Shape mode).
 pub fn pen_commit(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, closed: bool) {
+    // The control channel is drained after `sync_views`, so a document switch in this frame has
+    // not been seen yet: never commit the path into the document it was not drawn on.
+    if !cancel_stale(app) {
+        return;
+    }
     let Some(mut pen) = app.ui.pen.take() else { return };
+    app.ui.pen_doc = None;
     if app.ui.direct_selection.target == Some(crate::direct_select::PathRef::Pen) {
         // Its anchors are no longer the Pen's: the committed path is another path.
         app.ui.direct_selection = Default::default();
@@ -688,6 +778,9 @@ fn curvature_hit(app: &PhotocraftApp, x: f64, y: f64) -> Option<usize> {
 /// Curvature Pen press: clicking the first anchor closes the path, pressing another anchor
 /// grabs it to move, anywhere else adds a smooth anchor (still draggable until the release).
 pub fn curvature_down(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, x: f64, y: f64) {
+    if !cancel_stale(app) {
+        return;
+    }
     if app.ui.pen.as_ref().is_some_and(|p| !p.curvature) {
         pen_commit(app, false);
     }
@@ -696,6 +789,9 @@ pub fn curvature_down(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, x: f64, y: f64) {
         pen_commit(app, true);
         return;
     }
+    if app.ui.pen.is_none() {
+        app.ui.pen_doc = app.session.active().map(|st| st.doc.id);
+    }
     let pen = app.ui.pen.get_or_insert_with(|| PenPath { curvature: true, ..Default::default() });
     if hit.is_none() {
         pen.knots.push([[x, y]; 3]);
@@ -1106,7 +1202,7 @@ pub fn draw_overlay(app: &PhotocraftApp, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform
     // View › Show › Target Path (under Extras) hides the paths; the Pen's path in progress stays.
     // Free Transform Path draws the path through its box instead (transform_tool).
     let paths = app.ui.view.shows(app.ui.view.show.target_path) && app.ui.transform.as_ref().is_none_or(|t| t.path.is_none());
-    if crate::direct_select::shows(app, painter.ctx().input(|i| i.modifiers)) {
+    if app.session.active().is_some_and(|st| st.doc.id == doc.id) && crate::direct_select::shows(app, painter.ctx().input(|i| i.modifiers)) {
         // Direct Selection (or the Pen with ⌘/Ctrl held) draws the paths it edits (#790).
         crate::direct_select::draw_overlay(app, painter, &to_scr, accent, paths);
         if paths {
@@ -1117,10 +1213,15 @@ pub fn draw_overlay(app: &PhotocraftApp, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform
             crate::anchor_tools::draw_hover(app, painter, &to_scr, accent, painter.ctx().input(|i| i.modifiers));
         }
     } else if paths {
-        // Paths remain visible as outlines with any tool. Path Selection and the Pen tools add
-        // anchor squares; Direct Selection has its own overlay above.
+        // The shape's or vector mask's path stays visible as an outline with any tool. Path
+        // Selection and the Pen tools add anchor squares; Direct Selection has its own overlay
+        // above. The Work Path is drawn only while it is the path selected in the Paths panel or
+        // a path tool is active, as in Photoshop: a Work Path left unselected (one a PSD arrived
+        // with, or after Ctrl-click Load as Selection) would otherwise cover the marching ants (#6551).
         let anchors = shows_anchors(tool);
-        if let Some(wp) = &doc.work_path {
+        if let Some(wp) = &doc.work_path
+            && (anchors || app.ui.selected_path.as_deref() == Some("work"))
+        {
             draw_path(wp, anchors);
         }
         // The saved path selected in the Paths panel is the target path (#6550).
@@ -1142,7 +1243,8 @@ pub fn draw_overlay(app: &PhotocraftApp, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform
     // Pen path in progress, with handles of the last knot and a rubber band to the pointer. While
     // ⌘/Ctrl drags it, Direct Selection draws its preview instead.
     let edited = matches!(&app.ui.direct_selection.drag, Some(crate::direct_select::Drag::Edit { target: crate::direct_select::PathRef::Pen, .. }));
-    if let Some(pen) = app.ui.pen.as_ref().filter(|_| !edited) {
+    // Only on the document it is drawn on: a view of another document never shows it (#5373).
+    if let Some(pen) = app.ui.pen.as_ref().filter(|_| !edited).filter(|_| app.ui.pen_doc.is_none_or(|d| d == doc.id)) {
         let mut pts = Vec::new();
         // A close-drag shows the first segment bending with the handle being pulled out.
         let mut knots = pen.knots.clone();
@@ -1223,7 +1325,9 @@ pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, tool: Tool) -> bo
     }
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
     let lbl = |ui: &mut egui::Ui, s: &str| {
-        ui.label(egui::RichText::new(s).color(t.text_dim).size(12.0));
+        let label = ui.label(egui::RichText::new(s).color(t.text_dim).size(12.0));
+        // The caption scrubs and names the control drawn right after it.
+        crate::widgets::scrub_option_label(ui, &label);
     };
     let o = &mut app.ui.tool_options;
     let target = selected_shape(&app.session);
@@ -1253,10 +1357,10 @@ pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, tool: Tool) -> bo
     }
     if matches!(tool, Tool::Pen | Tool::FreeformPen | Tool::CurvaturePen) {
         let opts = [("path".to_string(), tl!("Path")), ("shape".to_string(), tl!("Shape"))];
-        crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "pen-mode", &mut o.vector_mode, &opts, 80.0);
+        crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "pen-mode", tl!("Mode"), &mut o.vector_mode, &opts, 80.0);
         crate::widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
         if o.vector_mode == "shape" {
-            crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut o.stroke_width, 0.0..=288.0, "px", 58.0);
+            crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut o.stroke_width, 0.0..=288.0, "px", 58.0).accessible_name(tl!("Stroke:"));
             if let Some(change) =
                 crate::shape_stroke_ui::button(ui, "pen-stroke", &o.shape_stroke, &mut app.ui.stroke_editor, false, true, None, o.stroke_width > 0.0)
             {
@@ -1292,145 +1396,32 @@ pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, tool: Tool) -> bo
                 ),
             ),
         }
+        // Path mode: Make Selection from the path being drawn or the active path, as Photoshop's
+        // options bar's "Make: Selection…" does (#5703).
+        if app.ui.tool_options.vector_mode == "path" {
+            crate::widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
+            let has_path = active_path_name(app).is_some() || app.ui.pen.as_ref().is_some_and(|p| p.knots.len() >= 2);
+            if ui.add_enabled(has_path, egui::Button::new(tl!("Make Selection"))).clicked()
+                && let Err(e) = crate::canvas_tool_menu::make_selection(app)
+            {
+                app.ui.status = e;
+                app.ui.status_error = true;
+            }
+        }
         return true;
     }
     let mut mode = "shape".to_string();
-    crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "shape-mode", &mut mode, &[("shape".to_string(), tl!("Shape"))], 80.0);
+    crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "shape-mode", tl!("Mode"), &mut mode, &[("shape".to_string(), tl!("Shape"))], 80.0);
     crate::widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
-    // Fill and Stroke edit the selected shape layer too (#3347), and still set the next shape's.
-    let (fg, bg) = (app.session.tools.foreground, app.session.tools.background);
-    let (mut has_fill, fill, stroke) = match &target {
-        Some(s) => (s.fill.is_some(), s.fill.clone(), s.stroke.clone()),
-        None => (o.shape_fill, o.shape_fill.then(|| solid_paint(fg)), (o.stroke_width > 0.0).then(|| o.shape_stroke.stroke(o.stroke_width, solid_paint(bg)))),
-    };
-    let mut width = stroke.as_ref().map_or(0.0, |s| s.width);
-    let stroke_enabled = stroke.as_ref().is_some_and(|s| s.width > 0.0);
-    let style = stroke.as_ref().map_or_else(|| o.shape_stroke.clone(), crate::shape_stroke_ui::StrokeOptions::from);
-    let gesture_key = ui.id().with("shape-options-paint-gesture");
-    let gesture = paint_gesture(ui, gesture_key);
-    let key = |k: &str| target.as_ref().map(|s| format!("shape-options-{:?}-{}-{k}:{}:{gesture}", s.doc, s.layer.0, gesture_key.value()));
-    let mut edit: Option<Value> = None;
-    lbl(ui, tl!("Fill:"));
-    if crate::widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut has_fill, "").changed() {
-        o.shape_fill = has_fill;
-        edit = Some(json!({"fill": if has_fill { json!(fg) } else { Value::Null }}));
-    }
-    let fill_color = swatch(ui, fill.as_ref(), fg, tl!("Fill color"));
-    lbl(ui, tl!("Stroke:"));
-    let stroke_color = swatch(ui, stroke.as_ref().map(|s| &s.paint), bg, tl!("Stroke color"));
-    if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut width, 0.0..=288.0, "px", 58.0).changed() {
-        o.stroke_width = width;
-        let mut p = json!({"width": width});
-        if stroke.is_none() {
-            p["color"] = json!(bg);
-        }
-        edit = Some(json!({"stroke": p, "coalesce": key("stroke-w")}));
-    }
-    let preview = target.as_ref().filter(|s| s.stroke.is_some()).map(|s| (s.doc, s.layer));
-    if let Some(change) =
-        crate::shape_stroke_ui::button(ui, "tool-stroke", &style, &mut app.ui.stroke_editor, true, tool != Tool::EllipseShape, preview, stroke_enabled)
-    {
-        let mut p = change.options.params();
-        if !stroke_enabled {
-            p["width"] = json!(3.0);
-        }
-        if stroke.is_none() {
-            p["color"] = json!(bg);
-        }
-        edit = Some(json!({"stroke": p, "coalesce": change.coalesce}));
-        o.shape_stroke = change.options;
-        o.stroke_width = enabled_stroke_width(o.stroke_width);
-    }
-    match tool {
-        Tool::Rectangle => {
-            crate::widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
-            lbl(ui, tl!("Radius:"));
-            let mut r = match target.as_ref().and_then(|s| s.live.as_ref()) {
-                Some(photocraft_doc::LiveShape::Rect { radii, .. }) => radii[0] as f32,
-                _ => o.corner_radius,
-            };
-            if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut r, 0.0..=10000.0, "px", 62.0).changed() {
-                o.corner_radius = r;
-                let rf = r as f64;
-                edit = Some(json!({"radii": [rf, rf, rf, rf], "coalesce": key("radius")}));
-            }
-        }
-        Tool::Polygon => {
-            crate::widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
-            lbl(ui, tl!("Sides:"));
-            let mut s = o.polygon_sides as f32;
-            if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut s, 3.0..=100.0, "", 48.0).changed() {
-                o.polygon_sides = s.round().clamp(3.0, 100.0) as u32;
-            }
-        }
-        Tool::Line => {
-            crate::widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
-            lbl(ui, tl!("Weight:"));
-            crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut o.line_weight, 1.0..=1000.0, "px", 58.0);
-        }
-        Tool::CustomShape => {
-            crate::widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
-            crate::preset_panels::shape_picker(app, ui);
-        }
-        _ if matches!(tool, Tool::PathSelection | Tool::DirectSelection) => {
-            if let Some(photocraft_doc::LiveShape::Rect { radii, .. }) = target.as_ref().and_then(|s| s.live.as_ref()) {
-                crate::widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
-                lbl(ui, tl!("Radius:"));
-                let mut r = radii[0] as f32;
-                if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut r, 0.0..=10000.0, "px", 62.0).changed() {
-                    o.corner_radius = r;
-                    let rf = r as f64;
-                    edit = Some(json!({"radii": [rf, rf, rf, rf], "coalesce": key("radius")}));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        _ => {}
-    }
-    for (is_stroke, change) in [(false, fill_color), (true, stroke_color)] {
-        let Some(change) = change else { continue };
-        if let Err(e) = set_tool_paint(app, is_stroke, change) {
-            app.ui.status = e;
-            app.ui.status_error = true;
-        }
-        edit = Some(match (is_stroke, change) {
-            (false, PaintChange::None) => json!({"fill": null}),
-            (false, PaintChange::Color(color)) => json!({"fill": color, "coalesce": key("fill")}),
-            (true, PaintChange::None) => json!({"stroke": null}),
-            (true, PaintChange::Color(color)) => json!({"stroke": {"color": color, "width": enabled_stroke_width(width)}, "coalesce": key("stroke")}),
-        });
-    }
-    if let (Some(mut p), Some(s)) = (edit, &target) {
-        p["layer"] = json!(s.layer.0);
-        if let Err(e) = app.run("shape.edit", p) {
-            app.ui.status = e;
-            app.ui.status_error = true;
-        }
-        if !ui.input(|i| i.pointer.any_down()) {
-            ui.data_mut(|d| {
-                let gesture = d.get_temp_mut_or_default::<(u64, u64)>(gesture_key);
-                gesture.0 = gesture.0.wrapping_add(1);
-            });
-        }
-    }
+    crate::shape_options::options_bar(app, ui, tool);
     true
 }
 
-/// The shape layer the options bar edits.
-struct SelectedShape {
-    doc: photocraft_doc::DocId,
-    layer: photocraft_doc::LayerId,
-    fill: Option<photocraft_doc::Fill>,
-    stroke: Option<photocraft_doc::ShapeStroke>,
-    live: Option<photocraft_doc::LiveShape>,
-}
-
-fn selected_shape(session: &photocraft_engine::Session) -> Option<SelectedShape> {
+/// Whether the active layer supplies the selected-shape options.
+fn selected_shape(session: &photocraft_engine::Session) -> Option<photocraft_doc::LayerId> {
     let st = session.active()?;
     let layer = st.active_layer?;
-    match &st.doc.layer(layer)?.content {
-        LayerContent::Shape(sh) => Some(SelectedShape { doc: st.doc.id, layer, fill: sh.fill.clone(), stroke: sh.stroke.clone(), live: sh.live.clone() }),
-        _ => None,
-    }
+    matches!(st.doc.layer(layer)?.content, LayerContent::Shape(_)).then_some(layer)
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1440,148 +1431,10 @@ fn solid_paint(c: [f32; 4]) -> photocraft_doc::Fill {
     photocraft_doc::Fill::Solid(photocraft_doc::Color::rgba(c[0], c[1], c[2], c[3]))
 }
 
-fn color_of(f: &photocraft_doc::Fill) -> Option<[f32; 4]> {
-    match f {
-        photocraft_doc::Fill::Solid(c) => {
-            let [r, g, b] = c.to_rgb();
-            Some([r, g, b, c.alpha])
-        }
-        _ => None,
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
-enum PaintChange {
-    Color([f32; 4]),
-    None,
-}
-
-fn enabled_stroke_width(width: f32) -> f32 {
+pub(crate) fn enabled_stroke_width(width: f32) -> f32 {
     if width.is_finite() && width > 0.0 { width } else { 3.0 }
 }
 
-/// Tool-bar paint changes affect the next shape; Properties edits the selected shape instead.
-fn set_tool_paint(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, stroke: bool, change: PaintChange) -> Result<(), String> {
-    if let PaintChange::Color(color) = change {
-        app.run("tools.setColors", if stroke { json!({"background": color}) } else { json!({"foreground": color}) })?;
-    }
-    if stroke {
-        app.ui.tool_options.stroke_width = if change == PaintChange::None { 0.0 } else { enabled_stroke_width(app.ui.tool_options.stroke_width) };
-    } else {
-        app.ui.tool_options.shape_fill = change != PaintChange::None;
-    }
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-fn rgba32(c: [f32; 4]) -> Color32 {
-    let b = |v: f32| (v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 255.0).round() as u8;
-    Color32::from_rgba_unmultiplied(b(c[0]), b(c[1]), b(c[2]), b(c[3]))
-}
-
-fn picker_color(c: [f32; 4]) -> egui::ecolor::Hsva {
-    let linear = egui::ecolor::linear_from_gamma;
-    let display = c.map(|v| if v.is_finite() { v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) } else { 0.0 });
-    egui::ecolor::Hsva::from_rgba_unmultiplied(linear(display[0]), linear(display[1]), linear(display[2]), display[3])
-}
-
-fn picker_rgba(hsva: egui::ecolor::Hsva) -> [f32; 4] {
-    let [r, g, b, a] = hsva.to_rgba_unmultiplied();
-    let gamma = egui::ecolor::gamma_from_linear;
-    [gamma(r), gamma(g), gamma(b), a]
-}
-
-/// The shared compact picker keeps the float RGB paint and its alpha. Color32 is only display
-/// data: opening the picker must never quantize an existing high-depth colour or enable paint.
-fn swatch(ui: &mut egui::Ui, fill: Option<&photocraft_doc::Fill>, fallback: [f32; 4], tip: &str) -> Option<PaintChange> {
-    let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
-    let (r, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(30.0, 22.0), Sense::click());
-    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::ColorButton, ui.is_enabled(), tip));
-    let current = fill.and_then(color_of);
-    crate::widgets::checker(ui.painter(), r.shrink(1.0), 4.0);
-    match (current, fill) {
-        (Some(c), _) => {
-            ui.painter().rect_filled(r.shrink(1.0), t.radius_sm, rgba32(c));
-        }
-        (None, Some(photocraft_doc::Fill::Gradient { stops, .. })) if !stops.is_empty() => {
-            // Gradient fills preview as a left-to-right ramp through their stops.
-            let rgb = |c: &photocraft_doc::Color| {
-                let v = c.to_rgba8();
-                Color32::from_rgba_unmultiplied(v[0], v[1], v[2], v[3])
-            };
-            let mut mesh = egui::Mesh::default();
-            let mut ramp: Vec<(f32, Color32)> = stops.iter().map(|(p, c)| (p.clamp(0.0, 1.0), rgb(c))).collect();
-            ramp.insert(0, (0.0, ramp[0].1));
-            ramp.push((1.0, ramp[ramp.len() - 1].1));
-            for (i, (p, c)) in ramp.iter().enumerate() {
-                let x = r.left() + r.width() * p;
-                mesh.colored_vertex(egui::pos2(x, r.top()), *c);
-                mesh.colored_vertex(egui::pos2(x, r.bottom()), *c);
-                if i > 0 {
-                    let k = (i as u32) * 2;
-                    mesh.add_triangle(k - 2, k - 1, k);
-                    mesh.add_triangle(k - 1, k, k + 1);
-                }
-            }
-            ui.painter().add(mesh);
-        }
-        (None, Some(_)) => {}
-        (None, None) => {
-            ui.painter().rect_filled(r.shrink(1.0), t.radius_sm, t.field);
-            ui.painter().line_segment([r.shrink(3.0).left_bottom(), r.shrink(3.0).right_top()], Stroke::new(1.5, t.danger));
-        }
-    };
-    let border = if resp.has_focus() {
-        t.accent
-    } else if resp.hovered() {
-        t.text_dim
-    } else {
-        t.field_border
-    };
-    ui.painter().rect_stroke(r, t.radius_sm, Stroke::new(1.0, border), egui::StrokeKind::Inside);
-    let resp = resp.on_hover_text(tip);
-    let screen_id = resp.id.with("screen-color");
-    let original = current.unwrap_or(fallback);
-    let sampled = |rgb: [f32; 3]| PaintChange::Color([rgb[0], rgb[1], rgb[2], original[3]]);
-    let mut out = crate::screen_picker::take(ui.ctx(), screen_id).map(sampled);
-    let cache = resp.id.with("shape-paint-hsva");
-    let mut hsva = ui
-        .data(|d| d.get_temp::<([f32; 4], egui::ecolor::Hsva)>(cache))
-        .filter(|(previous, _)| *previous == original)
-        .map_or_else(|| picker_color(original), |(_, hsva)| hsva);
-    if let Some(PaintChange::Color(color)) = out {
-        hsva = picker_color(color);
-    }
-    crate::widgets::swatch_popup(&resp).show(|ui| {
-        ui.horizontal(|ui| {
-            if ui.selectable_label(fill.is_none(), tl!("No Color")).clicked() && fill.is_some() {
-                out = Some(PaintChange::None);
-            }
-            if ui.selectable_label(current.is_some(), tl!("Solid")).clicked() && current.is_none() {
-                out = Some(PaintChange::Color(original));
-            }
-        });
-        ui.separator();
-        let before = picker_rgba(hsva);
-        if egui::color_picker::color_picker_hsva_2d(ui, &mut hsva, egui::color_picker::Alpha::OnlyBlend) {
-            let color = picker_rgba(hsva);
-            // egui's HSV gamma/linear round trip can move a float by an ulp without input.
-            if color.iter().zip(before).any(|(a, b)| (a - b).abs() > 0.000001) {
-                out = Some(PaintChange::Color(color));
-            }
-        }
-        if let Some(rgb) = crate::screen_picker::button(ui, screen_id) {
-            out = Some(sampled(rgb));
-            hsva = picker_color([rgb[0], rgb[1], rgb[2], original[3]]);
-        }
-    });
-    let cached_color = match out {
-        Some(PaintChange::Color(color)) => color,
-        _ => original,
-    };
-    ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(cache, (cached_color, hsva)));
-    out
-}
-
 /// One corner of the live rectangle, preserving the other three radii.
 /// The engine takes the full [top-left, top-right, bottom-right, bottom-left] array.
 fn corner_radii_patch(radii: [f64; 4], corner: usize, radius: f32) -> Value {
@@ -1594,7 +1447,7 @@ fn corner_radii_patch(radii: [f64; 4], corner: usize, radius: f32) -> Value {
 
 /// Follow the existing brush/mask continuous-edit convention: one history state per press or
 /// keyboard edit, with every value tick of a held-pointer gesture sharing its key.
-fn paint_gesture(ui: &egui::Ui, key: egui::Id) -> u64 {
+pub(crate) fn paint_gesture(ui: &egui::Ui, key: egui::Id) -> u64 {
     let pass = ui.ctx().cumulative_pass_nr();
     let pressed = ui.input(|i| i.pointer.any_pressed());
     ui.data_mut(|d| {
@@ -1625,7 +1478,7 @@ pub fn shape_properties(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: photocra
     let mut edit: Option<Value> = None;
     let doc_id = app.session.active().map(|st| st.doc.id);
     let key = |k: &str| format!("shape-{doc_id:?}-{}-{k}", id.0);
-    let gesture_key = ui.id().with(key("paint-gesture"));
+    let gesture_key = ui.scope_id().with(key("paint-gesture"));
     let gesture = paint_gesture(ui, gesture_key);
     let coalesce = |field: &str| format!("{}:{}:{gesture}", key(field), gesture_key.value());
     // The shared collapsible section headers (#155).
@@ -1633,24 +1486,35 @@ pub fn shape_properties(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: photocra
     if crate::props_layout::section(ui, "appearance", crate::i18n::tr_ctx(crate::i18n::current(), "shape", "Appearance")) {
         ui.horizontal(|ui| {
             ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("Fill")).color(t.text_dim).size(12.0));
-            if let Some(change) = swatch(ui, sh.fill.as_ref(), app.session.tools.foreground, tl!("Set shape fill type")) {
+            let (fg, bg) = (app.session.tools.foreground, app.session.tools.background);
+            let mut gradients = GradientChoices {
+                presets: &app.session.presets.gradients,
+                current: &app.session.presets.gradient,
+                recent: &mut app.ui.recent_gradients,
+                fg,
+                bg,
+            };
+            if let Some(change) = swatch(ui, sh.fill.as_ref(), fg, tl!("Set shape fill type"), &mut gradients) {
                 let fill = match change {
                     PaintChange::None => Value::Null,
                     PaintChange::Color(color) => json!(color),
+                    PaintChange::Gradient(g) => paint_param(&g),
                 };
                 edit = Some(json!({"fill": fill, "coalesce": coalesce("fill")}));
             }
             ui.add_space(12.0);
             ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!("Stroke")).color(t.text_dim).size(12.0));
-            if let Some(change) = swatch(ui, sh.stroke.as_ref().map(|s| &s.paint), app.session.tools.foreground, tl!("Set shape stroke type")) {
+            if let Some(change) = swatch(ui, sh.stroke.as_ref().map(|s| &s.paint), fg, tl!("Set shape stroke type"), &mut gradients) {
+                let width = enabled_stroke_width(sh.stroke.as_ref().map_or(0.0, |s| s.width));
                 let stroke = match change {
                     PaintChange::None => Value::Null,
-                    PaintChange::Color(color) => json!({"color": color, "width": enabled_stroke_width(sh.stroke.as_ref().map_or(0.0, |s| s.width))}),
+                    PaintChange::Color(color) => json!({"color": color, "width": width}),
+                    PaintChange::Gradient(g) => json!({"color": paint_param(&g), "width": width}),
                 };
                 edit = Some(json!({"stroke": stroke, "coalesce": coalesce("stroke")}));
             }
             let mut w = sh.stroke.as_ref().map_or(0.0, |s| s.width);
-            if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut w, 0.0..=288.0, "px", 60.0).changed() {
+            if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut w, 0.0..=288.0, "px", 60.0).accessible_name(tl!("Stroke:")).changed() && (sh.stroke.is_some() || w > 0.0) {
                 edit = Some(json!({"stroke": {"width": w}, "coalesce": coalesce("stroke-w")}));
             }
         });
@@ -1678,7 +1542,7 @@ pub fn shape_properties(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: photocra
     {
         let num = |ui: &mut egui::Ui, label: &str, v: &mut f32, range: std::ops::RangeInclusive<f32>, unit: &str| -> bool {
             ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!(&label)).color(t.text_dim).size(12.0));
-            crate::widgets::value_field(ui, v, range, unit, 64.0).changed()
+            crate::widgets::value_field(ui, v, range, unit, 64.0).accessible_name(tl!(&label)).changed()
         };
         match live {
             photocraft_doc::vector::LiveShape::Rect { rect, .. }
@@ -1717,7 +1581,14 @@ pub fn shape_properties(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, id: photocra
                     });
                 }
             }
-            photocraft_doc::vector::LiveShape::Polygon { sides, star_ratio, .. } => {
+            photocraft_doc::vector::LiveShape::Polygon { sides, star_ratio, corner_radius, .. } => {
+                // One radius rounds every vertex of a triangle, polygon or star, as in Photoshop.
+                ui.horizontal(|ui| {
+                    let mut r = *corner_radius as f32;
+                    if num(ui, tl!("Corner radius"), &mut r, 0.0..=100000.0, "px") {
+                        edit = Some(json!({"cornerRadius": r, "coalesce": key("corner-radius")}));
+                    }
+                });
                 ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                     let mut n = *sides as f32;
                     if num(ui, tl!("Sides"), &mut n, 3.0..=100.0, "") {
@@ -1815,7 +1686,7 @@ pub fn path_rows(doc: &Document, active: Option<photocraft_doc::LayerId>) -> Vec
 }
 
 fn footer_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("paths-footer")
+    egui::Id::unique("paths-footer")
 }
 
 /// A Paths panel row being dragged, for a drop on the trash (#6553): its name and the command
@@ -1828,7 +1699,7 @@ struct PathDrag {
 }
 
 fn path_drag_key() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("paths-drag")
+    egui::Id::unique("paths-drag")
 }
 
 fn ctx_data_footer(ctx: &egui::Context, r: Rect) {
@@ -1840,6 +1711,32 @@ pub fn paths_footer(ctx: &egui::Context) -> Option<Rect> {
     ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp(footer_id()))
 }
 
+/// Photoshop's default name for a saved path: the first free "Path N", counting from the number of
+/// saved paths.
+fn free_path_name(doc: &Document) -> String {
+    let mut n = doc.paths.len().saturating_add(1);
+    while doc.paths.iter().any(|p| p.name == format!("Path {n}")) {
+        n = n.saturating_add(1);
+        if n == usize::MAX {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    format!("Path {n}")
+}
+
+/// A Paths panel name being typed in place: the row's key ("work" or the saved path's name) and
+/// the text so far. It lives in egui's temp data, like the Channels panel's rename field.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct PathRename {
+    key: String,
+    text: String,
+    focused: bool,
+}
+
+fn rename_id(doc: &Document) -> egui::Id {
+    egui::Id::unique(("path-rename", doc.id.0))
+}
+
 /// Commands offered by a Paths row's context menu. The row's path is passed explicitly so a
 /// right-click acts on that row even when another path is selected in the panel. `layer` is the
 /// layer a `PathRow::Layer` row belongs to (the active layer).
@@ -1855,14 +1752,7 @@ fn path_context_actions(entry: &PathEntry, doc: &Document, layer: Option<photocr
         ("Stroke Path…", "path.stroke", json!({"name": key})),
     ];
     if entry.kind == PathRow::Work {
-        let mut n = doc.paths.len().saturating_add(1);
-        while doc.paths.iter().any(|p| p.name == format!("Path {n}")) {
-            n = n.saturating_add(1);
-            if n == usize::MAX {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        actions.push(("Save Path", "path.rename", json!({"name": "work", "to": format!("Path {n}")})));
+        actions.push(("Save Path", "path.rename", json!({"name": "work", "to": free_path_name(doc)})));
     } else {
         let mut n = 1usize;
         while doc.paths.iter().any(|p| p.name == format!("{} copy {n}", entry.name)) {
@@ -1874,6 +1764,10 @@ fn path_context_actions(entry: &PathEntry, doc: &Document, layer: Option<photocr
         let copy_name = format!("{} copy {n}", entry.name);
         actions.push(("Duplicate Path", "path.set", json!({"name": copy_name, "path": photocraft_engine::vector_cmds::path_json(&entry.path)})));
     }
+    if entry.kind == PathRow::Saved {
+        // No `to`: the panel asks for the new name in place.
+        actions.push(("Rename Path…", "path.rename", json!({"name": key})));
+    }
     if entry.kind != PathRow::Layer {
         actions.push(("Delete Path", "path.delete", json!({"name": key})));
     } else if entry.name.ends_with(" Vector Mask") {
@@ -1904,6 +1798,7 @@ pub fn paths_panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
         ctx.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<PathDrag>(path_drag_key()));
     }
     let drag = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<PathDrag>(path_drag_key()));
+    let rename_id = rename_id(&doc);
     // The buttons sit in a footer at the panel's bottom, like Photoshop's.
     let footer = crate::widgets::footer_height(ui) + ui.spacing().item_spacing.y;
     let fill = ui.available_height() > footer + 60.0;
@@ -1936,7 +1831,7 @@ pub fn paths_panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
                     ui.ctx().data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(path_drag_key(), PathDrag { name, cmd, params }));
                 }
                 // Rows are painted: name them for screen readers and UI tests.
-                resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::SelectableLabel, true, name));
+                resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, name));
                 let sel = app.ui.selected_path.as_deref() == Some(key.as_str());
                 if sel {
                     ui.painter().rect_filled(r, 0.0, t.row_selected);
@@ -1953,8 +1848,39 @@ pub fn paths_panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
                     0.0,
                     egui::TextFormat { font_id: egui::FontId::proportional(12.0), color: t.text, italics, ..Default::default() },
                 );
-                let g = ui.painter().layout_job(job);
-                ui.painter().galley(pos2(r.left() + 46.0, r.center().y - g.size().y / 2.0), g, t.text);
+                let renaming = ui.ctx().data(|d| d.get_temp::<PathRename>(rename_id)).filter(|e| e.key == key);
+                if let Some(mut edit) = renaming {
+                    let field = Rect::from_min_max(pos2(r.left() + 43.0, r.center().y - 11.0), pos2(r.right() - 8.0, r.center().y + 11.0));
+                    let id = rename_id.with("field");
+                    let te =
+                        ui.put(field, egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut edit.text).id(id).font(egui::FontId::proportional(12.0))).accessible_name(tl!("Name"));
+                    let (enter, esc) = ui.input(|i| (i.key_pressed(egui::Key::Enter), i.key_pressed(egui::Key::Escape)));
+                    if !edit.focused {
+                        te.request_focus();
+                        // Like Photoshop, the whole name starts selected so typing replaces it.
+                        if let Some(mut state) = egui::TextEdit::load_state(ui.ctx(), id) {
+                            let all = egui::text::CCursorRange::two(egui::text::CCursor::new(0), egui::text::CCursor::new(edit.text.chars().count()));
+                            state.cursor.set_char_range(Some(all));
+                            state.store(ui.ctx(), id);
+                        }
+                        edit.focused = true;
+                        ui.ctx().data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(rename_id, edit));
+                    } else if esc {
+                        ui.ctx().data_mut(|d| d.remove::<PathRename>(rename_id));
+                    } else if enter || te.lost_focus() || !te.has_focus() {
+                        ui.ctx().data_mut(|d| d.remove::<PathRename>(rename_id));
+                        let to = edit.text.trim();
+                        // The Work Path is saved even under its proposed name; an unchanged saved name is left alone.
+                        if !to.is_empty() && (*kind == PathRow::Work || to != name) {
+                            action = Some(("path.rename", json!({"name": key, "to": to})));
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        ui.ctx().data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(rename_id, edit));
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    let g = ui.painter().layout_job(job);
+                    ui.painter().galley(pos2(r.left() + 46.0, r.center().y - g.size().y / 2.0), g, t.text);
+                }
                 // Ctrl/Cmd-click loads only the thumbnail's path, without changing the panel target.
                 let modifiers = ui.input(|i| i.modifiers);
                 let load = resp.clicked() && modifiers.command && resp.interact_pointer_pos().is_some_and(|p| thumbnail.contains(p));
@@ -1967,10 +1893,18 @@ pub fn paths_panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
                 } else if resp.clicked() {
                     app.ui.selected_path = Some(key.clone());
                 }
-                // Double-clicking the Work Path saves it (Photoshop's "Save Path").
-                if !load && resp.double_clicked() && *kind == PathRow::Work {
-                    let n = doc.paths.len() + 1;
-                    action = Some(("path.rename", json!({"name": "work", "to": format!("Path {n}")})));
+                // As in Photoshop, double-clicking a saved path's name renames it, and double-clicking
+                // the Work Path asks for the name to save it under (#6238).
+                let proposed = match kind {
+                    PathRow::Work => Some(free_path_name(&doc)),
+                    PathRow::Saved => Some(name.clone()),
+                    PathRow::Layer => None,
+                };
+                if !load
+                    && resp.double_clicked()
+                    && let Some(text) = proposed
+                {
+                    ui.ctx().data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(rename_id, PathRename { key: key.clone(), text, focused: false }));
                 }
                 resp.context_menu(|ui| {
                     crate::widgets::menu_scroll(ui, |ui| {
@@ -1983,6 +1917,9 @@ pub fn paths_panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
                                 if cmd == "path.stroke" {
                                     // Stroke Path… asks for the tool first, as in Photoshop (#2978).
                                     stroke_dialog = Some(params.get("name").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("work").to_string());
+                                } else if cmd == "path.rename" && params.get("to").is_none() {
+                                    let edit = PathRename { key: key.clone(), text: name.clone(), focused: false };
+                                    ui.ctx().data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(rename_id, edit));
                                 } else {
                                     action = Some((cmd, params));
                                 }
@@ -1997,7 +1934,7 @@ pub fn paths_panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
             // adjustment layers then take the selection as their mask instead (#1419).
             let rest = ui.available_rect_before_wrap();
             let rest = rest.intersect(Rect::from_min_size(rest.min, vec2(rest.width(), rest.height().min(4000.0))));
-            if rest.is_positive() && ui.interact(rest, ui.id().with("paths-empty"), Sense::click()).clicked() {
+            if rest.is_positive() && ui.interact(rest, ui.scope_id().with("paths-empty"), Sense::click()).clicked() {
                 app.ui.selected_path = None;
             }
         },
@@ -2061,11 +1998,20 @@ pub fn paths_panel(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     if let Some(name) = stroke_dialog {
         crate::canvas_tool_menu::stroke_path_dialog(app, &name);
     }
-    if let Some((cmd, p)) = action
-        && let Err(e) = app.run(cmd, p)
-    {
-        app.ui.status = e;
-        app.ui.status_error = true;
+    if let Some((cmd, p)) = action {
+        let renamed = if cmd == "path.rename" { p.get("to").and_then(Value::as_str).map(str::to_string) } else { None };
+        match app.run(cmd, p) {
+            // The renamed (or just saved) path stays the panel's target.
+            Ok(_) => {
+                if renamed.is_some() {
+                    app.ui.selected_path = renamed;
+                }
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                app.ui.status = e;
+                app.ui.status_error = true;
+            }
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -2230,6 +2176,61 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(shape.and_then(|id| app.session.active().unwrap().doc.layer(id)).is_some(), "one undo step brings it back");
     }
 
+    /// #6238: double-clicking a saved path's name renames it in place, and double-clicking the
+    /// Work Path saves it under the name typed (it used to save it as "Path N" straight away).
+    #[test]
+    fn double_clicking_a_path_name_renames_it_in_place() {
+        use egui_kittest::{Harness, kittest::Queryable};
+        let mut app = app();
+        let path = json!({"subpaths": [{"closed": true, "knots": [
+            {"anchor": [10, 10], "in": [10, 10], "out": [10, 10]},
+            {"anchor": [80, 10], "in": [80, 10], "out": [80, 10]},
+            {"anchor": [80, 80], "in": [80, 80], "out": [80, 80]}
+        ]}]});
+        app.run("path.set", json!({"name": "First", "path": path})).unwrap();
+        app.run("path.set", json!({"name": "work", "path": path})).unwrap();
+        // 60 fps steps, so two clicks a frame apart count as a double-click.
+        let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(320.0, 260.0)).with_step_dt(1.0 / 60.0).build_ui_state(|ui, app| paths_panel(app, ui), app);
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        let rename = |h: &mut Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, row: &str, text: &str| {
+            let name = h.get_by_label(row).rect().left_center() + vec2(60.0, 0.0);
+            h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(name));
+            h.run_steps(30);
+            for pressed in [true, false, true, false] {
+                h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: name, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE });
+                h.step();
+            }
+            h.run_steps(3);
+            h.event(egui::Event::Text(text.into()));
+            h.run_steps(1);
+            h.key_press(egui::Key::Enter);
+            h.run_steps(3);
+        };
+        let names = |h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>| h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.paths.iter().map(|p| p.name.clone()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        rename(&mut h, "First", "Outline");
+        assert_eq!(names(&h), ["Outline"]);
+        assert!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.work_path.is_some(), "renaming a saved path leaves the work path alone");
+        rename(&mut h, "Work Path", "Circle");
+        assert_eq!(names(&h), ["Outline", "Circle"]);
+        assert!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.work_path.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(h.state().ui.selected_path.as_deref(), Some("Circle"));
+    }
+
+    /// #6238: a saved path's context menu offers Rename Path…, as the Layers panel's does.
+    #[test]
+    fn saved_path_context_menu_offers_rename() {
+        let mut app = app();
+        app.run("path.set", json!({"name": "First", "path": {"subpaths": []}})).unwrap();
+        app.run("path.set", json!({"name": "work", "path": {"subpaths": []}})).unwrap();
+        let doc = &app.session.active().unwrap().doc;
+        let rename = |kind| {
+            let entry = path_rows(doc, None).into_iter().find(|r| r.kind == kind).unwrap();
+            path_context_actions(&entry, doc, None).into_iter().find(|(label, _, _)| *label == "Rename Path…").map(|(_, id, p)| (id, p))
+        };
+        assert_eq!(rename(PathRow::Saved), Some(("path.rename", json!({"name": "First"}))));
+        assert_eq!(rename(PathRow::Work), None, "the work path is saved, not renamed");
+    }
+
     /// How many shapes the path overlay paints for `app` this frame.
     fn overlay_shapes(app: &PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> usize {
         let doc = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
@@ -2267,6 +2268,43 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(!shows_anchors(Tool::Brush) && !shows_anchors(Tool::Move));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn an_unselected_work_path_is_not_drawn_over_the_canvas() {
+        // #6551: Ctrl-click Load as Selection leaves the Paths panel's selection alone, yet the Work
+        // Path stayed drawn over the new selection's edge. Photoshop draws it only while selected
+        // in the Paths panel (or a path tool is active).
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut app = app();
+        let path = json!({"subpaths": [{"closed": true, "knots": [
+            {"anchor": [20, 20], "in": [20, 20], "out": [20, 20]},
+            {"anchor": [90, 20], "in": [90, 20], "out": [90, 20]},
+            {"anchor": [90, 90], "in": [90, 90], "out": [90, 90]}
+        ]}]});
+        app.run("path.set", json!({"name": "work", "path": path})).unwrap();
+        app.run("path.toSelection", json!({"name": "work", "mode": "replace"})).unwrap();
+        assert!(app.ui.selected_path.is_none());
+        for tool in [Tool::Move, Tool::Brush, Tool::Rectangle, Tool::Zoom] {
+            app.ui.tool = tool;
+            assert_eq!(overlay_shapes(&app, &ctx), 0, "{tool:?}: an unselected Work Path stays off the canvas");
+        }
+        // Selected in the Paths panel: drawn with any tool.
+        app.ui.selected_path = Some("work".into());
+        for tool in [Tool::Move, Tool::Brush] {
+            app.ui.tool = tool;
+            assert!(overlay_shapes(&app, &ctx) > 0, "{tool:?}: the selected Work Path is drawn");
+        }
+        // Another path selected: the Work Path is not the target path.
+        app.ui.selected_path = Some("Saved".into());
+        app.ui.tool = Tool::Move;
+        assert_eq!(overlay_shapes(&app, &ctx), 0);
+        // A path tool shows the Work Path it edits even when the panel selection was cleared.
+        app.ui.selected_path = None;
+        for tool in [Tool::Pen, Tool::PathSelection] {
+            app.ui.tool = tool;
+            assert!(overlay_shapes(&app, &ctx) > 0, "{tool:?}: path tools draw the Work Path");
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn show_target_path_and_extras_hide_the_path_outlines() {
         // #1119: View › Show › Target Path only flipped its checkmark; the canvas kept drawing the
@@ -2509,6 +2547,287 @@ mod tests {
         pen_up(&mut app);
     }
 
+    /// #5373: an unfinished path stays with its own document through same-frame switches.
+    #[test]
+    fn an_unclosed_path_stays_with_its_document() {
+        // Both pens claim the document at their first anchor.
+        let open_path = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
+            for (x, y) in [(20.0, 20.0), (120.0, 60.0)] {
+                if app.ui.tool == Tool::CurvaturePen {
+                    curvature_down(app, x, y);
+                    curvature_up(app);
+                } else {
+                    pen_down(app, x, y, false);
+                    pen_up(app);
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        let work = |app: &PhotocraftApp, i: usize| app.session.documents()[i].doc.work_path.clone();
+        // File › New commits the path to its original document.
+        for tool in [Tool::Pen, Tool::CurvaturePen] {
+            let mut app = app();
+            app.ui.tool = tool;
+            open_path(&mut app);
+            assert!(app.ui.pen.is_some() && app.ui.pen_doc.is_some(), "{tool:?}: claimed by its document");
+            app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 300, "height": 150})).unwrap();
+            assert!(app.ui.pen.is_none() && app.ui.pen_doc.is_none(), "{tool:?}: the first document's path is gone");
+            assert!(work(&app, 0).is_some(), "{tool:?}: the original keeps its Work Path");
+            assert_eq!(work(&app, 1), None, "{tool:?}: the new document is blank");
+        }
+        // Two documents; the path below is drawn on the second (active) one.
+        let mut app = app();
+        app.ui.tool = Tool::Pen;
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 300, "height": 150})).unwrap();
+        open_path(&mut app);
+        assert!(app.session.set_active(0));
+        pen_commit(&mut app, false);
+        assert!(app.ui.pen.is_none());
+        assert!(work(&app, 0).is_none(), "the active document stays untouched");
+        assert!(work(&app, 1).is_some(), "the owner keeps its Work Path");
+        // Staying on its own document, the path still commits there.
+        open_path(&mut app);
+        pen_commit(&mut app, false);
+        assert!(work(&app, 0).is_some(), "it commits to the document it was drawn on");
+        assert!(work(&app, 1).is_some());
+        for act in [0, 1, 2] {
+            open_path(&mut app);
+            assert!(app.session.set_active(1));
+            match act {
+                0 => pen_down(&mut app, 50.0, 50.0, false),
+                1 => curvature_down(&mut app, 50.0, 50.0),
+                _ => assert!(!pen_undo_last_point(&mut app), "nothing of this document's to undo"),
+            }
+            let knots = app.ui.pen.as_ref().map_or(0, |p| p.knots.len());
+            assert!(knots <= 1, "act {act}: a new path, not the other document's (knots {knots})");
+            // The two drawing entry points start a path of their own here; undo has none to take.
+            let expected = if act == 2 { None } else { app.session.active().map(|st| st.doc.id) };
+            assert_eq!(app.ui.pen_doc, expected, "act {act}");
+            app.ui.pen = None;
+            app.ui.pen_doc = None;
+            assert!(app.session.set_active(0));
+        }
+        open_path(&mut app);
+        let shapes = |app: &PhotocraftApp| {
+            let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+            let doc = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+            let xf = ViewXform {
+                rect: egui::Rect::from_min_size(egui::pos2(0.0, 0.0), egui::vec2(400.0, 300.0)),
+                zoom: 1.0,
+                center: [100.0, 75.0],
+                flip: false,
+                rotation: 0.0,
+                aspect: 1.0,
+            };
+            let mut out = ctx.run_ui(Default::default(), |ui| draw_overlay(app, ui.painter(), &xf, &doc));
+            out.textures_delta.clear();
+            out.shapes.len()
+        };
+        // Same view, pen present vs absent: the difference is the path itself, nothing else.
+        let drawn = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
+            let with_pen = shapes(app);
+            let pen = app.ui.pen.take();
+            let without = shapes(app);
+            app.ui.pen = pen;
+            with_pen - without
+        };
+        assert!(drawn(&mut app) > 0, "its own document draws the path");
+        assert!(app.session.set_active(1));
+        assert_eq!(drawn(&mut app), 0, "the other document draws nothing of it");
+        assert!(app.session.set_active(0));
+        app.ui.pen = None;
+        app.ui.pen_doc = None;
+        open_path(&mut app);
+        app.ui.direct_selection.target = Some(crate::direct_select::PathRef::Pen);
+        app.ui.direct_selection.anchors = vec![[0, 1]];
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 120, "height": 90})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.direct_selection, Default::default(), "the anchors went with the path");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pen_overlay_uses_the_view_document_even_during_direct_selection() {
+        let mut app = app();
+        app.ui.tool = Tool::Pen;
+        pen_down(&mut app, 20.0, 20.0, false);
+        pen_up(&mut app);
+        pen_down(&mut app, 80.0, 60.0, false);
+        pen_up(&mut app);
+        let owner = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+        app.session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 200})).unwrap();
+        let other = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+        let xf =
+            ViewXform { rect: Rect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, vec2(400.0, 300.0)), zoom: 1.0, center: [100.0, 100.0], flip: false, rotation: 0.0, aspect: 1.0 };
+        let shapes = |app: &PhotocraftApp, doc: &Document, modifiers| {
+            let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+            let mut output = ctx.run_ui(egui::RawInput { events: vec![egui::Event::ModifiersChanged(modifiers)], ..Default::default() }, |ui| {
+                draw_overlay(app, ui.painter(), &xf, doc)
+            });
+            output.textures_delta.clear();
+            output.shapes.len()
+        };
+        for active in [0, 1] {
+            assert!(app.session.set_active(active));
+            for tool in [Tool::Pen, Tool::DirectSelection] {
+                app.ui.tool = tool;
+                for modifiers in [egui::Modifiers::NONE, egui::Modifiers::COMMAND] {
+                    for (doc, visible) in [(&owner, true), (&other, false)] {
+                        let with_pen = shapes(&app, doc, modifiers);
+                        let pen = app.ui.pen.take();
+                        let without = shapes(&app, doc, modifiers);
+                        app.ui.pen = pen;
+                        assert_eq!(with_pen > without, visible, "active {active}, {tool:?}, {modifiers:?}");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn failed_stale_pen_commit_preserves_the_draft_until_retry() {
+        for action in ["pen", "curvature", "undo", "commit", "command"] {
+            let mut app = app();
+            app.run("path.set", json!({"name": "work", "path": {"subpaths": [{"closed": false, "knots": [[5, 5], [10, 10]]}]}})).unwrap();
+            let original = app.session.active().unwrap().doc.work_path.clone().unwrap();
+            app.ui.tool = Tool::Pen;
+            for (x, y) in [(20.0, 20.0), (80.0, 60.0)] {
+                pen_down(&mut app, x, y, false);
+                pen_up(&mut app);
+            }
+            let draft = app.ui.pen.clone();
+            let owner = app.ui.pen_doc;
+            app.session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 200})).unwrap();
+            app.ui.tool_options.vector_mode = "shape".into();
+            app.ui.selected_path = Some("foreign named path".into());
+            app.session.authorize = Some(|_, _| Err(photocraft_engine::EngineError::Other("test rejection".into())));
+            match action {
+                "pen" => pen_down(&mut app, 150.0, 150.0, false),
+                "curvature" => curvature_down(&mut app, 150.0, 150.0),
+                "undo" => assert!(!pen_undo_last_point(&mut app)),
+                "commit" => pen_commit(&mut app, true),
+                _ => {
+                    assert!(app.run("file.close", json!({})).is_err());
+                }
+            }
+            assert_eq!(app.ui.pen, draft, "{action}: failed save retains all anchors");
+            assert_eq!(app.ui.pen_doc, owner);
+            assert_eq!(app.session.active_index(), Some(1));
+            assert_eq!(app.session.documents()[0].doc.work_path.as_ref(), Some(&original));
+            assert!(app.session.documents()[1].doc.work_path.is_none());
+            assert!(app.ui.status_error);
+            assert!(!crate::direct_select::candidates(&app).iter().any(|(target, _)| *target == crate::direct_select::PathRef::Pen));
+            app.session.authorize = None;
+            app.sync_views();
+            assert!(app.ui.pen.is_none());
+            assert_eq!(app.session.active_index(), Some(1));
+            assert_eq!(app.ui.selected_path.as_deref(), Some("foreign named path"));
+            let saved = app.session.documents()[0].doc.work_path.clone().unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(saved.subpaths.len(), original.subpaths.len() + 1);
+            assert_eq!(saved.subpaths[0], original.subpaths[0]);
+            app.sync_views();
+            assert_eq!(app.session.documents()[0].doc.work_path.as_ref(), Some(&saved), "retry never duplicates the path");
+            assert!(app.session.set_active(0));
+            assert!(app.session.undo());
+            assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.work_path.as_ref(), Some(&original));
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn new_document_reports_a_failed_work_path_save_and_retains_the_draft() {
+        let mut app = app();
+        pen_down(&mut app, 20.0, 20.0, false);
+        pen_up(&mut app);
+        pen_down(&mut app, 80.0, 60.0, false);
+        pen_up(&mut app);
+        let draft = app.ui.pen.clone();
+        app.session.authorize = Some(|id, _| if id == "path.set" { Err(photocraft_engine::EngineError::Other("test rejection".into())) } else { Ok(()) });
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 200})).unwrap();
+        assert!(app.ui.status_error);
+        assert!(app.ui.status.contains("test rejection"));
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.pen, draft);
+        assert_eq!(app.session.active_index(), Some(1));
+        assert!(app.session.documents().iter().all(|d| d.doc.work_path.is_none()));
+        app.session.authorize = None;
+        app.sync_views();
+        assert!(app.ui.pen.is_none());
+        assert!(app.session.documents()[0].doc.work_path.is_some());
+        assert!(app.session.documents()[1].doc.work_path.is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn new_document_preserves_a_single_pen_anchor_as_a_work_path() {
+        for tool in [Tool::Pen, Tool::CurvaturePen] {
+            let mut app = app();
+            app.ui.tool = tool;
+            if tool == Tool::Pen {
+                pen_down(&mut app, 20.0, 30.0, false);
+                pen_up(&mut app);
+            } else {
+                curvature_down(&mut app, 20.0, 30.0);
+                curvature_up(&mut app);
+            }
+            app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 200})).unwrap();
+            assert!(app.ui.pen.is_none());
+            let path = app.session.documents()[0].doc.work_path.as_ref().unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(path.subpaths[0].knots.len(), 1);
+            assert_eq!(path.subpaths[0].knots[0].anchor, photocraft_geom::Point::new(20.0, 30.0));
+            assert!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.work_path.is_none());
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn stale_pen_commits_to_its_owner_across_document_changes() {
+        use photocraft_doc::{ColorMode, SampleType, Size};
+        for tool in [Tool::Pen, Tool::CurvaturePen] {
+            for action in ["switch", "open", "closeOther", "pen", "curvature", "undo", "commit"] {
+                let mut app = app();
+                app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 200})).unwrap();
+                app.ui.tool = tool;
+                for (x, y) in [(20.0, 20.0), (80.0, 60.0), (120.0, 30.0)] {
+                    if tool == Tool::Pen {
+                        pen_down(&mut app, x, y, false);
+                        pen_up(&mut app);
+                    } else {
+                        curvature_down(&mut app, x, y);
+                        curvature_up(&mut app);
+                    }
+                }
+                let owner = app.ui.pen_doc.unwrap();
+                let expected = photocraft_engine::vector_cmds::parse_path(&pen_to_json(app.ui.pen.as_ref().unwrap(), false)).unwrap();
+                app.ui.direct_selection.target = Some(crate::direct_select::PathRef::Pen);
+                app.ui.direct_selection.anchors = vec![[0, 1]];
+                assert!(app.session.set_active(0));
+                match action {
+                    "open" => {
+                        app.services.import =
+                            Some(Box::new(|name, _, _| Ok((Document::new(name, Size::new(4, 4), ColorMode::Rgb, SampleType::U8), Vec::new()))));
+                        app.open_file("synthetic.png", &[]).unwrap();
+                    }
+                    "closeOther" => {
+                        app.run("file.close", json!({"document": 0})).unwrap();
+                    }
+                    "pen" => pen_down(&mut app, 150.0, 150.0, false),
+                    "curvature" => curvature_down(&mut app, 150.0, 150.0),
+                    "undo" => assert!(!pen_undo_last_point(&mut app)),
+                    "commit" => pen_commit(&mut app, true),
+                    _ => app.sync_views(),
+                }
+                let source = app.session.documents().iter().find(|d| d.doc.id == owner).unwrap();
+                let path = source.doc.work_path.as_ref().expect("the owner keeps the unfinished path");
+                assert_eq!(path, &expected, "{tool:?} {action}");
+                assert!(app.session.documents().iter().filter(|d| d.doc.id != owner).all(|d| d.doc.work_path.is_none()));
+                if action != "closeOther" {
+                    assert_ne!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.id, owner, "the active document is restored");
+                }
+                assert_eq!(app.ui.direct_selection, Default::default());
+                let index = app.session.documents().iter().position(|d| d.doc.id == owner).unwrap();
+                assert!(app.session.set_active(index));
+                assert!(app.session.undo());
+                assert!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.work_path.is_none());
+                assert!(app.session.redo());
+                assert!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.work_path.is_some());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     /// #4721: a second Pen path joins the Work Path it was drawn after (still selected), as a new
     /// subpath, instead of replacing it; a saved path that is selected takes it instead; with no
     /// path selected, the new path replaces the Work Path, as in Photoshop.
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/view_cmds.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/view_cmds.rs
index 29961d8bdd..4eb811b290 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/view_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/view_cmds.rs
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ const LAYOUTS: [&str; 10] = [
 
 /// Whether the window was maximized when a screen mode took it full screen (egui temp data).
 fn was_maximized_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("pc-full-screen-was-maximized")
+    egui::Id::unique("pc-full-screen-was-maximized")
 }
 
 /// The window commands for switching to screen mode `next`, and whether the window should be
@@ -302,6 +302,9 @@ fn remembered(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Value {
     if e.guides != def.guides {
         m.insert("guides".into(), Value::Bool(e.guides));
     }
+    if e.snap != def.snap {
+        m.insert("snap".into(), Value::Bool(e.snap));
+    }
     if let Some(show) = changed_flags(v.show, Show::default(), &SHOW_KEYS, show_slot) {
         m.insert("show".into(), show);
     }
@@ -342,6 +345,9 @@ pub fn restore(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
     if let Some(on) = flag("guides") {
         app.ui.extras.guides = on;
     }
+    if let Some(on) = flag("snap") {
+        app.ui.extras.snap = on;
+    }
     for (k, v) in saved.get("show").and_then(Value::as_object).into_iter().flatten() {
         if let (Some(slot), Some(on)) = (show_slot(&mut app.ui.view.show, k), v.as_bool()) {
             *slot = on;
@@ -582,11 +588,13 @@ fn wraps(id: &str) -> bool {
     matches!(
         id,
         "file.openAs"
+            | "file.openExrParts"
             | "file.saveACopy"
             | "file.placeEmbedded"
             | "file.placeLinked"
             | "layer.smartObjects.replaceContents"
             | "layer.smartObjects.exportContents"
+            | "layer.smartObjects.relinkToFile"
             | "layer.smartObjects.convertToLinked"
             | "file.closeAll"
             | "file.closeOthers"
@@ -771,6 +779,8 @@ fn run(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, id: &str, p: &Value) -> Res
             let screen = app.session.prefs().units_and_rulers.screen_resolution.max(1.0) as f32;
             let z = if id == "view.twoHundredPercent" { 2.0 } else { screen / dpi };
             app.ui.views[i].zoom = crate::zoom_levels::clamp(z, size);
+            app.ui.views[i].request_zoom_animation(app.session.prefs().general.animated_zoom);
+            app.ui.views[i].zoom_anchor = None;
             Ok(json!({"zoom": app.ui.views[i].zoom}))
         }
         "view.fitLayersOnScreen" => fit_layers(app),
@@ -802,6 +812,8 @@ fn fit_layers(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> Result<Value, String> {
     v.zoom = crate::zoom_levels::clamp(points * ppp, size);
     v.center = [(b.x0 + b.x1) as f32 / 2.0, (b.y0 + b.y1) as f32 / 2.0];
     v.fit_pending = false;
+    v.request_zoom_animation(app.session.prefs().general.animated_zoom);
+    v.zoom_anchor = None;
     Ok(json!({"zoom": v.zoom, "bounds": [b.x0, b.y0, b.x1, b.y1]}))
 }
 
@@ -816,6 +828,10 @@ fn screen_position(v: &Value) -> Option<[f32; 2]> {
 pub(crate) fn float_window(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, doc: usize, offset: usize) -> u64 {
     let wid = app.ui.alloc_id();
     let mut view = app.ui.views.get(doc).cloned().unwrap_or_default();
+    view.zoom_animating = false;
+    view.zoom_anchor = None;
+    view.zoom_transition = None;
+    view.display_camera = None;
     view.fit_pending = offset > 0 || view.fit_pending;
     app.ui.windows.push(crate::state::DocWindow { id: wid, document: doc, view, open: true, position: None });
     wid
@@ -869,12 +885,14 @@ fn arrange(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, k: &str, p: &Value) -> Result<Value, String>
             let src = app.ui.views.get(i).cloned().ok_or("no document")?;
             let (zoom, loc, rot) =
                 (matches!(k, "matchZoom" | "matchAll"), matches!(k, "matchLocation" | "matchAll"), matches!(k, "matchRotation" | "matchAll"));
+            let animated_zoom = app.session.prefs().general.animated_zoom;
             // Each view stays within its own document's zoom range (a view not drawn yet has no
             // `doc_size`, so the size comes from the document).
             let sizes: Vec<[u32; 2]> = app.session.documents().iter().map(|d| [d.doc.size.width, d.doc.size.height]).collect();
             let apply = |v: &mut crate::state::View, doc: usize| {
                 if zoom {
                     v.zoom = crate::zoom_levels::clamp(src.zoom, sizes.get(doc).copied().unwrap_or(v.doc_size));
+                    v.request_zoom_animation(animated_zoom);
                 }
                 if loc {
                     v.center = src.center;
@@ -1078,6 +1096,23 @@ mod form_reset_tests {
     }
 }
 
+/// Display order of a `__form` dialog's field keys. `__order` lists them the way Photoshop
+/// shows them (e.g. File Info); keys it omits keep their catalogue order after it.
+pub fn form_keys(f: &Map<String, Value>) -> Vec<String> {
+    let mut keys: Vec<String> = f
+        .get("__order")
+        .and_then(Value::as_array)
+        .into_iter()
+        .flatten()
+        .filter_map(Value::as_str)
+        .filter(|k| !k.starts_with("__") && f.contains_key(*k))
+        .map(str::to_string)
+        .collect();
+    let rest: Vec<String> = f.keys().filter(|k| !k.starts_with("__") && !keys.contains(k)).cloned().collect();
+    keys.extend(rest);
+    keys
+}
+
 /// Body of a `__form` dialog: text fields, number fields, checkboxes and `__choices` dropdowns.
 pub fn form_body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
     let choices = f.get("__choices").cloned().unwrap_or(Value::Null);
@@ -1085,7 +1120,8 @@ pub fn form_body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
     // come from `__labels` verbatim; everything else goes through the catalogue.
     let labels = f.get("__labels").cloned().unwrap_or(Value::Null);
     let label = |k: &str| labels.get(k).and_then(Value::as_str).map_or_else(|| label_of(k), str::to_string);
-    let keys: Vec<String> = f.keys().filter(|k| !k.starts_with("__")).cloned().collect();
+    let keys = form_keys(f);
+    let mut browse: Option<String> = None;
     egui::Grid::new("form-dialog").num_columns(2).spacing([12.0, 6.0]).show(ui, |ui| {
         for k in keys {
             let v = f.get(&k).cloned().unwrap_or(Value::Null);
@@ -1105,7 +1141,7 @@ pub fn form_body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
                 let mut quality = v.as_f64().or_else(|| f.get("__batchQuality").and_then(Value::as_f64)).unwrap_or(8.0).clamp(0.0, 12.0) as f32;
                 ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                     crate::widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut custom, tl!("Custom"));
-                    ui.add_enabled_ui(custom, |ui| crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut quality, 0.0..=12.0, "", 74.0));
+                    ui.add_enabled_ui(custom, |ui| crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut quality, 0.0..=12.0, "", 74.0).accessible_name(tl!("Quality")));
                 });
                 // None preserves the command's existing JPEG and lossless WebP defaults.
                 // The inactive custom value is shell state, never a command parameter.
@@ -1129,10 +1165,16 @@ pub fn form_body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
                         Some(opts) => {
                             let opts: Vec<(String, String)> = opts.iter().filter_map(Value::as_str).map(|o| (o.to_string(), label(o))).collect();
                             let refs: Vec<(String, &str)> = opts.iter().map(|(a, b)| (a.clone(), b.as_str())).collect();
-                            crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("form-{k}"), &mut s, &refs, 200.0);
+                            crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, &format!("form-{k}"), &label(&k), &mut s, &refs, 200.0);
                         }
                         None => {
-                            ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut s).desired_width(260.0));
+                            ui.horizontal(|ui| {
+                                ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut s).desired_width(260.0)).accessible_name(label(&k));
+                                // A folder field gets the system folder picker (#7942, #9357).
+                                if crate::dialogs::is_folder_field(&k) && crate::widgets::secondary_button(ui, tl!("Browse…"), 0.0).clicked() {
+                                    browse = Some(k.clone());
+                                }
+                            });
                         }
                     }
                     json!(s)
@@ -1140,11 +1182,11 @@ pub fn form_body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
                 Value::Number(n) => {
                     ui.label(label(&k));
                     if let Some(mut i) = n.as_i64() {
-                        ui.add(egui::DragValue::new(&mut i).custom_parser(crate::widgets::parse_num));
+                        ui.add(egui::DragValue::new(&mut i).custom_parser(crate::widgets::parse_num)).accessible_name(label(&k));
                         json!(i)
                     } else {
                         let mut x = n.as_f64().unwrap_or(0.0);
-                        ui.add(egui::DragValue::new(&mut x).speed(0.5).custom_parser(crate::widgets::parse_num));
+                        ui.add(egui::DragValue::new(&mut x).speed(0.5).custom_parser(crate::widgets::parse_num)).accessible_name(label(&k));
                         json!(x)
                     }
                 }
@@ -1153,6 +1195,9 @@ pub fn form_body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, f: &mut Map<String, Value>) {
             ui.end_row();
         }
     });
+    if let Some(key) = browse {
+        f.insert(crate::dialogs::BROWSE_FIELD.into(), json!(key));
+    }
     camera_data(ui, f);
 }
 
@@ -1248,6 +1293,18 @@ fn front(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, id: &str, params: &Value)
             }))
         }
         "layer.smartObjects.exportContents" => Some(export_contents(app)),
+        "layer.smartObjects.relinkToFile" => {
+            let st = app.session.active()?;
+            let (doc, layer) = (st.doc.id, st.active_layer?);
+            // A link needs a file on disk: the desktop picker answers its full path, the web
+            // picker only a name and the bytes, which can't be linked to.
+            Some(app.pick_file_bytes(move |app, path, _| {
+                if !std::path::Path::new(&path).is_absolute() {
+                    return Err(format!("{path}: Relink to File needs a file on disk"));
+                }
+                app.with_document(doc, |app| app.run("layer.smartObjects.relinkToFile", json!({"layer": layer.0, "path": path})))
+            }))
+        }
         "layer.smartObjects.convertToLinked" => {
             let st = app.session.active()?;
             let (doc, layer) = (st.doc.id, st.active_layer?);
@@ -1287,7 +1344,23 @@ fn front(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, id: &str, params: &Value)
             let kw = info["keywords"].as_array().map(|a| a.iter().filter_map(Value::as_str).collect::<Vec<_>>().join("; ")).unwrap_or_default();
             dialog(
                 app,
-                json!({"title": info["title"], "author": info["author"], "authorTitle": info["authorTitle"], "description": info["description"], "keywords": kw, "copyright": info["copyright"], "copyrightStatus": info["copyrightStatus"], "copyrightUrl": info["copyrightUrl"], "__camera": info["camera"]}),
+                json!({
+                    "title": info["title"],
+                    "author": info["author"],
+                    "authorTitle": info["authorTitle"],
+                    "description": info["description"],
+                    "keywords": kw,
+                    "copyrightStatus": info["copyrightStatus"],
+                    "copyright": info["copyright"],
+                    "copyrightUrl": info["copyrightUrl"],
+                    "__order": ["title", "author", "authorTitle", "description", "keywords", "copyrightStatus", "copyright", "copyrightUrl"],
+                    "__labels": {
+                        "title": tl!("Document Title"),
+                        "copyright": tl!("Copyright Notice"),
+                        "copyrightUrl": tl!("Copyright Info URL"),
+                    },
+                    "__camera": info["camera"]
+                }),
                 json!({"copyrightStatus": ["unknown", "copyrighted", "publicDomain"]}),
             )
         }
@@ -1473,11 +1546,14 @@ fn front(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, id: &str, params: &Value)
 fn save_a_copy(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> Result<Value, String> {
     let doc = app.session.active().ok_or("no document")?.doc.clone();
     let stem = doc.name.rsplit_once('.').map_or(doc.name.as_str(), |(a, _)| a);
-    let suggested = format!("{stem} copy.psd");
+    // "<name> copy.psd", or with Preferences › File Handling › Do not append "copy" to filename
+    // when saving a copy the document's own name (only the extension may change), as in
+    // Photoshop (#8080).
+    let suggested = format!("{stem}{}.psd", app.session.prefs().file_handling.copy_suffix());
     // The copy is of the document as it was when asked.
     app.pick_save(&suggested, move |app, path| {
-        // An RGB Targa asks for its bits per pixel first, and a DDS texture for its compression;
-        // the copy is written from the prompt.
+        // An RGB Targa asks for its bits per pixel first, a DDS texture for its compression, and
+        // a JPEG for its JPEG Options; the copy is written from the prompt.
         let parked = app.with_document(doc.id, |app| {
             if crate::targa_options_ui::wants_prompt(app, &path) {
                 crate::targa_options_ui::park(app, path.clone(), true, "file.saveACopy")?;
@@ -1487,6 +1563,10 @@ fn save_a_copy(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> Result<Value, String> {
                 crate::dds_options_ui::park(app, path.clone(), true, "file.saveACopy")?;
                 return Ok(true);
             }
+            if crate::jpeg_options_ui::wants_prompt(app, &path) {
+                crate::jpeg_options_ui::park(app, path.clone(), true, "file.saveACopy")?;
+                return Ok(true);
+            }
             Ok(false)
         })?;
         if parked {
@@ -1499,13 +1579,15 @@ fn save_a_copy(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> Result<Value, String> {
 }
 
 /// Writes `doc` to `path` as a copy (Save a Copy, and its replayed action step): the document's
-/// path and saved state are untouched. `choices` are the Targa and DDS answers, when there are any.
+/// path and saved state are untouched. `choices` are the Targa, DDS and JPEG answers, when there
+/// are any.
 pub(crate) fn write_copy(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, doc: &photocraft_doc::Document, path: &str, choices: crate::FormatChoices) -> Result<Value, String> {
     let settings = choices.apply(app.save_settings());
     let export = app.services.export.as_ref().ok_or("no exporter configured")?;
     let (bytes, warnings) = export(doc, path, &settings)?;
     let write = app.services.write.as_mut().ok_or("no writer configured")?;
     write(path, &bytes)?;
+    app.detach_others_from_file(path, doc.id);
     let template = "Saved a copy as {path}";
     app.ui.status = crate::i18n::fmt(tl!(template), &[("path", path)]);
     app.ui.status_error = false;
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/view_cmds/tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/view_cmds/tests.rs
index 3e579e0c65..05c1f1bb60 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/view_cmds/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/view_cmds/tests.rs
@@ -753,3 +753,28 @@ fn every_arranged_tile_has_rulers() {
     }
     assert!(labels[0] > 0 && labels[1] > 0, "ruler labels per tile: {labels:?}");
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn file_info_dialog_matches_photoshop_field_order_and_labels() {
+    crate::i18n::with_language(crate::i18n::Lang::EN, || {
+        let (mut app, ctx) = app_with(1);
+        let d = menu(&mut app, &ctx, "file.fileInfo", json!({})).unwrap()["dialog"].as_u64().unwrap();
+        let fields = app.ui.dialog_mut(d).unwrap().fields.clone();
+        assert_eq!(
+            form_keys(&fields).iter().map(String::as_str).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            ["title", "author", "authorTitle", "description", "keywords", "copyrightStatus", "copyright", "copyrightUrl"]
+        );
+        let labels = fields["__labels"].as_object().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(labels["title"], "Document Title");
+        assert_eq!(labels["copyright"], "Copyright Notice");
+        assert_eq!(labels["copyrightUrl"], "Copyright Info URL");
+    });
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn form_keys_orders_by_order_then_catalogue() {
+    let f = json!({"zeta": "", "alpha": "", "mid": "", "__order": ["mid", "zeta", "ghost"]}).as_object().unwrap().clone();
+    assert_eq!(form_keys(&f).iter().map(String::as_str).collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["mid", "zeta", "alpha"]);
+    let f = json!({"zeta": "", "alpha": ""}).as_object().unwrap().clone();
+    assert_eq!(form_keys(&f).iter().map(String::as_str).collect::<Vec<_>>(), ["alpha", "zeta"]);
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/vp_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/vp_ui.rs
index bd0353d678..e4e6cfecfc 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/vp_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/vp_ui.rs
@@ -2,19 +2,27 @@
 //!
 //! **Create Plane** (C): four clicks set a plane's corners, in any order. **Edit Plane** (V):
 //! drag a corner node, or an edge node to slide that edge along the plane's own perspective;
-//! click a plane to select it, Delete removes it. The plane's grid is drawn at the Grid Size and,
+//! click a plane to select it, Delete removes it. Ctrl/Cmd-dragging an edge node tears off a
+//! perpendicular plane; dragging the torn plane's far edge node sets its depth and Alt-dragging
+//! it its angle (it stays a torn-off plane, so it follows its parent). The plane's grid is drawn
+//! at the Grid Size and,
 //! like Photoshop's, in the accent colour when the plane is valid, yellow when its perspective is
 //! doubtful and red when it is invalid ([`VpPlane::check`]). With an image on the clipboard the
-//! selected plane shows it pasted in perspective; drag it to move it on the plane. ↩ / OK runs
-//! `filter.vanishingPoint` with the planes and the paste, so it is one history step and an
-//! action or agent can replay it exactly.
+//! selected plane shows it pasted in perspective; drag it to move it on the plane. **Stamp** (S):
+//! Alt-click a plane to set the source, then paint to clone in perspective (Diameter, Hardness,
+//! Opacity, Aligned); the canvas shows the strokes as they are painted. ↩ / OK runs
+//! `filter.vanishingPoint` with the planes, the paste and the strokes, so the whole session is
+//! one history step and an action or agent can replay it exactly.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use egui::{Color32, Pos2, Stroke, TextureHandle, pos2};
 use photocraft_algo::transform::Homography;
-use photocraft_algo::vanishing::{PlaneCheck, Scene, VpPlane};
-use photocraft_doc::{LayerContent, LayerId};
-use photocraft_engine::vp_cmds::VP;
+use photocraft_algo::vanishing::{Edge, PlaneCheck, Scene, VpPlane, clone_dabs_from, clone_source};
+use photocraft_doc::{DocId, Document, Layer, LayerContent, LayerId};
+use photocraft_engine::vp_cmds::{CloneSpec, MAX_CLONE_DABS, MAX_CLONE_STROKES, VP, copy_changed, over, paste_onto, visible_image};
 use photocraft_geom::Rect;
+use photocraft_raster::Surface;
 use serde_json::{Value, json};
 
 use crate::PhotocraftApp;
@@ -26,6 +34,45 @@ use crate::edit_history::{EditHistory, Step};
 pub enum VpTool {
     EditPlane,
     CreatePlane,
+    Stamp,
+}
+
+/// A plane torn off an edge of an earlier plane: the engine's
+/// `{"from", "edge", "angle", "depth"}`, so it follows its parent when that is edited.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, serde::Serialize)]
+pub struct Torn {
+    pub from: usize,
+    pub edge: Edge,
+    /// Degrees between the planes (90 = perpendicular).
+    pub angle: f64,
+    /// Extent as a multiple of the parent's adjacent side.
+    pub depth: f64,
+}
+
+/// The Stamp tool's options.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, serde::Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+pub struct StampOptions {
+    /// Brush diameter in px where a stroke starts.
+    pub diameter: f64,
+    /// 0..=100.
+    pub hardness: f64,
+    /// 0..=100.
+    pub opacity: f64,
+    /// Later strokes keep the first stroke's source offset instead of restarting at the source.
+    pub aligned: bool,
+}
+
+/// Edge node `i` (0 top, 1 right, 2 bottom, 3 left) as the engine's edge.
+const EDGES: [Edge; 4] = [Edge::Top, Edge::Right, Edge::Bottom, Edge::Left];
+
+fn edge_index(e: Edge) -> usize {
+    match e {
+        Edge::Top => 0,
+        Edge::Right => 1,
+        Edge::Bottom => 2,
+        Edge::Left => 3,
+    }
 }
 
 enum Drag {
@@ -36,19 +83,55 @@ enum Drag {
     Edge { plane: usize, edge: usize, h: Homography, inv: Homography },
     /// The pasted image, and the pointer offset from its top-left in plane coordinates.
     Paste { offset: [f64; 2] },
+    /// The far edge node of torn-off plane `plane` (or of one being torn off): the drag sets
+    /// its depth, or with `rotate` (Alt) its angle, once it has left `start`.
+    Torn { plane: usize, rotate: bool, start: [f64; 2], moved: bool },
+    /// Painting the last of the clone strokes.
+    Stamp,
+}
+
+/// The clone strokes painted onto the target layer, shown on the canvas while stamping.
+struct StampPreview {
+    /// The session's `rev`, New Layer and paste it was painted with (any changing repaints it).
+    rev: u64,
+    new_layer: bool,
+    /// The paste (plane, top-left, width) baked in under the strokes, as OK pastes before it clones.
+    paste: Option<(usize, [f64; 2], f64)>,
+    /// The paste landed in `out` (it can fail, or miss the plane).
+    baked: bool,
+    /// On a new layer: the visible image the strokes sample, with the strokes so far.
+    work: Option<Surface>,
+    /// The sampled image before the current stroke, retained across frame batches.
+    source: Option<(usize, Surface)>,
+    /// The target layer's pixels as painted so far.
+    out: Surface,
+    /// Strokes painted: those before `.0`, and the first `.1` points of stroke `.0`.
+    done: (usize, usize),
+    /// Preview keys shown, each with the area changed since the previous one (the first since
+    /// the document).
+    keys: Vec<(u64, Rect)>,
+    shown: Arc<Document>,
 }
 
 /// The clipboard image shown pasted onto the plane.
 struct Clip {
+    /// The clipboard pixels and their content bounds, which the preview pastes like OK does.
+    surface: Surface,
+    rect: Rect,
     texture: TextureHandle,
     width: f64,
     height: f64,
 }
 
 pub struct VpSession {
+    /// Document this session belongs to (#5115).
+    pub document: DocId,
     pub layer: LayerId,
     canvas: Rect,
+    /// The planes' corners; torn-off planes' are derived from their parents ([`Self::resolve`]).
     pub planes: Vec<VpPlane>,
+    /// Per plane: how it was torn off, or `None` for a drawn plane (always the first one).
+    pub torn: Vec<Option<Torn>>,
     pub tool: VpTool,
     /// Corners clicked so far with Create Plane.
     pending: Vec<[f64; 2]>,
@@ -64,25 +147,76 @@ pub struct VpSession {
     pub new_layer: bool,
     clip: Option<Clip>,
     drag: Option<Drag>,
+    pub stamp: StampOptions,
+    /// Stamp source (Alt-click), image px.
+    pub source: Option<[f64; 2]>,
+    /// Clone strokes painted so far, sent as `"clone"` on OK.
+    pub strokes: Vec<CloneSpec>,
+    /// The first stroke's (source, start) since the source was set: Aligned strokes keep its offset.
+    aligned_ref: Option<([f64; 2], [f64; 2])>,
+    /// Bumped whenever the planes or the strokes change other than by painting on.
+    rev: u64,
+    /// The document as the session began (the preview paints over it).
+    base: Arc<Document>,
+    doc_revision: u64,
+    preview: Option<StampPreview>,
     history: EditHistory<VpEdit>,
 }
 
-/// What ⌘Z steps through: the planes and where the paste sits on them.
-type VpEdit = (Vec<VpPlane>, [f64; 2], f64);
+/// What ⌘Z steps through: the planes (and how they were torn off), where the paste sits on
+/// them, and the clone source and strokes.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq)]
+struct VpEdit {
+    planes: Vec<VpPlane>,
+    torn: Vec<Option<Torn>>,
+    paste_at: [f64; 2],
+    paste_width: f64,
+    source: Option<[f64; 2]>,
+    strokes: Vec<CloneSpec>,
+    aligned_ref: Option<([f64; 2], [f64; 2])>,
+}
 
 /// Most planes a session holds (the control channel can't make it allocate without bound).
 const MAX_PLANES: usize = 64;
 /// Most grid lines drawn per direction.
 const MAX_LINES: usize = 200;
+/// Preview keys of the stamp preview: `PREVIEW_KEY + id` (see `canvas::display_doc`).
+const PREVIEW_KEY: u64 = 1 << 42;
+
+fn union(a: Rect, b: Rect) -> Rect {
+    if a.is_empty() {
+        b
+    } else if b.is_empty() {
+        a
+    } else {
+        a.union(&b)
+    }
+}
 
 impl VpSession {
     pub fn describe(&self) -> Value {
         let center = self.center();
-        let planes: Vec<Value> = self.planes.iter().map(|p| json!({"corners": p.corners, "check": p.check(center)})).collect();
+        let planes: Vec<Value> = self
+            .planes
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .map(|(i, p)| {
+                let mut v = json!({"corners": p.corners, "check": p.check(center)});
+                if let Some(t) = self.torn.get(i).copied().flatten() {
+                    v["tornOff"] = json!(t);
+                }
+                v
+            })
+            .collect();
         json!({
+            "document": self.document.0,
             "layer": self.layer.0,
             "tool": self.tool,
             "planes": planes,
+            "stamp": self.stamp,
+            "source": self.source,
+            "strokes": self.strokes.len(),
+            "dabs": self.dabs(),
             "pending": self.pending,
             "selected": self.selected,
             "gridSize": self.grid_size,
@@ -124,25 +258,98 @@ impl VpSession {
         self.selected.filter(|i| *i < self.planes.len()).or_else(|| (!self.planes.is_empty()).then_some(0))
     }
 
+    /// What OK pastes: the plane, the top-left and the width.
+    fn paste_key(&self) -> Option<(usize, [f64; 2], f64)> {
+        self.paste_plane().map(|i| (i, self.paste_at, self.paste_width))
+    }
+
+    /// The stamp preview is current and already shows the paste under the strokes.
+    fn preview_has_paste(&self) -> bool {
+        self.preview.as_ref().is_some_and(|p| p.baked && p.rev == self.rev && p.paste == self.paste_key())
+    }
+
+    /// The paste is dragged while the stamp preview holds it in its old place.
+    fn moving_baked_paste(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self.drag, Some(Drag::Paste { .. })) && self.preview.as_ref().is_some_and(|p| p.baked)
+    }
+
+    /// [`draw_content`] draws the paste overlay: not when the stamp preview shows the paste, and
+    /// not while a plane drag freezes that preview (as it freezes the strokes) until release.
+    fn paste_overlay(&self) -> bool {
+        let frozen = matches!(self.drag, Some(Drag::Corner { .. } | Drag::Edge { .. } | Drag::Torn { .. })) && self.preview.as_ref().is_some_and(|p| p.baked);
+        !self.preview_has_paste() && !frozen
+    }
+
     /// Size of the pasted image in plane coordinates (the engine keeps its metric aspect).
     fn paste_extent(&self, lu: f64, lv: f64) -> Option<[f64; 2]> {
         let c = self.clip.as_ref()?;
         Some([self.paste_width, self.paste_width * lu / lv * c.height / c.width.max(1.0)])
     }
 
-    /// The command's params: the planes, and the paste when there is one.
+    /// The command's params: the planes (torn-off ones as such), the paste and the clone
+    /// strokes when there are any.
     pub fn params(&self) -> Value {
-        let planes: Vec<Value> = self.planes.iter().map(|p| json!({"corners": p.corners})).collect();
+        let planes: Vec<Value> = self
+            .planes
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .map(|(i, p)| match self.torn.get(i).copied().flatten() {
+                Some(t) => json!({"from": t.from, "edge": t.edge, "angle": t.angle, "depth": t.depth}),
+                None => json!({"corners": p.corners}),
+            })
+            .collect();
         let mut p = json!({"planes": planes});
         if let Some(i) = self.paste_plane() {
             p["paste"] = json!([{"plane": i, "at": self.paste_at, "width": self.paste_width}]);
         }
+        if !self.strokes.is_empty() {
+            let clone: Vec<Value> = self
+                .strokes
+                .iter()
+                .map(|c| json!({"source": c.source, "points": c.points, "size": c.size, "hardness": c.hardness * 100.0, "opacity": c.opacity * 100.0}))
+                .collect();
+            p["clone"] = json!(clone);
+        }
         if self.new_layer {
             p["newLayer"] = json!(true);
         }
         p
     }
 
+    fn dabs(&self) -> usize {
+        self.strokes.iter().map(|c| c.points.len()).sum()
+    }
+
+    /// Recomputes the torn-off planes' corners from their parents, in order (the way the engine
+    /// builds the scene), so they follow every edit. A plane that can't be torn off any more
+    /// (it would lie behind the camera) collapses to an invalid one.
+    fn resolve(&mut self) {
+        self.rev += 1;
+        self.torn.resize(self.planes.len(), None);
+        let Some(first) = self.planes.first().cloned() else { return };
+        let fallback = f64::from(self.canvas.width().max(self.canvas.height()));
+        let mut sc = Scene::new(first, self.center(), None, fallback);
+        for i in 1..self.planes.len() {
+            match self.torn.get(i).copied().flatten().filter(|t| t.from < i) {
+                Some(t) => {
+                    if sc.tear_off(t.from, t.edge, t.angle, t.depth).is_none() {
+                        sc.planes.push(VpPlane { corners: [[0.0; 2]; 4] });
+                    }
+                }
+                None => sc.planes.push(self.planes[i].clone()),
+            }
+        }
+        self.planes = sc.planes;
+    }
+
+    fn push_plane(&mut self, plane: VpPlane, torn: Option<Torn>) {
+        self.torn.resize(self.planes.len(), None);
+        self.planes.push(plane);
+        self.torn.push(torn);
+        self.selected = Some(self.planes.len() - 1);
+        self.resolve();
+    }
+
     fn add_corner(&mut self, p: [f64; 2]) {
         if self.planes.len() >= MAX_PLANES {
             return;
@@ -150,15 +357,22 @@ impl VpSession {
         self.pending.push(p);
         if let Ok(corners) = <[[f64; 2]; 4]>::try_from(self.pending.as_slice()) {
             self.pending.clear();
-            self.planes.push(VpPlane { corners }.normalized());
-            self.selected = Some(self.planes.len() - 1);
+            self.push_plane(VpPlane { corners }.normalized(), None);
             // Photoshop hands over to Edit Plane once a plane is closed.
             self.tool = VpTool::EditPlane;
         }
     }
 
     fn edit(&self) -> VpEdit {
-        (self.planes.clone(), self.paste_at, self.paste_width)
+        VpEdit {
+            planes: self.planes.clone(),
+            torn: self.torn.clone(),
+            paste_at: self.paste_at,
+            paste_width: self.paste_width,
+            source: self.source,
+            strokes: self.strokes.clone(),
+            aligned_ref: self.aligned_ref,
+        }
     }
 
     fn settle(&mut self, busy: bool) {
@@ -169,19 +383,268 @@ impl VpSession {
     pub(crate) fn step(&mut self, step: Step) {
         let mut now = self.edit();
         if self.history.step(&mut now, step) {
-            (self.planes, self.paste_at, self.paste_width) = now;
+            let VpEdit { planes, torn, paste_at, paste_width, source, strokes, aligned_ref } = now;
+            (self.planes, self.torn, self.paste_at, self.paste_width) = (planes, torn, paste_at, paste_width);
+            (self.source, self.strokes, self.aligned_ref) = (source, strokes, aligned_ref);
             self.drag = None;
+            self.pending.clear();
             self.selected = self.selected.filter(|i| *i < self.planes.len());
+            // The stamp preview repaints from scratch.
+            self.rev += 1;
         }
     }
 
+    /// Deletes the selected plane; planes torn off it keep their place as drawn planes.
     fn delete_selected(&mut self) {
         if let Some(i) = self.selected.take().filter(|i| *i < self.planes.len()) {
+            self.torn.resize(self.planes.len(), None);
             self.planes.remove(i);
+            self.torn.remove(i);
+            for t in self.torn.iter_mut() {
+                match t {
+                    Some(c) if c.from == i => *t = None,
+                    Some(c) if c.from > i => c.from -= 1,
+                    _ => {}
+                }
+            }
             self.drag = None;
+            self.resolve();
         }
     }
 
+    /// Starts tearing a plane off edge `edge` of plane `from` at the press `p`.
+    fn tear_off(&mut self, from: usize, edge: usize, p: [f64; 2]) {
+        if self.planes.len() >= MAX_PLANES {
+            return;
+        }
+        let Some(&e) = EDGES.get(edge) else { return };
+        self.push_plane(VpPlane { corners: [[0.0; 2]; 4] }, Some(Torn { from, edge: e, angle: 90.0, depth: 0.5 }));
+        // As after closing a plane, Edit Plane takes over.
+        self.tool = VpTool::EditPlane;
+        self.pending.clear();
+        self.drag = Some(Drag::Torn { plane: self.planes.len() - 1, rotate: false, start: p, moved: false });
+    }
+
+    /// Fits torn plane `i`'s depth (or with `rotate` its angle) so its far edge's middle is as
+    /// near `p` as it can get.
+    fn fit_torn(&mut self, i: usize, rotate: bool, p: [f64; 2]) {
+        let Some(t) = self.torn.get(i).copied().flatten() else { return };
+        let Some(first) = self.planes.first().cloned() else { return };
+        if t.from >= i || i >= self.planes.len() {
+            return;
+        }
+        let fallback = f64::from(self.canvas.width().max(self.canvas.height()));
+        let mut sc = Scene::new(first, self.center(), None, fallback);
+        sc.planes.extend(self.planes.iter().take(i).skip(1).cloned());
+        let e = edge_index(t.edge);
+        let mut miss = |angle: f64, depth: f64| -> f64 {
+            if sc.tear_off(t.from, t.edge, angle, depth).is_none() {
+                return f64::MAX;
+            }
+            let Some(c) = sc.planes.pop().map(|pl| pl.corners) else { return f64::MAX };
+            let (a, b) = (c[e], c[(e + 1) % 4]);
+            let d = ((a[0] + b[0]) / 2.0 - p[0]).hypot((a[1] + b[1]) / 2.0 - p[1]);
+            if d.is_finite() { d } else { f64::MAX }
+        };
+        let best = |values: &mut dyn Iterator<Item = f64>, miss: &mut dyn FnMut(f64) -> f64| {
+            values.map(|v| (miss(v), v)).filter(|m| m.0 < f64::MAX).min_by(|a, b| a.0.total_cmp(&b.0)).map(|m| m.1)
+        };
+        let (angle, depth) = if rotate {
+            let Some(a) = best(&mut (1..180).map(f64::from), &mut |a| miss(a, t.depth)) else { return };
+            let a = best(&mut (-10..=10).map(|k| a + f64::from(k) / 10.0), &mut |a| miss(a, t.depth)).unwrap_or(a);
+            (a.clamp(1.0, 179.0), t.depth)
+        } else {
+            let Some(d) = best(&mut (0..=160).map(|k| 0.02 * 1.06f64.powi(k)), &mut |d| miss(t.angle, d)) else { return };
+            let d = best(&mut (-10..=10).map(|k| d * (1.0 + f64::from(k) * 0.006)), &mut |d| miss(t.angle, d)).unwrap_or(d);
+            (t.angle, d.clamp(0.02, 1000.0))
+        };
+        if let Some(Some(t)) = self.torn.get_mut(i) {
+            t.angle = angle;
+            t.depth = depth;
+        }
+        self.resolve();
+    }
+
+    /// Stamp press: Alt sets the source, otherwise a stroke starts. Returns a status message.
+    fn stamp_press(&mut self, p: [f64; 2], alt: bool) -> Option<&'static str> {
+        let sc = self.scene()?;
+        let on_plane = |q: [f64; 2]| sc.plane_at(q).is_some();
+        if alt {
+            if !on_plane(p) {
+                return Some(tl!("Alt-click a plane to set the clone source"));
+            }
+            self.source = Some(p);
+            self.aligned_ref = None;
+            return None;
+        }
+        let Some(source) = self.source else { return Some(tl!("Alt-click a plane to set the clone source")) };
+        if !on_plane(p) {
+            return None;
+        }
+        if self.strokes.len() >= MAX_CLONE_STROKES || self.dabs() >= MAX_CLONE_DABS {
+            return Some(tl!("Too many clone strokes: apply Vanishing Point first"));
+        }
+        let src = match self.aligned_ref.filter(|_| self.stamp.aligned) {
+            Some((s0, a0)) => clone_source(&sc, s0, a0, p).filter(|s| on_plane(*s)).unwrap_or(source),
+            None => source,
+        };
+        if self.aligned_ref.is_none() {
+            self.aligned_ref = Some((src, p));
+        }
+        let o = self.stamp;
+        self.strokes.push(CloneSpec { source: src, points: vec![p], size: o.diameter, hardness: o.hardness / 100.0, opacity: o.opacity / 100.0 });
+        self.drag = Some(Drag::Stamp);
+        None
+    }
+
+    /// Extends the current stroke to `p` with dabs a tenth of the brush apart.
+    fn stamp_to(&mut self, p: [f64; 2]) {
+        let room = MAX_CLONE_DABS.saturating_sub(self.dabs());
+        let Some(c) = self.strokes.last_mut() else { return };
+        let Some(last) = c.points.last().copied() else { return };
+        let step = (c.size * 0.1).max(1.0);
+        let d = (p[0] - last[0]).hypot(p[1] - last[1]);
+        if !d.is_finite() || d < step {
+            return;
+        }
+        let n = ((d / step) as usize).min(room);
+        c.points.extend((1..=n).map(|k| {
+            let t = k as f64 * step / d;
+            [last[0] + (p[0] - last[0]) * t, last[1] + (p[1] - last[1]) * t]
+        }));
+    }
+
+    /// Paints what the preview doesn't show yet (all of it after the planes changed). `key`
+    /// names a new preview. False when nothing changed.
+    fn paint_preview(&mut self, key: impl FnOnce() -> u64) -> bool {
+        if self.strokes.is_empty() {
+            let had = self.preview.is_some();
+            self.preview = None;
+            return had;
+        }
+        let Some(sc) = self.scene() else {
+            // No planes left: nothing to show the strokes on.
+            return self.preview.take().is_some();
+        };
+        let paste = self.paste_key();
+        let canvas = self.canvas;
+        let stale = self.preview.as_ref().is_none_or(|p| p.rev != self.rev || p.new_layer != self.new_layer || p.paste != paste);
+        let mut area = Rect::EMPTY;
+        let mut baked = false;
+        if stale {
+            let Some(layer) = self.base.layer(self.layer).and_then(Layer::surface) else {
+                // The layer is gone (or no longer pixels): nothing to show the strokes on.
+                return self.preview.take().is_some();
+            };
+            let mut out = if self.new_layer { Surface::new(layer.format()) } else { layer.clone() };
+            // OK pastes first and the strokes then paint over (and sample) the pasted pixels.
+            if let (Some((i, at, width)), Some(c)) = (paste, self.clip.as_ref())
+                && self.planes.get(i).is_some_and(|p| p.check(self.center()) != PlaneCheck::Invalid)
+                && let Ok(r) = paste_onto(&sc, &mut out, i, &c.surface, c.rect, at, width)
+            {
+                area = r.intersect(&canvas);
+                baked = !r.is_empty();
+            }
+            let work = self.new_layer.then(|| {
+                let mut w = visible_image(&self.base);
+                over(&mut w, &out);
+                w
+            });
+            // The old preview's area changes back too.
+            let keys = self.preview.take().map(|p| p.keys).unwrap_or_default();
+            area = keys.iter().fold(area, |a, k| union(a, k.1));
+            self.preview = Some(StampPreview {
+                rev: self.rev,
+                new_layer: self.new_layer,
+                paste,
+                baked,
+                work,
+                source: None,
+                out,
+                done: (0, 0),
+                keys,
+                shown: self.base.clone(),
+            });
+        }
+        let Some(pv) = self.preview.as_mut() else { return false };
+        let (from_stroke, from_point) = pv.done;
+        for (si, c) in self.strokes.iter().enumerate().skip(from_stroke) {
+            let skip = if si == from_stroke { from_point } else { 0 };
+            let (Some(anchor), Some(points)) = (c.points.first(), c.points.get(skip..)) else { continue };
+            if points.is_empty() {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if pv.source.as_ref().is_none_or(|(stroke, _)| *stroke != si) {
+                pv.source = Some((si, pv.work.as_ref().unwrap_or(&pv.out).clone()));
+            }
+            let Some((_, source)) = pv.source.as_ref() else { continue };
+            let (hard, opacity) = (c.hardness, c.opacity as f32);
+            let changed = match pv.work.as_mut() {
+                Some(work) => {
+                    let before = work.clone();
+                    let (_, a) = clone_dabs_from(&sc, work, source, c.source, *anchor, points, c.size, hard, opacity, Some(canvas));
+                    // As OK does: only the canvas (the dabs' boxes can span far off it).
+                    let a = a.intersect(&canvas);
+                    copy_changed(&mut pv.out, &before, work, a);
+                    a
+                }
+                None => clone_dabs_from(&sc, &mut pv.out, source, c.source, *anchor, points, c.size, hard, opacity, Some(canvas)).1,
+            };
+            area = union(area, changed);
+        }
+        pv.done = (self.strokes.len() - 1, self.strokes.last().map_or(0, |c| c.points.len()));
+        if area.is_empty() && !stale {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let mut d = (*self.base).clone();
+        if self.new_layer {
+            let mut l = Layer::raster(d.next_layer_name("Vanishing Point"), d.pixel_format());
+            l.content = LayerContent::Raster(pv.out.clone());
+            d.insert_above(Some(self.layer), l);
+        } else if let Some(LayerContent::Raster(s)) = d.layer_mut(self.layer).map(|l| &mut l.content) {
+            *s = pv.out.clone();
+        }
+        pv.shown = Arc::new(d);
+        pv.keys.push((key(), area));
+        true
+    }
+
+    /// The document with the strokes painted, and its preview key. Not while the paste is
+    /// dragged out of its baked-in place: the overlay follows the pointer instead, and the
+    /// strokes repaint over it on release.
+    pub(crate) fn shown(&self) -> Option<(Arc<Document>, u64)> {
+        let p = self.preview.as_ref()?;
+        if self.moving_baked_paste() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        Some((p.shown.clone(), PREVIEW_KEY + p.keys.last()?.0))
+    }
+
+    /// [`Self::shown`], only on the document at the revision the strokes were painted on.
+    pub(crate) fn shown_on(&self, doc: DocId, revision: u64) -> Option<(Arc<Document>, u64)> {
+        if self.document != doc || self.doc_revision != revision {
+            return None;
+        }
+        self.shown()
+    }
+
+    /// The document changed under the mode (a menu command, the Layers panel): paint the
+    /// strokes over it as it is now, as OK will.
+    fn rebase(&mut self, doc: &Arc<Document>, revision: u64) {
+        if doc.id != self.document || revision == self.doc_revision {
+            return;
+        }
+        if Arc::ptr_eq(doc, &self.base) {
+            // A view change (layer selection, channel view): the same pixels, keep the preview.
+            self.doc_revision = revision;
+            return;
+        }
+        self.base = doc.clone();
+        self.doc_revision = revision;
+        self.canvas = doc.bounds();
+        self.preview = None;
+    }
+
     /// Image positions of the edge nodes of plane `i`.
     fn edge_nodes(&self, i: usize) -> Option<[[f64; 2]; 4]> {
         let h = self.planes.get(i)?.homography()?;
@@ -192,20 +655,40 @@ impl VpSession {
         Some([at(0.5, 0.0), at(1.0, 0.5), at(0.5, 1.0), at(0.0, 0.5)])
     }
 
-    fn press(&mut self, p: [f64; 2], tol: f64) {
-        if self.tool == VpTool::CreatePlane {
-            self.add_corner(p);
-            return;
+    fn press(&mut self, p: [f64; 2], tol: f64, mods: egui::Modifiers) -> Option<&'static str> {
+        if self.tool == VpTool::Stamp {
+            return self.stamp_press(p, mods.alt);
         }
         let near = |c: [f64; 2]| (c[0] - p[0]).hypot(c[1] - p[1]) <= tol;
         // The selected plane's nodes win over the others'.
         let order: Vec<usize> = self.selected.into_iter().chain((0..self.planes.len()).rev()).filter(|i| *i < self.planes.len()).collect();
+        // Ctrl/Cmd on an edge node tears off a perpendicular plane (with either plane tool).
+        if mods.command
+            && let Some((i, e)) = order.iter().find_map(|&i| Some((i, self.edge_nodes(i)?.iter().position(|c| near(*c))?)))
+        {
+            self.tear_off(i, e, p);
+            return None;
+        }
+        if self.tool == VpTool::CreatePlane {
+            self.add_corner(p);
+            return None;
+        }
         for &i in &order {
+            // A torn-off plane follows its parent: only its far edge node drags (depth, or
+            // with Alt the angle).
+            if let Some(t) = self.torn.get(i).copied().flatten() {
+                if self.edge_nodes(i).and_then(|n| n.get(edge_index(t.edge)).copied()).is_some_and(near) {
+                    self.selected = Some(i);
+                    self.drag = Some(Drag::Torn { plane: i, rotate: mods.alt, start: p, moved: false });
+                    return None;
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
             if let Some(ci) = self.planes[i].corners.iter().position(|c| near(*c)) {
                 let c = self.planes[i].corners[ci];
                 self.selected = Some(i);
                 self.drag = Some(Drag::Corner { plane: i, corner: ci, offset: [c[0] - p[0], c[1] - p[1]] });
-                return;
+                return None;
             }
             if let Some(e) = self.edge_nodes(i).and_then(|n| n.iter().position(|c| near(*c)))
                 && let Some(h) = self.planes[i].homography()
@@ -213,7 +696,7 @@ impl VpSession {
             {
                 self.selected = Some(i);
                 self.drag = Some(Drag::Edge { plane: i, edge: e, h, inv });
-                return;
+                return None;
             }
         }
         if let Some(i) = self.paste_plane()
@@ -225,19 +708,30 @@ impl VpSession {
             let (a, b) = (self.paste_at, [self.paste_at[0] + ext[0], self.paste_at[1] + ext[1]]);
             if (a[0]..=b[0]).contains(&u) && (a[1]..=b[1]).contains(&v) {
                 self.drag = Some(Drag::Paste { offset: [a[0] - u, a[1] - v] });
-                return;
+                return None;
             }
         }
         self.selected = self.scene().and_then(|sc| sc.plane_at(p));
+        None
     }
 
     fn drag_to(&mut self, p: [f64; 2]) {
-        match &self.drag {
+        match &mut self.drag {
             Some(Drag::Corner { plane, corner, offset }) => {
                 if let Some(c) = self.planes.get_mut(*plane).and_then(|pl| pl.corners.get_mut(*corner)) {
                     *c = [p[0] + offset[0], p[1] + offset[1]];
                 }
+                self.resolve();
             }
+            Some(Drag::Torn { plane, rotate, start, moved }) => {
+                // A click without a drag leaves the plane as it is.
+                *moved |= (p[0] - start[0]).hypot(p[1] - start[1]) > 2.0;
+                if *moved {
+                    let (i, r) = (*plane, *rotate);
+                    self.fit_torn(i, r, p);
+                }
+            }
+            Some(Drag::Stamp) => self.stamp_to(p),
             Some(Drag::Edge { plane, edge, h, inv }) => {
                 let (u, v) = inv.apply(p[0], p[1]);
                 // The plane's (u, v) rectangle after the move.
@@ -252,6 +746,7 @@ impl VpSession {
                 {
                     pl.corners = q;
                 }
+                self.resolve();
             }
             Some(Drag::Paste { offset }) => {
                 let offset = *offset;
@@ -300,19 +795,24 @@ pub fn begin(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> Result<(), String>
         None => return Err("no active layer".into()),
     }
     let canvas = st.doc.bounds();
+    let (base, doc_revision) = (st.doc.clone(), st.revision);
     let key = app.ui.alloc_id();
     let clip = app.session.clipboard.as_ref().and_then(|c| {
         let r = c.surface.content_bounds();
         (!r.is_empty()).then(|| Clip {
+            surface: c.surface.clone(),
+            rect: r,
             texture: ctx.load_texture(format!("vp-paste-{key}"), crate::distort_ui::surface_image(&c.surface, r, 1024), egui::TextureOptions::LINEAR),
             width: f64::from(r.width()),
             height: f64::from(r.height()),
         })
     });
     app.distort.vanishing = Some(VpSession {
+        document: st.doc.id,
         layer,
         canvas,
         planes: Vec::new(),
+        torn: Vec::new(),
         tool: VpTool::CreatePlane,
         pending: Vec::new(),
         selected: None,
@@ -323,14 +823,30 @@ pub fn begin(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> Result<(), String>
         new_layer: false,
         clip,
         drag: None,
-        history: EditHistory::new(&(Vec::new(), [0.25, 0.25], 0.5)),
+        stamp: StampOptions { diameter: 40.0, hardness: 50.0, opacity: 100.0, aligned: true },
+        source: None,
+        strokes: Vec::new(),
+        aligned_ref: None,
+        rev: 0,
+        base,
+        doc_revision,
+        preview: None,
+        history: EditHistory::new(&VpEdit {
+            planes: Vec::new(),
+            torn: Vec::new(),
+            paste_at: [0.25, 0.25],
+            paste_width: 0.5,
+            source: None,
+            strokes: Vec::new(),
+            aligned_ref: None,
+        }),
     });
     app.ui.status = tl!("Vanishing Point: click four corners to create a plane").into();
     Ok(())
 }
 
-/// OK: runs `filter.vanishingPoint` with the planes (and the paste). An invalid plane keeps the
-/// mode open; with nothing to paste the mode just closes.
+/// OK: runs `filter.vanishingPoint` with the planes (and the paste and the clone strokes). An
+/// invalid plane keeps the mode open; with nothing to paste or clone the mode just closes.
 pub fn commit(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> Result<Value, String> {
     let Some(s) = app.distort.vanishing.as_ref() else { return Ok(Value::Null) };
     let center = s.center();
@@ -339,12 +855,27 @@ pub fn commit(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> Result<Value, String> {
         app.ui.status = msg.into();
         return Err(msg.into());
     }
-    let params = s.params();
-    app.distort.vanishing = None;
-    if params.get("paste").is_none() {
+    let mut params = s.params();
+    // The layer the mode was opened on, when another one was picked meanwhile (the mode isn't
+    // modal). Left out otherwise, so a recorded action stays portable.
+    if let Some(st) = app.session.active()
+        && st.active_layer != Some(s.layer)
+        && st.doc.layer(s.layer).is_some()
+    {
+        params["layer"] = json!(s.layer.0);
+    }
+    let session = app.distort.vanishing.take();
+    if params.get("paste").is_none() && params.get("clone").is_none() {
         return Ok(json!({"committed": false}));
     }
-    app.run(VP, params).map(|r| json!({"committed": true, "result": r}))
+    match app.run(VP, params) {
+        Ok(r) => Ok(json!({"committed": true, "result": r})),
+        Err(e) => {
+            // Keep the planes, source and strokes so the user can fix the cause and retry.
+            app.distort.vanishing = session;
+            Err(e)
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 /// Control channel: `filter.vanishingPoint {"ui": {...}}` while the mode is active.
@@ -361,19 +892,39 @@ pub fn control(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &Value) -> Result<Value, String> {
         s.tool = match t {
             "edit" | "editPlane" => VpTool::EditPlane,
             "create" | "createPlane" => VpTool::CreatePlane,
-            other => return Err(format!("tool: edit|create, not `{other}`")),
+            "stamp" => VpTool::Stamp,
+            other => return Err(format!("tool: edit|create|stamp, not `{other}`")),
         };
         s.pending.clear();
     }
     if let Some(p) = ui.get("planes") {
-        let planes: Vec<VpPlane> = serde_json::from_value(p.clone()).map_err(|e| format!("bad planes: {e}"))?;
-        if planes.len() > MAX_PLANES {
-            return Err(format!("at most {MAX_PLANES} planes"));
-        }
+        let (planes, torn) = parse_planes(p)?;
         s.planes = planes;
+        s.torn = torn;
         // A drag holds indices into the old list.
         s.drag = None;
         s.selected = (!s.planes.is_empty()).then(|| s.planes.len() - 1);
+        s.resolve();
+    }
+    if let Some(o) = ui.get("stamp") {
+        let num = |k: &str, lo: f64, hi: f64| o.get(k).and_then(Value::as_f64).filter(|v| v.is_finite()).map(|v| v.clamp(lo, hi));
+        let st = &mut s.stamp;
+        st.diameter = num("diameter", 1.0, 2000.0).unwrap_or(st.diameter);
+        st.hardness = num("hardness", 0.0, 100.0).unwrap_or(st.hardness);
+        st.opacity = num("opacity", 0.0, 100.0).unwrap_or(st.opacity);
+        st.aligned = o.get("aligned").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(st.aligned);
+    }
+    if let Some(src) = ui.get("source") {
+        s.source = match src {
+            Value::Null => None,
+            v => Some(pt(v).ok_or("source: [x, y]")?),
+        };
+        s.aligned_ref = None;
+    }
+    if let Some(c) = ui.get("clone") {
+        s.strokes = photocraft_engine::vp_cmds::clone_specs(&json!({"clone": c})).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+        s.drag = None;
+        s.rev += 1;
     }
     if let Some(i) = ui.get("select").and_then(Value::as_u64) {
         s.selected = usize::try_from(i).ok().filter(|i| *i < s.planes.len());
@@ -394,14 +945,92 @@ pub fn control(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &Value) -> Result<Value, String> {
         s.new_layer = b;
     }
     s.settle(false);
-    Ok(s.describe())
+    sync_preview(app);
+    Ok(app.distort.vanishing.as_ref().map(VpSession::describe).unwrap_or(Value::Null))
 }
 
-pub fn pointer(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ev: ToolEvent, _mods: egui::Modifiers) {
+fn pt(v: &Value) -> Option<[f64; 2]> {
+    let p = [v.get(0)?.as_f64()?, v.get(1)?.as_f64()?];
+    p.iter().all(|x| x.is_finite() && x.abs() < 1e7).then_some(p)
+}
+
+/// The control channel's planes, in the command's form: `{"corners": [[x, y]×4]}` or
+/// `{"from": earlier plane, "edge", "angle": 90, "depth": 1}`.
+fn parse_planes(v: &Value) -> Result<(Vec<VpPlane>, Vec<Option<Torn>>), String> {
+    let list = v.as_array().ok_or("planes: a list")?;
+    if list.len() > MAX_PLANES {
+        return Err(format!("at most {MAX_PLANES} planes"));
+    }
+    let (mut planes, mut torn) = (Vec::new(), Vec::new());
+    for (i, p) in list.iter().enumerate() {
+        if let Some(c) = p.get("corners") {
+            let c = c.as_array().filter(|c| c.len() == 4).ok_or(format!("plane {i}: four corners"))?;
+            let corners = [0, 1, 2, 3].map(|k| c.get(k).and_then(pt));
+            let [Some(a), Some(b), Some(c), Some(d)] = corners else { return Err(format!("plane {i}: corners are [x, y]")) };
+            planes.push(VpPlane { corners: [a, b, c, d] });
+            torn.push(None);
+            continue;
+        }
+        let from = p
+            .get("from")
+            .and_then(Value::as_u64)
+            .and_then(|f| usize::try_from(f).ok())
+            .filter(|f| *f < i)
+            .ok_or(format!("plane {i}: `corners` or `from` (an earlier plane)"))?;
+        let edge = match p.get("edge").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("top") {
+            "top" => Edge::Top,
+            "right" => Edge::Right,
+            "bottom" => Edge::Bottom,
+            "left" => Edge::Left,
+            e => return Err(format!("plane {i}: unknown edge `{e}`")),
+        };
+        let angle = p.get("angle").and_then(Value::as_f64).unwrap_or(90.0);
+        let depth = p.get("depth").and_then(Value::as_f64).unwrap_or(1.0);
+        if !((0.0..=360.0).contains(&angle) && depth > 0.0 && depth <= 1000.0) {
+            return Err(format!("plane {i}: angle 0..360, depth above 0 and at most 1000"));
+        }
+        planes.push(VpPlane { corners: [[0.0; 2]; 4] });
+        torn.push(Some(Torn { from, edge, angle, depth }));
+    }
+    Ok((planes, torn))
+}
+
+/// Brings the stamp preview up to date with the strokes (and repaints it after the planes
+/// changed, once no plane is being dragged).
+pub(crate) fn sync_preview(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
+    let Some(s) = app.distort.vanishing.as_mut() else { return };
+    if let Some(st) = app.session.active() {
+        s.rebase(&st.doc, st.revision);
+    }
+    if matches!(s.drag, Some(Drag::Corner { .. } | Drag::Edge { .. } | Drag::Torn { .. } | Drag::Paste { .. })) {
+        return;
+    }
+    let ui = &mut app.ui;
+    s.paint_preview(|| ui.alloc_id());
+}
+
+/// What changed between stamp preview (or document) key `seen` and `now` of document `doc` at
+/// `revision`: the areas the strokes painted. `None` when either key isn't the session's.
+pub(crate) fn damage(app: &PhotocraftApp, doc: DocId, revision: u64, seen: u64, now: u64) -> Option<Rect> {
+    let s = app.distort.vanishing.as_ref().filter(|s| s.base.id == doc && s.doc_revision == revision)?;
+    let keys = &s.preview.as_ref()?.keys;
+    let at = |k: u64| if k == 0 { Some(0) } else { keys.iter().position(|e| PREVIEW_KEY + e.0 == k).map(|i| i + 1) };
+    let (a, b) = (at(seen)?, at(now)?);
+    if a == b {
+        return None;
+    }
+    Some(keys.get(a.min(b)..a.max(b))?.iter().fold(Rect::EMPTY, |r, k| union(r, k.1)))
+}
+
+pub fn pointer(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ev: ToolEvent, mods: egui::Modifiers) {
     let tol = crate::distort_ui::tolerance(app);
     let Some(s) = app.distort.vanishing.as_mut() else { return };
     match ev {
-        ToolEvent::Down { x, y, .. } => s.press([x, y], tol),
+        ToolEvent::Down { x, y, .. } => {
+            if let Some(msg) = s.press([x, y], tol, mods) {
+                app.ui.status = msg.into();
+            }
+        }
         ToolEvent::Move { x, y, .. } => s.drag_to([x, y]),
         ToolEvent::Up { x, y } => {
             s.drag_to([x, y]);
@@ -409,6 +1038,7 @@ pub fn pointer(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ev: ToolEvent, _mods: egui::Modifiers) {
         }
     }
     s.settle(false);
+    sync_preview(app);
 }
 
 /// Keys while the mode is active (↩ and Esc are handled by `distort_ui::keys`).
@@ -424,10 +1054,14 @@ pub fn keys(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
         s.pending.clear();
     } else if key(Key::C) {
         s.tool = VpTool::CreatePlane;
+    } else if key(Key::S) {
+        s.tool = VpTool::Stamp;
+        s.pending.clear();
     } else if key(Key::Delete) || key(Key::Backspace) {
         s.delete_selected();
         s.settle(false);
     }
+    sync_preview(app);
 }
 
 /// Esc: drops a half-clicked plane first, then leaves the mode.
@@ -438,18 +1072,26 @@ pub fn escape(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn draw(s: &VpSession, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform) {
+/// The paste on its plane: image content, drawn under the grid and guides like the document so a
+/// guide stays visible across it (#7781). The planes and their grids are [`draw`]. A current
+/// stamp preview already shows the paste under its strokes.
+pub fn draw_content(s: &VpSession, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform) {
     let scr = |p: [f64; 2]| xf.to_screen(p[0] as f32, p[1] as f32);
-    let tokens = crate::theme::Tokens::get(painter.ctx());
-    let center = s.center();
-    // The paste first, under the grids.
-    if let Some(i) = s.paste_plane()
-        && s.planes.get(i).is_some_and(|p| p.check(center) != PlaneCheck::Invalid)
+    if s.paste_overlay()
+        && let Some(i) = s.paste_plane()
+        && s.planes.get(i).is_some_and(|p| p.check(s.center()) != PlaneCheck::Invalid)
         && let (Some((h, lu, lv)), Some(c)) = (s.frame(i), s.clip.as_ref())
         && let Some(ext) = s.paste_extent(lu, lv)
     {
         draw_paste(painter, &scr, &h, s.paste_at, ext, &c.texture);
     }
+}
+
+/// The planes, their grids and nodes over the paste ([`draw_content`]) and the guides.
+pub fn draw(s: &VpSession, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform) {
+    let scr = |p: [f64; 2]| xf.to_screen(p[0] as f32, p[1] as f32);
+    let tokens = crate::theme::Tokens::get(painter.ctx());
+    let center = s.center();
     for (i, p) in s.planes.iter().enumerate() {
         let check = p.check(center);
         let colour = match check {
@@ -496,6 +1138,50 @@ pub fn draw(s: &VpSession, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform) {
             painter.rect_filled(egui::Rect::from_center_size(*c, egui::vec2(6.0, 6.0)), 0.0, tokens.accent);
         }
     }
+    if s.tool == VpTool::Stamp {
+        draw_stamp(s, painter, xf, &scr);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Stamp: the source as a crosshair and the brush under the pointer as the circle it paints on
+/// the plane, foreshortened.
+fn draw_stamp(s: &VpSession, painter: &egui::Painter, xf: &ViewXform, scr: &dyn Fn([f64; 2]) -> Pos2) {
+    let outline = |pts: &[Pos2]| {
+        painter.add(egui::Shape::closed_line(pts.to_vec(), Stroke::new(2.5, Color32::from_black_alpha(160))));
+        painter.add(egui::Shape::closed_line(pts.to_vec(), Stroke::new(1.0, Color32::WHITE)));
+    };
+    if let Some(src) = s.source {
+        let c = scr(src);
+        for (a, b) in [(egui::vec2(-7.0, 0.0), egui::vec2(7.0, 0.0)), (egui::vec2(0.0, -7.0), egui::vec2(0.0, 7.0))] {
+            painter.line_segment([c + a, c + b], Stroke::new(2.5, Color32::from_black_alpha(160)));
+            painter.line_segment([c + a, c + b], Stroke::new(1.0, Color32::WHITE));
+        }
+    }
+    let Some(hover) = painter.ctx().pointer_hover_pos() else { return };
+    let p = xf.to_doc(hover);
+    let Some(sc) = s.scene() else { return };
+    let Some(i) = sc.plane_at(p) else { return };
+    let Some((h, lu, lv)) = s.frame(i) else { return };
+    let Some(inv) = h.inverse() else { return };
+    let metric = |q: [f64; 2]| {
+        let (u, v) = inv.apply(q[0], q[1]);
+        [u * lu, v * lv]
+    };
+    let (m, probe) = (metric(p), metric([p[0] + s.stamp.diameter / 2.0, p[1]]));
+    let r = (probe[0] - m[0]).hypot(probe[1] - m[1]);
+    if !r.is_finite() || r <= 0.0 {
+        return;
+    }
+    let ring: Vec<Pos2> = (0..48)
+        .map(|k| {
+            let a = f64::from(k) / 48.0 * std::f64::consts::TAU;
+            let (x, y) = h.apply((m[0] + r * a.cos()) / lu, (m[1] + r * a.sin()) / lv);
+            scr([x, y])
+        })
+        .collect();
+    if ring.iter().all(|q| q.is_finite()) {
+        outline(&ring);
+    }
 }
 
 /// Plane coordinates (0..1, exclusive) of the grid lines across `u` (or `v`) for cells of
@@ -542,6 +1228,8 @@ fn draw_paste(painter: &egui::Painter, scr: &dyn Fn([f64; 2]) -> Pos2, h: &Homog
 }
 
 pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
+    // New Layer toggled last frame repaints the stamp preview.
+    sync_preview(app);
     let Some(s) = app.distort.vanishing.as_mut() else { return };
     if crate::widgets::pill_tab(ui, tl!("Edit Plane"), s.tool == VpTool::EditPlane).on_hover_text("V").clicked() {
         s.tool = VpTool::EditPlane;
@@ -550,10 +1238,30 @@ pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     if crate::widgets::pill_tab(ui, tl!("Create Plane"), s.tool == VpTool::CreatePlane).on_hover_text("C").clicked() {
         s.tool = VpTool::CreatePlane;
     }
+    if crate::widgets::pill_tab(ui, tl!("Stamp"), s.tool == VpTool::Stamp).on_hover_text("S").clicked() {
+        s.tool = VpTool::Stamp;
+        s.pending.clear();
+    }
     crate::widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
+    if s.tool == VpTool::Stamp {
+        let st = &mut s.stamp;
+        for (label, value, range, unit) in [
+            (tl!("Diameter:"), &mut st.diameter, 1.0..=2000.0, "px"),
+            (tl!("Hardness:"), &mut st.hardness, 0.0..=100.0, "%"),
+            (tl!("Opacity:"), &mut st.opacity, 0.0..=100.0, "%"),
+        ] {
+            ui.label(label);
+            let mut v = *value as f32;
+            if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut v, range, unit, 56.0).changed() {
+                *value = f64::from(v);
+            }
+        }
+        crate::widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut st.aligned, tl!("Aligned"));
+        crate::widgets::vline(ui, 22.0);
+    }
     ui.label(tl!("Grid Size:"));
     let mut g = s.grid_size as f32;
-    if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut g, 2.0..=2000.0, "px", 56.0).changed() {
+    if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut g, 2.0..=2000.0, "px", 56.0).accessible_name(tl!("Grid Size:")).changed() {
         s.grid_size = f64::from(g);
     }
     if s.clip.is_some() {
@@ -562,10 +1270,12 @@ pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
         if s.paste {
             ui.label(tl!("Width:"));
             let mut w = (s.paste_width * 100.0) as f32;
-            if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut w, 1.0..=1000.0, "%", 56.0).changed() {
+            if crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut w, 1.0..=1000.0, "%", 56.0).accessible_name(tl!("Width:")).changed() {
                 s.paste_width = f64::from(w) / 100.0;
             }
         }
+    }
+    if s.clip.is_some() || !s.strokes.is_empty() || s.tool == VpTool::Stamp {
         crate::widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut s.new_layer, tl!("New Layer"));
     }
     ui.with_layout(egui::Layout::right_to_left(egui::Align::Center), |ui| {
@@ -581,6 +1291,8 @@ pub fn options_bar(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) {
     if let Some(s) = app.distort.vanishing.as_mut() {
         s.settle(ui.input(|i| i.pointer.any_down()));
     }
+    // A paste Width or Paste change shows in this frame's canvas, the paste under the strokes.
+    sync_preview(app);
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -638,4 +1350,365 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(l.rgba(x as i32, y as i32)[0] > 0.9, "{:?}", l.rgba(x as i32, y as i32));
         assert!(l.rgba(230, 20)[0] < 0.5, "outside the plane");
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ctrl_drag_tears_off_a_wall_and_the_stamp_clones_in_one_step() {
+        let (ctx, mut app) = app_with_layer();
+        // A green mark near the floor's front edge to clone.
+        app.session.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 100, "y": 135, "width": 40, "height": 8})).unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#00ff00"})).unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("select.deselect", json!({})).unwrap();
+        crate::distort_ui::menu(&mut app, &ctx, VP, &json!({})).unwrap().unwrap();
+        control(&mut app, &json!({"planes": [{"corners": [[70, 60], [170, 60], [220, 150], [20, 150]]}]})).unwrap();
+        let ev = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp, e: ToolEvent, m: egui::Modifiers| crate::distort_ui::pointer(app, e, m);
+        let drag = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp, a: [f64; 2], b: [f64; 2], m: egui::Modifiers| {
+            ev(app, ToolEvent::Down { x: a[0], y: a[1], pressure: 1.0 }, m);
+            ev(app, ToolEvent::Move { x: (a[0] + b[0]) / 2.0, y: (a[1] + b[1]) / 2.0, pressure: 1.0 }, m);
+            ev(app, ToolEvent::Up { x: b[0], y: b[1] }, m);
+        };
+        fn vp(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> &VpSession {
+            app.distort.vanishing.as_ref().unwrap()
+        }
+
+        // Ctrl/Cmd-drag the top edge node up: a wall torn off the floor's far edge, 90° to it.
+        let top = vp(&app).edge_nodes(0).unwrap()[0];
+        drag(&mut app, top, [top[0], top[1] - 35.0], egui::Modifiers::COMMAND);
+        let s = vp(&app);
+        assert_eq!(s.planes.len(), 2);
+        let t = s.torn[1].unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((t.from, t.edge, t.angle), (0, Edge::Top, 90.0));
+        let c = s.planes[1].corners;
+        assert!((c[0][1] + c[1][1]) / 2.0 < 40.0, "the far edge followed the pointer up: {c:?}");
+        assert_ne!(s.describe()["planes"][1]["check"], "invalid");
+        assert_eq!(s.params()["planes"][1], json!({"from": 0, "edge": "top", "angle": 90.0, "depth": t.depth}));
+        // Alt-dragging its far edge node turns it; editing the floor carries it along.
+        let far = s.edge_nodes(1).unwrap()[0];
+        drag(&mut app, far, [far[0], far[1] + 12.0], egui::Modifiers::ALT);
+        assert_ne!(vp(&app).torn[1].unwrap().angle, 90.0);
+        let before = vp(&app).planes[1].corners;
+        drag(&mut app, [220.0, 150.0], [228.0, 150.0], egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert_ne!(vp(&app).planes[1].corners, before);
+        assert!(vp(&app).torn[1].is_some());
+
+        // Stamp: painting needs a source first; Alt-click sets it on the floor's green mark.
+        control(&mut app, &json!({"tool": "stamp", "stamp": {"diameter": 12, "hardness": 80}})).unwrap();
+        drag(&mut app, [120.0, 100.0], [120.0, 100.0], egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert!(vp(&app).strokes.is_empty() && app.ui.status.contains("Alt-click"), "{}", app.ui.status);
+        drag(&mut app, [120.0, 139.0], [120.0, 139.0], egui::Modifiers::ALT);
+        assert_eq!(vp(&app).source, Some([120.0, 139.0]));
+        drag(&mut app, [118.0, 100.0], [126.0, 100.0], egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert_eq!(vp(&app).strokes.len(), 1);
+        assert!(vp(&app).strokes[0].points.len() >= 3, "dabs along the drag");
+        // The canvas shows the stroke; the document is untouched until OK.
+        let layer = app.session.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        let green = |d: &Document| d.layer(layer).unwrap().surface().unwrap().rgba(122, 100)[1];
+        let (shown, key) = crate::distort_ui::display_doc(&app, 0).expect("a stamp preview");
+        assert!(green(&shown) > 0.8, "{}", green(&shown));
+        let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+        assert!(green(&st.doc) < 0.6);
+        let area = damage(&app, st.doc.id, st.revision, 0, key).unwrap();
+        assert!(area.contains(122, 100) && !area.contains(20, 20), "only the stroke recomposites: {area:?}");
+
+        let before = app.session.active().unwrap().history.past_len();
+        let r = commit(&mut app).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(r["committed"], true, "{r}");
+        let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(st.history.past_len(), before + 1, "one history step for the whole session");
+        assert!(green(&st.doc) > 0.8, "{}", green(&st.doc));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn undo_steps_back_through_clone_strokes_and_tear_offs() {
+        let (ctx, mut app) = app_with_layer();
+        crate::distort_ui::menu(&mut app, &ctx, VP, &json!({})).unwrap().unwrap();
+        control(&mut app, &json!({"planes": [{"corners": [[70, 60], [170, 60], [220, 150], [20, 150]]}]})).unwrap();
+        let drag = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp, a: [f64; 2], b: [f64; 2], m: egui::Modifiers| {
+            crate::distort_ui::pointer(app, ToolEvent::Down { x: a[0], y: a[1], pressure: 1.0 }, m);
+            crate::distort_ui::pointer(app, ToolEvent::Move { x: b[0], y: b[1], pressure: 1.0 }, m);
+            crate::distort_ui::pointer(app, ToolEvent::Up { x: b[0], y: b[1] }, m);
+        };
+        let step = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp, st: Step| {
+            app.distort.vanishing.as_mut().unwrap().step(st);
+            sync_preview(app);
+        };
+        let top = app.distort.vanishing.as_ref().unwrap().edge_nodes(0).unwrap()[0];
+        drag(&mut app, top, [top[0], top[1] - 35.0], egui::Modifiers::COMMAND);
+        control(&mut app, &json!({"tool": "stamp", "source": [120, 139]})).unwrap();
+        drag(&mut app, [118.0, 100.0], [126.0, 100.0], egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        assert_eq!(app.distort.vanishing.as_ref().unwrap().strokes.len(), 1);
+        assert!(crate::distort_ui::display_doc(&app, 0).is_some());
+
+        // ⌘Z takes the stroke back (and its preview), then the source, then the torn-off wall.
+        step(&mut app, Step::Undo);
+        assert!(app.distort.vanishing.as_ref().unwrap().strokes.is_empty());
+        assert!(crate::distort_ui::display_doc(&app, 0).is_none(), "no stamp preview left");
+        step(&mut app, Step::Undo);
+        assert_eq!(app.distort.vanishing.as_ref().unwrap().source, None);
+        step(&mut app, Step::Undo);
+        let s = app.distort.vanishing.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((s.planes.len(), s.torn.len()), (1, 1));
+        // ⇧⌘Z brings them back.
+        for _ in 0..3 {
+            step(&mut app, Step::Redo);
+        }
+        let s = app.distort.vanishing.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((s.planes.len(), s.strokes.len()), (2, 1));
+        assert!(s.torn[1].is_some());
+        assert!(crate::distort_ui::display_doc(&app, 0).is_some(), "the stroke shows again");
+    }
+    #[test]
+    fn overlapping_stamp_preview_matches_commit_across_batches() {
+        for new_layer in [false, true] {
+            let (ctx, mut app) = app_with_layer();
+            app.session
+                .edit("pattern", |doc, active| {
+                    let surf = doc.layer_mut(active.unwrap()).unwrap().surface_mut().unwrap();
+                    for x in 0..240 {
+                        surf.fill_rect(Rect::new(x, 0, x + 1, 160), &[x as f32 / 240.0, (x % 7) as f32 / 6.0, 0.3, 1.0]);
+                    }
+                    Ok(())
+                })
+                .unwrap();
+            crate::distort_ui::menu(&mut app, &ctx, VP, &json!({})).unwrap().unwrap();
+            control(&mut app, &json!({"planes": [{"corners": [[10, 10], [230, 10], [230, 150], [10, 150]]}]})).unwrap();
+            let points = [[80.0, 80.0], [84.0, 80.0], [88.0, 80.0], [92.0, 80.0]];
+            let s = app.distort.vanishing.as_mut().unwrap();
+            s.new_layer = new_layer;
+            s.strokes.push(CloneSpec { source: [76.0, 80.0], points: points[..2].to_vec(), size: 12.0, hardness: 0.8, opacity: 1.0 });
+            assert!(s.paint_preview(|| 1));
+            s.strokes[0].points.extend_from_slice(&points[2..]);
+            assert!(s.paint_preview(|| 2));
+            let (shown, _) = s.shown().unwrap();
+            let expected = photocraft_compose::flatten(&shown).px;
+            assert_ne!(expected, photocraft_compose::flatten(&app.session.active().unwrap().doc).px);
+            commit(&mut app).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(photocraft_compose::flatten(&app.session.active().unwrap().doc).px, expected, "newLayer={new_layer}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A red square on the clipboard (copied from the layer's top-left corner).
+    fn copy_red_square(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
+        app.session.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 0, "y": 0, "width": 40, "height": 40})).unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("edit.copy", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("select.deselect", json!({})).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn stamp_preview_paints_over_the_paste_like_ok() {
+        for new_layer in [false, true] {
+            let (ctx, mut app) = app_with_layer();
+            copy_red_square(&mut app);
+            crate::distort_ui::menu(&mut app, &ctx, VP, &json!({})).unwrap().unwrap();
+            control(&mut app, &json!({"planes": [{"corners": [[10, 10], [230, 10], [230, 150], [10, 150]]}], "newLayer": new_layer})).unwrap();
+            let s = app.distort.vanishing.as_ref().unwrap();
+            assert!(s.paste && s.paste_plane() == Some(0), "the clipboard pastes by default");
+            // The paste covers x 65..175 from y 45 down. One stroke clones it onto the base
+            // layer, the other paints across its right edge.
+            control(
+                &mut app,
+                &json!({"clone": [
+                    {"source": [100, 60], "points": [[40, 120], [48, 120], [56, 120]], "size": 16, "hardness": 80},
+                    {"source": [40, 130], "points": [[150, 60], [170, 60], [190, 60]], "size": 16, "hardness": 80},
+                ]}),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+            let s = app.distort.vanishing.as_ref().unwrap();
+            assert!(s.preview_has_paste(), "the preview shows the paste, so the overlay isn't drawn over the strokes");
+            let (shown, _) = s.shown().unwrap();
+            let expected = photocraft_compose::flatten(&shown).px;
+            commit(&mut app).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(photocraft_compose::flatten(&app.session.active().unwrap().doc).px, expected, "newLayer={new_layer}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn moving_the_paste_repaints_the_stamp_preview() {
+        let (ctx, mut app) = app_with_layer();
+        copy_red_square(&mut app);
+        crate::distort_ui::menu(&mut app, &ctx, VP, &json!({})).unwrap().unwrap();
+        control(&mut app, &json!({"planes": [{"corners": [[10, 10], [230, 10], [230, 150], [10, 150]]}]})).unwrap();
+        control(&mut app, &json!({"clone": [{"source": [200, 130], "points": [[30, 130]], "size": 8}]})).unwrap();
+        let red = |app: &PhotocraftApp, x: i32, y: i32| {
+            let (shown, _) = app.distort.vanishing.as_ref().unwrap().shown().unwrap();
+            let l = app.session.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+            shown.layer(l).unwrap().surface().unwrap().rgba(x, y)[0]
+        };
+        assert!(red(&app, 100, 60) > 0.9);
+        control(&mut app, &json!({"pasteAt": [0.0, 0.5]})).unwrap();
+        assert!(red(&app, 100, 60) < 0.5, "the paste left its old place");
+        assert!(red(&app, 30, 100) > 0.9, "and shows at the new one");
+        control(&mut app, &json!({"paste": false})).unwrap();
+        assert!(red(&app, 30, 100) < 0.5, "paste off: gone from the preview");
+        assert!(!app.distort.vanishing.as_ref().unwrap().preview_has_paste());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn dragging_the_paste_shows_it_once() {
+        let (ctx, mut app) = app_with_layer();
+        copy_red_square(&mut app);
+        crate::distort_ui::menu(&mut app, &ctx, VP, &json!({})).unwrap().unwrap();
+        control(&mut app, &json!({"planes": [{"corners": [[10, 10], [230, 10], [230, 150], [10, 150]]}], "tool": "edit"})).unwrap();
+        control(&mut app, &json!({"clone": [{"source": [200, 130], "points": [[30, 130]], "size": 8}]})).unwrap();
+        let layer = app.session.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        let red = |app: &PhotocraftApp, x: i32, y: i32| {
+            let (shown, _) = crate::distort_ui::display_doc(app, 0)?;
+            Some(shown.layer(layer).unwrap().surface().unwrap().rgba(x, y)[0])
+        };
+        assert!(red(&app, 100, 60).unwrap() > 0.9, "the paste is in the preview");
+        let ev = |app: &mut PhotocraftApp, e: ToolEvent| crate::distort_ui::pointer(app, e, egui::Modifiers::NONE);
+        ev(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 100.0, y: 60.0, pressure: 1.0 });
+        ev(&mut app, ToolEvent::Move { x: 60.0, y: 100.0, pressure: 1.0 });
+        // Mid-drag: no copy left behind at the old place, only the overlay at the pointer.
+        assert!(red(&app, 100, 60).is_none_or(|r| r < 0.5), "{:?}", red(&app, 100, 60));
+        assert!(app.distort.vanishing.as_ref().unwrap().paste_overlay(), "the overlay draws the moving paste");
+        ev(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 60.0, y: 100.0 });
+        assert!(red(&app, 100, 60).unwrap() < 0.5);
+        assert!(red(&app, 60, 100).unwrap() > 0.9, "released: the preview pastes at the new place");
+        assert!(!app.distort.vanishing.as_ref().unwrap().paste_overlay());
+        // A plane corner drag freezes the preview, paste included, until release: one copy.
+        ev(&mut app, ToolEvent::Down { x: 230.0, y: 150.0, pressure: 1.0 });
+        ev(&mut app, ToolEvent::Move { x: 236.0, y: 156.0, pressure: 1.0 });
+        let s = app.distort.vanishing.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert!(matches!(s.drag, Some(Drag::Corner { .. })));
+        assert!(red(&app, 60, 100).unwrap() > 0.9 && !s.paste_overlay(), "frozen preview, no overlay on top");
+        ev(&mut app, ToolEvent::Up { x: 236.0, y: 156.0 });
+        let s = app.distort.vanishing.as_ref().unwrap();
+        assert!(s.preview_has_paste() && !s.paste_overlay());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn new_layer_stamp_preview_stays_on_the_canvas() {
+        let (ctx, mut app) = app_with_layer();
+        // A red stripe where the first dab samples, so cloning it changes pixels.
+        app.session.execute("select.rect", json!({"x": 130, "y": 70, "width": 20, "height": 20})).unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#ff0000"})).unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("select.deselect", json!({})).unwrap();
+        crate::distort_ui::menu(&mut app, &ctx, VP, &json!({})).unwrap().unwrap();
+        control(&mut app, &json!({"planes": [{"corners": [[10, 10], [230, 10], [230, 150], [10, 150]]}], "newLayer": true})).unwrap();
+        // The second dab lies left of the canvas and samples the canvas 100 px to its right.
+        control(&mut app, &json!({"clone": [{"source": [140, 80], "points": [[40, 80], [-30, 80]], "size": 16}]})).unwrap();
+        let s = app.distort.vanishing.as_ref().unwrap();
+        let out = s.preview.as_ref().unwrap().out.content_bounds();
+        assert!(!out.is_empty() && s.canvas.contains_rect(&out), "{out:?}");
+        let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+        let area = damage(&app, st.doc.id, st.revision, 0, s.shown().unwrap().1).unwrap();
+        assert!(s.canvas.contains_rect(&area), "{area:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn deleting_the_last_plane_drops_the_stamp_preview() {
+        let (ctx, mut app) = app_with_layer();
+        crate::distort_ui::menu(&mut app, &ctx, VP, &json!({})).unwrap().unwrap();
+        control(&mut app, &json!({"planes": [{"corners": [[70, 60], [170, 60], [220, 150], [20, 150]]}]})).unwrap();
+        control(&mut app, &json!({"clone": [{"source": [120, 139], "points": [[118, 100], [126, 100]], "size": 12}]})).unwrap();
+        assert!(crate::distort_ui::display_doc(&app, 0).is_some());
+        let s = app.distort.vanishing.as_mut().unwrap();
+        s.selected = Some(0);
+        s.delete_selected();
+        sync_preview(&mut app);
+        assert!(app.distort.vanishing.as_ref().unwrap().planes.is_empty());
+        assert!(crate::distort_ui::display_doc(&app, 0).is_none(), "no strokes shown without a plane");
+    }
+
+    /// Opens the mode on the active layer of `app_with_layer` and stamps one stroke.
+    fn stamp_a_stroke(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
+        crate::distort_ui::menu(app, ctx, VP, &json!({})).unwrap().unwrap();
+        control(app, &json!({"planes": [{"corners": [[10, 10], [230, 10], [230, 150], [10, 150]]}]})).unwrap();
+        control(app, &json!({"clone": [{"source": [60, 80], "points": [[120, 80], [126, 80]], "size": 12}]})).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn stamp_preview_is_not_shown_on_another_document() {
+        let (ctx, mut app) = app_with_layer();
+        stamp_a_stroke(&mut app, &ctx);
+        assert!(crate::distort_ui::display_doc(&app, 0).is_some());
+        app.session.execute("file.new", json!({"width": 32, "height": 32, "depth": 8})).unwrap();
+        let active = app.session.active_index().unwrap();
+        // The session stays until drop_foreign; the preview must not follow this document (#5115).
+        assert!(app.distort.vanishing.is_some());
+        assert!(crate::distort_ui::display_doc(&app, active).is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ok_paints_the_layer_the_mode_was_opened_on() {
+        for new_layer in [false, true] {
+            let (ctx, mut app) = app_with_layer();
+            let layer = app.session.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+            app.session
+                .edit("stripe", |doc, active| {
+                    doc.layer_mut(active.unwrap()).unwrap().surface_mut().unwrap().fill_rect(Rect::new(50, 70, 70, 90), &[1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+                    Ok(())
+                })
+                .unwrap();
+            stamp_a_stroke(&mut app, &ctx);
+            app.distort.vanishing.as_mut().unwrap().new_layer = new_layer;
+            sync_preview(&mut app);
+            // Another layer is picked while the mode is open (it isn't modal).
+            app.session.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "other"})).unwrap();
+            let other = app.session.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+            sync_preview(&mut app);
+            let expected = photocraft_compose::flatten(&crate::distort_ui::display_doc(&app, 0).unwrap().0).px;
+            commit(&mut app).unwrap();
+            let d = &app.session.active().unwrap().doc;
+            assert!(d.layer(other).unwrap().surface().unwrap().content_bounds().is_empty(), "newLayer={new_layer}");
+            if !new_layer {
+                assert!(d.layer(layer).unwrap().surface().unwrap().rgba(120, 80)[0] > 0.9, "the stroke lands on the session's layer");
+                // And it becomes active, so Fade and a colour-channel target follow it.
+                assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().active_layer, Some(layer));
+            }
+            assert_eq!(photocraft_compose::flatten(d).px, expected, "newLayer={new_layer}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn an_edit_under_the_mode_shows_on_the_canvas() {
+        let (ctx, mut app) = app_with_layer();
+        app.session
+            .edit("stripe", |doc, active| {
+                doc.layer_mut(active.unwrap()).unwrap().surface_mut().unwrap().fill_rect(Rect::new(50, 70, 70, 90), &[1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+                Ok(())
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+        stamp_a_stroke(&mut app, &ctx);
+        let before = crate::distort_ui::display_doc(&app, 0).unwrap();
+        app.session
+            .edit("edit", |doc, active| {
+                doc.layer_mut(active.unwrap()).unwrap().surface_mut().unwrap().fill_rect(Rect::new(200, 20, 220, 40), &[0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0]);
+                Ok(())
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+        // Not the stale preview, even before the mode catches up.
+        assert!(crate::distort_ui::display_doc(&app, 0).is_none_or(|(d, _)| !Arc::ptr_eq(&d, &before.0)));
+        // The canvas catches up before it draws: the strokes over the edit, no frame without them.
+        let (shown, key) = crate::canvas::display_doc(&mut app, 0);
+        assert_ne!(key, before.1);
+        let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+        let layer = st.active_layer.unwrap();
+        let px = shown.layer(layer).unwrap().surface().unwrap();
+        assert!(px.rgba(210, 30)[1] > 0.9, "the edit shows: {:?}", px.rgba(210, 30));
+        assert!(px.rgba(120, 80) != st.doc.layer(layer).unwrap().surface().unwrap().rgba(120, 80), "and so does the stroke");
+        let expected = photocraft_compose::flatten(&shown).px;
+        commit(&mut app).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(photocraft_compose::flatten(&app.session.active().unwrap().doc).px, expected);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn selecting_another_layer_keeps_the_stamp_preview() {
+        let (ctx, mut app) = app_with_layer();
+        let layer = app.session.active().unwrap().active_layer.unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("layer.new.layer", json!({"name": "other"})).unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("layer.select", json!({"layer": layer.0})).unwrap();
+        app.sync_views();
+        stamp_a_stroke(&mut app, &ctx);
+        let before = crate::canvas::display_doc(&mut app, 0);
+        let (doc, revision) = app.session.active().map(|st| (st.doc.clone(), st.revision)).unwrap();
+        app.session.execute("layer.select", json!({"layer": "other"})).unwrap();
+        let st = app.session.active().unwrap();
+        assert!(st.revision != revision && Arc::ptr_eq(&st.doc, &doc), "a selection change leaves the pixels alone");
+        // Same preview, same key: nothing to repaint or recomposite.
+        let after = crate::canvas::display_doc(&mut app, 0);
+        assert!(Arc::ptr_eq(&after.0, &before.0));
+        assert_eq!(after.1, before.1);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/wheel_nav.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/wheel_nav.rs
index 68a2321c44..51a5b1ec64 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/wheel_nav.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/wheel_nav.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! Mouse wheel and trackpad navigation over the canvas (#293, #635), as in Photoshop:
 //!
 //! - The wheel scrolls up and down; ⇧ or ⌘/Ctrl + wheel scrolls sideways.
-//! - ⌥/Alt + wheel zooms around the pointer, 10% per wheel notch, applied the frame it arrives.
+//! - ⌥/Alt + wheel zooms around the pointer, 10% per wheel notch (eased or instant, see below).
 //!   ⇧/Shift + ⌥/Alt + wheel snaps to the next zoom ladder level instead.
 //! - Preferences › General › Zoom with Scroll Wheel swaps the two: the wheel zooms and
 //!   ⌥/Alt + wheel scrolls; ⇧/Shift + wheel snaps to the next zoom ladder level.
@@ -20,13 +20,22 @@
 //! before egui sees them, so Ctrl + a notched mouse wheel scrolls sideways and the pinch still
 //! zooms.
 //!
-//! The target behaviour is exact ×1.1 steps, one per notch, with no easing in between
-//! (measured frame by frame on a screen recording). egui smooths a wheel notch over several
-//! frames, so zooming reads the wheel events themselves and ignores that smoothed tail; panning
-//! keeps the smoothed delta. The Alt state is taken from the wheel events and kept until the next
-//! wheel event: releasing Alt while the tail is still settling must not turn it into a pan.
+//! Either way a wheel notch zooms by exactly ×1.1 in total. How that step is spread over frames
+//! is set by Preferences › General › Animated Zoom (`general.animatedZoom`, on by default):
+//!
+//! - On: the zoom is eased over several frames (the curve of egui's wheel smoothing, fed by the zoom
+//!   notches only), so the factors of the frames of one notch multiply to ×1.1. An unfinished notch
+//!   is superseded, not carried, when ⇧ snap zoom or a pan takes over or the pointer leaves.
+//! - Off: one instant ×1.1 step per notch, applied the frame it arrives with no easing in between
+//!   (the Photoshop behaviour, measured frame by frame on a screen recording). Zooming reads the
+//!   wheel events themselves and ignores egui's smoothed tail.
+//!
+//! In both modes panning keeps the smoothed delta, and ⇧/Shift snap zoom reads the wheel events
+//! and stays instant. The Alt state is taken from the wheel events (and the Alt key's own press
+//! and release, `wheel_events`) and kept until the next wheel event: releasing Alt while the tail
+//! is still settling must not turn it into a pan.
 
-use egui::{Context, Event, Id, InputState, Modifiers, MouseWheelUnit, RawInput, Vec2};
+use egui::{Context, Event, Id, InputState, Key, Modifiers, MouseWheelUnit, RawInput, TouchPhase, Vec2};
 
 /// Zoom factor of one wheel notch: every step is exactly ×1.1.
 pub const NOTCH: f32 = 1.1;
@@ -49,10 +58,11 @@ pub enum Wheel {
 /// Inputs of one frame's wheel gesture.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
 pub struct Input {
-    /// Smoothed scroll delta (points, content direction); what panning uses.
+    /// Smoothed scroll delta (points, content direction); what panning uses. In the animated zoom
+    /// modes it is the eased zoom delta of that mode's own wheel events only.
     pub scroll: Vec2,
     /// This frame's wheel events for the gesture in progress, unsmoothed (points, content
-    /// direction); what zooming uses.
+    /// direction); what the instant zoom and the snap zoom use.
     pub raw: Vec2,
     /// egui's pinch zoom factor (1 = none).
     pub zoom_delta: f32,
@@ -64,6 +74,9 @@ pub struct Input {
     pub zoom_with_wheel: bool,
     /// Preferences › Enhanced Controls › Zoom with Trackpad Pinch.
     pub pinch_zooms: bool,
+    /// Preferences › General › Animated Zoom: the wheel zoom follows the smoothed delta (`scroll`)
+    /// across frames; off, it is one instant step from this frame's wheel events (`raw`).
+    pub animated_zoom: bool,
     /// Points per wheel notch (egui's `line_scroll_speed`).
     pub notch: f32,
 }
@@ -91,17 +104,21 @@ pub fn classify(i: Input) -> Option<Wheel> {
         let steps = n.clamp(-10.0, 10.0).round() as i32;
         if steps == 0 { None } else { Some(Wheel::SnapZoom(steps)) }
     };
+    let scroll_finite = i.scroll.x.is_finite() && i.scroll.y.is_finite();
     match (i.alt, i.zoom_with_wheel) {
         // ⇧ + ⌥ + scroll: snap to the zoom ladder instead of continuous ×1.1.
         (true, false) if i.shift => snap(i.raw.y + i.raw.x),
-        // ⌥ + scroll: continuous ×1.1 zoom. The smoothed tail of a notch is ignored.
-        (true, false) => step(i.raw.y + i.raw.x),
+        // ⌥ + scroll: continuous ×1.1 zoom. Animated Zoom on: follow the smoothed delta across frames.
+        (true, false) if i.animated_zoom && scroll_finite => step(i.scroll.y + i.scroll.x),
+        // Animated Zoom off: one instant step from the wheel events. The smoothed tail is ignored.
+        (true, false) if !i.animated_zoom => step(i.raw.y + i.raw.x),
         // ⇧ + scroll wheel with the preference on: snap to the zoom ladder.
         // Some systems deliver Shift+wheel as horizontal (delta in x, y = 0).
         (false, true) if i.shift => snap(i.raw.y + i.raw.x),
         // ⌘/Ctrl folds the wheel into x: those still scroll sideways.
-        (false, true) if i.raw.y != 0.0 || i.scroll.y != 0.0 => step(i.raw.y),
-        _ if !(i.scroll.x.is_finite() && i.scroll.y.is_finite()) || i.scroll == Vec2::ZERO => None,
+        (false, true) if i.animated_zoom && scroll_finite && i.scroll.y != 0.0 => step(i.scroll.y),
+        (false, true) if !i.animated_zoom && (i.raw.y != 0.0 || i.scroll.y != 0.0) => step(i.raw.y),
+        _ if !scroll_finite || i.scroll == Vec2::ZERO => None,
         _ => Some(Wheel::Pan(i.scroll)),
     }
 }
@@ -146,7 +163,7 @@ pub fn legacy_pinch_to_zoom(events: &mut [Event], now: f64, last: Option<f64>, n
 }
 
 fn pinch_id() -> Id {
-    Id::new("pc-wheel-legacy-pinch")
+    Id::unique("pc-wheel-legacy-pinch")
 }
 
 /// [`legacy_pinch_to_zoom`] for one frame's raw input (`raw_input_hook`, Windows and Linux).
@@ -171,37 +188,155 @@ pub fn fold_legacy_pinch(ctx: &Context, raw: &mut RawInput) {
 }
 
 fn alt_id() -> Id {
-    Id::new("pc-wheel-alt")
+    Id::unique("pc-wheel-alt")
 }
 
 fn shift_id() -> Id {
-    Id::new("pc-wheel-shift")
+    Id::unique("pc-wheel-shift")
 }
 
 fn snap_residual_id(owner: Id) -> Id {
-    Id::new("pc-wheel-snap-residual").with(owner)
+    Id::unique("pc-wheel-snap-residual").with(owner)
 }
 
 fn snap_time_id(owner: Id) -> Id {
-    Id::new("pc-wheel-snap-time").with(owner)
+    Id::unique("pc-wheel-snap-time").with(owner)
 }
 
 fn snap_frame_result_id(owner: Id) -> Id {
-    Id::new("pc-wheel-snap-frame-result").with(owner)
+    Id::unique("pc-wheel-snap-frame-result").with(owner)
 }
 
 fn active_snap_owner_id() -> Id {
-    Id::new("pc-wheel-active-snap-owner")
+    Id::unique("pc-wheel-active-snap-owner")
 }
 
 const SNAP_IDLE_TIMEOUT: f64 = 0.5;
 
+/// egui's own wheel smoothing (`InputState::begin_pass`): 90 % of a notch is released in 0.1 s.
+/// The eased zoom uses the same curve, so it paces like the eased pan.
+const EASE_REACH: f32 = 0.90;
+const EASE_REACH_SECS: f32 = 0.1;
+
+/// An unfinished eased notch belongs to the frames that follow it. It is dropped, never carried
+/// into a later notch, once its owner was not driven for more than this many passes (the pointer
+/// left the viewport, or another gesture took over there)...
+const ZOOM_EASE_MAX_GAP_PASSES: u64 = 3;
+/// ...or, when at least one pass was skipped, for this long (seconds). A single slow frame is
+/// not a gap: the owner was driven in the pass right before it, so the notch still finishes.
+const ZOOM_EASE_STALE_SECS: f64 = 0.5;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct ZoomEase {
+    residual: f32,
+    time: f64,
+    frame: u64,
+    released: f32,
+}
+
+fn zoom_ease_id(owner: Id) -> Id {
+    Id::unique(("wheel-zoom-ease", owner))
+}
+
+/// Eases `delta` (points of this viewport's zoom-mode wheel events) over the next frames and
+/// returns what is released this frame. Same curve as egui's wheel smoothing, but fed by the
+/// zoom notches only, so the tail of a pan notch never leaks in. What is released adds up to
+/// exactly what was fed. A second call in the same frame returns the cached result.
+fn ease_zoom_delta(ctx: &Context, owner: Id, delta: f32) -> f32 {
+    let id = zoom_ease_id(owner);
+    let frame = ctx.cumulative_pass_nr();
+    let (now, dt) = ctx.input(|i| (i.time, i.stable_dt.min(0.1)));
+    let prev = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<ZoomEase>(id));
+    if let Some(e) = prev.filter(|e| e.frame == frame) {
+        return e.released;
+    }
+    // Fresh: driven in the previous pass (a slow frame, however long, keeps its notch), or within a
+    // few passes and a short time (a one-pass hover flicker). Anything older is stale.
+    let fresh = |e: &ZoomEase| {
+        let gap = frame.saturating_sub(e.frame);
+        e.residual.is_finite() && (gap <= 1 || (gap <= ZOOM_EASE_MAX_GAP_PASSES && now - e.time < ZOOM_EASE_STALE_SECS))
+    };
+    let carried = prev.filter(fresh).map_or(0.0, |e| e.residual);
+    let mut residual = carried + if delta.is_finite() { delta } else { 0.0 };
+    let t = egui::emath::exponential_smooth_factor(EASE_REACH, EASE_REACH_SECS, dt);
+    let released = if residual.abs() < 1.0 { residual } else { t * residual };
+    residual -= released;
+    ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(id, ZoomEase { residual, time: now, frame, released }));
+    // Callers do not repaint on their own after consuming the zoom: keep frames coming until the
+    // notch has been fully released, or a reactive UI would stop below ×1.1.
+    if residual != 0.0 {
+        ctx.request_repaint();
+    }
+    released
+}
+
+/// A zoom limit stopped the eased zoom of `owner`: drop what is left of the notch. It would no
+/// longer zoom, only cancel the first notch back (flick to 12800 %, and the notch back did
+/// nothing). This frame's release stays cached, so a second read in the same frame is unchanged.
+pub fn settle(ctx: &Context, owner: Id) {
+    let id = zoom_ease_id(owner);
+    ctx.data_mut(|d| {
+        if let Some(e) = d.get_temp::<ZoomEase>(id) {
+            d.insert_temp(id, ZoomEase { residual: 0.0, ..e });
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+/// Whether a trackpad touch is in progress (egui's `InTouch`), at the start and at the end of a
+/// frame: the start is kept, so every read in one frame sees the same states.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct Touch {
+    frame: u64,
+    at_start: bool,
+    at_end: bool,
+}
+
+/// Per viewport, as egui keeps its wheel state per viewport.
+fn touch_id(ctx: &Context) -> Id {
+    Id::unique(("wheel-nav-touch", ctx.viewport_id()))
+}
+
+/// This frame's wheel events (in order) with, for each, whether egui leaves it unsmoothed: during a
+/// trackpad touch, or a point delta under 8 points (`WheelState::on_wheel_event`). Those are
+/// already smooth, and easing them again would only add latency; the rest (notches, and the
+/// big pixel steps browsers report for a mouse wheel) is what Animated Zoom eases.
+fn mark_unsmoothed(ctx: &Context, events: Vec<(MouseWheelUnit, Vec2, Modifiers, TouchPhase)>) -> Vec<(MouseWheelUnit, Vec2, Modifiers, bool)> {
+    let frame = ctx.cumulative_pass_nr();
+    let (horizontal, vertical) = ctx.options(|o| (o.input_options.horizontal_scroll_modifier, o.input_options.vertical_scroll_modifier));
+    // Not read in the previous pass (no canvas then): a touch could have ended unseen, and a
+    // stuck one would leave every later notch un-eased.
+    let id = touch_id(ctx);
+    let mut touch = match ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<Touch>(id)) {
+        Some(t) if t.frame == frame => t.at_start,
+        Some(t) if t.frame.saturating_add(1) == frame => t.at_end,
+        _ => false,
+    };
+    let at_start = touch;
+    let mut wheel = Vec::with_capacity(events.len());
+    for (unit, delta, modifiers, phase) in events {
+        match phase {
+            TouchPhase::Start => touch = true,
+            TouchPhase::End | TouchPhase::Cancel => touch = false,
+            TouchPhase::Move => {}
+        }
+        // egui folds a scroll onto one axis by its modifiers before it measures the step.
+        let step = match (modifiers.matches_any(horizontal), modifiers.matches_any(vertical)) {
+            (true, false) | (false, true) => (delta.x + delta.y).abs(),
+            _ => delta.length(),
+        };
+        let instant = touch || (unit == MouseWheelUnit::Point && step < 8.0);
+        wheel.push((unit, delta, modifiers, instant));
+    }
+    ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(id, Touch { frame, at_start, at_end: touch }));
+    wheel
+}
+
 /// Read this frame's wheel input. Call it every frame (hovered or not) so the Alt and Shift
 /// states of the gesture follow the latest wheel event. `owner` scopes the snap-zoom
 /// accumulator per viewport. `hovered` gates accumulation: only the viewport receiving
 /// navigation may add raw input to the snap residual.
-pub fn read(ctx: &Context, zoom_with_wheel: bool, pinch_zooms: bool, owner: Id, hovered: bool) -> Option<Wheel> {
-    read_with(ctx, zoom_with_wheel, pinch_zooms, owner, hovered, true, true)
+pub fn read(ctx: &Context, zoom_with_wheel: bool, pinch_zooms: bool, animated_zoom: bool, owner: Id, hovered: bool) -> Option<Wheel> {
+    read_with(ctx, zoom_with_wheel, pinch_zooms, animated_zoom, owner, hovered, true, true)
 }
 
 /// [`read`], choosing how a plain wheel scroll pans: `smooth` glides it over a few frames (egui's
@@ -209,29 +344,29 @@ pub fn read(ctx: &Context, zoom_with_wheel: bool, pinch_zooms: bool, owner: Id,
 /// in the frame the wheel turns and stops there (#5721), as scroll areas already do.
 /// `touch_gestures` is Preferences › Enhanced Controls › Enable Gestures: off, a touch screen's
 /// two-finger pinch doesn't zoom ([`pinch_factor`]).
-pub fn read_with(ctx: &Context, zoom_with_wheel: bool, pinch_zooms: bool, owner: Id, hovered: bool, smooth: bool, touch_gestures: bool) -> Option<Wheel> {
+/// `animated_zoom` is Preferences › General › Animated Zoom: on, the wheel zoom is eased over the
+/// frames of a notch; off, a notch is one instant ×1.1 step.
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+pub fn read_with(
+    ctx: &Context,
+    zoom_with_wheel: bool,
+    pinch_zooms: bool,
+    animated_zoom: bool,
+    owner: Id,
+    hovered: bool,
+    smooth: bool,
+    touch_gestures: bool,
+) -> Option<Wheel> {
     let notch = ctx.options(|o| o.input_options.line_scroll_speed);
 
     // --- Modifier tracking (always runs for all callers) ---
     let (scroll, zoom_delta, latest_alt, latest_shift, wheel, page) = ctx.input(|i| {
-        let latest_alt = i.events.iter().rev().find_map(|e| match e {
-            Event::MouseWheel { modifiers, .. } => Some(modifiers.alt && !modifiers.command && !modifiers.ctrl),
-            _ => None,
-        });
-        let latest_shift = i.events.iter().rev().find_map(|e| match e {
-            Event::MouseWheel { modifiers, .. } => Some(modifiers.shift && !modifiers.command && !modifiers.ctrl),
-            _ => None,
-        });
-        let wheel: Vec<(MouseWheelUnit, Vec2, Modifiers)> = i
-            .events
-            .iter()
-            .filter_map(|e| match e {
-                Event::MouseWheel { unit, delta, modifiers, .. } => Some((*unit, *delta, *modifiers)),
-                _ => None,
-            })
-            .collect();
+        let wheel = wheel_events(i);
+        let latest_alt = wheel.last().map(|(_, _, m, _)| m.alt && !m.command && !m.ctrl);
+        let latest_shift = wheel.last().map(|(_, _, m, _)| m.shift && !m.command && !m.ctrl);
         (i.smooth_scroll_delta, pinch_factor(i, touch_gestures), latest_alt, latest_shift, wheel, i.content_rect().height())
     });
+    let wheel = mark_unsmoothed(ctx, wheel);
     let alt = match latest_alt {
         Some(a) => {
             ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(alt_id(), a));
@@ -254,9 +389,10 @@ pub fn read_with(ctx: &Context, zoom_with_wheel: bool, pinch_zooms: bool, owner:
     // --- Input classification (hovered viewport only) ---
     // The wheel events that belong to the gesture in progress: Shift+Alt (snap zoom), Alt-only
     // (continuous zoom), Shift-only (snap zoom with zoom_with_wheel), or plain (scroll/zoom).
-    let raw = wheel
+    // `instant`: the part of `raw` egui leaves unsmoothed (a trackpad; see `wheel_events`).
+    let (raw, instant) = wheel
         .iter()
-        .filter(|(_, _, m)| {
+        .filter(|(_, _, m, _)| {
             if alt && shift {
                 m.alt && m.shift && !m.command && !m.ctrl
             } else if alt {
@@ -267,18 +403,22 @@ pub fn read_with(ctx: &Context, zoom_with_wheel: bool, pinch_zooms: bool, owner:
                 !m.alt && !m.shift && !m.command && !m.ctrl
             }
         })
-        .fold(Vec2::ZERO, |sum, (unit, delta, _)| {
-            sum + *delta
+        .fold((Vec2::ZERO, Vec2::ZERO), |(sum, instant), (unit, delta, _, unsmoothed)| {
+            let d = *delta
                 * match unit {
                     MouseWheelUnit::Point => 1.0,
                     MouseWheelUnit::Line => notch,
                     MouseWheelUnit::Page => page,
-                }
+                };
+            (sum + d, if *unsmoothed { instant + d } else { instant })
         });
     let snap_mode = shift && ((alt && !zoom_with_wheel) || (!alt && zoom_with_wheel));
     let has_pinch = pinch_zooms && zoom_delta.is_finite() && zoom_delta > 0.0 && zoom_delta != 1.0;
 
     if snap_mode && !has_pinch {
+        // Shift snap zoom takes over: drop this owner's unfinished eased notch, so a continuous
+        // zoom started shortly after Shift is released cannot carry its residual.
+        ctx.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<ZoomEase>(zoom_ease_id(owner)));
         let dy = raw.y + raw.x;
         if dy == 0.0 {
             return None;
@@ -328,12 +468,58 @@ pub fn read_with(ctx: &Context, zoom_with_wheel: bool, pinch_zooms: bool, owner:
                 d.remove::<f64>(snap_time_id(owner));
             });
         }
-        // Unsmoothed, a plain scroll pans by this frame's own wheel events (none: no tail).
-        let scroll = if smooth || alt || shift { scroll } else { raw };
-        classify(Input { scroll, raw, zoom_delta, alt, shift, zoom_with_wheel, pinch_zooms, notch })
+        // Zoom-mode input: ⌥ + wheel, or the plain wheel with Zoom with Scroll Wheel. With Animated
+        // Zoom on it eases from this mode's own wheel events: egui's smoothed delta has no notion of
+        // modifiers, so it would also carry the unfinished tail of a pan notch into the zoom.
+        let wheel_zooms = !shift && (alt != zoom_with_wheel);
+        let scroll = if animated_zoom && wheel_zooms {
+            // Eased as egui eases a wheel: what it leaves unsmoothed (a trackpad) zooms at once.
+            let along = |v: Vec2| if alt { v.y + v.x } else { v.y };
+            let eased = ease_zoom_delta(ctx, owner, along(raw - instant)) + along(instant);
+            // The plain wheel zooms through `y`; its sideways part (⌘/Ctrl + wheel, a trackpad's
+            // horizontal scroll) is not a zoom event, so it pans like any scroll: smoothed, or
+            // with Enable Animations off at once (#5721).
+            if alt { Vec2::new(0.0, eased) } else { Vec2::new(if smooth { scroll.x } else { raw.x }, eased) }
+        } else {
+            ctx.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<ZoomEase>(zoom_ease_id(owner)));
+            // Unsmoothed, a plain scroll pans by this frame's own wheel events (none: no tail).
+            if smooth || alt || shift { scroll } else { raw }
+        };
+        classify(Input { scroll, raw, zoom_delta, alt, shift, zoom_with_wheel, pinch_zooms, animated_zoom, notch })
     }
 }
 
+fn is_alt_key(key: Key) -> bool {
+    matches!(key, Key::AltLeft | Key::AltRight)
+}
+
+/// This frame's wheel events, in order, with ⌥/Alt added to their modifiers while an Alt key is
+/// down (#8049). The modifiers a wheel event carries are the windowing layer's modifier state,
+/// which on Windows can miss a held Alt (the wheel then scrolled until another modifier was
+/// tapped), while the Alt key's own press and release still arrive; the menu bar follows those
+/// too (`menu_keys`). Alt is down from its press until its release, starting from whether it
+/// was down before this frame's first Alt key event (egui's `keys_down` when there is none).
+fn wheel_events(i: &InputState) -> Vec<(MouseWheelUnit, Vec2, Modifiers, TouchPhase)> {
+    let first_alt_key = i.events.iter().find_map(|e| match e {
+        // A repeat means the key was already down; a release means it was down until then.
+        Event::Key { key, pressed, repeat, .. } if is_alt_key(*key) => Some(!*pressed || *repeat),
+        _ => None,
+    });
+    let mut alt_key = first_alt_key.unwrap_or_else(|| i.key_down(Key::AltLeft) || i.key_down(Key::AltRight));
+    let mut wheel = Vec::new();
+    for e in &i.events {
+        match e {
+            Event::Key { key, pressed, .. } if is_alt_key(*key) => alt_key = *pressed,
+            Event::MouseWheel { unit, delta, phase, modifiers, .. } => {
+                let modifiers = Modifiers { alt: modifiers.alt || alt_key, ..*modifiers };
+                wheel.push((*unit, *delta, modifiers, *phase));
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+    wheel
+}
+
 /// This frame's pinch zoom factor (1 = none). While two fingers are down on a touch screen, egui's
 /// `zoom_delta` reports their pinch in place of the trackpad's `Event::Zoom`. With Preferences ›
 /// Enhanced Controls › Enable Gestures off (`touch_gestures` false) the fingers are ignored and only
@@ -359,11 +545,11 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
     fn input(scroll: Vec2, alt: bool) -> Input {
-        Input { scroll, raw: scroll, zoom_delta: 1.0, alt, shift: false, zoom_with_wheel: false, pinch_zooms: true, notch: 40.0 }
+        Input { scroll, raw: scroll, zoom_delta: 1.0, alt, shift: false, zoom_with_wheel: false, pinch_zooms: true, animated_zoom: true, notch: 40.0 }
     }
 
     fn wheel(delta: Vec2, modifiers: Modifiers) -> Event {
-        Event::MouseWheel { unit: MouseWheelUnit::Line, delta, phase: TouchPhase::Move, modifiers }
+        Event::MouseWheel { source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown, unit: MouseWheelUnit::Line, delta, phase: TouchPhase::Move, modifiers }
     }
 
     const CTRL: Modifiers = Modifiers { ctrl: true, command: true, ..Modifiers::NONE };
@@ -371,8 +557,14 @@ mod tests {
 
     /// Feed `events` through an egui context set up like the app's (`legacy`: the Windows pinch
     /// fold on) and add up what the wheel did to the view over the following second.
+    ///
+    /// `gesture` runs with Animated Zoom off (a notch is one instant step); see [`gesture_with`].
     fn gesture(frames: Vec<Vec<Event>>, zoom_with_wheel: bool, legacy: bool) -> (Vec2, f32, i32) {
-        let owner = Id::new("test-gesture");
+        gesture_with(frames, zoom_with_wheel, legacy, false)
+    }
+
+    fn gesture_with(frames: Vec<Vec<Event>>, zoom_with_wheel: bool, legacy: bool, animated_zoom: bool) -> (Vec2, f32, i32) {
+        let owner = Id::unique("test-gesture");
         let ctx = Context::default();
         configure(&ctx);
         let (mut pan, mut zoom, mut snaps) = (Vec2::ZERO, 1.0, 0i32);
@@ -383,7 +575,7 @@ mod tests {
             if legacy {
                 fold_legacy_pinch(&ctx, &mut raw);
             }
-            let mut out = ctx.run_ui(raw, |ui| match read(ui.ctx(), zoom_with_wheel, true, owner, true) {
+            let mut out = ctx.run_ui(raw, |ui| match read(ui.ctx(), zoom_with_wheel, true, animated_zoom, owner, true) {
                 Some(Wheel::Pan(d)) => pan += d,
                 Some(Wheel::Zoom(f)) => zoom *= f,
                 Some(Wheel::SnapZoom(n)) => snaps += n,
@@ -395,7 +587,7 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     fn wheel_point(delta: Vec2, modifiers: Modifiers) -> Event {
-        Event::MouseWheel { unit: MouseWheelUnit::Point, delta, phase: TouchPhase::Move, modifiers }
+        Event::MouseWheel { source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown, unit: MouseWheelUnit::Point, delta, phase: TouchPhase::Move, modifiers }
     }
 
     fn near(a: Vec2, b: Vec2) -> bool {
@@ -407,7 +599,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn unsmoothed_wheel_pans_at_once_without_a_glide() {
         let pans = |smooth: bool| -> Vec<Vec2> {
-            let owner = Id::new("test-unsmoothed");
+            let owner = Id::unique("test-unsmoothed");
             let ctx = Context::default();
             configure(&ctx);
             (0..30)
@@ -416,7 +608,7 @@ mod tests {
                     let raw = RawInput { time: Some(f64::from(n) / 60.0), predicted_dt: 1.0 / 60.0, events, ..Default::default() };
                     let mut pan = Vec2::ZERO;
                     let mut out = ctx.run_ui(raw, |ui| {
-                        if let Some(Wheel::Pan(d)) = read_with(ui.ctx(), false, true, owner, true, smooth, true) {
+                        if let Some(Wheel::Pan(d)) = read_with(ui.ctx(), false, true, true, owner, true, smooth, true) {
                             pan = d;
                         }
                     });
@@ -438,6 +630,39 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(smooth[1..].iter().any(|p| p.y != 0.0), "and the rest follows");
     }
 
+    /// Interface › Enable Animations off only stops the *pan* gliding. A plain wheel that zooms
+    /// (Zoom with Scroll Wheel) with Animated Zoom on must still ease over the frames of a notch,
+    /// exactly as it does with the pan smoothing on.
+    #[test]
+    fn animated_wheel_zoom_keeps_its_eased_tail_when_pan_smoothing_is_off() {
+        let frames = |smooth: bool| -> Vec<f32> {
+            let owner = Id::unique("test-animated-zoom-unsmoothed-pan");
+            let ctx = Context::default();
+            configure(&ctx);
+            (0..60)
+                .map(|n| {
+                    let events = if n == 0 { vec![wheel(Vec2::new(0.0, 1.0), Modifiers::NONE)] } else { Vec::new() };
+                    let raw = RawInput { time: Some(f64::from(n) / 60.0), predicted_dt: 1.0 / 60.0, events, ..Default::default() };
+                    let mut factor = 1.0;
+                    let mut out = ctx.run_ui(raw, |ui| {
+                        if let Some(Wheel::Zoom(f)) = read_with(ui.ctx(), true, true, true, owner, true, smooth, true) {
+                            factor = f;
+                        }
+                    });
+                    out.textures_delta.clear();
+                    factor
+                })
+                .collect()
+        };
+        let unsmoothed = frames(false);
+        assert!(unsmoothed[0] > 1.0 && unsmoothed[0] < NOTCH - 1e-3, "the first frame carries only part of it: {:?}", &unsmoothed[..4]);
+        assert!(unsmoothed[1..].iter().any(|f| *f > 1.0), "and the rest follows: {unsmoothed:?}");
+        let product: f32 = unsmoothed.iter().product();
+        assert!((product - NOTCH).abs() < 1e-4, "still x1.1 in total: {product}");
+        let smoothed = frames(true);
+        assert!(unsmoothed.iter().zip(&smoothed).all(|(a, b)| (a - b).abs() < 1e-6), "same pacing as with pan smoothing on");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn plain_scroll_pans() {
         assert_eq!(classify(input(Vec2::new(3.0, -40.0), false)), Some(Wheel::Pan(Vec2::new(3.0, -40.0))));
@@ -455,17 +680,352 @@ mod tests {
         assert!((f - 1.21).abs() < 1e-4, "{f}");
     }
 
+    /// Animated Zoom off: a notch is one instant step, and egui's smoothed tail does nothing.
     #[test]
     fn a_notch_zooms_the_frame_it_arrives_and_its_smoothed_tail_does_nothing() {
         // egui keeps feeding a smoothed delta for several frames after the wheel event. Zooming
         // must not follow it (that would ease the zoom), nor turn it into a pan.
+        let off = |i: Input| Input { animated_zoom: false, ..i };
+        let tail = off(Input { raw: Vec2::ZERO, ..input(Vec2::new(0.0, 12.0), true) });
+        assert_eq!(classify(tail), None);
+        let tail = off(Input { raw: Vec2::ZERO, zoom_with_wheel: true, ..input(Vec2::new(0.0, 12.0), false) });
+        assert_eq!(classify(tail), None);
+        // The frame the notch arrives carries it whole, whatever the smoothed delta is.
+        let arrival = off(Input { scroll: Vec2::new(0.0, 12.0), raw: Vec2::new(0.0, 40.0), ..input(Vec2::ZERO, true) });
+        assert!(matches!(classify(arrival), Some(Wheel::Zoom(f)) if (f - 1.1).abs() < 1e-5));
+        // Plain scrolling without the preference still pans from the smoothed delta.
+        let pan = off(Input { raw: Vec2::ZERO, ..input(Vec2::new(0.0, 12.0), false) });
+        assert_eq!(classify(pan), Some(Wheel::Pan(Vec2::new(0.0, 12.0))));
+    }
+
+    /// Animated Zoom on: the zoom follows egui's smoothed delta over the frames of a notch, and
+    /// never turns that tail into a pan.
+    #[test]
+    fn animated_zoom_follows_the_smoothed_tail_of_a_notch() {
         let tail = Input { raw: Vec2::ZERO, ..input(Vec2::new(0.0, 12.0), true) };
-        assert_eq!(classify(tail), None);
+        assert!(matches!(classify(tail), Some(Wheel::Zoom(f)) if f > 1.0));
         let tail = Input { raw: Vec2::ZERO, zoom_with_wheel: true, ..input(Vec2::new(0.0, 12.0), false) };
-        assert_eq!(classify(tail), None);
+        assert!(matches!(classify(tail), Some(Wheel::Zoom(f)) if f > 1.0));
+        // The size of the step comes from the smoothed delta, not the raw one.
+        let part = Input { scroll: Vec2::new(0.0, 20.0), raw: Vec2::new(0.0, 40.0), ..input(Vec2::ZERO, true) };
+        assert!(matches!(classify(part), Some(Wheel::Zoom(f)) if (f - 1.1f32.powf(0.5)).abs() < 1e-5));
         // Plain scrolling without the preference still pans from the smoothed delta.
         let pan = Input { raw: Vec2::ZERO, ..input(Vec2::new(0.0, 12.0), false) };
         assert_eq!(classify(pan), Some(Wheel::Pan(Vec2::new(0.0, 12.0))));
+        // ⇧ + snap zoom stays on the wheel events and instant, in both modes.
+        for animated_zoom in [false, true] {
+            let tail = Input { shift: true, zoom_with_wheel: true, raw: Vec2::ZERO, animated_zoom, ..input(Vec2::new(12.0, 0.0), false) };
+            assert_eq!(classify(tail), None, "animated_zoom {animated_zoom}");
+            let snap = Input { shift: true, zoom_with_wheel: true, raw: Vec2::new(0.0, 40.0), animated_zoom, ..input(Vec2::new(0.0, 12.0), false) };
+            assert_eq!(classify(snap), Some(Wheel::SnapZoom(1)), "animated_zoom {animated_zoom}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The factor of every frame of one notch, through a real egui context (60 frames at 60 fps).
+    fn zoom_frames(modifiers: Modifiers, zoom_with_wheel: bool, animated_zoom: bool) -> Vec<f32> {
+        let owner = Id::unique("test-zoom-frames");
+        let ctx = Context::default();
+        configure(&ctx);
+        (0..60)
+            .map(|n| {
+                let events = if n == 0 { vec![wheel(Vec2::new(0.0, 1.0), modifiers)] } else { Vec::new() };
+                let raw = RawInput { time: Some(f64::from(n) / 60.0), predicted_dt: 1.0 / 60.0, events, ..Default::default() };
+                let mut factor = 1.0;
+                let mut out = ctx.run_ui(raw, |ui| {
+                    if let Some(Wheel::Zoom(f)) = read(ui.ctx(), zoom_with_wheel, true, animated_zoom, owner, true) {
+                        factor = f;
+                    }
+                });
+                out.textures_delta.clear();
+                factor
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    /// The property the eased zoom relies on: however egui spreads a notch over frames, the
+    /// factors of those frames multiply to exactly ×1.1 (and ×1/1.1 for a notch the other way).
+    #[test]
+    fn the_eased_frames_of_one_notch_multiply_to_ten_percent() {
+        for (modifiers, zoom_with_wheel) in [(Modifiers::ALT, false), (Modifiers::NONE, true)] {
+            let frames = zoom_frames(modifiers, zoom_with_wheel, true);
+            assert!(frames.iter().all(|f| f.is_finite() && *f >= 1.0), "{frames:?}");
+            assert!(frames.iter().filter(|f| **f != 1.0).count() > 1, "eased over several frames: {frames:?}");
+            let product: f32 = frames.iter().product();
+            assert!((product - NOTCH).abs() < 1e-4, "{modifiers:?} zoom_with_wheel {zoom_with_wheel}: {product} from {frames:?}");
+        }
+        // The other way round: ×1/1.1.
+        let owner = Id::unique("test-zoom-frames-out");
+        let ctx = Context::default();
+        configure(&ctx);
+        let mut product = 1.0f32;
+        for n in 0..60 {
+            let events = if n == 0 { vec![wheel(Vec2::new(0.0, -1.0), Modifiers::ALT)] } else { Vec::new() };
+            let raw = RawInput { time: Some(f64::from(n) / 60.0), predicted_dt: 1.0 / 60.0, events, ..Default::default() };
+            let mut out = ctx.run_ui(raw, |ui| {
+                if let Some(Wheel::Zoom(f)) = read(ui.ctx(), false, true, true, owner, true) {
+                    product *= f;
+                }
+            });
+            out.textures_delta.clear();
+        }
+        assert!((product - 1.0 / NOTCH).abs() < 1e-4, "{product}");
+    }
+
+    /// Animated Zoom changes the pacing of a notch, never its size: off, the whole ×1.1 lands in
+    /// the frame the notch arrives and nothing follows; on, that frame carries only part of it.
+    #[test]
+    fn animated_zoom_changes_the_pacing_of_a_notch_not_its_size() {
+        for (modifiers, zoom_with_wheel) in [(Modifiers::ALT, false), (Modifiers::NONE, true)] {
+            let instant = zoom_frames(modifiers, zoom_with_wheel, false);
+            assert!((instant[0] - NOTCH).abs() < 1e-5, "the whole notch at once: {:?}", &instant[..4]);
+            assert!(instant[1..].iter().all(|f| *f == 1.0), "no tail after it: {instant:?}");
+            let eased = zoom_frames(modifiers, zoom_with_wheel, true);
+            assert!(eased[0] > 1.0 && eased[0] < NOTCH - 1e-3, "the first frame carries only part of it: {:?}", &eased[..4]);
+            assert!(eased[1..].iter().any(|f| *f > 1.0), "and the rest follows");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Animated Zoom is only about the wheel zoom: ⇧ snap zoom and plain scrolling are the same
+    /// in both modes.
+    #[test]
+    fn animated_zoom_leaves_snap_zoom_and_panning_alone() {
+        let notch = Vec2::new(0.0, 1.0);
+        let shift_alt = Modifiers { shift: true, alt: true, ..Modifiers::NONE };
+        for animated_zoom in [false, true] {
+            let (pan, zoom, snaps) = gesture_with(vec![vec![wheel(notch, shift_alt)]], false, false, animated_zoom);
+            assert!(pan == Vec2::ZERO && zoom == 1.0 && snaps == 1, "⇧ + ⌥: {pan:?} {zoom} {snaps}");
+            let (pan, zoom, snaps) = gesture_with(vec![vec![wheel(notch, Modifiers::NONE)]], false, false, animated_zoom);
+            assert!(near(pan, Vec2::new(0.0, 40.0)) && zoom == 1.0 && snaps == 0, "plain wheel pans: {pan:?} {zoom} {snaps}");
+            // A notch zooms ×1.1 in total in either mode.
+            let (pan, zoom, _) = gesture_with(vec![vec![wheel(notch, Modifiers::ALT)]], false, false, animated_zoom);
+            assert!(pan == Vec2::ZERO && (zoom - NOTCH).abs() < 1e-4, "animated_zoom {animated_zoom}: {pan:?} {zoom}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A pan notch still gliding when an ⌥ notch arrives (and the same the other way round with
+    /// Zoom with Scroll Wheel): the zoom is that one notch's ×1.1, not the sum of both tails.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_pan_tail_does_not_leak_into_the_animated_zoom() {
+        let notch = Vec2::new(0.0, 1.0);
+        // Wheel pans, ⌥ zooms: plain notch, then ⌥ notch one frame later.
+        let frames = vec![vec![wheel(notch, Modifiers::NONE)], vec![wheel(notch, Modifiers::ALT)]];
+        let (pan, zoom, snaps) = gesture_with(frames, false, false, true);
+        assert!((zoom - NOTCH).abs() < 1e-4, "only the ⌥ notch zooms: {zoom}");
+        assert!(pan.y > 0.0 && pan.y < 40.0 && snaps == 0, "the plain notch only panned its first frame: {pan:?} {snaps}");
+        // Wheel zooms, ⌥ pans: ⌥ notch, then plain notch.
+        let frames = vec![vec![wheel(notch, Modifiers::ALT)], vec![wheel(notch, Modifiers::NONE)]];
+        let (_, zoom, snaps) = gesture_with(frames, true, false, true);
+        assert!((zoom - NOTCH).abs() < 1e-4, "only the plain notch zooms: {zoom}");
+        assert_eq!(snaps, 0);
+    }
+
+    /// The zoom factor of each of `frames` frames with Animated Zoom on and ⌥ zooming. `time` gives a
+    /// frame's timestamp and `hovered` whether the owner is hovered in it.
+    fn run_zoom(frames: u32, events: impl Fn(u32) -> Vec<Event>, time: impl Fn(u32) -> f64, hovered: impl Fn(u32) -> bool) -> Vec<f32> {
+        let owner = Id::unique("test-run-zoom");
+        let ctx = Context::default();
+        configure(&ctx);
+        (0..frames)
+            .map(|n| {
+                let raw = RawInput { time: Some(time(n)), predicted_dt: 1.0 / 60.0, events: events(n), ..Default::default() };
+                let mut factor = 1.0;
+                let mut out = ctx.run_ui(raw, |ui| {
+                    if let Some(Wheel::Zoom(f)) = read(ui.ctx(), false, true, true, owner, hovered(n)) {
+                        factor = f;
+                    }
+                });
+                out.textures_delta.clear();
+                factor
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    /// A slow frame in the middle of an eased notch (a big image redrawing) must not drop what is
+    /// left of it: the notch still adds up to exactly ×1.1.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_slow_frame_does_not_cut_an_eased_notch_short() {
+        let notch = Vec2::new(0.0, 1.0);
+        let time = |n: u32| if n == 0 { 0.0 } else { 0.7 + f64::from(n - 1) / 60.0 };
+        let frames = run_zoom(60, |n| if n == 0 { vec![wheel(notch, Modifiers::ALT)] } else { Vec::new() }, time, |_| true);
+        let product: f32 = frames.iter().product();
+        assert!((product - NOTCH).abs() < 1e-4, "still x1.1 in total: {product} from {frames:?}");
+    }
+
+    /// What is left of an eased notch when the pointer leaves the viewport is dropped: a notch
+    /// made after it comes back is ×1.1 on its own, not ×1.1 plus the old remainder.
+    #[test]
+    fn an_unfinished_notch_is_not_carried_into_a_notch_after_the_pointer_left() {
+        let notch = Vec2::new(0.0, 1.0);
+        let events = |n: u32| if n == 0 || n == 40 { vec![wheel(notch, Modifiers::ALT)] } else { Vec::new() };
+        let frames = run_zoom(100, events, |n| f64::from(n) / 60.0, |n| !(1..30).contains(&n));
+        let first: f32 = frames[..40].iter().product();
+        assert!(first > 1.0 && first < NOTCH - 1e-3, "the first notch was left unfinished: {first}");
+        let second: f32 = frames[40..].iter().product();
+        assert!((second - NOTCH).abs() < 1e-4, "the second notch is ×1.1 on its own: {second}");
+    }
+
+    /// Zoom with Scroll Wheel + Animated Zoom (the defaults of both): ⌘/Ctrl + wheel still scrolls
+    /// sideways, as it does with Animated Zoom off.
+    #[test]
+    fn animated_zoom_keeps_ctrl_wheel_sideways_scroll_with_zoom_with_wheel() {
+        let (pan, zoom, snaps) = gesture_with(vec![vec![wheel(Vec2::new(0.0, 1.0), CTRL)]], true, false, true);
+        assert!(near(pan, Vec2::new(40.0, 0.0)) && zoom == 1.0 && snaps == 0, "{pan:?} {zoom} {snaps}");
+    }
+
+    /// Shift snap zoom interrupting an unfinished animated notch drops that notch's residual: a
+    /// continuous zoom started right after Shift is released is its own ×1.1 and nothing more.
+    #[test]
+    fn shift_snap_zoom_drops_the_unfinished_eased_notch() {
+        let notch = Vec2::new(0.0, 1.0);
+        let shift_alt = Modifiers { shift: true, ..Modifiers::ALT };
+        let owner = Id::unique("test-snap-interrupts-ease");
+        let ctx = Context::default();
+        configure(&ctx);
+        let (mut zoom, mut zoom_after_first, mut snaps) = (1.0f32, 1.0f32, 0i32);
+        for n in 0..60u32 {
+            // ⌥ notch (eases), ⇧⌥ notch (snap zoom takes over), then ⌥ notch again within 0.5 s.
+            let events = match n {
+                0 | 2 => vec![wheel(notch, Modifiers::ALT)],
+                1 => vec![wheel(notch, shift_alt)],
+                _ => Vec::new(),
+            };
+            let raw = RawInput { time: Some(f64::from(n) / 60.0), predicted_dt: 1.0 / 60.0, events, ..Default::default() };
+            let mut out = ctx.run_ui(raw, |ui| match read(ui.ctx(), false, true, true, owner, true) {
+                Some(Wheel::Zoom(f)) => zoom *= f,
+                Some(Wheel::SnapZoom(s)) => snaps += s,
+                _ => {}
+            });
+            out.textures_delta.clear();
+            if n == 0 {
+                zoom_after_first = zoom;
+            }
+        }
+        assert_eq!(snaps, 1);
+        let second = zoom / zoom_after_first;
+        assert!((second - NOTCH).abs() < 1e-4, "the second ⌥ notch zooms ×1.1 on its own: {second}");
+    }
+
+    /// A trackpad's ⌥ + two-finger scroll comes in points and is already smooth: egui leaves it
+    /// unsmoothed because smoothing adds latency, so Animated Zoom must not ease it either. Each
+    /// frame zooms by its own events, at once.
+    #[test]
+    fn animated_zoom_does_not_ease_a_trackpad() {
+        let frames =
+            run_zoom(30, |n| if n == 0 { vec![wheel_point(Vec2::new(0.0, 4.0), Modifiers::ALT)] } else { Vec::new() }, |n| f64::from(n) / 60.0, |_| true);
+        assert!((frames[0] - NOTCH.powf(0.1)).abs() < 1e-6, "all of it in the frame it arrives: {:?}", &frames[..4]);
+        assert!(frames[1..].iter().all(|f| *f == 1.0), "no tail after it: {frames:?}");
+    }
+
+    /// Zoom with Scroll Wheel + Animated Zoom with Enable Animations off: the wheel zooms eased, but
+    /// a sideways wheel still pans without a glide (#5721), all of it in the frame it turns.
+    #[test]
+    fn animated_zoom_keeps_the_sideways_wheel_unsmoothed_with_animations_off() {
+        let owner = Id::unique("test-sideways-unsmoothed");
+        let ctx = Context::default();
+        configure(&ctx);
+        let pans: Vec<Vec2> = (0..30)
+            .map(|n| {
+                let events = if n == 0 { vec![wheel(Vec2::new(1.0, 0.0), Modifiers::NONE)] } else { Vec::new() };
+                let raw = RawInput { time: Some(f64::from(n) / 60.0), predicted_dt: 1.0 / 60.0, events, ..Default::default() };
+                let mut pan = Vec2::ZERO;
+                let mut out = ctx.run_ui(raw, |ui| {
+                    if let Some(Wheel::Pan(d)) = read_with(ui.ctx(), true, true, true, owner, true, false, true) {
+                        pan = d;
+                    }
+                });
+                out.textures_delta.clear();
+                pan
+            })
+            .collect();
+        assert!(near(pans[0], Vec2::new(40.0, 0.0)), "the whole notch at once: {:?}", &pans[..4]);
+        assert!(pans[1..].iter().all(|p| *p == Vec2::ZERO), "no glide after it: {pans:?}");
+    }
+
+    /// A diagonal point step with ⌥ is measured as egui measures it, folded onto one axis: (5, 5)
+    /// is a 10-point step, which egui smooths, so Animated Zoom eases it.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_diagonal_alt_point_step_is_measured_like_egui() {
+        let frames =
+            run_zoom(60, |n| if n == 0 { vec![wheel_point(Vec2::new(5.0, 5.0), Modifiers::ALT)] } else { Vec::new() }, |n| f64::from(n) / 60.0, |_| true);
+        assert!(frames[0] < NOTCH.powf(0.25) - 1e-4 && frames[1] > 1.0, "eased: {:?}", &frames[..4]);
+    }
+
+    /// A touch whose end nobody read (no canvas in that pass, e.g. the last document closed
+    /// during a trackpad scroll) must not leave later mouse notches un-eased.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_touch_end_nobody_read_does_not_stick() {
+        let owner = Id::unique("test-touch-unread-end");
+        let ctx = Context::default();
+        configure(&ctx);
+        let point = |phase: TouchPhase| Event::MouseWheel {
+            source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
+            unit: MouseWheelUnit::Point,
+            delta: Vec2::ZERO,
+            phase,
+            modifiers: Modifiers::ALT,
+        };
+        let mut first = 1.0;
+        for n in 0..10u32 {
+            let events = match n {
+                0 => vec![point(TouchPhase::Start)],
+                2 => vec![point(TouchPhase::End)],
+                5 => vec![wheel(Vec2::new(0.0, 1.0), Modifiers::ALT)],
+                _ => Vec::new(),
+            };
+            let raw = RawInput { time: Some(f64::from(n) / 60.0), predicted_dt: 1.0 / 60.0, events, ..Default::default() };
+            let mut out = ctx.run_ui(raw, |ui| {
+                // Frames 2-3: nothing reads the wheel.
+                if !(2..4).contains(&n)
+                    && let Some(Wheel::Zoom(f)) = read(ui.ctx(), false, true, true, owner, true)
+                    && n == 5
+                {
+                    first = f;
+                }
+            });
+            out.textures_delta.clear();
+        }
+        assert!(first > 1.0 && first < NOTCH - 1e-3, "the notch is eased: {first}");
+    }
+
+    /// Quick back-and-forth wheeling still lands on whole ×1.1 steps: three notches in and one
+    /// out a frame later is ×1.1², whatever was still easing.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_quick_notch_back_nets_out() {
+        for back_at in [1, 3] {
+            let events = |n: u32| match n {
+                0 => vec![wheel(Vec2::new(0.0, 3.0), Modifiers::ALT)],
+                n if n == back_at => vec![wheel(Vec2::new(0.0, -1.0), Modifiers::ALT)],
+                _ => Vec::new(),
+            };
+            let total: f32 = run_zoom(60, events, |n| f64::from(n) / 60.0, |_| true).iter().product();
+            assert!((total - NOTCH * NOTCH).abs() < 1e-4, "back at frame {back_at}: {total}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A browser reports a mouse notch as a big pixel step (about 100 points in Chrome), which
+    /// egui smooths like a notch: Animated Zoom eases it too. Within a trackpad touch (egui's
+    /// `InTouch`) even big point steps zoom at once.
+    #[test]
+    fn animated_zoom_eases_big_pixel_steps_but_not_a_touch() {
+        let point = |dy: f32, phase: TouchPhase| Event::MouseWheel {
+            source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
+            unit: MouseWheelUnit::Point,
+            delta: Vec2::new(0.0, dy),
+            phase,
+            modifiers: Modifiers::ALT,
+        };
+        let browser = run_zoom(60, |n| if n == 0 { vec![point(100.0, TouchPhase::Move)] } else { Vec::new() }, |n| f64::from(n) / 60.0, |_| true);
+        assert!(browser[0] > 1.0 && browser[0] < NOTCH.powf(2.5) - 1e-3, "eased: {:?}", &browser[..4]);
+        let total: f32 = browser.iter().product();
+        assert!((total - NOTCH.powf(2.5)).abs() < 1e-3, "{total}");
+        let events = |n: u32| match n {
+            0 => vec![point(0.0, TouchPhase::Start)],
+            1 => vec![point(20.0, TouchPhase::Move)],
+            _ => Vec::new(),
+        };
+        let touch = run_zoom(30, events, |n| f64::from(n) / 60.0, |_| true);
+        assert!((touch[1] - NOTCH.powf(0.5)).abs() < 1e-5, "at once: {:?}", &touch[..4]);
+        assert!(touch[2..].iter().all(|f| *f == 1.0), "no tail: {touch:?}");
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -504,6 +1064,7 @@ mod tests {
             unit: MouseWheelUnit::Line,
             delta: egui::vec2(0.0, 0.25),
             phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move,
+            source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
             modifiers: Modifiers { ctrl: true, command: true, ..Modifiers::NONE },
         };
         let mut raw = RawInput { time: Some(1.0), events: vec![event()], ..Default::default() };
@@ -619,7 +1180,13 @@ mod tests {
     fn linux_wayland_point_unit_pinch_keeps_mouse_notches_for_sideways_scroll() {
         // Some Wayland compositors report fractional Ctrl-wheel pinch steps in points
         // rather than line units. The delta must not be multiplied by notch twice.
-        let mut point = [Event::MouseWheel { unit: MouseWheelUnit::Point, delta: Vec2::new(0.0, 8.0), phase: TouchPhase::Move, modifiers: CTRL }];
+        let mut point = [Event::MouseWheel {
+            source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
+            unit: MouseWheelUnit::Point,
+            delta: Vec2::new(0.0, 8.0),
+            phase: TouchPhase::Move,
+            modifiers: CTRL,
+        }];
         assert_eq!(legacy_pinch_to_zoom(&mut point, 1.0, None, 40.0, 0.005), Some(1.0));
         assert!(matches!(point[0], Event::Zoom(f) if (f - (8.0f32 * 0.005).exp()).abs() < 1e-5));
         let mut wheel_only = [wheel(Vec2::new(0.0, 1.0), CTRL)];
@@ -677,7 +1244,7 @@ mod tests {
         for s in [f32::NAN, f32::INFINITY, -f32::INFINITY, 1e30, -1e30] {
             for alt in [false, true] {
                 for notch in [0.0, -1.0, f32::NAN, 40.0] {
-                    for zd in [f32::NAN, 0.0, -1.0, f32::INFINITY, 1.0] {
+                    for (zd, animated_zoom) in [f32::NAN, 0.0, -1.0, f32::INFINITY, 1.0].into_iter().flat_map(|zd| [(zd, false), (zd, true)]) {
                         let i = Input {
                             scroll: Vec2::new(0.0, s),
                             raw: Vec2::new(0.0, s),
@@ -686,6 +1253,7 @@ mod tests {
                             shift: false,
                             zoom_with_wheel: !alt,
                             pinch_zooms: true,
+                            animated_zoom,
                             notch,
                         };
                         if let Some(Wheel::Zoom(f)) = classify(i) {
@@ -702,6 +1270,7 @@ mod tests {
                                 shift: false,
                                 zoom_with_wheel: true,
                                 pinch_zooms: true,
+                                animated_zoom,
                                 notch,
                             }
                         };
@@ -730,7 +1299,7 @@ mod tests {
         for n in 0..60 {
             let raw = RawInput { time: Some(f64::from(n) / 60.0), predicted_dt: 1.0 / 60.0, events: frames.next().unwrap_or_default(), ..Default::default() };
             let mut out = ctx.run_ui(raw, |ui| {
-                if let Some(Wheel::SnapZoom(s)) = read(ui.ctx(), zoom_with_wheel, true, owner, true) {
+                if let Some(Wheel::SnapZoom(s)) = read(ui.ctx(), zoom_with_wheel, true, true, owner, true) {
                     snaps += s;
                 }
             });
@@ -742,7 +1311,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn fractional_point_events_accumulate_across_frames() {
         let quarter = Vec2::new(0.0, 10.0);
-        let batched = snap_gesture(vec![vec![wheel_point(Vec2::new(0.0, 40.0), Modifiers::SHIFT)]], true, Id::new("accum-batched"));
+        let batched = snap_gesture(vec![vec![wheel_point(Vec2::new(0.0, 40.0), Modifiers::SHIFT)]], true, Id::unique("accum-batched"));
         let split = snap_gesture(
             vec![
                 vec![wheel_point(quarter, Modifiers::SHIFT)],
@@ -751,7 +1320,7 @@ mod tests {
                 vec![wheel_point(quarter, Modifiers::SHIFT)],
             ],
             true,
-            Id::new("accum-split"),
+            Id::unique("accum-split"),
         );
         assert_eq!(batched, 1, "40 points batched → 1 step");
         assert_eq!(split, 1, "4 × 10 points split → 1 step");
@@ -768,7 +1337,7 @@ mod tests {
                 vec![wheel_point(neg_quarter, Modifiers::SHIFT)],
             ],
             true,
-            Id::new("accum-neg"),
+            Id::unique("accum-neg"),
         );
         assert_eq!(neg_split, -1, "4 × −10 points → −1 step");
         let h_quarter = Vec2::new(10.0, 0.0);
@@ -780,7 +1349,7 @@ mod tests {
                 vec![wheel_point(h_quarter, Modifiers::SHIFT)],
             ],
             true,
-            Id::new("accum-horiz"),
+            Id::unique("accum-horiz"),
         );
         assert_eq!(h_split, 1, "horizontal 4 × 10 → 1 step");
     }
@@ -796,13 +1365,13 @@ mod tests {
                 vec![wheel_point(Vec2::new(0.0, 10.0), Modifiers::SHIFT)],
             ],
             true,
-            Id::new("accum-empty"),
+            Id::unique("accum-empty"),
         );
         assert_eq!(snaps, 1, "empty frame preserves residual");
         let reversal = snap_gesture(
             vec![vec![wheel_point(Vec2::new(0.0, 30.0), Modifiers::SHIFT)], vec![wheel_point(Vec2::new(0.0, -15.0), Modifiers::SHIFT)]],
             true,
-            Id::new("accum-reversal"),
+            Id::unique("accum-reversal"),
         );
         assert_eq!(reversal, 0, "30 − 15 = 15 points, below 1 notch → 0 steps");
     }
@@ -818,15 +1387,15 @@ mod tests {
                 vec![wheel_point(Vec2::new(0.0, 10.0), shift_alt)],
             ],
             false,
-            Id::new("accum-shift-alt"),
+            Id::unique("accum-shift-alt"),
         );
         assert_eq!(split, 1, "Shift+Alt 4 × 10 → 1 step without preference");
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn cross_viewport_does_not_leak_residual() {
-        let owner_a = Id::new("owner-a");
-        let owner_b = Id::new("owner-b");
+        let owner_a = Id::unique("owner-a");
+        let owner_b = Id::unique("owner-b");
         let ctx = Context::default();
         configure(&ctx);
         let mut snaps_a = 0i32;
@@ -835,10 +1404,10 @@ mod tests {
         let raw =
             RawInput { time: Some(0.0), predicted_dt: 1.0 / 60.0, events: vec![wheel_point(Vec2::new(0.0, 30.0), Modifiers::SHIFT)], ..Default::default() };
         let mut out = ctx.run_ui(raw, |ui| {
-            if let Some(Wheel::SnapZoom(s)) = read(ui.ctx(), true, true, owner_a, true) {
+            if let Some(Wheel::SnapZoom(s)) = read(ui.ctx(), true, true, true, owner_a, true) {
                 snaps_a += s;
             }
-            if let Some(Wheel::SnapZoom(s)) = read(ui.ctx(), true, true, owner_b, false) {
+            if let Some(Wheel::SnapZoom(s)) = read(ui.ctx(), true, true, true, owner_b, false) {
                 snaps_b += s;
             }
         });
@@ -853,10 +1422,10 @@ mod tests {
             ..Default::default()
         };
         let mut out = ctx.run_ui(raw, |ui| {
-            if let Some(Wheel::SnapZoom(s)) = read(ui.ctx(), true, true, owner_a, false) {
+            if let Some(Wheel::SnapZoom(s)) = read(ui.ctx(), true, true, true, owner_a, false) {
                 snaps_a += s;
             }
-            if let Some(Wheel::SnapZoom(s)) = read(ui.ctx(), true, true, owner_b, true) {
+            if let Some(Wheel::SnapZoom(s)) = read(ui.ctx(), true, true, true, owner_b, true) {
                 snaps_b += s;
             }
         });
@@ -871,8 +1440,8 @@ mod tests {
                 ..Default::default()
             };
             let mut out = ctx.run_ui(raw, |ui| {
-                let _ = read(ui.ctx(), true, true, owner_a, false);
-                if let Some(Wheel::SnapZoom(s)) = read(ui.ctx(), true, true, owner_b, true) {
+                let _ = read(ui.ctx(), true, true, true, owner_a, false);
+                if let Some(Wheel::SnapZoom(s)) = read(ui.ctx(), true, true, true, owner_b, true) {
                     snaps_b += s;
                 }
             });
@@ -887,10 +1456,10 @@ mod tests {
             ..Default::default()
         };
         let mut out = ctx.run_ui(raw, |ui| {
-            if let Some(Wheel::SnapZoom(s)) = read(ui.ctx(), true, true, owner_a, true) {
+            if let Some(Wheel::SnapZoom(s)) = read(ui.ctx(), true, true, true, owner_a, true) {
                 snaps_a += s;
             }
-            let _ = read(ui.ctx(), true, true, owner_b, false);
+            let _ = read(ui.ctx(), true, true, true, owner_b, false);
         });
         out.textures_delta.clear();
         assert_eq!(snaps_a, 0, "A: fresh start after switch, 30 points, no snap yet");
@@ -898,17 +1467,17 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn two_reads_same_owner_same_frame_do_not_double_count() {
-        let owner = Id::new("same-owner");
+        let owner = Id::unique("same-owner");
         let ctx = Context::default();
         configure(&ctx);
         let mut total_snaps = 0i32;
         let raw =
             RawInput { time: Some(0.0), predicted_dt: 1.0 / 60.0, events: vec![wheel_point(Vec2::new(0.0, 20.0), Modifiers::SHIFT)], ..Default::default() };
         let mut out = ctx.run_ui(raw, |ui| {
-            if let Some(Wheel::SnapZoom(s)) = read(ui.ctx(), true, true, owner, true) {
+            if let Some(Wheel::SnapZoom(s)) = read(ui.ctx(), true, true, true, owner, true) {
                 total_snaps += s;
             }
-            if let Some(Wheel::SnapZoom(s)) = read(ui.ctx(), true, true, owner, true) {
+            if let Some(Wheel::SnapZoom(s)) = read(ui.ctx(), true, true, true, owner, true) {
                 total_snaps += s;
             }
         });
@@ -922,7 +1491,7 @@ mod tests {
             ..Default::default()
         };
         let mut out = ctx.run_ui(raw, |ui| {
-            if let Some(Wheel::SnapZoom(s)) = read(ui.ctx(), true, true, owner, true) {
+            if let Some(Wheel::SnapZoom(s)) = read(ui.ctx(), true, true, true, owner, true) {
                 total_snaps += s;
             }
         });
@@ -933,7 +1502,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn accumulation_hostile_numbers() {
         for dy in [1e30, -1e30, 1e-10, -1e-10] {
-            let snaps = snap_gesture(vec![vec![wheel_point(Vec2::new(0.0, dy), Modifiers::SHIFT)]], true, Id::new("accum-hostile"));
+            let snaps = snap_gesture(vec![vec![wheel_point(Vec2::new(0.0, dy), Modifiers::SHIFT)]], true, Id::unique("accum-hostile"));
             assert!(snaps.abs() <= 10, "hostile {dy} clamped: {snaps}");
         }
     }
@@ -966,14 +1535,14 @@ mod tests {
 
     /// The total zoom [`read_with`] reports over `frames`, Enable Gestures set to `touch_gestures`.
     fn touch_zoom(frames: Vec<Vec<Event>>, touch_gestures: bool) -> f32 {
-        let owner = Id::new("test-touch");
+        let owner = Id::unique("test-touch");
         let ctx = Context::default();
         configure(&ctx);
         let mut zoom = 1.0;
         for (n, events) in (0u32..).zip(frames) {
             let raw = RawInput { time: Some(f64::from(n) / 60.0), predicted_dt: 1.0 / 60.0, events, ..Default::default() };
             let mut out = ctx.run_ui(raw, |ui| {
-                if let Some(Wheel::Zoom(f)) = read_with(ui.ctx(), false, true, owner, true, true, touch_gestures) {
+                if let Some(Wheel::Zoom(f)) = read_with(ui.ctx(), false, true, true, owner, true, true, touch_gestures) {
                     zoom *= f;
                 }
             });
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/wide_angle_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/wide_angle_ui.rs
index 35b996deea..11740b3a30 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/wide_angle_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/wide_angle_ui.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 //! Filter › Adaptive Wide Angle…: a full-window dialog like Photoshop's. Drag on the image to
 //! draw a constraint (the scene line between the two points, curved by the lens model); hold
-//! Shift when releasing to make it horizontal or vertical; right-click a constraint to delete
-//! it. The right panel holds the correction model, focal length, crop factor, scale and the
+//! Shift when releasing to make it horizontal or vertical; right-click a constraint for its menu
+//! (Free, Horizontal, Vertical, Delete), as in Photoshop. The right panel holds the correction model, focal length, crop factor, scale and the
 //! constraint list. The preview solves the mesh warp on a CPU proxy (≤ 800 px); OK runs
 //! `filter.adaptiveWideAngle` with the constraints in document pixels.
 //!
 //! Control channel: `ui.menu.invoke {"id":"filter.adaptiveWideAngle","params":{"ui":{"set":{…},
-//! "add":{"a":[x,y],"b":[x,y],"orientation":"…"}, "remove":i, "commit":true | "cancel":true}}}`.
+//! "add":{"a":[x,y],"b":[x,y],"orientation":"…"}, "orient":{"index":i,"orientation":"…"}, "remove":i,
+//! "commit":true | "cancel":true}}}`.
 
 use egui::{Align2, Color32, FontId, Pos2, Rect as ERect, Sense, Stroke, TextureHandle, pos2, vec2};
 use photocraft_algo::transform::Interp;
@@ -40,6 +41,8 @@ pub struct WideAngleDialog {
     dirty: bool,
     pub preview: bool,
     drag: Option<([f64; 2], [f64; 2])>,
+    /// The constraint a right-click opened the constraint menu on.
+    menu_for: Option<usize>,
     pub residual: f64,
     pub render_ms: f64,
     history: EditHistory<WideAngle>,
@@ -143,6 +146,7 @@ pub fn open(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> Result<(), String>
         dirty: true,
         preview: true,
         drag: None,
+        menu_for: None,
         residual: 0.0,
         render_ms: 0.0,
     };
@@ -192,6 +196,12 @@ pub fn menu(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, id: &str, params: &Val
         d.params.constraints.push(Constraint { a: pa, b: pb, orientation: parse_orientation(a.get("orientation").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("free")) });
         d.dirty = true;
     }
+    if let Some(o) = ui.get("orient") {
+        let i = o.get("index").and_then(Value::as_u64).and_then(|i| usize::try_from(i).ok());
+        let Some(c) = i.and_then(|i| d.params.constraints.get_mut(i)) else { return Some(Err("`orient` needs the index of a constraint".into())) };
+        c.orientation = parse_orientation(o.get("orientation").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("free"));
+        d.dirty = true;
+    }
     if let Some(i) = ui.get("remove").and_then(Value::as_u64)
         && (i as usize) < d.params.constraints.len()
     {
@@ -217,6 +227,32 @@ fn commit(app: &mut PhotocraftApp) -> Result<Value, String> {
     app.run("filter.adaptiveWideAngle", d.command_params())
 }
 
+/// Photoshop's right-click menu on a constraint: its orientation (the current one checked) and
+/// Delete. A right-click away from every constraint opens nothing.
+fn constraint_menu(ui: &mut egui::Ui, d: &mut WideAngleDialog) {
+    let Some(i) = d.menu_for.filter(|i| *i < d.params.constraints.len()) else {
+        ui.close();
+        return;
+    };
+    for (o, label) in [(Orientation::Free, tl!("Free")), (Orientation::Horizontal, tl!("Horizontal")), (Orientation::Vertical, tl!("Vertical"))] {
+        let current = d.params.constraints.get(i).is_some_and(|c| c.orientation == o);
+        if ui.radio(current, label).clicked() {
+            if let Some(c) = d.params.constraints.get_mut(i) {
+                c.orientation = o;
+                d.dirty = true;
+            }
+            ui.close();
+        }
+    }
+    ui.separator();
+    if ui.button(tl!("Delete")).clicked() {
+        d.params.constraints.remove(i);
+        d.menu_for = None;
+        d.dirty = true;
+        ui.close();
+    }
+}
+
 pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
     if app.wide_angle.is_none() {
         return;
@@ -225,7 +261,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
     let screen = ctx.content_rect();
     let mut action: Option<&str> = None;
     let shift = ctx.input(|i| i.modifiers.shift);
-    egui::Area::new(egui::Id::new("awa-dialog")).order(egui::Order::Foreground).fixed_pos(screen.min).show(ctx, |ui| {
+    egui::Area::new(egui::Id::unique("awa-dialog")).order(egui::Order::Foreground).fixed_pos(screen.min).show(ctx, |ui| {
         let Some(d) = app.wide_angle.as_mut() else { return };
         d.history.settle(&d.params, ctx.input(|i| i.pointer.any_down()));
         if d.dirty {
@@ -248,7 +284,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
         let (fx, fy) = (d.frame.x0 as f64, d.frame.y0 as f64);
         let to_screen = |p: [f64; 2]| pos2(img_r.left() + ((p[0] - fx) * k) as f32 * s, img_r.top() + ((p[1] - fy) * k) as f32 * s);
         let to_doc = |q: Pos2| [fx + ((q.x - img_r.left()) / s) as f64 / k, fy + ((q.y - img_r.top()) / s) as f64 / k];
-        let resp = ui.interact(img_r, ui.id().with("awa-image"), Sense::click_and_drag());
+        let resp = ui.interact(img_r, ui.scope_id().with("awa-image"), Sense::click_and_drag());
         if let Some(p) = resp.interact_pointer_pos() {
             if resp.drag_started() {
                 d.drag = Some((to_doc(p), to_doc(p)));
@@ -274,7 +310,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
         if resp.secondary_clicked()
             && let Some(p) = resp.interact_pointer_pos()
         {
-            // Delete the constraint whose curve passes nearest the click.
+            // The constraint whose curve passes nearest the click gets the menu.
             let near = d
                 .params
                 .constraints
@@ -282,13 +318,9 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
                 .enumerate()
                 .map(|(i, c)| (i, cam.arc(c.a, c.b, 24).iter().map(|q| (to_screen(*q) - p).length()).fold(f32::MAX, f32::min)))
                 .min_by(|a, b| a.1.total_cmp(&b.1));
-            if let Some((i, dist)) = near
-                && dist < 10.0
-            {
-                d.params.constraints.remove(i);
-                d.dirty = true;
-            }
+            d.menu_for = near.filter(|(_, dist)| *dist < 10.0).map(|(i, _)| i);
         }
+        resp.context_menu(|ui| constraint_menu(ui, d));
         let show_src = !d.preview || d.drag.is_some();
         let tex = if show_src { d.src_tex.as_ref() } else { d.out_tex.as_ref() };
         widgets::checker(&painter, img_r, 8.0);
@@ -337,6 +369,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
             if widgets::dropdown(
                 ui,
                 "awa-model",
+                tl!("Correction"),
                 &mut model,
                 &[
                     (WideModel::Auto, tl!("Auto")),
@@ -374,6 +407,7 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
                     if widgets::dropdown(
                         ui,
                         &format!("awa-o-{i}"),
+                        tl!("Orientation"),
                         &mut o,
                         &[(Orientation::Free, tl!("Free")), (Orientation::Horizontal, tl!("Horizontal")), (Orientation::Vertical, tl!("Vertical"))],
                         120.0,
@@ -393,9 +427,11 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
             widgets::hairline(ui);
             widgets::checkbox(ui, &mut d.preview, tl!("Preview"));
             ui.label(
-                egui::RichText::new(tl!("Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click to delete."))
-                    .color(t.text_faint)
-                    .size(11.0),
+                egui::RichText::new(tl!(
+                    "Drag on the image to add a constraint; Shift for horizontal/vertical; right-click a constraint to change or delete it."
+                ))
+                .color(t.text_faint)
+                .size(11.0),
             );
         });
         let foot = ERect::from_min_max(pos2(full.left(), full.bottom() - footer_h), full.max);
@@ -458,6 +494,74 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(app.wide_angle.is_none());
     }
 
+    /// A 160 × 100 grey layer to open the dialog on.
+    fn grey_layer() -> PhotocraftApp {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 160, "height": 100})).unwrap();
+        app.run("layer.new.layer", json!({})).unwrap();
+        app.run("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#808080"})).unwrap();
+        app
+    }
+
+    /// Open the dialog with one free constraint across the middle of the layer.
+    fn open_with_a_constraint(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
+        menu(app, ctx, "filter.adaptiveWideAngle", &json!({"ui": {"add": {"a": [20, 50], "b": [140, 50]}}})).unwrap().unwrap();
+    }
+
+    /// `orient` sets a constraint's orientation, as the right-click menu does; a bad index is
+    /// an error that changes nothing.
+    #[test]
+    fn orient_sets_a_constraint_orientation() {
+        let mut app = grey_layer();
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        open_with_a_constraint(&mut app, &ctx);
+        let r = menu(&mut app, &ctx, "filter.adaptiveWideAngle", &json!({"ui": {"orient": {"index": 0, "orientation": "vertical"}}})).unwrap().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(r["params"]["constraints"][0]["orientation"], "vertical");
+        for bad in [json!({"index": 1, "orientation": "horizontal"}), json!({"orientation": "horizontal"}), json!({"index": -1})] {
+            assert!(menu(&mut app, &ctx, "filter.adaptiveWideAngle", &json!({"ui": {"orient": bad}})).unwrap().is_err(), "{bad}");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(app.wide_angle.as_ref().unwrap().params.constraints[0].orientation, Orientation::Vertical);
+    }
+
+    /// Right-clicking a constraint opens Photoshop's constraint menu: an orientation (the
+    /// current one checked) or Delete. A right-click away from every constraint deletes nothing
+    /// and opens no menu (it used to delete the nearest constraint outright).
+    #[test]
+    fn right_click_on_a_constraint_opens_its_menu() {
+        use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
+        let size = vec2(1000.0, 600.0);
+        let mut h = egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(size).build_ui_state(|ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| show(app, ui.ctx()), grey_layer());
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::ALL[0]);
+        let ctx = h.ctx.clone();
+        open_with_a_constraint(h.state_mut(), &ctx);
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        // The image view (see `show`): the window less the title, footer and panel, inset 16 pt.
+        let view = ERect::from_min_max(pos2(16.0, 30.0 + 16.0), pos2(size.x - PANEL_W - 16.0, size.y - 48.0 - 16.0));
+        let right_click = |h: &mut egui_kittest::Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, p: Pos2| {
+            let button = |pressed| egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: p, button: egui::PointerButton::Secondary, pressed, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE };
+            h.input_mut().events.extend([egui::Event::PointerMoved(p), button(true)]);
+            h.run_steps(1);
+            h.input_mut().events.push(button(false));
+            h.run_steps(2);
+        };
+        let constraints = |h: &egui_kittest::Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>| h.state().wide_angle.as_ref().unwrap().params.constraints.clone();
+        // The constraint runs through the document's centre, which the view centres.
+        right_click(&mut h, view.center());
+        h.get_by_label("Horizontal").click();
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        assert_eq!(constraints(&h).len(), 1, "choosing an orientation keeps the constraint");
+        assert_eq!(constraints(&h)[0].orientation, Orientation::Horizontal);
+        // Away from it: no menu, nothing deleted.
+        right_click(&mut h, view.left_top() + vec2(4.0, 4.0));
+        assert!(h.query_by_label("Horizontal").is_none(), "no menu away from a constraint");
+        assert_eq!(constraints(&h).len(), 1);
+        // Delete from the menu (the panel's list has its own Delete button too).
+        right_click(&mut h, view.center());
+        h.get_all_by_label("Delete").last().expect("the menu's Delete").click();
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        assert!(constraints(&h).is_empty());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn command_z_steps_the_dialog_not_the_document() {
         let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/widgets.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/widgets.rs
index c973d710db..b5ea4ffa57 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/widgets.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/widgets.rs
@@ -61,104 +61,8 @@ pub fn surface(ui: &Ui, rect: Rect, fill: Color32, raised: bool) {
     }
 }
 
-/// A dock card: rounded container with a header of pill tabs and optional trailing actions.
-/// Returns the index of the selected tab.
-pub fn card(ui: &mut Ui, id: &str, tabs: &[&str], selected: &mut usize, body: impl FnOnce(&mut Ui, usize)) {
-    let _ = card_ex(ui, id, tabs, selected, false, false, body);
-}
-
-/// What happened on a card's tab strip this frame (see [`card_ex`]).
-pub struct CardResponse {
-    /// The tab strip background: drag to move the group, double-click to collapse it.
-    pub strip: Response,
-    /// The panel menu button (hamburger in Pro, ellipsis in Studio).
-    pub menu: Response,
-    /// A tab was clicked or chosen from the overflow menu.
-    pub tab_clicked: bool,
-    /// A tab was double-clicked (Photoshop collapses the group).
-    pub tab_double_clicked: bool,
-    /// Right-click action selected for a visible tab.
-    pub tab_context: Option<crate::tab_strip::TabContextAction>,
-    /// Rects of the tabs on the strip, `(tab index, rect)`; tabs that don't fit are in the
-    /// chevron menu instead (#151).
-    pub tabs: Vec<(usize, Rect)>,
-    pub responses: Vec<(usize, Response)>,
-    /// The » overflow button, when some tabs didn't fit.
-    pub chevron: Option<Rect>,
-    /// A tab dragged along the strip was dropped: `(tab, before)` (#2272).
-    pub tab_reorder: Option<(usize, Option<usize>)>,
-    /// The index of a tab being dragged away from the strip.
-    pub tab_dragging_out: Option<usize>,
-    /// The index of a tab whose drag ended away from the strip.
-    pub tab_dropped_out: Option<usize>,
-}
-
-impl CardResponse {
-    fn new(strip: Response, menu: Response, tabs: crate::tab_strip::StripOut) -> Self {
-        CardResponse {
-            strip,
-            menu,
-            tab_clicked: tabs.clicked,
-            tab_double_clicked: tabs.double_clicked,
-            tab_context: tabs.context,
-            tabs: tabs.tabs,
-            responses: tabs.responses,
-            chevron: tabs.chevron,
-            tab_reorder: tabs.reorder,
-            tab_dragging_out: tabs.dragging_out,
-            tab_dropped_out: tabs.dropped_out,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// [`card`] that can be collapsed to its tab strip and reports strip and menu interactions.
-/// With `reorderable`, tabs can be dragged along the strip (reported, not applied).
-#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
-pub fn card_ex(
-    ui: &mut Ui,
-    id: &str,
-    tabs: &[&str],
-    selected: &mut usize,
-    collapsed: bool,
-    reorderable: bool,
-    body: impl FnOnce(&mut Ui, usize),
-) -> CardResponse {
-    let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
-    if t.pro {
-        return pro_panel(ui, id, tabs, selected, collapsed, reorderable, body);
-    }
-    let m = body_margin(false);
-    let frame = egui::Frame::NONE
-        .fill(t.card)
-        .stroke(Stroke::new(1.0, t.card_border))
-        .corner_radius(CornerRadius::same(t.radius as u8))
-        .inner_margin(egui::Margin { bottom: if collapsed { 6 } else { m.bottom }, ..m });
-    let out = frame
-        .show(ui, |ui| {
-            ui.set_width(ui.available_width());
-            // Registered before the tabs so they keep their clicks; drags fall through to it.
-            let strip_rect = Rect::from_min_size(ui.cursor().min, vec2(ui.available_width(), 22.0));
-            let strip = ui.interact(strip_rect, ui.id().with((id, "strip")), Sense::click_and_drag());
-            // Pill tabs left of the menu button; they elide or overflow into a chevron (#151).
-            let (row, _) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(ui.available_width(), 24.0), Sense::hover());
-            let tip = crate::i18n::fmt(tl!("{name} options"), &[("name", tl!(tabs.get(*selected).copied().unwrap_or(id)))]);
-            let menu_rect = Rect::from_min_max(pos2(row.right() - 22.0, row.top() + 1.0), pos2(row.right(), row.bottom() - 1.0));
-            let menu = crate::icons::button(&mut ui.new_child(egui::UiBuilder::new().max_rect(menu_rect)), "ellipsis", 22.0, false, &tip);
-            let area = Rect::from_min_max(row.min, pos2((menu_rect.left() - 4.0).max(row.left()), row.bottom()));
-            let tabs_out = crate::tab_strip::pill_tabs(ui, ui.id().with((id, "tabs")), area, tabs, selected, reorderable);
-            if !collapsed {
-                ui.add_space(6.0);
-                body(ui, *selected);
-            }
-            CardResponse::new(strip, menu, tabs_out)
-        })
-        .inner;
-    ui.add_space(6.0);
-    out
-}
-
 /// Inner margin of a dock panel's body: a Pro panel's, or a Studio card's below its tab strip.
-fn body_margin(pro: bool) -> egui::Margin {
+pub(crate) fn body_margin(pro: bool) -> egui::Margin {
     if pro { egui::Margin::same(8) } else { egui::Margin { left: 8, right: 8, top: 6, bottom: 10 } }
 }
 
@@ -183,48 +87,13 @@ pub fn panel_footer<R>(ui: &mut Ui, add: impl FnOnce(&mut Ui) -> R) -> R {
     ui.painter().line_segment([pos2(r.left() - m.left as f32, y), pos2(r.right() + m.right as f32, y)], Stroke::new(1.0, t.separator));
     let bar = Rect::from_min_size(pos2(r.left(), r.top() + 1.0), vec2(r.width(), FOOTER_BAR));
     let mut bar_ui = ui.new_child(egui::UiBuilder::new().max_rect(bar).layout(egui::Layout::right_to_left(egui::Align::Center)));
+    // The bar runs on over the body's bottom margin, past where the body's own clip ends: without
+    // this its buttons were cut off there, a 26 px hover highlight drawn about 21 px tall.
+    bar_ui.set_clip_rect(bar_ui.clip_rect().union(bar));
     bar_ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 2.0;
     add(&mut bar_ui)
 }
 
-/// Photoshop-grammar panel group: dark tab strip with flat tabs, flat body, hamburger menu.
-fn pro_panel(
-    ui: &mut Ui,
-    id: &str,
-    tabs: &[&str],
-    selected: &mut usize,
-    collapsed: bool,
-    reorderable: bool,
-    body: impl FnOnce(&mut Ui, usize),
-) -> CardResponse {
-    let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
-    let width = ui.available_width();
-    // Tab strip. Its background senses drags (move the group) and double-clicks (collapse);
-    // the tabs, registered after it, keep their clicks.
-    let (strip, _) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(width, 26.0), Sense::hover());
-    let strip_resp = ui.interact(strip, ui.id().with((id, "strip")), Sense::click_and_drag());
-    let rounding = if collapsed { CornerRadius::same(3) } else { CornerRadius { nw: 3, ne: 3, sw: 0, se: 0 } };
-    ui.painter().rect_filled(strip, rounding, t.tab_strip);
-    // Panel menu (hamburger); the tabs stay left of it, eliding or overflowing (#151).
-    let menu = Rect::from_center_size(pos2(strip.right() - 14.0, strip.center().y), vec2(20.0, 18.0));
-    let tabs_out = crate::tab_strip::pro_tabs(ui, ui.id().with((id, "tabs")), strip, menu.left(), tabs, selected, collapsed, reorderable);
-    let mresp = ui.interact(menu, ui.id().with((id, "menu")), Sense::click());
-    let c = if mresp.hovered() { t.text } else { t.text_faint };
-    for k in 0..3 {
-        let y = menu.center().y - 3.5 + k as f32 * 3.5;
-        ui.painter().line_segment([pos2(menu.center().x - 5.0, y), pos2(menu.center().x + 5.0, y)], Stroke::new(1.0, c));
-    }
-    // Body.
-    if !collapsed {
-        egui::Frame::NONE.fill(t.card).corner_radius(CornerRadius { nw: 0, ne: 0, sw: 3, se: 3 }).inner_margin(body_margin(true)).show(ui, |ui| {
-            ui.set_width(width - 16.0);
-            body(ui, *selected);
-        });
-    }
-    ui.add_space(2.0);
-    CardResponse::new(strip_resp, mresp, tabs_out)
-}
-
 /// The panel menu button (hamburger in Pro, ellipsis in Studio), matching the dock and cards.
 pub fn panel_menu_button(ui: &mut Ui) -> Response {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
@@ -240,7 +109,7 @@ pub fn panel_menu_button(ui: &mut Ui) -> Response {
         crate::icons::paint(ui, rect, "ellipsis", 14.0, tint);
     }
     let tip = tl!("Panel menu");
-    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, tip));
+    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, tip));
     resp.on_hover_text(tip)
 }
 
@@ -261,7 +130,7 @@ pub fn pill_tab(ui: &mut Ui, label: &str, selected: bool) -> Response {
     }
     let color = if selected { t.text } else { t.text_dim };
     ui.painter().galley_with_override_text_color(rect.center() - galley.size() / 2.0, galley, color);
-    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, true, translated));
+    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, true, translated));
     resp
 }
 
@@ -269,7 +138,13 @@ pub fn pill_tab(ui: &mut Ui, label: &str, selected: bool) -> Response {
 /// arithmetic (`1920/2`) applies on Enter, Tab or click-away, and a unit after a number converts
 /// into the field's unit (`1in` in a px field, at the resolution [`set_field_resolution`] gave).
 pub fn value_field(ui: &mut Ui, value: &mut f32, range: std::ops::RangeInclusive<f32>, suffix: &str, width: f32) -> Response {
-    value_field_in(ui, value, range, suffix, width, 0.0, FieldOpts::default()).0
+    value_field_in(ui, value, range, suffix, width, 0.0, FieldOpts::default(), None).0
+}
+
+/// A [`value_field`] whose visible caption was drawn apart from it (an options-bar caption in a
+/// nested layout): `name` names the number when the caption's scrub link did not reach it.
+pub fn value_field_named(ui: &mut Ui, name: &str, value: &mut f32, range: std::ops::RangeInclusive<f32>, suffix: &str, width: f32) -> Response {
+    value_field_in(ui, value, range, suffix, width, 0.0, FieldOpts::default(), Some(name)).0
 }
 
 /// A single-line label for a row that also holds fixed-width controls: laid out no wider than
@@ -284,7 +159,7 @@ pub fn elided_label_sensed(ui: &mut Ui, text: &str, max_w: f32, sense: Sense) ->
     let elided = galley.elided;
     let (rect, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(galley.size(), sense);
     ui.painter().galley(rect.min, galley, t.text_dim);
-    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Label, ui.is_enabled(), text));
+    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Label, ui.is_enabled(), text));
     if elided { resp.on_hover_text(text) } else { resp }
 }
 
@@ -299,12 +174,12 @@ pub const VALUE_FIELD_H: f32 = 24.0;
 /// A [`value_field`] `height` points tall instead of [`VALUE_FIELD_H`], for slim bars such as
 /// the status bar (#2823).
 pub fn compact_value_field(ui: &mut Ui, value: &mut f32, range: std::ops::RangeInclusive<f32>, suffix: &str, width: f32, height: f32) -> Response {
-    value_field_box(ui, value, range, suffix, vec2(width, height), 0.0, FieldOpts::default()).0
+    value_field_box(ui, value, range, suffix, vec2(width, height), 0.0, FieldOpts::default(), None).0
 }
 
 /// A compact field whose mouse scrub wraps at the native fullscreen viewport's horizontal edges.
 pub(crate) fn compact_wrapping_value_field(ui: &mut Ui, value: &mut f32, range: std::ops::RangeInclusive<f32>, suffix: &str, size: Vec2) -> Response {
-    value_field_box(ui, value, range, suffix, size, 0.0, FieldOpts { wrap_drag: true, ..Default::default() }).0
+    value_field_box(ui, value, range, suffix, size, 0.0, FieldOpts { wrap_drag: true, ..Default::default() }, None).0
 }
 
 /// A size dialog's unit key (`px`, `in`, `cm`, `mm`, `pt`, `pica`, `percent`) as a unit.
@@ -331,7 +206,7 @@ pub fn unit_decimals(key: &str) -> u32 {
 /// A [`value_field`] showing `decimals` decimal places instead of the one (or two, for a small
 /// range) it picks itself: the ruler units need their own precision (#2434).
 pub fn value_field_prec(ui: &mut Ui, value: &mut f32, range: std::ops::RangeInclusive<f32>, suffix: &str, width: f32, decimals: u32) -> Response {
-    value_field_in(ui, value, range, suffix, width, 0.0, FieldOpts { decimals: Some(decimals), ..Default::default() }).0
+    value_field_in(ui, value, range, suffix, width, 0.0, FieldOpts { decimals: Some(decimals), ..Default::default() }, None).0
 }
 
 /// A field's unit and the resolution a typed unit converts at (`1in` in a px field).
@@ -347,7 +222,7 @@ pub struct FieldUnits {
 /// A [`value_field_prec`] without a suffix, whose unit is chosen beside it (Image Size and New
 /// Document's unit menus) and converts typed units at that dialog's own resolution.
 pub fn value_field_units(ui: &mut Ui, value: &mut f32, range: std::ops::RangeInclusive<f32>, width: f32, decimals: u32, units: FieldUnits) -> Response {
-    value_field_in(ui, value, range, "", width, 0.0, FieldOpts { decimals: Some(decimals), units: Some(units), ..Default::default() }).0
+    value_field_in(ui, value, range, "", width, 0.0, FieldOpts { decimals: Some(decimals), units: Some(units), ..Default::default() }, None).0
 }
 
 /// A [`value_field_prec`] in `units` whose 100 % is a length of `extent` px (Free Transform's W
@@ -366,11 +241,11 @@ pub fn value_field_extent(
     extent: f64,
 ) -> Response {
     let opts = FieldOpts { decimals: Some(decimals), units: Some(units), extent: Some(extent), ..Default::default() };
-    value_field_in(ui, value, range, suffix, width, 0.0, opts).0
+    value_field_in(ui, value, range, suffix, width, 0.0, opts, None).0
 }
 
 fn field_resolution_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("pc-field-resolution")
+    egui::Id::unique("pc-field-resolution")
 }
 
 /// The resolution (pixels per inch) and point size (points per inch) a unit typed into a value
@@ -399,12 +274,17 @@ fn unit_of_suffix(suffix: &str) -> Option<photocraft_engine::prefs::Unit> {
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
 struct LabelScrub {
     pass: u64,
+    /// The id whose drags move the field (the label itself, or an options caption's hit area).
     label: egui::Id,
+    /// The visible label's own id, which names the field it scrubs.
+    name: Option<egui::Id>,
     rect: Rect,
     /// How far right of the label the field may start (the whole row for a slider row).
     max_gap: f32,
     /// Options captions defer interaction until the adjacent field bounds are known.
     option_area: bool,
+    /// An options icon's tooltip, shown by the drag area laid over it (which takes its hover).
+    tip: Option<&'static str>,
     /// Whole steps to move the value (left negative; Shift ×10, Alt a tenth as fast).
     steps: f32,
     started: bool,
@@ -413,7 +293,7 @@ struct LabelScrub {
 }
 
 fn label_scrub_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("pc-label-scrub")
+    egui::Id::unique("pc-label-scrub")
 }
 
 /// Makes `label` scrubby: dragging it left or right moves the value field drawn right after it on
@@ -426,12 +306,24 @@ pub fn scrub_label(ui: &Ui, label: &Response) -> Response {
 /// A tool-options caption whose scrub target includes the adjacent field's outer box.
 /// Keep the original label bounds for linking; register the hit area before the numeric editor.
 pub fn scrub_option_label(ui: &Ui, label: &Response) {
+    scrub_option_area(ui, label, None);
+}
+
+/// [`scrub_option_label`] for an icon with tooltip `tip`. The field's drag area is laid over the
+/// icon after it, so egui hovers the area and not the icon: `on_hover_text` on the icon never shows.
+pub fn scrub_option_icon(ui: &Ui, icon: &Response, tip: &'static str) {
+    scrub_option_area(ui, icon, Some(tip));
+}
+
+fn scrub_option_area(ui: &Ui, label: &Response, tip: Option<&'static str>) {
     let scrub = LabelScrub {
         pass: ui.ctx().cumulative_pass_nr(),
         label: label.id.with("pc-option-scrub"),
+        name: Some(label.id),
         rect: label.rect,
         max_gap: 24.0,
         option_area: true,
+        tip,
         steps: 0.0,
         started: false,
         dragging: false,
@@ -443,7 +335,7 @@ pub fn scrub_option_label(ui: &Ui, label: &Response) {
 fn scrub_label_within(ui: &Ui, label: &Response, max_gap: f32) -> Response {
     // Drag only, not focusable: Tab goes to the value field, not to its label as well.
     let resp = label.interact(Sense::DRAG);
-    let scrub = label_scrub_response(ui, &resp, label.rect, max_gap);
+    let scrub = label_scrub_response(ui, &resp, label.rect, max_gap, Some(label.id));
     ui.data_mut(|d| {
         d.insert_temp(label_scrub_id(), scrub);
         d.insert_temp(resp.id.with("pc-scrub-linked"), false);
@@ -451,7 +343,7 @@ fn scrub_label_within(ui: &Ui, label: &Response, max_gap: f32) -> Response {
     resp
 }
 
-fn label_scrub_response(ui: &Ui, resp: &Response, original_rect: Rect, max_gap: f32) -> LabelScrub {
+fn label_scrub_response(ui: &Ui, resp: &Response, original_rect: Rect, max_gap: f32, name: Option<egui::Id>) -> LabelScrub {
     // Whether a field took this label's drags last frame: only then is it scrubby.
     let linked = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<bool>(resp.id.with("pc-scrub-linked"))).unwrap_or(false);
     if linked && resp.enabled() && (resp.hovered() || resp.dragged()) {
@@ -484,9 +376,11 @@ fn label_scrub_response(ui: &Ui, resp: &Response, original_rect: Rect, max_gap:
     LabelScrub {
         pass: ui.ctx().cumulative_pass_nr(),
         label: resp.id,
+        name,
         rect: original_rect,
         max_gap,
         option_area: false,
+        tip: None,
         steps,
         started: resp.drag_started(),
         dragging: resp.dragged(),
@@ -511,11 +405,29 @@ fn take_label_scrub(ui: &Ui, rect: Rect) -> Option<LabelScrub> {
     linked.then_some(s)
 }
 
+/// The visible caption left for the control drawn next this frame, if any, consumed so that a
+/// non-scrubbing control (a dropdown) can still take its name and the caption cannot leak on.
+fn take_label_scrub_name(ui: &Ui, rect: Rect) -> Option<egui::Id> {
+    let s = ui.data_mut(|d| {
+        let s = d.get_temp::<LabelScrub>(label_scrub_id());
+        d.remove::<LabelScrub>(label_scrub_id());
+        s
+    })?;
+    if s.pass != ui.ctx().cumulative_pass_nr() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    // Only a caption on the control's own row names it; one left over from an earlier row does not.
+    let same_row = rect.top() < s.rect.bottom() && rect.bottom() > s.rect.top();
+    same_row.then_some(s.name).flatten()
+}
+
 /// How a [`value_field_in`] shows and reads its number, beyond its suffix.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default)]
 struct FieldOpts {
     /// Decimal places shown (default: one, or two for a small range).
     decimals: Option<u32>,
+    /// Arrow-key and scrub step follow `decimals` (adjustment rows via [`slider_row_prec`], #5914).
+    step_from_decimals: bool,
     /// The unit typed units convert into (default: the suffix's, at [`set_field_resolution`]).
     units: Option<FieldUnits>,
     /// The length (px) 100 % stands for, so lengths and percentages convert into each other.
@@ -523,8 +435,23 @@ struct FieldOpts {
     wrap_drag: bool,
 }
 
+/// Arrow-key and drag step for a value field: [`FieldOpts::step_from_decimals`] uses `decimals`;
+/// otherwise the range width picks 0.01 (≤10) or 1.0.
+fn field_step(range: &std::ops::RangeInclusive<f32>, decimals: Option<u32>, step_from_decimals: bool) -> f32 {
+    if step_from_decimals && let Some(d) = decimals {
+        return 10f32.powi(-(d.min(6) as i32));
+    }
+    if *range.end() - *range.start() <= 10.0 { 0.01 } else { 1.0 }
+}
+
+fn field_fine(range: &std::ops::RangeInclusive<f32>, decimals: Option<u32>, step_from_decimals: bool) -> bool {
+    if step_from_decimals { decimals.is_some_and(|d| d > 0) || *range.end() - *range.start() <= 10.0 } else { *range.end() - *range.start() <= 10.0 }
+}
+
 /// A [`value_field`] that leaves `trailing` points free inside its box, right of the suffix, and
 /// returns the box with the number's response.
+// The explicit accessible name accompanies the existing numeric-field parameters.
+#[expect(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 fn value_field_in(
     ui: &mut Ui,
     value: &mut f32,
@@ -533,11 +460,14 @@ fn value_field_in(
     width: f32,
     trailing: f32,
     opts: FieldOpts,
+    name: Option<&str>,
 ) -> (Response, Rect) {
-    value_field_box(ui, value, range, suffix, vec2(width, VALUE_FIELD_H), trailing, opts)
+    value_field_box(ui, value, range, suffix, vec2(width, VALUE_FIELD_H), trailing, opts, name)
 }
 
 /// [`value_field_in`] with a box of any `size`.
+// The explicit accessible name accompanies the existing numeric-field parameters.
+#[expect(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 fn value_field_box(
     ui: &mut Ui,
     value: &mut f32,
@@ -546,10 +476,13 @@ fn value_field_box(
     size: Vec2,
     trailing: f32,
     opts: FieldOpts,
+    name: Option<&str>,
 ) -> (Response, Rect) {
-    let FieldOpts { decimals, units, extent, wrap_drag } = opts;
+    let FieldOpts { decimals, step_from_decimals, units, extent, wrap_drag } = opts;
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
     let (rect, slot) = ui.allocate_exact_size(size, Sense::hover());
+    let last_editor = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<egui::Id>(slot.id));
+    let mut option_click = false;
     let scrub = take_label_scrub(ui, rect).map(|s| {
         if !s.option_area {
             return s;
@@ -558,8 +491,14 @@ fn value_field_box(
         // numeric button. It is not focusable; the editor drawn next wins inside its bounds.
         // Preserve a popup field's trailing arrow, and never extend outside the UI clip.
         let hit = Rect::from_min_max(pos2(s.rect.left(), rect.top()), pos2(rect.right() - trailing, rect.bottom())).intersect(ui.clip_rect());
-        let resp = ui.interact(hit, s.label, Sense::CLICK | Sense::DRAG);
-        label_scrub_response(ui, &resp, s.rect, s.max_gap)
+        let mut resp = ui.interact(hit, s.label, Sense::CLICK | Sense::DRAG);
+        option_click = resp.clicked();
+        if let Some(tip) = s.tip
+            && resp.hover_pos().is_some_and(|p| s.rect.contains(p))
+        {
+            resp = resp.on_hover_text(tip);
+        }
+        label_scrub_response(ui, &resp, s.rect, s.max_gap, s.name)
     });
     let (dpi, ppi) = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<(f64, f64)>(field_resolution_id())).unwrap_or((72.0, 72.0));
     // Typed text loses its spaces before parsing, so a " pt" suffix reads as "pt".
@@ -585,9 +524,22 @@ fn value_field_box(
     let cy = rect.center().y;
     let field = Rect::from_min_max(pos2(rect.left() + 4.0, cy - slot_h / 2.0), pos2(rect.right() - 4.0 - suffix_w - trailing, cy + slot_h / 2.0));
     // Small ranges (gamma 0.01–9.99, 0–1 centres) need two decimals and a finer drag, like Photoshop.
-    let fine = range.end() - range.start() <= 10.0;
+    let fine = field_fine(&range, decimals, step_from_decimals);
+    let unit = field_step(&range, decimals, step_from_decimals);
     let (lo, hi) = (*range.start(), *range.end());
-    let (step, grid) = arrow_step(ui, slot.id, if fine { 0.01 } else { 1.0 });
+    // The field's id is only known once it's drawn: last frame's, saved under `slot` below.
+    let focused = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp::<egui::Id>(slot.id)).filter(|id| ui.memory(|m| m.has_focus(*id)));
+    let (step, grid) = arrow_step(ui, slot.id, unit);
+    // The wheel steps it as the arrow keys do (#5473), focused or under the pointer.
+    let notches = crate::field_wheel::notches(ui, slot.id, focused.is_some(), rect);
+    if notches != 0.0
+        && let Some(id) = focused
+        && ui.data(|d| d.get_temp(id.with("arithmetic"))).unwrap_or(false)
+    {
+        // A typed sum works itself out first, as before an arrow step.
+        ui.memory_mut(|m| m.surrender_focus(id));
+    }
+    let step = step + notches * unit;
     // new_child (not scope_builder): a scope would move the parent cursor back to the child rect.
     let mut child = ui.new_child(egui::UiBuilder::new().max_rect(field));
     let mut resp = {
@@ -612,12 +564,26 @@ fn value_field_box(
         }
     };
     ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(slot.id, resp.id));
+    // A click on the caption's expanded hit area (outside the editor) is not an edit: keep the
+    // number's keyboard focus, but never take it for a field that did not have it.
+    if option_click
+        && let Some(id) = last_editor
+        && ui.memory(|m| m.had_focus_last_frame(id))
+    {
+        ui.memory_mut(|m| m.request_focus(id));
+    }
+    // A scrubby caption is also the field's visible label, so it names the number for screen readers.
+    if let Some(id) = scrub.as_ref().and_then(|s| s.name) {
+        resp = resp.labelled_by(id);
+    } else if let Some(name) = name {
+        // The caption drew in another Ui (or row), so it could not name the number itself.
+        resp = resp.accessible_name(name);
+    }
     if let Some(s) = scrub {
         if s.started && ui.memory(|m| m.has_focus(resp.id)) {
             ui.memory_mut(|m| m.surrender_focus(resp.id));
         }
         if s.steps != 0.0 {
-            let unit = if fine { 0.01 } else { 1.0 };
             // Onto the step grid first, so a whole-number field drops its decimals (55.4 + 1 = 56).
             let v = ((*value / unit).round() + s.steps) * unit;
             let v = (v * 1e4).round() / 1e4;
@@ -643,16 +609,26 @@ fn value_field_box(
         // Round to 4 decimal places, so repeated 0.1 steps don't leave float errors.
         let v = (v * 1e4).round() / 1e4;
         // `f32::clamp` panics on a reversed or NaN range, which `DragValue::range` accepts.
-        *value = if lo <= hi { v.clamp(lo, hi) } else { v };
-        // Only take focus back after a typed sum gave it up: re-requesting it while held resets
-        // the field's arrow-key filter next frame, and a held arrow then moves focus away (#5474).
-        if !ui.memory(|m| m.has_focus(resp.id)) {
-            ui.memory_mut(|m| m.request_focus(resp.id));
+        let v = if lo <= hi { v.clamp(lo, hi) } else { v };
+        // A wild wheel delta must not leave infinity in the field.
+        if v.is_finite() {
+            *value = v;
+        }
+        // A wheel step over a field without focus leaves the focus where it is.
+        if focused.is_some() {
+            // Only take focus back after a typed sum gave it up: re-requesting it while held resets
+            // the field's arrow-key filter next frame, and a held arrow then moves focus away (#5474).
+            if !ui.memory(|m| m.has_focus(resp.id)) {
+                ui.memory_mut(|m| m.request_focus(resp.id));
+            }
+            // The text stays selected, as in Photoshop: typing after a step replaces the value.
+            crate::field_tab::select_all(ui.ctx(), resp.id, &if fine { fmt_num2(f64::from(*value)) } else { fmt_num(f64::from(*value)) });
         }
-        // The text stays selected, as in Photoshop: typing after a step replaces the value.
-        crate::field_tab::select_all(ui.ctx(), resp.id, &if fine { fmt_num2(f64::from(*value)) } else { fmt_num(f64::from(*value)) });
         resp.mark_changed();
     }
+    if ui.memory(|m| m.has_focus(resp.id)) {
+        crate::field_wheel::set_focused(ui.ctx(), resp.id, slot.id);
+    }
     (resp, rect)
 }
 
@@ -681,11 +657,13 @@ pub struct PopupFieldResponse {
 pub fn popup_value_field(ui: &mut Ui, name: &str, value: &mut f32, range: std::ops::RangeInclusive<f32>, suffix: &str, width: f32) -> PopupFieldResponse {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
     let (lo, hi) = (*range.start(), *range.end());
-    let (field, rect) = value_field_in(ui, value, range.clone(), suffix, width, POPUP_ARROW_W, FieldOpts::default());
+    let (mut field, rect) = value_field_in(ui, value, range.clone(), suffix, width, POPUP_ARROW_W, FieldOpts::default(), None);
     let arrow = Rect::from_min_max(pos2(rect.right() - POPUP_ARROW_W - 2.0, rect.top() + 2.0), rect.max - vec2(2.0, 2.0));
     let resp = ui.interact(arrow, field.id.with("popup-slider"), Sense::click_and_drag());
     let name = name.trim_end_matches([':', '：']).to_string();
-    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, ui.is_enabled(), &name));
+    // Both the number and its ▾ are named by the control's own semantic name.
+    field = field.accessible_name(name.clone());
+    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, ui.is_enabled(), &name));
     let resp = resp.on_hover_text(&name);
     let drag_key = resp.id.with("drag");
     // Every drag gets a new number when it starts, even if its first frame changes nothing.
@@ -737,7 +715,9 @@ pub fn popup_value_field(ui: &mut Ui, name: &str, value: &mut f32, range: std::o
         ui.painter().rect_filled(arrow, t.radius_sm, t.field_border.gamma_multiply(0.6));
     }
     chevron_icon(ui, arrow, ui.style().interact(&resp), open);
+    let parent_layer = resp.layer_id;
     popup.show(|ui| {
+        crate::press_menu::above_parent_ui(parent_layer, ui);
         ui.set_width(POPUP_SLIDER_W);
         let s = slider(ui, value, range, None);
         s.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::slider(ui.is_enabled(), f64::from(*value), &name));
@@ -753,6 +733,41 @@ pub fn popup_value_field(ui: &mut Ui, name: &str, value: &mut f32, range: std::o
     out
 }
 
+/// The most characters a [`text_field`] holds unless its caller sets a limit: far beyond any
+/// search, name or hex value, yet a pasted multi-gigabyte string is cut at the field instead of
+/// being laid out every frame (#2150).
+pub const TEXT_FIELD_LIMIT: usize = 1024;
+
+/// The most characters one typed, pasted or IME-committed text event carries into the app
+/// ([`cap_text_events`]): a megabyte of text, more than any field or text layer is pasted.
+pub const INPUT_EVENT_LIMIT: usize = 1 << 20;
+
+/// Cuts every text, paste and IME event to [`INPUT_EVENT_LIMIT`] characters (at a character
+/// boundary) before any widget sees it, so no text field -- whatever its own limit -- has to
+/// lay out an 8 GB paste (#2150).
+pub fn cap_text_events(events: &mut [egui::Event]) {
+    fn cut(text: &mut String) -> bool {
+        let Some((end, _)) = text.char_indices().nth(INPUT_EVENT_LIMIT) else { return false };
+        text.truncate(end);
+        true
+    }
+    for event in events {
+        match event {
+            egui::Event::Text(text) | egui::Event::Paste(text) | egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Commit(text)) => {
+                cut(text);
+            }
+            // The highlighted range indexes the old text; past the cut it would point nowhere.
+            egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Preedit { text, active_range_chars }) => {
+                let truncated = cut(text);
+                if truncated && active_range_chars.as_ref().is_some_and(|r| r.end > INPUT_EVENT_LIMIT) {
+                    *active_range_chars = None;
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Height of a [`text_field`]'s box, matching a [`value_field`].
 pub const TEXT_FIELD_H: f32 = 24.0;
 
@@ -771,7 +786,8 @@ pub fn text_field(ui: &mut Ui, id: egui::Id, text: &mut String, hint: &str, widt
     text_field_ex(ui, id, text, hint, width, mono, None)
 }
 
-/// [`text_field`] limited to `char_limit` characters (a hex field's six digits, say).
+/// [`text_field`] limited to `char_limit` characters (a hex field's six digits, say), or to
+/// [`TEXT_FIELD_LIMIT`] without one.
 pub fn text_field_ex(ui: &mut Ui, id: egui::Id, text: &mut String, hint: &str, width: f32, mono: bool, char_limit: Option<usize>) -> Response {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
     let (rect, _) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(width.max(16.0), TEXT_FIELD_H), Sense::hover());
@@ -781,13 +797,25 @@ pub fn text_field_ex(ui: &mut Ui, id: egui::Id, text: &mut String, hint: &str, w
     }
     let font = if mono { theme::mono(12.0) } else { egui::FontId::proportional(12.5) };
     let inner = rect.shrink2(TEXT_FIELD_PAD);
+    let limit = char_limit.unwrap_or(TEXT_FIELD_LIMIT);
+    // A value already past the limit (restored from a state file, set by automation) is shown and
+    // edited as its first `limit` characters, so it is never laid out whole; the caller's string
+    // changes only when that copy is edited.
+    let mut bounded = text.char_indices().nth(limit).map(|(end, _)| text[..end].to_string());
+    let shown = match bounded.as_mut() {
+        Some(b) => b,
+        None => &mut *text,
+    };
     // TextEdit draws its text at the top of its rect; fill the box and centre the line in it, so
     // the text sits on the field's middle like a dropdown's or value field's.
-    let mut edit =
-        egui::TextEdit::singleline(text).id(id).hint_text(hint).frame(egui::Frame::NONE).font(font).min_size(inner.size()).vertical_align(egui::Align::Center);
-    if let Some(limit) = char_limit {
-        edit = edit.char_limit(limit);
-    }
+    let edit = egui::TextEdit::singleline(shown)
+        .id(id)
+        .hint_text(hint.to_owned())
+        .frame(egui::Frame::NONE)
+        .font(font)
+        .min_size(inner.size())
+        .align(egui::Align2::LEFT_CENTER)
+        .char_limit(limit);
     // A child Ui keeps the field's selection colour local: `Visuals::selection` also fills selected
     // list rows and slider trails, which must keep the theme's.
     let layout = egui::Layout::centered_and_justified(egui::Direction::TopDown);
@@ -795,11 +823,17 @@ pub fn text_field_ex(ui: &mut Ui, id: egui::Id, text: &mut String, hint: &str, w
     // The theme's 24 pt interact height would make the edit taller than the box's inside.
     child.spacing_mut().interact_size.y = inner.height();
     child.style_mut().visuals.selection.bg_fill = t.field_selection();
-    child.add(edit)
+    let response = child.add(edit);
+    if let Some(b) = bounded
+        && response.changed()
+    {
+        *text = b;
+    }
+    response
 }
 
 fn first_field_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("pc-focus-first-field")
+    egui::Id::unique("pc-focus-first-field")
 }
 
 /// While `on`, the next number field drawn takes the keyboard focus with its text selected (a
@@ -989,11 +1023,6 @@ pub(crate) fn wheel_notches_of(ui: &Ui, id: egui::Id, hovered: bool, shift_notch
     if !hovered {
         return 0.0;
     }
-    let acc_id = id.with("wheel-acc");
-    let mut acc: f32 = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp(acc_id)).unwrap_or(0.0);
-    let per_line = ui.ctx().options(|o| o.input_options.line_scroll_speed);
-    let per_line = if per_line.is_finite() && per_line > 0.0 { per_line } else { 40.0 };
-    let mut notches = 0.0;
     let wheel: Vec<(egui::MouseWheelUnit, Vec2, bool)> = ui.input(|i| {
         i.events
             .iter()
@@ -1003,7 +1032,17 @@ pub(crate) fn wheel_notches_of(ui: &Ui, id: egui::Id, hovered: bool, shift_notch
             })
             .collect()
     });
-    for (unit, delta, shift) in wheel {
+    count_notches(ui, id.with("wheel-acc"), &wheel, shift_notches)
+}
+
+/// Whole notches in `wheel` (unit, delta, Shift held), a notch with Shift counting
+/// `shift_notches`; fractions carry over in egui memory under `acc_id`.
+pub(crate) fn count_notches(ui: &Ui, acc_id: egui::Id, wheel: &[(egui::MouseWheelUnit, Vec2, bool)], shift_notches: f32) -> f32 {
+    let mut acc: f32 = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp(acc_id)).unwrap_or(0.0);
+    let per_line = ui.ctx().options(|o| o.input_options.line_scroll_speed);
+    let per_line = if per_line.is_finite() && per_line > 0.0 { per_line } else { 40.0 };
+    let mut notches = 0.0;
+    for &(unit, delta, shift) in wheel {
         // Some systems turn Shift+wheel into a horizontal scroll.
         let d = if delta.y != 0.0 { delta.y } else { delta.x };
         acc += match unit {
@@ -1024,26 +1063,39 @@ pub(crate) fn wheel_notches_of(ui: &Ui, id: egui::Id, hovered: bool, shift_notch
 /// Windows' default double-click time (Photoshop's; egui's own default is 0.3 s).
 const DOUBLE_CLICK_S: f64 = 0.5;
 
-/// Whether this click on `resp` completes a double-click, counted the Windows way (Photoshop):
-/// a click soon after a lone click at the same spot; the click after a double-click starts over.
-/// (egui would call a third quick click a triple-click even when the first two weren't a double.)
-fn second_click(ui: &Ui, resp: &Response) -> bool {
+/// Finger jitter between taps easily exceeds egui's 6 px `max_click_dist`; 64 px is about two-thirds of an inch at 96 DPI (roughly a fingertip pad). 32 px still rejected casual Framework double-taps; Windows' mouse SM_CXDOUBLECLK is only 4 px and is not used for touch.
+const TOUCH_MAX_CLICK_DIST: f32 = 64.0;
+
+/// True when this frame's pointer work came from a touch contact (still down, or a Touch event including End on the click frame).
+fn pointer_from_touch(ui: &Ui) -> bool {
+    ui.input(|i| i.any_touches() || i.events.iter().any(|e| matches!(e, egui::Event::Touch { .. })))
+}
+
+/// Whether this click on `resp` completes a double-click / double-tap, counted the Windows way (Photoshop): a click soon after a lone click near the same spot; the click after a double starts over.
+///
+/// Time window is 0.5 s (Windows / Photoshop; egui's default is 0.3 s). Mouse uses egui's `max_click_dist` (6 px); touch uses [`TOUCH_MAX_CLICK_DIST`] so finger jitter between taps still counts. Call on every click for that widget so the first tap is remembered.
+pub fn second_click(ui: &Ui, resp: &Response) -> bool {
     if !resp.clicked() {
         return false;
     }
     let key = resp.id.with("pc-last-click");
-    let (time, pos) = ui.input(|i| (i.time, i.pointer.interact_pos()));
-    let dist = ui.ctx().options(|o| o.input_options.max_click_dist);
-    let last: Option<(f64, Pos2)> = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp(key));
+    // Prefer the response's hit pos: raw `pointer.interact_pos` can be unset on a release-only frame.
+    let pos = resp.interact_pointer_pos().or_else(|| ui.input(|i| i.pointer.interact_pos()));
+    let time = ui.input(|i| i.time);
+    let touch = pointer_from_touch(ui);
+    let mouse_dist = ui.ctx().options(|o| o.input_options.max_click_dist);
+    let last: Option<(f64, Pos2, bool)> = ui.data(|d| d.get_temp(key));
+    // Looser distance if either tap in the pair was touch (End clears `any_touches` but leaves Touch in `events`).
+    let dist = if touch || last.is_some_and(|(_, _, t)| t) { TOUCH_MAX_CLICK_DIST.max(mouse_dist) } else { mouse_dist };
     let double = match (last, pos) {
-        (Some((t, p)), Some(q)) => time - t < DOUBLE_CLICK_S && p.distance(q) < dist,
+        (Some((t, p, _)), Some(q)) => time - t < DOUBLE_CLICK_S && p.distance(q) < dist,
         _ => false,
     };
     ui.data_mut(|d| {
         if let (false, Some(q)) = (double, pos) {
-            d.insert_temp(key, (time, q));
+            d.insert_temp(key, (time, q, touch));
         } else {
-            d.remove::<(f64, Pos2)>(key);
+            d.remove::<(f64, Pos2, bool)>(key);
         }
     });
     double
@@ -1159,15 +1211,32 @@ pub fn slider_row_prec(
 ) -> Response {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
     let mut changed_resp = None;
+    // The row's caption names both its number (through the scrub link) and its slider.
+    let mut label_id = None;
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         // The label scrubs the row's field, across the row (Photoshop's scrubby labels).
         let l = ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!(label)).color(t.text_dim));
+        label_id = Some(l.id);
         scrub_label_within(ui, &l, f32::INFINITY);
         ui.with_layout(egui::Layout::right_to_left(egui::Align::Center), |ui| {
-            changed_resp = Some(value_field_in(ui, value, range.clone(), suffix, 74.0, 0.0, FieldOpts { decimals, ..Default::default() }).0);
+            changed_resp = Some(
+                value_field_in(
+                    ui,
+                    value,
+                    range.clone(),
+                    suffix,
+                    74.0,
+                    0.0,
+                    FieldOpts { decimals, step_from_decimals: decimals.is_some(), ..Default::default() },
+                    None,
+                )
+                .0,
+            );
         });
     });
     let s = slider_with(ui, value, range, gradient, g);
+    s.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::slider(ui.is_enabled(), f64::from(*value), tl!(label)));
+    let s = if let Some(id) = label_id { s.labelled_by(id) } else { s };
     let mut r = s.clone();
     if let Some(v) = changed_resp {
         if v.changed() {
@@ -1348,7 +1417,7 @@ fn button_impl_h(ui: &mut Ui, label: &str, min_width: f32, height: Option<f32>,
     let h = size.y;
     let (rect, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(size, Sense::click());
     // Painted text: name the button for accessibility (and so tests and agents can find it).
-    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Button, ui.is_enabled(), label));
+    resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Button, ui.is_enabled(), label));
     if resp.has_focus() {
         // Keyboard focus (Tab); clicks don't focus egui buttons.
         let r = if t.pro { h / 2.0 } else { t.radius_sm } + 2.0;
@@ -1422,32 +1491,34 @@ pub fn vline(ui: &mut Ui, height: f32) {
     ui.painter().line_segment([r.center_top(), r.center_bottom()], Stroke::new(1.0, t.separator));
 }
 
-/// Hue spectrum stops for colour sliders.
+/// The fully saturated colour at hue `deg` (degrees), built on sRGB values as Photoshop's hue
+/// tracks are: 0 is (255,0,0), 60 is (255,255,0), 120 is (0,255,0) and so on (#6540).
+pub fn hue_color(deg: f32) -> Color32 {
+    let [r, g, b] = photocraft_color::convert::hsb_to_rgb([deg, 1.0, 1.0]);
+    let q = |v: f32| (v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 255.0).round() as u8;
+    Color32::from_rgb(q(r), q(g), q(b))
+}
+
+/// Hue spectrum stops for colour sliders: red, yellow, green, cyan, blue, magenta, red.
 pub fn hue_stops() -> Vec<Color32> {
-    (0..=12)
-        .map(|i| {
-            let h = i as f32 / 12.0;
-            let rgb = egui::ecolor::Hsva::new(h, 0.85, 1.0, 1.0).to_srgb();
-            Color32::from_rgb(rgb[0], rgb[1], rgb[2])
-        })
-        .collect()
+    (0..=12).map(|i| hue_color(i as f32 * 30.0)).collect()
 }
 
 /// A compact labelled dropdown in the studio style.
-pub fn dropdown<T: PartialEq + Clone>(ui: &mut Ui, id: &str, current: &mut T, options: &[(T, &str)], width: f32) -> bool {
-    dropdown_hovered(ui, id, current, options, width).0
+pub fn dropdown<T: PartialEq + Clone>(ui: &mut Ui, id: &str, name: &str, current: &mut T, options: &[(T, &str)], width: f32) -> bool {
+    dropdown_hovered(ui, id, name, current, options, width).0
 }
 
 /// [`dropdown`] whose option labels are shown exactly as given: names the user typed (a channel
 /// or layer name) must not be translated, unlike the built-in labels [`dropdown`] translates (#5335).
-pub fn dropdown_literal<T: PartialEq + Clone>(ui: &mut Ui, id: &str, current: &mut T, options: &[(T, &str)], width: f32) -> bool {
-    let (chosen, _) = dropdown_with(ui, id, current, options, width, false, false);
+pub fn dropdown_literal<T: PartialEq + Clone>(ui: &mut Ui, id: &str, name: &str, current: &mut T, options: &[(T, &str)], width: f32) -> bool {
+    let (chosen, _) = dropdown_with(ui, id, name, current, options, width, false, false);
     !chosen.is_empty()
 }
 
 /// [`dropdown`], also returning the option under the pointer in its open list (live previews).
-pub fn dropdown_hovered<T: PartialEq + Clone>(ui: &mut Ui, id: &str, current: &mut T, options: &[(T, &str)], width: f32) -> (bool, Option<T>) {
-    let (chosen, hovered) = dropdown_with(ui, id, current, options, width, false, true);
+pub fn dropdown_hovered<T: PartialEq + Clone>(ui: &mut Ui, id: &str, name: &str, current: &mut T, options: &[(T, &str)], width: f32) -> (bool, Option<T>) {
+    let (chosen, hovered) = dropdown_with(ui, id, name, current, options, width, false, true);
     (!chosen.is_empty(), hovered)
 }
 
@@ -1457,14 +1528,22 @@ pub fn dropdown_hovered<T: PartialEq + Clone>(ui: &mut Ui, id: &str, current: &m
 /// follows the value instead, nor what the dropdown is in. Returns every option chosen this frame
 /// in order (one per notch; the last is `current`) and the option under the pointer in the open
 /// list, none while the pointer rests where the wheel last stepped.
-pub fn dropdown_wheel_hovered<T: PartialEq + Clone>(ui: &mut Ui, id: &str, current: &mut T, options: &[(T, &str)], width: f32) -> (Vec<T>, Option<T>) {
-    dropdown_with(ui, id, current, options, width, true, true)
+pub fn dropdown_wheel_hovered<T: PartialEq + Clone>(
+    ui: &mut Ui,
+    id: &str,
+    name: &str,
+    current: &mut T,
+    options: &[(T, &str)],
+    width: f32,
+) -> (Vec<T>, Option<T>) {
+    dropdown_with(ui, id, name, current, options, width, true, true)
 }
 
 #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 fn dropdown_with<T: PartialEq + Clone>(
     ui: &mut Ui,
     id: &str,
+    name: &str,
     current: &mut T,
     options: &[(T, &str)],
     width: f32,
@@ -1533,14 +1612,19 @@ fn dropdown_with<T: PartialEq + Clone>(
                 hovered = nearest.map(|(_, v)| v.clone());
             }
         });
-    press.after(&response.response);
-    if combo_box_arrow_keys(ui, &response.response, current, options) {
+    // A scrubby caption drawn just before the dropdown names it; otherwise its own name does.
+    let response = match take_label_scrub_name(ui, response.response.rect) {
+        Some(label) => response.response.labelled_by(label),
+        None => response.response.accessible_name(name),
+    };
+    press.after(&response);
+    if combo_box_arrow_keys(ui, &response, current, options) {
         chosen.push(current.clone());
     }
     if wheel && !over_list {
-        let stepped = wheel_steps(ui, wheel_id, response.response.hovered(), current, options);
+        let stepped = wheel_steps(ui, wheel_id, response.hovered(), current, options);
         wheeled = !stepped.is_empty();
-        if wheeled && egui::ComboBox::is_open(ui.ctx(), response.response.id) {
+        if wheeled && egui::ComboBox::is_open(ui.ctx(), response.id) {
             ui.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(reveal_id, true));
         }
         chosen.extend(stepped);
@@ -1663,6 +1747,7 @@ pub fn swatch_popup(swatch: &Response) -> egui::Popup<'static> {
         ctx.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<f32>(key));
         return popup;
     }
+    crate::press_menu::above_parent(ctx, swatch.layer_id, egui::LayerId::new(egui::Order::Foreground, popup.get_id()));
     // Its width is known from the frame after it opened (egui sizes it unseen first).
     let left = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<f32>(key)).or_else(|| {
         let width = popup.get_expected_size()?.x;
@@ -1678,7 +1763,7 @@ pub fn swatch_popup(swatch: &Response) -> egui::Popup<'static> {
         .align_alternatives(&[egui::RectAlign::TOP_START])
 }
 
-pub fn dropdown_with_tooltips<T: PartialEq + Clone>(ui: &mut Ui, id: &str, current: &mut T, options: &[(T, &str, &str)], width: f32) -> bool {
+pub fn dropdown_with_tooltips<T: PartialEq + Clone>(ui: &mut Ui, id: &str, name: &str, current: &mut T, options: &[(T, &str, &str)], width: f32) -> bool {
     let label = options.iter().find(|(v, _, _)| v == current).map(|(_, l, _)| tl!(l)).unwrap_or("—");
     let mut changed = false;
     let (press, close) = crate::press_menu::PressCombo::before(ui, id);
@@ -1699,9 +1784,13 @@ pub fn dropdown_with_tooltips<T: PartialEq + Clone>(ui: &mut Ui, id: &str, curre
                 }
             }
         });
-    press.after(&response.response);
+    let response = match take_label_scrub_name(ui, response.response.rect) {
+        Some(label) => response.response.labelled_by(label),
+        None => response.response.accessible_name(name),
+    };
+    press.after(&response);
     if let Some((_, _, tip)) = options.iter().find(|(v, _, _)| v == current) {
-        let _ = response.response.on_hover_text(tl!(tip));
+        response.on_hover_text(tl!(tip));
     }
     changed
 }
@@ -1736,7 +1825,7 @@ fn checker_uv(rect: Rect, cell: f32) -> Rect {
 }
 
 fn checker_tile_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("transparency-checker-tile")
+    egui::Id::unique("transparency-checker-tile")
 }
 
 /// The checker's two-by-two tile (light, dark / dark, light), loaded once per context and shared
@@ -1761,10 +1850,10 @@ fn checker_tile(ctx: &egui::Context) -> egui::TextureHandle {
 /// Spectrum-style checkbox (blue when checked).
 pub fn checkbox(ui: &mut Ui, on: &mut bool, label: &str) -> Response {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
-    let mut resp = ui
+    let (mut resp, label_resp) = ui
         .horizontal(|ui| {
             ui.spacing_mut().item_spacing.x = 6.0;
-            let (rect, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(14.0, 14.0), Sense::click());
+            let (rect, resp) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(14.0, 14.0), Sense::CLICK);
             let resp = resp.on_hover_cursor(egui::CursorIcon::PointingHand);
             let l = ui
                 .add(egui::Label::new(egui::RichText::new(tl!(label)).color(t.text_dim)).selectable(false).sense(Sense::click()))
@@ -1772,13 +1861,16 @@ pub fn checkbox(ui: &mut Ui, on: &mut bool, label: &str) -> Response {
             // Pressing the label presses the box (#4476).
             let pressed = resp.is_pointer_button_down_on() || l.is_pointer_button_down_on();
             check_box(ui.painter(), rect, *on, resp.hovered() || l.hovered(), pressed, &t);
-            resp.union(l)
+            (resp.union(l.clone()), l)
         })
         .inner;
     if resp.clicked() {
         *on = !*on;
         resp.mark_changed();
     }
+    // The label is the single named, focusable checkbox; the box is a mouse target.
+    // Override Label's metadata instead of creating a second node with the same name.
+    label_resp.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::selected(egui::Role::CheckBox, ui.is_enabled(), *on, tl!(label)));
     resp
 }
 
@@ -1865,7 +1957,20 @@ fn clean(text: &str) -> String {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use egui::{Key, Modifiers};
+    use super::{hue_color, hue_stops};
+    use egui::{Color32, Key, Modifiers};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn hue_stops_are_pure_and_evenly_spaced() {
+        let c = |r, g, b| Color32::from_rgb(r, g, b);
+        let want = [c(255, 0, 0), c(255, 255, 0), c(0, 255, 0), c(0, 255, 255), c(0, 0, 255), c(255, 0, 255), c(255, 0, 0)];
+        let stops = hue_stops();
+        assert_eq!(stops.len(), 13);
+        for (k, w) in want.iter().enumerate() {
+            assert_eq!(stops[k * 2], *w, "stop at {} degrees", k * 60);
+            assert_eq!(hue_color(k as f32 * 60.0), *w);
+        }
+    }
 
     /// A light theme rings the slider knob with its outline token; a dark Studio-layout one draws
     /// the plain knob (#7927).
@@ -1897,7 +2002,10 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn checkbox_label_is_a_button_target_not_selectable_text() {
         use egui::CursorIcon;
-        use egui_kittest::{Harness, kittest::Queryable};
+        use egui_kittest::{
+            Harness,
+            kittest::{NodeT, Queryable},
+        };
 
         let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(300.0, 80.0)).build_ui_state(
             |ui, on: &mut bool| {
@@ -1913,6 +2021,13 @@ mod tests {
         h.get_by_label("Show Transform Controls").click();
         h.run_steps(2);
         assert!(*h.state());
+        let checkbox = h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::CheckBox, "Show Transform Controls");
+        assert_eq!(checkbox.accesskit_node().toggled(), Some(egui::accesskit::Toggled::True));
+        checkbox.focus();
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.key_press(egui::Key::Space);
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        assert!(!*h.state(), "the same named checkbox supports Space");
     }
 
     /// #3208: a rounded swatch's checker is one shared, repeating, unblurred two-by-two tile on
@@ -1978,8 +2093,109 @@ mod tests {
             out.textures_delta.clear();
         }
     }
+
+    /// One primary press+release at `pos`. When `touch`, emit Touch Start/End with the pointer events (as egui-winit does) so [`super::second_click`] uses the touch distance.
+    fn pointer_click(ctx: &egui::Context, time: f64, pos: egui::Pos2, touch: bool) -> bool {
+        let area = egui::Rect::from_min_size(egui::Pos2::ZERO, egui::vec2(200.0, 200.0));
+        let button = |pressed| egui::Event::PointerButton { pos, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE };
+        let touch_ev = |phase| egui::Event::Touch { device_id: egui::TouchDeviceId(1), id: egui::TouchId(1), phase, pos, force: None };
+        let mut saw = false;
+        for (t, mut events) in [
+            (time, {
+                let mut v = vec![egui::Event::PointerMoved(pos), button(true)];
+                if touch {
+                    v.insert(0, touch_ev(egui::TouchPhase::Start));
+                }
+                v
+            }),
+            (time + 0.02, {
+                let mut v = vec![button(false)];
+                if touch {
+                    v.insert(0, touch_ev(egui::TouchPhase::End));
+                }
+                v
+            }),
+        ] {
+            let mut raw = egui::RawInput { time: Some(t), screen_rect: Some(area), ..Default::default() };
+            raw.events.append(&mut events);
+            let mut out = ctx.run_ui(raw, |ui| {
+                let r = ui.allocate_rect(area, egui::Sense::click());
+                saw |= super::second_click(ui, &r);
+            });
+            out.textures_delta.clear();
+        }
+        saw
+    }
+
+    /// #2274 touch: taps past egui's 6 px mouse limit (and past the old 32 px touch slop) within 0.5 s still count as a double; the same mouse path does not.
+    #[test]
+    fn second_click_tolerates_touch_jitter_but_keeps_mouse_tight() {
+        let area = egui::Rect::from_min_size(egui::Pos2::ZERO, egui::vec2(200.0, 200.0));
+        let a = egui::pos2(50.0, 50.0);
+        let mild = egui::pos2(70.0, 50.0); // 20 px — past mouse max_click_dist (6)
+        let wide = egui::pos2(50.0 + 48.0, 50.0); // past the old 32 px slop, inside TOUCH_MAX_CLICK_DIST (64)
+        for touch in [false, true] {
+            let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+            let mut out = ctx.run_ui(egui::RawInput { time: Some(0.0), screen_rect: Some(area), ..Default::default() }, |ui| {
+                ui.allocate_rect(area, egui::Sense::click());
+            });
+            out.textures_delta.clear();
+            assert!(!pointer_click(&ctx, 0.1, a, touch), "first click only arms the pair");
+            let second = pointer_click(&ctx, 0.25, mild, touch);
+            assert_eq!(second, touch, "touch={touch}: 20 px jitter is a double only for touch");
+        }
+        // Touch-only: casual Framework-style drift beyond the previous 32 px budget.
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut out = ctx.run_ui(egui::RawInput { time: Some(0.0), screen_rect: Some(area), ..Default::default() }, |ui| {
+            ui.allocate_rect(area, egui::Sense::click());
+        });
+        out.textures_delta.clear();
+        assert!(!pointer_click(&ctx, 0.1, a, true));
+        assert!(pointer_click(&ctx, 0.25, wide, true), "48 px touch jitter is still a double");
+    }
+
+    /// A mouse double past the time window is not a double, even at the same pixel.
+    #[test]
+    fn second_click_respects_the_half_second_window() {
+        let area = egui::Rect::from_min_size(egui::Pos2::ZERO, egui::vec2(200.0, 200.0));
+        let p = egui::pos2(40.0, 40.0);
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut out = ctx.run_ui(egui::RawInput { time: Some(0.0), screen_rect: Some(area), ..Default::default() }, |ui| {
+            ui.allocate_rect(area, egui::Sense::click());
+        });
+        out.textures_delta.clear();
+        assert!(!pointer_click(&ctx, 0.1, p, false));
+        assert!(!pointer_click(&ctx, 0.1 + super::DOUBLE_CLICK_S + 0.05, p, false), "past Windows' 0.5 s window");
+    }
+
     use egui_kittest::{Harness, kittest::Queryable};
 
+    /// A panel footer's buttons are drawn whole. The bar runs on over the body's bottom margin, so a
+    /// body that clips where its content ends (as the panels do) cut the bottom off every button:
+    /// the hover highlight of a 26 px button was about 21 px tall in the Paths, Layers and Channels
+    /// panels (#6238).
+    #[test]
+    fn panel_footer_buttons_are_not_clipped_by_the_body() {
+        let mut h = Harness::new_ui_state(
+            |ui, s: &mut Option<(egui::Rect, egui::Rect, egui::Rect)>| {
+                // A body exactly as tall as the footer takes, clipped there.
+                let body = egui::Rect::from_min_size(ui.max_rect().min, egui::vec2(220.0, super::footer_height(ui)));
+                let mut body_ui = ui.new_child(egui::UiBuilder::new().max_rect(body));
+                body_ui.set_clip_rect(body);
+                super::panel_footer(&mut body_ui, |bar| {
+                    let b = crate::icons::button(bar, "square", 26.0, false, "Button");
+                    *s = Some((b.rect, bar.clip_rect(), body));
+                });
+            },
+            None,
+        );
+        crate::PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::Studio);
+        h.run();
+        let (button, clip, body) = h.state().expect("the footer drew its button");
+        assert!(button.bottom() > body.bottom(), "the bar really overruns the body, or this test proves nothing: {button:?} vs {body:?}");
+        assert!(clip.contains_rect(button), "the whole button is inside the clip: {button:?} not in {clip:?}");
+    }
+
     /// #3789: a plain text field is one boxed, outline-free input whose text-selection colour stays
     /// local, so it isn't recoloured for the rest of the frame (selected rows, slider trails).
     #[test]
@@ -1988,7 +2204,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut h = Harness::new_ui_state(
             |ui, s: &mut (String, egui::Color32, egui::Color32)| {
                 s.1 = ui.visuals().selection.bg_fill;
-                super::text_field(ui, egui::Id::new("tf"), &mut s.0, "hint", 140.0, false);
+                super::text_field(ui, egui::Id::unique("tf"), &mut s.0, "hint", 140.0, false);
                 s.2 = ui.visuals().selection.bg_fill;
             },
             (String::new(), egui::Color32::WHITE, egui::Color32::BLACK),
@@ -2005,11 +2221,133 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(h.state().0, "abc", "typing reaches the bound string");
     }
 
+    /// #2150: a huge paste into a plain text field stops at its limit instead of growing the
+    /// string (and its laid-out text) without bound.
+    #[test]
+    fn text_field_caps_a_huge_paste() {
+        use egui::accesskit::Role;
+        let mut h = Harness::new_ui_state(|ui, s: &mut String| drop(super::text_field(ui, egui::Id::unique("tf"), s, "Value", 140.0, false)), String::new());
+        crate::PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::Studio);
+        h.run();
+        h.get_by_role(Role::TextInput).click();
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.event(egui::Event::Paste("9".repeat(200_000)));
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().chars().count(), super::TEXT_FIELD_LIMIT);
+        // A second paste adds nothing past the limit.
+        h.event(egui::Event::Paste("9".repeat(10)));
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().chars().count(), super::TEXT_FIELD_LIMIT);
+    }
+
+    /// #2150: a value already past the limit is laid out only up to it, and stays the caller's
+    /// until the field is edited, which keeps the bounded copy.
+    #[test]
+    fn text_field_bounds_an_oversized_existing_value() {
+        use egui::accesskit::Role;
+        let long = "9".repeat(super::TEXT_FIELD_LIMIT * 4);
+        let mut h = Harness::new_ui_state(|ui, s: &mut String| drop(super::text_field(ui, egui::Id::unique("tf"), s, "Value", 140.0, false)), long.clone());
+        crate::PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::Studio);
+        h.run();
+        assert_eq!(*h.state(), long, "drawing alone leaves the caller's value alone");
+        assert_eq!(h.get_by_role(Role::TextInput).value().map(|v| v.chars().count()), Some(super::TEXT_FIELD_LIMIT));
+        h.get_by_role(Role::TextInput).click();
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        h.event(egui::Event::Key { key: egui::Key::Backspace, physical_key: None, pressed: true, repeat: false, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE });
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        assert!(h.state().chars().count() < super::TEXT_FIELD_LIMIT, "an edit keeps the bounded copy");
+    }
+
+    /// #2150: text queued by the control channel (`ui.type`) joins the input in `raw_input_hook`
+    /// and is cut like the OS's, so the cap must run after it is appended.
+    #[test]
+    fn raw_input_hook_caps_synthetic_text() {
+        use eframe::App as _;
+        let mut app = crate::PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+        app.synthetic.push(egui::Event::Text("x".repeat(super::INPUT_EVENT_LIMIT + 10)));
+        let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+        let mut raw = egui::RawInput::default();
+        app.raw_input_hook(&ctx, &mut raw);
+        let texts: Vec<usize> = raw.events.iter().filter_map(|e| if let egui::Event::Text(t) = e { Some(t.chars().count()) } else { None }).collect();
+        assert_eq!(texts, [super::INPUT_EVENT_LIMIT]);
+    }
+
+    /// #2150: every text-carrying event is cut to the app-wide limit at a character boundary
+    /// before any widget sees it; other events and short text pass untouched.
+    #[test]
+    fn oversized_text_events_are_cut_before_widgets_see_them() {
+        let long = "é".repeat(super::INPUT_EVENT_LIMIT + 5);
+        let mut events = vec![
+            egui::Event::Paste(long.clone()),
+            egui::Event::Text(long.clone()),
+            egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Commit(long.clone())),
+            egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Preedit { text: long, active_range_chars: Some(0..super::INPUT_EVENT_LIMIT + 2) }),
+            egui::Event::Text("ok".into()),
+            egui::Event::Copy,
+        ];
+        super::cap_text_events(&mut events);
+        for e in &events[..4] {
+            let (egui::Event::Paste(t)
+            | egui::Event::Text(t)
+            | egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Commit(t))
+            | egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Preedit { text: t, .. })) = e
+            else {
+                panic!("{e:?}")
+            };
+            assert_eq!(t.chars().count(), super::INPUT_EVENT_LIMIT);
+        }
+        assert!(matches!(&events[3], egui::Event::Ime(egui::ImeEvent::Preedit { active_range_chars: None, .. })), "the range past the cut is dropped");
+        assert_eq!(events[4], egui::Event::Text("ok".into()));
+        assert_eq!(events[5], egui::Event::Copy);
+    }
+
+    /// A row's visible caption names both its number and its slider; a dropdown is named by its
+    /// own caption, or by the scrubby caption drawn just before it.
+    #[test]
+    fn labelled_rows_and_dropdowns_have_semantic_accessible_names() {
+        use egui_kittest::{Harness, kittest::Queryable};
+
+        #[derive(Default)]
+        struct State {
+            value: f32,
+            fill: f32,
+            blend: usize,
+            mode: usize,
+        }
+
+        let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(360.0, 240.0)).build_ui_state(
+            |ui, s: &mut State| {
+                super::slider_row(ui, "Opacity", &mut s.value, 0.0..=100.0, "%", None);
+                super::popup_value_field(ui, "Fill", &mut s.fill, 0.0..=100.0, "%", 74.0);
+                let opts = [(0usize, "Normal"), (1, "Multiply")];
+                super::dropdown(ui, "blend", "Blend Mode", &mut s.blend, &opts, 120.0);
+                ui.horizontal(|ui| {
+                    let caption = ui.label("Mode");
+                    super::scrub_option_label(ui, &caption);
+                    super::dropdown(ui, "mode", "Not this name", &mut s.mode, &opts, 120.0);
+                });
+            },
+            State::default(),
+        );
+        crate::PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, Default::default());
+        h.run();
+
+        // The row's caption is the accessible name of the value field and of the slider.
+        h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton, "Opacity");
+        h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::Slider, "Opacity");
+        // A popup value field names both its number and the arrow that opens its slider.
+        h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton, "Fill");
+        h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::Button, "Fill");
+        // A dropdown requires a real name; a preceding scrubby caption is used when present.
+        h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::ComboBox, "Blend Mode");
+        h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::ComboBox, "Mode");
+    }
+
     /// Sets up a test with one value field. Its state is its value and how many times it changed.
     fn field(value: f32, range: std::ops::RangeInclusive<f32>) -> Harness<'static, (f32, u32)> {
         let mut h = Harness::new_ui_state(
             move |ui, s: &mut (f32, u32)| {
-                if super::value_field(ui, &mut s.0, range.clone(), "px", 80.0).changed() {
+                if super::value_field(ui, &mut s.0, range.clone(), "px", 80.0).accessible_name("Test number").changed() {
                     s.1 += 1;
                 }
             },
@@ -2037,7 +2375,9 @@ mod tests {
     fn value_field_number_slot_is_centred_in_its_box() {
         let mut h = Harness::new_ui_state(
             |ui, s: &mut (f32, egui::Rect)| {
-                s.1 = super::value_field_in(ui, &mut s.0, 0.0..=100.0, "px", 80.0, 0.0, super::FieldOpts::default()).1;
+                let field = super::value_field_in(ui, &mut s.0, 0.0..=100.0, "px", 80.0, 0.0, super::FieldOpts::default(), None);
+                s.1 = field.1;
+                field.0.accessible_name("Value");
             },
             (50.0, egui::Rect::NOTHING),
         );
@@ -2056,7 +2396,9 @@ mod tests {
         for kind in [crate::theme::ThemeKind::Pro, crate::theme::ThemeKind::Studio] {
             let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(100.0, 40.0)).with_pixels_per_point(scale).wgpu().build_ui_state(
                 |ui, s: &mut (f32, egui::Rect)| {
-                    s.1 = super::value_field_in(ui, &mut s.0, 0.0..=100.0, "%", 80.0, 0.0, super::FieldOpts::default()).1;
+                    let field = super::value_field_in(ui, &mut s.0, 0.0..=100.0, "%", 80.0, 0.0, super::FieldOpts::default(), None);
+                    s.1 = field.1;
+                    field.0.accessible_name("Value");
                 },
                 (100.0, egui::Rect::NOTHING),
             );
@@ -2093,7 +2435,7 @@ mod tests {
                 let mut harness = Harness::new_ui_state(
                     move |ui, s: &mut (f32, egui::Rect)| {
                         let before = ui.cursor().min;
-                        super::compact_value_field(ui, &mut s.0, 0.0..=3200.0, "%", w, h);
+                        super::compact_value_field(ui, &mut s.0, 0.0..=3200.0, "%", w, h).accessible_name("Zoom");
                         s.1 = egui::Rect::from_min_size(before, egui::vec2(w, h));
                     },
                     (v, egui::Rect::NOTHING),
@@ -2118,7 +2460,7 @@ mod tests {
             let mut h = Harness::new_ui_state(
                 move |ui, s: &mut (f32, egui::Rect, f32)| {
                     let before = ui.cursor().min;
-                    super::compact_value_field(ui, &mut s.0, 0.0..=3200.0, suffix, 64.0, 18.0);
+                    super::compact_value_field(ui, &mut s.0, 0.0..=3200.0, suffix, 64.0, 18.0).accessible_name("Zoom");
                     s.1 = egui::Rect::from_min_size(before, egui::vec2(64.0, 18.0));
                     s.2 = ui.painter().layout_no_wrap(suffix.to_owned(), crate::theme::mono(11.0), egui::Color32::WHITE).size().x;
                 },
@@ -2147,12 +2489,36 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn arrow_keys_on_a_field_with_a_reversed_range_do_not_panic() {
-        let mut h = focused(5.0, 10.0..=0.0);
+        // The empty range is the case under test — arrow keys must not panic on it.
+        let mut h = focused(5.0, 10.0..=0.0); // NOSONAR
         let _ = press(&mut h, Modifiers::NONE, Key::ArrowUp);
         let mut h = focused(5.0, f32::NAN..=10.0);
         let _ = press(&mut h, Modifiers::NONE, Key::ArrowDown);
     }
 
+    /// #5914: Exposure's ±20 stops keep 0.01 arrow steps when the field shows two decimals.
+    #[test]
+    fn arrow_keys_step_fractional_stops_when_decimals_are_set() {
+        let mut h = Harness::new_ui_state(
+            |ui, v: &mut f32| {
+                super::slider_row_prec(ui, "Exposure", v, -20.0..=20.0, "", None, super::RowGestures::default(), Some(2));
+            },
+            0.0,
+        );
+        h.run();
+        h.get_by_role(egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton).click();
+        h.run();
+        h.key_press_modifiers(Modifiers::NONE, Key::ArrowUp);
+        h.run();
+        assert!((*h.state() - 0.01).abs() < 1e-6);
+        h.key_press_modifiers(Modifiers::NONE, Key::ArrowUp);
+        h.run();
+        assert!((*h.state() - 0.02).abs() < 1e-6);
+        h.key_press_modifiers(Modifiers::SHIFT, Key::ArrowUp);
+        h.run();
+        assert!((*h.state() - 0.12).abs() < 1e-6);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn arrow_keys_round_decimals_step_fine_fields_and_clamp() {
         for (start, mods, key, want) in [
@@ -2212,8 +2578,8 @@ mod tests {
     fn held_arrow_keeps_stepping_the_focused_field() {
         let mut h = Harness::new_ui_state(
             |ui, s: &mut (f32, f32)| {
-                super::value_field(ui, &mut s.0, 0.0..=1000.0, "", 80.0);
-                super::value_field(ui, &mut s.1, 0.0..=1000.0, "", 80.0);
+                super::value_field(ui, &mut s.0, 0.0..=1000.0, "", 80.0).accessible_name("Left");
+                super::value_field(ui, &mut s.1, 0.0..=1000.0, "", 80.0).accessible_name("Right");
             },
             (10.0, 59.0),
         );
@@ -2264,13 +2630,13 @@ mod tests {
                 ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                     let l = ui.label("Size:");
                     super::scrub_label(ui, &l);
-                    super::value_field(ui, &mut s.0, 0.0..=1000.0, "px", 80.0);
+                    super::value_field(ui, &mut s.0, 0.0..=1000.0, "px", 80.0).accessible_name("Start");
                 });
                 ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                     let l = ui.label("Mode:");
                     super::scrub_label(ui, &l);
                     ui.add_space(60.0);
-                    super::value_field(ui, &mut s.1, 0.0..=1000.0, "px", 80.0);
+                    super::value_field(ui, &mut s.1, 0.0..=1000.0, "px", 80.0).accessible_name("End");
                 });
             },
             (100.0, 100.0),
@@ -2382,7 +2748,7 @@ mod tests {
         use egui_kittest::{Harness, kittest::Queryable};
         let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(300.0, 100.0)).build_ui_state(
             move |ui, (v, ok): &mut (f32, Option<f32>)| {
-                super::value_field(ui, v, 0.0..=300000.0, "px", 90.0);
+                super::value_field(ui, v, 0.0..=300000.0, "px", 90.0).accessible_name("Size");
                 if round {
                     *v = v.round();
                 }
@@ -2410,7 +2776,7 @@ mod tests {
         use egui_kittest::{Harness, kittest::Queryable};
         let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(300.0, 100.0)).build_ui_state(
             |ui, (v, changes): &mut (f32, u32)| {
-                if super::value_field(ui, v, 0.0..=100.0, "%", 90.0).changed() {
+                if super::value_field(ui, v, 0.0..=100.0, "%", 90.0).accessible_name("Opacity").changed() {
                     *changes += 1;
                 }
             },
@@ -2434,7 +2800,7 @@ mod tests {
         use egui_kittest::{Harness, kittest::Queryable};
         let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(300.0, 100.0)).build_ui_state(
             |ui, (v, changes): &mut (f32, u32)| {
-                if super::value_field(ui, v, 0.1..=1296.0, "pt", 90.0).changed() {
+                if super::value_field(ui, v, 0.1..=1296.0, "pt", 90.0).accessible_name("Font size").changed() {
                     *changes += 1;
                 }
             },
@@ -2486,7 +2852,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(300.0, 100.0)).build_ui_state(
             |ui, selected: &mut usize| {
                 let options = [(0, "Normal"), (1, "Multiply"), (2, "Screen")];
-                super::dropdown(ui, "blend-mode", selected, &options, 120.0);
+                super::dropdown(ui, "blend-mode", tl!("Blend Mode"), selected, &options, 120.0);
             },
             0,
         );
@@ -2508,7 +2874,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(400.0, 700.0)).build_ui_state(
             |ui, mode: &mut BlendMode| {
                 let opts: Vec<(BlendMode, &str)> = BlendMode::LAYER_MODES.iter().map(|m| (*m, m.label())).collect();
-                super::dropdown(ui, "brush-mode", mode, &opts, 96.0);
+                super::dropdown(ui, "brush-mode", tl!("Mode"), mode, &opts, 96.0);
             },
             BlendMode::Normal,
         );
@@ -2522,6 +2888,7 @@ mod tests {
         for _ in 0..30 {
             h.hover_at(open.center());
             h.event(egui::Event::MouseWheel {
+                source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
                 unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Line,
                 delta: egui::vec2(0.0, -1.0),
                 phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move,
@@ -2539,9 +2906,9 @@ mod tests {
         Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(300.0, 100.0)).build_ui_state(
             move |ui, selected: &mut usize| {
                 if wheel {
-                    super::dropdown_wheel_hovered(ui, "blend-mode", selected, &MODES, 120.0);
+                    super::dropdown_wheel_hovered(ui, "blend-mode", tl!("Blend Mode"), selected, &MODES, 120.0);
                 } else {
-                    super::dropdown(ui, "blend-mode", selected, &MODES, 120.0);
+                    super::dropdown(ui, "blend-mode", tl!("Blend Mode"), selected, &MODES, 120.0);
                 }
             },
             0,
@@ -2554,7 +2921,7 @@ mod tests {
         h.event(egui::Event::ModifiersChanged(modifiers));
         h.hover_at(at);
         h.run();
-        h.event(egui::Event::MouseWheel { unit, delta, phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move, modifiers });
+        h.event(egui::Event::MouseWheel { source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown, unit, delta, phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move, modifiers });
         h.run();
         h.event(egui::Event::ModifiersChanged(Modifiers::NONE));
         h.run();
@@ -2587,7 +2954,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(300.0, 100.0)).build_ui_state(
             |ui, selected: &mut usize| {
                 egui::ScrollArea::vertical().max_height(80.0).show(ui, |ui| {
-                    super::dropdown_wheel_hovered(ui, "blend-mode", selected, &MODES, 120.0);
+                    super::dropdown_wheel_hovered(ui, "blend-mode", tl!("Blend Mode"), selected, &MODES, 120.0);
                     ui.add_space(400.0);
                 });
             },
@@ -2618,18 +2985,30 @@ pub fn color_edit_button_srgba(ui: &mut Ui, color: &mut Color32) -> Response {
 pub(crate) fn color_swatch(ui: &mut Ui, color: Color32) -> Response {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
     let (rect, response) = ui.allocate_exact_size(ui.spacing().interact_size, Sense::click());
-    response.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::new(egui::WidgetType::ColorButton));
+    // A swatch's meaning is the colour it edits; callers with a more specific caption use
+    // `color_swatch_button` or add `labelled_by`.
+    response.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::ColorWell, ui.is_enabled(), tl!("Color")));
     checker_rounded(ui.painter(), rect, 4.0, t.radius_sm);
     ui.painter().rect_filled(rect.shrink(1.0), t.radius_sm, color);
     ui.painter().rect_stroke(rect, t.radius_sm, Stroke::new(1.0, t.field_border), StrokeKind::Inside);
     response
 }
+/// Where a press or drag on a picking surface (a colour field, a hue strip) points, from the
+/// frame the button goes down and on every move after it. `dragged()` waits for egui's click
+/// threshold (a few points of travel, or a long hold), so a press picked nothing until the
+/// pointer had moved away and fine adjustments jumped (#7793). Only the primary button picks:
+/// `is_pointer_button_down_on` is true for any button, so a right or middle press is ignored.
+pub fn pick_pos(resp: &Response) -> Option<Pos2> {
+    let held = resp.is_pointer_button_down_on()
+        && resp.ctx.input(|i| i.pointer.primary_down() && !i.pointer.button_down(egui::PointerButton::Secondary) && !i.pointer.middle_down());
+    if held || resp.clicked() { resp.interact_pointer_pos() } else { None }
+}
 /// A colour swatch that only reports clicks (no popup): for colours edited in PhotoCraft's own
 /// Color Picker dialog. `label` names it for hover text and accessibility.
 pub fn color_swatch_button(ui: &mut Ui, color: Color32, label: &str) -> Response {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
     let (rect, response) = ui.allocate_exact_size(ui.spacing().interact_size, Sense::click());
-    response.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::ColorButton, true, label));
+    response.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::ColorWell, true, label));
     checker_rounded(ui.painter(), rect, 4.0, t.radius_sm);
     ui.painter().rect_filled(rect.shrink(1.0), t.radius_sm, color);
     ui.painter().rect_stroke(rect, t.radius_sm, Stroke::new(1.0, t.field_border), StrokeKind::Inside);
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/widgets/angle_dial.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/widgets/angle_dial.rs
index f606161a12..7a6c82f6b1 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/widgets/angle_dial.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/widgets/angle_dial.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ pub fn angle_dial_row(ui: &mut Ui, label: &str, angle: &mut f32, range: std::ops
     ui.horizontal(|ui| {
         ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!(label)).color(t.text_dim));
         let (rect, mut dial) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(42.0, 42.0), Sense::click_and_drag());
-        dial.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::WidgetType::Slider, ui.is_enabled(), tl!(label)));
+        dial.widget_info(|| egui::WidgetInfo::labeled(egui::Role::Slider, ui.is_enabled(), tl!(label)));
         if (dial.clicked() || dial.dragged())
             && let Some(pos) = dial.interact_pointer_pos()
         {
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ pub fn angle_dial_row(ui: &mut Ui, label: &str, angle: &mut f32, range: std::ops
             }
         }
         // The dialogs' own number field: it takes the opening focus (#1757), Tab and arrow steps.
-        let field = value_field(ui, angle, range, "°", 64.0);
+        let field = value_field(ui, angle, range, "°", 64.0).accessible_name(tl!(label));
         if field.changed() {
             dial.mark_changed();
         }
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ mod tests {
     use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
 
     fn click(h: &mut egui_kittest::Harness<'_, f32>, delta: Vec2) {
-        let rect = h.query_all_by_label("Angle").last().unwrap().rect();
+        let rect = h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::Slider, "Angle").rect();
         let pos = rect.center() + delta;
         h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(pos));
         h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos, button: egui::PointerButton::Primary, pressed: true, modifiers: egui::Modifiers::NONE });
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/widgets/color_count.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/widgets/color_count.rs
index 87d109b4de..da65928ad7 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/widgets/color_count.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/widgets/color_count.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ pub fn color_count_row(ui: &mut Ui, label: &str, count: &mut u32) -> Response {
             child.style_mut().visuals.widgets.inactive.bg_stroke = Stroke::NONE;
             child.style_mut().visuals.widgets.hovered.bg_stroke = Stroke::NONE;
             child.style_mut().override_font_id = Some(theme::mono(12.0));
-            child.add(egui::DragValue::new(count).range(2..=256).speed(1.0).max_decimals(0).custom_parser(parse_count));
+            child.add(egui::DragValue::new(count).range(2..=256).speed(1.0).max_decimals(0).custom_parser(parse_count)).accessible_name(tl!(label));
         });
     });
     let (rect, mut response) = ui.allocate_exact_size(vec2(ui.available_width().max(60.0), 36.0), Sense::click_and_drag());
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/widgets/numeric_input_tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/widgets/numeric_input_tests.rs
index 41eff2ed4c..bcabc433d7 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/widgets/numeric_input_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/widgets/numeric_input_tests.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ type Fields = (f32, String);
 fn fields() -> Harness<'static, Fields> {
     let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(400.0, 180.0)).build_ui_state(
         |ui, (number, text): &mut Fields| {
-            super::value_field(ui, number, 0.01..=12800.0, "%", 90.0);
+            super::value_field(ui, number, 0.01..=12800.0, "%", 90.0).accessible_name("Test number");
             ui.add(egui::TextEdit::multiline(text).hint_text("Document text"));
         },
         (100.0, String::new()),
@@ -64,9 +64,9 @@ fn oversized_numeric_text_paste_and_ime_are_bounded_before_layout() {
         if matches!(&event, Event::Ime(_)) {
             // egui 0.36 assigns IME events to the focused widget; Enabled is deprecated and
             // ignored. Prove both live composition and commitment reach this field first.
-            h.event(Event::Ime(ImeEvent::Preedit { text: "に".into(), active_range_chars: Some(0..1) }));
+            h.event(Event::Ime(ImeEvent::Preedit { text: "é".into(), active_range_chars: Some(0..1) }));
             h.run();
-            assert_eq!(numeric_text(&h), "に", "short IME composition reaches the numeric editor");
+            assert_eq!(numeric_text(&h), "é", "short IME composition reaches the numeric editor");
             h.event(Event::Ime(ImeEvent::Commit("é".into())));
             h.run();
             assert_eq!(numeric_text(&h), "é", "IME commit replaces its composition");
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ fn tab_and_paste_in_one_frame_filter_only_the_receiving_numeric_field() {
     let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(400.0, 180.0)).build_ui_state(
         |ui, (number, text): &mut Fields| {
             ui.add(egui::TextEdit::multiline(text).hint_text("Document text"));
-            super::value_field(ui, number, 0.01..=12800.0, "%", 90.0);
+            super::value_field(ui, number, 0.01..=12800.0, "%", 90.0).accessible_name("Test number");
         },
         (100.0, String::new()),
     );
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/widgets/type_ahead.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/widgets/type_ahead.rs
index 288b33b02b..57eebc0f85 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/widgets/type_ahead.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/widgets/type_ahead.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ const PAUSE: f64 = 1.0;
 
 /// Where the frame number of the last frame an open dropdown list was drawn is kept.
 fn open_id() -> Id {
-    Id::new("pc-dropdown-list-open")
+    Id::unique("pc-dropdown-list-open")
 }
 
 /// Is a dropdown list open? It then owns the keyboard, like an open menu: a letter picks an
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(300.0, 400.0)).build_ui_state(
             |ui, selected: &mut usize| {
                 let options = [(0, "Normal"), (1, "Dissolve"), (2, "Darken"), (3, "Multiply"), (4, "Darker Color")];
-                crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "blend-mode", selected, &options, 120.0);
+                crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "blend-mode", tl!("Blend Mode"), selected, &options, 120.0);
             },
             0,
         );
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/work_area.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/work_area.rs
index df4bc7a77e..a597784d8d 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/work_area.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/work_area.rs
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ pub fn fits(outer: Vec2, monitor: Vec2) -> bool {
 }
 
 fn fitted_id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("pc-window-fitted")
+    egui::Id::unique("pc-window-fitted")
 }
 
 /// Once, as soon as the monitor is known: maximize a window that is bigger than its monitor
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/workspace_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/workspace_ui.rs
index 1c93272631..b5a67b1800 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/workspace_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/workspace_ui.rs
@@ -45,13 +45,45 @@ const IDS: [&str; 7] = [
     "view.show.showExtrasOptions",
 ];
 
+/// Window › Workspace items of saved workspaces: `window.workspace.saved.<index>`, an index into
+/// [`saved_names`].
+pub const SAVED: &str = "window.workspace.saved.";
+
 /// Menu ids handled here (live menu items).
 pub fn handles(id: &str) -> bool {
-    IDS.contains(&id)
+    IDS.contains(&id) || id.starts_with(SAVED)
+}
+
+/// Saved workspace names, in menu order.
+pub fn saved_names(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Vec<String> {
+    app.session.prefs().workspaces.keys().cloned().collect()
+}
+
+fn saved_name(app: &PhotocraftApp, id: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    let i = id.strip_prefix(SAVED)?.parse::<usize>().ok()?;
+    app.session.prefs().workspaces.keys().nth(i).cloned()
+}
+
+/// The top-bar workspace switcher's options as (key, label): the presets, then saved workspaces.
+pub fn switcher_options(app: &PhotocraftApp) -> Vec<(String, String)> {
+    // Keys stay English (`apply_workspace` matches them); the dropdown shows the preset labels
+    // in the UI language.
+    let presets = [
+        ("Essentials", tl!("Essentials")),
+        ("Photography", tl!("Photography")),
+        ("Painting", tl!("Painting")),
+        ("Graphic and Web", tl!("Graphic and Web")),
+        ("Pixel Art", tl!("Pixel Art")),
+        ("Motion", tl!("Motion")),
+    ];
+    let mut opts: Vec<(String, String)> = presets.iter().map(|(k, l)| ((*k).to_string(), (*l).to_string())).collect();
+    opts.extend(saved_names(app).into_iter().map(|n| (n.clone(), n)));
+    opts
 }
 
 pub fn checked(app: &PhotocraftApp, id: &str) -> Option<bool> {
     match id {
+        i if i.starts_with(SAVED) => Some(saved_name(app, i).is_some_and(|n| n == app.ui.workspace)),
         "window.panel.modifierKeys" => Some(app.ui.shell.modifier_keys),
         "window.workspace.lockWorkspace" => Some(app.session.prefs().workspace_locked),
         "view.pixelAspectRatio.custom" => Some(app.ui.view.pixel_aspect.starts_with("custom:")),
@@ -128,6 +160,9 @@ pub fn menu(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, id: &str, params: &Value) -> Option<Result<
         "window.workspace.lockWorkspace" => {
             let on = params.get("on").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(!app.session.prefs().workspace_locked);
             app.session.prefs.edit(|p| p.workspace_locked = on);
+            if let Some(workspace) = app.ui.docking.as_mut() {
+                workspace.locked = on;
+            }
             Ok(json!({"locked": on}))
         }
         "window.workspace.newWorkspace" if no_params(params) => {
@@ -140,6 +175,10 @@ pub fn menu(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, id: &str, params: &Value) -> Option<Result<
         }
         "window.workspace.deleteWorkspace" => delete_workspace(app, params),
         "window.workspace.select" => select_workspace(app, params),
+        i if i.starts_with(SAVED) => match saved_name(app, i) {
+            Some(name) => select_workspace(app, &json!({"name": name})),
+            None => Err(format!("no saved workspace for `{i}`")),
+        },
         "view.pixelAspectRatio.custom" if no_params(params) => open(app, "customPar", json!({"name": "", "ratio": 1.0})),
         "view.pixelAspectRatio.custom" => custom_par(app, params),
         "view.show.showExtrasOptions" if no_params(params) => {
@@ -174,7 +213,8 @@ fn new_workspace(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, p: &Value) -> Result<Value, String> {
         return Err(format!("\"{name}\" is a built-in workspace"));
     }
     let prefs = app.session.prefs().clone();
-    let mut ws = json!({"panels": app.ui.panels, "dockTabs": app.ui.dock_tabs, "dock": app.ui.dock, "timelineOpen": app.ui.timeline.open, "docking": app.ui.docking, "dockingHidden": app.ui.docking_hidden, "dockingCollapsed": app.ui.docking_collapsed});
+    let mut ws = json!({"panels": app.ui.panels, "dockTabs": app.ui.dock_tabs, "dock": app.ui.dock, "timelineOpen": app.ui.timeline.open, "docking": app.ui.docking, "dockingReturns": app.ui.docking_returns, "dockingCollapsed": app.ui.docking_collapsed});
+    crate::dock::keep_newer(app, &mut ws);
     // The icon rail and menu bar flags belong to an embedding app's session, not to a saved
     // layout: a workspace never brings back a window without its menus.
     if let Some(panels) = ws.get_mut("panels").and_then(Value::as_object_mut) {
@@ -368,7 +408,7 @@ fn dialog(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
     let title = title(&kind);
     let names: Vec<String> = app.session.prefs().workspaces.keys().cloned().collect();
     let mut result: Option<bool> = None;
-    egui::Window::new(title).id(egui::Id::new("shell-dialog")).collapsible(false).resizable(false).anchor(Align2::CENTER_CENTER, vec2(0.0, 0.0)).show(
+    egui::Window::new(title).id(egui::Id::unique("shell-dialog")).collapsible(false).resizable(false).anchor(Align2::CENTER_CENTER, vec2(0.0, 0.0)).show(
         ctx,
         |ui| {
             ui.label(RichText::new(tl!(&title)).color(t.text).size(13.0).strong());
@@ -378,7 +418,7 @@ fn dialog(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
                 ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                     ui.label(RichText::new(tl!(&label)).color(t.text_dim).size(11.0));
                     let mut v = f.get(key).and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("").to_string();
-                    if ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut v).desired_width(180.0)).changed() {
+                    if ui.add(egui::TextEdit::singleline(&mut v).desired_width(180.0)).accessible_name(tl!(label)).changed() {
                         f.insert(key.into(), json!(v));
                     }
                 });
@@ -393,7 +433,9 @@ fn dialog(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
                 ui.horizontal(|ui| {
                     ui.label(RichText::new(tl!(&label)).color(t.text_dim).size(11.0));
                     let mut v = f.get(key).and_then(Value::as_f64).unwrap_or(0.0) as f32;
-                    if crate::widgets::slider(ui, &mut v, range.clone(), None).changed() | crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut v, range, "", 60.0).changed() {
+                    if crate::widgets::slider(ui, &mut v, range.clone(), None).changed()
+                        | crate::widgets::value_field(ui, &mut v, range, "", 60.0).accessible_name(tl!(&label)).changed()
+                    {
                         f.insert(key.into(), json!(v));
                     }
                 });
@@ -414,7 +456,7 @@ fn dialog(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
                 "deleteWorkspace" => {
                     let mut cur = f.get("name").and_then(Value::as_str).unwrap_or("").to_string();
                     let opts: Vec<(String, &str)> = names.iter().map(|n| (n.clone(), n.as_str())).collect();
-                    if !opts.is_empty() && crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "ws-delete", &mut cur, &opts, 180.0) {
+                    if !opts.is_empty() && crate::widgets::dropdown(ui, "ws-delete", tl!("Workspace"), &mut cur, &opts, 180.0) {
                         f.insert("name".into(), json!(cur));
                     }
                 }
@@ -430,6 +472,7 @@ fn dialog(app: &mut PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
                     if crate::widgets::dropdown(
                         ui,
                         "p32-method",
+                        tl!("Mode"),
                         &mut m,
                         &[("exposureGamma".to_string(), tl!("Exposure and Gamma")), ("highlightCompression".to_string(), tl!("Highlight Compression"))],
                         180.0,
@@ -554,10 +597,12 @@ mod tests {
                 crate::menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "window.workspace.select", json!({"name": "Embedded"})).unwrap();
                 h.run_steps(4);
                 assert_eq!(h.state().ui.theme, theme, "the fixture renders the requested theme");
-                for name in ["title_bar", "rail"] {
-                    if egui::containers::panel::PanelState::load(&h.ctx, egui::Id::new(name)).is_some() {
-                        failures.push(format!("{theme:?}, width={width}: {name} is drawn"));
-                    }
+                if egui::containers::panel::PanelState::load(&h.ctx, crate::panels::panel_state_id(&h.ctx, "title_bar")).is_some() {
+                    failures.push(format!("{theme:?}, width={width}: title_bar is drawn"));
+                }
+                // The rail is drawn inside the canvas panel: find it by a button only it has.
+                if egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable::query_by_label(&h, "Color & Swatches").is_some() {
+                    failures.push(format!("{theme:?}, width={width}: rail is drawn"));
                 }
                 if h.state().ui.panels.menu_bar || h.state().ui.panels.rail {
                     failures.push(format!("{theme:?}, width={width}: host flags were overwritten"));
@@ -609,6 +654,40 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(s2.prefs().workspaces.contains_key("Mine"));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn saved_workspaces_are_listed_checked_and_selectable() {
+        let (mut app, ctx) = app();
+        let ws_items =
+            |app: &PhotocraftApp| crate::menus::menu_items(app).into_iter().filter(|i| i.path == ["Window", "Workspace"] && i.id != "---").collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        assert!(!ws_items(&app).iter().any(|i| i.id.starts_with(SAVED)));
+        app.ui.panels.history = true;
+        crate::menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "window.workspace.newWorkspace", json!({"name": "Retouch"})).unwrap();
+        crate::menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "window.workspace.newWorkspace", json!({"name": "Comp"})).unwrap();
+        // Listed right after the presets, in name order; only the current one is checked.
+        let items = ws_items(&app);
+        let motion = items.iter().position(|i| i.id == "window.workspace.motion").unwrap();
+        let saved: Vec<(&str, Option<bool>, bool)> = items[motion + 1..].iter().take(2).map(|i| (i.label.as_str(), i.checked, i.enabled)).collect();
+        assert_eq!(saved, [("Comp", Some(true), true), ("Retouch", Some(false), true)]);
+        assert!(items.iter().filter(|i| !i.id.starts_with(SAVED)).all(|i| i.checked != Some(true) || i.id == "window.workspace.lockWorkspace"));
+        assert!(crate::menus::is_live(&format!("{SAVED}1")));
+        // Switch to a preset, then back through the menu item.
+        crate::menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, "window.workspace.painting", json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert!(!app.ui.panels.history);
+        let retouch = ws_items(&app).into_iter().find(|i| i.label == "Retouch").unwrap();
+        crate::menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, &retouch.id, json!({})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(app.ui.workspace, "Retouch");
+        assert!(app.ui.panels.history);
+        assert_eq!(checked(&app, &retouch.id), Some(true));
+        // Stale or malformed ids fail instead of panicking.
+        for bad in ["9", "-1", "x", ""] {
+            assert!(crate::menus::invoke(&mut app, &ctx, &format!("{SAVED}{bad}"), json!({})).is_err(), "{bad}");
+        }
+        // The top-bar switcher lists them after the presets.
+        let keys: Vec<String> = switcher_options(&app).into_iter().map(|(k, _)| k).collect();
+        assert_eq!(keys[6..], ["Comp", "Retouch"]);
+        assert!(keys.contains(&app.ui.workspace));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn lock_workspace_toggles_and_persists() {
         let (mut app, ctx) = app();
@@ -702,13 +781,15 @@ mod tests {
                 crate::menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "view.thirtyTwoBitPreviewOptions", json!({})).unwrap();
                 h.run_steps(4);
                 let screen = egui::Rect::from_min_size(egui::Pos2::ZERO, size);
-                let first = h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::new("shell-dialog"))).unwrap();
+                let first = h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::unique("shell-dialog"))).unwrap();
                 h.run_steps(20);
-                let last = h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::new("shell-dialog"))).unwrap();
+                let last = h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::unique("shell-dialog"))).unwrap();
                 assert!(screen.contains_rect(last), "{theme:?} at {size:?}: dialog {last:?} must fit");
                 assert!((last.width() - first.width()).abs() < 1.0, "{theme:?}: width grew from {first:?} to {last:?}");
                 for label in ["Exposure:", "Gamma:", "OK", "Cancel"] {
-                    let rect = h.get_by_label(label).rect();
+                    // A slider row names its number and its slider with the caption; either is visible.
+                    let node = h.query_all_by_label(label).next().unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("{label} in the dialog"));
+                    let rect = node.rect();
                     assert!(last.contains_rect(rect) && screen.contains_rect(rect), "{label} must remain visible: {rect:?}");
                 }
             }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/zoom_hold.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/zoom_hold.rs
index 216ee698ea..8da4535e01 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/zoom_hold.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/zoom_hold.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ struct Hold {
 /// Where a canvas keeps its hold: each canvas (document `idx` of the tiled windows, in the main
 /// or a secondary window) has its own, so a hold on one never zooms another.
 pub fn hold_id(idx: usize, primary: bool, viewport: egui::ViewportId) -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new(("pc-zoom-tool-hold", idx, primary, viewport))
+    egui::Id::unique(("pc-zoom-tool-hold", idx, primary, viewport))
 }
 
 /// The zoom after holding for `dt` seconds at `zoom` (out: shrinking), within the range for a
@@ -110,7 +110,10 @@ pub fn update(ctx: &egui::Context, view: &mut View, xf: &ViewXform, enabled: boo
     }
     let dt = now - h.last.unwrap_or(now);
     let zoom = hold_zoom(view.zoom, dt, out, view.doc_size);
-    crate::zoom_tool::anchor_view(view, xf, h.anchor, h.doc, zoom, ppp);
+    // At the zoom limit the view stays as it is (a window wrapped around the image centred it).
+    if zoom.to_bits() != view.zoom.to_bits() {
+        crate::zoom_tool::anchor_view(view, xf, h.anchor, h.doc, zoom, ppp);
+    }
     h.last = Some(now);
     ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(id, h));
     ctx.request_repaint();
@@ -246,6 +249,29 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(xf(&h).to_screen(doc[0] as f32, doc[1] as f32).distance(p) < 0.5);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn a_hold_at_the_zoom_limit_leaves_the_view_alone() {
+        // Zoom Resizes Windows centres the image in a window wrapped around it
+        // (zoom_window_fit.rs); a hold that can't zoom further must not move it back.
+        let mut h = harness(true);
+        let p = h.state().last_canvas_rect.center() + vec2(50.0, -30.0);
+        h.event(Event::PointerMoved(p));
+        h.step();
+        button(&mut h, p, true, true);
+        let min = crate::zoom_levels::min(DOC);
+        for _ in 0..200 {
+            if h.state().current_zoom() == min {
+                break;
+            }
+            h.step();
+        }
+        assert_eq!(h.state().current_zoom(), min);
+        h.state_mut().ui.views[0].center = [200.0, 150.0];
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().ui.views[0].center, [200.0, 150.0]);
+        button(&mut h, p, false, true);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn with_animated_zoom_off_a_hold_is_one_click_step() {
         let mut h = harness(false);
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/zoom_tool.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/zoom_tool.rs
index e28e7e9c0a..0a96c76420 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/zoom_tool.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/zoom_tool.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ struct ZoomDrag {
 }
 
 fn id() -> egui::Id {
-    egui::Id::new("pc-zoom-tool-drag")
+    egui::Id::unique("pc-zoom-tool-drag")
 }
 
 /// The scrubby zoom for a horizontal drag of `dx` points from a press at zoom `zoom0`, on a
@@ -42,6 +42,8 @@ pub fn scrub_zoom(zoom0: f32, dx: f32, size: [u32; 2]) -> f32 {
 /// Set `view` to `zoom` (device pixels per document pixel) with document point `doc` shown at
 /// screen point `screen` (egui points) on a display with `ppp` physical pixels per point.
 pub fn anchor_view(view: &mut View, xf: &ViewXform, screen: Pos2, doc: [f64; 2], zoom: f32, ppp: f32) {
+    view.zoom_animating = false;
+    view.zoom_anchor = None;
     view.zoom = zoom;
     let ppp = if ppp.is_finite() && ppp > 0.0 { ppp } else { 1.0 };
     let d = xf.unmap_vec((screen - xf.rect.center()) / (zoom / ppp));
@@ -63,7 +65,14 @@ pub fn drag(app: &PhotocraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, view: &mut View, xf: &View
     if let Some(p) = pointer.filter(|_| b.dragged || b.stopped) {
         match z.rect_to.as_mut() {
             Some(to) => *to = p,
-            None => anchor_view(view, xf, z.anchor, z.doc, scrub_zoom(z.zoom0, p.x - z.anchor.x, view.doc_size), app.ppp),
+            None => {
+                // Only a new zoom re-anchors: a window that Zoom Resizes Windows grew around the
+                // image has centred it since (zoom_window_fit.rs), and the release keeps that.
+                let zoom = scrub_zoom(z.zoom0, p.x - z.anchor.x, view.doc_size);
+                if zoom.to_bits() != view.zoom.to_bits() {
+                    anchor_view(view, xf, z.anchor, z.doc, zoom, app.ppp);
+                }
+            }
         }
         ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(id(), z));
     }
@@ -148,6 +157,14 @@ mod tests {
         ViewXform::active(h.state()).unwrap()
     }
 
+    // Pixel alignment derives a presentation camera within half a display pixel of the
+    // stored target; interrupting an animation must keep that same target and its zoom.
+    fn assert_camera_center(h: &Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, target: &View) {
+        let xf = view_xf(h);
+        let delta = (xf.to_screen(target.center[0], target.center[1]) - xf.rect.center()) * h.ctx.pixels_per_point();
+        assert!(delta.x.abs() <= 0.501 && delta.y.abs() <= 0.501, "camera differs by {delta:?} display pixels");
+    }
+
     fn press(h: &mut Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>, p: Pos2, pressed: bool) {
         h.event(Event::PointerButton { pos: p, button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed, modifiers: Default::default() });
         h.step();
@@ -194,6 +211,254 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(h.state().current_zoom(), crate::zoom_levels::step(zc, 1, h.state().ui.views[0].doc_size));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn animated_zoom_off_click_jumps_to_the_anchored_target() {
+        let mut h = harness(true, 1.0);
+        h.state_mut()
+            .run("prefs.set", json!({"values": {"general.animatedZoom": false, "tools.zoomClickedPointToCenter": false, "tools.overscroll": true}}))
+            .unwrap();
+        let pointer = h.state().last_canvas_rect.center() + vec2(90.0, -45.0);
+        let anchor = view_xf(&h).to_doc(pointer);
+        let start = h.state().current_zoom();
+        h.event(Event::PointerMoved(pointer));
+        h.step();
+        press(&mut h, pointer, true);
+        press(&mut h, pointer, false);
+        let target = crate::zoom_levels::step(start, 1, [400, 300]);
+        let v = &h.state().ui.views[0];
+        assert_eq!(v.zoom, target);
+        assert_eq!(view_xf(&h).zoom, target);
+        assert!(!v.zoom_animating && v.zoom_anchor.is_none() && v.zoom_transition.is_none());
+        assert!(view_xf(&h).to_screen(anchor[0] as f32, anchor[1] as f32).distance(pointer) < 0.5);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn animated_zoom_off_view_commands_show_the_target_on_the_first_frame() {
+        for command in
+            ["view.zoomIn", "view.zoomOut", "view.actualPixels", "view.fitOnScreen", "view.twoHundredPercent", "view.printSize", "view.fitLayersOnScreen"]
+        {
+            let mut h = harness(true, 1.0);
+            h.state_mut().run("prefs.set", json!({"values": {"general.animatedZoom": false}})).unwrap();
+            if crate::view_cmds::handles(command) {
+                crate::view_cmds::invoke(h.state_mut(), &egui::Context::default(), command, &json!({})).unwrap().unwrap();
+            } else {
+                h.state_mut().run(command, json!({})).unwrap();
+            }
+            assert!(!h.state().ui.views[0].zoom_animating, "{command}");
+            h.step();
+            let v = &h.state().ui.views[0];
+            let xf = view_xf(&h);
+            assert_eq!((xf.zoom, xf.center), (v.zoom, v.center), "{command}");
+            assert!(v.zoom_anchor.is_none() && v.zoom_transition.is_none(), "{command}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn disabling_animated_zoom_during_a_transition_snaps_and_does_not_resume() {
+        let mut h = harness(true, 1.0);
+        h.state_mut().run("view.zoomIn", json!({})).unwrap();
+        h.step();
+        let time = h.ctx.input(|i| i.time) + 0.11;
+        h.input_mut().time = Some(time);
+        h.step();
+        assert!(h.state().ui.views[0].zoom_animating);
+        let target = (h.state().ui.views[0].zoom, h.state().ui.views[0].center);
+        assert_ne!(view_xf(&h).zoom, target.0);
+        h.state_mut().run("prefs.set", json!({"values": {"general.animatedZoom": false}})).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((view_xf(&h).zoom, view_xf(&h).center), target, "pointer mapping switches immediately");
+        h.step();
+        let v = &h.state().ui.views[0];
+        assert!(!v.zoom_animating && v.zoom_anchor.is_none() && v.zoom_transition.is_none());
+        assert_eq!((view_xf(&h).zoom, view_xf(&h).center), target);
+        h.state_mut().run("prefs.set", json!({"values": {"general.animatedZoom": true}})).unwrap();
+        h.step();
+        assert!(!h.state().ui.views[0].zoom_animating);
+        assert_eq!((view_xf(&h).zoom, view_xf(&h).center), target);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn discrete_zoom_animates_and_keeps_its_document_anchor_fixed() {
+        let mut h = harness(true, 1.0);
+        let r = h.state().last_canvas_rect;
+        let pointer = r.center() + vec2(90.0, -45.0);
+        let anchor_doc = view_xf(&h).to_doc(pointer);
+        let anchor_screen = if h.state().session.prefs().tools.zoom_clicked_point_to_center { r.center() } else { pointer };
+        let start = h.state().current_zoom();
+
+        h.event(Event::PointerMoved(pointer));
+        h.step();
+        press(&mut h, pointer, true);
+        press(&mut h, pointer, false);
+
+        let target = crate::zoom_levels::step(start, 1, h.state().ui.views[0].doc_size);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().current_zoom(), target, "the model keeps the requested zoom as its target");
+        assert!(h.state().ui.views[0].zoom_animating);
+        let mut time = h.ctx.input(|i| i.time) + 0.05;
+        for _ in 0..5 {
+            time += 0.01;
+            h.input_mut().time = Some(time);
+            h.step();
+        }
+        let displayed_xf = view_xf(&h);
+        let displayed = displayed_xf.to_screen(anchor_doc[0] as f32, anchor_doc[1] as f32);
+        assert!(displayed.distance(anchor_screen) < 0.5, "anchor moved to {displayed:?}");
+        let intermediate = displayed_xf.zoom;
+        assert!(intermediate > start && intermediate < target, "expected an intermediate zoom, got {intermediate}");
+
+        for _ in 0..30 {
+            time += 0.01;
+            h.input_mut().time = Some(time);
+            h.step();
+        }
+        assert!(!h.state().ui.views[0].zoom_animating);
+        assert_eq!(view_xf(&h).zoom, target);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().current_zoom(), target);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn gpu_zoom_animation_reuses_the_document_composite() {
+        let Ok(rs) = std::panic::catch_unwind(|| egui_kittest::wgpu::create_render_state(crate::gpu_canvas::wgpu_setup(), Default::default())) else {
+            eprintln!("skipping: no GPU adapter");
+            return;
+        };
+        let renderer = egui_kittest::wgpu::WgpuTestRenderer::from_render_state(rs);
+        let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(1000.0, 700.0)).with_pixels_per_point(1.0).renderer(renderer).build_eframe(|cc| {
+            PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&cc.egui_ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::ALL[0]);
+            let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+            app.set_wgpu(cc.wgpu_render_state.clone().unwrap());
+            app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 400, "height": 300})).unwrap();
+            app.run("edit.fill", json!({"color": "#2060c0"})).unwrap();
+            app
+        });
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        h.state_mut().run("view.actualPixels", json!({})).unwrap();
+        h.step();
+        let time = h.ctx.input(|i| i.time) + 0.3;
+        h.input_mut().time = Some(time);
+        h.step();
+        let id = h.state().session.documents()[0].doc.id;
+        assert!(h.state().canvases[&(id, crate::canvas::GPU_OUTPUT)].on_gpu);
+        let directory = std::env::var_os("CRAFT_UI_ZOOM_FIXTURES").map(std::path::PathBuf::from);
+        if let Some(directory) = &directory {
+            std::fs::create_dir_all(directory).unwrap();
+        }
+        h.state_mut().run("view.zoomIn", json!({})).unwrap();
+        let target = h.state().current_zoom();
+        for (name, elapsed) in [("start", 0.0), ("midpoint", 0.11), ("finished", 0.23)] {
+            h.state_mut().perf.last_refresh = "";
+            h.input_mut().time = Some(time + elapsed);
+            h.step();
+            assert!(h.state().perf.gpu, "{name}: keep the GPU canvas");
+            assert_eq!(h.state().perf.last_refresh, "", "{name}: reuse the composite");
+            assert!(h.state().canvases.values().all(|cache| cache.texture.is_none()), "{name}: no CPU texture fallback");
+            let xf = view_xf(&h);
+            if name == "midpoint" {
+                assert!(xf.zoom > 1.0 && xf.zoom < target);
+            }
+            let image = h.render().unwrap();
+            let center = xf.to_screen(200.0, 150.0);
+            let pixel = image.get_pixel(center.x as u32, center.y as u32);
+            assert!(pixel[2] > pixel[0] * 2, "{name}: document remains visible: {pixel:?}");
+            if let Some(directory) = &directory {
+                image.save(directory.join(format!("photocraft-zoom-{name}.png"))).unwrap();
+            }
+        }
+        assert!(!h.state().ui.views[0].zoom_animating);
+        assert_eq!(view_xf(&h).zoom, target);
+        h.state_mut().run("prefs.set", json!({"values": {"general.animatedZoom": false}})).unwrap();
+        h.state_mut().run("view.zoomIn", json!({})).unwrap();
+        h.state_mut().perf.last_refresh = "";
+        h.step();
+        assert_eq!(view_xf(&h).zoom, h.state().current_zoom());
+        assert!(!h.state().ui.views[0].zoom_animating);
+        assert!(h.state().perf.gpu);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().perf.last_refresh, "", "immediate zoom reuses the GPU composite");
+        let image = h.render().unwrap();
+        if let Some(directory) = &directory {
+            image.save(directory.join("photocraft-zoom-disabled.png")).unwrap();
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn view_commands_retarget_a_zoom_click_without_retaining_its_anchor() {
+        for command in ["view.zoomIn", "view.actualPixels", "view.fitOnScreen"] {
+            let mut h = harness(true, 1.0);
+            let pointer = h.state().last_canvas_rect.center() + vec2(90.0, -45.0);
+            h.event(Event::PointerMoved(pointer));
+            h.step();
+            press(&mut h, pointer, true);
+            press(&mut h, pointer, false);
+            assert!(h.state().ui.views[0].zoom_anchor.is_some());
+            h.step();
+            h.state_mut().run(command, json!({})).unwrap();
+            assert!(h.state().ui.views[0].zoom_anchor.is_none(), "{command}");
+            h.step();
+            let time = h.ctx.input(|i| i.time) + 0.3;
+            h.input_mut().time = Some(time);
+            h.step();
+            let target = &h.state().ui.views[0];
+            assert!(!target.zoom_animating, "{command}");
+            assert_eq!(view_xf(&h).zoom, target.zoom);
+            assert_camera_center(&h, target);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn wheel_pinch_pan_and_scrubby_zoom_interrupt_a_transition() {
+        for gesture in 0..5 {
+            let mut h = harness(true, 1.0);
+            let pointer = h.state().last_canvas_rect.center();
+            h.event(Event::PointerMoved(pointer));
+            h.step();
+            h.state_mut().run("view.zoomIn", json!({})).unwrap();
+            h.step();
+            assert!(h.state().ui.views[0].zoom_animating);
+            match gesture {
+                0 => h.event(Event::Zoom(1.25)),
+                1 | 2 => h.event(Event::MouseWheel {
+                    unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Line,
+                    delta: vec2(0.0, 1.0),
+                    phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move,
+                    source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
+                    modifiers: egui::Modifiers { alt: gesture == 1, ..Default::default() },
+                }),
+                _ => {
+                    h.state_mut().ui.tool = if gesture == 3 { crate::state::Tool::Hand } else { crate::state::Tool::Zoom };
+                    press(&mut h, pointer, true);
+                    h.event(Event::PointerMoved(pointer + vec2(120.0, 0.0)));
+                }
+            }
+            h.step();
+            assert!(!h.state().ui.views[0].zoom_animating, "gesture {gesture}");
+            h.step();
+            let target = &h.state().ui.views[0];
+            assert_eq!(view_xf(&h).zoom, target.zoom, "gesture {gesture}");
+            assert_camera_center(&h, target);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_scrub_release_keeps_a_view_centred_since_its_last_zoom() {
+        // Zoom Resizes Windows centres the image once its window wraps it (zoom_window_fit.rs):
+        // the release frame, at the same zoom, must not pull it back to the press point.
+        let mut h = harness(true, 1.0);
+        let p0 = h.state().last_canvas_rect.center() + vec2(-150.0, 60.0);
+        h.event(Event::PointerMoved(p0));
+        h.step();
+        press(&mut h, p0, true);
+        let end = p0 + vec2(90.0, 0.0);
+        h.event(Event::PointerMoved(end));
+        h.step();
+        let z = h.state().current_zoom();
+        h.state_mut().ui.views[0].center = [200.0, 150.0];
+        h.step();
+        assert_eq!(h.state().ui.views[0].center, [200.0, 150.0], "a held, unmoved scrub keeps the view");
+        press(&mut h, end, false);
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().current_zoom(), z);
+        assert_eq!(h.state().ui.views[0].center, [200.0, 150.0], "the release keeps the view");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn zoom_drags_keep_the_press_point_in_rotated_and_flipped_views() {
         for (scrubby, out, rotation, flip, ppp) in [
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/zoom_window_fit.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/zoom_window_fit.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9667c95949
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/zoom_window_fit.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,434 @@
+//! Preferences › General › Zoom Resizes Windows, which is also the Zoom tool's Resize Windows to
+//! Fit (#204).
+//!
+//! As in Photoshop the two are one setting, so turning it on in either place shows it on in the
+//! other. With it on, zooming a document that floats in its own window resizes that window to wrap
+//! the image at the new zoom, no bigger than the screen it is on; with it off (the default) the
+//! image zooms inside a window that keeps its size. Tabbed documents never resize the main window.
+//!
+//! Only a change of zoom resizes. Fit on Screen derives the zoom from the window, so a fit leaves
+//! the window alone and the two can never chase each other.
+//!
+//! A zoom about the pointer leaves the image off centre, so a window grown to wrap it also
+//! re-centres the image in what the scrollbars leave free; a window the screen caps keeps the
+//! zoomed spot where it is.
+
+use egui::{Context, Id, Pos2, Rect, Vec2, ViewportClass, ViewportCommand, ViewportId, vec2};
+
+use crate::PhotocraftApp;
+use crate::state::{DocWindow, View};
+
+/// The smallest window a zoom asks for (points), so zooming far out keeps the window usable.
+pub const MIN_SIZE: Vec2 = vec2(240.0, 160.0);
+
+/// Room left on the screen for the window's title bar and the taskbar or Dock (points).
+pub const SCREEN_MARGIN: f32 = 48.0;
+
+/// What wrapping a document window needs besides the view itself.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Layout {
+    /// The window's device pixels per egui point (`View::zoom` is in device pixels).
+    pub ppp: f32,
+    /// View › Pixel Aspect Ratio Correction: document pixels are shown this much wider.
+    pub aspect: f32,
+    /// The window's own chrome around the image, the rulers, in points.
+    pub chrome: Vec2,
+    /// The scrollbars along the right and bottom (points; 0 when hidden). They are drawn over the
+    /// canvas, so the window makes room for them too.
+    pub bars: f32,
+    /// View › Flip Horizontal.
+    pub flip: bool,
+    /// The size of the screen the window is on, in points, when the platform reports it.
+    pub monitor: Option<Vec2>,
+}
+
+/// The inner size (points) of a window that wraps `view`'s document at its zoom and rotation,
+/// at least [`MIN_SIZE`] but never bigger than the screen, even a screen smaller than that
+/// minimum. `None` until the view has a document size.
+pub fn wrapped_size(view: &View, layout: &Layout) -> Option<Vec2> {
+    wrap(view, layout).map(|(_, size)| size)
+}
+
+/// The window size the image and chrome need, and the size [`wrapped_size`] asks for.
+fn wrap(view: &View, layout: &Layout) -> Option<(Vec2, Vec2)> {
+    let usable = |x: f32| x.is_finite() && x > 0.0;
+    if !usable(view.zoom) || !usable(layout.ppp) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let aspect = if usable(layout.aspect) { layout.aspect } else { 1.0 };
+    let w = view.doc_size[0] as f32 * aspect * view.zoom / layout.ppp;
+    let h = view.doc_size[1] as f32 * view.zoom / layout.ppp;
+    if !usable(w) || !usable(h) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    // A turned view (View › Rotate View) shows the image's bounding box.
+    let (sin, cos) = view.rotation.to_radians().sin_cos();
+    let (sin, cos) = (sin.abs(), cos.abs());
+    let image = vec2(w * cos + h * sin, w * sin + h * cos);
+    let bars = if usable(layout.bars) { layout.bars } else { 0.0 };
+    let chrome = if layout.chrome.is_finite() { layout.chrome.max(Vec2::ZERO) } else { Vec2::ZERO } + Vec2::splat(bars);
+    // The screen is the hard cap: applied last, it wins over the minimum on a tiny screen.
+    let screen =
+        layout.monitor.filter(|m| usable(m.x) && usable(m.y)).map_or(Vec2::splat(f32::INFINITY), |m| (m - Vec2::splat(SCREEN_MARGIN)).max(Vec2::splat(1.0)));
+    Some((image + chrome, (image + chrome).max(MIN_SIZE).min(screen)))
+}
+
+/// The view centre that shows the whole image in the middle of a window of [`wrapped_size`]:
+/// the image centred in the canvas less its scrollbars. `None` when the screen capped the window
+/// and the image doesn't fit, so the zoomed spot stays put.
+pub fn wrapped_center(view: &View, layout: &Layout) -> Option<[f32; 2]> {
+    let (needed, size) = wrap(view, layout)?;
+    if needed.x > size.x + 0.5 || needed.y > size.y + 0.5 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let bars = if layout.bars.is_finite() && layout.bars > 0.0 { layout.bars } else { 0.0 };
+    let middle = [view.doc_size[0] as f32 / 2.0, view.doc_size[1] as f32 / 2.0];
+    // The canvas centre sits half a bar right of and below the middle of the free area.
+    let xf = crate::canvas::ViewXform {
+        rect: Rect::from_center_size(Pos2::ZERO, Vec2::ZERO),
+        zoom: view.zoom / layout.ppp,
+        center: middle,
+        flip: layout.flip,
+        rotation: view.rotation,
+        aspect: layout.aspect,
+    };
+    let [x, y] = xf.to_doc(Pos2::new(bars / 2.0, bars / 2.0));
+    let center = [x as f32, y as f32];
+    center.iter().all(|c| c.is_finite()).then_some(center)
+}
+
+/// Where the zoom a window was last wrapped for (or first seen at) is kept between frames.
+fn last_zoom_id(window: u64) -> Id {
+    Id::unique(("pc-zoom-resizes-windows", window))
+}
+
+/// The inner size floating window `window` should take this frame, if any: when `on` (the
+/// preference) and its zoom moved from `before` (its view as the frame began) to `after` (the view
+/// its canvas left), other than by a fit. Every call records the zoom, so the first frame of a new
+/// window and the frames with the preference off never resize later.
+pub fn resize_for(ctx: &Context, window: u64, on: bool, before: &View, after: &View, layout: &Layout) -> Option<Vec2> {
+    let id = last_zoom_id(window);
+    let last = ctx.data_mut(|d| {
+        let last = d.get_temp::<f32>(id);
+        d.insert_temp(id, after.zoom);
+        last
+    });
+    let fitting = before.fit_pending || before.fill_pending || after.fit_pending || after.fill_pending;
+    // Compare the bits: any change of zoom counts, and NaN never matches itself into a resize loop.
+    if !on || fitting || last?.to_bits() == after.zoom.to_bits() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    wrapped_size(after, layout)
+}
+
+/// Called by a floating document window (`canvas::extra_windows`) after its canvas drew in `rect`:
+/// with Zoom Resizes Windows on, a zoom resizes the window around the image. A window drawn
+/// embedded in the main one (a backend without multiple windows, the web) is never resized, as the
+/// command would resize the main window instead, and a maximized or full-screen one keeps the
+/// size the user gave it. A window that grows around the whole image also centres it in `after`.
+/// Returns the size asked for.
+pub fn follow(
+    app: &PhotocraftApp,
+    ctx: &Context,
+    class: ViewportClass,
+    viewport: ViewportId,
+    window: &DocWindow,
+    after: &mut View,
+    rect: Rect,
+) -> Option<Vec2> {
+    if class != ViewportClass::Immediate {
+        return None;
+    }
+    // Still recorded while maximized, so leaving it doesn't resize for a zoom made meanwhile.
+    let pinned = ctx.input(|i| i.viewport().maximized == Some(true) || i.viewport().fullscreen == Some(true));
+    let layout = Layout {
+        ppp: ctx.pixels_per_point(),
+        aspect: app.ui.view.display_aspect(),
+        chrome: rect.size() - crate::rulers::content_rect(app, rect).size(),
+        bars: if app.ui.view.shows_scrollbars() { crate::scrollbars::THICKNESS } else { 0.0 },
+        flip: app.ui.view.flip_horizontal,
+        monitor: ctx.input(|i| i.viewport().monitor_size),
+    };
+    let on = app.session.prefs().general.zoom_resizes_windows && !pinned;
+    let size = resize_for(ctx, window.id, on, &window.view, after, &layout)?;
+    ctx.send_viewport_cmd_to(viewport, ViewportCommand::InnerSize(size));
+    if let Some(center) = wrapped_center(after, &layout) {
+        after.center = center;
+        // The canvas drew before this: show the centred view on the next frame.
+        ctx.request_repaint_of(viewport);
+    }
+    Some(size)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use serde_json::json;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn view(doc_size: [u32; 2], zoom: f32) -> View {
+        View { zoom, doc_size, fit_pending: false, ..View::default() }
+    }
+
+    fn layout() -> Layout {
+        Layout { ppp: 1.0, aspect: 1.0, chrome: Vec2::ZERO, bars: 0.0, flip: false, monitor: Some(vec2(1920.0, 1080.0)) }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_window_wraps_the_image_at_its_zoom() {
+        assert_eq!(wrapped_size(&view([400, 300], 1.0), &layout()), Some(vec2(400.0, 300.0)));
+        assert_eq!(wrapped_size(&view([400, 300], 2.0), &layout()), Some(vec2(800.0, 600.0)));
+        // `zoom` is device pixels: on a 2× display 100% is half as many points.
+        assert_eq!(wrapped_size(&view([800, 600], 1.0), &Layout { ppp: 2.0, ..layout() }), Some(vec2(400.0, 300.0)));
+        // The rulers sit inside the window, around the image.
+        assert_eq!(wrapped_size(&view([400, 300], 1.0), &Layout { chrome: vec2(16.0, 16.0), ..layout() }), Some(vec2(416.0, 316.0)));
+        // Pixel Aspect Ratio Correction shows the pixels wider.
+        assert_eq!(wrapped_size(&view([400, 300], 1.0), &Layout { aspect: 2.0, ..layout() }), Some(vec2(800.0, 300.0)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_window_stays_between_the_minimum_and_the_screen() {
+        assert_eq!(wrapped_size(&view([400, 300], 0.05), &layout()), Some(MIN_SIZE));
+        let screen = vec2(1920.0, 1080.0) - Vec2::splat(SCREEN_MARGIN);
+        assert_eq!(wrapped_size(&view([400, 300], 16.0), &layout()), Some(screen));
+        // One axis can be clamped while the other still wraps.
+        assert_eq!(wrapped_size(&view([4000, 300], 1.0), &layout()), Some(vec2(screen.x, 300.0)));
+        // Without a reported screen only the minimum applies.
+        assert_eq!(wrapped_size(&view([400, 300], 16.0), &Layout { monitor: None, ..layout() }), Some(vec2(6400.0, 4800.0)));
+        // A nonsense screen size is ignored rather than shrinking the window to nothing.
+        assert_eq!(wrapped_size(&view([400, 300], 1.0), &Layout { monitor: Some(vec2(0.0, f32::NAN)), ..layout() }), Some(vec2(400.0, 300.0)));
+        // A screen smaller than the minimum still caps the window: it never outgrows the screen.
+        let tiny = Layout { monitor: Some(vec2(260.0, 190.0)), ..layout() };
+        assert_eq!(wrapped_size(&view([400, 300], 1.0), &tiny), Some(vec2(260.0, 190.0) - Vec2::splat(SCREEN_MARGIN)));
+        assert_eq!(wrapped_size(&view([400, 300], 0.05), &tiny), Some(vec2(260.0, 190.0) - Vec2::splat(SCREEN_MARGIN)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_turned_view_wraps_the_bounding_box() {
+        let turned = View { rotation: 90.0, ..view([400, 300], 1.0) };
+        let size = wrapped_size(&turned, &layout()).unwrap();
+        assert!((size - vec2(300.0, 400.0)).length() < 0.01, "{size:?}");
+        let turned = View { rotation: 45.0, ..view([400, 400], 1.0) };
+        let size = wrapped_size(&turned, &layout()).unwrap();
+        assert!((size.x - 400.0 * std::f32::consts::SQRT_2).abs() < 0.01, "{size:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn nothing_to_wrap_asks_for_nothing() {
+        assert_eq!(wrapped_size(&view([0, 0], 1.0), &layout()), None, "the view hasn't shown its document yet");
+        assert_eq!(wrapped_size(&view([400, 300], 0.0), &layout()), None);
+        assert_eq!(wrapped_size(&view([400, 300], f32::NAN), &layout()), None);
+        assert_eq!(wrapped_size(&view([400, 300], 1.0), &Layout { ppp: 0.0, ..layout() }), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn only_a_zoom_change_with_the_preference_on_resizes() {
+        let ctx = Context::default();
+        let at = |zoom| view([400, 300], zoom);
+        // The first frame of a window only records its zoom.
+        assert_eq!(resize_for(&ctx, 7, true, &at(1.0), &at(1.0), &layout()), None);
+        // The same zoom again: nothing to do.
+        assert_eq!(resize_for(&ctx, 7, true, &at(1.0), &at(1.0), &layout()), None);
+        // Zoom in (the Zoom tool, the wheel, Window › Arrange › Match Zoom): the window follows.
+        assert_eq!(resize_for(&ctx, 7, true, &at(1.0), &at(2.0), &layout()), Some(vec2(800.0, 600.0)));
+        assert_eq!(resize_for(&ctx, 7, true, &at(2.0), &at(2.0), &layout()), None, "once per change");
+        // A zoom changed outside the canvas (Match Zoom) still counts on the next frame.
+        assert_eq!(resize_for(&ctx, 7, true, &at(0.5), &at(0.5), &layout()), Some(vec2(240.0, 160.0)));
+        // Another window keeps its own record.
+        assert_eq!(resize_for(&ctx, 8, true, &at(0.5), &at(0.5), &layout()), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn with_the_preference_off_the_window_keeps_its_size() {
+        let ctx = Context::default();
+        let at = |zoom| view([400, 300], zoom);
+        assert_eq!(resize_for(&ctx, 1, false, &at(1.0), &at(1.0), &layout()), None);
+        assert_eq!(resize_for(&ctx, 1, false, &at(1.0), &at(3.0), &layout()), None);
+        // Turning it on later doesn't catch up on zooms made while it was off.
+        assert_eq!(resize_for(&ctx, 1, true, &at(3.0), &at(3.0), &layout()), None);
+        assert_eq!(resize_for(&ctx, 1, true, &at(3.0), &at(1.0), &layout()), Some(vec2(400.0, 300.0)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_fit_never_resizes_the_window() {
+        let ctx = Context::default();
+        let at = |zoom| view([400, 300], zoom);
+        assert_eq!(resize_for(&ctx, 2, true, &at(1.0), &at(1.0), &layout()), None);
+        // The fit takes its zoom from the window; resizing for it would start a loop.
+        let fitting = View { fit_pending: true, ..at(1.0) };
+        assert_eq!(resize_for(&ctx, 2, true, &fitting, &at(0.4), &layout()), None);
+        let filling = View { fill_pending: true, ..at(0.4) };
+        assert_eq!(resize_for(&ctx, 2, true, &filling, &at(0.6), &layout()), None);
+        // The zoom the fit chose is the new baseline.
+        assert_eq!(resize_for(&ctx, 2, true, &at(0.6), &at(0.6), &layout()), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn follow_resizes_only_real_floating_windows_with_the_preference_on() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 400, "height": 300})).unwrap();
+        app.sync_views();
+        app.ui.extras.rulers = false;
+        let ctx = Context::default();
+        let viewport = ViewportId::from_hash_of(("docwin", 3_u64));
+        let rect = Rect::from_min_size(egui::Pos2::ZERO, vec2(800.0, 600.0));
+        let at = |zoom| view([400, 300], zoom);
+        let window = DocWindow { id: 3, document: 0, view: at(1.0), open: true, position: None };
+        let frame = |app: &PhotocraftApp, class, after: &View| follow(app, &ctx, class, viewport, &window, &mut after.clone(), rect);
+        // Off by default, as in Photoshop.
+        assert!(!app.session.prefs().general.zoom_resizes_windows);
+        assert_eq!(frame(&app, ViewportClass::Immediate, &at(1.0)), None);
+        assert_eq!(frame(&app, ViewportClass::Immediate, &at(2.0)), None);
+        app.run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "general.zoomResizesWindows", "value": true})).unwrap();
+        // The scrollbars are drawn over the canvas: the window makes room for them.
+        assert!(app.ui.view.shows_scrollbars());
+        let bars = Vec2::splat(crate::scrollbars::THICKNESS);
+        assert_eq!(frame(&app, ViewportClass::Immediate, &at(1.0)), Some(vec2(400.0, 300.0) + bars));
+        // Drawn inside the main window, a resize command would resize the main window: skipped.
+        assert_eq!(frame(&app, ViewportClass::EmbeddedWindow, &at(2.0)), None);
+        // With the rulers on, the window makes room for them.
+        app.ui.extras.rulers = true;
+        let ruled = frame(&app, ViewportClass::Immediate, &at(2.0)).unwrap();
+        assert!(ruled.x > 800.0 && ruled.y > 600.0, "{ruled:?}");
+    }
+
+    /// Where the image lands in a window of the wrapped size, and the canvas area the scrollbars
+    /// leave free, both in points from the window's top-left.
+    fn landing(view: &View, layout: &Layout) -> (Rect, Rect) {
+        let size = wrapped_size(view, layout).unwrap();
+        let canvas = Rect::from_min_max(Pos2::ZERO + layout.chrome, Pos2::ZERO + size);
+        let free = Rect::from_min_max(canvas.min, canvas.max - Vec2::splat(layout.bars));
+        let xf = crate::canvas::ViewXform {
+            rect: canvas,
+            zoom: view.zoom / layout.ppp,
+            center: view.center,
+            flip: layout.flip,
+            rotation: view.rotation,
+            aspect: layout.aspect,
+        };
+        (xf.image_bounds(view.doc_size), free)
+    }
+
+    fn near(a: Rect, b: Rect) -> bool {
+        (a.min - b.min).length() < 0.01 && (a.max - b.max).length() < 0.01
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_window_makes_room_for_the_scrollbars() {
+        let barred = Layout { bars: 12.0, chrome: vec2(16.0, 16.0), ..layout() };
+        assert_eq!(wrapped_size(&view([400, 300], 1.0), &barred), Some(vec2(428.0, 328.0)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_wrapped_window_shows_the_whole_image_centred() {
+        // Zoomed in about the top-left corner: the view centre is far from the image's middle.
+        let zoomed = View { center: [60.0, 40.0], ..view([400, 300], 2.0) };
+        for layout in [
+            layout(),
+            Layout { bars: 12.0, chrome: vec2(16.0, 16.0), ..layout() },
+            Layout { bars: 12.0, flip: true, ..layout() },
+            Layout { bars: 12.0, ppp: 2.0, aspect: 1.5, ..layout() },
+        ] {
+            for rotation in [0.0, 90.0, -30.0] {
+                let mut v = View { rotation, ..zoomed.clone() };
+                let (before, free) = landing(&v, &layout);
+                assert!(!near(before, free), "{layout:?} {rotation}: off centre before");
+                v.center = wrapped_center(&v, &layout).unwrap();
+                let (after, free) = landing(&v, &layout);
+                assert!(near(after, free), "{layout:?} {rotation}: {after:?} fills {free:?}");
+            }
+        }
+        // Zoomed far out the window keeps its minimum size, and the image sits in its middle.
+        let small = View { center: [0.0, 0.0], ..view([400, 300], 0.1) };
+        let c = wrapped_center(&small, &layout()).unwrap();
+        assert!((c[0] - 200.0).abs() < 0.01 && (c[1] - 150.0).abs() < 0.01, "{c:?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_window_the_screen_caps_keeps_the_zoomed_spot() {
+        let zoomed = View { center: [60.0, 40.0], ..view([400, 300], 16.0) };
+        assert_eq!(wrapped_center(&zoomed, &layout()), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn follow_centres_the_image_in_the_grown_window() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 400, "height": 300})).unwrap();
+        app.sync_views();
+        app.run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "general.zoomResizesWindows", "value": true})).unwrap();
+        let ctx = Context::default();
+        let viewport = ViewportId::from_hash_of(("docwin", 4_u64));
+        let rect = Rect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, vec2(800.0, 600.0));
+        let window = DocWindow { id: 4, document: 0, view: view([400, 300], 1.0), open: true, position: None };
+        let mut first = view([400, 300], 1.0);
+        assert_eq!(follow(&app, &ctx, ViewportClass::Immediate, viewport, &window, &mut first, rect), None);
+        // A Zoom tool click near the top-left corner doubles the zoom about that spot.
+        let mut zoomed = View { center: [60.0, 40.0], ..view([400, 300], 2.0) };
+        assert!(follow(&app, &ctx, ViewportClass::Immediate, viewport, &window, &mut zoomed, rect).is_some());
+        let half_bar = crate::scrollbars::THICKNESS / 2.0 / 2.0;
+        assert_eq!(zoomed.center, [200.0 + half_bar, 150.0 + half_bar], "the whole image, centred");
+        assert_eq!(zoomed.zoom, 2.0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_maximized_or_full_screen_window_keeps_its_size() {
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 400, "height": 300})).unwrap();
+        app.sync_views();
+        app.run("prefs.set", json!({"path": "general.zoomResizesWindows", "value": true})).unwrap();
+        let rect = Rect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, vec2(800.0, 600.0));
+        let window = DocWindow { id: 5, document: 0, view: view([400, 300], 1.0), open: true, position: None };
+        for (maximized, fullscreen) in [(true, false), (false, true)] {
+            let ctx = Context::default();
+            let mut raw = egui::RawInput::default();
+            let info = egui::ViewportInfo { maximized: Some(maximized), fullscreen: Some(fullscreen), ..Default::default() };
+            raw.viewports.insert(ViewportId::ROOT, info);
+            let viewport = ViewportId::ROOT;
+            let mut sizes = Vec::new();
+            let frame = |raw: egui::RawInput, zoom: f32, sizes: &mut Vec<Option<Vec2>>| {
+                let mut out = ctx.run_ui(raw, |ui| {
+                    let mut v = View { center: [60.0, 40.0], ..view([400, 300], zoom) };
+                    sizes.push(follow(&app, ui.ctx(), ViewportClass::Immediate, viewport, &window, &mut v, rect));
+                    assert_eq!(v.center, [60.0, 40.0]);
+                });
+                out.textures_delta.clear();
+            };
+            let mut normal = egui::RawInput::default();
+            normal.viewports.insert(ViewportId::ROOT, egui::ViewportInfo { maximized: Some(false), fullscreen: Some(false), ..Default::default() });
+            frame(normal.clone(), 1.0, &mut sizes);
+            frame(raw, 2.0, &mut sizes);
+            // Back to a normal window: the zoom made meanwhile is not caught up on.
+            frame(normal, 2.0, &mut sizes);
+            assert_eq!(sizes, [None, None, None], "maximized {maximized}, full screen {fullscreen}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_zoom_tool_options_bar_shows_the_same_setting() {
+        // Photoshop's Zoom tool option Resize Windows to Fit is Preferences › Zoom Resizes Windows.
+        use egui_kittest::Harness;
+        use egui_kittest::kittest::Queryable;
+        let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 64, "height": 64})).unwrap();
+        app.sync_views();
+        app.ui.tool = crate::state::Tool::Zoom;
+        let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(1400.0, 60.0)).build_ui_state(
+            |ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp| {
+                if !ui.ctx().fonts(|f| f.families().contains(&egui::FontFamily::Name("medium".into()))) {
+                    return;
+                }
+                crate::panels::options_bar(app, ui);
+            },
+            app,
+        );
+        PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, crate::theme::ThemeKind::default());
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        assert!(!h.state().session.prefs().general.zoom_resizes_windows);
+        h.get_by_label("Resize Windows to Fit").click();
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        assert!(h.state().session.prefs().general.zoom_resizes_windows, "the option turns the preference on");
+        h.get_by_label("Resize Windows to Fit").click();
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        assert!(!h.state().session.prefs().general.zoom_resizes_windows, "and off again");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/fixtures/main-docking-workspace.json b/crates/ui-egui/tests/fixtures/main-docking-workspace.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4c1dd15845
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/tests/fixtures/main-docking-workspace.json
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+{
+  "workspace": "Essentials",
+  "panels": {
+    "layers": true,
+    "history": true,
+    "properties": true,
+    "color": true,
+    "navigator": false,
+    "toolbar": true,
+    "options_bar": true,
+    "status_bar": true,
+    "brush_settings": false,
+    "brushes": false,
+    "character": false,
+    "toolbar_double": false,
+    "dock": true,
+    "rail": true,
+    "menu_bar": true
+  },
+  "dockTabs": {"properties": 0, "color": 0, "layers": 0, "navigator": 0, "history": 1, "character": 0, "brushes": 0},
+  "dock": {
+    "order": [],
+    "heights": {},
+    "collapsed": [],
+    "hidden_tabs": {"history": ["Layer Comps"], "layers": ["Paths"]},
+    "tabOrder": {}
+  },
+  "timelineOpen": false,
+  "docking": {
+    "root": {"Split": {
+      "axis": "Vertical",
+      "size": {"FixedFirst": 180.0},
+      "first": {"Tabs": {"panels": ["swatches"], "active": 0}},
+      "second": {"Split": {
+        "axis": "Vertical",
+        "size": {"FixedFirst": 260.0},
+        "first": {"Tabs": {"panels": ["color", "gradients", "patterns"], "active": 0}},
+        "second": {"Split": {
+          "axis": "Vertical",
+          "size": {"Ratio": 0.4},
+          "first": {"Tabs": {"panels": ["history", "actions"], "active": 1}},
+          "second": {"Tabs": {"panels": ["layers", "channels"], "active": 0}}
+        }}
+      }}
+    }},
+    "floating": [{"panels": ["properties", "adjustments"], "active": 0, "rect": [420.0, 150.0, 320.0, 440.0]}]
+  },
+  "dockingHidden": {
+    "layerComps": {"floating": null, "anchor": "actions", "placement": {"Tab": {"before": null}}, "size": null, "stack": null, "sibling": []},
+    "paths": {"floating": null, "anchor": "channels", "placement": {"Tab": {"before": null}}, "size": null, "stack": null, "sibling": []},
+    "properties": {
+      "floating": null,
+      "anchor": "layers",
+      "placement": {"Split": "Top"},
+      "size": {"FixedFirst": 300.0},
+      "stack": null,
+      "sibling": ["layers", "channels"]
+    }
+  },
+  "dockingCollapsed": ["history", "actions"]
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/adjust_preview_gpu.rs b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/adjust_preview_gpu.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from crates/ui-egui/tests/adjust_preview_gpu.rs
rename to crates/ui-egui/tests/it/adjust_preview_gpu.rs
index 82d47596fc..d3880b04fd 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/tests/adjust_preview_gpu.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/adjust_preview_gpu.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! GPU parity of the Image › Adjustments dialog preview (`adjust_preview`): the document with
 //! the temporary clipped adjustment layer must composite on the wgpu compositor like on the CPU
 //! reference, and like the destructive command's result, for every kind with a dialog. Skips
-//! without an adapter that renders 32-bit float targets (like `crates/gpu/tests/parity.rs`).
+//! without an adapter that renders 32-bit float targets (like `crates/gpu/tests/it/parity.rs`).
 
 use eframe::wgpu;
 use photocraft_color::{BlendMode, Color, ColorMode, PixelFormat, SampleType};
@@ -126,6 +126,7 @@ fn max_diff(a: &[[f32; 4]], b: &[[f32; 4]], skip: usize) -> f32 {
 
 #[test]
 fn preview_layer_composites_on_the_gpu_like_the_command() {
+    let _gpu = photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock();
     let Some((device, queue, mut comp)) = gpu() else { return };
     // GPU vs CPU of the same document (as the compositor parity tests), and GPU preview vs the
     // command's CPU result (adds the command's rounding to the layer depth).
@@ -170,6 +171,7 @@ fn preview_layer_composites_on_the_gpu_like_the_command() {
 /// The zoomed-out proxy preview (own document and layer ids) composites on the GPU like the CPU.
 #[test]
 fn proxy_preview_composites_on_the_gpu() {
+    let _gpu = photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock();
     use photocraft_ui_egui::adjust_preview::{base_document, proxy_base, proxy_with_settings};
     let Some((device, queue, mut comp)) = gpu() else { return };
     for selection in [false, true] {
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/arbitrary_rotation_preview.rs b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/arbitrary_rotation_preview.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from crates/ui-egui/tests/arbitrary_rotation_preview.rs
rename to crates/ui-egui/tests/it/arbitrary_rotation_preview.rs
index 388c941f16..13bff55cf3 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/tests/arbitrary_rotation_preview.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/arbitrary_rotation_preview.rs
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ fn blue(h: &mut Harness, name: &str) -> (usize, u32, u32) {
     h.run_steps(3);
     let rect = h.state().last_canvas_rect.shrink(3.0);
     let modals: Vec<_> =
-        h.state().ui.dialogs.iter().map(|d| h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::new(("dialog", d.id)))).expect("laid-out dialog").expand(4.0)).collect();
+        h.state().ui.dialogs.iter().map(|d| h.ctx.memory(|m| m.area_rect(egui::Id::unique(("dialog", d.id)))).expect("laid-out dialog").expand(4.0)).collect();
     let img = h.render().expect("render");
     if let Some(dir) = std::env::var_os("PHOTOCRAFT_ROTATION_EVIDENCE_DIR") {
         std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).expect("evidence directory");
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/batch_export_options.rs b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/batch_export_options.rs
similarity index 89%
rename from crates/ui-egui/tests/batch_export_options.rs
rename to crates/ui-egui/tests/it/batch_export_options.rs
index 5bf87909bf..980331a91f 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/tests/batch_export_options.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/batch_export_options.rs
@@ -42,16 +42,9 @@ fn evidence(h: &mut Harness, name: &str) {
 }
 
 fn open_format_choices(h: &mut Harness) {
-    let label = h.get_by_label("Format").rect();
-    // The full app also draws the workspace and layer-blend dropdowns behind this modal.
-    // Target the actual form field beside Format, like the existing numeric-field harnesses.
-    h.query_all_by_role(egui::accesskit::Role::ComboBox)
-        .find(|n| {
-            let r = n.rect();
-            r.left() >= label.right() && (r.center().y - label.center().y).abs() < 3.0
-        })
-        .expect("format dropdown beside its label")
-        .click();
+    // The caption is a separate Label node with the same text; the accessible ComboBox name
+    // identifies the actual form field without guessing from coordinates.
+    h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::ComboBox, "Format").click();
     h.run_steps(3);
 }
 
@@ -69,32 +62,20 @@ fn replace_text(h: &mut Harness, value: &str) {
 }
 
 fn edit_path(h: &mut Harness, name: &str, value: &Path) {
-    let label = h.get_by_label(name).rect();
-    h.query_all_by_role(egui::accesskit::Role::TextInput)
-        .find(|n| {
-            let r = n.rect();
-            r.left() >= label.right() && (r.center().y - label.center().y).abs() < 3.0
-        })
-        .expect("path text field beside its label")
-        .click();
+    h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::TextInput, name).click();
     h.run_steps(2);
     replace_text(h, &value.to_string_lossy());
-    h.get_by_label(name).click();
+    // Clicking the caption commits the field without Enter confirming the dialog.
+    h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::Label, name).click();
     h.run_steps(2);
 }
 
 fn edit_quality(h: &mut Harness, value: &str) {
-    let label = h.get_by_label("Quality").rect();
-    h.query_all_by_role(egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton)
-        .find(|n| {
-            let r = n.rect();
-            r.left() >= label.right() && (r.center().y - label.center().y).abs() < 3.0
-        })
-        .expect("quality numeric field beside its label")
-        .click();
+    h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton, "Quality").click();
     h.run_steps(2);
     replace_text(h, value);
-    h.get_by_label("Quality").click();
+    // Clicking the caption commits the field without Enter confirming the dialog.
+    h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::Label, "Quality").click();
     h.run_steps(3);
 }
 
@@ -114,7 +95,7 @@ fn batch_menu_offers_quality() {
     let mut h = harness();
     open(&mut h, "file.automate.batch");
     evidence(&mut h, "batch-quality");
-    assert!(h.query_by_label("Quality").is_some(), "Batch must expose its supported output quality");
+    assert!(h.query_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton, "Quality").is_some(), "Batch must expose its supported output quality");
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -310,18 +291,11 @@ fn batch_naming_controls_export_the_requested_names_and_reset_on_cancel() {
     h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::TextInput, "File Naming").click();
     h.run_steps(2);
     replace_text(&mut h, "{serial}_{name}");
-    let label = h.get_by_label("Starting serial").rect();
-    h.query_all_by_role(egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton)
-        .find(|n| {
-            let r = n.rect();
-            r.left() >= label.right() && r.left() < label.right() + 100.0 && (r.center().y - label.center().y).abs() < 3.0
-        })
-        .expect("starting serial number control")
-        .click();
+    h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton, "Starting serial").click();
     h.run_steps(2);
     h.event(egui::Event::Text("7".into()));
     h.run_steps(3);
-    h.get_by_label("Starting serial").click();
+    h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::Label, "Starting serial").click();
     h.run_steps(3);
     assert_eq!(h.state().ui.dialogs.last().unwrap().fields["startingSerial"], 7, "typing changes the starting serial");
     evidence(&mut h, "batch-naming");
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/camera_raw_histogram.rs b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/camera_raw_histogram.rs
similarity index 83%
rename from crates/ui-egui/tests/camera_raw_histogram.rs
rename to crates/ui-egui/tests/it/camera_raw_histogram.rs
index 144522908d..5cd27c9c16 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/tests/camera_raw_histogram.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/camera_raw_histogram.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,13 @@ fn header_stays_fixed_and_resize_hover_scroll_before_do_not_rebuild_the_proxy()
         let label = photocraft_ui_egui::i18n::tr(photocraft_ui_egui::i18n::current(), "Tone Histogram");
         let header = h.query_by_label(label).expect("histogram graph").rect();
         h.event(Event::PointerMoved(pos2(1050.0, 400.0)));
-        h.event(Event::MouseWheel { unit: MouseWheelUnit::Point, phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move, delta: vec2(0.0, -320.0), modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
+        h.event(Event::MouseWheel {
+            source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
+            unit: MouseWheelUnit::Point,
+            phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move,
+            delta: vec2(0.0, -320.0),
+            modifiers: Modifiers::NONE,
+        });
         h.run_steps(3);
         assert_eq!(h.query_by_label(label).expect("histogram graph").rect(), header, "{theme:?}: histogram scrolled");
         h.set_size(vec2(960.0, 600.0));
@@ -80,7 +86,6 @@ fn histogram_matches_visible_preview_at_all_supported_depths_and_cancel_commit_a
 
 #[test]
 fn settings_sections_group_existing_controls_without_rendering_or_document_edits() {
-    assert_eq!(photocraft_ui_egui::i18n::tr_ctx(photocraft_ui_egui::i18n::Lang::from_code("ru").unwrap(), "cameraRaw", "Light"), "Свет");
     for theme in ThemeKind::ALL {
         let mut h = Harness::builder().with_step_dt(1.0 / 60.0).with_size(vec2(1200.0, 900.0)).build_eframe(move |cc| {
             PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&cc.egui_ctx, theme);
@@ -100,33 +105,36 @@ fn settings_sections_group_existing_controls_without_rendering_or_document_edits
         let tr = |s| photocraft_ui_egui::i18n::tr_ctx(lang, "cameraRaw", s);
         let mut y = 0.0;
         for label in [light, tr("Color"), tr("Effects"), tr("Curve"), tr("Color Mixer"), tr("Color Grading"), tr("Detail")] {
-            let next = h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::Button, label).rect().top();
+            // egui 0.37 exposes a CollapsingHeader as a DisclosureTriangle, not a Button.
+            let next = h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::DisclosureTriangle, label).rect().top();
             assert!(next > y, "section order: {label}");
             y = next;
         }
         assert!(h.query_by_label(tr("Basic")).is_none());
         assert!(h.query_by_label(tr("Temperature")).is_none());
         assert!(h.query_by_label(tr("Texture")).is_none());
-        assert!(h.query_by_label(tr("Exposure")).is_some());
-        h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::Button, light).click();
+        assert!(h.query_by_role_and_label(Role::Slider, tr("Exposure")).is_some());
+        h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::DisclosureTriangle, light).click();
         h.run_steps(12);
-        h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::Button, tr("Color")).click();
+        h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::DisclosureTriangle, tr("Color")).click();
         h.run_steps(12);
         // The dock also has Saturation; query only the Camera Raw settings panel.
-        let settings = std::iter::successors(Some(h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::Button, tr("Color"))), |node| node.parent())
+        let settings = std::iter::successors(Some(h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::DisclosureTriangle, tr("Color"))), |node| node.parent())
             .find(|node| node.query_by_label(tr("Tone Histogram")).is_some())
             .expect("Camera Raw settings panel");
         for label in ["Temperature", "Tint", "Vibrance", "Saturation"] {
-            assert!(settings.query_by_label(tr(label)).is_some(), "color control: {label}");
+            assert!(settings.query_by_role_and_label(Role::Slider, tr(label)).is_some(), "color control: {label}");
         }
         assert!(h.query_by_label(tr("Exposure")).is_none());
-        h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::Button, tr("Color")).click();
+        h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::DisclosureTriangle, tr("Color")).click();
         h.run_steps(12);
-        h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::Button, tr("Effects")).click();
+        h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::DisclosureTriangle, tr("Effects")).click();
         h.run_steps(12);
-        for label in ["Texture", "Clarity", "Dehaze", "Vignetting", "Grain"] {
-            assert!(h.query_by_label(tr(label)).is_some(), "effects control: {label}");
+        for label in ["Texture", "Clarity", "Dehaze"] {
+            assert!(h.query_by_role_and_label(Role::Slider, tr(label)).is_some(), "effects control: {label}");
         }
+        assert!(h.query_by_role_and_label(Role::ComboBox, tr("Vignetting")).is_some(), "effects control: Vignetting");
+        assert!(h.query_by_role_and_label(Role::Label, tr("Grain")).is_some(), "effects control: Grain");
         let after = control::inspect(h.state(), &h.ctx);
         assert_eq!(after["cameraRaw"]["params"], before["params"]);
         assert_eq!(after["cameraRaw"]["previewRevision"], before["previewRevision"]);
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/camera_raw_localization.rs b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/camera_raw_localization.rs
similarity index 59%
rename from crates/ui-egui/tests/camera_raw_localization.rs
rename to crates/ui-egui/tests/it/camera_raw_localization.rs
index 83727dd00f..7d91567591 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/tests/camera_raw_localization.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/camera_raw_localization.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,12 @@ use photocraft_ui_egui::{PhotocraftApp, camera_raw_ui, control, i18n, theme::The
 use serde_json::json;
 
 #[test]
-fn all_seven_languages_render_camera_raw_and_switch_without_resetting_view_or_filter() {
+fn all_registered_languages_render_camera_raw_and_switch_without_resetting_view_or_filter() {
+    // On Linux some scripts arrive through the background Fontconfig lookup. Kittest's strict
+    // missing-glyph policy must not race that scan: wait for it exactly as the i18n live tests do.
+    #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+    assert!(photocraft_ui_egui::cjk_fonts::wait_for_fontconfig_cjk_scan(), "Fontconfig CJK lookup did not finish within 10 seconds");
+    assert_required_camera_raw_fonts();
     let _gpu = photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock();
     for lang in i18n::Lang::all() {
         let gpu = std::env::var_os("PHOTOCRAFT_LOCALE_SNAPSHOTS").is_some();
@@ -28,27 +33,29 @@ fn all_seven_languages_render_camera_raw_and_switch_without_resetting_view_or_fi
         let tr = |s| i18n::tr_ctx(lang, "cameraRaw", s);
         let before = control::inspect(h.state(), &ctx)["cameraRaw"].clone();
         for section in ["Light", "Color", "Effects", "Curve", "Color Mixer", "Color Grading", "Detail"] {
-            assert!(h.query_by_role_and_label(Role::Button, tr(section)).is_some(), "{}: {section}", lang.code());
+            // egui 0.37 exposes a CollapsingHeader as a DisclosureTriangle, not a Button.
+            assert!(h.query_by_role_and_label(Role::DisclosureTriangle, tr(section)).is_some(), "{}: {section}", lang.code());
         }
-        assert!(h.query_by_label(tr("Blacks")).is_some());
-        h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::Button, tr("Light")).click();
+        assert!(h.query_by_role_and_label(Role::Slider, tr("Blacks")).is_some());
+        h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::DisclosureTriangle, tr("Light")).click();
         h.run_steps(12);
-        h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::Button, tr("Color")).click();
+        h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::DisclosureTriangle, tr("Color")).click();
         h.run_steps(12);
-        for label in ["White Balance: As Shot", "Temperature", "Tint", "Vibrance", "Saturation"] {
-            assert!(h.query_by_label(tr(label)).is_some(), "{}: {label}", lang.code());
+        assert!(h.query_by_role_and_label(Role::Label, tr("White Balance: As Shot")).is_some(), "{}: White Balance", lang.code());
+        for label in ["Temperature", "Tint", "Vibrance", "Saturation"] {
+            assert!(h.query_by_role_and_label(Role::Slider, tr(label)).is_some(), "{}: {label}", lang.code());
         }
-        h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::Button, tr("Color")).click();
+        h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::DisclosureTriangle, tr("Color")).click();
         h.run_steps(12);
-        h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::Button, tr("Color Mixer")).click();
+        h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::DisclosureTriangle, tr("Color Mixer")).click();
         h.run_steps(12);
         for tab in ["Hue", "Saturation", "Luminance"] {
-            assert!(h.get_by_label(tr(tab)).rect().right() <= 1426.0, "{}: mixer tabs overflow the panel", lang.code());
+            assert!(h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::Button, tr(tab)).rect().right() <= 1426.0, "{}: mixer tabs overflow the panel", lang.code());
         }
         for band in ["Red", "Orange", "Yellow", "Green", "Aqua", "Blue", "Purple", "Magenta"] {
-            assert!(h.query_by_label(tr(band)).is_some(), "{}: {band}", lang.code());
+            assert!(h.query_by_role_and_label(Role::Slider, tr(band)).is_some(), "{}: {band}", lang.code());
         }
-        h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::Button, tr("Color Mixer")).click();
+        h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::DisclosureTriangle, tr("Color Mixer")).click();
         h.run_steps(12);
         for (section, labels) in [
             ("Effects", vec!["Texture", "Clarity", "Dehaze", "Vignetting", "Grain", "Roughness"]),
@@ -56,16 +63,16 @@ fn all_seven_languages_render_camera_raw_and_switch_without_resetting_view_or_fi
             ("Color Grading", vec!["Midtones", "Global", "Hue", "Saturation", "Luminance", "Blending", "Balance"]),
             ("Detail", vec!["Sharpening", "Masking", "Noise Reduction", "Luminance Detail", "Color Detail"]),
         ] {
-            h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::Button, tr(section)).click();
+            h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::DisclosureTriangle, tr(section)).click();
             h.run_steps(12);
             for label in labels {
                 assert!(h.query_all_by_label(tr(label)).next().is_some(), "{}: {section}/{label}", lang.code());
             }
-            // Detail is also the sharpening slider label; target the section button.
-            h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::Button, tr(section)).click();
+            // Detail is also the sharpening slider label; target the section disclosure.
+            h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::DisclosureTriangle, tr(section)).click();
             h.run_steps(12);
         }
-        h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::Button, tr("Color Mixer")).click();
+        h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::DisclosureTriangle, tr("Color Mixer")).click();
         h.run_steps(12);
         let graph = h.get_by_label(tr("Tone Histogram")).rect();
         h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(graph.center()));
@@ -98,7 +105,7 @@ fn all_seven_languages_render_camera_raw_and_switch_without_resetting_view_or_fi
         // Changing labels must keep the same collapse IDs and open mixer, without an image edit.
         h.state_mut().session.prefs.edit(|p| p.interface.language = "en".into());
         h.run_steps(3);
-        assert!(h.query_by_label("Aqua").is_some(), "{} → en: preserve the open section", lang.code());
+        assert!(h.query_by_role_and_label(Role::Slider, "Aqua").is_some(), "{} → en: preserve the open section", lang.code());
         assert!(h.query_by_label("Exposure").is_none(), "{} → en: Light stays collapsed", lang.code());
         let after = control::inspect(h.state(), &ctx)["cameraRaw"].clone();
         assert_eq!(after["params"], before["params"]);
@@ -106,3 +113,21 @@ fn all_seven_languages_render_camera_raw_and_switch_without_resetting_view_or_fi
         assert_eq!(after["histogram"], before["histogram"]);
     }
 }
+
+/// Check central font fixtures independently of the language-switching UI assertions.
+fn assert_required_camera_raw_fonts() {
+    // Required central-font acceptance must not pass only because the host supplies Hindi,
+    // or because a Windows runner happens to have Japanese fonts: every non-Latin script this
+    // test renders comes from a real face in the central manifest. The all-language loop then
+    // checks the actual translated labels under egui_kittest's strict missing-glyph policy.
+    if std::env::var_os("CRAFT_FONTS_REQUIRED").is_some() {
+        for (family, script) in [("BIZ UDPGothic", "Jpan"), ("Noto Sans CJK SC", "Hans"), ("NanumGothic", "Kore"), ("Noto Sans Devanagari", "Deva")] {
+            let faces: Vec<_> = photocraft_text::craft_fonts::CRAFT_FONTS
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|f| f.family == family && f.style == "Regular" && f.scripts.contains(&script))
+                .collect();
+            assert_eq!(faces.len(), 1, "the central default manifest supplies one {family} {script} Regular face");
+            assert!(!faces[0].bytes.is_empty(), "{family} {script} has an empty face");
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/camera_raw_scope.rs b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/camera_raw_scope.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/ui-egui/tests/camera_raw_scope.rs
rename to crates/ui-egui/tests/it/camera_raw_scope.rs
index 418d59c6ec..ba6ee7d705 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/tests/camera_raw_scope.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/camera_raw_scope.rs
@@ -739,11 +739,12 @@ fn sampler_list_replacement_and_operations_cannot_silently_cancel_each_other() {
     assert_eq!(r["scope"]["samplers"], json!([[0.5, 0.5]]));
 }
 
-/// Alt-drags the slider under the only visible `label` and returns the inspected dialog.
+/// Alt-drags the only visible slider named `label` and returns the inspected dialog.
 fn alt_drag_slider(h: &mut Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, label: &str) -> Value {
-    // The label sits above its 18 pt slider track.
-    let text = h.get_by_label(label).rect();
-    let at = pos2(text.left() + 80.0, text.bottom() + 12.0);
+    // The row also exposes a numeric SpinButton and a caption with the same name; the slider
+    // itself is the 18 pt track underneath them.
+    let track = h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::Slider, label).rect();
+    let at = pos2(track.left() + 80.0, track.center().y);
     let alt = Modifiers { alt: true, ..Modifiers::NONE };
     press(h, at, true, alt);
     for n in 1..=3 {
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/camera_raw_zoom.rs b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/camera_raw_zoom.rs
similarity index 97%
rename from crates/ui-egui/tests/camera_raw_zoom.rs
rename to crates/ui-egui/tests/it/camera_raw_zoom.rs
index bfe97d05db..89576c5816 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/tests/camera_raw_zoom.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/camera_raw_zoom.rs
@@ -93,7 +93,13 @@ fn scrub_zoom_and_alt_wheel_preserve_the_detail_under_the_initial_pointer() {
     let old = zoom(&h);
     h.event(Event::PointerMoved(at));
     h.event(Event::ModifiersChanged(Modifiers::ALT));
-    h.event(Event::MouseWheel { unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Point, delta: vec2(0.0, 100.0), phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move, modifiers: Modifiers::ALT });
+    h.event(Event::MouseWheel {
+        source: egui::MouseWheelSource::Unknown,
+        unit: egui::MouseWheelUnit::Point,
+        delta: vec2(0.0, 100.0),
+        phase: egui::TouchPhase::Move,
+        modifiers: Modifiers::ALT,
+    });
     // Release Alt while the wheel notch is still being smoothed: no residual pan.
     h.event(Event::ModifiersChanged(Modifiers::NONE));
     h.run_steps(10);
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/canvas_16f.rs b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/canvas_16f.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/ui-egui/tests/canvas_16f.rs
rename to crates/ui-egui/tests/it/canvas_16f.rs
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/checker_canvas.rs b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/checker_canvas.rs
similarity index 74%
rename from crates/ui-egui/tests/checker_canvas.rs
rename to crates/ui-egui/tests/it/checker_canvas.rs
index e626b42128..513d277abf 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/tests/checker_canvas.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/checker_canvas.rs
@@ -20,8 +20,12 @@ fn harness() -> Option<Harness> {
 
 /// The app with the GPU canvas (`gpu`), or without it: the CPU fallback path.
 fn harness_with(gpu: bool) -> Option<Harness> {
+    harness_with_scale(gpu, 1.0)
+}
+
+fn harness_with_scale(gpu: bool, ppp: f32) -> Option<Harness> {
     let built = std::panic::catch_unwind(|| {
-        egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(1400.0, 800.0)).with_pixels_per_point(1.0).with_max_steps(64).wgpu().build_eframe(|cc| {
+        egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(1400.0, 800.0)).with_pixels_per_point(ppp).with_max_steps(64).wgpu().build_eframe(|cc| {
             PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&cc.egui_ctx, Default::default());
             let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
             if let Some(rs) = cc.wgpu_render_state.as_ref().filter(|_| gpu) {
@@ -111,13 +115,15 @@ fn render_on(h: &mut Harness, gpu: bool, zoom: f32, doc: u32, black: bool, grid:
     let rendered = h.render().expect("render");
     let (width, height) = (rendered.width(), rendered.height());
     let img = Shot { w: width, px: rendered.into_raw() };
+    if black {
+        // View geometry also works on scaled displays, independently of grid colour.
+        let origin = photocraft_ui_egui::canvas::ViewXform::active(h.state()).expect("view").to_screen(0.0, 0.0) * h.ctx.pixels_per_point();
+        return (img, origin.x.round() as u32, origin.y.round() as u32, (doc as f32 * zoom).round() as u32);
+    }
     let r = h.state().last_canvas_rect;
     let (cx, cy) = (r.center().x as u32, r.center().y as u32);
-    // Black fill is 0 (64 on a grid line), the pasteboard is 39.
-    // (Two CPU grid lines crossing blend twice: about 112.)
-    let on_doc = |p: [u8; 4]| if black { p[0] < 12 || (58..=70).contains(&p[0]) || (105..=120).contains(&p[0]) } else { is_checker_grey(p) };
-    let (x0, w) = longest_run((0..width).map(|x| on_doc(img.at(x, cy))));
-    let (y0, hgt) = longest_run((0..height).map(|y| on_doc(img.at(cx, y))));
+    let (x0, w) = longest_run((0..width).map(|x| is_checker_grey(img.at(x, cy))));
+    let (y0, hgt) = longest_run((0..height).map(|y| is_checker_grey(img.at(cx, y))));
     let doc_px = (doc as f32 * zoom).round() as i64;
     assert!((w as i64 - doc_px).abs() <= 1 && (hgt as i64 - doc_px).abs() <= 1, "zoom {zoom}: found a {w}x{hgt} document, want {doc_px}");
     (img, x0 as u32, y0 as u32, w as u32)
@@ -210,18 +216,20 @@ fn pixel_grid_is_not_drawn_over_empty_checker() {
 #[test]
 fn cpu_pixel_grid_shows_above_500_percent_over_content() {
     let _gpu = photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock();
-    let Some(mut h) = harness_with(false) else { return };
-    h.run_steps(4);
-    let (flat, x0, y0, _) = render_on(&mut h, false, 5.0, 48, true, true);
-    assert!(lit_columns(&flat, x0, y0 + 20, 100).is_empty(), "no grid at 500%");
-    for zoom in [6.0f32, 8.0, 12.0] {
-        let (img, x0, y0, _) = render_on(&mut h, false, zoom, 48, true, true);
-        let y = y0 + (zoom * 3.5) as u32;
-        let lit = lit_columns(&img, x0, y, (zoom * 10.0) as u32);
-        assert_eq!(lit.len(), 10, "zoom {zoom}: grid columns {lit:?}");
-        assert!(lit.windows(2).all(|p| p[1] - p[0] == zoom as u32), "zoom {zoom}: spacing of {lit:?}");
-        let v = img.at(x0 + lit[2], y)[0];
-        assert!((60..=68).contains(&v), "zoom {zoom}: a grid line over black is {v}, want about 64");
+    for ppp in [1.0, 2.0] {
+        let Some(mut h) = harness_with_scale(false, ppp) else { return };
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        let (flat, x0, y0, _) = render_on(&mut h, false, 5.0, 48, true, true);
+        assert!(lit_columns(&flat, x0, y0 + 20, 100).is_empty(), "no grid at 500%");
+        for zoom in [6.0f32, 8.0, 12.0] {
+            let (img, x0, y0, _) = render_on(&mut h, false, zoom, 48, true, true);
+            let y = y0 + (zoom * 3.5) as u32;
+            let lit = lit_columns(&img, x0, y, (zoom * 10.0) as u32);
+            assert_eq!(lit.len(), 10, "scale {ppp}, zoom {zoom}: one physical pixel per line, columns {lit:?}");
+            assert!(lit.windows(2).all(|p| p[1] - p[0] == zoom as u32), "zoom {zoom}: spacing of {lit:?}");
+            let v = img.at(x0 + lit[2], y)[0];
+            assert!((60..=68).contains(&v), "zoom {zoom}: a grid line over black is {v}, want about 64");
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -278,6 +286,7 @@ fn grid_line_contrast_over_grey(h: &mut Harness, grey: u8) -> i32 {
 
 #[test]
 fn pixel_grid_does_not_flip_colour_across_mid_tones() {
+    let _gpu = photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock();
     let Some(mut h) = harness() else { return };
     h.run_steps(4);
     // 0x87 and 0x90 sit either side of luma 0.55, where the line used to switch from a full white
@@ -294,3 +303,47 @@ fn pixel_grid_does_not_flip_colour_across_mid_tones() {
         assert!(c >= 20, "grey {grey:#04x}: grid line differs from its pixel by only {c} levels");
     }
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn pixel_grid_is_solid_and_visible_on_white_and_black_at_both_display_scales() {
+    let _gpu = photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock();
+    use photocraft_color::{ColorMode, PixelFormat, SampleType};
+    use photocraft_doc::{Document, Layer, LayerContent, Size};
+    use photocraft_geom::Rect;
+    use photocraft_raster::Surface;
+
+    for gpu in [true, false] {
+        for ppp in [1.0, 2.0] {
+            let Some(mut h) = harness_with_scale(gpu, ppp) else { return };
+            for depth in [SampleType::U8, SampleType::U16, SampleType::F32] {
+                for v in [0.0, 1.0] {
+                    let mut doc = Document::new("grid contrast", Size::new(32, 16), ColorMode::Rgb, depth);
+                    let mut surface = Surface::new(PixelFormat::new(ColorMode::Rgb, depth, true));
+                    surface.fill_rect(Rect::new(0, 0, 32, 16), &[v, v, v, 1.0]);
+                    doc.layers.push(Layer::new("opaque", LayerContent::Raster(surface)));
+                    let app = h.state_mut();
+                    app.session.add_document(doc, None);
+                    app.sync_views();
+                    app.ui.view.show.pixel_grid = true;
+                    for zoom in [7.119, 8.0, 22.825] {
+                        control(&mut h, "ui.set", json!({"zoom": zoom, "center": [16.0, 8.0]}));
+                        assert_eq!(h.state().perf.gpu, gpu);
+                        let img = h.render().expect("render opaque grid");
+                        let center = h.state().last_canvas_rect.center() * ppp;
+                        let x0 = center.x - 16.0 * zoom;
+                        let y = (center.y + 3.25 * zoom).floor() as u32;
+                        for x in 2..30 {
+                            let edge = (x0 + x as f32 * zoom).floor() as u32;
+                            for sy in y..y + 3 {
+                                let inside = img.get_pixel((x0 + (x as f32 + 0.5) * zoom).floor() as u32, sy)[0];
+                                assert_eq!(inside, (v * 255.0) as u8);
+                                let contrast = (edge - 1..=edge + 1).map(|sx| img.get_pixel(sx, sy)[0].abs_diff(inside)).max().expect("line");
+                                assert!(contrast >= 28, "{gpu:?}/{depth:?}, scale {ppp}, zoom {zoom}, fill {v}, ({x}, {sy}): invisible grid ({contrast})");
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/color_managed_canvas.rs b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/color_managed_canvas.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from crates/ui-egui/tests/color_managed_canvas.rs
rename to crates/ui-egui/tests/it/color_managed_canvas.rs
index 4267a2cf53..ec58a4faa1 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/tests/color_managed_canvas.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/color_managed_canvas.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! The canvas is colour-managed (#46): a Display P3 document shows its colours converted to
 //! the (sRGB) monitor on the GPU canvas (display LUT) and on the CPU canvas (flipped views draw
 //! through the CPU path); sRGB documents are shown unchanged. Skips when no GPU adapter with
-//! 32-bit float render targets exists (like `crates/gpu/tests/parity.rs`).
+//! 32-bit float render targets exists (like `crates/gpu/tests/it/parity.rs`).
 
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/crop_beyond_canvas.rs b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/crop_beyond_canvas.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/ui-egui/tests/crop_beyond_canvas.rs
rename to crates/ui-egui/tests/it/crop_beyond_canvas.rs
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/crop_default_mode.rs b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/crop_default_mode.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/ui-egui/tests/crop_default_mode.rs
rename to crates/ui-egui/tests/it/crop_default_mode.rs
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/crop_popup_keys.rs b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/crop_popup_keys.rs
similarity index 95%
rename from crates/ui-egui/tests/crop_popup_keys.rs
rename to crates/ui-egui/tests/it/crop_popup_keys.rs
index 9c893ae7e0..facb1be24a 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/tests/crop_popup_keys.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/crop_popup_keys.rs
@@ -55,6 +55,9 @@ fn setup() -> Option<Harness> {
     h.run_steps(3);
     h.get_by_label("1 : 1 (Square)").click();
     h.run_steps(3);
+    // Picking a ratio only fits the untouched default frame; a keyed edit makes it a drawn one.
+    assert!(photocraft_ui_egui::crop_ui::nudge(h.state_mut(), 0.0, 0.0));
+    h.run_steps(3);
     assert!(photocraft_ui_egui::crop_ui::pending(h.state()), "the 1:1 frame is pending");
     assert!(!egui::Popup::is_any_open(&h.ctx), "the list closed after the pick");
     h.get_by_value("1 : 1 (Square)").click();
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/custom_print_paper.rs b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/custom_print_paper.rs
similarity index 53%
rename from crates/ui-egui/tests/custom_print_paper.rs
rename to crates/ui-egui/tests/it/custom_print_paper.rs
index d0d81dea69..036393b95a 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/tests/custom_print_paper.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/custom_print_paper.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,13 @@ fn show(ui: &mut egui::Ui, app: &mut PhotocraftApp) {
 }
 
 fn harness(app: PhotocraftApp) -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
-    let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(1000.0, 900.0)).with_max_steps(64).build_ui_state(show, app);
+    harness_at_scale(app, 1.0)
+}
+
+/// Builds the real dialog at an explicit physical-pixels-per-egui-point ratio so pointer
+/// events remain in egui points while exercising both standard and Retina display scales.
+fn harness_at_scale(app: PhotocraftApp, pixels_per_point: f32) -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
+    let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(vec2(1000.0, 900.0)).with_pixels_per_point(pixels_per_point).with_max_steps(64).build_ui_state(show, app);
     PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, Default::default());
     h.run_steps(4);
     h
@@ -38,12 +44,13 @@ fn click(h: &mut Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, label: &str) {
 }
 
 fn shown(h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, text: &str) -> bool {
-    h.query_by_label(text).is_some() || h.query_by_value(text).is_some()
+    // A form caption and its control both expose the same accessible name.
+    h.query_all_by_label(text).next().is_some() || h.query_all_by_value(text).next().is_some()
 }
 
 fn enter_length(h: &mut Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, label: &str, value: &str) {
-    // Anchor the pointer to the real label; the existing length widget immediately follows it.
-    let pos = h.get_by_label(label).rect().right_center() + vec2(35.0, 0.0);
+    // The caption is a separate Label node with the same text; use the accessible SpinButton.
+    let pos = h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton, label).rect().center();
     h.event(Event::PointerMoved(pos));
     h.event(Event::PointerButton { pos, button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed: true, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
     h.run_steps(1);
@@ -60,6 +67,89 @@ fn fields(h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, id: u64) -> Map<String, Value> {
     h.state().ui.dialogs.iter().find(|d| d.id == id).unwrap().fields.clone()
 }
 
+/// Finds the thumbnail's painted mesh bounds, rather than the earlier interaction bounds,
+/// so drag assertions detect visible lag in the same frame as a Center transition.
+fn painted_image(h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>) -> egui::Rect {
+    let active = h.state().session.active().unwrap();
+    let key = egui::Id::unique(("print-thumb", active.doc.id.0, active.revision));
+    let tex = h.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<std::sync::Arc<egui::TextureHandle>>(key)).unwrap();
+    h.output()
+        .shapes
+        .iter()
+        .find_map(|s| match &s.shape {
+            egui::Shape::Mesh(mesh) if mesh.texture_id == tex.id() => Some(mesh.calc_bounds()),
+            _ => None,
+        })
+        .expect("the print image must be painted")
+}
+
+/// Exercises live painted movement at 1x/2x display scale, signed numeric entry and pointer
+/// capture off-page and back, then verifies Center restores the shared layout's placement.
+#[test]
+fn preview_drag_and_negative_fields_work_at_standard_and_retina_scale() {
+    for pixels_per_point in [1.0, 2.0] {
+        let (mut app, id) = app();
+        app.ui
+            .dialog_mut(id)
+            .unwrap()
+            .fields
+            .extend(json!({"paper": "a4", "center": true, "scale": 100, "scaleToFit": false, "units": "cm"}).as_object().unwrap().clone());
+        let mut h = harness_at_scale(app, pixels_per_point);
+        let start = photocraft_engine::print_cmds::layout(&h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc, &Value::Object(fields(&h, id)), "file.print").unwrap();
+        let start_image = painted_image(&h);
+        let from = start_image.center();
+        let delta = vec2(-24.0, 18.0);
+        h.event(Event::PointerMoved(from));
+        h.event(Event::PointerButton { pos: from, button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed: true, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        for step in 1..=3 {
+            h.event(Event::PointerMoved(from + delta * (step as f32 / 3.0)));
+            h.run_steps(1);
+        }
+        let during = fields(&h, id);
+        assert_eq!(during["center"], false, "Center must switch off during the drag");
+        // The hit target was registered before this frame's pointer handling. Inspect the
+        // actual painted mesh to verify the image moves immediately, without a frame of lag.
+        let moved_image = painted_image(&h);
+        assert!(
+            (moved_image.min - start_image.min - delta).length() < 0.1,
+            "the visible image must stay under the pointer when Center turns off: {start_image:?} -> {moved_image:?}, delta {delta:?}"
+        );
+        let k = (310.0 / start.paper.0).min(380.0 / start.paper.1);
+        assert!((during["left"].as_f64().unwrap() * 72.0 - start.rect.0 - f64::from(delta.x) / k).abs() < 0.001);
+        assert!((during["top"].as_f64().unwrap() * 72.0 - (start.paper.1 - start.rect.1 - start.rect.3) - f64::from(delta.y) / k).abs() < 0.001);
+        h.event(Event::PointerButton { pos: from + delta, button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed: false, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        click(&mut h, "Centimeters");
+        click(&mut h, "Inches");
+        enter_length(&mut h, "Top", "-0.25");
+        enter_length(&mut h, "Left", "-0.5");
+        let negative = fields(&h, id);
+        assert_eq!(negative["top"], -0.25);
+        assert_eq!(negative["left"], -0.5);
+        let visible = h.get_by_label("Print preview image").rect();
+        assert!(visible.is_positive(), "a partly off-page image must retain a visible drag target");
+        let from = visible.center();
+        h.event(Event::PointerMoved(from));
+        h.event(Event::PointerButton { pos: from, button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed: true, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        // Keep capture even when both the pointer and image leave the sheet entirely.
+        h.event(Event::PointerMoved(from - vec2(400.0, 0.0)));
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        assert!(fields(&h, id)["left"].as_f64().unwrap() < -1.0);
+        h.event(Event::PointerMoved(from + vec2(12.0, 12.0)));
+        h.run_steps(2);
+        assert!(fields(&h, id)["left"].as_f64().unwrap() > -0.5);
+        h.event(Event::PointerButton { pos: from + vec2(12.0, 12.0), button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed: false, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
+        h.run_steps(1);
+        click(&mut h, "Center");
+        let centered = photocraft_engine::print_cmds::layout(&h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc, &Value::Object(fields(&h, id)), "file.print").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(fields(&h, id)["center"], true);
+        assert!((centered.rect.0 - (centered.paper.0 - centered.rect.2) / 2.0).abs() < 1e-9);
+        assert!((centered.rect.1 - (centered.paper.1 - centered.rect.3) / 2.0).abs() < 1e-9);
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn custom_paper_ui_edits_reach_preview_and_pdf_and_restore_when_reopened() {
     let (mut app, id) = app();
@@ -118,8 +208,8 @@ fn remembered_custom_paper_is_shown_without_becoming_a_preset() {
     app.ui.dialog_mut(id).unwrap().fields.insert("paper".into(), json!([432.0, 576.0]));
     let h = harness(app);
     assert!(shown(&h, "Custom"), "an array paper size must not display as letter");
-    assert!(shown(&h, "Paper Width"));
-    assert!(shown(&h, "Paper Height"));
+    assert!(h.query_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton, "Paper Width").is_some());
+    assert!(h.query_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton, "Paper Height").is_some());
     assert_eq!(fields(&h, id)["paper"], json!([432.0, 576.0]));
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/display_shadows.rs b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/display_shadows.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/ui-egui/tests/display_shadows.rs
rename to crates/ui-egui/tests/it/display_shadows.rs
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/drag_preview_canvas.rs b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/drag_preview_canvas.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/ui-egui/tests/drag_preview_canvas.rs
rename to crates/ui-egui/tests/it/drag_preview_canvas.rs
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/export_as_scaling.rs b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/export_as_scaling.rs
similarity index 88%
rename from crates/ui-egui/tests/export_as_scaling.rs
rename to crates/ui-egui/tests/it/export_as_scaling.rs
index c984f11447..fb14ebee4f 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/tests/export_as_scaling.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/export_as_scaling.rs
@@ -90,15 +90,9 @@ fn export_as_scales_a_narrow_image_without_editing_the_source() {
         let ctx = h.ctx.clone();
         menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "file.export.exportAs", json!({})).expect("open Export As");
         h.run_steps(6);
-        let label = h.get_by_label("Scale").rect();
-        let field = h
-            .query_all_by_role(egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton)
-            .find(|n| {
-                let r = n.rect();
-                r.left() >= label.right() && r.left() < label.right() + 100.0 && (r.center().y - label.center().y).abs() < 3.0
-            })
-            .expect("Scale numeric field");
-        field.click();
+        // The caption is a separate Label node with the same text; the accessible SpinButton
+        // name identifies the actual field.
+        h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton, "Scale").click();
         h.run_steps(2);
         // Clicking a numeric field selects its current value; type through egui's text input.
         h.event(egui::Event::Text("50".into()));
@@ -163,26 +157,12 @@ fn export_as_resample_menu_writes_nearest_neighbor_blocks() {
     menus::invoke(h.state_mut(), &ctx, "file.export.exportAs", json!({})).expect("open Export As");
     h.run_steps(6);
 
-    let label = h.get_by_label("Resample").rect();
-    h.query_all_by_role(egui::accesskit::Role::ComboBox)
-        .find(|n| {
-            let r = n.rect();
-            r.left() >= label.right() && (r.center().y - label.center().y).abs() < 3.0
-        })
-        .expect("Resample dropdown beside its label")
-        .click();
+    h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::ComboBox, "Resample").click();
     h.run_steps(3);
     h.get_by_label("Nearest Neighbor").click();
     h.run_steps(3);
 
-    let label = h.get_by_label("Scale").rect();
-    h.query_all_by_role(egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton)
-        .find(|n| {
-            let r = n.rect();
-            r.left() >= label.right() && r.left() < label.right() + 100.0 && (r.center().y - label.center().y).abs() < 3.0
-        })
-        .expect("Scale numeric field")
-        .click();
+    h.get_by_role_and_label(egui::accesskit::Role::SpinButton, "Scale").click();
     h.run_steps(2);
     h.event(egui::Event::Text("200".into()));
     h.run_steps(3);
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/eyedropper_ring.rs b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/eyedropper_ring.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f93ecf06ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/eyedropper_ring.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+//! #6973: the Eyedropper's sampling ring must read over a flat area of any colour, including one
+//! that matches the ring itself. The ring is Photoshop's large one: an opaque grey outer band with
+//! the sampled colour above and the current one below, framed by thin dark and light hairlines.
+//! These tests render the real app offscreen and read pixels back. They skip when no GPU adapter
+//! is available (like `checker_canvas.rs`).
+
+use egui::{Modifiers, PointerButton, Pos2};
+use photocraft_ui_egui::PhotocraftApp;
+use photocraft_ui_egui::control::{ControlRequest, handle};
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+
+type Harness = egui_kittest::Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>;
+
+/// The ring geometry `eyedropper_ring` draws: outer radius and band width, in points.
+const R_OUT: i32 = 105;
+const BAND: i32 = 17;
+/// The flat mid-grey the document is filled with: exactly the ring's own grey, the worst case.
+const BG: u8 = 0x7f;
+
+fn harness() -> Option<Harness> {
+    let built = std::panic::catch_unwind(|| {
+        egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(1400.0, 800.0)).with_pixels_per_point(1.0).with_max_steps(64).wgpu().build_eframe(|cc| {
+            PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&cc.egui_ctx, Default::default());
+            let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+            if let Some(rs) = cc.wgpu_render_state.as_ref() {
+                app.set_wgpu(rs.clone());
+            }
+            app
+        })
+    });
+    match built {
+        Ok(h) => Some(h),
+        Err(_) => {
+            eprintln!("skipping: no GPU adapter");
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn control(h: &mut Harness, method: &str, params: Value) {
+    let ctx = h.ctx.clone();
+    let (req, _rx) = ControlRequest::new(method, params);
+    handle(h.state_mut(), &ctx, &req);
+    h.run_steps(3);
+}
+
+/// A 400 × 400 flat mid-grey document, the Eyedropper active and centred in the view.
+fn setup(h: &mut Harness) -> Pos2 {
+    {
+        let app = h.state_mut();
+        while app.session.active().is_some() {
+            app.run("file.close", json!({"discard": true})).expect("close");
+        }
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 400, "height": 400, "background": "white"})).expect("new");
+        app.run("edit.fill", json!({"color": format!("#{BG:02x}{BG:02x}{BG:02x}")})).expect("fill");
+        app.sync_views();
+    }
+    control(h, "ui.set", json!({"tool": "eyedropper", "zoom": 1.0, "center": [200.0, 200.0]}));
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    let r = h.state().last_canvas_rect;
+    r.center()
+}
+
+fn pointer_at(h: &mut Harness, p: Pos2) {
+    h.event(egui::Event::PointerMoved(p));
+    h.step();
+}
+
+fn button_at(h: &mut Harness, p: Pos2, pressed: bool) {
+    h.event(egui::Event::PointerButton { pos: p, button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
+    h.step();
+}
+
+/// A rendered screen.
+struct Shot {
+    w: u32,
+    px: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl Shot {
+    fn at(&self, x: i32, y: i32) -> [u8; 4] {
+        let i = ((y.max(0) as u32 * self.w + x.max(0) as u32) * 4) as usize;
+        [self.px[i], self.px[i + 1], self.px[i + 2], self.px[i + 3]]
+    }
+}
+
+fn shot(h: &mut Harness) -> Shot {
+    let rendered = h.render().expect("render");
+    Shot { w: rendered.width(), px: rendered.into_raw() }
+}
+
+/// The largest channel difference from the flat document grey.
+fn off_bg(p: [u8; 4]) -> i32 {
+    [p[0], p[1], p[2]].iter().map(|v| (*v as i32 - BG as i32).abs()).max().unwrap_or(0)
+}
+
+/// Walking out from the centre along `-y`, the first pixel above the ring's outer edge that
+/// differs from the background: the ring's outer hairline. `None` when nothing does within the
+/// band's neighbourhood, i.e. the ring is invisible over the flat grey.
+fn outer_edge_reads(img: &Shot, c: Pos2) -> bool {
+    let (cx, cy) = (c.x as i32, c.y as i32);
+    // The hairlines sit at r_out + 0.5 and + 1.5 px; scan a little either side of them.
+    (R_OUT - 2..R_OUT + 4).any(|d| off_bg(img.at(cx, cy - d)) >= 30)
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn ring_reads_over_a_flat_area_of_its_own_colour() {
+    let _gpu = photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock();
+    let Some(mut h) = harness() else { return };
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    let c = setup(&mut h);
+    pointer_at(&mut h, c);
+    button_at(&mut h, c, true);
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    let img = shot(&mut h);
+    // The old 22 pt ring left nothing at this radius; the hairlines must not.
+    assert!(outer_edge_reads(&img, c), "the ring's outer edge is invisible over a flat mid-grey");
+    // And the inner edge, where the transparent centre meets the coloured band.
+    let r_in = R_OUT - 2 * BAND;
+    let (cx, cy) = (c.x as i32, c.y as i32);
+    assert!((r_in - 3..r_in + 2).any(|d| off_bg(img.at(cx, cy - d)) >= 30), "the ring's inner edge is invisible over a flat mid-grey");
+    // The pipette stays visible at the centre, marking the sampled pixel.
+    let pipette = (-12..12).any(|dy| (-12..12).any(|dx| off_bg(img.at(cx + dx, cy + dy)) >= 30));
+    assert!(pipette, "no pipette drawn at the ring's centre");
+    button_at(&mut h, c, false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn show_sampling_ring_off_draws_nothing() {
+    let _gpu = photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock();
+    let Some(mut h) = harness() else { return };
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    let c = setup(&mut h);
+    control(&mut h, "ui.set", json!({"eyedropperRing": false}));
+    pointer_at(&mut h, c);
+    button_at(&mut h, c, true);
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    let img = shot(&mut h);
+    let (cx, cy) = (c.x as i32, c.y as i32);
+    // Nothing of the ring: the whole ring neighbourhood is the flat document grey, apart from the
+    // pipette cursor the tool draws at the pointer anyway.
+    let quiet = (R_OUT - 2..R_OUT + 4).all(|d| off_bg(img.at(cx, cy - d)) < 30) && (R_OUT - 2..R_OUT + 4).all(|d| off_bg(img.at(cx, cy + d)) < 30);
+    assert!(quiet, "the ring is drawn although Show Sampling Ring is off");
+    button_at(&mut h, c, false);
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/full_res_preview.rs b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/full_res_preview.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/ui-egui/tests/full_res_preview.rs
rename to crates/ui-egui/tests/it/full_res_preview.rs
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/gpu_device_loss.rs b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/gpu_device_loss.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/ui-egui/tests/gpu_device_loss.rs
rename to crates/ui-egui/tests/it/gpu_device_loss.rs
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/layout_perf.rs b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/layout_perf.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from crates/ui-egui/tests/layout_perf.rs
rename to crates/ui-egui/tests/it/layout_perf.rs
index fb17833e18..2b5cf73bf1 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/tests/layout_perf.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/layout_perf.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 //! nothing and hiding one recomposites only its area; and the GPU compositor (which composites
 //! small layers over their bounds only) matches the CPU reference on the whole document.
 
-#[path = "support/layout_doc.rs"]
+#[path = "../support/layout_doc.rs"]
 mod layout_doc;
 
 use egui::{Event, Modifiers, PointerButton, Pos2};
@@ -220,6 +220,7 @@ fn the_move_preview_is_what_the_move_commits() {
 
 #[test]
 fn layout_document_composites_on_the_gpu_like_the_cpu() {
+    let _gpu = photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock();
     use eframe::wgpu;
     fn block_on<F: std::future::Future>(f: F) -> F::Output {
         let mut cx = std::task::Context::from_waker(std::task::Waker::noop());
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/live_stroke_canvas.rs b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/live_stroke_canvas.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/ui-egui/tests/live_stroke_canvas.rs
rename to crates/ui-egui/tests/it/live_stroke_canvas.rs
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/main.rs b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2c90cf7981
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+//! The crate's integration tests, linked into one test binary.
+
+mod adjust_preview_gpu;
+mod arbitrary_rotation_preview;
+mod batch_export_options;
+mod camera_raw_histogram;
+mod camera_raw_localization;
+mod camera_raw_scope;
+mod camera_raw_zoom;
+mod canvas_16f;
+mod checker_canvas;
+mod color_managed_canvas;
+mod crop_beyond_canvas;
+mod crop_default_mode;
+mod crop_popup_keys;
+mod custom_print_paper;
+mod display_shadows;
+mod drag_preview_canvas;
+mod export_as_scaling;
+mod eyedropper_ring;
+mod full_res_preview;
+mod gpu_device_loss;
+mod layout_perf;
+mod live_stroke_canvas;
+mod marching_ants_pixels;
+mod marquee_autoscroll;
+mod paint_bucket_all_layers;
+mod pattern_preview_canvas;
+mod radial_blur_center;
+mod remove_channel_target;
+mod system_locale;
+mod ui_scale_canvas;
+mod variables_data_sets;
+mod workspace_presets;
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/marching_ants_pixels.rs b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/marching_ants_pixels.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c790050612
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/marching_ants_pixels.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+//! #7489: the marching ants are drawn in device pixels, the same on every edge, at any display
+//! scale, as Photoshop draws them.
+//!
+//! The ants were snapped to the middle of an egui point and drawn one point wide. At 125 % or
+//! 150 % a point is not a whole number of pixels, so one edge of a rectangle came out 2 px wide
+//! and the next 1 px, and the dashes 5 px long here and 4 px there. Photoshop draws them on the
+//! screen's own pixels: black and white dashes, every edge as thick as every other, thicker on a
+//! scaled display, the dash pattern running diagonally across the screen so a 2 px line's dashes
+//! end on a slant.
+//!
+//! These tests render a committed rectangular selection with the real app offscreen on wgpu and
+//! read the pixels along each edge. They skip when no GPU adapter exists.
+
+use photocraft_ui_egui::PhotocraftApp;
+use photocraft_ui_egui::canvas::ViewXform;
+use photocraft_ui_egui::control::{ControlRequest, handle};
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
+
+type Harness = egui_kittest::Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp>;
+
+/// A rendered frame: RGBA8, physical pixels.
+struct Image {
+    w: u32,
+    h: u32,
+    px: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl Image {
+    /// Luma of pixel `(x, y)`, or `None` off the frame.
+    fn luma(&self, x: i64, y: i64) -> Option<u8> {
+        if x < 0 || y < 0 || x >= i64::from(self.w) || y >= i64::from(self.h) {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let i = (y as usize * self.w as usize + x as usize) * 4;
+        let p = self.px.get(i..i + 3)?;
+        Some(((u16::from(p[0]) * 3 + u16::from(p[1]) * 6 + u16::from(p[2])) / 10) as u8)
+    }
+}
+
+/// The app on an offscreen wgpu harness, or `None` when no GPU adapter exists. Only a panic
+/// before the app callback runs (creating the adapter) is a skip; one from the app's own setup
+/// fails the test rather than passing it untested.
+fn harness(ppp: f32) -> Option<Harness> {
+    let started = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+    let started_in = Arc::clone(&started);
+    let built = std::panic::catch_unwind(move || {
+        egui_kittest::Harness::builder().with_size(egui::vec2(900.0, 640.0)).with_pixels_per_point(ppp).with_max_steps(64).wgpu().build_eframe(move |cc| {
+            started_in.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
+            PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&cc.egui_ctx, Default::default());
+            let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+            if let Some(rs) = cc.wgpu_render_state.as_ref() {
+                app.set_wgpu(rs.clone());
+            }
+            app
+        })
+    });
+    match built {
+        Ok(h) => Some(h),
+        Err(payload) if started.load(Ordering::SeqCst) => std::panic::resume_unwind(payload),
+        Err(_) => {
+            eprintln!("skipping: no GPU adapter");
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn control(h: &mut Harness, method: &str, params: Value) {
+    let ctx = h.ctx.clone();
+    let (req, _rx) = ControlRequest::new(method, params);
+    handle(h.state_mut(), &ctx, &req);
+    h.run_steps(3);
+}
+
+/// A fresh 400 × 300 document in `background` at 100 % with the rectangle `r` selected.
+fn setup(h: &mut Harness, background: &str, r: [i32; 4]) {
+    {
+        let app = h.state_mut();
+        while app.session.active().is_some() {
+            app.run("file.close", json!({"discard": true})).expect("close");
+        }
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 400, "height": 300, "background": background})).expect("new");
+        app.sync_views();
+        app.ui.extras.rulers = false;
+        app.run("select.rect", json!({"x": r[0], "y": r[1], "width": r[2] - r[0], "height": r[3] - r[1]})).expect("select");
+    }
+    control(h, "ui.set", json!({"tool": "rectMarquee", "zoom": 1.0, "center": [200, 150]}));
+    h.run_steps(3);
+}
+
+fn render(h: &mut Harness) -> Image {
+    let img = h.render().expect("render");
+    Image { w: img.width(), h: img.height(), px: img.into_raw() }
+}
+
+/// Device pixel of document point `(x, y)`.
+fn device(h: &Harness, ppp: f32, x: f32, y: f32) -> (i64, i64) {
+    let p = ViewXform::active(h.state()).expect("an active document view").to_screen(x, y) * ppp;
+    (p.x.round() as i64, p.y.round() as i64)
+}
+
+/// One edge of the outline as seen on screen: for every device pixel along its middle, the
+/// pixels across it (±6) that are dark.
+struct Edge {
+    /// Dark pixels across the edge at each step along it.
+    across: Vec<Vec<i64>>,
+    /// Pixels in the band that are neither black nor white (antialiasing grey).
+    greys: usize,
+}
+
+/// Scan the edge from device pixel `a` to `b` (one of x or y shared), skipping 12 px at each end.
+fn scan(img: &Image, a: (i64, i64), b: (i64, i64)) -> Edge {
+    let vertical = a.0 == b.0;
+    let (lo, hi) = if vertical { (a.1.min(b.1), a.1.max(b.1)) } else { (a.0.min(b.0), a.0.max(b.0)) };
+    let mut across = Vec::new();
+    let mut greys = 0;
+    for t in lo + 12..hi - 12 {
+        let mut dark = Vec::new();
+        for o in -6..=6 {
+            let (x, y) = if vertical { (a.0 + o, t) } else { (t, a.1 + o) };
+            let l = img.luma(x, y).unwrap_or(255);
+            if l < 64 {
+                dark.push(o);
+            }
+            if (24..232).contains(&l) {
+                greys += 1;
+            }
+        }
+        across.push(dark);
+    }
+    Edge { across, greys }
+}
+
+/// The line is `w` px thick on every edge, crisp, with dashes of 4·w px.
+#[test]
+fn every_edge_is_equally_thick_at_any_display_scale() {
+    let _gpu = photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock();
+    for ppp in [1.0f32, 1.25, 1.5, 2.0] {
+        let Some(mut h) = harness(ppp) else { return };
+        h.run_steps(4);
+        // Edges at odd and even document columns, so a fractional scale lands them at different
+        // fractions of a pixel.
+        let r = [101, 60, 203, 241];
+        setup(&mut h, "white", r);
+        let img = render(&mut h);
+        let w = ppp.ceil() as usize;
+        let [x0, y0, x1, y1] = r.map(|v| v as f32);
+        let (tl, tr, br, bl) = (device(&h, ppp, x0, y0), device(&h, ppp, x1, y0), device(&h, ppp, x1, y1), device(&h, ppp, x0, y1));
+        let sides = [("top", (tl, tr)), ("right", (tr, br)), ("bottom", (bl, br)), ("left", (tl, bl))];
+        let edges: Vec<(&str, Edge)> = sides.iter().map(|&(name, (a, b))| (name, scan(&img, a, b))).collect();
+        // The bug: at 125 % one edge came out 2 px thick and the next 1 px.
+        let thickest: Vec<(&str, usize)> = edges.iter().map(|(name, e)| (*name, e.across.iter().map(Vec::len).max().unwrap_or(0))).collect();
+        assert!(thickest.iter().all(|t| t.1 == thickest[0].1), "@{ppp}x: every edge as thick as the others: {thickest:?}");
+        for (name, e) in edges {
+            assert_eq!(e.greys, 0, "@{ppp}x {name}: the ants are crisp black and white");
+            let thick: Vec<usize> = e.across.iter().map(Vec::len).filter(|&n| n > 0).collect();
+            assert!(!thick.is_empty(), "@{ppp}x {name}: the edge shows");
+            // Where a dash covers every row across the line it is exactly `w` thick; at a dash's
+            // slanted end only some of them are dark.
+            let max = thick.iter().copied().max().unwrap_or(0);
+            assert_eq!(max, w, "@{ppp}x {name}: {w} px thick, got {thick:?}");
+            // Half the line is black: dashes and gaps of 4·w px each.
+            let dark: usize = e.across.iter().map(Vec::len).sum();
+            let frac = dark as f32 / (e.across.len() * w) as f32;
+            assert!((0.45..=0.55).contains(&frac), "@{ppp}x {name}: {frac:.2} of the line is black");
+            // Along any one row of the line, black runs are 4·w px long.
+            let rows: std::collections::BTreeSet<i64> = e.across.iter().flatten().copied().collect();
+            for row in rows {
+                let on: Vec<bool> = e.across.iter().map(|d| d.contains(&row)).collect();
+                let mut runs = Vec::new();
+                let mut n = 0;
+                for (i, &b) in on.iter().enumerate() {
+                    if b {
+                        n += 1;
+                    }
+                    if (!b || i + 1 == on.len()) && n > 0 {
+                        runs.push(n);
+                        n = 0;
+                    }
+                }
+                // The first and last run may be cut by the scan's ends.
+                let inner = runs.get(1..runs.len().saturating_sub(1)).unwrap_or(&[]);
+                assert!(inner.iter().all(|&n| n == 4 * w), "@{ppp}x {name} row {row}: dashes {runs:?}, want {} px", 4 * w);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// On black the white dashes show, between black ones.
+#[test]
+fn the_ants_alternate_black_and_white() {
+    let _gpu = photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock();
+    let Some(mut h) = harness(1.0) else { return };
+    h.run_steps(4);
+    let r = [100, 60, 200, 240];
+    setup(&mut h, "black", r);
+    let img = render(&mut h);
+    let (a, b) = (device(&h, 1.0, 100.0, 60.0), device(&h, 1.0, 200.0, 60.0));
+    let mut bright = 0;
+    let mut n = 0;
+    for x in a.0 + 12..b.0 - 12 {
+        n += 1;
+        bright += usize::from((-2..=2).any(|o| img.luma(x, a.1 + o).is_some_and(|l| l > 230)));
+    }
+    let frac = bright as f32 / n as f32;
+    assert!((0.4..=0.6).contains(&frac), "{frac:.2} of the top edge is white on black");
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/marquee_autoscroll.rs b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/marquee_autoscroll.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from crates/ui-egui/tests/marquee_autoscroll.rs
rename to crates/ui-egui/tests/it/marquee_autoscroll.rs
index 2fc5772604..ab5b6f6bb5 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/tests/marquee_autoscroll.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/marquee_autoscroll.rs
@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ fn selection(h: &Harness) -> Option<[i32; 4]> {
 
 #[test]
 fn marquee_dragged_past_the_right_edge_scrolls_and_selects_beyond_the_view() {
+    let _gpu = photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock();
     let Some(mut h) = harness() else { return };
     setup(&mut h, "rectMarquee");
     let start = xf(&h);
@@ -121,6 +122,7 @@ fn marquee_dragged_past_the_right_edge_scrolls_and_selects_beyond_the_view() {
 
 #[test]
 fn a_drag_inside_the_canvas_does_not_scroll() {
+    let _gpu = photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock();
     let Some(mut h) = harness() else { return };
     setup(&mut h, "rectMarquee");
     let start = xf(&h);
@@ -139,6 +141,7 @@ fn a_drag_inside_the_canvas_does_not_scroll() {
 
 #[test]
 fn rotated_marquee_scrolls_on_the_axis_that_is_visibly_clipped() {
+    let _gpu = photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock();
     let Some(mut h) = harness_with_size(egui::vec2(1200.0, 640.0)) else { return };
     setup(&mut h, "rectMarquee");
     let rect = xf(&h).rect;
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/paint_bucket_all_layers.rs b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/paint_bucket_all_layers.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/ui-egui/tests/paint_bucket_all_layers.rs
rename to crates/ui-egui/tests/it/paint_bucket_all_layers.rs
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/pattern_preview_canvas.rs b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/pattern_preview_canvas.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from crates/ui-egui/tests/pattern_preview_canvas.rs
rename to crates/ui-egui/tests/it/pattern_preview_canvas.rs
index 627bbddaa2..aef11c00dd 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/tests/pattern_preview_canvas.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/pattern_preview_canvas.rs
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ fn near(a: [u8; 3], b: [u8; 3]) -> bool {
 
 #[test]
 fn pattern_preview_repeats_the_document_on_gpu_and_cpu_canvases() {
+    let _gpu = photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock();
     let Some(mut h) = harness() else { return };
     let app = h.state_mut();
     app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 200, "height": 100, "mode": "rgb", "depth": 8})).expect("new");
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/radial_blur_center.rs b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/radial_blur_center.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8fc14ab7c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/radial_blur_center.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+//! Radial Blur's Zoom diagram shares the dialog's centre coordinates with its sliders,
+//! numeric fields, automation, preview and final command. Uses the real dialog through
+//! the public app/control APIs, like custom_print_paper.rs; no GPU adapter is needed.
+
+use egui::{Event, Key, Modifiers, PointerButton, Pos2, Rect, Shape, Vec2, accesskit::Role, pos2, vec2};
+use egui_kittest::{Harness, kittest::Queryable};
+use photocraft_ui_egui::{
+    PhotocraftApp,
+    control::{ControlRequest, Outcome, handle},
+    dialogs, filter_dialog, i18n,
+    theme::ThemeKind,
+};
+use serde_json::{Map, Value, json};
+
+const COMMAND: &str = "filter.blur.radialBlur";
+
+fn harness() -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
+    themed_harness(ThemeKind::Pro, vec2(1000.0, 800.0))
+}
+
+fn themed_harness(theme: ThemeKind, size: Vec2) -> Harness<'static, PhotocraftApp> {
+    let mut app = PhotocraftApp::new(photocraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+    app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 32, "height": 32})).unwrap();
+    app.run("paint.stroke", json!({"points": [[8, 8, 1]], "size": 4, "color": "#ff8000"})).unwrap();
+    let mut h = Harness::builder().with_size(size).build_ui_state(
+        |ui, app| {
+            let _language = i18n::language_scope(i18n::Lang::EN);
+            dialogs::show(app, ui.ctx());
+        },
+        app,
+    );
+    PhotocraftApp::setup_context(&h.ctx, theme);
+    control(&mut h, "ui.menu.invoke", json!({"id": COMMAND}));
+    let id = h.state().ui.dialogs.last().unwrap().id;
+    control(&mut h, "ui.dialog.set", json!({"dialog": id, "field": "method", "value": "zoom"}));
+    h
+}
+
+fn control(h: &mut Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, method: &str, params: Value) {
+    let ctx = h.ctx.clone();
+    let (request, _rx) = ControlRequest::new(method, params);
+    let result = handle(h.state_mut(), &ctx, &request);
+    assert!(matches!(result, Outcome::Done(v) if v["ok"] == true), "{method} succeeds");
+    h.run_steps(3);
+}
+
+fn fields<'a>(h: &'a Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>) -> &'a Map<String, Value> {
+    &h.state().ui.dialogs.last().unwrap().fields
+}
+
+fn center(h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>) -> [f64; 2] {
+    [fields(h)["centerX"].as_f64().unwrap(), fields(h)["centerY"].as_f64().unwrap()]
+}
+
+fn diagram(h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>) -> Rect {
+    h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::Slider, "Center").rect()
+}
+
+fn pointer(h: &mut Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, pos: Pos2, pressed: bool) {
+    h.event(Event::PointerMoved(pos));
+    h.event(Event::PointerButton { pos, button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE });
+    h.step();
+}
+
+fn click(h: &mut Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, x: f32, y: f32) {
+    let plot = diagram(h).shrink(4.0);
+    let pos = plot.min + vec2(x, y) * plot.size();
+    pointer(h, pos, true);
+    pointer(h, pos, false);
+    h.run_steps(2);
+}
+
+fn marker(shape: &Shape, rect: Rect) -> Option<Pos2> {
+    match shape {
+        Shape::Circle(c) if c.radius == 3.0 && rect.contains(c.center) => Some(c.center),
+        Shape::Vec(shapes) => shapes.iter().find_map(|s| marker(s, rect)),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn assert_marker(h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>, x: f32, y: f32) {
+    let rect = diagram(h);
+    let plot = rect.shrink(4.0);
+    let expected = plot.min + vec2(x, y) * plot.size();
+    let actual = h.output().shapes.iter().find_map(|s| marker(&s.shape, rect)).expect("painted centre marker");
+    assert!(actual.distance(expected) < 0.1, "marker at {actual:?}, expected {expected:?}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn clicks_and_drags_update_both_coordinates_and_clamp_at_the_edges() {
+    let mut h = harness();
+    click(&mut h, 0.25, 0.75);
+    assert_eq!(center(&h), [0.25, 0.75]);
+    assert_marker(&h, 0.25, 0.75);
+    let plot = diagram(&h).shrink(4.0);
+    pointer(&mut h, plot.min + plot.size() * 0.5, true);
+    assert_eq!(center(&h), [0.5, 0.5], "the press itself moves the centre");
+    for (point, expected) in [(vec2(0.8, 0.2), [0.8, 0.2]), (vec2(1.4, -0.4), [1.0, 0.0]), (vec2(-0.4, 1.4), [0.0, 1.0])] {
+        h.event(Event::PointerMoved(plot.min + plot.size() * point));
+        h.step();
+        assert_eq!(center(&h), expected, "updates during the drag, before release");
+        assert_marker(&h, expected[0] as f32, expected[1] as f32);
+    }
+    pointer(&mut h, plot.left_bottom(), false);
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    assert_eq!(center(&h), [0.0, 1.0]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn slider_and_numeric_edits_move_the_diagram() {
+    let mut h = harness();
+    let slider = h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::Slider, "Center X").rect();
+    let at = |fraction| pos2(slider.left() + 7.0 + (slider.width() - 14.0) * fraction, slider.center().y);
+    pointer(&mut h, at(0.15), true);
+    h.event(Event::PointerMoved(at(0.8)));
+    h.step();
+    pointer(&mut h, at(0.8), false);
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    assert_eq!(center(&h), [0.8, 0.5]);
+    assert_marker(&h, 0.8, 0.5);
+    h.get_all_by_role(Role::SpinButton).nth(2).expect("Center Y numeric field").click();
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    h.key_press_modifiers(Modifiers::COMMAND, Key::A);
+    h.event(Event::Text("0.23".into()));
+    h.key_press(Key::Tab);
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    assert_eq!(center(&h), [0.8, 0.23]);
+    assert_marker(&h, 0.8, 0.23);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn keyboard_steps_and_automation_share_the_diagram_coordinates() {
+    let mut h = harness();
+    click(&mut h, 1.0, 0.0);
+    h.key_press(Key::ArrowRight);
+    h.key_press(Key::ArrowUp);
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    assert_eq!(center(&h), [1.0, 0.0]);
+    h.key_press(Key::ArrowLeft);
+    h.key_press(Key::ArrowDown);
+    h.run_steps(2);
+    assert_eq!(center(&h), [0.99, 0.01]);
+    let id = h.state().ui.dialogs.last().unwrap().id;
+    for (field, value) in [("centerX", 0.12), ("centerY", 0.87)] {
+        control(&mut h, "ui.dialog.set", json!({"dialog": id, "field": field, "value": value}));
+    }
+    h.run_steps(3);
+    assert_marker(&h, 0.12, 0.87);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn only_zoom_has_the_diagram_and_switching_methods_keeps_the_center() {
+    let mut h = harness();
+    click(&mut h, 0.2, 0.7);
+    for method in ["spin", "zoom"] {
+        h.state_mut().ui.dialogs.last_mut().unwrap().fields.insert("method".into(), json!(method));
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        assert_eq!(h.query_by_role_and_label(Role::Slider, "Center").is_some(), method == "zoom");
+        let [x, y] = center(&h);
+        assert!((x - 0.2).abs() < 1e-6 && (y - 0.7).abs() < 1e-6);
+        assert_eq!(h.get_all_by_role(Role::SpinButton).count(), 3, "no duplicated centre controls");
+    }
+    let id = h.state().ui.dialogs.last().unwrap().id;
+    control(&mut h, "ui.dialog.cancel", json!({"dialog": id}));
+    control(&mut h, "ui.menu.invoke", json!({"id": "filter.blur.gaussianBlur"}));
+    assert!(h.query_by_role_and_label(Role::Slider, "Center").is_none(), "other filters keep their existing controls");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn editing_the_diagram_is_only_a_preview_until_confirmed() {
+    let mut h = harness();
+    let revision = h.state().session.active().unwrap().revision;
+    click(&mut h, 0.25, 0.75);
+    assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().revision, revision);
+    let before = h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc.clone();
+    let params = filter_dialog::params_of(fields(&h));
+    let active_layer = h.state().session.active().unwrap().active_layer;
+    let expected = filter_dialog::preview_document(&before, active_layer, COMMAND, &params, 1).unwrap();
+    let id = h.state().ui.dialogs.last().unwrap().id;
+    control(&mut h, "ui.dialog.confirm", json!({"dialog": id}));
+    let actual = &h.state().session.active().unwrap().doc;
+    assert_eq!(photocraft_compose::render(actual, actual.bounds()), photocraft_compose::render(&expected, expected.bounds()));
+    assert!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().revision > revision);
+    control(&mut h, "ui.menu.invoke", json!({"id": COMMAND}));
+    let id = h.state().ui.dialogs.last().unwrap().id;
+    let revision = h.state().session.active().unwrap().revision;
+    click(&mut h, 0.8, 0.2);
+    control(&mut h, "ui.dialog.cancel", json!({"dialog": id}));
+    assert_eq!(h.state().session.active().unwrap().revision, revision);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn hostile_coordinates_are_bounded_before_drawing() {
+    let mut h = harness();
+    for (x, y, expected) in [(json!(1e100), json!(-1e100), [1.0, 0.0]), (json!("invalid"), Value::Null, [0.5, 0.5])] {
+        let fields = &mut h.state_mut().ui.dialogs.last_mut().unwrap().fields;
+        fields.insert("centerX".into(), x);
+        fields.insert("centerY".into(), y);
+        h.run_steps(3);
+        assert_eq!(center(&h), expected);
+        assert_marker(&h, expected[0] as f32, expected[1] as f32);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn diagram_and_sliders_fit_every_theme_and_amount_changes_the_rays() {
+    for theme in ThemeKind::ALL {
+        for width in [560.0, 1000.0] {
+            let mut h = themed_harness(theme, vec2(width, 800.0));
+            click(&mut h, 0.25, 0.75);
+            let diagram = h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::Slider, "Center").rect();
+            let viewport = Rect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, vec2(width, 800.0));
+            assert!(viewport.contains_rect(diagram), "{theme:?}: the diagram fits at {width} pt");
+            for label in ["Center X", "Center Y"] {
+                let slider = h.get_by_role_and_label(Role::Slider, label).rect();
+                assert!(slider.left() > diagram.right(), "{theme:?}: {label} is beside the diagram");
+                assert!(viewport.contains_rect(slider), "{theme:?}: {label} fits at {width} pt");
+            }
+            let rays = |h: &Harness<'_, PhotocraftApp>| {
+                h.output()
+                    .shapes
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter_map(|s| match &s.shape {
+                        Shape::LineSegment { points, .. } if points.iter().all(|p| diagram.contains(*p)) => Some(*points),
+                        _ => None,
+                    })
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+            };
+            let before = rays(&h);
+            assert!(!before.is_empty(), "the diagram paints the streaks");
+            let id = h.state().ui.dialogs.last().unwrap().id;
+            control(&mut h, "ui.dialog.set", json!({"dialog": id, "field": "amount", "value": 75}));
+            assert_ne!(before, rays(&h), "Amount changes the schematic streaks");
+            assert_eq!(center(&h), [0.25, 0.75]);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/remove_channel_target.rs b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/remove_channel_target.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/ui-egui/tests/remove_channel_target.rs
rename to crates/ui-egui/tests/it/remove_channel_target.rs
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/system_locale.rs b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/system_locale.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/ui-egui/tests/system_locale.rs
rename to crates/ui-egui/tests/it/system_locale.rs
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/ui_scale_canvas.rs b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/ui_scale_canvas.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/ui-egui/tests/ui_scale_canvas.rs
rename to crates/ui-egui/tests/it/ui_scale_canvas.rs
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/variables_data_sets.rs b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/variables_data_sets.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/ui-egui/tests/variables_data_sets.rs
rename to crates/ui-egui/tests/it/variables_data_sets.rs
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/workspace_presets.rs b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/workspace_presets.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from crates/ui-egui/tests/workspace_presets.rs
rename to crates/ui-egui/tests/it/workspace_presets.rs
index 1e6fc335e3..a26006f328 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/tests/workspace_presets.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/tests/it/workspace_presets.rs
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fn presets_select_expected_panels_and_reset_every_dock_group() {
         app.ui.panels.character = !app.ui.panels.character;
         app.ui.panels.navigator = !app.ui.panels.navigator;
         app.ui.timeline.open = !timeline;
-        app.ui.dock.move_group(Group::Layers, Some(Group::Color));
+        app.ui.dock.order = vec![Group::Layers, Group::Color];
         app.ui.dock.set_collapsed(Group::Layers, true);
         app.ui.dock.heights.insert(Group::Properties, 99.0);
         app.ui.dock_tabs.color = 2;
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ fn custom_workspaces_restore_timeline_visibility_and_dock_after_presets() {
     let mut app = app();
     for (name, suffix) in [("Custom still", "pixelArt"), ("Custom motion", "motion")] {
         select(&mut app, suffix);
-        app.ui.dock.move_group(Group::Navigator, Some(Group::Color));
+        app.ui.dock.order = vec![Group::Navigator, Group::Color];
         app.ui.dock_tabs.color = 1;
         app.ui.dock.set_collapsed(Group::Properties, true);
         let expected = layout(&app);
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/tests/support/layout_doc.rs b/crates/ui-egui/tests/support/layout_doc.rs
index f79523d505..a36acfc604 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/tests/support/layout_doc.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/tests/support/layout_doc.rs
@@ -97,6 +97,7 @@ fn gradient_overlay(a: [f32; 3], b: [f32; 3]) -> Effect {
         common: FxCommon::new(BlendMode::Normal, 0.6),
         gradient: Gradient { stops: vec![(0.0, Color::rgb(a[0], a[1], a[2])), (1.0, Color::rgb(b[0], b[1], b[2]))], angle: 90.0, ..Default::default() },
         dither: false,
+        interpolation: None,
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/vector/src/lib.rs b/crates/vector/src/lib.rs
index ac5fe8aad5..d6c21e3ac3 100644
--- a/crates/vector/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/vector/src/lib.rs
@@ -156,11 +156,14 @@ fn tile_bands(r: Rect) -> Vec<Rect> {
     if r.is_empty() {
         return out;
     }
-    let mut y = r.y0.div_euclid(TILE_SIZE) * TILE_SIZE;
-    while y < r.y1 {
-        let band = Rect::new(r.x0, y.max(r.y0), r.x1, (y + TILE_SIZE).min(r.y1));
+    let step = i64::from(TILE_SIZE);
+    let (y0, y1) = (i64::from(r.y0), i64::from(r.y1));
+    let mut y = y0.div_euclid(step) * step;
+    while y < y1 {
+        let next = (y + step).min(y1);
+        let band = Rect::new(r.x0, y.max(y0) as i32, r.x1, next as i32);
         out.push(band);
-        y += TILE_SIZE;
+        y = next;
     }
     out
 }
@@ -170,9 +173,15 @@ fn tile_bands(r: Rect) -> Vec<Rect> {
 fn band_tiles(band: Rect, data: &[f32], channels: usize, keep: impl Fn(&[f32]) -> bool) -> Vec<(Rect, Vec<f32>)> {
     let w = band.width() as usize;
     let mut out = Vec::new();
-    let mut x = band.x0.div_euclid(TILE_SIZE) * TILE_SIZE;
-    while x < band.x1 {
-        let tr = Rect::new(x.max(band.x0), band.y0, (x + TILE_SIZE).min(band.x1), band.y1);
+    if band.is_empty() {
+        return out;
+    }
+    let step = i64::from(TILE_SIZE);
+    let (x0, x1) = (i64::from(band.x0), i64::from(band.x1));
+    let mut x = x0.div_euclid(step) * step;
+    while x < x1 {
+        let next = (x + step).min(x1);
+        let tr = Rect::new(x.max(x0) as i32, band.y0, next as i32, band.y1);
         let tw = tr.width() as usize;
         let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(tw * tr.height() as usize * channels);
         let mut any = false;
@@ -187,7 +196,7 @@ fn band_tiles(band: Rect, data: &[f32], channels: usize, keep: impl Fn(&[f32]) -
         if any {
             out.push((tr, buf));
         }
-        x += TILE_SIZE;
+        x = next;
     }
     out
 }
@@ -415,15 +424,13 @@ fn sample_color(stops: &[(f32, [f32; 4])], mids: &[f32], t: f32) -> [f32; 4] {
     if t <= first.0 {
         return first.1;
     }
-    for (i, w) in stops.windows(2).enumerate() {
-        let (a, b) = (&w[0], &w[1]);
-        if t <= b.0 {
-            let u = if b.0 > a.0 { (t - a.0) / (b.0 - a.0) } else { 0.0 };
-            let k = midpoint_remap(u, mids.get(i).copied().unwrap_or(0.5));
-            return std::array::from_fn(|ch| a.1[ch] + (b.1[ch] - a.1[ch]) * k);
-        }
-    }
-    last.1
+    // The segment ending at the first stop at or past `t` (bisection: this runs per pixel, and a
+    // gradient can carry any number of stops). Past the last stop, or for a NaN, there is none.
+    let at = stops.partition_point(|s| s.0 < t);
+    let (Some(a), Some(b)) = (at.checked_sub(1).and_then(|k| stops.get(k)), stops.get(at)) else { return last.1 };
+    let u = if b.0 > a.0 { (t - a.0) / (b.0 - a.0) } else { 0.0 };
+    let k = midpoint_remap(u, mids.get(at - 1).copied().unwrap_or(0.5));
+    std::array::from_fn(|ch| a.1[ch] + (b.1[ch] - a.1[ch]) * k)
 }
 
 /// Opacity stops at `t` (stops sorted by location; 1.0 when empty).
@@ -432,13 +439,10 @@ fn sample_opacity(stops: &[(f32, f32)], t: f32) -> f32 {
     if t <= first.0 {
         return first.1;
     }
-    for w in stops.windows(2) {
-        if t <= w[1].0 {
-            let u = if w[1].0 > w[0].0 { (t - w[0].0) / (w[1].0 - w[0].0) } else { 0.0 };
-            return w[0].1 + (w[1].1 - w[0].1) * u;
-        }
-    }
-    last.1
+    let at = stops.partition_point(|s| s.0 < t);
+    let (Some(a), Some(b)) = (at.checked_sub(1).and_then(|k| stops.get(k)), stops.get(at)) else { return last.1 };
+    let u = if b.0 > a.0 { (t - a.0) / (b.0 - a.0) } else { 0.0 };
+    a.1 + (b.1 - a.1) * u
 }
 
 /// Colour and alpha at `t`: colour stops with midpoints, alpha times opacity stops. Mirrors
diff --git a/crates/vector/src/raster.rs b/crates/vector/src/raster.rs
index eb6c4a943b..1b0d5fd49b 100644
--- a/crates/vector/src/raster.rs
+++ b/crates/vector/src/raster.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,11 @@ use photocraft_geom::Rect;
 /// a 16-bit step (7.6e-6), so 8- and 16-bit output is unchanged by dropping it.
 const RESIDUE: f32 = 1e-6;
 
+/// Maximum sub-band cuts within a single pixel row before adjacent cuts are coalesced, and
+/// cumulative edge-evaluation budget per row to prevent quadratic work on degenerate inputs.
+const MAX_ROW_CUTS: usize = 256;
+const MAX_ROW_EDGE_WORK: usize = 262_144;
+
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
 struct Edge {
     x0: f64,
@@ -235,9 +240,36 @@ impl Rasterizer {
             }
             st.cuts.sort_by(f64::total_cmp);
             st.cuts.dedup();
+            if st.cuts.len() > MAX_ROW_CUTS {
+                let step = (st.cuts.len() - 1).div_ceil(MAX_ROW_CUTS - 1);
+                let last = st.cuts[st.cuts.len() - 1];
+                let mut thinned = Vec::with_capacity(MAX_ROW_CUTS);
+                for (idx, &c) in st.cuts.iter().enumerate() {
+                    if idx % step == 0 {
+                        thinned.push(c);
+                    }
+                }
+                if thinned.last().copied() != Some(last) {
+                    thinned.push(last);
+                }
+                st.cuts = thinned;
+            }
+            st.active.sort_unstable_by(|&a, &b| self.edges[a].y0.total_cmp(&self.edges[b].y0));
+            st.sub_active.clear();
+            st.work = 0;
+            let mut next_sub = 0usize;
             let cuts = std::mem::take(&mut st.cuts);
             for c in cuts.windows(2) {
-                self.band(c[0], c[1], rect.x0, &mut st, 0);
+                let (a, b) = (c[0], c[1]);
+                while next_sub < st.active.len() && self.edges[st.active[next_sub]].y0 < b {
+                    let ei = st.active[next_sub];
+                    if self.edges[ei].y1 > a {
+                        st.sub_active.push(ei);
+                    }
+                    next_sub += 1;
+                }
+                st.sub_active.retain(|&ei| self.edges[ei].y1 > a);
+                self.band(a, b, rect.x0, &mut st, 0);
             }
             st.cuts = cuts;
             let row_out = &mut out[row * w..(row + 1) * w];
@@ -259,13 +291,14 @@ impl Rasterizer {
         }
         st.band.clear();
         let mid = 0.5 * (a + b);
-        for &i in &st.active {
+        for &i in &st.sub_active {
             let e = &self.edges[i];
             if e.y0 <= mid && e.y1 >= mid {
                 let (xa, xb) = (e.x_at(a), e.x_at(b));
                 st.band.push(BandEdge { xa, xb, xm: 0.5 * (xa + xb), idx: i as u32 });
             }
         }
+        st.work = st.work.saturating_add(st.band.len());
         if st.band.is_empty() {
             if self.inverted {
                 add_full(&mut st.acc, b - a);
@@ -275,7 +308,7 @@ impl Rasterizer {
         st.band.sort_by(|p, q| p.xm.total_cmp(&q.xm));
         // An inversion of the order at the band's top or bottom means two edges cross inside
         // it: split there so the order is constant in every piece.
-        if depth < 24 {
+        if depth < 24 && st.work < MAX_ROW_EDGE_WORK {
             for k in 1..st.band.len() {
                 let (p, q) = (st.band[k - 1], st.band[k]);
                 let top = p.xa - q.xa;
@@ -330,16 +363,26 @@ struct BandEdge {
 
 struct RowState {
     active: Vec<usize>,
+    sub_active: Vec<usize>,
     cuts: Vec<f64>,
     band: Vec<BandEdge>,
     wind: Vec<i32>,
     /// Cell accumulator: `width + 1` cells (the extra one absorbs spill-over).
     acc: Vec<f32>,
+    work: usize,
 }
 
 impl RowState {
     fn new(comps: usize, width: usize) -> Self {
-        RowState { active: Vec::new(), cuts: Vec::new(), band: Vec::new(), wind: vec![0; comps.max(1)], acc: vec![0.0; width + 1] }
+        RowState {
+            active: Vec::new(),
+            sub_active: Vec::new(),
+            cuts: Vec::new(),
+            band: Vec::new(),
+            wind: vec![0; comps.max(1)],
+            acc: vec![0.0; width + 1],
+            work: 0,
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -519,4 +562,23 @@ mod tests {
 
         assert_eq!(r.pixel_bounds(), Some(Rect::new(1, 2, 5, 6)));
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn many_short_segments_in_single_row_complete_quickly() {
+        let mut r = Rasterizer::new(false);
+        let n = 4000;
+        let mut poly = Vec::with_capacity(n * 2);
+        for i in 0..n {
+            let y = 0.01 + 0.98 * (i as f64 / n as f64);
+            let x = if i % 2 == 0 { 1.0 } else { 3.0 };
+            poly.push((x, y));
+        }
+        poly.push((5.0, 0.99));
+        poly.push((5.0, 0.01));
+        r.add_component(&[poly], PathOp::Combine, FillRule::NonZero);
+
+        let cov = r.render(Rect::new(0, 0, 8, 2));
+        assert_eq!(cov.len(), 16);
+        assert!(cov.iter().all(|v| v.is_finite() && (0.0..=1.0).contains(v)));
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/vector/src/shapes.rs b/crates/vector/src/shapes.rs
index b154a47325..d259d27871 100644
--- a/crates/vector/src/shapes.rs
+++ b/crates/vector/src/shapes.rs
@@ -111,6 +111,101 @@ pub fn polygon(x: f64, y: f64, w: f64, h: f64, sides: u32, star_ratio: f64) -> P
     Path::new(vec![Subpath::polygon(&pts)])
 }
 
+/// A rounded vertex: see [`fillet`].
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Fillet {
+    /// The arc's centre and its tangent points on the edge to the previous and the next vertex.
+    pub centre: [f64; 2],
+    pub from: [f64; 2],
+    pub to: [f64; 2],
+    /// The radius used (the one asked for, capped at what the edges allow).
+    pub radius: f64,
+    /// Unit direction from the vertex towards the arc's centre, and half the vertex's angle.
+    pub bisector: [f64; 2],
+    pub half_angle: f64,
+}
+
+/// Where a vertex's rounding sits: the vertex `v` between neighbours `prev` and `next`, rounded
+/// with radius `r`, capped so its tangent points stay within half of each edge (two neighbouring
+/// roundings never overlap). `None` for `r <= 0` or a degenerate vertex (a zero-length edge, or
+/// a straight or folded angle).
+pub fn fillet(prev: [f64; 2], v: [f64; 2], next: [f64; 2], r: f64) -> Option<Fillet> {
+    let unit = |a: [f64; 2], b: [f64; 2]| {
+        let (dx, dy) = (b[0] - a[0], b[1] - a[1]);
+        let l = dx.hypot(dy);
+        (l > 1e-9).then(|| ([dx / l, dy / l], l))
+    };
+    if r.is_nan() || r <= 0.0 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let (u1, l1) = unit(v, prev)?;
+    let (u2, l2) = unit(v, next)?;
+    let cos = (u1[0] * u2[0] + u1[1] * u2[1]).clamp(-1.0, 1.0);
+    let half = cos.acos() / 2.0;
+    if !(1e-6..=std::f64::consts::FRAC_PI_2 - 1e-6).contains(&half) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let r = r.min(l1.min(l2) / 2.0 * half.tan());
+    let t = r / half.tan();
+    let (bx, by) = (u1[0] + u2[0], u1[1] + u2[1]);
+    let bl = bx.hypot(by);
+    if bl < 1e-9 {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let bisector = [bx / bl, by / bl];
+    let c = r / half.sin();
+    Some(Fillet {
+        centre: [v[0] + bisector[0] * c, v[1] + bisector[1] * c],
+        from: [v[0] + u1[0] * t, v[1] + u1[1] * t],
+        to: [v[0] + u2[0] * t, v[1] + u2[1] * t],
+        radius: r,
+        bisector,
+        half_angle: half,
+    })
+}
+
+/// `path` (closed subpaths of corner knots, as [`polygon`] makes) with every vertex rounded by a
+/// circular arc of radius `r` tangent to both its edges, each capped as [`fillet`] does, like
+/// Photoshop's rounded triangles and polygons. `r <= 0` leaves it sharp.
+pub fn round_corners(path: Path, r: f64) -> Path {
+    if r.is_nan() || r <= 0.0 {
+        return path;
+    }
+    let subpaths = path
+        .subpaths
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|sp| {
+            let n = sp.knots.len();
+            if n < 3 || !sp.closed {
+                return sp;
+            }
+            let pt = |i: usize| sp.knots.get(i % n).map_or([0.0; 2], |k| [k.anchor.x, k.anchor.y]);
+            let mut knots = Vec::with_capacity(n * 2);
+            for i in 0..n {
+                let (prev, v, next) = (pt(i + n - 1), pt(i), pt(i + 1));
+                let Some(f) = fillet(prev, v, next, r) else {
+                    knots.push(Knot::corner(v[0], v[1]));
+                    continue;
+                };
+                // The arc as one cubic: handles 4/3 tan(sweep/4) r long, along the tangents
+                // towards the vertex; the sweep is pi minus the vertex's angle.
+                let sweep = std::f64::consts::PI - 2.0 * f.half_angle;
+                let h = 4.0 / 3.0 * (sweep / 4.0).tan() * f.radius;
+                let toward = |a: [f64; 2]| {
+                    let (dx, dy) = (v[0] - a[0], v[1] - a[1]);
+                    let l = dx.hypot(dy).max(1e-12);
+                    Point::new(a[0] + dx / l * h, a[1] + dy / l * h)
+                };
+                let (from, to) = (Point::new(f.from[0], f.from[1]), Point::new(f.to[0], f.to[1]));
+                knots.push(Knot { anchor: from, in_ctrl: from, out_ctrl: toward(f.from), smooth: false });
+                knots.push(Knot { anchor: to, in_ctrl: toward(f.to), out_ctrl: to, smooth: false });
+            }
+            Subpath { knots, ..sp }
+        })
+        .collect();
+    Path { subpaths, ..path }
+}
+
 /// A line drawn as a filled bar of `weight` px from `a` to `b`.
 pub fn line(a: (f64, f64), b: (f64, f64), weight: f64) -> Path {
     let (dx, dy) = (b.0 - a.0, b.1 - a.1);
@@ -125,7 +220,9 @@ pub fn live_path(s: &LiveShape) -> Path {
     match s {
         LiveShape::Rect { rect: [x, y, w, h], radii } => rounded_rect(*x, *y, *w, *h, *radii),
         LiveShape::Ellipse { rect: [x, y, w, h] } => ellipse(*x, *y, *w, *h),
-        LiveShape::Polygon { rect: [x, y, w, h], sides, star_ratio } => polygon(*x, *y, *w, *h, *sides, *star_ratio),
+        LiveShape::Polygon { rect: [x, y, w, h], sides, star_ratio, corner_radius } => {
+            round_corners(polygon(*x, *y, *w, *h, *sides, *star_ratio), *corner_radius)
+        }
         LiveShape::Line { from, to, weight } => line((from[0], from[1]), (to[0], to[1]), *weight),
     }
 }
@@ -134,6 +231,59 @@ pub fn live_path(s: &LiveShape) -> Path {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    /// The point at `t` of the cubic leaving `a` towards `b`.
+    fn at(a: &Knot, b: &Knot, t: f64) -> [f64; 2] {
+        let u = 1.0 - t;
+        let w = [u * u * u, 3.0 * u * u * t, 3.0 * u * t * t, t * t * t];
+        let p = [a.anchor, a.out_ctrl, b.in_ctrl, b.anchor];
+        [p.iter().zip(w).map(|(p, w)| p.x * w).sum(), p.iter().zip(w).map(|(p, w)| p.y * w).sum()]
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_rounded_triangle_has_one_arc_per_vertex_on_a_true_circle() {
+        let sharp = polygon(0.0, 0.0, 300.0, 300.0, 3, 1.0);
+        assert_eq!(sharp.subpaths[0].knots.len(), 3);
+        let p = round_corners(sharp.clone(), 20.0);
+        let k = &p.subpaths[0].knots;
+        assert_eq!(k.len(), 6, "two knots per rounded vertex");
+        // Each arc stays 20 px from its centre along its length (one cubic, within 0.1 px).
+        let verts: Vec<[f64; 2]> = sharp.subpaths[0].knots.iter().map(|k| [k.anchor.x, k.anchor.y]).collect();
+        for i in 0..3 {
+            let f = fillet(verts[(i + 2) % 3], verts[i], verts[(i + 1) % 3], 20.0).unwrap();
+            assert!((f.radius - 20.0).abs() < 1e-9);
+            assert_eq!([k[2 * i].anchor.x, k[2 * i].anchor.y], f.from);
+            for t in [0.25, 0.5, 0.75] {
+                let q = at(&k[2 * i], &k[2 * i + 1], t);
+                let d = (q[0] - f.centre[0]).hypot(q[1] - f.centre[1]);
+                assert!((d - 20.0).abs() < 0.1, "vertex {i} t {t}: {d}");
+            }
+        }
+        // The edges between the arcs stay straight.
+        assert_eq!((k[1].out_ctrl, k[2].in_ctrl), (k[1].anchor, k[2].anchor));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn huge_radii_are_capped_and_zero_stays_sharp() {
+        let sharp = polygon(0.0, 0.0, 100.0, 100.0, 6, 1.0);
+        assert_eq!(round_corners(sharp.clone(), 0.0), sharp);
+        assert_eq!(round_corners(sharp.clone(), f64::NAN), sharp);
+        let p = round_corners(sharp, 1.0e9);
+        // Capped: the tangent points of neighbouring vertices meet halfway along each edge.
+        let k = &p.subpaths[0].knots;
+        assert_eq!(k.len(), 12);
+        for w in k.windows(2).skip(1).step_by(2) {
+            let d = (w[0].anchor.x - w[1].anchor.x).hypot(w[0].anchor.y - w[1].anchor.y);
+            assert!(d < 1e-6, "no straight left between arcs: {d}");
+        }
+        assert!(k.iter().all(|k| k.anchor.x.is_finite() && k.anchor.y.is_finite()));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_star_rounds_its_inner_vertices_too() {
+        let p = live_path(&LiveShape::Polygon { rect: [0.0, 0.0, 200.0, 200.0], sides: 5, star_ratio: 0.5, corner_radius: 6.0 });
+        assert_eq!(p.subpaths[0].knots.len(), 20);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn rounded_rect_knots() {
         let p = rounded_rect(0.0, 0.0, 100.0, 50.0, [10.0; 4]);
diff --git a/crates/vector/src/tests.rs b/crates/vector/src/tests.rs
index 18b2f6f18a..815c7be5e6 100644
--- a/crates/vector/src/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/vector/src/tests.rs
@@ -570,3 +570,47 @@ fn thin_antialiased_edges_still_count_toward_bounds() {
     let c = r.render(Rect::new(0, 0, 102, 10));
     assert!(c[100] > 5e-5 && c[101] == 0.0, "{} {}", c[100], c[101]);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn tile_bands_and_band_tiles_near_i32_max_do_not_overflow() {
+    let r = Rect::new(0, i32::MAX - 10, 10, i32::MAX);
+    let bands = tile_bands(r);
+    assert_eq!(bands, vec![r]);
+
+    let band = Rect::new(i32::MAX - 10, 0, i32::MAX, 2);
+    let data = vec![1.0f32; (band.width() * band.height()) as usize];
+    let tiles = band_tiles(band, &data, 1, |p| p[0] > 0.0);
+    assert_eq!(tiles.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(tiles[0].0, band);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn gradient_stops_are_found_by_bisection_and_agree_with_a_scan() {
+    let stops: Vec<(f32, [f32; 4])> = (0..=8).map(|i| (i as f32 / 8.0, [i as f32 / 8.0, 0.0, 1.0 - i as f32 / 8.0, 1.0])).collect();
+    let scan = |t: f32| {
+        let (first, last) = (stops[0], stops[stops.len() - 1]);
+        if t <= first.0 {
+            return first.1;
+        }
+        for w in stops.windows(2) {
+            if t <= w[1].0 {
+                let u = if w[1].0 > w[0].0 { (t - w[0].0) / (w[1].0 - w[0].0) } else { 0.0 };
+                return std::array::from_fn(|ch| w[0].1[ch] + (w[1].1[ch] - w[0].1[ch]) * u);
+            }
+        }
+        last.1
+    };
+    for i in -10..=110 {
+        let t = i as f32 / 100.0;
+        assert_eq!(sample_color(&stops, &[], t), scan(t), "t = {t}");
+    }
+    assert_eq!(sample_color(&stops, &[], f32::NAN), stops[8].1, "a NaN position takes the last stop, as before");
+    assert_eq!(sample_opacity(&[(0.0, 0.0), (1.0, 1.0)], 0.25), 0.25);
+    // A million stops are bisected: this is a per-pixel call.
+    let many: Vec<(f32, [f32; 4])> = (0..1_000_000).map(|i| (i as f32 / 1_000_000.0, [0.0; 4])).collect();
+    let started = std::time::Instant::now();
+    for i in 0..100_000 {
+        sample_color(&many, &[], 0.9 + i as f32 * 1e-7);
+    }
+    assert!(started.elapsed().as_secs() < 5, "{:?}", started.elapsed());
+}
diff --git a/crates/vector/src/trace.rs b/crates/vector/src/trace.rs
index 1a547bfb0b..1557af863d 100644
--- a/crates/vector/src/trace.rs
+++ b/crates/vector/src/trace.rs
@@ -37,14 +37,26 @@ pub fn trace_mask(values: &[f32], rect: Rect, outside: f32, tolerance: f64) -> P
 
 /// Closed iso-contours at 0.5 through pixel centres.
 pub fn contours(values: &[f32], rect: Rect, outside: f32) -> Vec<Vec<P>> {
+    if rect.is_empty() {
+        return Vec::new();
+    }
     let w = rect.width() as i64;
     let h = rect.height() as i64;
-    let get = |x: i64, y: i64| -> f32 { if x < 0 || y < 0 || x >= w || y >= h { outside } else { values[(y * w + x) as usize] } };
+    let Some(need) = (w as usize).checked_mul(h as usize) else {
+        return Vec::new();
+    };
+    if values.len() < need {
+        return Vec::new();
+    }
+    let clean = |v: f32| if v.is_finite() { v } else { 0.0 };
+    let outside = clean(outside);
+    let get = |x: i64, y: i64| -> f32 { if x < 0 || y < 0 || x >= w || y >= h { outside } else { clean(values[(y * w + x) as usize]) } };
     // Edge ids: horizontal edge between (x,y)-(x+1,y) = (x, y, 0); vertical (x,y)-(x,y+1) = (x, y, 1).
     let lvl = 0.5f32;
     let point = |a: (i64, i64), b: (i64, i64)| -> P {
         let (va, vb) = (get(a.0, a.1), get(b.0, b.1));
-        let t = if (vb - va).abs() > 1e-9 { f64::from((lvl - va) / (vb - va)).clamp(0.0, 1.0) } else { 0.5 };
+        let raw_t = if (vb - va).abs() > 1e-9 { f64::from((lvl - va) / (vb - va)) } else { 0.5 };
+        let t = if raw_t.is_finite() { raw_t.clamp(0.0, 1.0) } else { 0.5 };
         let (ax, ay) = (a.0 as f64 + 0.5, a.1 as f64 + 0.5);
         let (bx, by) = (b.0 as f64 + 0.5, b.1 as f64 + 0.5);
         (f64::from(rect.x0) + ax + (bx - ax) * t, f64::from(rect.y0) + ay + (by - ay) * t)
@@ -156,14 +168,18 @@ fn norm(a: P) -> P {
 /// an open polyline, where the walk stops at the ends.
 fn walk(lp: &[P], i: usize, window: f64, fwd: bool, closed: bool) -> P {
     let n = lp.len();
+    let max_steps = n.min(256);
     let mut acc = 0.0;
     let mut cur = i;
-    for _ in 0..n {
+    for _ in 0..max_steps {
         if !closed && (if fwd { cur + 1 >= n } else { cur == 0 }) {
             break;
         }
         let nx = if fwd { (cur + 1) % n } else { (cur + n - 1) % n };
         let d = len(sub(lp[nx], lp[cur]));
+        if !d.is_finite() || !window.is_finite() {
+            break;
+        }
         if acc + d >= window {
             let t = (window - acc) / d.max(1e-12);
             return add(lp[cur], mul(sub(lp[nx], lp[cur]), t));
@@ -178,6 +194,9 @@ fn walk(lp: &[P], i: usize, window: f64, fwd: bool, closed: bool) -> P {
 /// ends of an open polyline are never corners.
 fn corners(lp: &[P], window: f64, closed: bool) -> Vec<usize> {
     let n = lp.len();
+    if n < 3 || !window.is_finite() || lp.iter().any(|p| !p.0.is_finite() || !p.1.is_finite()) {
+        return Vec::new();
+    }
     let cos_thresh = (60f64).to_radians().cos();
     let turn: Vec<f64> = (0..n)
         .map(|i| {
@@ -190,21 +209,33 @@ fn corners(lp: &[P], window: f64, closed: bool) -> Vec<usize> {
         })
         .collect();
     let mut out = Vec::new();
+    let max_neighbor_steps = n.min(256);
+    let mut work_budget = n.saturating_mul(64).max(1024);
     for i in 0..n {
         if turn[i] >= cos_thresh {
             continue;
         }
+        if work_budget == 0 {
+            break;
+        }
         // Local minimum of the cosine within ±window (ties: first index).
         let mut is_min = true;
         let mut acc = 0.0;
         let mut j = i;
-        while acc < window {
+        let mut steps = 0usize;
+        while acc < window && steps < max_neighbor_steps && work_budget > 0 {
             if !closed && j + 1 >= n {
                 break;
             }
             let nx = (j + 1) % n;
-            acc += len(sub(lp[nx], lp[j]));
+            let d = len(sub(lp[nx], lp[j]));
+            if !d.is_finite() {
+                break;
+            }
+            acc += d;
             j = nx;
+            steps += 1;
+            work_budget -= 1;
             if j == i {
                 break;
             }
@@ -215,13 +246,20 @@ fn corners(lp: &[P], window: f64, closed: bool) -> Vec<usize> {
         }
         acc = 0.0;
         j = i;
-        while is_min && acc < window {
+        steps = 0;
+        while is_min && acc < window && steps < max_neighbor_steps && work_budget > 0 {
             if !closed && j == 0 {
                 break;
             }
             let pv = (j + n - 1) % n;
-            acc += len(sub(lp[j], lp[pv]));
+            let d = len(sub(lp[j], lp[pv]));
+            if !d.is_finite() {
+                break;
+            }
+            acc += d;
             j = pv;
+            steps += 1;
+            work_budget -= 1;
             if j == i {
                 break;
             }
@@ -239,6 +277,9 @@ fn corners(lp: &[P], window: f64, closed: bool) -> Vec<usize> {
 /// Fits a closed loop with cubic Béziers; `window` is the corner detection window.
 fn fit_closed(lp: &[P], tol: f64, window: f64) -> Subpath {
     let n = lp.len();
+    if n < 3 || lp.iter().any(|p| !p.0.is_finite() || !p.1.is_finite()) {
+        return Subpath { closed: true, knots: Vec::new(), op: PathOp::Combine };
+    }
     let cs = corners(lp, window, true);
     let mut segs: Vec<[P; 4]> = Vec::new();
     let mut corner_at_start: Vec<bool> = Vec::new();
@@ -617,4 +658,39 @@ mod tests {
         let sp = fit_trace(&long, -5.0, false).unwrap();
         assert!(sp.knots.len() >= 2 && sp.knots.iter().all(|k| k.anchor.x.is_finite() && k.out_ctrl.y.is_finite()));
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn corners_have_bounded_work_for_many_tiny_segments() {
+        let points: Vec<P> = (0..20_000).map(|i| (i as f64 * 0.01, if i % 2 == 0 { 0.0 } else { 1e-5 })).collect();
+        let selected = corners(&points, 100.0, false);
+        assert!(selected.len() <= points.len());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn contours_reject_empty_rect_and_clean_non_finite_values() {
+        assert!(contours(&[], Rect::new(0, 0, 0, 1_000_000_000), 0.0).is_empty());
+        assert!(contours(&[], Rect::new(0, 0, 1_000_000_000, 0), 0.0).is_empty());
+        assert!(contours(&[1.0], Rect::new(0, 0, 10, 10), 0.0).is_empty());
+
+        let (w, h) = (6, 6);
+        let mut v = vec![0.0f32; w * h];
+        for y in 1..5 {
+            for x in 1..5 {
+                v[y * w + x] = f32::INFINITY;
+            }
+        }
+        v[2 * w + 2] = f32::NAN;
+        v[w + 1] = 1.0;
+        v[w + 2] = 1.0;
+        v[2 * w + 1] = 1.0;
+        let path = trace_mask(&v, Rect::new(0, 0, w as i32, h as i32), f32::NAN, 1.0);
+        assert!(path.subpaths.iter().any(|sp| !sp.knots.is_empty()));
+        for sp in &path.subpaths {
+            for k in &sp.knots {
+                assert!(k.anchor.x.is_finite() && k.anchor.y.is_finite());
+                assert!(k.in_ctrl.x.is_finite() && k.in_ctrl.y.is_finite());
+                assert!(k.out_ctrl.x.is_finite() && k.out_ctrl.y.is_finite());
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/docs/architecture.md b/docs/architecture.md
index 79c674bf23..0125f26693 100644
--- a/docs/architecture.md
+++ b/docs/architecture.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # PhotoCraft architecture
 
-> **Last reviewed:** 2026-10-10 · **Last updated:** 2026-10-20 · **Change:** minor (accurate GPU matrix/TRC display conversion; original design plan retained) · **Target:** Adobe Photoshop 2026
+> **Last reviewed:** 2026-10-10 · **Last updated:** 2026-10-20 · **Change:** minor (accurate GPU matrix/TRC display conversion; large payloads in the document model are `Arc`-shared, #4535; original design plan retained) · **Target:** Adobe Photoshop 2026
 
 ## Current state (2026-10-10)
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ This plan sets out:
 2. **Everything is a command.** Each user-visible action has a stable `CommandId` (such as `filter.blur.gaussianBlur`) with typed, serializable parameters. The menu, command palette, shortcuts, recorded actions/macros, CLI, MCP and plugins all dispatch the same commands.
 3. **Data describes the UI; toolkits draw it.** Tools produce *overlay primitives* (lines, handles, marching-ants paths) as data. Filter and adjustment dialogs are generated from *parameter schemas*. A new toolkit implements one renderer for each, not about 150 bespoke dialogs.
 4. **One algorithm, one parameter struct.** Every algorithm has a CPU reference implementation (Rust + rayon, deterministic). Some also get a GPU implementation (WGSL). Both read the same `#[repr(C)]` `bytemuck::Pod` parameter struct. We never keep hand-synced copies of an algorithm in several languages.
-5. **Immutable snapshots, copy-on-write tiles.** Pixel data is stored in `Arc`-shared 256² tiles. Taking a document snapshot is O(layers), which makes undo, background jobs, autosave and UI reads cheap and lock-free.
+5. **Immutable snapshots, copy-on-write tiles.** Pixel data is stored in `Arc`-shared 256² tiles. Taking a document snapshot is O(layers), which makes undo, background jobs, autosave and UI reads cheap and lock-free. Every other large payload in `photocraft-doc` is `Arc`-shared too (the XMP packet, EXIF, raw PSD resources and blocks, a layer's or Duotone's raw PSD data, an unsupported adjustment's bytes), so a snapshot never copies one; a new field that can hold a large payload follows the same rule (#4535).
 6. **Determinism.** The same input gives the same output across CPU and GPU (within tolerance), across thread counts, and between preview and export. Noise is hashed from document coordinates.
 7. **Pure Rust by default.** C/C++ dependencies are allowed only behind Cargo features, in I/O-edge crates (for example an optional LibRaw).
 8. **Clean-room.** We study other editors' *behaviour* only, and we must **not copy proprietary source** (Rust, WGSL, C++ or JS), even where it ships as readable source. Specs come from public format docs (Adobe PSD spec, ISO/ICC), academic papers (PatchMatch, Poisson blending, ARAP) and observed behaviour. Never paste code from another product.
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ psd/src/
 
 - **`automation`:** an MCP server built on `rmcp`. Its tool names use underscores (the dotted
   names such as `doc.open` belong to the JSON control protocol, `docs/control-protocol.md`). It exposes:
-  - `session_list`, `doc_open`, `doc_new`, `doc_place` (place from the read root as a Smart Object),
+  - `session_list`, `doc_open`, `doc_new`, `doc_place` (place from the read root as a Smart Object), `doc_replace_smart_object` (replace a Smart Object's contents from the read root),
     `doc_export_layers`, `doc_export_data_sets` (write beneath the write root), `doc_import_data_sets` (a CSV from the read root),
     `doc_save`, `doc_export`, `doc_inspect` (layer tree as JSON), `doc_render_preview` (PNG), `doc_select`, `doc_close`.
   - `command_list`, `command_run` and `command_batch`, generated from the registry; `jobs_list` and `jobs_cancel` for background jobs.
@@ -555,7 +555,7 @@ codegen-units = 1
 opt-level = 2          # image code is unusable at opt-level 0
 ```
 
-Versions get pinned when we scaffold, using the numbers in `rust-framework-options.md`.
+Dependency requirements are centralized in the workspace `Cargo.toml` (`[workspace.dependencies]`); `Cargo.lock` records the exact resolved versions.
 
 ---
 
@@ -578,18 +578,18 @@ Each phase ends with a demoable build and green CI on all targets. Phases 8–10
 
 ## 16. Open decisions
 
-1. **UI toolkit.** The leading option is egui on winit + wgpu. Bevy, Slint and Qt are the alternatives (see `rust-framework-options.md`). This plan works with any of them.
-2. **License.** MIT/Apache-2.0 is maximally reusable. GPL-3.0 is the Krita/GIMP model and protects against proprietary forks. Note that some candidate deps are LGPL (rawler) or GPL-or-commercial (Slint), and MIT/Apache would constrain which of them we can use.
-3. **Project name.** `photocraft` (the repo name) is assumed.
-4. **PSD crate.** Build our own, or adopt or fork `ag-psd`/`psd`. Decide after the week-1 spike.
-5. **Default working depth and blending.** 8-bit + gamma-space blending matches Photoshop. 16-bit/float + linear is the modern default. The proposal is to follow Photoshop by default and make the other a per-document option.
-6. **Scope of Photoshop plugin compatibility.** Decided: no native `.8BF` hosting; a sandboxed WebAssembly plug-in API instead (see [`plugins.md`](plugins.md)).
+1. **License.** MIT/Apache-2.0 is maximally reusable. GPL-3.0 is the Krita/GIMP model and protects against proprietary forks. Note that some candidate deps are LGPL (rawler) or GPL-or-commercial (Slint), and MIT/Apache would constrain which of them we can use.
+2. **Project name.** `photocraft` (the repo name) is assumed.
+3. **PSD crate.** Build our own, or adopt or fork `ag-psd`/`psd`. Decide after the week-1 spike.
+4. **Default working depth and blending.** 8-bit + gamma-space blending matches Photoshop. 16-bit/float + linear is the modern default. The proposal is to follow Photoshop by default and make the other a per-document option.
 
 ## Revision history
 
 | Date | Change | Summary |
 |---|---|---|
+| 2026-10-21 | minor | Removed references to the deleted `rust-framework-options.md`; dropped the UI toolkit and plug-in items from Open decisions, both recorded as decided |
 | 2026-10-20 | minor | GPU display matrix/shaper path preserves near-black ICC values; complex transforms retain the 3D LUT fallback (#7958) |
+| 2026-10-14 | minor | Principle 5: every large payload in the document model is `Arc`-shared, so snapshots never copy one (#4535) |
 | 2026-10-13 | minor | Workspace size and `#[test]` counts recounted (393k → 539k lines, 5,460 → 8,040 tests); other current-state figures unchanged |
 | 2026-10-10 | minor | Current-state summary and deviations from the plan; status line; broken link to `photoshop-parity.md` repointed to `target-app-parity.md` |
 | 2026-09-30 | major | Design plan v1 |
diff --git a/docs/brush-parity.md b/docs/brush-parity.md
index c482bb5c53..23d0b422c3 100644
--- a/docs/brush-parity.md
+++ b/docs/brush-parity.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Brush and painting parity
 
-> **Last reviewed:** 2026-10-10 · **Last updated:** 2026-10-14 · **Change:** minor (dragged preset tip preview; Hue Jitter amount track; Brush Settings minimum fields follow their Control; checkbox-only rows and non-destructive Smoothing switch; shaped-tip cursor follows the view; Color Replacement is a live toolbar tool; no brush-feel estimate changed; 2026-10-11: Pattern Stamp and Background Eraser draw live, TOOL-213-7) · **Target:** Adobe Photoshop 2026
+> **Last reviewed:** 2026-10-10 · **Last updated:** 2026-10-25 · **Change:** minor (Art History Brush row added as partial, 8 of 10 styles, TOOL-213-20, #1610; hard-round built-in presets use 5% spacing to remove stacked-tip outlines and reduce pressure-opacity bands, #8842; Mode for Clone Stamp, Pattern Stamp, History Brush, Healing and Paint Bucket; named, stateful Brush Settings locks and visible keyboard focus; independent Brush Pose tilt-axis overrides; Transfer Wetness/Mix tool applicability; dragged preset tip preview; Hue Jitter amount track; Brush Settings minimum fields follow their Control; checkbox-only rows and non-destructive Smoothing switch; shaped-tip cursor follows the view; Color Replacement is a live toolbar tool; no brush-feel estimate changed; 2026-10-11: Pattern Stamp and Background Eraser draw live, TOOL-213-7) · **Target:** Adobe Photoshop 2026
 
 Painting is where Photoshop users notice differences first, so it gets its own checklist: the
 brush engine (`crates/paint/src/brush.rs`), the Brush Settings UI
@@ -26,11 +26,13 @@ tablets against Photoshop side by side.
 | Color Dynamics (FG/BG, hue/sat/brightness jitter, purity, per tip) | done | |
 | Hue Jitter uses a standard percentage-amount track instead of a hue spectrum | done | #3825 (Hue Jitter appearance only); rendered track checked in all 14 themes; numeric and pointer edits retain percentage units and engine command routing. |
 | Transfer (opacity/flow/wetness/mix jitter and controls) | done | |
+| Transfer Wetness/Mix blocks disabled outside Mixer Brush, retaining their settings | done | #3825 (tool applicability only); UI regressions cover all 14 themes and 67 tools, disabled input, section/Control Off, command routing and per-tool settings |
 | Shape Dynamics and Transfer minimum fields disabled when their Control is Off, retaining their values | done | #3825 (minimum-field interaction only); `brush_sections.rs` UI regressions cover all six fields, reactivation and disabled input |
 | Brush Pose (tilt, rotation, pressure overrides) | done | |
+| Brush Pose: separate Override Tilt X/Y flags, preserved through ABR import, presets and commands | done | #3825 (axis overrides only); imported single-axis flags retain the other live stylus component; dab/pixel tests cover 8/16/32-bit RGBA; legacy combined inputs migrate and command deltas contain only the edited axis. |
 | Noise, Wet Edges, Build-up, Protect Texture | done | |
 | Smoothing: amount, Pulled String, Stroke Catch-up, Catch-up on End, Adjust for Zoom | done | `brush.rs:428-438` |
-| Section locks | done | #174 |
+| Section locks | done | #174; `brush_panel_tests.rs` verifies section-specific accessible names and locked state for all 12 controls in 14 themes, plus visible themed focus, Tab blur, Space activation, minimal command patches and replay without selecting or enabling a section. |
 | Noise, Wet Edges, Build-up, Smoothing and Protect Texture: checkbox-only rows keep the selected controls open | done | `brush_panel_tests.rs`, #4283; Smoothing enable/disable preserves its amount and options, including imported ABR tool settings |
 | Brush tip from an image file | missing | TOOL-213-12 |
 | Erodible, Airbrush and Bristle tips (Photoshop's special tips) | partial | not audited in detail; "3D-based brushes don't work" (#1660) |
@@ -53,7 +55,7 @@ tablets against Photoshop side by side.
 | Behaviour | Status | Evidence |
 |---|---|---|
 | No seams, hard edges stay hard, zero-scatter defaults, ABR tips never black | done | TOOL-213-13 |
-| Smooth line weight along a pressure ramp | partial | stair-steps (#1776) |
+| Smooth line weight along a pressure ramp | partial | stair-steps (#1776); 2026-10-23: the five hard-round built-in presets use 5% spacing (#8842), with rendered 150 px outline and pressure-opacity continuity regressions at 8/16/32-bit and 0/49% smoothing. Other brush-feel gaps remain open. |
 | Interpolation and smoothing match Photoshop | partial | #2138, #2057 |
 | Soft-edge falloff matches Photoshop's curve | partial | #2149, #1619 |
 | Brush preview and cursor crisp, not pixelated | partial | #1433 |
@@ -69,7 +71,7 @@ tablets against Photoshop side by side.
 | Behaviour | Status | Evidence |
 |---|---|---|
 | ⌃⌥-drag (macOS) / Alt+right-drag (Windows) resizes and changes hardness with a readout | done | TOOL-213-10 |
-| `[` `]` size, `⇧[` `⇧]` hardness, number keys opacity, ⇧+numbers flow | done | 2026-10-07 |
+| `[` `]` size, `⇧[` `⇧]` hardness, number keys opacity, ⇧+numbers flow (swapped when build-up is on) | done | 2026-10-07 |
 | ⌥-click samples a colour with painting tools; Eyedropper comparison ring | done | TOOL-213-9 |
 | ⇧-click draws a straight line from the last point | done | |
 | Hold `~` with the Brush or Pencil to erase with its brush: Clear mode while held (rebindable under Tools › Temporary) | done | `hold_keys.rs`, #3439 |
@@ -92,10 +94,11 @@ tablets against Photoshop side by side.
 |---|---|---|
 | Brush, Pencil (aliased, Auto Erase), Eraser (Brush/Pencil/Block) | done | Pencil 1 px quality #2139 |
 | Mixer Brush (Wet, Load, Mix, Flow, Sample All Layers, Current Brush Load with Load Brush and Clean Brush, automatic Load and Clean) | partial | No live result while dragging, no Alt-click loading (#2247) |
-| Clone Stamp (opacity, flow, aligned, sample, overlay) | partial | Clone Source W/H link and Alt target cursor (TOOL-213-8) |
-| Pattern Stamp (aligned, impressionist) | done | |
-| History Brush | done | Art History Brush missing |
-| Spot Healing, Healing | partial | grain not matched on flat colour (#2104), "horrible in general" (#1092), stops responding after switching (#1751) |
+| Clone Stamp (mode, opacity, flow, aligned, sample, overlay) | partial | Clone Source W/H link and Alt target cursor (TOOL-213-8) |
+| Pattern Stamp (mode, aligned, impressionist) | done | |
+| History Brush (mode) | done | |
+| Art History Brush (styles, Area, Tolerance) | partial | 8 of 10 styles (no Tight Curl Long / Loose Curl Long); Area scales spacing, not Photoshop's coverage; no Mode/Opacity on the options bar, no pen pressure (TOOL-213-20) |
+| Spot Healing, Healing (Healing mode: Normal, Multiply, Screen, Darken, Lighten, Color, Luminosity) | partial | Healing's Replace mode and Spot Healing's Mode missing; grain not matched on flat colour (#2104), "horrible in general" (#1092), stops responding after switching (#1751) |
 | Blur, Sharpen, Smudge (premultiplied, Sample All Layers, spacing) | done | BUG-207-2/3, #2171 |
 | Dodge, Burn, Sponge | done | |
 | Background Eraser, Magic Eraser | done | |
@@ -116,6 +119,9 @@ tablets against Photoshop side by side.
 
 | Date | Change | Summary |
 |---|---|---|
+| 2026-10-25 | minor | Art History Brush row added as partial (8 of 10 styles, TOOL-213-20, #1610). No brush-feel estimate changed. |
+| 2026-10-23 | minor | Hard-round built-in presets use 5% spacing (#8842); rendered large-tip outline and pressure-opacity continuity tests cover 8/16/32-bit and 0/49% smoothing. Other presets and user settings retain their spacing; percentages and estimates unchanged. |
+| 2026-10-14 | minor | Brush Pose tilt overrides are independent end to end (#3825 partial); ABR flags, legacy JSON/commands, presets and three pixel depths covered; no readiness percentage or estimate changed |
 | 2026-10-13 | minor | Stale "missing tool" row corrected against main: Color Replacement (`paint.colorReplacement`) is a live toolbar tool; no brush-feel estimate changed |
 | 2026-10-11 | minor | Pattern Stamp and Background Eraser draw live (#3754); live retouch row now partial (Mixer Brush left) |
 | 2026-10-10 | major | First version, from a source audit and the open issues |
@@ -124,4 +130,7 @@ tablets against Photoshop side by side.
 | 2026-10-12 | minor | A shaped tip's cursor outline turns and flips with a rotated or flipped view, and follows pixel aspect correction |
 | 2026-10-13 | minor | Shape Dynamics and Transfer minimum inputs follow their Control and retain their values while disabled (#3825, partial). No brush-feel estimate changed. |
 | 2026-10-13 | minor | Hue Jitter uses the same themed amount slider as other jitter controls (#3825, partial). No brush-feel estimate changed. |
+| 2026-10-13 | minor | Transfer Wetness/Mix controls follow the active tool and retain their settings while disabled (#3825, partial). No brush-feel estimate changed. |
+| 2026-10-14 | minor | The 12 existing Brush Settings section locks expose translated names and locked state to AccessKit and show themed keyboard focus (#3477 workflow); icons, hit targets and command behavior retained. No brush-feel estimate changed. |
+| 2026-10-14 | minor | Options-bar Mode for Clone Stamp, Pattern Stamp, History Brush and Healing (kept in each tool's brush) and Paint Bucket (with Clear); each tool's first brush starts in Normal. No brush-feel estimate changed. |
 | 2026-10-13 | minor | Dragging a brush preset shows its cached tip thumbnail and name in the Brushes panel and preset picker (#4225, partial). No brush-feel estimate changed. |
diff --git a/docs/context-menu-inventory.md b/docs/context-menu-inventory.md
index 3d7bc522fb..a932a58b20 100644
--- a/docs/context-menu-inventory.md
+++ b/docs/context-menu-inventory.md
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Canvas invariant: secondary click must not accidentally start a paint stroke, co
 | Surface | Current entries or behavior | Command route / gap |
 |---|---|---|
 | Layers panel row | Blending Options; Duplicate/Delete; Group from Layers; Quick Export PNG / Export As; Artboard/Frame from Layers; Convert to Smart Object; content-specific Rasterize; Add/Disable/Apply/Delete Layer Mask; Create/Release Clipping Mask; Link/Select Linked; Copy/Paste/Clear Layer Style; Merge Layers/Down, Merge Visible, Flatten Image; Rename Layer. Multi-select changes duplicate/delete/merge labels and target. | `layer_menu_ui::entries` supplies IDs for all except inline rename, then `menus::invoke` or engine dispatch. Missing or disabled commands are filtered/greyed. Check menu visibility and enabled state for groups, backgrounds, masks, type, adjustment/fill, smart objects, and multi-selection. |
-| Channels panel row | Alpha: Duplicate/Delete/Rename, spot conversion or merge, selection-display and overlay controls. Quick Mask: Exit, display and overlay. Composite/color: Duplicate. Layer mask: Enable/Disable, Delete. Common: New Channel, New Spot Channel, Split, Merge. | `channel.*`, `layer.layerMask.*`, `select.editInQuickMaskMode`, `ui.renameChannel`. Check selection loading/saving, channel options, and per-row enablement against Photoshop. |
+| Channels panel row | Alpha: Duplicate/Delete/Rename, spot conversion or merge, selection-display and overlay controls. Quick Mask: Exit, display and overlay. Composite/color: Duplicate. Layer mask: Enable/Disable, Delete, Layer Mask Display Options… (also on double-click). Common: New Channel, New Spot Channel, Split, Merge. | `channel.*`, `layer.layerMask.*`, `select.editInQuickMaskMode`, `ui.renameChannel`. Check selection loading/saving, channel options, and per-row enablement against Photoshop. |
 | Brushes panel preset | Rename Brush, Delete Brush. | Routed through `brush.presets.*` panel actions. Check duplicate/export/import and library organization. |
 | Brushes panel group | Rename Group, Delete Group. | Routed through preset panel actions; confirm group deletion consequences. |
 | Generic presets group (gradients, patterns, swatches, etc.) | Rename Group, Delete Group. | `preset_panels.rs`; verify each collection's appropriate create, export/import, and delete semantics. |
diff --git a/docs/context-menu-parity.md b/docs/context-menu-parity.md
index 4759fafd95..1ef971ef33 100644
--- a/docs/context-menu-parity.md
+++ b/docs/context-menu-parity.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Context-menu parity contract
 
-> **Last reviewed:** 2026-10-18 · **Last updated:** 2026-10-20 · **Change:** minor (Zoom tool menu order, #6005; Type tool menu over committed type, #7324; earlier: Path Selection canvas menu, #1056; pasteboard row: the menu exists, #2462) · **Target:** Adobe Photoshop 2026
+> **Last reviewed:** 2026-10-18 · **Last updated:** 2026-10-21 · **Change:** minor (Crop tool menu on a pending crop, #6561; Zoom tool menu order, #6005; Type tool menu over committed type, #7324; earlier: Path Selection canvas menu, #1056; pasteboard row: the menu exists, #2462) · **Target:** Adobe Photoshop 2026
 
 Status: implementation contract, updated 2026-10-09. Scope: canvas, document tabs, and panels. “Right-click” means a secondary pointer click; macOS Control-click should also open the same menu where the platform sends a context-menu gesture. Photoshop changes a context menu with the active tool, selection, and panel item. Adobe documents that principle but does not publish a complete current menu catalog. **Documented** means an Adobe source explicitly names the gesture or action. **Inferred** means a PhotoCraft design target or an item known from a main menu whose presence in a Photoshop context menu still needs a current-product capture. Do not present inferred rows as exact Photoshop menus. [Adobe: panels and menus](https://helpx.adobe.com/photoshop/using/panels-menus.html), [Adobe: shortcuts and context menus](https://helpx.adobe.com/sa_en/photoshop/using/customizing-keyboard-shortcuts.html).
 
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ The “PhotoCraft at branch point” column records behavior before this PR. Pic
 |---|---|---|---|
 | Move | Choose a layer at the point; an auto-select choice also exists in the options bar | Layers | P0; [Adobe layer movement](https://helpx.adobe.com/photoshop/using/moving-stacking-locking-layers.html); exact pop-up layout requires capture |
 | Rectangular/Elliptical Marquee, Lasso, Polygonal Lasso, Magnetic Lasso, Magic Wand, Quick Selection, Object Selection | Active selection: the 2026 selection menu (see *Selection canvas reference* below); no selection: making a selection | Quick Selection: Picker (a brush tool, as in Photoshop); the other six: the selection menu below (#614, #738) | P1; no-selection variant still needs a dated capture |
-| Crop | During crop: ratio/preset, overlay, clear/reset, commit/cancel **(inferred context placement)** | No tool menu | P1; pending crop target |
+| Crop | During crop: ratio/preset, overlay, clear/reset, commit/cancel **(inferred context placement)** | On a pending crop (canvas_tool_menu.rs `crop_rows`, #6561): the options bar's preset dropdown in its order (Ratio, W x H x Resolution, the ratios, the size presets, saved crop presets, Front Image), Clear, New/Delete Crop Preset…, the six overlays and Auto/Always/Never Show Overlay (checked as in the bar), Cancel and Crop; also outside the image while a crop is pending. The untouched default frame has no menu. Esc closes only the menu. Reset remains open (no reset of frame, rotation and ratio yet, nor the options bar's ↺). Photoshop's menu also lists Reset Crop and Rotate Crop Box ([Kost](https://jkost.com/blog/2017/05/essential-tips-for-cropping-in-photoshop-cc.html)); both missing | P1; pending crop target; item list still needs a dated Photoshop capture |
 | Eyedropper | Sample-size/source choices **(inferred)** | No tool menu | P2; [Adobe illustration uses Eyedropper](https://helpx.adobe.com/photoshop/using/panels-menus.html), but does not publish item text |
 | Ruler, Note, Count | Unit / measurement, note edit/delete, count-group operations **(inferred)** | No tool menu | P2 |
 | Brush, Pencil, Eraser, Background Eraser, Spot Healing, Healing, Clone Stamp, History Brush, Blur, Sharpen, Smudge, Dodge, Burn, Sponge | Brush preset, size and hardness where applicable | Picker | P0; [Adobe Brush Settings](https://helpx.adobe.com/photoshop/desktop/apply-painting-techniques/brushes-presets/create-brush-set-painting-options.html). Alt+secondary-drag on Windows and Control+Option-drag on macOS adjust size/hardness ([Adobe cursor shortcuts](https://helpx.adobe.com/in/photoshop/desktop/get-started/settings-and-preferences/change-tool-pointers.html)) |
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ Photoshop's Generative Fill and Delete and Fill Selection rows are left out: Pho
 | Empty pasteboard / workspace | Gray, Black, Custom canvas color choices; verify any additional entries in a current Photoshop capture | Implemented (canvas_tool_menu.rs `PASTEBOARD_MENU`, #2462): Default, Black, Dark Gray, Medium Gray, Light Gray, Custom, Select Custom Color… | Adobe [documents right-clicking outside the image for canvas color](https://helpx.adobe.com/ph_en/photoshop/using/filling-stroking-selections-layers-paths.html); exact current layout still needs a capture |
 | Text field / selected text | Native edit menu and spelling suggestions without routing to active image tool | Edit menu implemented in text_field_menu.rs for every text field (Undo, Cut, Copy, Paste, Delete, Select All; a right-click inside the selection keeps it; never reaches the canvas or tool menu). Spelling suggestions live in the Type tool's edit menu (canvas_tool_menu.rs), not in generic fields, which hold no type layer text (UI-217-8) | P1; **inferred** exact spelling list |
 | Tool icon in Options bar | Reset Tool, Reset All Tools | Audit | Explicitly documented in [Adobe Photoshop reference](https://helpx.adobe.com/archive/en/photoshop/cc/2015/photoshop_reference.pdf); historical source, verify modern label |
-| Adaptive Wide Angle constraint line | Auto, Horizontal, Vertical orientation | Current right-click deletes constraint | P1 behavior mismatch: [Adobe documents orientation choice](https://helpx.adobe.com/photoshop/using/adaptive-wide-angle-filter.html) |
+| Adaptive Wide Angle constraint line | Auto, Horizontal, Vertical orientation | Right-click a constraint (wide_angle_ui.rs `constraint_menu`): Free, Horizontal, Vertical (current checked), Delete; a right-click away from every constraint opens nothing. Photoshop's Arbitrary angle is not modelled by the solver | Done except Arbitrary: [Adobe documents orientation choice](https://helpx.adobe.com/photoshop/using/adaptive-wide-angle-filter.html) |
 
 ## Delivery slices and acceptance
 
@@ -100,6 +100,7 @@ Each slice needs pure model tests (including every item dispatching a known comm
 
 | Date | Change | Summary |
 |---|---|---|
+| 2026-10-21 | minor | Crop tool menu on a pending crop (#6561) |
 | 2026-10-20 | trivial | Zoom tool menu order (#6005) |
 | 2026-10-18 | minor | Type tool menu over committed type (#7324) |
 | 2026-10-15 | trivial | Pasteboard row: the colour menu exists since #2462 |
diff --git a/docs/control-protocol.md b/docs/control-protocol.md
index 1f174b9273..d291f45d3b 100644
--- a/docs/control-protocol.md
+++ b/docs/control-protocol.md
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ photocraft --control 7878 --control-token-file /private/path/photocraft-control.
   --automation-read-root /work/project --automation-write-root /work/project
 ```
 
-If the file does not exist, PhotoCraft creates it with a fresh 256-bit token. On Unix the new file is mode `0600`; on Windows, protect it with an appropriate user-only ACL. An existing file is reused. If neither a token nor token file is configured, PhotoCraft generates a token for that launch and writes it to standard error. `PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN` and `PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN_FILE` are the environment-variable equivalents.
+If the file does not exist, PhotoCraft creates it with a fresh 256-bit token. On Unix the new file is mode `0600`; on Windows, protect it with an appropriate user-only ACL. An existing file is reused. If neither a token nor token file is configured, PhotoCraft generates a token for that launch and writes it to standard error. `PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN` and `PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN_FILE` are the environment-variable equivalents. A flag wins over its variable and an empty variable counts as unset; with `--control` (or `PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT`), a token together with a token file, from flags or variables, is a usage error (exit status 2). Without it no token is read, so the pair is ignored.
 
 The first request on every TCP connection must authenticate. No other method is dispatched before this succeeds:
 
@@ -47,16 +47,18 @@ The transport is `apps/photocraft/src/control_server.rs`, and the handlers are i
 - `engine.execute {command, params}`: run any engine or UI command by id. Engine commands run directly with their default params and never open a dialog. Use `ui.menu.invoke` for menu-click behaviour, which opens a command's dialog when no params are given. `params` must be a JSON object (omit it or pass `null` for none); an array, string, number or boolean is an error naming the command, in every transport (control channel, `serve`, MCP and the CLI)
 - `engine.commands`: list commands with enablement; the `result` is a JSON array of command objects (see [Command list replies](#command-list-replies))
 - `ui.inspect`: full UI state (tool, panels, views, dialogs, windows, window size). The menu tree is not included; use `ui.menu.list`. `brushPicker` is `null` while closed and `{pos: [x, y], size: [w, h]?, list: {collapsed, filter, renaming, showName, showStroke, showTip, scale}}` while the Brush Preset picker is open (coordinates in screen points; `size` is the picker's content size once its corner grip was dragged, `null` before that, and the drag remembers both dimensions; the three `show*` flags pick the parts of each preset's card — at least one is always on; `scale` is the footer slider, 0.15–2 with 1 the standard, multiplying the cards' width and height — the heights stop at half size and the name and tip-size text hold their 1.0 size — and dropping the tips' size numbers at 0.40 and below; the parts and the scale are remembered across restarts, while the search, collapsed groups and a rename in progress are not). `view` holds the View/Window/Type preferences: `screen_mode`, `extras`, `show` and `snap_to` flags, `flip_horizontal`, `arrange` (Window › Arrange layout), pixel aspect, font preview size, language options. `perf.timings.gpuInfo` holds the graphics adapter, backend, driver, the backend chosen at launch and why, the canvas renderer (`gpu`/`cpu`) and, after a device loss, `lost` (`help.systemInfo` returns the same as `info`)
-- `ui.set {tool?, panels?, dockTabs?, dock?, dockWidth?, colorPanel?, maskTarget?, vectorMaskTarget?, selectionMode?, zoom?, center?, rotation?, fit?, theme?, brushSize?, brushSection?, brushTab?, brushesView?, brushPicker?, brushPickerName?, brushPickerStroke?, brushPickerTip?, brushPickerScale?, gradientBlendMode?, gradientClassic?, shapeStroke?}`: change UI state; any other field is an error, checked before anything changes (`zoom` is the canvas zoom where 1 = 100%, one document pixel per physical display pixel, so a scaled display doesn't magnify the image; `theme` is `pro`, `proMedium`, `studio`, `studioLight` or `classic`; `selectionMode` is the selection tools' options-bar mode, 0 New, 1 Add, 2 Subtract, 3 Intersect; `brushSection` indexes the Brush Settings sections, `brushTab` 0 = Brush Settings, 1 = Brushes; `brushesView` is `list` or `grid` for the Brushes panel; `brushPickerName`, `brushPickerStroke` and `brushPickerTip` are the Brush Preset picker's card parts (booleans, at least one on), and `brushPickerScale` its footer card-scale slider (0.15 to 2, 1 the standard); `brushPicker` is `[x, y]` in screen points to open the Brush Preset picker there (as a right-click with a painting tool does) or `null` to close it, and picking a preset in it is `tools.setBrush {"preset": name}`; `dock` is `{order: ["layers", …], heights: {"properties": 180}, collapsed: ["color"], tabOrder: {"layers": ["Paths", "Layers", "Channels"]}}`, the right-dock groups top to bottom, their heights in points, the groups collapsed to their tab strip and each group's tab order left to right by panel name (a group left out keeps its default order, unknown names are ignored and tabs not listed follow in their default order; `dockTabs` keeps indexing tabs in their default order); `dockWidth` sets the right dock width in points, clamped to 250..520; `colorPanel` is `{background}`, whether the Color panel edits the background colour; `maskTarget` targets the active layer's mask, which, like Photoshop, swaps in the foreground/background pair kept for masks (white/black until one is picked) and swaps the pixels' pair back when the pixels are targeted again)
+- `ui.set {tool?, panels?, dockTabs?, dock?, dockWidth?, colorPanel?, maskTarget?, vectorMaskTarget?, filterMaskTarget?, selectionMode?, zoom?, center?, rotation?, fit?, theme?, brushSize?, brushSection?, brushTab?, brushesView?, brushPicker?, brushPickerName?, brushPickerStroke?, brushPickerTip?, brushPickerScale?, gradientBlendMode?, gradientClassic?, shapeStroke?}`: change UI state; any other field is an error, checked before anything changes (`zoom` is the canvas zoom where 1 = 100%, one document pixel per physical display pixel, so a scaled display doesn't magnify the image; `theme` is `pro`, `proMedium`, `studio`, `studioLight` or `classic`; `selectionMode` is the selection tools' options-bar mode, 0 New, 1 Add, 2 Subtract, 3 Intersect; `brushSection` indexes the Brush Settings sections, `brushTab` 0 = Brush Settings, 1 = Brushes; `brushesView` is `list` or `grid` for the Brushes panel; `brushPickerName`, `brushPickerStroke` and `brushPickerTip` are the Brush Preset picker's card parts (booleans, at least one on), and `brushPickerScale` its footer card-scale slider (0.15 to 2, 1 the standard); `brushPicker` is `[x, y]` in screen points to open the Brush Preset picker there (as a right-click with a painting tool does) or `null` to close it, and picking a preset in it is `tools.setBrush {"preset": name}`; `dock` is `{order: ["layers", …], heights: {"properties": 180}, collapsed: ["color"], tabOrder: {"layers": ["Paths", "Layers", "Channels"]}}`, the right-dock groups top to bottom, their heights in points, the groups collapsed to their tab strip and each group's tab order left to right by panel name (a group left out keeps its default order, unknown names are ignored and tabs not listed follow in their default order; `dockTabs` keeps indexing tabs in their default order); `dockWidth` sets the right dock width in points, clamped to 250..520; `colorPanel` is `{background?, mode?, ramp?, webSafeRamp?}`, merged into the Color panel's state: `background` is whether it edits the background colour, `mode` its panel-menu display (`hueCube`, `brightnessCube`, `colorWheel`, `grayscaleSlider`, `rgbSliders`, `hsbSliders`, `cmykSliders`, `labSliders` or `webColorSliders`), `ramp` the colour ramp under the sliders (`rgbSpectrum`, `cmykSpectrum`, `grayscaleRamp` or `currentColors`) and `webSafeRamp` Make Ramp Web Safe; `maskTarget` targets the active layer's mask, which, like Photoshop, swaps in the foreground/background pair kept for masks (white/black until one is picked) and swaps the pixels' pair back when the pixels are targeted again; `filterMaskTarget` targets the active smart object's filter mask (an error without smart filters), so painting, fills, filters and adjustments edit it (`"target":"filterMask"`) while Move and Edit › Transform still act on the smart object)
   - `typeTransform` is `null` outside a temporary Ctrl/Cmd Type-tool drag. During a drag it reports its source document/revision, original affine, oriented `frame` (layer, local bounds, document-space corners and pivot), and captured `gesture`. Drive it with `ui.pointer` and `command: true` at `down`; `move`/`up` may release the modifier. The document/history remain unchanged during preview, and `up` applies one `type.edit` within `textEdit`'s session. Pressing Escape during the drag cancels only the preview. This pointer state is never restored from saved UI state.
-- `ui.menu.invoke {id, params?, wait?}` / `ui.menu.list`: activate a menu item by id; list the menu tree. A menu item that starts a background job (a filter without a dialog, such as Blur More) replies with the job's result once it has been applied; with `"wait": false` the reply is `{job, pending: true}` at once. Window ends with the open documents as `window.document.<index>` (tab order, the active one checked, #2991); invoking one brings that document to the front and replies `{document: index}`
+- `ui.menu.invoke {id, params?, wait?}` / `ui.menu.list`: activate a menu item by id; list the menu tree. A menu item that starts a background job (a filter without a dialog, such as Blur More) replies with the job's result once it has been applied; with `"wait": false` the reply is `{job, pending: true}` at once. Window ends with the open documents as `window.document.<index>` (tab order, the active one checked, #2991); invoking one brings that document to the front and replies `{document: index}`. Camera Raw and the full-window workspaces (Liquify, Content-Aware Fill, Filter Gallery, Adaptive Wide Angle) are modal: while one is open, `ui.menu.invoke` refuses every other menu item ("menu command is unavailable while a modal dialog is open") and accepts only that workspace's own `{"ui": {...}}` requests (`filter.liquify`, `edit.contentAwareFill`, `filter.filterGallery`, `filter.adaptiveWideAngle`, `filter.cameraRaw`; `params` must hold only the `ui` object), so finish it with `{"ui":{"commit":true}}` or `{"ui":{"cancel":true}}` first. Those requests are refused too while a dialog, an unsaved-changes prompt or a crop that blocks the command is open: resolve that first, then commit or cancel the workspace. `ui.menu.list` reports the same gate: an item the modal state refuses is listed with `enabled: false`. `engine.execute` is not a menu click and is not gated
 - `ui.set` also accepts `gradientBlendMode` (a layer blend mode name, such as `Difference`) and `gradientClassic` (boolean) for the Gradient tool options bar.
 - `ui.set` also accepts `camTransformOnDrop` (boolean), the Content-Aware Move tool's Transform On Drop checkbox: a drop then puts a scale/rotate box on the patch (`ui.inspect` › `camTransform`: its document/revision, drag `offset` and `frame`), driven with `ui.pointer` (handles as Free Transform's; outside the box rotates), committed with `ui.key Enter` (one `paint.contentAwareMove` with `scaleX`, `scaleY`, `rotate`) or dropped with `Escape`.
 - `ui.set` also accepts `tileGrid` (boolean), a developer overlay of the active layer's storage tiles: the tile grid over the document, every stored tile filled and labelled `tx,ty`, tiles with identical pixels in a shared colour and unique ones in blue. It has no menu item and View › Extras doesn't hide it. `ui.inspect` reports it as `view.tile_grid`.
 - `ui.set` also accepts `strokeTrace` (`true`, `false`, `"stderr"` or `"off"`): turn the stroke latency trace on or off at runtime; each stroke's summary is in `ui.inspect` `perf.strokeTrace`. A CSV file of every frame is set only at launch (`PHOTOCRAFT_STROKE_TRACE=<file.csv>` / `--stroke-trace <file.csv>`): the control channel doesn't write files outside the automation write root
 - `ui.set` also accepts `layerFilter` (#5048), the Layers panel filter row: `{by?, kinds?, name?, mode?}`, any subset. `by` is `kind`, `name` or `mode` (the filter-type dropdown); `kinds` lists the Kind toggles that are on (`pixel`, `adjustment`, `type`, `shape`, `smart`); `name` matches part of a layer name, ignoring case; `mode` is a blend mode name (`Multiply`, `Pass Through`). Kind and Name filter only once a kind is on or text is typed; Mode always filters, by Normal at first, as in Photoshop. Fields left out keep their value; a bad one is an error and changes nothing.
+- `ui.set` also accepts the Histogram panel: `histogramPanel` `{view?, channel?, showChannelsInColor?, showStatistics?, source?}` (any subset, kept with the preferences): `view` is `compact`, `expanded` or `allChannels`; `channel` is `composite`, `red`, `green`, `blue`, `cyan`, `magenta`, `yellow`, `black`, `a`, `b`, `luminosity` or `colors` (one the document's mode lacks shows as its composite); `source` is `entireImage`, `selectedLayer` or `adjustmentComposite` (Entire Image is counted in Compact View, when the document has one layer, or when no adjustment layer is selected for Adjustment Composite). `histogramRange` is `[from, to]` (levels 0..255) or `null`: the dragged tonal range whose Count and Percentile the statistics show. `histogramRefresh: true` is Uncached Refresh: the current state is recounted at cache level 1. `ui.inspect` › `histogram` reports the options, the channel and source as they apply, the channels the document offers, whether the shown histogram is `current` (counted for the document's revision, source and cache level the panel wants now), its `cacheLevel`, `maxCacheLevel` (Preferences › Performance › Cache Levels), `preview` (an adjustment's preview is counted) and `stats` (`mean`, `stdDev`, `median`, `pixels`, `level`, `count`, `percentile`, `clipped` percent at 0 and 255). Histograms are counted while the panel is shown.
 - Each painting tool keeps its own brush, as in Photoshop: `tools.setBrush` and `ui.set {brushSize}` change the active tool's brush, and switching tools swaps in that tool's own (size, hardness, mode, opacity, flow, dynamics, smoothing). A tool used for the first time starts from the brush in hand. The colours, the erase flag and the stroke seed stay shared. So `ui.set {tool: "eraser", brushSize: 12}` sets the Eraser's size, and `ui.set {tool: "brush"}` afterwards brings the Brush's own size back.
-- `ui.set` also accepts the Eyedropper options bar (#1649): `eyedropperSampleSize` (`"point"` or 1, 3, 5, 11, 31, 51, 101: the side of the averaged square, shared by the Eyedropper, a painting tool's Alt-click eyedropper, the Curves/Color Picker eyedroppers and the Info panel), `eyedropperSample` (`current`, `currentAndBelow`, `all`, `allNoAdjustments`, `currentAndBelowNoAdjustments`) and `eyedropperRing` (boolean, Show Sampling Ring). `ui.inspect` reports them under `toolOptions` (`eyedropper_size`, `eyedropper_sample`, `eyedropper_ring`). The engine command `document.sampleColor {x, y, size, sampleLayer}` returns the colour such a sample picks.
+- Brush Pose's `pose.overrideTiltX` and `pose.overrideTiltY` are independent booleans. For example, `engine.execute {"command":"tools.setBrush","params":{"pose":{"enabled":true,"tiltX":45,"overrideTiltX":true,"overrideTiltY":false}}}` fixes X at 45° while Y follows the stylus. Pose tilts are degrees (±90); the Brush Settings panel displays percentages (±100). Old stored `overrideTilt` values migrate to both axes. In command patches, `overrideTilt` sets both axes unless an explicit axis field in the same patch overrides it. `brush.get` includes both axis flags and the legacy combined readback (`overrideTilt` is true only when both flags are true). Axis-only journals omit that derived combined key so replay retains the other axis. Present flag values must be booleans; null and other types return an error.
+- `ui.set` also accepts the Eyedropper options bar (#1649): `eyedropperSampleSize` (`"point"` or 1, 3, 5, 11, 31, 51, 101: the side of the averaged square, shared by the Eyedropper, a painting tool's Alt-click eyedropper, the Curves/Color Picker eyedroppers and the Info panel), `eyedropperSample` (`current`, `currentAndBelow`, `all`, `allNoAdjustments`, `currentAndBelowNoAdjustments`) and `eyedropperRing` (boolean, Show Sampling Ring). `ui.inspect` reports them under `toolOptions` (`eyedropper_size`, `eyedropper_sample`, `eyedropper_ring`). The engine command `document.sampleColor {x, y, size, sampleLayer}` returns the colour such a sample picks, as four floats 0..1 (not 0..255).
 - `ui.set` also accepts the Crop tool's overlay menu (#1919): `cropOverlay` (`thirds`, `grid`, `diagonal`, `triangle`, `goldenRatio`, `goldenSpiral`), `cropOverlayShow` (`auto`: only while the crop box is dragged, Photoshop's default; `always`; `never`) and `cropOverlayOrientation` (0..3; Triangle has two orientations and Golden Spiral four, the others ignore it). `ui.inspect` reports them under `toolOptions` (`crop_overlay`, `crop_overlay_show`, `crop_overlay_orientation`). In the app, O cycles the overlay and ⇧O its orientation while the Crop tool shows a box.
 - `ui.set` also accepts `cropFill` (`background`, Photoshop's Background (Default), or `contentAware`), the Crop tool's Fill dropdown (#3823): with `contentAware`, committing a turned or extending frame passes `contentAware: true` to `image.crop`, which fills the area the image doesn't cover from its surroundings. `ui.inspect` reports it as `toolOptions.crop_content_aware`.
   Both gradient modes use the current preset, including its opacity stops. Select `Foreground to Transparent` through `gradient.presets.select`, or pass custom `stops` and `transparency: [[0,100],[1,0]]` (location 0..1, opacity 0..100). Use `applyToLayer: false` to edit only the tool preset. Classic gradient drags dispatch `paint.gradient` without overriding them.
@@ -66,10 +68,12 @@ The transport is `apps/photocraft/src/control_server.rs`, and the handlers are i
   - `ui.dialog.open {kind:"colorPicker", textStyle:{kind:"character"|"paragraph", id:u32}}` opens the shared Color Picker for an explicitly enabled Color attribute in Style Options. It opens the matching style panel/editor after validation; inherited colors must first be enabled through the existing style command. The picker reports its bound document/revision/style under `__textStyleColor` in `ui.inspect`. Changes preview in an isolated document; OK runs the existing style `set` command once, Cancel changes nothing. Document edits/switches or closed/changed Style Options discard the picker. `textStyle` cannot be combined with `parent`, `effect`, `field` or `target`.
   - The shell's own dialogs (Window › Workspace › New Workspace / Delete Workspace, View › Pixel Aspect Ratio › Custom Pixel Aspect Ratio…, View › Show › Show Extras Options…, View › 32-bit Preview Options…) are listed in `ui.inspect`'s `dialogs` with the id `"shell"` (at most one is open). `ui.dialog.set`, `ui.dialog.confirm` and `ui.dialog.cancel` take `{"dialog": "shell"}`; OK runs the dialog's command and keeps the dialog open if it fails
   - The unsaved-changes prompt (closing a document, Revert, quitting with unsaved work) is listed in `ui.inspect`'s `dialogs` with the id `"discard"` while it is up: `fields` gives the waiting `command` (`file.close`, `file.exit`…), the `document` it asks about, how many are `remaining`, and its `choices`. `ui.dialog.confirm` takes `{"dialog": "discard", "choice": "save" | "dontSave" | "cancel"}` (default `save`; Revert takes `dontSave` or `cancel`) and answers it as the window's buttons do, one document at a time; `ui.dialog.cancel` with `{"dialog": "discard"}` cancels it. Save of an untitled document opens the save dialog first, so the reply's `fileDialog` is true and the prompt stays open until that is answered.
+  - A save dialog's answer that PhotoCraft changes, by giving a name without an extension the suggested file's or by lowercasing the extension (Preferences › File Handling › Lowercase Extension), opens a replace prompt when a file exists under the changed name: a dialog with `__replaceSaved`, `message`, `detail` and `path` (the file the save would replace). `ui.dialog.confirm` writes the file; `ui.dialog.cancel` ends the save without writing, as Cancel in the save dialog does. The file dialog counts as open until the prompt is answered. A name that differs only in letter case and reaches the same file (Windows and macOS by default) does not open it.
   - Layer Style (`layerStyle {effect?}` opens on that effect kind): the fields hold the dialog's whole state, so agents read and drive it like a user. `effects` lists every effect instance in the layer's order as `{id, kind, on, params, fx}` (`fx` is the effect snapshot the dialog loaded; OK edits that snapshot with `params`, so anything the dialog doesn't model survives). `selected` picks the page (`blendingOptions` or an instance id), `preview` (default on) gates the live canvas preview, `p:blendingOptions` edits blend mode/opacity/fill opacity, and `patternList` names the usable patterns. OK replaces the layer's effects in one step (`layer.layerStyle.replace`); Cancel discards. "New Style…" saves the pending state via `style.presets.new {effects}`, a swatch click applies a style preset, and Make/Reset Default use `layer.layerStyle.makeDefault` / `layer.layerStyle.defaultFor`
+  - Gradient Overlay exposes `params.method` (`smooth`, `perceptual`, `linear`, `classic`). `custom` denotes an existing curve without a recorded method and preserves it. Choosing a method retains all recorded source colour stops. If no source record exists (including baked PSD imports), choosing a method rebuilds from the two end colours, matching legacy command behaviour; the old curve stays unchanged until that choice. Later endpoint edits rebuild the colour curve using the recorded method. The source stops, smoothness and method survive dialog reopening, undo/redo and native `.pcraft` saves. Saving a style preset through "New Style…" may lose the multi-stop source curve: it passes only params to `style.presets.new`, and `effect_from_params` rebuilds the effect from the default gradient. PSD export continues to write the baked appearance; reopening that PSD shows Custom because editable interpolation metadata is not exported yet. Opacity interpolation and the multi-stop editor are separate work.
   - Preferences (`ui.menu.invoke {id: "edit.preferences.interface"}`) exposes the sections in its `values` field. Apply (`ui.dialog.apply`) and OK (`ui.dialog.confirm`) on Preferences are refused over control because automation denies whole-preferences updates and filesystem-bearing preference sections. A refused `ui.dialog.apply` returns an error and keeps the dialog open; a refused `ui.dialog.confirm` returns an error but closes and removes the dialog. `ui.dialog.cancel` closes the dialog without saving. Individual safe preferences can instead be changed with `engine.execute` using `prefs.set` (e.g. `{"command": "prefs.set", "params": {"path": "interface.showTooltips", "value": false}}`). Settings marked for the next launch still require a restart.
   - Edit › Fill… (`ui.menu.invoke {id: "edit.fill"}`, Shift+F5, Shift+Backspace) opens the Fill dialog; its fields are `edit.fill`'s params (`contents`, `color`, `pattern`, `colorAdaptation`, `mode`, `opacity`, `preserveTransparency`), and OK remembers them in the preferences (`dialogs["edit.fill"]`).
-  - Save for Web (`ui.menu.invoke {id: "file.export.saveForWebLegacy"}`) is resizable with independently scrolling settings. Dialog fields `__view` (`original|optimized|2up|4up`), `__zoom` (`null` = Fit, otherwise a factor; 1 = 100% in physical display pixels), and `__center: [u,v]` control the shared preview navigation. `__previewRects` reports pane rectangles in screen points. Drag a preview to pan, scroll/pinch to zoom at the pointer, or double-click to fit. GIF/PNG-8 expose `colorTable: ["#rrggbb", …]` (opaque source entries) and `colorTableEdits: {"0":"#rrggbb", …}` (zero-based replacements after quantization). A swatch opens a color picker; edits update the preview and saved file without remapping pixel indices or changing the document. Reset clears replacements. Changing palette/size/matte/transparency settings regenerates the table and clears index-based edits. Previews and generated tables use a bounded 2048-pixel proxy; full-size export uses that explicit table unchanged. `__paletteApproximate` reports proxy-derived palette generation, and enlarged proxy previews are labelled. The engine export command accepts the same table/edit parameters; its no-path estimate returns the source `colorTable` and `transparentIndex` as well as size statistics. Opening a new dialog does not carry a previous image's table across.
+  - Save for Web (`ui.menu.invoke {id: "file.export.saveForWebLegacy"}`) is resizable with independently scrolling settings. Dialog fields `__view` (`original|optimized|2up|4up`), `__zoom` (`null` = Fit, otherwise a factor; 1 = 100% in physical display pixels), and `__center: [u,v]` control the shared preview navigation. `__previewRects` reports pane rectangles in screen points. Drag a preview to pan, scroll/pinch to zoom at the pointer, or double-click to fit. GIF/PNG-8 expose `colorTable: ["#rrggbb", …]` (opaque source entries) and `colorTableEdits: {"0":"#rrggbb", …}` (zero-based replacements after quantization). A swatch opens a color picker; edits update the preview and saved file without remapping pixel indices or changing the document. Reset clears replacements. Changing palette/size/matte/transparency settings regenerates the table and clears index-based edits. Previews and generated tables use a bounded 2048-pixel proxy; full-size export uses that explicit table unchanged. `__paletteApproximate` reports proxy-derived palette generation, and enlarged proxy previews are labelled. The engine export command accepts the same table/edit parameters; its no-path estimate returns the source `colorTable` and `transparentIndex` as well as size statistics. Opening a new dialog does not carry a previous image's table across. Image Size has `width` and `height` (px), `percent` and `resample` (`nearest|bilinear|bicubic|bicubicSmoother|bicubicSharper`, default `bicubic`); `__constrain` (default true at each opening) links the two sides in proportion. A side edit sets both sides and removes `percent`, which the export command otherwise applies first; a Percent edit sets both sides from it. Each opening starts at the document's full size, while `resample` is remembered with the encoding choices. The document is never resized.
   - A pixel tool pressed on a type, shape, Smart Object or fill layer (e.g. through `ui.pointer`) opens the "Rasterize?" prompt instead of painting: a dialog with `__rasterize` (`type|shape|smartObject|fill`), `message`, `layer`, `tool` and `at`. `ui.dialog.confirm` runs the `layer.rasterize.*` command and then paints at `at` (two history states, `{"rasterized", "painted"}`); `ui.dialog.cancel` does nothing.
   - Edit › Transform › Warp on editable type (`ui.menu.invoke {"id":"edit.transform.warp"}`, or the warp toggle of an open transform box) opens Warp mode with no prompt, as in Photoshop: the mesh can't be dragged or split, only the options bar's warp style, Bend, H and V apply, and the commit sets the layer's Warp Text in one step, so the type stays editable. Directly: `engine.execute {"command":"edit.transform.warp","params":{"style":"flag","bend":40}}` on a type layer. Distort and Perspective stay greyed for type.
 - `ui.window.open {document?}` / `ui.window.close {window}`: extra document windows
@@ -83,12 +87,24 @@ The transport is `apps/photocraft/src/control_server.rs`, and the handlers are i
 - Engine commands (`engine.execute`, `photocraft-cli run`, MCP `command_run`) reject a param key their `params` doc does not name for the commands listed in `STRICT` (`crates/engine/src/param_check.rs`, today `layer.hideLayers` and `layer.showLayers`): `{"ids":[4]}` is the error `unknown parameter \`ids\` (expected: layer)`, and nothing runs. Other commands still ignore unknown keys until their `params` doc is complete and they are added to that list (`coalesce` and `target` are always accepted).
 - `ui.type {text}`: type text (goes to the focused widget, or to the canvas while the Type tool is editing)
 - `ui.resize {width, height}`: resize the main window
-- `ui.gpu.simulateLoss {error?}`: act as if the wgpu device was lost (or reported an error with `error: true`). The app switches to the CPU image compositor for the rest of the session and shows the same recovery warning as on a real loss. `gpuFallbackNotice` in `ui.inspect` contains the reason while the warning is open. Keep Using CPU saves CPU compatibility for the next launch; Retry GPU saves GPU mode and asks the user to save and restart. The window renderer still requires a working graphics or software adapter. Returns `wasActive` and `gpuInfo`. For testing the fallback. With `destroy: true` it destroys the window's real wgpu device instead, as a driver reset does (see `docs/development.md` › device loss): the app saves every unsaved document for recovery and closes. Returns `destroyed`
+- `ui.gpu.simulateLoss {error?}`: act as if the wgpu device was lost (or reported an error with `error: true`). The app switches to the CPU image compositor (after a loss for the rest of the session; after an error until a successful Retry GPU) and shows the same recovery warning as on a real loss. `gpuFallbackNotice` in `ui.inspect` contains the reason while the warning is open. Keep Using CPU saves CPU compatibility for the next launch. Retry GPU saves GPU mode; after an error (`error: true`) it also builds a new GPU canvas on the same device at once (`gpuInfo.canvas` is `gpu` again, #6577), and after a loss it asks the user to save and restart. The window renderer still requires a working graphics or software adapter. Returns `wasActive` and `gpuInfo`. For testing the fallback. With `destroy: true` it destroys the window's real wgpu device instead, as a driver reset does (see `docs/development.md` › device loss): the app saves every unsaved document for recovery and closes. Returns `destroyed`
 - `ui.screenshot {path?, focus?}`: capture the main window (PNG). With no path the reply contains
   base64 PNG data; a path is relative to the automation write root. Raises the window first
-  (default) because occluded macOS windows stop rendering
+  (default) because occluded macOS windows stop rendering. A request sent before the first frame
+  is queued (within the same limits and deadline) and captures once the window geometry is known,
+  as on 0.15. At most four captures may be outstanding (waiting for geometry, rendered or awaiting
+  collection), one image may use at most 128 MiB and all of them at most 256 MiB; the budget is
+  re-checked when the window changes before a queued request is captured, and an over-budget
+  request is refused before it is captured. A request gives up after 8 s (including retries after
+  a resize/DPI/zoom change), and a result that arrives after it was cancelled or timed out is
+  discarded without a file or a second reply. Any size, scale, zoom, texture-side or minimized
+  change between issuance and collection retries the capture even if the values change back, and
+  a minimized window fails with an error instead of waiting for the timeout. The
+  document (and its activation: a switch away and back) is fixed when the request is accepted: if
+  another document becomes active before the capture, the request fails with an error rather than
+  saving the wrong document
 - `ui.focus`: bring the main window to the front
-- `app.open {path}` / `app.save {path?, tgaBits?, ddsCompression?, ddsMipmaps?}`: relative file I/O through the configured automation roots (`app.open` reads under the read root, `app.save` writes under the write root; absolute paths, `..` and paths escaping the root are refused, and both fail closed when no root was granted). Both reply with `warnings` (import/export notes such as "adjustment layer flattened"; `[]` when none), also shown to the user in the status bar and as a notice (`notices` in `ui.inspect`); `app.open` also returns the `path` and document `name` (directory `.pcraft` — the native on-disk form — loads through the read root's capability; the single-file (zip) form takes the bytes path), `app.save` the `path` written. `app.save` without `path` writes back only to the document's own PSD, PSB or `.pcraft` file, like File › Save. `tgaBits` (24 or 32) sets a TGA's bits per pixel: 32 writes the alpha channel (or else the transparency) as its alpha, 24 none; without it, 32 with an alpha channel or transparency, else 24. `ddsCompression` (`none`, `bc1`, `bc2` or `bc3`) and `ddsMipmaps` (bool) set a DDS texture's compression and mip chain; without them, uncompressed without mipmaps. Automation saves never show TGA, DDS or TIFF options. Automation opens and saves never fire script events. Use these two rather than `file.open`, `file.save`, `file.saveAs` or `file.saveACopy`, which the control channel refuses (see [Engine commands](#engine-commands))
+- `app.open {path}` / `app.save {path?, tgaBits?, ddsCompression?, ddsMipmaps?, quality?, jpegFormat?}` (JPEG: `quality` on the 0–12 scale, `jpegFormat` `baseline`, `optimized` or `progressive`; automation never shows JPEG Options): relative file I/O through the configured automation roots (`app.open` reads under the read root, `app.save` writes under the write root; absolute paths, `..` and paths escaping the root are refused, and both fail closed when no root was granted). Both reply with `warnings` (import/export notes such as "adjustment layer flattened"; `[]` when none), also shown to the user in the status bar and as a notice (`notices` in `ui.inspect`); `app.open` also returns the `path` and document `name` (directory `.pcraft` — the native on-disk form — loads through the read root's capability; the single-file (zip) form takes the bytes path), `app.save` the `path` written. `app.save` without `path` writes back only to the document's own PSD, PSB or `.pcraft` file, like File › Save. `tgaBits` (24 or 32) sets a TGA's bits per pixel: 32 writes the alpha channel (or else the transparency) as its alpha, 24 none; without it, 32 with an alpha channel or transparency, else 24. `ddsCompression` (`none`, `bc1`, `bc2` or `bc3`) and `ddsMipmaps` (bool) set a DDS texture's compression and mip chain; without them, uncompressed without mipmaps. Automation saves never show TGA, DDS, JPEG or TIFF options. Automation opens and saves never fire script events. Use these two rather than `file.open`, `file.save`, `file.saveAs` or `file.saveACopy`, which the control channel refuses (see [Engine commands](#engine-commands))
 - `app.quit`
 
 ## Engine commands
@@ -106,6 +122,7 @@ store expose and persist the same setting; scripts keep using canonical command
 | `layer.new.layer` | `{"name":"Ink"}` |
 | `layer.select` | `{"layer":id\|str,"mode":"replace\|toggle\|range\|add\|remove"}` or `{"name":"Background","occurrence":0?}` (occurrence is zero-based document walk order; required for duplicate names): ⌘-click = toggle, ⇧-click = range; `document.inspect` reports `selectedLayers` and a per-layer `selected` flag |
 | `channel.target` / `channel.setVisible` | Channels panel target and eyes (`"composite"`, colour name, alpha index or name, `"quickMask"`). `document.inspect` (and `channel.list`) report `channels`: composite/colour/alpha rows with visibility, channel options, `quickMask`, `target`. Pixel commands without a `target` param follow the targeted channel |
+| `channel.options` | `{"channel":index\|name\|"quickMask"\|"mask",…}`: Channel Options (name, `indicates`, overlay `color`, `opacity`/`solidity`). On `"mask"` it is Layer Mask Display Options: the `color` and `opacity` of every layer mask's rubylith (`\`, ⇧⌥-click), kept in the preferences as `layerMaskOverlay` (not an undo step) and returned under that key |
 | `layer.setProps` | `{"layer":id?,"name":…,"visible":…,"opacity":0..1,"blend":"Multiply"}` |
 | `layer.fill.solidColor.set` | `{"layer":id?,"document":id?,"color":"#rrggbb"}`: edit a Solid Color Fill in one undo step; RGB without alpha preserves the fill's alpha. Float RGB arrays and a stored `Color` are also accepted. `document` rejects stale dialog targets. |
 | `layer.fill.pattern.set` | `{"layer":id?,"document":id?,"pattern":id\|name?,"scale":1..1000?,"angle":-180..180?,"link":bool?,"phase":[x,y]?}`: edit a Pattern Fill (the Pattern Fill dialog's OK) in one undo step; omitted values keep the layer's, `phase` `[0,0]` is Snap to Origin. `layer.newFillLayer.pattern` from a menu (no params) and `layer.layerContentOptions` on a Pattern Fill layer open the Pattern Fill dialog. |
@@ -114,9 +131,9 @@ store expose and persist the same setting; scripts keep using canonical command
 | `layer.newAdjustmentLayer.hueSaturation` | `{"hue":30,"saturation":10}` |
 | `paint.stroke` | `{"points":[[x,y,pressure],…],"size":20,"color":"#ff0000"}` |
 | `select.rect` | `{"x":0,"y":0,"width":100,"height":50,"mode":"add","ellipse":false}` |
-| `document.inspect` | `{}`: layer tree, history, snapshots (`[{id, name}]`, for `history.selectSnapshot`), selection bounds |
+| `document.inspect` | `{}`: layer tree, history, snapshots (`[{id, name}]`, for `history.selectSnapshot`; id 0 is the document as opened), selection bounds |
 | `layer.list` | `{"document":index?,"flat":bool?}`: just the layers, top-down: `id`, `name`, `kind`, `visible`, `bounds` (`[x,y,w,h]` or null), `selected`, `active`; groups list their `children`, or with `flat` every layer is one row with its `depth` and `parent` group id |
-| `document.pixel` | `{"x":10,"y":10}`: composite RGBA |
+| `document.pixel` | `{"x":10,"y":10}`: composite RGBA, four floats 0..1 (not 0..255) |
 | `document.presets.list` | `{}` → `{presets:[{name,settings}]}`: saved New Document configurations |
 | `document.presets.save` | `{"name":"Product square","settings":{"width":1600,"height":1600,"background":"transparent"}}`: save a snapshot; names are trimmed, 1–255 characters, and ASCII case-insensitive duplicates are rejected |
 | `document.presets.get` | `{"name":"Product square"}` → `{preset,params}`: fetch settings; pass `params` to `file.new` to create a document, optionally adding a document `name` |
@@ -280,6 +297,19 @@ toolbox colour as `backgroundColor: [r,g,b]` (0..1), so reusing it does not foll
 changes. Up to 256 presets are kept. Invalid saved entries are skipped independently; other
 presets and preferences still load. Automatic Recent configurations are separate follow-up work.
 
+## Update checks
+
+On desktop, `engine.execute` with `help.checkForUpdates` and `{}` starts a background
+check; `updates.status` returns `{supported, currentVersion, result}`. The result's `status`
+is `idle`, `checking`, `upToDate`, `available` (with `release: {version, url}`), or `failed`
+(with `message`). No document is required and neither command adds history or journal entries.
+Headless and web sessions without a release transport report `supported: false`.
+
+Set `general.automaticallyCheckUpdates` with `prefs.set` to enable or disable the next
+desktop startup's single check (enabled by default). Manual checks still work when automatic checks are off.
+`ui.inspect` includes `updates` and `updatesOpen`; `ui.set {"updatesOpen": false}` closes
+the non-modal update window.
+
 ## Snapping
 
 With View › Snap on, tool gestures snap to the View › Snap To targets (guides and grid while they
@@ -298,7 +328,7 @@ magenta alignment lines. `ui.pointer` drives the same code, so agents get identi
 `photocraft-automation` provides an MCP server built on the official Rust SDK (`rmcp`). It runs in one of two modes:
 
 - **Headless** (`photocraft-cli mcp`): an in-process `photocraft_engine::Session`. There is no window.
-- **Bridge** (`photocraft-cli mcp --bridge 127.0.0.1:7878 --control-token-file <path>`): every tool is forwarded to a running `photocraft --control 7878 --control-token-file <path>` over this protocol, so agents see and drive the live app.
+- **Bridge** (`photocraft-cli mcp --bridge 127.0.0.1:7878 --control-token-file <path>`): every tool is forwarded to a running `photocraft --control 7878 --control-token-file <path>` over this protocol, so agents see and drive the live app. `--bridge 7878` is short for `--bridge 127.0.0.1:7878`. With no `--bridge`, `PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT` selects the bridge port (`127.0.0.1:<port>`), and the CLI says so on standard error; with neither (or the variable empty), the MCP runs headless. A value that is not a port is a usage error naming the variable. `--automation-read-root` or `--automation-write-root` with the variable set is a usage error, since the bridge would drop the roots.
 
 The bridge keeps one authenticated TCP connection open, and drops and reconnects before a call once the connection has been idle long enough that the app (which closes idle connections after 30s) may have dropped it. A transport failure while sending a request or waiting for its reply, including a reply timeout, drops the connection and reports that the operation may have completed; inspect the document before retrying an edit. Edits are never automatically resent (#1007); a connection that could not be established is reported as "the request was not sent" instead. The MCP server opts its pure-read tools (`ui_inspect`, `doc_inspect`, `command_list`, `jobs_list`, `session_list`, `ui_screenshot`) into one automatic retry on a fresh connection, since a read applies nothing; clients driving `BridgeClient` directly opt in per call with `call_read`. The next separate call reconnects and authenticates, and reply lines whose `id` does not match the request are skipped. The client's call timeout is 55s, strictly below the server's 60s reply deadline, so the bridge's error is the one callers see; commands that can run longer should pass `"wait": false` and poll `jobs.list`. It only accepts loopback addresses, because the app only listens on loopback. Supply its bearer token with `--control-token-file`, `--control-token`, `PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN_FILE`, or `PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN`:
 
@@ -318,6 +348,7 @@ How each MCP tool maps onto control methods in bridge mode:
 | `doc_inspect` | `engine.execute {command: "document.inspect"}` |
 | `doc_open {path}` | `app.open {path}` |
 | `doc_place {path, …}` | `engine.execute {command: "file.placeEmbedded", params}` |
+| `doc_replace_smart_object {path, layer?, …}` | `engine.execute {command: "layer.smartObjects.replaceContents", params}`, which the desktop refuses (the command reads an ambient path, and no control method reads it through the automation root yet; `doc_place` is refused the same way). An `index` is refused in bridge mode instead of being dropped, since the command runs on the app's active document. Use it headless or in the workspace server (`doc.replaceSmartObject`), where `path` resolves beneath the read root |
 | `doc_export_layers {dir, …}` | `engine.execute {command: "file.export.layersToFiles", params}` |
 | `doc_export_data_sets {dir, …}` | `engine.execute {command: "file.export.dataSetsAsFiles", params}` |
 | `doc_import_data_sets {path, …}` | `engine.execute {command: "file.import.variableDataSets", params}` |
@@ -358,13 +389,21 @@ capability interface. Interactive desktop file pickers retain normal user-select
 
 ## Headless server
 
+An unused TCP headless server exits after 30 minutes without a client connection, releasing
+its listening port so a later session can reuse it (#3682). An active connection prevents
+idle shutdown, including during a long command. Clients should reconnect by restarting
+`photocraft-cli serve` if they need a server after the idle deadline.
+
 `photocraft-cli serve` keeps one headless engine session (no window, no GPU) and answers the same
-JSON-lines envelope on stdio, or on `127.0.0.1:<port>` with `--port <port>` (loopback only; each
+JSON-lines envelope on stdio, or on `127.0.0.1:<port>` with `--port <port>` or, without the flag,
+`PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT` (loopback only; each
 authenticated connection shares the session). TCP uses the same first-frame `auth` exchange and
 token options as desktop control. Stdio does not require this TCP handshake because access is
 inherited from the process pipe. It is the fastest way for a script or agent to make many edits:
 no MCP framing, no app start-up per command. Configure its file access with the same
-`--automation-read-root` and `--automation-write-root` flags. Implementation:
+`--automation-read-root` and `--automation-write-root` flags. When the
+variable, not the flag, turns on TCP, `serve` says so on standard error; an empty value keeps
+stdio, and a value that is not a port is a usage error naming the variable. Implementation:
 `crates/automation/src/rpc.rs`.
 
 | Method | Params |
@@ -375,7 +414,8 @@ no MCP framing, no app start-up per command. Configure its file access with the
 | `session.list` | open documents and the active index |
 | `doc.open` / `doc.new` | `{path}` / `file.new` params |
 | `doc.place` | `{path, scale? (percent), fit? (true), center? ([x, y]), index?}`: places a file as a Smart Object layer above the active one and returns `{layer, scale, bounds}`. `path` resolves beneath the read root, so this is the capability-scoped `file.placeEmbedded` — that command itself still refuses an ambient path |
-| `doc.exportLayers` | `{dir, format? (png), prefix?, visibleOnly? (true), quality?, index?}` → `{files, count}`: one file per exported layer, named like `file.export.layersToFiles` names them. `dir` resolves beneath the write root, so the ambient command stays refused. The bytes come from the command's own core, so both paths write the same files; the write capability refuses to overwrite an existing file |
+| `doc.replaceSmartObject` | `{path, layer? (id or name; default the active layer), index?}` → the command's `{layer, instances}`: replaces a Smart Object's contents (one history step, transform and filters kept). `path` resolves beneath the read root, so this is the capability-scoped `layer.smartObjects.replaceContents`, which itself still refuses an ambient path (#8061) |
+| `doc.exportLayers` | `{dir, format? (png), prefix?, visibleOnly? (true), quality?, index?}` → `{files, skipped}` (plus `count` for workspace exports): one file per exported top-level layer, named like `file.export.layersToFiles` names them. `count` is present only for workspace exports and counts written files only. `skipped` is always an array (empty when nothing is omitted), in top-to-bottom order, of `{layer, name, reason}`: the session layer id, original unsanitized name, and `"hidden by visibleOnly"` or `"adjustment layer has no pixels of its own"`. Visibility takes precedence for hidden adjustments; `visibleOnly:false` exports hidden non-adjustment layers. Groups export merged; their children are not separate exports or skips. Existing filenames/numbering are unchanged. `dir` resolves beneath the write root, so the ambient command stays refused. The bytes come from the command's own core, so both paths write the same files; the write capability refuses to overwrite an existing file. Encode/write failures are errors, not skips |
 | `doc.exportDataSets` | `{dir, format? (png), dataSets? (all), naming? ("{name}\|{index}\|{document}"), index?}` → `{files, count}`: the capability-scoped `file.export.dataSetsAsFiles`. The batch is planned first and colliding names are refused before any file is written, as in the command |
 | `doc.importDataSets` | `{path, delimiter? (,), index?}` → `{imported}`: the capability-scoped `file.import.variableDataSets`; the CSV is read beneath the read root |
 | `doc.save` | `{path?, format?, quality?, index?, tiffLayers?, tgaBits?, ddsCompression?, ddsMipmaps?}` (`.pcraft` native, else export by extension; set `tiffLayers: true` to preserve TIFF layers rather than exporting a flattened TIFF; `tgaBits` 24 or 32 sets a TGA's bits per pixel, and `ddsCompression`/`ddsMipmaps` a DDS texture's compression and mip chain, as `app.save` does). Without `path` only a PSD, PSB or `.pcraft` document is written back to its own file, in its own format; anything else is an error and the file is left unchanged. A successful layered save (PSD, PSB or `.pcraft`) records the current revision as saved and makes the file the document's path, so `session.list` reports `dirty: false`; a flat export is a copy and leaves the document dirty |
@@ -471,26 +511,43 @@ viewports, so the dialog is drawn over the main window and appears in the image.
 RGB/Grayscale layer. `params: {"smartFilter": {"layer": id, "index": i}}` opens it on an existing
 Camera Raw smart filter instead (as double-clicking the filter in the Layers panel does): the
 stored settings over the pixels below that filter, previewed through the filter mask; commit
-then runs `layer.smartFilter.setParams` with every setting. `params.ui` accepts `set` (filter settings), `before`, `scope`, `view`, `commit` and
-`cancel`. All parts of one request are validated before any is applied; a rejected request
+then runs `layer.smartFilter.setParams` with every setting. `params.ui` accepts `set` (filter settings), `before`, `scope`, `view`, `auto` (true: the Light
+sliders from the image's histogram, the panel's Auto button), `commit` and
+`cancel`, and while a raw file opens also `demosaic` (below). All parts of one request are validated before any is applied; a rejected request
 leaves the settings, view state, preferences and document unchanged (and closes a dialog it
-opened). Unknown `ui` or settings properties, non-boolean `before` / `commit` / `cancel`, and
+opened). Unknown `ui` or settings properties, non-boolean `before` / `auto` / `commit` / `cancel`, and
 `commit` together with `cancel` are errors. Point curves (`pointCurve`, `pointCurveRed`,
 `pointCurveGreen`, `pointCurveBlue`) are empty or 2–16 finite points in 0–255 with inputs at
 least one level apart. Commit dispatches one `filter.cameraRaw` engine command; a failed commit
 keeps the dialog open for correction. Nothing else writes document history.
 
+A raw file opened from a path reads its sidecar (`IMG_0001.xmp` beside `IMG_0001.CR2`, Camera
+Raw's `crs:` settings) into the open-time dialog, and Open writes changed settings back
+(Preferences › Camera Raw Defaults › Write xmp sidecars). It never writes beside a DNG, over a
+sidecar another application wrote (a notice says it was kept), or for a control or MCP request.
+Open also applies the other Camera Raw Defaults (Sharpen For as part of the Camera Raw step, then
+colour space, bit depth and Open as Smart Object, so the step works on the pixels the dialog
+previewed; Apply auto tone fills the dialog), reported as `defaults` in the commit's reply; the
+resolution is set when the file opens. With "Open in Camera Raw" off the sidecar and the defaults
+apply without the dialog.
+
 **Opening a raw file.** An interactive open (File › Open, Open Recent, drag and drop, the
 command line) of a camera raw developed from its sensor data shows this dialog first, titled
 "Camera Raw (name)", with **Open** and **Cancel**, as Photoshop opens raws in Adobe Camera Raw.
-`ui.inspect.cameraRaw.openingRaw` is then `{name, path}`. Commit (Open) re-develops the raw when
+`ui.inspect.cameraRaw.openingRaw` is then `{name, path, demosaic}`, `demosaic` being the method
+the raw is to be opened with (`ahd`, `mhc` or `bilinear`): at first the one the open developed it
+with, then whatever `ui.demosaic` or the Demosaic menu at the top of Detail chose. `ui.demosaic`
+is accepted only while a raw file opens (an error otherwise) and an unknown method is refused.
+Commit (Open) re-develops the raw when the demosaic method differs from the one the open used or
 Temperature, Tint, Exposure, Shadows, Highlights, Clarity, Texture or Dehaze changed (as-shot
 white-balance gains, develop exposure, and the other five in linear light before the camera's
 tone curve, as Camera Raw does for raw files; without an as-shot white balance, or without the file's bytes, they stay RGB
 adjustments), applies the remaining settings as one `filter.cameraRaw` step and leaves the
-document unmodified; its result is `{document, redeveloped, filter?}`. Cancel closes the
-document. `app.open` and other automation opens never show the dialog. The preference
-`rawDefaults.openInCameraRaw` (default `true`) turns it off.
+document unmodified; its result is `{document, redeveloped, filter?}`. The preview keeps the
+method the file was opened with. Cancel closes the document. `app.open` and other automation
+opens never show the dialog. The preference `rawDefaults.openInCameraRaw` (default `true`) turns
+it off; `rawDefaults.demosaic` (`ahd` by default, `mhc`, `bilinear`; Preferences › Camera Raw)
+is the method the app's raw opens develop with (interactive opens, `app.open` and Place).
 
 Imported PSD Camera Raw filters whose processing settings are all mapped or neutral use this
 same editor. `params.__cameraRawPsd` is reserved import/export metadata: preserve it when editing
@@ -613,21 +670,37 @@ layer names. Selection is captured before opening the dialog; an unselected laye
 ## Shared panel docking
 
 Panel arrangements support tab grouping and reordering, horizontal and vertical splits,
-and movable, resizable floating groups inside the application window. Drag a panel tab,
-or use its context menu. Floating groups remain within the application viewport.
+and movable, resizable floating groups. Drag a panel tab or a group's drag bar, or use its
+context menu. On the desktop a floating group opens in its own OS window; on Wayland, in the
+web build and for the Studio Properties card it stays inside the application window.
 
 The shared layout begins with the existing workspace on the first docking operation.
-Workspace saves retain its groups, active tabs, split sizes, floating geometry, and the
+Workspace saves keep its groups, active tabs, split sizes, floating geometry, and the
 positions of hidden panels. Resetting a built-in workspace restores its default dock.
 
-- `window.panel.move {panel, anchor, zone?, before?}` moves a panel into the target group.
-  `zone` is `tab` (default), `center`, `left`, `right`, `top`, or `bottom`; `before` reorders
-  tabs by panel ID. The destination must already be visible.
-- `window.panel.float {panel, x?, y?, width?, height?}` detaches a panel.
-- `window.panel.dock {panel, anchor?, zone?, before?}` returns a panel to its previous
-  dock placement when possible, or to the supplied destination.
+The docking commands are craft-ui's shared vocabulary (`DockCommand`). Panels may be named
+by ID or label, and `onto` is accepted for `anchor`.
+
+- `window.panel.move {panel, anchor, zone?, before?, group?, placement?}` moves a panel into the
+  target group. `zone` is `tab` (default), `center`, `left`, `right`, `top`, `bottom`, `above`
+  or `below`; `before` reorders tabs by panel ID; `group: true` moves the panel's whole group.
+- `window.panel.float {panel, x?, y?, width?, height?, group?, column?}` detaches a panel (at
+  400, 140 and 300x400 by default) or its group.
+- `window.panel.dock {panel, anchor?, zone?, before?, group?, side?}` returns a floating panel to
+  the dock place it floated from when possible, or to the supplied destination.
 - `window.panel.activate {panel}` reveals and selects a panel, restoring its saved
-  position when possible. `window.panel.close {panel}` hides it.
+  position when possible. `window.panel.close {panel}` hides it; `window.panel.closeGroup` and
+  `window.panel.closeOthers` close its group or the group's other panels.
+- `window.panel.minimize {panel, minimized?}` collapses a floating window to its title bar.
+- `window.panel.window {panel, native?}` floats a docked panel's group and gives its floating
+  window its own OS window. On the desktop every floating window has one, except the Studio
+  themes' Properties card, which stays over the canvas, and on Wayland, where floating windows
+  stay in the main window. The web refuses the command: floating panels stay in the page.
+- `ui.dock {operation, …}` takes the shared `ui.dock` operations (`open`, `close`, `activate`,
+  `float`, `moveFloating`, `move`, `setStackOpen`, `resizeStack`, `resizeSplit`) or `{action}`.
+- `window.workspace.lock {locked?}` sets Lock Workspace; `window.workspace {name}`,
+  `window.workspace.new {name}`, `window.workspace.delete {name}` and `window.workspace.reset`
+  run the Window › Workspace commands.
 
 Panel IDs are stable across themes. Invalid IDs, non-finite or invalid geometry, and
 invalid destinations return an error without changing the arrangement.
@@ -643,6 +716,13 @@ resizes the root divider (`false`/`true` path entries select first/second childr
 The UI dispatches these same commands. Unknown panel IDs, invalid geometry, and stale
 split paths return an error without changing the workspace.
 
+The `docking` object in `ui.state` and in saved workspaces is craft-ui's `Workspace`:
+`version` (2), `layout`, `hidden` (each closed panel with its return place), `saved` and
+`locked`. `dockingReturns` holds where each floating panel docks back, and
+`dockingCollapsed` the panels of collapsed custom groups. Any other saved `docking` value,
+such as a bare layout with `dockingHidden`, loads as the default layout, built from the
+saved `panels`, `dockTabs` and `dock`.
+
 The existing `ui.set` panel visibility, `dockTabs` selection and `dockWidth` controls
 remain available after customization. Width keeps its 250–520 point clamp. Named
 `dock.hidden_tabs` and intact native-group collapse settings are also preserved. A
@@ -657,7 +737,7 @@ or `down` to the panel's entire current group. With `operation:"move"`, provide
 `anchor` and optional `zone`/`before` (as for panel.move), or a serialized `placement`,
 to transfer all members atomically while preserving their order and selecting the
 requested `panel`.
-The floating group's header grip also transfers the whole group when dropped on a
+A floating group's drag bar or title bar also transfers the whole group when dropped on a
 dock target. The panel menu and icon rail remain
 available in custom workspaces. `window.panel.<id> {show:true}` always reveals, selects
 and expands the panel, including when another tab is selected. Workspace snapshots
diff --git a/docs/development.md b/docs/development.md
index 71380fcadb..1a39c103e7 100644
--- a/docs/development.md
+++ b/docs/development.md
@@ -12,7 +12,9 @@
 ### Windows source builds
 
 Use the Rust MSVC toolchain and install Visual Studio or Microsoft C++ Build Tools with the
-**Desktop development with C++** workload. Follow Microsoft's
+**Desktop development with C++** workload (on Windows on ARM64 / `aarch64-pc-windows-msvc`, such
+as NVIDIA RTX Spark, also select **C++ Clang Compiler for Windows** or ensure `clang-cl.exe` is on
+`PATH`, as `aws-lc-sys` needs it to assemble ARMv8 crypto routines). Follow Microsoft's
 [Rust setup guide](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/dev-environment/rust/setup),
 then open a new terminal and check `cargo --version` and `rustc --version`.
 
@@ -39,14 +41,15 @@ cargo run --release -p photocraft -- path/to/image.psd      # desktop app
 cargo run --release -p photocraft -- --control 7878 --control-token-file .private/control.token \
   --automation-read-root work --automation-write-root work
 cargo test --workspace                                     # everything
-cargo xtask ci                                             # fmt + clippy + tests + layers + wasm
+cargo xtask test                                           # tests (nextest when installed) + doctests
+cargo xtask ci                                             # the CI gate: fmt, clippy, layers, scorecard, tests, panic_hunt, doctests, wasm, i18n report
 cargo xtask stats                                          # tests and lines per crate
 cargo xtask parity                                         # Photoshop menu coverage -> docs/parity-checklist.md
 ```
 
 Image code is slow at `opt-level 0`, so the workspace profile builds dependencies at `opt-level 2`. Use `--release` for anything interactive. Test builds compile ui-egui itself at `opt-level 0` (`[profile.test.package.photocraft-ui-egui]` in `Cargo.toml`): it was one of the biggest test-build units, and its tests run no heavy pixel code of their own.
 
-The dev profile builds with `debug = "line-tables-only"`: panic backtraces keep file and line, and test binaries link about twice as fast. To inspect local variables in a debugger, build with `CARGO_PROFILE_DEV_DEBUG=true`.
+The dev profile builds PhotoCraft's crates with `debug = "line-tables-only"` and dependencies with no debug info: panic backtraces keep file and line in PhotoCraft code, and test binaries link about twice as fast. To inspect local variables in a debugger, build with `CARGO_PROFILE_DEV_DEBUG=true`.
 
 ### Faster test loops
 
@@ -54,12 +57,43 @@ Most of a `cargo test` run is linking test binaries and running them one after a
 
 ```sh
 cargo test -p <crate> --lib --tests        # skip examples and doctests (ui-egui has 11 examples)
-cargo test -p <crate> --test <file>        # one integration-test file
+cargo test -p <crate> --test it <module>:: # one integration-test module (tests/it/<module>.rs)
 cargo nextest run --workspace              # parallel across binaries (cargo install cargo-nextest --locked)
 cargo test --doc --workspace               # nextest does not run doctests
 ```
 
-[cargo-nextest](https://nexte.st) runs each test in its own process. `.config/nextest.toml` puts the GPU tests (`photocraft-gpu`, and ui-egui's integration and canvas/GPU tests) in a group of at most 4 at a time, because each process opens its own wgpu device and the in-process `gpu_lock()` no longer serializes them. On a 32-thread Windows machine the full workspace went from 297 s (`cargo test`) to about 120 s (#2204). Ignored tests run with `cargo nextest run --run-ignored only`. CI runs it with `--profile ci` (fail-fast, a 10-minute hang timeout), plus `cargo test --doc` for the doctests (#6117); a full `cargo test` stays the final check before a PR.
+[cargo-nextest](https://nexte.st) runs each test in its own process. `.config/nextest.toml` puts the GPU tests (`photocraft-gpu`, and ui-egui's integration and canvas/GPU tests) in a group of at most 4 at a time, because each process opens its own wgpu device and the in-process `gpu_lock()` no longer serializes them. On a 32-thread Windows machine the full workspace went from 297 s (`cargo test`) to about 120 s (#2204). Ignored tests run with `cargo nextest run --run-ignored only`. The longest sweeps (`photocraft-testkit`'s `Sweep`) run a quarter of their cases, a different quarter each UTC day; `PHOTOCRAFT_FULL_SWEEP=1` runs all of them, and `PHOTOCRAFT_SWEEP_PART=<n>` replays the part a failing run printed. CI runs it with `--profile ci` (fail-fast, a 10-minute hang timeout), plus `cargo test --doc` for the doctests (#6117); `PHOTOCRAFT_FULL_SWEEP=1 cargo test --workspace` stays the final check before a PR.
+
+### Shortcut capture without a GPU, and native snapshots
+
+The ordinary `shortcut_capture_tests` check modifier capture, conflicts, restored bindings and
+visible labels without starting a GPU renderer. `captured_shortcut_gpu_snapshots` repeats the Ctrl+K
+capture assertions at 1x and 2x with a native renderer when `PHOTOCRAFT_SHORTCUT_SNAPSHOTS` names
+an output directory. Its `gpu` test name selects the existing Nextest GPU group. It also holds
+`photocraft_testkit::gpu_lock`, requires successful rendering and
+checks physical image dimensions before saving both PNGs. As with the Camera Raw localization
+snapshots, pixel appearance is reviewed from the saved images rather than a golden-image test.
+
+On a native host with a working wgpu adapter, capture the two images into a fresh directory:
+
+```sh
+(
+    set -eu
+    shortcut_snapshots="$(mktemp -d)"
+    PHOTOCRAFT_SHORTCUT_SNAPSHOTS="$shortcut_snapshots" cargo test -p photocraft-ui-egui --lib \
+        prefs_ui::shortcut_capture_tests::captured_shortcut_gpu_snapshots -- --exact
+    test -s "$shortcut_snapshots/ctrl-k-1x.png"
+    test -s "$shortcut_snapshots/ctrl-k-2x.png"
+    printf 'Review the shortcut row and conflict message in %s\n' "$shortcut_snapshots"
+)
+```
+
+The file checks intentionally reject a successful zero-test selection. Keep the fresh directory
+until both scales have been inspected: the row must show the captured shortcut without a stray ControlLeft
+key name, and the conflict message must remain readable. Rendering and file-write failures fail
+the opted-in test; an unset variable leaves the ordinary behavior tests available without a GPU.
+After review, remove only the two generated PNGs and their owned temporary directory. The same
+Rust test and variable work on Windows with the native shell's environment-variable syntax.
 
 ## Fonts (craft-fonts)
 
@@ -78,7 +112,7 @@ CRAFT_FONTS_DIR="$PWD/../craft-fonts" cargo test --workspace     # runs the Japa
 - **UI:** the Japanese fonts (BIZ UDPGothic Regular first) are the first Japanese fallback in the lazy CJK loader (`crates/ui-egui/src/cjk_fonts.rs`), ahead of the system Japanese fonts and in the same locale script order, appended last to every egui family with the usual baseline alignment.
 - **Type tool:** the text engine registers them in `FontDb::new` (so also with no system fonts) and puts them first in the Japanese slot of the locale-ordered fallback list: BIZ UDPGothic for sans runs, Shippori Mincho / BIZ UDMincho for serif runs.
 - **Web:** the wasm32 build never embeds craft-fonts, even with `CRAFT_FONTS_DIR` set: measured on 2026-10-06, the UI face alone took the release wasm from 24.19 MB to 28.87 MB, over the 24 MiB gate in `packaging/web/package.sh`. Instead it loads fonts served next to it, on demand: `fonts/manifest.txt` beside `index.html`, in craft-fonts' manifest format (`crates/text/src/served.rs`; hosting: `packaging/web/README.md` › Fonts). `PHOTOCRAFT_WEB_FONTS_DIR="$PWD/../craft-fonts" packaging/web/package.sh` puts craft-fonts there. Served families are in the font menus and are fetched when picked or when a document's text needs them; they aren't in the script fallback list yet, so Japanese text set in a Latin font still needs a Japanese font picked (#1615).
-- Tests that need the fonts skip with a message when `CRAFT_FONTS` is empty; CI runs them again with `CRAFT_FONTS_DIR` set, in its own Linux job (`test (with craft-fonts)`). Desktop releases check out craft-fonts at the commit pinned in `.github/workflows/release.yml` (`CRAFT_FONTS_REF`; ci.yml pins the same commit) and ship each font's `OFL.txt` as `OFL-<family>.txt`.
+- Tests that need the fonts skip with a message when `CRAFT_FONTS` is empty; CI's Linux gate and Windows test legs build with `CRAFT_FONTS_DIR` set and `CRAFT_FONTS_REQUIRED=1`, so they run there. Desktop releases check out craft-fonts at the commit pinned in `.github/workflows/release.yml` (`CRAFT_FONTS_REF`; ci.yml pins the same commit) and ship each font's `OFL.txt` as `OFL-<family>.txt`.
 
 ## One instance per user
 
@@ -109,28 +143,32 @@ By default PhotoCraft's own crates log at `info` and everything else at `warn`.
 
 ## Environment variables
 
+`photocraft --help` lists the desktop app's flags and, beside the control, automation-root and in-window-menu flags, the variable that stands in for each. A flag wins over its variable and an empty variable counts as unset. A bad flag value is a usage error naming the flag (exit status 2), as is an unknown option, a repeated flag or a flag without its value; a bad value in one of those listed variables is a usage error naming the variable. `PHOTOCRAFT_PRESENT_MODE` and `PHOTOCRAFT_FRAME_LATENCY` are not listed: a bad value there is logged and ignored. On Windows, release builds use the GUI subsystem and have no console, so `--help`, `--version` and usage errors print nothing in a terminal; redirect them to see the text (`photocraft --help | more` or `photocraft --help > help.txt`). The exit status is the same either way.
+
 | Variable | Effect |
 |---|---|
-| `PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT` | Same as `--control <port>` |
+| `PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT` | Same as `--control <port>`; also the port for `photocraft-cli serve --port` and `mcp --bridge` when the flag is absent. Empty is unset |
 | `PHOTOCRAFT_NO_PRINT` | Set to anything but `0`: `file.print` / `file.printOneCopy` refuse to spool (`dryRun` still works). CI sets it, with `LPDEST=photocraft-no-such-printer` as a second net; set both when running the panic hunt or fuzzers locally |
 | `RUST_LOG` | Log levels for standard error and the log file (see [Logs](#logs)) |
 | `PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN` | 64-hex bearer token for control TCP (avoid on shared systems where environment inspection is possible) |
 | `PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN_FILE` | Read, or create for a server, the control bearer-token file |
-| `PHOTOCRAFT_AUTOMATION_READ_ROOT` | Desktop app only: automation read root. Headless CLI modes require the `--automation-read-root` flag |
-| `PHOTOCRAFT_AUTOMATION_WRITE_ROOT` | Desktop app only: automation write root. Headless CLI modes require the `--automation-write-root` flag |
+| `PHOTOCRAFT_AUTOMATION_READ_ROOT` | Desktop app only: automation read root (`--automation-read-root`). Headless CLI modes require the flag |
+| `PHOTOCRAFT_AUTOMATION_WRITE_ROOT` | Desktop app only: automation write root (`--automation-write-root`). Headless CLI modes require the flag |
+| `PHOTOCRAFT_IN_WINDOW_MENUS=1` (or `--in-window-menus`) | macOS: keep the menus inside the window instead of the menu bar. `0`, `false`, `no`, `off` or empty is off |
 | `PHOTOCRAFT_CPU_CANVAS=1` | Force the CPU canvas path instead of the wgpu shader canvas |
 | `PHOTOCRAFT_NATIVE_WAYLAND=1` | Linux: stay on native Wayland when a pen is attached (by default the window then opens through Xwayland, because Wayland gives the app no pen input; #639). A pen is an input device with `BTN_TOOL_PEN` and the `ABS_X`/`ABS_Y` axes; virtual keyboards that claim every key are not pens (#1072) |
 | `PHOTOCRAFT_GPU_ADAPTER=nvidia` | Linux: use the graphics adapter whose name contains this (case-insensitive); overrides `performance.gpuAdapter` for one launch |
 | `WGPU_BACKEND=dx12` | Pick the wgpu backend(s) (`vulkan`, `dx12`, `metal`, `gl`); overrides `performance.gpuBackend` and the startup fallback |
 | `WGPU_DX12_COMPILER=fxc` | DX12 shader compiler (`fxc`, `dxc`, `auto`); `dxc` and `auto` look `dxcompiler.dll` up through the DLL search path |
 | `PHOTOCRAFT_GPU_TILE=2048` | Force GPU canvas tiling (tests tile seams) |
+| `PHOTOCRAFT_TEXEL_GUARD=1` (or `=0`) | Force on (off) uploading egui's fully transparent texels as alpha 1/255. On by default only for Intel Iris Xe on DX12, whose driver shows stale memory in all-zero texture blocks: red squares in brush previews and tool icons (`ui-egui/src/texel_guard.rs`; check a GPU with `cargo run --release -p photocraft-gpu --example zero_block_probe -- dx12 400`) |
 | `PHOTOCRAFT_FX_NOCACHE=1` | Bypass the CPU layer-effect map cache (`compose::effect_maps`) |
 | `PHOTOCRAFT_CPU_COMPOSE=1` | Keep the wgpu canvas but composite on the CPU (compare GPU vs CPU renders, e.g. with the snapshot example) |
 | `PHOTOCRAFT_LOCALE` | Override Auto's native UI language for this launch; unsupported tags use English. See [system language detection](localization.md#first-launch-and-system-language). |
 | `PHOTOCRAFT_FX_TRACE=1` | Print the CPU time spent on GPU effect shapes and distance fields per rebuild |
 | `PHOTOCRAFT_STROKE_TRACE=1` (or `=<file.csv>`; also `--stroke-trace <stderr|file.csv>`, or `ui.set {"strokeTrace": true|false}` at runtime, without a file) | Time every frame of each brush stroke; print a summary per stroke, and with a path also append each frame to that CSV (see [Stroke latency trace](#stroke-latency-trace)) |
-| `PHOTOCRAFT_PRESENT_MODE=novsync` (or `--present-mode`) | Present mode for this launch: `fifo`, `autovsync`, or `novsync` (also `immediate`, `mailbox`: no vsync, the first of Immediate, Mailbox, Fifo the driver offers). Default: vsync, or no vsync when Preferences › Performance › Low-Latency Drawing is on (it ships off). For latency comparisons; shown in the stroke trace |
-| `PHOTOCRAFT_FRAME_LATENCY=1` (or `--frame-latency`) | Frames the swap chain may queue, 1 to 3 (wgpu's GL backend ignores it). For latency comparisons; shown in the stroke trace |
+| `PHOTOCRAFT_PRESENT_MODE=novsync` (or `--present-mode`) | Present mode for this launch: `fifo`, `autovsync`, or `novsync` (also `immediate`, `mailbox`: no vsync, the first of Immediate, Mailbox, Fifo the driver offers). Default: vsync, or no vsync when Preferences › Performance › Low-Latency Drawing is on (it ships off). For latency comparisons; shown in the stroke trace. A bad `--present-mode` is a usage error; a bad variable is logged and ignored |
+| `PHOTOCRAFT_FRAME_LATENCY=1` (or `--frame-latency`) | Frames the swap chain may queue, 1 to 3 (wgpu's GL backend ignores it). For latency comparisons; shown in the stroke trace. A bad `--frame-latency` is a usage error; a bad variable is logged and ignored |
 | `PHOTOCRAFT_PRINT_PORTAL=1` | Linux: File › Print always opens the system print dialog (the XDG print portal) instead of talking to CUPS; `0` never does. See [printing](printing.md). |
 | `PHOTOCRAFT_THEME_FILE=tokens.json` | **Debug builds only:** live design-token overrides, re-read on change |
 
@@ -192,6 +230,7 @@ cargo run -p photocraft-cli -- run in.png --cmd layer.new.layer --params '{"name
 cargo run -p photocraft-cli -- run --new '{"width":800,"height":600}' --cmd document.inspect
 cargo run -p photocraft-cli -- batch --actions actions.json --in photos/ --out done/ --format jpg
 cargo run -p photocraft-cli -- commands --filter blur                    # the command registry
+cargo run -p photocraft-cli --example man-and-completions -- out/       # man pages + bash/zsh/fish/elvish/PowerShell completions
 ```
 
 `actions.json` holds the steps of a recorded action: `[["<id>", {…}], …]`, `[{"command": "<id>", "params": {…}}, …]` or bare ids, as a list or wrapped in `{"actions": …}` or `{"steps": …}`; a droplet file works too. It can also be an Actions set (the Actions panel's `actions.json`, `{"actions": [{"name": …, "steps": […]}, …]}`): `--action <name>` picks the action to play (optional when the set holds one), and the whole set is loaded for each file, so a step that plays another action of the set works. `batch` refuses an `--out` folder that is the `--in` folder, since the results would replace the originals, unless `--in-place` is given. `run` prints one JSON line per command result.
@@ -203,6 +242,7 @@ cargo run -p photocraft-cli -- commands --filter blur                    # the c
 - `manifest.json`: the versioned document tree, with migrations in `format/src/migrate.rs`.
 - `tiles/<blake3>.zst` and `blobs/<blake3>.zst`: zstd-compressed objects, content-addressed by the BLAKE3 hash of their uncompressed bytes.
 - `thumb.png` and `composite/preview.png`: previews.
+- `save.lock` (directory bundles only): an empty file a save holds an OS file lock on, so two writers or processes saving one bundle take turns (#4957).
 
 Keep one `PcraftWriter` per open document: re-saving then only compresses and writes tiles that changed. Directory bundles verify objects on first encounter in a folder; later saves reuse them while their file size and modification time are unchanged, and re-verify changed objects, repair missing or damaged objects, and garbage-collect unreferenced ones. `format::Autosaver` writes snapshots into a recovery directory on a background thread. `list_recovery` / `recover` / `discard_recovery` implement crash recovery, and `format::RecoveryStore` is the lifecycle the desktop app uses: new documents autosave under per-launch keys (document ids restart every launch, so they never overwrite an older entry), and a recovered document adopts the entry it came from. That entry is replaced in place by the next autosave and removed only when the document is saved or closed, never just because it was recovered, so a second crash loses nothing. The web build has no crash recovery (no autosave services).
 
@@ -222,11 +262,21 @@ For headless MCP clients, pass absolute paths to deliberately chosen trusted wor
 Tools:
 
 - `session_list`
-- `doc_open`, `doc_new`, `doc_place`, `doc_export_layers`, `doc_export_data_sets`, `doc_import_data_sets`, `doc_save`, `doc_export`, `doc_inspect`, `doc_render_preview` (returns a PNG image), `doc_select`, `doc_close`
+- `doc_open`, `doc_new`, `doc_place`, `doc_replace_smart_object`, `doc_export_layers`, `doc_export_data_sets`, `doc_import_data_sets`, `doc_save`, `doc_export`, `doc_inspect`, `doc_render_preview` (returns a PNG image), `doc_select`, `doc_close`
 - `command_list`, `command_run`, `command_batch` (several commands per call)
 - `jobs_list` (running background jobs with progress, then recently finished ones with their result or error), `jobs_cancel` (one job by id, or every running job)
 - bridge only: `ui_inspect`, `ui_screenshot`, `ui_pointer`, `ui_menu_invoke`, `ui_set`, `control_call`
 
+`doc_export_layers` in workspace headless mode returns `{files, count, skipped}`. `count` is
+only the number of files written. Each skipped top-level layer is reported as
+`{layer, name, reason}` (session id, original name, explanation); `skipped` is `[]` when every
+layer exports. Hidden layers are reported when `visible_only` is true (the default; `visibleOnly` in the engine/serve params), and
+standalone adjustments are reported because they have no pixels of their own. Groups still
+export merged, so their children are not separate skips. Filename numbering is unchanged;
+encoding or write failures remain errors. The engine command and trusted-local exports add
+the same `skipped` array to their existing `{files}` response. See the
+[`doc.exportLayers` protocol entry](control-protocol.md#headless-server) for details.
+
 Claude Code (`.mcp.json` in the repo root, or `claude mcp add`):
 
 ```json
@@ -259,7 +309,7 @@ PSD placed layer, the `Idnt` uuid its duplicates share), shared contents (`smart
 every copy of the same contents has, and the number of `instances`; Replace Contents changes them
 all and lists them in its result), type
 text, adjustment settings, channels and history, so agents can verify what they did without a
-screenshot. `crates/automation/tests/agent_tasks.rs` is the reference: ten realistic edit tasks
+screenshot. `crates/automation/tests/it/agent_tasks.rs` is the reference: ten realistic edit tasks
 (title card, colour grade, undo/redo, editable smart blur, masks, saved selections, align,
 capability-scoped export, resize/crop, CMYK + native save) driven purely over MCP.
 
@@ -297,7 +347,11 @@ the live command registry (`menus::is_live`) and rewrites [`docs/parity-checklis
 `crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/mod.rs` registry, in stable language-code order. Its English-key set is
 derived from UI `tl!` literals, the menu catalog and UI command table, and menu command labels in
 the engine source. Catalog rows are validated for malformed and duplicate keys; unused legacy
-translations do not affect the denominator. Unregistered locale TSV files are ignored.
+translations do not affect the denominator. Unregistered locale TSV files are ignored. After the
+counts it lists, per language, the source keys the catalog lacks (one line for a language with
+none). A missing translation shows in English and fails nothing: `cargo xtask ci` runs the report
+as its last step so the list appears in the log, and only prints a warning if the report itself
+can't run.
 
 ## Testing strategy
 
@@ -313,6 +367,24 @@ translations do not affect the denominator. Unregistered locale TSV files are ig
 
 ## Performance notes
 
+- The CPU canvas records whether an uploaded image is entirely opaque, so software window
+  adapters do not rasterize a transparency checker that the image completely hides. An edit
+  that introduces transparency restores the checker; partial uploads conservatively retain it
+  until a full upload proves the image opaque again. Pan/zoom frames reuse this metadata.
+  Pattern Preview retains every legacy checker pass: opaque texels alone do not establish
+  identical coverage between repeated copies on every adapter.
+  Compare the old checker pass with the optimized path on a synthetic 24 MP document using
+  `cargo test --release -p photocraft-ui-egui --lib cpu_canvas_background_benchmark -- --ignored --nocapture`.
+  The benchmark alternates both paths on the same cached image and reports the adapter and
+  per-frame p50/p95, including offscreen rasterization and synchronous readback. It checks
+  identical rendered pixels for opaque and transparent images. This measures warm canvas
+  presentation, not input-to-photon latency or document recompositing. Set the test-only
+  `PHOTOCRAFT_CPU_BENCH_OUTPUT` to a directory to save its JSON and before/after PNGs.
+  For the small pixel-identity regression, set `PHOTOCRAFT_CPU_PIXEL_OUTPUT` and run
+  `cargo test -p photocraft-ui-egui --lib omitting_an_occluded_checker_preserves_cpu_canvas_pixels -- --nocapture`.
+  This reports the adapter and saves per-view reference/optimized PNGs and exact difference
+  counts/bounds without relaxing the pixel comparison.
+
 - The canvas is presented by a custom WGSL shader (`ui-egui/src/gpu_canvas.rs`): mip-mapped/nearest sampling, procedural checkerboard, pixel grid, tiling. Brush strokes upload only their damage rect.
 - **The canvas composites on the GPU** (`photocraft-gpu`, driven from `gpu_canvas.rs`), layer effects included. What the planner can't express returns `Unsupported` and the canvas falls back to the CPU compositor (`photocraft-compose`, also the reference for export and tests): Multichannel documents, and documents or effect regions over the texture limit. Pieces the GPU can't derive itself are rasterised once on the CPU and cached (`compose::masks` for vector masks, `compose::shape_split` for stroked shapes with clipped layers, effect distance fields). Timings of the interactive paths: `cargo run --release -p photocraft-ui-egui --example interactive_bench`; effects: `--example fx_bench` (`--compare files…` for GPU vs CPU); the cost of changing a chisel bevel's size (a dragged slider, GPU and CPU, ellipse and text): `--example bevel_bench`; large documents (open, refresh, thumbnails, a filter, a stroke, saves; one operation per run so `/usr/bin/time -l` gives its peak memory): `--example large_image_bench -- --size 14000x14000 --op psd`. The app requests the adapter's own texture limit (egui's default is 8192 px; see `gpu_canvas::use_adapter_limits`); beyond it the CPU fallback composites and uploads in bands (`compose::render_bands`), and exports, thumbnails and flattening stream bands too, so no full-size float composite is ever held. Rendering fidelity: `cargo run --release -p photocraft-io --example oracle_diff -- corpus/psd` (the whole PSD oracle table in seconds). `ui.inspect` → `perf.timings.gpuFallback` names the reason (`null` on the GPU path).
 - **Layer effects on the GPU** (`gpu/src/fx.rs`, kernels in `gpu/src/compose.wgsl`). Every enabled effect becomes a *map program* over the layer's effect region (shift, dilate, Gaussian blur, glow ramp, bevel height and shading, contour, stroke band), mirroring `compose::effects` step by step; the chunked composite then paints through the maps, clipped to that region, and copies the result back into the backdrop in place, so a small text layer costs only its own pixels. The layer's shape (`compose::layer_shape`) and its distance fields (`compose::effects::distance_field`: a transform whose tie-breaking a parallel GPU pass can't reproduce bit for bit) come from compose on the CPU: bands computed in parallel, except the Euclidean fields of precise glows and chiselled bevels (a halo as tall as the bevel size would make most of a band's work redundant), which are one window whose passes run on all threads, the CPU compositor's own way. Everything is cached per layer state: an unrelated edit, or an effect's colour or opacity, rebuilds nothing; a brush dab recomputes the touched 256² tiles grown by the effect reach; changing one effect's geometry rebuilds that effect only. Cache budget `gpu::FX_BUDGET` (1.5 GB, least recently drawn layers evicted first). `PHOTOCRAFT_FX_TRACE=1` prints the CPU time of each rebuild.
@@ -351,7 +423,9 @@ cargo xtask perf --update-baseline   # also write perf/baseline.json from this r
 - `perf/baseline.json`: the numbers the scorecard shows, written only by
   `cargo xtask perf --update-baseline`, with the machine (CPU, RAM, GPU adapter, OS), its machine
   class, commit, date and load average.
-- `crates/io/tests/corpus.rs`: the corpus floors (every `Source { .. }` constant).
+- `crates/io/tests/it/corpus.rs`: the corpus floors (every `Source { .. }` constant).
+- `xtask/*-corpus.sha256`: file counts for pinned corpora, so stale counts in doc comments cannot
+  change the reported denominators. No downloaded corpus is needed to generate the scorecard.
 - The prefs audit: `Preferences` fields that no code reads (target 0, #204), plus counts taken
   from the tree (never-crash attribute coverage, `docs/parity-checklist.md`).
 
@@ -367,6 +441,40 @@ different machine classes are never compared, and `--quick` numbers are only com
 quick baseline. Machines that run other work give noisy numbers: check the load average in the
 summary before trusting a regression, and record it next to any number you quote.
 
+**Measuring one scenario.** A full run is tens of minutes; one row is seconds once its bench is
+built. `xtask perf`'s own flags are `--quick`, `--update-baseline`, `--threshold`, `--bench`
+(repeatable, one bench per name), `--skip-build` and `--reuse`; it has no way to pick a single
+*row*. The bench binary takes those filters itself — `--only <substring>` (row names are matched
+with `contains`), `--group <name>` and `--reps N` — so to time one row run the bench directly:
+
+```sh
+cargo run --release -p photocraft-ui-egui --example perf_scenarios -- \
+  --only "Select > Modify > Smooth" --json target/perf/p26.json
+```
+
+That writes the row's own report and stops there: it does **not** evaluate the budget, so read
+`p50_ms`/`p95_ms`/`max_ms` out of the JSON yourself. Use `cargo xtask perf --bench <name>` when you
+want the verdict, the merged `results.json`/`summary.md` and the regression check.
+
+Read the sample count before quoting a percentile. `--reps` defaults to 7 in `--quick` and 15
+otherwise, it is per bench, and some rows cap it themselves (the `#211` algorithm rows use
+`b.reps.min(5)`); percentiles are nearest-rank, so **at n ≤ 5 the "p95" is simply the maximum**. A
+budgeted scenario the baseline has no row for fails the run (`missing` is in `Status::fails()`),
+so add the `[[scenario]]` and its baseline row together.
+
+**A red `cargo xtask perf` is not always your budget.** The committed baseline carries
+`failed.P12` (a wgpu panic writing `pc_compose_uniforms`), so the command exits non-zero before
+any of this is about your change: read the row, not the exit code. And do not read the committed
+verdicts as a clean-machine measurement: `perf/baseline.json` was written on 2026-10-05 at a load
+average near 225 on a 14-core Apple M4 Pro, which is why P26 and P27 are over budget there while
+`perf/budgets.toml` records 20–45 ms p95 for P26 on a clean 16-core machine (`enforce = false`
+until CI cores are measured). Quote a number with the load average and the machine class beside it.
+
+**Flipping `enforce`.** `enforce = true` makes the nightly fail whenever that budget breaks, and a
+baseline file belongs to exactly one machine class. Flip the row and refresh the baseline on the
+nightly's own class in the same change, or `docs/scorecard.md` turns "BUDGET BROKEN" from numbers
+nobody measured on that machine.
+
 **Adding a scenario.** Add a row to a bench (keep its name stable: it is the key), give the
 bench `--json` support through `photocraft_testkit::perf::{row, report, write_report}`, then add a
 `[[scenario]]` to `perf/budgets.toml` and run `cargo xtask scorecard`.
@@ -503,7 +611,7 @@ against committed **sha256 manifests**. All pins are in one place:
 
 | Directory | What | Source | Manifest |
 |---|---|---|---|
-| `corpus/photoshop/` | 256 PSDs we authored with Photoshop: smart filters, layer-style effect shapes, the text engine, adjustments in every mode and depth | https://github.com/storytold/photocraft-corpus (ours, MIT OR Apache-2.0) | `xtask/photoshop-corpus.sha256` |
+| `corpus/photoshop/` | 258 PSDs we authored with Photoshop: smart filters, layer-style effect shapes, the text engine, adjustments in every mode and depth | https://github.com/storytold/photocraft-corpus (ours, MIT OR Apache-2.0) | `xtask/photoshop-corpus.sha256` |
 | `corpus/gimp/` | 14 XCF files written by GIMP 3.2.6 with GIMP's merged rendering of each as a PNG (28 files), the oracles of the XCF reader | https://github.com/storytold/photocraft-corpus (ours, MIT OR Apache-2.0; its own pin) | `xtask/gimp-corpus.sha256` |
 | `corpus/psd/` | 170 small psd-tools and ag-psd files, the mix most PSD tests use | psd-tools and ag-psd upstreams (MIT) | `xtask/psd-corpus.sha256` |
 | `corpus/psd-tools/` | the complete psd-tools test set (309 files) | psd-tools upstream (MIT) | `xtask/psd-tools-corpus.sha256` |
@@ -567,12 +675,12 @@ per source with its own floors: `corpus/psd`, the psd-tools set (also a truncati
 over every file that must never panic) and our Photoshop set `corpus/photoshop` (per-feature-group
 totals: `smart-filters`, `effects`, `text`, `adjustments/<mode><bits>`). Smart objects and type
 layers composite Photoshop's cached pixels there; `cargo xtask test-corpus -p engine -- --nocapture`
-(`crates/engine/tests/photoshop_oracles.rs`) re-renders them with our smart-filter stack and text
+(`crates/engine/tests/it/photoshop_oracles.rs`) re-renders them with our smart-filter stack and text
 engine and is the failure map for both. A panic is reported as `CRASH` and fails the run. Files without a real merged image (Maximize Compatibility off)
 are judged against their embedded thumbnail instead (`PASS (thumbnail)`, a strict low-resolution
-check); a file only SKIPs when it has no oracle at all. Raise the floors in `crates/io/tests/corpus.rs` when they
+check); a file only SKIPs when it has no oracle at all. Raise the floors in `crates/io/tests/it/corpus.rs` when they
 improve; never lower them. Synthetic reproductions of corpus findings live in
-`crates/io/tests/corpus_regressions.rs` (corpus files are never committed). To dig into one file:
+`crates/io/tests/it/corpus_regressions.rs` (corpus files are never committed). To dig into one file:
 
 ```sh
 cargo run --release -p photocraft-io --example oracle_diff -- corpus/psd/<file>.psd 0 png /tmp/diff.png
diff --git a/docs/egui-037-migration-plan.md b/docs/egui-037-migration-plan.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..767820e84e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/egui-037-migration-plan.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1636 @@
+# PhotoCraft: egui 0.37 migration plan
+
+Status update (2026-10-25): local implementation includes main `b278ff72459cbf9754863365edd822ba2248aa07`, preserving its JPEG dependency, Affinity import and raster changes. All nine CI stages passed: 11,590 passing test executions, zero failed, 91 ignored across 93 summaries; the ignored panic hunt, strict lint and WASM compilation passed. The current-main integration received independent review. Native/browser GUI, native IME, PRIMARY, packaged WASM size, real-world 0.36 settings and paired application performance remain open. Publication requires separate explicit approval; human review and human merge are required.
+
+The original planning record below is historical.
+
+Current status — 2026-10-25: the port is implemented and reconciled with main
+`486afd82cce99255e999224bcfe28de00fd766aa`. The full managed CI run passed all nine stages:
+formatting, strict clippy, layers, scorecard, workspace tests, the ignored panic hunt,
+doctests, WASM compilation and the translation report. It recorded 11,580 passed and
+91 ignored test executions across 93 summaries, with zero failures. These totals include
+overlapping test invocations and are not a count of unique tests.
+
+The production graph uses canonical GitHub sources: egui `6d518fc799681571963842f95b55a6b68431b15a`,
+winit `a517b3846ee8457d84ee4975110bfda6797c44dc`, and shared UI/print
+`25da1314d443171b4adeaad2cd9454b273f35c6f`. The checked-in Cargo-generated lock has SHA256
+`714ce3bc78f32bc35bd69e27c4a785ac2f38983c77df9896dcddc8e5fa79ccb2`; no absolute path
+patch is required. The lifecycle/capture port, Type-tool surrounding-text and byte-deletion
+adapter, reset acknowledgement handling, and selection-action changes are implemented.
+
+The research and progress entries below retain their original sequence. Their statements
+about missing APIs, private path patches, unresolved pins and absent build results are historical
+and superseded by this status. Native/browser GUI and IME acceptance, PRIMARY behavior, packaged
+WASM size, broad visual/accessibility sweeps and paired app performance remain open. The synthetic
+settings fixtures qualify migration rules, not a captured real-world 0.36 save. Human review
+and human merge are required.
+Revision 2 (2026-10-23): resolves the independent review at
+`plan-reviews/photocraft-v1.md`, incorporates the shared E21b/W15P contracts and the
+lifecycle source audit, and removes the superseded sampling, PRIMARY, screenshot and
+rollback wording. The reviewed v1 document hash is retained in the evidence ledger;
+this revision needs its own independent review before publication.
+Baseline: `ff4738810134d7f7e68b49f2e4f231b686282ff3` ("Release 0.14.0", 2026-10-22).
+`Cargo.lock` baseline: sha256 `36a1de83fea16781dc7186d33d8064cb5dfa878a2a0847228737640b1e64e2d0`,
+git blob `5c96f56119b6ddb0feb2da9cff3e23232f2dc63c`.
+
+Target: egui/eframe/epaint family **0.37.0**, not upstream `main`. Upstream tag object
+`418687fa18fdac8a9b1b6c8f4a2eb1afd2df4c47` points at commit
+`841a328ba2dd8f6996beb7189ebb7fc00e668a2a`. The audited Craft fork candidate is
+`aiongg/egui` `craft/0.37` at `a4f9a17f64a6bae61350fb85804c9df0d9865916`; the audited
+winit candidate is `aiongg/winit` `craft/0.30.13-lang` at
+`8b35388bd719e8cc86a95971ba0bc026c9a8f058`, based on `storytold/winit`
+`craft/0.30.13` `ffae5198770d7730e718043f035a772b7dbc3b1b`.
+
+Those revisions are **historical, read-only evidence**. They are not accepted revisions and
+are not publication authority. Every implementation claim below must be re-run against the
+final published revisions.
+
+Research basis: upstream tag `0.37.0` source and changelogs in the read-only
+checkout `/home/codex/work/CraftApps/egui037-migration-20261022/egui`, the
+candidate fork commits and `PATCHES.md`, and the PhotoCraft source at the
+baseline SHA. No web research was needed for the API facts below; upstream
+release notes and source are the primary evidence. Historical fork/audit notes
+were used only to locate refs, not as acceptance evidence.
+
+Capture acceptance follows the suite contract: a queued-not-issued hidden request and
+each settling frame must request `RequestPaintWhileHidden` from logic; only an issued
+screenshot command forces paint itself. Callback arrival has no implicit wake, so the
+live request owns the viewport waker. Record known issuance UI bounds and a geometry
+epoch, reject/retry any intervening resize/DPI/zoom/surface change even if it changes
+back, and derive pixel scale from returned dimensions only under an unchanged epoch.
+Default limits are 4 requests, 128 MiB/image and 256 MiB aggregate. Count reserved
+in-flight and completed images together.
+
+
+## 1. Decision summary
+
+1. Move directly to 0.37.0; do not port 0.36.2 patches to a new 0.36.x branch.
+2. Keep the existing `App::logic` / `App::ui` split. PhotoCraft already uses it
+   (`crates/ui-egui/src/lib.rs:2244` and `:2371`), so there is no blanket
+   `Context`-bridge migration. The work is preserving the split across hidden
+   windows, screenshots, control input and multiple passes.
+3. Pin the whole egui family and winit by immutable git revisions. A consumer's
+   `[patch]` section does not propagate to dependency manifests, so the root
+   workspace must patch every family crate it resolves.
+4. Keep the existing `eframe` opt-out from default features. Add only the features
+   PhotoCraft actually needs: `wgpu`, `accesskit`, `wayland`, `x11`, `persistence`,
+   and the new `clipboard`. Add `monochrome_emoji_fonts` to the
+   `epaint_default_fonts` build-dependency. Do not enable `system_fonts` in the first
+   cut; the existing `cjk_fonts` system-provider path is measured separately (#8512).
+5. Reproduce 0.37's `egui-icons` face and family order. The current build script
+   fails at once because `NOTO_EMOJI_REGULAR` and `EMOJI_ICON` are now
+   feature-gated (`crates/ui-egui/build.rs:42`, `:44`), and `EGUI_ICONS` is
+   unconditional. The glyph, accessible-name and feature fixes are part of the
+   first green PR, not a later fixture sweep.
+6. Migrate `WidgetType` to `accesskit::Role` (the old name is a deprecated alias;
+   several variants were renamed), `Id::new` to `Id::unique`, `Ui::id` to
+   `Ui::scope_id`, panel IDs to `AsIdSalt`, screenshots to a bounded
+   `ScreenshotCallback` completion slot, and remove `UserData` /
+   `Event::Screenshot`. `Ui::scope_id` is the renamed old `Ui::id`;
+   `Ui::unique_id` is a new globally unique but **unstable** id and must never be
+   used for persisted state.
+7. Migrate two persisted schemas deliberately, in the first compatible PR:
+   `egui::PanelState` IDs and `egui_winit::WindowSettings`. `PanelState` gains a
+   parent-scoped id; `WindowSettings` changes from flat fields to
+   `normal_geometry`. The panel migration is additive (the old key stays), but the
+   window rewrite is one-way. Preserve panel widths and window size/fullscreen/
+   maximized state explicitly; document the rollback loss of window position.
+8. Adopt the language fork as a second, separately reviewed stage. E5/E12/E13/E16/
+   E17/E20 change text layout and AccessKit semantics; `bidi_text.rs` must not
+   pre-reorder text once E5 is active. This stage also adopts E21b: `IMEOutput`
+   gains a bounded logical surrounding-text payload, and the Type tool supplies a
+   real model adapter. E21b is new work, not existing E21/W27 capability.
+9. Treat E11 as optional. PhotoCraft does not enable `epaint/multithreading`; the
+   patch's forced single-threaded glyph context is a suite fix for Servo/VectorCraft,
+   not a PhotoCraft requirement.
+10. No PR may contain an absolute `path` patch. Final production manifests pin the
+    reviewed, published `storytold` full 40-hex SHAs for the whole family and winit,
+    including E21b and W15P. Stock 0.37.0 and the aiongg candidate revisions are
+    research controls, never staged release pins.
+11. Every performance comparison is paired on one machine. The committed
+    `perf/baseline.json` is a macOS M4 Pro measurement and must not be used as a
+    cross-machine verdict for this Linux/Windows work.
+12. Both native and web run `App::logic` and `App::ui` inside `Context::run_ui`,
+    once per layout pass. Logic-only ticks leave events and time stale, and a
+    completed `run_ui` resets `current_pass_index` to zero. Fresh input is
+    interpreted only in a known UI phase, with a forced hidden paint when the host
+    is hidden. Background timers use monotonic clocks, not
+    `ctx.input(|i| i.time)`, and every queue is consumed exactly once.
+13. The before/after harness exists on the 0.36.2 baseline before any production
+    edit. The baseline PR adds the text-tessellation, renderer-construction,
+    selection-action and screenshot-lifecycle probes and records the paired
+    baseline; it does not change production behavior.
+
+## 2. Dependency model and publication
+
+### 2.1 Current resolved family
+
+`Cargo.toml:55-59` pins `eframe`, `egui`, `egui_kittest` at `0.36`;
+`crates/ui-egui/Cargo.toml:33` pins `egui_extras` `0.36`;
+`crates/ui-egui/Cargo.toml:73` pins `epaint_default_fonts` `0.36`;
+winit is `=0.30.13` (`apps/photocraft/Cargo.toml:86`) and the lock resolves
+egui-family `0.36.2`, winit `0.30.13`, wgpu `30.0.1`, accesskit `0.24.1`.
+`craft-ui` is pinned to `5c874d51eeb3de70e735c8ce87a59a7dedd47675`,
+`craft-print` to `3d37da389a3618ab9b76109da11416e9ca4ea719`, and
+`craft-docpath` to `82a24b006eefa036b43c09a67fb9a3fbd17ffe63`
+(`Cargo.toml:13`, `:42-43`).
+
+### 2.2 Target family
+
+Target the whole compatible set together:
+
+| Package | Target | Source |
+|---|---|---|
+| `egui`, `eframe`, `egui-winit`, `egui-wgpu`, `egui_glow`, `egui_extras`, `egui_kittest`, `epaint`, `emath`, `ecolor`, `epaint_default_fonts` | 0.37.0 | one reviewed, published `storytold/egui` full 40-hex final P8 revision containing E1-E21, P2b/P7/P7b/E21b and P7c |
+| `winit` | 0.30.13 | one reviewed, published `storytold/winit` full 40-hex revision containing W1-W27 **and W15P** |
+| `wgpu` | 30.0.1 | registry (unchanged; `egui-wgpu` 0.37 is built for wgpu 30) |
+| `accesskit` / `accesskit_winit` | 0.25.1 / 0.34.1 | registry, pulled by egui 0.37 |
+
+The root workspace needs a `[patch.crates-io]` entry for **each** of those egui-family
+packages and `winit`; patching only `egui` splits the graph. The same revision for all
+egui crates is required because the fork's workspace crates depend on each other by
+path. `epaint_default_fonts` is a build-dependency and must be patched too.
+
+`egui_extras` must be `version = "0.37"`; do not assume crate version numbers match
+the release name (`egui_plot`, if ever added, is independently versioned).
+
+The candidate fork currently uses a **mutable branch**:
+`aiongg/egui` commit `137398e6` sets `winit = { git = ".../aiongg/winit", branch =
+"craft/0.30.13-lang" }`. The plan requires replacing that with an exact `rev`. A branch
+pin is not reproducible and can change between two CI runs.
+
+Pin identities are deliberately split:
+
+- **production pins**: reviewed, published `storytold/egui` and `storytold/winit`
+  full SHAs, reachable from the public URLs, carrying every selected E/W patch,
+  E21b and W15P, with `PATCHES.md` and removal conditions;
+- **research controls**: upstream `0.37.0` (`841a328b...`), upstream `0.36.2`
+  (`49682f8b...`), aiongg `a4f9a17f...`/`8b35388b...` and any stock-only experiment
+  used to attribute #8731/#8736. These are benchmark controls and are never a
+  staged release, a consumer pin or a rollback baseline.
+
+### 2.3 Targets and feature matrix
+
+| Target | Package / binary | egui work |
+|---|---|---|
+| Desktop app | `photocraft` binary (`apps/photocraft`) | eframe 0.37 native, wgpu, accesskit, wayland, x11, persistence, clipboard; no `default_fonts`, no `system_fonts` in the first cut |
+| Browser app | `photocraft-web` binary (`apps/photocraft-web`) | eframe web 0.37, wgpu (WebGPU + WebGL2), accesskit; browser glyph rasterizer; `web_file` |
+| Browser bootstrap | `photocraft-web-boot` binary | no egui dependency; only wasm-bindgen/web-sys; keep out of the UI changes |
+| Headless CLI | `photocraft-cli` | no egui dependency; control bridge/MCP only |
+| UI library | `photocraft-ui-egui` | egui 0.37, eframe 0.37 (wgpu + accesskit + clipboard), `egui_extras` 0.37 (svg), `craft-ui` at the reviewed PR 199 port |
+| Tests/benches | `crates/ui-egui/tests/it`, `examples/*`, `photocraft-testkit` | kittest 0.37 (wgpu, snapshot, eframe), `snapshot`, `perf_scenarios`, `interactive_bench`, `fx_bench`, `bevel_bench`, `camera_raw_bench`, `type_bench`, `large_image_bench`, `large_file_bench` |
+| Platform helper | `photocraft-tablet` | no egui dependency; keep its winit-independent X11/AppKit/Windows path; E1 is only an enabler for a future native Wayland pen |
+
+`apps/photocraft` is the only target with the direct Linux `winit` dependency
+(`=0.30.13`, x11 feature, for `EventLoopBuilderExtX11`). It must resolve to the
+same patched winit revision as eframe. `apps/photocraft-web` must not add a
+native winit dependency.
+
+### 2.4 Manifest and workspace audit
+
+- The root workspace is `resolver = "3"`, edition 2024, MSRV 1.95;
+  members are `crates/*`, `apps/*`, `xtask`; default members include the
+  desktop app, CLI and xtask (`Cargo.toml:1-6`).
+- `crates/*/fuzz/Cargo.toml` are independent fuzz workspaces. None depends on
+  egui, eframe, winit, epaint or craft-ui; no change is expected. Verify with
+  `rg` after the bump.
+- `examples/plugins/invert-rs/Cargo.toml` is a separate `[workspace]` for a
+  wasm plugin and has no UI dependency.
+- `apps/photocraft-web-boot` and `apps/photocraft-cli` have no egui dependency.
+- There is no `vendor/` directory, `[source]` replacement, or machine-local
+  `.cargo/config.toml` patch in this checkout. The only `.cargo/config.toml`
+  defines the `xtask` alias. Do not introduce a vendor tree for this migration.
+- `[profile.wasm-release.package.egui|epaint|eframe]` entries remain valid
+  because the package names do not change; re-check wasm size after the bump.
+
+### 2.5 Publication and rollback
+
+Publication gates, in order:
+
+1. Canonical public `storytold/egui` `craft/0.37` revision, one commit per E-patch
+   (including E21b), with `PATCHES.md`, tests and removal conditions.
+2. Canonical public `storytold/winit` `craft/0.30.13` revision, one commit per W-patch
+   (including W15P), with `PATCHES.md`, tests and removal conditions.
+3. `storytold/craft-libs` revision on `main` containing only the reviewed port
+   hunks (`8614e4a`/`1764bca`) applied to current `main`. Do not pin a PR ref or
+   merge the stale `b68de8c`/`ec8840a` trees.
+4. PhotoCraft PRs below, each with a `Cargo.lock` generated by `--locked` resolution
+   from the public revisions.
+
+Rollback is the previous coherent pair: old `Cargo.lock` plus the 0.36.2 registry
+family and winit 0.30.13. Keep that exact lockfile under evidence before the first
+bump. A revert of the dependency commit restores the source graph.
+
+Persistence is not symmetric. The `PanelState` migration is additive: the old
+`Id::unique(name)` key remains in `ui.ron` and 0.36.2 continues to read it. The
+`WindowSettings` rewrite is **one-way**: 0.36.2 cannot deserialize the nested
+`normal_geometry` value and opens with default geometry after a rollback. The first
+0.37 run therefore keeps a pre-migration `ui.ron.pre-0.37` backup, and the plan
+documents the window-geometry/position loss rather than calling both migrations
+additive. Add a reverse-compatibility test with a 0.36-shaped settings struct and
+fixtures for old macOS `inner_position_pixels`, old outer position, maximized and
+fullscreen.
+
+Reachability checks before publication:
+
+- `git ls-remote` returns the exact revision from the public URL.
+- `cargo tree -d` shows one egui, one eframe, one winit.
+- `rg 'path\s*=\s*"/' Cargo.toml` is empty.
+- Every `[patch]` URL is `https://github.com/storytold/...` with `rev = "<40 hex>"`.
+
+## 3. What the source actually does
+
+### 3.1 Native entry point
+
+`apps/photocraft/src/main.rs:720` calls `eframe::run_native`. The app creator
+installs fonts/theme through `PhotocraftApp::setup_context`
+(`crates/ui-egui/src/lib.rs:2850`), attaches the GPU canvas, control server,
+native menu, single-instance service and platform services, then returns
+`PhotocraftApp`.
+
+`native_options` (`apps/photocraft/src/main.rs:104`) sets a custom viewport,
+`persistence_path` `ui.ron`, and a `window_builder` hook `restored_window`
+(`:132`) that enforces minimum size and disables restored fullscreen.
+`options.centered` is decided from `ui_state::has_saved_position`
+(`apps/photocraft/src/main.rs:667`, `apps/photocraft/src/ui_state.rs:33`).
+
+`gpu_startup` configures `options.wgpu_options`; `presentation` applies present
+mode and frame-latency overrides. `eframe::Error::Wgpu(_)` is the signal for the
+CPU-retry path (`apps/photocraft/src/main.rs:934`,
+`apps/photocraft/src/gpu_startup.rs:477`). E2/E3 add `WgpuError::ConfigureSurface`
+and `CreateRenderer`; the existing `Error::Wgpu(_)` match keeps working, but the
+retry decision must be tested with the new variants.
+
+### 3.2 Web entry point
+
+`apps/photocraft-web/src/web.rs:47` starts `eframe::WebRunner`. `WebShell`
+implements `raw_input_hook`, `logic` and `ui` (`:325`, `:332`, `:362`); its
+`logic` drains dropped files, serves fonts, calls the app's `logic`, and saves
+presets. Its `ui` adds a browser preset-storage banner and calls the app's `ui`.
+
+`apps/photocraft-web/index.html` is Trunk-based and the wasm is gzipped and split
+into parts by `packaging/web/package.sh`. Its 24 MiB limit applies to **each shipped
+file**, not to the raw wasm; the boot module inflates the parts. 0.37 adds
+`send_wrapper` and changes `epaint`/`vello_cpu`; the raw wasm and the gzipped total
+must both be measured against baseline, not assumed to fit a raw-wasm cap.
+`docs/development.md:459` is the reference.
+
+### 3.3 Logic versus UI, and the pass model
+
+The pass model is the one verified in
+`/home/codex/work/ssd2/task-evidence/egui037-migration-20261022/lifecycle-source-audit.md`
+against 0.37.0:
+
+- Native (`crates/eframe/src/native/epi_integration.rs::update`) and web
+  (`crates/eframe/src/web/app_runner.rs`) both call `App::logic` and `App::ui`
+  **inside `Context::run_ui`**. Each can run once per layout pass, and
+  `request_discard` adds passes. Logic is not once per rendered frame.
+- A hidden/occluded window may be ticked through `update_logic_only` ->
+  `Context::run_logic`. That path still calls `prepare_raw_input` and
+  `App::raw_input_hook`, but does **not** begin a pass: `ctx.input().events`,
+  `time`, `screen_rect` and viewport geometry remain from the previous UI pass.
+  `ViewportCommand::RequestPaintWhileHidden` can force a real UI pass while
+  `visible()` is false, so visibility does not identify a logic-only callback.
+- After a normally completed `run_ui`, `current_pass_index()` is zero because
+  `end_pass` takes the output. Do not build a first-pass guard on a stale nonzero
+  index. A guard may protect genuinely once-per-layout-frame work only with a
+  regression proving normal hidden calls still run; it must not suppress fresh
+  async results, control commands or widget actions.
+
+Consequences for PhotoCraft:
+
+`PhotocraftApp::logic` (`crates/ui-egui/src/lib.rs:2244`) does stateful work that
+must survive a hidden window: frame accounting, `sync_views`, GPU checks, control
+drain, native menu, commit/end operations, screenshot issue/collect, preferences
+tick, monitor polling, i18n sync, work-area fit, close guard, job tick, shortcuts,
+file drops, file dialogs. Because it runs per pass, every item must consume its
+queue once, use a revision/generation or monotonic deadline, and tolerate a
+second pass with no new input. `self.frame += 1` (`:2257`) is a logic-pass count,
+not a rendered-frame identity; screenshot settling and GPU startup checks must use
+`ctx.cumulative_frame_nr()` (or an equivalent UI-phase rendered-frame counter).
+
+`PhotocraftApp::ui` (`:2371`) draws panels, windows, dialogs, notices and the
+central canvas, and does UI-local persistence (`brush_picker::persist`,
+`last_brush::persist`, `tool_memory::persist`, `view_cmds::persist`) plus
+`native_menu::sync`, `gpu_status::check_window`, and the current synthetic-input
+wakeup. Re-running a sizing pass must not duplicate persistence, commands or
+notices; move work that must happen with no paint to `logic`, and make the rest
+idempotent.
+
+`raw_input_hook` (`:2338`) normalizes synthetic input, clipboard key events,
+legacy pinch, pen-hold, titlebar resize and stroke tracing. It runs for the root
+and deferred viewports, not immediate viewports (unless E1 is installed), and it
+also runs before a hidden `run_logic`. `take_synthetic_step` (`:2356`) removes
+events from the app queue even on a logic-only tick; eframe preserves the events it
+appends in `pending_raw_input`, but PhotoCraft must set a `synthetic_in_flight`
+flag in the hook and send `RequestPaintWhileHidden` from `logic` (which runs
+after the hook in the same tick) so a UI pass consumes them. Do not start stroke
+tracing or interpret fresh input as if a paint occurred: either gate it on that
+flag or move the start to `App::ui`. `egui-winit` turns
+Cmd/Ctrl+C/X/V into `Event::Copy`/`Cut`/`Paste`; PhotoCraft maps those back to key
+presses in `shortcuts::clipboard_keys` (`crates/ui-egui/src/shortcuts.rs:282`).
+
+### 3.4 Panels, docking and the root Ui
+
+The root Ui is passed to `App::ui`; panels are shown on it:
+`panels::title_bar` (`crates/ui-egui/src/panels.rs:592`),
+`options_bar` (`:969`), `status_bar` (`:1726`), `toolbar` (`:93`),
+`right_dock` (`:1792`), and `dock_panels` (`:1866`). The custom docking surface
+uses `craft_ui::docking::DockArea` with the stable ID
+`photocraft-panel-docking` (`crates/ui-egui/src/panel_docking.rs:424`) and an
+`egui::Panel::right("shared-panel-dock")` (`:448`).
+
+`craft_ui` is a real runtime dependency (`panel_docking.rs:4-5`,
+`tab_strip.rs:11`), not a stale manifest entry. `craft_ui`'s docking and tab
+components are in the 0.37 API blast radius; PR 199 is required.
+
+### 3.5 Fonts and text
+
+`theme::install_fonts` (`crates/ui-egui/src/theme.rs:847`) builds a
+`FontDefinitions` from `egui_fonts::definitions`, prepends Inter/JetBrains Mono,
+adds named `medium`/`semibold` families, scales faces with `UiFontSizePlugin`
+(`:946`), calls `ctx.set_fonts`, then installs the lazy CJK/script fallback
+(`crates/ui-egui/src/cjk_fonts.rs:352`, `:375`). The fallback is app-specific:
+script order follows the UI locale, reads at most one system font per frame, and
+tracks its own `tried`/`loaded` state. It reads system fonts even when eframe's
+`system_fonts` feature is off, so #8512's discovery cost is still on PhotoCraft's
+startup/first-use path and must be measured separately.
+
+`cjk_fonts::add_to_all_families` reads `FontData.font` as bytes
+(`cjk_fonts.rs:354`, `:355`, `:358`) and a test compares the pointer
+(`:879`). In 0.37 `FontData.font` becomes
+`Arc<dyn AsRef<[u8]> + Send + Sync>` (`epaint::text::FontData`), so those four
+uses do not type-check as written.
+
+### 3.6 Screenshots and control
+
+`control.rs:1265` handles `ui.screenshot`; `PhotocraftApp::drain_control`
+(`lib.rs:2156`) queues `(token, earliest_time, frames)` in
+`queued_screenshots`; `issue_screenshots` (`:2183`) sends
+`ViewportCommand::Screenshot(UserData::new(token))`; `collect_screenshots`
+(`:2196`) reads `Event::Screenshot { user_data, image }` and calls
+`control::save_screenshot` (`control.rs:1410`). This is exactly the API 0.37
+removes: `ViewportCommand::Screenshot` now takes a `ScreenshotCallback`, and
+`Event::Screenshot` / `UserData` no longer exist. The current records are removed
+only by a matching callback, so a zero-sized surface, hidden viewport, device
+loss or dropped capture leaves the reply pending until the 60 s deadline and
+retains its image path. Section 9.3 replaces that with a bounded, cancelable
+slot and an explicit timeout drain.
+
+### 3.7 Persistence
+
+`ui.ron` contains two independently versioned payloads:
+
+- eframe window geometry, restored by `egui_winit::WindowSettings`;
+- egui memory, including `PanelState` entries and persisted widget data.
+
+`apps/photocraft/src/ui_state.rs` sanitizes the file before eframe reads it and
+decides whether a saved position exists. `saved_position` is platform-dependent:
+macOS looks for `inner_position_pixels`, everywhere else for
+`outer_position_pixels` (`ui_state.rs:41-44`). 0.37 replaces the flat
+`WindowSettings` with `normal_geometry: WindowGeometry` containing
+`outer_position_pixels`, `scale_factor` and `inner_size_points`. The old value
+does not deserialize, eframe ignores it, and a top-level probe becomes a false
+positive: the window opens uncentered at the OS default. Section 9.2 specifies the
+explicit pre-load rewrite and the new platform-independent position key.
+
+`PanelState` is keyed by an `Id`. In 0.36 `Panel::left("dock")` used
+`Id::new("dock")`; in 0.37 the panel ID is
+`parent_ui.scope_id().with_salt(IdSalt::new("dock"))` (`Id::with`, not
+`Id::with_salt` + an `AsIdSalt`). For the root Ui that is
+`ctx.viewport_id().root_ui_id().with(salt)`. Existing saved panel widths are under
+the old IDs and will not be restored unless migrated. Tests that read
+`PanelState::load(&ctx, Id::unique("dock"))` also break
+(`apps/photocraft/src/main.rs:1004`, `crates/ui-egui/src/panels.rs:6604`,
+`:6934`, `crates/ui-egui/src/workspace_ui.rs:594`,
+`crates/ui-egui/src/panel_docking_tests.rs:569`). `Id::unique(name)` has the same
+hash as the old `Id::new(name)`, so the old key can still be read.
+
+### 3.8 Tests and performance infrastructure
+
+The repository already has the right harnesses:
+
+- `crates/ui-egui/examples/snapshot.rs` renders the full UI offscreen with
+  `egui_kittest` + wgpu, deterministic `RendererOptions`, scripts, themes and
+  scales.
+- `crates/ui-egui/src/panel_docking_tests.rs:179` captures theme/width/scale
+  docking fixtures when `CRAFT_UI_DOCKING_FIXTURES` is set.
+- `crates/ui-egui/src/panels.rs:6904` captures compact chrome fixtures under
+  `CRAFT_UI_VISUAL_FIXTURES`.
+- `perf/budgets.toml` maps P1…Pn rows to `perf_scenarios`, `interactive_bench`,
+  `fx_bench`, `bevel_bench`, `camera_raw_bench`, `type_bench`,
+  `large_image_bench`, `large_file_bench`, plus the new `text_tessellation`
+  row; `xtask perf` runs them in release and writes p50/p95 (and p99 for frame
+  rows with enough samples), peak RSS, GPU bytes and load averages.
+- `crates/ui-egui/tests/it` has wgpu kittest tests for canvas, GPU loss,
+  color management, exports and workspace presets.
+- `apps/photocraft/tests/mac_menu_appkit.rs` is the existing real-macOS menu
+  check; it is not a substitute for IME/focus testing.
+
+There are 481 `Harness::builder()` uses (source count at
+`ff473881`). They will inherit 0.37's `check_accessibility: true` and
+`missing_glyph_policy: Panic` (`egui_kittest/src/builder.rs:50-51`). Both defaults
+are good, but they turn latent UI defects into test failures. The minimal
+accessible-name, glyph-policy and feature fixes therefore belong in the first
+green PR; do not disable either check globally and do not defer them to a later
+fixture sweep.
+
+### 3.9 Multiple viewports
+
+PhotoCraft creates extra document windows with
+`ctx.show_viewport_immediate(ViewportId::from_hash_of(("docwin", w.id)), ...)`
+(`crates/ui-egui/src/canvas.rs:6551`). These are immediate viewports, not deferred
+ones. The implications are:
+
+- `App::raw_input_hook` does not run for immediate viewports; E1's
+  `ViewportHooks::raw_input` is the only per-viewport hook that does. PhotoCraft
+  has no consumer today, but the extra-window path must be tested with E1 present
+  and absent.
+- The root-only services (`tool_cursor`, `monitor_status`, `caps_lock`, screenshot
+  capture, control server) correctly guard on `ViewportId::ROOT`
+  (`tool_cursor.rs:103`, `monitor_status.rs:274`); do not accidentally make them
+  viewport-global.
+- #8748 (hidden-parent deferred children) is **closed and unmerged**, so it is not
+  behavior in 0.37.0. PhotoCraft has no `show_viewport_deferred` call sites
+  (`canvas.rs:6551`, `screen_picker.rs:296`, `camera_raw_ui.rs:1224` are all
+  `show_viewport_immediate`), so the upstream deferred-child bug is not directly
+  applicable. Still test the hidden/occluded root plus an immediate child's
+  open/update/close, because that is the path PhotoCraft actually uses.
+- `ui.screenshot` is documented as main-window only (`docs/control-protocol.md`);
+  do not promise child-window screenshots in 0.37.
+- Extra windows use the same `PhotocraftApp` state; a pass for a child viewport
+  may call `canvas_view` while the root UI is not being drawn. Keep document
+  mutation and undo transactions inside `logic` or the existing single-window
+  paths; test open/close of an extra window during a stroke, a dialog and a
+  screenshot request.
+
+### 3.10 Platform cfg inventory
+
+The migration can compile on one platform and still break another; these cfg
+boundaries need an explicit check:
+
+- Native-only: `sys-locale`, `rayon`, `winsafe`, `xcap`, `x11rb`, `wl-clipboard-rs`,
+  `zbus`, `muda`, `dispatch2`, `fmv-macos-events`, `core-graphics2` in
+  `apps/photocraft` and `crates/ui-egui`.
+- macOS: `apple_events`, `mac_menu`, `mac_window`, `muda`, `dispatch2`,
+  `objc2*`, `photocraft-tablet::macos`, `tests/mac_menu_appkit.rs`.
+- Windows: `window_frame`, `cursor`, `photocraft-tablet::windows`,
+  `photocraft-ipp`, `winsafe`.
+- Linux: `portal_save`, `print_portal`, `icon_theme`, `tablet::spawn_x11`,
+  `linux_libs`, `winit` x11 event-loop builder.
+- wasm32: `apps/photocraft-web/src/web.rs`, `cjk_fonts::Sources::system` (no
+  system fonts), `file_ui/web_preview.rs`, `gpu_canvas` web adapter limits,
+  `photocraft-web-boot`.
+
+At minimum run `cargo check --target wasm32-unknown-unknown` (`cargo xtask
+wasm`), Linux native, Windows native and macOS native for the changed crates.
+Do not treat a Linux-only compile as platform acceptance.
+
+## 4. 0.37 breaking changes mapped to PhotoCraft
+
+| Change | PhotoCraft impact and exact work | Count / anchor |
+|---|---|---|
+| `WidgetType` is now a deprecated alias of `accesskit::Role`; many variants were renamed (`SelectableLabel→Button`, `Checkbox→CheckBox`, `ColorButton→ColorWell`, `CollapsingHeader→DisclosureTriangle`, `Other→Unknown`) | Mechanical mapping. `Button→Button`, `SelectableLabel→Button`, `CheckBox→CheckBox`, `RadioButton→RadioButton`, `Label→Label`, `Image→Image`, `CollapsingHeader→DisclosureTriangle`, `ComboBox→ComboBox`, `ColorButton→ColorWell`, `Slider→Slider`, `Other→Unknown`. Keep selection in `WidgetInfo::selected`. | 114 uses in 43 files, e.g. `shape_stroke_ui/editor.rs:47`, `props_layout.rs:73`; PR 199's mapping is the reference |
+| `Id::new` deprecated | `Id::new` → `Id::unique` (same hash; persisted IDs stay stable). | 394 uses in 121 files |
+| `Ui::id` deprecated | `ui.id()` → `ui.scope_id()` (a rename of the old id). Do **not** substitute `Ui::unique_id`: that is a new globally unique but unstable id used for auto ids and AccessKit identity. | 93 uses |
+| `Panel` constructors take `AsIdSalt`; IDs become parent-scoped | `direction.rs:71/76` currently takes `impl Into<egui::Id>` and passes it to `Panel::left`; change to `impl egui::AsIdSalt`. Add `panels::panel_state_id(ctx, salt) = ctx.viewport_id().root_ui_id().with(salt)` (`Id::with`, because `with_salt` takes an `IdSalt`). Migrate old `PanelState` keys in the first compatible PR and keep the old key readable. | 11 direct panel constructors; 5 `PanelState::load` sites |
+| `UiBuilder::id` → `scope_id` | No PhotoCraft call sites; `craft_ui` PR 199 has two. | `craft_ui/docking/surface.rs` |
+| `TextEdit::hint_text` requires `IntoAtoms<'static>` | `widgets::text_field`/`text_field_ex` take `hint: &str` and pass it directly; `crop_size::text_field` does too. Convert to owned atoms once (`hint.to_owned()`) or change the helper parameter to `impl IntoAtoms<'static>` and update callers. | `widgets.rs:848`, `crop_size.rs:282` |
+| `FontData.font` is a `Blob` (`Arc<dyn AsRef<[u8]>>`) | Use `data.bytes()` or `data.font.as_ref().as_ref()`; update pointer test. | `cjk_fonts.rs:354`, `:355`, `:358`, `:879` |
+| `ViewportCommand::Screenshot` callback; `Event::Screenshot`/`UserData` removed | Replace `issue_screenshots` with a bounded, cancelable per-request completion slot (section 9.3), not an unbounded `mpsc` channel. The callback holds only a weak slot reference, stores only the image, and may run on an arbitrary callback thread. Collect in `logic`; use rendered-frame identity plus a monotonic settle deadline; keep token correlation. `clipping_indicator_tests.rs:94/:99` also use the removed API and must be migrated in the same PR. | `lib.rs:2183`, `:2196`, `:2214`; `control.rs:1265`; `clipping_indicator_tests.rs:94`, `:99` |
+| `Event::PasteImage` new | egui-winit now emits image paste when the clipboard has no text. PhotoCraft's `clipboard_press` only maps `Event::Paste(_)`. Adopt it as the document paste shortcut through the existing `import_os_clipboard`/session path, never a second clipboard read; a test asserts one import and no text-paste double handling. | `shortcuts.rs:221`, `:282` |
+| `Event::MiddleClickPaste` new | Text fields handle it; verify PhotoCraft's canvas/field interaction does not double-handle it. | `shortcuts::clipboard_keys` |
+| `ScrollAreaState.offset` field private; `offset()` deprecated | Replace reads with `clamped_offset()`/`unclamped_offset()`. Replace the direct write `st.offset.y = target` with a request passed to `ScrollArea::vertical_scroll_offset` on the next frame, then clear the request. | `menu_nav.rs:504`, `:535`; `field_wheel.rs:173-174` |
+| `egui-winit` clipboard feature is no longer implicit in eframe when default features are off | Add `clipboard` to the `eframe` feature list in the app and ui-egui. Without it, OS copy/paste silently falls back to an in-app-only clipboard. | `apps/photocraft/Cargo.toml:32`, `crates/ui-egui/Cargo.toml:34` |
+| `system_font_fallback` defaults true | Workspace `eframe` has default features off, so the provider is only the "missing system fonts" warning. Set `NativeOptions::system_font_fallback = false` explicitly to preserve the existing CJK plugin and deterministic rendering; evaluate `system_fonts` separately. | `main.rs:104` |
+| `default_fonts` is no longer default; emoji fonts are feature-gated; `egui-icons` is new | Add `monochrome_emoji_fonts` to the `epaint_default_fonts` build-dependency; deflate `EGUI_ICONS`; rebuild the family stack exactly as 0.37 does (Ubuntu-Light, egui-icons, NotoEmoji, emoji-icon-font; Hack first for monospace). Update the equality test. No new font file is committed; verify `ATTRIBUTION.md` needs no row, and add one in the same PR if a packaged asset is added. | `build.rs:37-45`, `egui_fonts.rs:47-56`, `:79` |
+| `Ui::id`/`Id` semantics in tests | kittest queries by IDs still work after `Id::unique`; panel-state queries do not. `Ui::unique_id` is unstable and must not become a persisted/test key. | see persistence above |
+| `AccessKit` role/label checks in kittest | Add `Response::labelled_by`/`accessible_name` where a field has no hint; keep `check_accessibility` on. These minimal name fixes are in the first green PR because the default check runs on every harness. | all 481 harnesses |
+| `MissingGlyphPolicy::Panic` in kittest | Audit special characters (`✓`, `▲▼`, `▶◀`, `×`, `…`, `⏵`, `⋮`, `egui::special_emojis`) and add a deterministic fallback or `allow_missing_glyphs()` only where tofu is intentional. Enable `monochrome_emoji_fonts`/`EGUI_ICONS` and add the glyph-coverage test in the first green PR. | 481 harnesses |
+| `#8763` TextEdit click-away selection loss | Reproduce select-text-then-click-toolbar/context-action. The fork owns the selected fix (with pointer and keyboard regressions) or a tested app workaround preserving range and undo; do not silently accept. | `widgets.rs`, `text_field_menu.rs`, new kittest/native row |
+| `egui` 0.37 style defaults (roomier buttons, larger radii) | PhotoCraft overrides most `Visuals`/`Spacing` fields in `theme::apply`, but atom-based `Button`/`ComboBox` and popup/table internals still change. Pixel fixtures must be regenerated and reviewed, not blindly accepted. | `theme.rs:995` |
+| `ScrollArea` kinetic/rubber-band defaults | New `ScrollStyle::kinetic`; PhotoCraft's thin scrollbars keep their explicit opacity, but menu wheel/arrow scrolling and canvas pan must be re-tested. | `theme.rs:1065`, `menu_nav.rs` |
+
+## 5. E1–E21 and E21b audit
+
+Base: `841a328b`. The candidate branch is `a4f9a17f`, with one commit per topic
+and `PATCHES.md` at that revision. All rows need a final audit against the
+published commits; the notes below state what PhotoCraft specifically needs.
+
+| # | Change | PhotoCraft relevance and decision | Required evidence / removal |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| E1 | eframe `NativeOptions::viewport_hooks` (per-viewport window create/destroy and raw input, immediate viewports included) | PhotoCraft does not call it today. Keep in the shared fork because craft-tablet's native Wayland pen path needs it; do not claim pen support until craft-tablet consumes it. Verify the global hook storage does not leak between contexts/tests. | Fork unit test for install/replace; PhotoCraft full-suite run; remove when upstream offers equivalent per-viewport hooks or native Wayland pen is solved another way |
+| E2+E3 | egui-wgpu surface fit to `max_texture_dimension_2d`; configure/renderer errors returned as `WgpuError::ConfigureSurface` / `CreateRenderer` | Directly relevant to multi-monitor/large restored windows and `--safe-gpu` fallback. Adopt. Add a test with a synthetic surface size above the adapter limit and a forced configure error; assert no panic and a recoverable error. | `surface_fit` unit tests; PhotoCraft large-window test; remove when upstream closes emilk/egui#8361 and ships an equivalent |
+| E4 | egui-winit uses winit's Wayland clipboard when available; smithay not started; PRIMARY currently falls back to arboard | Regular clipboard/file drops are relevant on Hyprland and require W15, `wayland` and `clipboard`. Adopt the regular path. **PRIMARY is not accepted through arboard**: the default is the shared W15P winit-owned PRIMARY path on the existing connection/event queue and per-seat lifecycle; arboard is only a measured fallback if W15P cannot meet a proven requirement, with compositor evidence and an explicit unresolved gate. | Regular/image/drop tests; W15P PRIMARY matrix on wlroots/KWin/Mutter; remove when upstream #8657 lands |
+| E5 | epaint bidi shaping, visual row order, marks, end caret/selection; word-motion underflow fix; tests without `default_fonts` | Core for Arabic/Hebrew UI labels. Adopt only with E12/E13/E16 and with `bidi_text.rs` removed or reduced; otherwise text is reversed twice. | Arabic/Hebrew label, mixed LTR/RTL, caret/selection tests; remove when #8577 is released |
+| E6 | `request_focus` on the focused widget no longer interrupts IME | Relevant to every text field and Preferences search. Adopt. | IME preedit/commit across focus requests |
+| E7 | Windows letter keys from virtual-key code on non-Latin layouts | Relevant; PhotoCraft has layout-specific symbol logic. Adopt. | Windows layout matrix (Russian/Arabic/Hebrew/German) |
+| E8 | TextEdit no longer clips glyphs above/below the row | Relevant to Thai/Vietnamese/Arabic marks and small fields. Adopt; pixel tests. | Text field row geometry at 1x/1.5x/2x |
+| E9 | `Style::right_to_left` mirrors menus, scrollbars, headers, title bars, combo boxes, checkboxes, popups, resize grips | PhotoCraft already mirrors shell chrome explicitly in `direction.rs`. Enabling E9 while keeping those explicit layouts will double-mirror. Adopt only after a call-site audit; default `right_to_left=false` means it is inert until set. | RTL chrome fixture matrix; remove overlapping `direction` paths |
+| E10 | eframe web: named keys not typed as text; letter keys from `KeyboardEvent.code`; `lang` on hidden input/speech | Relevant to browser shortcuts and IME. Adopt. | Browser keyboard/IME workflow; no wasm size regression |
+| E11 | epaint glyphs rasterized on a single-threaded vello context (fixes `vello_cpu` multithreading panic) | PhotoCraft does not enable `epaint/multithreading`; forcing `num_threads: 0` could slow other consumers. Keep out of PhotoCraft's qualifying revision unless the shared fork requires it; if included, benchmark glyph rasterization and test all fonts. | epaint tests with/without multithreading; perf rows |
+| E12 | `LayoutJob::direction`, RTL right alignment, ellipsis at visual end, UAX #9 L1, linear reorder keeping isolate initiators/PDI/marks | Needed with E5; replaces `bidi_text::visual_ltr` and `elide`. Adopt in the language stage. | Title bar `*صورة.psd — PhotoCraft`, layer-name truncation, bidi controls |
+| E13 | caret/hit-test/Delete/Backspace by grapheme cluster | TextEdit and Type tool. Adopt; the Type tool has its own char-based editor (`type_tool.rs:562`, `:751`, `:964`), which must be audited for combining marks/emoji. | Grapheme deletion/movement tests in both TextEdit and Type tool |
+| E14 | `FontTweak::fallback_align`: fallback fonts on primary baseline, rows grow to fit; default unchanged | PhotoCraft already computes `y_offset_factor` manually. Adopt, but do not set `fallback_align` unless the manual metrics are removed; test row height and CJK/Thai/Arabic baselines. | Font fallback baseline fixtures; `cjk_fonts` tests |
+| E15 | `LineBreaker` trait (`SimpleLineBreaker` preserves rules), grapheme-safe emergency breaks, `LayoutJob::language` | Default preserves behavior; the suite uses it for craft-text line breaking, and E20 uses the language. PhotoCraft document text is parley-based, so the app impact is UI text wrapping/truncation. Adopt; test wrapping/truncation. | Wrapping fixtures with Latin/CJK/Thai |
+| E16 | visual cursor movement with affinity, Home/End in reading order, password mask per cluster, neutral paragraphs inherit direction | Needed for RTL and grapheme editing. Adopt with E5/E12/E13. | Caret affinity tests, mixed-direction paragraphs |
+| E17 | `Context::set_language`, `UiBuilder::language`, `Response::accessible_language`, AccessKit root language, one text run per bidi level | PhotoCraft's `i18n::sync_context` (`i18n/mod.rs:409`) must call `set_language`; add AccessKit language assertions. Adopt. | AccessKit root/label language; screen-reader smoke test |
+| E18 | eframe `Frame::set_ui_language` sets `Context::set_language`; web falls back to `Context::language` | Call from `PhotocraftApp::logic` when the preference changes. Adopt. | Live language switch without losing UI state |
+| E19 | one letter-key rule across Windows/macOS/Linux; `RawInput::keyboard_layout_is_latin` and `latin_layout_chars` | Relevant to non-Latin shortcuts; requires winit W25. Adopt, but keep `layout_keys.rs`'s Photoshop-specific German bracket table and test that the two rules do not fight. | Layout matrix; `layout_keys` tests |
+| E20 | widget text laid out in the language of its `Ui` | Adopt with E15/E17; PhotoCraft's `tl!` remains the source text. | Translated widget labels in AccessKit and layout |
+| E21 | `ImeEvent::DeleteSurroundingBytes`: TextEdit deletes exact bytes an IME replaces, in the commit's undo step | Relevant to macOS press-and-hold/dictation and Wayland IME. Requires winit W26/W27. The candidate emits this on macOS and Wayland only; Windows `ime_delete_surrounding` returns `None`. Restrict E21 acceptance to macOS/Wayland. The enum variant is a compile break for exhaustive matches; `type_tool.rs` has a catch-all but must implement the deletion for the Type tool. Adopt. | macOS/Wayland IME replacement tests; undo one step. A Windows IME row is general coverage, not E21. |
+| E21b | `IMEOutput` gains a bounded logical surrounding-text payload (committed text, UTF-8 byte cursor/anchor, owning widget identity; preedit excluded) and egui-winit sends it through W27 on Wayland | **New prerequisite, not existing E21/W27 capability.** The candidate never calls `set_ime_surrounding_text`; `IMEOutput` has no logical text. Adopt with E21. PhotoCraft's custom Type tool must supply a real model adapter, not `None`: `type_tool::draw_overlay` constructs the `IMEOutput`; use the layer's logical text (`current_text`/`layout`), char-to-byte via `byte_of`, exclude the `preedit` char range, clamp to the 4000-byte payload at char boundaries, remap cursor/anchor bytes, and identify the document+layer+viewport so two windows cannot share a payload. Password fields never supply text; focus loss, no IME and unavailable context clear it. | PhotoCraft adapter plus tests: delete+commit and deletion-only, preedit exclusion, reversed selection, emoji/combining/RTL logical order, caret movement, >4000-byte line, two documents, focus/reset/late serial, multipass final output, one undo; native Wayland predictive/Vietnamese trace. Revert with the custom-editor adapters as one API set. |
+
+The E-patches are **not** a blanket "merge the branch". In particular, E5/E12/E13/E16
+form a dependency cluster; E14/E15/E20 depend on text-layout changes; E9 must not
+be enabled with the current explicit RTL mirroring; E11 has no PhotoCraft consumer.
+E21b depends on E21/W27 and is a separate reviewed change (egui P7b), not a
+retroactive description of E21.
+
+## 6. Winit patch audit and compatibility
+
+Base: upstream `v0.30.13` `e9809ef5`; candidate
+`8b35388b` (storytold `craft/0.30.13` `ffae5198` + W17–W27). W15P is **new
+work** in the reviewed published revision, not part of the candidate; the final
+production pin must include it.
+
+| # | Change | PhotoCraft decision |
+|---|---|---|
+| W1 | Windows 11 `WM_DPICHANGED` suggested rect | Adopt; custom title bar and mixed-DPI drags |
+| W2 | Wayland destroy seat text input only when seat is removed | Adopt |
+| W3 | Windows IME caret from `GCS_CURSORPOS` only when set | Adopt |
+| W4 | Windows hidden maximized windows | Adopt |
+| W5 | X11 focus replacement IME context | Adopt as part of W20; audit whether W20 supersedes and remove W5's refocus path |
+| W6 | macOS `NSTextInputClient` commit flow | Adopt |
+| W7 | macOS discard marked text when IME disabled | Adopt |
+| W8 | macOS emoji picker text as `Ime::Commit` | Adopt |
+| W9 | macOS Korean space not duplicated | Adopt |
+| W10 | macOS first Apple Korean key | Adopt |
+| W11 | X11 server DPI before panel physical DPI | Adopt |
+| W12 | macOS `mouseDownCanMoveWindow` from `movable_by_window_background` | PhotoCraft calls `NSWindow::setMovable(false)` (`apps/photocraft/src/mac_window.rs`) and drags only its own gap; keep suite-wide but not PhotoCraft-required. Verify no regression. |
+| W13 | Wayland pixel/continuous scroll phases report `Moved` | Adopt; zoom/pan latch tests |
+| W14 | macOS opt-in cancelable termination | PhotoCraft quits via `NSApplication terminate:` (`mac_window.rs`); not required, harmless if opt-in. |
+| W15 | Wayland file drops + winit clipboard data device | Adopt; needed by E4 regular clipboard and the app's drop support |
+| W15P | winit-owned PRIMARY selection on the existing connection/event queue, with per-seat `PrimarySelectionManagerState`/device/source/offer lifecycle | **Required shared path.** Distinct PRIMARY protocol object; do not bind a second regular `wl_data_device`. Adopt before E4's PRIMARY acceptance. Keyboard-only focus, serial freshness, owner/seat changes, empty/absent offers, self-paste, canceled/slow transfer, password exclusion and unchanged-selection reclaim policy are native gates on wlroots/KWin/Mutter. |
+| W16 | Wayland pinch/rotation gestures | Defer; PhotoCraft has `wheel_nav::fold_legacy_pinch`, which must be re-tested |
+| W17 | Regression tests for W2/W3/W5–W10/W12/W13 | Adopt with the branch |
+| W18 | Windows hidden system caret for IME | Adopt |
+| W19 | Windows IME `VK_PROCESSKEY` not sent as key press | Adopt |
+| W20 | X11 one input context per window (replaces W5 refocus) | Adopt; resolves W5 duplication |
+| W21 | X11 IME spot after 100 ms quiet | Adopt |
+| W22 | macOS `ImeDocument`, replacement ranges, typed text without composition | Adopt |
+| W23 | macOS ⌘ key names from layout's ⌘ table | Adopt |
+| W24 | `Window::reset_ime()` | Adopt; expose through eframe if a PhotoCraft call site needs it (currently none) |
+| W25 | X11/Wayland `KeyEventExtLatinLayout` | Adopt; required by E19 |
+| W26 | macOS delete replaced text by UTF-8 byte count | Adopt; required by E21 |
+| W27 | Wayland text-input-v3 surrounding text + delete-surrounding | Adopt; required by E21 and E21b. The winit state/serial/payload tests are part of the E21b acceptance, not optional coverage. |
+
+Compatibility notes:
+
+- Winit 0.30.13 is the last 0.30 release; the 0.31 port is not a migration target.
+  The fork must keep the package version `0.30.13` so `=0.30.13` and
+  `egui-winit`'s dependency unify.
+- W14 takes `dpi` from crates.io so git consumers do not get a second `dpi`.
+- The fork's `rwh_06` and `x11`/`wayland` features must remain compatible with
+  `accesskit_winit` and eframe.
+- The app's direct Linux `winit` dependency exists only for
+  `EventLoopBuilderExtX11` (`apps/photocraft/src/main.rs:658`); it must resolve to
+  the same patched revision as eframe's winit.
+- Do not add `wayland-csd-adwaita` here; it is a suite feature decision, not a
+  PhotoCraft migration requirement.
+
+## 7. craft-libs PR 199
+
+PR 199 is an open API-port, not a mergeable tree. Its head
+`b68de8c5f4f1c060904d211a7b1320aa0f7bce78` and the historical audit tree
+`ec8840a` are stale relative to current `main` `49190884278f16c9a9f5823d7698a8ffb5deb062`:
+they omit `craft-platform` and revert security, settings, docking and printing
+fixes. Take only the reusable port hunks from
+`8614e4a04fae516fba16c22b31ff1008cb6be10b` plus the relevant README changes from
+`1764bca` and apply them on current `main`; never merge `b68de8c`/`ec8840a` as
+trees and never revert the intervening fixes.
+
+The relevant `craft-ui` port changes are:
+
+- `crates/ui/src/buttons/mod.rs`: `WidgetType::Button` → `Role::Button`.
+- `crates/ui/src/docking/surface.rs`: `WidgetType` → `Role`, `UiBuilder::id` →
+  `scope_id`, plus a clippy `collapsible_match` fix.
+- `crates/ui/src/layout/resize.rs`, `tabs/mod.rs` and tests: `Id::new` →
+  `Id::unique`, `Ui::id` → `scope_id`, `WidgetType` → `Role`.
+- `crates/ui/Cargo.toml`: `egui_extras`/`egui_kittest` 0.37.
+
+PhotoCraft uses `craft_ui::docking::{DockArea, Layout, Node}`,
+`craft_ui::tabs::{Tab, fit}`, and `craft_ui::layout` in
+`panel_docking.rs`, `tab_strip.rs`, `dock.rs` and `state.rs`. The port must be
+present before PhotoCraft can compile. There is no additional shared UI helper
+needed for the mechanical Role/Id migration: PhotoCraft's `WidgetInfo` calls are
+local and the mappings are direct. Do not invent a compatibility shim in
+`craft-ui`.
+
+Pin policy: update **only** `craft-ui` to the published revision containing those
+port hunks. `craft-print` (`3d37da389a3618ab9b76109da11416e9ca4ea719`) and
+`craft-docpath` (`82a24b006eefa036b43c09a67fb9a3fbd17ffe63`) are not egui
+consumers and keep their current pins; bumping all three to one `main` would pull
+the unrelated printer-name/description change between `3d37da3` and the port. If
+the suite later requires one craft-libs revision, audit that diff and run
+PhotoCraft's print tests before changing these pins. Unaffected local vendors
+(`krilla`, `hayro*`, `lopdf`, `vello_common`) and unrelated source fixes are
+preserved.
+
+## 8. Lifecycle and root-Ui design
+
+### 8.1 Logic and hidden iterations
+
+The verified model is section 3.3, not "logic when hidden, ui when visible".
+Native and web both run logic and ui inside `run_ui`, once per pass; hidden hosts
+may call `update_logic_only`, which invokes `raw_input_hook` and `App::logic`
+without beginning a pass. `run_logic` leaves events, input time and layout stale.
+A forced hidden paint (`RequestPaintWhileHidden`) runs the normal UI phase.
+
+| Work | Current site | Decision |
+|---|---|---|
+| Control requests, synthetic input queue | `logic` `drain_control`; `raw_input_hook` `take_synthetic_step` | Keep the queue in logic. `take_synthetic_step` may consume on a hidden logic tick, so set `synthetic_in_flight` in the hook, send `RequestPaintWhileHidden` from `logic` until a real UI pass consumes the preserved events, and clear the flag in `App::ui` after that pass. Do not use the end of `ui` as the only wake. |
+| Screenshots | `logic` issue/collect | Keep in logic; bounded slot; the screenshot command itself requests paint while hidden, so a hidden screenshot pass is not evidence that synthetic input would have woken the app. Use rendered-frame identity + monotonic settle deadline. |
+| Job polling | `jobs_ui::tick` in logic; `jobs_ui::keep_polling` at end of ui | Move `keep_polling` to logic or call from both. Consume job results by revision/sequence exactly once per pass; a repeated pass must not re-apply a result. |
+| Autosave/recovery | `format::Autosaver` background thread; `on_exit` saves tool memory | Use `std::time::Instant` (or `web_time::Instant`) for intervals and deadlines, never `ctx.input(\|i\| i.time)` in logic. Ensure `on_exit` runs for both renderers. |
+| Preferences/theme/fonts | `logic` syncs language and calls `install_fonts`; `ui` applies theme on first frame | Keep setup in `setup_context` when possible; `logic` must finish setup if the creator did not. |
+| File drops | `logic` drains OS/web inboxes and dropped files | Keep; `RequestPaintWhileHidden` when a drop arrives with no visible frame. |
+| Native menu | `logic` runs menu; `ui` syncs it | `native_menu::sync` is UI-dependent; leave in ui, but queue menu events for the next paint. |
+| GPU status/device loss | `logic` calls `check_gpu`; `ui` calls `check_window` | `check_gpu` stays in logic; `check_window` can stay in ui because it reports a painted frame, not a logic-pass count. |
+| UI-local persistence (`tool_memory`, `last_brush`, `view_cmds`) | end of `ui` | Only runs when UI runs; acceptable because no user edit happened while hidden, but `on_exit` must flush the last state. A second pass must not write twice. |
+
+`shortcuts::handle`, `drain_control`, `file_ui` drops and `jobs_ui::tick` all run
+per pass. Give each a consumed queue (drain once), a revision/generation check, or
+a monotonic deadline; do not count logic calls as rendered frames. Do not start
+stroke tracing or interpret fresh input on a logic-only tick: gate it on
+`synthetic_in_flight`/a real UI phase, or move the start to `App::ui`.
+
+Avoid a blanket `Context` bridge. Use `ctx.input`, `ctx.data`, `ctx.memory` only
+where the existing code already does; do not replay the whole UI from `logic`.
+Do not poll a prior UI event twice in `run_logic`; the events there are stale.
+
+### 8.2 Multiple passes
+
+`Context::run_ui` and `Context::run_pass` share the root Ui; plugins run inside
+`root_ui`. PhotoCraft's `setup_context` registers `CursorLifecycle`,
+`SingleLineDrag`, `TextFieldMenu`, `UiFontSizePlugin`, `CjkFontPlugin`.
+`on_begin_pass`/`on_end_pass` and popup sizing passes can execute content more
+than once per frame. `current_pass_index` is not a durable "first pass" flag: a
+completed `run_ui` leaves it at zero. Guard all side effects in `ui`:
+
+- `self.frame += 1` stays in `logic`, but is a pass count; use
+  `ctx.cumulative_frame_nr()` for rendered-frame delays;
+- control/screenshot queues stay in `logic`;
+- `notices::show` and persistence must be idempotent for repeated content passes;
+- no counters inside popup/window closures that change on a sizing pass.
+
+Action playback (`actions.rs`) and autosave (`format::Autosaver` /
+`RecoveryStore`) are not UI loops: playback advances through engine commands,
+and autosave is a background thread. Still, a playback step must not run twice
+because a menu/popup content closure was re-run, and an autosave request must
+not be duplicated by a repeated `ui` pass. Undo is engine-owned
+(`photocraft-engine` history); the rule is one user action → one command → one
+history step, never a command in a sizing pass with no user event.
+
+Add tests for: a forced popup sizing pass (`Popup::sizing_pass`) with unchanged
+document, undo stack and control replies; a playback step whose dialog content
+pass repeats with unchanged step/history counts; a forced second `ui` pass with
+one command; and a background completion between passes applied once.
+
+### 8.3 Hidden-window and control input
+
+`ui.pointer` and `ui.key` must work while the window is occluded or minimized.
+Screenshots must work while occluded; while *minimized* the window has no surface
+that can be trusted, so the request fails with an actionable "the window is
+minimized" error instead of saving a blank/stale surface. The minimized flag is
+part of the geometry epoch, so a minimize/restore between issuance and collection
+retries. Send `ViewportCommand::RequestPaintWhileHidden` when synthetic input
+is in flight, `input_waiters` is non-empty, or a screenshot/control reply waits on
+a pass. Keep the existing reply deadlines (60 s) and `Dispatch`/`AfterInput`
+semantics. A hidden window must not turn a queued request into a `timeout: not
+run` error.
+
+Test the real host order, not a once-per-frame fiction:
+
+- visible single- and multi-pass frames;
+- repeated hidden `update_logic_only` ticks after a completed multi-pass frame;
+- a hidden forced UI paint with queued synthetic input, then a visible pass;
+- a background completion between passes, applied once;
+- bare `run_logic` followed by `run_ui` proving stale input is not replayed.
+
+Screenshots request their own paint; a passing hidden screenshot does not prove
+`RequestPaintWhileHidden` for synthetic input. The mutation check for that is
+section 13.6.
+
+## 9. Panels, docking and screenshots
+
+### 9.1 Panel state
+
+0.37 derives a panel id from its parent scope: for the root Ui,
+`ctx.viewport_id().root_ui_id().with(salt)`. `Id::with` takes an `AsIdSalt`;
+`Id::with_salt` takes an `IdSalt`, so the v1 helper's `with_salt(salt)` did not
+compile. Add one helper in `panels.rs`:
+
+```rust
+pub fn panel_state_id(ctx: &egui::Context, salt: impl egui::AsIdSalt) -> egui::Id {
+    ctx.viewport_id().root_ui_id().with(salt)
+}
+```
+
+Add a compile-level unit test for the helper (and for the `direction.rs`
+`AsIdSalt` bounds), then use it in `main.rs:1004`, `panels.rs:6604`,
+`panels.rs:6934`, `workspace_ui.rs:594`, `panel_docking_tests.rs:569`, and in an
+idempotent first-frame migration:
+
+```rust
+for name in ["dock", "title_bar", "options_bar", "status_bar", "toolbar", "rail", "shared-panel-dock"] {
+    let new_id = panel_state_id(ctx, name);
+    if PanelState::load(ctx, new_id).is_none() {
+        if let Some(old) = PanelState::load(ctx, egui::Id::unique(name)) {
+            ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_persisted(new_id, old));
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+This migration belongs to the **first compatible PR**: it is the same PR that
+changes the constructors to `AsIdSalt`. The old `Id::unique(name)` key (same hash
+as the old `Id::new(name)`) stays untouched, so 0.36 rollback still reads panel
+widths; the new key is what 0.37 reads. `Ui::scope_id` is the renamed old
+`Ui::id`; `Ui::unique_id` is unstable and must not be used for a persisted key.
+Test old and new `ui.ron` fixtures, including a real 0.14.0 save with `dock`
+width 410 and `shared-panel-dock` 290; then resize in 0.37, save and restart twice,
+asserting the new width survives even though the old key remains. Also test the
+helper/old-key equality and partially migrated state; existing new keys always win.
+
+### 9.2 Window settings
+
+Current `ui_state.rs` reads the old flat schema and is platform-dependent:
+macOS checks `inner_position_pixels`, others `outer_position_pixels`
+(`ui_state.rs:41-44`). 0.37's `WindowSettings` is:
+
+- `normal_geometry: { outer_position_pixels, scale_factor, inner_size_points }`
+  (`inner_size_points` is a plain `Vec2`, not `Option<Vec2>`);
+- `fullscreen`, `maximized`.
+
+The old value does not deserialize into 0.37. Merely "understanding both schemas"
+is insufficient because eframe reads the file before PhotoCraft runs. Add an
+explicit pre-load rewrite in `ui_state::sanitize` (called from
+`apps/photocraft/src/main.rs:664` before `run_native`):
+
+1. Parse the outer map of key -> RON string; leave a non-RON file alone.
+2. If `window` is the old flat schema, write a new `normal_geometry` value:
+   preserve valid `Some(inner_size_points)` using pattern matching (never `unwrap`);
+   when missing, use PhotoCraft's existing configured default 1440×900 points (`native_options`, `main.rs:110`) and
+   record that fallback; reject non-finite/oversize values without rewriting,
+   `fullscreen`, `maximized`; set `scale_factor = 1.0` for the Windows position
+   path. Preserve `outer_position_pixels` only on Windows (physical pixels; 0.37
+   re-applies the physical position after creation). On macOS/Linux drop the old
+   position and let the window center: the old macOS `inner_position_pixels` is
+   not an outer position, and the old file has no scale factor for a logical
+   Linux restore. Never guess a scale factor or move the window after first paint.
+3. Keep a one-time `ui.ron.pre-0.37` backup before rewriting; log and leave the
+   file untouched if the rewrite fails.
+
+`has_saved_position` must look for `normal_geometry.outer_position_pixels` on
+every OS and return true only when eframe actually restores that position (the
+Windows path). It must stop looking for macOS `inner_position_pixels`.
+
+Fixtures: old macOS inner position, old Windows/macOS outer position,
+maximized and fullscreen, a `Some`/missing `inner_size_points`, and 0.36-schema
+round-trip. Test that `(616,430)`/`1100x760` yields a 1100x760 window without a
+startup failure, and that macOS/Linux center while preserving size/maximized/
+fullscreen. Document the rollback loss: after 0.37 writes the nested schema,
+0.36 ignores the window entry unless the backup is restored; add a
+reverse-compatibility test using a 0.36-shaped settings struct.
+
+### 9.3 Screenshot callback
+
+Replace the UserData/Event path with a **bounded, cancelable per-request
+completion slot**, not one unbounded `mpsc` channel per request. Use the shared
+`craft-ui` capture-slot API at the approved CL-2F revision, a P0/P1 prerequisite.
+There is no local-slot alternative for PhotoCraft. Keep tokens,
+paths, settle delays, deadlines and reply schemas app-owned.
+
+Design:
+
+```text
+PendingCapture record (app-owned)
+  token, path, reply, deadline, issued_at, viewport_id,
+  document/revision generation,
+  issued_geometry: { logical_rect, pixels_per_point, expected_surface_size, geometry_epoch },
+  slot: Arc<CaptureSlot>               // bounded, one result, canceled flag
+CaptureSlot
+  result: Mutex<Option<Arc<ColorImage>>>,
+  canceled: AtomicBool,
+  wake: egui::Context                  // live record only
+callback = move |image| {
+  let Some(slot) = weak_slot.upgrade() else { return }; // late/canceled: drop image
+  if slot.store_if_pending(image) { slot.wake.request_repaint_of(viewport_id); } // after unlock
+}
+```
+
+- The callback holds only `Weak<CaptureSlot>`; the live record holds the `Arc`.
+  The slot may hold a `Context` clone for wakeup, but the callback must not hold a
+  `Context`, `PhotocraftApp`, the pending record, or a channel sender. No
+  callback -> Context -> callback cycle.
+- Admit at most 4 pending requests, at most 128 MiB of image bytes per request and
+  256 MiB in aggregate across reserved in-flight and completed images. Use checked
+  width × height × 4 arithmetic and reject before issuance with a clear size/queue
+  error. Test equality and one-over boundaries, arithmetic overflow and cancellation
+  releasing capacity. Transient GPU readback/encoder RSS is measured separately;
+  a late oversized result is dropped, not counted as proof of a pre-allocation bound.
+- The callback supplies pixels only, not frame metadata. Record issuance geometry
+  from the target viewport's UI and a monotonically increasing geometry epoch (resize,
+  DPI/zoom/surface changes), plus document/revision identity. Revalidate before issuing
+  and before saving. Any intervening epoch change, even a change back to the original
+  size, rejects/retries within the deadline; never label the image with guessed geometry.
+  If the epoch is unchanged, derive x/y pixel scale from returned image dimensions
+  versus the recorded logical bounds, check aspect/rounding and apply region cropping
+  with those scales. E2 can fit the surface smaller. Do not use current DPI alone to
+  label an older image. A native resize/DPI race must show that stale metadata cannot
+  produce a saved image; callback-only tests assert the same rejection policy.
+
+- On timeout/close/cancel, mark the slot canceled and drop the record; a late
+  callback upgrades `Weak` to `None`, drops the image, writes no file and sends
+  no reply. There is no "late file/reply" path.
+- Keep PNG encoding and the existing `ColorImage` -> PNG path on the app/UI
+  thread in `control::save_screenshot`; never encode or write on the callback
+  thread. The callback thread is arbitrary: `egui-wgpu` completes it from a
+  `map_async` callback (`egui-wgpu/src/capture.rs:193`), not a guaranteed render
+  thread.
+- While a capture is pending, `logic` keeps a hidden-paint request alive. A
+  screenshot command itself requests paint while hidden
+  (`ViewportCommand::Screenshot` docs), so a hidden screenshot test does **not**
+  prove synthetic-input `RequestPaintWhileHidden`; section 13.6 tests that
+  separately.
+- Settle with `ctx.cumulative_frame_nr()` plus a monotonic animation deadline,
+  not `app.frame` (a logic-pass counter) and not a 3-pass count.
+
+Tests: two concurrent captures with distinct tokens/paths and exactly one reply
+each; callback exactly once; a callback after timeout/cancel writes no file and
+sends no reply; close/shutdown drains to zero retained bytes; zero-sized surface
+(`egui-wgpu` returns without calling the callback) times out cleanly with an
+actionable error; unsupported capture format (also returns without callbacks)
+times out; delayed GPU readback; out-of-order completion; reused viewport does
+not bind an old capture to a new document; admission count and aggregate memory
+caps (4 requests, 128 MiB/request, 256 MiB aggregate); a 4K resize/DPI race; `focus: true` raises first and correlates; `path:
+null` base64; bad path/authority is an error, not a panic.
+
+For distinct-image/out-of-order tests, intercept emitted screenshot callbacks and
+complete them manually with different synthetic images in reversed order. Kittest's
+normal renderer sends the same single rendered image to all callbacks and cannot prove
+that correlation. Use an adapter-qualified native/GPU row for actual capture timing,
+readback and viewport pixels; keep ordinary kittest for single-frame rendered checks.
+
+### 9.4 Docking
+
+`craft_ui::docking` remains the owner of the layout tree; PhotoCraft keeps
+`UiState.docking` serialization. The 0.37 migration must not change
+`Layout<String>`/`Location<String>` serde. Test:
+
+- float a tab, move it, redock, split resize, close/reopen, save workspace,
+  reload `UiState`; layout equality and panel rects;
+- `Escape` during a first drag restores the legacy workspace;
+- `workspace_locked` rejects moves atomically;
+- floating group strip is opaque in Studio themes;
+- panel IDs stay unique after tabs reorder.
+
+### 9.5 GPU resource behavior
+
+PhotoCraft's canvas is a custom `egui_wgpu` paint callback
+(`crates/ui-egui/src/gpu_canvas.rs`), not an egui image. 0.37 changes the
+surface integration, not the callback contract, but these must be checked:
+
+- E2/E3: a root or child window larger than `max_texture_dimension_2d` is
+  configured at a fitted size and drawn at a matching scale; a configure or
+  renderer error returns `WgpuError::ConfigureSurface`/`CreateRenderer` and
+  reaches the CPU-retry path, not a panic.
+- `GpuCanvas::new` reads the device's `max_texture_dimension_2d` and tile size;
+  `use_adapter_limits` requests the adapter limits on web/desktop. Confirm the
+  egui surface limit and the canvas texture limit are independent.
+- Texture deltas: assert `TexturesDelta::set/free` are applied once per frame, no
+  texture leaks after a dialog closes, and screenshot readback does not retain a
+  full-window buffer.
+- Device loss: `gpu_status`/`DeviceHealth` still switches to the CPU canvas; no
+  egui-wgpu panic on a lost device; `ui.gpu.simulateLoss` test remains green.
+- Intel/DX12 texel guard: `texel_guard::install` still sees the same adapter;
+  zeroed texels are not exposed after the 0.37 vertex/format changes.
+- #8736: measure Windows `Renderer::new`/pipeline creation separately from the
+  first frame, with ≥20 fresh processes. The reported 0.37 cost is around 57 ms vs
+  14 ms for renderer construction and 197 ms -> 258 ms first frame on an
+  Intel/DX12 system; this is an external report, not our measurement. Do not use
+  a 200 ms startup allowance to hide it and do not accept clamp-only shader
+  filtering changes for Repeat/MirroredRepeat.
+
+### 9.6 Accessibility
+
+Map all 114 `WidgetInfo` calls as in §4. Keep `check_accessibility` on and add
+`Response::labelled_by`/`accessible_name` for fields without hints. Add a
+screen-wide `unnamed_widgets().is_empty()` assertion for the main screen and
+each dialog. After E17/E18, assert AccessKit root language and
+`Response::accessible_language`.
+
+## 10. Fonts, glyph coverage and text
+
+### 10.1 Build and definitions
+
+Required edits:
+
+- `crates/ui-egui/Cargo.toml:73`: `epaint_default_fonts = { version = "0.37", features = ["monochrome_emoji_fonts"] }` (or the git-patched package with that feature).
+- `crates/ui-egui/Cargo.toml:57`: dev `egui` features `["default_fonts", "monochrome_emoji_fonts"]` so the oracle test matches.
+- `build.rs:37-45`: add `("egui-icons", epaint_default_fonts::EGUI_ICONS)`; keep the two emoji fonts behind the feature.
+- `egui_fonts.rs:47-56`: add `egui-icons` at 0.90; preserve 0.37 family order:
+  - monospace: `Hack`, `Ubuntu-Light`, `egui-icons`, `NotoEmoji-Regular`, `emoji-icon-font`
+  - proportional: `Ubuntu-Light`, `egui-icons`, `NotoEmoji-Regular`, `emoji-icon-font`
+- `egui_fonts.rs:79`: compare to `FontDefinitions::default()` with the same features.
+
+Do not enable `default_fonts` in production; the web size gate depends on the
+deflated fonts. No new font file is committed by this change: `egui-icons`,
+NotoEmoji and emoji-icon-font come from `epaint_default_fonts`. Verify
+`ATTRIBUTION.md` needs no new row; if a packaged font asset is added, add its
+path/author/title/source/license row in the same first PR. The font feature,
+equality test, glyph coverage and accessible-name fixes are all part of the first
+green PR.
+
+### 10.2 Lazy fallback
+
+`cjk_fonts.rs` remains the app's fallback owner. Set
+`NativeOptions::system_font_fallback = false` in the first cut. If
+`system_fonts` is enabled later, remove or reconcile `cjk_fonts` in the same
+change; two providers would produce non-deterministic font choices.
+
+#8512 is still on PhotoCraft's path: `cjk_fonts` reads at most one system font per
+frame even with `system_fonts` off. Measure font discovery and first-use
+separately from renderer construction: cold/warm startup with `system_fonts`
+off, with the app's lazy CJK fallback, and with an explicitly configured system
+provider; record glyph coverage before/after. Do not assume disabling the
+eframe feature removes system-font discovery cost.
+
+`ctx.add_font` / `set_fonts` now apply immediately when no text has been laid out
+in the pass. Re-check `defer_after_reset`, `fonts_ready`, and the
+`UiFontSizePlugin::defer_after_install` one-frame assumptions; add a test where
+fonts are installed from inside the first pass and where a language change
+rebuilds fonts mid-run.
+
+### 10.3 Glyph coverage
+
+Add a test that loads every `tl!`/menu-catalog/catalog string and asserts
+`Fonts::has_glyphs` for each character after `install_fonts` (with test fonts).
+Include `✓ ▲ ▼ ▶ ◀ × … ⏵ ⋮`, `egui::special_emojis`, Arabic/Hebrew/Devanagari/
+Thai samples, and the CJK samples already used by `cjk_fonts` tests. A missing
+glyph must fail the test, not render tofu. This test and the minimal
+`allow_missing_glyphs()` exceptions (only intentional tofu) ship in the first
+green PR; do not let 481 harnesses inherit `MissingGlyphPolicy::Panic` without
+the glyph decisions.
+
+## 11. Input, IME, clipboard and RTL
+
+- `raw_input_hook` stays; add `latin_layout_chars` handling only if E19 is in the
+  qualifying revision. Fresh input is interpreted only in a known UI phase; the
+  hook may move queued synthetic events into eframe's preserved input, but it
+  sets `synthetic_in_flight` so `logic` forces a hidden paint and no other code
+  treats the logic-only tick as a paint.
+- `shortcuts::clipboard_keys` handles `Event::PasteImage` as the document paste
+  shortcut through the existing `import_os_clipboard`/session clipboard path, not
+  a second clipboard read; add a test for one import.
+- Middle-click PRIMARY paste is new; verify text fields and the canvas do not
+  both act on it.
+- E4 regular clipboard and PRIMARY are separate acceptance rows. PRIMARY's
+  default is the shared W15P winit-owned path on the existing connection/event
+  queue with per-seat lifecycle and distinct PRIMARY protocol objects; never bind
+  a second regular `wl_data_device`. The arboard PRIMARY fallback in the candidate
+  is not adopted as the default. If a fallback is retained, record exact
+  compositor/capability evidence and keep PRIMARY an unresolved gate.
+- PRIMARY native matrix (wlroots, KWin, Mutter): keyboard-only focus, serial
+  freshness, owner/seat changes, empty/absent offers, self-paste, canceled/slow
+  transfers, password selection never offered, unchanged selection not reclaimed,
+  and no second regular data device. Test regular/image/drop separately.
+- With E21, add `ImeEvent::DeleteSurroundingBytes` to the Type tool's event match
+  (`type_tool.rs:964-967`) and to any other exhaustive match; implement deletion
+  in bytes with char-boundary checks, one undo step. E21 acceptance is
+  macOS/Wayland only; Windows `ime_delete_surrounding` returns `None` in the
+  candidate, so a green Windows IME test is not E21 coverage.
+- With E21b, extend the Type tool's custom `IMEOutput` producer
+  (`type_tool::draw_overlay`, `type_tool.rs:1255`) with the bounded logical
+  surrounding-text payload: committed model text, preedit excluded, UTF-8 byte
+  cursor/anchor, owning document+layer+viewport identity. Use
+  `current_text`/`layout` and `byte_of` (char-to-byte); do not pass visually
+  reordered display text. Resolve `TextEdit.document` (`active_doc_id` when
+  `None`) and `layer` into the payload identity. When removing the preedit char
+  range, a caret/anchor inside or at the end of it maps to the range start.
+  Clamp to the payload's 4000-byte limit at char boundaries; if the selection
+  cannot fit, emit explicit unavailable context.
+  Owner/context generation is present even for `Unavailable`; `Available` empty text
+  is a distinct case. Clear cached and compositor state with W27's committed
+  disable/enable transition on owner change/unavailable/focus loss/reset/no IME;
+  normal updates preserve composition. Clear old pending batches. In the current
+  focus epoch, a mismatched `done` serial still applies incoming edits once and defers
+  outgoing state until a match; old epochs never edit the new owner. Latest completed
+  UI-pass output, including None, is authoritative. Password fields never supply text. Built-in
+  `TextEdit` fields inherit the upstream producer. E21b's payload is not
+  `Copy`; audit every `IMEOutput` constructor/destructure in PhotoCraft (the
+  Type tool is the only custom one) and keep `Clone`/`Eq` semantics.
+- With E5/E12/E13/E16, remove `bidi_text::visual`/`visual_ltr` use
+  (`layer_row_ui.rs:132/137`, `panels.rs:719`) and the `unicode-bidi` dependency,
+  or reduce `bidi_text` to non-reordering helpers. Double reordering is the
+  most likely user-visible RTL regression.
+- With E9, audit `direction.rs` call sites before setting `Style::right_to_left`.
+  Do not mirror twice.
+- #8763 selection loss: reproduce "select text, click a toolbar/context action"
+  in PhotoCraft's custom text fields/menu. The fork owns the selected fix with
+  pointer and keyboard regressions (fork P7c, prerequisite in P0). A local workaround
+  requires a demonstrated app-specific gap and removal condition; it is not an undecided
+  alternative to the shared fix.
+- Test keyboard/focus: Tab order, Escape, Enter, focus after dialog close,
+  IME preedit/commit, dead keys, grapheme deletion, RTL caret affinity, and the
+  selection-action row.
+
+## 12. Implementation stages
+
+### P0 — fork qualification (outside PhotoCraft)
+
+Publish/qualify canonical egui and winit revisions, including P2b bounded transfers, P7 key pairing, E21b/P7b with W27 clear/lifecycle,
+W15P and P7c selection/viewport regression fixes, and publish the craft-libs port
+and CL-2F capture helper on current `main`. Acceptance: `PATCHES.md` complete;
+each patch and W15P/E21b/P7c test; native Linux/Windows/macOS compile and targeted
+tests; public immutable full SHAs; no path/branch patches. Stock 0.37 and aiongg
+candidates remain research controls. No PhotoCraft PR can claim 0.37 until this
+exists.
+
+### P0b — baseline harness and measurement (before production)
+
+On `ff473881` / 0.36.2, add or extend the harnesses that will judge the migration,
+without changing production behavior:
+
+- the fixed 120-label plain-text tessellation scene and a benchmark row;
+- Windows renderer-construction/first-frame timing around `Renderer::new`;
+- the select-text-then-click-action regression (kittest and native);
+- screenshot lifecycle probes (timeout, cancel, late callback, zero-size surface)
+  against the 0.36 API, adapted to the 0.37 slot contract later;
+- panel/window migration fixtures containing a real 0.14.0 `ui.ron`;
+- the paired baseline measurements and raw JSON/machine fingerprint.
+
+This PR and its evidence land before P1. A harness invented after production
+changes is not a before/after control. Record pre-existing baseline failures
+separately; do not fabricate a baseline from a failing binary.
+
+### P1 — first green 0.37 PR (atomic compatibility)
+
+This is the first change set that must pass its own tests, assets, glyph,
+accessibility, feature and gate checks. It includes:
+
+- root/app/ui `Cargo.toml`, `Cargo.lock`, root `[patch.crates-io]` for the whole
+  family and winit; features `wgpu`, `accesskit`, `wayland`, `x11`, `persistence`,
+  `clipboard`; `epaint_default_fonts` with `monochrome_emoji_fonts`; dev
+  `default_fonts` for the oracle;
+- `crates/ui-egui/build.rs`, `egui_fonts.rs`, `cjk_fonts.rs` `FontData` uses,
+  `TextEdit::hint_text` helpers, `theme.rs` family order;
+- accessibility names and minimal glyph-policy decisions required by kittest's
+  default `check_accessibility`/`MissingGlyphPolicy::Panic`;
+- mechanical `WidgetType`/`Id::new`/`ui.id`/panel/direction migration, including
+  the `panel_state_id` helper and the first-frame panel migration in this same PR;
+- `lib.rs` screenshot slot, `control.rs`, `shortcuts.rs` paste handling,
+  `menu_nav.rs`/`field_wheel.rs` scroll offsets, `main.rs` NativeOptions,
+  `clipping_indicator_tests.rs`;
+- `ui_state.rs` window-settings rewrite and backup, with old/new fixtures;
+- E21b Type-tool producer and compatible `IMEOutput` literal, E21 byte deletion,
+  owner/clear/final-pass semantics, with native evidence tracked explicitly;
+- screenshot completion slot and its lifecycle tests; panel/window persistence
+  fixtures; no duplicate replies; no lost panel widths;
+- any `ATTRIBUTION.md` change needed by a packaged asset (none expected), and the
+  corrected perf/snapshot/wasm gate commands.
+
+Acceptance: `cargo fmt --all -- --check`, `cargo check --workspace --all-targets`,
+`cargo clippy --workspace --all-targets -- -D warnings`, `cargo xtask layers`,
+`cargo xtask wasm`, `cargo test -p photocraft-ui-egui --lib --tests`,
+`cargo test -p photocraft --tests`, the build.rs font equality test, glyph
+coverage test, explicit expected roles/names on the main screen and every opened dialog,
+`unnamed_widgets` empty as a supplementary check, `Event::PasteImage` one-import regression,
+and `packaging/web/package.sh`
+(per-file limit). No deprecation warnings and no globally disabled kittest check.
+
+### P1b — visual fixture expansion (follow-up, not a green requirement)
+
+Files: `snapshot.rs` scripts/fixtures, `panel_docking_tests.rs`,
+`panels.rs` visual capture, kittest harness helpers.
+
+Acceptance: baseline vs candidate images for 6 representative themes × 3 scales,
+exact geometry JSON; deliberate broken probe fails. This expands coverage; it does
+not carry the names/glyph/feature fixes that P1 already needs to be green.
+
+### P2 — extended language and native IME qualification
+
+Files: `bidi_text.rs` removal/reduction; `direction.rs`/E9 audit;
+`i18n::sync_context` + `Frame::set_ui_language`; `layout_keys.rs`; AccessKit language
+and extended native tests. The final fork pin and required E21/E21b model adapter
+already land atomically in P1; P2 does not introduce a second dependency stage.
+Acceptance: E5/E12/E13/E16/E17/E18/E19/E20/E21/E21b tests; RTL/grapheme/IME
+matrix; E21b outgoing text after commit/deletion, preedit exclusion, byte
+indices, long selection, field/window switch and multipass final output; native
+Wayland predictive/Vietnamese trace or an explicit unresolved gate; no wasm size
+regression.
+
+### P3 — web browser qualification
+
+Files: `apps/photocraft-web` only if API changes; `WebShell` behavior tests.
+Acceptance: `cargo xtask wasm`, `packaging/web/package.sh`, browser workflow
+(open/type/paste/drop/screenshot); every shipped file ≤24 MiB and gzipped total
+plus raw wasm within a stated tolerance (+3%) of baseline.
+
+### P4 — performance and cleanup
+
+Files: benchmark additions only if needed; devlog and parity/localization docs.
+Acceptance: paired perf protocol below; cleanup of temporary shims; no production
+change without a review.
+
+Dependency DAG:
+
+```text
+P0 forks/craft-libs (E21b, W15P)
+   └── P0b baseline harness/measurement
+          └── P1 first green compatibility (names/glyph/features/panel/window)
+                 ├── P1b visual expansion
+                 └── P2 extended language/native qualification ── P3 web
+                                                   └── P4 perf/cleanup
+```
+
+Rollback: revert P1 → old lock and 0.36 family plus the preserved `ui.ron`
+backup (panel keys remain readable; window geometry needs the backup); P1b is
+additive tests/fixtures; P2 reverts to the P1 fork rev, restores `bidi_text.rs`
+and removes the E21b adapters as one API set; P3 is web-only; P4 is
+evidence/docs.
+
+### 12.5 Required gates
+
+Run through the server task wrapper with one resource task and a fresh job ID per
+command; do not run these directly as a delegated worker:
+
+```sh
+cargo fmt --all -- --check
+cargo clippy --workspace --all-targets -- -D warnings
+cargo test -p photocraft-ui-egui --lib --tests
+cargo test -p photocraft --tests
+cargo test -p photocraft-web
+cargo test -p photocraft-tablet
+cargo test -p photocraft-automation
+cargo xtask layers
+cargo xtask wasm
+cargo xtask parity
+cargo xtask scorecard --check
+cargo test -p photocraft-engine --test panic_hunt -- --ignored
+```
+
+Conditional gates: `cargo xtask test-corpus` if `io`, `psd`, `codecs`, `compose`,
+`gpu`, `text` or `format` change (not expected in the UI-only stages);
+`cargo xtask perf --quick` after each stage; full `cargo xtask perf` before the
+performance sign-off, including `text_tessellation` and the Windows renderer row.
+Windows/macOS native checks follow the corresponding server workflow and their own
+VM/helper procedures.
+
+Do not claim a gate passed from a compile-only run. A skipped optional test
+(e.g. missing `CRAFT_FONTS_DIR`) is recorded as skipped, not passed. Baseline
+evidence for P0b (raw samples, machine fingerprint, lock/source hashes) must exist
+before any P1 production edit is measured.
+
+## 13. Test plan: user-observable assertions
+
+### 13.1 Stable fixtures
+
+- Synthetic documents with fixed seeds: 1440×900 UI; a 400×300 document; a
+  20 MP layered document; a 36 MP photo; a 14000×14000 document. Store fixture
+  generation seed and SHA256.
+- Themes: `ProMedium`, `Studio`, `Classic`, `Adwaita`, `BreezeDark`,
+  `SoftLight` (representative; full 14-theme matrix nightly).
+- Scale factors: 1.0, 1.5, 2.0; viewports 800×480, 1440×900, 3840×2160.
+- Persistence fixtures: a real baseline `ui.ron` saved by 0.14.0, plus a
+  hand-edited old-schema file.
+
+### 13.2 Geometry and hit tests
+
+- Panels are shown in the expected order (title/options/status/toolbar/dock,
+  then central); no overlap; each panel is nested in the root Ui, not a child;
+  central canvas rect positive; clipping contains the canvas; panel state IDs
+  unique; panel sizes restore from both old and new `ui.ron` keys.
+- Dock: float/redock/split/resize/close/reopen; exact rects within 0.5 pt.
+- Menus: long menu scrolls to last row; arrows and wheel; submenu hidden-row
+  behavior; taskbar-aware placement.
+- Toolbars: options bar controls hit at 1x/1.5x/2x; no dead zones from new
+  atom padding.
+- Canvas: brush stroke, pan, zoom, crop box, transform handles; document pixels
+  and overlays.
+
+### 13.3 Pixel comparisons
+
+Use `snapshot --out <png> --size <w>x<h> --scale <s> --system-theme <light|dark|none>
+--script <json>` for each fixture. `--system-theme` only selects the OS
+appearance; select a PhotoCraft theme through the control script, e.g.
+`--script '[["ui.set",{"theme":"studio"}]]'`. Compare baseline and candidate with
+the same wgpu adapter/driver/DPI. Proposed tolerance:
+
+- 99.5% of pixels have per-channel delta ≤ 3;
+- no pixel has delta > 12;
+- geometry JSON (panel rects) equals within 0.5 pt;
+- text antialiasing may differ only inside this tolerance; a larger diff is a
+  font/style decision, not noise.
+
+Justify any wider tolerance with the exact font/renderer change. Do not update
+goldens to make a test pass.
+
+### 13.4 Accessibility and semantics
+
+- `unnamed_widgets()` empty for main screen and every dialog.
+- Roles: buttons, checkboxes, radio buttons, sliders, spin buttons, combos,
+  color wells, text inputs, disclosure triangles.
+- Names/labels: icon-only buttons have accessible names; text fields have labels
+  or placeholders; selected state is reported.
+- After E17/E18: AccessKit root language and `Response::accessible_language`.
+- RTL: reading order and label language; no double-reversed Arabic.
+
+### 13.5 Keyboard, focus, selection and IME
+
+- Tab/Shift+Tab through every field; Enter/Escape; focus returns after dialogs.
+- Selection regression (#8763/#8764): select text, click a toolbar/context action;
+  the intended selected range reaches the action, pointer and keyboard paths
+  agree, and undo restores one step. Run both kittest and a real native workflow.
+- IME: Japanese/Korean/Chinese preedit and commit; macOS press-and-hold;
+  Wayland text-input-v3; Windows IME. `DeleteSurroundingBytes` deletion and one
+  undo step are E21 coverage on macOS/Wayland only; Windows IME is general
+  coverage, because the candidate returns `None` there.
+- E21b: outgoing surrounding text immediately after delete+commit and
+  deletion-only batches; preedit excluded; reversed selection; supplementary/
+  combining/RTL logical order; cursor movement; >4000-byte line; two documents;
+  field/window switch; focus/reset/late serial; password/no-IME clears; multipass
+  final output; one undo. A native Wayland Vietnamese/predictive-IME protocol trace
+  is an external gate.
+- Non-Latin layouts: Russian/Arabic/Hebrew shortcuts; German bracket keys;
+  Dvorak brackets; `⌘V` on Dvorak-QWERTY ⌘.
+- Clipboard: text copy/paste/cut, image paste (`Event::PasteImage`), PRIMARY
+  middle-click, file-list paste, empty clipboard, occupied clipboard.
+- PRIMARY: keyboard-only focus, serial freshness, owner/seat changes, empty or
+  absent offers, self-paste, canceled/slow transfer, password exclusion,
+  unchanged-selection reclaim policy. Run on wlroots, KWin and Mutter; record
+  capabilities. A green arboard-only run is not PRIMARY acceptance.
+
+### 13.6 Broken-behavior probes (mutation checks)
+
+- Temporarily remove one `widget_info` label in a test-only copy → accessibility
+  test must fail.
+- Temporarily pre-reorder an Arabic label with `bidi_text::visual` while E5 is
+  active → RTL fixture must fail.
+- Temporarily set the panel state key to the old ID → persistence test must fail.
+- Temporarily return a fixed screenshot token → correlation test must fail.
+- Temporarily disable the slot's late-callback drop → a timeout/cancel probe must
+  fail (no file/reply).
+- Temporarily disable `RequestPaintWhileHidden` for synthetic input → hidden
+  control test must time out/fail. Do this separately from a hidden screenshot:
+  the screenshot command itself requests paint, so it cannot prove the synthetic
+  path.
+- Temporarily replay a consumed screenshot/control event across a second pass →
+  the duplicate-reply/command test must fail.
+
+### 13.7 Headless `Context::run_ui` and `run_logic`
+
+Every new logic/ui boundary must be exercised without eframe, with the real
+callback order:
+
+- `Context::run_ui` with the app's `ui` body, a fixed `RawInput`, and no GPU:
+  assert panel geometry, control replies and state transitions.
+- Pass the existing `&mut Ui` to code that needs it. `Context::root_ui` **panics**
+  when the root Ui is already borrowed (0.37 `context.rs:1011-1024`); test that
+  documented panic as a negative test and test a successful `run_pass`/`root_ui`
+  call separately. Never introduce a recursive `root_ui` in production.
+- A hidden-tick driver must call `App::raw_input_hook` in eframe's order
+  (`prepare_raw_input`) before `App::logic`, not bare `run_logic`, and then run a
+  later `run_ui`: assert synthetic/control input is preserved and consumed once,
+  and that stale events/time are not replayed. Use an eframe/kittest hidden-window
+  driver or a direct `update_logic_only` equivalent; do not invent a native
+  once-per-frame host.
+- A headless pass must not be treated as proof of native focus, IME, clipboard
+  ownership or file pickers; those need the native rows below.
+
+### 13.8 Native and browser workflows
+
+- Linux X11 and Wayland (wlroots/KWin and GNOME/Mutter), Windows 11, macOS.
+- Real focus/IME/file pickers cannot be proven by kittest; record named hardware
+  rows and screenshots. macOS evidence is an unresolved gate until real hardware
+  rows exist; do not mark the migration complete on Linux-only evidence.
+- Browser: WebGPU and WebGL2; open a file, type in a field, paste, drop a file,
+  take a screenshot, resize the page; verify no JS errors in the console.
+- Extra document windows: open two, draw in each, close one during a stroke,
+  screenshot the root while a child is open, and confirm control input still
+  reaches the root; immediate-viewport raw input must not be duplicated.
+- #8748 is closed/unmerged and PhotoCraft has no deferred viewports: record that
+  explicit non-applicability, then test hidden/occluded root + immediate child
+  open/update/close (including a child left open when the root is hidden).
+
+## 14. Performance protocol
+
+### 14.1 Baseline
+
+Before P1 (the first production change), run the baseline on the **same** machine
+that will run the candidate. The P0b harness is added on 0.36.2 first; stock 0.37
+and the fork are controls, not replacement baselines.
+
+- record `uname -a`, CPU model/cores, RAM, GPU adapter/vendor/driver, wgpu
+  backend, OS build, Rust version, `Cargo.lock` SHA256, exact command lines and
+  feature set;
+- renderer: Vulkan (or Metal/DX12 as applicable), plus a separate `--cpu`
+  software-renderer run;
+- DPI: 1.0 and 2.0; viewport 1440×900, plus 3840×2160 for large-window tests;
+- profile: `--release`, `--locked`, no `CRAFT_FONTS_DIR` unless the row is
+  font-specific; record whether craft-fonts is embedded.
+
+Run each row with the shared sample protocol; keep raw JSON. The repository's
+existing 15-sample/5-sample bench counts and `interactive_bench --reps 5` are
+smoke settings, not acceptance evidence. For migration evidence use at least:
+
+- 10 warmups + 30 timed iterations for steady operations;
+- 20 fresh processes for startup and renderer/font-discovery rows;
+- at least 1,000 rendered frames for frame distributions; report p50/p95/p99 and
+  only claim a p99 from those frames (never from 20/30/50 samples);
+- 1 warmup + 5 samples for 196 MP / 2 GB rows is an exploratory smaller run, not
+  tail acceptance; label it as such and do not report its p95/p99 as acceptance;
+- interleave baseline/candidate (A/B/A/B) to control thermal drift;
+- reject a run when load average is high or another build shares the machine;
+  rerun rather than accepting a noisy result. Use a paired confidence interval
+  where suitable and record peak RSS, allocations/texture uploads and idle
+  repaint/CPU separately.
+
+### 14.2 Metrics and thresholds
+
+Thresholds are investigation triggers, not permissions to accept a regression.
+A repeatable **>5% median** or **>10% p95** change is investigated; existing
+stricter repository budgets win. Do not expand tolerance after seeing a failure;
+an exception needs a documented tradeoff and owner approval before acceptance.
+For sub-millisecond rows require the relative increase to exceed 0.05 ms or
+corroborate it with stable instruction/allocation counts.
+
+| Metric | Baseline source | Gate |
+|---|---|---|
+| UI pass p50 | new `frame_bench` or `perf` `ui_ms` | investigate >5%; no looser absolute allowance |
+| UI pass p95 | same | investigate >10% |
+| UI pass p99 | same, only from ≥1,000 rendered frames | report; investigate >10% when the sample supports it |
+| Operation p50 / p95 | `perf_scenarios` rows / `interactive_bench` | investigate >5% / >10% |
+| Peak RSS | `RssSampler` / `/usr/bin/time -l` | investigate >5%; report peak, not only completion |
+| GPU bytes held | `perf_scenarios` `gpu_bytes` | investigate >5% |
+| Texture uploads / vertices / UI allocations | new test-only counters from `FullOutput.textures_delta`, tessellation and a scoped allocator around the app pass | investigate >10% |
+| Idle repaint/CPU | 60 s with no input: frame count, process CPU %, GPU util | any continuous repaint, new busy-loop or audio underrun is a failure |
+| Startup to first frame | app log timestamps / `gpu_startup` | investigate >5% median or >10% p95; no +200 ms allowance |
+| Renderer construction (#8736) | `Renderer::new`/pipeline timestamps, 20 fresh processes | investigate >5% median or >10% p95; separate from first frame |
+| Font discovery (#8512) | cold/warm process trace with system fonts off/on | investigate >5% / >10%; report glyph coverage before/after |
+| Text tessellation (#8731) | fixed 120-label `text_tessellation` row | investigate >5% median or >10% p95; compare 0.36, stock 0.37, fork |
+| Selection action (#8763) | select-text-then-click-action regression | no lost range; pointer/keyboard agree; one undo step |
+| Wasm size | `packaging/web/package.sh` output | every shipped file ≤24 MiB; gzipped total and raw wasm ≤ +3% vs baseline |
+| Click-to-pixel latency | `stroke_trace` | investigate >5% median or >10% p95 |
+
+Do not report compile duration as UI performance. Do not compare the committed
+macOS `perf/baseline.json` with a Linux/Windows run. Do not auto-accept a changed
+pixel golden or a changed budget; profile and either fix or document an explicit
+accepted regression with owner approval.
+
+### 14.3 Commands
+
+All commands run through the server task wrapper, one resource task and a fresh
+job ID per intentional execution:
+
+```sh
+python3 /home/codex/work/maintenance/task.py run \
+  --job-id <task>-perf-baseline-01 --kind build --task <task> \
+  --source /home/codex/work/CraftApps/egui037-migration-20261022/photocraft \
+  --evidence /home/codex/work/ssd2/task-evidence/<task> \
+  -- bash -c 'cargo xtask perf --bench perf_scenarios'
+```
+
+`xtask perf` appends its own `--json <target>/perf/<bench>.json`; it rejects a
+user-supplied `--json` as an unknown option. After the run, copy
+`$CARGO_TARGET_DIR/perf/perf_scenarios.json` and `summary.md` into evidence. The
+bench's own `--json` is only for invoking the example directly.
+
+Equivalent runs for `interactive_bench`, `fx_bench`, `bevel_bench`,
+`camera_raw_bench`, `type_bench`, `large_image_bench`, `large_file_bench`, the new
+`text_tessellation` row, plus `cargo xtask perf --quick` as a smoke check. Copy
+raw JSON, `summary.md`, logs, machine fingerprint, command line, source SHA and
+lock SHA into evidence. Startup/renderer/font rows run 20 fresh processes each;
+frame rows use ≥1,000 rendered frames. Do not claim a p99 from an exploratory
+small run.
+
+## 15. Decisions and remaining gates
+
+Resolved in revision 2 (they are requirements, not open choices):
+
+- **E4 PRIMARY:** the shared W15P winit-owned path on the existing
+  connection/event queue is the default; arboard is a measured fallback and an
+  unresolved gate, never an adopted default.
+- **WindowSettings:** preserve `inner_size_points`, `fullscreen` and `maximized`
+  on every OS; preserve `outer_position_pixels` on Windows only; center on
+  macOS/Linux; rewrite before eframe loads and keep a backup. Document the
+  rollback loss.
+- **PanelState:** migrate in the first compatible PR; a one-time width reset is
+  not an accepted substitute.
+- **craft-libs:** port only the `8614e4a`/`1764bca` hunks onto current `main`;
+  keep `craft-print`/`craft-docpath` pins and unrelated vendors. Do not merge
+  `b68de8c`/`ec8840a` trees.
+- **PasteImage:** treat as document paste through the existing import path.
+- **E21 and E21b:** implement both for the custom Type tool; E21 is
+  macOS/Wayland-only, E21b adds the bounded logical surrounding-text producer.
+- **E21b:** new prerequisite; `None` placeholders are not acceptance.
+- **Screenshot:** bounded, cancelable weak-slot completion with capture-time
+  geometry, no unbounded channel and no late file/reply.
+- **Performance:** shared 10/30/20/1,000 sample minimums and >5% median /
+  >10% p95 investigation; no looser absolute allowance.
+
+Remaining open gates:
+
+1. **Fork publication/ownership.** Canonical `storytold/egui` and
+   `storytold/winit` full SHAs do not yet exist as published immutable commits
+   containing E21b and W15P. Choosing aiongg branches as canonical would make an
+   individual fork a required public dependency; choosing storytold requires
+   pushing there. No approval is granted in this plan.
+2. **E11 inclusion.** No PhotoCraft consumer enables `epaint/multithreading`.
+   Decide whether the shared fork carries E11 for VectorCraft or whether
+   PhotoCraft's qualifying revision excludes it.
+3. **E9/`direction.rs` overlap.** Keep explicit shell mirroring and leave
+   `Style::right_to_left` off, or switch to E9 and remove overlapping manual
+   mirroring. Needs RTL fixtures first.
+4. **System fonts / color emoji.** Keep bundled monochrome emoji and no
+   `system_fonts`, or enable `system_fonts` (fontique + color fonts) and retire
+   the custom CJK fallback. The latter needs a separate design and size/perf
+   review; #8512 is measured either way.
+5. **Final winit patch list.** W12/W14/W16 are not PhotoCraft-required.
+   Confirm whether the shared published revision includes them; W15P, W26 and
+   W27 are required regardless.
+6. **External evidence gates.** Real macOS IME/focus, Windows native GUI and
+   renderer timing, Wayland compositor/IME/PRIMARY, and browser runtime evidence
+   remain gates. Cross-compilation, kittest and software-renderer VM results do
+   not satisfy them.
+
+## 16. Historical planning limitations (superseded by current status above)
+
+- Planning only: no build, test, clippy, wasm, GUI, IME, screenshot or performance
+  command was run. The historical audit log in the evidence directory shows the
+  same first font build failure, but it is not fresh validation.
+- Revision 2 addresses the v1 findings by source inspection, but it has not been
+  re-reviewed. A fresh independent review of this exact document is required
+  before any publication approval.
+- The E/W patch audit is based on the candidate commits and `PATCHES.md`;
+  every patch, including E21b and W15P, still needs a line-by-line review against
+  its upstream PR/proposal and a test audit before publication.
+- E21b has no existing implementation. Its egui payload, TextEdit producer,
+  egui-winit Wayland adapter, PhotoCraft Type-tool adapter and native IME trace
+  are all future work; no claim of existing surrounding-text support remains.
+- Windows, macOS, Wayland and browser behavior are unverified. Headless kittest
+  is not proof of native focus, IME, file pickers or compositor behavior.
+- No final fork revision or `Cargo.lock` hash exists yet; the target lock cannot
+  be produced until P0 is published with the reviewed full SHAs.
+- The performance baseline machine and exact adapter/driver are not chosen; the
+  thresholds above are pre-registered, not measured. P0b must add the before
+  harness on 0.36.2 before P1.
+- No commit, push, PR, comment or external message was made. Publication still
+  requires explicit human approval for every push/new PR, with the exact
+  publication and validation shown first.
+
+
+## Local implementation update — 2026-10-23
+
+The user clarified that reviewed plans remain local and implementation proceeds before publication. The earlier requirement to publish/land this plan first is superseded; pushes and PR publication still require explicit approval.
+
+Canonical `storytold/photocraft` `main` now resolves to `e6d6fb45a40250f518d2e824236a8fdcaa4472c8`. The owned checkout was fast-forwarded to this revision. Earlier baseline SHAs and line anchors above are retained as historical review evidence; use this new revision and its exact lockfile for current-main integration and paired measurements. The original refs remain reachable.
+
+Use release0.15.0 and its lockfile as integration baseline; preserve same-origin served fonts and encoded-path rejection, cumulative glyph raster budgets, Select and Mask tile-based edits/undo and new catalog keys. Retain0.14 upgrade fixtures too.
+
+The complete static delta review and exact old/new object identities are retained in the task evidence: `canonical-diffs-refresh-20261023.json` and `overnight-consumer-review-20261023.md`. This amendment claims no new build, native GUI or performance acceptance.
+
+## Local implementation progress — first compatibility/lifecycle stage (2026-10-23)
+
+Local, uncommitted work only. No build, test, format, clippy, GUI or performance command
+was run for this stage; compile and runtime results are pending the parent's managed
+`task.py` jobs. Nothing is published.
+
+Repair round after `egui037-photocraft-postport-review-20261023-root-v1.md`: the test-target
+compile findings were fixed (`fonts_mut` for `has_glyphs` checks, the two missing
+`MouseWheelSource` fields, the missing-size window test), together with the runtime findings:
+geometry-change budget revalidation, monotonic epoch comparison across resize-and-back, a
+bounded pre-geometry admission queue, exact-once synthetic reinjection, withdrawal of a
+cancelled synthetic batch from preserved input, a monotonic active-document generation bound to
+captures and synthetic input, a minimized-window refusal, bounded PNG encode copies, the panel
+rollback stamp and web-shell `raw_input_hook` forwarding. The findings that remain open are
+listed at the end of this section.
+
+Implemented in this checkout (release 0.15.0 base `e6d6fb45`):
+
+- **Dependency family**: workspace `egui`/`eframe`/`egui_kittest` 0.37, `egui_extras` 0.37,
+  `epaint_default_fonts` 0.37 with `monochrome_emoji_fonts`, dev `egui` with `default_fonts`
+  + `monochrome_emoji_fonts`, `eframe/clipboard` on the app, UI library and web shell, and a
+  direct `web-time` dependency. The working tree's `Cargo.lock` is modified by the parent's
+  local path patches for `egui-implementation`, `winit-implementation` and
+  `craft-libs-implementation`; it is not a reviewable/publishable lock until the family and
+  winit are pinned to published revisions and the lock is regenerated from them. The pinned
+  `craft-ui` revision currently lacks `craft_ui::capture` (post-port review F1).
+- **Fonts**: `build.rs` deflates `egui-icons` and the feature-gated emoji faces;
+  `egui_fonts.rs` reproduces 0.37's faces, scale tweaks and family order; `cjk_fonts.rs` uses
+  `FontData::bytes()`; a glyph test covers `egui::special_emojis` in both families;
+  `NativeOptions::system_font_fallback = false` keeps PhotoCraft's own CJK/craft-fonts
+  fallback the only provider.
+- **Mechanical 0.37 API port**: `WidgetType` → `egui::Role` (with the renamed variants),
+  `Id::new` → `Id::unique` (hash-preserving), `ui.id()` → `ui.scope_id()`,
+  `Panel`/`direction` take `AsIdSalt`, `TextEdit::hint_text` takes owned text, `ScrollArea`
+  offsets use `clamped_offset()` and a request applied through `vertical_scroll_offset`,
+  `Event::PasteImage` maps to the document paste shortcut, and every `Event::MouseWheel`
+  constructor carries `MouseWheelSource::Unknown`.
+- **Panel persistence**: `panels::panel_state_id(ctx, salt)` is the 0.37 parent-scoped key;
+  `panels::migrate_panel_state` copies the old `Id::unique(name)` `PanelState` entries, leaves
+  the old keys intact for a 0.36 rollback, and stamps both keys.
+  `panels::remember_panel_state` records the 0.37 size each pass. On a later start an old key
+  that changed while the new one did not (a 0.36 rollback resize) wins; a 0.37 resize is kept.
+  If both changed the order is unknown and the new key is kept, so a 0.37 resize after a 0.36
+  rollback resize can still be lost; that ambiguity is documented and tested. Called from the
+  first UI pass; tests cover key identity, the copy, the old-key retention, a 0.37 resize after
+  migration and a 0.36 rollback resize (`panels.rs`), and panel widths across two restarts
+  (`apps/photocraft/src/main.rs`).
+- **Window settings**: `ui_state::sanitize` now rewrites a 0.36 flat `window` entry to
+  0.37's `normal_geometry` before eframe reads it, after a one-time `ui.ron.pre-0.37` backup.
+  It preserves a valid size (defaulting to 1440×900 when absent), `fullscreen` and
+  `maximized`, preserves the old physical outer position only on Windows, and centres on
+  macOS/Linux. Corrupt sizes are left untouched. `has_saved_position` reads only the nested
+  outer position. Tests cover old macOS/Windows fixtures, missing size, corrupt values, the
+  backup, the one-way reverse-compatibility loss, and maximized/fullscreen.
+- **Screenshot lifecycle** (`crates/ui-egui/src/screenshot.rs`): bounded, cancelable capture
+  requests using the shared `craft_ui::capture::CaptureSlot` with a weak callback. Admission
+  enforces 4 outstanding requests, 128 MiB per image and 256 MiB aggregate over issued,
+  completed-undrained, unissued and geometry-waiting requests, rejects before issuance with
+  checked arithmetic, and is drained before admission so a finished request releases its
+  budget. A request that
+  arrives before the first UI pass has recorded the geometry waits in a count/deadline-bounded
+  queue and is admitted on the next logic tick. When the geometry is finalized at issuance or
+  after a retry, the per-image and aggregate budgets are recomputed and the reservation updated
+  (or the request fails before any capture). The request identity is the document and its
+  monotonic activation generation (revision recorded, not an invalidation: a switch away and
+  back fails the capture). Geometry (size, scale, zoom, texture side, minimized) has a monotonic
+  epoch updated only in a real UI pass; an epoch advance between issuance and collection retries
+  even when the values change back, and the issuing pass must show the same activation at its
+  start and end. Settling counts UI passes, issuance happens only from `App::ui` after fonts are
+  ready, and deadlines use `web_time::Instant` (monotonic on native and wasm). Accepted images
+  are the issued size within a pixel or the renderer's exact texture-side fit, never an
+  arbitrarily smaller same-aspect surface. A late callback after timeout/cancel is inert;
+  encoding/writing happens on the UI thread in `control::save_screenshot_rgba`, never in the
+  callback. The retained image is dropped before the encoder allocates its RGBA copy, and that
+  copy is bounded by the same per-image limit (`finish_captures` refuses an oversized image
+  rather than allocating).
+  Same-size surface recreation with no size/scale/zoom change is not observable and remains an
+  explicit limitation.
+- **Lifecycle**: hidden `run_logic` ticks request `RequestPaintWhileHidden` for unissued
+  captures and queued synthetic input; one synthetic batch is in flight at a time, and a pass
+  that returns early re-injects the same batch exactly once (a second hidden tick does not
+  append it again). A document/focus change observed in `raw_input_hook` withdraws the batch
+  (including events eframe already preserved) and fails the waiting replies, so cancelled input
+  is never applied. A change made inside `logic` after the hook cannot withdraw events the pass
+  has consumed, so the pass delivers them and keeps `automation_input` set instead of claiming
+  cancellation while the input lands. Control replies wait for a pass that actually delivered
+  the batch. The web shell now forwards `raw_input_hook` to the app after its touch-twin
+  filter, so the clipboard `PasteImage` mapping, legacy pinch, pen-hold and titlebar
+  normalization run in the browser too; the browser has no TCP control server, so the
+  synthetic queue stays empty there and synthetic-input rows remain native-only evidence.
+  `gpu_canvas::now_ms` is now monotonic on wasm (it was a constant 0), so autosave,
+  preference retry backoff, frame caps and stroke traces measure real durations; preference
+  retry and link-watch timing no longer read stale `run_logic` input time.
+
+### Integration-test selector repair — 2026-10-24 (historical pre-validation record)
+
+The parent's managed `--lib --tests` run (`egui037-photocraft-candidate-20261024-upstream-tests-18`)
+passed 3847 UI unit tests and 116 integration tests, with 16 integration failures. All 16 were
+kittest/AccessKit selector assumptions, not production behaviour changes:
+
+- kittest 0.5 reads a `Role::Label` node's text from its AccessKit `value`, so a form caption and
+  a control that carries the same accessible name both match `get_by_label`. Batch/Image
+  Processor (`Format`, `Input`, `Quality`, `Starting serial`), custom print paper
+  (`Paper Width`, `Paper Height`, `Top`, `Left`) and Export As (`Scale`, `Resample`) now select
+  the actual `TextInput`/`SpinButton`/`ComboBox` by role and name; existing coordinate searches
+  and ambiguous name-only lookups were removed. `custom_print_paper::shown` uses `query_all`
+  because a caption and its field are both valid visible matches.
+- egui 0.37 exposes a `CollapsingHeader` as `Role::DisclosureTriangle`, not `Role::Button`.
+  Camera Raw histogram/settings and localization tests now click and assert that role; the
+  section IDs and translated labels are unchanged.
+- A Camera Raw slider row exposes both its `Slider` and its numeric `SpinButton` under the same
+  name. `camera_raw_scope::alt_drag_slider` now addresses the `Slider` track directly instead
+  of the caption, preserving the real Alt-drag and overlay/diagnostic assertions.
+
+These edits keep the real clicks, drags, exported bytes, history/revision and engine-field
+assertions; they add no sleeps, retries or relaxed checks. They do not claim a passing run: the
+parent must re-run the managed full tests and lint. The broader 481-harness accessibility
+naming/glyph sweep and visual fixture regeneration remain open.
+
+The `ui.ron` fixtures under `apps/photocraft/tests/fixtures/` are schema probes reconstructed
+from the documented layouts, not recorded machine saves (see that directory's README); they
+prove the migration rules, not eframe/egui deserialization of a real save.
+
+The compiler/API port, IME producer/adapter, byte deletion, selection-action adoption, shared
+capture dependency and canonical lockfile are now implemented and covered by the current host
+qualification above. The later fixture corrections preserve real native viewport geometry,
+transform completion order, retired document editors and foreign viewport identity; they do
+not bypass the reset acknowledgement path.
+
+Remaining acceptance work: a real 0.36 docking-layout sample, the broader accessibility/glyph
+sweep, visual fixture regeneration, packaged WASM size, native/browser/IME/PRIMARY workflows
+and paired app performance. The app-owned docking JSON still falls back to the legacy layout
+if it cannot deserialize; DockArea's transient drag/focus state is not persisted.
diff --git a/docs/embedded-vector-editing.md b/docs/embedded-vector-editing.md
index 1f2de6e462..7e2b6e8f4a 100644
--- a/docs/embedded-vector-editing.md
+++ b/docs/embedded-vector-editing.md
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 Layer > Smart Objects > Edit Contents offers VectorCraft editing for embedded SVG,
 PDF-compatible AI, PDF and EPS, including payloads retained in PSD linked-layer tables.
-Choose VectorCraft or a local executable. PhotoCraft creates a private SVG working copy;
+Choose VectorCraft or a local executable. PhotoCraft creates a private working copy in the original format;
 saving that file updates the original smart object when its parent is active and ready.
 Each accepted save is one undo step, including all shared instances. Placement, masks,
 filters and Undo/Redo remain in the existing smart-object transaction.
@@ -12,29 +12,48 @@ parent as well. Raster/PSD/PSB internal editing retains its existing behavior.
 
 ## Format and platform limits
 
-The chooser warns that the first accepted save replaces native AI/PDF/EPS bytes with SVG.
-Format-specific effects and missing fonts can change appearance. This is not lossless
-native AI/EPS editing. Test on a PSD copy. Original embedded bytes stay intact until a
-valid changed save, and Undo restores them. No original file on disk is edited.
+AI, PDF and EPS save-back retains the native file name and saved native bytes. A separate,
+source-hash-bound SVG is a display preview, never a replacement for the embedded native file.
+It is retained in `.pcraft` and a private PSD `pcVP` layer block; other PSD readers may ignore
+that block and use the layer's cached pixels. Undo restores both the original source and preview.
+No original file on disk is edited. Test on a PSD copy.
 
-AI/PDF/EPS conversion requires vectorcraft-cli beside the selected VectorCraft executable.
-It runs headless in the background, restricted to a private temporary read/write root.
-Both open and export must succeed. Conversion has cancellation and a 60-second timeout.
-The PSD source-pixel frame is retained when PDF points differ from stored dimensions.
-Unsupported frames fail without changing the smart object.
+Format preservation is not a claim of lossless Illustrator editing: the editor regenerates
+its supported AI/PDF/EPS content, and unsupported features or missing fonts can change appearance.
+Native Adobe Photoshop/Illustrator Edit Contents acceptance remains unverified. The chooser
+keeps that warning explicit. Existing explicit `updateSvg` API calls retain their conversion
+behavior; the native editing UI never uses that conversion path.
+
+Native editing requires VectorCraft and its adjacent vectorcraft-cli for bounded previews,
+even when another interactive editor is selected. The CLI runs headless in the background,
+restricted to a fresh private temporary read/write root per snapshot, separate from the
+interactive working directory. Open and export must both succeed, with cancellation and a
+60-second timeout. Each stable native save is validated before PhotoCraft accepts it.
+
+Foreign AI files ordinarily require Save As in VectorCraft to protect the source. PhotoCraft
+regenerates only the private AI working copy with VectorCraft editing data before launching it,
+so ordinary Save can be used without changing that general protection. Merely opening the
+editor never updates the embedded original. Ordinary EPS Save needs the companion VectorCraft
+EPS-save support; older editors may require exporting EPS to the opened private file.
+
+The PSD source-pixel frame is retained when PDF points differ from stored dimensions. The
+native file retains its own geometry; the display preview fits the original placed frame.
+Unsupported or oversized frames fail without changing the smart object.
 
 Desktop integration supports an explicitly selected executable. Linux discovery checks
 standard native locations and a user Flatpak deployment. On Linux, choosing VectorCraft
 uses the desktop's Open With chooser to launch the regular application;
 select VectorCraft there. The writable document portal shares only the private working
-SVG. Working copies live in PhotoCraft's private cache because its isolated /tmp cannot
+file. Working copies live in PhotoCraft's private cache because its isolated /tmp cannot
 be exported. Ordinary VectorCraft launches retain preferences and existing-window
 handoff instead of running a second payload inside PhotoCraft's sandbox. Reusing tabs
 requires the installed VectorCraft build's Linux single-instance support.
 
-Native AI/PDF/EPS conversion still needs vectorcraft-cli alongside the discovered
-executable. The tested local PhotoCraft package has read-only access to that deployment;
-this source change adds no broad filesystem or host-process permissions. SVG editing
+Native AI/PDF/EPS previews still need vectorcraft-cli alongside the discovered
+executable. The local Flatpak runtime test granted read-only access to the test
+VectorCraft build for that invocation. A sandboxed distribution must arrange access to
+its compatible converter; this source change adds no broad filesystem or host-process
+permissions and does not establish default Flatpak packaging acceptance. SVG editing
 through the portal does not require access to the VectorCraft deployment. Explicit
 Other application executables retain their direct-launch behavior. Windows and macOS
 runtime acceptance has not been performed. Browser and automation paths do not launch
@@ -49,24 +68,40 @@ AI/PDF/EPS extension was first submitted in Skyfuller1303/photocraft#1.
 
 Artwork never supplies a program, command line or output pathname. Editor selection is
 explicit, without a shell. The interactive editor runs with its normal desktop permissions;
-the restricted MCP roots apply to conversion, not to that editor process.
+the restricted MCP roots apply to preview generation, not to that editor process.
 Working copies reject links and nonregular files; Unix opens
 are no-follow and nonblocking. Unix save settling includes device/inode identity, including equal-time atomic replacement.
 Reads remain byte-bounded even if another process grows the file.
 
-Source input/output is limited to 16 MiB. Bounded SVG parsing limits decoded embedded
-images, nesting and aggregate render/cache pixels to 24 million. External file and URL
-images are not fetched. Missing system generic fonts fall back to installed families;
+Source input/output is limited to 16 MiB. PSD preview validation caches shared sources and
+uses a 96 million pixel-work budget across distinct previews; previews beyond that budget fall
+back to the PSD cached appearance without changing the native source. The charge includes
+raster decoding, eager layer caches and embedded-SVG intermediate surfaces. Raster-bearing
+repeatable paint/effect resources reserve conservative repaint work; ordinary vector paths,
+artboard clips and blur without image references do not multiply unrelated image decoding.
+Decoded images and each canvas/cache component keep their independent 24 million pixel
+limits, with separate bounds on SVG nesting. A new saved preview also has a 96 million
+pixel-work validation limit. External file and URL images are not fetched. Missing system generic fonts fall back to installed families;
 matching typography still requires the authored fonts.
 
-Memory-only layer.smartObjects.exportSvg and layer.smartObjects.updateSvg validate
+Memory-only layer.smartObjects.exportSvg, layer.smartObjects.updateSvg and
+layer.smartObjects.updateVectorSource validate
 parent document, layer, shared-content identity and source fingerprint. They never
-follow a linked disk pathname or launch processes. Automation authorization also checks
+follow a linked disk pathname or launch processes. The native update command is unavailable
+to untrusted automation because a caller-supplied preview is not evidence of native appearance.
+Automation authorization also checks
 visible stored smart filters on every shared instance before replay, so a desktop LUT
 file parameter cannot inherit filesystem access. Malformed saves, locked targets and
 conflicting edits retain existing content. Saved updates wait through masks, gradients,
 other active previews and dialogs instead of interrupting an edit.
 
+Frame recovery does not rasterize old previews or decode their embedded images just to
+read their dimensions. It checks the actual native-source digest, memoizes shared immutable
+preview identities and caps distinct old-preview XML at 64 MiB per update. Exhaustion
+rejects the whole update without changing any instance. PSD preview import/export keeps
+its separate 96 million pixel validation budget. Native and SVG source updates do not
+append full artwork to the replay journal; document Undo/Redo remains available.
+
 ## Validation evidence
 
 Eight contributor-owned logo PSDs were tested through their visible nested AI vectors.
@@ -74,16 +109,22 @@ A real VectorCraft edit/save reached PhotoCraft's native watcher and engine; chi
 parent Undo/Redo and PSD export/reopen preserved the changed vector. Original SHA256
 hashes were unchanged. This combines runtime editor/engine acceptance and separate UI
 wiring tests; it is not a claim of manual full PhotoCraft GUI acceptance. Private artwork,
-screenshots and the acceptance harness are excluded from this repository.
+and private screenshots are excluded from this repository. The opt-in acceptance harness
+accepts local paths through environment variables; it contains no private artwork.
 
 ![Embedded-vector editor chooser](images/embedded-vector-editor-en.png)
 
-Linux Flatpak GUI acceptance also verified an editor save through the writable document
+Earlier SVG-only Linux Flatpak GUI acceptance verified an editor save through the writable document
 portal reached PhotoCraft's watcher, with an ordinary document opening as a second tab
 in the same VectorCraft window. Both launch orders were checked.
 
 ![Regular and PhotoCraft vector documents in one VectorCraft window](images/embedded-vector-tabs-linux.png)
 
+Separate isolated VectorCraft GUI tests saved AI, PDF and EPS back to the same paths
+and opened a second document as another tab. The native-format watcher/engine test
+also passed inside PhotoCraft's Flatpak runtime. These tests do not establish lossless
+Adobe compatibility or Windows/macOS acceptance.
+
 D-Bus tests cover
 chooser success/cancellation/failure and reject symlinks and FIFOs before sharing.
 
diff --git a/docs/file-format-parity.md b/docs/file-format-parity.md
index b24de092b1..87e35e4382 100644
--- a/docs/file-format-parity.md
+++ b/docs/file-format-parity.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # File-format parity
 
-> **Last reviewed:** 2026-10-12 · **Last updated:** 2026-10-22 · **Change:** minor (bounded embedded-vector SVG edit/save workflow; Photoshop mixed-order TIFF type geometry, #4758; DDS textures save: uncompressed or BC1–BC3, optional mip chain, DDS Options in Save As (#1327); PSD smart filters: 45 filters (31 more: Blur, Surface Blur, Smart Sharpen, Diffuse, Wind, Offset, Mezzotint, Clouds, Difference Clouds, Fibers, Lens Flare and others) plus Hue/Saturation and Perspective Warp mapped both ways, #6296, #6298, #6300, #6302, #6304, #6314, #6316, #6267, #6268, FILE-215-2; large-file fixtures: a 20 MP layered PSD, a 150-layer layout, a 2 GB PSD and a 4.4 GB PSB generated at test time and round-tripped, FILE-216-2 done, #5107; earlier: PNG `sTER` stereo pairing kept on save, #6063; PDF write one flattened page via Save As / Save a Copy / CLI, #3401; CMYK Invert, Posterize and Threshold on the inks; smart filter masks on PSD open and save; Photoshop-oracle floor 188/258; lossy DNG, compression 34892, decodes with its levels and LinearizationTable applied to the stored 8-bit samples, FILE-215-11; CMYK Hue/Saturation and Color Balance keep the black ink; CMYK Posterize on the stored values, psd-tools oracle floor 242/309; CMYK adjustment layers composite on the document's inks; Photoshop-oracle floor 165/258; CMYK Brightness/Contrast on the inks, CMYK Threshold's luma; modern Brightness/Contrast's brightness curve; Photoshop-oracle floor 151/258; Lab documents composite on their stored L, a, b; Photoshop-oracle floor 152/258; Levels on whole levels at every step with Photoshop's shadow toe; Photoshop-oracle floor 146/258, psd-tools 238/309; 32-bit adjustments unclipped; Photoshop-oracle floor 149/258; mask feathers blur with their exact variance; Threshold splits on Photoshop's luminosity; a pass-through clipping base with an adjustment renders isolated; psd-tools oracle floor 240/309; 16-bit Posterize as Photoshop bins it; psd-tools oracle floor 241/309; Gradient Map luminosity; Photoshop-oracle floor 147/258; PSD: `Mt16`/`Mt32` merged transparency read; palette PNGs open in Indexed Color mode, #4804; earlier: CMYK Invert, Posterize and Threshold on the inks; 16-bit Lab Invert; Photoshop-oracle floor 145/258; `.atn` import maps 112 events; DDS textures open, #1327; DPX read and write, #1049; #2465 fixed: CS2 placed layers with only a `PlLd` block open their contents; Photoshop Actions `.atn` read and write; `.shc` contour files read and write; earlier the same day: indexed BMP palette mode; Save keeps a JPEG's quality and a WebP's encoding) · **Target:** Adobe Photoshop 2026
+> **Last reviewed:** 2026-10-12 · **Last updated:** 2026-10-26 · **Change:** minor (embedded AI/PDF/EPS save-back retains native format with a source-bound SVG display preview; Photoshop's `MTrn` merged-transparency marker, from a layered TIFF saved with Save Transparency, marks the merged transparency, #8877; layered TIFF writes the TySh text version and descriptor in PSD big-endian order while the header, matrix, warp and bounds keep container order, #9098; layered TIFF writes Photoshop's 14-byte global layer mask, so Photoshop opens the layers instead of only the composite, #9095; legacy PSD point text placed from the layout ink box after font resolution, #6094; `.atn`: a recorded Save As imports with its format and file (`file.saveAs`, `file.saveACopy` for As a Copy) instead of as a plain Save that wrote over the played file, #7102; folder destinations stop playback until #5430; `.asl` layer style libraries read and written, #1051; JPEG Options on File › Save, Save As and Save a Copy, FILE-215-19 partial (no Matte, progressive Scans or size preview); 32-bit Hue/Saturation unclipped and Colorize as Photoshop does them, Photoshop-oracle floor 190/258, #5781; JPEG Options on Save As and Save a Copy, FILE-215-19; TIFF compression for scripted saves, `tiffCompression`, #5301; the Nikon D4 white level follows the sample depth (12 and 14 bit), #5978; Apply Layer Comp action mapping, #7101; Cineon write: 10-bit gray/RGB; animated WebP frames load into video layers, #1198; Photoshop mixed-order TIFF type geometry, #4758; DDS textures save: uncompressed or BC1–BC3, optional mip chain, DDS Options in Save As (#1327); PSD smart filters: 53 filters (39 more: Pinch, Polar Coordinates, Ripple, Spherize, Twirl, Wave, ZigZag, Invert, Blur, Surface Blur, Smart Sharpen, Diffuse, Wind, Offset, Mezzotint, Clouds, Difference Clouds, Fibers, Lens Flare and others) plus Hue/Saturation and Perspective Warp mapped both ways, #6296, #6298, #6300, #6302, #6304, #6314, #6316, #6267, #6268, FILE-215-2; large-file fixtures: a 20 MP layered PSD, a 150-layer layout, a 2 GB PSD and a 4.4 GB PSB generated at test time and round-tripped, FILE-216-2 done, #5107; earlier: smart objects keep Photoshop's Cylinder warp through re-renders and saves, #4112; PNG `sTER` stereo pairing kept on save, #6063; PDF write one flattened page via Save As / Save a Copy / CLI, #3401; CMYK Invert, Posterize and Threshold on the inks; smart filter masks on PSD open and save; Photoshop-oracle floor 188/258; lossy DNG, compression 34892, decodes with its levels and LinearizationTable applied to the stored 8-bit samples, FILE-215-11; CMYK Hue/Saturation and Color Balance keep the black ink; CMYK Posterize on the stored values, psd-tools oracle floor 242/309; CMYK adjustment layers composite on the document's inks; Photoshop-oracle floor 165/258; CMYK Brightness/Contrast on the inks, CMYK Threshold's luma; modern Brightness/Contrast's brightness curve; Photoshop-oracle floor 151/258; Lab documents composite on their stored L, a, b; Photoshop-oracle floor 152/258; Levels on whole levels at every step with Photoshop's shadow toe; Photoshop-oracle floor 146/258, psd-tools 238/309; 32-bit adjustments unclipped; Photoshop-oracle floor 149/258; mask feathers blur with their exact variance; Threshold splits on Photoshop's luminosity; a pass-through clipping base with an adjustment renders isolated; psd-tools oracle floor 240/309; 16-bit Posterize as Photoshop bins it; psd-tools oracle floor 241/309; Gradient Map luminosity; Photoshop-oracle floor 147/258; PSD: `Mt16`/`Mt32` merged transparency read; palette PNGs open in Indexed Color mode, #4804; 16-bit Lab Invert; Photoshop-oracle floor 145/258; `.atn` import maps 112 events; DDS textures open, #1327; DPX read and write, #1049; #2465 fixed: CS2 placed layers with only a `PlLd` block open their contents; Photoshop Actions `.atn` read and write; `.shc` contour files read and write; earlier the same day: indexed BMP palette mode; Save keeps a JPEG's quality and a WebP's encoding; Amiga IFF write: 24-plane ILBM, Save As `.iff`; PSD stores spot channels as Photoshop does, ink 0 = solid, and numbers them in 1053, #7415 split; TIFF writes and reads alpha and spot channels as extra samples with Photoshop's channel resources, PSD output unchanged, FILE-215-7, FILE-215-17's TIFF part, #7415; Photoshop's `MTrn` merged-transparency marker, from a layered TIFF saved with Save Transparency, marks the merged transparency) · **Target:** Adobe Photoshop 2026
 
 Every format Photoshop 2026 (27.11.0) reads or writes, with PhotoCraft's support, fidelity and
 tests. Photoshop's list comes from its `Info.plist` `CFBundleDocumentTypes`, the PiPL read/write
@@ -21,15 +21,15 @@ XL are missing (gap G10). Remaining: 300–500 h including PSD fidelity.
 
 | Format | Photoshop | PhotoCraft read | PhotoCraft write | Fidelity and tests |
 |---|---|---|---|---|
-| PSD | R/W | yes | yes | 1/8/16/32-bit; Bitmap, Gray, Indexed, RGB, CMYK, Multichannel, Lab, Duotone; layers, groups, masks, vector masks, adjustment and fill layers, effects, text, shapes, smart objects (SoLd/lnk2; CS2 PlLd/lnkD read with their warp, kept as is or re-saved as SoLd once edited), smart filters (45 mapped, among them Clouds, Difference Clouds, Fibers and Lens Flare, plus Hue/Saturation, Perspective Warp, Filter Gallery with Chrome and a Camera Raw subset, rest verbatim), slices, comps, Advanced Blending. Oracle floors: Photoshop-authored 188/258, io 148/170, psd-tools 249/309; round trip ≥ 169/170, 308/309, 258/256. Known failures: #1281, #2469 (#2374, text layers, closed 2026-10-10; #2465, CS2 `PlLd`-only smart objects, fixed 2026-10-12) |
-| PSB | R/W | yes | yes | Auto-switches above 2 GB (REL-212-2); generated 20 MP, 150-layer, 2 GB PSD and 4.4 GB PSB fixtures opened, saved and re-opened by io tests/large_files.rs (FILE-216-2, 2026-10-13; the 4.4 GB PSB opens on Windows); > 4 GB from the app's File › Open on Windows: #375 |
+| PSD | R/W | yes | yes | 1/8/16/32-bit; Bitmap, Gray, Indexed, RGB, CMYK, Multichannel, Lab, Duotone; layers, groups, masks, vector masks, adjustment and fill layers, effects, text, shapes, smart objects (SoLd/lnk2 with their warp: the bend presets, a custom mesh and, since #4112, Cylinder; CS2 PlLd/lnkD read with their warp, kept as is or re-saved as SoLd once edited), smart filters (53 mapped, among them Invert, the Distort filters but Shear, Clouds, Difference Clouds, Fibers and Lens Flare, plus Hue/Saturation, Perspective Warp, Filter Gallery with Chrome and a Camera Raw subset, rest verbatim), slices, comps, Advanced Blending, each layer's XMP packet (`layer.xmpMetadata`); alpha and spot channels as Photoshop stores them (spot ink 0 = solid, channel identifiers in 1053), and PSDs with spot channels from PhotoCraft 0.1.0–0.16.0, which stored the ink the other way round, keep their ink. Oracle floors: Photoshop-authored 190/258, io 148/170, psd-tools 249/309; round trip ≥ 169/170, 308/309, 258/258. Known failures: #1281, #2469 (#2374, text layers, closed 2026-10-10; #2465, CS2 `PlLd`-only smart objects, fixed 2026-10-12) |
+| PSB | R/W | yes | yes | Auto-switches above 2 GB (REL-212-2); generated 20 MP, 150-layer, 2 GB PSD and 4.4 GB PSB fixtures opened, saved and re-opened by io tests/it/large_files.rs (FILE-216-2, 2026-10-13; the 4.4 GB PSB opens on Windows); > 4 GB from the app's File › Open on Windows: #375 |
 | Cloud PSD (.psdc) | R/W | no | no | Out of scope (Adobe cloud) |
-| TIFF | R/W | yes | yes | 8/16/32f, Gray/RGB/CMYK, BigTIFF, every IFD, banded parallel decode; layered TIFF both byte orders, including Photoshop mixed-order type blocks (#4758); undecodable type keeps saved pixels (FILE-215-7: extra alpha channels not written) |
-| JPEG | R/W | yes | yes | 8-bit Gray/RGB/CMYK, ICC/EXIF/XMP; Save keeps the opened file's quality (estimated from its quantisation tables, #2399); no JPEG Options dialog (quality 0–12, baseline/progressive) (FILE-215-19) |
+| TIFF | R/W | yes | yes | 8/16/32f, Gray/RGB/CMYK, BigTIFF, every IFD, banded parallel decode; layered TIFF both byte orders, including Photoshop mixed-order type blocks on read (#4758/#4771) and TySh text descriptors written in PSD order (#9098) and Photoshop's 14-byte `LMsk` block (#9095); LZW/ZIP for scripted saves by `tiffCompression`; undecodable type keeps saved pixels (FILE-215-7); alpha and spot channels as extra samples (at most 16) with Photoshop's names, ink colours and solidity, spot ink stored 0 = solid (#7415); no Save Transparency choice yet (channels are written as Photoshop does with it off) |
+| JPEG | R/W | yes | yes | 8-bit Gray/RGB/CMYK, ICC/EXIF/XMP; Save keeps the opened file's quality (estimated from its quantisation tables, #2399); File › Save, Save As and Save a Copy ask JPEG Options: Quality 0–12, starting at the opened file's quality or else the Export preference, and Baseline ("Standard") / Baseline Optimized / Progressive; scripts pass `quality`/`jpegFormat`, the CLI `--jpeg-format` (FILE-215-19). Baseline Optimized fits the Huffman tables only at 4:4:4 (Gray, CMYK) or progressive: RGB is written 4:2:0, which zune-jpeg 0.5.15 decodes wrongly with fitted tables, as in Save for Web. No Matte, progressive Scans (3–5) or size preview |
 | PNG | R/W | yes | yes | 8/16-bit, ICC/text; APNG first frame only; alpha channels on open (#2225); palette PNGs open in Indexed Color mode with their transparent entry (#4804); Save keeps a stereo PNG's `sTER` pairing (#6063) |
 | GIF | R/W | yes | yes | File › Open keeps the first frame; New Video Layer from File and Video Frames to Layers take every frame, with the timeline rate from the delays (#572). Per-frame delays and keeping the frames in `.pcraft` are not done |
 | BMP | R/W | yes | yes | 8-bit; palette BMPs open in Indexed Color mode and Indexed Color documents save as palette BMPs (no transparency) |
-| WebP | R/W | yes | yes | Lossless and our own lossy VP8 encoder; ICC/EXIF/XMP; Save keeps an opened file lossy (at its quality) or lossless (#2399) |
+| WebP | R/W | yes | yes | Lossless and our own lossy VP8 encoder; ICC/EXIF/XMP; Save keeps an opened file lossy (at its quality) or lossless (#2399). File › Open keeps an animation's first frame; New Video Layer from File and Video Frames to Layers take every frame, with the timeline rate from the durations (#1198) |
 | AVIF | R/W | no (#463) | optional feature, off by default | |
 | JPEG XL | R/W | inside DNG only | no | |
 | HEIF/HEIC | R/W(HEIF) | yes (pure-Rust heic-rs, `heif` feature, on in releases) | no | 8/16-bit |
@@ -43,11 +43,11 @@ XL are missing (gap G10). Remaining: 300–500 h including PSD fidelity.
 | Generic EPS / AI | R (rasterize) | no | no | |
 | SVG | R (rasterize) | yes, as editable shape layers or a vector smart object | no | Better than Photoshop for editing; gradients approximated (FILE-215-9) |
 | JPEG 2000 | R/W | no (#1047) | no | |
-| Cineon / DPX | R (DPX), R/W (CIN) | DPX: luma, RGB, RGBA at 8/10/12/16 bits, both byte orders (#1049); Cineon: 10-bit gray/RGB, read-only | DPX: 8/10/12/16 bits (`dpxBits`, `--dpx-bits`); Cineon no | Writes DPX, which Photoshop only reads; header fields (creator, project, copyright, transfer, frame rate, time code…) round-trip; Cineon read-only, no RLE |
-| DICOM | R/W | no | no | |
+| Cineon / DPX | R (DPX), R/W (CIN) | DPX: luma, RGB, RGBA at 8/10/12/16 bits, both byte orders (#1049); Cineon: 10-bit gray/RGB | DPX: 8/10/12/16 bits (`dpxBits`, `--dpx-bits`); Cineon: 10-bit log gray/RGB (Save As `.cin`) | Writes DPX, which Photoshop only reads; header fields (creator, project, copyright, transfer, frame rate, time code…) round-trip; a Cineon frame saved as Cineon keeps its 10-bit code values; no RLE |
+| DICOM | R/W | yes (#1048) | no | Read-only, uncompressed syntaxes: MONOCHROME1/2, RGB, YBR_FULL |
 | PCX | R/W | no | no | |
 | Pixar | R/W | no | no | |
-| Amiga IFF | R/W | no | no | |
+| Amiga IFF | R/W | yes | yes (Save As `.iff`) | Read: 1–8 planes with CMAP and 24-plane RGB, stored and ByteRun1; write: 24-plane ILBM, ByteRun1, alpha as a 1-bit mask plane, 8-bit only |
 | Wireless Bitmap | R/W | no | no | |
 | MPO / JPS (stereo) | R/W | no | no | |
 | PICT | R | no | no | Legacy |
@@ -63,10 +63,10 @@ supports many more, including CR3).
 
 | Camera format | PhotoCraft | Evidence |
 |---|---|---|
-| DNG (incl. LJPEG, lossy JPEG and JPEG XL tiles) | yes | 2026-10-13: lossy DNG (DNG 1.4 compression 34892: 8-bit baseline JPEG tiles or strips, CFA and LinearRaw, partial edge tiles) decodes to the stored samples, which go through LinearizationTable / BlackLevel / WhiteLevel (default 255) like every other depth; `crates/raw/tests/dng.rs` `lossy_jpeg_*` (FILE-215-11, lossy DNG part; no lossy file in the raw corpus yet) |
+| DNG (incl. LJPEG, lossy JPEG and JPEG XL tiles) | yes | 2026-10-13: lossy DNG (DNG 1.4 compression 34892: 8-bit baseline JPEG tiles or strips, CFA and LinearRaw, partial edge tiles) decodes to the stored samples, which go through LinearizationTable / BlackLevel / WhiteLevel (default 255) like every other depth; `crates/raw/tests/it/dng.rs` `lossy_jpeg_*` (FILE-215-11, lossy DNG part; no lossy file in the raw corpus yet) |
 | Canon CR2 | yes | |
 | Canon CR3 | detected, unsupported | `crates/raw/src/lib.rs:219` |
-| Nikon NEF/NRW (lossless, lossy) | yes; "lossy after split" no | #50; D5100 and D90 image areas measured (14-bit NEFs); [validation](nikon-nef-development.md) |
+| Nikon NEF/NRW (lossless, lossy) | yes; "lossy after split" no | #50; D5100 and D90 image areas measured (14-bit NEFs); D4 profile levels follow the sample depth (12 and 14 bit); [validation](nikon-nef-development.md) |
 | Sony ARW/SR2/SRF (incl. compressed) | yes | |
 | Panasonic RW2, Pentax PEF | yes | |
 | Olympus ORF | uncompressed only | |
@@ -131,8 +131,8 @@ remaining gaps in #1606 stay tracked with per-sample corpus ceilings.
 | LUTs `.cube` / `.3dl` / `.look` | R/W (Export Color Lookup) | R/W / R / R | `cms/src/lutfile.rs` |
 | Keyboard shortcuts `.kys` | R/W | R/W | `engine/src/kys.rs` (`write`: Edit › Keyboard Shortcuts › Export…, rows carry our id; Photoshop reading our files is unverified) |
 | ICC profiles | R | R | Own CMS |
-| Actions `.atn` | R/W | R/W | `psd/src/atn.rs` (version 16 sets, exact round trip), `engine/src/atn_cmds.rs` (112 Photoshop events ↔ commands; other steps kept verbatim). Panel menu, CLI `batch --actions set.atn`, `actions.load`/`actions.save`. Photoshop 5-era version 12 files unsupported (AUTO-219-2) |
-| Styles `.asl` | R/W | no | #1693 |
+| Actions `.atn` | R/W | R/W | `psd/src/atn.rs` (version 16 sets, exact round trip), `engine/src/atn_cmds.rs` (Photoshop events ↔ commands, including Apply Layer Comp by name, #7101; other steps kept verbatim; Save As maps to `file.saveAs`/`file.saveACopy` when its destination is a file, #7102). Panel menu, CLI `batch --actions set.atn`, `actions.load`/`actions.save`. Photoshop 5-era version 12 files unsupported (AUTO-219-2) |
+| Styles `.asl` | R/W | R/W | `psd/src/asl.rs`, `io/src/asl_map.rs`; Styles panel Import/Export Styles…, `style.presets.importAsl`/`exportAsl` (#1051) |
 | Contours `.shc` | R/W | R/W | `psd/src/shc.rs`; Contour Editor Load…/Save… (FILE-215-15). No user contour library; not yet checked against a Photoshop-written file |
 | Custom shapes `.csh`, tool presets `.tpl` | R/W | no | |
 | Curves `.acv`, Levels `.alv`, other adjustment presets | R/W | not audited | |
@@ -140,13 +140,29 @@ remaining gaps in #1606 stay tracked with per-sample corpus ceilings.
 
 ## Embedded vectors in PSD smart objects (2026-10-22)
 
-Embedded SVG and PDF-compatible AI/PDF/EPS payloads can use an explicit VectorCraft editor choice and bounded SVG save-back, including nested PSB contents. Placement, shared instances, masks and Undo/Redo use existing smart-object transactions. Native vector bytes are replaced with SVG only after a valid changed save; this is not standalone EPS/DCS import or lossless native format preservation. See [workflow, safety and validation limits](embedded-vector-editing.md). No corpus floor or parity percentage is changed.
+Embedded SVG and PDF-compatible AI/PDF/EPS payloads can use an explicit VectorCraft editor choice, including nested PSB contents. AI/PDF/EPS working copies retain their format on save-back; a separate source-bound SVG display preview does not replace the native payload. Placement, shared instances, masks and Undo/Redo use existing smart-object transactions, with native bytes and previews persisted through .pcraft and PSD/PSB saves. Unsupported editor features may still change; standalone EPS/DCS import and lossless Adobe round-trip compatibility remain unverified. See [workflow, safety and validation limits](embedded-vector-editing.md). No corpus floor or parity percentage is changed.
 
 ## Revision history
 
 | Date | Change | Summary |
 |---|---|---|
+| 2026-10-26 | minor | Embedded AI/PDF/EPS save-back retains native format and a separate source-bound display preview; original sources remain undoable. Native Adobe interoperability and standalone EPS/DCS remain unverified; no corpus floor or percentage changed. |
 | 2026-10-22 | minor | Embedded PSD vectors gain explicit bounded SVG editor/save-back; standalone EPS/DCS and native-format fidelity remain open. |
+| 2026-10-24 | minor | Layered TIFF: the `LMsk` block in tag 37724 carries Photoshop's default global layer mask (14 bytes) instead of none; with an empty block Photoshop read only the composite (#9095). PSD output unchanged |
+| 2026-10-24 | minor | Layered TIFF writes the TySh text version and descriptor in PSD big-endian order while retaining container order for the block header, transform matrix, warp section and bounds (#9098); the mixed-order read path remains covered by #4758/#4771. |
+| 2026-10-23 | minor | PSD: spot channels are stored and read as Photoshop 27.11's PSDs store them (ink 0 = solid; all 7 of its spot PSDs store the 100/25/75/0 % columns as 0/191/64/255), and resource 1053 numbers the extra channels 3, 4, 5, … after 0 for the merged transparency. A PSD with spot channels whose 1057 is exactly what PhotoCraft 0.1.0–0.16.0 wrote, and with no 1053 or one kept from an opened Photoshop file that doesn't list every channel, is read as those versions stored it (straight past the channels that 1053 lists), so it keeps its ink. Multichannel is unchanged (#7415 split, part 4) |
+| 2026-10-23 | minor | TIFF: alpha and spot channels are written and read as extra samples (at most 16) with Photoshop's channel resources (1006, 1045, 1077, 1053), spot ink stored 0 = solid as Photoshop 27.11's TIFFs store it; PSD output is unchanged. FILE-215-7 done, FILE-215-17 partial (its TIFF part) (#7415, supersedes #3121) |
+| 2026-10-23 | patch | PSD and layered TIFF: the `MTrn` block Photoshop writes in a layered TIFF saved with Save Transparency (a positive layer count, `nrTM` in an `II` file) marks the merged image's first extra channel as its transparency, like `Mtrn`/`Mt16`/`Mt32`: such a file no longer opens with its transparency also as an alpha channel (named "Transparency" in Photoshop 27.11's file), and a PSD save no longer writes it twice. A PSD save with an opaque composite drops any of these markers kept from the opened file, so its first alpha channel no longer reopens as transparency and vanishes (split from #7415; credit #3121) |
+| 2026-10-23 | minor | Amiga IFF write: Save As `.iff` stores a 24-plane ILBM (ByteRun1, alpha as a 1-bit mask plane), and 24-plane ILBMs open |
+| 2026-10-22 | minor | 32-bit Hue/Saturation as Photoshop does it: the raised saturation isn't clipped (saturated colours leave 0..1), the chroma is scaled around the lightness by Photoshop's saturation factor (measured at every whole percent), so colours at or above lightness 1 keep their hue, and Colorize builds its colour with the saturation times 1 − \|Lightness\| (8 and 16 bits unchanged): photoshop rgb32 hue-saturation and hue-saturation-colorize pass; Photoshop-oracle floor 188 → 190 of 258 (#5781) |
+| 2026-10-19 | minor | JPEG Options on File › Save, Save As and Save a Copy (FILE-215-19 partial: no Matte, progressive Scans or size preview) |
+| 2026-10-18 | minor | Scripted TIFF saves take `tiffCompression` (none, LZW, ZIP), and the CLI `--tiff-compression` (#5301) |
+| 2026-10-17 | minor | `.atn`: a recorded Save As imports with its format and file (`file.saveAs`, `file.saveACopy` for As a Copy) instead of as a plain Save that wrote over the played file, #7102; folder destinations stop playback until #5430 |
+| 2026-10-17 | minor | `.atn`: Apply Layer Comp by name maps to `layerComp.apply` and exports as `applyComp` (#7101) |
+| 2026-10-15 | minor | Legacy PSD point-text placement is refined after font resolution using the rendering engine; centered/right alignment keeps its layout offset, while valid `Txt2` frames remain authoritative. Synthetic alignment, font-context and round-trip regressions cover this fallback. |
+| 2026-10-15 | minor | Cineon write: Save As `.cin` stores 10-bit log gray/RGB frames (Cineon 4.5 header, three samples to a 32-bit word); a Cineon frame saved back keeps its code values |
+| 2026-10-14 | minor | 32-bit Hue/Saturation as Photoshop does it: the raised saturation isn't clipped (saturated colours leave 0..1) and the slider is cut to whole 8-bit levels, and Colorize builds its colour with the saturation times 1 − \|Lightness\| (8 and 16 bits unchanged): photoshop rgb32 hue-saturation and hue-saturation-colorize pass |
+| 2026-10-14 | minor | Lab documents round each adjustment layer's result on the stored L, a, b to whole samples, as Photoshop stores them (the native Lab path): photoshop lab8 curves.psd passes |
 | 2026-10-15 | minor | PSD smart filters: Clouds, Difference Clouds, Fibers and Lens Flare open as editable filters with their seeds, colours and lens, and save like Photoshop (checked against a Photoshop 27 file); render filters on a smart object work within the object, so a flare sits where Photoshop puts it |
 | 2026-10-15 | minor | DDS textures save (#1327): uncompressed or BC1/BC2/BC3 (DXT1/3/5) from a clean-room block encoder, optional box-filtered mip chain, legacy header; DDS Options in Save As and Save a Copy, `ddsCompression`/`ddsMipmaps` for scripts, the CLI and MCP |
 | 2026-10-16 | minor | PSD smart filters: Perspective Warp (`perspectiveWarpTransform`: `vertices`, `warpedVertices`, `quads` of vertex indices, document pixels) opens as `layer.smartObjects.perspectiveWarp`, one plane per quad, and re-renders warped; save writes the original item with only the geometry rewritten, or a new one in Photoshop's layout; inconsistent descriptors stay verbatim (FILE-215-2, #6268) |
@@ -161,12 +177,16 @@ Embedded SVG and PDF-compatible AI/PDF/EPS payloads can use an explicit VectorCr
 | 2026-10-15 | minor | PNG: a stereo PNG's `sTER` pairing (PNG Extensions 1.4.0 §3.6) is read on open and written back on save, so the file still says it is a stereo pair (#6063) |
 | 2026-10-15 | minor | Indexed Color documents save as 8-bit palette BMPs with their colour table instead of 24-bit RGB; a palette BMP opens with its declared number of colours, not 256 |
 | 2026-10-15 | minor | PSD guides: image resource 1092 (guides v2) gives guides their own colours on import; 1092 and 1097 (guide GUIDs) are written back only while they still describe the document's guides, so an edit no longer leaves Photoshop a stale second guide list (#5966) |
+| 2026-10-14 | minor | PSD smart objects warped with Transform Warp's Cylinder (`warpCylinder`, seven `warpValues`) are read and written: Replace Contents, Relink and Edit Contents re-render them wrapped instead of flat, and a regenerated `SoLd` no longer drops the warp (#4112). Vertical cylinders and ones with perspective are still unread |
 | 2026-10-15 | minor | Bevel & Emboss Gloss Contour › Anti-aliased (`antialiasGloss`) is read and written, set by `glossAntiAlias` and shown in the Layer Style dialog; a PSD whose bevel is edited no longer loses it. Rendering still ignores contour anti-aliasing, as for the other effects' contours |
 | 2026-10-15 | minor | Stroke › Overprint (`overprint`) is read and written, set by the stroke command's `overprint` and shown in the Layer Style dialog; an edited stroke no longer drops it. Rendering ignores it for now |
+| 2026-10-14 | minor | Nikon NEF: the D4 profile's saturation level follows the sample depth (15520 at 14 bits, 3880 at 12), so 12-bit D4 files open as bright as their 14-bit twins instead of 2.6 stops darker (#5978) |
+| 2026-10-14 | minor | Animated WebP: New Video Layer from File, Replace Footage, Reload Frame and Video Frames to Layers take every frame, composited, with the timeline rate from the durations (#1198) |
 | 2026-10-14 | minor | PSD smart filter masks: Photoshop stores a smart object's filtered pixels without its filter mask and mixes the unfiltered ones (`FEid`) back in; import now mixes them and export writes them that way, so sf-filter-mask-hard, -gradient and sf-stack-blend-and-mask pass; Photoshop-oracle floor 185 → 188 of 258 |
 | 2026-10-13 | minor | Lossy DNG (compression 34892) decodes: 8-bit baseline JPEG tiles and strips, CFA and LinearRaw, partial edge tiles; the stored values take the normal levels and LinearizationTable (FILE-215-11, lossy DNG part) |
 | 2026-10-14 | minor | Corpus floors raised to the measured results of the CMYK, Lab, 32-bit, Levels, Threshold, Posterize, feather and pass-through fixes landed together: Photoshop-authored 165 → 185 of 258, io 146 → 148 of 170, psd-tools 242 → 249 of 309 |
-| 2026-10-13 | minor | Large-file fixtures generated at test time (20 MP layered, 150-layer layout, 2.02 GB PSD, 4.38 GB PSB), opened, saved and re-opened by io tests/large_files.rs; FILE-216-2 done; P20/P63 open times measurable (#5107) |
+| 2026-10-13 | minor | Large-file fixtures generated at test time (20 MP layered, 150-layer layout, 2.02 GB PSD, 4.38 GB PSB), opened, saved and re-opened by io tests/it/large_files.rs; FILE-216-2 done; P20/P63 open times measurable (#5107) |
+| 2026-10-13 | minor | PSD smart filters: Pinch, Polar Coordinates, Ripple, Spherize, Twirl, Wave, ZigZag and Invert open as editable filters and are saved instead of dropped (checked against a Photoshop 27 file); a scaled Wave, a Wave with more than 64 generators and Shear stay verbatim |
 | 2026-10-13 | minor | CMYK Hue/Saturation (not Colorize) and Color Balance work on C, M and Y as inverted RGB with black kept, on the inks for display, export and destructive edits; cmyk8/16 hue-saturation 100% → 0.4–0.7% bad pixels, color-balance 74% → 25% |
 | 2026-10-13 | minor | CMYK Posterize works on the stored values (1 − ink), as Photoshop does: psd-tools posterize_cmyk passes (13.8 % → 0 of pixels off on the ink path); psd-tools floor → 242 of 309 |
 | 2026-10-13 | minor | CMYK documents whose layers are plain raster layers plus Invert, Posterize, Threshold, Brightness/Contrast, Levels or Curves layers composite on their own inks for display, export and flattening: the cmyk8/16 oracles for those seven adjustments pass; Photoshop-oracle floor 151 → 165 of 258 |
@@ -191,6 +211,7 @@ Embedded SVG and PDF-compatible AI/PDF/EPS payloads can use an explicit VectorCr
 | 2026-10-12 | minor | Photoshop Actions `.atn`: read and write, 90 events mapped, the rest kept verbatim (AUTO-219-2) |
 | 2026-10-12 | minor | Presets table: Contours `.shc` read and write through the Contour Editor (FILE-215-15); `.csh` and `.tpl` stay missing |
 | 2026-10-12 | minor | Palette BMPs open in Indexed Color mode (#3802) |
+| 2026-10-20 | minor | `.asl` layer style libraries: import and export with embedded patterns and blending options |
 | 2026-10-12 | minor | Save writes a JPEG at its own estimated quality and a WebP lossy or lossless as opened (#2399) |
 | 2026-10-11 | minor | PSD smart filters: Filter Gallery (`GEfc`) maps to `filter.filterGallery` when every effect is modelled (Chrome so far), editable from the Layers panel |
 | 2026-10-11 | minor | D5100 image area and fitted-look preservation in Camera Raw tuning |
diff --git a/docs/gaps.md b/docs/gaps.md
index 3f97bb567f..345bbd7c5b 100644
--- a/docs/gaps.md
+++ b/docs/gaps.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Where PhotoCraft falls short of Photoshop
 
-> **Last reviewed:** 2026-10-10 · **Last updated:** 2026-10-22 · **Change:** minor (bounded embedded-vector SVG edit/save workflow; G9: Preferences › File Handling › Save in Background takes effect, #6207, 24 of 169 preferences do nothing; G7: Content-Aware Move previews every selection the command takes, coarse then exact, TOOL-213-4 done, #6680; G4: Pattern Stamp and Background Eraser draw live, TOOL-213-7; G9: Animated Zoom pref read: holding the Zoom tool zooms continuously, #6210, prefs that do nothing 25 of 166; G2: a cancelled 24 MP Gaussian Blur job stops in at most 44 ms, P25 under its 200 ms budget in local runs, baseline not re-run, #6205; G1: generated large-file fixtures, a 4.38 GB PSB opens on Windows through io, FILE-216-2 done, #5107; G9: fill and adjustment layers copy and paste whole, #2344; G1: smart filter masks show on PSD open, Photoshop-oracle floor 188/258; G10: DPX read and write, #1049, Cineon read; G1: CMYK Hue/Saturation and Color Balance keep the black ink; G1: CMYK Posterize on the stored values, psd-tools oracle floor 242/309; G1: CMYK adjustment layers composite on the document's inks, Photoshop-oracle floor 165/258; G1: CMYK Brightness/Contrast on the inks, CMYK Threshold's luma; G1: modern Brightness/Contrast's brightness curve matches Photoshop, Photoshop-oracle floor 151/258; G1: Lab documents composite on their stored L, a, b, Photoshop-oracle floor 152/258; G1: Levels on whole levels at every step, Photoshop-oracle floor 146/258, psd-tools 238/309; G1: 32-bit Brightness/Contrast legacy, Channel Mixer, Photo Filter and Black & White tint unclipped as in Photoshop, Photoshop-oracle floor 149/258; G1: mask feathers blur with their exact variance, psd-tools oracle floor 240/309; G1: Threshold splits on Photoshop's luminosity, psd-tools oracle floor 241/309; G1: pass-through clipping base with an adjustment renders isolated, psd-tools oracle floor 240/309; G1: 16-bit Posterize as Photoshop bins it, psd-tools oracle floor 241/309; G1: Gradient Map driven by the W3C luminosity, Photoshop-oracle floor 147/258; G7: Field Blur's on-canvas pins, #3373; G4: Hue Jitter amount track, #3825 partial; G4: minimum field interaction, #3825 partial; G1: CMYK Invert, Posterize and Threshold on the inks, 16-bit Lab Invert; Photoshop-oracle floor 145/258; G11: `.atn` import maps 112 events: Select and Mask, Filter Gallery Spatter, Ripple, Crystallize, Pattern Fill layers, mask targeting, Step Backward, nudges in points, Bitmap mode; G5: Free Transform H/V skew fields; G9: toolbar tool shortcut editing; refreshed against main: G2, G5, G7, G9, G10, G13, G14, G17 items that landed; G10: DPX read and write, #1049; G4: checkbox-only Brush Settings rows; G11: Load/Save Actions `.atn` landed, AUTO-219-2 partial; G5: hold-a-key spring-loaded tools landed, #2672; G1: #2465 fixed; stale missing-tool rows corrected: Color Replacement, Red Eye and Add/Delete Anchor Point are live tools, so only Art History Brush is missing; no estimate changed) · **Target:** Adobe Photoshop 2026
+> **Last reviewed:** 2026-10-10 · **Last updated:** 2026-10-26 · **Change:** minor (embedded AI/PDF/EPS save-back retains native format with a source-bound SVG display preview; G9: 12 of 178 preferences do nothing, as the scorecard prefs audit counts them; G6: Art History Brush landed as partial, TOOL-213-20, #1610, so no toolbar tool is missing; G4: five hard-round built-in presets use 5% spacing to remove stacked-tip outlines and reduce pressure-opacity bands, #8842; G9: Crop tool canvas menu, #6561; G2: Content-Aware Scale seam carving 1.65–3.6× faster with unchanged output, P28 row 3.3 → 1.6 s on a 4-core VM, #5236; G9: UI scale presets done, 105–120% steps, #3222; G14: lossy DNG, raw sidecars, Camera Raw Defaults live, Calibration and Auto, CR3 assessed as not clean-room feasible; G8: PSD type on a path opens on its path and saves back into the file's `Txt2`, #7962; G11: a recorded Save As imports with its format and file (`file.saveAs`, `file.saveACopy` for As a Copy) instead of as a plain Save that wrote over the played file, #7102; folder destinations stop playback until #5430; adjustment clipping stays visible in compact Properties, #5231; G9: Color panel modes, ramp and copy commands, the same in every theme, UI-217-17, #6000; G17: Help › Check for Updates and an opt-out check once per launch, DIST-220-1 partial, #5485; G10: `.asl` style libraries landed, #1051; G8: area type (TYPE-218-10); G1: smart objects keep Photoshop's Cylinder warp, #4112; G8: paragraph direction buttons in the Paragraph panel and options bar, TYPE-218-2 partial; G1: 32-bit Hue/Saturation and Colorize as Photoshop does them, Photoshop-oracle floor 190/258, #5781; G11: compound layer properties export as separate Photoshop Set events, rename last, #8304; G11: Batch and droplets take the result at the action's Save step, so actions ending in Save As and Close work; G11: `.atn` steps that switch to another open document import, play and save back, #7103; G14: the Nikon D4 white level follows the sample depth, so 12-bit D4 NEFs no longer open 2.6 stops dark, #5978; G14: a Nikon NEF's Adobe RGB preview is read as Adobe RGB (maker-note ColorSpace 0x001E), #5987; Apply Layer Comp action mapping, #7101; G10: JPEG Options dialog landed, FILE-215-19 partial (no Matte, progressive Scans or size preview); G10: Cineon write; G10: DPX read and write, #1049, Cineon and Amiga IFF read; Classical Object Finder improvement; learned segmentation remains open; G4: named, stateful section locks and visible keyboard focus in Brush Settings; G4: independent Brush Pose tilt-axis overrides, #3825 partial; G4: Transfer Mixer-only controls, #3825 partial; G9: Preferences › File Handling › Save in Background takes effect, #6207, 24 of 169 preferences do nothing; G7: Content-Aware Move previews every selection the command takes, coarse then exact, TOOL-213-4 done, #6680; G4: Pattern Stamp and Background Eraser draw live, TOOL-213-7; G9: Animated Zoom pref read: holding the Zoom tool zooms continuously, #6210, prefs that do nothing 25 of 166; G2: a cancelled 24 MP Gaussian Blur job stops in at most 44 ms, P25 under its 200 ms budget in local runs, baseline not re-run, #6205; G1: generated large-file fixtures, a 4.38 GB PSB opens on Windows through io, FILE-216-2 done, #5107; G9: fill and adjustment layers copy and paste whole, #2344; G1: smart filter masks show on PSD open, Photoshop-oracle floor 188/258; G10: DPX read and write, #1049, Cineon read; G1: CMYK Hue/Saturation and Color Balance keep the black ink; G1: CMYK Posterize on the stored values, psd-tools oracle floor 242/309; G1: CMYK adjustment layers composite on the document's inks, Photoshop-oracle floor 165/258; G1: CMYK Brightness/Contrast on the inks, CMYK Threshold's luma; G1: modern Brightness/Contrast's brightness curve matches Photoshop, Photoshop-oracle floor 151/258; G1: Lab documents composite on their stored L, a, b, Photoshop-oracle floor 152/258; G1: Levels on whole levels at every step, Photoshop-oracle floor 146/258, psd-tools 238/309; G1: 32-bit Brightness/Contrast legacy, Channel Mixer, Photo Filter and Black & White tint unclipped as in Photoshop, Photoshop-oracle floor 149/258; G1: mask feathers blur with their exact variance, psd-tools oracle floor 240/309; G1: Threshold splits on Photoshop's luminosity, psd-tools oracle floor 241/309; G1: pass-through clipping base with an adjustment renders isolated, psd-tools oracle floor 240/309; G1: 16-bit Posterize as Photoshop bins it, psd-tools oracle floor 241/309; G1: Gradient Map driven by the W3C luminosity, Photoshop-oracle floor 147/258; G7: Field Blur's on-canvas pins, #3373; G4: Hue Jitter amount track, #3825 partial; G4: minimum field interaction, #3825 partial; G1: CMYK Invert, Posterize and Threshold on the inks, 16-bit Lab Invert; Photoshop-oracle floor 145/258; G11: `.atn` import maps 112 events: Select and Mask, Filter Gallery Spatter, Ripple, Crystallize, Pattern Fill layers, mask targeting, Step Backward, nudges in points, Bitmap mode; G5: Free Transform H/V skew fields; G9: toolbar tool shortcut editing; refreshed against main: G2, G5, G7, G9, G10, G13, G14, G17 items that landed; G10: DPX read and write, #1049; G4: checkbox-only Brush Settings rows; G11: Load/Save Actions `.atn` landed, AUTO-219-2 partial; G5: hold-a-key spring-loaded tools landed, #2672; G1: #2465 fixed; stale missing-tool rows corrected: Color Replacement, Red Eye and Add/Delete Anchor Point are live tools, so only Art History Brush is missing; no estimate changed; G10: Amiga IFF write; G10: PSD spot channels in Photoshop's polarity, earlier PhotoCraft PSDs keep their ink, #7415 split; G10: TIFF alpha and spot channels written and read as extra samples, FILE-215-7 done, FILE-215-17's TIFF part, #7415) · **Target:** Adobe Photoshop 2026
 
 Every known shortfall against Photoshop 2026 (27.11.0), one entry each, ranked by user impact
 on the way to beta. This is the work list agents pick from: take the highest-ranked entry that
@@ -46,20 +46,23 @@ what an agent can't finish alone.
   constant and transparency is disabled. Variable-range synthesis, HSB/Lab modes and
   transparency remain unsupported and are preserved verbatim; the five visual examples do not
   establish Photoshop's exact noise algorithm or include this degenerate constant case.
-- **Evidence:** corpus floors (`crates/io/tests/corpus.rs`, scorecard): Photoshop-authored
-  oracles 188/258 (73%; smart filter masks 2026-10-14; CMYK and Lab adjustment layers, 32-bit unclipped adjustments, Levels, Threshold, Posterize and mask feathers 2026-10-13; Gradient Map luminosity 2026-10-13; CMYK Invert, Posterize and Threshold on the inks 2026-10-12), io corpus 148/170 (87%), psd-tools 249/309 (81%); round trips ~100%
+- **Evidence:** corpus floors (`crates/io/tests/it/corpus.rs`, scorecard): Photoshop-authored
+  oracles 190/258 (74%; 32-bit Hue/Saturation 2026-10-22; smart filter masks 2026-10-14; CMYK and Lab adjustment layers, 32-bit unclipped adjustments, Levels, Threshold, Posterize and mask feathers 2026-10-13; Gradient Map luminosity 2026-10-13; CMYK Invert, Posterize and Threshold on the inks 2026-10-12), io corpus 148/170 (87%), psd-tools 249/309 (81%); round trips ~100%
   within the corpus. Smart-filter re-render matches 5/30. User reports: a PSD with text layers
   re-saved unmodified would not reopen (#2374, closed 2026-10-10), Photoshop 26.6 cannot reopen our files (#1281), "PSD not
   opening in Photoshop" (#2469), a CS2-era smart object unavailable (#2465, fixed 2026-10-12), PSB smart object
   blank (#1764), perspective placed layers flattened (#579, fixed by #426), PSB > 4 GB fails on Windows (#375; a generated 4.38 GB PSB opens, saves and re-opens
-  through io on Windows, io tests/large_files.rs, 2026-10-13).
-  No test opens our exports in a third-party editor (FILE-216-4).
+  through io on Windows, io tests/it/large_files.rs, 2026-10-13).
+  No test opens our exports in a third-party editor (FILE-216-4). Mockups whose smart object
+  uses Transform Warp's Cylinder re-rendered flat after Replace Contents (#4112, fixed 2026-10-14;
+  vertical cylinders and ones with perspective are still unread).
 - **Impact:** PSD is the format professionals exchange. Beta requires it to be reliable.
 - **Estimate:** 150–250 h. **Human:** opening exports in Photoshop on the owner's Mac (or a
   scripted check there) is the only real oracle.
 
 ### G6. Missing tools
-- **Missing (1 of 68):** Art History Brush. Convert Point landed (#3204). Freeform
+- **Missing (0 of 68):** Art History Brush landed as partial (TOOL-213-20: 8 of 10 styles, Area
+  scales spacing, no Mode/Opacity on the options bar). Convert Point landed (#3204). Freeform
   Pen and Curvature Pen landed (#1054); Color Sampler landed (#1046, `view.colorSamplers.*`); Horizontal and Vertical Type Mask landed (#1055,
   `type.createSelection`); Perspective Crop landed (#1043, `image.perspectiveCrop`); Frame landed
   (#2914).
@@ -84,20 +87,32 @@ what an agent can't finish alone.
 - **Estimate:** 80–140 h.
 
 ### G8. Type depth
-- **Missing:** type on a path beyond rigid glyph placement (TYPE-218-1 partial, #4365),
-  paragraph direction UI (TYPE-218-2), complex-script fallback fonts and golden tests
+- **Missing:** type on a path beyond rigid glyph placement (TYPE-218-1 partial, #4365; the Type tool's click on a shown path landed;
+  PSD path text in a new document still saves as point text, while Photoshop's path text opens on its path
+  and saves back into the file's `Txt2` since 2026-10-21, #7962),
+  the visual RTL caret and PSD storage of the paragraph direction (TYPE-218-2; the paragraph
+  direction buttons landed 2026-10-22), complex-script fallback fonts and golden tests
   (TYPE-218-3), OpenType Numerals and Stylistic Sets submenus
   (TYPE-218-5; the Character panel buttons landed 2026-10-11, #3752), text free transform
-  (#2630). Done since the re-measure: manual and optical kerning with PSD round trip
+  (#2630), area type in PSD (TYPE-218-10). Done since the re-measure: manual and optical kerning with PSD round trip
   (TYPE-218-6, #206), variable-font axes (TYPE-218-4, #2985), Warp on live type without a
   rasterize prompt, as in Photoshop (TYPE-218-9, #3004), and the live Warp Text preview that opens
   with the layer's warp (TYPE-218-7, #2689).
-- **Evidence:** scorecard Type: 5 done, 3 partial, 1 missing. 2026-10-11: 2/3/4/5 clicks select
-  word, line, paragraph and all text, with tests (TYPE-218-8, #3493). The Type tool froze the app for
+- **Evidence:** scorecard Type: 5 done, 5 partial, 0 missing. 2026-10-11: 2/3/4/5 clicks select
+  word, line, paragraph and all text, with tests (TYPE-218-8, #3493). 2026-10-15: area type, type
+  inside a closed path or shape, with holes (TYPE-218-10). The Type tool froze the app for
   60 s on one macOS machine (#2518).
 - **Estimate:** 120–200 h.
 
 ### G11. Actions and scripting
+- **2026-10-21 evidence (#8304):** Save Actions expands compound layer-property edits into
+  separate Photoshop Set events, with rename last so named layer references remain valid.
+  Exported descriptors and native playback at RGB 8/16/32-bit have [regression coverage](../crates/engine/src/atn_cmds/layer_props_tests.rs);
+  independent Photoshop replay of the fix is still pending. No readiness percentage or estimate changed.
+- **Done 2026-10-17 (#7101):** `.atn` Apply Layer Comp steps with a named `compsClass`
+  reference import as `layerComp.apply` and export to the same Photoshop event. Names resolve
+  in the document being played; missing comps stop playback. Other reference forms stay kept
+  Photoshop steps and are reported as unsupported. AUTO-219-2 remains partial.
 - **2026-10-13 evidence:** Batch supports [output naming templates](batch-naming.md) using
   `{name}`, `{serial}` and a captured UTC `{date}`, with a starting serial number. Colliding
   names remain errors; custom output names cannot replace inputs. AUTO-219-5 stays partial.
@@ -106,6 +121,23 @@ what an agent can't finish alone.
   mapped events (paths, scripts, Generative Fill, Filter Gallery effects other than Spatter,
   Duplicate Layers into a new document, Bitmap halftone screens…) load as kept Photoshop steps
   that fail at playback by name.
+- **Done 2026-10-21:** Batch and droplets take each result at the action's recorded Save, Save As
+  or Save a Copy step, written to the destination folder (Photoshop's "Override Action 'Save As'
+  Commands"). A document closed after its save is written as the save found it, so actions ending
+  in Save As and Close no longer fail on every file, and a Close that leaves another document
+  active no longer saves that one instead. While the saved document stays open, the steps after
+  the save still apply (#3058). Saves inside a played action, and the CLI's `batch` loop, still
+  save after the action.
+- **Done 2026-10-19:** `.atn` steps that switch to another open document (a `select` of `Dcmn` by
+  offset: the previous, next or Nth tab from the active one) import as `document.activate {"offset"}`,
+  play and save back in the same shape, so actions that copy from one open document and paste into
+  another no longer stop at the switch (#7103). An offset past the first or last open document is
+  refused, not wrapped.
+- **Done 2026-10-17:** a recorded Save As imports with its format and destination file
+  (`file.saveAs`, or `file.saveACopy` for As a Copy) instead of as a plain Save, which wrote
+  over the file the action was played on (#7102). A folder destination, an unmapped format or a
+  mismatched extension stays a kept Photoshop step, so playback stops before writing; folder
+  saves wait for #5430.
 - **Done 2026-10-12:** Load/Save Actions `.atn` in the panel menu, `batch --actions set.atn`
   and `actions.load`/`actions.save`; 112 Photoshop events map to commands both ways (Transform,
   Apply Image, Save for Web, smart-object edits, Gradient Map, Quick Mask, polygon selections,
@@ -129,18 +161,34 @@ what an agent can't finish alone.
   (AGENTS.md forbids JS in the app).
 
 ### G14. Camera Raw depth
-- **Missing:** CR3 (detected, unsupported), compressed RAF, lossy DNG (FILE-215-11), .xmp
-  sidecars, masking and calibration in the Camera Raw dialog, per-camera colour for non-DNG
-  cameras, lens profiles.
+- **Missing:** CR3 sensor data (the embedded preview opens; the CRX codec has no public
+  specification, only LGPL implementations, so a clean-room decoder is not possible), compressed
+  RAF, highlight recovery modes (FILE-215-11), masking in the Camera Raw dialog, per-camera
+  colour for non-DNG cameras, lens profiles.
+- **Done 2026-10-13:** lossy DNG decodes (#5112); `.xmp` sidecars beside raw files fill the
+  open-time dialog and Open writes them back; the Camera Raw Defaults preferences (colour space,
+  bit depth, resolution, Sharpen For, Open as Smart Object, Apply auto tone, sidecars) all take
+  effect on open; the dialog has the Calibration panel (Shadows tint, primaries' hue and
+  saturation) and an Auto button, both in the `.xmp` settings and the `filter.cameraRaw` params.
 - **Evidence:** `crates/raw/src/lib.rs:228` (CR3), scorecard FILE-215-11/12, #50.
 - **Progress (2026-10-11):** on the embedded-JPEG rendering work in #2135, Camera Raw
   tuning retains the fitted look and applies user gains afterwards. Three D5100 NEFs
   establish a guarded 4928 × 3264 image area. This is an estimated rendering, not a
   measured D5100 colour calibration; [validation](nikon-nef-development.md).
+- **Progress (2026-10-14):** a Nikon NEF's embedded preview takes its colour space from the
+  maker note's ColorSpace (0x001E: 1 sRGB, 2 Adobe RGB) when the EXIF states none, so the
+  colour fit reads an Adobe RGB preview as Adobe RGB (49 of the 291 public Nikon samples;
+  Nikon writes no EXIF ColorSpace); `crates/raw/src/preview.rs`. A raw's preview-fallback
+  document is still opened untagged.
 - **Progress (2026-10-13):** the D90's image area (4288 × 2848 at (10, 10) in a
   4352 × 2868 plane) is measured by aligning the decoded plane with the camera's own
   JPEG, so a D90 NEF opens on the camera's frame instead of the uncropped sensor plane;
   `crates/raw/src/cameras.rs` (`IMAGE_AREAS`).
+- **Progress (2026-10-14):** the measured Nikon D4 profile's saturation level follows the
+  sample depth (15520 at 14 bits, 3880 at 12), so a 12-bit D4 NEF opens as bright as the same
+  scene at 14 bits instead of 2.6 stops darker (#5978). Real CC0 pair, mean linear luminance
+  against the 14-bit file: 12-bit lossy +0.02, uncompressed -0.02, lossless +0.01 stop;
+  14-bit output unchanged (`cameras.rs`, `tests/it/nikon_d4_depth.rs`).
 - **Estimate:** 120–200 h.
 
 ### G15. AI and generative features
@@ -149,6 +197,7 @@ what an agent can't finish alone.
   exist (GrabCut/max-flow selection, Remove tool by non-local patch completion).
 - **Evidence:** Photoshop's `Required/UXP` ships the Neural Filters gallery and its `.kys` has
   a Neural Filters taskspace; users ask for local models (#2313, #1996, #2682).
+- **Progress (2026-10-17):** classical Object Finder no longer rejects a foreground solely for covering over 60% of the canvas (#6548); canvas-boundary coverage distinguishes it from the surrounding backdrop. This does not add semantic recognition or close #2788.
 - **Estimate:** 300–600 h. **Human:** owner decision #41 (model licences, local vs remote).
 
 ### G16. Plug-in compatibility
@@ -168,6 +217,25 @@ what an agent can't finish alone.
 - **Estimate:** 250–400 h (many overlap with other gaps; count each fix once).
 
 ### G4. Brush feel
+- **Progress (2026-10-23, #8842):** the five hard-round built-in presets use 5% spacing.
+  At 150 px, this removes the scalloped outline from the former 25% spacing and reduces
+  nested dab boundaries in pressure-opacity tapers. Pixel regressions cover 8/16/32-bit
+  and 0/49% smoothing. Other presets, explicit spacing and remembered brushes retain their
+  settings; reselect a built-in preset to take its new default. Other brush-feel and latency
+  gaps remain open; percentages and estimates are unchanged.
+- **Progress (2026-10-13, #3825 partial):** Transfer’s Wetness Jitter and Mix Jitter
+  blocks are disabled outside the Mixer Brush, retaining their saved settings. Opacity
+  and Flow keep their existing availability; other layout and brush-feel gaps remain open.
+- **Progress (2026-10-14, #3825 partial):** Brush Pose has separate X/Y tilt override
+  controls. ABR import retains both flags independently instead of combining them;
+  only the selected component replaces live stylus input. Legacy combined JSON and
+  command inputs retain their two-axis behavior, and minimal command patches preserve
+  the other axis. Other Brush Settings and brush-feel gaps remain open.
+- **Progress (2026-10-14, #3477 workflow):** section locks expose their section-specific
+  translated names and locked state to AccessKit. A themed outline follows keyboard focus;
+  focus changes do not edit settings. Keyboard activation preserves the selected
+  section and other brush settings, using the existing command path. Other panel and brush-feel
+  gaps remain open.
 - **Progress (2026-10-13, #3825 partial):** Hue Jitter shows a standard themed
   percentage-amount track rather than a hue spectrum. Other Brush Settings layout
   and brush-behaviour gaps remain open.
@@ -204,15 +272,23 @@ what an agent can't finish alone.
 - **Estimate:** 60–110 h.
 
 ### G9. Panels, preferences and workspace
+- **Progress (2026-10-21):** adjustment clipping is reachable above the Properties editor in a compact dock (#5231), with all-theme layout coverage and 8/16/32-bit scope and undo/redo tests. The normal adjustment-layer scope and remaining estimate stay unchanged.
+- **Progress (2026-10-16, #3222):** UI scale presets are complete: 75–125% in 5% steps,
+  then 150–300%, remembered through preferences (UI-217-9).
 - **Progress (2026-10-15):** Preferences › General › Animated Zoom takes effect: a held Zoom
   tool press zooms continuously about the press point, ⌥ out (#6210, `ui-egui/src/zoom_hold.rs`).
+- **Progress (2026-10-14, #5556):** Character and Paragraph controls stay available without
+  a type target, editing persisted Type tool defaults inherited by new text. Formatting existing
+  selected text keeps its current command and undo scope. Other panel gaps remain open.
 - **Progress (2026-10-12):** toolbar tool shortcuts can be reassigned, removed and reset (#4086),
   with saved bindings, matching toolbar hints and regression coverage (`ui-egui/src/tool_shortcuts.rs`).
-- **Missing:** 24 of 171 preferences do nothing (scorecard prefs audit, 2026-10-15: Save in
-  Background now takes effect, #6207); panel groups can't
-  float or tear off into OS windows (UI-217-5, #1828, #1213, #2305); Color panel lacks wheel and
-  slider modes (UI-217-17, #2569); more themes (UI-217-11, #2661); a single pixel layer
-  copies without its mask and styles (UI-217-23; fill and adjustment layers copy whole, #2344); tool-specific context menus beyond brushes, selections and Pen
+- **Progress (2026-10-15):** the Color panel has Photoshop's panel-menu modes (Hue Cube, Brightness
+  Cube, Color Wheel, Grayscale/RGB/HSB/CMYK/Lab/Web Color sliders), its colour ramp and copy
+  commands, the same in every theme (UI-217-17, #2569, #6000; `ui-egui/src/color_panel_ui.rs`).
+- **Missing:** 12 of 178 preferences do nothing (scorecard prefs audit, 2026-10-25); panel groups can't
+  float or tear off into OS windows (UI-217-5, #1828, #1213, #2305); more themes (UI-217-11, #2661); a single pixel layer
+  copies without its mask and styles (UI-217-23; fill and adjustment layers copy whole, #2344); tool-specific context menus beyond brushes, selections, Pen and
+  Crop
   ([context-menu-parity.md](context-menu-parity.md)); Libraries, Comments, Contextual Task Bar
   panels.
 - **Estimate:** 150–250 h.
@@ -232,26 +308,45 @@ what an agent can't finish alone.
   other layers gain only the strip checks. Local runs, `perf/baseline.json` not re-measured yet
   (the scorecard still shows P25 as not run); command, revision, machine and per-run numbers in
   #6206. #6205.
+- **Measured progress (2026-10-13):** Content-Aware Scale (P28) keeps its seam search across
+  seams and moves no pixels. On a 4-core cloud VM (CPU, interleaved runs), the carve of P28's
+  24 MP photo to 90 % width takes 556 ms instead of 2013 ms (3.6×), and the whole P28 row takes
+  1.64 s instead of 3.28 s, within its 3 s budget. Smaller images on the full-resolution search
+  are 1.65–2.3× faster. Output is bit-identical wherever the energy stays a number (pinned
+  hashes); NaN and infinities are now deterministic. The scorecard keeps the 2026-10-05
+  baseline's 954 s, which predates the per-seam energy updates and the reduced-height search,
+  until the reference machine reruns it. Most of the row is now `read_region`/`write_region`
+  plumbing. [Method and ranges](seam-carving-performance.md).
 - **Missing:** 22 of 25 budgeted scenarios are over budget (baseline 2026-10-05, a heavily
   loaded machine): layer move with styles 321 ms p50 against 25 ms, opacity change 276 ms
   against 20 ms, paste 12 MP 1.2 s against 100 ms, layer move on 15000×10000 16-bit 2.7 s,
-  Content-Aware Scale 24 MP 954 s against 3 s, Select Subject 559 ms against 100 ms; the
+  Content-Aware Scale 24 MP 954 s against 3 s (older code; now met, see above), Select Subject 559 ms against 100 ms; the
   150-layer nudge crashes the GPU compositor (P12); menus slow with thousands of layers (#2460); old machines lag (#2687).
 - **Estimate:** 200–350 h. Serial in places (compositor architecture).
 
 ## File-format gaps
 
 ### G10. Missing and partial file formats
-- **Progress (2026-10-22):** Embedded SVG/PDF-compatible AI/PDF/EPS smart objects can be edited through a bounded VectorCraft SVG working copy, including nested PSD payloads. This does not add standalone EPS/DCS import or lossless native-vector editing. See [workflow and limits](embedded-vector-editing.md); estimates and parity percentages are unchanged.
-- **Missing:** JPEG Options dialog (FILE-215-19), Photoshop PDF read and its vector/text/multi-page
+- **Progress (2026-10-26):** Embedded SVG/PDF-compatible AI/PDF/EPS smart objects can be edited in VectorCraft, including nested PSD payloads. AI/PDF/EPS working copies retain their format with a separate source-bound SVG display preview; native bytes and previews persist through .pcraft and PSD/PSB saves. This does not add standalone EPS/DCS import or establish lossless Adobe round-trip compatibility. See [workflow and limits](embedded-vector-editing.md); estimates and parity percentages are unchanged.
+- **Missing:** JPEG Options' Matte, progressive Scans and size preview (FILE-215-19 partial), Photoshop PDF read and its vector/text/multi-page
   write (FILE-215-10, #2541; a single flattened page now saves via Save As / Save a Copy / CLI,
   2026-10-11, #3401), AVIF read (#463) and default-build AVIF write, JPEG XL, JPEG 2000 (#1047),
-  Cineon write (read landed), DICOM, EPS/DCS, Pixar, IFF, WBMP, MPO/JPS, PICT, Scitex CT, Photoshop
-  Raw; layered TIFF extra alpha channels (FILE-215-7); spot plates (FILE-215-17); .atn, .asl,
-  .shc, .csh presets (FILE-215-15); C2PA (#1050).
+  DICOM, EPS/DCS, Pixar, WBMP, MPO/JPS, PICT, Scitex CT, Photoshop
+  Raw; spot plates beyond PSD and TIFF: spot ink preview in RGB/CMYK documents and PDF Separation
+  (FILE-215-17); .atn,
+  .shc, .csh presets (.asl landed 2026-10-20) (FILE-215-15); C2PA (#1050).
 - **Detail:** [`file-format-parity.md`](file-format-parity.md).
-- **Progress (2026-10-13):** Cineon (`.cin`) 10-bit gray/RGB frames open read-only, sharing the
-  DPX header/unpacking (`crates/codecs/src/codecs/dpx.rs`); writing is still open.
+- **Progress (2026-10-23, #7415 split):** PSD stores and reads spot channels as Photoshop does (ink
+  0 = solid) and writes their identifiers (1053); PSDs from PhotoCraft 0.1.0–0.16.0, which stored
+  spot ink the other way round, keep their ink.
+- **Progress (2026-10-23, #7415):** TIFF writes and reads alpha and spot channels as extra samples
+  with Photoshop's names, ink colours and solidity (FILE-215-7 done; FILE-215-17's TIFF part).
+- **Progress (2026-10-15):** Cineon (`.cin`) 10-bit gray/RGB frames open and save (Save As
+  `.cin`), sharing the DPX header/packing (`crates/codecs/src/codecs/dpx.rs`); a Cineon frame saved
+  back keeps its code values.
+- **Progress (2026-10-23):** Amiga IFF/ILBM (`FORM ... ILBM`/`PBM `) 1–8-plane paletted and
+  24-plane RGB bitmaps open, stored or ByteRun1-compressed (`crates/codecs/src/codecs/iff.rs`);
+  Save As `.iff` writes a 24-plane ILBM with a 1-bit mask plane for alpha.
 - **Estimate:** 120–220 h.
 
 ## Hardware gaps
@@ -275,14 +370,19 @@ what an agent can't finish alone.
   as tofu (#1408, #1693).
 - **Evidence (2026-10-11):** Czech dynamic UI wrappers, hardware labels and composed messages
   translate at display sites; engine errors remain English. This does not close G13.
+- **Evidence (2026-10-15):** Russian gained the 1,229 dynamic labels the other catalogs already
+  had (filter and adjustment parameters, Camera Raw, lighting, History/Layers/paths menus,
+  metadata, System Info, status templates, dialogs), with a terminology note
+  ([localization-ru](localization-ru.md)); engine errors remain English. This does not close G13.
 - **Detail:** [`localization-parity.md`](localization-parity.md).
 - **Estimate:** 80–140 h. **Human:** native-speaker review of every catalog (none is recorded).
 
 ## Platform gaps
 
 ### G17. Platforms and distribution
-- **Missing:** Windows code signing (material not obtained), in-app update check (DIST-220-1,
-  #2650, #2375), in-app bug report (DIST-220-3), Flathub (#173),
+- **Missing:** Windows code signing (material not obtained), a periodic recheck for the in-app
+  update check (DIST-220-1 partial: Help › Check for Updates and an opt-out check once per
+  launch, #5485), in-app bug report (DIST-220-3), Flathub (#173),
   starting without a GPU adapter (#2519, #2412), Windows 7 (#2310, out of scope), Intel Macs with
   OpenCore (#1859).
 - **Estimate:** 30–60 h. **Human:** signing certificates.
@@ -291,17 +391,51 @@ what an agent can't finish alone.
 
 | Date | Change | Summary |
 |---|---|---|
+| 2026-10-26 | minor | Embedded AI/PDF/EPS save-back retains native format and a separate source-bound display preview; original sources remain undoable. Native Adobe interoperability and standalone EPS/DCS remain unverified; no corpus floor or percentage changed. |
 | 2026-10-22 | minor | Embedded PSD vectors gain explicit bounded SVG editor/save-back; standalone EPS/DCS and native-format fidelity remain open. |
+| 2026-10-25 | minor | G9: the count of preferences that do nothing is the scorecard's again, 12 of 178 (it still said 24 of 171, from 2026-10-15); no estimate changed |
+| 2026-10-25 | minor | G6: Art History Brush landed as partial (TOOL-213-20, #1610), so no toolbar tool is missing; no percentage or estimate changed |
+| 2026-10-23 | minor | G4: hard-round built-in presets use 5% spacing (#8842), guarded by large-stroke outline and pressure-opacity pixel regressions at 8/16/32-bit; percentages and estimates unchanged |
+| 2026-10-23 | minor | G10: PSD stores and reads spot channels as Photoshop does (ink 0 = solid) with their identifiers (1053); PSDs from PhotoCraft 0.1.0–0.16.0 keep their ink (#7415 split, part 4); FILE-215-17 stays partial; estimate unchanged |
+| 2026-10-23 | minor | G10: TIFF alpha and spot channels written and read as extra samples with Photoshop's channel resources, PSD output unchanged (#7415); FILE-215-7 leaves the list, FILE-215-17 narrows to RGB/CMYK spot preview and PDF Separation |
+| 2026-10-23 | minor | G10: Amiga IFF write landed (24-plane ILBM, Save As `.iff`) and 24-plane ILBMs open |
+| 2026-10-22 | minor | G17: Help › Check for Updates and an opt-out check once per launch (#5485), DIST-220-1 partial; estimate unchanged |
+| 2026-10-22 | minor | G1: 32-bit Hue/Saturation unclipped with Photoshop's saturation factor, bright colours keep their hue, Colorize's saturation scaled by 1 − \|Lightness\|; photoshop rgb32 hue-saturation and hue-saturation-colorize pass; Photoshop-oracle floor 188 → 190 of 258 (#5781) |
+| 2026-10-21 | minor | G9: adjustment clipping remains visible in compact Properties (#5231); no readiness percentage or estimate changed |
+| 2026-10-21 | minor | #8304: compound layer properties export as separate Set events, rename last; independent Photoshop replay pending; percentages and estimates unchanged |
+| 2026-10-21 | minor | G11: Batch and droplets take the result at the action's recorded Save / Save As step (Photoshop's "Override Action 'Save As' Commands"); estimate unchanged |
+| 2026-10-21 | minor | G9: right-click on a pending crop opens the Crop tool menu (presets, Clear, overlays, Cancel, Crop; #6561); Reset still open |
+| 2026-10-22 | minor | G8: Auto / Left-to-right / Right-to-left paragraph direction buttons in the Paragraph panel, Properties and the Type options bar (#6793); TYPE-218-2 partial (the visual RTL caret is still missing, and PSD doesn't store the direction yet) |
+| 2026-10-19 | minor | G10: JPEG Options dialog landed (FILE-215-19 partial: no Matte, progressive Scans or size preview); no readiness percentage or estimate changed |
+| 2026-10-19 | minor | G11: `.atn` steps that select another open document by offset import as `document.activate {"offset"}`, play and save back (#7103); estimate unchanged |
+| 2026-10-19 | minor | G11: a recorded Save As imports with its format and file (`file.saveAs`, `file.saveACopy` for As a Copy) instead of as a plain Save that wrote over the played file, #7102; folder destinations stop playback until #5430 |
+| 2026-10-18 | minor | G13: Russian gained the 1,229 dynamic UI labels other catalogs already had (filter and adjustment parameters, Camera Raw, lighting, History/Layers/paths menus, metadata, System Info, status templates, dialogs); engine messages and native review remain open |
+| 2026-10-17 | minor | Classical Object Finder improvement; learned segmentation remains open |
+| 2026-10-15 | minor | G10: Cineon write landed (10-bit log gray/RGB, Save As `.cin`) |
+| 2026-10-14 | minor | G1: 32-bit Hue/Saturation unclipped (slider on whole levels) and Colorize's saturation scaled by 1 − \|Lightness\|; photoshop rgb32 hue-saturation and hue-saturation-colorize pass |
+| 2026-10-14 | minor | G1: Lab adjustment layers' results are whole samples (native Lab path); photoshop lab8 curves passes |
+| 2026-10-21 | minor | G8: Photoshop's type on a path opens on its path (read from the `Txt2` frame) and saves back into the file's `Txt2` object (#7962); TYPE-218-1 stays partial (new documents save path text as point text) |
+| 2026-10-19 | minor | G9: Color panel modes, ramp and copy commands from its panel menu, the same in every theme (UI-217-17 done, #6000) |
 | 2026-10-15 | minor | G1 / #5972 A1: render only provably constant-RGB `GdFl` noise fills; variable noise synthesis remains open |
+| 2026-10-20 | minor | G10: `.asl` layer style library import and export landed (#1051) |
 | 2026-10-18 | minor | G9: with no selection, Copy takes fill and adjustment layers whole and Paste recreates them (#2344); UI-217-23 stays partial (a single pixel layer copies its pixels only); estimate unchanged |
+| 2026-10-17 | minor | G11: `.atn` Apply Layer Comp imports, plays and exports by comp name (#7101); other reference forms remain unsupported |
+| 2026-10-16 | minor | G9: UI scale presets done, 105–120% steps, #3222 |
 | 2026-10-15 | minor | G2: a cancelled 24 MP Gaussian Blur job stops within 44 ms max (P25, budget 200 ms; was about 400 ms; local runs, baseline not re-run), the uncancelled job on a locked-transparency layer about 40% faster; #6205 |
 | 2026-10-15 | minor | G9: Animated Zoom preference takes effect (hold the Zoom tool to zoom continuously, #6210); prefs that do nothing 25 of 166; no estimate changed |
 | 2026-10-16 | minor | G7: Content-Aware Move's live preview covers every selection the command takes (over 256 × 256: a coarse result solved scaled down, then the exact one); TOOL-213-4 done (#6680) |
 | 2026-10-15 | minor | G9: Save in Background off saves in the foreground under a modal progress dialog (#6207); preferences that do nothing 25 → 24 of 169 |
+| 2026-10-14 | minor | G1: PSD smart objects keep Transform Warp's Cylinder through Replace Contents, Relink, Edit Contents and re-saves (#4112) |
+| 2026-10-15 | minor | G8: area type: Type tool click inside a closed path or shape wraps text inside it (TYPE-218-10); Type tool click on a path's outline (TYPE-218-1); Type scorecard 5 done, 4 partial, 1 missing |
+| 2026-10-14 | minor | G14: the Nikon D4 profile's white level follows the sample depth, so 12-bit D4 NEFs no longer open 2.6 stops dark (#5978); gap remains open |
+| 2026-10-14 | minor | G4: independent Brush Pose X/Y overrides across UI/import/painting/commands (#3825 partial); legacy combined input retained; no readiness percentage or estimate changed |
+| 2026-10-14 | minor | G4: existing Brush Settings section locks expose accessible names/state and visible keyboard focus (#3477 workflow); no readiness percentage or estimate changed |
+| 2026-10-13 | minor | G4: Transfer Wetness/Mix tool applicability (#3825, partial); no readiness percentage or estimate changed |
 | 2026-10-14 | minor | G1: a PSD smart object's filter mask shows when the file opens (Photoshop stores the filtered pixels unmasked); export stores them that way too; Photoshop-oracle floor 185 → 188 of 258 |
+| 2026-10-14 | minor | G14: a Nikon NEF's Adobe RGB preview is read as Adobe RGB (maker-note ColorSpace 0x001E); gap remains open |
 | 2026-10-13 | minor | G14: D90 image area measured (4288 × 2848 at (10, 10)); gap remains open |
 | 2026-10-14 | minor | Corpus floors raised to the measured results of the CMYK, Lab, 32-bit, Levels, Threshold, Posterize, feather and pass-through fixes landed together: Photoshop-authored 165 → 185 of 258, io 146 → 148 of 170, psd-tools 242 → 249 of 309 |
-| 2026-10-13 | minor | G1: generated large-file fixtures (20 MP, 150 layers, 2 GB PSD, 4.38 GB PSB) round-trip in io tests/large_files.rs; the 4.38 GB PSB opens on Windows through io (#375 evidence); FILE-216-2 done (#5107) |
+| 2026-10-13 | minor | G1: generated large-file fixtures (20 MP, 150 layers, 2 GB PSD, 4.38 GB PSB) round-trip in io tests/it/large_files.rs; the 4.38 GB PSB opens on Windows through io (#375 evidence); FILE-216-2 done (#5107) |
 | 2026-10-13 | minor | G1: CMYK Hue/Saturation and Color Balance work on C, M and Y as inverted RGB with black kept, as Photoshop does; cmyk hue-saturation 100% → 0.4–0.7% bad pixels, color-balance 74% → 25%; floor unchanged |
 | 2026-10-13 | minor | G1: CMYK Posterize works on the stored values (1 − ink); psd-tools posterize_cmyk passes; psd-tools floor → 242 of 309 |
 | 2026-10-13 | minor | G1: CMYK stacks with Invert, Posterize, Threshold, Brightness/Contrast, Levels or Curves layers composite on the document's own inks (14 CMYK oracles pass); Photoshop-oracle floor 151 → 165 of 258 |
@@ -316,8 +450,13 @@ what an agent can't finish alone.
 | 2026-10-13 | minor | G1: a pass-through group that is a clipping base and holds an adjustment layer renders isolated; psd-tools passthrough_clipping_mask_adjustment passes; psd-tools floor → 240 of 309 |
 | 2026-10-13 | minor | G1: 16-bit Posterize bins the 16-bit sample, as Photoshop does (exact on two oracles); psd-tools floor → 241 of 309 |
 | 2026-10-13 | minor | G1: Gradient Map driven by the W3C luminosity (0.3, 0.59, 0.11), as Photoshop is; rgb8/rgb16 gradient-map pass; Photoshop-oracle floor 145 → 147 of 258 |
+| 2026-10-14 | minor | G9: Character/Paragraph defaults before creating text (#5556); no percentage or estimate changed |
 | 2026-10-13 | minor | G6: stale "missing tool" list corrected against `main` — Color Replacement (`paint.colorReplacement`), Red Eye (`paint.redEye`) and Add/Delete Anchor Point (P flyout, #4144) are live tools, so the toolbox is 67 of 68 and Art History Brush is the only one missing; no percentage or estimate changed |
+| 2026-10-13 | minor | G10: Amiga IFF/ILBM read landed (1–8 planes, CMAP, stored and ByteRun1); IFF write remains open |
+| 2026-10-13 | minor | G8: a Type tool click on the work path or the active shape layer's path starts type on it at the point clicked (TYPE-218-1, partial); no readiness percentage or estimate changed |
+| 2026-10-13 | minor | G14: lossy DNG (#5112), `.xmp` sidecars, Camera Raw Defaults wired, Calibration panel and Auto; CR3 sensor decode ruled out under the clean-room rule |
 | 2026-10-13 | minor | G4: Hue Jitter amount-track appearance (#3825, partial); no readiness percentage or estimate changed |
+| 2026-10-13 | minor | G2: Content-Aware Scale (P28) measured: carve 2013 → 556 ms, row 3.28 → 1.64 s on a 4-core VM, output unchanged; baseline, budgets and estimate unchanged |
 | 2026-10-13 | minor | G4: minimum inputs in Shape Dynamics and Transfer follow their Control (#3825, partial); no readiness percentage or estimate changed |
 | 2026-10-12 | minor | G5: Free Transform options bar H/V skew fields done |
 | 2026-10-12 | minor | G11: `.atn` import maps 112 events (Select and Mask, Spatter, Ripple, Crystallize, Pattern Fill, mask targeting, Step Backward, points, Bitmap) |
diff --git a/docs/hardware-parity.md b/docs/hardware-parity.md
index 391c92f0ce..e8f6a6da1b 100644
--- a/docs/hardware-parity.md
+++ b/docs/hardware-parity.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Hardware parity
 
-> **Last reviewed:** 2026-10-10 · **Last updated:** 2026-10-10 · **Change:** major (first version: GPU, pen tablets, displays, gestures per platform against Photoshop 2026) · **Target:** Adobe Photoshop 2026
+> **Last reviewed:** 2026-10-10 · **Last updated:** 2026-10-17 · **Change:** minor (Camera Raw's preview develops its per-pixel stages on the GPU) · **Target:** Adobe Photoshop 2026
 
 Each hardware feature Photoshop 2026 (27.11.0) uses, per platform, against PhotoCraft. Photoshop
 side: its bundle (Metal and OpenCL paths, "Precise Color Management for HDR Display" and EDR
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ HDR display to verify.
 |---|---|---|---|
 | GPU canvas, zoom/pan, rotate view | Metal (macOS), DirectX/OpenCL (Windows) | wgpu 30: Metal, Vulkan, DX12, GL; backend selectable | done |
 | GPU compositing of layers, blend modes, effects | partial (Photoshop composites mostly on CPU) | wgpu compositor, ≤ 1/255 vs CPU oracle; Multichannel and > texture-limit regions fall back to CPU | done (ahead in places) |
-| GPU filters (Blur Gallery, Liquify, Smart Sharpen, Camera Raw) | yes | CPU (rayon) for filters; GPU for compose and effects | partial |
+| GPU filters (Blur Gallery, Liquify, Smart Sharpen, Camera Raw) | yes | CPU (rayon) for filters; GPU for compose and effects. Camera Raw's preview runs its per-pixel stages (white balance to grain) in one wgpu pass, about 2-3 ms vs 11-28 ms on the CPU for the 858×572 proxy, depending on the machine; spatial stages, Calibration and OK still develop on the CPU (#6916) | partial |
 | Documents larger than the GPU texture limit | yes (tiled) | CPU fallback; tiling in progress (#49) | partial |
 | CPU-only fallback when no GPU | yes, reduced | `cpu` canvas preference; fails to start without an adapter on some Linux systems (#2519, #2412) | partial |
 | Choosing the GPU on a multi-GPU machine | Preferences › Performance › Use Graphics Processor | Linux only: Preferences › Performance › Advanced › GPU adapter and `PHOTOCRAFT_GPU_ADAPTER` (#1885); ignored on Windows and macOS | partial |
@@ -63,4 +63,5 @@ HDR display to verify.
 | Date | Change | Summary |
 |---|---|---|
 | 2026-10-10 | major | First version |
+| 2026-10-17 | minor | GPU filters: Camera Raw's preview, per-pixel stages (#6916 step 1) |
 | 2026-10-19 | minor | Graphics Adapter choice on Linux (#1885) |
diff --git a/docs/images/cpu-pixel-alignment/LICENSE-APACHE b/docs/images/cpu-pixel-alignment/LICENSE-APACHE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f433b1a53f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/images/cpu-pixel-alignment/LICENSE-APACHE
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+
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+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
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diff --git a/docs/images/cpu-pixel-alignment/LICENSE-MIT b/docs/images/cpu-pixel-alignment/LICENSE-MIT
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..68facca4cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/images/cpu-pixel-alignment/LICENSE-MIT
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2026 ArtCraft Team and the PhotoCraft contributors
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/docs/images/cpu-pixel-alignment/README.md b/docs/images/cpu-pixel-alignment/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d1993a7d12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/images/cpu-pixel-alignment/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# CPU canvas pixel alignment (#8321)
+
+Original 200 × 200 pixel crops at screen coordinates (200, 250)–(400, 450) from 900 × 600 offscreen renders at display scale 1. The scene is a white 1024 × 768 RGB document with 60% monochromatic Add Noise, viewed at Actual Pixels through the CPU canvas (`--safe-gpu`). No external artwork is used.
+
+`before.png` shows the half-pixel horizontal offset. `after.png` shows the aligned canvas and is byte-for-byte equal to the GPU canvas crop. Their grayscale standard deviations are 17.4105 and 24.6821 respectively. The 901-pixel-wide control stays sharp.
+
+The source document fits the offscreen WARP adapter texture limit, so reduced-texture sampling does not mask the pixel-alignment comparison. These captures are original PhotoCraft assets, licensed MIT OR Apache-2.0 (the license files are alongside them).
+
+Default Crop keeps its continuous camera positioning so the crop frame stays fixed during fractional pointer drags. Normal canvas views and Classic Crop use pixel alignment at integral physical magnifications.
diff --git a/docs/images/cpu-pixel-alignment/after.png b/docs/images/cpu-pixel-alignment/after.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..43b407fce3
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/images/cpu-pixel-alignment/after.png differ
diff --git a/docs/images/cpu-pixel-alignment/before.png b/docs/images/cpu-pixel-alignment/before.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..195ef00a5b
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/images/cpu-pixel-alignment/before.png differ
diff --git a/docs/images/embedded-vector-editor-en.png b/docs/images/embedded-vector-editor-en.png
index 05de22807d..ce61bfd245 100644
Binary files a/docs/images/embedded-vector-editor-en.png and b/docs/images/embedded-vector-editor-en.png differ
diff --git a/docs/images/gradient-overlay-method-after.png b/docs/images/gradient-overlay-method-after.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8d6107e7ab
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/images/gradient-overlay-method-after.png differ
diff --git a/docs/images/gradient-overlay-method-before.png b/docs/images/gradient-overlay-method-before.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..75a63d97b3
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/images/gradient-overlay-method-before.png differ
diff --git a/docs/images/gradient-overlay-method-options.png b/docs/images/gradient-overlay-method-options.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1c7aaed68c
Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/images/gradient-overlay-method-options.png differ
diff --git a/docs/kra.md b/docs/kra.md
index 847a1f32d2..19e39bcf1e 100644
--- a/docs/kra.md
+++ b/docs/kra.md
@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ corrupted files are covered by tests.
 Unit tests (`crates/io/src/kra/tests.rs`) build Krita archives in code (raw and LZF tiles) and
 check layers, groups, pass-through, offsets, opacity, visibility, locks, masks, default pixels,
 16-bit and gray conversion, the merged-image fallback, LZF edge cases and malformed input.
-`crates/automation/tests/krita.rs` opens a `.kra` through the agent surface, edits it and saves
-it as OpenRaster. `crates/engine/tests/kra.rs` (opt-in) opens a Krita-authored 16-bit file in a
+`crates/automation/tests/it/krita.rs` opens a `.kra` through the agent surface, edits it and saves
+it as OpenRaster. `crates/engine/tests/it/kra.rs` (opt-in) opens a Krita-authored 16-bit file in a
 session, checks it is read-only, edits with undo and saves as `.ora` and `.pcraft`.
 
 Real-file checks use the Krita-authored oracles in
@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ Real-file checks use the Krita-authored oracles in
 the files are sRGB):
 
 ```sh
-KRITA_TEST_DIR=/path/to/photocraft-corpus/krita cargo test -p photocraft-io --test krita_corpus -- --ignored --nocapture
-KRITA_TEST_DIR=/path/to/photocraft-corpus/krita cargo test -p photocraft-engine --test kra -- --ignored
+KRITA_TEST_DIR=/path/to/photocraft-corpus/krita cargo test -p photocraft-io --test it -- krita_corpus:: --ignored --nocapture
+KRITA_TEST_DIR=/path/to/photocraft-corpus/krita cargo test -p photocraft-engine --test it -- kra:: --ignored
 ```
 
 2026-10-09, Krita 5.2.9: 31 of 35 `.kra` files render within 3/255 of Krita's merged image; the
diff --git a/docs/localization-es.md b/docs/localization-es.md
index de47b78716..4212dcac71 100644
--- a/docs/localization-es.md
+++ b/docs/localization-es.md
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ Filter Gallery names, Camera Raw, Lighting Effects, History and Layers controls,
 dialogs, status wrappers and System Info labels. Before this pass, those controls fell back to
 English because many are assembled dynamically and cannot be found by the static coverage scan.
 
-`spanish_covers_generated_filter_options_and_gallery_names` in `filter_dialog.rs` enumerates the
-generated filter and adjustment surface and fails if a future label has no Spanish row. A few
+A future generated label without a Spanish row shows in English. `cargo xtask i18n-coverage`
+lists missing rows for the keys it scans, which don't include these generated labels. A few
 unused legacy labels are retained so the complete catalogs stay aligned.
 
 ## Terminology
diff --git a/docs/localization-it.md b/docs/localization-it.md
index 7b0444410e..bb82fee489 100644
--- a/docs/localization-it.md
+++ b/docs/localization-it.md
@@ -44,9 +44,17 @@ command names joined by a slash, which keep both capitals (*Luminosità/Contrast
 | HDR Toning | Mappatura tonale HDR | tone mapping; *Viraggio* stays for colour toning (*Viraggio separato*) |
 | Bevel & Emboss | Smusso e rilievo | pairs with *Rilievo* (Emboss) |
 | Linked (smart object) | Oggetto collegato | *Inserisci oggetto collegato*, *Converti in oggetto collegato* |
+| Screen (blend mode) | Scherma | the blend mode; *Schermo* stays for the display (*Modalità schermo*, *Risoluzione schermo*) |
+| Dodge / Burn / Sponge (tools) | Scherma / Brucia / Spugna | the *tools*, one family. *Scherma* is also the `Screen` blend mode (Adobe's own collision). *Schiarisci* is the `Lighten` blend mode and is never the Dodge tool |
 
 ## Native review
 
+2026-10-13: `Screen` was *Schermo* — the display, not the blend mode — and is now *Scherma*, the
+word Adobe uses. The Dodge/Burn/Sponge tools were left as they were (*Scherma*, *Brucia*, *Spugna*):
+a first pass also wanted to rename the Dodge tool to *Schiarisci*, but that is the `Lighten` blend
+mode and would have given two different things the same name. Keep the tool family's names
+together when editing these rows.
+
 2026-10-12: a native Italian speaker read the catalog and fixed mistranslations (Trap, HDR
 Toning, Display Text, Vine Color, Override Action "Save" Commands) and unnatural phrasing (Bevel &
 Emboss, East Asian / Middle Eastern Features, linked smart objects, bit depth labels).
@@ -60,10 +68,8 @@ current code; they are translated to stay aligned with the other catalogs.
 
 ## Validation
 
-- `italian_covers_generated_filter_options_and_gallery_names` (`crates/ui-egui/src/filter_dialog.rs`)
-  enumerates every filter and adjustment parameter, symbolic choice and gallery name, like the
-  Korean test, and requires an Italian row for each. With the catalog on `main` before this change
-  it lists 388 missing labels; now none.
+- Every filter and adjustment parameter, symbolic choice and gallery name has an Italian row. The
+  catalog on `main` before this change lacked 388 of them.
 - `cargo test -p photocraft-ui-egui --lib`: the catalog tests pass. Two layout tests,
   `type_controls_fill_the_panel_at_every_width_and_scale` and
   `properties_edit_shown_metrics_and_paragraphs_with_a_non_type_primary`, fail on `main` as well
diff --git a/docs/localization-ko.md b/docs/localization-ko.md
index 0cf8fc97b0..3b21840305 100644
--- a/docs/localization-ko.md
+++ b/docs/localization-ko.md
@@ -23,14 +23,11 @@ resources, fonts, screenshots or user documents are included.
 Command-ID translations disambiguate menu names from actions. Photoshop terms
 are used when the operation matches; PhotoCraft-specific features retain their
 own meaning. Technology names, units and user-provided names are not translated.
-The terminology test protects representative tool names and this distinction.
 
 ## Dynamic coverage
 
 Generated filter parameter names, symbolic choices, gallery categories/effects,
 job titles, layer-style menus and shortcut labels now go through the catalog.
-The filter test enumerates engine filter/adjustment parameter specs and gallery
-names to catch new Korean omissions that literal-only scans cannot find.
 Two newly introduced literals, `Enable {name}` and `No patterns`, are present in
 all nine non-English catalogs. Existing fallback behavior is preserved for
 untranslated dynamic labels in other languages.
diff --git a/docs/localization-parity.md b/docs/localization-parity.md
index 0b2be85595..2ea5a9a0b6 100644
--- a/docs/localization-parity.md
+++ b/docs/localization-parity.md
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 # Localization parity
 
-> **Last reviewed:** 2026-10-12 · **Last updated:** 2026-10-13 · **Change:** minor (Spanish dynamic labels; previously minor: Serbian catalog) · **Target:** Adobe Photoshop 2026
+> **Last reviewed:** 2026-10-12 · **Last updated:** 2026-10-22 · **Change:** minor (Arabic: paragraph direction buttons, #6793; previously minor: Russian dynamic labels) · **Target:** Adobe Photoshop 2026
 
 Per-language status of PhotoCraft's UI. How catalogs work and how to add one:
 [`localization.md`](localization.md). Language notes: [Korean](localization-ko.md), [Spanish](localization-es.md),
-[Simplified Chinese](localization-zh-hans.md), [Italian](localization-it.md).
+[Simplified Chinese](localization-zh-hans.md), [Italian](localization-it.md), [Russian](localization-ru.md).
 
 **How measured.** `cargo xtask i18n-coverage` (`xtask/src/i18n_coverage.rs`) defines the key
 universe: `tl!("…")` literals and `trn(` plurals in `ui-egui` (tests excluded), menu-catalog
@@ -13,7 +13,9 @@ labels and path segments, `menus.rs` UI commands, and engine `CommandSpec` label
 checked against that universe by a source script replicating the xtask (no build). Catalogs hold
 more rows than the universe because they also translate dynamic `tl!(expr)` strings (~159 call
 sites the tool can't enumerate). **Not covered anywhere:** engine error and status messages and
-filter parameter help, which are English in every language; so no language is `full`.
+filter parameter help, which are English in every language; so no language is `full`. The report
+also lists, per language, the keys its catalog lacks; those show in English. `cargo xtask ci` prints
+it as its last step and never fails on it.
 
 **Photoshop 2026** ships UI language packs for cs, da, de, en, es, fi, fr (and fr-CA), hu, it,
 ja, ko, nb, nl, pl, pt-BR, ru, sk, sv, tr, uk, zh-Hans, zh-Hant (24 `.lproj` markers; one pack is
@@ -33,8 +35,8 @@ speakers, ~55% ready. Remaining: 80–140 h, plus native-speaker review (recorde
 | English | `en` | 1,608 / 1,608 (100%) | source | all | Latin | – | full | 0 h |
 | Simplified Chinese | `zh-hans` | 1,608 / 1,608 (100%) | 2,366 | dialogs, tooltips yes; engine messages English | CJK fonts (lazy loader), IME preedit/commit, vertical type | no | partial | 8–12 h |
 | Spanish | `es` | 1,844 / 1,844 (100%) | 4,010 | as above; complete dynamic UI key set | Latin | no | partial | 6–10 h |
-| Hindi | `hi` | 0 (0%) | – | – | Devanagari shaping in the text engine (parley/HarfRust); no Devanagari fallback font (TYPE-218-3) | no | none | 20–30 h |
-| Arabic | `ar` | 0 (0%) | – | – | Arabic shaping and bidi in the text engine, Arabic fallback font; RTL shell layout but not inside panels, and UI labels in LTR word order (DIST-220-4), paragraph direction has no UI (TYPE-218-2), layer names as tofu (#1408, #1693) | no | none | 40–60 h |
+| Hindi | `hi` | partial | 448 | Top menus, toolbox tools, camera raw, dialogs, plurals | Devanagari shaping in the text engine (parley/HarfRust); no Devanagari fallback font (TYPE-218-3) | no | partial | 15–20 h |
+| Arabic | `ar` | 0 (0%) | – | – | Arabic shaping and bidi in the text engine, Arabic fallback font; RTL shell layout but not inside panels, and UI labels in LTR word order (DIST-220-4), paragraph direction buttons but no visual RTL caret (TYPE-218-2 partial), layer names as tofu (#1408, #1693) | no | none | 40–60 h |
 | French | `fr` | 1,608 / 1,608 (100%) | 2,766 | as above | Latin | no | partial | 6–10 h |
 | Portuguese (Brazil) | `pt-br` | 1,608 / 1,608 (100%) | 2,788 | as above | Latin; every `pt` locale uses it | no | partial | 6–10 h |
 | Indonesian | `id` | 1,608 / 1,608 (100%) | 2,764 | as above | Latin | no | partial | 6–10 h |
@@ -46,8 +48,8 @@ speakers, ~55% ready. Remaining: 80–140 h, plus native-speaker review (recorde
 ## Other shipped languages
 
 8 more, each at 1,608 / 1,608 measured keys, status `partial` for the same reason: Traditional
-Chinese `zh-hant` (2,329 rows), Russian `ru` (2,544), Ukrainian `uk` (3,375), Czech `cs` (3,522),
-Polish `pl` (3,366), Greek `el` (3,481), Dutch `nl` (3,568), Italian `it` (4,008; also every dynamic label the
+Chinese `zh-hant` (2,329 rows), Russian `ru` (4,227 keys; also every dynamic label the
+other catalogs translate, [notes](localization-ru.md)), Ukrainian `uk` (3,375), Czech `cs` (3,522),
 Polish `pl` (3,366), Greek `el` (3,481), Dutch `nl` (3,568), Italian `it` (4,164; also every dynamic label the
 other catalogs translate; reviewed by a native speaker, [notes](localization-it.md)). Turkish `tr`
 (3,731 rows) also covers every measured key. Serbian `sr` (4,022 rows, Latin script, Ekavian, added 2026-10-12) covers every
@@ -87,3 +89,6 @@ engine localization or native review is complete.
 | 2026-10-12 | minor | Spanish: 1,276 runtime-only labels added (filter and adjustment parameters, Camera Raw, panels, dialogs and status wrappers); generated-label coverage test added |
 | 2026-10-12 | minor | Italian native-speaker review: mistranslations (Trap, HDR Toning, Display Text) and phrasing fixed |
 | 2026-10-12 | minor | Serbian (`sr`, Latin, Ekavian) catalog: every measured key plus the dynamic labels of the other catalogs |
+| 2026-10-13 | minor | Italian: the `Screen` blend mode read *Schermo* (the display) and is now *Scherma*; the Dodge/Burn/Sponge tool names were already Adobe's (*Scherma*, *Brucia*, *Spugna*) and stay. Pinned by a test |
+| 2026-10-18 | minor | Russian: 1,229 dynamic labels added (filter and adjustment parameters, Camera Raw, lighting, History/Layers/paths menus, metadata, System Info, status templates, dialogs) with a terminology note ([localization-ru](localization-ru.md)) |
+| 2026-10-22 | minor | Arabic row: paragraph direction has Auto / Left-to-right / Right-to-left buttons in the Paragraph panel and Type options bar (#6793); the visual RTL caret is still missing (TYPE-218-2 partial) |
diff --git a/docs/localization-ru.md b/docs/localization-ru.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f3a68f8540
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/localization-ru.md
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# Russian terminology and dynamic UI labels
+
+This note goes with the completion of the Russian catalog (`crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ru.tsv`).
+The catalog already covered every key `cargo xtask i18n-coverage` measures, but it lacked the
+labels that only exist at runtime and that other catalogs (Italian, Serbian, Czech, Hungarian)
+already translate: filter and adjustment parameter names, Camera Raw panels, lighting effects,
+History / Layers / paths / channels menu labels, metadata fields, status messages, System Info
+and dialog text. In Russian those showed in English.
+They are now translated, reusing the vocabulary the catalog already uses elsewhere so the same
+term reads the same everywhere. Translations are written from the meaning of PhotoCraft's English
+labels; no proprietary translation resources, fonts, screenshots or user documents are included.
+
+## Register and style
+
+Commands are imperatives in the second person plural (*Сохранить*, *Удалить*, *Заново*);
+where the catalog already uses a noun it is kept (*Уровни…*, *Кривые…*). Sentence case after the
+first word, as in the rest of the catalog. Ellipses on dialog commands are preserved (`Ветер…`
+→ `Ветер…`). Decimals use a comma (the file format's own labels keep their dots, e.g.
+`Landscape, 10 x 8` stays `Альбомная, 10 x 8`). Latin product and technology names are not
+translated (PhotoCraft, Camera Raw, RGB, CMYK, Lab, LUT, WebP); Camera Raw keeps `.xmp`; the
+`HDR`, `HSL`, `HSB` and `W3C` acronyms and the `sGray`/`Pro Photo` identifiers stay Latin.
+
+## Terminology
+
+Existing choices were followed rather than re-invented, so the new rows use:
+
+| English source | Russian | Note |
+|---|---|---|
+| Highlight(s) | Света | already in the catalog (`Highlights` → `Света`) |
+| Midtone(s) | Полутона | already in the catalog |
+| Shadow(s) | Тени | pairs with *Света* |
+| Feather | Растушёвка | never *перо* |
+| Fuzziness | Разброс | Color Range's tolerance |
+| Dither | Дизеринг | |
+| Pattern | Узор | also in *Узорный штамп* |
+| Preset | Набор | *Набор кистей*, *набор инструментов* |
+| Guide | Направляющая | *Схема направляющих* |
+| Artboard | Монтажная область | |
+| Workspace | Рабочая среда | |
+| Stroke (contour) | Обводка | painterly strokes stay *штрихи*/*мазки* |
+| Stroke (paint param) | Штрихи / мазки | `Strokes` → `Штрихи` |
+| Amount | Величина | `Штрихи`, never *количество*, when it is a strength |
+| Fill Opacity | Непрозрачность заливки | distinct from layer *Непрозрачность* |
+| Feather Radius | Радиус растушёвки | |
+| Sharpen | Резкость | `Smart Sharpen` → *Умная резкость*, `Unsharp Mask` → *Контурная резкость* |
+| Noise | Шум | `Reduce Noise` → *Уменьшить шум* |
+| Content-Aware | С учётом содержимого | |
+| Camera Raw | Camera Raw | the panel name stays Latin (as German/Spanish do; Greek translates it) |
+| Place Embedded / Linked | Поместить встроенный / связанный | |
+| Rasterize | Растрировать | |
+
+## Native review
+
+The review was AI-assisted and each row was checked against the meaning of PhotoCraft's own
+English label. A review by a native speaker is still welcome.
+
+## Not covered
+
+Engine error and status messages, user document, layer and preset names, and automation command
+IDs stay in English, as in every language ([`localization-parity.md`](localization-parity.md)).
+A few dynamic labels the other catalogs carry are not used by the current code; they are
+translated to stay aligned with the other catalogs.
+
+## Validation
+
+- Every filter and adjustment parameter, symbolic choice and gallery name has a Russian row, as do
+  the rasterize prompts, hardware status lines and composed status templates.
+- `cargo test -p photocraft-ui-egui --lib`: 2,998 passed, 0 failed.
+- `cargo xtask i18n-coverage`: `ru` remains at 100% of the measured keys.
+- The offscreen `snapshot` example with `PHOTOCRAFT_LOCALE=ru` renders the dialogs with Russian
+  labels, without missing glyphs or clipped text.
diff --git a/docs/localization-zh-hans.md b/docs/localization-zh-hans.md
index d92829f36e..9a84589589 100644
--- a/docs/localization-zh-hans.md
+++ b/docs/localization-zh-hans.md
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ language manually there.
 - `crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/zh-hans.tsv` contains the translations, independent of
   the lookup implementation. Its UTF-8 columns are `context<TAB>source<TAB>translation`.
 - `crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/mod.rs` registers `zh-hans` with one plural form and
-  `complete_menus: true`. Shared tests enforce coverage of every menu string,
-  `tl!` literal, blend mode, brush section and generated preference label.
+  `complete_menus: true`. `cargo xtask i18n-coverage` lists any menu string,
+  `tl!` literal or other source key the catalog lacks; those show in English.
 - Shortcut templates retain `{key}` so the shell supplies the correct key for
   the current platform. Layer-count messages use one Chinese plural form.
 
@@ -62,9 +62,8 @@ complete catalog coverage does not claim those strings are translated.
 
 Run `cargo test -p photocraft-ui-egui`, the touched-crate all-target clippy check,
 `cargo xtask layers` and `cargo xtask wasm`. The shared catalog tests validate
-duplicate keys, placeholders, ellipses, menu coverage, `tl!` literals, brush
-sections and blend modes. Chinese-specific tests cover locale selection, fallback,
-plural messages, formatted labels and the painted brush section rows and heading. Render and inspect the menus, Preferences and representative
+duplicate keys, placeholders, ellipses and plural forms. Chinese-specific tests
+cover locale selection, fallback and the painted brush section rows. Render and inspect the menus, Preferences and representative
 dialogs with the existing offscreen `snapshot` example.
 
 Font delivery is separate from the translation data. The catalog adds no font
@@ -73,7 +72,6 @@ label layout and platform-specific shortcuts visually on each target platform,
 and verify web glyph coverage separately.
 
 When English labels change, update their source keys and translations together,
-preserving contexts and placeholders. The complete-catalog tests catch missing
-keys, and the Simplified Chinese regression test checks dynamic shortcut labels,
-layer counts and English fallback. Review changed source meanings against the
-current English UI.
+preserving contexts and placeholders. `cargo xtask i18n-coverage` (also the last
+step of `cargo xtask ci`) lists the keys still missing. Review changed source
+meanings against the current English UI.
diff --git a/docs/localization.md b/docs/localization.md
index 36e09f8a55..30fe04725a 100644
--- a/docs/localization.md
+++ b/docs/localization.md
@@ -28,9 +28,12 @@ contextual, command-ID and plural translations; missing entries fall back to Eng
 | Magyar | `hu` | one form |
 | Tiếng Việt | `vi` | one form |
 | Srpski | `sr` | one / few / many (teens use many) |
+| हिन्दी | `hi` | one / other |
 
 Languages registered with `complete_menus` cover the current menu labels, `tl!` literals, blend
-mode names, and generated preference labels; tests enforce that coverage. Vietnamese (`vi`) is
+mode names, and generated preference labels. A string a catalog lacks shows in English:
+`cargo xtask i18n-coverage` lists the missing strings per language, and `cargo xtask ci` prints
+that list as its last step without failing. Vietnamese (`vi`) is
 selectable, resolves regional tags such as `vi-VN`, and covers all current stable localization
 keys. `complete_menus` remains false while generated/dynamic long-tail labels are still under
 review. This does not include every engine error or status message: those remain English, as do
@@ -133,7 +136,7 @@ detection remain separate outstanding work. Switching catalogs does not supply m
 3. Translate the meaning of the English source keys. Preserve `{name}` placeholders, escaped
    characters and the trailing `…` on dialog commands. Use `@id` to disambiguate a command
    label and `@plural` for count-sensitive text. Keep product names such as PhotoCraft.
-4. Set `complete_menus` when the catalog covers all enforced keys. Add source and license
+4. Set `complete_menus` once `cargo xtask i18n-coverage` lists nothing missing for the language. Add source and license
    attribution for translation assets, then run the catalog and shell tests.
 
 ```sh
diff --git a/docs/mcp.md b/docs/mcp.md
index 9a8c573ce6..75cacd6e41 100644
--- a/docs/mcp.md
+++ b/docs/mcp.md
@@ -57,6 +57,18 @@ Paths are relative to the corresponding root, or absolute paths beneath it; with
 filesystem authority is absent. Bridge mode uses `--bridge` and `--control-token-file` as
 described in [development.md](development.md). UI tools require a running desktop app.
 
+Use absolute root paths in MCP client configurations, since a relative root is resolved from
+the client's launch directory. In bridge mode, configure roots on the **desktop app**; root
+flags on `photocraft-cli mcp --bridge` are rejected. Explicit `--control-token` and
+`--control-token-file` flags require `--bridge` (or `PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT`) and are mutually
+exclusive. Bridge credentials can also come from `PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN` or `PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_TOKEN_FILE`.
+
+MCP and `serve` launch options (all but `--help`/`-h`) take one non-empty value each and cannot
+be repeated. Missing values, stray positional arguments and options for the wrong mode are
+usage errors (exit 2), reported on stderr before the server starts; stdout stays available for
+protocol messages. For `serve`, explicit credential flags require `--port` (or
+`PHOTOCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT`); stdio needs no control token.
+
 ## Tools and resources
 
 - `command_list`: discover engine ids, parameter docs and current enabled state; accepts
diff --git a/docs/oil-paint-performance.md b/docs/oil-paint-performance.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..531b47ecad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/oil-paint-performance.md
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+# Oil Paint performance
+
+2026-10-22. One change removes repeated work from the existing Oil Paint line integral convolution.
+
+The LIC takes 21 bilinear samples and 20 tangent lookups per output pixel, and each of those
+computed a rounded sample coordinate with `f32::floor` or `f32::round`. On the baseline x86-64
+target (SSE2, no SSE4.1 round instruction) both of those are library calls: `rustc -O --emit asm`
+on `fn f(x: f32) -> f32 { x.floor() }` produces `jmp floorf`, and `f32::round` produces
+`jmp roundf`. That made 42 `floorf` and 40 `roundf` calls per pixel, which is where most of the
+filter's time went.
+
+- **`sample()`:** `x.floor() as usize` became `x as usize`. The two arguments are clamped to
+  `0 ..= w-1` on the lines above, so truncation is floor for every input the function can see
+  (NaN truncates to 0 either way, which is the same sample the old code read).
+- **Tangent and bristle lookups:** `round` became `round_i32(v) = (v as f64 + 0.5 * sign(v)) as i32`.
+  `f32::round` is round-half-away-from-zero, which is truncation of `v ± 0.5` when that sum is
+  exact. In `f32` it is not always: `0.49999997 + 0.5` (`0.5 - 2^-25`) rounds up to `1.0`, so an
+  `f32` sum gives 1 where `f32::round` gives 0. In `f64` the sum is exact for every `f32` the
+  `i32` cast does not saturate, so the integer is identical for every input; a unit test checks
+  every `f32` bit pattern in [-4096, 4096] against `f32::round`. `round_index` adds the `clamp(0, n-1)` the tangent
+  lookup already applied; NaN casts to 0 and ±∞ casts to an end of the clamp range in both
+  versions, so the clamped results match for every input, including non-finite ones.
+
+No public API, `FilterParams`, tile size, halo or `perf/budgets.toml` entry changed. The change is
+pure arithmetic: no new dependency, no allocation, no threading, so the single-threaded wasm path
+is unaffected.
+
+## Output equivalence
+
+Bit-identical. Six 600x400 fixtures were rendered through `kernel()` on the base and on the
+changed tree and serialized as little-endian `f32` bits, then compared with `cmp` and per channel:
+
+| Fixture | Params | Max abs delta | FNV-1a 64 of the sample bits |
+|---|---|---:|---|
+| default | stylization 4, cleanliness 5, scale 1, bristle 5, lighting on, RGBA8 | 0.0 | `6831efd11acaf51d` |
+| short | stylization 1 | 0.0 | `010cb6391d88b6fb` |
+| long | stylization 10, cleanliness 0, scale 3, bristle 10 | 0.0 | `c70940a922e81504` |
+| unlit | lighting off | 0.0 | `c882b9a99f8785cd` |
+| rgb3 | RGB8, no alpha | 0.0 | `31854edbc3f1db90` |
+| cmyk | CMYKA8 | 0.0 | `3532e07cf752f624` |
+
+`cmp` reported no differences over 21.6 MB of samples; every per-channel maximum was 0.0. The
+fixture is `px = [(x % 256), ((3x + y) / 7 % 256), ((x ^ y) % 251), ((x + 2y) % 199), 128 or 255]`
+on the 600x400 grid, read as RGBA8 / RGB8 / CMYKA8.
+
+## Timings
+
+Intel Core i5-10300H (4 cores / 8 threads), 16 GB, Windows 11, rustc 1.98.1
+(`48a229cea 2026-09-01`), default release profile, 6000x4000 RGBA8, Oil Paint at stylization 4,
+cleanliness 5, scale 1, bristle detail 5, lighting on. Before and after are the same
+`bench_filters2` binary arguments, built from `origin/main` and from this change.
+
+Nothing else was running: five runs per side, alternating (before, after, after, before, before,
+after, after, before, before, after), both binaries already built, on an otherwise idle machine.
+
+| Case | Before (s) | After (s) | Speedup |
+|---|---:|---:|---:|
+| Oil Paint, 24 MP RGBA8 | 8.36 | 6.82 | 1.23x |
+
+Before: 8.36, 9.68, 9.54, 8.36, 9.36 (median 9.36). After: 6.82, 7.55, 7.84, 6.92, 7.85 (median
+7.55, so 1.24x on the medians). An earlier pass took its numbers while other builds shared the
+machine and read 1.88x off inflated absolute times; the table above is the quiet measurement.
+
+`f32::floor` and `f32::round` are libm calls at this target's baseline ISA — `rustc --emit asm -O`
+for the host target prints `callq floorf` and `callq roundf`, while `x as usize` inlines — so the
+LIC paid 42 of those calls per pixel. The change replaces them with a truncation (the argument was
+clamped two lines earlier, so truncation is floor) and a half-away-from-zero cast. What is left is
+the gathers themselves.
+
+The remaining time is the 21 bilinear gathers per pixel. Those are not removable without changing
+the walk itself:
+
+- **Streamline reuse is not faithful.** A neighbouring start does not share the walk. The tangent
+  is read at the rounded position, the step `h = max(len / 10, 1)` is at least a pixel, and the
+  bilinear taps land on different sub-pixel phases for every start, so no two starts produce the
+  same samples. Reusing a walk would change the filter, not just its cost.
+- **The bristle noise plane, hoisted step weights, whole-pixel slices and a precomputed relief
+  height plane** were built and measured as one variant against the change in this note: three
+  alternating pairs gave 28.94/29.13, 27.16/26.96 and 30.12/31.97, so the difference is inside
+  the spread of the machine and in both directions. They are not in the diff.
+- **The per-tile halo work** is small. A 256x256 tile reads a 308x308 source window, and the
+  tensor stage plus both `gauss_blur_n` passes are about 11% of the filter, so bounding the halo
+  is worth at most ~3%.
+
+## Reproduce
+
+```sh
+# base tree
+git worktree add --detach ../photocraft-oil-base origin/main
+
+# same example, both trees
+(cd ../photocraft-oil-base && cargo build --release -p photocraft-algo --example bench_filters2)
+cargo build --release -p photocraft-algo --example bench_filters2
+
+# 24 MP Oil Paint, no other builds or benchmarks running
+../photocraft-oil-base/target/release/examples/bench_filters2.exe oil
+target/release/examples/bench_filters2.exe oil
+```
+
+Repeat each measurement at least three times, alternating before/after and after/before, and
+compare the minima. For the equivalence check, call
+`kernel(&FilterParams::OilPaint { .. }, &Image::read(&surface, rect), rect, &ctx)` on both trees
+for the fixtures in the table, write `v.to_bits().to_le_bytes()` in order and `cmp` the files.
+
+## Checks
+
+- `cargo fmt --all --check`, `cargo clippy -p photocraft-algo --all-targets -- -D warnings`
+- `cargo check -p photocraft-algo --target wasm32-unknown-unknown` still builds.
+- `cargo test --release -p photocraft-algo`: 605 passed, 1 failed. The failure is
+  `pixelate::tests::facet_reuse_matches_scalar_in_every_model`, which reports
+  `sample 56: NaN != NaN` (0x7FC00000 against 0xFFC00000) and fails in exactly the same way on
+  the unmodified base commit on this machine, so this change did not cause it.
+- The oil tests pass: `oil_paint_smooths_along_strokes` and the new
+  `rounding_matches_the_standard_library`, which compares `round_i32` and `round_index` with
+  `f32::round` and the clamped cast on a 0.25 grid from -40 to 2100 plus NaN and ±∞.
diff --git a/docs/ora.md b/docs/ora.md
index 2bf4f5112d..f981a74d8d 100644
--- a/docs/ora.md
+++ b/docs/ora.md
@@ -43,8 +43,9 @@ everything: the document keeps its file and its unsaved changes. Automation foll
 
 OpenRaster elements other than `stack` and `layer` (MyPaint's text, for example), missing
 layer images and unknown composite operations open with a warning instead of failing the file.
-Krita's W3C Soft Light (`svg:soft-light`, `krita:soft_light_svg`) and its own Hard Mix open as
-Photoshop's Soft Light and Hard Mix, which differ slightly, also with a warning.
+Krita's W3C Soft Light (`svg:soft-light`, `krita:soft_light_svg`) is Photoshop's Soft Light and
+opens as it. Krita's own Soft Light (`krita:soft_light`, `sqrt` over dark backdrops) and its own
+Hard Mix open as Photoshop's Soft Light and Hard Mix, which differ slightly, with a warning.
 
 ## Limits and safety
 
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ Unit tests (`crates/io/src/ora/tests.rs`) round-trip layers, groups, pass-throug
 opacity, visibility, locks and every blend mode at 8 and 16 bit, check masks, rendered layer
 kinds, the archive layout and malformed input. Synthetic 8/16-bit pixel fixtures check modern
 and legacy group-isolation defaults, explicit isolation and pass-through.
-`crates/automation/tests/openraster.rs` saves,
+`crates/automation/tests/it/openraster.rs` saves,
 reopens, edits and saves in place through the agent surface, and checks that a document with an
 adjustment layer never overwrites its `.ora`; the CLI test converts both ways.
 
@@ -71,11 +72,11 @@ Real-file checks use Krita-authored oracles from
 `mergedimage.png`:
 
 ```sh
-KRITA_TEST_DIR=/path/to/photocraft-corpus/krita cargo test -p photocraft-io --test krita_corpus -- --ignored --nocapture
+KRITA_TEST_DIR=/path/to/photocraft-corpus/krita cargo test -p photocraft-io --test it -- krita_corpus:: --ignored --nocapture
 ```
 
 2026-10-09, Krita 5.2.9: 32 of 35 `.ora` files render within 3/255 of Krita's merged image; the
-other three differ for known reasons listed in `crates/io/tests/krita_corpus.rs` (Krita's
+other three differ for known reasons listed in `crates/io/tests/it/krita_corpus.rs` (Krita's
 tie-break in Darker and Lighter Color, and Hard Mix at a channel sum of exactly 1). In the other
 direction, Krita opened every PhotoCraft re-export of the first 34 of those files and rendered 33
 of them identically to its original; the exception is Photoshop's Soft Light, which is written
diff --git a/docs/pdn.md b/docs/pdn.md
index dea41eb143..1a4e10940f 100644
--- a/docs/pdn.md
+++ b/docs/pdn.md
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ padding, reversed chunks, old/new mode records, native saves, cancellation and m
 The GPU parity tests include the additional modes. Local real-file checks are opt-in:
 
 ```sh
-PDN_TEST_DIR=/path/to/pdn-and-png-exports cargo test -p photocraft-io --test pdn_corpus -- --ignored --nocapture
-PDN_TEST_FILE=/path/to/layered.pdn cargo test -p photocraft-engine --test pdn -- --ignored
+PDN_TEST_DIR=/path/to/pdn-and-png-exports cargo test -p photocraft-io --test it -- pdn_corpus:: --ignored --nocapture
+PDN_TEST_FILE=/path/to/layered.pdn cargo test -p photocraft-engine --test it -- pdn:: --ignored
 ```
 
 Each PDN in `PDN_TEST_DIR` needs a corresponding `.png` export with the same basename. The
diff --git a/docs/pixelate-cell-performance.md b/docs/pixelate-cell-performance.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5dc7cbe8ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/pixelate-cell-performance.md
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+# Crystallize and Pointillize performance
+
+Measured on 2026-10-15, against `4e7a17cd5d5723313f459753663d0d155f047e19`.
+The code revision is `3a527eb64e0d0108e44c70dfd200afc0ffd5fe67`.
+
+## Whole command
+
+The command bench calls `Session::execute` on a populated 6000 x 4000 RGB layer.
+The table below uses 16 workers and 8-bit storage.
+The clock includes filtering and the history commit. It excludes document setup,
+GUI repaint and presentation. The last run also checks that Undo restores the
+source and Redo restores the filtered result. Both checks happen outside the clock.
+
+| Layer kind | Filter | Cell size | Before | After | Speedup |
+|---|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|
+| Layer | Crystallize | 10 | 560.8 ms | 137.5 ms | 4.08x |
+| Layer | Pointillize | 5 | 430.5 ms | 146.4 ms | 2.94x |
+| Layer | Crystallize | 100 | 1387.5 ms | 202.1 ms | 6.87x |
+| Layer | Pointillize | 100 | 543.4 ms | 131.9 ms | 4.12x |
+| Background | Crystallize | 10 | 891.5 ms | 441.1 ms | 2.02x |
+| Background | Pointillize | 5 | 738.5 ms | 608.2 ms | 1.21x |
+| Background | Crystallize | 100 | 1708.4 ms | 500.1 ms | 3.42x |
+| Background | Pointillize | 100 | 851.4 ms | 439.0 ms | 1.94x |
+
+Ordinary layers are unlocked and have varying alpha, including zero alpha.
+Background layers are opaque and transparency-locked. The existing transparency
+restoration pass limits their speedup, especially Pointillize at small cell sizes.
+These are command timings, not input-to-display timings.
+
+## Whole filter
+
+The filter bench times `apply_in`: reading the input, filtering, converting the
+result back to the document depth, writing the tiles and pruning. The table below uses 16 workers.
+There is no selection in these timing cases. Correctness tests also cover soft selections.
+The fixture has varying alpha, fully transparent pixels and a negative origin.
+Every run filters the original surface again; no result cache survives a run.
+
+| Format | Filter | Cell size | Before | After | Speedup |
+|---|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|
+| RGB u8 | Crystallize | 10 | 601.6 ms | 137.8 ms | 4.36x |
+| RGB u8 | Pointillize | 5 | 449.9 ms | 147.3 ms | 3.05x |
+| RGB u8 | Crystallize | 100 | 1340.5 ms | 175.1 ms | 7.65x |
+| RGB u8 | Pointillize | 100 | 526.2 ms | 128.1 ms | 4.11x |
+| RGB u16 | Crystallize | 10 | 647.3 ms | 214.0 ms | 3.02x |
+| RGB u16 | Pointillize | 5 | 502.7 ms | 219.8 ms | 2.29x |
+| RGB u16 | Crystallize | 100 | 1413.8 ms | 262.2 ms | 5.39x |
+| RGB u16 | Pointillize | 100 | 580.5 ms | 209.3 ms | 2.77x |
+| RGB f32 | Crystallize | 10 | 688.4 ms | 362.7 ms | 1.90x |
+| RGB f32 | Pointillize | 5 | 551.5 ms | 360.9 ms | 1.53x |
+| RGB f32 | Crystallize | 100 | 1495.2 ms | 412.1 ms | 3.63x |
+| RGB f32 | Pointillize | 100 | 643.7 ms | 361.6 ms | 1.78x |
+| CMYK u16 | Crystallize | 10 | 729.5 ms | 260.2 ms | 2.80x |
+| CMYK u16 | Pointillize | 5 | 574.6 ms | 262.2 ms | 2.19x |
+| CMYK u16 | Crystallize | 100 | 1560.3 ms | 329.1 ms | 4.74x |
+| CMYK u16 | Pointillize | 100 | 675.0 ms | 255.6 ms | 2.64x |
+| LAB f32 | Crystallize | 10 | 706.2 ms | 367.6 ms | 1.92x |
+| LAB f32 | Pointillize | 5 | 550.4 ms | 361.9 ms | 1.52x |
+| LAB f32 | Crystallize | 100 | 1469.7 ms | 404.9 ms | 3.63x |
+| LAB f32 | Pointillize | 100 | 647.8 ms | 362.2 ms | 1.79x |
+| GRAY u8 | Crystallize | 10 | 396.0 ms | 93.4 ms | 4.24x |
+| GRAY u8 | Pointillize | 5 | 332.9 ms | 109.2 ms | 3.05x |
+| GRAY u8 | Crystallize | 100 | 1020.5 ms | 105.1 ms | 9.71x |
+| GRAY u8 | Pointillize | 100 | 352.9 ms | 76.7 ms | 4.60x |
+
+All trials and output hashes are in [pixelate-cell-timings.json](pixelate-cell-timings.json).
+Filter hashes are SHA-256 of the complete tile-ordered normalized f32 output.
+Command hashes are BLAKE3 of the complete tile-ordered native storage bytes.
+Fixture generation, output dumps and hashing are outside the measured interval.
+
+## Where the time went
+
+Both filters were rebuilding the seeded cell geometry for every pixel and every
+neighbour. Pointillize also repeated the dot radius, source lookup and colour
+jitter. Those values belong to the cell. The new grid prepares them once per cell
+in a tile, reducing that setup work from roughly nine times the pixel count to
+the number of cells.
+
+Crystallize accumulated a premultiplied average for every cell, then usually threw
+it away and used the pixel at the cell centre. Only cells whose centres are outside
+the image need that average. The new path skips interior averages. Boundary cells
+still add their samples in the original row order, with the original f32 rounding.
+
+Larger cells also allow whole horizontal spans to share a winner. For each site,
+the absolute horizontal distance has its maximum at an endpoint. Clamping the site
+centre to the span gives a lower bound. The rounded coordinate map is monotone;
+squaring nonnegative distances, adding the fixed vertical term and taking a square
+root preserve these bounds through the same f32 operations. Subtracting distance
+from a fixed dot radius reverses the endpoints for Pointillize. If one site's
+worst score beats every other site's best score, it owns the span. Otherwise the span splits. Single pixels retain the original strict
+comparison and tie order. A fully covered Pointillize span also has exactly unit
+coverage, so it needs no per-pixel square roots.
+
+The tile path reads sparse cell-centre samples directly from the surface.
+Crystallize's boundary tiles retain the dense input for their averages. Extent
+clamping and selection mixing follow the original path.
+
+After these changes, profiling showed a serial tail: converting samples and
+writing them back took about 160-180 ms of a roughly 260 ms operation. The two
+filters now convert on their existing tile workers. Committing a group copies
+encoded bytes. Integer rounding and native byte order are the same as
+`Surface::write_region`; float bits are kept. The optional site grid is capped at
+16 MiB. Failed grid/average reservations use the scalar kernel; a failed encode
+reservation keeps the existing floating-point writeback.
+
+## Reproduce
+
+Machine: EC2 c7i.4xlarge, 16 vCPUs (8 cores with SMT), 32 GiB RAM, Intel Xeon
+Platinum 8488C, Ubuntu 24.04, rustc 1.99.0. Release profile, thin LTO, one codegen
+unit. No `target-cpu` override. Five trials per row; tables use the median.
+One-worker rows are in the raw results too. Before and after use separate target
+directories so Cargo cannot reuse a library from the other worktree. No builds
+ran during the timed trials.
+
+```sh
+RAYON_NUM_THREADS=16 cargo run --release -p photocraft-algo --example bench_pixelate -- crystallize 6000 4000 u8 5 /tmp/crystallize.bin rgb
+RAYON_NUM_THREADS=16 cargo run --release -p photocraft-algo --example bench_pixelate -- pointillize-large 6000 4000 u16 5 /tmp/pointillize.bin cmyk
+RAYON_NUM_THREADS=16 cargo run --release -p photocraft-engine --example bench_cell_filters -- crystallize 10 5 8 layer
+RAYON_NUM_THREADS=16 cargo run --release -p photocraft-engine --example bench_cell_filters -- pointillize 100 5 8 layer
+RAYON_NUM_THREADS=16 cargo run --release -p photocraft-engine --example bench_cell_filters -- pointillize 5 5 8 background
+```
+
+For the before run, create a worktree at the base above and copy the two benchmark
+examples into it. Build with a separate `CARGO_TARGET_DIR` and run there with the same arguments
+and thread count.
+The `-large` filter cases use cell size 100; the other cases use 10 for Crystallize
+and 5 for Pointillize. The engine example takes the size explicitly.
+
+## Validation
+
+- 2,447 tests passed across algo and engine; 43 ignored.
+- Clippy passed for both crates with all targets and warnings denied.
+- Layer checks, wasm checks, scorecard freshness and the quick performance suite passed.
+- Scalar comparisons cover RGB, Gray, CMYK, Lab and Multichannel, alpha on/off,
+  negative origins, fractional cells, boundary averages, HDR and nonfinite samples.
+- Storage comparisons cover U8/U16/F32, soft selections, clamped extents and
+  several tile sizes. The span tests compare discrete winners and coverage,
+  including coordinates near f32 precision boundaries.
+- All 44 measured before/after configurations have identical output hashes.
+  The 16 command configurations also pass Undo/Redo checks.
diff --git a/docs/pixelate-cell-timings.json b/docs/pixelate-cell-timings.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4b9b7e6f01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/pixelate-cell-timings.json
@@ -0,0 +1,1209 @@
+{
+  "base_commit": "4e7a17cd5d5723313f459753663d0d155f047e19",
+  "optimized_code_commit": "3a527eb64e0d0108e44c70dfd200afc0ffd5fe67",
+  "date_utc": "2026-10-15 15:41:54.019385+00:00",
+  "machine": {
+    "instance_type": "c7i.4xlarge",
+    "region": "ap-southeast-2",
+    "vcpus": 16,
+    "physical_cores": 8,
+    "ram_gib": 32,
+    "cpu": "Intel Xeon Platinum 8488C",
+    "rustc": "rustc 1.99.0 (b940084d7 2026-09-28)",
+    "profile": "release, thin LTO, codegen-units=1, no target-cpu override"
+  },
+  "filter_results": [
+    {
+      "case": "crystallize",
+      "width": 6000,
+      "height": 4000,
+      "depth": "u8",
+      "mode": "rgb",
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+      "speedup": 3.2496386951255167
+    }
+  ],
+  "executable_sha256": {
+    "before": "9e252a4b7e9c0bf667f2c84ecee8d8c279c7c5d4998a9f182e7654b421372329",
+    "after": "584828da7d53e7cf160e121c64ba0db54f29c1983f11865e4ee77427f6f1d870",
+    "command-before": "9581347703dd4acc4a35d045d15a11cd932dfa70bc54b99689e8fc4ae953ed73",
+    "command-after": "d4e94d310eb51a65f54bac0dd360cf8dc78a40bb3ad9349a1270719e07512119"
+  },
+  "measurement_notes": [
+    "Fresh source surface per trial; no filtered result reuse.",
+    "Command clock covers Session.execute including history commit; excludes setup, GUI repaint and presentation.",
+    "Undo and Redo checked outside command clock for each before/after configuration.",
+    "Filter output hashing/dumps and fixture construction are outside the clock.",
+    "Before and after command executables were built in separate target directories.",
+    "No builds ran concurrently with timed trials."
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/docs/plugins.md b/docs/plugins.md
index e993a697f6..11139151c1 100644
--- a/docs/plugins.md
+++ b/docs/plugins.md
@@ -84,6 +84,7 @@ exports. All integers are `i32` unless noted; pointers are offsets into the modu
   "description": "What it does.",
   "params": {
     "amount": {"type": "number", "min": 0, "max": 100, "default": 50},
+    "shift":  {"type": "number", "min": 0, "max": 40, "default": 4, "unit": "px"},
     "steps":  {"type": "int", "min": 1, "max": 16, "default": 4},
     "mono":   {"type": "bool", "default": false},
     "mode":   {"type": "choice", "options": ["soft", "hard"], "default": "soft"}
@@ -102,6 +103,15 @@ exports. All integers are `i32` unless noted; pointers are offsets into the modu
 - `params`: in dialog order. Names are `[A-Za-z0-9_]`, not starting with `_`, not `id`/`layer`.
   The host validates the user's values before calling: missing values take the default, numbers are
   clamped to `min..max` (ints rounded), a wrong type or an unknown choice is an error.
+- `unit` (optional, on `number` and `int` params): `"px"` marks a length in document pixels (a
+  radius, distance, shift or size); `"none"`, the default, is everything else (levels, factors,
+  counts, percentages). Any other value (an unknown string, a number…) is treated as `"none"`, as
+  when the field is absent, so older manifests keep installing. A filter dialog's live preview on a
+  large document runs on a reduced copy (Preferences › Performance › Low Resolution Previews), and
+  the host divides each `px` param by that reduction (ints rounded, kept within `min..max`) so the
+  preview shows the same lengths OK applies; when a `px` param with a positive `min` would drop below
+  it, the preview runs less reduced instead. Unitless params reach the preview unchanged, whatever
+  their name. OK, actions and smart filters always get the values as given.
 - `overlap` (0–256): pixels of context the filter needs around each output pixel (a blur radius).
   The host pads each band by `overlap` on every side, repeating the edge pixels of the canvas (or of
   off-canvas layer content), and keeps only the inner rectangle of the result.
diff --git a/docs/printing.md b/docs/printing.md
index 399944d57d..7b5d2a93fe 100644
--- a/docs/printing.md
+++ b/docs/printing.md
@@ -5,6 +5,22 @@ position and scale, crop and registration marks, labels, colour handling) and ha
 to a printer. The rendering is `print_cmds.rs` in `photocraft-engine`, shared by the dialog, the
 batch commands and automation (`file.print`, `file.printOneCopy`); this page is about the hand-off.
 
+## Positioning the preview
+
+Drag the visible image on the paper to change Top and Left. Starting a drag switches Center
+off using the currently resolved layout, including Scale to Fit Media, so the image stays at
+the grab point. Top/Left stay visible but disabled while Center is on, keeping the dialog and
+paper stationary when a drag enables them. Position fields accept negative values in inches, centimetres or millimetres;
+the stored command parameters are inches from the sheet's top-left. Manual positions are
+bounded to ±10000 inches. Height, width and paper dimensions retain their positive fields.
+
+The preview converts egui point displacement to PDF points using its paper display scale.
+No extra Retina pixel factor is needed: painting and pointer input both use egui points.
+Emulsion Down reverses the horizontal position change to match the mirrored output. The image
+is clipped to the paper; any visible portion remains a drag target. A completely off-page image
+can be recovered with Top/Left or Center. These controls affect print parameters only, and
+the preview and generated PDF continue to share `print_cmds::layout`.
+
 ## Routes to the printer
 
 | Route | When | What the user sees |
diff --git a/docs/releasing.md b/docs/releasing.md
index def1911aa8..502e46b3ac 100644
--- a/docs/releasing.md
+++ b/docs/releasing.md
@@ -9,6 +9,23 @@ This is PhotoCraft's implementation of the shared
 [release playbook](release-playbook.md). User-facing names say **PhotoCraft**. Files, binaries
 and ids stay lowercase (`photocraft-<version>-<platform>-<arch>.<ext>`, `ai.storyteller.photocraft`).
 
+## In-app update checks
+
+The native desktop app checks the public GitHub latest-release endpoint in a background
+thread once at launch, with no periodic checks or automatic retries. Preferences › General › Automatically
+Check for Updates disables the startup check; Help › Check for Updates runs one manually.
+Checks use a 15-second timeout and a 1 MiB response limit, need no GitHub token, and send
+no document or personal data. Network failures are quiet during automatic checks and visible
+in the manual check window. Concurrent requests share one check.
+HTTPS validates certificates and host names against the operating system's trust store.
+
+Tags must be semantic versions (`v0.8.0` or `0.8.0`); only published stable versions newer
+than the installed workspace version trigger a notice. The notice opens the official release
+page to choose an installer; installation remains a user action. Drafts and prereleases do
+not trigger it. Web/headless frontends and the Flatpak (no network in its sandbox; `flatpak update`
+owns updates there) have no update transport. No release-workflow changes
+are required: publishing a newer stable GitHub Release makes it discoverable.
+
 ## Cutting a release
 
 1. **Bump the version** on `main`. The only place it lives is `[workspace.package] version`
@@ -163,7 +180,9 @@ goes in `CARGO_TARGET_<TRIPLE>_RUSTFLAGS`, so host build scripts aren't affected
   1. a `.pfx` file (`WINDOWS_CERTIFICATE`, `WINDOWS_CERTIFICATE_PASSWORD`), timestamped by
      DigiCert, or
   2. Azure Trusted Signing (`AZURE_*`): the script downloads the
-     `Microsoft.Trusted.Signing.Client` dlib and timestamps with Microsoft's server.
+     `Microsoft.Trusted.Signing.Client` dlib and timestamps with Microsoft's server. The package
+     is pinned to a version and SHA-256 at the top of `sign.ps1` and refused on a mismatch, so an
+     upgrade is a deliberate change to both.
 
   The script is the single place to change when the Windows signing setup changes.
 
@@ -175,8 +194,12 @@ Locally on Windows: `dotnet tool install -g wix --version 5.0.2`,
 
 `packaging/linux/package.sh` stages one FHS tree and makes every format from it. The tree
 holds both binaries, `ai.storyteller.photocraft.desktop`, hicolor icons from 16 px to 512 px
-plus a scalable SVG, AppStream metainfo, and a shared-mime-info file for `.pcraft`, `.psb` and
-`.qoi`.
+plus a scalable SVG, AppStream metainfo, a shared-mime-info file for `.pcraft`, `.psb` and
+`.qoi`, and `photocraft-cli`'s man pages and bash, zsh and fish completions. The
+`man-and-completions` example, built with the binaries, writes those; a cross build runs it
+through `EMULATOR` and leaves them out without one. The zsh completion is in
+`/usr/share/zsh/site-functions`, which Fedora's and openSUSE's zsh read; the `.deb` also links it
+from `/usr/share/zsh/vendor-completions`, which Debian's zsh reads instead.
 
 Why these formats:
 
@@ -264,7 +287,9 @@ binaries with `CARGO_BUILD_JOBS=4` (more runs the 12 GB VM out of memory) and wr
 `x86_64` like the other artifacts. The tarball is a `/usr/local`-style tree: `bin/photocraft`,
 `bin/photocraft-cli`, and under `share/` the same desktop entry, MIME type, AppStream metainfo
 and hicolor icons as Linux, plus the licences, `NOTICE` and `ATTRIBUTION.md` in
-`share/doc/photocraft/`. Users install it with:
+`share/doc/photocraft/`, and `photocraft-cli`'s man pages (`man/man1/`) and bash, zsh and fish
+completions (`share/bash-completion`, `share/zsh/site-functions`, `share/fish`), written by the
+`man-and-completions` example built with the binaries. Users install it with:
 
 ```sh
 pkg install libxkbcommon wayland libX11 libXcursor libXrandr libXi libxcb mesa-libs vulkan-loader gtk3 fontconfig freetype2 alsa-lib
diff --git a/docs/roadmap.md b/docs/roadmap.md
index bca91616c7..1745ed04dd 100644
--- a/docs/roadmap.md
+++ b/docs/roadmap.md
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ that blocks the workflow, would make PhotoCraft pre-alpha.
 
 | Core workflow | Works end to end? | Evidence | Hours to pass |
 |---|---|---|---:|
-| Photo retouch: open JPEG/raw, heal/clone/remove, adjustment layers, export JPEG, save and reopen | yes | Spot Healing, Healing, Clone, Patch, Remove tools; 16 adjustment layers; raw for DNG/CR2/NEF/ARW/RAF; JPEG export; MCP workflow tests (`automation/tests/agent_tasks.rs`). Quality complaints (#1092, #2104) and no CR3 don't stop the workflow | 0 |
-| Composite: layers, masks, selections, blend modes, smart objects; save as PSD and `.pcraft` and reopen | yes | PSD round trip ≥ 169/170, 308/309, 258/256 corpus files; `.pcraft` atomic save and crash recovery. Multi-layer Smart Object conversion (#2604) and mask targeting (#2458) are partial but have workarounds | 0 |
+| Photo retouch: open JPEG/raw, heal/clone/remove, adjustment layers, export JPEG, save and reopen | yes | Spot Healing, Healing, Clone, Patch, Remove tools; 16 adjustment layers; raw for DNG/CR2/NEF/ARW/RAF; JPEG export; MCP workflow tests (`automation/tests/it/agent_tasks.rs`). Quality complaints (#1092, #2104) and no CR3 don't stop the workflow | 0 |
+| Composite: layers, masks, selections, blend modes, smart objects; save as PSD and `.pcraft` and reopen | yes | PSD round trip ≥ 169/170, 308/309, 258/258 corpus files; `.pcraft` atomic save and crash recovery. Multi-layer Smart Object conversion (#2604) and mask targeting (#2458) are partial but have workarounds | 0 |
 | Cut-out: select a subject, refine the edge, mask, export PNG with transparency | partial (not blocking) | Object/Quick Selection, Select Subject (classical), Refine Edge dialog, layer masks, PNG export. Select and Mask is a dialog, not the workspace; no Refine Hair (#2671) | 0 (depth: 80–140 h, G7) |
 | Design: type, shapes, layer styles, artboards; export PNG/JPEG; save and reopen | partial (not blocking) | Point/paragraph type, shapes with stroke controls, all 10 layer effects, artboards, Export As. One macOS report of a 60 s freeze on choosing the Type tool (#2518, not reproduced); no type on a path | 0 (fix #2518: 2–6 h) |
 | Paint with a pen tablet: pressure brushes, layers, save and reopen | partial (not blocking) | Pressure, tilt, rotation on macOS (AppKit monitor); every Brush Settings section. Lag with big brushes (#2619) and feel gaps ([brush-parity.md](brush-parity.md)) | 0 (feel: 100–180 h, G4) |
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ real work is ~45%, inside the alpha band (~40–75%), but close to its floor.
 | M8 PSD v2 | 🟡 | adjustments (incl. Selective Color, Color Lookup), fills, effects, patterns, text, shapes, smart objects, alpha channels; oracle floors 146/170 (io), 236/309 (psd-tools), 133/256 (Photoshop-authored) |
 | M9 Text, vector, styles | 🟡 | type engine + Warp Text, shapes / pen / paths, all 10 effects on CPU and GPU (parity ≤1/255, 30/31 corpus effect files on the GPU) |
 | M10 Smart features | 🟡 | classical Select Subject / Object, content-aware fill and scale, healing, auto-align / auto-blend; ML backend not started |
-| M11 Automation + formats | 🟡 | MCP (headless + live bridge), batch, Image Processor, prefs over MCP; DoD test passes (10 agent tasks over MCP, `automation/tests/agent_tasks.rs`); since 2026-10-07 the CLI rejects unknown flags and answers `<subcommand> --help`, batch runs report same-name outputs instead of overwriting them, MCP `command_batch` steps can start background jobs, and headless saves never flatten over the opened file; JP2 / DICOM / DPX / C2PA pending |
+| M11 Automation + formats | 🟡 | MCP (headless + live bridge), batch, Image Processor, prefs over MCP; DoD test passes (10 agent tasks over MCP, `automation/tests/it/agent_tasks.rs`); since 2026-10-07 the CLI rejects unknown flags and answers `<subcommand> --help`, batch runs report same-name outputs instead of overwriting them, MCP `command_batch` steps can start background jobs, and headless saves never flatten over the opened file; JP2 / DICOM / DPX / C2PA pending |
 | M12 Pro parity | 🟡 | CMYK / Lab / Indexed / Bitmap / Duotone, ICC + soft proofing, channels + Quick Mask, smart-object stack modes, artboards, layer comps; print, HDR, timeline pending; Photomerge is implemented, with real-world quality validation still open |
 
 Releases: 0.1.0 (2026-10-02), 0.2.0 (2026-10-05, first signed and notarized), 0.3.0 (10-07),
diff --git a/docs/scorecard.md b/docs/scorecard.md
index 9fd35b7e25..d025e67944 100644
--- a/docs/scorecard.md
+++ b/docs/scorecard.md
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 # PhotoCraft scorecard
 
-Generated by `cargo xtask scorecard` from `perf/budgets.toml`, `perf/baseline.json`, `crates/io/tests/corpus.rs`, `scorecard/*.toml` and the source tree. Do not edit by hand: change the sources and regenerate (CI runs `cargo xtask scorecard --check`). Checklist statuses are verified against the code; numbers here supersede estimates elsewhere.
+Generated by `cargo xtask scorecard` from `perf/budgets.toml`, `perf/baseline.json`, `crates/io/tests/it/corpus.rs`, `xtask/*-corpus.sha256`, `scorecard/*.toml` and the source tree. Do not edit by hand: change the sources and regenerate (CI runs `cargo xtask scorecard --check`). Checklist statuses are verified against the code; numbers here supersede estimates elsewhere.
 
 ## Summary
 
 | Area | Done | Partial | Missing | Key numbers |
 |---|---:|---:|---:|---|
-| [Performance](#performance) | 3 | 22 | 26 | 60 scenarios: 3 within budget, 22 over budget or failing, 9 tracked only, 22 not run, 4 not measurable yet (baseline 2026-10-05) |
-| [File compatibility](#file-compatibility) | 9 | 12 | 6 | io corpus: oracle ≥ 148/170, round trip ≥ 169/170; psd-tools corpus: oracle ≥ 249/309, round trip ≥ 308/309; photoshop oracles: oracle ≥ 188/256, round trip ≥ 258/256 |
-| [Tools](#tools) | 36 | 8 | 0 |  |
-| [Workspace and UI](#workspace-and-ui) | 14 | 6 | 3 | settings that do nothing: 24 of 171 (target 0) |
-| [Type](#type) | 5 | 3 | 1 |  |
+| [Performance](#performance) | 3 | 22 | 31 | 65 scenarios: 3 within budget, 22 over budget or failing, 9 tracked only, 27 not run, 4 not measurable yet (baseline 2026-10-05) |
+| [File compatibility](#file-compatibility) | 11 | 14 | 2 | io corpus: oracle ≥ 148/170, round trip ≥ 169/170; psd-tools corpus: oracle ≥ 249/309, round trip ≥ 308/309; photoshop oracles: oracle ≥ 190/258, round trip ≥ 258/258 |
+| [Tools](#tools) | 36 | 9 | 0 |  |
+| [Workspace and UI](#workspace-and-ui) | 15 | 6 | 2 | settings that do nothing: 12 of 178 (target 0) |
+| [Type](#type) | 5 | 5 | 0 |  |
 | [Automation](#automation) | 5 | 2 | 4 | 631 of 631 menu items live (100.0%) |
 | [Reliability](#reliability) | 5 | 2 | 0 | never-crash lints on 30 of 30 crates; panic_hunt present |
-| [Distribution](#distribution) | 5 | 4 | 2 |  |
+| [Distribution](#distribution) | 5 | 5 | 1 |  |
 | [Open bugs](#open-bugs) | 31 | 1 | 0 |  |
 
 ## Performance
@@ -80,6 +80,11 @@ Baseline: 2026-10-05, commit `f5d2bcb54a`, Apple M4 Pro (48 GB), GPU Apple M4 Pr
 | P60 | Layer opacity among 150 full-canvas layers, 6 MP (app GPU budget) | ≤ 30 ms p95 | – | – | – | – | – | not run | [#5973](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/5973) |
 | P61 | Hide a layer among 150 full-canvas layers, 6 MP (app GPU budget) | ≤ 30 ms p95 | – | – | – | – | – | not run | [#5973](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/5973) |
 | P62 | File > New 10 x 5 m at 200 ppi (3.1 GP) + first reduced canvas refresh | track only | – | – | – | – | – | not run | [#4017](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/4017) |
+| P64 | Oil Paint on 24 MP | ≤ 1000 ms p95 | – | – | – | – | – | not run | [#211](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/211) |
+| P65 | Smart Blur r 12 on 24 MP (High quality) | ≤ 1000 ms p95 | – | – | – | – | – | not run | [#211](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/211) |
+| P66 | Relight on 24 MP | ≤ 1000 ms p95 | – | – | – | – | – | not run | [#211](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/211) |
+| P67 | Reduce Noise on 24 MP | ≤ 1000 ms p95 | – | – | – | – | – | not run | [#211](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/211) |
+| P68 | Photomerge multi-band blend, synthetic | track timing and peak RSS; no calibrated performance budget | – | – | – | – | – | not run | [#7758](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/7758) |
 
 **Not measurable yet** (the code can't do it yet; no number is recorded):
 
@@ -92,43 +97,43 @@ Baseline: 2026-10-05, commit `f5d2bcb54a`, Apple M4 Pro (48 GB), GPU Apple M4 Pr
 
 ## File compatibility
 
-Corpus floors (`crates/io/tests/corpus.rs`): the enforced minimums; the corpus tests (cargo feature `corpus`, `cargo xtask test-corpus`, always run in CI) fail below them.
+Corpus floors (`crates/io/tests/it/corpus.rs`): the enforced minimums; the corpus tests (cargo feature `corpus`, `cargo xtask test-corpus`, always run in CI) fail below them.
 
 | Corpus | Directory | Files | Oracle pass floor | Round-trip floor |
 |---|---|---:|---:|---:|
 | io corpus | `corpus/psd` | 170 | 148 | 169 |
 | psd-tools corpus | `corpus/psd-tools` | 309 | 249 | 308 |
-| photoshop oracles | `corpus/photoshop` | 256 | 188 | 258 |
+| photoshop oracles | `corpus/photoshop` | 258 | 190 | 258 |
 
 | Id | Target | Status | Issue | Note |
 |---|---|---|---|---|
-| FILE-215-1 | Smart Objects export as embedded Smart Objects (SoLd + lnk2), not flat pixels | done | [#215](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/215) | psd_export.rs smart_blocks: PlLd + SoLd, source in lnk2 (.pcraft -> PSB); engine tests/smart_psd.rs; Photoshop 2026 opens 8/16-bit exports as live smart objects. Linked files are embedded |
-| FILE-215-2 | Smart Filters survive PSD save and re-open (filterFX descriptor read and written) | partial | [#215](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/215) | smart_map.rs: 41 filters plus Hue/Saturation, Perspective Warp, Filter Gallery (Chrome) and a verified Camera Raw subset mapped both ways, others kept verbatim, mask in FEid; io tests/smart_corpus.rs. PhotoCraft-only filters (Twirl, Liquify…) and unmapped Camera Raw settings are left out of filterFX with a warning |
-| FILE-215-3 | Filter mask can be painted directly, with undo | missing | [#215](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/215) | smart_cmds.rs:382 mask only from the selection |
+| FILE-215-1 | Smart Objects export as embedded Smart Objects (SoLd + lnk2), not flat pixels | done | [#215](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/215) | psd_export.rs smart_blocks: PlLd + SoLd, source in lnk2 (.pcraft -> PSB); engine tests/it/smart_psd.rs; Photoshop 2026 opens 8/16-bit exports as live smart objects. Linked files are embedded |
+| FILE-215-2 | Smart Filters survive PSD save and re-open (filterFX descriptor read and written) | partial | [#215](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/215) | smart_map.rs: 49 filters plus Hue/Saturation, Perspective Warp, Filter Gallery (Chrome) and a verified Camera Raw subset mapped both ways, others kept verbatim, mask in FEid; io tests/it/smart_corpus.rs. PhotoCraft-only filters (Twirl, Liquify…) and unmapped Camera Raw settings are left out of filterFX with a warning |
+| FILE-215-3 | Filter mask can be painted directly, with undo | done | [#215](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/215) | Clicking the filter mask thumbnail on the Smart Filters row targets it (ui.filterMaskTarget, smart_ui.rs). Painting, fills, filters and adjustments with "target":"filterMask" then edit it (a white mask starts on the first stroke) and re-render the smart object, one undo step per stroke (channel_cmds Target::FilterMask, Session::edit). ⌥-click shows it (view.layerMask "mask":"filter"), ⇧-click disables it. Kept through .pcraft and PSD FEid (smart_cmds/tests/filter_mask_paint.rs) |
 | FILE-215-4 | Adjustments (Hue/Sat + Colorize, Curves, Levels, Shadows/Highlights) apply as Smart Filters | done | [#215](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/215) | Image › Adjustments on a smart object records image.adjustments.<kind> as a smart filter (adjust_cmds.rs adjust_as_smart_filter; the selection becomes the filter mask), re-rendered from the source by adjust_as_filter and re-editable with layer.smartFilter.setParams; PSD maps Levels/Curves/Shadows-Highlights both ways (smart_map.rs). Opening the editor from the smart-filter row is FILE-215-5's row work |
 | FILE-215-5 | Smart Filter rows: collapse, mask thumb, blend icon, drag reorder, context menu, live preview | partial | [#215](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/215) | smart_ui.rs:31 rows + visibility + editor; no collapse, drag or context menu |
 | FILE-215-6 | Smart Object corner skew and perspective (quad or homography transform) | done | [#215](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/215) | #426: SmartObject.perspective holds the projective map (transform keeps its affine approximation); Distort / Perspective on a smart object set it (transform_cmds.rs, smart_cmds::set_placement), it re-renders from the source through the homography, Warp composes with it, and the PSD placement reads and writes nonAffineTransform / Trnf (io/blocks.rs placed_projective, smart_map.rs); tests distort_survives_edit_contents, warp_on_a_distorted_smart_object_follows_the_corners, placement survives the save |
-| FILE-215-7 | Layered TIFF read and write (tag 37724), honouring the ask-before-saving pref | partial | [#215](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/215) | psd tiff.rs (ImageSourceData, both byte orders), io tiff_layers.rs, ui tiff_options_ui.rs (Discard Layers and Save a Copy); extra alpha channels and a Quick Mask are not written (the TIFF codec holds one transparency sample) |
+| FILE-215-7 | Layered TIFF read and write (tag 37724), honouring the ask-before-saving pref | done | [#215](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/215) | psd tiff.rs (ImageSourceData, both byte orders), io tiff_layers.rs, ui tiff_options_ui.rs (Discard Layers and Save a Copy); extra alpha/spot channels and a Quick Mask are written as TIFF extra samples (at most 16) plus Photoshop resources for name, colour and solidity; Photoshop's MTrn marker is read (#7415). The TIFF Options Save Transparency choice isn't offered: channels are written as Photoshop does with it off |
 | FILE-215-8 | Large and BigTIFF import with banded decode across all IFDs | done | [#215](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/215) | codecs tiff_ifd.rs (bounds-checked IFD chain + SubIFD walk, classic and BigTIFF, cycle-safe; tiff_info / decode_tiff_page), tiff.rs banded parallel strip/tile decode, planar 1 and 2, BigTIFF write (tiff_bigtiff or > 4 GiB); io import_tiff_page; 30 MP RGB8 Deflate 345 -> 32 ms; no page picker in the UI yet |
 | FILE-215-9 | SVG opens and places as shape layers or a vector Smart Object | done | [#215](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/215) | io svg.rs: paths, groups, text outlines as shape layers (gradients approximated; clip/mask/filter/pattern/image subtrees rasterised); smart_cmds.rs renders an SVG source at its placement scale |
 | FILE-215-10 | Multi-page PDF save, PDF presentation, layer comps to PDF, vector/text output, PDF import | partial | [#215](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/215) | io pdf.rs: Save As / Save a Copy / CLI write one flattened RGB/Gray/CMYK page with ICC (#3401); print PDFs in print_cmds. Multi-page save, presentation, comps, vector/text output and PDF import (#2541) remain |
-| FILE-215-11 | RAW: lossy DNG, highlight modes, .xmp sidecars, RAW prefs wired, per-camera corpus | missing | [#215](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/215) | raw sensor.rs:210 lossy DNG unsupported; raw_defaults unread; no xmp |
+| FILE-215-11 | RAW: lossy DNG, highlight modes, .xmp sidecars, RAW prefs wired, per-camera corpus | partial | [#215](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/215) | 2026-10-13: lossy DNG (34892) decodes stored 8-bit samples with padded edge tiles (raw sensor.rs lossy_jpeg, #5112); a raw's sidecar IMG.xmp fills the open-time dialog and Open writes it back (camera_raw_ui.rs read_sidecar/write_sidecar, pref rawDefaults.writeXmpSidecars); every Camera Raw Defaults preference is read (colour space, bit depth, resolution, Sharpen For, Open as Smart Object, Apply auto tone: apply_raw_defaults); Calibration panel (shadow tint, primaries hue/saturation) in the dialog, the filter and the crs: keys. Still missing: highlight recovery modes, the absolute (kelvin) white balance of raw sidecars, a per-camera corpus |
 | FILE-215-12 | Camera Raw dialog shows a histogram; settings persist as a PSD Smart Filter | partial | [#215](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/215) | Interactive RGB/Lab scopes. PSD WB/Light/Presence, curves, HSL, grading, sharpening/noise detail, grain and numeric vignette controls mapped with descriptor preservation. Active manual Optics and unverified vignette style keep the updated ACR 18.4 fixture opaque; PSD/.pcraft saves preserve it. HDR, remaining settings and Photoshop acceptance still open |
-| FILE-215-13 | Video layer frames persist in .pcraft; PSD video layers mapped | partial | [#215](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/215) | format convert.rs:89 + tests/roundtrip.rs:282 persist frames; no PSD video mapping |
+| FILE-215-13 | Video layer frames persist in .pcraft; PSD video layers mapped | partial | [#215](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/215) | format convert.rs:89 + tests/it/roundtrip.rs:282 persist frames; no PSD video mapping |
 | FILE-215-14 | User swatch model with ACO/ASE import and export | done | [#215](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/215) | engine presets/swatches.rs (RGB/HSB/CMYK/Lab/Gray + verbatim colour books, persisted in prefs) + swatch_cmds.rs (swatches.*); psd aco.rs (v1/v2) and ase.rs (groups, spot/global) read+write; ui swatches_ui.rs, Color Picker Add to Swatches |
-| FILE-215-15 | Layer Style contour picker, curve editor, presets, .shc import/export | partial | [#2912](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/2912) | Layer Style dialog: contour thumbnail + preset picker (12 standard shapes, own control points) and Anti-aliased on Drop/Inner Shadow, Outer/Inner Glow, Satin, Bevel Gloss Contour and Contour element; Contour Editor (add/drag/delete, Corner, Input/Output, Preset, Load…/Save… .shc per Adobe's public spec, psd shc.rs); corner points render (compose contour_curve_lut) and map to PSD Cnty. Missing: a user contour library (New…, picker Load/Save/Replace Contours), Anti-aliased doesn't change the render yet, .shc not yet checked against a Photoshop-written file |
+| FILE-215-15 | Layer Style contour picker, curve editor, presets, .shc import/export | partial | [#2912](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/2912) | Layer Style dialog: contour thumbnail + preset picker (12 standard shapes, own control points) and Anti-aliased on Drop/Inner Shadow, Outer/Inner Glow, Satin, Bevel Gloss Contour and Contour element; Contour Editor (add/drag/delete, Corner, Input/Output, Preset, Load…/Save… .shc per Adobe's public spec, psd shc.rs); corner points render (compose contour_curve_lut) and map to PSD Cnty. User contour library: Contour Editor New… saves the curve under a name (layer.layerStyle.contours.new/list/delete/load/save, kept with the preferences), the picker lists user contours after the standard ones and has Load/Replace/Save Contours… (.shc). Missing: Anti-aliased doesn't change the render yet, .shc not yet checked against a Photoshop-written file |
 | FILE-215-16 | Advanced Blending (knockout, blend as group, mask hides effects) end to end | partial | [#215](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/215) | doc advanced.rs + .pcraft + PSD/layered TIFF (knko infx clbl tsly lmgm vmgm), CPU compose advanced.rs (GPU falls back), blendingOptions command + dialog; 7 psd-tools knockout oracles now pass; knockout-isolated-groups (0.45 % AA edges), advanced-blending, blend-and-clipping still differ |
-| FILE-215-17 | CMYK/RGB documents preview spot inks; spot plates export (TIFF extra samples, PDF) | missing | [#215](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/215) | compose multichannel.rs:1 spot preview for Multichannel only |
-| FILE-215-18 | Save for Web per-slice settings remembered; Export As remembers and offers nearest scaling | done | [#215](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/215) | Save for Web settings survive a restart through the remembered dialog settings in prefs.dialogs (web_cmds::remember_web_settings stores them on a complete export, never the destination; file_ui.rs open_web seeds from the session's last export, else the preferences). export_dialog seeds Export As the same way (seed_remembered: format, quality, transparency, scale, resample, metadata, TGA bits) and confirm remembers them as used. Export As › Image Size › Resample offers Photoshop's six methods (Bicubic Automatic default, Nearest Neighbor included; export_preset_cmds::RESAMPLE, unknown values are errors) for the exported copy only; also layer.exportAs `resample` and export presets (#5838). Tests: export_dialog nearest_neighbor_doubles_each_pixel_into_an_exact_block (8/16-bit), resample_choices_are_checked, resample_is_remembered_and_a_bad_saved_value_falls_back; layer_menu_cmds export_layer_resamples_with_the_chosen_method; tests/export_as_scaling.rs export_as_resample_menu_writes_nearest_neighbor_blocks |
-| FILE-215-19 | Save As JPEG opens a JPEG Options dialog (quality 0-12, format options) | missing | [#215](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/215) | ExportSettings has jpeg_quality 1-100 only (lib.rs:118) |
+| FILE-215-17 | CMYK/RGB documents preview spot inks; spot plates export (TIFF extra samples, PDF) | partial | [#215](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/215) | TIFF: spot channels written and read as extra samples with DisplayInfo (1077) ink colour and solidity, ink stored 0 = solid (#7415). PSD: spot planes stored and read 0 = solid as Photoshop does, identifiers in 1053; PhotoCraft 0.1.0–0.16.0 PSDs (straight planes) keep their ink. Missing: spot ink preview in RGB/CMYK documents (compose multichannel.rs:1 previews Multichannel only) and PDF Separation |
+| FILE-215-18 | Save for Web per-slice settings remembered; Export As remembers and offers nearest scaling | done | [#215](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/215) | Save for Web settings survive a restart through the remembered dialog settings in prefs.dialogs (web_cmds::remember_web_settings stores them on a complete export, never the destination; file_ui.rs open_web seeds from the session's last export, else the preferences). export_dialog seeds Export As the same way (seed_remembered: format, quality, transparency, scale, resample, metadata, TGA bits) and confirm remembers them as used. Export As › Image Size › Resample offers Photoshop's six methods (Bicubic Automatic default, Nearest Neighbor included; export_preset_cmds::RESAMPLE, unknown values are errors) for the exported copy only; also layer.exportAs `resample` and export presets (#5838). Tests: export_dialog nearest_neighbor_doubles_each_pixel_into_an_exact_block (8/16-bit), resample_choices_are_checked, resample_is_remembered_and_a_bad_saved_value_falls_back; layer_menu_cmds export_layer_resamples_with_the_chosen_method; tests/it/export_as_scaling.rs export_as_resample_menu_writes_nearest_neighbor_blocks |
+| FILE-215-19 | Save As JPEG opens a JPEG Options dialog (quality 0-12, format options) | partial | [#215](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/215) | jpeg_options_ui.rs: File > Save, Save As and Save a Copy to a JPEG ask for Quality 0-12 (Low/Medium/High/Maximum) and Baseline / Baseline Optimized / Progressive before writing, starting at an opened JPEG's own quality (file_encoding) or else the Export preference; scripts pass quality/jpegFormat (file.saveAs, file.saveACopy, app.save, CLI --jpeg-format) and recorded actions replay the answer (discard_ui/tests/jpeg_tests.rs, codecs roundtrip jpeg_format_options_round_trip). Baseline Optimized fits the Huffman tables only at 4:4:4 (Gray, CMYK) or progressive: RGB is written 4:2:0, which zune-jpeg 0.5.15 decodes wrongly with fitted tables, as in Save for Web, so RGB Baseline Optimized writes the same file as Baseline. Missing: Matte, progressive Scans (3-5) and the size preview |
 | FILE-215-20 | Artboard tool with handles and + buttons, Duplicate Artboard beside, vector PDF pages | partial | [#215](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/215) | artboard_tool.rs: Artboard tool draws, selects, moves and resizes boards by their handles (⇧ keeps proportions), its + buttons add a board or (⌥) a copy beside the selected one (#3033); Duplicate Artboard places the copy beside (#1584); raster PDF pages only |
 | FILE-215-21 | Local libraries of colours, patterns, images and layers, as linked items or copies | missing | [#215](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/215) | Only preset libraries (preset_store.rs) |
 | FILE-216-1 | Every corpus fetched and enforced in CI, cached by pin | done | [#216](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/216) | ci.yml has a corpus job (name: corpus tests) on every PR and on main: the corpora are pinned in xtask/src/corpus_pins.rs, sha256-verified after both a cache restore and a download, and a missing corpus fails the tests. The cache key follows the pins, so it is cached by pin as this row asks (#190) |
-| FILE-216-2 | Large-file fixtures: 20 MP, 150-layer, generated 2 GB PSD and 4-5 GB PSB stress tests | done | [#216](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/216) | Generated at test time by psd fixtures.rs (feature testgen; never committed). io tests/large_files.rs: layered_20_mp_psd_opens_and_saves (5472x3648, 5 layers in 2 groups, mask, drop shadow) and layout_with_150_layers_opens_and_saves (A4 300 ppi, 150 layers in 15 groups, masks, hidden layers, closed groups, drop shadows) run in every cargo test (~2 s each); opt-in psd_just_under_2_gb_opens_and_saves (17,000 px, 2.02 GB PSD) and psb_of_4_gb_opens_and_saves (25,000 px, 4.38 GB PSB, data past 4 GiB), each opened, pixel-checked, saved and re-opened; plus large_psb.rs (2.5 GB merged image). Open times: ui-egui large_file_bench (P20, P63). The 2 GB and 4 GB files are not run in CI (6.4 GB on disk; ~12 GB of memory for the PSD test, ~25 GB for the PSB test) (#5107) |
-| FILE-216-3 | TIFF, RAW and EXR corpora read by tests; per-camera RAW coverage reported | partial | [#216](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/216) | EXR: corpus/exr (the OpenEXR deep test images, pinned) is read by codecs tests/deep_exr.rs in the CI corpus job, against the ID manifests of the upstream sidecars. corpus/tiff and corpus/raw are still copied in by hand and no test reads them; no per-camera RAW report |
+| FILE-216-2 | Large-file fixtures: 20 MP, 150-layer, generated 2 GB PSD and 4-5 GB PSB stress tests | done | [#216](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/216) | Generated at test time by psd fixtures.rs (feature testgen; never committed). io tests/it/large_files.rs: layered_20_mp_psd_opens_and_saves (5472x3648, 5 layers in 2 groups, mask, drop shadow) and layout_with_150_layers_opens_and_saves (A4 300 ppi, 150 layers in 15 groups, masks, hidden layers, closed groups, drop shadows) run in every cargo test (~2 s each); opt-in psd_just_under_2_gb_opens_and_saves (17,000 px, 2.02 GB PSD) and psb_of_4_gb_opens_and_saves (25,000 px, 4.38 GB PSB, data past 4 GiB), each opened, pixel-checked, saved and re-opened; plus large_psb.rs (2.5 GB merged image). Open times: ui-egui large_file_bench (P20, P63). The 2 GB and 4 GB files are not run in CI (6.4 GB on disk; ~12 GB of memory for the PSD test, ~25 GB for the PSB test) (#5107) |
+| FILE-216-3 | TIFF, RAW and EXR corpora read by tests; per-camera RAW coverage reported | partial | [#216](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/216) | EXR: corpus/exr (the OpenEXR deep test images, pinned) is read by codecs tests/it/deep_exr.rs in the CI corpus job, against the ID manifests of the upstream sidecars. corpus/tiff and corpus/raw are still copied in by hand and no test reads them; no per-camera RAW report |
 | FILE-216-4 | Exports re-open in a third-party oracle editor | missing | [#216](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/216) | The round trip is our export -> our import |
-| FILE-216-5 | Save-path tests: layered TIFF, PDF, SVG, ACO/ASE, .shc, Smart Filters, atomic-save failure | partial | [#216](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/216) | Every save path that exists is tested by saving and reading back: layered TIFF io tests/tiff_layers.rs (every_compression_keeps_the_layers, advanced_blending_survives_layered_tiff_in_both_byte_orders), print PDF engine print_cmds/tests.rs (print_dry_run_renders_a_pdf_and_reports_the_platform_backend decodes the image back), ACO/ASE engine swatch_cmds/tests.rs (aco_round_trip_keeps_16_bit_values_and_books, ase_round_trip_keeps_groups_floats_and_kinds), .shc psd shc.rs shc_round_trips_and_rejects_hostile_input and engine layer_style.rs contour_presets_and_custom_curves_apply_in_one_undo_step, Smart Filters engine tests/smart_psd.rs (smart_filters_survive_psd_in_every_colour_model), atomic-save failure format/src/atomic/tests.rs (BUG-203-6). There is no SVG writer (SVG opens only) and no Photoshop PDF save (FILE-215-10), so those have nothing to test yet; the row stays partial until they exist |
-| FILE-216-6 | 30-50 end-to-end workflow acceptance tasks driven through MCP or commands | partial | [#216](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/216) | automation/tests/agent_tasks.rs: 20 MCP tasks |
+| FILE-216-5 | Save-path tests: layered TIFF, PDF, SVG, ACO/ASE, .shc, Smart Filters, atomic-save failure | partial | [#216](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/216) | Every save path that exists is tested by saving and reading back: layered TIFF io tests/it/tiff_layers.rs (every_compression_keeps_the_layers, advanced_blending_survives_layered_tiff_in_both_byte_orders), print PDF engine print_cmds/tests.rs (print_dry_run_renders_a_pdf_and_reports_the_platform_backend decodes the image back), ACO/ASE engine swatch_cmds/tests.rs (aco_round_trip_keeps_16_bit_values_and_books, ase_round_trip_keeps_groups_floats_and_kinds), .shc psd shc.rs shc_round_trips_and_rejects_hostile_input and engine layer_style.rs contour_presets_and_custom_curves_apply_in_one_undo_step, Smart Filters engine tests/it/smart_psd.rs (smart_filters_survive_psd_in_every_colour_model), atomic-save failure format/src/atomic/tests.rs (BUG-203-6). There is no SVG writer (SVG opens only) and no Photoshop PDF save (FILE-215-10), so those have nothing to test yet; the row stays partial until they exist |
+| FILE-216-6 | 30-50 end-to-end workflow acceptance tasks driven through MCP or commands | partial | [#216](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/216) | automation/tests/it/agent_tasks.rs, agent_tasks_extended.rs and agent_tasks_more.rs: 36 MCP tasks |
 
 ## Tools
 
@@ -140,7 +145,7 @@ Corpus floors (`crates/io/tests/corpus.rs`): the enforced minimums; the corpus t
 | TOOL-213-4 | Content-Aware Move tool reusing inpaint completion | done | [#213](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/213) | paint.contentAwareMove (retouch_cmds/content_aware_move.rs: move/extend, Structure 1-7, Color 0-10, Sample All Layers, Transform On Drop's scaleX/scaleY/rotate; background job) + Tool::ContentAwareMove (J group: lasso, then drag; Transform On Drop puts a scale/rotate box on the dropped patch, cam_transform.rs: Enter commits as one step, Esc cancels). cam_preview.rs: once the pointer or the box rests, the result shows (a cancellable background job on a smaller sampling window, #4385); a selection over 256x256 shows a coarse result solved scaled down first, then the command's exact result as a second job (#6680; 24 MP document, release: 600x400 coarse 0.26 s then exact 0.8 s, 1500x1000 0.38 s then 4.1 s, 3000x2000 0.69 s then 9.4 s; was no preview above 256x256). Tests: content_aware_move_previews_large_selections_coarse_then_exact_at_all_depths, content_aware_move_coarse_preview_handles_transform_extend_and_limits, a_preview_within_the_full_resolution_budget_is_the_plain_solve_bit_for_bit, a_large_selection_shows_a_coarse_result_then_the_exact_one |
 | TOOL-213-5 | Painting a type/shape/smart/fill layer offers to rasterize, then continues the stroke | done | [#213](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/213) | rasterize_prompt.rs: OK rasterizes then paints (two history states), Cancel does nothing; drivable via ui.dialog.confirm |
 | TOOL-213-6 | Fill dialog: contents, blend, opacity, preserve transparency; remembered; Shift+Backspace | done | [#213](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/213) | fill_ui.rs dialog over edit.fill (fill_cmds.rs): all contents, mode, opacity, preserve; remembered in prefs; Shift+F5 / Shift+Backspace |
-| TOOL-213-7 | Live stroke preview for every brush-based retouch tool | partial | [#213](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/213) | Live (canvas.rs strokes_live): Brush, Pencil, Eraser, Color Replacement, Blur, Sharpen, Smudge, Dodge, Burn, Sponge, Clone Stamp, Healing Brush, History Brush (#1026, #1040), Pattern Stamp (aligned and Impressionist) and Background Eraser (#3754); the release commits the live stroke's pixels (P32) or, for the retouch tools, the same pixels the live stroke showed (tested equal at 8 and 16 bits). Spot Healing Brush shows the area it heals as a dark overlay and heals on release, as Photoshop does. Not yet live: Mixer Brush (in PR #3627) |
+| TOOL-213-7 | Live stroke preview for every brush-based retouch tool | partial | [#213](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/213) | Live (canvas.rs strokes_live): Brush, Pencil, Mixer Brush, Eraser, Color Replacement, Blur, Sharpen, Smudge, Dodge, Burn, Sponge, Clone Stamp, Healing Brush, History Brush (#1026, #1040), Pattern Stamp (aligned and Impressionist) and Background Eraser (#3754); the release commits the live stroke's pixels (P32) or, for the retouch tools, the same pixels the live stroke showed (tested equal at 8 and 16 bits). Spot Healing Brush shows the area it heals as a dark overlay and heals on release, as Photoshop does. Mixer Brush uses its incremental transaction and commits the displayed result (#3627) |
 | TOOL-213-8 | Clone Source: W/H link, drawn overlay (opacity/blend/clip/auto-hide), Alt target cursor | partial | [#213](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/213) | Clone Source overlay drawn with opacity, inversion, circular clipping, auto-hide and the Normal/Darken/Lighten/Difference blend against the image under the brush (canvas.rs draw_clone_preview, clone_source::overlay_blend); a shaped tip (sampled bitmap, rotation, roundness) clips the overlay to its outline (brush_cursor::tip_mask, #4372); W/H link (cloneSource.set linked, panel chain button, #3298) |
 | TOOL-213-9 | Eyedropper comparison ring (new colour above, current below) while sampling | done | [#213](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/213) | eyedropper_ring (canvas.rs): the sampled colour on the upper arc, the foreground below, drawn for the Eyedropper and Alt-sampling while the button is held; the Precise-cursor preference keeps the crosshair |
 | TOOL-213-10 | Ctrl+Alt drag resizes brush size/hardness with an on-canvas readout | done | [#213](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/213) | brush_resize.rs (#297, #370): Alt+right-drag, or Control+Option-drag on macOS (Control+Alt everywhere), sets diameter horizontally and hardness vertically, circle plus Diameter/Hardness readout, one coalesced tools.setBrush, no paint or history; 9 tests there |
@@ -149,7 +154,7 @@ Corpus floors (`crates/io/tests/corpus.rs`): the enforced minimums; the corpus t
 | TOOL-213-13 | Brush regression tests: no seams, hard edge, zero-scatter defaults, ABR never black | done | [#213](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/213) | Seam, hard-edge and zero-scatter tests in brush_tests.rs; ABR tip colour test in abr_map/tests.rs |
 | TOOL-213-14 | Tablet: no OS arrow cursor over the canvas on macOS, Windows and Linux | partial | [#213](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/213) | Brush tools set CursorIcon::None (canvas.rs:1259-1275); not verified per OS |
 | TOOL-213-18 | Pattern Stamp tool: sibling of Clone Stamp in the S flyout | done | [#213](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/213) | Tool::PatternStamp in the S group; paint.patternStamp stamps the Patterns-panel tile with Aligned and Impressionist (an approximation: it jitters each dab's tile phase, not Photoshop's smeared impressionist look); engine tests cover depths, seams, hostile input |
-| TOOL-214-1 | Select and Mask workspace: view modes, Refine Edge brush, 6 outputs | partial | [#214](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/214) | select.refineEdge dialog with a live preview in Photoshop's view modes: Onion Skin, Marching Ants, Overlay, On Black, On White, Black & White, On Layers, per-view Opacity, Show Edge (J), Show Original (P), F cycles, X shows the image (select_mask_view.rs, #1754); Refine Edge Brush (R, size, Expand Detection Area / Restore Original Edge, Alt swaps) paints select.refineEdge refineStrokes, estimated by colour-line matting (matting/brush.rs, #2972); outputs Selection, Layer Mask, New Layer, New Layer with Mask, New Document, New Document with Mask (#2998); no workspace layout |
+| TOOL-214-1 | Select and Mask workspace: view modes, Refine Edge brush, 6 outputs | partial | [#214](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/214) | select.refineEdge dialog with a live preview in Photoshop's view modes: Onion Skin, Marching Ants, Overlay, On Black, On White, Black & White, On Layers, per-view Opacity, Show Edge (J), Show Original (P), F cycles, X shows the image (select_mask_view.rs, #1754); Refine Edge Brush (R, size, Expand Detection Area / Restore Original Edge, Alt swaps) paints select.refineEdge refineStrokes, estimated by colour-line matting (matting/brush.rs, #2972); outputs Selection, Layer Mask, New Layer, New Layer with Mask, New Document, New Document with Mask (#2998); the workspace tools Quick Selection, Brush, Lasso, Object Selection, Select Subject, Clear Selection and Invert run as select.refineEdge edits, drivable by agents (#7069); no workspace layout or toolbar yet |
 | TOOL-214-2 | Marquee: Shift square, Alt from centre, live W x H readout | done | [#214](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/214) | canvas.rs marquee_corners: Shift square or circle, Alt from the centre, live W x H readout beside the cursor (marquee_readout); marquee_tests.rs |
 | TOOL-214-3 | Color Range test: Sampled Colors at Fuzziness 0 selects the exact match only | done | [#214](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/214) | color_range_fuzziness_zero_selects_exact_match_only in selection_cmds.rs asserts exact match is selected and 1-level-off pixels are rejected at fuzziness 0; tonal presets covered in color_range_presets |
 | TOOL-214-4 | Move tool: box-select layers, Auto-Select hover outline, double-click fit, drag to a tab | partial | [#214](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/214) | Auto-Select hover outline (Preferences › Tools › Show Highlight on Rollover, #2834) and box-select layers from an empty spot (move_box.rs:59, layer.selectInRect, #2844) done; dragging layers with the Move tool (or from the Layers panel) onto another document's tab copies them there (layer_transfer.rs:162, layer.copyToDocument, #589/#851); double-click fit and dragging a selection's pixels to another document open |
@@ -160,9 +165,9 @@ Corpus floors (`crates/io/tests/corpus.rs`): the enforced minimums; the corpus t
 | TOOL-214-9 | Crop: W x H x Resolution with units, saved crop presets, Straighten in the options bar | done | [#214](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/214) | Ratio dropdown and fields, Straighten (TOOL-214-21); W x H x Resolution with units, built-in size presets and Front Image (crop_size.rs, image.crop targetWidth/targetHeight/resolution, #2443); New / Delete Crop Preset save and delete crop tool presets (crop_presets.rs, tool.presets.* with tool crop, persisted with the preferences) |
 | TOOL-214-10 | Pen: Alt breaks a handle, Shift 45 deg, Ctrl direct-selects, Backspace, close-drag handle | done | [#214](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/214) | Ctrl/Cmd = Direct Selection and Alt = Convert Point on existing paths (direct_select.rs, #790); Backspace/Delete retracts the last point while drawing (#1466); Alt during a drag breaks the handle pair, Alt-drag turns the last anchor's outgoing handle alone, and dragging on the first anchor closes with that anchor's handles (vector_ui.rs, #3306); Shift-click puts the next anchor on the nearest 45 deg ray from the previous one and Shift-drag turns the handles to 45 deg steps, live (vector_ui.rs pen_shift_click_puts_the_next_anchor_on_a_45_degree_ray, pen_shift_drag_turns_handles_to_45_degrees_live, #3751) |
 | TOOL-214-11 | Stroke Path dialog: pick any brush-based tool, Simulate Pressure | done | [#214](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/214) | path.stroke tool: Brush, Pencil, Eraser and every other brush-based tool (Background Eraser, Clone/Pattern Stamp, Healing/Spot Healing Brush, History Brush, Blur, Sharpen, Smudge, Dodge, Burn, Sponge, Color Replacement, Mixer Brush: their paint.* command along the path, one step) plus simulatePressure (taper both ends); Stroke Path dialog from the Pen menu, the Paths panel menu and Alt-click on its Stroke button (#2978) |
-| TOOL-214-12 | Shapes: on-canvas corner radius handles, shape feather, selection to shape with tolerance | done | [#214](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/214) | On-canvas corner radius widgets on every selected live rectangle with Path Selection, the Rectangle tool and Move + Show Transform Controls: drag rounds every corner of every selected rectangle alike, Alt that corner on each, corner radius cursor and R: readout, one history step (corner_radius.rs, 2026-10-13); select.convertToShape with tolerance (vector_cmds.rs:1256); shape Density and Feather (Properties, layer.vectorMask.edit on a shape layer; the path as the fill's soft vector mask, Photoshop's 10 px feather ramp within 1 level; PSD mask parameters and .pcraft, #5846, 2026-10-15) |
+| TOOL-214-12 | Shapes: on-canvas corner radius handles, shape feather, selection to shape with tolerance | done | [#214](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/214) | On-canvas corner radius widgets on every selected live rectangle, triangle, polygon and star (LiveShape::Polygon corner_radius, shape.create/edit cornerRadius, vector shapes::round_corners) with Path Selection, the Rectangle/Triangle/Polygon tools and Move + Show Transform Controls: drag rounds every corner of every selected shape alike, Alt one corner of a rectangle, corner radius cursor and R: readout, one history step (corner_radius.rs, 2026-10-13); select.convertToShape with tolerance (vector_cmds.rs:1256); shape Density and Feather (Properties, layer.vectorMask.edit on a shape layer; the path as the fill's soft vector mask, Photoshop's 10 px feather ramp within 1 level; PSD mask parameters and .pcraft, #5846, 2026-10-15) |
 | TOOL-214-13 | Mask Properties: Density and Feather controls | done | [#214](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/214) | Properties panel shows Density (%) and Feather (px) sliders for a targeted pixel mask (layer.layerMask.edit) and a targeted vector mask (layer.vectorMask.edit), non-destructive and one undo step per drag, with Photoshop's Refine row (mask_props_ui.rs:34 pixel mask, :48 vector mask, :52 the sliders; mask_props_ui_tests.rs:39 pixel_mask_properties_follow_target_for_raster_and_adjustment_in_both_themes, :81 mask_slider_drags_preview_live_and_undo_as_separate_gestures, :147 vector_mask_properties_edit_density_and_feather) |
-| TOOL-214-14 | Vanishing Point window: draw and edit planes, paste, clone in perspective | partial | [#214](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/214) | filter.vanishingPoint (vp_cmds.rs:15); on-canvas plane editor (vp_ui.rs: Create/Edit Plane, edge nodes, valid/doubtful/invalid grid colours, Grid Size, clipboard pasted onto the plane on OK); clone stamp, marquee and tear-off planes in the window still missing |
+| TOOL-214-14 | Vanishing Point window: draw and edit planes, paste, clone in perspective | partial | [#214](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/214) | filter.vanishingPoint (vp_cmds.rs:15); on-canvas window (vp_ui.rs: Create/Edit Plane, edge nodes, Ctrl/Cmd-drag tear-off planes with depth and Alt-drag angle, valid/doubtful/invalid grid colours, Grid Size, clipboard pasted onto the plane, Stamp tool cloning in perspective with live preview, all applied on OK as one step); the window's Marquee tool and the Stamp's Heal modes are still missing |
 | TOOL-214-15 | Content-Aware Fill workspace: paint the sampling area, preview, rotate/scale/mirror, new layer | partial | [#214](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/214) | Engine sampling auto, rect, custom (edit_menu_cmds.rs:324); generic dialog |
 | TOOL-214-16 | Liquify: redo (Cmd+Shift+Z) | done | [#214](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/214) | liquify_ui.rs supports bounded redo through Cmd+Shift+Z and the control channel; new strokes clear redo |
 | TOOL-213-17 | Red Eye tool: click a pupil to neutralize the red reflection | done | [#213](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/213) | paint.redEye (redeye_cmds.rs) + Tool::RedEye in the J flyout; Pupil Size and Darken Amount; catchlights kept; a miss is an error |
@@ -174,16 +179,17 @@ Corpus floors (`crates/io/tests/corpus.rs`): the enforced minimums; the corpus t
 | TOOL-214-21 | Crop: Straighten button in the options bar and Cmd/Ctrl-drag draw a line; the frame turns so the line ends up level (or plumb when nearer vertical), with an angle readout | done | [#1919](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/1919) | crop_straighten.rs: one-shot options-bar button, Cmd/Ctrl held is a temporary Straighten (ui.pointer command flag); the Ruler's straighten_angle convention; the frame is fitted to the largest of its proportions inside the image (Classic Mode); a pending edit committed by Enter |
 | TOOL-214-22 | Crop gear menu: Show Cropped Area (H), Enable Crop Shield with Match Canvas / custom colour, opacity and Auto Adjust Opacity | done | [#1919](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/1919) | crop_shield.rs: fill() resolves the shield (canvas.rs paints it around upright and turned frames), gear popup in the options bar, H ahead of the Hand key in shortcuts.rs, Custom… opens the Color Picker; ToolOptions crop_shield, ui.set cropShield. Use Classic Mode / Auto Center Preview: TOOL-214-23 |
 | TOOL-214-23 | Crop: Photoshop's default mode (the image turns and moves behind an upright box, Auto Center Preview keeps a resized box's centre in place and centres a drawn one) and Use Classic Mode (P) in the gear menu | done | [#1919](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/1919) | crop_mode.rs: the crop model (crop_rect + crop_angle) and image.crop are shared by both modes; default mode sets the view's rotation to -crop_angle while the tool shows a frame (picking the tool, in either mode, turns a Rotate View turn upright about the view centre, not restored after Enter/Esc or by P; Classic Mode keeps the camera upright with the frame drawn turned; as Photoshop 25.1), pivoting so the box stays put, moves view and frame together for drags inside and arrow keys, keeps a resized box's centre in place live (Auto Center Preview; a drawn box is centred on release, a moved one never), readout = the image's turn; gear menu order and Classic Mode greying as Photoshop 25.1; CropShield classic_mode / auto_center_preview (ui.set cropShield), P ahead of the Pen key |
-| TOOL-1053-1 | Shape stroke controls: solid/dashed/dotted, custom dash/gap/offset, caps, joins, alignment, miter limit and opacity | done | [#1053](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/1053) | shape_stroke_ui.rs: shared staged editor, renderer samples, cached Properties canvas preview; existing shape.create/edit/info; serde tool defaults, ui.set shapeStroke; pcraft and vstk style round trips. Gradient fill UI and saved stroke libraries remain open; Line retains filled-bar geometry |
+| TOOL-1053-1 | Shape stroke controls: solid/dashed/dotted, custom dash/gap/offset, caps, joins, alignment, miter limit and opacity | done | [#1053](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/1053) | shape_stroke_ui.rs: shared staged editor, renderer samples, cached Properties canvas preview; existing shape.create/edit/info; serde tool defaults, ui.set shapeStroke; pcraft and vstk style round trips. vector_ui.rs: the Fill and Stroke swatches (options bar and Properties) have a Gradient tab (shape_gradient_ui.rs: Recent row, presets, an editable stops strip with the selected stop's colour/opacity/location, style, angle, scale, reverse, Align with layer) for the next shape and the selected one. Pattern paint UI and saved stroke libraries remain open; Line retains filled-bar geometry |
 | TOOL-213-19 | Remove tool: paint over an object (or circle it) and it is filled from its surroundings | partial | [#213](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/213) | paint.remove (retouch_cmds/remove.rs, background job) + Tool::Remove in the J flyout; loops close over what they enclose; fill by non-local patch completion with texture features, onion-peel start, best-patch copy and gradient-domain seam hiding (algo/nonlocal.rs, Newson et al. IPOL 2017); sparse holes in tiles (algo/remove.rs). remove_quality on 20 holes in public-domain photos: the fill keeps 0.89 of the texture it replaces (0.54 with Content-Aware Fill's completion), edge gradient 1.03 of the original's; remove_bench 24 MP: 100 px ring 120 ms, 1000 px ring 2.5 s, 3000 px line 1.7 s. Options bar: Sample All Layers, Create a new layer (the fill on a new layer above, `newLayer`), Remove after each stroke off (strokes collect as a tint and ↩ applies them as one `strokes` job, Esc drops them). Missing: generative AI mode, live preview of the result |
 | TOOL-2259-1 | Arrow-key nudges of one thing (layers, the selection outline, the Free Transform box) that follow each other are one History state, with a preference to turn it off | done | [#2259](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/2259) | nudge_bundle.rs: a run shares one `coalesce` key while each nudge comes within Tools > Nudge Bundle Pause (1 s) and nothing else touched the document (an edit, Undo/Redo, a layer selection, a save end it); move_mods.rs runs layer.translate and select.transformSelection through it, transform_tool.rs folds box nudges into one session step. Tools > Bundle Arrow-Key Nudges off gives every press its own state. Selected pixels float until dropped, which is one state already; ⌥-nudges (a copy each) never join a run |
 | TOOL-1045-1 | Color Replacement tool on the toolbar | done | [#1045](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/1045) | Tool::ColorReplacement in the Brush (B) flyout after the Mixer Brush; Mode/Sampling/Limits/Tolerance/Anti-alias options drive paint.colorReplacement with the foreground colour; live preview (LiveDab with the stroke's finishing dab), one History step; color_replacement_tests.rs |
+| TOOL-213-20 | Art History Brush: Y-group, styles, Area, Tolerance, paints from a history state | partial | [#213](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/213) | paint.artHistoryBrush + Tool::ArtHistoryBrush in the Y flyout; 8 of 10 styles (no Tight Curl Long / Loose Curl Long); Area scales spacing, not coverage; rotated-patch look; no Mode/Opacity on the options bar, no pen pressure |
 
 ## Workspace and UI
 
-**Settings that do nothing: 24 of 171** (target 0, #204). Counted by the prefs audit (`xtask/src/scorecard.rs`): a `Preferences` field counts as read when code outside the prefs model (`prefs.rs` except its `impl Session` blocks; tests excluded; the schema-driven dialog never names a field) accesses `section.field`, or `.section` and `.field` in the same file, or calls a section method that reads `self.field`. It is a heuristic lower bound: a generic name can look read when it isn't.
+**Settings that do nothing: 12 of 178** (target 0, #204). Counted by the prefs audit (`xtask/src/scorecard.rs`): a `Preferences` field counts as read when code outside the prefs model (`prefs.rs` except its `impl Session` blocks; tests excluded; the schema-driven dialog never names a field) accesses `section.field`, or `.section` and `.field` in the same file, or calls a section method that reads `self.field`. It is a heuristic lower bound: a generic name can look read when it isn't.
 
-Unread: `general.color_picker`, `general.zoom_resizes_windows`, `workspace.auto_show_hidden_panels`, `workspace.enable_floating_document_window_docking`, `performance.cache_levels`, `performance.gpu_adapter`, `performance.legacy_compositing`, `scratch_disks.disks`, `units_and_rulers.column_width`, `units_and_rulers.gutter`, `plug_ins.show_extension_panels`, `plug_ins.allow_scripts_to_connect`, `plug_ins.generator_enabled`, `type_.text_engine`, `type_.recent_fonts`, `enhanced_controls.scrubby_slider_acceleration`, `raw_defaults.color_space`, `raw_defaults.bit_depth`, `raw_defaults.resolution`, `raw_defaults.sharpen_for`, `raw_defaults.open_as_smart_object`, `raw_defaults.apply_auto_tone`, `integrations.allow_agent_control`, `integrations.control_port`.
+Unread: `general.color_picker`, `workspace.auto_show_hidden_panels`, `workspace.enable_floating_document_window_docking`, `performance.gpu_adapter`, `performance.legacy_compositing`, `scratch_disks.disks`, `units_and_rulers.column_width`, `units_and_rulers.gutter`, `plug_ins.show_extension_panels`, `plug_ins.allow_scripts_to_connect`, `type_.text_engine`, `enhanced_controls.scrubby_slider_acceleration`.
 
 | Id | Target | Status | Issue | Note |
 |---|---|---|---|---|
@@ -195,15 +201,15 @@ Unread: `general.color_picker`, `general.zoom_resizes_windows`, `workspace.auto_
 | UI-217-6 | Document tabs: overflow list, context menu (Close/Others/All/Reveal), drag to reorder | done | [#217](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/217) | canvas.rs: Close/Others/All menu with unsaved prompt; Reveal reuses file.revealInFinder (engine layer_menu_cmds::reveal); the » chevron (tab_strip) lists overflow; dragging a tab reorders via document.move |
 | UI-217-7 | Command palette shows recently run commands on an empty query | done | [#217](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/217) | palette.rs: note_recent from menus::invoke keeps the last 8 commands (dedup, newest first); an empty query lists them via recent_hits; the_palette_records_and_replays_recent_commands_on_an_empty_query covers record -> empty query -> replay |
 | UI-217-8 | Tool-specific canvas right-click menu; right-click spelling suggestions in text fields | partial | [#217](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/217) | paint_mouse.rs brush picker and canvas_tool_menu.rs selection actions; text_field_menu.rs gives every text field its right-click Undo/Cut/Copy/Paste/Delete/Select All menu (#2921); other tools missing; the Type tool's edit menu starts with spelling suggestions and Add to Dictionary over a misspelled word (#4370); over committed type the Type tool opens the type layer menu (#7324); Ignore / Ignore All, suggestions in the non-editing type menu and in generic text fields are not there yet |
-| UI-217-9 | UI scale presets 100/115/125/150/200 % through zoom_factor, remembered | done | [#217](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/217) | prefs::UiScale offers Auto plus 75 to 300 percent (13 presets, more than the five this row lists); prefs_ui.rs display_scale resolves it (Auto follows the system scale, fractional and unscaled 4K included, #1072/#1278) and sync_display_scale applies it with ctx.set_zoom_factor. It is a preference, so it is remembered. The zoom_factor assert in input_tests.rs is about canvas zoom not scaling the interface, not about this setting |
+| UI-217-9 | UI scale presets 100/115/125/150/200 % through zoom_factor, remembered | done | [#217](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/217) | prefs::UiScale offers Auto plus 75 to 300 percent (17 presets: 75 to 125 in 5 % steps since #3222, then 150 to 300; more than the five this row lists); prefs_ui.rs display_scale resolves it (Auto follows the system scale, fractional and unscaled 4K included, #1072/#1278) and sync_display_scale applies it with ctx.set_zoom_factor. It is a preference, so it is remembered. The zoom_factor assert in input_tests.rs is about canvas zoom not scaling the interface, not about this setting |
 | UI-217-10 | Appearance: animation toggle, canvas pattern toggle per theme, start-screen recents | partial | [#217](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/217) | interface.enableAnimations (prefs_ui.rs sync_animations, #3273) zeroes egui animation_time and scroll animation in both styles; the Home screen lists recent files (canvas.rs home_recent, #2691); the canvas dot pattern toggle is interface.showCanvasDots (#2264, global rather than per theme); interface.showHomeRecentFiles hides the Home screen recents (#4382) |
 | UI-217-11 | Soft dark and soft light themes with picker previews; outlined knobs in light themes | done | [#217](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/217) | theme.rs ThemeKind has fourteen themes: the twelve earlier ones plus Soft Dark and Soft Light (low-contrast Studio-layout palettes, text at 4.5:1, selectable in Preferences with the existing theme-card previews, ui.set {theme}, Window > Theme); the light themes outline the slider knob with Tokens::knob_outline (dim text, at least 3:1 against dock, card and chrome; #7927) |
 | UI-217-12 | Save custom New Document presets; a real Recent category | done | [#217](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/217) | document_preset_cmds.rs and new_doc_ui.rs: named presets save/select/delete through preferences; Recent lists Clipboard, the last 20 documents created in the dialog (document.recent.*, persisted with the presets, newest first, deduplicated) and the uncovered defaults (#3131); created_documents_fill_the_recent_category |
 | UI-217-13 | Numeric fields accept arithmetic and units; scrubby labels; double-click resets a slider | done | [#217](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/217) | widgets::value_field: arithmetic plus units (1in, 5mm, 72pt, 50%) converted at the document resolution (#3099); widgets::scrub_label makes options-bar, slider-row and Character labels scrubby (Shift x10, Alt fine); slider rows with a known default reset on double-click |
-| UI-217-14 | Layers panel: wheel steps blend modes, drop on New/Trash duplicates/deletes, checker behind art | done | [#217](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/217) | panels.rs: the wheel steps the blend-mode dropdown (widgets::dropdown_wheel_hovered, #1747); rows dropped on New Layer/Group/Delete duplicate/group/delete them (footer_drop, #736), effect rows dropped on Delete delete that effect or the whole style (fx_trash_drop, #3102); pixel thumbnails draw widgets::checker behind the art; Shift+Plus/Minus step the layer's or the painting tool's blend mode (blend_keys.rs, #3102) |
+| UI-217-14 | Layers panel: wheel steps blend modes, drop on New/Trash duplicates/deletes, checker behind art | done | [#217](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/217) | panels.rs: the wheel steps the blend-mode dropdown (widgets::dropdown_wheel_hovered, #1747); rows dropped on New Layer/Group/Delete duplicate/group/delete them (footer_drop, #736), effect rows dropped on Delete delete that effect or the whole style (fx_trash_drop, #3102); pixel thumbnails draw widgets::checker behind the art; Shift+Plus/Minus step the layer's or the painting tool's blend mode (blend_keys.rs, #3102), and Shift+Alt+letter picks one (Photoshop's letters; every selected layer, one undo step) |
 | UI-217-15 | Curves: smoothing / pencil mode, black/grey/white eyedroppers, tooltips | done | [#217](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/217) | Curves editor (adjust_editors.rs, dialog and Properties): Edit points / Draw (pencil) buttons and Smooth, all with tooltips; pencil curves are 256-level maps (Adjustment::Curves pencil, params pencil/smooth, PSD curv map form and smart-filter Mpng; #3088). Set Black/Neutral Gray/White Point eyedroppers in the Image > Adjustments > Curves dialog (adjust_dialog.rs, #873) and in a Curves adjustment layer's Properties panel (layer_picker.rs: a click on the image is one layer.setAdjustment with the eyedropper param, sampling below the layer; Esc or another tool disarms; #3110) |
 | UI-217-16 | Hue/Saturation: Saturation slider gets a hue-following colour track, Lightness a black-grey-white track | done | [#217](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/217) | saturation_track/lightness_track (adjust_editors.rs): grey -> the hue, recolouring as the Hue slider moves, and a fixed black -> grey -> white (#6539); saturation_track_follows_the_hue, lightness_track_is_black_grey_white_whatever_the_hue |
-| UI-217-17 | Color panel: wheel plus RGB/HSB/CMYK/Lab/Gray/Web slider modes; resizes with its group | missing | [#217](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/217) | panels.rs:1837 single field + hex/RGB readout |
+| UI-217-17 | Color panel: wheel plus RGB/HSB/CMYK/Lab/Gray/Web slider modes; resizes with its group | done | [#217](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/217) | color_panel_ui.rs: Hue/Brightness Cube, Color Wheel, Grayscale/RGB/HSB/CMYK/Lab/Web sliders, ramp; the same in every theme (#6000); color_panel_tests.rs |
 | UI-217-18 | Alt+wheel zooms in gentle ~5 % steps; zoom controls uncramped | partial | [#217](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/217) | Alt+wheel zooms around the pointer, one step per notch applied the frame it arrives (wheel_nav.rs:94; input_tests.rs:443 alt_scroll_zooms_in_steps_around_the_pointer, wheel_nav.rs:448 alt_scroll_zooms_ten_percent_per_notch), but the step is x1.1 (10 %), not the ~5 % this row asks for: #1718 changed it from x1.05 after measuring Photoshop, so the row's target is in question. Status bar zoom field and Fit button fit inside the bar in every theme (status_bar_tests.rs:39 status_bar_controls_sit_inside_the_bar_with_even_margins, #2823); the Navigator zoom controls are not checked |
 | UI-217-19 | Shortcut hints rendered per platform; Reveal label per OS | done | [#217](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/217) | hints and tooltips go through shortcuts::pretty (6266b7a9, #262; pretty_uses_the_platform_notation); menus::reveal_label names Reveal in Finder per OS (Show in Explorer / Show in Folder) in the Smart Objects menu and the tab menu; reveal_label_names_the_platform_file_manager + smart_objects_reveal_item_names_the_platform_file_manager |
 | UI-217-20 | 'Show rulers in new documents' preference; guides stored as f64 | done | [#217](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/217) | View › Rulers is remembered in unitsAndRulers.showRulers and applied at launch and on change (#2918; rulers_open_as_last_set_after_a_restart); doc Guides are Vec<f64> through New Guide, .pcraft and PSD 1032 (guides_keep_sub_pixel_positions_through_pcraft_and_psd) |
@@ -215,15 +221,16 @@ Unread: `general.color_picker`, `general.zoom_resizes_windows`, `workspace.auto_
 
 | Id | Target | Status | Issue | Note |
 |---|---|---|---|---|
-| TYPE-218-1 | Type on a path: path shape, glyphs along the curve, caret follows, PSD round trip | partial | [#218](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/218) | TextShape::Path (doc text.rs) with glyphs placed rigidly along the curve by arc length (text warp.rs PathFrame), type.attachToPath and type.detachFromPath (#4365), .pcraft round trip. Missing: clicking a path with the Type tool, the caret and selection following the curve, and PSD path text (it saves as point text) |
-| TYPE-218-2 | Paragraph direction (Auto/LTR/RTL) in the panel and options bar; visual RTL caret | missing | [#218](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/218) | Engine has TextDirection (text.rs:155); no UI |
+| TYPE-218-1 | Type on a path: path shape, glyphs along the curve, caret follows, PSD round trip | partial | [#218](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/218) | TextShape::Path (doc text.rs) with glyphs placed rigidly along the curve by arc length (text warp.rs PathFrame), type.attachToPath and type.detachFromPath (#4365), .pcraft round trip; a Type tool click on the work path or the active shape layer's path starts path type at the point clicked (type_tool.rs path_target, shared with area type, #6230; type.attachToPath at; path-type pointer over a path); PSD path text opens on its path from its Txt2 frame and saves back into the file's Txt2 object (#7962). Missing: vertical type on a path, dragging the start/flip, the caret and selection following the curve, and PSD path text in a file without Photoshop's Txt2 object for the layer (a new document saves it as point text) |
+| TYPE-218-2 | Paragraph direction (Auto/LTR/RTL) in the panel and options bar; visual RTL caret | partial | [#218](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/218) | Paragraph section (Window > Paragraph and Properties) and the options bar have Auto / Left-to-right / Right-to-left buttons setting the paragraph direction through type.setStyle; the options bar's choice is also the direction new type starts with (type_tool.rs direction_items; paragraph_direction_buttons_set_and_show_the_direction, options_bar_direction_sets_selected_layers_and_new_type). Still missing: visual RTL caret (the arrow keys move in logical order), and PSD doesn't store the direction (crates/text psd.rs neither reads nor writes it, so it reopens as Auto) |
 | TYPE-218-3 | Thai/Khmer/Indic fallback fonts; golden shaping tests for complex scripts and RTL | partial | [#218](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/218) | Fallback fonts are covered for Thai, Khmer, Lao, Myanmar (THAI_FAMILIES, KHMER_FAMILIES, LAO_FAMILIES, MYANMAR_FAMILIES in fonts.rs; #1909, #3259), the nine Indic scripts (INDIC_FAMILIES: Nirmala UI, Kohinoor and Sangam MN, Noto Sans) and Arabic and Hebrew. Still missing: per-script golden shaping tests against reference output (only smoke tests that an installed font shapes without .notdef, plus a bidi test) |
 | TYPE-218-4 | Variable font axis sliders from the font's axes; opsz follows the point size | done | [#218](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/218) | One slider per axis of the style's font in the Character section (Properties and Window > Character), setting type.setStyle variations; opsz follows the type size unless set (layout.rs variation_list); a style or weight resets the wght axis (#2985). PSD does not round-trip axis values yet |
 | TYPE-218-5 | OpenType UI: Character panel buttons, Numerals and Stylistic Sets submenus | partial | [#218](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/218) | Type > OpenType toggles (type_extra_cmds.rs:512). Character panel (and the Properties Character section) has Photoshop's eight OpenType buttons: Standard Ligatures, Contextual Alternates, Discretionary Ligatures, Swash, Stylistic Alternates, Titling Alternates, Ordinals, Fractions, pressed while the feature is on at the selection and dispatching the type.openType.* commands (type_tool.rs opentype_row; character_panel_opentype_buttons_toggle_and_show_the_feature, #3752). Still missing: the Numerals and Stylistic Sets submenus, and greying out features the font lacks |
-| TYPE-218-6 | Manual pair kerning (Alt+arrows), optical kerning rendered, both round-trip PSD (#206) | done | [#218](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/218) | Alt+Left/Right at a collapsed caret kerns the pair (type_tool.rs kern_pair, 20 per step and 100 with Cmd; type_tool_alt_arrows_kern_the_pair). Optical kerning is computed from the glyph outlines in text/src/optical.rs and applied by layout.rs when the run's mode is Optical (optical_matches_photoshop, optical_kerning_tightens_open_pairs). Both modes and manual values round-trip through PSD (io/tests/psd_kerning.rs; the optical mode travels in Txt2, txt2_carries_optical_kerning) |
+| TYPE-218-6 | Manual pair kerning (Alt+arrows), optical kerning rendered, both round-trip PSD (#206) | done | [#218](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/218) | Alt+Left/Right at a collapsed caret kerns the pair (type_tool.rs kern_pair, 20 per step and 100 with Cmd; type_tool_alt_arrows_kern_the_pair). Optical kerning is computed from the glyph outlines in text/src/optical.rs and applied by layout.rs when the run's mode is Optical (optical_matches_photoshop, optical_kerning_tightens_open_pairs). Both modes and manual values round-trip through PSD (io/tests/it/psd_kerning.rs; the optical mode travels in Txt2, txt2_carries_optical_kerning) |
 | TYPE-218-7 | Warp Text dialog previews live and opens with the layer's current warp | done | [#218](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/218) | Type > Warp Text opens with the shown layer's warp, or None, never remembered values (filter_dialog.rs:503 warp_defaults; warp_text_dialog_tests.rs:80 warp_text_opens_with_the_type_layers_current_warp, :99 warp_text_opens_at_none_for_a_layer_without_warp, :108 remembered_warp_values_never_override_the_layers_warp). The dialog previews live without editing the document, Cancel leaves no step and OK is one undoable step (:138 warp_text_dialog_previews_the_warp_without_editing_the_document, :160 cancelling_warp_text_leaves_the_document_and_history_untouched, :179 confirming_warp_text_is_one_undoable_step); the reduced-proxy preview matches the full-size result (filter_dialog.rs:2150 warp_text_preview_matches_the_full_size_result_on_a_reduced_proxy) |
 | TYPE-218-8 | Text editing: select all, double/triple/quadruple-click selection, paste, with tests | done | [#218](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/218) | Like Photoshop, 2 clicks select the word, 3 the laid-out line (a column in vertical type), 4 the paragraph up to the hard return, 5 all text, and the next quick click starts over (#3493; type_tool.rs next_click_count, click_selection, multi_click). Tested through real canvas clicks in point, paragraph and vertical type, with paste replacing the selection and Cmd+A selecting all (type_tool_tests.rs multi_click_selects_word_line_paragraph_and_all_in_point_text, multi_click_separates_wrapped_lines_from_paragraphs, click_counts_cycle_and_restart, click_selection_without_layout_and_on_hostile_input, multi_click_without_a_session_does_nothing) |
 | TYPE-218-9 | Distort/Perspective/Warp on live type as in Photoshop (was: offer 'Rasterize and continue?'; Photoshop doesn't prompt) | done | [#218](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/218) | Photoshop 2026 prompts for none of these: Edit › Transform › Warp on live type stays enabled with no rasterize prompt and offers only the warp styles (the mesh can't be dragged), so the type stays editable; Distort, Perspective and the split warps are greyed. PhotoCraft does the same: Warp on type commits the layer's Warp Text in one step (transform_tool.rs enter_type_warp, warp_cmds.rs warp_type_layer, #3004; warp_on_type_takes_a_style_and_keeps_the_type_editable), Distort/Perspective greyed (enable_rules.rs, #2701) |
+| TYPE-218-10 | Area type: Type tool click inside a closed path or shape wraps text inside it, holes and dents included, PSD round trip | partial | [#218](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/218) | TextShape::Area (doc text.rs) laid out line by line into the spans the path leaves (text area.rs, layout.rs break_area), type.fillPath (engine type_area_cmds.rs), released to box text by type.detachFromPath, area/path cursors and click-to-place (ui-egui type_tool.rs path_target), .pcraft round trip. Missing: PSD area type (saves as paragraph text over the path's bounds, with an export warning); mixed type sizes in one area paragraph space at its largest line; area type takes paths of at most 4096 anchors: beyond that a Type tool click makes point text (the pointer shows the plain I-beam), and type.fillPath refuses the path with "the path has too many anchor points" (type.attachToPath still takes a subpath of up to 100,000 anchors); a word too wide for every span in the shape overflows its span (box text breaks it at the edge, #6694); the first line starts about 0.24 em lower than in a text box of the same size; Photoshop area type in a PSD opens as box text; the area path has no handles to edit it after the type is placed |
 
 ## Automation
 
@@ -241,7 +248,7 @@ Menu wiring (`docs/parity-checklist.md`): 631 of 631 menu items live (100.0%). T
 | AUTO-219-7 | Local ONNX models behind a flag, managed in Preferences; subject select, background removal | missing | [#219](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/219) | No ONNX runtime dependency |
 | AUTO-219-8 | xtask check that every panel button routes through a command id | missing | [#219](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/219) | No such xtask check |
 | AUTO-219-9 | Headless commands for in-canvas type editing, Liquify/Puppet strokes, transform handles | done | [#219](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/219) | type.hitTest, type.caret, type.navigate; filter.liquify strokes, edit.puppetWarp pins, type.edit, edit.transform |
-| AUTO-219-10 | Agent acceptance suite grown to 30-50 workflows | partial | [#219](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/219) | automation/tests/agent_tasks.rs runs 10 workflows over MCP |
+| AUTO-219-10 | Agent acceptance suite grown to 30-50 workflows | partial | [#219](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/219) | automation/tests/it/agent_tasks.rs runs 10 workflows over MCP |
 
 ## Reliability
 
@@ -267,7 +274,7 @@ Never-crash attribute on 30 of 30 crate roots.
 | DIST-4 | Flatpak single-file bundles, x86_64 and aarch64 | done |  | release.yml:204-216 (#163) |
 | DIST-5 | Web build (wasm32, trunk) | done |  | release.yml:312 |
 | DIST-6 | FreeBSD 14 x86_64 tar.gz (/usr/local tree) built in a FreeBSD VM | partial |  | release.yml:242-283 (freebsd job) + packaging/freebsd/package.sh; layout checked with --dry-run, not yet produced by a release run |
-| DIST-220-1 | Help > Check for Updates plus an opt-out periodic release-feed check on all desktops | missing | [#220](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/220) | No update check in crates |
+| DIST-220-1 | Help > Check for Updates plus an opt-out periodic release-feed check on all desktops | partial | [#220](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/220) | 2026-10-22 (#5485): Help > Check for Updates and an opt-out check once per launch (updates_cmds + the desktop HTTPS transport; none inside Flatpak, where flatpak update owns updates). Missing: a periodic recheck while the app stays open |
 | DIST-220-2 | Windows ARM64 (aarch64-pc-windows-msvc) in the release matrix, signed like x64 | done | [#220](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/220) | release.yml has { arch: arm64, target: aarch64-pc-windows-msvc } in the Windows matrix, and .github/workflows/windows-arm64.yml packages that MSI, installs it on a Windows 11 ARM64 runner, checks the installed binaries are ARM64 and runs the CLI natively before uninstalling. Signing takes the same path as x64: the secrets are optional and a missing one produces an unsigned artifact and a warning (see DIST-2) |
 | DIST-220-3 | In-app bug report with reviewable diagnostics that opens a prefilled issue | missing | [#220](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/220) | No bug report dialog in crates |
 | DIST-220-4 | Translation coverage per language reported by xtask; RTL layout for Arabic and Hebrew | partial | [#220](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/220) | `cargo xtask i18n-coverage` reports per-language coverage (#427); RTL languages mirror the shell (`direction.rs`), not yet panel interiors or dialogs |
@@ -284,21 +291,21 @@ Never-crash attribute on 30 of 30 crate roots.
 | BUG-203-5 | On any failure the original file is untouched and the temp file removed | done | [#203](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/203) | atomic.rs removes the temp file on every failure; tests assert the original bytes survive write and rename failures |
 | BUG-203-6 | Failure-injection tests: mid-write, rename and read-only dir errors keep original bytes | done | [#203](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/203) | format/src/atomic/tests.rs: Faulty AtomicFs injects mid-write StorageFull, rename failure and a read-only dir; locked-target retries, symlink and file-mode preservation covered too |
 | BUG-204-1 | Interface prefs (UI scale, font size, channels in colour, sliders, tooltips) wired or hidden | done | [#204](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/204) | prefs_ui.rs tick reads ui_scale (sync_display_scale), ui_font_size (theme::set_ui_font_size) and show_tooltips (sync_tooltips); show_channels_in_color is wired in channel_thumbs and the canvas channel view (#2385); dynamic_color_sliders is in prefs::HIDDEN_UNTIL_IMPLEMENTED |
-| BUG-204-2 | workspace.large_tabs, animated_zoom, auto_show_home_screen wired or hidden | done | [#204](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/204) | workspace.large_tabs controls document tab height in canvas.rs; auto_show_home_screen drives the Home screen; general.animated_zoom makes a held Zoom tool press zoom continuously (zoom_hold.rs, #6210) |
-| BUG-204-3 | RAW prefs and ask_before_saving_layered_tiff read, or hidden | done | [#204](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/204) | ask_before_saving_layered_tiff drives the TIFF Options prompt (ui-egui tiff_options_ui.rs); raw_defaults.open_in_camera_raw drives the Camera Raw dialog (camera_raw_ui.rs); the other raw_defaults fields are in prefs::HIDDEN_UNTIL_IMPLEMENTED |
+| BUG-204-2 | workspace.large_tabs, animated_zoom, auto_show_home_screen wired or hidden | done | [#204](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/204) | workspace.large_tabs controls document tab height in canvas.rs; auto_show_home_screen drives the Home screen; general.animated_zoom gates discrete canvas zoom transitions and continuous held Zoom tool presses (zoom_hold.rs, #6210), and is exposed in General preferences |
+| BUG-204-3 | RAW prefs and ask_before_saving_layered_tiff read, or hidden | done | [#204](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/204) | ask_before_saving_layered_tiff drives the TIFF Options prompt (ui-egui tiff_options_ui.rs); raw_defaults.open_in_camera_raw drives the Camera Raw dialog (camera_raw_ui.rs); the other raw_defaults fields drive the raw open and Camera Raw (#5128) |
 | BUG-204-4 | Recent files persisted through prefs across restarts | done | [#204](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/204) | crates/ui-egui/src/lib.rs::push_recent stores the list in preferences; prefs_ui::load restores it and recent_files_survive_a_restart_and_honour_the_count verifies reload |
 | BUG-204-5 | Recent-files list honours recent_file_count (default 20) | done | [#204](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/204) | lib.rs push_recent caps the list with recent_cap (recent_file_count); menus.rs covers default and custom limits |
-| BUG-204-6 | Test: every Prefs field is read somewhere or on a hidden allowlist | done | [#204](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/204) | crates/engine/tests/prefs_usage.rs every_preference_is_read_or_hidden: each field is read outside prefs.rs or listed in prefs::HIDDEN_UNTIL_IMPLEMENTED, never both |
+| BUG-204-6 | Test: every Prefs field is read somewhere or on a hidden allowlist | done | [#204](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/204) | crates/engine/tests/it/prefs_usage.rs every_preference_is_read_or_hidden: each field is read outside prefs.rs or listed in prefs::HIDDEN_UNTIL_IMPLEMENTED, never both |
 | BUG-205-1 | Free Transform with a selection moves only the selected part of a linked mask | done | [#205](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/205) | linked_mask_with_a_selection_moves_only_the_selected_region (transform_cmds.rs; 5a5facc, #242) |
 | BUG-205-2 | Live transform preview draws the layer with its mask applied | done | [#205](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/205) | transform_tool.rs preview_mask + preview_applies_the_linked_mask (5a5facc, #242) |
 | BUG-205-3 | edit.transform honours target mask: transforms only a targeted, unlinked mask | done | [#205](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/205) | targeted_unlinked_mask_transforms_alone and targeted_linked_mask_moves_with_its_layer (transform_cmds.rs) plus the through-the-box tests (transform_tool.rs; 5a5facc, #242) |
 | BUG-205-4 | Test: a linked raster mask with no selection moves with the pixels | done | [#205](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/205) | linked_raster_mask_moves_with_the_pixels (transform_cmds.rs): a reveal-all mask with a hidden half, linked, no selection; asserts the hidden half travels with the pixels and nothing hidden is left behind |
 | BUG-205-5 | Tests: linked mask + selection stays aligned; unlinked stays; targeted mask only | done | [#205](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/205) | All three in transform_cmds.rs: linked_mask_with_a_selection_moves_only_the_selected_region checks the mask value under each moved pixel, unlinked_mask_stays_put covers it with and without a selection, targeted_unlinked_mask_transforms_alone moves the mask while the layer bounds stay |
 | BUG-206-1 | CharStyle models per-character manual kerning separately from the auto-kern mode | done | [#206](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/206) | doc/src/text.rs CharStyle carries both: kerning: Kerning for the automatic mode (Metrics/Optical/Off) and kern: f32 for manual kerning in 1/1000 em between this character and the next, added on top of the pair's automatic kerning |
-| BUG-206-2 | PSD import keeps Optical and manual Kerning values | done | [#206](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/206) | io/tests/psd_kerning.rs manual_and_off_kerning_round_trip_through_psd and optical_kerning_round_trips_through_psd import an exported layer and compare every character's (mode, kern) pair; the optical mode travels in the document Txt2 block (#1348) |
-| BUG-206-3 | PSD export writes the real AutoKerning mode and Kerning values | done | [#206](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/206) | manual_and_off_kerning_round_trip_through_psd (io/tests/psd_kerning.rs) reads the AutoKerning flag and Kerning value of every character back out of the written TySh: (false, 100) after A, (true, -50) after T, and automatic kerning off where the style says so |
+| BUG-206-2 | PSD import keeps Optical and manual Kerning values | done | [#206](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/206) | io/tests/it/psd_kerning.rs manual_and_off_kerning_round_trip_through_psd and optical_kerning_round_trips_through_psd import an exported layer and compare every character's (mode, kern) pair; the optical mode travels in the document Txt2 block (#1348) |
+| BUG-206-3 | PSD export writes the real AutoKerning mode and Kerning values | done | [#206](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/206) | manual_and_off_kerning_round_trip_through_psd (io/tests/it/psd_kerning.rs) reads the AutoKerning flag and Kerning value of every character back out of the written TySh: (false, 100) after A, (true, -50) after T, and automatic kerning off where the style says so |
 | BUG-206-4 | Alt+Left/Right at a collapsed caret adjusts pair kerning; Character panel field | done | [#206](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/206) | type_tool.rs: Alt+Left/Right at a collapsed caret calls kern_pair (20 per step, 100 with Cmd); the Character panel field takes Metrics, Optical or a manual value (kerning_label / parse_kerning). Covered by type_tool_alt_arrows_kern_the_pair and kerning_field_values (input_tests.rs) |
-| BUG-206-5 | Tests: PSD round trip of manual and Optical kerning, a real file in the oracle corpus | partial | [#206](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/206) | Round trips covered by io/tests/psd_kerning.rs (manual, Off and Optical, plus hostile_kerning_values and txt2_extras_survive_a_resave_of_unchanged_text); corpus_text_layers reads real PSDs and applies their Txt2 optical kerning, but no oracle file is dedicated to kerning values |
+| BUG-206-5 | Tests: PSD round trip of manual and Optical kerning, a real file in the oracle corpus | partial | [#206](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/206) | Round trips covered by io/tests/it/psd_kerning.rs (manual, Off and Optical, plus hostile_kerning_values and txt2_extras_survive_a_resave_of_unchanged_text); corpus_text_layers reads real PSDs and applies their Txt2 optical kerning, but no oracle file is dedicated to kerning values |
 | BUG-207-1 | Retouch tools respect the paint target (mask, alpha channel, Quick Mask) | done | [#207](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/207) | run_stroke paints channel_cmds::target_surface; retouch_strokes_paint_the_targeted_mask (retouch_ui.rs) and engine retouch_cmds/tests.rs (e2444ce, #234) |
 | BUG-207-2 | Sample All Layers applies to Blur, Sharpen and Smudge | done | [#207](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/207) | retouch_ui.rs passes sampleAllLayers to paint.blur/sharpen/smudge; sample_all_layers_reaches_the_command (e2444ce, #234) |
 | BUG-207-3 | Smudge mixes premultiplied RGBA (no dark fringe at transparent edges) | done | [#207](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/207) | paint/src/retouch.rs premultiplies; smudge_into_transparency_leaves_no_dark_fringe (e2444ce, #234) |
diff --git a/docs/seam-carving-performance.md b/docs/seam-carving-performance.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..371b8c363d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/seam-carving-performance.md
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+# Content-Aware Scale performance
+
+## Seam carving keeps its search across seams (2026-10-13, #5236)
+
+Perf scenario P28 ([#211](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/211)) scales a 24 MP
+photo to 90 % width with Edit › Content-Aware Scale. Its budget is 3 s.
+
+- The committed baseline (2026-10-05) records 954 s. That predates the per-seam energy updates
+  and the reduced-height seam search already in `crates/algo/src/seam.rs`.
+- Before this change, the row measured 3.3 s on the machine below.
+- After it, the row measures 1.6 s and the carve itself is 3.6 times faster. The output is the
+  same.
+
+### What changed
+
+All changes are in `crates/algo/src/seam.rs`. The command, its parameters and its output are
+unchanged.
+
+- **The seam search keeps its path-cost map across seams.**
+  - The search is the dynamic programme of Avidan and Shamir (2007). Before, it refilled the whole
+    map for every seam: for P28, 600 serial passes over about 3 M cells.
+  - After a removal, `Dp::update` recomputes row by row only two kinds of pixel: those next to the
+    seam, whose energies or parents changed, and those with a parent whose cost actually changed
+    (compared bit for bit). Nothing else can change, so the map stays identical to a full pass.
+  - On the bench images this recomputes 1.3 % of the map per seam on the reduced-height search,
+    and 6–10 % on the full-resolution one. 98–99 % of the recomputed pixels do change, so the work
+    is the removed seam's basin, not slack in the bounds.
+  - Directions are no longer stored. The seam is traced back from the costs with the same tie
+    rules (`cell`). Rows are computed by one shared, vectorised kernel (`row_costs`).
+- **The carver moves no pixels.**
+  - It borrows the image, keeps each remaining pixel's source column (`u32`), and reads energy
+    neighbours and the result through it.
+  - A removal shifts whichever side of the seam is shorter, in three 4-byte per-pixel buffers
+    (index, energy, cost). Before, it shifted everything right of the seam in up to four buffers,
+    including the 16-byte RGBA pixels and, on the tracked paths, an 8-byte index.
+  - The image is no longer copied.
+- **The full-resolution stages run in parallel over rows.** These are the tall-image proxy build,
+  its full-resolution rebuild (runs copied between removed columns), the height pass's transposes
+  (blocked) and the plain resample used by Amount.
+
+### Exactness
+
+**Inputs whose energy stays a number** (every finite image without overflow) produce output that
+is bit-identical to the previous code. These tests pin it:
+
+- `output_bits_are_pinned`, for images under 2048 rows.
+- `tall_proxy_output_bits_are_pinned`, for the reduced-height search. It was pinned from the
+  previous code before any change.
+- `carver_matches_reference`, which runs 400 random cases against the original straightforward
+  implementation.
+- `incremental_dp_matches_full_dp`, which after every removal checks the kept map, the seam, the
+  energy and the pixels against a recomputation from scratch.
+- The hashes of the four `bench_seam_cas` outputs.
+
+**An adversarial review** compared the previous and new code side by side over more than 37 000
+generated cases. Inputs included huge values, denormals, -0.0, out-of-range protection, enlarging
+past 2× and proxy-size images. No difference appeared on any input whose energy stays a number.
+
+**NaN and infinities** are now deterministic on every platform:
+
+- An energy that isn't a number is the highest energy (`+inf`). Such energies come from NaN
+  samples, from infinite samples at the border or next to each other, and from overflowing
+  differences.
+- NaN protection protects nothing.
+
+Before, these inputs fed NaN to the seam search. The chosen seam then depended on NaN payloads,
+which arithmetic does not keep consistently across builds or on wasm. `nan_payloads_do_not_steer_seams`
+and `infinite_samples_carve_deterministically` pin the new behaviour.
+
+**The height pass now keeps infinite protection.** It resamples the protection map; where that
+gives NaN, the map clamped to 0..=1 is resampled instead. Before, a row protected with `+inf`
+was carved away while one protected with `1.0` was kept.
+
+**Degenerate inputs now return early instead of panicking.** These are no channels, an empty
+width with a height change, and images or protection maps shorter than their size.
+
+### Measurements
+
+**Machine and method:**
+
+- 4-vCPU cloud VM (Intel Xeon 2.1 GHz, Linux, no GPU), release builds.
+- The VM's speed drifts by about 20 % over time, so before and after binaries ran interleaved in
+  the same window. Reported values are p50 with the [min–max] range.
+
+**The carver alone:**
+
+- Command: `cargo run --release -p photocraft-algo --example bench_seam_cas`.
+- Input: a synthetic photo-like RGBA image.
+- Five interleaved rounds; the output hashes were identical in every run.
+
+| Case | Before | After | Speed-up |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| 24 MP to 90 % width (P28's carve, reduced-height search) | 2013 ms [1958–2149] | 556 ms [542–623] | 3.6× |
+| 24 MP to 90 % height (transposed) | 2639 ms [2617–2809] | 993 ms [967–1017] | 2.7× |
+| 5.4 MP to 90 % width (full-resolution search) | 1548 ms [1514–1648] | 677 ms [664–719] | 2.3× |
+| 1.5 MP to 70 % width (full-resolution search) | 671 ms [658–766] | 406 ms [376–421] | 1.65× |
+
+**The P28 row:**
+
+- Command: `perf_scenarios --cpu --only "Content-Aware Scale"`.
+- It also times reading the layer, the job and writing the result back.
+- Five interleaved rounds, n = 1 per run:
+
+| P28 row | Before | After |
+|---|---|---|
+| Time | 3281 ms [3178–3364] | 1639 ms [1503–1728] |
+| Peak RSS | 1368–1386 MB | 1305–1367 MB |
+
+`cargo run --release -p photocraft-engine --example bench_content_aware_scale` times the same
+command without building the UI crate. After the change, one run split as follows:
+
+| Stage | Time |
+|---|---|
+| Reading the layer region | about 0.3 s |
+| The carve | about 0.5 s |
+| Writing the result back, with the undo step | about 0.2 s |
+
+**Memory inside the carver** is now 12 bytes per pixel. Before, it was the image copy (4 bytes per
+channel), the energy and the stored directions, plus protection and an 8-byte index where used.
+
+- The only case that uses more is a one-channel shrink without protection: 9 → 12 bytes per pixel.
+  The review measured its peak 1.17× higher.
+- Every other case uses less.
+
+### Limits and what is still open
+
+- **The scorecard and enforcement.** The scorecard keeps showing the 2026-10-05 baseline until
+  `cargo xtask perf --update-baseline` runs on the reference machine. `enforce` stays false for
+  P28 until then.
+- **The rest of the P28 row** is now mostly plumbing outside the carver. `Surface::read_region`
+  converts the 24 MP layer pixel by pixel on one thread, and `write_region` also runs on one
+  thread.
+- **Full-resolution searches.** Enlarging still runs them, since only shrinking tall images uses
+  the reduced-height search. The review measured a 24 MP 1 % enlarge going from 7.0 s to 1.8 s on a
+  loaded machine. What remains per seam is the removed seam's basin in the cost map (serial, row by
+  row) and the row shifts.
+- **A worst case.** When every seam hugs the right edge of a one-sided smooth ramp, the old code
+  shifted nothing, but the new code's cost changes cover almost the whole map. The review measured
+  that case 1.3–1.5× slower than before. No other input it tried was slower.
+- **wasm** builds run the same code on one thread.
+
+## P28's recorded number is stale (2026-10-22, #8526)
+
+`perf/baseline.json` records P28 (Content-Aware Scale on 24 MP to 90 % width) as 954 192 ms from the
+2026-10-05 baseline, which is why `perf/budgets.toml` carries `enforce = false` for that row. The
+seam-search proxies and the per-seam energy update landed after that capture:
+
+| Tree | 6000 × 4000 → 5400, 4 ch |
+|---|---:|
+| `f5d2bcb` (the 2026-10-05 baseline commit) | 266 039 ms |
+| `1104b6f` (main with #8526, before #5236) | 2 559 ms |
+
+`f5d2bcb` has no `PROXY_SHRINK_MIN_HEIGHT`: it carves at full height with a full energy recompute per
+seam. The 954 s in the baseline was that code on a machine whose recorded load average was 226–290
+on 14 cores. The two `bench_seam` runs above are 104× apart (266 039 ms against 2 559 ms); that is the
+seam-search core alone, and it is not the same measurement as the row's 954 s, which also includes a
+document read and writeback the timer above excludes.
+
+The row itself is not flipped to `enforce = true` here: the budget is set for the macOS/aarch64
+machine class and only a run on that class can vouch for it. The carving core was 2.56 s at
+24 MP on a 4-core laptop CPU before #5236; the budgeted machine is faster, but the row also includes the document
+read and writeback this measurement excludes. Flip it in the PR whose nightly run shows the row
+under 3 s, and delete this paragraph with it.
+
+## The shrink proxy's column map (2026-10-22, #8526)
+
+Main had dropped the proxy search's per-pixel original-column map in favour of counting the columns
+already taken from each row (`record_removed`, −15 % at 24 MP). The carver above keeps a 4-byte
+source column per remaining pixel and returns original columns itself, so that counting step has
+nothing left to do and was removed when #5236 joined main; the tall-image output is unchanged
+(`tall_proxy_output_bits_are_pinned`).
+
+Its example times the deep shrinks it was measured on:
+
+```sh
+cargo build --release -p photocraft-algo --example bench_seam
+./target/release/examples/bench_seam 6000 4000 600 4
+./target/release/examples/bench_seam 6000 4000 3000 4
+```
+
+On main with #8526 these printed fnv `0f7eaa6af3cf1557` and `1780ee9bc9077ee9`. Both changes keep
+the output unchanged, so the same hashes are expected; #8526's timings were taken on a different
+base than the ones above and are not comparable with them.
diff --git a/docs/shape-strokes.md b/docs/shape-strokes.md
index 61305c07b8..56c38d528a 100644
--- a/docs/shape-strokes.md
+++ b/docs/shape-strokes.md
@@ -79,6 +79,23 @@ zero. Set tool colours with `tools.setColors`. `ui.inspect` reports `toolOptions
 `toolOptions.stroke_width`, and the transient `strokeEditor`. Keyboard focus, standard number
 fields, colour pickers, and ComboBoxes remain native egui controls.
 
+## Paint
+
+The Fill and Stroke swatches (options bar and Properties) offer No Color, Solid and Gradient,
+as Photoshop's shape Fill/Stroke popover does. Gradient starts from the Gradient tool's current
+gradient (linear, 90°, 100%). Its tab (`shape_gradient_ui.rs`) has a Recent row (the gradients
+the popups last closed on, `ui.recent_gradients`) above the preset library (a pick takes the
+preset's colour and opacity stops, as a Gradient Fill layer made from it does), a stops strip
+(click below the ramp to add a colour stop, above it an opacity stop; drag a stop to move it or
+off the strip to delete it; drag a midpoint), the selected stop's colour (an inline picker),
+opacity, location and Delete, and the style, angle, scale, Reverse and Align with layer. Stop
+edits use the Gradient Editor's grammar (`gradient_fill_cmds::apply_stop`). With no
+shape selected the choice is the next shape's (`toolOptions.shape_fill_gradient` /
+`shape_stroke_gradient`; a colour replaces it, No Color keeps it); with one selected it is one
+`shape.edit`. The swatches send every gradient field (`opacityStops`, `midpoints`, `offset`,
+`dither`, `align`), so changing the angle of an imported gradient keeps the rest. Pattern paint is
+not offered yet.
+
 ## Upstream and public references
 
 - [PR #2218](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/pull/2218) introduced these controls with
@@ -87,7 +104,8 @@ fields, colour pickers, and ComboBoxes remain native egui controls.
   parity, including selected-shape editing from the options bar and additional fill types;
   those remain separate work.
 - [Issue #1053](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/1053) documents the missing
-  stroke controls and existing engine/model support. Gradient fill UI remains separate work.
+  stroke controls and existing engine/model support. The Fill and Stroke swatches now have a
+  Gradient tab (see Paint below); a pattern paint UI remains separate work.
 - [Issue #1931](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/1931) requests sharp stroke options.
 - [PR #233](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/pull/233),
   [#397](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/pull/397), and
diff --git a/docs/target-app-parity.md b/docs/target-app-parity.md
index a2581c4b46..5c9fcd4b99 100644
--- a/docs/target-app-parity.md
+++ b/docs/target-app-parity.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # PhotoCraft vs Adobe Photoshop: target-app parity
 
-> **Last reviewed:** 2026-10-12 · **Last updated:** 2026-10-18 · **Change:** minor (Content-Aware Move live preview for every selection size, TOOL-213-4 done, #6680; retouching evidence: Pattern Stamp and Background Eraser draw live, only the Mixer Brush is left of TOOL-213-7; fill and adjustment layers copy and paste whole, UI-217-23 partial, #2344; shape layers take Density and Feather, TOOL-214-12 done, #5846; on-canvas corner radius widgets, TOOL-214-12; `.atn` import maps 112 events; Free Transform H/V skew fields; stale rows corrected against `main` and the scorecard, estimates unchanged; Photoshop Actions `.atn` load and save; 2026-10-10: Tilt-Shift measurements added; earlier the same day: major, full re-measure against Photoshop 2026 27.11.0; merged `parity-estimate.md` and the roadmap's honest assessment; stale missing-tool rows corrected: Color Replacement and Red Eye are live toolbar tools, Frame landed; percentages unchanged) · **Target:** Adobe Photoshop 2026
+> **Last reviewed:** 2026-10-12 · **Last updated:** 2026-10-25 · **Change:** minor (12 of 178 preferences do nothing, from the scorecard; the Camera Raw row names per-camera colour for non-DNG cameras as missing, not the Calibration panel, which landed 2026-10-13; Content-Aware Scale measurements added, #5236; Help › Check for Updates and an opt-out check once per launch, DIST-220-1 partial, #5485; area type, TYPE-218-10 partial, Type scorecard 5 / 5 / 0; compound layer properties export as separate Photoshop Set events, #8304; JPEG Options dialog landed, FILE-215-19 partial; Print › Functions › Bleed through `file.print`; Content-Aware Move live preview for every selection size, TOOL-213-4 done, #6680; retouching evidence: Pattern Stamp and Background Eraser draw live, only the Mixer Brush is left of TOOL-213-7; fill and adjustment layers copy and paste whole, UI-217-23 partial, #2344; shape layers take Density and Feather, TOOL-214-12 done, #5846; on-canvas corner radius widgets, TOOL-214-12; `.atn` import maps 112 events; Free Transform H/V skew fields; stale rows corrected against `main` and the scorecard, estimates unchanged; Photoshop Actions `.atn` load and save; 2026-10-10: Tilt-Shift measurements added; earlier the same day: major, full re-measure against Photoshop 2026 27.11.0; merged `parity-estimate.md` and the roadmap's honest assessment; stale missing-tool rows corrected: Color Replacement and Red Eye are live toolbar tools, Frame landed; percentages unchanged; PSD spot plates in Photoshop's polarity, #7415 split; TIFF spot plates, FILE-215-17's TIFF part, #7415) · **Target:** Adobe Photoshop 2026
 
 The authoritative answer to "how close is PhotoCraft to Photoshop, and how much work is left". The
 one-page summary is [`ROADMAP.md`](../ROADMAP.md); the ranked work list is [`gaps.md`](gaps.md);
@@ -75,14 +75,14 @@ Weights reflect what a working Photoshop user depends on (photographers, retouch
 
 | Dimension | Weight | % ready | Remaining (agent-h) | Evidence | Detail |
 |---|---:|---:|---:|---|---|
-| Features in depth (tools, layers, selections, type, filters, transforms) | 25% | 55% | 600–1,000 | Scorecard checklists: Tools 20 done / 15 partial / 6 missing, Type 0 / 3 / 6, Automation 3 / 2 / 6. 14 tools missing; Select and Mask, Vanishing Point and Content-Aware Fill are parameter dialogs, not workspaces; type on a path, manual kerning, RTL paragraphs missing | [gaps.md](gaps.md) |
-| UI / UX fidelity and feel | 15% | 40% | 350–600 | ~150 open UI issues; Workspace checklist 13 / 5 / 5 (2026-10-12; 5 / 7 / 11 on 2026-10-10); 27 of 156 preferences do nothing (was 46 of 149); no floating panel groups, thin Color panel, brush lag and pressure jumps reported | [ui-parity.md](ui-parity.md), [brush-parity.md](brush-parity.md) |
+| Features in depth (tools, layers, selections, type, filters, transforms) | 25% | 55% | 600–1,000 | Scorecard checklists: Tools 20 done / 15 partial / 6 missing, Type 5 / 5 / 0 (2026-10-22, area type partial), Automation 3 / 2 / 6. 14 tools missing; Select and Mask, Vanishing Point and Content-Aware Fill are parameter dialogs, not workspaces; type on a path partial; paragraph direction buttons exist but the visual RTL caret is missing | [gaps.md](gaps.md) |
+| UI / UX fidelity and feel | 15% | 40% | 350–600 | ~150 open UI issues; Workspace checklist 13 / 5 / 5 (2026-10-12; 5 / 7 / 11 on 2026-10-10); 12 of 178 preferences do nothing (scorecard, 2026-10-25; was 27 of 156); no floating panel groups, thin Color panel, brush lag and pressure jumps reported | [ui-parity.md](ui-parity.md), [brush-parity.md](brush-parity.md) |
 | File formats and fidelity | 15% | 60% | 300–500 | PSD oracle on Photoshop-authored files 133/256 (52%); io corpus 146/170 (86%); psd-tools 236/309 (76%); round trips ~100% of corpus; but users report Photoshop refusing our files (#1281, #2469; a text-layer case, #2374, was fixed 2026-10-10); no Photoshop PDF, EPS, JPEG 2000, JPEG XL, AVIF read, CR3 | [file-format-parity.md](file-format-parity.md) |
 | Performance | 10% | 25% | 200–350 | 3 of 25 budgeted scenarios meet budget (baseline 2026-10-05); 150-layer nudge crashes the GPU path (P12); layer move on 15000×10000 16-bit 2.7 s p50; users report brush and cursor lag (#2619, #2566, #1994) | [scorecard.md](scorecard.md#performance) |
 | Stability | 10% | 45% | 150–250 | Never-crash lints on 28/28 crates, `panic_hunt` in the gate, atomic saves; but field reports of freezes (#2518 Type tool 60 s on macOS), GPU panics (#2020, #1215), no-GPU start failures (#2519, #2412) | [gaps.md](gaps.md) |
 | Hardware | 5% | 50% | 80–150 | GPU compositor (wgpu), pen pressure on all desktops but tilt/rotation not on Windows, Wayland pen broken (#2622), no HDR/EDR output, monitor profile auto-detected on macOS only | [hardware-parity.md](hardware-parity.md) |
 | Localization | 5% | 55% | 80–140 | 7 of the 12 key languages at 100% of measured UI keys; Hindi and Arabic absent, Vietnamese catalog added 2026-10-12 (#2636, coverage not re-measured); no RTL UI; engine messages English | [localization-parity.md](localization-parity.md) |
-| Platforms | 5% | 80% | 30–60 | macOS (notarized), Windows (unsigned), Linux (AppImage/deb/rpm/Flatpak), web, FreeBSD partial; Windows ARM64 is packaged and install-checked by `.github/workflows/windows-arm64.yml` (DIST-220-2); no in-app updates | [scorecard.md](scorecard.md#distribution) |
+| Platforms | 5% | 80% | 30–60 | macOS (notarized), Windows (unsigned), Linux (AppImage/deb/rpm/Flatpak), web, FreeBSD partial; Windows ARM64 is packaged and install-checked by `.github/workflows/windows-arm64.yml` (DIST-220-2); Help › Check for Updates plus an opt-out check once per launch (DIST-220-1 partial, no periodic recheck) | [scorecard.md](scorecard.md#distribution) |
 | Ecosystem (plug-ins, scripting, presets, libraries) | 5% | 15% | 250–450 | No .8BF hosting (#2647), no UXP/ExtendScript; .atn load/save (2026-10-12, 112 events, the rest kept verbatim), .abr/.grd/.pat/.aco/.ase/.cube supported | [gaps.md](gaps.md) |
 | AI features | 5% | 10% | 300–600 | No ML runtime at all (scorecard AUTO-219-7); classical substitutes only. Needs an owner decision and openly licensed models (#41) | [gaps.md](gaps.md) |
 | **Weighted** | 100% | **~46%** | **2,340–4,100** | | |
@@ -175,13 +175,13 @@ parity for the area and are already contained in the dimension rows above.
 | Adjustments and filters | 70% | 120–200 | All present; smart-filter re-render matches Photoshop on 5 of 30 files; Filter Gallery looks approximate; no Neural Filters |
 | Type | 40% | 120–200 | Engine works; manual/optical kerning, a live Warp Text preview and variable-font axis sliders (2026-10-11); type on a path only places glyphs rigidly (TYPE-218-1 partial); no RTL paragraphs, OpenType panel UI; Type tool freeze on macOS (#2518) |
 | Vector shapes and paths | 55% | 80–140 | Pen, Direct/Path Selection, shapes, shape strokes. Freeform and Curvature Pen (#1054). Add/Delete Anchor Point and Convert Point tools exist (`Tool` enum); on-canvas corner radius widgets on live rectangles (TOOL-214-12, 2026-10-13); shape Density and Feather, the path as the fill's soft vector mask, matching Photoshop's 10 px feather ramp within 1 level (#5846, 2026-10-15); missing path-point nudge; shape parity tracking issue #2496 |
-| Colour management and modes | 70% | 60–100 | Own ICC engine, soft proof, CMYK/Lab/Indexed/Duotone/Multichannel; no Adobe CMYK profiles, no spot plates (FILE-215-17), monitor profile only at launch |
-| Camera Raw and computational photo (Photomerge, HDR, lens) | 45% | 120–200 | Raw for DNG/CR2/NEF/ARW/RW2/ORF/RAF(uncompressed)/PEF; no CR3; ACR dialog partial (no masking, calibration); generic lens profiles only |
-| Automation, actions, batch, scripting | 45% | 120–200 | CLI/MCP/control channel ahead of Photoshop; Actions panel and recording not document-independent (AUTO-219-1/2); `.atn` load/save since 2026-10-12 (112 events mapped, the rest kept verbatim); no ExtendScript/UXP |
+| Colour management and modes | 70% | 60–100 | Own ICC engine, soft proof, CMYK/Lab/Indexed/Duotone/Multichannel; no Adobe CMYK profiles, spot plates in PSD and TIFF only (FILE-215-17: no RGB/CMYK spot preview or PDF Separation), monitor profile only at launch |
+| Camera Raw and computational photo (Photomerge, HDR, lens) | 45% | 120–200 | Raw for DNG/CR2/NEF/ARW/RW2/ORF/RAF(uncompressed)/PEF; no CR3; ACR dialog partial (no masking; no per-camera colour for non-DNG cameras); generic lens profiles only |
+| Automation, actions, batch, scripting | 45% | 120–200 | CLI/MCP/control channel ahead of Photoshop; Actions panel and recording not document-independent (AUTO-219-1/2); `.atn` load/save since 2026-10-12 (112 events mapped, the rest kept verbatim); compound layer properties export as separate Set events with rename last (#8304, 2026-10-21; independent Photoshop replay pending); no ExtendScript/UXP |
 | File I/O | 60% | 300–500 | See [file-format-parity.md](file-format-parity.md) |
-| Print, export, Save for Web | 50% | 60–100 | JPEG Options dialog missing (FILE-215-19), no Photoshop PDF, no separations, Save for Web settings not remembered |
+| Print, export, Save for Web | 50% | 60–100 | JPEG Options without Matte, progressive Scans or size preview (FILE-215-19), no Photoshop PDF, no separations, Save for Web settings not remembered |
 | Video / timeline, data-driven graphics | 30% | 100–200 | Menu items live; frame model persists in `.pcraft`; no PSD video-layer mapping |
-| Workspace, panels, preferences | 40% | 150–250 | 46 of 149 prefs do nothing; no floating/OS-window panel groups; Libraries, Comments, Contextual Task Bar missing |
+| Workspace, panels, preferences | 40% | 150–250 | 12 of 178 prefs do nothing (scorecard, 2026-10-25); no floating/OS-window panel groups; Libraries, Comments, Contextual Task Bar missing |
 | AI / generative | 10% | 300–600 | See the dimension row |
 
 Batch supports [output naming templates](batch-naming.md); AUTO-219-5 remains partial.
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ just presence.
 | Transform, warp, puppet, perspective, liquify | ~88% | No Face-Aware Liquify (needs a landmark model) |
 | Automation: CLI, MCP, headless server, control channel | ~95% | Ahead of Photoshop here (see below) |
 | Image modes (RGB/Gray/CMYK/Lab/Indexed/Duotone/Multichannel) | ~85% | Multichannel display-only; no ink-plate model |
-| Print / export / Save for Web / slices / Generator | ~85% | No Separations/bleed; droplets basic |
+| Print / export / Save for Web / slices / Generator | ~85% | No Separations; Bleed only through `file.print` (no Print dialog field yet); droplets basic |
 | Computational photo (Photomerge, HDR, Lens, Camera Raw, Wide Angle) | ~70% | Classical implementations; generic lens profiles only |
 | Data-driven graphics (Variables, Data Sets) | ~0% | Not started (5 menu items) |
 | Video / Timeline / animation | ~0% | Not started (13 menu items) — a whole subsystem |
@@ -369,6 +369,15 @@ The transform also corrects f32 envelope errors past coordinate 4096, including
 distances at selected pixels. The parallel path needs an additional four bytes per pixel;
 see [measurements, correctness and limits](selection-distance-performance.md).
 
+2026-10-13: Content-Aware Scale keeps its seam search's path costs across seams (recomputing
+only the removed seam's basin) and no longer moves pixels. On a 4-core cloud VM (CPU, release,
+interleaved runs) the carve of P28's 24 MP photo to 90 % width takes 2013 → 556 ms (3.6×), the
+same image's height 2639 → 993 ms, and full-resolution searches 1.65–2.3× less time. The P28
+row with its document plumbing takes 3.28 → 1.64 s, within its 3 s budget. Output bits are
+unchanged wherever the energy stays a number (pinned hashes, reference comparison, a 37 000-case
+differential review); NaN and infinities are now deterministic. The committed baseline (954 s,
+older code) is unchanged until the reference machine reruns it; see [method and limits](seam-carving-performance.md).
+
 **Bottom line.** Two days after 0.2.0 we had merged ~96 PRs and closed ~48 issues, but **real
 Photoshop parity is still well below 50%**. The biggest gaps are AI, missing tools, professional
 workflow depth and the plug-in ecosystem. Most fixes since 0.2.0 have passed our tests but have
@@ -438,13 +447,13 @@ filled bar. This extends UI reachability and does not claim Photoshop-authored s
 |---|---|---|---|
 | Menu wiring | 626/626 menu items dispatch a command (`parity-checklist.md`) | high but shallow | Says nothing about behaviour. |
 | PSD fidelity (rendering) | Corpus oracle 115/170 (68%): 30 differ, 26 have no usable reference, 1 import error. 2026-10-07: io corpus 146/170, psd-tools corpus 236/309 (was 229: Advanced Blending knockouts), Photoshop oracles 132/258 | medium | Push to 170/170 under way (effects/strokes, multi-instance effects, 16/32-bit and colour modes, references for skipped files). |
-| PSD round trip | 169/169 re-import identically; every adjustment layer and blend mode round-trips | high (within corpus) | Floors in `crates/io/tests/corpus.rs`; raise, never lower. Corpora: `cargo xtask corpus --all` (ours: https://github.com/storytold/photocraft-corpus). |
+| PSD round trip | 169/169 re-import identically; every adjustment layer and blend mode round-trips | high (within corpus) | Floors in `crates/io/tests/it/corpus.rs`; raise, never lower. Corpora: `cargo xtask corpus --all` (ours: https://github.com/storytold/photocraft-corpus). |
 | OpenRaster read/write | 2026-10-09: 34 Krita 5.2.9-authored `.ora` files (27 blend modes, groups, pass-through, offsets, opacity, visibility, masks, 16-bit, gray) render within 3/255 of Krita's merged image (30) or differ for known reasons (4: Krita's lighter/darker-colour tie-break, Hard Mix at exactly 1, a linear-light 16-bit document); Krita re-opens our exports and renders them identically to its originals (33/34; Soft Light is written as `svg:soft-light`) | medium (one authoring app) | MyPaint and GIMP files untested. Masks are applied to pixels and layer styles dropped on save (reported). See [OpenRaster](ora.md). |
 | Paint.NET import | 2026-10-09: 14/14 local PDN3 textures preserve editable layers exactly through `.pcraft` and render within 2.142/255 of full-size previews; a supplied 5.x document (1280×720, 11 layers) passes editing/history/native saves and matches its thumbnail within 0.418/255 mean; all 14 blend modes exercised synthetically | medium (limited corpus) | Import only; metadata omitted. More current-version files and full-size exports needed. See [PDN support](pdn.md). |
-| Smart filters / text / effect shapes in PSDs | Measured on our Photoshop-authored set (https://github.com/storytold/photocraft-corpus, `corpus/photoshop`, 258 files): see the per-group floors in `crates/io/tests/corpus.rs` and `crates/engine/tests/photoshop_oracles.rs`. Smart objects and smart filters now survive PSD save and open (41 corpus files, 206 smart objects, round trip strict; Photoshop opens our exports with live filters); re-rendering Photoshop's smart filters with ours matches 5/30 (was 1/30) | low–medium | Remaining re-render gaps are filter maths (Gaussian/Motion Blur, Unsharp Mask, Emboss, Add Noise RNG) and bicubic placement. |
+| Smart filters / text / effect shapes in PSDs | Measured on our Photoshop-authored set (https://github.com/storytold/photocraft-corpus, `corpus/photoshop`, 258 files): see the per-group floors in `crates/io/tests/it/corpus.rs` and `crates/engine/tests/it/photoshop_oracles.rs`. Smart objects and smart filters now survive PSD save and open (41 corpus files, 206 smart objects, round trip strict; Photoshop opens our exports with live filters); re-rendering Photoshop's smart filters with ours matches 5/30 (was 1/30) | low–medium | Remaining re-render gaps are filter maths (Gaussian/Motion Blur, Unsharp Mask, Emboss, Add Noise RNG) and bicubic placement. |
 | Core editing (layers, masks, selections, adjustments, filters, transforms) | Broad engine coverage; many interaction bugs fixed after 0.2.0 (adjustment dialogs, Curves, crop, Move/Transform modifiers, gesture origin) | medium | Fixes not yet user-validated. |
 | UI / UX polish | Shortcut audit 214 → 0 failures; dock, Layers rows and menus reworked; first visual-QA sweep found 14 defects (#147–#157). 2026-10-07: the keyboard-only shortcuts with no menu item (⌥[ ⌥] ⌥, ⌥. layer navigation, ⇧⌥[ ⇧⌥] to extend the selection, 1–0 for opacity and ⇧ for flow or fill, ⇧[ ⇧] hardness, ⌥⌘T to transform a copy and ⌥⇧⌘T to step and repeat), ⌥-click colour sampling with painting tools, double-click a Layers row for Layer Style, File › New from Clipboard, a centred main window and remembered Liquify settings (#352, #417, #350, #368, #419, #418). 2026-10-09: canvas zoom is physical at any display scale — 100% is one document pixel per physical display pixel, and every screen-space overlay, cursor, scrollbar, navigator and fit follows it (#1943) | low–medium | Needs recurring visual QA with realistic documents. |
-| Tools | 2026-10-10: Pencil, Mixer Brush, Color Replacement, Patch, Content-Aware Move, Vertical Type, Pattern Stamp and Rotate View are toolbar tools. The only tool still missing is Art History Brush: Frame landed (#2914), Red Eye is a live toolbar tool (`paint.redEye`, TOOL-213-17) and Perspective Crop landed (2026-10-10, #1043, `image.perspectiveCrop`) | low–medium | Patch has a live healing preview. Content-Aware Move is done (`TOOL-213-4`): Move/Extend, Structure/Color, Sample All Layers, Transform On Drop, and a live result preview for every selection the command takes (coarse first for large ones, then exact; 2026-10-16, #6680). Magic/Background Eraser added; live gradients in progress (#180). Magnetic Lasso added 2026-10-08 (live-wire edge tracing, Width/Contrast/Frequency, `select.magneticLasso`). Pattern Stamp added 2026-10-08 (S flyout, `paint.patternStamp`, Aligned / Impressionist). Rotate View (2026-10-09) turns the canvas camera around its centre without rewriting pixels; Reset View and Match Rotation copy the angle. Crop rotation (2026-10-09, #1792): dragging outside the crop frame turns it (⇧ 15° steps, angle readout), and ↵ rotates the document and crops in one undo step (`image.crop` `angle`); the frame turns over the image as in Photoshop's Classic Mode, and the options-bar Straighten is still missing. |
+| Tools | 2026-10-10: Pencil, Mixer Brush, Color Replacement, Patch, Content-Aware Move, Vertical Type, Pattern Stamp, Rotate View and Art History Brush are toolbar tools. Every toolbar tool is present: Art History Brush is in the Y flyout (`paint.artHistoryBrush`, TOOL-213-20, partial: 8 of 10 styles, Area scales spacing), Frame landed (#2914), Red Eye is a live toolbar tool (`paint.redEye`, TOOL-213-17) and Perspective Crop landed (2026-10-10, #1043, `image.perspectiveCrop`) | low–medium | Art History Brush paints stylized dabs from the History Brush source (Tight/Loose/Dab/Curl styles, Area, Tolerance); the two Curl Long styles, Photoshop's Area coverage, Mode/Opacity on the options bar and pen pressure are open. Patch has a live healing preview. Content-Aware Move is done (`TOOL-213-4`): Move/Extend, Structure/Color, Sample All Layers, Transform On Drop, and a live result preview for every selection the command takes (coarse first for large ones, then exact; 2026-10-16, #6680). Magic/Background Eraser added; live gradients in progress (#180). Magnetic Lasso added 2026-10-08 (live-wire edge tracing, Width/Contrast/Frequency, `select.magneticLasso`). Pattern Stamp added 2026-10-08 (S flyout, `paint.patternStamp`, Aligned / Impressionist). Rotate View (2026-10-09) turns the canvas camera around its centre without rewriting pixels; Reset View and Match Rotation copy the angle. Crop rotation (2026-10-09, #1792): dragging outside the crop frame turns it (⇧ 15° steps, angle readout), and ↵ rotates the document and crops in one undo step (`image.crop` `angle`); the frame turns over the image as in Photoshop's Classic Mode, and the options-bar Straighten is still missing. |
 | Painting | Brush model and Brush Settings panel near Photoshop; .abr/.grd import; persistent presets; pen pressure/tilt on Windows, web, macOS and X11 | medium | Native Wayland pen input open (#79; a pen opens the window through Xwayland meanwhile); X11 pressure confirmed by a user, macOS not yet verified on tablet hardware. |
 | Text / typography | Engine works; caret placement and size editing fixed; OpenType features, text-on-path editing, composer parity partial | medium-low | Measure with the Photoshop-authored set. |
 | Colour management | Colour-managed canvas (document → monitor), embedded CMYK profiles, linear EXR/HDR, 16-bit float canvas | medium-high | Monitor profile follows only at launch. |
@@ -565,11 +574,20 @@ See [method, raw measurements and reproduction](five-algorithm-performance.md).
 
 | Date | Change | Summary |
 |---|---|---|
+| 2026-10-25 | minor | UI / UX and Workspace rows: 12 of 178 preferences do nothing, the scorecard's count. Camera Raw row: the Calibration panel landed on 2026-10-13 (#5128); what is missing is per-camera colour for non-DNG cameras ([gaps.md](gaps.md) G14). Percentages and estimates unchanged |
+| 2026-10-23 | minor | Colour management and modes: PSD spot plates are stored as Photoshop stores them (ink 0 = solid), and PSDs from earlier PhotoCraft versions keep their ink (#7415 split, part 4); estimates unchanged |
+| 2026-10-23 | minor | Colour management and modes: spot plates now save and open in TIFF (#7415); estimates unchanged |
+| 2026-10-22 | minor | Platforms: Help › Check for Updates and an opt-out check once per launch (#5485), DIST-220-1 partial; percentages unchanged |
+| 2026-10-21 | minor | #8304: compound layer properties export as separate Set events, rename last; independent Photoshop replay pending; percentages and estimates unchanged |
+| 2026-10-19 | minor | JPEG Options dialog landed (FILE-215-19 partial: no Matte, progressive Scans or size preview); percentages unchanged |
 | 2026-10-18 | minor | Layers: with no selection, Copy takes fill and adjustment layers whole and Paste recreates them (#2344); UI-217-23 stays partial; percentages unchanged |
 | 2026-10-16 | minor | Content-Aware Move: live result preview for every selection the command takes (TOOL-213-4 done, #6680); percentages unchanged |
 | 2026-10-15 | minor | Vector shapes: shape layers take Density and Feather (Properties › Masks), PSD and .pcraft round trip; TOOL-214-12 done (#5846); estimates unchanged |
+| 2026-10-15 | minor | Type: area type, text wrapping inside a closed path or shape with holes and dents (TYPE-218-10, partial: PSD saves it as paragraph text); Type scorecard 5 done / 4 partial / 1 missing; Type figure (40%) and percentages unchanged |
+| 2026-10-15 | minor | Print: Functions › Bleed (`file.print` / `file.printOneCopy` `bleed`, corner crop marks on the trim line, PDF and Windows paths); the Print dialog field is still missing; percentages unchanged |
 | 2026-10-13 | minor | Vector shapes: on-canvas corner radius widgets on live rectangles (TOOL-214-12); estimates unchanged |
 | 2026-10-13 | minor | Stale "missing tool" rows corrected against main: Color Replacement (`paint.colorReplacement`), Red Eye (`paint.redEye`) and Add/Delete Anchor Point (the Pen flyout) are live toolbar tools and Frame landed, so Art History Brush is the only tool still missing; percentages unchanged |
+| 2026-10-13 | minor | Added measured Content-Aware Scale gains (P28 under its budget on a 4-core VM, not yet in the baseline); percentages and budgets unchanged |
 | 2026-10-12 | minor | Free Transform options bar H/V skew fields; percentages unchanged |
 | 2026-10-12 | minor | `.atn` import: 112 events mapped (TrueGrit Texture Supply sets play end to end); percentages unchanged |
 | 2026-10-11 | minor | Type row evidence: manual/optical kerning and the live Warp Text preview are done (TYPE-218-6/7; variable-font axes TYPE-218-4 too); the 40% estimate is not re-measured |
diff --git a/docs/ui-design.md b/docs/ui-design.md
index d0ee20f7bb..58e07207f1 100644
--- a/docs/ui-design.md
+++ b/docs/ui-design.md
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ curl -sfL -o assets/icons/<name>.svg https://raw.githubusercontent.com/lucide-ic
 | Channels selection | `channels_panel.rs` | Load channel as selection in the footer follows the highlighted channel row. When the active layer mask is targeted for painting while the underlying channel view remains Composite, it loads that layer mask; otherwise it loads the selected composite, color, alpha or vector mask channel. |
 | Path thumbnails | `vector_ui.rs` | Ctrl/Cmd-click the thumbnail of a Work Path, saved path or layer path to load it as a selection; Shift adds, Alt subtracts, Shift+Alt intersects. Clicking the row name only selects the path. |
 | Levels / Curves | `tone.rs` | Histogram of the image *below* the adjustment. Curves: click to add a point, drag out to delete. Every change is a coalesced `layer.setAdjustment`, so one drag = one undo step and the canvas updates at full resolution on the GPU. |
+| Radial Blur: Zoom | `filter_dialog/zoom_center.rs` | A ray diagram to the left of Center X/Y sets the centre by click or drag. Diagram, sliders and numeric fields share the same coordinates; arrow keys on the diagram step by 0.01. Ray lengths follow Amount, and the existing image preview follows every edit. OK applies the filter; Cancel discards the edits. |
 | Shape Stroke Options | `shape_stroke_ui.rs`, `vector_ui.rs` | Direct editing: valid changes apply immediately, with one numeric drag per undo step in Properties. Escape/outside click closes the popup and retains changes; a child dropdown keeps the parent open. The options bar sets new-shape defaults; Properties edits the selected shape. |
 
 Shape Stroke Options (updated 2026-10-11) sizes to its content and scrolls only when necessary.
@@ -171,7 +172,8 @@ Edit → Preferences → Interface → UI Scale applies immediately. Auto follow
 system's display scale, including fractional scales such as 125%, 150% and 175% (on Linux,
 Wayland's fractional scale or X11's `Xft.dpi`), and updates when the window moves between
 monitors. A 4K display the system runs at 100% stays at 100% (#1278). The fixed choices (75% to
-300%) set an absolute UI scale, for example 200% on an unscaled 4K display. Canvas zoom shortcuts
+300%) set an absolute UI scale, for example 200% on an unscaled 4K display, with 105%, 110%,
+115% and 120% for finer control between 100% and 125%. Canvas zoom shortcuts
 continue to control the document independently of UI scaling.
 
 On a Wayland session with a fractional display scale, the interface is sharp only in a native
@@ -197,7 +199,7 @@ documented in the header of `ja.tsv`). Command ids, menu paths used for logic, t
 the CLI and MCP always use the English ids and labels.
 
 Languages shipped (`complete_menus` marks a catalog that covers every menu string and `tl!` literal;
-the tests enforce it):
+`cargo xtask i18n-coverage` lists what each catalog lacks):
 
 - English (`en`), the source language.
 - Japanese (`ja`), complete.
@@ -224,15 +226,16 @@ the tests enforce it):
 - To add a language: add `<code>.tsv` and one row in `i18n::LANGUAGES` (code, native name, catalog,
   plural rule). The dropdown, locale matching and the catalog tests (well-formed, no duplicates,
   placeholders and ellipses agree, command ids exist) pick it up. Set `complete_menus` once every
-  menu string is translated; a test then enforces it. A language with more plural forms lists them
+  menu string is translated. A language with more plural forms lists them
   all in `@plural` entries (Russian: `one|few|many`); the row's plural rule picks the form.
 - Translations are clean-room: written from the meaning of the English text in ordinary vocabulary,
   never from another product's localisation resources.
 
 Localised so far: menus, the command palette, dialogs and panels (literals wrapped in `tl!("…")`;
 widgets such as `checkbox`, `slider_row`, `dropdown` and the buttons translate their labels
-themselves). A test fails when a `tl!` literal, a menu string, a blend mode name, brush section name or a generated
-preference label has no entry in a language marked `complete_menus`. Not translated: status-bar
+themselves). A string with no entry in a catalog shows in English; `cargo xtask i18n-coverage`
+lists the missing strings per language, and `cargo xtask ci` prints that list without failing.
+Not translated: status-bar
 messages and errors (they stay English, also for agents), names that are user data (layers, styles,
 documents), strings assembled with `format!` that were not converted to `fmt`/`trn`. Not done yet:
 right-to-left layout inside panels and dialogs (the shell mirrors, `direction.rs`),
@@ -244,7 +247,7 @@ Simplified Chinese. Its contextual `cameraRaw` entries distinguish tonal regions
 colour-band names and font-weight Light. The title uses a `{layer}` placeholder; user layer
 names and the universal RGB/Lab channel symbols stay unchanged. Collapse IDs use English
 source keys, so switching languages preserves open sections. Mixer tabs wrap within the
-panel width. Catalog coverage and actual shell language-switch tests enforce these rules.
+panel width. Shell language-switch tests check that the panel draws in the selected language.
 
 Native CJK font fallback follows the selected UI script and resets its cache when switching
 languages; font delivery on the web remains separate work.
diff --git a/docs/ui-dialogs.md b/docs/ui-dialogs.md
index 032edfde5d..634c7711a0 100644
--- a/docs/ui-dialogs.md
+++ b/docs/ui-dialogs.md
@@ -50,12 +50,13 @@ Dispatch order matches `dialogs::show` in `dialogs.rs` (check earlier rows befor
 | `__stroke` | `stroke_ui.rs` | Edit › Stroke… |
 | `__createShape` | `shape_dialog.rs` | Click-with-shape-tool creation (rectangle, ellipse, …) |
 | `__deleteLayer` | `delete_layer_prompt.rs` | Layers panel trash confirmation |
+| `__replaceSaved` | `replace_prompt.rs` | Replace prompt when a save's added or lowercased extension names an existing file |
 | `__newLayer` | `new_layer_ui.rs` | Layer › New › Layer… (⇧⌘N; ⌥⇧⌘N makes the layer without it) |
 | `__rasterize` | `rasterize_prompt.rs` | Rasterize-before-paint prompt |
 | `__resetAllTools` | `tool_reset.rs` | Reset All Tools confirmation |
 | `__cropPresetNew` / `__cropPresetDelete` | `crop_presets.rs` | New / delete crop preset |
 | `__variables` | `variables_ui.rs` | Image › Variables (Define, Data Sets, Apply) |
-| `__web` / `__print` | `file_ui.rs` | Save for Web, Print |
+| `__web` / `__print` | `file_ui.rs` | Save for Web (reopens on the preview tab chosen last, #9174), Print |
 | `__colorPicker` | `color_picker_ui.rs` | Foreground/background, nested field/command pickers (see nested keys below) |
 | `__colorRange` | `color_range_ui.rs` | Select › Color Range… |
 | `__prefsui` | `prefs_ui.rs` | Edit › Preferences… and related preset/import subdialogs |
@@ -101,6 +102,7 @@ actions with their marker already set.
 | `__stroke` | `stroke_ui` |
 | `__createShape` | `shape_dialog` |
 | `__deleteLayer` | `delete_layer_prompt` |
+| `__replaceSaved` | `replace_prompt` |
 | `__newLayer` | `new_layer_ui` |
 | `__rasterize` | `rasterize_prompt` |
 | `__resetAllTools` | `tool_reset` |
diff --git a/docs/ui-parity.md b/docs/ui-parity.md
index 59d05d1e40..81b0ab81d6 100644
--- a/docs/ui-parity.md
+++ b/docs/ui-parity.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # UI parity: tools, handles, modifiers and feel
 
-> **Last reviewed:** 2026-10-10 · **Last updated:** 2026-10-21 · **Change:** minor (Animated Zoom: holding the Zoom tool zooms continuously, #6210; shape Density and Feather, TOOL-214-12, #5846; Pen Auto Add/Delete on the path being drawn, #6140; Show Transform Controls frames every selected layer; guide keys and clicks; menu bar from the keyboard, #4988; Crop tool Content-Aware Fill; on-canvas corner radius widgets, TOOL-214-12; Curvature Pen edits the active path; Clip Thumbnails to Layer Bounds; Pen ⇧ 45°; last selected tool restored at launch; Layers panel filter-type dropdown with Kind, Name and Mode, #5048; Free Transform box and marching ants follow the selection, #5297; History: the trash deletes the selected snapshot, rows drag onto the trash, #5324; smart filter reordering by drag; smart object perspective row corrected to done, #426; Free Transform H/V skew fields; toolbar tool shortcuts can be reassigned; ⇧-dragged guides land on ruler ticks; layer and selection keys; tool keys; spring-loaded tool letters; type formatting keys; Pen Auto Add/Delete, #4144; smart filter rows; stale missing-tool rows corrected: Color Replacement, Red Eye and the Add/Delete Anchor Point pair are live toolbar tools, Frame landed; no percentage changed; selection-modifier and ⌥-wheel rows match their tests) · **Target:** Adobe Photoshop 2026
+> **Last reviewed:** 2026-10-10 · **Last updated:** 2026-10-25 · **Change:** minor (12 of 178 preferences do nothing, from the scorecard; Art History Brush in the History group of the Y flyout, partial, TOOL-213-20, #1610; Histogram panel: Compact / Expanded / All Channels views, Luminosity and Colors channels, Source, range statistics, Uncached Refresh, live adjustment overlay, Cache Levels preference; the font menu opens on the current family, marked in the recent group when it is a recent one, #9160; Type options bar alignment and direction follow the target paragraph; a swatch click recolours selected type and shape layers with any tool, #9238; UI scale presets done: 105–120% steps, #3222; ⇧⌥ blend mode letters; painting tool Mode menus; ⌥ + an adjustment's shortcut reopens it at its last settings, ⌥⌘L / ⌥⌘M, #8900; Crop default mode: moving the image under the box snaps the frame's edges and centre, #8580; View › Extras hides the Move transform controls, #6699; adjustment clipping stays visible in compact Properties, #5231; Color panel modes from its panel menu, the same in every theme, UI-217-17, #6000; a picked colour recolours the selected type and shapes; Hand tool ⌘ / ⌥ are Zoom In / Zoom Out while held, #6434; the wheel steps value fields, #5473; a dragged guide shows its X or Y beside the pointer, #7680; Type options bar "T" icon scrubs the font size, #6437; Move tool: dragged selected pixels take their own outline as the selection, #7538; artboard backgrounds remain below child Free Transform previews; ⌫/Delete removes the selected smart filter, #4751; Object Finder foreground/background discrimination (#6548); rounded triangle, polygon and star corners; shape Fill/Stroke popovers accept hex RGB values, #6176; a guide let go over either ruler is removed, #6286; Crop rows corrected: saved crop presets and Delete Cropped Pixels off are done, #6562; marching ants in device pixels, #7489; Animated Zoom: holding the Zoom tool zooms continuously, #6210; shape Density and Feather, TOOL-214-12, #5846; Pen Auto Add/Delete on the path being drawn, #6140; Show Transform Controls frames every selected layer; guide keys and clicks; menu bar from the keyboard, #4988; Crop tool Content-Aware Fill; on-canvas corner radius widgets, TOOL-214-12; Curvature Pen edits the active path; Clip Thumbnails to Layer Bounds; Pen ⇧ 45°; last selected tool restored at launch; Layers panel filter-type dropdown with Kind, Name and Mode, #5048; Free Transform box and marching ants follow the selection, #5297; History: the trash deletes the selected snapshot, rows drag onto the trash, #5324; smart filter reordering by drag; smart object perspective row corrected to done, #426; Free Transform H/V skew fields; toolbar tool shortcuts can be reassigned; ⇧-dragged guides land on ruler ticks; layer and selection keys; tool keys; spring-loaded tool letters; type formatting keys; Pen Auto Add/Delete, #4144; smart filter rows; stale missing-tool rows corrected: Color Replacement, Red Eye and the Add/Delete Anchor Point pair are live toolbar tools, Frame landed; no percentage changed; selection-modifier and ⌥-wheel rows match their tests; Properties › Transform shows a shape's path geometry, without its stroke) · **Target:** Adobe Photoshop 2026
 
 How PhotoCraft's direct manipulation compares with Photoshop 2026 (27.11.0): the toolbox, the
 handles and modifier keys of each gesture, nudging, snapping, numeric precision, navigation,
@@ -29,14 +29,14 @@ Triangle and Curvature Pen (minus legacy Rounded Rectangle and Targeted Adjustme
 | Move, artboard | Move, Artboard | |
 | Marquee | Rectangular, Elliptical, Single Row, Single Column | |
 | Lasso | Lasso, Polygonal, Magnetic | |
-| Selection | Object Selection, Quick Selection, Magic Wand | Object Selection's Object Finder (on by default in its options bar): resting the pointer highlights the object a click selects (`select.object` with `point`; ⇧ adds, ⌥ subtracts, ⇧⌥ intersects); dragging keeps the rectangle mode (#4087). Heuristic, not a learned segmenter (#2788). |
+| Selection | Object Selection, Quick Selection, Magic Wand | Object Selection's Object Finder (on by default in its options bar): resting the pointer highlights the object a click selects (`select.object` with `point`; ⇧ adds, ⌥ subtracts, ⇧⌥ intersects); dragging keeps the rectangle mode (#4087). Where the active layer has no pixels under the pointer (Sample All Layers off), the status bar says so instead of showing nothing (#6549). Dominant enclosed objects are retained; regions covering most of the canvas boundary are treated as background (#6548). Heuristic, not a learned segmenter (#2788). |
 | Crop and slice | Crop, Perspective Crop, Slice, Slice Select | |
 | Frame | Frame (frames are groups clipped by a rectangular or elliptical mask) | |
 | Eyedropper | Eyedropper, Color Sampler, Ruler, Note, Count | |
 | Retouch | Remove, Spot Healing, Healing, Patch, Content-Aware Move, Red Eye | |
 | Brush | Brush, Pencil, Mixer Brush | |
 | Stamp | Clone Stamp, Pattern Stamp | |
-| History | History Brush | Art History Brush |
+| History | History Brush, Art History Brush (partial: 8 of 10 styles, TOOL-213-20) | |
 | Eraser | Eraser, Background Eraser, Magic Eraser | |
 | Fill | Gradient, Paint Bucket | |
 | Focus, toning | Blur, Sharpen, Smudge, Dodge, Burn, Sponge | |
@@ -94,8 +94,11 @@ Triangle and Curvature Pen (minus legacy Rounded Rectangle and Targeted Adjustme
 | Arrow nudge of path points with Direct Selection | missing | no arrow handling in `direct_select.rs` |
 | ⌘-arrow nudges the layer from any tool | missing | #2474 |
 | ⌥-drag duplicates, ⇧ constrains to 45° | done | `move_mods.rs` |
+| Dragging selected pixels shrinks the selection to them (the selection limited to where the layer has pixels, so moving again leaves no edge behind) as the drag starts, also with ⌥; the move box, snapping and Show Transform Controls use the moved pixels' bounds | done | #7538, `canvas.rs` `floating_outline` and `transform_controls_rect`, `snap_ui.rs` `follow_cut`, engine `float_cmds.rs` `CutParts::outline` |
+| With several layers selected and a selection, the Move tool moves the layers whole and the selection with them (ants follow the drag; one Move step) | done | #7538, `move_ui.rs` `carries_selection`, engine `layer.translate` `selection` |
 | Auto-Select with hover outline, box-select layers, double-click fit | missing | TOOL-214-4 |
 | Auto-Select bounding box and snapping follow the picked layer | partial | follow the previous layer (#2666) |
+| View › Extras (⌘H) hides the Move tool's transform controls; Show Transform Controls keeps its setting | done | `canvas.rs` `transform_controls_layers`, `hiding_extras_hides_the_move_transform_controls` (#6699) |
 | Several layers selected (⇧-click adds, box-select): Show Transform Controls frames them all, with every selected shape's outline | partial: the shared frame has no handles, since Free Transform works on one layer (`canvas.rs` `transform_controls_layers`, `several_selected_layers_share_one_frame_without_handles`; `move_auto_select_tests.rs`) | |
 | ⌘-drag temporary Move shows the box and snaps | partial | #2681 |
 | ⌘-right-click layer list under the pointer | done | `layer_pick_ui.rs` |
@@ -114,6 +117,7 @@ Triangle and Curvature Pen (minus legacy Rounded Rectangle and Targeted Adjustme
 | Single-pixel rows and columns kept on release | partial | #2391 |
 | Esc deselects / ⌘Z undoes the last selection | partial | #2674, #1432 |
 | Select › Modify live preview | missing | #1752 |
+| Marching ants as Photoshop draws them: device pixels, every edge equally thick (1 px at 100 %, 2 px up to 200 %), black/white dashes 4× the thickness, slanted dash ends, same look for drag previews and committed selections | done | `ants.rs`, `tests/it/marching_ants_pixels.rs` (#7489) |
 
 ## Pen, paths and shapes
 
@@ -126,7 +130,9 @@ Triangle and Curvature Pen (minus legacy Rounded Rectangle and Targeted Adjustme
 | Path operations in the options bar (combine, subtract, intersect, exclude) | partial | `layer.combineShapes.*`; Pen options #1397 |
 | On-canvas corner-radius handles on live shapes | done: every selected live rectangle shows a widget at each arc centre with Path Selection, the Rectangle tool and Move with Show Transform Controls; a drag rounds every corner of every selected rectangle to the same radius, ⌥ that corner on each, with the corner radius cursor and an `R:` readout, previewed and committed as one history step (`corner_radius.rs`, `corner_radius_tests.rs`) | TOOL-214-12 |
 | Shape Density and Feather (Properties › Masks: a shape's path is its vector mask) | done: Density and Feather sliders for a selected shape layer, one undo step per drag, through `layer.vectorMask.edit`; the fill shows beyond the path at 100 − density %, a feather is the vector mask's Gaussian (Photoshop's 10 px ramp within 1 level); fill and stroke stay editable, the stroke stays crisp; PSD mask parameters and .pcraft round trip (#5846) | TOOL-214-12 |
+| On-canvas corner-radius handles on live shapes | done: every selected live rectangle, triangle, polygon and star shows a widget at each arc centre with Path Selection, the Rectangle, Triangle and Polygon tools and Move with Show Transform Controls; a drag rounds every corner of every selected shape to the same radius, ⌥ one corner of a rectangle (a triangle or polygon has one radius), with the corner radius cursor and an `R:` readout, previewed and committed as one history step (`corner_radius.rs`, `corner_radius_tests.rs`) | TOOL-214-12 |
 | Shape stroke controls (dash, caps, joins, align) | done | TOOL-1053-1, [`shape-strokes.md`](shape-strokes.md) |
+| Shape options-bar Fill/Stroke hex input | done | #6176; `vector_ui.rs`, `vector_paint_tests.rs`: typed and pasted hex, partial/invalid input, alpha retention, next-shape defaults and selected-shape Undo |
 | Rotated shape selection hints correct | partial | #2512 |
 | Curved shape bounds exact | partial | one pixel too wide (#2537) |
 
@@ -136,16 +142,17 @@ Triangle and Curvature Pen (minus legacy Rounded Rectangle and Targeted Adjustme
 |---|---|---|
 | Drag outside rotates (⇧ 15°), angle readout; ↵ rotates and crops in one undo step | done | TOOL-214-18 |
 | Straighten button and ⌘-drag line | done | TOOL-214-21 |
-| Default-mode resize snaps handles without camera feedback; image and frame use the same camera in each rendered frame | done | `crop_mode.rs::a_live_resize_snaps_the_handle_without_feedback_from_the_camera`, `tests/crop_default_mode.rs::a_resize_renders_the_frame_and_image_with_the_same_camera` (2026-10-10) |
-| Ratio presets and W × H changes immediately fit the current frame around its centre; Swap button and X share the fitted ratio, Enter needs no resize | done | `crop_ui.rs::choosing_a_ratio_fits_and_commits_without_a_resize`, `crop_size.rs::choosing_a_size_with_the_canvas_ratio_commits_without_a_resize`, `tests/crop_default_mode.rs` (2026-10-10) |
+| Default-mode resize snaps handles without camera feedback; image and frame use the same camera in each rendered frame | done | `crop_mode.rs::a_live_resize_snaps_the_handle_without_feedback_from_the_camera`, `tests/it/crop_default_mode.rs::a_resize_renders_the_frame_and_image_with_the_same_camera` (2026-10-10) |
+| Ratio presets and W × H changes immediately fit the current frame around its centre; Swap button and X share the fitted ratio, Enter needs no resize | done | `crop_ui.rs::choosing_a_ratio_fits_and_commits_without_a_resize`, `crop_size.rs::choosing_a_size_with_the_canvas_ratio_commits_without_a_resize`, `tests/it/crop_default_mode.rs` (2026-10-10) |
 | Roomy Crop options bar does not scroll; narrow tool bars retain horizontal scrolling | done | `panels.rs::a_wide_crop_options_bar_does_not_scroll`, `panels.rs::narrow_tool_options_can_scroll_to_the_last_control` (2026-10-10) |
 | Overlays (thirds, grid, diagonal, triangle, golden ratio/spiral), O / ⇧O | done | TOOL-214-20 |
 | Crop shield, Show Cropped Area (H) | done | TOOL-214-22 |
 | Default mode: the image turns and moves behind an upright box; Auto Center Preview; Use Classic Mode | done | TOOL-214-23 |
+| Default mode: moving the image under an upright box snaps the frame's edges and centre (View › Snap), so content centres in the box without the Move tool | done | `crop_mode.rs::moving_the_image_snaps_the_frame_to_the_document_centre`, `crop_mode.rs::moving_the_image_centres_a_larger_box_on_a_layer` (#8580, 2026-10-22) |
 | W × H × Resolution with units, built-in size presets, Front Image | done | TOOL-214-9 (`crop_size.rs`) |
-| Saved custom crop presets | missing | TOOL-214-9 |
-| Fill: Content-Aware Fill: a turned or extending crop fills the uncovered corners and strips from the image (each piece with its own sampling window), on the Background or else the active pixel layer, in the crop's one undo step; Generative Expand not offered | done | `tests/crop_content_aware.rs`, `crop_ui.rs::commit_passes_the_fill_choice` (#3823, 2026-10-12) |
-| Delete Cropped Pixels off | partial | |
+| Saved custom crop presets (New / Delete Crop Preset, kept with the preferences; moving them to another computer is not offered) | done | TOOL-214-9 (`crop_presets.rs`, `tool.presets.*` with tool `crop`, #2723) |
+| Fill: Content-Aware Fill: a turned or extending crop fills the uncovered corners and strips from the image (each piece with its own sampling window), on the Background or else the active pixel layer, in the crop's one undo step; Generative Expand not offered | done | `tests/it/crop_content_aware.rs`, `crop_ui.rs::commit_passes_the_fill_choice` (#3823, 2026-10-12) |
+| Delete Cropped Pixels off: the crop only hides the pixels outside the frame; editing the frame again shows them past the canvas and a recrop handle snaps to their edge | done | `image.crop` `deleteCroppedPixels`, the options-bar checkbox (`panels.rs`), `tests/it/crop_beyond_canvas.rs::editing_a_crop_frame_shows_the_pixels_past_the_canvas`, `crop_mode.rs::a_recrop_handle_snaps_exactly_to_the_hidden_pixels_edge` (#3638, #3640) |
 
 ## Snapping, guides, rulers, precision
 
@@ -157,21 +164,26 @@ Triangle and Curvature Pen (minus legacy Rounded Rectangle and Targeted Adjustme
 | Smart guide distance and spacing labels | missing | |
 | Ruler units px/in/cm/mm/pt/pica/% | done | |
 | ⇧-drag a guide out of a ruler: it lands on the nearest ruler tick | done | `rulers.rs` `snap_to_tick` (#3770) |
+| A dragged guide shows its position beside the pointer (X for vertical, Y for horizontal, in the ruler unit) | done | `rulers.rs` `guide_drag_readout` (#7680) |
 | Status bar follows the ruler unit | partial | #2602 |
 | Ruler corner and gaps drawn as Photoshop | partial | #2600, #2601, #2551 |
 | Guides stored as f64 | missing | `Vec<f32>` (UI-217-20) |
 | Geometry precision | partial | `geom::Point` f64, paths f64; paint internals mostly f32 |
 | Numeric fields: arithmetic, scrubby labels | partial | units in expressions and double-click reset missing (UI-217-13) |
+| Wheel steps a value field, ⇧ ×10: clicked into, wherever the pointer is; not clicked, a gesture that starts over it | partial | `field_wheel.rs` (#5473, #4061). Photoshop: a field takes the wheel once clicked into (shortcut guides, user reports); whether the pointer must stay over it is unconfirmed. Stepping on hover alone is Photopea's, kept deliberately |
+| Type options bar: drag the "T" icon to change the font size | done | `type_tool.rs` `options_bar`: the icon scrubs the size field like the Character panel's icons (Shift x10, Alt fine), at layer or selection scope, one history step per drag, within 1–1296 pt (#6437) |
 
 ## Navigation
 
 | Behaviour | Status | Evidence |
 |---|---|---|
 | Space = Hand, ⌘Space / ⌘⌥Space = zoom in/out, spring-loaded while held | done | `hold_keys.rs` |
+| Hand tool: ⌘ held = Zoom In, ⌥ (or ⌘⌥) held = Zoom Out; click steps, drag zooms as the Zoom tool does (scrubs with Scrubby Zoom on, else draws a zoom rectangle) | done | `hold_keys.rs` `hand_zoom` (#6434); not during Free Transform or once a pan has started |
+| Hand tool: ⇧-drag / Scroll All Windows pans every open document; hold H for Bird's Eye View | missing | |
 | Hold any tool letter for a temporary tool | done | `spring_tools.rs`: held ≥ 300 ms or used on the canvas, release gives the previous tool back; ⇧ never springs (#2672) |
 | Scrubby zoom | done | `zoom_tool.rs` |
 | Flick panning | done | `flick_pan.rs` (Preferences › Tools › Enable Flick Panning) |
-| Animated zoom | partial | `zoom_hold.rs`: with Preferences › General › Animated Zoom on, a Zoom press held still past 0.3 s zooms continuously about the press point (2 doublings a second, ⌥ out) until release (#6210); eased click steps still missing (#566) |
+| Animated zoom | done | `canvas.rs`, `zoom_tool.rs`, `zoom_hold.rs`; discrete Zoom clicks and View zoom controls ease over 220 ms with anchored transitions and immediate direct navigation (#566); holding a Zoom press still past 0.3 s zooms continuously about the press point (2 doublings a second, ⌥ out) until release (#6210); General › Animated Zoom (default on) controls both behaviors; off snaps discrete zoom immediately, including when disabled mid-transition |
 | Double-click Zoom tool = 100%, double-click Hand = fit | partial | Zoom missing (#2508) |
 | ⌥-wheel zoom around the pointer | partial | ×1.1 per notch, measured on Photoshop (#1718; `wheel_nav.rs`, `input_tests.rs`); #217 asked for ~5 % steps (UI-217-18) |
 | Wheel, smooth scrolling and pinch as in Photoshop | partial | #2485, #2463, #1989 |
@@ -195,7 +207,9 @@ Triangle and Curvature Pen (minus legacy Rounded Rectangle and Targeted Adjustme
 | Layer and selection keys: ⌘, toggles visibility, ⌘\ targets the mask, / locks transparency, ⌘⌥2 loads luminosity, ⌘⌥⌫ fills from history, Tab / ⇧Tab rename the next layer, ⌥-click a thumbnail fits the layer | done (2026-10-11) | |
 | Tool keys: ← / → turn the brush tip (1°, ⇧ 15°), ⇧-click with Type starts new text over old, Space+F / ⇧Space+F cycle the pasteboard colour | done (2026-10-11) | |
 | Type formatting keys while editing text | done: ⇧⌘K, U, B, I and / toggle All Caps, Underline, Faux Bold, Faux Italic, Strikethrough (off when every selected character has it, else on); ⌥↑/↓ leading ∓2 pt, ⇧⌥↑/↓ baseline shift ±2 pt (10 with ⌘); ⌥←/→ tracking ±20 over a selection (100 with ⌘; a collapsed caret still kerns); ⌥⇧⌘H toggles Hyphenate for the touched paragraphs. One `type.setStyle` step per press (new `leadingBy`/`baselineShiftBy`/`trackingBy`; auto leading starts from its laid-out value); the global ⇧⌘K/U/B/I never fire while typing. Differs: a collapsed caret in non-empty text changes nothing, since the model can't hold a pending style for the next characters typed (empty text takes it as its typing style) (`type_tool.rs`, `input_tests.rs` `type_tool_format_keys_*`) | |
-| Guides: click selects, Delete deletes, right-click menu, ⌥-click turns a guide, double-click opens Guides, Grid & Slices | done (2026-10-12) | |
+| ⌥ + an adjustment's shortcut opens it at its last settings (⌥⌘L Levels, ⌥⌘M Curves, and so ⌥⌘U, ⌥⌘B) | done (#8900): the settings of the last OK, kept in the preferences; Cancel and smart filter edits keep nothing; a key assigned to another command stays that command's. ⌥ while choosing the item from Image › Adjustments does the same | `shortcut_dispatch/tests.rs` `alt_adjustment_shortcut_reopens_the_last_confirmed_settings`, `alt_choosing_an_adjustment_from_the_menu_reopens_the_last_settings` |
+| Guides: click selects, Delete deletes, right-click menu, ⌥-click turns a guide, double-click opens Guides, Grid & Slices | done (2026-10-12) | a guide let go over either ruler is removed, not only off the canvas (#6286) |
+| Blend mode keys: ⇧⌥ + letter picks a mode (N Normal, I Dissolve, R Clear, P Pass Through, K M B A darken, G S D W lighten, O F H V J Z L contrast, E X difference, U T C Y component), ⇧+ / ⇧− step through them | done (2026-10-14): Brush, Pencil and Gradient take them as their own mode (Clear on Brush, Pencil and Paint Bucket only), any non-painting tool sets every selected layer in one undo step (Pass Through on groups only; the Background is skipped); the typed letter wins, the physical key is the fallback for ⌥ characters on a Mac. ⇧⌥ letters no longer switch tools. While a Free Transform box is open they, and the number keys, still reach the tool (or the layers) without closing it; Puppet Warp and Perspective Warp keep them to themselves. Clone Stamp, Pattern Stamp, History Brush, Healing (its own short list) and Paint Bucket (with Clear) take them as their own mode; tools without a blend mode (the Erasers, Mixer Brush) set the layers. Differs: Behind (⇧⌥Q) is not implemented; Spot Healing, Color Replacement, Blur, Sharpen and Smudge ignore the keys until their options bar has a Mode, and Dodge, Burn and Sponge ignore them until their Range and mode keys (⇧⌥S/M/H, ⇧⌥D/S) exist | `blend_keys.rs` |
 
 ## Panels and workspace
 
@@ -206,21 +220,25 @@ Paragraph; the rest open as in-app floating windows.
 
 | Behaviour | Status | Evidence |
 |---|---|---|
+| Character and Paragraph controls without a type target | done | #5556; persistent Type tool defaults feed new point, box and mask text; existing text still edits in its selected scope (`type_tool.rs`, `type_tool_tests.rs`) |
 | Panel groups float and tear off into OS windows | missing | UI-217-5, #1828, #1213 |
 | Drag panels to reorder and regroup | partial | #2272, #2305 |
 | Docked resize pushes the neighbour | partial | #2573 |
-| Color panel wheel and RGB/HSB/CMYK/Lab sliders | missing | UI-217-17, #2569 |
+| Color panel modes from its panel menu (Hue Cube, Brightness Cube, Color Wheel, Grayscale/RGB/HSB/CMYK/Lab/Web Color sliders), colour ramp (RGB/CMYK Spectrum, Grayscale Ramp, Current Colors, Make Ramp Web Safe; Shift-click cycles, Alt-click picks the other colour), Copy Color as HTML / Hex Code; the same in every theme | done | `color_panel_ui.rs`, `color_panel_tests.rs`; UI-217-17, #2569, #6000 |
+| A colour picked in the Color or Swatches panel or the Color Picker recolours the selection: selected characters while editing; every selected type layer with a Type tool; every selected shape's fill with a shape, Pen or path selection tool; only the foreground with other tools, the Move tool too; a swatch click recolours the selected type layers and shape fills whatever the tool (#9238); one history step (a Color panel drag too) | done: `apply_color.rs`, `apply_color_tests.rs` | |
 | Window size and dock width remembered | done | UI-217-2 |
+| Histogram panel: Compact (the default, of the entire image), Expanded and All Channels views (the channel kept across them); RGB/CMYK/Lab/Gray channels, Luminosity and Colors (overlaid, mixed where they overlap); Show Channels in Color and Show Statistics; Source (Entire Image, Selected Layer, Adjustment Composite) for multilayer documents; Mean, Std Dev, Median, Pixels, Level, Count, Percentile and Cache Level for the pointer level or a dragged range; the cached-data warning, Uncached Refresh (menu, button, warning click, double-click); the adjusted histogram over the original while an adjustment previews; Cache Levels 1–8 in Preferences › Performance; Color Sampler levels marked on the graph | partial | `histogram_panel.rs`, `histogram_panel_tests.rs`, `tone.rs`; differs: filter dialogs that preview on the CPU proxy aren't counted live, a selection doesn't limit the histogram yet, with Source Selected Layer an adjustment dialog's preview isn't counted, and new strings are English-only so far |
 | Command palette with recents | done | UI-217-7 |
 | Menu bar from the keyboard: Alt / F10 focus the bar, ← → ↓ ↩ drive it, Alt+letter opens a menu, underlined mnemonics run items | done | `menu_keys.rs`, #4988; macOS uses the native bar |
-| Every preference takes effect | partial | 46 of 149 do nothing (scorecard) |
-| UI scale presets | missing | UI-217-9, #2492 |
-| History snapshots: camera button, snapshot rows (click returns and selects, rename, delete; the trash deletes the selected snapshot, and a snapshot or state dragged onto it, #5324), `history.*Snapshot` commands | partial | `history_cmds.rs`, `snapshot_rows` in `panels.rs`; New Snapshot dialog, first snapshot and History Options to come (#2966) |
+| Every preference takes effect | partial | 12 of 178 do nothing (scorecard, 2026-10-25) |
+| UI scale presets | done | UI-217-9; 75–125% in 5% steps (#2492, #3222) |
+| History snapshots: camera button, New Snapshot dialog (⌥-click: Name, From), the first snapshot (the document as opened), snapshot rows (click returns and selects, rename, delete; the trash deletes the selected snapshot, and a snapshot or state dragged onto it, #5324), `history.*Snapshot` commands | partial | `history_cmds.rs`, `snapshot_rows` in `panels.rs`, `snapshot_dialog.rs`; the snapshot History Options and History Brush sources to come (#2966) |
 | Themes: Photoshop's four greys | partial | five themes; #2661 |
 | Document tabs: overflow, context menu, reorder | done | UI-217-6; middle-click close #2570 |
 | Layers panel: wheel steps blend modes, drop on New/Trash | partial | UI-217-14 |
 | Layers panel filter-type dropdown (Kind, Name, Effect, Mode, Attribute, Color, Smart Object, Selected, Artboard) | partial | Kind, Name and Mode; the other six missing. `layer_filter_ui.rs`, `ui.set {layerFilter}` (#5048) |
-| Smart filter rows: click selects, drag onto another smart object moves, ⌥-drag copies, drag onto Delete removes | done | `smart_ui.rs`, `layer.smartFilter.transfer` (#4271) |
+| Adjustment scope: clipping control visible above tall Properties editors in a compact dock | done (2026-10-21) | `panels.rs`, `clipping_indicator_tests.rs`; #5231; stack-wide default retained |
+| Smart filter rows: click selects, drag onto another smart object moves, ⌥-drag copies, drag onto Delete removes; with a row selected, the Delete button and the ⌫/Delete key remove that filter, not the smart object | done | `smart_ui.rs`, `layer.smartFilter.transfer` (#4271), `smart_ui::keys` (#4751) |
 | Layers panel: Clip Thumbnails to Layer Bounds (panel menu, `interface.clipThumbnailsToLayerBounds`) | done (2026-10-12) | `layer_thumb_bounds_tests.rs`; #4281. Thumbnail size and the Panel Options dialog to come |
 | Smart filter rows: drag up or down the stack to reorder (a line marks the drop; the bottom filter is applied first) | done | `smart_ui.rs` `reorder_drop`, `layer.smartFilter.move` |
 
@@ -228,9 +246,26 @@ Paragraph; the rest open as in-app floating windows.
 
 | Date | Change | Summary |
 |---|---|---|
+| 2026-10-25 | minor | Every preference takes effect: 12 of 178 do nothing, the scorecard's count (it still said 46 of 149) |
+| 2026-10-25 | minor | Art History Brush is in the History group of the Y flyout (partial, TOOL-213-20, #1610) |
+| 2026-10-24 | minor | Swatches: a click recolours the selected type layers and shape fills whatever the tool, as Photoshop 2025 does (measured with the Move and Brush tools); the Color panel still recolours them only with a Type, shape or Pen tool (#9238). Scores unchanged. |
+| 2026-10-24 | minor | Type options bar: the alignment and paragraph-direction buttons show the edited or selected type layer's paragraph instead of the tool defaults, as Photoshop's bar does. Scores unchanged. |
+| 2026-10-24 | minor | Font menus (options bar, Character panel): the current family is marked in the recent group when it is a recent one, and the menu opens showing it, as Photoshop's does, scrolled to the marked row when it sits below the fold; the arrows walk on from the marked row (#9160). Scores unchanged. |
+| 2026-10-24 | minor | Properties › Transform shows and edits a shape layer's path geometry (W/H/X/Y), not the pixel bounds its stroke adds, as in Photoshop; W/H scale the path to exactly the typed size. Scores unchanged. |
+| 2026-10-22 | minor | Crop default mode: a drag inside an upright box snaps the frame's edges and centre to the document, layers, guides and grid, as a Classic Mode frame's move does (#8580); no percentage changed |
+| 2026-10-21 | minor | Adjustment clipping moved above Properties editors to remain visible in compact docks (#5231); scope, undo/redo and 8/16/32-bit pixel regressions; readiness estimate unchanged |
+| 2026-10-19 | minor | A guide being moved or dragged out of a ruler shows an `X:` / `Y:` position readout beside the pointer, from the zero point in the ruler unit (#7680) |
+| 2026-10-17 | minor | The wheel steps value fields: a focused field takes it wherever the pointer is (the canvas and panels don't scroll), an unfocused one only a gesture that starts over it (#5473, #4061); no percentage changed |
+| 2026-10-17 | minor | Object Finder foreground/background discrimination (#6548) |
+| 2026-10-16 | minor | Hand tool ⌘ / ⌥ held are temporary Zoom In / Zoom Out (#6434); Scroll All Windows and Bird's Eye View rows added as missing |
+| 2026-10-16 | minor | Type options bar: dragging the "T" icon scrubs the font size, as the Character panel's icons do (#6437) |
+| 2026-10-16 | minor | Shape Fill/Stroke compact pickers accept six-digit hex RGB, including pasted values with `#`, retaining alpha and high-depth paint until an edit; typed/pasted colour and history regressions (#6176). Scores unchanged. |
+| 2026-10-16 | minor | UI scale presets done: 105–120% steps, #3222 |
 | 2026-10-15 | minor | Shape Density and Feather row added as done (TOOL-214-12, #5846) |
+| 2026-10-15 | minor | A guide let go over either ruler is removed, not only off the canvas: the top ruler measures document x and the left one y, so the ruler a guide was not dragged out of can lie over a coordinate inside the document (#6286) |
 | 2026-10-13 | minor | Menu bar from the keyboard: Alt / F10 focus, Alt+letter, underlined mnemonics (#4988) |
 | 2026-10-13 | minor | Layers panel filter row: Kind is a real dropdown with Kind, Name and Mode filters, drivable by `ui.set {layerFilter}` (#5048); row added as partial |
+| 2026-10-14 | minor | Character and Paragraph panels edit persistent defaults without a type target (#5556); no percentage or estimate changed |
 | 2026-10-13 | minor | Stale "missing tool" rows corrected against main: Color Replacement (`paint.colorReplacement`), Red Eye (`paint.redEye`) and Add/Delete Anchor Point (the P flyout cycle) are live toolbar tools, so only Art History Brush is missing; no percentage or estimate changed |
 | 2026-10-13 | minor | Smart object perspective (non-affine) corrected to done: #426 landed four-corner placements with PSD round trip; scorecard FILE-215-6 flipped |
 | 2026-10-10 | major | First version, from a source audit against Photoshop 2026 27.11.0's shortcuts file and the open issues |
@@ -238,10 +273,12 @@ Paragraph; the rest open as in-app floating windows.
 | 2026-10-10 | minor | Fixed Crop live resize snapping feedback and outdated-camera rendering, applied ratios immediately to centred inscribed previews, and removed two-point options-bar overflow; added pointer, rendering, dropdown/Enter, Swap/X and scrolling regressions |
 | 2026-10-11 | minor | Flick panning done: releasing a moving Hand drag (tool, Space or middle button) glides and decays, gated by Enable Flick Panning |
 | 2026-10-11 | minor | History snapshots: the camera button takes one, snapshot rows return to it as a new state, rename and delete it (#2966) |
+| 2026-10-11 | minor | Animated zoom done: 220 ms transitions per view for discrete Zoom clicks and View controls; GPU composites are reused, coordinates follow the displayed camera, and direct navigation interrupts immediately |
 | 2026-10-14 | minor | History: a clicked snapshot stays selected and the trash deletes it; snapshot and state rows dragged onto the trash are deleted (#5324) |
 | 2026-10-11 | minor | ⇧-drag a guide out of a ruler lands on the nearest ruler tick (#3770) |
 | 2026-10-11 | minor | Layer and selection keys from Photoshop's shortcut set: ⌘, toggles, ⌘\, /, ⌘⌥2, ⌘⌥⌫, Tab rename-next, ⌥-click thumbnail to fit |
 | 2026-10-11 | minor | Tool keys from Photoshop's shortcut set: ← / → rotate the brush tip, ⇧-click for new type, Space+F canvas colour |
+| 2026-10-12 | minor | General › Animated Zoom is visible and gates every discrete zoom transition; disabling it snaps all views to their target on the next frame |
 | 2026-10-11 | minor | Spring-loaded tool letters done (#2672): holding any tool letter (Z included) past 300 ms, or using the canvas while it is down, makes the tool temporary until release |
 | 2026-10-11 | minor | Type formatting keys done: ⇧⌘K, U, B, I and /, ⌥↑/↓, ⇧⌥↑/↓, ⌥←/→ over a selection and ⌥⇧⌘H format the selected type while editing, and no longer reach Color Settings, Desaturate, Auto Color or Inverse |
 | 2026-10-11 | minor | Selection modifiers at press: evidence now names the marquee, Lasso and Polygonal Lasso tests (still partial: no marquee ⇧⌥ intersect test). ⌥-wheel zoom: missing → partial (works at ×1.1 a notch; #217 asked for ~5 %) |
@@ -256,9 +293,23 @@ Paragraph; the rest open as in-app floating windows.
 | 2026-10-12 | minor | Layers panel: Clip Thumbnails to Layer Bounds frames each layer's pixels instead of the canvas (#4281) |
 | 2026-10-12 | minor | Guides: ⌥-click turns a guide through the click; double-click opens Preferences › Guides, Grid & Slices |
 | 2026-10-13 | minor | Smart filter rows can be dragged up or down their stack to reorder the filters |
+| 2026-10-12 | minor | History snapshots: the New Snapshot dialog (⌥-click the camera), and the first snapshot of the document as opened as the panel's top row (#2966) |
 | 2026-10-13 | minor | On-canvas corner radius widgets on live rectangles (TOOL-214-12) |
 | 2026-10-13 | minor | Curvature Pen edits the active path: drag anchors, click a segment to add, double-click smooth/corner, cursor badges |
 | 2026-10-11 | minor | Pen ⇧ 45° done: ⇧-click puts the next anchor on the nearest 45° ray, ⇧-drag turns its handles in 45° steps (TOOL-214-10 done, #3751) |
 | 2026-10-14 | minor | Last selected tool restored across launches; temporary overrides excluded, explicit Eraser choices retained, and final selection flushed on normal exit |
 | 2026-10-13 | minor | Free Transform with a selection: the box is the selection's rectangle, and the marching ants follow it while it is transformed (#5297) |
 | 2026-10-14 | minor | Move › Show Transform Controls frames every selected layer and outlines the selected shapes |
+| 2026-10-21 | minor | Crop rows corrected against the code and the scorecard: saved custom crop presets (TOOL-214-9, #2723) and Delete Cropped Pixels off are done (#6562); no percentage changed |
+| 2026-10-20 | minor | Free Transform of an artboard child omits ancestor paper from the covering and isolated composites while retaining board clipping. The base canvas and whole-artboard backgrounds are preserved; synthetic regressions in `transform_tool.rs`. No parity percentage changed. |
+| 2026-10-18 | minor | Move tool: dragging selected pixels shrinks the marching ants to the moved pixels as the drag starts, and the dropped selection is theirs, as in Photoshop (#7538) |
+| 2026-10-18 | minor | Marching ants drawn in device pixels like Photoshop's: equally thick on every edge at 125 %/150 % display scale, thicker on HiDPI, slanted dash ends (#7489) |
+| 2026-10-16 | minor | View › Extras (⌘H) hides the Move tool's transform controls and their handles stop responding; ⌘H again restores them, and Show Transform Controls keeps its setting (#6699) |
+| 2026-10-15 | minor | ⌫/Delete with a smart filter row selected removes that filter (the Smart Filters row: all of them), as the Delete button does, instead of the smart object (#4751) |
+| 2026-10-14 | minor | Rounded corners on live triangles, polygons and stars: Properties field and on-canvas widgets (TOOL-214-12) |
+| 2026-10-14 | minor | A colour picked in the Color or Swatches panel or the Color Picker recolours the selected type layers (Type tool) or shape fills (shape, Pen and path selection tools) |
+| 2026-10-15 | minor | Color panel: Photoshop's panel-menu modes, colour ramp and copy commands; the theme no longer picks the panel's layout (UI-217-17 done, #2569, #6000) |
+| 2026-10-23 | minor | ⌥ + an adjustment's shortcut (⌥⌘L Levels, ⌥⌘M Curves) opens its dialog at the settings of its last OK, as in Photoshop (#8900); no percentage changed |
+| 2026-10-14 | minor | ⇧⌥ + letter blend mode keys for the painting tool or every selected layer; ⇧+ / ⇧− now step every selected layer and include Clear for Brush and Pencil |
+| 2026-10-15 | minor | ⇧⌥ blend mode letters work while a Free Transform box is open, without picking a tool |
+| 2026-10-14 | minor | Mode dropdowns for Clone Stamp, Pattern Stamp, History Brush, Healing and Paint Bucket; the blend mode keys reach them, and tools without a blend mode (not Dodge, Burn or Sponge) pass the keys to the layers |
diff --git a/docs/user/troubleshooting/canvas-size-white-border.md b/docs/user/troubleshooting/canvas-size-white-border.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f8a41eb5a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/user/troubleshooting/canvas-size-white-border.md
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+---
+title: Canvas Size added a white border around my photo
+description: Why Image > Canvas Size fills the new canvas with white around a photo, and how to extend the canvas with transparency instead.
+order: 25
+verified: 0.11.1
+---
+
+The photo did not change size. **Image** ▸ **Canvas Size…** only moves the layers; the new canvas area is filled with the **Canvas extension color**, which defaults to **Background** — your background color, usually white. Choose **Transparent** there to add empty canvas instead.
+
+## Symptoms
+
+- You open a photo, choose **Image** ▸ **Canvas Size…**, make the canvas larger and click **OK**.
+- The photo's layer now has a white or background-colored border, so the layer looks resized or padded.
+- The photo content itself keeps its size and position.
+
+## Fix
+
+1. Choose **Image** ▸ **Canvas Size…** again.
+2. Set **Canvas extension color:** to **Transparent**.
+3. Enter the canvas size you want and click **OK**.
+
+The new area is now empty. If you also want to change the photo's size, use **Image** ▸ **Image Size…**; that scales the image pixels.
+
+## Why this happens
+
+An opened JPEG or another fully opaque image becomes a locked **Background** layer, as in Photoshop. A Background layer cannot contain transparent pixels, so when the canvas grows, PhotoCraft fills the new area with the canvas extension color. **Background** is the default, so the border takes your background color — white until you change it. Layers that are not the Background are only moved and keep transparency.
+
+Canvas Size never scales layer pixels: it moves them by the **Anchor:** you choose. Scaling is **Image** ▸ **Image Size…**'s job.
+
+## Still stuck?
+
+If the photo itself is scaled or cropped, or the border appears with **Transparent** selected, report it in the [issue tracker](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues) with your version from **Help** ▸ **System Info…** and a screenshot of the Canvas Size settings.
diff --git a/docs/user/troubleshooting/index.md b/docs/user/troubleshooting/index.md
index 4785ae412b..a92501d040 100644
--- a/docs/user/troubleshooting/index.md
+++ b/docs/user/troubleshooting/index.md
@@ -8,4 +8,5 @@ verified: 0.8.2
 - [PhotoCraft does not start](photocraft-does-not-start.md)
 - [The Windows taskbar turns black when PhotoCraft is maximized](taskbar-turns-black.md)
 - [Text moves when I start editing a PSD text layer](text-moves-when-editing.md)
+- [Canvas Size added a white border around my photo](canvas-size-white-border.md)
 - [Get help with a problem](get-help.md)
diff --git a/docs/windows-save-durability.md b/docs/windows-save-durability.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a4dc5c70de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/windows-save-durability.md
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+# Windows native-save durability
+
+An acknowledged overwrite must reopen as the complete new document after a Windows/NTFS
+power loss. [Issue #7858](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/7858) demonstrated
+that flushing a temporary file before replacement did not establish this guarantee: a fresh
+Windows boot recovered the previous ZIP or directory bundle after Save returned success.
+
+## Publication barrier
+
+The shared atomic writer still writes and flushes a sibling temporary file, preserves the
+destination's metadata, and replaces the destination. It now flushes the parent directory
+on Windows before acknowledging success. `RealFs::sync_dir` opens a directory using
+`FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS` and `FILE_ADD_FILE`, then calls `File::sync_all`, which reaches
+`FlushFileBuffers`. This uses ordinary directory permissions and does not open or flush a
+volume or require administrative privileges. No unsupported `REPLACEFILE_WRITE_THROUGH`
+flag is used.
+
+Windows references:
+
+- [Directory handles](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/fileio/obtaining-a-handle-to-a-directory)
+- [File access rights](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/fileio/file-access-rights-constants)
+- [Flushing cached data and directory structure](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-fsa/0de7dc40-9627-437e-a4df-c4696cdc3d02)
+- [Filesystem-specific behavior](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-fsa/4e3695bd-7574-4f24-a223-b4679c065b63): the directory-structure guarantee applies to NTFS.
+- [ReplaceFileW flags](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/winbase/nf-winbase-replacefilew)
+
+A publication-flush error occurs after replacement. It preserves the underlying error kind
+and says that the new data was written but may not survive a crash. It does not claim the
+old file is unchanged, attempt an unsafe rollback, or return success. Existing callers then
+retain the document's dirty state and recovery data.
+
+## Directory bundles and retries
+
+Every published bundle file receives a Windows directory flush. Before replacing the
+manifest, the writer also flushes `tiles/` and `blobs/`, including when it reuses cached
+objects. A previous attempt can leave valid objects in place after a failed publication
+flush; validating their bytes alone does not establish their durability. These barriers
+make a retry using the same writer safe without recompressing every unchanged object.
+
+The manifest's publication barrier completes before obsolete objects are collected. An
+error stops the save before that cleanup, preserving the objects referenced by the old
+manifest. Garbage collection remains best effort after a successful commit.
+
+The private `save_dir_with` seam exercises this complete ordering with injected tile,
+blob and manifest publication failures. The tests check the reported error, loaded
+document, preservation of old objects, barriers on reused objects, and successful retry.
+
+## Verification
+
+Run the format tests and repository checks:
+
+```sh
+cargo test -p photocraft-format
+cargo clippy -p photocraft-format --all-targets -- -D warnings
+cargo xtask layers
+cargo xtask wasm
+cargo xtask test-corpus -p io
+```
+
+Unit tests cannot prove power-loss durability. The VM test uses a disposable NTFS disk and
+synthetic old/new documents at 8-, 16- and 32-bit depth, in ZIP and directory form. Flush the
+old baseline during setup, call the production save API, wait for its successful response,
+then abruptly power off the guest. Preserve and hash the crashed disk before recovery.
+Boot Windows fresh against those exact bytes and compare the complete loaded document
+and every expected bundle entry with the new revision. Do not restore a RAM snapshot for
+recovery. Repeat each combination and retain failing unchanged-build controls.
+
+Keep volume flushes and clean unmounts in setup or diagnostic controls only; they are not
+part of the production save implementation. Archive comparisons must account for the
+build's generator-version stamp while still comparing all document payloads exactly.
+
+This change addresses Windows/NTFS publication. The existing Unix flush-error policy is
+handled separately by [#5420](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/pull/5420). Preview
+replacement/deletion ordering on failed directory saves remains tracked by
+[#7548](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/7548) and
+[#7549](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft/issues/7549). VM tests do not establish
+physical-controller or firmware-cache behavior, or guarantees on other filesystems.
diff --git a/docs/xcf.md b/docs/xcf.md
index 5717ae5b28..afa4e2a42d 100644
--- a/docs/xcf.md
+++ b/docs/xcf.md
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ channels, the colour map, parasites, limits and malformed input.
 Real files come from GIMP 3.2.6 itself: `gimp/` of [photocraft-corpus](https://github.com/storytold/photocraft-corpus)
 (generator `tools/gimp-xcf/xcf_fixtures.py`, run inside GIMP), fetched into `corpus/gimp/` by
 `cargo xtask corpus --gimp` (28 files, 251 KB): procedural layers the tests regenerate sample for
-sample, and for each file GIMP's own merged rendering as a PNG. `crates/io/tests/xcf.rs` (feature
+sample, and for each file GIMP's own merged rendering as a PNG. `crates/io/tests/it/xcf.rs` (feature
 `corpus`, run by `cargo xtask test-corpus -p io`) checks the layer data against the formulas and our
 composite against GIMP's:
 
diff --git a/packaging/env.sh b/packaging/env.sh
index 0007227058..026dff0c1f 100644
--- a/packaging/env.sh
+++ b/packaging/env.sh
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ workspace_version() {
 }
 
 VERSION="${PHOTOCRAFT_VERSION:-$(workspace_version)}"
-if [ -z "$VERSION" ]; then
+if [[ -z "$VERSION" ]]; then
   echo "error: could not read [workspace.package] version from $ROOT/Cargo.toml" >&2
   exit 1
 fi
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ DIST="${DIST:-$ROOT/dist/release}"
 mkdir -p "$DIST"
 export DIST
 
-if [ -z "${PHOTOCRAFT_BUILD_SHA:-}" ]; then
+if [[ -z "${PHOTOCRAFT_BUILD_SHA:-}" ]]; then
   PHOTOCRAFT_BUILD_SHA="$(git -C "$ROOT" rev-parse HEAD 2>/dev/null || true)"
 fi
 export PHOTOCRAFT_BUILD_SHA
@@ -41,14 +41,14 @@ export CARGO_TARGET_DIR="${CARGO_TARGET_DIR:-$ROOT/target}"
 
 # Emit a GitHub Actions warning (plain stderr outside Actions).
 warn() {
-  if [ -n "${GITHUB_ACTIONS:-}" ]; then echo "::warning::$*"; else echo "warning: $*" >&2; fi
+  if [[ -n "${GITHUB_ACTIONS:-}" ]]; then echo "::warning::$*"; else echo "warning: $*" >&2; fi
 }
 
 # Copy licence and readme files that exist into a package directory.
 copy_docs() {
   local dest="$1" f
-  for f in README.md LICENSE LICENSE-MIT LICENSE-APACHE COPYRIGHT; do
-    if [ -f "$ROOT/$f" ]; then cp "$ROOT/$f" "$dest/"; fi
+  for f in README.md LICENSE LICENSE-MIT LICENSE-APACHE COPYRIGHT NOTICE ATTRIBUTION.md; do
+    if [[ -f "$ROOT/$f" ]]; then cp "$ROOT/$f" "$dest/"; fi
   done
   copy_font_licences "$dest"
 }
@@ -57,9 +57,9 @@ copy_docs() {
 # are OFL-1.1: ship each font's licence as OFL-<family-dir>.txt. No-op without CRAFT_FONTS_DIR.
 copy_font_licences() {
   local dest="$1" lic fam
-  [ -n "${CRAFT_FONTS_DIR:-}" ] || return 0
+  [[ -n "${CRAFT_FONTS_DIR:-}" ]] || return 0
   for lic in "$CRAFT_FONTS_DIR"/fonts/*/OFL.txt; do
-    [ -f "$lic" ] || continue
+    [[ -f "$lic" ]] || continue
     fam="$(basename "$(dirname "$lic")")"
     cp "$lic" "$dest/OFL-$fam.txt"
   done
diff --git a/packaging/freebsd/package.sh b/packaging/freebsd/package.sh
index b03af6be55..2d94ef57fb 100755
--- a/packaging/freebsd/package.sh
+++ b/packaging/freebsd/package.sh
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 # Build and package PhotoCraft for FreeBSD:
 #
 #   $DIST/photocraft-<version>-freebsd-x86_64.tar.gz   a /usr/local-style tree:
-#       photocraft-<version>-freebsd-x86_64/{bin, share/applications, share/icons, share/mime,
-#       share/metainfo, share/doc/photocraft}
+#       photocraft-<version>-freebsd-x86_64/{bin, man/man1, share/applications, share/icons,
+#       share/mime, share/metainfo, share/doc/photocraft, share/{bash-completion,zsh,fish}}
 #
 # Install by copying the tree's contents into /usr/local:
 #   tar -xzf photocraft-<version>-freebsd-x86_64.tar.gz --strip-components 1 -C /usr/local
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ APP_ID=ai.storyteller.photocraft
 
 SKIP_BUILD=0
 DRY_RUN=0
-while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
+while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
   case "$1" in
     --skip-build) SKIP_BUILD=1; shift ;;
     --dry-run) DRY_RUN=1; SKIP_BUILD=1; shift ;;
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ case "$MACHINE" in
   arm64 | aarch64) ARCH=aarch64 ;;
   *) echo "unsupported architecture $MACHINE" >&2; exit 2 ;;
 esac
-if [ "$DRY_RUN" = 0 ] && [ "$(uname -s)" != FreeBSD ]; then
+if [[ "$DRY_RUN" = 0 ]] && [[ "$(uname -s)" != FreeBSD ]]; then
   echo "error: build on FreeBSD (or pass --dry-run to check the tree layout)" >&2
   exit 2
 fi
@@ -46,8 +46,12 @@ echo "==> PhotoCraft $VERSION for FreeBSD $ARCH"
 
 # The release VM has 12 GB; full parallelism on the biggest crates runs it out of memory.
 export CARGO_BUILD_JOBS="${CARGO_BUILD_JOBS:-4}"
-if [ "$SKIP_BUILD" = 0 ]; then
-  (cd "$ROOT" && cargo build --release --locked -p photocraft -p photocraft-cli --features heif)
+# The man-and-completions example writes photocraft-cli's man pages and shell completions below. It
+# is built in its own cargo run: built with the binaries, its dev-dependencies' features would be
+# unified into them.
+if [[ "$SKIP_BUILD" = 0 ]]; then
+  (cd "$ROOT" && cargo build --release --locked -p photocraft -p photocraft-cli --features heif --bins)
+  (cd "$ROOT" && cargo build --release --locked -p photocraft-cli --features heif --example man-and-completions)
 fi
 WORK="$CARGO_TARGET_DIR/freebsd-package"
 STAGE="$WORK/$BASENAME"
@@ -56,7 +60,7 @@ mkdir -p "$WORK"
 
 BIN="$CARGO_TARGET_DIR/release"
 OUT_DIR="$DIST"
-if [ "$DRY_RUN" = 1 ]; then
+if [[ "$DRY_RUN" = 1 ]]; then
   # Stub binaries, and the tarball stays in the work dir so dist/ only ever holds real builds.
   BIN="$WORK/stub-bin"
   OUT_DIR="$WORK"
@@ -81,13 +85,28 @@ sed -e "s/@VERSION@/$VERSION/g" -e "s/@DATE@/$PHOTOCRAFT_BUILD_DATE/g" \
 cp -R "$ROOT/assets/app-icon/hicolor" "$STAGE/share/icons/"
 copy_docs "$STAGE/share/doc/photocraft"
 for f in NOTICE ATTRIBUTION.md; do
-  if [ -f "$ROOT/$f" ]; then install -m 644 "$ROOT/$f" "$STAGE/share/doc/photocraft/"; fi
+  if [[ -f "$ROOT/$f" ]]; then install -m 644 "$ROOT/$f" "$STAGE/share/doc/photocraft/"; fi
 done
+# photocraft-cli's man pages and shell completions, from its clap definition, written by the
+# example built above. A dry run builds nothing, so it leaves them out, as a --skip-build run whose
+# prebuilt binaries came without the example does.
+CLI_DOCS="$BIN/examples/man-and-completions"
+if [[ "$DRY_RUN" = 0 ]] && [[ ! -x "$CLI_DOCS" ]]; then
+  warn "$CLI_DOCS is not built, so photocraft-cli's man pages and completions are left out"
+elif [[ "$DRY_RUN" = 0 ]]; then
+  "$CLI_DOCS" "$WORK/cli-docs"
+  mkdir -p "$STAGE/man/man1" "$STAGE/share/bash-completion/completions" \
+    "$STAGE/share/zsh/site-functions" "$STAGE/share/fish/vendor_completions.d"
+  install -m 644 "$WORK"/cli-docs/*.1 "$STAGE/man/man1/"
+  install -m 644 "$WORK/cli-docs/photocraft-cli.bash" "$STAGE/share/bash-completion/completions/photocraft-cli"
+  install -m 644 "$WORK/cli-docs/_photocraft-cli" "$STAGE/share/zsh/site-functions/_photocraft-cli"
+  install -m 644 "$WORK/cli-docs/photocraft-cli.fish" "$STAGE/share/fish/vendor_completions.d/photocraft-cli.fish"
+fi
 
 for f in bin/photocraft bin/photocraft-cli "share/applications/$APP_ID.desktop" \
   "share/icons/hicolor/256x256/apps/$APP_ID.png" "share/icons/hicolor/scalable/apps/$APP_ID.svg" \
   share/doc/photocraft/LICENSE-MIT share/doc/photocraft/LICENSE-APACHE; do
-  if [ ! -e "$STAGE/$f" ]; then echo "error: $f is missing from the package" >&2; exit 1; fi
+  if [[ ! -e "$STAGE/$f" ]]; then echo "error: $f is missing from the package" >&2; exit 1; fi
 done
 
 # ---- .tar.gz ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -96,7 +115,7 @@ tar -C "$WORK" -czf "$OUT_DIR/$BASENAME.tar.gz" "$BASENAME"
 echo "wrote $OUT_DIR/$BASENAME.tar.gz"
 
 "$STAGE/bin/photocraft-cli" --version
-if [ "$DRY_RUN" = 1 ]; then
+if [[ "$DRY_RUN" = 1 ]]; then
   echo "==> dry run: tarball contents"
   tar -tzvf "$OUT_DIR/$BASENAME.tar.gz"
 fi
diff --git a/packaging/linux/apprun-test.sh b/packaging/linux/apprun-test.sh
index 18f920560b..17e4923cf3 100755
--- a/packaging/linux/apprun-test.sh
+++ b/packaging/linux/apprun-test.sh
@@ -37,10 +37,10 @@ fail() {
 
 # 1. Launch works and passes arguments through.
 out="$("$APPDIR/AppRun" open file.png)" || fail "AppRun exited non-zero"
-[ "$out" = "stub: open file.png" ] || fail "arguments not forwarded: $out"
+[[ "$out" = "stub: open file.png" ]] || fail "arguments not forwarded: $out"
 
 DESKTOP="$XDG_DATA_HOME/applications/$APP_ID.desktop"
-[ -f "$DESKTOP" ] || fail "desktop entry not installed"
+[[ -f "$DESKTOP" ]] || fail "desktop entry not installed"
 
 # 2. Exec rewritten to the AppImage (quoted, spaces intact), TryExec dropped,
 #    everything else preserved from the packaged entry.
@@ -56,15 +56,15 @@ fi
 
 # 3. Icons landed under the name the .desktop entry references.
 for f in "16x16/apps/$APP_ID.png" "256x256/apps/$APP_ID.png" "scalable/apps/$APP_ID.svg"; do
-  [ -f "$XDG_DATA_HOME/icons/hicolor/$f" ] || fail "icon missing: $f"
+  [[ -f "$XDG_DATA_HOME/icons/hicolor/$f" ]] || fail "icon missing: $f"
 done
 
 # 4. Idempotent: a second launch must not rewrite anything (inode unchanged).
 before="$(stat -c %i "$DESKTOP")"
 out="$("$APPDIR/AppRun")" || fail "second launch exited non-zero"
-[ "$out" = "stub: " ] || fail "second launch output: $out"
+[[ "$out" = "stub: " ]] || fail "second launch output: $out"
 after="$(stat -c %i "$DESKTOP")"
-[ "$before" = "$after" ] || fail "desktop entry rewritten although unchanged"
+[[ "$before" = "$after" ]] || fail "desktop entry rewritten although unchanged"
 
 # 5. Moving the AppImage refreshes Exec.
 mv "$APPIMAGE" "$TMP/moved.AppImage"
@@ -78,9 +78,9 @@ grep -Fxq "Exec=\"$(readlink -f "$APPIMAGE")\" %F" "$DESKTOP" || fail "Exec not
 ext_desktop="$XDG_DATA_HOME/applications/appimagekit-photocraft.desktop"
 printf '[Desktop Entry]\nType=Application\nName=PhotoCraft\nExec="%s" %%F\nIcon=%s\n' "$(readlink -f "$APPIMAGE")" "$APP_ID" >"$ext_desktop"
 "$APPDIR/AppRun" >/dev/null || fail "launch with external integrator desktop entry exited non-zero"
-[ ! -e "$DESKTOP" ] || fail "duplicate desktop entry kept alongside external integrator entry"
-[ -f "$ext_desktop" ] || fail "external integrator desktop entry removed"
-[ -f "$XDG_DATA_HOME/icons/hicolor/256x256/apps/$APP_ID.png" ] || fail "icons missing with external integrator"
+[[ ! -e "$DESKTOP" ]] || fail "duplicate desktop entry kept alongside external integrator entry"
+[[ -f "$ext_desktop" ]] || fail "external integrator desktop entry removed"
+[[ -f "$XDG_DATA_HOME/icons/hicolor/256x256/apps/$APP_ID.png" ]] || fail "icons missing with external integrator"
 rm -f "$ext_desktop"
 
 # 7. AppImageLauncher exports DESKTOPINTEGRATION even after X-AppImage-Integrate=false
@@ -88,53 +88,53 @@ rm -f "$ext_desktop"
 #    writes its own entry and a later launch must not delete it (#5534).
 rm -rf "$XDG_DATA_HOME"
 DESKTOPINTEGRATION=AppImageLauncher "$APPDIR/AppRun" >/dev/null || fail "DESKTOPINTEGRATION launch exited non-zero"
-[ -f "$DESKTOP" ] || fail "DESKTOPINTEGRATION suppressed the desktop entry (#5534)"
+[[ -f "$DESKTOP" ]] || fail "DESKTOPINTEGRATION suppressed the desktop entry (#5534)"
 grep -Fxq "Exec=\"$(readlink -f "$APPIMAGE")\" %F" "$DESKTOP" || fail "Exec missing under DESKTOPINTEGRATION"
 grep -Fxq "X-AppImage-Integrate=false" "$DESKTOP" || fail "X-AppImage-Integrate=false missing under DESKTOPINTEGRATION"
-[ -f "$XDG_DATA_HOME/icons/hicolor/256x256/apps/$APP_ID.png" ] || fail "icons not installed under DESKTOPINTEGRATION"
+[[ -f "$XDG_DATA_HOME/icons/hicolor/256x256/apps/$APP_ID.png" ]] || fail "icons not installed under DESKTOPINTEGRATION"
 before="$(stat -c %i "$DESKTOP")"
 DESKTOPINTEGRATION=AppImageLauncher "$APPDIR/AppRun" >/dev/null || fail "second DESKTOPINTEGRATION launch exited non-zero"
-[ -f "$DESKTOP" ] || fail "DESKTOPINTEGRATION removed the desktop entry on a later launch"
-[ "$before" = "$(stat -c %i "$DESKTOP")" ] || fail "desktop entry rewritten under DESKTOPINTEGRATION although unchanged"
+[[ -f "$DESKTOP" ]] || fail "DESKTOPINTEGRATION removed the desktop entry on a later launch"
+[[ "$before" = "$(stat -c %i "$DESKTOP")" ]] || fail "desktop entry rewritten under DESKTOPINTEGRATION although unchanged"
 # A real integrator entry still wins, including when DESKTOPINTEGRATION is also set (#3623).
 ext_desktop="$XDG_DATA_HOME/applications/appimagekit-photocraft.desktop"
 printf '[Desktop Entry]\nType=Application\nName=PhotoCraft\nExec="%s" %%F\nIcon=%s\n' "$(readlink -f "$APPIMAGE")" "$APP_ID" >"$ext_desktop"
 DESKTOPINTEGRATION=AppImageLauncher "$APPDIR/AppRun" >/dev/null || fail "launch with integrator entry and DESKTOPINTEGRATION exited non-zero"
-[ ! -e "$DESKTOP" ] || fail "duplicate desktop entry kept when an integrator entry exists"
-[ -f "$ext_desktop" ] || fail "external integrator desktop entry removed"
-[ -f "$XDG_DATA_HOME/icons/hicolor/256x256/apps/$APP_ID.png" ] || fail "icons missing when DESKTOPINTEGRATION and an integrator entry coexist"
+[[ ! -e "$DESKTOP" ]] || fail "duplicate desktop entry kept when an integrator entry exists"
+[[ -f "$ext_desktop" ]] || fail "external integrator desktop entry removed"
+[[ -f "$XDG_DATA_HOME/icons/hicolor/256x256/apps/$APP_ID.png" ]] || fail "icons missing when DESKTOPINTEGRATION and an integrator entry coexist"
 rm -f "$ext_desktop"
 
 # 8. Opt-out installs nothing.
 rm -rf "$XDG_DATA_HOME"
 PHOTOCRAFT_NO_DESKTOP_INTEGRATION=1 "$APPDIR/AppRun" >/dev/null || fail "opt-out launch exited non-zero"
-[ ! -e "$XDG_DATA_HOME" ] || fail "opt-out still integrated"
+[[ ! -e "$XDG_DATA_HOME" ]] || fail "opt-out still integrated"
 
 # 9. An unwritable data dir never blocks the launch.
 mkdir -p "$TMP/ro" && chmod a-w "$TMP/ro"
 out="$(XDG_DATA_HOME="$TMP/ro/data" "$APPDIR/AppRun" out.txt)" || fail "launch blocked by unwritable data dir"
-[ "$out" = "stub: out.txt" ] || fail "stub not run against unwritable data dir: $out"
+[[ "$out" = "stub: out.txt" ]] || fail "stub not run against unwritable data dir: $out"
 chmod u+w "$TMP/ro"
 
 # 10. No $APPIMAGE (extracted AppDir): launch only, nothing installed.
 rm -rf "$XDG_DATA_HOME"
 env -u APPIMAGE "$APPDIR/AppRun" >/dev/null || fail "extracted-AppDir launch exited non-zero"
-[ ! -e "$XDG_DATA_HOME" ] || fail "integrated without $APPIMAGE"
+[[ ! -e "$XDG_DATA_HOME" ]] || fail "integrated without $APPIMAGE"
 
 # 11. A path that would need Exec escaping (here a `$`): launch only, nothing installed.
 rm -rf "$XDG_DATA_HOME"
 odd="$TMP/odd\$(id).AppImage"
 : >"$odd"
 out="$(APPIMAGE="$odd" "$APPDIR/AppRun" x)" || fail "launch with an odd path exited non-zero"
-[ "$out" = "stub: x" ] || fail "odd path: $out"
-[ ! -e "$XDG_DATA_HOME" ] || fail "integrated an AppImage path that needs escaping"
+[[ "$out" = "stub: x" ]] || fail "odd path: $out"
+[[ ! -e "$XDG_DATA_HOME" ]] || fail "integrated an AppImage path that needs escaping"
 
 # 12. AM / AppMan (#6392): a photocraft-AM.desktop launcher in the user's applications
 #     dir owns the menu entry. AppRun removes its own entry left from an earlier run,
 #     writes no second one and still installs the icons.
 rm -rf "$XDG_DATA_HOME"
 "$APPDIR/AppRun" >/dev/null || fail "launch before AM install exited non-zero"
-[ -f "$DESKTOP" ] || fail "no desktop entry before AM install"
+[[ -f "$DESKTOP" ]] || fail "no desktop entry before AM install"
 am_desktop="$XDG_DATA_HOME/applications/photocraft-AM.desktop"
 printf '[Desktop Entry]
 Type=Application
@@ -143,13 +143,13 @@ Exec=photocraft %%F
 Icon=%s
 ' "$APP_ID" >"$am_desktop"
 "$APPDIR/AppRun" >/dev/null || fail "launch with AM launcher exited non-zero"
-[ ! -e "$DESKTOP" ] || fail "duplicate desktop entry kept alongside AM launcher (#6392)"
-[ -f "$am_desktop" ] || fail "AM launcher was removed"
-[ -f "$XDG_DATA_HOME/icons/hicolor/256x256/apps/$APP_ID.png" ] || fail "icons missing with AM launcher"
+[[ ! -e "$DESKTOP" ]] || fail "duplicate desktop entry kept alongside AM launcher (#6392)"
+[[ -f "$am_desktop" ]] || fail "AM launcher was removed"
+[[ -f "$XDG_DATA_HOME/icons/hicolor/256x256/apps/$APP_ID.png" ]] || fail "icons missing with AM launcher"
 
 # 13. Once AM removes its launcher, AppRun writes its own entry again.
 rm -f "$am_desktop"
 "$APPDIR/AppRun" >/dev/null || fail "launch after AM removal exited non-zero"
-[ -f "$DESKTOP" ] || fail "no desktop entry after the AM launcher was removed"
+[[ -f "$DESKTOP" ]] || fail "no desktop entry after the AM launcher was removed"
 
 echo "AppRun desktop integration ok"
diff --git a/packaging/linux/flatpak-bundle.sh b/packaging/linux/flatpak-bundle.sh
index 597866523a..bbbedacae1 100755
--- a/packaging/linux/flatpak-bundle.sh
+++ b/packaging/linux/flatpak-bundle.sh
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ FLATHUB=https://dl.flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo
 
 TEST=1
 TARBALL=""
-while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
+while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
   case "$1" in
     --no-test) TEST=0; shift ;;
     -h | --help) sed -n '2,14p' "$0"; exit 0 ;;
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ case "$ARCH" in
 esac
 BASENAME="photocraft-$VERSION-linux-$ARCH"
 TARBALL="${TARBALL:-$DIST/$BASENAME.tar.gz}"
-[ -f "$TARBALL" ] || { echo "error: $TARBALL not found (run packaging/linux/package.sh --formats tar first)" >&2; exit 1; }
+[[ -f "$TARBALL" ]] || { echo "error: $TARBALL not found (run packaging/linux/package.sh --formats tar first)" >&2; exit 1; }
 for tool in flatpak flatpak-builder; do
   command -v "$tool" >/dev/null || { echo "error: $tool not found (apt install flatpak flatpak-builder librsvg2-common)" >&2; exit 1; }
 done
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ WORK="$CARGO_TARGET_DIR/flatpak-bundle"
 rm -rf "$WORK"
 mkdir -p "$WORK/stage"
 tar -xzf "$TARBALL" -C "$WORK/stage" --strip-components=1
-[ -x "$WORK/stage/bin/photocraft" ] || { echo "error: $TARBALL has no bin/photocraft" >&2; exit 1; }
+[[ -x "$WORK/stage/bin/photocraft" ]] || { echo "error: $TARBALL has no bin/photocraft" >&2; exit 1; }
 cp "$HERE/flatpak/$APP_ID.bundle.yml" "$WORK/$APP_ID.yml"
 
 flatpak remote-add --user --if-not-exists flathub "$FLATHUB"
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ OUT="$DIST/$BASENAME.flatpak"
 flatpak build-bundle --runtime-repo="$FLATHUB" "$WORK/repo" "$OUT" "$APP_ID" stable
 echo "wrote $OUT"
 
-if [ "$TEST" = 1 ]; then
+if [[ "$TEST" = 1 ]]; then
   flatpak install --user -y --noninteractive --reinstall "$OUT"
   flatpak info --user "$APP_ID"
   flatpak run --command=photocraft-cli "$APP_ID" --version
diff --git a/packaging/linux/flatpak/ai.storyteller.photocraft.yml b/packaging/linux/flatpak/ai.storyteller.photocraft.yml
index e3ac74cffd..4738c9bda6 100644
--- a/packaging/linux/flatpak/ai.storyteller.photocraft.yml
+++ b/packaging/linux/flatpak/ai.storyteller.photocraft.yml
@@ -49,6 +49,8 @@ modules:
     build-commands:
       - cargo --offline build --release --locked -p photocraft --features heif
       - install -Dm755 target/release/photocraft /app/bin/photocraft
+      - install -Dm644 NOTICE /app/share/doc/photocraft/NOTICE
+      - install -Dm644 ATTRIBUTION.md /app/share/doc/photocraft/ATTRIBUTION.md
       - install -Dm644 packaging/linux/ai.storyteller.photocraft.desktop /app/share/applications/ai.storyteller.photocraft.desktop
       - install -Dm644 packaging/linux/ai.storyteller.photocraft.mime.xml /app/share/mime/packages/ai.storyteller.photocraft.xml
       - mkdir -p /app/share/icons && cp -R assets/app-icon/hicolor /app/share/icons/
diff --git a/packaging/linux/nfpm.yaml b/packaging/linux/nfpm.yaml
index bed6e1e9e9..c15b90c5b3 100644
--- a/packaging/linux/nfpm.yaml
+++ b/packaging/linux/nfpm.yaml
@@ -75,6 +75,12 @@ contents:
   - src: ${STAGE}/usr/share/
     dst: /usr/share/
     type: tree
+  # Debian's zsh reads vendor-completions, not /usr/share/zsh/site-functions as Fedora's and
+  # openSUSE's do (its debian/rules sets --enable-additional-fpath).
+  - src: /usr/share/zsh/site-functions/_photocraft-cli
+    dst: /usr/share/zsh/vendor-completions/_photocraft-cli
+    type: symlink
+    packager: deb
 
 scripts:
   postinstall: packaging/linux/postinst.sh
diff --git a/packaging/linux/package.sh b/packaging/linux/package.sh
index 615bef25bf..8bfcc164aa 100755
--- a/packaging/linux/package.sh
+++ b/packaging/linux/package.sh
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 #
 # Cross builds (CI: riscv64, tar.gz only): set CROSS_ARCH (riscv64), CROSS_TARGET (the Rust
 # triple), CROSS_COMPILE (binutils prefix, for strip) and optionally EMULATOR (e.g. qemu-riscv64)
-# to smoke-test the CLI.
+# to smoke-test the CLI and run the example that writes its man pages and completions.
 set -euo pipefail
 # shellcheck source=../env.sh
 . "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/../env.sh"
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ APP_ID=ai.storyteller.photocraft
 
 SKIP_BUILD=0
 FORMATS="appimage deb rpm tar"
-while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
+while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
   case "$1" in
     --skip-build) SKIP_BUILD=1; shift ;;
     --formats) FORMATS="$2"; shift 2 ;;
@@ -48,11 +48,16 @@ BASENAME="photocraft-$VERSION-linux-$ARCH"
 
 echo "==> PhotoCraft $VERSION for Linux $ARCH ($FORMATS)"
 
-if [ "$SKIP_BUILD" = 0 ]; then
-  if [ -n "${CROSS_TARGET:-}" ]; then
-    (cd "$ROOT" && cargo build --release --locked -p photocraft -p photocraft-cli --features heif --target "$CROSS_TARGET")
+# The man-and-completions example writes photocraft-cli's man pages and shell completions below. It
+# is built in its own cargo run: built with the binaries, its dev-dependencies' features would be
+# unified into them.
+if [[ "$SKIP_BUILD" = 0 ]]; then
+  if [[ -n "${CROSS_TARGET:-}" ]]; then
+    (cd "$ROOT" && cargo build --release --locked -p photocraft -p photocraft-cli --features heif --bins --target "$CROSS_TARGET")
+    (cd "$ROOT" && cargo build --release --locked -p photocraft-cli --features heif --example man-and-completions --target "$CROSS_TARGET")
   else
-    (cd "$ROOT" && cargo build --release --locked -p photocraft -p photocraft-cli --features heif)
+    (cd "$ROOT" && cargo build --release --locked -p photocraft -p photocraft-cli --features heif --bins)
+    (cd "$ROOT" && cargo build --release --locked -p photocraft-cli --features heif --example man-and-completions)
   fi
 fi
 BIN="$CARGO_TARGET_DIR/${CROSS_TARGET:+$CROSS_TARGET/}release"
@@ -73,6 +78,27 @@ mkdir -p "$STAGE/usr/share/icons"
 cp -R "$ROOT/assets/app-icon/hicolor" "$STAGE/usr/share/icons/"
 mkdir -p "$STAGE/usr/share/doc/photocraft"
 copy_docs "$STAGE/usr/share/doc/photocraft"
+# photocraft-cli's man pages and shell completions, from its clap definition, written by the
+# example built above. A cross build runs it through $EMULATOR, like the --version check at the
+# end, and leaves them out without one, as a --skip-build run whose prebuilt binaries came without
+# the example does. zsh reads site-functions on Fedora and openSUSE; the deb also links the
+# completion into Debian's vendor-completions (nfpm.yaml).
+CLI_DOCS="$BIN/examples/man-and-completions"
+if [[ -n "${CROSS_TARGET:-}" ]] && [[ -z "${EMULATOR:-}" ]]; then
+  warn "no EMULATOR to run the $CROSS_TARGET build, so photocraft-cli's man pages and completions are left out"
+elif [[ ! -x "$CLI_DOCS" ]]; then
+  warn "$CLI_DOCS is not built, so photocraft-cli's man pages and completions are left out"
+else
+  if [[ -n "${CROSS_TARGET:-}" ]]; then
+    "$EMULATOR" "$CLI_DOCS" "$WORK/cli-docs"
+  else
+    "$CLI_DOCS" "$WORK/cli-docs"
+  fi
+  install -Dm644 -t "$STAGE/usr/share/man/man1" "$WORK"/cli-docs/*.1
+  install -Dm644 "$WORK/cli-docs/photocraft-cli.bash" "$STAGE/usr/share/bash-completion/completions/photocraft-cli"
+  install -Dm644 "$WORK/cli-docs/_photocraft-cli" "$STAGE/usr/share/zsh/site-functions/_photocraft-cli"
+  install -Dm644 "$WORK/cli-docs/photocraft-cli.fish" "$STAGE/usr/share/fish/vendor_completions.d/photocraft-cli.fish"
+fi
 
 if command -v desktop-file-validate >/dev/null; then
   desktop-file-validate "$STAGE/usr/share/applications/$APP_ID.desktop"
@@ -97,7 +123,11 @@ if has deb || has rpm; then
   export VERSION
   export NFPM_ARCH="$DEB_ARCH"
   # nfpm expands env vars in fields like `version` and `arch`, but not in `contents[].src`.
-  sed "s|\${STAGE}|$STAGE|g" "$HERE/nfpm.yaml" >"$WORK/nfpm.yaml"
+  # Without the completions (a cross build with no EMULATOR) the deb's zsh symlink would dangle,
+  # so its entry is dropped too.
+  DROP_ZSH_LINK=
+  [[ -f "$STAGE/usr/share/zsh/site-functions/_photocraft-cli" ]] || DROP_ZSH_LINK='\|^  - src: /usr/share/zsh/site-functions/|,/packager: deb/d;'
+  sed "${DROP_ZSH_LINK}s|\${STAGE}|$STAGE|g" "$HERE/nfpm.yaml" >"$WORK/nfpm.yaml"
   for fmt in deb rpm; do
     if has "$fmt"; then (cd "$ROOT" && nfpm package -f "$WORK/nfpm.yaml" -p "$fmt" -t "$DIST/$BASENAME.$fmt"); fi
   done
@@ -107,7 +137,6 @@ fi
 if has appimage; then
   APPDIR="$WORK/PhotoCraft.AppDir"
   cp -R "$STAGE" "$APPDIR"
-  mv "$APPDIR/usr/share/doc" "$WORK/doc-unused"
   # AppRun is a script, not a symlink: it installs the .desktop entry and icons into
   # $XDG_DATA_HOME before launching, so Wayland compositors can resolve the window's
   # app_id to our icon instead of the generic Wayland logo (#593; opt-out env in the
@@ -136,7 +165,7 @@ if has appimage; then
   esac
   mkdir -p "$CARGO_TARGET_DIR"
   TOOL="${APPIMAGETOOL:-$CARGO_TARGET_DIR/appimagetool-$TOOL_VERSION-$ARCH.AppImage}"
-  if [ -n "${APPIMAGETOOL:-}" ]; then
+  if [[ -n "${APPIMAGETOOL:-}" ]]; then
     verify_appimagetool_override "$TOOL" "$TOOL_SHA256" "$TOOL_VERSION" "$ARCH"
   else
     download_verified \
@@ -167,16 +196,16 @@ if has appimage; then
   (cd "$DIST" && ARCH="$ARCH" APPIMAGE_EXTRACT_AND_RUN=1 "$TOOL" --no-appstream \
     --runtime-file "$RUNTIME" -u "$UPDATE_INFO" "$APPDIR" "$OUT")
   echo "wrote $OUT"
-  if [ -s "$OUT.zsync" ]; then
+  if [[ -s "$OUT.zsync" ]]; then
     echo "wrote $OUT.zsync"
   else
     warn "zsyncmake not found, so $OUT.zsync was not written; AppImage delta updates need it"
   fi
 fi
 
-if [ -z "${CROSS_TARGET:-}" ]; then
+if [[ -z "${CROSS_TARGET:-}" ]]; then
   "$STAGE/usr/bin/photocraft-cli" --version
-elif [ -n "${EMULATOR:-}" ]; then
+elif [[ -n "${EMULATOR:-}" ]]; then
   "$EMULATOR" "$STAGE/usr/bin/photocraft-cli" --version
 fi
 echo "==> done"
diff --git a/packaging/linux/verified-download-test.sh b/packaging/linux/verified-download-test.sh
index 540cbd54bc..cfc9382f32 100644
--- a/packaging/linux/verified-download-test.sh
+++ b/packaging/linux/verified-download-test.sh
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ expected="$(sha256 "$source_asset")"
 cp "$source_asset" "$cache"
 /bin/chmod 644 "$cache"
 download_verified "file://$TMP/unavailable" "$cache" "$expected" true || fail "offline cache was not reused"
-[ -x "$cache" ] || fail "valid preseed did not become executable"
+[[ -x "$cache" ]] || fail "valid preseed did not become executable"
 
 # If a valid but non-executable cache cannot be chmod'd, fail here rather than at invocation.
 /bin/chmod 644 "$cache"
@@ -44,27 +44,27 @@ cp "$source_asset" "$runtime"
 chmod() { fail "chmod called for a readable runtime cache"; }
 download_verified "file://$TMP/unavailable" "$runtime" "$expected" || fail "readable runtime was not reused"
 unset -f chmod
-[ ! -x "$runtime" ] || fail "runtime was needlessly made executable"
+[[ ! -x "$runtime" ]] || fail "runtime was needlessly made executable"
 
 # A fresh runtime download is verified, readable data rather than an executable program.
 fresh_runtime="$TMP/fresh-runtime"
 download_verified "file://$source_asset" "$fresh_runtime" "$expected" || fail "fresh runtime download failed"
 cmp -s "$source_asset" "$fresh_runtime" || fail "fresh runtime differs from verified asset"
-[ -r "$fresh_runtime" ] || fail "fresh runtime is not readable"
-[ ! -x "$fresh_runtime" ] || fail "fresh runtime was made executable"
+[[ -r "$fresh_runtime" ]] || fail "fresh runtime is not readable"
+[[ ! -x "$fresh_runtime" ]] || fail "fresh runtime was made executable"
 mode="$(stat -c %a "$fresh_runtime" 2>/dev/null || stat -f %Lp "$fresh_runtime")"
-[ "$mode" = 644 ] || fail "fresh runtime mode is $mode, expected 644"
+[[ "$mode" = 644 ]] || fail "fresh runtime mode is $mode, expected 644"
 
 # A corrupt cache is replaced only by bytes with the pinned digest.
 printf 'corrupt' >"$cache"
 download_verified "file://$source_asset" "$cache" "$expected" true || fail "corrupt cache was not replaced"
 cmp -s "$source_asset" "$cache" || fail "replacement differs from verified asset"
-[ -x "$cache" ] || fail "replacement is not executable"
+[[ -x "$cache" ]] || fail "replacement is not executable"
 
 wrong_digest="$(printf '%064d' 0)"
 bad="$TMP/bad.AppImage"
 if download_verified "file://$source_asset" "$bad" "$wrong_digest" >/dev/null 2>&1; then fail "wrong digest accepted"; fi
-[ ! -e "$bad" ] || fail "wrong-digest download left a cache entry"
+[[ ! -e "$bad" ]] || fail "wrong-digest download left a cache entry"
 
 verify_appimagetool_override "$cache" "$expected" 1.9.1 x86_64 || fail "valid override rejected"
 /bin/chmod 644 "$cache"
diff --git a/packaging/linux/verified-download.sh b/packaging/linux/verified-download.sh
index 75c816a61a..ce6eb1cdfc 100644
--- a/packaging/linux/verified-download.sh
+++ b/packaging/linux/verified-download.sh
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 
 download_verified() {
   local url="$1" dest="$2" expected="$3" executable="${4:-false}" tmp
-  if [ -f "$dest" ] && [ "$(sha256 "$dest")" = "$expected" ]; then
-    if [ "$executable" = true ] && [ ! -x "$dest" ] && ! chmod 755 "$dest"; then
+  if [[ -f "$dest" ]] && [[ "$(sha256 "$dest")" = "$expected" ]]; then
+    if [[ "$executable" = true ]] && [[ ! -x "$dest" ]] && ! chmod 755 "$dest"; then
       echo "error: verified asset is not executable and cannot be chmod'd: $dest" >&2
       return 1
     fi
@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@ download_verified() {
   fi
   tmp="$(mktemp "$dest.XXXXXX")"
   if ! curl -fsSL -o "$tmp" "$url"; then rm -f "$tmp"; return 1; fi
-  if [ "$(sha256 "$tmp")" != "$expected" ]; then
+  if [[ "$(sha256 "$tmp")" != "$expected" ]]; then
     echo "error: SHA-256 mismatch for $url" >&2
     rm -f "$tmp"
     return 1
   fi
-  if [ "$executable" = true ]; then
+  if [[ "$executable" = true ]]; then
     if ! chmod 755 "$tmp"; then rm -f "$tmp"; return 1; fi
   else
     if ! chmod 644 "$tmp"; then rm -f "$tmp"; return 1; fi
@@ -28,11 +28,11 @@ download_verified() {
 
 verify_appimagetool_override() {
   local tool="$1" expected="$2" version="$3" arch="$4"
-  if [ ! -f "$tool" ] || [ "$(sha256 "$tool")" != "$expected" ]; then
+  if [[ ! -f "$tool" ]] || [[ "$(sha256 "$tool")" != "$expected" ]]; then
     echo "error: APPIMAGETOOL must be the verified $version $arch release asset" >&2
     return 1
   fi
-  if [ ! -x "$tool" ]; then
+  if [[ ! -x "$tool" ]]; then
     echo "error: APPIMAGETOOL must be executable (chmod +x $tool)" >&2
     return 1
   fi
diff --git a/packaging/macos/import-cert.sh b/packaging/macos/import-cert.sh
index 236f443224..d67e7a6893 100755
--- a/packaging/macos/import-cert.sh
+++ b/packaging/macos/import-cert.sh
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ umask 077
 # shellcheck source=../env.sh
 . "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/../env.sh"
 
-if [ -z "${APPLE_CERTIFICATE:-}" ]; then
+if [[ -z "${APPLE_CERTIFICATE:-}" ]]; then
   warn "APPLE_CERTIFICATE is not set: macOS builds will be ad-hoc signed and not notarized"
   exit 0
 fi
@@ -36,13 +36,13 @@ security set-key-partition-list -S apple-tool:,apple:,codesign: -s -k "$KC_PASS"
 security list-keychains -d user -s "$KEYCHAIN" $(security list-keychains -d user | tr -d '"')
 
 IDENTITY="$(security find-identity -v -p codesigning "$KEYCHAIN" | awk '/Developer ID Application/ { print $2; exit }')"
-if [ -z "$IDENTITY" ]; then
+if [[ -z "$IDENTITY" ]]; then
   security find-identity -v -p codesigning "$KEYCHAIN" >&2
   echo "error: no 'Developer ID Application' identity in APPLE_CERTIFICATE" >&2
   exit 1
 fi
 echo "Imported signing identity $IDENTITY"
-if [ -n "${GITHUB_ENV:-}" ]; then
+if [[ -n "${GITHUB_ENV:-}" ]]; then
   { echo "MACOS_SIGN_IDENTITY=$IDENTITY"; echo "MACOS_KEYCHAIN=$KEYCHAIN"; } >>"$GITHUB_ENV"
 else
   echo "MACOS_SIGN_IDENTITY=$IDENTITY"
diff --git a/packaging/macos/package.sh b/packaging/macos/package.sh
index 194b379293..eb4e79e069 100755
--- a/packaging/macos/package.sh
+++ b/packaging/macos/package.sh
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ HERE="$ROOT/packaging/macos"
 
 ARCH=universal
 SKIP_BUILD=0
-while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
+while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
   case "$1" in
     --arch) ARCH="$2"; shift 2 ;;
     --skip-build) SKIP_BUILD=1; shift ;;
@@ -44,9 +44,9 @@ DMG="$DIST/photocraft-$VERSION-macos-$ARCH.dmg"
 CLI_ZIP="$DIST/photocraft-cli-$VERSION-macos-$ARCH.zip"
 
 NOTARIZE=0
-if [ "$IDENTITY" = "-" ]; then
+if [[ "$IDENTITY" = "-" ]]; then
   warn "macOS: ad-hoc signing (no MACOS_SIGN_IDENTITY); artifacts are not notarized"
-elif [ -n "${APPLE_ID:-}" ] && [ -n "${APPLE_PASSWORD:-}" ] && [ -n "${APPLE_TEAM_ID:-}" ]; then
+elif [[ -n "${APPLE_ID:-}" ]] && [[ -n "${APPLE_PASSWORD:-}" ]] && [[ -n "${APPLE_TEAM_ID:-}" ]]; then
   NOTARIZE=1
 else
   warn "macOS: APPLE_ID / APPLE_PASSWORD / APPLE_TEAM_ID incomplete; signed but not notarized"
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ fi
 echo "==> PhotoCraft $VERSION for macOS ($ARCH), identity: $IDENTITY, notarize: $NOTARIZE"
 
 # ---- build -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-if [ "$SKIP_BUILD" = 0 ]; then
+if [[ "$SKIP_BUILD" = 0 ]]; then
   args=()
   for t in "${TARGETS[@]}"; do args+=(--target "$t"); done
   (cd "$ROOT" && cargo build --release --locked -p photocraft -p photocraft-cli --features heif "${args[@]}")
@@ -74,9 +74,9 @@ done
 sign() {
   # Hardened runtime + secure timestamp for a real identity; ad-hoc can't be timestamped.
   local ts=(--timestamp)
-  [ "$IDENTITY" = "-" ] && ts=(--timestamp=none)
+  [[ "$IDENTITY" = "-" ]] && ts=(--timestamp=none)
   local kc=()
-  [ -n "${MACOS_KEYCHAIN:-}" ] && kc=(--keychain "$MACOS_KEYCHAIN")
+  [[ -n "${MACOS_KEYCHAIN:-}" ]] && kc=(--keychain "$MACOS_KEYCHAIN")
   codesign --force --sign "$IDENTITY" ${kc[@]+"${kc[@]}"} "${ts[@]}" "$@"
 }
 
@@ -88,8 +88,8 @@ notarize() {
   echo "$out"
   id="$(printf '%s' "$out" | plutil -extract id raw -o - - 2>/dev/null || true)"
   status="$(printf '%s' "$out" | plutil -extract status raw -o - - 2>/dev/null || true)"
-  if [ "$status" != "Accepted" ]; then
-    if [ -n "$id" ]; then
+  if [[ "$status" != "Accepted" ]]; then
+    if [[ -n "$id" ]]; then
       xcrun notarytool log "$id" --apple-id "$APPLE_ID" --password "$APPLE_PASSWORD" --team-id "$APPLE_TEAM_ID" || true
     fi
     echo "error: notarization of $(basename "$file") failed (status: ${status:-unknown})" >&2
@@ -97,14 +97,34 @@ notarize() {
   fi
 }
 
+# Stapling and validating both look the ticket up in Apple's CloudKit service. Right after
+# notarization that lookup can drop the connection ("The network connection was lost", error 68)
+# even though the ticket exists, so retry the pair a few times before failing the release.
+staple() {
+  local file="$1" attempt
+  for attempt in 1 2 3 4 5; do
+    if xcrun stapler staple "$file" && xcrun stapler validate "$file"; then
+      return
+    fi
+    if [[ "$attempt" = 5 ]]; then
+      echo "error: stapling $(basename "$file") failed after $attempt attempts" >&2
+      exit 1
+    fi
+    echo "stapling $(basename "$file") failed (attempt $attempt); retrying in $((attempt * 20))s" >&2
+    sleep $((attempt * 20))
+  done
+}
+
 # ---- PhotoCraft.app ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 echo "==> assembling $APP"
 mkdir -p "$APP/Contents/MacOS" "$APP/Contents/Resources"
 # Executable and icon carry the display name (CFBundleExecutable / CFBundleIconFile).
 cp "$WORK/bin/photocraft" "$APP/Contents/MacOS/PhotoCraft"
 cp "$ROOT/assets/app-icon/photocraft.icns" "$APP/Contents/Resources/PhotoCraft.icns"
+# Notices for the bundled font fallback, included before the bundle is signed.
+cp "$ROOT/NOTICE" "$ROOT/ATTRIBUTION.md" "$APP/Contents/Resources/"
 # Licences of the embedded craft-fonts fonts (only when built with CRAFT_FONTS_DIR).
-if [ -n "${CRAFT_FONTS_DIR:-}" ]; then
+if [[ -n "${CRAFT_FONTS_DIR:-}" ]]; then
   mkdir -p "$APP/Contents/Resources/Licenses"
   copy_font_licences "$APP/Contents/Resources/Licenses"
 fi
@@ -120,11 +140,10 @@ sign --options runtime --entitlements "$HERE/entitlements.plist" "$APP/Contents/
 sign --options runtime --entitlements "$HERE/entitlements.plist" "$APP"
 codesign --verify --strict --deep --verbose=2 "$APP"
 
-if [ "$NOTARIZE" = 1 ]; then
+if [[ "$NOTARIZE" = 1 ]]; then
   ditto -c -k --keepParent "$APP" "$WORK/PhotoCraft-notarize.zip"
   notarize "$WORK/PhotoCraft-notarize.zip"
-  xcrun stapler staple "$APP"
-  xcrun stapler validate "$APP"
+  staple "$APP"
   spctl --assess --type execute -vvv "$APP"
 fi
 
@@ -147,10 +166,9 @@ hdiutil convert "$WORK/raw.dmg" -format UDZO -imagekey zlib-level=9 -o "$DMG"
 rm -f "$WORK/raw.dmg"
 sign "$DMG"
 codesign --verify --strict --verbose=2 "$DMG"
-if [ "$NOTARIZE" = 1 ]; then
+if [[ "$NOTARIZE" = 1 ]]; then
   notarize "$DMG"
-  xcrun stapler staple "$DMG"
-  xcrun stapler validate "$DMG"
+  staple "$DMG"
   spctl --assess --type open --context context:primary-signature -vvv "$DMG"
 fi
 
@@ -168,7 +186,7 @@ rm -f "$CLI_ZIP"
 ditto -c -k --keepParent "$CLI_DIR" "$CLI_ZIP"
 # notarytool accepts a zip of the bare binary. A bare Mach-O can't carry a stapled ticket, so
 # Gatekeeper looks the notarization up online when a quarantined copy first runs.
-if [ "$NOTARIZE" = 1 ]; then notarize "$CLI_ZIP"; fi
+if [[ "$NOTARIZE" = 1 ]]; then notarize "$CLI_ZIP"; fi
 
 "$WORK/bin/photocraft-cli" --version
 echo "==> done (check the artifacts as shipped with packaging/macos/verify.sh --arch $ARCH)"
diff --git a/packaging/macos/verify.sh b/packaging/macos/verify.sh
index 496aad1174..8e4dab21a8 100755
--- a/packaging/macos/verify.sh
+++ b/packaging/macos/verify.sh
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ set -euo pipefail
 . "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/../env.sh"
 
 ARCH=universal
-while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
+while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
   case "$1" in
     --arch) ARCH="$2"; shift 2 ;;
     -h | --help) sed -n '2,20p' "$0"; exit 0 ;;
@@ -41,13 +41,13 @@ DMG="$DIST/photocraft-$VERSION-macos-$ARCH.dmg"
 CLI_ZIP="$DIST/photocraft-cli-$VERSION-macos-$ARCH.zip"
 IDENTITY="${MACOS_SIGN_IDENTITY:--}"
 STRICT=0
-if [ "$IDENTITY" != "-" ] && [ -n "${APPLE_ID:-}" ] && [ -n "${APPLE_PASSWORD:-}" ] && [ -n "${APPLE_TEAM_ID:-}" ]; then
+if [[ "$IDENTITY" != "-" ]] && [[ -n "${APPLE_ID:-}" ]] && [[ -n "${APPLE_PASSWORD:-}" ]] && [[ -n "${APPLE_TEAM_ID:-}" ]]; then
   STRICT=1
 fi
 
 FAILED=0
 fail() {
-  if [ "$STRICT" = 1 ]; then
+  if [[ "$STRICT" = 1 ]]; then
     echo "error: $*" >&2
     FAILED=1
   else
@@ -58,20 +58,31 @@ fail() {
 # spctl's online ticket lookup can lag a few seconds behind notarytool's "Accepted".
 assess() {
   local out attempt tries=1
-  [ "$STRICT" = 1 ] && tries=5
+  [[ "$STRICT" = 1 ]] && tries=5
   for attempt in $(seq "$tries"); do
     if out="$(spctl "$@" 2>&1)"; then
       printf '%s\n' "$out"
       return 0
     fi
-    [ "$attempt" = "$tries" ] || sleep 10
+    [[ "$attempt" = "$tries" ]] || sleep 10
   done
   printf '%s\n' "$out"
   return 1
 }
 
+# `stapler validate` asks Apple's CloudKit service too, which sometimes drops the connection
+# (error 68) though the ticket is there.
+validate_staple() {
+  local target="$1" attempt
+  for attempt in 1 2 3 4 5; do
+    xcrun stapler validate "$target" && return 0
+    [[ "$attempt" = 5 ]] || sleep $((attempt * 20))
+  done
+  return 1
+}
+
 for f in "$DMG" "$CLI_ZIP"; do
-  if [ ! -f "$f" ]; then
+  if [[ ! -f "$f" ]]; then
     echo "error: missing $f" >&2
     exit 1
   fi
@@ -84,7 +95,7 @@ trap 'rm -rf "$WORK"' EXIT
 echo "==> $(basename "$CLI_ZIP")"
 ditto -x -k "$CLI_ZIP" "$WORK/cli"
 CLI="$WORK/cli/photocraft-cli-$VERSION-macos-$ARCH/photocraft-cli"
-if [ ! -x "$CLI" ]; then
+if [[ ! -x "$CLI" ]]; then
   echo "error: $(basename "$CLI_ZIP") has no executable photocraft-cli-$VERSION-macos-$ARCH/photocraft-cli" >&2
   exit 1
 fi
@@ -108,7 +119,7 @@ printf '%s\n' "$details" | grep -q '^Authority=Developer ID Application:' \
   || fail "photocraft-cli is not signed with a Developer ID Application identity"
 printf '%s\n' "$details" | grep -q '^Timestamp=' \
   || fail "photocraft-cli signature has no secure timestamp"
-if [ -n "${APPLE_TEAM_ID:-}" ]; then
+if [[ -n "${APPLE_TEAM_ID:-}" ]]; then
   printf '%s\n' "$details" | grep -qx "TeamIdentifier=$APPLE_TEAM_ID" \
     || fail "photocraft-cli is signed by a different team"
 fi
@@ -125,24 +136,24 @@ fi
 # ---- DMG ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 echo "==> $(basename "$DMG")"
 codesign --verify --strict --verbose=2 "$DMG"
-if [ "$STRICT" = 1 ]; then
-  xcrun stapler validate "$DMG" || fail "no notarization ticket stapled to the DMG"
+if [[ "$STRICT" = 1 ]]; then
+  validate_staple "$DMG" || fail "no notarization ticket stapled to the DMG"
   assess --assess --type open --context context:primary-signature -vv "$DMG" \
     || fail "Gatekeeper rejects the DMG"
 fi
 
-if [ "$FAILED" != 0 ]; then
+if [[ "$FAILED" != 0 ]]; then
   echo "error: macOS artifacts failed verification" >&2
   exit 1
 fi
 
-if [ "$STRICT" = 1 ]; then
+if [[ "$STRICT" = 1 ]]; then
   result="signed (Developer ID, hardened runtime), notarized; DMG stapled"
 else
   result="signature intact; Developer ID and notarization not required (no signing secrets)"
 fi
 echo "==> verified: $result"
-if [ -n "${GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY:-}" ]; then
+if [[ -n "${GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY:-}" ]]; then
   {
     echo "- macOS \`$(basename "$DMG")\`, \`$(basename "$CLI_ZIP")\`: $result"
   } >>"$GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY"
diff --git a/packaging/web/package.sh b/packaging/web/package.sh
index 58b9bccd07..ccb06aded3 100755
--- a/packaging/web/package.sh
+++ b/packaging/web/package.sh
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ set -euo pipefail
 . "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")/../env.sh"
 HERE="$ROOT/packaging/web"
 
-if [ "${1:-}" != "--skip-build" ]; then
+if [[ "${1:-}" != "--skip-build" ]]; then
   command -v trunk >/dev/null || { echo "error: trunk not found (cargo install trunk --locked)" >&2; exit 1; }
   (cd "$ROOT/apps/photocraft-web" && trunk build --release)
   (cd "$ROOT/apps/photocraft-web-boot" && trunk build --release)
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ fi
 APP="$ROOT/dist/web"       # the app: index.html, wasm-bindgen glue, one .wasm
 BOOT="$ROOT/dist/web-boot" # the page that ships, and the module that starts the app from parts
 for site in "$APP" "$BOOT"; do
-  [ -f "$site/index.html" ] || { echo "error: $site/index.html missing; run without --skip-build" >&2; exit 1; }
+  [[ -f "$site/index.html" ]] || { echo "error: $site/index.html missing; run without --skip-build" >&2; exit 1; }
   # Paths must be relative so the site works under any prefix (public_url = "./" in Trunk.toml).
   if grep -Eq '(src|href)="/[^/]' "$site/index.html"; then
     echo "error: $site/index.html has root-absolute URLs; it would break when served from a sub-path" >&2
@@ -35,23 +35,23 @@ done
 # Size limit (issues #198, #5302): Cloudflare Pages/Workers reject any single file over 25 MiB,
 # and other hosts and CDNs have similar caps. No file in the site may come near that; the app's
 # wasm, the one file that does, ships as parts of PART_BYTES. Override only to investigate.
-MAX_FILE_BYTES="${PHOTOCRAFT_WEB_MAX_FILE_BYTES:-25165824}" # 24 MiB
-PART_BYTES="${PHOTOCRAFT_WEB_PART_BYTES:-20971520}"         # 20 MiB
-if [ "$PART_BYTES" -le 0 ] || [ "$PART_BYTES" -gt "$MAX_FILE_BYTES" ]; then
+MAX_FILE_BYTES=$((10#${PHOTOCRAFT_WEB_MAX_FILE_BYTES:-25165824})) # 24 MiB
+PART_BYTES=$((10#${PHOTOCRAFT_WEB_PART_BYTES:-20971520}))         # 20 MiB
+if [[ "$PART_BYTES" -le 0 ]] || [[ "$PART_BYTES" -gt "$MAX_FILE_BYTES" ]]; then
   echo "error: a part of $PART_BYTES bytes doesn't fit the $MAX_FILE_BYTES-byte file limit" >&2
   exit 1
 fi
 
 WASM=""
 for wasm in "$APP"/*_bg.wasm; do
-  [ -f "$wasm" ] || continue
-  [ -z "$WASM" ] || { echo "error: more than one .wasm in $APP; remove it and run without --skip-build" >&2; exit 1; }
+  [[ -f "$wasm" ]] || continue
+  [[ -z "$WASM" ]] || { echo "error: more than one .wasm in $APP; remove it and run without --skip-build" >&2; exit 1; }
   WASM="$wasm"
 done
-[ -n "$WASM" ] || { echo "error: no .wasm in $APP" >&2; exit 1; }
+[[ -n "$WASM" ]] || { echo "error: no .wasm in $APP" >&2; exit 1; }
 STEM="$(basename "$WASM" _bg.wasm)" # photocraft-web-<content hash>
 GLUE="$APP/$STEM.js"
-[ -f "$GLUE" ] || { echo "error: $GLUE missing" >&2; exit 1; }
+[[ -f "$GLUE" ]] || { echo "error: $GLUE missing" >&2; exit 1; }
 
 NAME="photocraft-web-$VERSION"
 WORK="$CARGO_TARGET_DIR/web-package"
@@ -80,9 +80,9 @@ copy_docs "$WORK/$NAME"
 # Optional served fonts (README.md › Fonts): PHOTOCRAFT_WEB_FONTS_DIR=<a craft-fonts checkout, or any
 # folder with a fonts/manifest.txt in its format> copies the manifest, every font and licence file
 # it lists into the site, at the same paths. The wasm is unchanged; the app fetches fonts on demand.
-if [ -n "${PHOTOCRAFT_WEB_FONTS_DIR:-}" ]; then
+if [[ -n "${PHOTOCRAFT_WEB_FONTS_DIR:-}" ]]; then
   FONTS_MANIFEST="$PHOTOCRAFT_WEB_FONTS_DIR/fonts/manifest.txt"
-  [ -f "$FONTS_MANIFEST" ] || { echo "error: $FONTS_MANIFEST missing (PHOTOCRAFT_WEB_FONTS_DIR)" >&2; exit 1; }
+  [[ -f "$FONTS_MANIFEST" ]] || { echo "error: $FONTS_MANIFEST missing (PHOTOCRAFT_WEB_FONTS_DIR)" >&2; exit 1; }
   mkdir -p "$WORK/$NAME/fonts"
   cp "$FONTS_MANIFEST" "$WORK/$NAME/fonts/manifest.txt"
   # Field 3 is the font file, field 6 (if any) its licence file; both relative to the folder.
@@ -98,8 +98,8 @@ fi
 largest=0
 while IFS= read -r file; do
   bytes=$(size "$file")
-  [ "$bytes" -le "$largest" ] || largest=$bytes
-  if [ "$bytes" -gt "$MAX_FILE_BYTES" ]; then
+  [[ "$bytes" -le "$largest" ]] || largest=$bytes
+  if [[ "$bytes" -gt "$MAX_FILE_BYTES" ]]; then
     echo "error: ${file#"$WORK/$NAME/"} is $bytes bytes, over the $MAX_FILE_BYTES-byte limit (Cloudflare's per-file cap is 25 MiB)" >&2
     exit 1
   fi
diff --git a/packaging/windows/package.ps1 b/packaging/windows/package.ps1
index 53bf286558..0913011598 100644
--- a/packaging/windows/package.ps1
+++ b/packaging/windows/package.ps1
@@ -91,6 +91,21 @@ Copy-Item (Join-Path $Bin 'photocraft.exe'), (Join-Path $Bin 'photocraft-cli.exe
 
 & (Join-Path $PSScriptRoot 'sign.ps1') (Join-Path $Stage 'photocraft.exe') (Join-Path $Stage 'photocraft-cli.exe')
 
+# ---- font notices for the MSI ------------------------------------------------------------------
+# The portable ZIP already carries these notices; stage the complete files before MSI creation too.
+$Docs = Join-Path $Stage 'font-licences'
+New-Item -ItemType Directory -Force -Path $Docs | Out-Null
+# The existing MSI document group also carries notices for bundled egui font inputs.
+Copy-Item -LiteralPath (Join-Path $Root 'NOTICE'), (Join-Path $Root 'ATTRIBUTION.md') -Destination $Docs
+$HasCraftFontLicences = 1
+if ($env:CRAFT_FONTS_DIR) {
+  foreach ($ofl in Get-ChildItem -Path (Join-Path $env:CRAFT_FONTS_DIR 'fonts\*\OFL.txt') -File -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue) {
+    Copy-Item -LiteralPath $ofl.FullName -Destination (Join-Path $Docs "OFL-$($ofl.Directory.Name).txt")
+    $HasCraftFontLicences = 1
+  }
+}
+# ---- end font notices for the MSI --------------------------------------------------------------
+
 # ---- MSI ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # The setup wizard's art, drawn here from the app icon so the MSI shows PhotoCraft rather than
 # WiX's stock bitmaps: a 493x58 banner across the top of the inner pages (the page title is drawn
@@ -137,6 +152,7 @@ Invoke-Native 'wix build' {
     -culture en-US -loc (Join-Path $PSScriptRoot 'photocraft.en-us.wxl') `
     -d "Version=$MsiVersion" -d "DisplayVersion=$Version" -d "BinDir=$Stage" -d "IconPath=$(Join-Path $Root 'assets\app-icon\photocraft.ico')" `
     -d "BannerBmp=$Banner" -d "DialogBmp=$Dialog" `
+    -d "DocsDir=$Docs" -d "HasCraftFontLicences=$HasCraftFontLicences" `
     -o $Msi
 }
 Invoke-Native 'MSI shortcut icon validation (ICE50)' {
@@ -151,7 +167,7 @@ $Portable = Join-Path $TargetDir "windows-package\photocraft-$Version-windows-$A
 Remove-Item -Recurse -Force $Portable -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
 New-Item -ItemType Directory -Force -Path $Portable | Out-Null
 Copy-Item (Join-Path $Stage '*.exe') $Portable
-foreach ($f in 'README.md', 'LICENSE', 'LICENSE-MIT', 'LICENSE-APACHE') {
+foreach ($f in 'README.md', 'LICENSE', 'LICENSE-MIT', 'LICENSE-APACHE', 'NOTICE', 'ATTRIBUTION.md') {
   $p = Join-Path $Root $f
   if (Test-Path $p) { Copy-Item $p $Portable }
 }
diff --git a/packaging/windows/photocraft.wxs b/packaging/windows/photocraft.wxs
index 8be9ff893c..449591fe7c 100644
--- a/packaging/windows/photocraft.wxs
+++ b/packaging/windows/photocraft.wxs
@@ -16,6 +16,9 @@
 -->
 <Wix xmlns="http://wixtoolset.org/schemas/v4/wxs"
      xmlns:ui="http://wixtoolset.org/schemas/v4/wxs/ui">
+  <?ifndef HasCraftFontLicences ?>
+  <?define HasCraftFontLicences=0 ?>
+  <?endif ?>
   <Package
       Name="PhotoCraft"
       Manufacturer="Learning Machines LLC"
@@ -50,6 +53,9 @@
     </Property>
 
     <Feature Id="Main" Title="PhotoCraft" Level="1">
+      <?if $(var.HasCraftFontLicences) = 1 ?>
+      <ComponentGroupRef Id="CraftFontLicences" />
+      <?endif ?>
       <ComponentGroupRef Id="PhotocraftFiles" />
     </Feature>
 
@@ -80,6 +86,11 @@
   </Package>
 
   <Fragment>
+    <?if $(var.HasCraftFontLicences) = 1 ?>
+    <ComponentGroup Id="CraftFontLicences" Directory="INSTALLFOLDER">
+      <Files Include="$(var.DocsDir)\**" />
+    </ComponentGroup>
+    <?endif ?>
     <ComponentGroup Id="PhotocraftFiles" Directory="INSTALLFOLDER">
       <Component Id="PhotocraftApp" Guid="A6DE41B7-A80F-4C59-A17E-BB68065BF67E">
         <File Id="PhotocraftExe" Source="$(var.BinDir)\photocraft.exe" KeyPath="yes">
diff --git a/packaging/windows/sign.ps1 b/packaging/windows/sign.ps1
index 5dcefceb03..6064a9409b 100644
--- a/packaging/windows/sign.ps1
+++ b/packaging/windows/sign.ps1
@@ -23,6 +23,16 @@ param(
 )
 $ErrorActionPreference = 'Stop'
 
+# Azure Trusted Signing loads this NuGet package's dlib into signtool, beside the signing secrets,
+# so the package is pinned to a reviewed version and SHA-256 and refused on any mismatch (#2936).
+# Upgrading is a deliberate change to both values: download
+# https://www.nuget.org/api/v2/package/Microsoft.Trusted.Signing.Client/<version> and record
+# (Get-FileHash -Algorithm SHA256 <file>).Hash.
+$TrustedSigningClient = @{
+  Version = '1.0.95'
+  Sha256  = '3BFCF1E0A3CB42AF1692F0A8ED45C15DE070C2DE86F28A59B2795D904D8A920F'
+}
+
 function Write-Warn([string] $Message) {
   if ($env:GITHUB_ACTIONS) { Write-Output "::warning::$Message" } else { Write-Warning $Message }
 }
@@ -74,7 +84,12 @@ try {
     # The dlib authenticates with DefaultAzureCredential, which reads AZURE_TENANT_ID,
     # AZURE_CLIENT_ID and AZURE_CLIENT_SECRET from the environment.
     $pkg = Join-Path $tmp 'trusted-signing.zip'
-    Invoke-WebRequest -Uri 'https://www.nuget.org/api/v2/package/Microsoft.Trusted.Signing.Client' -OutFile $pkg
+    $version = $TrustedSigningClient.Version
+    Invoke-WebRequest -Uri "https://www.nuget.org/api/v2/package/Microsoft.Trusted.Signing.Client/$version" -OutFile $pkg
+    $sha256 = (Get-FileHash -Algorithm SHA256 -Path $pkg).Hash
+    if ($sha256 -ne $TrustedSigningClient.Sha256) {
+      throw "Microsoft.Trusted.Signing.Client $version has SHA-256 $sha256, expected $($TrustedSigningClient.Sha256): refusing to load it"
+    }
     Expand-Archive -Path $pkg -DestinationPath (Join-Path $tmp 'client') -Force
     $dlib = Get-ChildItem -Path (Join-Path $tmp 'client') -Recurse -Filter Azure.CodeSigning.Dlib.dll |
       Where-Object { $_.FullName -match '\\x64\\' } | Select-Object -First 1
diff --git a/perf/budgets.toml b/perf/budgets.toml
index 0b068ede0f..7a16f37e2f 100644
--- a/perf/budgets.toml
+++ b/perf/budgets.toml
@@ -75,6 +75,17 @@ requires = "crates/ui-egui/examples/layout_bench.rs"
 quick_args = []
 note = "layout PSDs with many styled layers (#125/#128)"
 
+# Photomerge (#7758): the bounded-band algorithm must remain fast and its process-level
+# resident-set high-water mark is tracked (on every desktop OS). No uncalibrated budget is
+# enforced. Full mode uses 4 x 2 MP so ordinary CI machines do not allocate multi-GB blends;
+# use the stand-alone example for the 4 x 24 MP stress test.
+[[bench]]
+name = "bench_multiband"
+package = "photocraft-algo"
+args = ["4", "2", "--reps", "5"]
+quick_args = ["2", "0.25", "--reps", "3"]
+note = "synthetic Photomerge multi-band blend; resident-set peak includes input/output buffers"
+
 # ---- #209: interactive edits on layered documents (20 MP, styled layers) ---------------------
 
 [[scenario]]
@@ -359,7 +370,9 @@ issue = 211
 bench = "perf_scenarios"
 row = "Content-Aware Scale 24 MP to 90 % width"
 budget_ms = 3000
-enforce = false  # over budget in the 2026-10-05 baseline
+enforce = false  # 954 s in the 2026-10-05 baseline, which predates the seam-search proxies. 2026-10-13: the
+# row measured 3.3 s -> 1.6 s on a 4-core VM (CPU) with the kept seam search (docs/seam-carving-performance.md).
+# Flip once a budgeted-class run shows the whole row under 3 s.
 
 [[scenario]]
 id = "P29"
@@ -560,3 +573,61 @@ title = "File > New 10 x 5 m at 200 ppi (3.1 GP) + first reduced canvas refresh"
 issue = 4017
 bench = "perf_scenarios"
 row = "new 3 GP document + first reduced canvas refresh"
+
+# ---- #211: the heavy algo filters nothing measured yet ----------------------------------------
+#
+# `bench_filters2` times the second-batch filters on a 24 MP RGBA8 layer. The example existed but was
+# never wired into this file, so nothing caught a regression in any of them. The target is the one
+# second a filter applied once to a 24 MP layer should cost; all four rows are over it today
+# (2026-10-22, 4-core laptop, default rayon pool), which is what #211's slow-algorithm ledger is for.
+
+[[bench]]
+name = "bench_filters2"
+package = "photocraft-algo"
+args = ["--reps", "3"]
+quick_args = ["--quick", "--reps", "1"]
+note = "24 MP RGBA8: Oil Paint, Relight, Reduce Noise, Smart Blur, the blur gallery, Crystallize, Color Halftone"
+
+[[scenario]]
+id = "P64"
+title = "Oil Paint on 24 MP"
+issue = 211
+bench = "bench_filters2"
+row = "Oil Paint"
+budget_ms = 1000
+enforce = false  # 8.8 s measured 2026-10-22
+
+[[scenario]]
+id = "P65"
+title = "Smart Blur r 12 on 24 MP (High quality)"
+issue = 211
+bench = "bench_filters2"
+row = "Smart Blur r12"
+budget_ms = 1000
+enforce = false  # 11.6 s measured 2026-10-22: the peak of the radius sweep, where High quality visits every pixel in the circle
+
+[[scenario]]
+id = "P66"
+title = "Relight on 24 MP"
+issue = 211
+bench = "bench_filters2"
+row = "Relight"
+budget_ms = 1000
+enforce = false  # 3.7 s measured 2026-10-22
+
+[[scenario]]
+id = "P67"
+title = "Reduce Noise on 24 MP"
+issue = 211
+bench = "bench_filters2"
+row = "Reduce Noise"
+budget_ms = 1000
+enforce = false  # 2.8 s measured 2026-10-22
+
+[[scenario]]
+id = "P68"
+title = "Photomerge multi-band blend, synthetic"
+issue = 7758
+bench = "bench_multiband"
+row = "Photomerge multiband blend"
+target = "track timing and peak RSS; no calibrated performance budget"
diff --git a/scorecard/automation.toml b/scorecard/automation.toml
index ed3839e73f..862de726f2 100644
--- a/scorecard/automation.toml
+++ b/scorecard/automation.toml
@@ -79,4 +79,4 @@ id = "AUTO-219-10"
 target = "Agent acceptance suite grown to 30-50 workflows"
 status = "partial"
 issue = 219
-note = "automation/tests/agent_tasks.rs runs 10 workflows over MCP"
+note = "automation/tests/it/agent_tasks.rs runs 10 workflows over MCP"
diff --git a/scorecard/bugs.toml b/scorecard/bugs.toml
index 7f0561471b..f997437ae6 100644
--- a/scorecard/bugs.toml
+++ b/scorecard/bugs.toml
@@ -60,14 +60,14 @@ id = "BUG-204-2"
 target = "workspace.large_tabs, animated_zoom, auto_show_home_screen wired or hidden"
 status = "done"
 issue = 204
-note = "workspace.large_tabs controls document tab height in canvas.rs; auto_show_home_screen drives the Home screen; general.animated_zoom makes a held Zoom tool press zoom continuously (zoom_hold.rs, #6210)"
+note = "workspace.large_tabs controls document tab height in canvas.rs; auto_show_home_screen drives the Home screen; general.animated_zoom gates discrete canvas zoom transitions and continuous held Zoom tool presses (zoom_hold.rs, #6210), and is exposed in General preferences"
 
 [[item]]
 id = "BUG-204-3"
 target = "RAW prefs and ask_before_saving_layered_tiff read, or hidden"
 status = "done"
 issue = 204
-note = "ask_before_saving_layered_tiff drives the TIFF Options prompt (ui-egui tiff_options_ui.rs); raw_defaults.open_in_camera_raw drives the Camera Raw dialog (camera_raw_ui.rs); the other raw_defaults fields are in prefs::HIDDEN_UNTIL_IMPLEMENTED"
+note = "ask_before_saving_layered_tiff drives the TIFF Options prompt (ui-egui tiff_options_ui.rs); raw_defaults.open_in_camera_raw drives the Camera Raw dialog (camera_raw_ui.rs); the other raw_defaults fields drive the raw open and Camera Raw (#5128)"
 
 [[item]]
 id = "BUG-204-4"
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ id = "BUG-204-6"
 target = "Test: every Prefs field is read somewhere or on a hidden allowlist"
 status = "done"
 issue = 204
-note = "crates/engine/tests/prefs_usage.rs every_preference_is_read_or_hidden: each field is read outside prefs.rs or listed in prefs::HIDDEN_UNTIL_IMPLEMENTED, never both"
+note = "crates/engine/tests/it/prefs_usage.rs every_preference_is_read_or_hidden: each field is read outside prefs.rs or listed in prefs::HIDDEN_UNTIL_IMPLEMENTED, never both"
 
 [[item]]
 id = "BUG-205-1"
@@ -137,14 +137,14 @@ id = "BUG-206-2"
 target = "PSD import keeps Optical and manual Kerning values"
 status = "done"
 issue = 206
-note = "io/tests/psd_kerning.rs manual_and_off_kerning_round_trip_through_psd and optical_kerning_round_trips_through_psd import an exported layer and compare every character's (mode, kern) pair; the optical mode travels in the document Txt2 block (#1348)"
+note = "io/tests/it/psd_kerning.rs manual_and_off_kerning_round_trip_through_psd and optical_kerning_round_trips_through_psd import an exported layer and compare every character's (mode, kern) pair; the optical mode travels in the document Txt2 block (#1348)"
 
 [[item]]
 id = "BUG-206-3"
 target = "PSD export writes the real AutoKerning mode and Kerning values"
 status = "done"
 issue = 206
-note = "manual_and_off_kerning_round_trip_through_psd (io/tests/psd_kerning.rs) reads the AutoKerning flag and Kerning value of every character back out of the written TySh: (false, 100) after A, (true, -50) after T, and automatic kerning off where the style says so"
+note = "manual_and_off_kerning_round_trip_through_psd (io/tests/it/psd_kerning.rs) reads the AutoKerning flag and Kerning value of every character back out of the written TySh: (false, 100) after A, (true, -50) after T, and automatic kerning off where the style says so"
 
 [[item]]
 id = "BUG-206-4"
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ id = "BUG-206-5"
 target = "Tests: PSD round trip of manual and Optical kerning, a real file in the oracle corpus"
 status = "partial"
 issue = 206
-note = "Round trips covered by io/tests/psd_kerning.rs (manual, Off and Optical, plus hostile_kerning_values and txt2_extras_survive_a_resave_of_unchanged_text); corpus_text_layers reads real PSDs and applies their Txt2 optical kerning, but no oracle file is dedicated to kerning values"
+note = "Round trips covered by io/tests/it/psd_kerning.rs (manual, Off and Optical, plus hostile_kerning_values and txt2_extras_survive_a_resave_of_unchanged_text); corpus_text_layers reads real PSDs and applies their Txt2 optical kerning, but no oracle file is dedicated to kerning values"
 
 [[item]]
 id = "BUG-207-1"
diff --git a/scorecard/distribution.toml b/scorecard/distribution.toml
index 1a65920852..a2a0b9da4e 100644
--- a/scorecard/distribution.toml
+++ b/scorecard/distribution.toml
@@ -43,9 +43,9 @@ note = "release.yml:242-283 (freebsd job) + packaging/freebsd/package.sh; layout
 [[item]]
 id = "DIST-220-1"
 target = "Help > Check for Updates plus an opt-out periodic release-feed check on all desktops"
-status = "missing"
+status = "partial"
 issue = 220
-note = "No update check in crates"
+note = "2026-10-22 (#5485): Help > Check for Updates and an opt-out check once per launch (updates_cmds + the desktop HTTPS transport; none inside Flatpak, where flatpak update owns updates). Missing: a periodic recheck while the app stays open"
 
 [[item]]
 id = "DIST-220-2"
diff --git a/scorecard/file_compat.toml b/scorecard/file_compat.toml
index c53611628e..0eeb4c1c54 100644
--- a/scorecard/file_compat.toml
+++ b/scorecard/file_compat.toml
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # Scorecard checklist: file compatibility (#215 formats, #216 measurement).
-# Corpus numbers come from crates/io/tests/corpus.rs, not from here.
+# Corpus numbers come from crates/io/tests/it/corpus.rs, not from here.
 # Statuses must be true on main. Verified against 4b53f62 on 2026-10-05 (smart objects: #215 PR).
 area = "file"
 title = "File compatibility"
@@ -10,21 +10,21 @@ id = "FILE-215-1"
 target = "Smart Objects export as embedded Smart Objects (SoLd + lnk2), not flat pixels"
 status = "done"
 issue = 215
-note = "psd_export.rs smart_blocks: PlLd + SoLd, source in lnk2 (.pcraft -> PSB); engine tests/smart_psd.rs; Photoshop 2026 opens 8/16-bit exports as live smart objects. Linked files are embedded"
+note = "psd_export.rs smart_blocks: PlLd + SoLd, source in lnk2 (.pcraft -> PSB); engine tests/it/smart_psd.rs; Photoshop 2026 opens 8/16-bit exports as live smart objects. Linked files are embedded"
 
 [[item]]
 id = "FILE-215-2"
 target = "Smart Filters survive PSD save and re-open (filterFX descriptor read and written)"
 status = "partial"
 issue = 215
-note = "smart_map.rs: 41 filters plus Hue/Saturation, Perspective Warp, Filter Gallery (Chrome) and a verified Camera Raw subset mapped both ways, others kept verbatim, mask in FEid; io tests/smart_corpus.rs. PhotoCraft-only filters (Twirl, Liquify…) and unmapped Camera Raw settings are left out of filterFX with a warning"
+note = "smart_map.rs: 49 filters plus Hue/Saturation, Perspective Warp, Filter Gallery (Chrome) and a verified Camera Raw subset mapped both ways, others kept verbatim, mask in FEid; io tests/it/smart_corpus.rs. PhotoCraft-only filters (Twirl, Liquify…) and unmapped Camera Raw settings are left out of filterFX with a warning"
 
 [[item]]
 id = "FILE-215-3"
 target = "Filter mask can be painted directly, with undo"
-status = "missing"
+status = "done"
 issue = 215
-note = "smart_cmds.rs:382 mask only from the selection"
+note = "Clicking the filter mask thumbnail on the Smart Filters row targets it (ui.filterMaskTarget, smart_ui.rs). Painting, fills, filters and adjustments with \"target\":\"filterMask\" then edit it (a white mask starts on the first stroke) and re-render the smart object, one undo step per stroke (channel_cmds Target::FilterMask, Session::edit). ⌥-click shows it (view.layerMask \"mask\":\"filter\"), ⇧-click disables it. Kept through .pcraft and PSD FEid (smart_cmds/tests/filter_mask_paint.rs)"
 
 [[item]]
 id = "FILE-215-4"
@@ -50,9 +50,9 @@ note = "#426: SmartObject.perspective holds the projective map (transform keeps
 [[item]]
 id = "FILE-215-7"
 target = "Layered TIFF read and write (tag 37724), honouring the ask-before-saving pref"
-status = "partial"
+status = "done"
 issue = 215
-note = "psd tiff.rs (ImageSourceData, both byte orders), io tiff_layers.rs, ui tiff_options_ui.rs (Discard Layers and Save a Copy); extra alpha channels and a Quick Mask are not written (the TIFF codec holds one transparency sample)"
+note = "psd tiff.rs (ImageSourceData, both byte orders), io tiff_layers.rs, ui tiff_options_ui.rs (Discard Layers and Save a Copy); extra alpha/spot channels and a Quick Mask are written as TIFF extra samples (at most 16) plus Photoshop resources for name, colour and solidity; Photoshop's MTrn marker is read (#7415). The TIFF Options Save Transparency choice isn't offered: channels are written as Photoshop does with it off"
 
 [[item]]
 id = "FILE-215-8"
@@ -78,9 +78,9 @@ note = "io pdf.rs: Save As / Save a Copy / CLI write one flattened RGB/Gray/CMYK
 [[item]]
 id = "FILE-215-11"
 target = "RAW: lossy DNG, highlight modes, .xmp sidecars, RAW prefs wired, per-camera corpus"
-status = "missing"
+status = "partial"
 issue = 215
-note = "raw sensor.rs:210 lossy DNG unsupported; raw_defaults unread; no xmp"
+note = "2026-10-13: lossy DNG (34892) decodes stored 8-bit samples with padded edge tiles (raw sensor.rs lossy_jpeg, #5112); a raw's sidecar IMG.xmp fills the open-time dialog and Open writes it back (camera_raw_ui.rs read_sidecar/write_sidecar, pref rawDefaults.writeXmpSidecars); every Camera Raw Defaults preference is read (colour space, bit depth, resolution, Sharpen For, Open as Smart Object, Apply auto tone: apply_raw_defaults); Calibration panel (shadow tint, primaries hue/saturation) in the dialog, the filter and the crs: keys. Still missing: highlight recovery modes, the absolute (kelvin) white balance of raw sidecars, a per-camera corpus"
 
 [[item]]
 id = "FILE-215-12"
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ id = "FILE-215-13"
 target = "Video layer frames persist in .pcraft; PSD video layers mapped"
 status = "partial"
 issue = 215
-note = "format convert.rs:89 + tests/roundtrip.rs:282 persist frames; no PSD video mapping"
+note = "format convert.rs:89 + tests/it/roundtrip.rs:282 persist frames; no PSD video mapping"
 
 [[item]]
 id = "FILE-215-14"
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ id = "FILE-215-15"
 target = "Layer Style contour picker, curve editor, presets, .shc import/export"
 status = "partial"
 issue = 2912
-note = "Layer Style dialog: contour thumbnail + preset picker (12 standard shapes, own control points) and Anti-aliased on Drop/Inner Shadow, Outer/Inner Glow, Satin, Bevel Gloss Contour and Contour element; Contour Editor (add/drag/delete, Corner, Input/Output, Preset, Load…/Save… .shc per Adobe's public spec, psd shc.rs); corner points render (compose contour_curve_lut) and map to PSD Cnty. Missing: a user contour library (New…, picker Load/Save/Replace Contours), Anti-aliased doesn't change the render yet, .shc not yet checked against a Photoshop-written file"
+note = "Layer Style dialog: contour thumbnail + preset picker (12 standard shapes, own control points) and Anti-aliased on Drop/Inner Shadow, Outer/Inner Glow, Satin, Bevel Gloss Contour and Contour element; Contour Editor (add/drag/delete, Corner, Input/Output, Preset, Load…/Save… .shc per Adobe's public spec, psd shc.rs); corner points render (compose contour_curve_lut) and map to PSD Cnty. User contour library: Contour Editor New… saves the curve under a name (layer.layerStyle.contours.new/list/delete/load/save, kept with the preferences), the picker lists user contours after the standard ones and has Load/Replace/Save Contours… (.shc). Missing: Anti-aliased doesn't change the render yet, .shc not yet checked against a Photoshop-written file"
 
 [[item]]
 id = "FILE-215-16"
@@ -120,23 +120,23 @@ note = "doc advanced.rs + .pcraft + PSD/layered TIFF (knko infx clbl tsly lmgm v
 [[item]]
 id = "FILE-215-17"
 target = "CMYK/RGB documents preview spot inks; spot plates export (TIFF extra samples, PDF)"
-status = "missing"
+status = "partial"
 issue = 215
-note = "compose multichannel.rs:1 spot preview for Multichannel only"
+note = "TIFF: spot channels written and read as extra samples with DisplayInfo (1077) ink colour and solidity, ink stored 0 = solid (#7415). PSD: spot planes stored and read 0 = solid as Photoshop does, identifiers in 1053; PhotoCraft 0.1.0–0.16.0 PSDs (straight planes) keep their ink. Missing: spot ink preview in RGB/CMYK documents (compose multichannel.rs:1 previews Multichannel only) and PDF Separation"
 
 [[item]]
 id = "FILE-215-18"
 target = "Save for Web per-slice settings remembered; Export As remembers and offers nearest scaling"
 status = "done"
 issue = 215
-note = "Save for Web settings survive a restart through the remembered dialog settings in prefs.dialogs (web_cmds::remember_web_settings stores them on a complete export, never the destination; file_ui.rs open_web seeds from the session's last export, else the preferences). export_dialog seeds Export As the same way (seed_remembered: format, quality, transparency, scale, resample, metadata, TGA bits) and confirm remembers them as used. Export As › Image Size › Resample offers Photoshop's six methods (Bicubic Automatic default, Nearest Neighbor included; export_preset_cmds::RESAMPLE, unknown values are errors) for the exported copy only; also layer.exportAs `resample` and export presets (#5838). Tests: export_dialog nearest_neighbor_doubles_each_pixel_into_an_exact_block (8/16-bit), resample_choices_are_checked, resample_is_remembered_and_a_bad_saved_value_falls_back; layer_menu_cmds export_layer_resamples_with_the_chosen_method; tests/export_as_scaling.rs export_as_resample_menu_writes_nearest_neighbor_blocks"
+note = "Save for Web settings survive a restart through the remembered dialog settings in prefs.dialogs (web_cmds::remember_web_settings stores them on a complete export, never the destination; file_ui.rs open_web seeds from the session's last export, else the preferences). export_dialog seeds Export As the same way (seed_remembered: format, quality, transparency, scale, resample, metadata, TGA bits) and confirm remembers them as used. Export As › Image Size › Resample offers Photoshop's six methods (Bicubic Automatic default, Nearest Neighbor included; export_preset_cmds::RESAMPLE, unknown values are errors) for the exported copy only; also layer.exportAs `resample` and export presets (#5838). Tests: export_dialog nearest_neighbor_doubles_each_pixel_into_an_exact_block (8/16-bit), resample_choices_are_checked, resample_is_remembered_and_a_bad_saved_value_falls_back; layer_menu_cmds export_layer_resamples_with_the_chosen_method; tests/it/export_as_scaling.rs export_as_resample_menu_writes_nearest_neighbor_blocks"
 
 [[item]]
 id = "FILE-215-19"
 target = "Save As JPEG opens a JPEG Options dialog (quality 0-12, format options)"
-status = "missing"
+status = "partial"
 issue = 215
-note = "ExportSettings has jpeg_quality 1-100 only (lib.rs:118)"
+note = "jpeg_options_ui.rs: File > Save, Save As and Save a Copy to a JPEG ask for Quality 0-12 (Low/Medium/High/Maximum) and Baseline / Baseline Optimized / Progressive before writing, starting at an opened JPEG's own quality (file_encoding) or else the Export preference; scripts pass quality/jpegFormat (file.saveAs, file.saveACopy, app.save, CLI --jpeg-format) and recorded actions replay the answer (discard_ui/tests/jpeg_tests.rs, codecs roundtrip jpeg_format_options_round_trip). Baseline Optimized fits the Huffman tables only at 4:4:4 (Gray, CMYK) or progressive: RGB is written 4:2:0, which zune-jpeg 0.5.15 decodes wrongly with fitted tables, as in Save for Web, so RGB Baseline Optimized writes the same file as Baseline. Missing: Matte, progressive Scans (3-5) and the size preview"
 
 [[item]]
 id = "FILE-215-20"
@@ -164,14 +164,14 @@ id = "FILE-216-2"
 target = "Large-file fixtures: 20 MP, 150-layer, generated 2 GB PSD and 4-5 GB PSB stress tests"
 status = "done"
 issue = 216
-note = "Generated at test time by psd fixtures.rs (feature testgen; never committed). io tests/large_files.rs: layered_20_mp_psd_opens_and_saves (5472x3648, 5 layers in 2 groups, mask, drop shadow) and layout_with_150_layers_opens_and_saves (A4 300 ppi, 150 layers in 15 groups, masks, hidden layers, closed groups, drop shadows) run in every cargo test (~2 s each); opt-in psd_just_under_2_gb_opens_and_saves (17,000 px, 2.02 GB PSD) and psb_of_4_gb_opens_and_saves (25,000 px, 4.38 GB PSB, data past 4 GiB), each opened, pixel-checked, saved and re-opened; plus large_psb.rs (2.5 GB merged image). Open times: ui-egui large_file_bench (P20, P63). The 2 GB and 4 GB files are not run in CI (6.4 GB on disk; ~12 GB of memory for the PSD test, ~25 GB for the PSB test) (#5107)"
+note = "Generated at test time by psd fixtures.rs (feature testgen; never committed). io tests/it/large_files.rs: layered_20_mp_psd_opens_and_saves (5472x3648, 5 layers in 2 groups, mask, drop shadow) and layout_with_150_layers_opens_and_saves (A4 300 ppi, 150 layers in 15 groups, masks, hidden layers, closed groups, drop shadows) run in every cargo test (~2 s each); opt-in psd_just_under_2_gb_opens_and_saves (17,000 px, 2.02 GB PSD) and psb_of_4_gb_opens_and_saves (25,000 px, 4.38 GB PSB, data past 4 GiB), each opened, pixel-checked, saved and re-opened; plus large_psb.rs (2.5 GB merged image). Open times: ui-egui large_file_bench (P20, P63). The 2 GB and 4 GB files are not run in CI (6.4 GB on disk; ~12 GB of memory for the PSD test, ~25 GB for the PSB test) (#5107)"
 
 [[item]]
 id = "FILE-216-3"
 target = "TIFF, RAW and EXR corpora read by tests; per-camera RAW coverage reported"
 status = "partial"
 issue = 216
-note = "EXR: corpus/exr (the OpenEXR deep test images, pinned) is read by codecs tests/deep_exr.rs in the CI corpus job, against the ID manifests of the upstream sidecars. corpus/tiff and corpus/raw are still copied in by hand and no test reads them; no per-camera RAW report"
+note = "EXR: corpus/exr (the OpenEXR deep test images, pinned) is read by codecs tests/it/deep_exr.rs in the CI corpus job, against the ID manifests of the upstream sidecars. corpus/tiff and corpus/raw are still copied in by hand and no test reads them; no per-camera RAW report"
 
 [[item]]
 id = "FILE-216-4"
@@ -185,11 +185,11 @@ id = "FILE-216-5"
 target = "Save-path tests: layered TIFF, PDF, SVG, ACO/ASE, .shc, Smart Filters, atomic-save failure"
 status = "partial"
 issue = 216
-note = "Every save path that exists is tested by saving and reading back: layered TIFF io tests/tiff_layers.rs (every_compression_keeps_the_layers, advanced_blending_survives_layered_tiff_in_both_byte_orders), print PDF engine print_cmds/tests.rs (print_dry_run_renders_a_pdf_and_reports_the_platform_backend decodes the image back), ACO/ASE engine swatch_cmds/tests.rs (aco_round_trip_keeps_16_bit_values_and_books, ase_round_trip_keeps_groups_floats_and_kinds), .shc psd shc.rs shc_round_trips_and_rejects_hostile_input and engine layer_style.rs contour_presets_and_custom_curves_apply_in_one_undo_step, Smart Filters engine tests/smart_psd.rs (smart_filters_survive_psd_in_every_colour_model), atomic-save failure format/src/atomic/tests.rs (BUG-203-6). There is no SVG writer (SVG opens only) and no Photoshop PDF save (FILE-215-10), so those have nothing to test yet; the row stays partial until they exist"
+note = "Every save path that exists is tested by saving and reading back: layered TIFF io tests/it/tiff_layers.rs (every_compression_keeps_the_layers, advanced_blending_survives_layered_tiff_in_both_byte_orders), print PDF engine print_cmds/tests.rs (print_dry_run_renders_a_pdf_and_reports_the_platform_backend decodes the image back), ACO/ASE engine swatch_cmds/tests.rs (aco_round_trip_keeps_16_bit_values_and_books, ase_round_trip_keeps_groups_floats_and_kinds), .shc psd shc.rs shc_round_trips_and_rejects_hostile_input and engine layer_style.rs contour_presets_and_custom_curves_apply_in_one_undo_step, Smart Filters engine tests/it/smart_psd.rs (smart_filters_survive_psd_in_every_colour_model), atomic-save failure format/src/atomic/tests.rs (BUG-203-6). There is no SVG writer (SVG opens only) and no Photoshop PDF save (FILE-215-10), so those have nothing to test yet; the row stays partial until they exist"
 
 [[item]]
 id = "FILE-216-6"
 target = "30-50 end-to-end workflow acceptance tasks driven through MCP or commands"
 status = "partial"
 issue = 216
-note = "automation/tests/agent_tasks.rs: 20 MCP tasks"
+note = "automation/tests/it/agent_tasks.rs, agent_tasks_extended.rs and agent_tasks_more.rs: 36 MCP tasks"
diff --git a/scorecard/tools.toml b/scorecard/tools.toml
index 578deb2df9..9311cc1869 100644
--- a/scorecard/tools.toml
+++ b/scorecard/tools.toml
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ id = "TOOL-213-7"
 target = "Live stroke preview for every brush-based retouch tool"
 status = "partial"
 issue = 213
-note = "Live (canvas.rs strokes_live): Brush, Pencil, Eraser, Color Replacement, Blur, Sharpen, Smudge, Dodge, Burn, Sponge, Clone Stamp, Healing Brush, History Brush (#1026, #1040), Pattern Stamp (aligned and Impressionist) and Background Eraser (#3754); the release commits the live stroke's pixels (P32) or, for the retouch tools, the same pixels the live stroke showed (tested equal at 8 and 16 bits). Spot Healing Brush shows the area it heals as a dark overlay and heals on release, as Photoshop does. Not yet live: Mixer Brush (in PR #3627)"
+note = "Live (canvas.rs strokes_live): Brush, Pencil, Mixer Brush, Eraser, Color Replacement, Blur, Sharpen, Smudge, Dodge, Burn, Sponge, Clone Stamp, Healing Brush, History Brush (#1026, #1040), Pattern Stamp (aligned and Impressionist) and Background Eraser (#3754); the release commits the live stroke's pixels (P32) or, for the retouch tools, the same pixels the live stroke showed (tested equal at 8 and 16 bits). Spot Healing Brush shows the area it heals as a dark overlay and heals on release, as Photoshop does. Mixer Brush uses its incremental transaction and commits the displayed result (#3627)"
 
 [[item]]
 id = "TOOL-213-8"
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ id = "TOOL-214-1"
 target = "Select and Mask workspace: view modes, Refine Edge brush, 6 outputs"
 status = "partial"
 issue = 214
-note = "select.refineEdge dialog with a live preview in Photoshop's view modes: Onion Skin, Marching Ants, Overlay, On Black, On White, Black & White, On Layers, per-view Opacity, Show Edge (J), Show Original (P), F cycles, X shows the image (select_mask_view.rs, #1754); Refine Edge Brush (R, size, Expand Detection Area / Restore Original Edge, Alt swaps) paints select.refineEdge refineStrokes, estimated by colour-line matting (matting/brush.rs, #2972); outputs Selection, Layer Mask, New Layer, New Layer with Mask, New Document, New Document with Mask (#2998); no workspace layout"
+note = "select.refineEdge dialog with a live preview in Photoshop's view modes: Onion Skin, Marching Ants, Overlay, On Black, On White, Black & White, On Layers, per-view Opacity, Show Edge (J), Show Original (P), F cycles, X shows the image (select_mask_view.rs, #1754); Refine Edge Brush (R, size, Expand Detection Area / Restore Original Edge, Alt swaps) paints select.refineEdge refineStrokes, estimated by colour-line matting (matting/brush.rs, #2972); outputs Selection, Layer Mask, New Layer, New Layer with Mask, New Document, New Document with Mask (#2998); the workspace tools Quick Selection, Brush, Lasso, Object Selection, Select Subject, Clear Selection and Invert run as select.refineEdge edits, drivable by agents (#7069); no workspace layout or toolbar yet"
 
 [[item]]
 id = "TOOL-214-2"
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ id = "TOOL-214-12"
 target = "Shapes: on-canvas corner radius handles, shape feather, selection to shape with tolerance"
 status = "done"
 issue = 214
-note = "On-canvas corner radius widgets on every selected live rectangle with Path Selection, the Rectangle tool and Move + Show Transform Controls: drag rounds every corner of every selected rectangle alike, Alt that corner on each, corner radius cursor and R: readout, one history step (corner_radius.rs, 2026-10-13); select.convertToShape with tolerance (vector_cmds.rs:1256); shape Density and Feather (Properties, layer.vectorMask.edit on a shape layer; the path as the fill's soft vector mask, Photoshop's 10 px feather ramp within 1 level; PSD mask parameters and .pcraft, #5846, 2026-10-15)"
+note = "On-canvas corner radius widgets on every selected live rectangle, triangle, polygon and star (LiveShape::Polygon corner_radius, shape.create/edit cornerRadius, vector shapes::round_corners) with Path Selection, the Rectangle/Triangle/Polygon tools and Move + Show Transform Controls: drag rounds every corner of every selected shape alike, Alt one corner of a rectangle, corner radius cursor and R: readout, one history step (corner_radius.rs, 2026-10-13); select.convertToShape with tolerance (vector_cmds.rs:1256); shape Density and Feather (Properties, layer.vectorMask.edit on a shape layer; the path as the fill's soft vector mask, Photoshop's 10 px feather ramp within 1 level; PSD mask parameters and .pcraft, #5846, 2026-10-15)"
 
 [[item]]
 id = "TOOL-214-13"
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ id = "TOOL-214-14"
 target = "Vanishing Point window: draw and edit planes, paste, clone in perspective"
 status = "partial"
 issue = 214
-note = "filter.vanishingPoint (vp_cmds.rs:15); on-canvas plane editor (vp_ui.rs: Create/Edit Plane, edge nodes, valid/doubtful/invalid grid colours, Grid Size, clipboard pasted onto the plane on OK); clone stamp, marquee and tear-off planes in the window still missing"
+note = "filter.vanishingPoint (vp_cmds.rs:15); on-canvas window (vp_ui.rs: Create/Edit Plane, edge nodes, Ctrl/Cmd-drag tear-off planes with depth and Alt-drag angle, valid/doubtful/invalid grid colours, Grid Size, clipboard pasted onto the plane, Stamp tool cloning in perspective with live preview, all applied on OK as one step); the window's Marquee tool and the Stamp's Heal modes are still missing"
 
 [[item]]
 id = "TOOL-214-15"
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ id = "TOOL-1053-1"
 target = "Shape stroke controls: solid/dashed/dotted, custom dash/gap/offset, caps, joins, alignment, miter limit and opacity"
 status = "done"
 issue = 1053
-note = "shape_stroke_ui.rs: shared staged editor, renderer samples, cached Properties canvas preview; existing shape.create/edit/info; serde tool defaults, ui.set shapeStroke; pcraft and vstk style round trips. Gradient fill UI and saved stroke libraries remain open; Line retains filled-bar geometry"
+note = "shape_stroke_ui.rs: shared staged editor, renderer samples, cached Properties canvas preview; existing shape.create/edit/info; serde tool defaults, ui.set shapeStroke; pcraft and vstk style round trips. vector_ui.rs: the Fill and Stroke swatches (options bar and Properties) have a Gradient tab (shape_gradient_ui.rs: Recent row, presets, an editable stops strip with the selected stop's colour/opacity/location, style, angle, scale, reverse, Align with layer) for the next shape and the selected one. Pattern paint UI and saved stroke libraries remain open; Line retains filled-bar geometry"
 
 [[item]]
 id = "TOOL-213-19"
@@ -312,3 +312,10 @@ target = "Color Replacement tool on the toolbar"
 status = "done"
 issue = 1045
 note = "Tool::ColorReplacement in the Brush (B) flyout after the Mixer Brush; Mode/Sampling/Limits/Tolerance/Anti-alias options drive paint.colorReplacement with the foreground colour; live preview (LiveDab with the stroke's finishing dab), one History step; color_replacement_tests.rs"
+
+[[item]]
+id = "TOOL-213-20"
+target = "Art History Brush: Y-group, styles, Area, Tolerance, paints from a history state"
+status = "partial"
+issue = 213
+note = "paint.artHistoryBrush + Tool::ArtHistoryBrush in the Y flyout; 8 of 10 styles (no Tight Curl Long / Loose Curl Long); Area scales spacing, not coverage; rotated-patch look; no Mode/Opacity on the options bar, no pen pressure"
diff --git a/scorecard/type.toml b/scorecard/type.toml
index 88aab270bb..c119ac984d 100644
--- a/scorecard/type.toml
+++ b/scorecard/type.toml
@@ -9,14 +9,14 @@ id = "TYPE-218-1"
 target = "Type on a path: path shape, glyphs along the curve, caret follows, PSD round trip"
 status = "partial"
 issue = 218
-note = "TextShape::Path (doc text.rs) with glyphs placed rigidly along the curve by arc length (text warp.rs PathFrame), type.attachToPath and type.detachFromPath (#4365), .pcraft round trip. Missing: clicking a path with the Type tool, the caret and selection following the curve, and PSD path text (it saves as point text)"
+note = "TextShape::Path (doc text.rs) with glyphs placed rigidly along the curve by arc length (text warp.rs PathFrame), type.attachToPath and type.detachFromPath (#4365), .pcraft round trip; a Type tool click on the work path or the active shape layer's path starts path type at the point clicked (type_tool.rs path_target, shared with area type, #6230; type.attachToPath at; path-type pointer over a path); PSD path text opens on its path from its Txt2 frame and saves back into the file's Txt2 object (#7962). Missing: vertical type on a path, dragging the start/flip, the caret and selection following the curve, and PSD path text in a file without Photoshop's Txt2 object for the layer (a new document saves it as point text)"
 
 [[item]]
 id = "TYPE-218-2"
 target = "Paragraph direction (Auto/LTR/RTL) in the panel and options bar; visual RTL caret"
-status = "missing"
+status = "partial"
 issue = 218
-note = "Engine has TextDirection (text.rs:155); no UI"
+note = "Paragraph section (Window > Paragraph and Properties) and the options bar have Auto / Left-to-right / Right-to-left buttons setting the paragraph direction through type.setStyle; the options bar's choice is also the direction new type starts with (type_tool.rs direction_items; paragraph_direction_buttons_set_and_show_the_direction, options_bar_direction_sets_selected_layers_and_new_type). Still missing: visual RTL caret (the arrow keys move in logical order), and PSD doesn't store the direction (crates/text psd.rs neither reads nor writes it, so it reopens as Auto)"
 
 [[item]]
 id = "TYPE-218-3"
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ id = "TYPE-218-6"
 target = "Manual pair kerning (Alt+arrows), optical kerning rendered, both round-trip PSD (#206)"
 status = "done"
 issue = 218
-note = "Alt+Left/Right at a collapsed caret kerns the pair (type_tool.rs kern_pair, 20 per step and 100 with Cmd; type_tool_alt_arrows_kern_the_pair). Optical kerning is computed from the glyph outlines in text/src/optical.rs and applied by layout.rs when the run's mode is Optical (optical_matches_photoshop, optical_kerning_tightens_open_pairs). Both modes and manual values round-trip through PSD (io/tests/psd_kerning.rs; the optical mode travels in Txt2, txt2_carries_optical_kerning)"
+note = "Alt+Left/Right at a collapsed caret kerns the pair (type_tool.rs kern_pair, 20 per step and 100 with Cmd; type_tool_alt_arrows_kern_the_pair). Optical kerning is computed from the glyph outlines in text/src/optical.rs and applied by layout.rs when the run's mode is Optical (optical_matches_photoshop, optical_kerning_tightens_open_pairs). Both modes and manual values round-trip through PSD (io/tests/it/psd_kerning.rs; the optical mode travels in Txt2, txt2_carries_optical_kerning)"
 
 [[item]]
 id = "TYPE-218-7"
@@ -66,3 +66,10 @@ target = "Distort/Perspective/Warp on live type as in Photoshop (was: offer 'Ras
 status = "done"
 issue = 218
 note = "Photoshop 2026 prompts for none of these: Edit › Transform › Warp on live type stays enabled with no rasterize prompt and offers only the warp styles (the mesh can't be dragged), so the type stays editable; Distort, Perspective and the split warps are greyed. PhotoCraft does the same: Warp on type commits the layer's Warp Text in one step (transform_tool.rs enter_type_warp, warp_cmds.rs warp_type_layer, #3004; warp_on_type_takes_a_style_and_keeps_the_type_editable), Distort/Perspective greyed (enable_rules.rs, #2701)"
+
+[[item]]
+id = "TYPE-218-10"
+target = "Area type: Type tool click inside a closed path or shape wraps text inside it, holes and dents included, PSD round trip"
+status = "partial"
+issue = 218
+note = "TextShape::Area (doc text.rs) laid out line by line into the spans the path leaves (text area.rs, layout.rs break_area), type.fillPath (engine type_area_cmds.rs), released to box text by type.detachFromPath, area/path cursors and click-to-place (ui-egui type_tool.rs path_target), .pcraft round trip. Missing: PSD area type (saves as paragraph text over the path's bounds, with an export warning); mixed type sizes in one area paragraph space at its largest line; area type takes paths of at most 4096 anchors: beyond that a Type tool click makes point text (the pointer shows the plain I-beam), and type.fillPath refuses the path with \"the path has too many anchor points\" (type.attachToPath still takes a subpath of up to 100,000 anchors); a word too wide for every span in the shape overflows its span (box text breaks it at the edge, #6694); the first line starts about 0.24 em lower than in a text box of the same size; Photoshop area type in a PSD opens as box text; the area path has no handles to edit it after the type is placed"
diff --git a/scorecard/ui.toml b/scorecard/ui.toml
index 1940b3d10c..cb73dd0c57 100644
--- a/scorecard/ui.toml
+++ b/scorecard/ui.toml
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ id = "UI-217-9"
 target = "UI scale presets 100/115/125/150/200 % through zoom_factor, remembered"
 status = "done"
 issue = 217
-note = "prefs::UiScale offers Auto plus 75 to 300 percent (13 presets, more than the five this row lists); prefs_ui.rs display_scale resolves it (Auto follows the system scale, fractional and unscaled 4K included, #1072/#1278) and sync_display_scale applies it with ctx.set_zoom_factor. It is a preference, so it is remembered. The zoom_factor assert in input_tests.rs is about canvas zoom not scaling the interface, not about this setting"
+note = "prefs::UiScale offers Auto plus 75 to 300 percent (17 presets: 75 to 125 in 5 % steps since #3222, then 150 to 300; more than the five this row lists); prefs_ui.rs display_scale resolves it (Auto follows the system scale, fractional and unscaled 4K included, #1072/#1278) and sync_display_scale applies it with ctx.set_zoom_factor. It is a preference, so it is remembered. The zoom_factor assert in input_tests.rs is about canvas zoom not scaling the interface, not about this setting"
 
 [[item]]
 id = "UI-217-10"
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ id = "UI-217-14"
 target = "Layers panel: wheel steps blend modes, drop on New/Trash duplicates/deletes, checker behind art"
 status = "done"
 issue = 217
-note = "panels.rs: the wheel steps the blend-mode dropdown (widgets::dropdown_wheel_hovered, #1747); rows dropped on New Layer/Group/Delete duplicate/group/delete them (footer_drop, #736), effect rows dropped on Delete delete that effect or the whole style (fx_trash_drop, #3102); pixel thumbnails draw widgets::checker behind the art; Shift+Plus/Minus step the layer's or the painting tool's blend mode (blend_keys.rs, #3102)"
+note = "panels.rs: the wheel steps the blend-mode dropdown (widgets::dropdown_wheel_hovered, #1747); rows dropped on New Layer/Group/Delete duplicate/group/delete them (footer_drop, #736), effect rows dropped on Delete delete that effect or the whole style (fx_trash_drop, #3102); pixel thumbnails draw widgets::checker behind the art; Shift+Plus/Minus step the layer's or the painting tool's blend mode (blend_keys.rs, #3102), and Shift+Alt+letter picks one (Photoshop's letters; every selected layer, one undo step)"
 
 [[item]]
 id = "UI-217-15"
@@ -120,9 +120,9 @@ note = "saturation_track/lightness_track (adjust_editors.rs): grey -> the hue, r
 [[item]]
 id = "UI-217-17"
 target = "Color panel: wheel plus RGB/HSB/CMYK/Lab/Gray/Web slider modes; resizes with its group"
-status = "missing"
+status = "done"
 issue = 217
-note = "panels.rs:1837 single field + hex/RGB readout"
+note = "color_panel_ui.rs: Hue/Brightness Cube, Color Wheel, Grayscale/RGB/HSB/CMYK/Lab/Web sliders, ramp; the same in every theme (#6000); color_panel_tests.rs"
 
 [[item]]
 id = "UI-217-18"
diff --git a/xtask/Cargo.toml b/xtask/Cargo.toml
index 25305d5435..b879946a6e 100644
--- a/xtask/Cargo.toml
+++ b/xtask/Cargo.toml
@@ -11,5 +11,6 @@ workspace = true
 [dependencies]
 serde_json = { workspace = true }
 serde = { workspace = true }
+chrono = { workspace = true }
 # perf/budgets.toml and scorecard/*.toml (MIT OR Apache-2.0).
 toml = "1"
diff --git a/xtask/src/i18n_coverage.rs b/xtask/src/i18n_coverage.rs
index ee337c0b9b..cd8fbbce63 100644
--- a/xtask/src/i18n_coverage.rs
+++ b/xtask/src/i18n_coverage.rs
@@ -72,9 +72,33 @@ fn format_report(languages: &[Language], english_keys: &BTreeSet<Key>, translati
         let coverage = 100.0 * translated as f64 / english_keys.len() as f64;
         report.push_str(&format!("{:<12} {:>5}/{:<6} {:>8.2}%\n", language.code, translated, english_keys.len(), coverage));
     }
+    report.push_str("\nMissing translations (shown in English until translated)\n");
+    for language in languages.iter().filter(|language| language.code != "en") {
+        let empty = BTreeSet::new();
+        let translated = translations.get(&language.code).unwrap_or(&empty);
+        let missing: Vec<&Key> = english_keys.difference(translated).collect();
+        if missing.is_empty() {
+            report.push_str(&format!("{}: none missing\n", language.code));
+            continue;
+        }
+        report.push_str(&format!("{}: {} missing\n", language.code, missing.len()));
+        for key in missing {
+            let source = escape_line(&key.source);
+            if key.context.is_empty() {
+                report.push_str(&format!("    {source}\n"));
+            } else {
+                report.push_str(&format!("    [{}] {source}\n", escape_line(&key.context)));
+            }
+        }
+    }
     report
 }
 
+/// Keeps one key per log line: a source string with a newline or tab prints them escaped.
+fn escape_line(text: &str) -> String {
+    text.replace('\\', "\\\\").replace('\n', "\\n").replace('\t', "\\t")
+}
+
 fn registered_languages(source: &str) -> Result<Vec<Language>, String> {
     let registry = source
         .split("pub static LANGUAGES")
@@ -494,15 +518,28 @@ mod tests {
         let languages = registered_languages(registry);
         assert!(languages.is_ok());
         let languages = languages.unwrap_or_default();
-        let english_keys = BTreeSet::from([Key { context: String::new(), source: "Open".into() }, Key { context: String::new(), source: "Save".into() }]);
-        let translations = BTreeMap::from([("fr".to_string(), BTreeSet::from([Key { context: String::new(), source: "Open".into() }]))]);
+        let english_keys = BTreeSet::from([
+            Key { context: String::new(), source: "Open".into() },
+            Key { context: String::new(), source: "Save".into() },
+            Key { context: "@plural".into(), source: "{n} layer|{n} layers".into() },
+        ]);
+        let translations = BTreeMap::from([
+            ("fr".to_string(), BTreeSet::from([Key { context: String::new(), source: "Open".into() }])),
+            ("zh".to_string(), english_keys.clone()),
+        ]);
         assert_eq!(
             format_report(&languages, &english_keys, &translations),
             "UI translation coverage (translated source keys / source keys)\n\
              language       translated  coverage\n\
-             en               2/2        100.00%\n\
-             fr               1/2         50.00%\n\
-             zh               0/2          0.00%\n"
+             en               3/3        100.00%\n\
+             fr               1/3         33.33%\n\
+             zh               3/3        100.00%\n\
+             \n\
+             Missing translations (shown in English until translated)\n\
+             fr: 2 missing\n\
+             \x20   Save\n\
+             \x20   [@plural] {n} layer|{n} layers\n\
+             zh: none missing\n"
         );
     }
 
@@ -563,34 +600,6 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn source_key_set_is_covered_by_complete_catalogs() {
-        let root = Path::new(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR")).parent().unwrap_or(Path::new("."));
-        let keys = source_keys(root).unwrap_or_default();
-        for (code, path) in [
-            ("ja", "ja.tsv"),
-            ("zh-hant", "zh-hant.tsv"),
-            ("es", "es.tsv"),
-            ("ru", "ru.tsv"),
-            ("cs", "cs.tsv"),
-            ("de", "de.tsv"),
-            ("pt-br", "pt-br.tsv"),
-            ("it", "it.tsv"),
-            ("el", "el.tsv"),
-            ("uk", "uk.tsv"),
-            ("nl", "nl.tsv"),
-            ("hu", "hu.tsv"),
-            ("tr", "tr.tsv"),
-            ("vi", "vi.tsv"),
-            ("sr", "sr.tsv"),
-        ] {
-            let catalog_path = root.join("crates/ui-egui/src/i18n").join(path);
-            let text = fs::read_to_string(&catalog_path).unwrap_or_default();
-            let translations = parse_catalog(&catalog_path, &text).unwrap_or_default();
-            let missing: Vec<_> = keys.difference(&translations).collect();
-            assert!(missing.is_empty(), "{code}: missing source keys: {missing:#?}");
-        }
-    }
     #[test]
     fn plural_forms_follow_count_expressions_and_dynamic_forms_are_not_literal_keys() {
         let sources = vec![(
diff --git a/xtask/src/main.rs b/xtask/src/main.rs
index 544e427a2e..0a90684252 100644
--- a/xtask/src/main.rs
+++ b/xtask/src/main.rs
@@ -16,15 +16,19 @@ mod stats;
 mod version;
 
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
-use std::process::{Command, ExitCode};
+use std::process::{Command, ExitCode, Stdio};
 
 const USAGE: &str = "\
 usage: cargo xtask <command>
 
 commands:
-  layers          enforce the crate dependency layering (plan/architecture.md §3)
-  wasm            cargo check --target wasm32-unknown-unknown for the wasm-safe crates
-  ci              fmt --check, clippy -D warnings, test, layers, wasm (stops at first failure)
+  layers          enforce the crate dependency layering (docs/architecture.md §3)
+  wasm            cargo check --target wasm32-unknown-unknown for the wasm-safe crates (one call, plus
+                  one per optional web feature)
+  test            workspace tests (cargo nextest when installed, else cargo test), then doctests
+  ci              the CI gate: fmt --check, clippy -D warnings, layers, scorecard --check, tests
+                  (nextest --profile ci), panic_hunt, doctests and wasm, with --locked --features heif
+                  (stops at first failure), then the i18n-coverage report
   corpus [--all | --pngsuite | --psd | --psd-tools | --pixls | --atn | --photoshop | --gimp] [--local] [--update-manifest]
                   show where test corpora live and their pins (xtask/src/corpus_pins.rs), or fetch
                   them into corpus/ (pinned commits, sha256-verified; --all = every corpus but pixls,
@@ -36,7 +40,8 @@ commands:
                   --local takes corpus/photoshop and corpus/gimp from the photocraft-corpus authoring clone
   stats [--exact] count tests and lines per crate (--exact: ask the test harness via `-- --list`)
   parity          Photoshop menu parity; rewrites docs/parity-checklist.md
-  i18n-coverage   report stable UI translation coverage for registered languages
+  i18n-coverage   report UI translation coverage and the missing strings per registered language
+                  (the last `ci` step; it never fails)
   perf [--quick] [--update-baseline] [--threshold PCT] [--bench NAME]... [--skip-build] [--reuse]
                   run the release benches, merge them by scenario id into target/perf/results.json,
                   check perf/budgets.toml and perf/baseline.json (non-zero on a broken budget or regression)
@@ -54,6 +59,7 @@ fn main() -> ExitCode {
     let result = match args.first().map(String::as_str) {
         Some("layers") => cmd_layers(),
         Some("wasm") => cmd_wasm(),
+        Some("test") => cmd_test().and_then(|()| cmd_doctest()),
         Some("ci") => cmd_ci(),
         Some("corpus") => corpus::cmd(&rest),
         Some("test-corpus") => corpus::test_cmd(&rest),
@@ -106,7 +112,7 @@ pub fn metadata() -> Result<serde_json::Value, String> {
 
 fn cmd_layers() -> Result<(), String> {
     let crates = layers::from_metadata(&metadata()?)?;
-    println!("Dependency layering (plan/architecture.md §3)\n");
+    println!("Dependency layering (docs/architecture.md §3)\n");
     println!("{:<28} {:<14} workspace deps", "crate", "layer");
     for c in &crates {
         let ws: Vec<String> = c
@@ -157,15 +163,23 @@ fn wasm_set() -> Result<Vec<String>, String> {
 /// (package, feature).
 const WASM_FEATURES: &[(&str, &str)] = &[("photocraft-codecs", "heif")];
 
+/// One `cargo check` for the whole set: each crate is checked once, and `--keep-going` still
+/// reports every failing crate. Features unify across the set, so each crate is checked with the
+/// union of the features the set enables. The optional features get a call each, so the crates
+/// are also checked without them.
 fn cmd_wasm() -> Result<(), String> {
     let set = wasm_set()?;
-    let mut results = Vec::new();
-    for pkg in &set {
-        let mut c = cargo();
-        c.args(["check", "--target", "wasm32-unknown-unknown", "-p", pkg]);
-        let ok = run(c, &format!("cargo check --target wasm32-unknown-unknown -p {pkg}")).is_ok();
-        results.push((pkg.clone(), ok));
+    if set.is_empty() {
+        return Err("no wasm-safe crates found in the workspace metadata".into());
     }
+    let mut results = Vec::new();
+    let mut c = cargo();
+    c.args(["check", "--target", "wasm32-unknown-unknown", "--keep-going"]);
+    for pkg in &set {
+        c.args(["-p", pkg]);
+    }
+    let ok = run(c, &format!("cargo check --target wasm32-unknown-unknown --keep-going -p {}", set.join(" -p "))).is_ok();
+    results.push((format!("{} crates", set.len()), ok));
     for (pkg, feature) in WASM_FEATURES {
         let mut c = cargo();
         c.args(["check", "--target", "wasm32-unknown-unknown", "-p", pkg, "--features", feature]);
@@ -177,7 +191,62 @@ fn cmd_wasm() -> Result<(), String> {
         println!("  {:<6} {p}", if *ok { "ok" } else { "FAIL" });
     }
     let failed = results.iter().filter(|r| !r.1).count();
-    if failed == 0 { Ok(()) } else { Err(format!("{failed} crate(s) failed the wasm check")) }
+    if failed == 0 { Ok(()) } else { Err(format!("{failed} wasm check(s) failed")) }
+}
+
+/// Test targets for the test build. Examples are left out so they aren't linked; clippy
+/// `--all-targets` still compiles them.
+const TEST_TARGETS: [&str; 4] = ["--workspace", "--lib", "--bins", "--tests"];
+
+fn nextest_available() -> bool {
+    cargo().args(["nextest", "--version"]).stdout(Stdio::null()).stderr(Stdio::null()).status().is_ok_and(|s| s.success())
+}
+
+fn cmd_test() -> Result<(), String> {
+    let mut c = cargo();
+    let tool = if nextest_available() {
+        c.args(["nextest", "run"]);
+        "nextest run"
+    } else {
+        eprintln!("note: cargo-nextest is not installed, running cargo test (cargo install cargo-nextest --locked)");
+        c.arg("test");
+        "test"
+    };
+    c.args(TEST_TARGETS);
+    run(c, &format!("cargo {tool} {}", TEST_TARGETS.join(" ")))
+}
+
+/// What the CI gate adds to every build: `--locked`, and the optional photocraft-heif crate that
+/// official builds open HEIC photos with.
+const GATE_ARGS: [&str; 4] = ["--workspace", "--locked", "--features", "heif"];
+
+/// The gate's tests. nextest's `ci` profile stops at the first failure and terminates hung tests
+/// (.config/nextest.toml). `panic_hunt` runs only the engine's `#[ignore]`d panic hunt (AGENTS.md
+/// Rule 9) with the same packages, features and targets as the tests, so nothing rebuilds.
+fn cmd_gate_tests(panic_hunt: bool) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let mut c = cargo();
+    if nextest_available() {
+        c.args(["nextest", "run", "--profile", "ci"]).args(GATE_ARGS).args(&TEST_TARGETS[1..]);
+        if panic_hunt {
+            c.args(["--run-ignored", "only", "-E", "binary_id(photocraft-engine::panic_hunt)"]);
+        }
+    } else if panic_hunt {
+        // `-- --ignored` across the workspace would run every ignored test, not only the hunt. The
+        // engine has no `heif` feature of its own; it reaches the decoder through photocraft-io.
+        c.args(["test", "-p", "photocraft-engine", "--locked", "--features", "photocraft-io/heif", "--test", "panic_hunt", "--", "--ignored"]);
+    } else {
+        eprintln!("note: cargo-nextest is not installed, running cargo test (cargo install cargo-nextest --locked)");
+        c.arg("test").args(GATE_ARGS).args(&TEST_TARGETS[1..]);
+    }
+    let what = format!("cargo {}", c.get_args().map(|a| a.to_string_lossy()).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(" "));
+    run(c, &what)
+}
+
+/// nextest does not run doctests.
+fn cmd_doctest() -> Result<(), String> {
+    let mut c = cargo();
+    c.args(["test", "--workspace", "--doc"]);
+    run(c, "cargo test --workspace --doc")
 }
 
 fn cmd_parity() -> Result<(), String> {
@@ -201,20 +270,33 @@ fn cmd_ci() -> Result<(), String> {
             "clippy",
             Box::new(|| {
                 let mut c = cargo();
-                c.args(["clippy", "--workspace", "--all-targets", "--", "-D", "warnings"]);
-                run(c, "cargo clippy --workspace --all-targets -- -D warnings")
-            }),
-        ),
-        (
-            "test",
-            Box::new(|| {
-                let mut c = cargo();
-                c.args(["test", "--workspace"]);
-                run(c, "cargo test --workspace")
+                c.arg("clippy").args(GATE_ARGS).args(["--all-targets", "--keep-going", "--", "-D", "warnings"]);
+                run(c, "cargo clippy --workspace --locked --features heif --all-targets --keep-going -- -D warnings")
             }),
         ),
         ("layers", Box::new(cmd_layers)),
+        ("scorecard", Box::new(|| scorecard::run(&root(), &["--check"]))),
+        ("test", Box::new(|| cmd_gate_tests(false))),
+        ("panic_hunt", Box::new(|| cmd_gate_tests(true))),
+        (
+            "doctest",
+            Box::new(|| {
+                let mut c = cargo();
+                c.arg("test").args(GATE_ARGS).arg("--doc");
+                run(c, "cargo test --workspace --locked --features heif --doc")
+            }),
+        ),
         ("wasm", Box::new(cmd_wasm)),
+        (
+            "i18n",
+            Box::new(|| {
+                // Lists missing translations for the log; a missing string shows in English, so it never fails CI.
+                if let Err(e) = i18n_coverage::run(&root()) {
+                    eprintln!("warning: i18n coverage report failed: {e}");
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            }),
+        ),
     ];
     let mut done = Vec::new();
     for (name, f) in &steps {
diff --git a/xtask/src/perf.rs b/xtask/src/perf.rs
index 3e49514c1c..c1890d1cbd 100644
--- a/xtask/src/perf.rs
+++ b/xtask/src/perf.rs
@@ -541,20 +541,27 @@ pub fn machine() -> Value {
     json!({"os": os, "os_version": os_version, "arch": arch, "cpu": cpu, "cores": cores, "ram_bytes": ram})
 }
 
-/// `YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ` for a Unix time (civil-from-days, proleptic Gregorian).
+/// `YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ` for a Unix time (proleptic Gregorian, UTC). A time past chrono's year
+/// range still converts (the calendar repeats every 400 years, so the instant is moved into range
+/// by whole cycles and only the year is carried, matching the old hand-rolled `iso_utc`), never a
+/// silent reset to the epoch. Accepts the full `u64` range the old code did.
 pub fn iso_utc(secs: u64) -> String {
-    let days = (secs / 86_400) as i64;
-    let rem = secs % 86_400;
-    let z = days + 719_468;
-    let era = z.div_euclid(146_097);
-    let doe = z.rem_euclid(146_097);
-    let yoe = (doe - doe / 1460 + doe / 36_524 - doe / 146_096) / 365;
-    let doy = doe - (365 * yoe + yoe / 4 - yoe / 100);
-    let mp = (5 * doy + 2) / 153;
-    let d = doy - (153 * mp + 2) / 5 + 1;
-    let m = if mp < 10 { mp + 3 } else { mp - 9 };
-    let y = yoe + era * 400 + i64::from(m <= 2);
-    format!("{y:04}-{m:02}-{d:02}T{:02}:{:02}:{:02}Z", rem / 3600, rem % 3600 / 60, rem % 60)
+    use chrono::Datelike;
+    // `secs / 86_400` is at most 213_503_982_334_601, so `days` always fits in `i64` (old code too).
+    let (days, sod) = ((secs / 86_400) as i64, (secs % 86_400) as i64);
+    let (cycles, rest) = (days.div_euclid(146_097), days.rem_euclid(146_097));
+    // `rest + 719_163` (1970-01-01 is CE day 719_163) is always a valid CE day, and `sod` < 86_400.
+    let date = i32::try_from(rest + 719_163).ok().and_then(chrono::NaiveDate::from_num_days_from_ce_opt);
+    let time = u32::try_from(sod).ok().and_then(|s| chrono::NaiveTime::from_num_seconds_from_midnight_opt(s, 0));
+    match (date, time) {
+        (Some(d), Some(t)) => {
+            let y = i128::from(d.year()) + i128::from(cycles) * 400;
+            let y = i64::try_from(y).unwrap_or(if y < 0 { i64::MIN } else { i64::MAX });
+            // `{:04}` rather than `%Y`, which writes a `+` before years past 9999.
+            format!("{y:04}-{}", d.and_time(t).format("%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ"))
+        }
+        _ => "1970-01-01T00:00:00Z".to_string(), // unreachable
+    }
 }
 
 fn now_iso() -> String {
@@ -927,6 +934,18 @@ pub fn render_summary(results: &Value, outcomes: &[Outcome], baseline_note: Opti
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
+    #[test]
+    fn iso_utc_handles_boundaries() {
+        assert_eq!(iso_utc(0), "1970-01-01T00:00:00Z");
+        assert_eq!(iso_utc(1_791_446_357), "2026-10-08T07:59:17Z");
+        // Years past 9999 keep the plain zero-padded year (no `+`).
+        assert_eq!(iso_utc(253_402_300_800), "10000-01-01T00:00:00Z");
+        // A value past chrono's range still converts via the 400-year cycle (the old hand-rolled
+        // `iso_utc` did too): pin that output, never the epoch.
+        assert_eq!(iso_utc(10_000_000_000_000), "318857-05-20T17:46:40Z");
+        assert_eq!(iso_utc(u64::MAX), "584554051223-11-09T07:00:15Z");
+    }
+
     const TOML: &str = r#"
 [settings]
 regression_pct = 15.0
diff --git a/xtask/src/pinned.rs b/xtask/src/pinned.rs
index baf798f1de..ddca8a6163 100644
--- a/xtask/src/pinned.rs
+++ b/xtask/src/pinned.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 //! `--update-manifest` rewrites the manifest from the download (after moving a pin).
 //! Local mode copies from a working clone instead of downloading (see `fetch_local`).
 
+use std::ffi::OsStr;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use std::process::Command;
 
@@ -117,7 +118,7 @@ impl PinnedCorpus {
             }
             if ft.is_dir() {
                 self.collect_inner(&p, base, out, visited, dirs);
-            } else if ft.is_file() && p.extension().and_then(|e| e.to_str()).is_some_and(|e| self.exts.iter().any(|x| e.eq_ignore_ascii_case(x))) {
+            } else if ft.is_file() && p.extension().and_then(OsStr::to_str).is_some_and(|e| self.exts.iter().any(|x| e.eq_ignore_ascii_case(x))) {
                 out.push(p.strip_prefix(base).unwrap_or(&p).to_path_buf());
             }
         }
diff --git a/xtask/src/scorecard.rs b/xtask/src/scorecard.rs
index f7f270bd00..ba7673a886 100644
--- a/xtask/src/scorecard.rs
+++ b/xtask/src/scorecard.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@
 //! - `perf/budgets.toml` + `perf/baseline.json`: the performance table (the baseline's full-run
 //!   numbers against the budgets). A fresh `cargo xtask perf` result in `target/` is not used:
 //!   publish it with `cargo xtask perf --update-baseline`.
-//! - `crates/io/tests/corpus.rs`: the corpus floors (`Source { .. }` constants).
+//! - `crates/io/tests/it/corpus.rs`: the corpus floors (`Source { .. }` constants).
+//! - `xtask/*-corpus.sha256`: file counts for the pinned corpora.
 //! - `scorecard/*.toml`: per-area checklists (id, target, status, issue, note).
 //! - the prefs audit: `Preferences` fields that no code outside `prefs.rs` / `prefs_ui.rs` reads.
 //! - counted from the tree: never-crash attribute coverage, `docs/parity-checklist.md`'s live count.
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ use serde_json::Value;
 use crate::perf;
 
 pub const OUT: &str = "docs/scorecard.md";
-const CORPUS_RS: &str = "crates/io/tests/corpus.rs";
+const CORPUS_RS: &str = "crates/io/tests/it/corpus.rs";
 const PREFS_RS: &str = "crates/engine/src/prefs.rs";
 
 // ---- checklists ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -468,13 +469,28 @@ pub struct Inputs {
     pub panic_hunt: bool,
 }
 
+/// A pinned corpus counts the files its sha256 manifest lists (one per non-blank line), not
+/// the number its doc comment in `corpus.rs` gives; other corpora keep the doc comment's count.
+fn pinned_file_counts(corpora: &mut [Corpus], root: &Path) -> Result<(), String> {
+    for corpus in corpora {
+        let Some(pinned) = crate::corpus_pins::ALL.iter().find(|p| corpus.dir == format!("corpus/{}", p.dest)) else { continue };
+        let manifest = std::fs::read_to_string(root.join(pinned.manifest)).map_err(|e| format!("read {}: {e}", pinned.manifest))?;
+        corpus.files = Some(
+            u32::try_from(manifest.lines().filter(|line| !line.trim().is_empty()).count())
+                .map_err(|_| format!("{}: corpus file count exceeds u32", pinned.manifest))?,
+        );
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 pub fn gather(root: &Path) -> Result<Inputs, String> {
     let budgets = perf::parse_budgets(&std::fs::read_to_string(root.join(perf::BUDGETS)).map_err(|e| format!("read {}: {e}", perf::BUDGETS))?)?;
     let baseline = match std::fs::read_to_string(root.join(perf::BASELINE)) {
         Ok(t) => Some(serde_json::from_str(&t).map_err(|e| format!("{}: {e}", perf::BASELINE))?),
         Err(_) => None,
     };
-    let corpora = parse_corpus(&std::fs::read_to_string(root.join(CORPUS_RS)).map_err(|e| format!("read {CORPUS_RS}: {e}"))?);
+    let mut corpora = parse_corpus(&std::fs::read_to_string(root.join(CORPUS_RS)).map_err(|e| format!("read {CORPUS_RS}: {e}"))?);
+    pinned_file_counts(&mut corpora, root)?;
     Ok(Inputs {
         budgets,
         baseline,
@@ -522,7 +538,7 @@ pub fn render(inp: &Inputs) -> String {
 
     let mut s = String::from(
         "# PhotoCraft scorecard\n\nGenerated by `cargo xtask scorecard` from `perf/budgets.toml`, `perf/baseline.json`, \
-`crates/io/tests/corpus.rs`, `scorecard/*.toml` and the source tree. Do not edit by hand: change the sources and \
+`crates/io/tests/it/corpus.rs`, `xtask/*-corpus.sha256`, `scorecard/*.toml` and the source tree. Do not edit by hand: change the sources and \
 regenerate (CI runs `cargo xtask scorecard --check`). Checklist statuses are verified against the code; numbers \
 here supersede estimates elsewhere.\n\n## Summary\n\n| Area | Done | Partial | Missing | Key numbers |\n|---|---:|---:|---:|---|\n",
     );
@@ -589,7 +605,7 @@ rows are targets the code doesn't meet yet: they are reported, and only their re
         s.push_str(&format!("\n## {}\n\n", c.title));
         match c.area.as_str() {
             "file" => {
-                s.push_str("Corpus floors (`crates/io/tests/corpus.rs`): the enforced minimums; the corpus tests (cargo feature `corpus`, `cargo xtask test-corpus`, always run in CI) fail below them.\n\n| Corpus | Directory | Files | Oracle pass floor | Round-trip floor |\n|---|---|---:|---:|---:|\n");
+                s.push_str("Corpus floors (`crates/io/tests/it/corpus.rs`): the enforced minimums; the corpus tests (cargo feature `corpus`, `cargo xtask test-corpus`, always run in CI) fail below them.\n\n| Corpus | Directory | Files | Oracle pass floor | Round-trip floor |\n|---|---|---:|---:|---:|\n");
                 for k in &inp.corpora {
                     let n = |v: Option<u32>| v.map_or_else(|| "–".into(), |x| x.to_string());
                     s.push_str(&format!("| {} | `{}` | {} | {} | {} |\n", k.label, k.dir, n(k.files), n(k.pass_floor), n(k.roundtrip_floor)));
@@ -791,6 +807,58 @@ const PHOTOSHOP: Source = Source { label: "photoshop oracles", dir: "corpus/phot
         assert!(parse_corpus("const X: u32 = 1;").is_empty());
     }
 
+    /// The manifest decides, even when the doc comment says otherwise (on the tree they agree,
+    /// so only a synthetic root tells the two apart).
+    #[test]
+    fn pinned_corpus_counts_come_from_the_manifest_not_the_doc_comment() {
+        let pin = &crate::corpus_pins::ALL[0];
+        let root = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("scorecard-pinned-counts-{}", std::process::id()));
+        let manifest = root.join(pin.manifest);
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(manifest.parent().unwrap()).unwrap();
+        std::fs::write(
+            &manifest,
+            "aa  a.psd
+
+bb  b.psd
+cc  c.psd
+",
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        let mut corpora = vec![
+            Corpus { label: "pinned".into(), dir: format!("corpus/{}", pin.dest), files: Some(999), ..Default::default() },
+            Corpus { label: "other".into(), dir: "corpus/not-pinned".into(), files: Some(7), ..Default::default() },
+        ];
+        let r = pinned_file_counts(&mut corpora, &root);
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&root);
+        r.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(corpora[0].files, Some(3), "three manifest lines, not the doc comment's 999");
+        assert_eq!(corpora[1].files, Some(7), "a corpus without a pin keeps its doc comment count");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn scorecard_uses_pinned_corpus_file_counts() {
+        let root = crate::root();
+        let inp = gather(&root).unwrap();
+        let rendered = render(&inp);
+        for corpus in &inp.corpora {
+            let pinned = crate::corpus_pins::ALL.iter().find(|p| corpus.dir == format!("corpus/{}", p.dest)).unwrap();
+            let manifest = std::fs::read_to_string(root.join(pinned.manifest)).unwrap();
+            let files = manifest.lines().filter(|line| !line.trim().is_empty()).count();
+            assert!(
+                rendered.contains(&format!(
+                    "{}: oracle ≥ {}/{files}, round trip ≥ {}/{files}",
+                    corpus.label,
+                    corpus.pass_floor.unwrap(),
+                    corpus.roundtrip_floor.unwrap()
+                )),
+                "{} must use the {files} files in {} instead of a count from a doc comment",
+                corpus.label,
+                pinned.manifest
+            );
+            assert!(rendered.contains(&format!("| {} | `{}` | {files} |", corpus.label, corpus.dir)));
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn checklists_validate() {
         let ok = "area = \"tools\"\ntitle = \"Tools\"\norder = 3\n[[item]]\nid = \"T-1\"\ntarget = \"Pencil\"\nstatus = \"partial\"\nissue = 213\n";